【梭菌属】
梭菌属（学名：Clostridium），菌体呈梭状，又称梭状芽孢杆菌属或厌氧芽孢杆菌属，芽孢常比菌体大，是一类能产生内生孢子的厌氧性革兰氏阳性菌。
梭菌属广泛分布于自然界，以土壤中最多，芽孢圆形或椭圆形。除了产气荚膜梭菌无鞭毛外，大多有鞭毛。大部份的梭菌属可以水解糖、蛋白质，又可产生外毒素，成为一些疾病的原因。
该属的模式种为丁酸梭菌（Clostridium butyricum）。
==下属物种==
本属包括以下物种：
* 不同梭菌 Clostridium absonum Nakamura et al., 1973
* 醋酸梭菌 Clostridium aceticum (ex Wieringa 1940) Gottschalk and Braun, 1981，丙酮丁醇杆菌，丙酮丁醇梭菌，醋酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌，醋酪酸梭状芽胞杆菌
* Clostridium acetireducens Örlygsson et al. 1996
* 丙酮丁醇梭杆菌 Clostridium acetobutylicum McCoy et al. 1926
* Clostridium acidisoli Kuhner et al. 2000
* Clostridium aciditolerans Lee et al. 2007
* Clostridium acidiurici (Liebert 1909) Barker 1938
* 尿酸发酵梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium acidurici corrig. (Liebert 1909) Barker 1938，尿酸梭菌
* 腐气梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium aerofoetidum ，臭气杆菌，臭气梭菌
* 产气梭菌 Clostridium aerogenes，产气梭状芽孢杆菌
* 耐氧梭菌 Clostridium aerotolerans van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987
* Clostridium aestuarii Kim et al. 2007
* Clostridium akagii Kuhner et al. 2000
* Clostridium aldenense Warren et al. 2007
* Clostridium aldrichii Yang et al. 1990
* Clostridium algidicarnis Lawson et al. 1995
* Clostridium algidixylanolyticum Broda et al. 2000
* Clostridium algifaecis Wu et al. 2014
* Clostridium algoriphilum Shcherbakova et al. 2010
* 碱性纤维素梭菌 Clostridium alkalicellulosi Zhilina et al. 2006 = Clostridium alkalicellum Zhilina et al. 2006
* 亚马逊梭菌 Clostridium amazonense O'Neal et al. 2015
* Clostridium aminophilum Paster et al. 1993
* Clostridium aminovalericum Hardman and Stadtman 1960
* Clostridium amygdalinum Parshina et al. 2003
* Clostridium amylolyticum Song and Dong 2008
* Clostridium arbusti Jung et al. 2010
* Clostridium arcticum corrig. (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
* Clostridium argentinense Suen et al. 1988
* Clostridium articum (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
* Clostridium asparagiforme Mohan et al. 2007
* Clostridium aurantibutyricum Hellinger 1944
* 产乙醇梭菌 Clostridium autoethanogenum
* Clostridium barati (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970 = 巴氏梭菌 Clostridium baratii (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970
* Clostridium barkeri Stadtman et al. 1972
* Clostridium bartlettii Song et al. 2004
* Clostridium beihaiense Dong et al. 2018
* 拜氏梭菌 Clostridium beijerinckii Donker 1926
* 双酶梭菌 Clostridium bifermentans (Weinberg and Séguin 1918) Bergey et al. 1923
* Clostridium bolteae Song et al. 2003
* Clostridium bornimense Hahnke et al. 2014
* 肉毒杆菌Clostridium botulinum (van Ermengem 1896) Bergey et al. 1923
* Clostridium bovifaecis Zhu et al. 2018
* Clostridium bowmanii Spring et al. 2003
* Clostridium bryantii Stieb and Schink 1985
* Clostridium budayi (Le Blaye and Guggenheim 1914) Bernard et al. 2018
* 丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski 1880
* 尸毒梭菌 Clostridium cadaveris (Klein 1899) McClung and McCoy 1957
* Clostridium caenicola Shiratori et al. 2009
* Clostridium caminithermale Brisbarre et al. 2003
* 食一氧化碳梭菌 Clostridium carboxidivorans Liou et al. 2005
* Clostridium carnis (Klein 1904) Spray 1939
* Clostridium cavendishii Bowman et al. 2010
* Clostridium celatum Hauschild and Holdeman 1974
* Clostridium celerecrescens Palop et al. 1989
* Clostridium cellobioparum Hungate 1944
* "Clostridium cellulofermentans" He et al. 1991
* Clostridium cellulolyticum Petitdemange et al. 1984
* Clostridium cellulosi He et al. 1991
* Clostridium cellulovorans Sleat et al. 1985
* Clostridium chartatabidum Kelly et al. 1996，瘤胃纤维分解细菌
* 气肿疽梭菌 Clostridium chauvoei (Arloing et al. 1887) Scott 1928，鸣疽梭状芽孢杆菌，肖氏芽孢梭菌
