【水绵】
水绵是水绵属（学名：Spirogyra）绿藻门物种的总称，又名石衣、水衣、水苔、石发、陟厘、侧梨、水苔， 是一种普遍生活在淡水里的真核多细胞藻类，因体内含有1－16条带状、螺旋形的叶绿体，所以呈现绿色。世界上大概有超过400种水绵，它们的宽度大概在10－100μm之间，长度最长可达数厘米。
水绵在公元前三世纪出版的中国第一部字典《尔雅》中称为藫，意思是生长在潭水中或其中石头上的草。 明朝《本草纲目·草之十》将其列为草药。
== 习性 ==
水绵在相对清洁的富营养化水体中非常普遍，在水中呈片或团状，摸起来手感黏滑。春季，水绵在水下生活，当阳光充足、天气温暖时，它们就可以进行光合作用产生大量氧气泡，出现在缠结的细丝间。转板藻（Mougeotia）、双星藻（Zygnema）和丝藻（Ulothrix）常与水绵纠缠在一起生活，其中双星藻是水绵的近缘种。
== 结构 ==
水绵个体由一串圆筒状细胞构成，所以在显微镜下看起来像一根无分支的丝线。
水绵的细胞壁有两层，外层由纤维素构成，内层由果胶构成。细胞质中的叶绿体上有一个或多个小的球形淀粉核（蛋白核），中心可制造淀粉。细胞的中央是一个由叶绿体围绕的大液泡和细胞核，细胞核与细胞壁间连有数条胞质丝，因此细胞质看起来是放射状的。
== 生殖 ==
正在接合的水绵
水绵已形成的接合子
水绵既可无性繁殖，也可有性生殖。无性繁殖时，水绵进行细胞分裂，从细丝中央断裂成两个水绵个体。这种营养繁殖方式也叫做断裂生殖。
而水绵的有性生殖又称接合生殖，进行时体色变为黄绿色，有以下类型：
# 梯形接合：两条水绵并排靠近，相邻处每个细胞各产生一个突起，伸长并融合成数条通道，称为接合管。同时两个相邻水绵单个细胞的细胞质与细胞核分别浓缩成两个配子，一条水绵的单个细胞中的雄配子做变形虫式运动，通过接合管到达另一条水绵的单个细胞内，与雌配子融合，形成一个合子，其他细胞亦然。结束后，一条水绵体内细胞全空，而另一条水绵体内每个细胞各含有一个合子。由于接合过程的形态像一架整齐的梯子，故该类型称为梯形接合。
# 侧面接合：一条水绵上相邻的两个细胞各产生一个突起，伸长并融合成一条接合管于水绵体一侧。剩余过程同第一种类型，最后形成合子。结束后，一个细胞变空，另一细胞内有一合子。由于该类型于水绵体一侧进行，故称为侧面接合。
== 用途与危害 ==
*鱼饵和饲料
*食品
*大量繁殖造成管道堵塞，影响工厂生产。
*大量繁殖消耗水中溶解氧，造成水生物无法生存。
== 中药 ==
中医认为水绵可入药，入药的物种主要包括光洁水绵（Spirogyra nitida (Dillw.) Link）、扭曲水绵（Spirogyra intorta Jao；缠络水绵、门水绵）和异形水绵（Spirogyra varians (Hass.) Kützing），性味甘、平、无毒，能清热解毒、利湿，可治疗丹毒、痈肿、漆疮、烫伤、泄泻，可3－10克煎汤内服，或取鲜品适量，洗净捣碎外敷。
== 部分物种 ==
根据ITIS，有如下物种：
*短缩水绵 Spirogyra abbreviata Zheng
*纹饰水绵 Spirogyra adornata Ling
*近亲水绵 Spirgoyra affinis (Hassall) Petit
*层壁水绵 Spirogyra amellosa Jao
*增粗水绵 Spirogyra amplectans Skuja
*扩大水绵 Spirogyra ampliata Liu
*异常水绵 Spirogyra anomala Rao
*隐纹水绵 Spirogyra aphanosculpta Skuja
*拱形水绵 Spirogyra arcuata liu
*致细水绵 Spirogyra arta Jao
*亚洲水绵 Spirogyra asiatica Czurda
*贝利水绵 Spirogyra baileyi Schmidle
*二形水绵 Spirogyra biformis Jao
*重网水绵 Spirogyra bireticulata Liu
*北方水绵 Spirogyra borealis Zheng et Ling
*外凸水绵 Spirogyra borgeana Trans.
**外凸水绵二形变型 Spirogyra borgeana f. dimorpha Chian
*布齐提水绵 Spirogyra buchetii Petit
*泡胞水绵 Spirogyra bullata Jao
*链形水绵 Spirogyra catenaeformis (Hass.) Kützing
*浙江水绵 Spirogyra chekianggensis Jao
*陈氏水绵 Spirogyra chenii Jao
*重庆水绵 Spirogyra chungkingensis Jao
*短管水绵 Spirogyra chuniae Jao
*Spirogyra circumlineata Trans.
*克里弗水绵 Spirogyra cleveana Transeasu
*柯林士水绵 Spirogyra collinsii (Lewis) Printz
*哥伦比亚水绵 Spirogyra columbiana Czurda
*普通水绵 Spirogyra communis (Hassall) Kützing
*密集水绵 Spirogyra condensata (Vauch.) Kütz. .
*波纹水绵 Spirogyra corrugata Trans.
*水绵 Spirogyra crassa Kützing
*粗刺水绵 Spirogyra crassispina Jao
*克罗斯德尔水绵 Spirogyra croasdalea Blum
*柱状水绵 Spirogyra cylindrical Czurda
*拟波皱水绵 Spirogyra daedaleoides Czurda
*长孢水绵 Spirogyra decimina (Muller) Kützing（卵孢水绵）
*齿网水绵 Spirogyra dentireticulata Jao
*裂壁水绵 Spirogyra dialyderma Ling et Zheng
*双头水绵 Spirogyra dicephala Jao et H.Z. Zhu
*网孢水绵 Spirogyra dictyospora Jao
*网纹水绵 Spirogyra dictyozyatica Chu et Chu
*Spirogyra diluta Wood
*存疑水绵 Spirogyra dubia Kützing
*链形水绵 Spirogyra eatenaeformis Kützing
*极美水绵 Spirogyra elegantissima Ling et Zeng
*椭孢水绵 Spirogyra ellipsospora Tanseau
*狭椭孢水绵 Spirogyra elliptica Jao
*椭孢水绵 Spirogyra ellipsospora Trans.
*Spirogyra emilianensis Bonhomme
*法乐水绵 Spirogyra farlowii Trans.
*微沟水绵 Spirogyra fassula Zheng
*芬兰水绵 Spirogyra fennica Cederec.
*赤褐水绵 Spirogyra ferruginea Liang
*冷性水绵 Spirogyra figida Gay
*河生水绵 Spirogyra fluviatilis Hisle
*沟纹水绵 Spirogyra fossulata Jao et Hu
*窝孔水绵 Spirogyra foveolata (Skuja) Czurda
*福建水绵 Spirogyra fukienica Wei
*福州水绵 Spirogyra fuzhouensis Hu
*内凸水绵 Spirogyra gibberosa Jao
*纤细水绵 Spirogyra gracillis Kützing
*Spirogyra gratiana Transeau
*颗粒水绵 Spirogyra granulata Jao
*格雷维尔水绵 Spirogyra grevilleana (Hassal) Kützing
*广州水绵 Spirogyra guangchowensis Zhu et Zhong
* 海门水绵 Spirogyra haimenensis Jao
* 哈萨水绵 Spirogyra hassallii (Jenner) Petit
*Spirogyra hatillensis Transeau
* 河南水绵 Spirogyra henanensis (Bi) Bi
* 异孢水绵 Spirogyra heterospore Liu
* 河北水绵 Spirogyra hopeiensis Jao
*Spirogyra hornschuchii
* 湖南水绵 Spirogyra hunanensis Jao
*晶莹水绵 Spirogyra hyalina Cleve
*Spirogyra inconstans Collins
*膨胀水绵 Spirogyra inflata (Vauch.) Kützing
*Spirogyra insignis Kützing
* 离奇水绵 Spirogyra insueta Zhu et Zhong
* 扭曲水绵 Spirogyra intorta Jao
*饶氏印度水绵 Spirygyra jaoensis Randawa
*饶氏水绵 Spirogyra jaoi Ley
*雅托巴水绵 Spirogyra jatobae Transeau
*聚集水绵 Spirygyra jugali Küzing
*菊尔水绵 Spirogyra jurgensii Kützing
*卡式水绵 Spirogyra kaffirita Transeau
*Spirogyra kuusamoensis Hirn.
