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vllg

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loong_c4

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2006-03-01 Assigned to SDGI HOLDINGS, INC. reassignment SDGI HOLDINGS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BAKER, DOUGLAS NEIL, CAPOTE, MARCO DAGOBERTO, DICKINSON, CHARLES A. A fastener assembly for engaging vertebral elements has a connecting body that includes a receptacle extending between a first opening and a second opening and a fastener with a head movably supported in the receptacle. The fastener includes a vertebral engaging portion extending distally through the second opening. The fastener assembly further includes a post that has an elongated body with a proximal portion extending proximally from the first opening of the connecting body, a distal engagement end in the receptacle, and an adjusting portion extending between the proximal portion and the engagement end. The adjusting portion is movably engaged to the connecting body to position the engagement end relative to the head of the fastener to substantially fix the head in the receptacle and resist movement of the fastener with respect to the post and the connecting body. The present invention relates to orthopedic devices and manner of using the same, and more particularly, but not exclusively, relates to modular fastener assemblies for spinal stabilization systems and methods. The use of orthopedic implants to address orthopedic injuries and ailments has become commonplace. Nonetheless, there is an ever-present challenge to provide implant constructs that improve efficiency during surgery and to provide the surgeon with options for constructing an implant system that is optimized relative to the anatomical conditions and constraints encountered during surgery. Thus, there is a need for additional contributions in this area of technology. Spinal stabilization systems are provided for securing a rod, plate or other elongate connecting element along the spinal column in spinal stabilization procedures. The systems can include fastener assemblies that secure the connecting element to a vertebral body. The fastener assemblies can each include a proximal post for engagement with the connecting element. In one embodiment, a post providing a desired characteristic can be selected during the surgical procedure from a plurality of posts having differing characteristics. The selected post is attached to a connecting body having a vertebral engaging fastener to form a fastener assembly. Other embodiments contemplate that each fastener assembly is provided with a single post. In any event, the post can be attached to a connecting body of the fastener assembly after engagement of a fastener extending distally from the connecting body with a vertebral element. The post can engage the connecting body and is movable therein to secure the fastener in a substantially fixed orientation with respect to the connecting body and post. A series of fastener assemblies having posts can be engaged along the spinal column. The fastener assemblies can be interconnected with a connecting element positioned along the spinal column. FIG. 1A is a diagrammatic elevational view of a spinal stabilization system according to one embodiment. FIG. 1B is a diagrammatic elevational view of a spinal stabilization system according to another embodiment. FIG. 2 is an exploded partially sectional, diagrammatic view of a fastener assembly according to one embodiment. FIG. 3A is a partially sectional, diagrammatic view of the fastener assembly of FIG. 2 in a disengaged condition. FIG. 3B is a partially sectional, diagrammatic view of the fastener assembly of FIG. 2 in an engaged condition. FIG. 4A is a partially sectional, diagrammatic view of a fastener assembly according to another embodiment in a disengaged condition. FIG. 4B is a partially sectional, diagrammatic view of the fastener assembly of FIG. 4A in an engaged condition. FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a fastener according to another embodiment. FIG. 6 is a perspective view looking toward the bottom of a post engageable with the fastener of FIG. 5. FIG. 7 is a bottom elevational view of the post of FIG. 6. FIGS. 1A and 1B depict stabilizing systems 10, 10′ engaged along a segment of the spinal column 18. The stabilizing systems 10, 10′ can be used to assist in the healing and growth of rigid tissues by retaining vertebral bodies in a fixed or substantially fixed alignment relative to one another. The stabilizing systems 10, 10′ comprise a plurality of fastener assemblies 12, 12′, a connecting element 14, 14′ positionable between two or more fastener assemblies 12, 12′, and a plurality of engaging members 16, 16′ for engaging the connecting element 14, 14′ to the fastener assemblies 12, 12′. The fastener assemblies 12, 12′ are used to secure the system 10, 10′ to the spinal column 18 by implanting the fastener assemblies 12, 12′ into respective ones of the vertebrae V1, V2, and V3 separated by disc spaces D1 and D2. The connecting element 14, 14′ engages and aligns the fastener assemblies 12, 12′ with respect to one another. In one embodiment, connecting element 14 of FIG. 1A is a spinal plate. In another embodiment, connecting element 14′ of FIG. 1B is a spinal rod. In FIGS. 1A and 1B, systems 10, 10′ are shown engaged anteriorly to the vertebrae along spinal column 18. Systems 10, 10′ can also be engaged laterally, obliquely, or posteriorly along spinal column 18. In still other embodiments, two or more stabilization systems 10, 10′ can be engaged along the spinal column 18 along the same vertebrae or along differing vertebrae. Stabilization systems 10, 10′ may also be employed either alone or in combination with one or more implants, fusions devices, artificial disc devices, or other device in one or more or the disc spaces D1, D2. The connecting element 14, 14′ is secured to the fastener assemblies 12, 12′ by respective ones of the securing members 16, 16′. In one embodiment, engaging members 16 are threaded nuts as shown in FIG. 1A. Engaging members 16 can be threaded along a proximal post of the fastener assembly to engage connecting element 14 thereto. In another embodiment, the engaging members 16′ are clamps that are slidably received about a proximal post of the fastener assemblies 12′ as shown in FIG. 1B. The clamp can be secured to the proximal post in a desired position therealong, and can further include a passage (not shown) or other receptacle to receive connecting element 14′ therethrough. In still other embodiments, engaging members 16, 16′ may be a retaining clip, a pin, or other suitable device for engaging a connecting element 14, 14′ to the proximal post of the fastener assemblies 12, 12′. FIGS. 2, 3 a, and 3 b illustrate one embodiment for fastener assembly 12. The fastener assembly 12 is comprised of a distal fastener 20, an intermediate connecting body 22, and a proximal post 24. The fastener 20 includes a head 26 and a vertebral engaging portion 30 that extends distally from head 26. In one embodiment, fastener 20 is a threaded bone screw. In other embodiments, fastener 20 may be a staple, a pin, a hook, or other suitable anchoring device. The head 26 can be spherically shaped and provided with a generally smooth outer surface. It should be appreciated that head 26 may have a non-spherical shape, and can include engagement structures to engage driving tools or components of fastener assembly 12. The vertebral engaging portion 30 extends distally from head 26 and includes an elongated stem or shaft-like arrangement Vertebral engaging portion 30 can include an outer surface 32 that defines a plurality of threads 34 to engage bony tissue of the vertebral bodies V1, V2, V3. Vertebral engaging portion 30 can include at least a portion that is smaller than head 26 at least where portion 30 exits connecting body 20. The smaller portion allows fastener 20 a pivotal range of motion when head 26 is supported in connecting body 22. The connecting body 22 extends about a receptacle 40, and includes a first, proximal opening 36, a second, distal opening 38 in communication with receptacle 40 between first opening 36 and second opening 38. The first opening 36 has threads 42 located thereabout on connecting body 22 to engage and adjust the position of post 24 within receptacle 40. The second opening 38 includes supporting member 41 that has a smaller diameter than head 26 of fastener 20 and supports head 26 within receptacle 40. The second opening 38 and supporting member 41 allow head 26 of fastener 20 to pivot about the center of supporting member 41. In one embodiment, supporting member 41 is an integral lip or flange extending about opening 38 that may be shaped to receive and support head 26 of fastener 20. In other embodiments, supporting member 41 is a retaining clip as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. It should be appreciated that fastener 20 may be factory installed in connection with connecting body 22 so that the entire fastener 20 and connecting body 22 are secured together to spinal column 18. It should also be appreciated that embodiments are contemplated where connecting body 22 can be engaged to the head of fastener 20 after fastener 20 is secured to the spinal column 18. Post 24 includes an elongated proximal portion 44, a distal engagement portion 46, and an adjusting portion 48 between the proximal portion 44 and the engagement portion 46. The proximal portion 44 can include a length L extending proximally from connecting body 22 when engaged thereto and a circular cross section transverse to length L. Post 24 may be provided in a kit or set where a plurality of posts are provided that include different lengths L, different diameters, various cross-sectional shapes or longitudinal shapes, various outer surface profiles, or other characteristic along proximal portion 44. Proximal portion 44 has an outer surface 50 that defines threads 52 extending thereabout. It should be appreciated that outer surface 50 may be also be smooth such as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. Proximal portion 44 of post 24 includes threads 52 that may be engaged by connecting element 14 and/or an engaging means 16 to secure the connecting element 14 to post 24. It should be appreciated that proximal portion 44 may includes threads 52 or other structure that may be engaged by an instrument that is operable to rotate post 24 to adjust the position of distal engagement end 56 within receptacle 40 of connecting body 22. It should also be appreciated that proximal portion 44 can be configured with threads 52 or other structure that may be engaged by an instrument that can apply forces to move vertebral elements into alignment with one another. Post 24 includes adjusting portion 48 with threads 54 that engage threads 42 about first opening 36 of connecting body 22. It should be appreciated that threads 54 may have a pitch that is the same as or that differs from those of threads 52 on proximal portion 44. The engagement of adjusting portion 48 in first opening 36 positions engagement portion 46 within receptacle 40 of connecting body 22. Adjusting portion 48 can also be configured to include threads 54 that turn in either the same or the opposite direction of threads 52 along proximal portion 44. The engagement portion 46 includes a distal engagement end 56 that engages head 26 of fastener 20. Engagement end 56 can be shaped concave to engage the spherically shaped head 26 in a universal joint type arrangement. The longitudinal axes of post 24 and fastener 20 need not be aligned with one another to provide intimate contact between post 24 and fastener 20, allowing fastener 20 to be engaged to the vertebral element with a driving instrument that is off-axis relative to the orientation of the post 24 when it is subsequently engaged to connecting body 22 and orientated in the desired orientation. It should be appreciated that engagement end 56 may be flat, convex, or any other suitable shape. When distal engagement portion 46 is positioned within receptacle 40 of connecting body 22 and post 24 is rotated to threadingly engaged adjustment portion 48 with connecting body 22, connecting body 22 is advanced proximally along post 24 until distal engagement end 56 engages head 26 of fastener 20. Engagement end 56 urges head 26 against supporting member 41 of connecting body 22 adjacent second opening 38, and substantially fixes fastener 20 thereagainst to preventing movement of fastener 20 with respect to connecting body 22 and post 24, as shown in FIG. 3B. In operation, connecting body 22 and fastener 20 of fastener assembly 12 are implanted into a respective one of the vertebral elements with threads 34 on vertebral engaging portion 30 of fastener 20 engaging a vertebral element. After engagement of fastener 20 and connecting body 22, post 24 can be selected from a plurality of posts 24 having proximal portions 44 with differing characteristics. The engagement end portion 46 of the selected post 24 is inserted into connecting body 22 through first opening 36. The threads 54 of adjustment portion 48 of post 24 engage threads 42 about first opening 36 to position distal engagement end 56 within receptacle 40. As post 24 is rotated in threaded engagement with connecting body 22, connecting body 22 is displaced proximally along post 24 and distal engagement end 56 moves toward and engages head 26 of fastener 20. Distal engagement end 56 urges head 26 against supporting member 41 about second opening 38 and substantially fixes head 26 in connecting body 22 to prevent movement of fastener 20 with respect to body 22 and post 24. With head 26 of fastener 22 substantially fixed by post 24 against the supporting member 41, the attachment of posts to other fastener assemblies along the spinal column can be completed. The other posts can be selected with proximal portions 44 that have characteristics therealong that differ from the other posts. Connecting element 14 and engaging member 16 are coupled to the fastener assemblies 12 to provide a stabilization system along a portion of the spinal column. FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate fastener assembly 12′ according to another embodiment. The fastener assembly 12′ is comprised of fastener 20, a connecting body 122, and a post 124. The connecting body 122 includes a first, proximal opening 136, a second, distal opening 138, and a receptacle 140 between first opening 136 and second opening 138 that contains a crown 156. The crown 156 includes a proximal surface 158 that engages post 124 and a distal surface 159 that engages head 26 of fastener 20. The proximal surface 158 is generally flat, while distal surface 159 is generally concave to engage the spherical surface of head 26. It should be appreciated that proximal surface 158 and distal surface 159 may be other shapes such as convex and/or include an opening or slot therethrough for passage of a driving instrument to engage head 26 of fastener 20. The post 124 includes a proximal portion 144, a distal engagement end 146, and an adjusting portion 148 between the proximal portion 144 and engagement end 146. The engagement end 146 can be generally flat to abuttingly engage proximal surface 158 of the crown 156. In operation, the spinal column segment 18 is accessed and prepared during a surgical procedure, connecting body 122 and fastener 20 of the fastener assembly 12′ are implanted into the respective vertebrae with vertebral engaging portion 30 of the fastener 20 engaging the vertebral body to secure fastener 20 and connecting body 122 thereto. After placement of fastener 20 and connecting body 122, post 124 can be selected from a group of posts having proximal portions 144 with differing characteristics. In the illustrated embodiment, post 124 includes a proximal portion 144 with a smooth outer surface therealong. Other characteristics for selection of the desired post 124 can include the length, diameter, or other feature or combination of features desired for proximal portion 144. For example, a first length of the proximal portion 144 of the post 124 may be greater than a second length of the proximal portion of another post. Engagement end 146 of the selected post 124 is inserted into connecting body 122 through the first opening 136. The threads 154 of adjustment portion 148 engage the threads 142 about first opening 136 to position engagement end 146 within receptacle 140. When post 124 is threadingly advanced into connecting body 122, engagement end 146 moves toward and engages crown 156 contained within receptacle 140. Engagement end 46 urges crown 156 toward head 26. Crown 156 engages head 26 and urges head 26 against supporting member 141 extending about second opening 138. Crown 156 substantially fixes head 26 against supporting member 141 to prevent movement of fastener 20 with respect to body 122 and post 124. Once head 26 of fastener 20 is substantially fixed in connecting body 122, connecting element 14′ and securing member 16′ can be coupled to post 124 of fastener assembly 12′ and connecting with other adjacent fastener assemblies 12′ or other fastener arrangements. FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 illustrate components of another embodiment fastener assembly. The components include a fastener 220 and a post 224 that can be connected to one another with either of the connecting body embodiments 22, 122 discussed above. Fastener 220 includes a head 226 and a vertebral engaging portion 230 extending distally from head 226. Head 226 has at least one recessed slot 228 therein. In the illustrated embodiment, head 226 include four slots 228 spaced equally thereabout. The recessed slots 228 can be engaged by a distal engagement end 232 of post 224. Specifically, engaging end 232 includes a number of protrusions 234 spaced thereabout that can be received in slots 228 when post 224 is positioned in contact with fastener 220. It should also be appreciated that the recessed slots 228 may be engaged additionally or alternatively by an instrument used to implant fastener 220. The post 224 includes a proximal portion 244, and an adjusting portion 248 between proximal portion 244 and the engagement end 232. Adjusting portion 248 can threadingly engage connecting body 22, 122 in the proximal opening thereof. The engagement end 232 can be shaped to conform to the outer surface profile of head 226 so that protrusions 234 securely engage the recessed slots 228 in head 226. In operation, the connecting body and fastener 220 are implanted into and engaged to a vertebral element with vertebral engaging portion 230 of fastener 220. Post 224 can then be selected and engagement end 232 of the selected post 224 is inserted into the connecting body through the proximal opening Adjustment portion 248 of the post 224 can engage the connecting body, and post 224 advanced to position protrusions 234 on engagement end 232 into respective ones of the aligned recessed slots 228 in head 226 of fastener 220. The engagement end 232 is thus locked in position relative to fastener 220 and relative movement between the fastener 220 and post 224 is prevented. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a fastener, a connecting body, and a post. The fastener includes a proximal head and a vertebral engaging portion that extends distally from the head. The connecting body defines a receptacle that extends between a first opening and a second opening. The first opening includes a plurality of threads. The head of the fastener is movably supported within the receptacle with the vertebral engaging portion extending distally through the second opening. The post has an elongated body that includes a proximal portion extending proximally from the first end of the connecting body, a distal engagement end, and an adjusting portion extending between the proximal portion and the engagement end. The adjusting portion engages the threads at the first opening of the connecting body. The engagement end is positionable in the receptacle of the connecting body relative to the head of the fastener to substantially fix the head in the connecting body adjacent the second opening of the connecting body by threadingly adjusting the adjusting portion along the first opening of the connecting body. In still another embodiment, the apparatus comprises a fastener, a connecting body, a first post, and a second post. The fastener includes a proximal head and a vertebral engaging portion that extends distally from the head. The connecting body defines a receptacle that extends between a first opening and a second opening. The head of the fastener is movably supported within the receptacle with the vertebral engaging portion extending distally through the second opening. The first and second posts each have an elongated body that includes a proximal portion extendable proximally from the first opening of the connecting body and a distal engagement end positionable in the receptacle relative to the head of the fastener. The distal engagement end is positionable relative to the connecting body to substantially fix the head in the connecting body adjacent to the second opening and prevent movement of the fastener with respect to the post and connecting body. The proximal portions of the first and second posts can each include a characteristic that differs from the other, and the post providing the desired characteristic can be selected for engagement with the connecting body. In a further embodiment, first and second fasteners each having a proximal head and a vertebral engaging portion extending distally from the head are secured to vertebral elements. Each fastener includes a connecting body that defines a receptacle extending between a first opening and a second opening. The connecting body movably supports the head of the fastener within the receptacle with the vertebral engaging portion extending distally through the second opening of the connecting body. First and second posts each have an elongated body that includes a proximal portion, a distal engagement end, and an adjustment portion that extends between the proximal portion and the engagement end. The engagement end of each post is positioned within the receptacle of the respective connecting body of the first and second fastener assemblies so that the adjusting portion engages the first opening of the body and the head of the fastener is engaged by the engagement end of the post to substantially fix the head relative to the connecting body adjacent the second opening to substantially prevent movement of the fastener with respect to the post and connecting body. In yet a further embodiment, a fastener having a proximal head that is movably supported within a connecting body and a vertebral engaging portion extending distally from the head, is secured to vertebral tissue. A plurality of posts are provided that each have an elongated body that includes a proximal portion, a distal engagement end, and an adjustment portion that extends between the proximal portion and the engagement end. The proximal portion of at least two of the plurality of posts can have a characteristic that differs among the plurality of posts. One post having a desired characteristic is selected from the plurality of posts, and the adjusting portion of the selected post is engaged to the connecting body. While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only selected embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes, equivalents, and modifications that come within the scope of the inventions described herein or defined by the following claims are desired to be protected. Any experiments, experimental examples, or experimental results provided herein are intended to be illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed to limit or restrict the invention scope. Further, any theory, mechanism of operation, proof, or finding stated herein is meant to further enhance understanding of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way to such theory, mechanism of operation, proof, or finding. In reading the claims, words such as “a”, “an”, “at least on”, and “at least a portion” are not intended to limit the claims to only one item unless specifically stated to the contrary. wherein the post includes a plurality of posts with at least one of the plurality of posts having a proximal portion with a threaded outer surface extending therealong and another of the plurality of posts having a proximal portion with a smooth outer surface extending therealong. wherein the first characteristic includes a smooth outer surface along the proximal portion of the first post and the second characteristic includes a threaded outer surface along the proximal portion of the second post. ES2268772T3 (en) 2007-03-16 modular spinal plate.

