waashk/acm huggingface dataset:
the evaluation of it ethical scenarios using a multidimensional scale concerns about the increased use and abuse of information technology have evolved into more formalized evaluations of computer ethics in many organizations. while ethical situations regarding computer usage, privacy, and ownership have been previously researched by focusing on ethics as a holistic construct, recent ethics research has produced an ethics scale which measures not one but three dimensions of ethics: moral equity, relativism, and contractualism. the purpose of this research is to extend previous research in which computer users evaluated ethics using a single item. the authors utilize a multidimensional scale that identifies the ethical rule or principle that was violated. they then compare the unidimensional scale to the multidimensional scale and discuss the tradeoffs involved in adding scale items. t. selwyn ellis david griffith
the anomaly of other-directedness: when normally ethical i.s. personnel are unethical despite the existence of laws and much publicity surrounding illegal software copying, it is widely believed that software copying is commonplace. yet reasons why such illegal behavior continues to occur are lacking. this study used a model of ethical decision making as a guide for research and found the individual factor of other-directedness helped explain is personnel's intentions toward illegal software copying. no such individual factor was related to judgments concerning right and wrong. these findings suggest that highly other-directed is personnel may behave against their better judgment, especially in cases where they perceive unethical behavior is commonplace. implications for management and ethics education are discussed. susan j. harrington
minimum requirements for effective distance teaching systems the first practical video conferencing systems were introduced at the fourth world telecommunications forum held in geneva in 1983 [eva95], but their use is still rare. by comparison, the personal computer, introduce about the same time, is now a commodity sold by the millions.that is surprising, considering the cost and time savings associated with teleconferencing and the economy of scale achievable by teleteaching.this paper presents the position that lack of quantity and quality in the transmission process are responsible for the low success. geraldo lino de campos
modifying freshman perception of the cis graduate's workstyle  student interest in computer-related careers has declined dramatically in recent years. one possible explanation for this decline is incorrect perceptions of the workstyle associated with the positions held by cis graduates. a study of freshman business majors was conducted which: (1) examined whether an introductory computing course changed those perceptions, and (2) compared those perceptions to their own expected starting positions. the study showed that: (1) the introductory computing course had a negligible effect on changing student perceptions of the nature of the cis graduate's initial job, and (2) compared to their perceptions of cis jobs, they expected their own jobs to involve substantially more human interaction and less direct involvement in the implementation of computer technology. the results suggest a need for: (1) a more proactive strategy to market the mis career both inside and outside the classroom, and (2) some creative approaches for the placement and content of programming activities in both the major and the career.  charles h. mawhinney david r. callaghan edward g. cale
beyond the data processing horizon  the transition to the post- industrial society is characterized by the introduction of electronic computer-communication systems whose mind- amplifying powers have made data and information our most precious resource. realtime services provide knowledge workers with access to powerful information systems, in offices, factories, laboratories, class rooms and even the home. spectacular hardware progress has been attributed to the "miracle of the chip". we find such chips at the heart of computers, communication devices, and input/output peripherals with whose help we perform such functions as packet- switched communications, distributed data bases, and computer networking. powerful software engineering tools brought into existence new and improved programming languages, powerful computer operating systems, and a plethora of applications programs.  these advances have also created problems. as the data trail grew, citizens voiced their concern about privacy protection of these data. computer security and the design of trusted computer bases are expected to stem the rising tide of reported "computer crimes". electronic funds transfer systems are used to move astronomical sums of "virtual money" over worldwide networks; "virtual books" and other electronic communications are being read widely and instantaneously without the need for hard copy; mechanical slide rules and mechanical watches have gone the way of the dodo bird after being replaced by their electronic offspring. their is even talk of impending changes in the structures of our institutions as a consequence of the pervasive transfer of this new technology into the hands of everyone.  carl hammer
the motivation of students of programming  students approach the study of computing in higher education in increasing numbers from an increasingly wide variety of backgrounds. in most degree level courses one of the first modules students will encounter is intended to teach them to program.  as the students become more diverse, so do their motivations for taking their degree. anecdotal evidence from many institutions is that students are becoming more tactical, and will engage only in those activities that they see as contributing to an eventual highly paid job.  this paper describes an investigation into the motivations of students for taking a degree in computing, and for studying programming in particular. the results raise a number of issues for the teaching of programming.  tony jenkins
