how the author describes the characters, can be direct or indirect
To extrapolate character traits, you can use direct characterization as well as indirect characterization. Indirect characterization occurs when the author describes behaviors and reactions in the character. From such behaviors and reactions, the reader can deduct more facts about the character than the author lets on. From this excerpt, you can deduct that Mary is submissive to her husband.
Definition of Direct Characterization. Direct characterization is how an author tells his or her reader about a character. Direct characterization occurs when the author specifically reveals traits about the character in a direct, straightforward manner. Direct characterization is also important in showing the character's motivation. Motivation refers to what characters want, fear, love, and hate.