2019-04-21T09:12:28Z

https://patents.google.com/patent/US8470008B2/en

Dietary lipid supplementation benefits the prolific and high-producing modern lactating sow. A comprehensive review of recent studies showed that lipid supplementation increases average daily energy intake, which is partitioned for lactation as indicated by greater milk fat output and improved litter growth rate. Recent compelling findings showed that addition of particular lipids during lactation improved the subsequent reproductive outcome of sows. Such benefits were related to the level of dietary essential fatty acids (EFA, linoleic acid, C18:2n-6; and α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3) during lactation. Lactation diets without supplemental EFA resulted in a pronounced negative balance (intake minus milk output) of linoleic (−25.49 g/d) and α-linolenic acid (−2.75 g/d); which compromised sow fertility (farrowing rate < 75 % and culling rates > 25 % of weaned sows). This phenomenon seems to be increasingly important with advancing sow age because of a progressive reduction of body EFA pool over successive lactations. The net effect of supplemental EFA during lactation was to create a positive EFA balance, which improved the subsequent reproduction of sows. Adequate linoleic acid intake improved the proportion of sows that farrowed in the subsequent cycle (Farrowing rate (%) = [(−1.5 × 10−3 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.53 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (45.2)]; quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031). In addition, increasing linoleic acid intake increased the number of pigs born in the subsequent cycle (total pigs born (n) = [(9.4 × 10−5 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.04 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (10.94)]; quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031). Supplemental α-linolenic acid resulted in a rapid return to estrus (sows bred: sows weaned = 94.2 %; wean-to-estrus interval = 4.0 d) and achieved a high retention of pregnancy (sows pregnant: sows bred = 98 %). Collectively, we conclude that a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid should be provided to ≥ 95 % of the sows; thereby, achieving a maximum sow reproductive efficiency through multiple mechanisms that include rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and large subsequent litter size in mature sows, that appear to be susceptible to EFA deficiency. Improvements in swine genetics and management have resulted in a prolific (15.1 total pigs born per litter) and high-producing (11.5 pigs weaned per litter) modern sow (farms in the top 10 %) . For larger and fast-growing litters, the demand for milk and nutrient output has increased substantially (Table 1). In 1985, it was estimated that the average sow produced 8.2 kg of milk/d for the nursing litter while in 2012 it is estimated that milk production can be as high as 9.2 kg/d for the elite sow nursing litters that grow at 2.35 kg/d. This is 34 % greater than the milk output estimated for the reference sow of the past which only produced 6.9 kg/d [2, 3]. Development of the modern sow has also resulted in an animal with less body fat reserves and lower appetite . Thus, sow feeding programs need to ensure optimal consumption of nutrients and energy to support this high level of milk production, but prevent large sow body weight (BW) loss and to maximize the long-term productivity of the sow. Optimal nutrient intake by the lactating sow becomes more challenging under certain management and environmental conditions. Exposure of sows to high ambient temperature results in physiologic and metabolic changes that impairs intestinal barrier function, increases oxidative stress and dramatically reduces nutrient intake; which leads to mobilization of body reserves to meet the nutrient deficiency [5–8]. Excessive mobilization of body tissues during lactation compromises the subsequent reproductive performance of sows . King found a correlation (R2 = 0.63) between the loss of lean body mass and wean-to-estrus interval (WEI). In addition, Hughes concluded that body fat status was also a factor for optimum reproduction outcome and determined that back fat loss greater than 2 mm during lactation compromised the subsequent pig-output of sows. Thus, meeting the amino acids and energy needs during lactation is important for milk production, maintenance of body reserves, and reproduction outcome. Supplementation of lipids to lactation diets has been a nutritional strategy to benefit the lactating sow, especially those under heat stress conditions . It is plausible that supplemental lipids have greater impact for the prolific and high-producing lactating sow because of the greater demand for milk production. This review summarizes the contemporary literature on the nutritional value of lipids for the modern sow, with special emphasis on compelling new findings regarding the impact of essential fatty acid adequacy. Dietary lipids are extensively used in swine diets as sources of energy and essential fatty acids. While the energetic role of the former is known, the exact nature of the latter has only recently been evaluated. Potential benefits of dietary lipids for the lactating sow and progeny have been extensively studied over the last 30 years, but results from studies are inconsistent and benefits for the lactating sow need clarity. Earlier reviews [12, 13] suggest that potential benefits of supplemental lipids were evident only when sows experienced management or environmental challenges. An important statement of context was provided by Dr. B. G. Harmon (personal communication, 2015). Their experience at Purina Mills during the 1980–1990 timeframe was that improvements in lactating sow performance, arising from added lipid, were easier to demonstrate under field conditions, because many sow farm managers were limit feeding sows. This review considered published studies investigating the effects of dietary lipids on lactating sow performance, when the modern sow was used. Lipids, commonly referred to as fats or oils, are a group of substances found in plants and animal tissues that are insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents. Nutritionally, lipids are considered as a highly digestible energy source for pigs; however, this may differ between sources of lipid because of varying chemical composition, quality, and peroxidation status [14, 15]. Commercially available sources of lipids are often blended products, mainly restaurant by-products and rendered fats. Processed lipids (e.g. by-product lipids) can be exposed to peroxidation, which negatively affects nutrient digestibility, absorption capacity of the intestine, and gastro-intestinal health status [16, 17]. Considering the different factors that impact digestion and absorption rate of lipids, it is important to accurately determine the energy value of sources of lipid for diet formulation. where FFA is the concentration of free fatty acids in the lipid (%) and U:S is the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio. Application of this prediction equation resulted in relatively small errors of prediction (residual divided by the predicted value; errors ranged from −4.7 to 2.0 %). In a similar manner as that described by Powles et al. , Rosero et al. accurately estimated the DE content of lipids using chemical composition parameters; however, further improvement of this equation is warranted by using other factors (e.g. peroxidation status, correction for endogenous loss) that affect digestion and absorption of lipids. Dietary lipid increases energy density of sow diets and has the advantage of having a low heat increment associated with digestion and metabolism . Supplemental lipids are also believed to increase caloric intake of sows in spite of reduced feed intake stemming from external factors such as high temperatures [21, 22]. Because lactation is a physiological priority, greater caloric intake is partitioned into milk fat secretion, which may improve survival and growth of nursing piglets [12, 13]. The potential benefits of supplemental lipids for sow and litter performance were summarized using 12 references published from 1989 to 2012 [21–32]. The present review focused on average daily energy intake (ADEI), sow BW change, and litter gain as observations of interest (Table 2). In this analysis, ADEI averaged 15.9 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME) and ranged from 10.4 to 24.3 Mcal ME/d. Supplemental lipids improved ADEI in all but 3 of the 12 studies. The improvement in caloric intake was estimated to be 6.9 % (weighted average considering differences in sample size among studies) or 1.10 Mcal ME/d, which is in close agreement with the 1.24 Mcal ME/d improvement reported in an earlier review by Pettigrew and Moser . This positive response on ADEI varied depending on the level of supplemental lipid, lipid source, and environmental conditions. Studies examined in the present review used supplemental lipid levels that ranged from 2 to 11 %, with only 2 studies investigating the impact of supplemental lipids on caloric intake in a dose-dependent manner [31, 32]. The change in ADEI, when lipid was supplemented to lactation diets, was described by Δ ADEI (%) = [− 0.46 + (supplemental lipid (%) × 4.5) + (supplemental lipid (%)2 × (− 0.34)); quadratic P < 0.001; R2 = 0.871; RSME = 18.2]. Although a total of 13 different sources of lipid were used in the studies reviewed, only 3 studies compared the effects of lipid source [26, 28, 32]. None of these studies reported significant differences on ADEI between sources. Moreover, it is expected that a greater benefit would be observed when sows experience heat stress because of the lower heat increment associated with digestion and metabolism of lipids . The study conducted by Schoenherr et al. supports this hypothesis. The greater caloric intake by lipid fed sows slightly reduced sow BW loss during lactation by a weighted average of 1.0 kg. However, responses were inconsistent (19 positive and 9 negative responses) and only 3 studies reported significant improvements [24, 29, 32]. This positive response on sow BW loss depended on the genetic line (Landrace, but not Duroc sows responded positively) , and lipid source (added choice white grease, but not animal-vegetable blend) . As reviewed in 1991, Pettigrew and Moser suggested that supplemental lipids improved litter weight at weaning by 1.65 kg (80 g/d assuming a 21 d of lactation) when compared with diets without added lipids. In this review, supplemental lipids consistently (10 positive responses were significant) improved litter growth by a weighted average of 70.1 g/d. The elevated responses reported by Lauridsen et al. , contributed substantially to this weighted average for daily litter gain. The positive benefit of supplemental lipid on litter weight gain was more evident in later studies (year 2000 and beyond). Potential benefits of supplemental lipids on piglet survival were also explored in the reviewed studies, but the response was inconsistent (data not shown). Supplemental lipids may increase milk fat output while reducing the energetic cost for the relatively high de novo fatty acid synthesis that is noted in the sow . A thorough description of important determinants of milk nutrient secretion is available in the review by Boyd and co-workers , where the authors concluded that level of milk nutrient secretion can be influenced by nutrient intake and endocrine stimulation. This hypothesis is supported by Tokach et al. , who demonstrated that energy intake by lactating sows greatly affects milk synthesis. The impact of supplemental lipids on sow milk production and composition was investigated using 7 published studies [21, 23–26, 36, 37]. Because these studies used diverse estimation methods for milk production that included weigh-suckle-weigh and regression equations [38, 39]; sow milk production and nutrient output were re-estimated in all studies using prediction equations derived by Hansen et al. . This re-analysis indicated that milk production averaged 8.4 kg/d (ranging from 6.7 to 9.8 kg/d) and milk fat output averaged 591 g/d (ranging from 401 to 814 g/d). There was a positive (250 g/d improvement) and consistent response (15 positive and 3 negative responses) on milk production when lipids were supplemented to diets. However, none of the studies reported significant responses. A greater (weighted average of 83.2 g/d) and more consistent response (all studies reported a positive responses and 4 were significant) was observed for milk fat output when lipids were supplemented to lactation diets. Milk fat output may also be influenced by the age of the sow, ambient temperatures, level of lipid supplementation, and others. Averette et al. observed that supplemental lipids improved milk fat content on d 2 and 3 of lactation in mature sows (parity 3 to 5), but not in parity 1 sows. Schoenherr et al. concluded that the effect of supplemental lipids on milk fat output was greater during high ambient temperatures (32 °C; increased 90 g/d) than thermoneutral conditions (20 °C; 60 g/d). Figure 1 shows the increase in the amount of milk fat secreted as the level of supplemental lipid increased in lactation diets of different studies [21, 23–26, 36, 37]. Results from these studies were used to construct linear and non-linear (quadratic, cubic) models. Prediction equations for this and other variables were selected using goodness-of-fit tests that included minimum Bayesian information criterion (BIC), minimum root mean square error (RSME), and maximum coefficient of determination (R2). Supplemental lipids consistently improved milk fat output; however, the relationship between supplemental lipid level and the increase in milk fat output was not clear (cubic P < 0.001; R2 = 0.823; RSME = 76.22). In summary, supplementation of lipids to lactation diets improved ADEI which seemed to be preferentially partitioned for milk, as indicated by the greater milk fat output and improved litter growth rate. The greater milk fat output positively influenced growth of the nursing litter. The impact of supplemental lipids on sow BW change and subsequent reproduction of sows is not clear from these studies. In a commercial setting, the main objectives of a farrow-to-weaning operation are: 1) to maximize the number of healthy pigs weaned, 2) approximate their biological growth potential, and 3) to maximize the number of pigs weaned per sow life-time. Nutrition programs can be designed to prevent excessive body tissue mobilization of sows during lactation, thereby promoting life-time productivity of sows. This was demonstrated by Touchette et al. , who provided evidence that amino acid nutrition during lactation impacts the subsequent reproduction of sows. The authors increased lysine intake for parity 1 sows (from 32 to 52 g/d), which increased the number of pigs born in the subsequent cycle by 1.2. The effect of supplemental lipids on the subsequent reproductive performance of sows was investigated in 6 studies (Table 3). Cox et al. reported that supplemental lipids during lactation did not impact the WEI of sows housed under thermoneutral conditions, but reduced the WEI by 8.3 d (relative to no added lipid diets) for sows housed under high ambient temperatures (summer months). Later studies conducted under thermoneutral conditions reported modest positive responses for WEI and farrowing rate (percentage of sows that farrowed in the subsequent cycle relative to the number of weaned sows) [24, 30, 43]. Improvements in subsequent farrowing rate of sows that were fed diets with added lipids were reported by Rosero et al. [31, 32]. These studies consistently reported improved farrowing rate (improvement by 10.3 %) when conducted during the summer heat stress. The authors observed that sows fed diets without added lipid had comparatively poor subsequent reproduction (farrowing rate < 75 %). Farrowing rate and culling rate (percentage of sows removed from the herd as cull sows relative to the number of sows weaned) each improved with the inclusion of at least 2 % supplemental lipid to lactation diets, either as choice white grease or animal-vegetable blend. In addition, the authors reported a linear improvement (from 13 to 14 total pigs born) in the subsequent litter of sows fed increasing doses of lipid (0, 2, 4 and 6 % added lipids) during lactation . The studies conducted by Rosero and co-workers [31, 32] demonstrated that lipid supplementation during lactation resulted in a modest positive effect on sow lactation performance, but remarkably improved subsequent reproduction. These observations were the turning point in our understanding of sow lipid nutrition and led us to postulate that specific and essential fatty acids caused the improvement in reproduction, which has been proven to be true for the dairy cow [44, 45]. We hypothesized that the greatest benefit of added lipids during lactation was to improve subsequent reproduction by provision of essential fatty acids (EFA, linoleic acid, C18:2n-6; and α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3) to correct a deficiency during lactation. The essentiality of linoleic and α-linolenic acid (parental EFA) in animals is due to the absence of desaturase enzymes that are able to introduce double bounds distal from carbon 10 of octadecenoic acids. The lactating female secretes significant amounts of EFA in milk during lactation; fatty acids that are known to be essential for growth and development of the nursing litter [46, 47]. We recently suggested that the modern lactating sow secretes EFA in the milk, even if this results in mobilization from body adipose reserves . It was postulated that excessive secretion of dietary and mobilized EFA in milk could, at some point, result in EFA deficiency to the extent that reproduction could be impaired. Further, this deficiency could be corrected by specifically supplementing EFA. The involvement of EFA in reproduction processes suggests that potential EFA deficiencies could be related with infertility of females, which was proven to be true , as discussed below. The two essential families of fatty acids are the “omega-3” or n-3, and the “omega-6” or n-6. Animals can convert dietary octadecenoic acids (parent fatty acids: linoleic and α-linolenic acid) to long chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) by microsomal desaturase and elongase enzymes (Fig. 2) [49, 50]. In the n-6 family, linoleic acid can be converted into γ-linolenic (18:3n-6), dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3n-6), arachidonic (20:4n-6) and other fatty acids. In the n-3 family, α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) can be converted to eicosatetraenoic (20:4n-3), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and other important LC-PUFA . Conversions of octadecenoic acids to LC-PUFA are mediated by enzymes that are shared by the n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. These enzymes have greater affinity for n-3 fatty acids than for n-6 fatty acids. Thus, conversion of n-6 fatty acids to LC-PUFA is reduced by increasing the availability of n-3 fatty acids (lowering the n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio). The n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (dihomo-γ-linolenic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acid) are precursors of diverse eicosanoids by different pathways, in which enzymes such as cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, endoperoxide isomerase, and others are involved. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins (of series 1, 2, and 3), leukotrienes and thromboxanes . A simplified overview of the source, partitioning, and net balance of EFA during lactation is illustrated in Fig. 3. We expect that the likelihood for a negative balance is greatest during lactation because EFA secretion in milk would far surpass the daily intake, thereby requiring tissue mobilization. The balance of EFA during lactation represents the inflow (intake minus fatty acids not absorbed) minus the outflow of EFA. Absorbed EFA may be deposited into body tissues (e.g. adipose tissue, cell membranes, etc.), elongated to LC-PUFA, converted to active metabolites (e.g. eicosanoids), or oxidized for energy. The greatest proportion of absorbed EFA is expected to be extracted by the mammary gland and secreted into milk . Estimation of the balance of EFA is important to determine if deficiency of EFA during lactation is likely; the latter being a pre-requisite for a dose-response assay. A negative EFA balance during lactation indicates a net mobilization of EFA from body tissues and the progressive decline in body EFA pool size is expected to eventually disturb fertility of sows. Rosero et al. observed that for sows fed diets without supplemental lipids, the amount of EFA secreted in milk (90 g/d of linoleic and 4 g/d of α-linolenic acid) was greater than the estimated intake of EFA throughout lactation (78 g/d of linoleic and 4 g/d of α-linolenic acid). A negative balance of linoleic acid (as low as −12 g/d) was estimated for these sows. This estimate of apparent negative balance was expected to be conservative because we could not account for EFA conversions and endogenous EFA loss was not estimated. The EFA balance during lactation was further investigated using 6 published studies that provided sufficient data regarding fatty acid composition (both diet and milk), feed intake and litter growth performance [26, 37, 52–55]. From this multi-trial analysis, we estimated that apparent balance of linoleic acid during lactation was −25.49 g/d for sows fed diets without supplemental linoleic acid. Similarly, a negative balance of α-linolenic acid of −2.75 g/d was estimated when sows were fed diets without supplemental α-linolenic acid. Increasing supplemental EFA greatly increased the balance of linoleic (linear P = 0.006; R2 = 0.258; RMSE = 97.84; Fig. 4a) and α-linolenic acid (linear P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.705; RMSE = 6.60 Fig. 4b) during lactation. Despite the essentiality of EFA during lactation, current dietary recommendations for sows specify a low requirement for linoleic acid (0.1 % of the diet or 6 g/d, assuming a feed intake of 6.28 kg/d) and no requirement minimum or maximum estimate for α-linolenic acid is specified . Compared with the significant amounts of linoleic acid secreted in milk of sows fed diets without supplemental EFA (90 g/d) , the current recommendation estimate of 6 g/d appears too low. Based on the minimum amount of linoleic acid secreted in milk, it is suggested that the provision of at least 100 g/d of linoleic acid will ensure adequate consumption to prevent a potential negative balance during lactation. A desired outcome of feeding sows diets supplemented with n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (using lipids from either plant or marine origin) is also to increase the concentrations of LC-PUFA in neonatal piglet tissues. The potential benefits of these fatty acids include enhanced neural development, improved immune response, and enhanced protective function of the intestine [46, 57, 58]. Indeed, Farmer et al. and Yao et al. demonstrated that supplementation of n-3 fatty acids (flaxseed meal or oil) to lactating sow diets increased the immune response of nursing piglets and improved piglet survival. Notwithstanding the apparent deficit in linoleic acid intake for lactation, addition of n-3 fatty acids to sow diets has been of greater interest because common diets contain limited levels of these fatty acids. There is strong evidence to suggest that n-3 LC-PUFA play important roles in the cognitive and neural development and may benefit health of piglets . Although conversion from α-linolenic acid to LC-PUFA seems to be limited in mammals , some researchers reported that supplemental flaxseed oil (rich in α-linolenic acid) to lactating sow diets resulted in increased concentrations of n-3 LC-PUFA in piglet’s brain . The potential benefits of supplementing α-linolenic acid to sows on litter performance are still controversial as results of published studies are inconsistent . Increasing relative dietary concentrations of α-linolenic acid (lowering the n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio) results in decreased conversion of linoleic acid to LC-PUFA and increased conversion of α-linolenic acid to its derivatives. These EFA are competitive substrates for the desaturase enzyme (Δ6) that has greater affinity for α-linolenic acid . Recently, Yao et al. concluded that altering the n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio in lactating sow diets influenced the concentrations of immunoglobulins in sow colostrum and piglet plasma. The authors speculated that increasing availability of n-3 fatty acids can decrease the production of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2, which can negatively impact the production of immunoglobulins. This research suggests that the lactation n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio is highly important and warrants further work, especially to assess the immune response of lactating sows and piglets. Although supplemental EFA was demonstrated to benefit subsequent reproduction of the dairy cow (discussed later) [44, 45], little evidence exists for the modern lactating sow . Recently, Smits et al. suggested that supplementation of n-3 fatty acids during lactation, using fish oil as source, increased subsequent litter size. To our knowledge, the only study that investigated the impact of supplemental linoleic acid on lactating sow performance and subsequent reproduction was conducted almost 4 decades ago by Kruse et al. . In this study, a total of 9 sows (3 sows per treatment) were fed increasing amounts of linoleic acid (30, 75 and 125 g/d by supplementing 0, 2 and 4 % soybean oil, respectively) and the response of sows was collected over 3 consecutive parities. The authors reported no benefit from supplemental linoleic acid on lactating sow performance or subsequent reproduction of sows. The authors suggested that supplemental linoleic acid beyond that provided by a practical diet without added lipids seemed to be sufficient for the low-productivity sow (weaned pigs = 7.1 and litter growth rate = 1.36 kg/d). Ignoring the fact that the number of sows involved were woefully inadequate for such a test, we suggest that these findings do not hold true for the greater productivity level of the modern lactating sow because litter-size (pigs born and weaned) presently is almost twice that studied. We conducted a dose-response study to determine the levels of both parent EFA required by the modern lactating sow for maximum subsequent reproduction . In this study, a total of 480 lactating sows (equally balanced by parity 1, and 3 to 5, P3+) were assigned randomly to a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement plus a control diet without added lipid. Factors involved linoleic (2.1, 2.7 and 3.3 %) and α-linolenic acid (0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 %), which were obtained by adding 4 % of mixtures of canola, corn, and flaxseed oils to diets. This study was designed to investigate the dose response to linoleic and α-linolenic acid because these fatty acids are precursors of compounds with opposing functions and increasing the availability of one of these fatty acids decreases the metabolism and physiological functions of the other . Therefore, we hypothesized that supplementation of each fatty acid potentially benefits sow reproductive efficiency through different mechanisms. In this study, the response of sows was assessed using multiple criteria that included the percentage of sows that returned to estrus, maintenance of pregnancy, and litter size in the subsequent reproductive cycle. A minimum requirement for each essential fatty acid was anticipated to maximize the response for one or more of the various criteria. Although supplemental linoleic acid improved subsequent reproduction of parity 1 sows, the beneficial effects of EFA were more evident for aging sows (P3+). This may be due to a progressive reduction in the body EFA pool over successive lactations. In other words, lactation expenditure was not adequately replenished during pregnancy. Noticeably, P3+ sows fed lactation diets containing low levels of EFA (<2.7 % linoleic acid, < 0.45 % α-linolenic acid) had a poor subsequent farrowing rate (76 %) and elevated culling rate (25 %; proportion of sows removed from the herd as culls) (Table 4). It is likely that these sows were under a profound negative EFA balance during lactation. Under these conditions, high levels of supplemental linoleic acid (≥2.7 %) or α-linolenic (>0.30 %) improved farrowing (>83.6 %) and reduced culling rate (<16.7 %). We observed responses to the main effects of α-linolenic and linoleic acid dose. A minimum provision of 0.45 % of α-linolenic acid was the most effective dietary treatment in causing rapid return to estrus (sows bred: sows weaned = 94.2 %; wean-to-estrus interval = 4.0 d) and achieved the highest retention of pregnancy (sows pregnant: sows bred = 98 %), but it did not appear to influence subsequent litter size. Moreover, supplemental linoleic acid elicited a linear effect on the number of total pigs born (linear P = 0.075; lack-of-fit P = 0.496; 13.2, 13.8, and 14.0 total pigs born for 2.1, 2.7 and 3.3 % linoleic acid, respectively) in the subsequent cycle of sows . The different responses for both parent EFA confirmed our hypothesis that a minimum provision of each EFA was required to maximize reproductive efficiency for the various criteria. On this basis, we concluded that a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 100 g/d of linoleic acid should be provided to > 90 % of the sows (considering large variability in feed intake of sows); thereby, collectively maximizing the subsequent reproduction of sows through a multiple of mechanisms (rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and increased litter size). We recognize the importance of the optimum n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio during lactation, but suggest that this is only meaningful when the absolute amount of both parent EFA are not significantly deficient. This was evident in the described study , in which diets with a similar n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio of 7 resulted in different subsequent reproductive outcomes (e.g. 75 vs. 87 % farrowing rates). Further investigation of the optimum n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio during lactation is warranted; but this has to be established after satisfying EFA needs. Data from 3 sow studies that were conducted in the same research farm under heat stress and using similar methodology (genetic line, feeding system, etc.), allowed us to investigate further the impact of supplemental linoleic acid on the subsequent reproduction of sows [31, 32, 48]. This multi-trial analysis focused on the impact of supplemental linoleic acid because the sources of lipid used in these studies had relatively high levels of linoleic acid (animal-vegetable blend 27 %; choice white grease = 13 %) providing a wide range of linoleic acid intake, but this was not the case for α-linolenic acid (animal-vegetable blend 1.1 %; choice white grease = 0.5 %). This analysis investigated the subsequent reproduction of a total of 543 mature sows (parities 3 to 5). The 3 studies included groups of sows fed diets without added lipids (linoleic acid intake averaged 84.4 ± 20.3 g/d) and these are presented in the analysis as no added lipid treatment (n = 84). For the multi-trial analysis, sows fed lipid supplemented diets were equally balanced into groups according to their total linoleic acid intake during lactation. Number of linoleic acid intake groups and sample size within each group were chosen to maximize the statistical power for the analysis of reproduction responses. Figure 5 illustrates the impact of linoleic acid intake during lactation on subsequent reproduction of sows after weaning. For this illustration, sows were equally balanced in 3 groups according to their linoleic acid intake during lactation (n = 137 to 138 sows per linoleic acid intake group). The proportion of weaned sows that were bred (85.4 %) and farrowed in the subsequent cycle (74.4 %) was reduced when they consumed diets without supplemental lipids during lactation. The subsequent reproduction of sows was improved with linoleic acid supplementation during lactation. A high proportion of weaned sows were bred (>88 %; day 8 post-weaning P = 0.024) and farrowed (>88 %; P = 0.007) when they consumed more than 115 g/d of linoleic acid during lactation. Remarkably, it was also noted that the elevated farrowing rate was related to the improved ability of sows to maintain pregnancy (>96 % of sows maintained pregnancy if they consumed more than 115 g/d of linoleic acid). The ability of sows to maintain pregnancy was reduced (<90 % of bred sows) when they consumed less than 115 g/d of linoleic acid during lactation but especially when they consumed diets without added lipids. The reduced number of sows returning to estrus after weaning and reduced ability of sows to maintain pregnancy after insemination, when they consumed less than 115 g/d of linoleic acid or diets without supplemental lipids, resulted in high culling rates (Fig. 6). Increased consumption of linoleic acid during lactation progressively reduced the number of sows removed from the herd as culls (P = 0.085). The improvement in culling rate was related to a reduced number of sows removed from the herd due to reproductive failure that included sows not returning to estrus, sows returning to estrus after breeding, and pregnancy loss. We used this multi-trial data set to estimate the minimum requirement for linoleic acid during lactation, to maximize subsequent pig output in mature sows. The method involved a dose-response assay, using the key reproductive parameters subsequent farrowing rate (Fig. 7A) and total pigs born (total fully-formed pigs, Fig. 7B). The dose-response relationship between the parameters and linoleic acid intake was established using 5 sow groups divided equally for total linoleic acid intake during lactation (farrowing rate, n = 82–83 sows; total pigs born, n = 70 sows per linoleic acid intake group). For subsequent farrowing rate and total pigs born, increasing linoleic acid intake elicited a similar dose response form (curvilinear function). Subsequent farrowing rate (%) was described by: y (%) = [(−1.5 × 10−3 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.53 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (45.2); quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031]. Total pigs born was described by: Pigs (n) = [(9.4 × 10−5 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.04 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (10.94); quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031]. The greatest marginal improvement for subsequent farrowing rate (7 %) and total pigs born (0.60 pigs) was observed for sows that consumed more than 100 g/d of linoleic acid (vs. <100 g/d). We previously estimated, without the benefit of this large data set, that a minimum of 100 g/d of linoleic acid/d is required for near maximum reproductive performance (>90 % of sow population) . Based on this enlarged data set, the linoleic acid dose that elicited the maximum improvement in farrowing rate was slightly greater than required to maximize total pigs born (Fig. 7). We calculated a ‘pigs born per 100 sows weaned index’ to better quantify the impact of total linoleic acid intake during lactation on the number of pigs produced in the subsequent cycle (Fig. 8). This index is a composite of farrowing rate and total pigs born and represents the total fully-formed pigs born per 100 weaned sows. The dose-response relationship of pigs born index on linoleic acid intake integrates the outcome for both parameters to deliver a more meaningful result that best represents the reproductive outcome. This composite expression facilitates economic evaluation. The index was described by: y (n) = [(−0.03 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (10.2 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (395.4); quadratic P < 0.001, R2 = 0.996, RMSE = 9.85]. The clarifying nature of the pigs born index is illustrated by comparing the no added lipid treatment to the five added linoleic acid doses. The former group consumed an average of 84.4 ± 20.3 g linoleic acid/d. Although litter-size was relatively high (14.11 pigs/litter) and comparable to the 125–145 g/d linoleic acid intake sow group, farrowing rate was relatively low (74 %), in contrast to the latter group (88.0 %). This suggests that sows in the no added lipid group, that were able to maintain pregnancy, had a high number of pigs born. However, this is misleading because 14 % fewer sows maintained pregnancy. The pigs born index for sows fed diets without added lipids was 1050 pigs, which was comparable to the index of sows consuming <100 g/d of linoleic acid (1037 pigs), but not those in the 125–145 g/d group (1238 pigs). This integration of pregnancy maintenance with litter-size delivered is the preferred descriptor of EFA response. Based on the dose-response curve that is presented in Fig. 8, we estimate that the near maximum response to total linoleic acid intake is achieved if sows consume a minimum of 125 g linoleic acid/d during lactation. The greatest marginal difference in pigs born index, for the 5 dose response curve, resulted when moving from <100 g/d to 100–125 g/d (147 pigs); the marginal difference when moving from 100–125 to 125–145 g/d being 54 pigs/100 sows weaned. The dose-response assay (Fig. 8) is the first estimate, to our knowledge, of the linoleic acid requirement for reproduction in any species. This estimate will vary with (a) age of sow; being greater for aging sows as compared to younger sows, and (b) life-cycle replenishment during pregnancy; diets composed of corn and corn distillers grains being advantageous to those composed of milo and wheat middlings. For practical application, we propose that the minimum requirement of linoleic acid intake should be based on the pigs born index (fully-formed pigs). The equation in Fig. 8 can be used to derive a financial optimum intake of linoleic acid during lactation. Proper implementation of the 125 g/d estimate requires knowledge of seasonal lactation intake and the variance around intake so that the minimum linoleic acid intake (g/d) is achieved for perhaps 90 to 95 % of the sows in the population. For example, if the bottom 10 % of the sows are predicted to consume 4.2 kg/d (ADFI = 5.5 ± 1.0 kg/d) under heat stress conditions, and if a minimum of 125 g/d linoleic acid is desired, then the dietary specification would be 2.96 % linoleic acid. We anticipate that the lower lactation intake for mature sows, for which the estimate is intended, is at or above that for the lowest 10 % of the sows in this example. The present review presents an intriguing and novel finding that supplemental EFA during lactation benefits the subsequent reproduction of the modern sow. Dose-response studies allowed us to estimate the minimum requirement of linoleic and α-linolenic acid. Although it is more difficult to establish minimum requirements in cattle because of the complication of the rumen and microbial metabolism of fatty acids, extensive research demonstrated that lactation EFA is an effective nutritional strategy to improve the fertility of females. In an extensive review, Staples et al. concluded that supplemental lipids improved reproduction function and fertility in cattle, and suggested that positive responses were the result of providing supplemental EFA. The possible mechanisms that have been proposed included: nutraceutical regulation post-partum, modulation of follicle development, improved embryonic quality, increased concentrations of hormones important in reproduction (e.g. prostaglandins, progesterone), and pregnancy recognition and maintenance via cell signaling . Figure 9 illustrates possible mechanisms of supplemental EFA during lactation that positively impact the subsequent reproduction. For the purpose of the present review, we briefly discuss potential mechanisms of EFA when supplemented to lactation diets. Feeding a protected lipid (rich in linoleic acid) during early lactation of cattle reduced the severity and incidence of uterine disease postpartum (e.g. retained placenta, metritis) and this was related with enhanced uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2α [44, 65]. Prostaglandin F2α is synthesized by the endometrium using linoleic acid as a precursor. In 4 experiments (using 435 to 910 cows in each experiment), Lopes et al. demonstrated that supplementation of rumen-protected lipid (40 % linoleic and 3 % α-linolenic acid) to diets of lactating cows improved pregnancy rates at d 28 post insemination by more than 12 % when compared with cows fed diets with no added lipid. Moreover, oocyte membrane fluidity is influenced by its phospholipid content and it improves with unsaturated fatty acids. Supplemental EFA during lactation has also been related to enhanced follicle development and growth and improved oocyte quality in cattle [44, 67]. Furthermore, Santos et al. suggested that supplemental EFA activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPAR-δ), which influences the metabolism of prostaglandins and is involved in the pregnancy recognition and implantation processes. We conclude that supplemental EFA during lactation corrects the negative EFA balance and positively impacts the ability of sows to achieve and maintain pregnancy and improves subsequent litter size. Supplemental EFA during lactation seems to be increasingly important with advancing sow age and is expected to be more important under conditions of heat stress. Feeding programs for the modern lactating sow should be designed to provide a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid to > 95 % of the sows; thereby, collectively achieving a maximum sow reproductive efficiency through multiple mechanisms that include rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and improved subsequent litter size. This review shows that supplemental lipids improve caloric intake of lactating sows, which improves milk fat output and litter growth rate. Most importantly, supplemental lipids resulted in a remarkable improvement in return to estrus after weaning, maintenance of subsequent pregnancy and subsequent litter size. We contend that supplemental EFA during lactation corrects a negative EFA balance and this improved the fertility of the modern sow; a phenomenon that seems to be increasingly important with advancing sow age. Feeding programs for the modern lactating sow should be designed to provide a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid provided to > 95 % of the sows; thereby, achieving a maximum sow reproductive efficiency through multiple mechanisms that include rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and large subsequent litter size in mature sows, that appear to be especially susceptible to EFA deficiency. The authors express their appreciation to Hanor Company for providing access to the research facilities and for actively participating in the study; Mark McCulley for his technical assistance when manufacturing feed; Marcos Cuevas and the farm crew for their expert management of animals for any internal research reported in this review. Also thanks to the faculty, staff, and students from the North Carolina State University for their assistance in the research studies. These studies were supported partially by the North Carolina Pork Council, Raleigh, NC and the North Carolina Agricultural Foundation, Raleigh, NC. The authors DSR, RDB, JO and EH recognized from their recent studies the likelihood that essential fatty acids limitation was being expressed reproductively. DSR and EH designed the internal research reported in this review. DSR conducted the internal research reported in this review. DSR, RDB, JO and EH were involved in portrayal of the data, interpretation of the analysis, and they conducted a critical review of the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript. David S. Rosero, Ph. D. is a Research Scientist for Hanor Company, with expertise in lactating sow nutrition, energy and nutrient digestibility, nutrient utilization, lipid peroxidation, and statistics. R. Dean Boyd, Ph. D. is the Director of Nutrition and Technology for Hanor Company and Adjunct Professor at the North Carolina State University and Iowa State University with expertise in amino acid and energy nutrition and metabolic regulation. Jack Odle, Ph. D. is a William Neal Reynolds Professor of Animal Science at North Carolina State University with expertise in lipid nutritional biochemistry. Eric van Heugten, Ph. D. is a Professor of Animal Science and Nutrition at the North Carolina State University with expertise in lipid digestion and utilization, energy and nutrient digestibility, and alternative feed ingredients in swine diets. Mention of a trade names, proprietary products, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by The Hanor Company LLC or North Carolina State University, and does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products. The Hanor Company and North Carolina State University are an equal opportunity provider and employer.

