waashk/acm huggingface dataset:
finite difference time domain solution of electromagnetic scattering on the hypercube  electromagnetic fields interacting with a dielectric or conducting structure produce scattered electromagnetic fields. to model the fields produced by complicated, volumetric structures, the finite difference time domain (fdtd) method employs an iterative solution to maxwell's time dependent curl equations. implementations of the fdtd method intensively use memory and perform numerous calculations per time step iteration. we implemented an fdtd code on the california institute of technology/jet propulsion laboratory mark iii hypercube. this code allows us to solve problems requiring as many as 2,048,000 unit cells on a 32 node hypercube. for smaller problems, the code produces solutions in a fraction of the time to solve the same problems on sequential computers.  r. h. calalo j. r. lyons w. a. imbriale
the graphics cad/cam industry(panel session)  richard n. spann  companies supplying graphics cad/cam components and systems form an important high technology business segment. panelists representing four financial perspectives will discuss market entry, financing, segment performance and shareholder's expectations. development of the graphics cad/cam industry in the 80's will be the unifying theme.  richard n. spann frederick r. adler thomas p. kurlack joseph c. mcnay margaret a. reichenbach
design automation at a large architect-engineer  gibbs & hill (g & h) has been a proponent, developer, and user of design automation (da) techniques for over fifteen years. progression has been steady and significant, beginning with the use of relatively simple batch computer programs for the solution of specific engineering problems to the current broad application of state-of-the-art hardware and software including interactive graphics and data base management systems. this progress has been matched by acceptance, and at g & h da is considered a normal and viable mode of operation rather than an alternate method subject to doubts by management, clients, and personnel. the design automation objective is an on- line, integrated data base approach to all aspects and phases of our work, ranging from conceptual design to construction management. the cornerstone of the design automation system is cadaesm (computer aided design and engineering) which is an interactive graphics system that is used to produce design drawings, including both dimensional and nondimensional. the g & h design automation system is developed, refined, and maintained by a dedicated staff of da professionals.  e. f. chelotti d. p. bossie
lincoln log factory of the future (lifof) (abstract only)  the center for productivity enhancement (cpe) has undertaken the development of a bench top factory to design and build lincoln log houses. the goal of this project is to investigate issues related to our holistic approach for manufacturing and to develop a paradigm education and training model of the factory of the future. the llfof includes a unique cad/cae system that allows for input of design specifications and can use natural language input or be menu driven. the output provides structure analysis, specification checking, cost and material estimates, and constructs the manufacturing databases for assembly. a 3-d wire frame or realistic solid view model of the design is also provided. issues of manufacturing efficiency are also investigated including off line robotic simulation.  the factory applies just in time (j.i.t.) principles developed by the japanese to increase quality and decrease cost. it also schedules and constructs orders in a multi-robot work cell that is vision controlled. the natural language assembly instructions developed in the cad step are dynamically decoded and assigned to various robots in the work cell according to a rule based system. the work cell, on the fly, schedules and dynamically modifies robotic work plans and uses machine vision to guide, assemble, and inspect. because set up time and labor are driven to near zero, individualistic, batch-size-one manufacturing becomes realistic. a complete expert system controlled factory with materials handling and autonomous robotic vehicles is included in the ultimate design.  the bench top factory has been chosen to be included in the boston museum of science's age of intelligent machines exhibit which will go on national tour in 1987. the system design and software will be distributed in conjunction with this event to foster research and training in manufacturing productivity.  p. d. krolak
the transfer of university software for industry use  computer-aided engineering software is generated in abundance in educational institutions. as a major source of design automation software, universities have a lot to offer: a progressive research environment; a seemingly inexhaustible supply of software engineers in the form of undergraduates, graduate engineers, and professors; and a no-risk, multi-disciplinary design lab for experimentation. for these reasons, university software is being widely sought for use in production/commercial environments.  this paper examines the interface between industry and the universities during the transfer of design automation software. a printed circuit board router, a graphics subroutine library, and a circuit simulation program are used to illustrate issues arising from the technology transfer. guidelines to increase the likelihood of success in such transfers of software are provided.  rossane wyleczuk lynn meyer gigi babcock
computerized electro neuro ophthalmograph (cenog)  cenog (computerized electro neuro ophthalmograph) is a new diagnostic instrument developed to assist neurologists and neuro-ophthalmologists in the diagnosis and study of neurologic and ophthalmic disorders.  clinicians are becoming increasingly aware that the study of eye movements and visually evoked (cortical) potentials provides a sensitive, noninvasive means of obtaining valuable information in a neurological evaluation. a number of standard tests of oculomotor function and visually evoked response have been devised in order to detect the presence of latent subclinical lesions that are not apparent in a standard examination.  r. s. ledley l. s. rotolo m. buas