* Clostridium chromiireducens Inglett et al. 2011
* Clostridium citroniae Warren et al. 2007
* Clostridium clariflavum Shiratori et al. 2009
* 梭状梭菌 Clostridium clostridiiforme (Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976
* Clostridium clostridioforme corrig. (Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976
* Clostridium coccoides Kaneuchi et al. 1976
* Clostridium cochlearium (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923
* Clostridium cocleatum Kaneuchi et al. 1979
* Clostridium colicanis Greetham et al. 2003
* 鹌鹑梭菌 Clostridium colinum (ex Berkhoff et al. 1974) Berkhoff 1985
* Clostridium collagenovorans Jain and Zeikus 1988
* Clostridium combesii (Prévot and Laplanche 1947) Bernard et al. 2018
* Clostridium composti Shin et al. 2018
* 克萨氏梭菌 Clostridium coskatii，一种新的产乙醇梭菌属物种
* 柱盘孢梭菌 Clostridium cylindrosporum (ex Barker and Beck 1942) Andreesen et al. 1985
* 艰难梭菌 Clostridium difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Prévot 1938
* Clostridium diolis Biebl and Spröer 2003
* Clostridium disporicum Horn 1987
* 德可氏梭菌 Clostridium drakei Liou et al. 2005
* Clostridium durum Smith and Cato 1974
* Clostridium estertheticum Collins et al. 1993
* 谲诈梭菌 Clostridium fallax (Weinberg and Séguin 1915) Bergey et al. 1923
* Clostridium felsineum (Carbone and Tombolato 1917) Bergey et al. 1939
* Clostridium fermenticellae Xu et al. 2019
* Clostridium fervidum corrig. Patel et al. 1987
* Clostridium fervidus Patel et al. 1987
* Clostridium fessum Seo et al. 2020
* Clostridium fimetarium Kotsyurbenko et al. 1997
* Clostridium formicoaceticum Andreesen et al. 1970 = 自养乙酸梭菌 Clostridium formicaceticum Andreesen et al. 1970
* Clostridium frigidicarnis Broda et al. 1999
* Clostridium frigoris Spring et al. 2003
* Clostridium ganghwense Kim et al. 2006
* Clostridium gasigenes Broda et al. 2000
* Clostridium ghoni Prévot 1938
* Clostridium ghonii corrig. Prévot 1938
* 乙二醇梭菌 Clostridium glycolicum Gaston and Stadtman 1963
* Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum Sakuma et al. 2006
* Clostridium grantii Mountfort et al. 1996
* 广西梭菌 Clostridium guangxiense Zhao et al. 2017
* 溶血梭菌 Clostridium haemolyticum (Hall 1929) Scott et al. 1935
* Clostridium halophilium Fendrich et al. 1991
* Clostridium halophilum corrig. Fendrich et al. 1991
* 矛形梭菌 Clostridium hastiforme MacLennan 1939
* Clostridium hathewayi Steer et al. 2002
* Clostridium herbivorans Varel et al. 1995
* Clostridium hiranonis Kitahara et al. 2001
* 溶组织梭菌 Clostridium histolyticum (Weinberg and Séguin 1916) Bergey et al. 1923
* Clostridium homopropionicum Dörner and Schink 1991
* Clostridium huakuii Ruan et al. 2014
* Clostridium hungatei Monserrate et al. 2001
* Clostridium hydrogeniformans Bowman et al. 2010
* Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum Zhang et al. 1994
* Clostridium hylemonae Kitahara et al. 2000
* 印度梭菌 Clostridium indicum Gundawar et al. 2019
* Clostridium indolis McClung and McCoy 1957
* 无害梭菌 Clostridium innocuum Smith and King 1962，无害芽胞梭菌
* Clostridium intestinale corrig. Lee et al. 1989
* Clostridium intestinalis Lee et al. 1989
* Clostridium irregulare corrig. (Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938
* Clostridium irregularis (Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938
* Clostridium isatidis Padden et al. 1999
* Clostridium jeddahense Lagier et al. 2016
* Clostridium jejuense Jeong et al. 2004
* Clostridium josui Sukhumavasi et al. 1988
* Clostridium kluyveri Barker and Taha 1942
* Clostridium lactatifermentans van der Wielen et al. 2002
* Clostridium lacusfryxellense Spring et al. 2003
* Clostridium laramie Kalchayanand et al. 1993