2019-04-26T11:49:03Z

https://jasbsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40104-016-0092-x

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Fourteen years ago, Christ Church, Shaker Heights was – in the eyes of many - a parish that didn’t have much of a future. In prior years, a series of events involving inappropriate behavior by both clergy and lay leaders substantially diminished our parish life. Fractious arguments between various groups split the congregation. A significant number of congregants fled to other churches or nowhere at all. Morale was low and the financial situation was dismal. As people and money fled, there was an increasing overreliance on the White Spire Fund principal to balance the operating budget, which was $200,000 larger than it is today. Based on then-current levels of principal withdrawals, the parish estimated it had no more than five years of cash reserve left. It was a grim situation. If things did not improve quickly, we were destined to join the forty-plus Episcopal churches that close every year because they lack the money, membership or both to sustain a viable faith community. Many of you remember those very challenging days. Despite this gloomy outlook, a remnant of faithful people believed in Christ Church and knew that God had a future for this parish. They had faith and hope. While they might not have discerned exactly what the future looked like, they knew they had one. To paraphrase the writer of the letter to the Hebrews, "[They had] faith, [which] is confidence in what [they] hope[d] for and assurance about what [they] did not see.” At least did not see in that moment of time. Having a heart open to hear God’s call saved this parish, even when we doubted. A heart that welcomed all of God’s children. A heart that was ready to reinvent this parish and how we used this building we have been given. A heart to try new things, even to the point of failure, so we could keep on discerning and learning. A wise heart that could grieve. A big heart that could embrace. A warm heart that could love. You’ve gotta have heart - and we did. As we enter 2018, Christ Church is here – breathing, active, brimming with tenants and proclaiming the good news of the Gospel. No one is talking about the end of our days any longer. We now ask what God has in store for our future. … and Christ Church is at the heart would be in a human body. We are literally and metaphorically in the heart of the Van Aken District! In Matthew’s gospel, Jesus tells us, “For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.” (Matthew 6:21) This parish knows where our heart is and we treasure what we are known for: radical welcome, forgiveness, hearing God’s call, sensing God’s presence in our midst, quality Christian formation, great liturgy and music, caring for the least of these, our location in this unfolding new community around us, and much more. Is there more treasure than those things for us to mine? Hold on to that question. At Diocesan Winter Convocation last February, guest speaker and Episcopal priest Dwight Zscheile provided insights. Zscheile has written several books about the church and the surrounding culture in an age when the culture grows increasingly hostile and ambivalent to the church and all institutional religion. The “Agile Church” is goes into community neighborhoods where it lives and meets people where they are in their lives. It doesn’t come with a list of demands about belief, practice, attendance, etc. It is a church focused on fostering spaces and relationships in which people can learn, explore, practice and play so that they can grow in relationship with each other and develop one with God. Mark Swaim-Fox led two successful workshops last year with numerous participants. These groups explored who they felt were our neighbors and how we as the spiritual heart of this new Van Aken neighborhood could meet them. In a few weeks, a third workshop with previous participants will assess our initial workshops and devise an action plan. The Vestry hosted two trial events last year to meet our neighbors. We hosted an ice cream social for the Thornton Neighborhood Association in August, and then had a wine and cheese reception for tenants and groups who regularly use our building. We were able to meet people, make connections and foster relationships. We understand that our literal Thornton neighbors and our building neighbors are treasures we could mine in the heart of Christ Church. And these become relationships of reciprocity. As we meet people where they are, they get to know us for who we are. The suspicions, preconceptions and fears that many people have of Christians and institutional religion fall away. People come to discover we are not one of those fundamentalist, Biblical literalist, judgmental and exclusivist expressions of the faith. As followers of Jesus, we know that this is not what he preached or practiced. We are called to be better than that. We are a place whose heart is sure that Jesus has redeemed for God from every family, language, people, nation and more. We know that Jesus loved radically and wantonly, and we are called to follow that example. At the Shaker Community Gallery grand opening last year, artistic director Leslye Arian told the crowd of 100-plus that Christ Church is a hospitable, warm, and caring faith community. Gallery founders felt we were gracious in all ways when they considered establishing the Shaker Community gallery in our chapel. Leslye added, “I’m Jewish, but if I weren’t, I’d be a member here!” Testimonies like this are evidence of how we are an authentic heart-centered community and how others perceive the treasure that is Christ Church. Let us continue to explore our heart, the treasures that lie in it, the treasures we have yet to mine – especially our neighbors - and all other treasures God wants us to acquire as we build God’s reign. Let us not only be an agile Church, but a community of Jesus followers who love our neighbor as ourselves and love God with our hearts. In my State of the Parish address three years ago, I challenged the congregation to a “BHAG: A big hairy, audacious goal.” That goal was to balance the parish operating budget by 2021 to be self-sufficient and no longer reliant on any principal withdrawal from the White Spire Fund (WSF). To have the members assume better stewardship for the sustainability and viability of their spiritual home. As Jim Walton (treasurer) and Matt Wholey (chair of the Stewardship Committee) reported, we have been made significant headway towards our BHAG. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, stewardship giving has increased. The incentive of an anonymous $40,000 one-time gift toward 2018 pledging inspired many people to increase their giving. To date, we are $30,000 over what the Vestry budgeted in pledge income for 2018: $361,000 versus $331,000. Our rental income is strong. The staff, lay and clergy leaders continue to exercise restraint in spending and controlling budgets. Barring any major operational crisis, this means we will draw down the smallest amount of principal from the WSF in 18 years. We budgeted for a draw of just under $83,000 this year. At our current pledge level, that will be closer to $50,000, maybe less. It wasn’t that long ago we were above $130,000 per year. That’s considerable progress toward the BHAG and is simply phenomenal! To invite people to participate in the activities of our various tenant. To proclaim the good news of this place in the heart of the Van Aken District. If any of you would like to make a one-time challenge pledge gift to the parish, please see me! Speaking of legacy giving, I want to remember Jackie Hudson. Some of you will remember Jackie, a marvelous, warm, big-hearted woman from Jamaica who worked for Nestlé in Solon. Jackie was a faithful and loving Christian who was devoted to Christ Church. Among her many ministries, she was a lector. I assure you there is nothing more beautiful than hearing scripture in a gorgeous Jamaican lilt. Jackie died from cancer in 2009. In her legacy giving, she left a $50,000 gift to Christ Church in a Deferred Executive Compensation Plan with payouts made to the church over nine years. We are about to receive the final payment. Because the money was wisely invested, each yearly payment was in excess of $7,000. Over nine years, this resulted in more than $63,000 to the parish. Jackie’s gift of love to this parish is one reason we are here today. Each of us can do something in our estate planning. No gift is too small or too big. It all accrues to the good. It allows us to proclaim the gospel in this corner of the vineyard well into the future. Of course, it’s not only what happens here. It’s about what happens here that nourishes and encourages us to go into the world to love and serve God. January’s Women’s March, we had dozens of Christ Church members – women and men who respect them - march in Cleveland, New York, and Washington, D.C. These folks incarnated the gospel as they publicly proclaimed that in our America, all people are equal, love always wins, black lives matter, immigrants and refugees are welcome, disabilities are respected, women are in charge of their own bodies, people and planet are valued over profits, and diversity is celebrated. We supported Forest Hills Presbyterian Church with our financial assistance and prayers as they took in Leonor Garcia, a woman with four children born in this country, whom ICE wants to deport. Our Vestry voted unanimously to support a resolution before the Shaker City Council to make this a sanctuary city, living into the Biblical commands to “not wrong or oppress the foreigner in [y]our midst” (Ex. 22:21) and to love our neighbor as ourselves. We also had several Christ Church members who worked on the steering committee that supported this resolution, which failed to pass Council by one vote. Justice was heard as many community leaders – including me – spoke to Council to encourage its passage. We continue to provide 50 sandwich lunches a week to St. Herman’s Orthodox Monastery on the near-Westside, which operates a 24/7 feeding program for those experiencing food shortages. This ministry is now solidly financially solvent and able to continue tanks to your generous giving. Our Outreach Committee continues to provide donations of food and hygiene kits to the Homeless Stand Down, supports Family Promise and Episcopal Relief and Development and makes micro-loans to women beginning their own businesses in two Third World countries. These are but a part of the ways that we share the treasure of our hearts with our neighbors, near and far. Our tenant roster continues to grow. The Shaker Community Gallery (SCG) had its inaugural exhibit in the spring, followed by two more in the late summer and late fall/early winter. The SCG has attracted hundreds of people into our building to see the artwork. In the process, we have had the opportunity to make our community known to them. I have had several conversations with folks interested about the parish and our expression of the Christian faith. Once the construction is completed across the street and the entertainment and commercial aspects are up and running, the SCG will have a much wider audience to come and see future exhibits. If you have not attended the SCG or one of the special lectures on art that are part of each exhibit, I encourage you to do so and bring a friend! Meghann Heenen, an artist who does dance interpretations on canvas with charcoal, has rented one of our old IHN family rooms. Her art is fascinating and a must-see. Meghann is a charming and vivacious spirit who exudes a zest for life. Our vision to utilize this building as an asset and to develop it as an arts and culture center and the home of a vibrant faith community in the heart of the Van Aken district continues to come to fruition. We are talking with Clay Works, a ceramics studio that currently operates in the Cleveland Heights Coventry Library. Since the library is being remodeled and taking over the entire building for their operation, Clay Works is seeking a new home. We should know in the next few days if we will be their new home. Last year, the Diocese of Ohio celebrated its 200th anniversary. As part of that celebration, the Diocese asked all parishes to engage in a #What’sYour200? Campaign. Essentially, we were asked to do things to build up God’s reign in units of 200. Laura and Mollie Borgione were literally our cheerleaders for this campaign at Christ Church. I’m biased, but I believe their charismatic and enthusiastic leadership helped us surpass other #What’sYour200? projects. We collected 200 packages of baby diapers and wipes for the Interfaith Hospitality network (IHN). We made 200 pretzels to buy a goat for Bellwether Farm and collected 600 + quarters (3 times 200) for a small flock of chickens. We donated 200 hours to the Cleveland Food Bank. We planted 200 tulip bulbs around our Warrensville sign. We sold 200-plus Retap water bottles (proceeds support the Outreach Committee), St. Herman’s, the Altar Guild and the Rector’s Discretionary account. And there were other 200’s. It was awesome!!! While this didn’t count for the Diocesan project, we poured way more than 200 draft beers at the June Van Aken beer garden! We certainly made more than 200 people happy in doing so! Kudos to Mollie and Laura for their leading us last year in this anniversary event. Next year is the 150th anniversary of the founding of the first Christ Church congregation. We will share our plans to celebrate this auspicious occasion in the coming months, but rest assured a #What’sYour150? will be part of it! Last year was a big year for Christ Church at the Diocesan level. Our beloved Byrdie Lee was the recipient of the Bishop’s Medal for her tireless, life-long work for racial justice. I can’t think of a worthier person to receive this distinguished honor. Katie Ong-Landini was honored with a Bicentennial Medal recognizing her tireless efforts as the Project Coordinator of Bellwether Farm, our new camp and retreat center. I do not think I have seen Katie more radiant and happy than the day the farm was dedicated with our Presiding Bishop, Michael Curry in attendance. She deserved this honor. Byrdie, Katie and faithful Christians brought great pride and joy to our faith community. Thank you both! Speaking of Bellwether Farm: We will be offering an overnight parish retreat this autumn, October 13 - 14. Mark your calendars. The fall will be a lovely time to enjoy this beautiful property and be with God. Construction isn’t only going on at Bellwether Farm. In 2018, we will commence with Phase II of our capital campaign construction project. As I wrote you last year, we were the first parish in the Diocese to pay off in full our Diocesan share of the monies we raised for the Capital Campaign. This is commendable and means that enough people have maintained or have exceeded keeping up with their capital campaign pledges, allowing us to begin phase two. Phase one included brick repointing, stair and patio reconstruction, water abatement, air-conditioning unit replacements, boiler repairs and upgrades, the repairs and painting of our iconic White Spire, new LED lighting, the portico lighting and an electronic carillon. Phase 2, as we learned earlier from Lisa and Lynn, will be the addition of a men’s restroom, a new ladies restroom, and a unisex restroom on our main floor. We also hope to make major electrical upgrades, especially in the utility closet on the sanctuary balcony where all the Byzantine panels, switches and reo-stats that control sanctuary lighting are located. From a utilitarian perspective, the new men’s room is very practical. From the perspective of Christian hospitality, especially toward elderly and differently abled people, this is a big deal! In an odd sort of way, I am considering that the addition of a men’s room on our main floor (finally, after sixty years!) may be one of my cornerstone legacies at Christ Church! I’d like to touch for a moment on evangelism. Okay, I hear everyone sucking in their breath thinking, “He said that nasty “E” word!” We Episcopalians are never, or least not anytime soon, going to engage in evangelism through talking directly to people and convincing them of how valuable a relationship with God in Jesus is to a good and whole life. We are definitely need to be a stealthier, more Trojan horse in our efforts. Visitors to the Shaker Community Gallery and the clients of our tenants allow us to evangelically engage people in subtle ways as they experience the artwork, bulletin boards and literature on Great Hall’s table. These things often pique their interest in us. But another significant and powerful tool is social media, web sites, printed material and to a lesser degree email. Let me give you an example: We printed several hundred postcards for both Cookie Walk and our Christmas services this year, as well as posters. We then created ads for social media that were posted not just on our Facebook page, but on the Lomond and Sussex Neighborhood Association Facebook pages, the Van Aken District Facebook page and the Shaker Heights Development Corporation Facebook page. We also place postcards and posters at local coffee shop, restaurants and businesses who would post them. We saw a 40% increase in activity and sales at Cookie Walk this year and attendance was 30% higher at the Children’s Christmas Pageant compared to 2016. For the Pageant, it was the highest attendance in over a decade! I am convinced that the work we did in getting the word out, especially on social media, played a significant part in these success stories. And had we not had heavy snow resulting in poor driving conditions later on Christmas Eve and Christmas morning, I am equally as convinced that we would have seen attendance increases at those services. This past year, the numbers stayed flat at those services compared to the past few years. Sharing on social media, giving or mailing postcards, and sending email links is soft-evangelism that we all can safely do without thinking we are getting in someone’s face or forcing religion on them. It’s certainly easier than ringing doorbells! So, let’s make a commitment to share and post and mail the good news about what is happening at this parish. We have Holy Week and Easter to give this another trial run. We also have a marvelous Concerts at the Crossroads series that J is planning. This approach to evangelism is easy and it’s effective. We certainly have good evidence that it will bring positive results. The “E” word never sounded so good! Earlier, we recognized all vestry members who have served this parish this past year. I would like to especially recognize the members of this year’s outgoing Vestry class of 2018. Rhonda Haugabook, Jane Macarthy, Frances Baker, as well as youth representative, Skylar Biggerman. They have been faithful servants of this parish and the Lord. Jane served as our clerk for two years and was always a stabilizing presence with a great sense of humor at Vestry. Frances is graciously signing up for another tour of duty and taking on a second term on vestry as she fills out an unexpired term. She has been source of wisdom and gravitas for us all and the person with some of the wryest humor I have ever met! Skylar provided the vestry with a young person’s perspective and was always thoughtful and thought-provoking in the questions she posed at meetings. Rhonda has served for three years; one as vestry member, one as Junior Warden and one as Senor Warden. She has been a wonderful companion and confidant to me during her tenure. I am grateful for her leadership, her support and her devotion to this congregation. She face some challenging issues while on vestry, especially the Helen Road house property. The property had seriously deteriorated and become uninhabitable. Her taking on that task and turning a debacle into a blessing is a monument to her skills, talents, devotion and endurance as a leader. She did this all while planning a wedding and getting married! You truly are wonder woman! I am very grateful for her companionship in ministry. Jim Walton continues to serve us well as our treasurer, even with the demands of his position at University Circle, Inc. and a beautiful granddaughter whom he adores. The Property Committee continues to step up to the plate as it deals with all the mechanical issues that occur in a 60-year-old building. My thanks to Katie Ong-Landini, Lisa Fletcher, Lynne Winkelman and all individual members for leading the charge. I want to commend Fred Gage as an exemplary member of the Property Committee for whom no task is too daunting. I really do not know where we would be without Fred’s skills and devotion to this parish. He is generous to a fault. Two people retiring this past year are our Altar Guild co-directors, Nancy Morrow and Marge Stewart. These two women have served the parish quietly from the liturgical nerve center of the sacristy. Being a member of the Altar Guild is a significant job and without them, we would not be able to worship. Being its leaders is doubly so. It takes dedication, patience and attention to detail, gifts that Nancy and Marge have brought us with grace. They are the right arm of the priest and I am very grateful for their service. Our new co-directors of the Guild are Sarah Gage and Yvette Wilson. We will commission them at the 10:30 service this morning. Someone else who retired last year was Ruth Mercer, who was our ROTA master. For those of you who don’t know what that is, the ROTA is the schedule of all the participants in the worship services: chalice bearers, lectors, sub-deacons, etc. The task of doing that schedule is somewhat akin to herding cats. I am grateful for Ruth’s faithfulness to that task for several years. Our new ROTA master is Dana Biggerman, who has taken to this new ministry like a duck to water. I also want to offer special thanks to our retired sexton, Harry Holliman. Harry served this parish for nearly ten years as our maintenance person. As you are aware, he was a faithful servant who worked hard to keep our facility in good shape. He was appreciated by many people, our congregation and tenants, for his willingness to serve and with a wonderful sense of humor. I do miss his contagious laugh ringing throughout the building. As always, a state of the parish report can get unwieldy. And it would take another half hour to honor each and every person who gives of their time and talent to make this parish run well. Like at the Oscars and Tony’s, I’m always afraid the music will start to crescendo if I go on too long, and I definitely don’t want to pull a Bette Midler on you if that happens. I do want to offer my deepest thanks to all the volunteers: Counters, tellers, Outreach, Finance, Property, Worship and Budget committees, office helpers, Christ Church Hosts, Cookie Walk coordinators, catechists and teachers, liturgical ministers, acolytes, the choir and our various musicians, for all they do and all that they are. You are a blessing to me and to us all. Thank you! We continue to be well-served by our staff. Karen Rockwell, our parish administrator, holds down the fort in our office and keeps a sharp eye out for the building. I appreciate her skills, gifts and enthusiasm that she brings to her work. And of course, with Karen we get two adjunct office occupants with Hannah and Poppy, her two Whippets. Leslie Swaim-Fox steadfastly continues as our Director of Religious Education. She is one of our pearls of great value and valued by all. J Bennett is our new Music Director who arrived this past August. When our former music director, Jeanette Ostrander relocated to Ithaca, New York last spring, we were concerned that we would not be able to find a new Music Director of her caliber. God was good though. Out of 9 applicants, we had three excellent candidates. J was the best of the group and we are blessed to have his talents as a fine musician with a wonderful friendly demeanor and charisma. And while not on staff, I want to recognize Shane Millette, our accountant, for all he does and his wisdom. He helps keep the financial house of this parish in good order, which is no small thing. We continue to be blessed by the presence of some excellent clergy in our midst. Fr. Jim Greer who will celebrate his 60th anniversary of ordination to the priesthood next year, and is like the energizer bunny with his endless zeal to serve the Church. The Rev. Meghan Froehlich, who offers us grace, wisdom and laughter, and is our “in” at the national Church Center in Manhattan. The Rev. Dean Myers, a Presbyterian minister who not only sings in the choir, but gives us the gift of his wonderful, insightful, wise homilies, including one later this morning. Dean also led one of the more popular adult formation classes we have ever offered, on aging gracefully this past November. The Rachel Hackenberg, a UCC minister who works at the United Church of Christ headquarters in Cleveland and worships with us. Rachel preaches several times per year and offers us the gift of her considerable spiritual wisdom. Of course, there are those awesome red high heels! Having other clergy at Christ Church enriches this community in numerous ways and I am very grateful for the offering of their gifts and companionship. I am going to conclude by using the same quote I closed with last year. It bears repeating. The presence of God in our hearts is holiness. Holiness comes from the heart. There is much holiness in the hearts of the people of this parish. We make that presence visible through loving our neighbors as ourselves, welcoming the stranger, seeking Christ in all persons, alleviating the suffering of the least among us, practicing forgiveness and more. ​It continues to be a privilege to serve as your rector. Thank you.

2019-04-23T12:53:59Z

https://www.cometochristchurch.org/musingssermons/archives/02-2018

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Progent's pricing policy is to bill for remote service and on-premises visits by the minute. As a result, you are charged exclusively for delivered services. Progent does not demand a higher rate for after-hours or emergency support, and within California or in areas where Progent provides in-person service, Progent does not bill for travel time except for emergency support where on-site time is less than four hours. In addition, Progent imposes no service activation fee and asks no monthly commitment for services delivered during normal business hours. Many service organizations demand large minimum payments or charge for each fifteen minutes or longer. Progent's fine granularity eliminates large bills for fast solutions so you will not be tempted to allow minor problems to fester. Progent has created a sophisticated service reporting system that records and formats complete documentation for all delivered services. Unlike many freelance consultants or small support firms who provide scant documentation or details of tasks performed, each service delivered by Progent is accompanied by full documentation. Every Progent consultant has access to the support documentation transmitted by every consultant to every client. The discipline of detailing and organizing support activity results in more effective service and avoids a variety of typical problems such as when a service client is effectively held captive to a consultant who refuses to let go of the keys to the kingdom. Progent is one of the few consulting companies to offer 24x7 network monitoring services powered by MS Operations Manager. Microsoft Operations Manager causes your network maintenance to be proactive instead of reactive. By uncovering potential problems before they cause downtime, system monitoring can keep your IT network from stressful and expensive service disruptions. How Does My Business Begin Receiving Online Technical Support from Progent? To get started with Progent's Nationwide Remote Support services or to learn more about Progent's online support programs, call Progent at 1-866-PROGENT (866-776-4368) or see Contact Progent. If you have an urgent requirement for IT help, visit Immediate Online Support.

