waashk/acm huggingface dataset:
a utilitarian approach to cad  the benefits of using and writing software utilities are appreciated by most software engineers. however, many computer-aided design (cad) systems do not take full advantage of this technology. this could be because good utilities do not exist, because cad developers are not aware of existing utilities, or because developers do not know what features to include and leave out when they are writing their own utilities. as with much of computer science, the art of effectively using and writing software utilities has remained just that: an art. this paper discusses the desirable features of good software utilities for cad and describes techniques that encourage effective use of existing utilities as well as the specification and implementation of new ones. throughout the paper, experiences from a four year development effort in designer's workbench (dwb) [1] are used as examples (both good and bad).  t. j. thompson
computers as substitute soldiers?  technological edge has been sought throughout military history, and today's versions of the longer lance are the computerized, integrated systems that reach pervasively into enemy space. they are intended to provide efficiencies in information gathering, processing, and disseminating so that a minimal number of humans can prevail against an enemy. the 1991 gulf war encouraged belief in the power of electronics to defeat numerically large enemies with small friendly losses. the allies used the magic of complex electronics to pound away at an iraqi army of over a half- million soldiers. a vision was seemingly confirmed: that those with the best computer systems will win by seeing furthest, targeting best, moving quickest, and blasting most precisely.  c. c. demchak s. e. goodman
qed on the connection machine  physicists believe that the world is described in terms of gauge theories. a popular technique for investigating these theories is to discretize them onto a lattice and simulate numerically by a computer, yielding so-called lattice gauge theory. such computations require at least 1014 floating-point operations, necessitating the use of advanced architecture supercomputers such as the connection machine made by thinking machines corporation. currently the most important gauge theory to be solved is that describing the sub-nuclear world of high energy physics: quantum chromo-dynamics (qcd). the simplest example of a gauge theory is quantum electro-dynamics (qed), the theory which describes the interaction of electrons and photons. simulation of qcd requires computer software very similar to that for the simpler qed problem. our current qed code achieves a computational rate of 1.6 million lattice site updates per second for a monte carlo algorithm, and 7.4 million site updates per second for a microcanonical algorithm. the estimated performance for a monte carlo qcd code is 200,000 site updates per second (or 5.6 gflops/sec).  c. f. baillie s. l. johnsson l. ortiz g. s. pawley
tutorial - group technology  the group technology tutorial consists of a tutorial and a discussion. the tutorial objectives are to provide the participants with an overview of group technology - its meaning, ramifications, and opportunities offered. group technology is the realization that "many problems are similar, and that by grouping similar problems, a single solution can be found to a set of problems, thus saving time and effort".  in this tutorial i will discuss fundamentals of group technology, its meaning, benefits, application areas, and selected case studies. i will also use one or more videotapes to demonstrate the impact of group technology on engineering/manufacturing operations.  hriday r. prasad
using motion planning to study protein folding pathways  we present a framework for studying protein folding pathways and potential landscapes which is based on techniques recently developed in the robotics motion planning community. in particular, our work uses probabilistic roadmap (prm) motion planning techniques which have proven to be very successful for problems involving high-dimensional configuration spaces. our results applying prm techniques to several small proteins (60 residues) are very encouraging. the framework enables one to easily and efficiently compute folding pathways from any denatured starting state to the native fold. this aspect makes our approach ideal for studying global properties of the protein's potential landscape. for example, our results show that folding pathways from different starting denatured states sometimes share some common `gullies', mainly when they are close to the native fold. such global issues are difficult to simulate and study with other methods.  our focus in this work is to study the protein folding mechanism _assuming_ we know the native fold. therefore, instead of performing fold prediction, we aim to study issues related to the folding process, such as the formation of secondary and tertiary structure, and the dependence on the initial conformation. our results indicate that for some proteins, secondary structure clearly forms first while for others the tertiary structure is obtained more directly, and moreover, these situations seem to be differentiated in the distributions of the conformations sampled by our technique. we also find that the formation order is independent of the starting denatured conformation. we validate our results by comparing the secondary structure formation order on our paths to known pulse-labeling experimental results. this indicates the promise of our approach for studying proteins for which experimental results are not available.  guang song nancy m. amato