*阔网水绵 Spirogyra latireticulata Zheng et Ling
*宽松水绵 Spirogyra laxa Kützing
*疏层水绵 Spirogyra laxistrata Jao
*李氏水绵 Spirogyra liana Transau
*长形水绵 Spirogyra longata (Vaucher) Kützing
*长缝水绵 Spirogyra longifiasa Wei
*庐山水绵 Spirogyra lushanensis Li
*卢特水绵 Spirogyra lutetiana Petit
*大孢水绵 Spirgoyra macrospora (Rao) Kriegar
*大形水绵 Spirogyra majuscula (Kützing) Czurda
*马米水绵 Spirogyra malmeana Hirm.
*粗形水绵 Spirogyra maxima (Hassall) Wittrock
*南方水绵 Spirogyra meridionalis W. J. Zhu et Zhong
*微粒水绵 Spirogyra microgranulata Jao
*微孢水绵 Spirogyra microspore Jao
*缅宁水绵 Spirogyra mienningensis Li
*微网水绵 Spirogyra mierodietyon Jao et Hu
*小水绵 Spirogyra minor (Schmidle) Transeau
*新奇水绵 Spirogyra mirabilis (Hassall) Kützing
*奇异水绵 Spirogyra mirifica Zheng
*默比水绵 Spirogyra moebii Transeau
*复壁水绵 Spirogyra multistrata Zheng et Ling
*多变水绵 Spirogyra mutabilis Jao et Hu
*Spirogyra neglecta (Hass.) Kützing
*新根枝水绵 Spirogyra neorhizobrachialis Jao et Zhong
*光洁水绵 Spirogyra nitida (Dillw.) Link
*Spirogyra novaeangliae Transeau
*夜合水绵 Spirogyra nyctigama Transeau
*扁球水绵 Spirogyra oblata Jao
*长圆水绵 Spirogyra oblonga Liu
*卵孢水绵 Spirogyra obovata Jao
*Spirogyra occidentalis (Trans.) Czurda
*寡孢水绵 Spirogyra oligocarpa Jao
*眼纹水绵 Spirogyra ollicola Jao et Zhong
*Spirogyra orthospira Naegeli
*疱胞水绵 Spirygyra papulata Jao
**疱胞水绵小型变种 Spirygyra papulata f. minor Jao
*细小水绵 Spirogyra parvula Czurda
*北平水绵 Spirogyra peipingensis Jao
*Spirogyra perforans Transeau
*丰满水绵 Spirygyra plena Czuda
*多形水绵 Spirogyra polymorpha Kirchner
*柱廊形水绵 Spirogyra portiealis Cleve
*Spirogyra porticalis (O. F. Mueller) Cleve
*草原水绵 Spirogyra pratensis Transeau
**草原水绵小形变型 Spirogyra pratensis Transeau f. minor Jao
*Spirogyra protecta Wood
*伪美好水绵 Spirogyra pseudobellis W.J. Zhu et Zhong
*伪颗粒水绵 Spirogyra pseudogranulata Ley
*伪普斯里水绵 Spirogyra pseudospreeiana Jao
*伪丰满水绵 Spirygyra pseudoplena Liu
*伪假根水绵 Spirogyra pseudorhizopus Bi et Ling
*美纹水绵 Spirogyra pulchrifigurata Jao
*孔纹水绵 Spirogyra punctata Cleve
*细孔纹水绵 Spirogyra punctulata Jao
**细孔纹水绵大孢变型 Spirogyra punctulata Jao f. macrospora Jao
*方形水绵 Spirogyra quadrata (Hassall) Petit
*Spirogyra quinina
*四壁水绵 Spirogyra quadrilaminate Jao
*五壁水绵 Spirogyra quinquilaminate Jao
*近直螺水绵 Spirogyra rectispira Jao
*Spirogyra reflexa Trans.