2019-04-20T04:13:34Z

https://www.progent.com/Glendale.htm

Embodiments of the invention include a system and method for comparing financial products as funding sources for a financial plan, such as a non-qualified supplemental benefit plan or an individual financial plan. Such embodiments include selecting two or more financial products for comparison of a set of attributes, assigning a weight to each of the attributes, scaling the values of the financial products across each attribute, multiplying the scaled values by the assigned weights, and generating a weighted score for each financial product by summing the weighted scaled values for each product. Various tradeoffs in selecting one product over another can be determined by changing the assigned weight for at least one of the attributes in a subsequent comparison. &lsqb;0001&rsqb; This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/214,675, filed on Jun. 27, 2000. The entire teachings of the above application are incorporated herein by reference. &lsqb;0002&rsqb; Non-qualified benefit plans are executive benefit programs whose primary purpose is to provide supplemental benefits to a company's key executives. The term “supplemental” refers to additional benefits over and above the benefits provided by the company's qualified benefit plans (e.g., retirement, group life insurance, disability). &lsqb;0003&rsqb; For example, Non-Qualified Deferral Plans (NQDP's) are a particular form of non-qualified benefit plan that permits a company's key executives to defer substantial portions of their compensation, thereby delaying taxation on both the deferral amount, and subsequent growth until the balance is distributed, as long as some basic rules are followed (e.g., exemptions from Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 “ERISA” and from the constructive receipt doctrine under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended). &lsqb;0004&rsqb; When a sponsor establishes a non-qualified benefit program, including a non-qualified deferral plan, the company is obliged to represent the commitment to distribute future benefits on their current balance sheet in the form of a liability. For an NQDP, the liability is equal to the aggregate account balances accrued for the participants. &lsqb;0005&rsqb; During the accumulation period when participants are deferring receipt of current income, the company actually increases their after-tax cash flow by retaining the compensation they otherwise would have paid to the participants. As time passes, the value of the participants' accounts becomes significant. &lsqb;0006&rsqb; Since non-qualified benefit plans are funded by the commitment of the employing entity (i.e., the “Plan Sponsor”), many companies elect to invest the retained compensation into a funding mechanism to accumulate assets to satisfy the future benefit obligation when it becomes due. While the company can invest in anything it wishes, two of the more popular choices are taxable securities (often held through Mutual Funds) or tax-sheltered Corporate Owned Life Insurance (COLI). Furthermore, some NQDP's use the values of such financial products as a means to define and measure the benefits of the plan. &lsqb;0007&rsqb; In today's marketplace, there is significant competition among venders of financial products, with trade-offs associated with each product. For example, it is often true that companies with the best performing products may not have the highest ratings for financial strength. Similarly, a product with the lowest cash flow requirements may have relatively poor results with respect to impact on corporate earnings. &lsqb;0008&rsqb; With the increase in product offerings and vendor competition, it has become more difficult for Plan Sponsors, designers, consultants, brokers, and administrators to differentiate among the financial options. There are a number of factors that must be evaluated in selecting an appropriate product to cover the future benefit obligation maximizing the total value to the company. &lsqb;0009&rsqb; Embodiments of the invention include a system and method for comparing financial products as funding sources for a financial plan, such as a non-qualified supplemental benefit plan or individual financial planning. &lsqb;0010&rsqb; Two or more financial products are selected for comparison of a set of attributes. According to one embodiment, the products compared include life insurance policies (e.g., COLI insurance) and securities (e.g., mutual funds). &lsqb;0011&rsqb; The attributes are populated with subjective or objective values for each product. Certain attributes are populated with grades from one or more financial databases, which provide a comparative grade of financial strength of product carriers. Such grades are typically provided as letter grades. Therefore, the grades are converted to a numeric scale. Other attributes are populated with values from a financial product illustration system, which projects values for each of the financial products. Still other attributes are populated with subjective scores from a user based upon the user's experience with similar plans, sponsors, and funding sources. &lsqb;0012&rsqb; Each attribute is assigned a weight indicating its relevant importance in the product evaluation. The attributes are grouped into analytical categories (e.g., Financial Strength, Funding, Contractual Features, Other), with each category being assigned a weight. The sum of the weights of the individual attributes should be equal to the assigned weight of the analytical category. &lsqb;0013&rsqb; The populated values or scores are scaled across each attribute in order to reduce clustering of values and to curve the grades for relative ranking purposes. According to one embodiment, the scores of each attribute are scaled by identifying a maximum value and a minimum value for an attribute, calculating an adjusted maximum value and an adjusted minimum value by applying a dispersion factor to the maximum and minimum values, calculating an adjusted range from the adjusted maximum and minimum values, and generating a scaled value from the adjusted range for each financial product, resulting in a curved set of scaled product values for the attribute. &lsqb;0014&rsqb; Each of the scaled scores is then weighted by multiplying each score by an assigned weight. A weighted score for each financial product is generated by summing the weighted scaled values for each product. The resulting scores allow a user, such as a Plan Sponsor, designer, consultant, broker, or administrator, to differentiate among various product offerings. In order to compare various financial tradeoffs, the assigned weights can be modified in subsequent comparisons. Furthermore, changes may be made to the selected products and attributes to compare their effects on the relative rankings. &lsqb;0015&rsqb; FIG. 1A is a set of pie charts illustrating weight assignment for analytical categories according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0016&rsqb; FIG. 1B is a set of charts illustrating weight assignment for individual attributes within their analytical categories according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0017&rsqb; FIG. 1C is a chart illustrating the overall, relative product scores resulting from the financial product evaluation according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0018&rsqb; FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a financial product evaluation system according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0019&rsqb; FIG. 3A is a flow chart illustrating the first stage for evaluating financial products as a potential funding source according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0020&rsqb; FIG. 3B is a flow chart illustrating the second stage for evaluating financial products as a potential funding source according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0021&rsqb; FIG. 4A illustrates the user interface as a spreadsheet according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0022&rsqb; FIG. 4B is a conversion chart illustrating how rating agency grades map to a numeric scale according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0023&rsqb; FIG. 4C illustrates the user interface as a spreadsheet after conversion of the rating agency grades into corresponding numeric scores according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0024&rsqb; FIG. 4D illustrates the user interface as a spreadsheet calculating the adjusted range and adjusted maximum and minimum scores per attribute according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0025&rsqb; FIG. 4E illustrates the resulting overall relative weighted product scores according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0026&rsqb; FIG. 4F illustrates a different set of overall weighted product scores resulting from a reassignment of weights according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0027&rsqb; FIGS. 5A-5M illustrate a web page interface for the AFS eValuator system according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0028&rsqb; The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. &lsqb;0029&rsqb; Embodiments of the invention include a system and method for evaluating financial products as a funding source for a financial plan, such as non-qualified supplemental benefit plans, individual financial plans, and other such types of financial plans. Such products may include securities (e.g., mutual funds) and life insurance (e.g., COLI insurance). In addition, other embodiments may evaluate financial products for individual financial planning and/or death benefit purposes. &lsqb;0030&rsqb; Financial products are evaluated through a weighted scores comparison of a set of both subjective and objective attributes, referred to as comparison factors. Such attributes include financial or contractual attributes. Each of the attributes are grouped into analytical categories, such as Financial Strength, Funding Analysis, Contractual Features, and other such categories. &lsqb;0031&rsqb; Each category is assigned a relative weight representing the relative importance of that category in analyzing product tradeoffs. FIG. 1A is a set of pie charts illustrating weight assignment for analytical categories according to one embodiment. The assigned weights can be changed in subsequent comparisons to evaluate the products in terms of alternate tradeoffs. Furthermore, each attribute within an analytical category is assigned a relative weight indicating its relative importance in a particular category. The sum of the weights of the individual attributes within a category should equal the assigned weight of the category, as illustrated in FIG. 1B. &lsqb;0032&rsqb; The attributes are populated with subjective or objective values for each product. From the attribute values, an overall, relative product score and ranking is calculated for each product as illustrated in FIG. 1C. As the weights are changed, the resulting product scores may also change. If the product scores and rankings do not change substantially with changes in weight assignment, selecting the financial product with the highest overall scores is a robust decision. Conversely, substantial changes in the overall scores and rankings due to changes in weight assignment may highlight the tradeoffs in selecting one product over another. Thus, financial products may be evaluated with respect to various tradeoffs to determine how a supplemental benefit plan can best be optimized to maximize the total value to the company. &lsqb;0033&rsqb; FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a financial product evaluation system according to one embodiment. The system includes a server 100, one or more clients 200, at least one financial database 300, and at least one financial product illustration system 400. &lsqb;0034&rsqb; The server 100 includes an engine for evaluating a set of financial products according to the weighted scores analysis. Upon request, the server 100 generates and transmits an interactive graphic user interface (GUI) of the evaluation system to the one or more clients 200. The GUI allows a user to control selection of financial plan structure, selection of financial products under comparison, weight assignment, and input of subjective values for certain attributes. The server 100 may be implemented as a web server transmitting web pages for display on a client. &lsqb;0035&rsqb; The clients 200 may be a computer, a kiosk, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), hand-held computer, or any other network device capable of displaying interactive content (e.g., web browser). Other client-server arrangements are also possible. For example, the client-server configuration may be implemented at the same location as a spreadsheet according to another embodiment. &lsqb;0036&rsqb; The server 100 retrieves data from the financial databases 300 and the illustration systems 400 to populate certain attributes for each product under comparison. The financial databases 300 include published financial information, such as organizational ratings of insurers and/or mutual funds. The illustration systems 400 calculate financial projections regarding the performance of various financial products over periods of time. According to one embodiment, the financial product illustration system 400 is the AFS Master System® by American Financial Systems, Inc., a Windows-based illustration, reprojection, and administration software system designed specifically for the supplemental benefits market. &lsqb;0037&rsqb; According to one embodiment, the process for comparing financial products includes a first stage for user input and raw scoring and a second stage for adjustment of scores and ranking. The process may be repeated as a user changes the products under comparison or the weights assigned to each category and attributes thereof. FIG. 3A is a flow chart illustrating the first stage, while FIG. 3B is a flow chart illustrating the second stage. &lsqb;0038&rsqb; Referring to FIG. 3A, the user logs onto the server 100 from a client 200 at 510. &lsqb;0039&rsqb; At 520, a graphical user interface is displayed through the client 200 with menus displaying choices of supplemental benefit plan structures. &lsqb;0040&rsqb; At 530, the user selects the desired type of supplemental benefit plan structure. If the financial product evaluation is for funding an individual financial plan, the selection of supplemental benefit plan may be replaced with a selection of some other financial plan structure, if any. &lsqb;0041&rsqb; At 540, a number of financial products are offered for the selected plan structure, typically corporate owned life insurance (COLI) or mutual funds. The system is capable of dynamically updating and supporting any number of products within the same broad category (e.g., COLI insurance or securities). Within a broad category, such as COLI insurance, the system can compare different financial products as funding sources having a wide range of contractual and other such features. &lsqb;0042&rsqb; At 550, the user selects the financial products for evaluation as potential funding sources for the chosen type of supplemental benefit plan. &lsqb;0043&rsqb; At 560 and referring to FIG. 4A, a user interface is displayed with the selected products 800 for the chosen plan and fields 810 corresponding to a set of attributes 820. These fields are populated either by user input or retrieval from the financial databases 300 and illustration systems 400. Sets of attributes are grouped into categories 830, such as (1) Financial Strength of Insurance Company, (2) Funding Analysis, (3) Contractual Features, and (4) Other. &lsqb;0044&rsqb; At 570, the user assigns relative weights to each analytical category and to each attribute within each category. For example, in FIG. 4A, the “Funding Analysis” category is assigned the most weight (i.e., 60%), while the “Financial Strength” category is assigned less weight (i.e., 20%). Therefore, in this comparison, the plan administrator is evaluating the selected products, trading off financial strength for greater funding performance. The server 100 accepts the assigned weights at 580. &lsqb;0045&rsqb; At 590, the user inputs subjective scores for the subjective attributes, which are accepted by the server 100 at 600. &lsqb;0046&rsqb; At 610, the server 100 queries the financial databases 300 to populate certain objective attributes, such as rating agency grades under the “Financial Strength” category. &lsqb;0047&rsqb; Referring to FIGS. 3A and 4A, the rating agency grades 840 published by organizational rating agencies, such as Standard and Poors (S&P), Weiss, and A.M. Best, are populated into the attribute input fields under the Financial Strength category that measure the adequacy of the issuer of a financial product (e.g., an insurance carrier) as a financial institution, which is covering a long term liability created by the non-qualified benefits that are being funded. Since these performance grades are typically specified as letter grades, the server 100 converts the financial strength performance grades into corresponding numeric scores 850 using a conversion chart at 620. &lsqb;0048&rsqb; FIG. 4B is a conversion chart illustrating how rating agency grades map to a numeric scale according to one embodiment. According to one embodiment, the numeric scores for agency ratings range from −1 to 20. Since performance grades differ among agencies, a performance grade in one agency may not be given the same numeric score as the same performance grade in another agency. For example, a performance grade of AA&plus; from S&P maps to a numeric score of 18, while the same letter grade from A.M. Best maps to a numeric score of 20. FIG. 4C illustrates the user interface after conversion of the rating agency grades into corresponding numeric scores according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0049&rsqb; At 630, the system launches and runs the financial product illustration software (e.g., AFS Master System® or other financial product illustration system) which may be executed on the same or different server as the server 100. The illustration system 400 calculates a variety of attributes, such as those under the “Funding Analysis” category for each potential funding source. The values of these attributes depend on the type of supplemental benefits plan selected and the particular products evaluated. &lsqb;0050&rsqb; At 640, the server collects the raw scores of the attributes for each financial product for score adjustment and ranking. &lsqb;0051&rsqb; FIG. 3B is a flow chart illustrating the second stage for evaluating financial products as a potential funding source according to one embodiment. In particular, the second stage involves the adjustment of scores and overall ranking. &lsqb;0052&rsqb; At 700, the server 100 identifies a maximum raw score and a minimum raw score for each attribute from the set of scores collected from each product. For example, referring to FIGS. 4C and 4D, the maximum raw score for the S&P Rating attribute under Financial Strength is 20 for Product J, while the minimum raw score is 5 for Product E. &lsqb;0054&rsqb; where “Spread” is the difference between the maximum and minimum raw scores. &lsqb;0055&rsqb; Referring to FIG. 4D, the dispersion factor (“DF%”) used in this embodiment is 10.00% for all attributes. For the S&P Rating attribute under Financial Strength, the spread used in the given example is 15.00. Thus, the adjusted minimum value is 3.50 (i.e., 5−(15×0.10)) for Product E, while the adjusted maximum value is 21.50 (i.e., 5&plus;(15×(1&plus;0.1))) for Product J. &lsqb;0056&rsqb; At 720, an adjusted range is calculated by subtracting the adjusted minimum score from the adjusted maximum score. Referring to FIG. 4D, the adjusted range for the S&P Rating is 18.00 (i.e., 21.5−3.5). &lsqb;0059&rsqb; At 740, weighted scores for each attribute for each product are calculated by the product of the scaled scores and their assigned weight. For example, referring to FIG. 4E, the weighted score for Product J for the S&P Rating is approximately 4.58 (i.e., 5×0.9167), while the weighted score for Product E is approximately 0.42 (i.e., 5×0.0833). &lsqb;0060&rsqb; At 750, the weighted scores of each product are summed together resulting in an overall relative score. For example, referring to FIG. 4E, Product J has an overall score of 37.46. Thus, out of ten financial products evaluated, Product J is ranked ninth overall, while Product E is ranked third. &lsqb;0061&rsqb; At 760, the scaled scores and the funding source rankings are transmitted to the client 200 for graphical display. &lsqb;0062&rsqb; At 770, the user receives the display of the results and may modify selections (e.g., weight assignment, user input values, product selection, etc) for recalculation of scores and rankings. As different funding sources are selected or removed, different weights assigned to categories and attributes, and/or different user input data specified, the overall relative product scores may change, highlighting the various tradeoffs associated with each product. &lsqb;0063&rsqb; For example, in FIG. 4F, weight assignments were reversed for the Financial Strength and Funding Analysis categories. Similarly, the weights of the individual attributes within each category were modified to add up to their corresponding category. With these changes, Product J, which was originally ranked ninth out of ten products, is now ranked first with an overall weighted score of 68.99. Product E, which was ranked third in the original evaluation, is now ranked last. These evaluations illustrate that Product J has greater funding performance than the other products, but lacks financial strength as an insurer of the future obligation. Therefore, depending on the importance of such criteria, the plan administrator is able to differentiate between the various product offerings and make informed decisions with respect to financial tradeoffs. &lsqb;0064&rsqb; The following paragraphs provide descriptions for the analytical categories and the individual attributes thereof according to one embodiment. However, one skilled in the art would realize that each analytical category and the attributes thereof may have more or less significance than another to a prospective purchaser, and that these attributes and categories may be modified to reflect different criteria of reference in particular countries or jurisdictions. &lsqb;0065&rsqb; This general category provides measurements of the adequacy of the insurance carrier as a financial institution, which is covering a long term liability created by the non-qualified benefits that are being funded. The values or scores populating each of the following attributes are typically retrieved from financial databases 300. &lsqb;0067&rsqb; The Rating Organizations, such as Standard & Poor's, Weiss, and A.M. Best, provide a quantitative comparative score of insurance carriers, measuring various criteria of financial strength, and ability to perform, according to each Rating Organization's standards. These three Organizations concern themselves with the carrier's overall financial strength, and their ability to meet policyholder obligations in the short and long term. &lsqb;0069&rsqb; Asset size generally indicates a carrier's maturity. For example, carriers that are well established and have existed for a good number of years, successfully accumulate an asset base by operating with good margins over a period of years. Asset size can be input by a user or a financial database 300 as objective data. &lsqb;0071&rsqb; Policies are often issued through subsidiaries of a larger parent company. Some parent companies may contractually guarantee the solvency of, or provide funding to, the subsidiary, thereby making the parent company's financial strength a factor in the decision making process. Strength of Financial Backing is typically a user-specified ranking. Such scores typically range from 1 to 10. &lsqb;0072&rsqb; This general category compares the adequacy of the policies to be utilized as a funding vehicle according to six financial measures. Each financial measure may have more or less significance than another to a prospective purchaser, and these attributes (and related formulae) may be modified to reflect different criteria of reference in particular countries or jurisdictions. The values populating each of the following attributes are typically calculated and retrieved from financial product illustration systems 400. &lsqb;0074&rsqb; The first year cash flow resulting from purchasing the insurance policies. &lsqb;0076&rsqb; The discounted value of the policy and benefits after-tax inflows and outflows at the user's selected discount rate. The greater the number, the more superior the policy as a funding vehicle. &lsqb;0078&rsqb; The internal rate of return on the policy and benefits after-tax inflows and outflows. The IRR represents the annual discount rate at which the present value of after-tax inflows equals after-tax outflows. The greater the IRR, the more superior the policy as a funding vehicle. &lsqb;0080&rsqb; The after-tax effect on the purchaser's P&L (Earnings) Statement projected to result from the policy and benefits in the first year of the program. Generally, the smaller the earnings effect, the more attractive the policy is considered as a funding vehicle by the purchaser. &lsqb;0082&rsqb; The cumulative after-tax effect on the purchaser's P&L (Earnings) Statement projected to result from the policy and benefits through the first five years of the program. Generally, the smaller the earnings effect, the more attractive the policy is considered as a funding vehicle by the purchaser. &lsqb;0084&rsqb; The first year the cumulative after-tax effect on the purchaser's P&L (Earnings) Statement is projected to become positive. Generally, the earlier the year, the more attractive the policy is considered as a funding vehicle. &lsqb;0085&rsqb; Policies may contain a variety of internal features that may be considered important in their selection as a funding vehicle to cover future long-term liabilities. The values or scores populating each of the following attributes are typically user-specified ranked scores specified by the user of the system. &lsqb;0087&rsqb; For COLI-funded plans whose Plan Sponsors and/or participants are affected by United States Income Tax, it is important to avoid a policy becoming a MEC (Modified Endowment Contract) as a result of policy withdrawals and/or loans exceeding certain formulaic limits. &lsqb;0088&rsqb; The de-MECing provisions in an insurance policy illustrate the strength of the policy in terms of its compliance with modified endowment contract rules under the Internal Revenue Code, so that withdrawals of cash value will be treated first as a return of basis rather than a return on earnings. In other words, withdrawals are taxed on a first-in/first-out basis rather than a last-in/first-out basis. &lsqb;0089&rsqb; The most straightforward method of avoiding MEC status is to increase the face amount. Some policies contain the contractual right to increase face amount, without evidence of insurability, to the level necessary to avoid MEC status. &lsqb;0091&rsqb; Mortality charge levels are a significant component of policy performance. Some policies contain a provision that the current level of mortality charges will not be increased for a specified number of years. Others contain ceilings on the magnitude of the potential increase, while others may base the mortality charges on the purchaser's actual experience, (i.e., “experience rate”). &lsqb;0093&rsqb; Premium loads, flat and per $1,000 of insurance expense charges are often guaranteed by contract not to increase, thus resulting in long term projections of performance being more reliable. &lsqb;0095&rsqb; Variable contracts offer a variety of investment choices. The number of finds available and the nature of funds available (e.g., stock—large cap, mid cap, small cap, indexed; bonds—short term, long term; money market) could affect the decision to purchase, because supplemental benefit plans may be measured by, and the adequacy of the funding source will be affected by, the cash value of the funding source, which is determined by the performance of its underlying securities. &lsqb;0097&rsqb; Historical performance is often a consideration in the decision to purchase an investment oriented product. Embodiments of the invention utilize various industry measures in determining the raw score for historical performance. Large and mid-cap stock funds are measured against the S&P 500 and S&P 400, respectively. Small cap stock funds are measured against the Russell 2000 Stock Index. Other indices may be used as well. &lsqb;0099&rsqb; For example, the terms on which the COLI insurance coverage is committed versus the underwriting requirements and conditions imposed for life insurance coverage of plan participants. &lsqb;0100&rsqb; As discussed with respect to FIG. 2, embodiments of the invention may communicate with a user through an interactive web page interface. AFS eValuator by American Financial Systems, Inc. is a particular embodiment that evaluates potential funding sources for non-qualified supplemental benefit plans. FIGS. 5A-5M illustrate the web page interface for the AFS eValuator system according to one embodiment. &lsqb;0101&rsqb; FIG. 5A is a web page interface for controlling benefits modeling. Through this interface, a user can specify various options and/or parameters for tailoring a financial product according to the requirements of a particular benefit plan. In this example, the financial product is a corporate sponsored variable universal life insurance (VUL) policy. The parameters may change for different financial product types, such as mutual funds or other types of insurance products. &lsqb;0102&rsqb; FIG. 5B is a web page interface for specifying particular case data. Through this interface, a user can specify certain parameters that may be included in the projection of values in the funding analysis of a financial product for a particular benefit plan. Again, the parameters of the case data may change depending on the plan and product selected. &lsqb;0103&rsqb; Referring to FIG. 5C where the financial product is a life insurance product, a web page interface facilitates the specification of relevant insurance controls for the product tailored to the particular benefit plan. &lsqb;0104&rsqb; FIG. 5D is a web page interface through which employee census data is input for a participant of the particular benefit plan, while FIG. 5E is a web page interface displaying employee census data for all participants in the plan. &lsqb;0105&rsqb; FIG. 5F is a web page interface displaying a list of financial products available as potential funding sources for a selected benefit plan and employee census data, while FIG. 5G is the web page interface upon user selection of two or more of the available products. In the lower table of FIG. 5G, related projection reports are available for viewing as well. These reports can provide information to assist a user in assigning scores to subjective attributes and in assigning weights to attributes and analytical categories. &lsqb;0106&rsqb; FIG. 5H is a web page interface for a report displaying projected data generated by an underlying illustration program, such as the AFS Master System®. In this display, the data projected is for a particular insurance policy providing finds for the selected benefit plan and applicable employee census data. &lsqb;0107&rsqb; FIGS. 51-5K are portions of a web page interface displaying the list of attributes within the analytical categories of Financial Strength of Insurance Company, Funding Analysis, Contractual Features, and Other. Each category and attribute thereof is assigned a weight for analyzing various financial and contractual tradeoffs. The user is initially presented with default rankings, but these can be changed according to the user's preference. Each financial product selected for comparison (e.g., Corporate Sponsored VUL—no commision; Future Corporate VUL; and Strategic Advantage II) contains values for each attribute. Some attributes are automatically populated with values from the AFS Master System® or financial database, while other attribute values are user-specified, based on the user's experience with similar products and plans. The weights and attribute values can be altered through this interface in subsequent comparisons. Once the weights and attributes are populated with values, the weighted scores analysis is initiated by the user clicking on a “Submit” button, as illustrated in FIG. 5L. &lsqb;0108&rsqb; FIG. 5M is a web page interface displaying the resulting scores from the weighted scores analysis with the weights selected by the user. For example, in FIG. 5M, the financial product named Future Corporate VUL has the highest product score of the compared products according to the set of weighted categories and attributes. However, these values and rankings may change if there are tradeoffs between products as illustrated with respect to FIG. 4F. In addition, an online report of the results of the analysis may be provided through a web page interface for user records. &lsqb;0109&rsqb; Those of ordinary skill in the art realize that methods involved in a system and method for evaluation of potential funding sources for financial plans, such as non-qualified supplemental benefit plans, may be embodied in a computer program product that includes a computer-usable medium. For example, such a computer usable medium can include a readable memory device, such as a hard drive device, a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, a computer diskette or solid-state memory components (ROM, RAM), having computer readable program code segments stored thereon. The computer readable medium can also include a communications or transmission medium, such as a bus or a communications link, either optical, wired, or wireless, having program code segments carried thereon as digital or analog data signals. &lsqb;0110&rsqb; While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. generating a weighted score for each financial product by summing the weighted scaled values for each product. changing the assigned weight for at least one of the attributes to compare financial tradeoffs. generating a scaled value from the adjusted range for each financial product resulting in a curved set of scaled product values for the attribute. converting the grades into numeric values. populating one or more of the attributes of the financial products with values from a financial product illustration system, the system projecting values of each of the financial products. populating one or more of the attributes of the financial products with subjective scores from a user. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of attributes are grouped into categories and further comprises assigning a weight to each of the categories. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a summation of the weights of the attributes within a category is equal to the assigned weight of the category. 9. The method of claim 7, where in the categories comprise financial strength, funding, contractual features. strength of financial backing including parent. number of years until the cumulative after-tax effect on earnings becomes positive. buyers rating of historical fund performance. 13. The method of claim 9, the attributes include suitability of underwriting offer. selecting a non-qualified supplemental benefits plan, the two or more financial products compared for funding the plan. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more financial products are compared for individual financial planning. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more financial products compared include life insurance policies. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the life insurance policies include corporate-owned life insurance policies. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more financial products compared include securities. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the securities include mutual funds. the server generating a weighted score for each financial product by summing the weighted scaled values for each product. the one or more clients changing the assigned weight for at least one of the attributes to compare financial tradeoffs. the server generating a scaled value from the adjusted range for each financial product resulting in a curved set of scaled product values for the attribute. the server populating one or more of the attributes of the financial products with values from the one or more financial product illustration systems, the systems projecting values of each of the financial products. the server populating one or more of the attributes of the financial products with subjective scores from a client. the one or more clients assign a weight to each of the categories. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein a summation of the weights of the attributes within each of the categories is equal to the assigned weight of the category. 28. The system of claim 26, wherein the categories comprise financial strength, funding, contractual features. 32. The system of claim 28, the attributes further include suitability of underwriting offer. the one or more clients selecting a non-qualified supplemental benefits plan, the two or more financial products compared for funding the plan. 34. The system of claim 20, wherein the one or more clients comparing the two or more financial products for individual financial planning purposes. 35. The system of claim 20, wherein the two or more financial products compared include life insurance policies. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the life insurance policies include corporate-owned life insurance policies. 37. The system of claim 20, wherein the two or more financial products compared include securities. 38. The system of claim 37, wherein the securities include mutual funds. 40. The article of claim 39, further comprising instructions for changing the assigned weight for at least one of the attributes to compare financial tradeoffs. 43. The article of claim 39, further comprising instructions for populating one or more of the attributes of the financial products with values from a financial product illustration system, the system projecting values of each of the financial products. 44. The article of claim 39, further comprising instructions for populating one or more of the attributes of the financial products with subjective scores from a user. grouping the set of attributes into categories; and assigning a weight to each of the categories. 46. The article of claim 45, wherein the categories comprise financial strength, funding, contractual features. 50. The article of claim 45, the attributes include suitability of underwriting offer. 51. The article of claim 39, further comprising instructions for selecting a non-qualified supplemental benefits plan, the two or more financial products compared for funding the plan. 52. The article of claim 39, wherein the two or more financial products are compared for individual financial planning purposes. 53. The article of claim 39, wherein the two or more financial products compared include life insurance policies. 54. The article of claim 53, wherein the life insurance policies include corporate-owned life insurance policies. 55. The article of claim 39, wherein the two or more financial products compared include securities. 56. The article of claim 55, wherein the securities include mutual funds.