multi-team development project experience in a core computer science curriculum this paper discusses our introducing a multi-team development project into the third semester of an undergraduate computer science core curriculum. one of the goals of the third semester course has been to provide student with practical experience in system design and development. the multi- team development project exposes students to the rigors of working together to complete a specific component of a larger system and to insure that all components integrate properly. it also introduces them to project management concepts such as project scheduling, maintaining team journals, delivering written and oral team status reports, and participating in project meetings. norbert j. kubilus
is the new economy socially sustainable? (invited presentation) (abstract only)  at the turn of the millennium, the revolution in information technology has ushered in a new economy. this economy, originated in the united states, and more specifically in the american west coast, is spreading throughout the world, in an uneven, yet dynamic pattern. it is essentially characterized by the key role of knowledge and information in spurring productivity and enhancing competitiveness; by its global reach; and by its networked form of business organization. well managed, this new economy may yield an extraordinary harvest of human creativity and social well being. however, several major contradictions threaten the stability of this new economy: the volatility of global financial markets; the institutional rigidity of business, legislation, and governments in many countries; increasing social inequality and social exclusion throughout the world, limiting market expansion and triggering social tensions; and the growing opposition to globalization without representation on behalf of alternative values, and legitimate concerns on the environmental and social costs of this model of growth. information technology offers great potential in helping to supersede these contradictions at the dawn of an emerging socio-economic system. but the speed of technological innovation requires the parallel development of institutional and cultural innovation, away from bureaucracy but closer to people, to ensure the sustainability of the new economy, and to spur the new wave of technological creativity.  manuel castells
combining cooperative learning and peer instruction in introductory computer science  cpsc 120, principles of computer science i, is a first semester freshmen level course for computer science majors. over a three semester comparison period, this course had an average wdf rate of 56% (i.e. percentage of students receiving a grade of "d" or "f", or withdrawing from the course). in two sections of this course, two strategies, peer instruction and cooperative learning, were combined to lower the wdf rate for both sections to an average of 32.5%. the improvement was even more dramatic for the female students in the classes, who improved from a 53% wdf rate to a wdf rate of only 15%.  j. d. chase edward g. okie
the senior information systems design project seminar  one of the challenges of teaching mis is preparing students to apply the knowledge they have gained in a real project. although they have developed proficiency in problem-solving, structured design techniques, and programming during course work, many mis students have never interviewed a user or been asked to make design changes at a user's request. in addition, many students have never had to work on a project team, manage schedules, and meet project deadlines.  the senior information systems design project course provides students with an opportunity to apply systems concepts and techniques in the design of an information system. students identify "live" projects and work on project teams. in the past, many of these projects have been programming design and implementation projects provided by local industry. however, in large-scale projects, students could not start with problem definition, proceed to requirements specification, and complete detailed design, because all of this could not be accomplished in a single term. as a result, they would do segments of larger projects.  with the advent of the microcomputer, however, many smaller scale projects became available in offices seeking to automate records management, routine accounting, and other office automation systems. these projects created an opportunity for students to do an entire project, from systems analysis to detailed design.  the purpose of this paper is to describe the objectives and procedures of the information systems design project seminar and to discuss the nature and scope of design projects conducted in university offices during the fall, 1985 quarter. the paper will describe the respective roles of student systems analysts and users, the systems development practices followed, and some of the successes and pitfalls of the experience.  mary sumner
the dimensions of healthy maintenance  what characterizes "healthy" or "satisfactory" software maintenance? how can we know it when we see it? this paper gives initial answers to these questions. we first argue the need for objectively measurable maintenance performance criteria in judging the "adequacy" of maintenance and present a set of criteria for judging maintenance performance in a particular software environment. we then subject the criteria to a practical test by applying them in this environment. we show how applying the criteria enables an informed overall maintenance performance appraisal, locates general maintenance problems, stimulates suggestions for improving maintenance on individual projects, allows these projects' maintenance to be compared and the projects ordered for improvement, and assesses the potential effectiveness of the suggestions in new project maintenance. we also sketch how criteria application can be generalized to software development monitoring and design methodology evaluation.  robert s. arnold donald a. parker
