Question: who argued that criminals are by birth a distinct type
Answer: Cesare Lombroso ( / lɒmˈbroʊsoʊ / ; Italian : ( ˈtʃeːzare lomˈbroːzo , - so ) ; born Ezechia Marco Lombroso ; 6 November 1835 -- 19 October 1909 ) , was an Italian criminologist and physician , founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology .