it's unfortunate that the history of sicily here at wiki is the sole province of this one individual racial reality who is well known amongst forum posters as being very biased against any research that shows admixture he feels he has the right to discredit all studies he disagrees with and that everyone should accept his theories as absolute fact i could just as easily creat a website presenting an opposite view and discrediting studies that racial reality likes but i am not that dishonest my point was to present the other side of the story while leaving racial reality's also valid side there as well in this way the reader can draw his or her own conclusions but the way the article is now is extremely one sided blood group studies from the 's are not incorrect this method has fallen out of fashion merely because it is less sensitive than the newer dna method we have access to this fact doesn't discredit older studies that use blood groups since the blood groups and blood proteins used are specific to certain populations since the decoding of the human genome we have access to more sensitive methods of determing admixture an example of how blood groups studies are valid is the duffy null marker the duffy blood group types have been known for many decades as has their usefulness in identifying continent of ancestry but it has been only within the past decade that we have known that a person's duffy blood group type is encoded on the long arm of his her chromosome about centimorgans out from the chromosome's centromere in general you can measure the end result of a person's genetic makeup by serological analysis blood group tests or you can measure the actual genetic makeup itself in the dna the latter is more precise since some proteins are produced or not only in homozygotes and so are invisible to serological analysis but visible in the dna if anything serological analysis will understimate true admixture the ghiani study specifically states that it shows significant admixture anyone can see this when reading the abstract however what they mean by significant is statistically significant not that a large portion of sicilians' dna is african five percent or more is usually considered statistically significant the calo study presents support for the east west division in sicily and shows relatedness between sicilians and egyptians egyptians were imported to sicily during the saracen period as farmers so the connection between sicilians and egyptians is not spurious the study's use of perfectly valid blood group and mtdna studies which show sub saharan admixture in sicily were merely to show that other studies found african admixture there regardless of whether it was sub saharan or north african there are other studies which lump the two together the whole point was to show a relationship with the diverse peoples of the continent of africa the semino study from which found sub saharan haplotypes out of a population of diverse sicilians is not problematic as racial reality would have us believe but is a perfectly valid mtdna study using restriction enzymes a method still widely used today since it is cost effective and accurate rflp's cut the dna at specified locations and indels insertion and deletions polymorphisms are very easy to spot in this way there are other studies that have found less or in one case no sub saharan material in the sicilian gene pool this is normal since all samples are different and because of this all tests will yield different results one certainly can't refute or overrule the other the vona study finding no sub saharan genes in sicilians that referenced the semino study did so for comparison purposes only furthermore it tested only siclians from the single villige of alia no reliable conclusions can be reached for the sicilian population as a whole from such a narrow sample dr ornella semino a former colleage of mine found it both amusing and a bit disturbing when i mentioned to here that certain non professional forum posters considered her study outdated or overruled or refuted all absolute drivel lastly the person who wrote this lastly talk of races is all hogwash in any event should be aware that the person made the steward of all things sicilian the above mentioned racial reality is a proponent of the existence of races just look at his handle i am a retired geneticist and i do believe i have something valuable to contribute incidentally i am of partial sicilian ancestry and am proud of all who contributed to that great island's melting pot population i hope at least some of what i've said will be taken to he