* Clostridium laramiense corrig. Kalchayanand et al. 1993
* Clostridium lavalense Domingo et al. 2009
* Clostridium lentocellum Murray et al. 1987
* Clostridium lentoputrescens Hartsell and Rettger 1934
* Clostridium leptum Moore et al. 1976
* 泥渣梭菌 Clostridium limosum André 1948
* Clostridium liquoris Yin et al. 2016
* Clostridium litorale Fendrich et al. 1991
* Clostridium lituseburense (Laplanche and Saissac 1948) McClung and McCoy 1957
* Clostridium ljungdahlii Tanner et al. 1993
* Clostridium lortetii Oren 1984
* Clostridium lundense Cirne et al. 2006
* Clostridium luticellarii Wang et al. 2015
* Clostridium magnum Schink 1984
* Clostridium malenominatum (Weinberg et al. 1937) Spray 1948
* Clostridium mangenotii (Prévot and Zimmès-Chaverou 1947) McClung and McCoy 1957
* 最大梭菌 Clostridium maximum (Lindner 1888) Lawson and Rainey 2016
* Clostridium mayombei Kane et al. 1992
* 食甲氧基苯甲酸梭菌 Clostridium methoxybenzovorans Mechichi et al. 1999
* Clostridium methylpentosum Himelbloom and Canale-Parola 1989
* Clostridium moniliforme (Repaci 1910) Lawson and Rainey 2016
* Clostridium neonatale Bernard et al. 2018
* Clostridium neopropionicum Tholozan et al. 1995
* Clostridium neuense Zhao et al. 2017
* Clostridium nexile Holdeman and Moore 1974
* Clostridium nitritogenes (Prévot 1940) Bernard et al. 2018
* Clostridium nitrophenolicum Suresh et al. 2007
* 诺氏梭菌 Clostridium novyi (Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1923，诺威氏梭状芽孢杆菌
* Clostridium oceanicum Smith 1970
* Clostridium orbiscindens Winter et al. 1991
* Clostridium oroticum (Wachsman and Barker 1954) Cato et al. 1968
* Clostridium oryzae Horino et al. 2015
* Clostridium oxalicum Dehning and Schink 1990
* Clostridium pabulibutyricum Kobayashi et al. 2017
* Clostridium papyrosolvens Madden et al. 1982
* Clostridium paradoxum Li et al. 1993
* Clostridium paraperfringens Nakamura et al. 1970
* 类腐败梭菌 Clostridium paraputrificum (Bienstock 1906) Snyder 1936
* Clostridium pascui Wilde et al. 1997
* 巴氏梭菌 Clostridium pasteurianum Winogradsky 1895
* Clostridium peptidivorans Mechichi et al. 2000
* Clostridium perenne (Prévot 1940) McClung and McCoy 1957
* 产气荚膜梭菌 Clostridium perfringens (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy et al. 1937
* Clostridium phytofermentans Warnick et al. 2002
* 毛状梭菌 Clostridium piliforme (ex Tyzzer 1917) Duncan et al. 1993
* Clostridium polyendosporum (Duda et al. 1996) Rainey et al. 2016
* Clostridium polysaccharolyticum (van Gylswyk 1981) van Gylswyk et al. 1983
* Clostridium populeti Sleat and Mah 1985
* Clostridium prolinivorans Huang et al. 2020
* Clostridium propionicum Cardon and Barker 1946
* Clostridium proteoclasticum Attwood et al. 1996
* Clostridium proteolyticum Jain and Zeikus 1988
* Clostridium psychrophilum Spring et al. 2003
* Clostridium punense Lanjekar et al. 2015
* Clostridium puniceum Lund et al. 1981
* Clostridium purinilyticum corrig. Dürre et al. 1981
* Clostridium purinolyticum Dürre et al. 1981
* Clostridium putrefaciens (McBryde 1911) Sturges and Drake 1927
* Clostridium putrificum (Trevisan 1889) Reddish and Rettger 1922
* Clostridium quercicolum Stankewich et al. 1971
* Clostridium quinii Svensson et al. 1995
* 拉氏梭菌 Clostridium ragsdalei，拉格斯代尔梭菌
* 多枝梭菌 Clostridium ramosum (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Holdeman et al. 1971
* Clostridium rectum (Heller 1922) Holdeman and Moore 1972
* Clostridium roseum (ex McCoy and McClung 1935) Cato et al. 1988
* Clostridium saccharobutylicum Keis et al. 2001
* Clostridium saccharogumia Clavel et al. 2007
* Clostridium saccharolyticum Murray et al. 1982
* Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Keis et al. 2001