2019-04-24T14:43:16Z

https://patents.justia.com/patent/20020007332

Rows upon rows of empty seats line the hall. You've made sure only you're here tonight—the others are all off on business, or caught up in their work. You made sure to register a week's holiday after the business down in Magaluf—your sheer exhaustion needs to be tended to. In the few months since your promotion, you haven't had much time to yourself. But there have been things you've been curious about for a long time, things beyond your particular remit. You made a requisition request for a file, stuck in a filing cabinet in one of the more obscure parts of Site-01. It's pretty clear that it's something most people would like to forget. The reel begins to play—all automated, of course. Grains flicker across the screen, before bursting into an image. It's a high-school playing field. The year must be about 1975, 76. There's no audio, and the image flickers and distorts at inconvenient moment, but the forms are all clear. They're playing—rugby? American football? Something like that. It's not quite right. The camera stretches, and moves around. A smiling group of people, spectators, all wave at the camera. Their movements are not constructed, or acted, or precise—they're messy and uncertain, giggling and youthful. People. Real people, sitting right in front of you. Right? You look down at the document, but you can't quite concentrate. You remember school, don't you? Your experience was different—different place, different time—but you remember it. The disciplined format of time, the early pangs of heartache, the promise of all your dreams before you. An infinity of youth, shaped by your name. It was all ahead of you. That sunset curve over the horizon. The following file is Level 5/4833 classified. Unauthorised access will result in immediate termination. Special Containment Procedures: SCP-4833 activity is currently being monitored by MTF Eta-11 "Savage Beasts". Eta-11 will immediately respond to any reported incidents, ascertain the situation and attempt to contain any potential anomalies. Following recent investigations by the Department of Amnestics, the nature of SCP-4833 is considered to be radically altered. SCP-4833 will be reclassified and its file altered as soon as Agent Hawthorne's debriefing has concluded. Description: SCP-4833 is an organised group of reality-benders, ordinarily going by the name "Syncope Symphony". SCP-4833 is believed to contain between 10 and 29 individuals, all of whom exhibit similar abilities and properties. Beginning in the late 1940s, the group's primary activity has been experimentation on youths between 15 and 18 in age, with the intention of anomalously altering them for unknown purposes. SCP-4833 was once a significant player in anomalous affairs, being particularly feared within the anomalous underworld for the kidnap and forcible alteration of numerous individuals since the late 1940s. However, their presence has significantly decreased in recent years. Beyond this, very little is known of SCP-4833's purpose, modus operandi, or fundamental nature. They have only been encountered indirectly by Foundation agents through events SCP-4833 has orchestrated. Testimonies from several survivors indicate that SCP-4833's ultimate goal is the institution of a "state of harmony"; what this entails is unknown. SCP-4833's anomalous properties seem to centre around memory and music. In most of the forms in which the Foundation have encountered them, they appear either as a performing orchestra or as a musical supply shop. Sightings of SCP-4833 members invariably mention that they are "masked". However, due to the amnestic effects all such individuals have suffered, further details are unclear. SCP-4833 was first brought to the Foundation's attention in the mid-1970s. A dedicated Foundation taskforce was established shortly after with the express purpose of investigating and tracking down SCP-4833. Although this taskforce has not succeeded in tracking down any member of SCP-4833 to date, they have provided a great deal of information which has aided in containing SCP-4833 activity on a wider scale. 1947: Believed to be the beginning of SCP-4833's activities. Subjects begin to be kidnapped worldwide, with a particular concentration in the vicinity of Yellowstone National Park. 1964: First mass-experimentation, taking place in Boise, Idaho. Due to pressure from the GOC and various other organisations, SCP-4833 is believed to have relocated its primary base of operations to ████████ County, ███████. 1969: SCP-4833 opens a musical supply shop known as "Syncope Symphony" in the town of [REDACTED]. No anomalous activity initially present. Autumn 1975: Mass cognitohazardous event taking place at Lake ███████████. Although no conclusive evidence linking this to SCP-4833 has been found, the nature of the anomaly fits SCP-4833's modus operandi. 1976: Series of experiments performed by SCP-4833 at Kirk Lonwood High School and ███████ High School. The schools and towns in question were swiftly evacuated and Foundation control was enforced. The "Syncope Symphony" musical supply shop was found abandoned upon a Foundation raid. 1977: The number of subjects kidnapped by SCP-4833 sharply decreases when compared to 1976, beginning a trend which has continued to the present. Figures in the anomalous underground have speculated that this is due to SCP-4833 achieving its goals at some point in 1976, with further kidnappings simply being a way of "fine-tuning". 1988: Last known encounter between Foundation personnel and an individual altered by SCP-4833 prior to 2019. 2019: Incident 4833-8C (see below). The following is a log of Agent John Hardcastle's interaction with an anomalous reality-bender. Location: Traktir na Zabytyy, a bar in Arkhangelsk, Soviet Union. Notes: Agent Hardcastle had spent several months researching the earliest records of SCP-4833's experiments. He had come across records indicating that one Vasily Stroganov, an individual known to Agent Hardcastle, had been the subject of SCP-4833 experiments in the late 1940s. Mr. Stroganov was tracked down to Arkhangelsk and interviewed alone by Agent Hardcastle. Agent Hardcastle activates his camera. He is in a wide, deserted alleyway; it is snowing heavily. A sign can be seen saying "трактир".2 He moves towards the doorway and enters. The interior is dark, and dirty. The walls are undecorated brick, and a few tables are scattered around the place. The bartender is an overweight middle-aged man who is clearly inebriated. Another man - Vasily Stroganov - is slumped over a glass of vodka. There is nobody else in the establishment. Agent Hardcastle: (in Russian) Vodka, please. The bartender fetches a glass of vodka. As he does so, Stroganov sits upright and stares at Agent Hardcastle, who nods at him. The bartender gives the drink to Agent Hardcastle. Agent Hardcastle: (in Russian) Much custom this time of year? Bartender: (in Russian) A bit. You American? Agent Hardcastle: (in Russian) English. But don't worry—I'm one of the good ones. Bartender: (in Russian) There are no good Englishmen. But there are no good Russians either. Agent Hardcastle hands the bartender a thick wad of ruble notes. Agent Hardcastle: (in Russian) Here's a little tip, for some, uh, privacy. The bartender looks through the money, nods, and shuffles into the back room. Agent Hardcastle pulls up a seat next to Stroganov. Agent Hardcastle: Hello, Vasily. It's been a while, hasn't it? Agent Hardcastle: I'm sorry, Vasily, I really am. I didn't want to be here, but there's something bigger than you or I going on. Stroganov shakes his head, and does not speak for several seconds. Agent Hardcastle: I can't. I wish I could, but I can't. I need you to tell me about Syncope, Vasily. Stroganov: No. No, no no. Go away, John, you don't know what you're dealing with. Agent Hardcastle: Children, Vasily. Just like you were. I need to know what happened in 1954. Stroganov: No. I can't. Please, I can't. Stroganov: It doesn't matter where you set me up, it'll all be the same. Stroganov takes a large swig of vodka. Stroganov: Have you been here long? What do you think of the city? Agent Hardcastle: That's not—it's fine, I guess. Same as any other Soviet city I've been to—big, filled with concrete. Another cold and obscure Russian town. Stroganov: This town doesn't feel obscure to its residents. It's the biggest city for hundreds of miles. But for a man in the West, a man looking at the map of the world, it seems like the farthest outpost of civilisation. Everything you think anchors you is just a minute island washing through an endless sea. There's always another design, bigger than the last, that's what they told me, and they'll find me, John. I can't tell you anything. Agent Hardcastle: You've already helped me, Vasily. They believe in a "design, bigger than the last". That's enough. Come on. We can keep you comfortable, safe. You can tell me all about what those powers are that you never wanted to reveal to me. It's not like the old days. We're kinder now. Gentler. Stroganov: This place will be obscure too. This time, this place, that footage on your camera. The 1980s. What will people think of it? Agent Hardcastle: A glorious decade. Stroganov: For some. For others, I think it'll be remembered as a dark place. Cold and full of uncertainty, like wading through a lake at night. Agent Hardcastle: All the more reason to improve the world, then. And we can start with Syncope. Stroganov: But they're barely even a player any more. Didn't you know that? Hardly anyone's been taken these last few years. They've found what they were looking for. Can't you leave them alone? Can't you leave us all well enough alone? Let me die in the cold, John, let me forget what a miserable waste I've been. I don't want to go back. Agent Hardcastle: They're taking children, Vasily. Agent Hardcastle: Then I'll have to take you in by force. Stroganov stares at Agent Hardcastle for several seconds. Stroganov: Who was Marcie, John? Agent Hardcastle moves back sharply. Agent Hardcastle: I—I don't know what you mean. Stop it. Stroganov: Marcie Green. A village girl, who would dance on the moors. Practising for a life you both knew she'd never have. You'd sneak out of boarding school to watch her. Stroganov: Your first kiss. You talked of running away together. But your parents found out and you were taken away. You were seventeen. The last summer of your life. Stroganov: But you didn't. You went off. She probably did too, but I can't see that much. The Marcie in your head is just a shadow, a shade, a frail copy that only tells a fraction of the story of the original. Why don't you go back, John? Go—God, I'm sorry. Agent Hardcastle collapses, gibbering for several seconds before expiring. Stroganov stares into space, mutely crying, for several seconds. Stroganov: I had to. I had to. They'll never get out of my head. They want it too badly, don't you see? Don't you know what you did? Stroganov shakes his head, and screws his eyes closed. The feed flickers and cuts out. You remember Hardcastle. He'd been at Site 90 when you'd just started out at the Foundation, back in the late 80s. He'd been a mentor to you, fresh from your doctorate and hungry for knowledge. A few months later he'd disappeared. Transferred, you'd been told. Now he barely existed at all. Not many people left to remember him, and they'll be dead soon. This document immortalises him, but only as a description of a recording. An abstraction of abstraction. You light up a cigarette, and keep watching the footage. The cameraman is at home now. His mum's clothes are old-fashioned even for the time period—she looks like a faded 50s housewife, smiling a perfect smile at the camera. Her anachronism is flawed, though, and little bits of the contemporary are sneaking in. The father smiles. Short-sleeved shirt, old-fashioned watch, beer can, sunglasses. A man who never thinks he's out of place and always is. You know these people. They're the same as any thousands of parents who live today, but their past placement still changes them, alters them. They're not the same. They're too natural to be from back then. You must have been, what—13? 14, back in 1976? It's become a lost time even to you. You only remember flashes. A woman smiling, a father laughing. That person you fell in love with. Teachers with strange faces. Grains on old camera footage. Black and white, colour TV. You return to the file. The following documents were recovered from the personal effects of Agent Valerie Kowalski after her suicide in 1997. They were compiled by her in the course of her investigation into SCP-4833. The text of these documents is transcribed below. Document 1: Copy of a page of an MC&D shipping manifest, detailing goods imported into the USA from 1947. 08/05 SS-13 French horn 1 $11,099 Strong amnesiac effect; forces the user to forget key aspects of their childhood. 08/05 SS-14 Copy of book, "Visions of the 20th Century: 1940-1970" 1 $1,120 Non-anomalous, but contains impossibly accurate predictions and photographs known to be taken after its date of publication. 14/10 SS-15 Prototype "amnesiac" drug 30 $45,900 Taken from SCP Foundation "Q" Facility. 14/10 SS-16 Bassoons 16 $56,900 Possesses a memory-restoration effect; experimentation into implanted memories ongoing. 14/10 SS-17 Yellowstone Park Visitors' Guide c. 1970 1 $20,000 Obtained from SCP Foundation "Q" Facility; tagged with label "Department of Temporal Anomalies." 19/11 SS-18 Documents and items recovered from the Marianas Trench 7 $101,000 No further information provided by Ms. Dark. 28/11 SS-19 Wooden violin 1 $3,250 Non-anomalous, but due to sourcing of the wood from Yggdrasil, is particularly susceptible to anomalous alterations. Document 2: Message from Foundation Facility "Q" in 1959. Regarding Subject BH12: little response observed in hippocampus despite extensive tests. Researchers also concerned about safety of their own memories—asbestos suits effective but staff increasingly reluctant to use due to health concerns. Recommend funding for Gregory's new formaldehyde-lined suits. Symptoms of BH12 remain constant; complete absence of own memories, but consistent belief that they are a schoolchild in 1976, despite lack of ability to give accurate information on events after 1954 and ignorance of much of recent history. Infective capacities, however, seem to have increased; curious obsession with exploration of WW2-era bunkers recently noted. P.S. Deirdre and I once again want to thank you for dinner last night—when can we return the invitation? Deirdre's eager to try out her new electric skillet on something really ambitious. Document 3: Extracts from a report of unknown provenance concerning contained anomalies in Foundation Facility "Q" at the time of its closure, 1968. Anomalous Subject 1 is a male, aged 19. Subject was incarcerated by the Foundation following demonstration of anomalous memory-altering abilities. Subject was anomalously alterered at an unknown point in 1966. Subject described experimenters as wearing "white carnival masks". Subject is capable of temporal alteration; they can specifically change events which they percieved prior to 1966, but only to a highly limited degree and with minimal alteration to the overall flow of events. Very little has been changed except for the events of a road trip taking place in 1965, and the outcome of brief romance subject had with his classmate Valerie Smith in 1964. Subject is incapable of retaining any long-term memories which occurred after the experimentation performed on them. They believe the year is still 1966, and often believe they are still being experimented upon. Recommend transfer to Site 107 for experimentation by the Department of Temporal Anomalies. Anomalous Subject 88 is a female, aged 36. Subject is believed to have undergone significant anomalous alteration in 1949, to a degree that permanently damaged their cognitive capacity. Subject appears obsessed with the Marianas Trench, and frequently talks about it being a "sheer fall off the edge of the world." Notably, statements by subject are highly consistent with [REDACTED]. Subject has an advanced piano-playing ability not known to be present prior to the experimentation. Subject speaks in an unknown language3 during all times where the piano has been played. O5 Command has ordered subject to be transferred to Site-01 immediately. However, due to dissent from the Ethics Committee over [REDACTED] vivisection, this order has been temporarily halted. Anomalous Subject 212 was a female, whose age at death was 30 years. Incarcerated since 1959. Subject's memories are entirely replaced by memories of an unknown 17-year-old schoolchild, claiming to be from 1976. Subject's predictions of events in the last decade have proven to be entirely incorrect, however: claimed that events such as the assassination of a "President Kennedy" and a war between the United States of America and an unknown entity called "North Vietnam" (possibly related to 3rd century Triệu dynasty/Republic of Hanoi?) would occur in the 1960s and 70s. Subject possessed anomalous memory-replacement abilities against all unprotected individuals to come within a 5 metre radius. Subject found hanged on 09/10/1969, shortly before Facility "Q"'s closure and implementation of Site system. No note was found; however, a series of pencil drawings of a violin, a WW2-era bunker, and a "Super 8" film camera of unknown brand were found in her quarters, having apparently been composed shortly before her suicide. Document 4: Video Log of footage recovered from a Super 8 film camera. Found in a small cave in Idaho in 1985. Image found among other effects of Agent Kowalski. It is believed to be an enhanced4 still from the footage described in Document 4. 00.00.00 to 00.00.43: The video opens on an unknown hillside, with a the landscape is reminiscent of the American midwest but with the colours differing significantly from baseline reality. A small settlement or town can be seen at the bottom of the hill; it is reminiscent of many towns in America from the mid-1970s. A large cloud, reminiscent of a vortex, can be seen over the town. It is intermittently red and black in colouration. Several indistinct grey shapes can be seen emerging from it and heading towards the town. The camera's movements are consistent with being held by an individual familiar with its use. The weather is, however, causing significant shaking. 00.00.43 to 00.08.54: The cameraman begins to run heavily up the hill. The image here is blurry, and details are indistinct. 00.08.54 to 00.09.02: The cameraman briefly drops the camera. While picking it up, he is briefly visible: a white male in his mid-teens, with a violin case strapped to their back. Beyond a long hairstyle typical of the 1970s, no other details are clearly visible. 00.09.02-00.11.12: The cameraman begins to run again. After a couple of minutes, he comes across a cave. A light can be seen shining from within. 00.11.12-00.14.33: The cameraman enters the cave. A thin, rose-tinted film can be seen stretched across the centre of the cave. Crude graffiti which reads "SAFE HOUS" can be seen on the far side of the cave, beyond the film. The cameraman lets the camera fall to his side, and walks forward, towards the film. He switches the camera off shortly before entry. 00.14.44-00.15.27: The video opens onto an image of the cameraman, now severely emaciated. He is talking to the camera, but due to localised image distortion, it is not clear what he is saying. His speech becomes increasingly desperate, before he turns off the camera. The colouration of the environment is now correct. 00.15.27-00.17.38: The video opens onto the hillside, as seen from the cave entrance. The jolts to the camera seem to show the cameraman limping. He is moving towards the edge of the cave, and appears to retch and throw up before continuing onwards. 00.17.38-00.18.03: The camera is pointed at the former site of the town. It is in ruins, but large scaffolding and construction materials can be seen across it. Thousands of indistinct but apparently identical humanoids can be seen engaged in construction work; nobody else is visible. All are wearing identical orange jumpsuits. The extreme weather seen in the earlier version is not present. 00.18.03-00.18.07: The camera is dropped and the image abruptly cuts out. 00.18.07-00.19.25: The camera is picked up. Its angle points towards the town, which now resembles Boise, Idaho in the mid-1940s. 00.19.25-00.19.30: The camera turns towards the cameraman—their face and hands are now indistinct, and not visible due to image distortion. From what is visible, the cameraman appears to be screaming. The camera is turned off. 00.19.30-00.19.35: The video opens on the interior of the cave. Several words can be seen scrawled on the wall in black marker: "Synapse", "Sibilance", "Signs", "Sayonara", "The Sybil". One word has been circled: "Syncope". 00.19.35-00.19.49: The camera turns towards the cameraman. They are clearly no longer emaciated: their face and hands suffer the same distortion, but markedly worse. They are wearing a white Venetian mask. The camera is turned off. There is a place that nobody talks about. It's buried miles under Yellowstone Park, and it's a mystery even to the Foundation which created it. It's the one thing which truly terrifies them. The primary purpose of this place, this cavernous expanse of steel and concrete, is repopulation, reconstruction, restoration. But there are things buried in it that have a broader purpose. Scranton Reality Anchors, the XACTS, other buried machines you know nothing about. Things which alter time and change causality in ways which are subtle, unknown, unheard. Sometimes, things might fall through the cracks. Smoke clouds your eyes as you stare into space, deep in thought. You're too absorbed to notice changes on the screen, as the reel churns and churns through its ancient pictures. A group of friends, laughing in front of their lockers, talking about some forgotten joke or gossipping about unknown persons. The content is not preserved—only the form of it. A boy, unseen by the cameraman but in the background of the shot, is seen writing on a piece of paper. His eyes and face are serious, in concentration. He looks up occasionally, twitchy and nervous. Beside him lies a violin case. You don't see the boy—you've already turned back to the file. He's not a part of your memory, that other image of an image of something that might have been real. On 26/01/2019, a hostile takeover of the abandoned auditorium at ███████ High School was initiated by SCP-4833. Foundation operatives swiftly secured the site, and quickly ascertained that only a single member of SCP-4833 was present. Agent O'Hara was sent to interview and detain the instance. The following is a log of his personal camera feed. The member of SCP-4833 (henceforth designated SCP-4833-A) is standing in the centre of the auditorium's stage. Their appearance is heavily distorted, but their gait, posture and movements are consistent with an elderly human male. They are wearing a white carnival mask, and the outfit typical of American conductors of the mid-20th century. They are holding a golden violin. Around them lie a large number of items of clothing. These resemble the outfits worn by orchestra members from around the world during the early-to-mid 20th century. Agent O'Hara: Hello there. I was wondering if I could have a chat with you for a moment. Agent O'Hara: It's OK. I'm not here to hurt you. I just want to understand who you are, and why you're doing this. Agent O'Hara: I—I'm sorry, I don't know what you mean. I don't know of any bunker—do you mean one of our sites? Agent O'Hara: No, that's not—OK. Look. Maybe we started on the wrong foot here. Could you tell me about the rest of the Symphony? Your co-performers? SCP-4833-A gestures to the clothes around it. Agent O'Hara: …They're just—they're only clothes. Agent O'Hara: Oh… I see. Agent O'Hara: So it wasn't a plan at all. You faded. You declined. SCP-4833-A picks up its violin, taking a couple of steps towards Agent O'Hara. The latter pulls out a pistol and trains it on SCP-4833-A. Agent O'Hara: Why did you experiment on children? Agent O'Hara: What do you mean, like you? Agent O'Hara: And the lake? SCP-4833-A's hands are seen to visibly tremble. It seems to struggle against some unseen force centred on the violin. Agent O'Hara: What do you mean, "interpretation"? Agent O'Hara: N—no. There's always a meaning. Sometimes, things aren't hidden behind themselves. Agent O'Hara: There's no other force at play. There can't be. There's just you, and your musicians, and the children you did this to. Memory's just another method of recording. I don't know where you came from, but you're as flesh and blood as I. There's nothing mysterious about you, and nothing that made you do this. Agent O'Hara: Then what the hell did? SCP-4833-A plays a note on its violin. Agent O'Hara's right arm falls to her side, and drops her gun. Agent O'Hara: I don't care. You took children. What even are you? I can't see your face. Memory doesn't do that. Agent O'Hara: You didn't have to make them remember. Their lives weren't worth that. And you failed. Agent O'Hara: There is no bunker! There are no past words, or forgotten peoples! You conned your followers into joining you, and they all left and died. Nobody was forgotten! There's only you! History is singular. The truth is singular. You are explicable, what happened to the class of '76 is explicable, I—I'll find it, I'll find the truth. SCP-4833-A begins to play the violin; a melody beginning with a slow tempo, gradually increasing in speed and pitch. Agent O'Hara: It was the last summer. University next year. I had a walkman, and it rained. I asked her after, and she said it wasn't a fight, b—but I remembered it differently. Which is the truth? SCP-4833-A's playing is becoming increasingly rapid. They appear to be lurching away from the violin. Agent O'Hara: The hills were green. We were—I used to play the guitar, she played the drums. Her parents didn't like what we were, but that didn't m—matter to us, we were going to be great. Red sky over the horizon. SCP-4833-A is now playing at a speed and complexity impossible in humans. With a great wrench, they detach themselves from the violin, collapsing to the floor. The violin hovers in the air, continuing to play. Agent O'Hara: What are we? Who are we? Don't you remember? SCP-4833-A is now clutching its head; it makes a distorted sound, believed to be a scream. The violin continues to play at impossible speeds. Agent O'Hara: Don't you remember? Several figures can be seen to appear around the edges of the concert hall. They all possess heavily disfigured faces, and are facing Agent O'Hara. The camera feed cuts out. Shortly following this, backup was able to gain entry to the auditorium. SCP-4833-A, the clothing, the violin and the disfigured humanoids had disappeared. Agent O'Hara was found, fully conscious. Upon debriefing, she claimed to have no recollection of anyone or anything being present in the auditorium. A girl is smiling in a hallway. She laughs at some unheard joke her friend is telling her. A teacher walks past, a worried expression on her face. The sun is shining through a window. The picture quality washes the scene in grainy light. That hallway never existed, any more. This reel was recovered from the bottom of the Marianas Trench, along with a few other tiny fragments. In the dark, buried beyond where any man could go, the only place anything has ever been found of the things that once were. Nobody remembers her. All you see is some light on a page, an image, a shadow of a shade that happens to resemble this creature from long ago. It's not a memory, but a flicker that indicates that something, anything, once moved there. The reel ends. Its sound echoes through the room: click, click, click. White and black lines flicker across the screen, as you sit there, cigarette smoke filling the air in front of your blank face. One day, you will never have been either. Some disaster or trivial catastrophe will happen, and the whole rigmarole will start again. A bunker, a lever, deaths and endings. A movement will end—but the symphony will go on forever. And even if it doesn't, even if all fails, your own life will be gone. It will be extinguished as so many others were. You will be a corpse, a skeleton, dust, a thing that never was, and nobody will remember you. The trees will grow over your grave. Flowers will dance. Humans will linger on, then die, or spread out among the stars with no memory of their homeland. The Earth will crack and burn, and the molecules will die, and the atoms will die, and the dark will consume them all. What few scattered waves remain will dissipate, and nothing will ever have happened. An infinity with no concept of itself. You pick up your lighter and burn the documents, watching each lick of flame consume them. You stand up, your face stark against the flickering lights, and walk out of the room. 3. Analysis by linguists has revealed significant similarities to the Algonquian languages, especially Potawatomi. 4. Using advanced Kopwalski-Argent technology developed by the Foundation in the late 1980s.

