【整合层次】
整合层次（Integrative level）或组织层次（level of organization）是由较低层次的预先存在现象涌现产生的现象。层次的概念是将现实结构化的智识框架（intellectual framework），一般按组织复杂度将宇宙中或某领域中的所有实体、结构和过程安排为一定层次。排列中的每个实体同时处于三种状态：由低层次的组分组成；本身表现为一个整体；是高层次的整体的组分。典型例子如生命涌现自非生命物质，意识涌现自神经系统。
==层次==
通常认为存在的主要层次有物质、生命、意识和社会，在哲学家尼古拉·哈特曼的本体论中称其为strata （层）。它们可以进一步分析为更具体的阶（layer），如形成物质层的粒子、原子、分子和岩石，或形成生命层的细胞、机体、种群和生态系统。
层次一般认为对应系统的复杂度，越复杂层次越高，但也有例外，比如寄生现象是机体的涌现，但寄生体通常比原形简单（复杂度更低）。
==哲学==
在唯物主义和唯心主义著作中，都可以找到与整合层次相近的概念。一些哲学家和科学家则认为整合层次不存在。
==另见==
* 反还原论
* 大历史
* 生物组织
* 等级理论
* 分析层次
* 分体论 (逻辑学)
* 分体拓扑学
* 层次复杂性模型
* 可塑性面积单元问题
* 尼古拉·哈特曼
* 空间尺度
* 结构主义 (生物学)
* 中心科学
* 知识系统树
* 科学统一论
* 活力论
==参考文献==
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* cite book |last=Spencer |first=Herbert |author-link=Herbert Spencer |date=1877 |chapter=Super-organic evolution |title=The principles of sociology |series=A system of synthetic philosophy |volume=6–8 |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |page= 3 |oclc=2083641 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22432/page/n13
* url=https://archive.org/details/spacetimeanddeit00alexuoft
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* cite book |last=Hartmann |first=Nicolai |author-link=Nicolai Hartmann |date=1940 |title=Der Aufbau der realen Welt: Grundriß der allgemeinen Kategorienlehre |series=Ontologie |volume=3 |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |oclc=174268798 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QtwKnkhwocC |doi=10.1515/9783110823844 |isbn=9783110823844
* cite journal |last=Novikoff |first=Alex B. |author-link=Alex B. Novikoff |date=March 1945 |title=The concept of integrative levels and biology |journal=Science |volume=101 |issue=2618 |pages=209–215 |doi=10.1126/science.101.2618.209 |pmid=17814095 |jstor=1672950 |bibcode=1945Sci...101..209N
* url=https://archive.org/details/newwaysofontolog00hart
* cite journal |last=Feibleman |first=James K. |date=May 1954 |title=Theory of integrative levels |journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science |volume=5 |issue=17 |pages=59–66 |doi=10.1093/bjps/V.17.59 |jstor=685952
* cite journal |last=Boulding |first=Kenneth Ewart |author-link=Kenneth E. Boulding |date=April 1956 |title=General systems theory: the skeleton of science |journal=Management Science |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=197–208 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.2.3.197 |jstor=2627132 |url=http://www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/general_systems_theory_-_the_skeleton_of_science.pdf |access-date=2023-05-02 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328094414/http://www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/general_systems_theory_-_the_skeleton_of_science.pdf |dead-url=no
* cite journal |last=Sellars |first=Roy Wood |author-link=Roy Wood Sellars |date=September 1959 |title=Levels of causality: the emergence of guidance and reason in nature |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.2307/2104949 |jstor=2104949
* cite journal |last=Simon |first=Herbert A. |author-link=Herbert A. Simon |date=December 1962 |title=The architecture of complexity |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=467–482 |jstor=985254 |citeseerx=10.1.1.110.961
* url-access=registration
* cite book |last=Bunge |first=Mario |author-link=Mario Bunge |date=1973 |chapter=The metaphysics, epistemology and methodology of levels |title=Method, model, and matter |series=Synthese library |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=D. Reidel |pages=160–168 |isbn=9027702527 |oclc=613670 |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-2519-5_9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bUqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160
* cite journal |last=Foskett |first=Douglas John |author-link=Douglas John Foskett |date=June 1978 |title=The theory of integrative levels and its relevance to the design of information systems |journal=ASLIB Proceedings |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=202–208 |doi=10.1108/eb050633
* cite book |editor1-last=Greenberg |editor1-first=Gary |editor1-link=Gary Greenberg (psychologist) |editor2-last=Tobach |editor2-first=Ethel |editor2-link=Ethel Tobach |date=1984 |title=Behavioral evolution and integrative levels |series=The T. C. Schneirla conference series |volume=1 |location=Hillsdale, NJ |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0898593638 |oclc=10997500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CiiAwAAQBAJ
* cite book |last1=O'Neill |first1=Robert V. |last2=Deangelis |first2=Donald Lee |last3=Waide |first3=J. B. |last4=Allen |first4=Timothy F. H. |author-link4=Timothy F. H. Allen |date=1986 |title=A hierarchical concept of ecosystems |series=Monographs in population biology |volume=23 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=069108436X |oclc=13526197 |url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchicalconc00onei |url-access=registration