implementation and performance analysis of parallel assignment algorithms on a hypercube computer  the process of effectively coordinating and controlling resources during a military engagement is known as battle management/command, control, and communications (bm/c3). one key task of bm/c3 is allocating weapons to destroy targets. the focus of this research is on developing parallel computation methods to achieve fast and cost effective assignment of weapons to targets. using the sequential hungarian method for solving the assignment problem as a basis, this paper presents the development and the relative performance comparison of four parallel assignment methodologies that have been implemented on the intel ipsc hypercube computer. the first three approaches are approximations to the optimal assignment solution. the advantage to these is that they are computationally fast and have proven to generate assignments that are very close the optimal assignment in terms of cost. the fourth approach is a parallel implementation of the hungarian algorithm, where certain subtasks are performed in parallel. this approach produces an optimal assignment as compared to the sub-optimal assignments that result from the first three approaches. the relative performance of the four approaches is compared by varying the number of weapons and targets, the number of processors used, and the size of the problem partitions.  b. a. carpenter n. j. davis
design methodology management - a cad framework initiative perspective  the design of today's electronic systems involves the use of a growing number of complex cad tools. invoking and controlling these tools, independently or as part of a captured, multi-operation flow, remains an error-prone and largely unsolved problem. this problem is the focus of the design methodology management technical subcommittee (dmmtsc) of the cad framework initiative. this paper describes the dmm problem, establishes dmm requirements, and presents the state of the dmmtsc effort to define interface standards for proposed solutions.  kenneth w. fiduk sally kleinfeldt marta kosarchyn eileen b. perez
computer-aided industrial design centuries ago, craftsmen made objects to their own design. a single person was generally responsible for both the function and the appearance of a tool or device. with the industrial revolution, design became specialized; design and production were handled by different people. often design was dictated by the needs of efficient manufacturing. as engineering advanced, design became more involved and specialized, straying farther and farther from the intuition and experience that had guided craftsmen for centuries. product appearance was in danger of being dominated by engineering considerations.in the 1930s, the field of industrial design was born, led by raymond loewy, walter dorwin teague and others. these sought to specialize design still further by hiring someone to create the visual appearance of a product. the premise was that a company could make its products more sellable (i.e., make more money) by investing in the visual appearance of its products.in automotive design, style was initially the province of a few expensive coachbuilders: the wealthy could have a custom-styled car, much as today they can wear one-of-a-kind clothes from a famous designer. in parallel with the birth of industrial design for other products like radios and railway engines, harley earl started the art and color department at general motors. this group sought to improve the appearance of gm vehicles, as well as to keep the gm brands distinct as they migrated to shared internal body structures; they effectively brought designer style to ready-to-wear clothing. gm's success in the '20s and '30s led other manufacturers to follow suit.computer-aided design has followed a similar path: first it was used to aid manufacturing; later, for functional, engineering design. only in the last decade has it penetrated aesthetic industrial design. computer-aided industrial design (caid) is cad adapted and specialized for aesthetic design. from a designer's point of view, cad is for the pocket-protector brigade, while caid is for the creative.my own exposure to caid has been over the last 13 years from within the design organization of a car manufacturer. this vantage point has advantages and disadvantages: a car-maker's design environment certainly isn't typical of industrial design as a whole, but car-makers have been innovators and drivers of caid technology. stephen h. westin
an automated support environment for cad system development (abstract only)  this research is concerned with methods of developing cad tool systems. deficiencies of current definition and construction methods are identified including: ad hoe development, lack of integration, weak user interfaces, and ineffective coupling to a design data base. sara (system architect's apprentice) is a collection of design tools that supports the creation, simulation, and analysis of concurrent, digital system models. the previous implementation of sara tools and subsequent research has identified several common services required by each tool including: interaction loop, design data base, graphics interaction, integral help, and error recovery. one design goal is to define a support environment kernel providing a single implementation of each of these services that is independent of policy, tool, and physical device. a second goal is to provide a multi-phase methodology and specification system that supports integration of new cad tools. the specification system provides compilers that target to the kernel and thus meld the tool dependent issues to the tool independent kernel. the sara tool set is a test bed for the method, specification system, and support environment kernel.  duane worley