teaching computer science without a computer "the computer in action" is a role-playing activity developed by the computer science outreach program at purdue university, in which students process instructions and data in the same way that a real computer does. students play the roles of keyboarder, bus driver, cpu (the brains), math wizard, memory manager, print manager, screen writer and user, carrying cards with instructions, values and messages to and from the input, processing and output stations. the activity is designed for students in kindergarten through grade 3. paul addison
the group rep: effective decentralization of applications support  at the center for naval analyses (cna), we have succeeded in providing computation application support to all parts of this decentralized research organization by decentralizing our staff.  cna is divided into four functionally separate departments, each overseen by a vice president and broken functionally into smaller programs or divisions. three departments do studies of day-to-day navy operations, long-term navy planning, and the marine corps; the fourth is concerned with cna's administration.  applications support operates in an environment much like that of any university user services group serving users with a wide variety of needs, skills, and applications. the application consultants are call group representatives.  the group reps, serving as the first line of consulting support, share office space with the study teams they support. they speed communications throughout cna and are in a position to gain detailed knowledge about applications peculiar to their projects. they also tend to build close working relationships with their "customers."  finally, group reps are often major participants in research for cna's clients in the department of the navy and elsewhere. research results are reported at the highest levels of government and often affect important decisions. there are four useful results of such participation in research. first, the group rep gains greater respect from the line organization. second, being a "user" endows the group rep with a little more understanding and even a touch of humility. third, the group rep develops experience with new tools. finally, the group rep who wants a career path into the line organization is thus provided with one.  the remainder of this paper covers issues that may prove useful to anyone who is considering the advantages of setting up a similarly oriented user services organization. the appendix tries to define the group rep position in more detail.  steven e. naron
system reconnaissance for system development  this paper examines methodologies for large scale system development. by "large scale" we mean system projects carried out by teams as compared to a single person. system development is taken to mean the whole range of activities from (some one, some how) deciding a system is needed to eventually (some one, some how) deciding to scrap the system. the typical organizational setting we are concerned with would be a large corporation or government agency with a systems staff numbering in the hundreds or thousands. existing life cycle methodologies have a number of commonalities. the rather poor results from use of these methods is traced to a basic flaw in all of the methods. a number of common results stemming from this flaw are discussed. the solution to the problem is conceptually simple but somewhat more difficult to implement. implementation schemes for the solution are discussed and our particular incarnation of a solution is briefly presented.  barry clemson hasan sayani syril svoboda
programming pedagogy - a psychological overview can we turn novices into experts in a four year undergraduate program? if so, how? if not, what is the best we can do? while every teacher has his/her own opinion on these questions, psychological studies over the last twenty years have started to furnish scientific answers. unfortunately, little of these results have been incorporated into curricula or textbooks. this report is a brief overview of some of the more important results concerning computer programming and how they can affect course design. leon e. winslow
design of c++ classes and functions to model non-game interfacing applications of the inputs of a joy port (tutorial presentation)  a summary and demonstration of the synthesis of c++ classes and functions which would model non-game applications of a traditional joy port of the ibm compatible personal computer. a classic security alarm system with multiple zones circuits hardwired to the port will be used as an application example. the generic physical/electrical provisions and characteristics of the port for digital and analog inputs are reviewed with schematic diagrams. applicable functions from the c++ libraries, conio.h and math.h, are identified and explained. these functions provide access and bit level logic to isolate logic states at individual joy port pins. the hardware port supports four (4) sink mode digital switch inputs which are used as the basis for security zones. the declarations and definitions of member functions for a security zone class which can monitor and control alarms and screen reports for each zone is presented. additionally, one of the joy port analog inputs will be interfaced to an led-photo-transistor pair setting up a disable function by breaking a light beam. a 2 ft. × 4 ft. display/demo board, interfaced to a laptop computer joy port and accompanied with prints of source code and diagrams will clarify understanding.  lee r. clendenning