* cite book |editor1-last=Greenberg |editor1-first=Gary |editor1-link=Gary Greenberg (psychologist) |editor2-last=Tobach |editor2-first=Ethel |editor2-link=Ethel Tobach |date=1987 |title=Cognition, language, and consciousness: integrative levels |series=The T. C. Schneirla conference series |volume=2 |location=Hillsdale, NJ |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |isbn=0898597226 |oclc=15317589 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfmGWzzcSooC
* cite book |last=Blitz |first=David |author-link=David Blitz |date=1992 |title=Emergent evolution: qualitative novelty and the levels of reality |series=Episteme |volume=19 |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=0792316584 |oclc=25370568 |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-8042-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0yBwAAQBAJ
* cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Max |date=1996 |title=Complexity and evolution |location=Cambridge, UK; New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=052145400X |oclc=34543726 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511565564 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QzDeRm6FK8C  Foreword by Joseph Needham.
* doi=10.1023/A:1015845217681
* cite book |last=Bunge |first=Mario |author-link=Mario Bunge |date=2003 |title=Emergence and convergence: qualitative novelty and the unity of knowledge |series=Toronto studies in philosophy |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=0802088600 |oclc=52411064 |doi=10.3138/9781442674356 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UxhBgAAQBAJ
* cite journal |last=DiFrisco |first=James |date=August 2017 |title=Time scales and levels of organization |journal=Erkenntnis |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=795–818 |doi=10.1007/s10670-016-9844-4
* pmid=29653763
* cite book |editor1-last=Brooks |editor1-first=Daniel Stephen |editor2-last=DiFrisco |editor2-first=James |editor3-last=Wimsatt |editor3-first=William C. |editor3-link=William C. Wimsatt |date=2021 |title=Levels of organization in the biological sciences |series=Vienna series in theoretical biology |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262045339 |oclc=1184123324
===反对整合层次的论点===
* harv See the section:  "2.4 Levels skepticism and deflationary accounts" date=20230502105358 .
* cite journal |last=Eronen |first=Markus I. |date=January 2015 |title=Levels of organization: a deflationary account |journal=Biology and Philosophy |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |doi=10.1007/s10539-014-9461-z |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/EROLOOv2
* dead-url=no
* cite journal |last=Eronen |first=Markus I. |date=December 2013 |title=No levels, no problems: downward causation in neuroscience |journal=Philosophy of Science |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=1042–1052 |doi=10.1086/673898 |jstor=10.1086/673898 |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/ERONLN
* cite journal |last=Guttman |first=Burton S. |date=February 1976 |title=Is 'levels of organization' a useful biological concept? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_1976-02_26_2/page/n35 |journal=BioScience |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.2307/1297326 |jstor=1297326
* pmc=3262309
* cite book |last=Potochnik |first=Angela |date=2017 |chapter=Levels and fields of science |title=Idealization and the aims of science |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=161–197 |isbn=9780226507057 |oclc=975478843 |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226507194.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeU3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161
* cite journal |last1=Potochnik |first1=Angela |last2=McGill |first2=Brian J. |date=January 2012 |title=The limitations of hierarchical organization |journal=Philosophy of Science |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=120–140 |doi=10.1086/663237 |jstor=10.1086/663237 |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/POTTLO-2
* cite journal |last=Schaffer |first=Jonathan |date=September 2003 |title=Is there a fundamental level? |journal=Noûs |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=498–517 |doi=10.1111/1468-0068.00448 |jstor=3506125 |url=http://www.jonathanschaffer.org/fundamental.pdf |access-date=2023-05-02 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015090645/https://www.jonathanschaffer.org/fundamental.pdf |dead-url=no
* cite book |last=Thalos |first=Mariam |date=2013 |title=Without hierarchy: the scale freedom of the universe |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199917648 |oclc=827008044 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917648.001.0001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWU-e4uCRMEC
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