dubious toe claim i've added the dubious tag to the toe claim because given cartwright's paternalistic attitude it seems implausible he would prescribe it szasz is not unbiased besides almost everyone is somewhat biased against racists szasz is anyway not a primary source it seems like all sources regarding drapetomania are actually secondary to one paper published by cartwright my guess is that toes of runaway slaves were amputated perhaps as treatment for drapetomania but that cartwright himself never prescribed this anyway perhaps i will check local libraries for the szasz book and try to find his source no promises though