【美国旧西部】
1789年时的美国领土
1845–46年时的美国领土
1884–89年时的美国领土
1912年时的美国领土
美国西部拓荒时代（American frontier）是指美国领土扩张时期，美国西部的历史、地理、居民、文化等多元内涵的呈现。这段时间从17世纪初的英国美洲殖民地时期到1912年建立最后一个美国本土的州亚利桑那州为止。
== 参考文献 ==
== 延伸阅读 ==
=== 国势研究 ===
* Billington, Ray Allen, and Martin Ridge. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (5th ed. 2001); 892 pp; textbook with 160 –pp of detailed annotated bibliographies  older edition online; also  online 2001 abridged edition to borrow
* Billington, Ray Allen. The Far Western frontier, 1830–1860 (1962), Wide-ranging scholarly survey;  online free
* Clark, Thomas D. The rampaging frontier: Manners and humors of pioneer days in the South and the Middle West (1939).
* Deverell, William, ed. A Companion to the American West (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2004); 572 pp excerpt and text search
* Hawgood, John A. America's Western Frontiers (1st ed. 1967); 234 pp; textbook covering pre-Columbian era through the mid-twentieth century
* Heard, J. Norman. Handbook of the American Frontier (5 vol Scarecrow Press, 1987–98); Covers 1: The Southeastern Woodlands, 2: The Northeastern Woodlands, 3: The Great Plains, 4: The Far West and vol. 5: Chronology, Bibliography, Index. Compilation of Indian-white contacts & conflicts
* Hine, Robert V., and John Mack Faragher. The American West: A New Interpretive History (Yale University Press, 2000). 576 pp.; textbook
* Josephy, Alvin. The American heritage book of the pioneer spirit (1965)
* Lamar, Howard, ed. The New Encyclopedia of the American West (1998); this is a revised version of Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West ed. by Howard Lamar (1977)
* isbn=978-0878424689
* Milner, Clyde, Carol O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds. The Oxford History of the American West (1994) long essays by scholars;  online free
* Paxson, Frederic Logan. History of the American frontier, 1763–1893 (1924), an old survey by leading authority; Pulitzer Prize
* Paxson, Frederic Logan. The Last American Frontier (1910)  online free
* Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, ed. Settlers of the American West: The Lives of 231 Notable Pioneers, (2015) McFarland & Company, 978-0786497355
* Utley, Robert M. The Story of The West (2003)
* White, Richard. "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (1991), textbook focused on the post-1890 far west
=== 土地政策 ===
* Gates, Paul W. "An overview of American land policy". Agricultural History (1976): 213–29.  in JSTOR
* Gates, Paul W. "Homesteading in the High Plains". Agricultural History (1977): 109–33.  in JSTOR
* Otto, John Solomon. The Southern Frontiers, 1607–1860: The Agricultural Evolution of the Colonial and Antebellum South (ABC-CLIO, 1989).
* Swierenga, Robert P. "Land Speculation and Its Impact on American Economic Growth and Welfare: A Historiographical Review". Western Historical Quarterly (1977) 8#3 pp: 283–302.  in JSTOR
* Unruh, John David. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860 (1993)
* Van Atta, John R. Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850 (2014) xiii + 294 pp.  online review
* isbn=0803247877
=== 历史学论 ===
* Billington, Ray Allen. America's Frontier Heritage (1984), a favorable analysis of Turner's theories about social sciences and historiography  online
* Etulain, Richard W., "Clio's Disciples on the Rio Grande: Western History at the University of New Mexico", New Mexico Historical Review 87 (Summer 2012), 277–98.
* isbn=978-0874175172
* Hurtado, Albert L., "Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism", Western Historical Quarterly, (Spring 2013) 44#1 pp. 5–20.
* Lewis, David Rich. "Native Americans in the nineteenth-century American West." in A Companion to the American West ed. by William Deverell (2004) pp: 143–161.  online
* Limerick, Patricia. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (1987), attacks Turner and promotes the New Western History
* Smith, Stacey L. "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction", Journal of the Civil War Era (Dec 2016) 6#4 pp. 566–91. 10.1353/cwe.2016.0073  excerpt
* Spackman, S. G. F. "The Frontier and Reform in the United States." Historical Journal 13#2  (1970): 333–39.  online.
* Weber, David J. "The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux." The History Teacher, 39#1 (2005), pp. 43–56.,  online.
* isbn=978-1444396577
=== 图片集合 ===
* Brégent-Heald Dominique. "Primitive Encounters: Film and Tourism in the North American West", Western Historical Quarterly (2007) 38#1 (Spring, 2007), pp. 47–67  in JSTOR
* Etulain, Richard W. Re-imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art (1996)
* isbn=978-0874176629
* Hyde, Anne Farrar. An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820–1920 (New York University Press, 1993)
* isbn=978-0226532356
* Prown, Jules David, Nancy K. Anderson, and William Cronon, eds. Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West (1994)
* Rothman, Hal K. Devil's Bargains: Tourism and the Twentieth-Century American West (University of Kansas Press, 1998)
* author-link=Richard Slotkin
* author-link=Richard Slotkin
* location=Cambridge
* isbn=978-0195073058
* Wrobel, David M. Global West, American Frontier: Travel, Empire, and Exceptionalism from Manifest Destiny to the Great Depression (University of New Mexico Press, 2013) 312 pp.; evaluates European and American travelers' accounts
=== 一手资料 ===
* Phillips, Ulrich B. Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources. Two volumes. (1909).  vol 1 & 2 online
* Still, Bayrd, ed. The West; contemporary records of America's expansion across the continent, 1607-1890 (1961)  online
* Watts, Edward, and David Rachels, eds. The First West: Writing from the American Frontier, 1776–1860 (Oxford UP, 2002), 960 pp; primary sources' long excerpts from 59 authors;  excerpt
*  California Gold Rush, from PBS
*  1860s and 1870s from PBS
*  1880s from PBS
*  "Closing the Frontier", from U California
=== 学术文章 ===
*  Full text of all articles in Western Historical Quarterly, 1972 to present
*  Great Plains Quarterly Table of contents, 1981 to present;  2014 to present online articles