hyponatremia effects on the heart
How heart failure leads to water retention and low serum sodium. The pathophysiology of heart failure and its relationship to hyponatremia is complex, as depicted in the figure below. Role of vasopressin in hyponatremia in heart failure. Role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hyponatremia in heart failure.
Practice Essentials. Hyponatremia is an important and common electrolyte abnormality that can be seen in isolation or, as most often is the case, as a complication of other medical illnesses (eg, heart failure, liver failure, renal failure, pneumonia). The normal serum sodium level is 135-145 mEq/L. Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L. Joint European guidelines classify hyponatremia in adults according to serum sodium concentration, as follows: Mild: 130-134 mmol/L.