introduction - computing and social responsibilities  the three articles in this special section deal with computing applications that affect how people are treated in their social roles: as litigants, as employees, or as participants or bystanders in warfare. we believe that applications like these obligate their builders to consider their duties, not only to their employers or customers, but to all the people who will be affected when the systems are placed into service. these duties are the social responsibilities of computer professionals.  authors donald erman and carole hafner address the social responsibility of creating a timely, affordable and just legal system. jack beusmans and karen wieckert address the social responsibilities of educators, researchers and applications programmers to consider whether their contributions to weapons technology are a positive contribution to society. richard ladner addresses responsibilities that society has for people with disabilities.  douglas schuler jonathan jacky
ethical questions and military dominance in next generation computing  american response to the fifth generation project has been dominated by darpa's strategic computing initiative, which proposes to develop ambitious software and hardware technology for explicit military applications. the initiative generates two classes of ethical questions:  * how well will non-military social goals be furthered by this approach to computing development?  * how well will national security goals be furthered by this approach to defense, and what role in social policy-assessment is to be played by computer professionals?  paul smolensky
assure: automated design for dependability  design for dependability has long been an important issue for computer systems. while several dependability analysis tools have been produced, no effort has been made to automate the design for dependability. this paper describes assure, an automated design for dependability advisor, which is part of the micon system for rapid prototyping of small computer systems. a design for dependability methodology and a formal interface between synthesis and dependability analysis are presented. assure's operation includes dependability analysis, evaluation of dependability enhancement techniques using predictive estimation, and selection of a technique. different kinds of knowledge used in designing for dependability are identified, including an algorithmic approach for dependability analysis and a knowledge-based approach for suggesting dependability enhancement techniques. examples of designs produced using assure as a dependability advisor are provided and show an order of magnitude dependability improvement.  patrick edmond anurag p. gupta daniel p. siewiorek audrey a. brennan
future developments in information technology (abstract)  the primary information technologies, microelectronics and photonics, continue to improve their performance at extraordinary rates and are not expected to reach any fundamental theoretical limitations before the turn of the century.  in his keynote address, ian ross will review progress in information technologies to date, consider its prospects and assess the emerging technologies and systems that may follow, with an emphasis on the engineering challenges ahead.  in 1963, dr. ross received the morris n. liebmann award from the institute of radio engineers, now a part of the ieee. in 1969 and 1975 he received the public service group achievement award from the national aeronautics and space administration.  dr. ross is a fellow of the institute of electrical and electronics engineers and was elected to the national academy of engineering in april 1973. in may 1981, he was elected to a fellowship in the american academy of arts and sciences. he was elected to the national academy of sciences in april 1982.  ian m. ross
engineering workstations: tools or toys?  we've all heard the scenario \---the complexity of designs is increasing at a staggering rate, design cycles are approaching the life of the products, the demand for design engineers far outstrips the supply, etc., etc. everyone seems to know the solution:  \\- increase the efficiency of existing engineers by providing cae tools  \\- provide tools and methodologies to allow non-ic/systems designers to effectively and efficiently design products.  engineering workstations to the rescue? are cae tools the answers to the engineer's prayers? how about the engineering manager's dreams? these and other issues will be addressed by a panel of experts from both the vendor and user communities.  steve sapiro
icad/pcb: integrated computer aided design system for printed circuit boards  the advanced computer aided design system, icad/pcb, was recently put into operation at fujitsu. the system provides designers with powerful tools to significantly lower the cost and the time required to design and manufacture printed circuit boards (pcbs). interactive and automatic facilities to support the entire pcb design process are integrated in the icad/pcb system.  hiroshi shiraishi mitsuo ishii shoichi kurita masaaki nagamine
the future of commercial computing  united states' business computing power is dedicated to the transaction-based activities of companies, not to the needs of senior executives responsible for critical corporate decisions. software supporting current business systems is absolete and inflexible. antiquated, inappropriate software undermines business ability to compete. business requires new better systems that will provide external competitive data, as well as economic and research data vital to strategic decisions concerning products, operations, production, marketing, personnel and investments. there are four approaches to these future systems - redesign, package software, retrofitting, and prototyping. retrofitting provides a unique approach to the immediate problem of prolonging the aging application portfolio while prototyping will likely be an important future direction in system design and development.  robert gilges