large scale sequencing by hybridization  sequencing by hybridization is a method for reconstructing a dna sequence based on its k-mer content. this content, called the _spectrum_ of the sequence, can be obtained from hybridization with a universal dna chip. however, even with a sequencing chip containing all 49 9-mers and assuming no hybridization errors, only about 400 bases-long sequences can be reconstructed unambiguously.  drmanac et al. suggested sequencing long dna targets by obtaining spectra of many short overlapping fragments of the target, inferring their relative positions along the target and computing spectra of subfragments that are short enough to be uniquely recoverable. drmanac et al. do not treat the realistic case of errors in the hybridization process. in this paper we study the effect of such errors. we show that the probability of ambiguous reconstruction in the presence of (false negative) errors is close to the probability in the errorless case. more precisely, the ratio between these probabilities is 1 + _ _(_p_/(1 - _p_)4 * 1/d) where _d_ is the average distance between neighboring subfragments, and _p_ is the probability of a false negative.  we also obtain lower and upper bounds for the probability of unambiguous reconstruction based on errorless spectrum. for realistic chip sizes, these bounds are tighter than those given by arratia et al. finally, we report results on simulations with real dna sequences, showing that even in the presence of 50% false negative errors, a target of cosmid length can be recovered with less than 0.1% miscalled bases.  ron shamir dekel tsur
naltrexone blocks rfr-induced dna double strand breaks in rat brain cells  previous research in our laboratory has shown that various effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (rfr) exposure on the nervous system are mediated by endogenous opioids in the brain. we have also found that acute exposure to rfr induced dna strand breaks in brain cells of the rat. the present experiment was carried out to investigate whether endogenous opioids are also involved in rfr-induced dna strand breaks. rats were treated with the opioid antagonist naltrexone (1 mg/kg, ip) immediately before and after exposure to 2450 mhz pulsed (2 us pulses, 500 pps) rfr at a power density of 2 mw/cm2 (average whole body specific absorption rate of 1.2 w/kg) for 2 hours. dna double strand breaks were assayed in brain cells at 4 hours after exposure using a microgel electrophoresis assay. results showed that the rfr exposure significantly increased dna double strand breaks in brain cells of the rat, and the effect was partially blocked by treatment with naltrexone. thus, these data indicate that endogenous opioids play a mediating role in rfr-induced dna strand breaks in brain cells of the rat.  henry lai monserrat carino narendra singh
acoustic wavefield propagation using paraxial extrapolators  modeling by paraxial extrapolators is applicable to wave propagation problems in which most of the energy is traveling within a restricted angular cone about a principle axis of the problem. frequency domain finite-difference solutions are readily generated by using this technique. input models can be described either by specifying velocities or appropriate media parameters on a two or three dimensional grid of points. for heterogeneous models, transmission and reflection coefficients are determined at structural boundaries within the media. the direct forward scattered waves are modeled with a single pass of the extrapolator operator in the paraxial direction for each frequency. the first-order back scattered energy can then be modeled by extrapolation (in the opposite direction) of the reflected field determined on the first pass. higher order scattering can be included by sweeping through the model with more passes.  the chief advantages of the paraxial approach are 1) active storage is reduced by one dimension as compared to solutions which must track both up-going and down-going waves simultaneously, thus even realistic three dimensional problems can fit on today's computers, 2) the decomposition in frequency allows the technique to be implemented on highly parallel machines such the hypercube, 3) attenuation can be modeled as an arbitrary function of frequency, and 4) only a small number of frequencies are needed to produce movie-like time slices.  by using this method a wide range of seismological problems can be addressed, including strong motion analysis of waves in three-dimensional basins, the modeling of vsp reflection data, and the analysis of whole earth problems such as scattering at the core-mantle boundary or the effect of tectonic boundaries on long-period wave propagation.  r. w. clayton r. w. graves
technology rules- the other side of technology dependent code  the major objectives of a rules-driven, technology independent da system are:  -faster support for new technologies  -reduced development effort  -better utilization of skills  -fewer programs to maintain  however, if not designed properly, the result could be an unnecessarily complex, expensive system, which does not fully utilize the technology capability.  some of the key decisions are:  (a) which technology parameters are to be fixed (hard coded) vs. rule-defined?  (b) what is the interface between programs and rules?  (c) what is the relative priority of product cost vs. da development cost?  (d) should rules be defined in a high-level language and then compiled, or should they be coded in a format directly accessed by the programs?  (e) what methods can be used to allow program improvements and additions without obsoleting the existing rule library?  melvin f. heilweil
