Protein: Prestin (P58743)
Organism: Homo sapiens (Human)
Function: Voltage-sensitive motor protein that drives outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility (eM) and participates in sound amplification in the hearing organ (By similarity). Converts changes in the transmembrane electric potential into mechanical displacements resulting in the coupling of its expansion to movement of a charged voltage sensor across the lipid membrane (By similarity). The nature of the voltage sensor is not completely clear, and two models compete. In the first model, acts as an incomplete transporter where intracellular chloride anion acts as extrinsic voltage sensor that drives conformational change in the protein which is sufficient to produce a length change in the plane of the membrane and hence in the length of the OHC (By similarity). The second model in which multiple charged amino acid residues are distributed at the intracellular and extracellular membrane interfaces that form an intrinsic voltage sensor, whose movement produces the non-linear capacitance (NLC). However, the effective voltage sensor may be the result of a hybrid voltage sensor, assembled from intrinsic charge (charged residues) and extrinsic charge (bound anion) (By similarity). Notably, binding of anions to the anion-binding pocket partially neutralizes the intrinsic positive charge rather than to form an electrically negative sensor, therefore remaining charge may serve as voltage sensor that, after depolarization, moves from down (expanded state) to up (contracted) conformation, which is accompanied by an eccentric contraction of the intermembrane cross-sectional area of the protein as well as a major increase in the hydrophobic thickness of the protein having as consequences the plasma membrane thickening and the cell contraction after membrane depolarization. The anion-binding pocket transits from the inward-open (Down) state, where it is exposed toward the intracellular solvent in the absence of anion, to the occluded (Up) state upon anion binding. Salicylate competes for the anion-binding site and inhibits the voltage-sensor movement, and therefore inhibits the charge transfer and electromotility by displacing Cl(-) from the anion-binding site and by preventing the structural transitions to the contracted state. In addition, can act as a weak Cl(-)/HCO3(-) antiporter across the cell membrane and so regulate the intracellular pH of the outer hair cells (OHCs), while firstly found as being unable to mediate electrogenic anion transport (By similarity). Moreover, supports a role in cardiac mechanical amplification serving as an elastic element to enhance the actomyosin- based sarcomere contraction system (By similarity)
Subcellular location: Lateral cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Note=Localized at the lateral cell membrane of outer hair cells (By similarity). Alters profoundly the shape of its surrounding lipid bilayer
Sequence: MDHAEENEILAATQRYYVERPIFSHPVLQERLHTKDKVPDSIADKLKQAFTCTPKKIRNIIYMFLPITKWLPAYKFKEYVLGDLVSGISTGVLQLPQGLAFAMLAAVPPIFGLYSSFYPVIMYCFLGTSRHISIGPFAVISLMIGGVAVRLVPDDIVIPGGVNATNGTEARDALRVKVAMSVTLLSGIIQFCLGVCRFGFVAIYLTEPLVRGFTTAAAVHVFTSMLKYLFGVKTKRYSGIFSVVYSTVAVLQNVKNLNVCSLGVGLMVFGLLLGGKEFNERFKEKLPAPIPLEFFAVVMGTGISAGFNLKESYNVDVVGTLPLGLLPPANPDTSLFHLVYVDAIAIAIVGFSVTISMAKTLANKHGYQVDGNQELIALGLCNSIGSLFQTFSISCSLSRSLVQEGTGGKTQLAGCLASLMILLVILATGFLFESLPQAVLSAIVIVNLKGMFMQFSDLPFFWRTSKIELTIWLTTFVSSLFLGLDYGLITAVIIALLTVIYRTQSPSYKVLGKLPETDVYIDIDAYEEVKEIPGIKIFQINAPIYYANSDLYSNALKRKTGVNPAVIMGARRKAMRKYAKEVGNANMANATVVKADAEVDGEDATKPEEEDGEVKYPPIVIKSTFPEEMQRFMPPGDNVHTVILDFTQVNFIDSVGVKTLAGIVKEYGDVGIYVYLAGCSAQVVNDLTRNRFFENPALWELLFHSIHDAVLGSQLREALAEQEASAPPSQEDLEPNATPATPEA
InterPro domains: - IPR036513: STAS domain superfamily (homologous_superfamily) [505-718]
- IPR002645: STAS domain (domain) [525-713]
- IPR011547: SLC26A/SulP transporter domain (domain) [81-475]
- IPR001902: SLC26A/SulP transporter (family) [46-717]
- IPR018045: Sulphate anion transporter, conserved site (conserved_site) [109-130]
Interaction partners: - Carboxypeptidase D
- Oncomodulin-2
- Oncomodulin-1
- Oncomodulin-2
- Oncomodulin-1
- Hepatic sodium/bile acid cotransporter
- Membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 1
- Transmembrane channel-like protein 1
- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Gene Ontology annotations:
Molecular Function (MF): GO:0003674 (molecular function), GO:0005488 (binding), GO:0005515 (protein binding)
Biological Process (BP): GO:0008150 (biological process), GO:0032501 (multicellular organismal process), GO:0003008 (system process), GO:0050877 (nervous system process), GO:0007600 (sensory perception), GO:0050954 (sensory perception of mechanical stimulus), GO:0007605 (sensory perception of sound)
Cellular Component (CC): GO:0005575 (cellular component), GO:0110165 (cellular anatomical entity), GO:0005622 (intracellular anatomical structure), GO:0045178 (basal part of cell), GO:0005737 (cytoplasm), GO:0071944 (cell periphery), GO:0016328 (lateral plasma membrane), GO:0016020 (membrane), GO:0009925 (basal plasma membrane), GO:0098590 (plasma membrane region), GO:0005886 (plasma membrane), GO:0016323 (basolateral plasma membrane)