2019-04-22T00:22:18Z

http://scpsandboxcn.wikidot.com/varitas069

The Apollo Victoria Theatre in London is the current venue for the musical Wicked. Wicked The Musical arrived in London at the Apollo Victoria Theatre after transferring from Broadway in 2006 and the spectacular stage show about the witches of Oz has been a massive hit with west end theatre goers ever since with tickets to the show in constant high demand. Come and join Glinda and Elphaba on a journey that takes you right into the heart of the land of Oz. The show is based on 'Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West', and this new musical is hailed as the prequel to L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The spellbinding stage show tells the untold story of the Witches of Oz and how one came to be called ‘good' and the other ‘wicked'. Wicked truly is a show to be enjoyed by everyone; it is a story of friendship, equality, politics, love, good and evil that appeals to all age groups. With a fantastic musical score and visual effects that sometimes defy both belief and gravity tickets to Wicked are some of the hottest in town. Forget what you thought you knew about the Wicked Witch of the West; you'll be cheering for her in the end as over two million London theatregoers have already. Wicked has a brand new and original musical score by Stephen Schwartz, including dance numbers, touching ballads and soaring, powerful vocal performances that will leave you spellbound. Take the Victoria, District or Circle Line to Victoria Station. Exit via Wilton Rd, the theatre is directly opposite the station. Wicked explores the concept that the Wicked Witch of the West, here known as Elphaba, is merely a misunderstood, victimized person whose behavior is simply a reaction against the charlatan Wizard's corrupt government. It also displays her relationship with the beautiful but ambitious Galinda Upland, who ultimately becomes Glinda the Good Witch of the North. Wicked begins as the citizens of Oz celebrate the death of the Wicked Witch of the West, and Glinda descends onto the stage in her bubble and confirms the circumstances of the Witch's melting. She recalls that the green-skinned witch Elphaba was conceived during an affair between the erstwhile Munchkin Governor's wife and a mysterious stranger with a bottle of bright green elixir. Everyone was repulsed by Elphaba straight from birth, so Glinda asks the Ozians to empathize ("No One Mourns The Wicked"). The plot forms through extended flashbacks of the events through Glinda's and Elphaba's lives. At Shiz University, the pair first meet and Elphaba is hardly surprised that all the students, including the popular but shallow Glinda (then called Galinda), revile her ("Dear Old Shiz"). The only reason that Elphaba is sent to Shiz is to take care of her beautiful, but wheelchair-bound younger half-sister Nessarose, who is presented with a bejeweled pair of shiny silver shoes as her father's favourite child. Despite Elphaba and Galinda's instant mutual loathing of one and other, Madame Morrible, Shiz's "headshiztress", decides to make them roommates. Galinda had initially been excluded from Madame Morrible's Sorcery Seminar, but when Elphaba suddenly reveals an innate magical talent in sudden anger, Morrible notes that her talents could be of use to the Wizard Of Oz. Elphaba dreams of what the Wizard and herself could accomplish together ("The Wizard And I"). Elphaba and Galinda later write home about their unfortunate room-mate assignments ("What Is This Feeling"). The students gather together in a history class taught by Dr Dillamond, a Goat and Shiz's one and only Animal professor, who keeps mispronouncing Galinda's name as "Glinda". After the class is dismissed upon the discovery of an anti-Animal slogan written on the blackboard, Doctor Dillamond confides in Elphaba that something is causing all the Animals of Oz to lose their powers of speech ("Something Bad"). Elphaba believes that only the Wizard can help. Winkie prince, Fiyero then arrives at Shiz and immediately impresses his own brand of mindless, cavalier and carefree living onto the students ("Dancing Through Life"). A Munchkin named Boq is completely besotted with Galinda and asks her to go with him him to a party at the Ozdust Ballroom, but having felt "perfect together" with Fiyero, Galinda asks Boq to invite Nessarose instead. Galinda then discovers a black pointed witches hat in a box and gives it to Elphaba as a mock present. In return, Elphaba asks Madame Morrible to reconsider allowing Galinda in her Sorcery Seminar. When, however, Elphaba arrives to the party wearing the witches hat, she is only ridiculed. Defiant, she proceeds to dance on her own without any musical accompaniment. Feeling guilty, Galinda joins her, marking the beginning of their friendship. Meanwhile, Boq convinces Nessarose that it was not out of pity that he asked her out, but the fact that she is "so beautiful", not realizing the full extent of Nessarose's growing affection towards him. Back in their dorm, Elphaba tells Galinda that her mother had been fed milk-flowers in order to prevent her second child from being born green-skinned; the milk-flowers instead went on to cause Nessarose to be born crippled, and her mother died in childbirth. Feeling sympathetic, Galinda decides to give Elphaba a makeover, making her admirable to fellow students ("Popular"). The very next day, Doctor Dillamond is abruptly taken away by Ozian officials. A new history teacher arrives with a caged lion cub as the subject of an in-class experiment, revealing that all animals are to be kept inside cages and never to speak. Outraged, Elphaba and Fiyero steal the lion cub and set it free but when the two stumble upon feelings for each other, Fiyero leaves, embarrassed. Elphaba laments that someone like Fiyero could never possibly love someone like her ("I'm Not That Girl"). Madame Morrible finds her, and announces that Elphaba has been granted an audience with the Wizard Of Oz in the Emerald City. At the train station, Boq,Galinda, Fiyero, and Nessarose see Elphaba off, all very happy for her. When it becomes apparent that Boq is not genuinely interested in Nessarose, Galinda starts to feel guilty and says that Boq is not the right person for Nessarose, who in turn insists that it is in fact herself "that's not right." Elphaba expresses concern about leaving her younger sister behind but the protesting Nessarose insists she will manage without her and leaves. In another attempt to impress Fiyero, Galinda announces that she will change her name to "Glinda" in honour of Doctor Dillamond's persistent mispronunciation. Fiyero fails to notice and leaves and Glinda bursts into tears. Feeling bad for Glinda, Elphaba invites her along to accompany her to see the Wizard. After a day of sightseeing in the Emerald City ("One Short Day"), Elphaba and Glinda both get to meet the Wizard. Eschewing the special effects he employs for the benefit of most visitors, the Wizard invites Elphaba to join him ("A Sentimental Man"). He asks that Elphaba give his monkey servant, Chistery, the ability to fly as a test using the Grimmerie - an ancient book of spells. Elphaba then demonstrates an intrinsic understanding of the lost language used in the book, and successfully gives Chistery wings. .A few years have passed and Elphaba's fierce opposition of the Wizard's regime has earned her the title "The Wicked Witch of the West" (reprise of "No One Mourns the Wicked"). Rumour has it that the witch's soul is so impure that mere water can melt her. Glinda is now the Wizard's Press Secretary and adored by everyone, and is pronounced engaged to Fiyero. Informing him that he has to accept the fact that Elphaba doesn't want to be found, Glinda puts on a happy front despite Fiyero's waning affections ("Thank Goodness"). Elphaba meanwhile arrives at her old home, the Governor's residence in Munchkinland, and seeks refuge. Nessarose is now the Governor, and laments that her father "died of shame" after Elphaba rebelliously defied the Wizard Of Oz. She criticizes Elphaba for not making use of her new-found powers to help her own sister. Feeling guilty, Elphaba enchants Nessarose's jeweled shoes, turning them into the ruby slippers and enabling her to walk unaided. Boq is then summoned, and he bemoans that Nessarose is as "wicked" as Elphaba for stripping the Munchkins of all their rights and prohibiting them from leaving Munchkinland. Nessarose explains that she only did this to keep Boq with her, but is sure that he will stay with her of his own accord now that she is no longer crippled. Boq insists that he should now be free to pursue Glinda instead, going so far as to brandish a knife when his "Madame Governor" attempts to refuse to let him go. Both hurt and angry, Nessarose attempts to cast a spell from the Grimmerie to attempt to make Boq lose his heart to her, but the spell accidentally makes his heart shrink instead. While Elphaba attempts to save him, Nessarose reflects on how being "alone and loveless" has resulted in and led to her wicked actions, and fears that she deserves her infamous new title bestowed upon her ("The Wicked Witch of the East"). Elphaba says that she fears that nothing will ever be enough for her younger sister and leaves her for good, despite Nessarose's frantic pleas for her sister to stay. Boq is now horrified to discover that Elphaba has transformed him into a Tin Man, so he could live without a heart, and an increasingly desperate Nessarose lays the entire blame on her sister while Boq runs away in horror. Elphaba returns to the Wizards Palace and tries to free the remaining winged monkeys. The Wizard attempts to regain her favour by agreeing to set them free, and recounts how the Ozians hailed him as the Wonderful Wizard when he first arrived in Oz in a balloon from America. He explains that she could, likewise, be hailed and loved by everyone if she joins him ("Wonderful"). Upon discovering the now-speechless Doctor Dillamond amongst the monkeys, however, Elphaba flatly rejects his offer. While attempting her escape, she bumps into Fiyero, who runs away with her, confirming that he loves her in return. Glinda sees this and is totally crestfallen that she has been betrayed by those closest to her (reprise of "I'm Not that Girl"). Glinda states that Elphaba can be lured by spreading a rumor that Nessarose is in danger, and the fiendish Madame Morrible creates a cyclone that brings Dorothy's house to Oz crushing Nessarose to death. While Fiyero and Elphaba express their love for one and other in a dark forest ("As Long as You're Mine"), Elphaba senses that her sister is in danger, but before she leaves Fiyero offers her a hiding place where she'll be safe. She flies off to help her sister, but is too late, arriving just as Glinda sends Dorothy and Toto off down the Yellow Brick Road. The palace guards then capture Elphaba, but Fiyero intervenes, allowing Elphaba to make her escape before surrendering himself. The guards then take him to a nearby cornfield to be tortured until he tells them of Elphaba's whereabouts. At her castle, Elphaba tries desperately to cast any spell she can to save Fiyero, but thinking she has failed, she begins to accept her reputation as "wicked" ("No Good Deed"). Dorothy, along with the Scarecrow, Boq - now the Tin Man- and the Cowardly Lion are all sent to kill Elphaba ("March of the Witch Hunters"). It is revealed that the Cowardly Lion is actually the lion cub Elphaba set free; Boq claims that she turned him into a coward by not allowing him to fight his own battles. Meanwhile, Elphaba captures Dorothy, and refuses to release her until she relinquishes Nessarose's ruby slippers - the only things that are left of her dead sister. Glinda travels to Elphaba's castle to warn her of the trouble and to persuade her to let Dorothy go. Elphaba refuses, but the two women forgive each other for all grievances, both acknowledging they have made mistakes. Elphaba makes Glinda promise not to clear her name and that she must take charge in Oz, allowing her to disappear. The two friends embrace eachother for the last time before saying goodbye forever ("For Good"). Immediately after, when Dorothy throws a bucket of water over Elphaba, the witch appears to melt away. Glinda, not quite sure what has happened, sees that all that seems to remain of her friend is her black hat and a vial of green elixir. Back at the Emerald City, Glinda reminds the Wizard that he has an identical bottle, and it is revealed that the Wizard is in fact Elphaba's father, and the stranger whom her mother had an affair with. Madame Morrible surmises that Elphaba's special powers came about because she was a child of both Oz and the outside world. Glinda then orders the Wizard to leave Oz in his balloon and sends Madame Morrible to prison, before preparing to face the citizens of Oz, returning full circle to the opening scene of the show. Fiyero, meanwhile had in fact been turned into the Scarecrow when Elphaba had cast spells, therefore saving him from the Ozian guards' spears in the cornfield. He opens a trap door located in Elphaba's castle, down which she had descended, only pretending to die for the benefit of the others. Elphaba and Fiyero leave Oz forever, leaving Glinda to continue her bittersweet celebration with the citizens of Oz. They gaze up at the sky, individually appreciating their special friendship and acknowledging that they have both changed for the better because they knew each other ("Finale"). Theatre tickets to all performances of Wicked at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London are available to book securely through this website. Would you like to write your own review ? The Apollo Victoria Theatre in London is a west end theatre located on Wilton Road just by Victoria Station in the City Of Westminster. The Apollo Victoria first opened as a cinema and variety theatre, but then became a venue for west end musicals, beginning with The Sound Of Music in 1981, and including the long-running hit show Starlight Express from 1984 to 2002. The current show featuring at the theatre is the musical Wicked. The Apollo Victoria Theatre was built by architects Ernest Wamsley Lewis and William Edward Trent in 1929 for Provincial Cinematograph Theatres which was a part of the Gaumont British chain. The theatre was built with two identical façades on both Wilton and Vauxhall Bridge Roads. Construction is principally of concrete, with strong horizontal banding along the exterior sides of the auditorium. By contrast the entrances feature a cantilevered canopy, and are framed by vertical channeling, with two black marble columns rising to the roof line. The entrance is simple, making use of chrome trimmings, leading to a nautical themed interior in the original Art Deco style that makes extensive use of concealed lighting, and decorated with scallop shells and vertical columns that burst into sculptured fountains at the ceiling. The theatre had a 74 feet by 24 feet stage and was equipped with 10 dressing rooms and two suites for principals.The theatre was Grade II Listed on 28th June 1972. The Apollo Victoria first opened as the New Victoria Cinema on 15th October 1930 with a film starring George Arlis, Old English. It was equipped with a Compton 3 manual 15 rank theatre organ which was played on the opening night by Reginalf Foort. The theatre also staged variety show but that quickly gave way to a specialisation in film performances, with occasional performances by big bands. From September 1940 to May 1941, the theatre was closed due to World War II but thankfully but no serious damage was sustained and it quickly reopened. Plans were made for demolition in the 1950s, but it was saved and presented a mixture of ballet, live shows and movies. The cinema finally closed in November 1975 reopening in 1981 as the New Victoria Theatre presenting concerts. A variety of west end musicals have been featured at the Apollo Victoria since and Wicked has bee the resident show there since September 2006. Theatre tickets to all productions at the Apollo Victoria Theatre can be purchased securely online through this website.

