Protein: Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR (EC 2.7.11.1) (Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein) (FRAP-related protein 1) (Q13535)
Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Function: Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet light (UV), or DNA replication stalling, thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Phosphorylates BRCA1, CHEK1, MCM2, RAD17, RPA2, SMC1 and p53/TP53, which collectively inhibit DNA replication and mitosis and promote DNA repair, recombination and apoptosis. Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX at sites of DNA damage, thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism. Required for FANCD2 ubiquitination. Critical for maintenance of fragile site stability and efficient regulation of centrosome duplication. Positively regulates the restart of stalled replication forks following activation by the KHDC3L-OOEP scaffold complex (By similarity).
Subcellular location: Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11114888, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11721054, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11865061, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12814551, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14871897, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16260606, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18283122, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27723720, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8843195}. Chromosome {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11673449}. Nucleus envelope {ECO:0000269|PubMed:25083873, ECO:0000269|PubMed:37788673, ECO:0000269|PubMed:37832547}. Note=Depending on the cell type, it can also be found in PML nuclear bodies (PubMed:12814551). Recruited to chromatin during S-phase (PubMed:14871897). Redistributes to discrete nuclear foci upon DNA damage, hypoxia or replication fork stalling (PubMed:27723720). Relocalizes to the nuclear envelope in response to mechanical stress or DNA damage (PubMed:25083873, PubMed:37832547). Also localizes to the micronuclear envelope in response to response to genome instability (PubMed:37788673). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12814551, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25083873, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27723720, ECO:0000269|PubMed:37788673, ECO:0000269|PubMed:37832547}.
Interaction partners:
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1
- Serine-protein kinase ATM
- ATR-interacting protein
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2
- Cellular tumor antigen p53
- Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein
- DNA topoisomerase 2-binding protein 1