supply/demand of is doctorates in the 1990s  the field of information systems (is) has experienced a severe shortage of faculty throughout its 20-year history. this shortage now appears to be lessening. a survey of the supply of is doctorates finds a steady stream of graduates from is doctoral programs. in 1989, 61 universities in the u.s. offered ph.d. or doctor of business administration (d.b.a.) concentrations in information systems. a survey of these programs resulted in 51 responses, including all the programs producing significant numbers of graduates. the following are highlights from the survey:  recent increase in the number of is doctoral students:  in 1988-89 there were 807 doctoral students enrolled in 51 doctoral programs in information systems. the programs admitted 217 new students for 1989-90.  in the 1988-89 time period, 36 programs produced 120 doctorates---a 24 percent increase in graduates from the previous year. in the 1989-90 time period, 41 programs expect to graduate a total of 140 students---a 2-year cumulative increase of 44 percent:  downsizing by some programs, but others---including new programs---adding to capacity.  in 1988-89, there were 13 programs that produced three or more doctorates. those 13 programs accounted for 70 percent of all the graduates in 1988-89. in 1989-90, those same 13 programs expect to account for only 39 percent of the total number of graduates. of the 13 programs, 5 except to have a decrease in the number of students over the next five years.  of 51 schools, 9 offering doctorates in is have yet to graduate a student. another 9 schools had their first graduate in 1985 or later. several additional doctoral programs are in the planning stages. twenty-three programs expect a growth in the number of students over the next five years.  in this article, we examine the supply and demand gap  sirkka l. jarvenpaa b. ives gordon b. davis
integrating a realistic information technology project into an introductory computer science course at west point  teaching information technology (it) is an important first and sometimes only opportunity to expose undergraduate students to technology and concepts that will be a part of their daily lives and future careers. this paper describes and compares the integration and use of a real world information technology project into an introductory level computer science course at west point over 3 semesters. the real world problem posed to the students was to set up a deployable network using commercial of the shelf (cots) equipment and a limited budget. specific requirements for the system to be developed were given such as the number of users, system functionality and connectivity. the project was to address the following components of an information system. during the first semester this project was used, it was handed out during lesson 8 of 40 lessons. during the second semester when this project was given to freshmen for the first time, the project was assigned later, during lesson 26. the motivation for assigning the project later was to reinforce material covered in the course. during the third semester, a hands-on introduction of new equipment such as personal digital assistants (pda's) as well as network components was added before the project was assigned. one of the objectives was to provide a better understanding of the technology used in creating the system for the project as well as a better understanding of the parts of an information system. the project was successful in all three iterations. the cadets, who were given the project later in the semester, when it was used to reinforce previous classroom lessons, developed the more detailed and potentially successful systems. overall, the it project was successful in the goals of introducing and reinforcing basic it principles and applying this knowledge to a real world problem. this type of it project can be used in all introductory, undergraduate computer science courses to reinforce the material taught as well as generate excellent discussion and questions on important it concepts.  jerry schumacher margaret sosinski
managing and evaluating students in a directed project course  evaluating individual students is especially difficult in a directed project course because the content is dictated by the projects rather than by a fixed syllabus. by merging the evaluation process with the project management tasks, and by using prepared checklists for peer, task, and meeting evaluations, students working in a group may be evaluated as individuals and the same grading criteria may be applied to all students even though they are working on different projects.  dean sanders
objects at their best: introductory applet programming and the java awt  this workshop will introduce the java abstract window toolkit. we will provide a simple framework for applet development that encompasses placement of components, display of graphical elements, and event handling. we will also introduce the model-view-control paradigm and apply it to the applet context, thereby bringing an important tool from object-oriented methodology to this area and laying the foundation for a study of the newer java swing package. participants should be familiar with the java programming language, though presumaly not the awt. in addition, some familiarity with object- oriented language concepts including classes, methods, messages, inheritance, interfaces, and polymorphism (method overriding) is required.  david arnow gerald weiss
early lisp history (1956 - 1959)  this paper describes the development of lisp from mccarthy's first research in the topic of programming languages for ai until the stage when the lisp1 implementation had developed into a serious program (may 1959). we show the steps that led to lisp and the various proposals for lisp interpreters (between november 1958 and may 1959). the paper contains some correcting details to our book (32).  herbert stoyan