2019-04-26T11:40:21Z

http://www.theatretickets-london.co.uk/Apollo-Victoria-Theatre/Wicked-Tickets

· Underlying replacement cost profit* was $6.2 billion for full year 2017 and $2.1 billion for the fourth quarter, compared with $2.6 billion and $400 million for full year and fourth quarter 2016 respectively. · Operating cash flow for 2017, excluding Gulf of Mexico oil spill payments*, was $24.1 billion, compared with $17.6 billion in 2016. Gulf of Mexico oil spill payments in 2017 were $5.2 billion, compared with $6.9 billion in 2016. · Downstream earnings were very strong with underlying replacement cost profit of $7.0 billion, 24% higher than 2016. · Operational reliability was high, with refining availability* and Upstream BP-operated plant reliability* both 95%. · Seven new major projects* delivered, boosting oil and gas production. Upstream production, excluding BP's share of Rosneft production, was 12% higher than 2016, the highest since 2010. Including Rosneft, production was 3.6 million barrels of oil equivalent a day, 10% higher than 2016. Oil and gas realizations were 25% higher. · Exploration delivered the most successful year for BP since 2004, with around 1 billion boe resources discovered. · Dividend unchanged at 10 cents per share. · BP began share buybacks in the fourth quarter, spending $343 million, fully offsetting the dilution from scrip dividends issued in the third quarter. · Non-operating items in the fourth quarter, which are excluded from underlying profit, included a $0.9 billion charge for US tax changes and a $1.7 billion post-tax charge relating to a further provision for claims associated with the oil spill. "2017 was one of the strongest years in BP's recent history. We delivered operationally and financially, with very strong earnings in the Downstream, Upstream production up 12%, and our finances rebalanced. And we did all this while maintaining safe and reliable operations. "We enter the second year of our five-year plan with real momentum, increasingly confident that we can continue to deliver growth across our business, improving cash flows and returns for shareholders out to 2021 and beyond. "At the same time, we are embracing the energy transition, seeking new opportunities in a changing, lower-carbon world." Profit attributable to BP shareholders. * See definitions in the Glossary on page 30. RC profit (loss), underlying RC profit, operating cash flow excluding Gulf of Mexico oil spill payments and organic capital expenditure are non-GAAP measures. The commentary above and following should be read in conjunction with the cautionary statement on page 34. For the full year, underlying replacement cost (RC) profit was $6,166 million, compared with $2,585 million in 2016. Underlying RC profit is after adjusting for a net charge for non-operating items of $3,309 million and net adverse fair value accounting effects of $96 million (both on a post-tax basis). RC profit was $2,761 million for the full year, compared with a loss of $999 million a year ago. For the fourth quarter, underlying RC profit was $2,107 million compared with $400 million for the same period in 2016. Underlying RC profit is after adjusting for a net charge for non-operating items of $2,515 million and net adverse fair value accounting effects of $175 million (both on a post-tax basis). RC loss was $583 million for the fourth quarter, compared with a profit of $72 million for the same period in 2016. BP's profit for the fourth quarter and full year was $27 million and $3,389 million respectively, compared with $497 million and $115 million for the same periods in 2016. See further information on page 4. The charge for depreciation, depletion and amortization was $15.6 billion in 2017, compared with $14.5 billion in 2016. In 2018, we expect the charge to be higher than 2017. Non-operating items amounted to a charge of $2,325 million pre-tax and $2,515 million post-tax for the quarter and a charge of $3,622 million pre-tax and $3,309 million post-tax for the full year. The post-tax non-operating charge for the fourth quarter includes a charge of $1.7 billion relating to business economic loss and other claims associated with the Gulf of Mexico oil spill (see Note 2 on page 17) and a $0.9 billion deferred tax charge following the change in the US tax rate. See further information on page 25. The effective tax rate (ETR) on RC profit or loss* for the fourth quarter and full year was significantly impacted by the effect of non-operating items and therefore it is not a meaningful measure. The adjusted ETR* is calculated by eliminating the impact of non-operating items, which for the fourth quarter includes a one-off deferred tax charge in respect of the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities following the reduction in the US federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% enacted in December 2017; fair value accounting effects; and the impact of a reduction in the UK supplementary tax charge in the third quarter of 2016. The adjusted ETR for the fourth quarter and full year was 27% and 38% respectively, compared with 10% and 23% for the same periods in 2016. The adjusted ETR for the fourth quarter 2017 reflects a benefit from the reassessment of the recognition of deferred tax assets. The adjusted ETR for the fourth quarter 2016 was impacted by a high proportion of equity-accounted income (which is reported net of tax in the income statement) within RC profit, and reflected a benefit from the reassessment of the recognition of deferred tax assets and other items, partly offset by charges for foreign exchange impacts. The adjusted ETR for the full year is higher than last year predominantly due to changes in the geographical mix of profits notably the impact of the renewal of our interest in the Abu Dhabi onshore oil concession. In the current environment, and assuming no further reassessment of the recognition of deferred tax assets, the adjusted ETR in 2018 is expected to be above 40%. ETR on RC profit or loss and adjusted ETR are non-GAAP measures. BP today announced a quarterly dividend of 10.00 cents per ordinary share ($0.600 per ADS), which is expected to be paid on 29 March 2018. The corresponding amount in sterling will be announced on 19 March 2018. See page 22 for further information. BP recommenced a share buyback programme in the fourth quarter to offset the dilution of the scrip issue and repurchased 51 million ordinary shares at a cost of $343 million, including fees and stamp duty, during the fourth quarter of 2017. Excluding post-tax amounts related to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, operating cash flow* for the fourth quarter and full year was $6.2 billion and $24.1 billion respectively, compared with $4.5 billion and $17.6 billion for the same periods in 2016. Including amounts relating to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, operating cash flow for the fourth quarter and full year was $5.9 billion and $18.9 billion respectively, compared with $2.4 billion and $10.7 billion for the same periods in 2016. Organic capital expenditure* for the fourth quarter and full year was $4.6 billion and $16.5 billion respectively, compared with $4.5 billion and $16.7 billion for the same periods in 2016. In 2018, we expect organic capital expenditure to be in the range of $15-16 billion. Inorganic capital expenditure* for the fourth quarter and full year was $0.2 billion and $1.3 billion respectively, compared with $0.4 billion, and $0.8 billion for the same periods in 2016. See page 24 for further information. Total divestment and other proceeds for the year were $4.3 billion including proceeds of $0.8 billion received in relation to the initial public offering of BP Midstream Partners LP's common units. Divestment proceeds* were $2.5 billion for the fourth quarter and $3.4 billion for the full year, compared with $0.5 billion and $2.6 billion for the same periods in 2016. In 2018, divestments are expected to be in the range of $2-3 billion. Net debt at 31 December 2017 was $37.8 billion, compared with $35.5 billion a year ago. The net debt ratio* at 31 December 2017 was 27.4%, compared with 26.8% a year ago. We continue to target a net debt ratio in the range of 20-30%. Net debt and the net debt ratio are non-GAAP measures. See page 23 for more information. The reserves replacement ratio on a combined basis of subsidiaries and equity-accounted entities was estimated at 143%(a) for the year. (a) Includes estimated reserves data for Rosneft. The reserves replacement ratio will be finalized and reported in BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2017. "We had strong delivery and growth across BP in 2017. The full-year underlying result was more than double a year earlier, our organic cash flows are back in balance and our financial frame remains resilient. Our share buyback programme in the fourth quarter offset the dilution from scrip dividends issued in September and our intent remains to offset any ongoing scrip dilution through further buybacks over time." The commentary above should be read in conjunction with the cautionary statement on page 34. Includes costs related to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. See page 11 and also Note 2 from page 17 for further information on the accounting for the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. 2017 oil and gas production, excluding Rosneft, was 12% higher than in 2016, the highest since 2010. Upstream unit production costs* were 16% lower, benefiting from production growth and continued cost discipline. Zohr in Egypt completed BP's programme of seven major project* start-ups in 2017. Together with 2016 start-ups, the projects contribute more than 500mboe/d new net production capacity and are expected to deliver operating cash margins* around 35% greater than Upstream's assets in 2015. In the quarter BP accessed significant new exploration acreage in the Santos basin of Brazil and in Côte d'Ivoire with Kosmos Energy. BP announced six exploration discoveries in 2017 - the cumulative discovery of around 1 billion boe of resources was BP's largest since 2004. Fuels marketing earnings increased by more than 10% in 2017. Premium fuel volumes grew by 6% and BP's convenience partnership model increased to 1,100 sites worldwide. More than 120 BP retail sites in Mexico were operational at year end. In lubricants, BP delivered premium brand growth and increased earnings from growth markets. In manufacturing, both refining and petrochemicals grew earnings with record levels of advantaged feedstock processed in refining. BP acquired a 43% interest in Lightsource, Europe's largest solar development company, supporting its rapid expansion worldwide. Other progress included BP enhancing its biofuels business in Brazil through an ethanol storage joint venture, forming a partnership with Aria Energy to expand its renewable gas portfolio in the US and, in January, BP Ventures investing in the electric vehicle fast-charging company Freewire. Operating cash flow, excluding Gulf of Mexico payments*, was $24.1 billion for full year 2017. This compares with $17.6 billion for full year 2016. Organic capital expenditure* for 2017 was $16.5 billion, in the range of $15-17 billion previously indicated. BP expects 2018 organic capital expenditure to be in the range of $15-16 billion. Operating cash flow excluding Gulf of Mexico payments in 2017 exceeded organic capital expenditure, cash dividend payments to BP shareholders and share buybacks by $1.1 billion. Total divestment and other proceeds for the year were $4.3 billion including proceeds of $0.8 billion received in relation to the initial public offering of BP Midstream Partners LP's common units. Divestment proceeds* were $3.4 billion for the full year, including the proceeds received in the fourth quarter for the sale of BP's interest in the SECCO joint venture in China. In 2018, divestments are expected to be in the range of $2-3 billion. Gulf of Mexico oil spill payments were $0.3 billion in the fourth quarter, bringing the total for 2017 to $5.2 billion. Cash outflows in 2018 are expected to be approximately $3 billion, weighted to the first half of the year. Gearing* was 27.4% at the end of 2017. BP continues to target a gearing range of 20-30%. The 3-year average for both Tier 1 process safety events* and reported recordable injury frequency* remains on an improving trend. Safety remains a core value and our number one priority. We are committed to continuous improvement to drive enhanced performance. BP-operated Upstream plant reliability has been included as an operating metric this quarter. It is more comparable with the equivalent metric disclosed for the Downstream, which is 'Refining availability'. BP-operated Upstream plant reliability was 94.9% for the first quarter 2017, 95.2% for the six months ended 30 June 2017 and 94.5% for the nine months ended 30 September 2017. Represents dividend announced in the quarter (vs. prior year quarter). Return on average capital employed is included as this is a full year report. The commentary above contains forward-looking statements and should be read in conjunction with the cautionary statement on page 34. See page 7 for a reconciliation to segment RC profit before interest and tax by region. The replacement cost profit before interest and tax for the fourth quarter and full year was $1,928 million and $5,221 million respectively, compared with $692 million and $574 million for the same periods in 2016. The fourth quarter and full year included a net non-operating charge of $144 million and $671 million respectively, compared with a net non-operating gain of $636 million and $1,753 million for the same periods in 2016. Fair value accounting effects in the fourth quarter and full year had an adverse impact of $151 million and a favourable impact of $27 million respectively, compared with an adverse impact of $344 million and $637 million in the same periods of 2016. After adjusting for non-operating items and fair value accounting effects, the underlying replacement cost profit before interest and tax for the fourth quarter and full year was $2,223 million and $5,865 million respectively, compared with a profit of $400 million and a loss of $542 million for the same periods in 2016. The result for the fourth quarter mainly reflected higher liquids realizations and higher production including the impact of the Abu Dhabi onshore concession renewal and major project* start-ups. The result for the full year reflected higher liquids realizations, and higher production including the impact of the Abu Dhabi onshore concession renewal and major project start-ups, partly offset by higher depreciation, depletion and amortization, and higher exploration write-offs. Production for the quarter was 2,581mboe/d, 18.1% higher than the fourth quarter of 2016. Fourth quarter production reflects the fifth consecutive quarter of growth as well as the highest production since first quarter 2011. Underlying production* for the quarter increased by 11.1%, due to the ramp-up of major projects. For the full year, production was 2,466mboe/d, 11.7% higher than 2016. Underlying production for the full year was 7.9% higher than 2016 due to major project start-ups. The seven major project start-ups for 2017, together with the 2016 start-ups, contribute more than 500mboe/d of new net production capacity. On 21 November, BP agreed to sell a package of its interests in the Bruce assets in the North Sea to Serica Energy plc, subject to regulatory approvals. The Bruce assets comprise the Bruce, Keith and Rhum fields, platforms and associated subsea infrastructure. On 18 December, BP completed the formation of Pan American Energy Group (PAEG) (BP 50%, Bridas Corporation 50%), which is a combination of Pan American Energy and Axion Energy. On 20 December, BP confirmed that production started from the Zohr gas field, offshore Egypt (ENI operator 60%, Rosneft 30%, BP 10%), BP's seventh major project to start in 2017. Also on 20 December, BP and Statoil signed an extension agreement for the In Amenas production-sharing contract* with Algerian state-owned energy company Sonatrach, which has been submitted to the Algerian authorities for ratification. On 21 December, BP and Kosmos Energy (KE) were awarded five blocks offshore Côte d'Ivoire, under agreements with the government of Côte d'Ivoire and state oil company Société Nationale d'Operations Pétrolières de la Côte d'Ivoire (PETROCI) (BP 45%, KE 45%, PETROCI 10%). In December Rosneft announced an agreement to develop resources within the Kharampurskoe and Festivalnoye licence areas in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in northern Russia jointly with BP. Rosneft will hold a majority stake of 51% and BP will hold a 49% stake. Completion of the deal is subject to regulatory approvals. On 31 January, BP announced the oil discovery Capercaillie (BP 100%) and the oil discovery Achmelvich (BP 52.6%, Shell 28%, and Chevron 19.4%) in the UK North Sea, both operated by BP. These two discoveries bring the total exploration discoveries in 2017 to six, and our most successful exploration campaign in the UK North Sea since 2008. We expect full-year 2018 underlying production to be higher than 2017 due to the ramp-up of major projects. The actual reported outcome will depend on the exact timing of project start-ups, acquisition and divestment activities, OPEC quotas and entitlement impacts in our production-sharing agreements*. We expect first-quarter 2018 reported production to be broadly flat with the fourth quarter 2017, reflecting continued growth from the 2017 major project start-ups, offset by the expiration of the Abu Dhabi offshore concession and divestment impacts. Fourth quarter and full year 2017 include an impairment charge relating to the US Lower 48 business, partially offset by gains associated with asset divestments. Fourth quarter and full year 2017 include BP's share of an impairment reversal recognized by the Angola LNG equity-accounted entity, partially offset by other items. In addition, full year 2017 includes an impairment charge arising following the announcement of the agreement to sell the Forties Pipeline System business to INEOS. Fourth quarter and full year 2016 principally relate to impairment reversals in India, Angola and the North Sea. See page 25 for more information on non-operating items. Full year 2017 includes the write-off of exploration well and lease costs in Angola and the write-off of exploration wells in Egypt. Includes BP's share of production of equity-accounted entities in the Upstream segment. Realizations are based on sales by consolidated subsidiaries only - this excludes equity-accounted entities. Includes condensate, natural gas liquids and bitumen. See page 9 for a reconciliation to segment RC profit before interest and tax by region and by business. The replacement cost profit before interest and tax for the fourth quarter and full year was $1,773 million and $7,221 million respectively, compared with $899 million and $5,162 million for the same periods in 2016. The fourth quarter and full year include a net non-operating gain of $382 million and $389 million respectively, compared with a net non-operating charge of $77 million and $24 million for the same periods in 2016. Fair value accounting effects had an adverse impact of $83 million in the fourth quarter and $135 million for the full year, compared with a favourable impact of $99 million and an adverse impact of $448 million for the same periods in 2016. After adjusting for non-operating items and fair value accounting effects, the underlying replacement cost profit before interest and tax for the fourth quarter and full year was $1,474 million and $6,967 million respectively, compared with $877 million and $5,634 million for the same periods in 2016. The fuels business reported an underlying replacement cost profit before interest and tax of $976 million for the fourth quarter and $4,872 million for the full year, compared with $417 million and $3,727 million for the same periods in 2016. The result for the quarter and full year reflects stronger refining performance. In addition, the full-year improvement reflects growth in fuels marketing, partly offset by a weaker contribution from supply and trading. The refining result for the quarter and full year reflects continued strong operational performance, capturing higher industry refining margins, efficiency benefits as well as increased commercial optimization including the benefits of higher levels of advantaged feedstock. The full year result was, however, impacted by a higher level of planned turnaround activity. The fuels marketing result for the full year reflects continued profit growth supported by higher premium fuel volumes which grew by 6% and the continued rollout of our convenience partnership model to more than 220 sites, bringing the total number of convenience partnership sites to 1,100 across our retail network. We continue to grow in Mexico, where, by the end of 2017 we had more than 120 operational sites after becoming the first international oil company to enter the deregulated fuel retail market earlier in the year. In December, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission announced that it intends to oppose our proposed acquisition of Woolworths' fuel and convenience sites in Australia. We are currently considering our next steps. On 1 February 2018, we entered into joint ventures with Shandong Dongming Petrochemical Group to develop a leading branded retail fuels and convenience business in Shandong, Henan and Hebei provinces in China. The lubricants business reported an underlying replacement cost profit before interest and tax of $375 million for the fourth quarter and $1,479 million for the full year, compared with $357 million and $1,523 million for the same periods in 2016. The result for the quarter and full year reflects growth in premium brands and growth markets, offset by the adverse lag impact of increasing base oil prices. The petrochemicals business reported an underlying replacement cost profit before interest and tax of $123 million for the fourth quarter and $616 million for the full year, compared with $103 million and $384 million for the same periods in 2016. The result for the quarter and full year reflects an improved margin environment, stronger margin optimization, the benefits from our efficiency programmes and a lower level of turnaround activity. The result was, however, impacted by the divestment of our interest in the SECCO joint venture, which completed in the fourth quarter and was classified as held for sale in the group balance sheet at 30 September 2017. Looking to the first quarter of 2018, we expect higher discounts for North American heavy crude oil but lower industry refining margins. In addition, we expect our turnaround activity to be lower in refining but significantly higher in petrochemicals. Fourth quarter and full year 2017 gain primarily reflects the disposal of our shareholding in the SECCO joint venture. Segment-level overhead expenses are included in the fuels business result. Results from petrochemicals at our Gelsenkirchen and Mülheim sites in Germany is reported in the fuels business. For Downstream, fair value accounting effects arise solely in the fuels business. Replacement cost profit before interest and tax for the fourth quarter and full year was $321 million and $836 million respectively, compared with $158 million and $590 million for the same periods in 2016. There were no non-operating items in the fourth quarter and full year of 2017, compared with a non-operating gain of $23 million in the same periods of 2016. After adjusting for non-operating items, the underlying replacement cost profit before interest and tax for the fourth quarter and full year was $321 million and $836 million respectively, compared with $135 million and $567 million for the same periods in 2016. Compared with the same periods in 2016, the results primarily reflected higher oil prices. The results for the fourth quarter and the full year also benefited from a $163-million gain representing the BP share of a voluntary out-of-court settlement between Sistema, Sistema-Invest and the Rosneft subsidiary, Bashneft. These positive effects were partially offset by adverse foreign exchange effects. In September 2017 the extraordinary general meeting adopted a resolution to pay interim dividends for the first half of 2017 of 3.83 Russian roubles per ordinary share. In October BP received a dividend of $124 million after the deduction of withholding tax. In October Rosneft completed the acquisition of a 30% stake for $1.1 billion in a concession agreement to develop the Zohr field in Egypt from the Italian company Eni. Eni retains a 60% stake and BP holds the remaining 10%. In December Rosneft announced an agreement to develop subsoil resources within the Kharampurskoe and Festivalnoye licence areas in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in northern Russia jointly with BP. Rosneft will hold a majority stake of 51% and BP will hold a 49% stake. Completion of the deal is subject to regulatory approvals. The operational and financial information of the Rosneft segment for the fourth quarter and full year is based on preliminary operational and financial results of Rosneft for the full year ended 31 December 2017. Actual results may differ from these amounts. The Rosneft segment result includes equity-accounted earnings arising from BP's 19.75% shareholding in Rosneft as adjusted for the accounting required under IFRS relating to BP's purchase of its interest in Rosneft and the amortization of the deferred gain relating to the divestment of BP's interest in TNK-BP. These adjustments have increased the reported profit before interest and tax for the fourth quarter and full year 2017, as shown in the table above, compared with the equivalent amount in Russian roubles that we expect Rosneft to report in its own financial statements under IFRS. BP's share of Rosneft's profit before interest and tax for each year-to-date period is calculated by translating the amounts reported in Russian roubles into US dollars using the average exchange rate for the year to date. BP's share of Rosneft's earnings after finance costs, taxation and non-controlling interests, as adjusted, is included in the BP group income statement within profit before interest and taxation. The replacement cost loss before interest and tax for the fourth quarter and full year was $2,833 million and $4,445 million respectively, compared with $1,117 million and $8,157 million for the same periods in 2016. The results included a net non-operating charge of $2,439 million for the fourth quarter and $2,847 million for the full year, mainly relating to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, compared with a net non-operating charge of $693 million and $6,919 million for the same periods in 2016. See Note 2 on page 17 for more information on the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. After adjusting for non-operating items, the underlying replacement cost loss before interest and tax for the fourth quarter and full year was $394 million and $1,598 million respectively, compared with $424 million and $1,238 million for the same periods in 2016. The underlying charge for the full year was impacted by weaker business results, higher corporate costs and adverse foreign exchange effects which had a favourable effect in 2016. The net ethanol-equivalent production (which includes ethanol and sugar) for the fourth quarter and full year was 188 million litres and 776 million litres respectively, compared with 98 million litres and 733 million litres for the same periods in 2016. Net wind generation capacity*(a) was 1,432MW at 31 December 2017 compared with 1,474MW at 31 December 2016. BP's net share of wind generation for the fourth quarter and full year was 1,148GWh and 4,004GWh respectively, compared with 1,154GWh and 4,389GWh for the same periods in 2016. Capacity figures for 2016 include 23MW in the Netherlands managed by our Downstream segment. BP formed a strategic partnership with Lightsource, Europe's largest developer of large-scale solar projects, with the aim of driving further growth of solar power development worldwide. Under the terms of the deal, which completed on 31 January 2018, BP acquired a 43% equity share in Lightsource for a total consideration of $200 million, payable over three years. The move will combine BP's global scale, technology and trading capabilities with Lightsource's expertise in solar development. The company will rebrand as Lightsource BP. In 2018, Other businesses and corporate average quarterly charges, excluding non-operating items, are expected to be around $350 million although this will fluctuate from quarter to quarter. Amounts reported in prior quarters of 2017 for Purchases and Production and similar taxes have been amended, with no effect on profit for the period. See Note 5 for further information. See Note 2 for information on the impact of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill on these income statement line items. The results for the interim periods and for the year ended 31 December 2017 are unaudited and, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results for each period. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. This report should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended 31 December 2016 included in BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016. The financial information presented herein has been prepared in accordance with the accounting policies expected to be used in preparing BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2017, which do not differ significantly from those used in BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016. The information presented in this note should be read in conjunction with BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016 - Financial statements - Note 2 and Legal proceedings on page 261. The group income statement includes a post-tax charge for the fourth quarter of $1,693 million due to an increase in the provision relating to business economic loss (BEL) and other claims associated with the Deepwater Horizon Court Supervised Settlement Program (DHCSSP). The increase in the provision is primarily a result of significantly higher average claims determinations issued by the DHCSSP in the fourth quarter and the continuing effect of the Fifth Circuit's May 2017 opinion on the matching of revenues with expenses when evaluating BEL claims. The group income statement for the fourth quarter also includes finance costs relating to the unwinding of discounting effects and a tax charge of $3,012 million in respect of the revaluation of US deferred tax assets related to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill following the reduction in the US federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% enacted in December 2017. The amounts set out below reflect the impacts on the financial statements of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill for the periods presented. The income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement impacts are included within the relevant line items in those statements as set out below. The cumulative pre-tax income statement charge since the incident, in April 2010, amounts to $65,765 million. Cash outflows in 2016 and 2017 include payments made under the 2012 agreement with the US government to resolve all federal criminal claims arising from the incident and the 2016 consent decree and settlement agreement with the United States and the five Gulf coast states. Net cash from operating activities relating to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, on a post-tax basis, amounted to an outflow of $284 million and $5,167 million in the fourth quarter and full year of 2017 respectively. For the same periods in 2016, the amount was an outflow of $2,043 million and $6,892 million respectively. Movements in the remaining provision, which relates to litigation and claims, are shown in the table below. Movements in the remaining provision for the full year are shown in the table below. The provision for the cost associated with the 2012 Plaintiffs' Steering Committee (PSC) settlement reflects the latest estimate for claims, including business economic loss claims and associated administration costs. However, the amounts ultimately payable may differ from the amount provided and the timing of payments is uncertain. The increase in the provision in the quarter is primarily a result of significantly higher average claims determinations issued by the Deepwater Horizon Court Supervised Settlement Program (settlement programme) during the fourth quarter and the continuing effect of the May 2017 Fifth Circuit opinion on the policy addressing the matching of revenue with expenses in relation to business economic loss claims. See Legal proceedings on page 29 for further details on the May 2017 Fifth Circuit opinion and related appeals. The settlement programme's determination of business economic loss claims was substantially completed by the end of 2017. Nevertheless, a significant number of business economic loss claims determined by the settlement programme have been and continue to be appealed by BP and/or the claimants, with the total value of claims under appeal or eligible for appeal approximately doubling during the fourth quarter. The provision at the end of the year reflects the latest estimate of the amounts that are expected ultimately to be paid to resolve these claims. Depending upon the resolution of these claims (including how such resolution may be impacted by the May 2017 Fifth Circuit opinion), the amounts payable may differ from those currently provided. The settlement programme is expected to issue determinations with respect to the remaining business economic loss claims in the first half of 2018. Whilst BP has a better understanding of the total population of remaining claims, there is uncertainty around how these claims will ultimately be determined, including in relation to the impact of the May 2017 Fifth Circuit opinion on the determination of the business economic claims. Payments to resolve outstanding claims under the PSC settlement are now expected to be made over a number of years. The timing of payments, however, is uncertain, and, in particular, will be impacted by how long it takes to resolve claims that have been appealed and may be appealed in the future. Other payables include amounts payable under the 2012 agreement with the US government to resolve all federal criminal claims arising from the incident, amounts payable under the consent decree and settlement agreement with the United States and the five Gulf coast states for natural resource damages, state claims and Clean Water Act penalties, BP's remaining commitment to fund the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative, and amounts payable for certain economic loss and property damage claims. 20-F 2016 - Financial statements - Note 2. Includes costs related to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. See Note 2 for further information. Amounts reported in prior quarters of 2017 have been amended as certain charges are better presented as Production and similar taxes rather than the previous presentation which showed the amounts as royalties within the Purchases line; there is no impact upon 2016. Amended total Production and similar taxes are $468 million for the first quarter, $347 million for the second quarter and $449 million for the third quarter. The previously reported amounts were $306 million, $189 million and $278 million respectively. Amended non-US Production and similar taxes are $432 million for the first quarter, $306 million for the second quarter and $518 million for the third quarter. The previously reported amounts were $270 million, $148 million and $347 million respectively. Purchases have been amended by the same amounts and there is, therefore, no impact on reported profit. Basic earnings per ordinary share (EpS) amounts are calculated by dividing the profit (loss) for the period attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. During the quarter the company repurchased 51 million ordinary shares for a total consideration of $343 million, including transaction costs of $2 million, as part of the share buyback programme as announced on 31 October 2017. The number of shares in issue is reduced when shares are repurchased. Excludes treasury shares and includes certain shares that will be issued in the future under employee share-based payment plans. BP today announced an interim dividend of 10.00 cents per ordinary share which is expected to be paid on 29 March 2018 to shareholders and American Depositary Share (ADS) holders on the register on 16 February 2018. The corresponding amount in sterling is due to be announced on 19 March 2018, calculated based on the average of the market exchange rates for the four dealing days commencing on 13 March 2018. Holders of ADSs are expected to receive $0.600 per ADS (less applicable fees). A scrip dividend alternative is available, allowing shareholders to elect to receive their dividend in the form of new ordinary shares and ADS holders in the form of new ADSs. Details of the fourth quarter dividend and timetable are available at bp.com/dividends and details of the scrip dividend programme are available at bp.com/scrip. Derivative financial instruments entered into for the purpose of managing interest rate and foreign currency exchange risk associated with net debt with a fair value liability position of $634 million (third quarter 2017 liability of $883 million and fourth quarter 2016 liability of $1,962 million) are not included in the calculation of net debt shown above as hedge accounting is not applied for these instruments. Comprises proceeds and repayments of long-term financing and net (increase) decrease in short-term debt. A provision of $474 million was held at 31 December 2017 ($501 million at 30 September 2017 and $501 million at 31 December 2016) to write inventories down to their net realizable value. The net movement credited to the income statement during the fourth quarter 2017 was $24 million (third quarter 2017 was a credit of $131 million and fourth quarter 2016 was a charge of $13 million). The financial information shown in this publication, which was approved by the Board of Directors on 5 February 2018, is unaudited and does not constitute statutory financial statements. Audited financial information will be published in BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2017. BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016 has been filed with the Registrar of Companies in England and Wales. The report of the auditor on those accounts was unqualified and did not contain a statement under section 498(2) or section 498(3) of the UK Companies Act 2006. Third quarter and full year 2017 include amounts paid to acquire interests in Mauritania and Senegal and other items. Full year 2017 also includes amounts paid to purchase an interest in the Zohr gas field in Egypt and in exploration blocks in Senegal. Fourth quarter and full year 2017 include an impairment charge relating to the US Lower 48 business, partially offset by gains associated with asset divestments. In addition, full year 2017 includes an impairment charge arising following the announcement of the agreement to sell the Forties Pipeline System business to INEOS. Fourth quarter and full year 2016 principally relate to impairment reversals. Fourth quarter and full year 2016 include a $319-million exploration write-back relating to Block KG D6 in India. In addition, an impairment reversal of $234 million was also recorded in relation to this block. Fourth quarter and full year 2017 include BP's share of an impairment reversal recognized by the Angola LNG equity-accounted entity, partially offset by other items. Third quarter and full year 2017 include the write-off of $145 million in relation to the value ascribed to certain licences in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico as part of the accounting for the acquisition of upstream assets from Devon Energy in 2011. Full year 2016 includes the write-off of $334 million in relation to the value ascribed to the licence in Brazil as part of the accounting for the acquisition of upstream assets from Devon Energy in 2011. See Note 2 for further details regarding costs relating to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Fourth quarter and full year 2017 include the tax effect of the increase in the provision in the fourth quarter for business economic loss and other claims associated with the Deepwater Horizon Court Supervised Settlement Program (DHCSSP) at the new US tax rate. Fourth quarter and full year 2017 include the impact of US tax reform, which reduced the US federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective from 1 January 2018. The impact disclosed has been calculated as the change in deferred tax balances at 31 December 2017, excluding the increase in the provision in the fourth quarter for business economic loss and other claims associated with the DHCSSP, which arises following the reduction in the tax rate. The impact of the US tax reform has been treated as a non-operating item because it is not considered to be part of underlying business operations, has a material impact upon the reported result and is substantially impacted by Gulf of Mexico oil spill charges, which are also treated as non-operating items. Separate disclosure is considered meaningful and relevant to investors. BP enters into physical commodity contracts to meet certain business requirements, such as the purchase of crude for a refinery or the sale of BP's gas production. Under IFRS these physical contracts are treated as derivatives and are required to be fair valued when they are managed as part of a larger portfolio of similar transactions. In addition, derivative instruments are used to manage the price risk associated with certain future natural gas sales. Gains and losses arising are recognized in the income statement from the time the derivative commodity contract is entered into. BP enters into contracts for pipelines and storage capacity, oil and gas processing and liquefied natural gas (LNG) that, under IFRS, are recorded on an accruals basis. These contracts are risk-managed using a variety of derivative instruments that are fair valued under IFRS. This results in measurement differences in relation to recognition of gains and losses. The way that BP manages the economic exposures described above, and measures performance internally, differs from the way these activities are measured under IFRS. BP calculates this difference for consolidated entities by comparing the IFRS result with management's internal measure of performance. Under management's internal measure of performance the inventory and capacity contracts in question are valued based on fair value using relevant forward prices prevailing at the end of the period. The fair values of certain derivative instruments used to risk manage certain LNG and oil and gas contracts and gas sales contracts, are deferred to match with the underlying exposure and the commodity contracts for business requirements are accounted for on an accruals basis. We believe that disclosing management's estimate of this difference provides useful information for investors because it enables investors to see the economic effect of these activities as a whole. The impacts of fair value accounting effects, relative to management's internal measure of performance, are shown in the table above. A reconciliation to GAAP information is set out below. See the Glossary on page 30 for a more detailed definition of RMI. RMI, RMI at fair value, paid-up RMI and unpaid RMI are non-GAAP measures. A reconciliation of total inventory as reported on the group balance sheet to paid-up RMI is provided below. Based on sales of consolidated subsidiaries only - this excludes equity-accounted entities. Production volume recognition methodology for our Technical Service Contract arrangement in Iraq has been simplified to exclude the impact of oil price movements on lifting imbalances. A minor adjustment has been made to fourth quarter and full year 2016. There is no impact on the financial results. Henry Hub First of Month Index. The following discussion sets out the material developments in the group's material legal proceedings during the fourth quarter. For a full discussion of the group's material legal proceedings, see pages 261-265 of BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016, and page 35 of BP p.l.c. Group results second quarter and half year 2017. Plaintiffs' Steering Committee (PSC) settlements - Economic and Property Damages Settlement Agreement The Economic and Property Damages Settlement established a court-supervised settlement programme (CSSP) to resolve certain economic and property damage claims arising from the Incident. Following numerous court decisions, on 31 March 2015, the United States district court in New Orleans denied the PSC motion seeking to alter or amend a revised policy relating to business economic loss claims. Such policy required the matching of revenue with the expenses incurred by claimants to generate that revenue, even where the revenue and expenses were recorded at different times. The PSC appealed the district court decision and, on 22 May 2017, the Fifth Circuit issued an opinion upholding the policy in part and reversing the policy in part. The Fifth Circuit ordered that the portion of the policy upheld, which covers the substantial majority of the remaining business economic loss claims, be applied as the governing methodology for all applicable business economic loss claims. BP filed a petition for a rehearing which was denied on 21 June 2017. In May to July 2017, the district court issued a series of orders instructing the CSSP on how to implement the Fifth Circuit's opinion. On 10 August 2017, the district court denied BP's motion to clarify or reconsider these orders. BP appealed all of these orders and decisions on 8 September 2017; the appeals have been consolidated with four appeals filed by claimants in early to mid-September 2017 challenging the same set of orders and decisions, albeit raising different issues than are raised by BP's appeal. These appeals are currently pending before the Fifth Circuit. As a result of significantly higher average claims determinations issued by the CSSP in the period and the continuing effect of the May 2017 Fifth Circuit opinion, the provision for the costs associated with the 2012 PSC settlement was increased in the fourth quarter of 2017. The amounts ultimately payable may differ from the amount provided and the timing of payments is uncertain. See Note 2 on page 17 for further details. Other civil complaints Following numerous court decisions, on 11 January 2018, the United States district court in New Orleans issued an order requiring all remaining private plaintiffs with economic loss or property damage claims outside of the CSSP to file by 11 April 2018 a verified sworn statement regarding the actual damages each such plaintiff seeks in its pending litigation and an explanation of how those alleged damages were causally related to the Incident. Non-US government lawsuits On 3 December 2015 and 29 March 2016, Acciones Colectivas de Sinaloa filed two class actions (which have since been consolidated) in a Mexican Federal District Court on behalf of several Mexican states against BP Exploration & Production Inc., BP America Production Company (BPAPC), and other purported BP subsidiaries. In these class actions, plaintiffs seek an order requiring the BP defendants to repair the damage to the Gulf of Mexico, to pay penalties, and to compensate plaintiffs for damage to property, to health and for economic loss. BP was formally served with the action on 8 December 2017. California False Claims Act matters On 4 November 2014, the California Attorney General filed a notice in California state court that it was intervening in a previously-sealed California False Claims Act (CFCA) lawsuit filed by relator Christopher Schroen against BP, BP Energy Company, BP Corporation North America Inc., BP Products and BPAPC. On 7 January 2015, the California Attorney General filed a complaint in intervention alleging that BP violated the CFCA and the California Unfair Competition Law by falsely and fraudulently overcharging California state entities for natural gas and making similar allegations in addition to individual claims. In January 2018 the parties reached a settlement pursuant to which BP, while denying liability, agreed to pay $102 million to the state of California. Non-GAAP measures are provided for investors because they are closely tracked by management to evaluate BP's operating performance and to make financial, strategic and operating decisions. Adjusted effective tax rate (ETR) is a non-GAAP measure. The adjusted ETR is calculated by dividing taxation on an underlying RC basis by underlying RC profit or loss before tax. Taxation on an underlying RC basis is taxation on a RC basis for the period adjusted for taxation on non-operating items and fair value accounting effects. For the 2016 calculation, taxation on an underlying RC basis also reflects an adjustment to eliminate a $434-million credit that arises from the reduction in the rate of the North Sea supplementary charge in the third quarter of 2016. Information on underlying RC profit or loss is provided below. BP believes it is helpful to disclose the adjusted ETR because this measure may help investors to understand and evaluate, in the same manner as management, the underlying trends in BP's operational performance on a comparable basis, period on period. The nearest equivalent measure on an IFRS basis is the ETR on profit or loss for the period. BP-operated Upstream plant reliability is calculated taking 100% less the ratio of total unplanned plant deferrals divided by installed production capacity. Unplanned plant deferrals are associated with the topside plant and where applicable the subsea equipment (excluding wells and reservoir). Unplanned plant deferrals include breakdowns, which does not include weather related downtime. Fair value accounting effects are non-GAAP adjustments to our IFRS profit (loss) relating to certain physical inventories, pipelines and storage capacity. Management uses a fair-value basis to value these items which, under IFRS, are accounted for on an accruals basis with the exception of trading inventories, which are valued using spot prices. The adjustments have the effect of aligning the valuation basis of the physical positions with that of any associated derivative instruments, which are required to be fair valued under IFRS, in order to provide a more representative view of the ultimate economic value. Further information is provided on page 26. Inorganic capital expenditure is a subset of capital expenditure and is a non-GAAP measure. Inorganic capital expenditure comprises consideration in business combinations and certain other significant investments made by the group. It is reported on a cash basis. BP believes that this measure provides useful information as it allows investors to understand how BP's management invests funds in projects which expand the group's activities through acquisition. Further information and a reconciliation to GAAP information is provided on page 24. that would have arisen based on the replacement cost of inventory. For this purpose, the replacement cost of inventory is calculated using data from each operation's production and manufacturing system, either on a monthly basis, or separately for each transaction where the system allows this approach. The amounts disclosed are not separately reflected in the financial statements as a gain or loss. No adjustment is made in respect of the cost of inventories held as part of a trading position and certain other temporary inventory positions. See Replacement cost (RC) profit or loss definition below. Net debt and net debt ratio are non-GAAP measures. Net debt is calculated as gross finance debt, as shown in the balance sheet, plus the fair value of associated derivative financial instruments that are used to hedge foreign currency exchange and interest rate risks relating to finance debt, for which hedge accounting is applied, less cash and cash equivalents. The net debt ratio is defined as the ratio of net debt to the total of net debt plus shareholders' equity. All components of equity are included in the denominator of the calculation. BP believes these measures provide useful information to investors. Net debt enables investors to see the economic effect of gross debt, related hedges and cash and cash equivalents in total. The net debt ratio enables investors to see how significant net debt is relative to equity from shareholders. The derivatives are reported on the balance sheet within the headings 'Derivative financial instruments'. The nearest equivalent GAAP measures on an IFRS basis are gross debt and gross debt ratio. A reconciliation of gross debt to net debt is provided on page 23. Net wind generation capacity is the sum of the rated capacities of the assets/turbines that have entered into commercial operation, including BP's share of equity-accounted entities. The gross data is the equivalent capacity on a gross-JV basis, which includes 100% of the capacity of equity-accounted entities where BP has partial ownership. Non-operating items are charges and credits included in the financial statements that BP discloses separately because it considers such disclosures to be meaningful and relevant to investors. They are items that management considers not to be part of underlying business operations and are disclosed in order to enable investors better to understand and evaluate the group's reported financial performance. Non-operating items within equity-accounted earnings are reported net of incremental income tax reported by the equity-accounted entity. An analysis of non-operating items by region is shown on pages 7, 9 and 11, and by segment and type is shown on page 25. Operating cash flow excluding amounts related to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill / Gulf of Mexico oil spill payments or Underlying operating cash flow is a non-GAAP measure calculated by excluding post-tax operating cash flows relating to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill as reported in Note 2 from Net cash provided by operating activities as reported in the condensed group cash flow statement. BP believes it is helpful to disclose net cash provided by operating activities excluding amounts related to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill because this measure allows for more meaningful comparisons between reporting periods. The nearest equivalent measure on an IFRS basis is Net cash provided by operating activities. Operating cash margin is operating cash flow divided by the applicable number of barrels of oil equivalent produced, at $52/bbl flat oil prices. Expected operating cash margins are calculated over the period 2016-2025. Organic balance and organic cash balance are non-GAAP terms that refer to the point BP's organic sources of cash equal organic uses of cash. Organic sources of cash and organic uses of cash are referred to as organic cash flows which is also a non-GAAP measure. Organic sources of cash is the sum of operating cash flow, excluding amounts related to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and proceeds of loan repayments. Organic uses of cash is organic capital expenditure plus dividends. BP believes that the organic balance point is useful for investors because it is closely tracked by management to evaluate BP's financial performance and to make financial, strategic and operating decisions and because it may help investors to understand and evaluate, in the same manner as management. The nearest equivalent measure on an IFRS basis for organic sources of cash is net cash provided by operating activities and the nearest equivalent measures on an IFRS basis for organic uses of cash are total cash capital expenditure and dividends paid - BP shareholders. Organic capital expenditure is a subset of capital expenditure and is a non-GAAP measure. Organic capital expenditure comprises capital expenditure less inorganic capital expenditure. BP believes that this measure provides useful information as it allows investors to understand how BP's management invests funds in developing and maintaining the group's assets. An analysis of organic capital expenditure by segment and region, and a reconciliation to GAAP information is provided on page 24. Production-sharing agreement (PSA) / Production-sharing contract is an arrangement through which an oil company bears the risks and costs of exploration, development and production. In return, if exploration is successful, the oil company receives entitlement to variable physical volumes of hydrocarbons, representing recovery of the costs incurred and a stipulated share of the production remaining after such cost recovery. Paid-up RMI excludes RMI which has not yet been paid for. For inventory that is held in storage, a first-in first-out (FIFO) approach is used to determine whether inventory has been paid for or not. Unpaid RMI is RMI which has not yet been paid for by BP. RMI, RMI at fair value, Paid-up RMI and Unpaid RMI are non-GAAP measures. Further information is provided on page 27. Replacement cost (RC) profit or loss reflects the replacement cost of inventories sold in the period and is arrived at by excluding inventory holding gains and losses from profit or loss. RC profit or loss is the measure of profit or loss that is required to be disclosed for each operating segment under IFRS. RC profit or loss for the group is not a recognized GAAP measure. BP believes this measure is useful to illustrate to investors the fact that crude oil and product prices can vary significantly from period to period and that the impact on our reported result under IFRS can be significant. Inventory holding gains and losses vary from period to period due to changes in prices as well as changes in underlying inventory levels. In order for investors to understand the operating performance of the group excluding the impact of price changes on the replacement of inventories, and to make comparisons of operating performance between reporting periods, BP's management believes it is helpful to disclose this measure. The nearest equivalent measure on an IFRS basis is profit or loss attributable to BP shareholders. RC profit or loss per share is a non-GAAP measure. Earnings per share is defined in Note 6. RC profit or loss per share is calculated using the same denominator. The numerator used is RC profit or loss attributable to BP shareholders rather than profit or loss attributable to BP shareholders. BP believes it is helpful to disclose the RC profit or loss per share because this measure excludes the impact of price changes on the replacement of inventories and allows for more meaningful comparisons between reporting periods. The nearest equivalent measure on an IFRS basis is basic earnings per share based on profit or loss for the period attributable to BP shareholders. Reserves replacement ratio is the extent to which production is replaced by proved reserves additions. This ratio is expressed in oil equivalent terms and includes changes resulting from revisions to previous estimates, improved recovery, and extensions and discoveries. Return on average capital employed (ROACE) is a non-GAAP measure and is underlying replacement cost profit, after adding back non-controlling interest and interest expense net of notional tax at an assumed 35%, divided by average capital employed, excluding cash and cash equivalents and goodwill. Interest expense is finance cost excluding the unwinding of the discount on provisions and other payables, and for full year 2017 interest expense was $1,421 million before tax. BP believes it is helpful to disclose the ROACE because this measure gives an indication of the company's capital efficiency. The nearest GAAP measures of the numerator and denominator are profit or loss for the period attributable to BP shareholders and average capital employed respectively. Underlying production is production after adjusting for divestments and entitlement impacts in our production-sharing agreements. 2017 underlying production does not include the Abu Dhabi onshore concession renewal. Underlying RC profit or loss is RC profit or loss after adjusting for non-operating items and fair value accounting effects. Underlying RC profit or loss and adjustments for fair value accounting effects are not recognized GAAP measures. See pages 25 and 26 for additional information on the non-operating items and fair value accounting effects that are used to arrive at underlying RC profit or loss in order to enable a full understanding of the events and their financial impact. BP believes that underlying RC profit or loss is a useful measure for investors because it is a measure closely tracked by management to evaluate BP's operating performance and to make financial, strategic and operating decisions and because it may help investors to understand and evaluate, in the same manner as management, the underlying trends in BP's operational performance on a comparable basis, period on period, by adjusting for the effects of these non-operating items and fair value accounting effects. The nearest equivalent measure on an IFRS basis for the group is profit or loss attributable to BP shareholders. The nearest equivalent measure on an IFRS basis for segments is RC profit or loss before interest and taxation. Underlying profit in the headline on page 1 refers to full year underlying RC profit for the group. Underlying RC profit or loss per share is a non-GAAP measure. Earnings per share is defined in Note 6. Underlying RC profit or loss per share is calculated using the same denominator. The numerator used is underlying RC profit or loss attributable to BP shareholders rather than profit or loss attributable to BP shareholders. BP believes it is helpful to disclose the underlying RC profit or loss per share because this measure may help investors to understand and evaluate, in the same manner as management, the underlying trends in BP's operational performance on a comparable basis, period on period. The nearest equivalent measure on an IFRS basis is basic earnings per share based on profit or loss for the period attributable to BP shareholders. In order to utilize the 'safe harbor' provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the 'PSLRA'), BP is providing the following cautionary statement: The discussion in this results announcement contains certain forecasts, projections and forward-looking statements - that is, statements related to future, not past events - with respect to the financial condition, results of operations and businesses of BP and certain of the plans and objectives of BP with respect to these items. These statements may generally, but not always, be identified by the use of words such as 'will', 'expects', 'is expected to', 'aims', 'should', 'may', 'objective', 'is likely to', 'intends', 'believes', 'anticipates', 'plans', 'we see' or similar expressions. In particular, the following, among other statements, are all forward looking in nature: expectations regarding the expected quarterly dividend payment and timing of such payment; plans and expectations regarding cash flows and returns to 2021 and beyond; expectations regarding 2018 organic capital expenditure and depreciation, depletion and amortization charges; plans and expectations with respect to gearing including to target gearing within a 20-30% band; plans and expectations to target a net debt ratio of 20-30%; expectations regarding divestment transactions and the amount and timing of divestment proceeds; expectations regarding the adjusted effective tax rate in 2018; plans and expectations regarding the continuation of the share buyback programme; expectations regarding Upstream 2018 underlying production and first-quarter 2018 reported production; expectations regarding Downstream first-quarter 2018 refining margins, turnaround activity and discounts for North American heavy crude oil; expectations regarding Other businesses and corporate 2018 average quarterly charges; expectations with respect to cash margins of 2016 and 2017 Upstream project start-ups; plans and expectations regarding the joint development agreement with Rosneft with respect to subsoil resources within the Kharampurskoe and Festivalnoye licence areas; plans and expectations regarding the joint ventures with Shandong Dongming Petrochemical Group; plans and expectations regarding the strategic partnership with Lightsource; expectations regarding the determination of business economic loss claims in respect of the 2012 PSC settlement; and expectations with respect to the timing and amount of future payments relating to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill including 2012 PSC settlement payments. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risk and uncertainty because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that will or may occur in the future and are outside the control of BP. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed in such statements, depending on a variety of factors, including: the specific factors identified in the discussions accompanying such forward-looking statements; the receipt of relevant third party and/or regulatory approvals; the timing and level of maintenance and/or turnaround activity; the timing and volume of refinery additions and outages; the timing of bringing new fields onstream; the timing, quantum and nature of certain divestments; future levels of industry product supply, demand and pricing, including supply growth in North America; OPEC quota restrictions; PSA effects; operational and safety problems; potential lapses in product quality; economic and financial market conditions generally or in various countries and regions; political stability and economic growth in relevant areas of the world; changes in laws and governmental regulations; regulatory or legal actions including the types of enforcement action pursued and the nature of remedies sought or imposed; the actions of prosecutors, regulatory authorities and courts; delays in the processes for resolving claims; amounts ultimately payable and timing of payments relating to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill; exchange rate fluctuations; development and use of new technology; recruitment and retention of a skilled workforce; the success or otherwise of partnering; the actions of competitors, trading partners, contractors, subcontractors, creditors, rating agencies and others; our access to future credit resources; business disruption and crisis management; the impact on our reputation of ethical misconduct and non-compliance with regulatory obligations; trading losses; major uninsured losses; decisions by Rosneft's management and board of directors; the actions of contractors; natural disasters and adverse weather conditions; changes in public expectations and other changes to business conditions; wars and acts of terrorism; cyber-attacks or sabotage; and other factors discussed elsewhere in this report, under "Principal risks and uncertainties" in our Form 6-K for the period ended 30 June 2017 and under "Risk factors" in BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016 as filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission.