- Cell cycle checkpoint control protein RAD9A
- Checkpoint protein HUS1
- Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase
Sequence:
MGEHGLELASMIPALRELGSATPEEYNTVVQKPRQILCQFIDRILTDVNVVAVELVKKTDSQPTSVMLLDFIQHIMKSSPLMFVNVSGSHEAKGSCIEFSNWIITRLLRIAATPSCHLLHKKICEVICSLLFLFKSKSPAIFGVLTKELLQLFEDLVYLHRRNVMGHAVEWPVVMSRFLSQLDEHMGYLQSAPLQLMSMQNLEFIEVTLLMVLTRIIAIVFFRRQELLLWQIGCVLLEYGSPKIKSLAISFLTELFQLGGLPAQPASTFFSSFLELLKHLVEMDTDQLKLYEEPLSKLIKTLFPFEAEAYRNIEPVYLNMLLEKLCVMFEDGVLMRLKSDLLKAALCHLLQYFLKFVPAGYESALQVRKVYVRNICKALLDVLGIEVDAEYLLGPLYAALKMESMEIIEEIQCQTQQENLSSNSDGISPKRRRLSSSLNPSKRAPKQTEEIKHVDMNQKSILWSALKQKAESLQISLEYSGLKNPVIEMLEGIAVVLQLTALCTVHCSHQNMNCRTFKDCQHKSKKKPSVVITWMSLDFYTKVLKSCRSLLESVQKLDLEATIDKVVKIYDALIYMQVNSSFEDHILEDLCGMLSLPWIYSHSDDGCLKLTTFAANLLTLSCRISDSYSPQAQSRCVFLLTLFPRRIFLEWRTAVYNWALQSSHEVIRASCVSGFFILLQQQNSCNRVPKILIDKVKDDSDIVKKEFASILGQLVCTLHGMFYLTSSLTEPFSEHGHVDLFCRNLKATSQHECSSSQLKASVCKPFLFLLKKKIPSPVKLAFIDNLHHLCKHLDFREDETDVKAVLGTLLNLMEDPDKDVRVAFSGNIKHILESLDSEDGFIKELFVLRMKEAYTHAQISRNNELKDTLILTTGDIGRAAKGDLVPFALLHLLHCLLSKSASVSGAAYTEIRALVAAKSVKLQSFFSQYKKPICQFLVESLHSSQMTALPNTPCQNADVRKQDVAHQREMALNTLSEIANVFDFPDLNRFLTRTLQVLLPDLAAKASPAASALIRTLGKQLNVNRREILINNFKYIFSHLVCSCSKDELERALHYLKNETEIELGSLLRQDFQGLHNELLLRIGEHYQQVFNGLSILASFASSDDPYQGPRDIISPELMADYLQPKLLGILAFFNMQLLSSSVGIEDKKMALNSLMSLMKLMGPKHVSSVRVKMMTTLRTGLRFKDDFPELCCRAWDCFVRCLDHACLGSLLSHVIVALLPLIHIQPKETAAIFHYLIIENRDAVQDFLHEIYFLPDHPELKKIKAVLQEYRKETSESTDLQTTLQLSMKAIQHENVDVRIHALTSLKETLYKNQEKLIKYATDSETVEPIISQLVTVLLKGCQDANSQARLLCGECLGELGAIDPGRLDFSTTETQGKDFTFVTGVEDSSFAYGLLMELTRAYLAYADNSRAQDSAAYAIQELLSIYDCREMETNGPGHQLWRRFPEHVREILEPHLNTRYKSSQKSTDWSGVKKPIYLSKLGSNFAEWSASWAGYLITKVRHDLASKIFTCCSIMMKHDFKVTIYLLPHILVYVLLGCNQEDQQEVYAEIMAVLKHDDQHTINTQDIASDLCQLSTQTVFSMLDHLTQWARHKFQALKAEKCPHSKSNRNKVDSMVSTVDYEDYQSVTRFLDLIPQDTLAVASFRSKAYTRAVMHFESFITEKKQNIQEHLGFLQKLYAAMHEPDGVAGVSAIRKAEPSLKEQILEHESLGLLRDATACYDRAIQLEPDQIIHYHGVVKSMLGLGQLSTVITQVNGVHANRSEWTDELNTYRVEAAWKLSQWDLVENYLAADGKSTTWSVRLGQLLLSAKKRDITAFYDSLKLVRAEQIVPLSAASFERGSYQRGYEYIVRLHMLCELEHSIKPLFQHSPGDSSQEDSLNWVARLEMTQNSYRAKEPILALRRALLSLNKRPDYNEMVGECWLQSARVARKAGHHQTAYNALLNAGESRLAELYVERAKWLWSKGDVHQALIVLQKGVELCFPENETPPEGKNMLIHGRAMLLVGRFMEETANFESNAIMKKYKDVTACLPEWEDGHFYLAKYYDKLMPMVTDNKMEKQGDLIRYIVLHFGRSLQYGNQFIYQSMPRMLTLWLDYGTKAYEWEKAGRSDRVQMRNDLGKINKVITEHTNYLAPYQFLTAFSQLISRICHSHDEVFVVLMEIIAKVFLAYPQQAMWMMTAVSKSSYPMRVNRCKEILNKAIHMKKSLEKFVGDATRLTDKLLELCNKPVDGSSSTLSMSTHFKMLKKLVEEATFSEILIPLQSVMIPTLPSILGTHANHASHEPFPGHWAYIAGFDDMVEILASLQKPKKISLKGSDGKFYIMMCKPKDDLRKDCRLMEFNSLINKCLRKDAESRRRELHIRTYAVIPLNDECGIIEWVNNTAGLRPILTKLYKEKGVYMTGKELRQCMLPKSAALSEKLKVFREFLLPRHPPIFHEWFLRTFPDPTSWYSSRSAYCRSTAVMSMVGYILGLGDRHGENILFDSLTGECVHVDFNCLFNKGETFEVPEIVPFRLTHNMVNGMGPMGTEGLFRRACEVTMRLMRDQREPLMSVLKTFLHDPLVEWSKPVKGHSKAPLNETGEVVNEKAKTHVLDIEQRLQGVIKTRNRVTGLPLSIEGHVHYLIQEATDENLLCQMYLGWTPYM