all publishers are alike, aren't they? (panel discussion)  topics 1. the computer education publishing marketplace: an overview the biggest and the smallest, the oldest and the newest, introductory books versus advanced books  2\\. discussion question: what can go wrong in the author-publisher relationship?  3\\. discussion question: what advice would you give to a close friend in selecting a publisher?  4\\. discussion question: how will technology change the publishing process and the author-publisher relationship?  5\\. discussion question: building better textbooks for computer education: how do we do it?  6\\. summary and conclusions  stephen mitchell charles stewart jon thompson charles murphy barbara friedman
a universal concurrent algorithm for plasma particle-in-cell simulation codes  we have developed a new algorithm for implementation of plasma particle-in- cell (pic) simulation codes on concurrent processors. this algorithm, termed the universal concurrent pic algorithm (uc-pic), has been utilized in a one- dimensional electrostatic pic code on the jpl mark iii hypercube parallel computer. to decompose the problem using the uc-pic algorithm, the physical domain of the simulation is divided into sub-domains, equal in number to the number of processors, such that all sub-domains have roughly equal numbers of particles. for problems with non-uniform particle densities, these sub-domains will be of unequal physical size. each processor is assigned, a sub-domain, with nearest neighbor sub-domains assigned to nearest neighbor processors. using this algorithm in the mark iii pic code, the increase in speed in going from 1 to 32 processors for the dominant portion of code (push time, defined below) was 29, yielding a parallel efficiency of 90%. although implemented on a hypercube concurrent computer, this algorithm should be also be efficient for pic codes on other parallel architectures and on sequential computers where part of the data resides in external memory.  p. c. liewer v. k. decyk j. m. dawson g. c. fox
dynamical simulations of granular materials using the caltech hypercube  a technique for simulating the motion of granular materials using the caltech hypercube is described. we demonstrate that grain dynamics simulations run efficiently on the hypercube and therefore that they offer an opportunity for greatly expanding the use of parallel simulations in studying granular materials. several examples, which illustrate how the simulations can be used to extract information concerning the behavior of granular materials, are discussed.  b. t. werner p. k. haff
architecture-level power estimation and design experiments  architecture-level power estimation has received more attention recently because of its efficiency. this article presents a technique used to do power analysis of processors at the architecture level. it provides cycle- by-cycle power consumption data of the architecture on the basis of the instruction/data flow stream. to characterize the power dissipation of control units, a novel hierarchical method has been developed. using this technique, a power estimator is implemented for a commercial processor. the accuracy of the estimator is validated by comparing the power values it produces against measurements made by a gate-level power simulator for the same benchmark set. our estimation approach is shown to provide very efficient and accurate power analysis at the architecture level. the energy models built for first-pass estimation (such as alu, mac unit, register files) are reusable for future architecture design modification. in this article, we demonstrate the application of the technique. furthermore, this technique can evaluate various kinds of software to achieve hardware/software codesign for low power.  rita yu chen mary jane irwin raminder s. bajwa
users view  the complexity of communications systems and products developed and manufactured by at & t demands a sophisticated set of computer aided engineering tools. these tools are required to manage the complexities ranging from the integrated circuit level, through the circuit pack level, to the levels of shelves and frames of equipment. they are used at the very onset of the design process, starting with initial design intent capture, through fabrication of prototypes and models, and culminating in information transfer and manufacture. to meet these needs within a common design environment, a cae system is required which possesses considerable technical depth, great flexibility, and the capacity to evolve to meet changing needs.  the unified cad system is a comprehensive and integrated system of cae tools used at at & t for the design, development, and manufacture of electronic circuit packs and backplanes. this system was conceived and developed at at & t bell laboratories and is now in heavy use by at & t product development and manufacturing organizations. when used in its complete form, the system provides a totally data driven process from design capture to manufactured product. this is achieved with a minimum of manual intervention and with the availability of audits to verify the integrity of data at each step along the way.  this paper addresses the users view of the system. at at & t, the users consist of design engineers, specialists in physical design realization, documentation, and information transmittal, and manufacturing engineers.  this paper presents a description of how the system is used today, its performance in these environments, and a users view of future directions.  we find that the unified cad system improves quality, reduces costs, reduces intervals, and improves human interfaces. use of the system has resulted in fewer design iterations, reduced design activity, and elimination of duplication of effort. the system has had a profound effect in bringing designs into manufacture, and the users are anxious to extend its benefits into even more aspects of the product development and manufacturing process.  j. r. colton f. e. swiatek d. h. edwards