*网纹水绵 Spirogyra reticulata Nordstedt
*根枝水绵 Spirogyra rhizobrachialis Jao
*假根水绵 Spirogyra rhizopus Jao
*溪生水绵 Spirogyra rivularis (Hass.) Rebenhorst
*施米特水绵 Spirogyra schmidtii W. et G.S. West
*半饰水绵 Spirogyra semiornata Jao
*毛状水绵 Spirogyra setiformis Kützing
*山东水绵 Spirogyra shantungensis Li
*山西水绵 Spirogyra shanxiensis Zheng et Ling
*申扎水绵 Spirogyra shenzaensis Zheng
*泰国水绵 Spirogyra siamensis Trans.
*中华水绵 Spirogyra sinensis Li
*单一水绵 Spirogyra singularis Nordstedt
*史密斯水绵 Spirogyra smithii Trans.
*华美水绵 Spirogyra speciosa Liu
*球果水绵 Spirogyra sphaerocarpa Jao
*隐纹水绵 Spirogyra sphanosculpta Skuja
*斯普里水绵 Spirogyra spreeiana Rab.
*斑点水绵 Spirogyra stictica Wille
*近束合水绵 Spirogyra subcolligata Bi
*近厚壁水绵 Spirogyra subcrassiuscula Bi
*近柱孢水绵 Spirogyra subcylindrospora Jao
**近柱孢水绵大形变型 Spirogyra subcylindrospora f. major Bi
*近沟纹水绵 Spirogyra subfossulata Jao
*近平滑水绵 Spirogyra subglabra Zheng et Ling
*近兰贝特水绵 Spirogyra sublambertiana Zhao
*近黄孢水绵 Spirogyra subluteospora Jao et Hu
*近略大水绵 Spirogyra submajuscula Ling et Zheng
*近海水绵 Spirogyra submarina (Collins) Transeau
*近粗形水绵 Spirogyra submaxima Trans.
*近卵孢水绵 Spirogyra subobovata Chian
*近疱胞水绵 Spirogyra subpapulata Jao
*近半透明水绵 Spirogyra subpellucida Jao
*近多带水绵 Spirogyra subpolytaeniate Jao
*近直螺水绵 Spirogyra subrectispira Jao
*近反曲水绵 Spirogyra subreflexa Liang et Wang
*Spirogyra subsalsa Kützing
*近热带水绵 Spirogyra subtropica Chian
*近郊水绵 Spirogyra suburbana Jao
*近隐孔水绵 Spirogyra subvelata Krieger
*娑门水绵 Spirogyra suomiana Trans.
*华丽水绵 Spirogyra superba Liu
*四川水绵 Spirogyra szechwanensis Jao
*塔夫特水绵 Spirogyra taftiana Trans.
*太原水绵 Spirogyra taiyuanensis Ling
*扁孢水绵 Spirogyra tentiformis Bi
*极小水绵 Spirogyra tenuissima (Hass.) Kützing
*特奥多水绵 Spirogyra teodoresci Trans.
*西藏水绵 Spirogyra tibetensis Jao
*川叟水绵 Spirogyra transeauiana Jao
*Spirogyra torta Blum
*青岛水绵 Spirogyra tsingtaoensis Li
*微瘤水绵 Spirogyra tuberculosa Liang et Wang
*肿大水绵 Spirogyra tumida Jao
*城市水绵 Spirogyra urbana Jao et Zhong
*异形水绵 Spirogyra varians (Hass.) Kützing
*隐孔水绵 Spirogyra velata Nordst.
*美丽水绵 Spirogyra venusta Jao
**美丽水绵大形变型 Spirogyra venusta f. maxima (Chu et Chu) Jao
*虫纹水绵 Spirogyra vermiculata Jao et Hu
*瘤纹水绵 Spirogyra verruculosa Jao
*王氏水绵 Spirogyra wangi Li
*韦伯水绵 Spirogyra weberi Kützing
*微水水绵 Spirogyra weishuiensis Ling et Zheng
**微水水绵大形变型 Spirogyra weishuiensis Ling et Zheng f. major Chian
*武昌水绵 Spirogyra wuchangensis Liu
*武汉水绵 Spirogyra wuhanensis Jao et Hu
*孝感水绵 Spirogyra xiaoganensis Liu
*新乡水绵 Spirogyra xinxiangensis Bi
*叶县水绵 Spirogyra yexianensis Bi
*云南水绵 Spirogyra yunnanensis Li
==图库==
== 参考文献 ==
== 外部连结 ==
*  Micscape - Spirogyra date=20081023145838
*  Micrographia - Spirogyra date=20081016001151
*  Algae - Spirogyra date=20071119042241