* Clostridium sardiniense corrig. Prévot 1938
* Clostridium sardiniensis Prévot 1938
* Clostridium sartagoforme corrig. Partansky and Henry 1935
* Clostridium sartagoformum Partansky and Henry 1935
* Clostridium saudiense corrig. Angelakis et al. 2016
* Clostridium saudii Angelakis et al. 2016
* Clostridium scatologenes (Weinberg and Ginsbourg 1927) Prévot 1948
* Clostridium schirmacherense Alam et al. 2006
* Clostridium scindens Morris et al. 1985
* 塞内加尔梭菌 Clostridium senegalense Mishra et al. 2015
* 败毒梭菌 Clostridium septicum (Macé 1889) Ford 1927
* 索氏梭菌 Clostridium sordellii (Hall and Scott 1927) Prévot 1938
* 楔形梭菌 Clostridium sphenoides (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923
* Clostridium spiroforme Kaneuchi et al. 1979
* 生孢梭菌 Clostridium sporogenes (Metchnikoff 1908) Bergey et al. 1923
* Clostridium sporosphaeroides Soriano and Soriano 1948
* Clostridium stercorarium Madden 1983
* Clostridium sticklandii Stadtman and McClung 1957
* Clostridium straminisolvens Kato et al. 2004
* 近端梭菌 Clostridium subterminale (Hall and Whitehead 1927) Spray 1948
* Clostridium sufflavum Nishiyama et al. 2009
* Clostridium sulfidigenes Sallam and Steinbüchel 2009
* Clostridium swellfunianum Liu et al. 2015
* Clostridium symbiosum (Stevens 1956) Kaneuchi et al. 1976
* Clostridium tagluense Suetin et al. 2009
* Clostridium tarantellae (Udey et al. 1977) Lawson and Rainey 2016
* Clostridium tepidiprofundi Slobodkina et al. 2008
* Clostridium tepidum Dobritsa et al. 2017
* Clostridium termitidis Hethener et al. 1992
* 第三梭菌 Clostridium tertium (Henry 1917) Bergey et al. 1923
* 破伤风梭菌 Clostridium tetani (Flügge 1886) Bergey et al. 1923，破伤风芽孢梭菌
* Clostridium tetanomorphum (ex Bulloch et al. 1919) Wilde et al. 1989
* Clostridium thermaceticum corrig. Fontaine et al. 1942
* Clostridium thermarum Liu et al. 2021
* Clostridium thermautotrophicum corrig. Wiegel et al. 1982
* 热醋酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoaceticum Fontaine et al. 1942
* 热嗜酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoacidophilus
* 热产气梭菌 Clostridium thermoaerogenes
* 嗜热碱梭菌 Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum Li et al. 1994
* Clostridium thermoautotrophicum Wiegel et al. 1982
* 热丁酸梭菌 Clostridium thermobutyricum Wiegel et al. 1989
* 热介纤维素梭菌 Clostridium thermocellulaseum
* 热纤梭菌 Clostridium thermocellum Viljoen et al. 1926
* Clostridium thermocopriae Jin et al. 1988
* 温水硫磺梭菌 Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum Klaushofer and Parkkinen 1965
* 嗜热乳酸梭菌 Clostridium thermolacticum Le Ruyet et al. 1988，热乳梭菌
* 热棕榈梭菌 Clostridium thermopalmarium Soh et al. 1991，帕姆酒耐热梭菌
* Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum Méndez et al. 1991
* 嗜热梭菌 Clostridium thermophilum
* 热腐梭菌 Clostridium thermoputrificum
* 嗜热化糖梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum McClung 1935
* Clostridium thermosuccinogenes Drent et al. 1995
* Clostridium thermosulfurigenes corrig. Schink and Zeikus 1983
* Clostridium thermosulfurogenes Schink and Zeikus 1983
* Clostridium thiosulfatireducens Hernández-Eugenio et al. 2002
* 酪丁酸梭菌 Clostridium tyrobutyricum van Beynum and Pette 1935
* Clostridium uliginosum Matthies et al. 2001
* 乌尔蒂纳梭菌 Clostridium ultunense Schnürer et al. 1996
* Clostridium ventriculi (Goodsir 1842) Lawson and Rainey 2016
* Clostridium villosum Love et al. 1979
* Clostridium vincentii Mountfort et al. 1997
* 绿梭菌 Clostridium viride Buckel et al. 1995
* Clostridium vulturis Paek et al. 2015
* 魏氏梭状芽孢杆菌 Clostridium welchii
* Clostridium xylanolyticum Rogers and Baecker 1991
* Clostridium xylanovorans Mechichi et al. 2000
== 参考文献 ==