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Medical Definition of HYDROCARBON. : an organic compound (as acetylene, benzene, or butane) containing only carbon and hydrogen and often occurring in petroleum, natural gas, coal, and bitumens.ull Definition of HYDROCARBON. : an organic compound (as acetylene or butane) containing only carbon and hydrogen and often occurring in petroleum, natural gas, coal, and bitumens. See hydrocarbon defined for English-language learners. See hydrocarbon defined for kids. ADVERTISEMENT.