a predictive system shutdown method for energy saving of event-driven computation  this paper presents a system-level power management technique for energy savings of event-driven application. we present a new predictive system- shutdown method to exploit sleep mode operations for energy saving. we use an exponential-average approach to predict the upcoming idle period. we introduce two mechanisms, prediction-miss correction and prewake- up, to improve the hit ratio and to reduce the delay overhead. experiments on four different event- driven applications show that our proposed method achieves high hit ratios in a wide range of delay overheads, which results in a high degree of energy with low delay penaties.  chi-hong hwang allen c.-h. wu
viki: an accessibility project  although computerized assistive devices for most handicaps are becoming more widely available, one major drawback is that users must currently provide customized interfaces for every computer system they use. in addition to specialized input and output devices, such assistive devices also frequently require customized software. this paper proposes an alternative solution, by providing a customized interface (both hardware and controlling software) on a laptop computer that is then used to control standard software on any other host computer. in this way, the user can carry their specialized interface to essentially any general computer, and can interact with any standard software supported on the host. the laptop system becomes a virtual keyboard to the host machine.  blaise w. liffick
medical information systems integration (panel discussion)  for hospitals as well as for other complex organizations, the growth of integrated computer systems beyond traditional applications areas, such as financial processing, has led to a dilemma. either the new applications are developed (or purchased) with the restrictive requirement of integrability with existing applications, or additional resources need to be devoted to the problem of allowing interchange of data among systems. in most cases, these system-to- system interfaces are developed on an ad hoc basis, tailored closely to the two systems being interfaced, and must therefore be modified whenever either system is changed. although this situation is often tolerable when only two or three systems are involved, it usually consumes resources anc limits flexibility to an appreciable extent. the real problems with this approach, however, become apparent when the number of interacting information systems exceeds two or three, or when resources are simply not available to create and maintain ad hoc interfaces. unfortunately, many institutions today are in the process of acquiring cr developing their third or fourth distinct application system, and this information systems integration problem is being encountered with increasing frequency. in particular, many users who elect to acquire applications systems from several different systems vendors have found that the functionality and efficiency of each of the systems is seriously impaired by continuing struggles with interfaces, even when the same hardware is in use on all the systems. from the vendor's viewpoint, this situation is equally bad. some vendors respond by proposing a single, comprehensive information system to meet all of the organization's needs. although this approach may seem the desirable one from the developer's standpoint, it has several serious drawbacks in practice.  john w. lewis
creating the backbone for the virtual cell (abstract only): cell mapping projects on the run  the ability to identify proteins with mass spectrometry has a profound impact on biological research. its long term effects can only be compared with the significance pcr enzyme had for the advancement of biological science.  suddenly proteins can be identified having only minute quantities available. the efforts invested in to the technology lead to a constant increase in throughput - comparable to the development of dna sequencing technology.  biological mechanisms can be studied directly on the protein level. there are two research directions: protein expression based proteomics and cell mapping or functional proteomics.  protein expression based proteomics is focussing on the understanding of cellular states by analyzing the protein expression level of as many proteins as possible. in cell mapping experiments the protein - protein interaction network within a cell is analyzed.  at the embl a protein complex purification technique, called tandem affinity purification (tap), was developed which allows to rapidly purify very specifically non covalently interacting proteins which can be subsequently analyzed with mass spectrometry (cell mapping approach). the complexes assemble in vivo, are purified as such and characterized. the technique had been developed in yeast and efforts are under way to establish similar methods in higher eukaryotes. the comparison of this technique with similar experiments based on two hybrid screens demonstrate that the protein based approach is more specific and functional data suggest that it is more complete. this may be due to the fact that the complexes assemble first in their native environment and are then pulled out for characterization.  the organization of all the proteins into groups of physically in teracting proteins is an important step towards understanding their functional role within a cell. to a large degree cellular processes organize themselves based on the non-covalent affinity of proteins. protein based approaches as exemplified by the tandem affinity purification method in conjunction with mass spectrometry are very important in analyzing this functional infra structure. the identification of all the proteins involved in a particular biological mechanism and the characterization of their interaction constants may provide the physical data to simulate the process by a computer.  matthias wilm