Arab trade with India had long since whetted the appetites of the Muslims; when Indian pirates plundered their ships off the coast of Sind in 711, it provoked the Governor of Chaldea (now Iraq) to send troops with 6,000 horses and 6,000 camels to conquer the Sind rajas and offer the alternative of converting to Islam or death.
The rajas in Sind faced a choice: convert or die.