Protein: Protein skinhead-1 (P34707)
Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
Function: Transcription factor required to specify the fate of ventral blastomeres in the early embryo, and postembryonically for the development of the intestine. Directly regulates expression of zygotically expressed med-1 and med-2 to direct mesendoderm development. Required for stl-1 mRNA up-regulation in response to oxidative stress and anoxia. Involved in regulating innate immunity, acting downstream of the pmk-1 p38/MAPK pathway and probably also downstream of nipi-3. Required for the up-regulation of gcs-1 and several glutathione-S-transferase mRNAs in response to oxidative stress generated during pathogenic bacterial infection. Modulates oxidative stress responses in concert with transcriptional coregulator hcf-1. Regulates the transcription of genes associated with metabolism in response to changes in nutrient availability. In neurons, involved in mitochondrial fusion and behavioral recovery during reoxygenation. Required for riok-1 mRNA expression in the intestine. Downstream of the let-60/Ras, mek-2 and pmk-1 pathway, positively regulates lifespan probably by preventing transcription of insulin-like peptides such as ins-39. Prevents degeneration of dopaminergic CEP neurons in response to high Al(3+) or Mn(2+) levels, probably by promoting the expression of glutathione-S-transferase gst-1.
Subcellular location: Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16166371, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22216003, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26920757, ECO:0000269|PubMed:7939715}. Cytoplasm {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16166371, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22216003, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26920757}. Note=In absence of stress, localizes in the cytoplasm of intestinal cells (PubMed:16166371, PubMed:22216003, PubMed:26920757). Upon paraquat or arsenite treatments or upon bacterial infection, localizes in the nucleus (PubMed:16166371, PubMed:22216003, PubMed:26920757). Nuclear localization is regulated by pmk-1-mediated phosphorylation (PubMed:16166371, PubMed:26920757). Nuclear localization is regulated by transcriptional coregulator hcf-1. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16166371, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22216003, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22568582, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26920757}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform a]: Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:27528192}. Mitochondrion {ECO:0000269|PubMed:23040073}. Note=Localizes to the nucleus in response to proteasomal dysfunction. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:27528192}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform b]: Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:28600327, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34407394}. Note=Localizes to the nucleus in response to pathogenic bacteria such as P.aeruginosa or E.faecalis, in a nipi-3-dependent manner (PubMed:34407394). Localizes to the nucleus in a brap-2-dependent manner (PubMed:28600327). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:28600327, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34407394}.; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: [Isoform c]: Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:28600327, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34407394}. Note=Localizes to the nucleus in response to pathogenic bacteria such as P.aeruginosa or E.faecalis, in a nipi-3-dependent manner (PubMed:34407394). Localizes to the nucleus in a brap-2-dependent manner (PubMed:28600327). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:28600327, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34407394}.
Interaction partners:
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase pmk-1
- Forkhead box protein O
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase akt-1
- Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase pek-1
- DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 11 homolog
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase akt-2
- Glutathione S-transferase 4
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase pmk-3
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase pmk-2
- Glycogen synthase kinase-3
Sequence:
MGGSSRRQRSTSATRRDDKRRRRQCFSSVADDEEETTSIYGVSSIFIWILATSSLILVISSPSSNTSIQSSSYDRITTKHLLDNISPTFKMYTDSNNRNFDEVNHQHQQEQDFNGQSKYDYPQFNRPMGLRWRDDQRMMEYFMSNGPVETVPVMPILTEHPPASPFGRGPSTERPTTSSRYEYSSPSLEDIDLIDVLWRSDIAGEKGTRQVAPADQYECDLQTLTEKSTVAPLTAEENARYEDLSKGFYNGFFESFNNNQYQQKHQQQQREQIKTPTLEHPTQKAELEDDLFDEDLAQLFEDVSREEGQLNQLFDNKQQHPVINNVSLSEGIVYNQANLTEMQEMRDSCNQVSISTIPTTSTAQPETLFNVTDSQTVEQWLPTEVVPNDVFPTSNYAYIGMQNDSLQAVVSNGQIDYDHSYQSTGQTPLSPLIIGSSGRQQQTQTSPGSVTVTATATQSLFDPYHSQRHSFSDCTTDSSSTCSRLSSESPRYTSESSTGTHESRFYGKLAPSSGSRYQRSSSPRSSQSSIKIARVVPLASGQRKRGRQSKDEQLASDNELPVSAFQISEMSLSELQQVLKNESLSEYQRQLIRKIRRRGKNKVAARTCRQRRTDRHDKMSHYI