a nmr-spectra-based scoring function for protein docking  a well studied problem in the area of computational molecular biology is the so- called protein-protein docking problem (ppd) that can be formulated as follows: given two proteins _a_ and _b_ that form a protein complex, compute the 3d-structure of the protein complex _ab_. protein docking algorithms can be used to study the driving forces and reaction mechanisms of docking processes. they are also able to speed up the lenghty process of experimental structure elucidation of protein complexes by proposing potential structures. in this paper, we are discussing a variant of the ppd-problem where the input consists of the tertiary structures of _a_ and _b_ plus an unassigned 1h-nmr spectrum of the complex _ab_. we present a new scoring function for evaluating and ranking potential complex structures produced by a docking algorithm. the scoring function computes a "theoretical" 1h-nmr spectrum for each tentative complex structure and subtracts the calculated spectrum from the experimental spectrum. the absolute areas of the difference spectra are then used to rank the potential complex structures. in contrast to formerly published approaches (_e.g._ morelli _et. al._ [38]) we do not use distance constraints (intermolecular noe constraints). we have tested the approach with the bound conformations of four protein complexes whose three- dimensional structures are stored in the pdb data bank [5] and whose 1h-nmr shift assignments are available from the bmrb database (biomagresbank [47]).  in all examples, the new scoring function produced very good rankings of the structures. the best result was obtained for an example, where all standard scoring functions failed completely. here, our new scoring function achieved an almost perfect separation between good approximations of the true complex structure and false positives.  unfortunately, the number of complexes with known structure and available spectra is very small. nevertheless, these experiments indicate that scoring functions based on comparisons of one- or multi- dimensional nmr spectra might be a good instrument to improve the reliability and accuracy of docking predictions and perhaps also of protein structure predictions (threading).  o. kohlbacher a. burchardt a. moll a. hildebrandt p. bayer h.-p lenhof
the sequence of the human genome (abstract only)  a consensus sequence of the euchromatic portion of human genome has been generated by the whole genome shot-gun sequencing method that was developed while sequencing the genomes of haemophilus influenzae and drosophila melanogaster. the 2.9 billion bp sequence, was generated over nine months from 27,271,853 high quality sequence reads ( 5x coverage of the genome) from both ends of plasmid clones made from the dna of five individuals: three females and two males of african- american, asian-chinese, hispanic and caucasian ethnicity. the coverage of the genome in cloned dna represented by paired end- sequences exceeds 37x. two assembly methods, a whole genome assembly and a regional hybrid assembly were utilized, combining bac data from genbank with celera data. over 90 assemblies of 500,000 bp or greater and 2510 million bp or larger. analysis of the genome sequence reveals - 26,178 protein-encoding genes for which there is strong corroborating evidence and an additional 12,000 computationally derived genes with mouse homologues or other weak supporting evidence. comparative genomic analysis indicates vertebrate expansions of genes associated with neuronal function, tissue-specific developmental regulation, and in the hemostasis and immune systems. dna sequence comparisons among the five individuals provided locations of 2.6 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). the haploid genomes of a randomly drawn pair of humans differ at a rate of one per 1,250 bp on average but there is marked heterogeneity in the level of polymorphism across the genome. only 0.75% of the snps led to possibly dysfunctional proteins.  mark adams
the role of engineering in the evolving technology/automation interface  in order to be successful in the rapidly expanding field of lsi and vlsi development, there must be a close interrelationship between the software engineers who develop cad tools and the hardware engineers who must use those tools. any new cad tool must encompass three areas: it must be able to handle complex circuits efficiently; it must be a complete package, including simulation, layout, checking and test program generation; and it must be useable.  the hardware engineer can provide valuable system integration experience when the time comes to incorporate each new tool into the complete package. if new tools do not properly interface with existing or projected tools, they will induce errors and not be useful. finally, if hardware engineers are involved in each of the phases of cad tool development, they will have a vested interest in ensuring that the package works, and just as importantly, they will use the tools.  r. p. lydick
integrated computer aided design, documentation and manufacturing system for pcb electronics  this paper describes an integrated computer aided design, documentation and manufacturing system, which assures data integrity from physical design to manufacturing with the aid of one phase data input and integrated parts data base. unique features of the system are comprehensive documentation support for pcb electronics, one-phase user friendly data input, intensive input data checking, support for part and document numbering and pcb numbering, user definable document formats and languages and fully automatic generation of n.c. programs for insertion machines and input data for test equipment. although the design support is highly automatic, the system is just computer aided allowing the user to control the work flow and by providing the possibility for the user to overdrive the data base information. the designer experience, intuition and imagination can be fully utilized.  mikko tervonen hannu lehikoinen timo mukari