2019-04-23T18:40:19Z

https://markets.ft.com/data/announce/full?dockey=1323-13522403-2CPJF7FAL88PPH16QPAL5UCR3Q

This is a step-by-step guide for accredited investors and high net worth individuals to make money investing in the bitcoin ecosystem guided by the lessons learned (not) from the previous paradigm shift, consequent bubble and ultimate burst. For the first time in modern history, we are experienecing a second paradigm shift within the same 100 year period. But... What is a Paradigm Shift? A radical change in thinking from an accepted point of view to a new one, necessitated when new scientific discoveries produce anomalies in the current paradigm. Put in the language of a grade schooler, when something so different and so fantastic comes along it forces everyone who thought they were smart to change the way they look at life, business and the world. To be absolutely honest, it's probably best to look at this as not two separate paradigm shifts but two separate steps to the evolution of mankind from an analog civilation to a fully digital one. Last year I penned "Who Are The Three Biggest Data Companies In the World? 1) Google 2) the Fed 3) JP Morgan/ECB" in an attempt to illustrate what many C-suite professionals seem to be missing. That is banks are essentially in direct competition with GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon - the pre-eminent data companies of our time). Banks are only just now starting to catch on to this, but the problem is they are catching on in the wrong way... again. It appears as if banks are concerned that GAFA will gain control of the user by sitting in between the heavily regulated commidity service (banking) and the user/user interface/user experience. Apple Pay is a very strong example of such. Now, don't get me wrong - that's a very valid concern. It's just that it's a concern born out of a gross misunderstanding of how the new "money" technologies work and what they are capable of. In all due respect to banking management, they are not the only one's who may not fully grasp this concept. I've notice many very smart investors and regulators may be missing the point as well. I glean this as I go on my mini-roadshow to raise capital for Veritaseum. The problem for the bankers is that they are the one's who will be affected the most. Investors may miss out on the next big thing. Regulators may pass inefficient regulation that may need to be re-written. Bankers face relegation to base utility companies with capped profits and margins, literally shielded from both the public view and mindshare... and that's the optimistic scenario! The probable scenario is that most bank functions will be subsumed into software and banks go the way of the classified ad (which was software-ified into Craigslist, eBay and Amazon). Banks have been protected from competition for decades, essentially since the Great Depression. This protection may have shielded profit margins, but it is also stagnated innovation to the point where the banking industry is the oldest dinosaur of the era. The ATM from the late 1960s was the last material innovation that actually had a positive effect on the consumer. Practically everything else was financial engineering designed to pad margins. This remained true even through the Internet boom era where practically every other industry in the world witnessed a destructively creative boom in efficiency that caused slower dinosaurs to become extinct, replaced by faster and more nimble followers of the digital Apex Predator. All except the financial services industry. Why? Most likely because of regulatory protections. Now that we have "the internet of money" (that's blockchain technology for those who didn't know), it's time for the financial industry to face that creatively destructive cleansing of the inefficient. GAFA, or young nimble startups such as Veritseum, see that the you can not only stand in as middleman/rent seeker/gatekeeper to the banks (this is the business model of most banks, which is why this is likely the first conclusion they jump to when they have a concern about GAFA competition), they can literally remove the middleman - period! Through Blockchain technology, many (if not most) banking functions and services can be facilitated on a peer-to-peer basis, without the participation of a bank at all. This means that banks' concerns of being relegated to a commoditized, highly regulated white-label service provider are not nearly paranoid enough. We're talking, at least in eyes of Veritaseum management - full blown, absolute disintermediation. The absolute removal of the rent seeker from the capital and money services equations - reference The Revolution Will Not Be Televised. It Will Not Be Decentralized, But It Will Be Distributed. You see, this wasn't possible 20, or even 10 years ago. Not only is possible now, it's being done on a trial basis. The reason is because the blockchain allows what is known as zero (or low) trust transactions. By minimizing or eliminating the trust necessary to conduct a transaction, you significantly increase the efficiency of said transaction. More importantly, you eliminate the need of 3rd party "trusted" intermediaries. The biggest of which are the banks in today's global banking system. Capital is a commodity. Banks don't truly supply or produce capital, they gather it from other entities and simply control it. If the capital of other individual entities are allowed to flow freely among themselves, there literally is no longer a needed function for banks. Does this sound apocalyptic or far fetched? Download the Veritaseum wallet and start trading the value of over 45k tickers in all asset classes, with leverage and without counterparty risk directly with others and solely through software and the blockchain-fortified cloud. As you do this, take note that you didn't come into contact with a single bank, broker or exchange. It's as far fetched as your next mouse click! Banking without Bankers! Trades without Brokers! Contracts without Courts! Now that bitcoin, blockchain and digital currency technology is starting to go mainstream the discussion of the utility is a moot point. Alas, the implementation of the technology needs to be the new conversation. Nearly a billion dollars of VC money (reference The Evolution That Is Veritaseum: Benchmarking It To Venture Funded Competition) has been poured into the digital currency sector, yet the vast majority of that money has been poured in to a legacy framework that is bound to obsolesce. As a matter of fact, it will likely obsolesce before an acceptable return is realized from the money invested. Now, this is a bold statement, and one that is liable to piss off a bunch of VCs that have already invested in the space. All I can say in this regard is… “Don’t shoot the messenger!” Let’s carefully walk through how this is the case. The first bold generation of bitcoin entrepreneurs (it's amazing that you can refer to companies born 2 and 3 years ago as a previous generation, it just goes to show you how fast this space is moving!) built businesses based upon bitcoin as a legacy commodity. Basically, they bought, sold, transmitted or transferred it as a unit of value. They did this because that's how everything was done for the last several thousand years in the financial services industry. Basically, they had no choice - or so they thought. Then came those who read the Satoshi whitepaper and the bitcoin wiki and saw a very different meaning. My team and I are among those entrepreneurs. We saw that bitcoins were malleable, programmable, tools with which one can use to paint upon the canvas of value - any value, in almost any fashion. A far cry from the moving of static financial widgets from place to place. Think of moving bitcoins around (bitcoin 1.0 companies) vs programming bitcoins to act on their own according to their contractual owner's wishes (bitcoin 2.0 companies) akin to pushing a model T Ford around town vs. programming your driverless electric Tesla to go by the grocery store to pick up some fresh produce before swinging by the school to pick up your kids on the way home to meet you to take your wife (girlfriend?) out to dinner. With this distinction in mind, I view the media with interest as I startup after startup win $25M, $50M, $75M funding rounds for essentially replicating a legacy business model couched in new age bitcoin wrapping. Significant money is spent on regulatory approvals and the fashioning of old systems into new systems - alas those new systems are still straddled with old system limitations which honestly begs the question, "Why bother?". Now, I don't want to assert that regulation is not needed or businesses can succeed without cooperating with regulatory authorities. What I am asserting is that these businesses and business models are being put together to satisfy the shortcomings of last generations technology (1.0) and are not only wasting the capabilities of the next generation tech (2.0) but will eventually (and I belive relatively quickly) be railroaded by nimble, efficient, and tranparent business models built on top of the way bitcoin was meant to be run. Not only does this not break regulations, but in our interpretation it totally sidesteps most regulatory barriers completely, and does so without jeopardizing the trust of institutions (at least those who are smart enough to realize what they are dealing in). Regulation in the financial services industry (both on the state and federal levels) is aimed primarily at the protection of the consumer. This is a good thing, both for the consumer and the industry in general, for a consumer that can't trust its vendors is a consumer that won't use it's vendors. This is the reason why the big(ger) bitcoin exchanges, money tranmsitters, etc. are getting regulated - as as to comply with the laws and appear more acceptable to the financial mainstream. The problem with this approach is that they are taking a decentralized, autonomous system of value transfer and attempting to shoehorn it into a centralized, legacy system created hundreds of years ago. Veritaseum's business model is different. We actually benefit and profit by putting control back into the hands of the people. Our wallets rest on YOUR client and YOU keep control of your financial assets at ALL times unless you put them in contract (via our smart contracts technology). Even then, you have full insight into where your assets are and how they got there at nearly all times. Our ENTIRE business is conducted ON BLOCKCHAIN - for all to see. We make financial asset trading a distributed affair, hence, even though certain entities may have (or are pursuing) gatekeeper status through supernormal control of the data chokepoints, we enable you to still ride on top of their infrastructure and trade value directly with other, on a peer tp peer basis (in terms of capital) while maintaining full control of your assets. We call this ability to retain control of your money, and of your assets, Economic Soveriegnty! Veritaseum's CEO was one of the very few (if not only) market participants to warn about Lehman Brothers (see Is Lehman really a lemming in disguise? Thursday, February 21st, 2008) and Bear Stearns months before they collapsed (reference Is this the Breaking of the Bear? March 17th 2008). He is now issuing the warning signals again. The blockchain is capable of mollifyiing the rentseeking effects of centralization and concentration of power through data gatekeepers and server farms. Veritaseum aims to disintermediate the banking system by congealing the business processes of Wall Street banks into software and code that lives and thrives in the cloud, and the blockchain in particular. This DACe in the cloud allows disparate consumers of banking products and services to purchase said services directly from each other through Veritasum using unbreachable smart contracts as the medium. Purchase our tradeable token, Veritase - the intellectual capital commodity, here. As many who follow this space may know, we have created a unique cryptographic asset, a software token, to raise awareness of our operation. It has been a much more difficult and harrowing endeavor than we ever thought it would be. Oustide of doing something different than everyone else, we found it harrowing to attempt to weave through the various interpretations of what a security is and isn't. The following blog post series is the result of our canvassing the big minds in the very limited arena of lawyers who fully understand the Blockchain and crypto asseets as well as the law (as it pertains to the former). I say this not to be condescending, but to point out how small such a club actually is and how absolutely necessary it is for that club membership to expand dramatically. The last thing any start up with less than a $100 million in funding needs is a cease and desist, or worse yet, a subpoena from a federal or state agency. We turned on the commenting facility of the site just for this series, and welcome one and all to openly participate in this discussion - particularly the legal community, those who have issued or purchased assets, and even regulatory representatives. I figure it is better to get this out in the open than to creep around hoping nothing happens. The vast majority of participants in the 2.0 space that I have met are hard working, honest individuals who do not mean to break the rules. I would like all to realize that and to take it into consideration. Our Crypto Asset can be purchased here, with a presentation here. Thus, without further adieu, I present the first in a series of legal lectures (purposely cast in layman's language) on crypto assets, securities issuance and software tokens by the well spoken Jason Seibert an engineer and securities attorney. Congratulations! You figured out how to code and you think you want to raise money by way of a “Token” offering to help get your business off the ground. If you don’t know how to code, or you don’t know what a “Token” offering is, then this article really isn’t for you. I’m not going to take the time to explain the Blockchain to you, or side chains, or mining, or really anything other than how to sell someone a “Token” and not violate the state or federal securities laws. This will be a multi-part series at the request of Mr. Middleton and I’m happy to provide this information on a generic level. Honestly, if at any time you have a more detailed question, or need to know specifics, that’s a good thing – try to communicate those questions in the comments section attached to this blog and I’ll see if I can address your concerns in a few words. If it’s a complex issue though, you might want to consult with your attorney. On that note – standard disclaimer folks – your facts may be different than my facts and my analysis, so if you rely solely on this information without consulting an attorney, you are pretty much on your own, although you will be headed down the right path. Walk with care. Episode One: First thing’s first – are you selling a token, or are you selling a security? The more you are selling a product, the less likely you are selling a security. If you have a user’s guide that accompanies your Token instead of an offering document, you are probably on the right track (you are smart folks, you know how to look around at what other people are doing and copy and paste from the interwebnets – if someone’s document says “offering document” on it, you probably want to think twice about using it). Think of it this way – if it walks like a duck and talks like a duck, it’s probably a duck. If you publish an online statement about how excited you are about your “ICO” (initial coin offering), you are headed down the path of a security; however, if you publish an online statement about how excited you are to be selling software and how people can get an advanced ticket to ride, then you are probably headed down the path of selling a product. Get it? By way of example, let’s say I’ve decided to release a new product based on existing blanket technology utilized in the Snuggie ™ market, and I’m going to call it the “Snuggie of Things” (listen, this is a parody and I have no intention of offering this product, nor do I have any intention of violating any intellectual property laws here folks – I do, however, plan to utilize the fantastic qualities of my Snuggie ™ whenever possible – don’t judge me). To avoid crossing into the securities laws, I pretty much just have to offer the blanket and nothing else – oh, right, and I should probably sell the blankets myself. Keep it simple. However, if I offer to pre-sale the comfortable lounging blankets and claim that they will increase in value and that a secondary market will develop prior to the release of the “Snuggie of Things,” and I offer the pre-sale of blankets through a third-party vendor along with an offering document and describe it as a “IBO” (initial blanket offering) – then I’m pretty much selling securities – or at least that’s what the regulators will say. Get it? If you want me to actually quote the dozen or so state and federal securities laws that support this point of view, you’ll have to pay me to do it, or you could trust in the fact that the securities laws are broadly interpreted and designed to adapt to the ever changing ways people try to raise money by taking it from other people. Are there arguments that Token sales are not securities? Sure. Pretty easy ones to make, if you only look at the Federal Securities laws in a micro-vacuum without consideration of 70+ years of jurisprudence, or if you don’t know what a merit review state is, or if you have never faced cease and desist orders from multiple jurisdictions, or if you rely on what your friend’s attorney said over drinks. But, but…my attorneys told me I wasn’t selling securities?? Great, okay, you asked your attorney if you were selling a security and what did you tell him or her? “It’s just software,” right? Did you tell them everything? Or did you tell your attorney what you thought they wanted to hear after you read a few cases I hinted at above? Chances are if your attorney actually understood what a Token is, or how you’ve worded your “software sale” they probably would have told you that you are going to have to ask for permission or beg for forgiveness later. My favorite case involving “software” actually comes from SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises and derived from my great state of Oregon in 1973. SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, 474 F.2d 476 (1973) Glenn Turner sold self-improvement cassette tapes (don’t get all retro hipster on me, yes, they sold cassette tapes, stay focused) under the “Dare to be Great” slogan. How it worked: Part of the program included a portion of income through the sale of cassette tapes to people, who, in turn, could have the opportunity to sell the program and tapes to others. Turner argued he was just selling tapes. The federal court determined, which was upheld by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, that because of the remedial nature of the securities laws, the statute should be broadly interpreted to include schemes that in substance, if not form, are securities. You see, when the purchaser of the “software” was told he or she could sell the product him or herself, and make money doing it, that was enough. This case created the “functional test.” End result? Permanent injunction and asset seizure. What does it mean? If the contract functions like a security, no amount of efforts to claim it is not a security will convince the courts. Now, listen, your attorney may tell you that selling cassettes and an opportunity to sell cassette tapes is different than what you are doing – that’s great, good for you – you’ve paid your attorney to tell you what you want to hear. I’m telling you that when it comes to defending a regulatory action, if you have to explain what you are doing, you have already lost and you should get ready for a long and expensive fight. So – how do you explain what you are doing? When you sell a “Token,” what are you selling? If company “A” offers to sell you a token, which you can convert into a usable element of software at a later date (because it hasn’t actually been developed yet), on the surface, it is a worthless transaction that promises you nothing but the very ether it occupies. You have no way of recovering your value unless the company actually succeeds in creating its product, or, as is pitched in the sales effort, you can resell your “token” in a secondary market, where its value may increase. Speculative acquisition of a contract for future potential performance with no guarantees of success, but for the potential for increased value through a secondary market, is the kind of risky venture that has plagued the securities laws for hundreds of years. This type of offering, a general solicitation because it is published to the internet, would fail review in nearly every state securities regulator’s office in the union. But you think the Jobs Act and Regulation A+ means you won’t violate the securities laws. Think again. You actually have to register your offerings with the SEC and follow complex filing rules, including filing pre-sale documents with both the Securities and Exchange Commission and with any state you are going to sell. Regulation A+ also says that unless you are selling an equity interest, or a security convertible into an equity interest, Regulation A+ is not for you. A “Token” is not an equity interest, nor is it convertible into an equity interest. But you think you are going to rely on Section 4(a)(6) of the 33 act – A.K.A. Crowdfunding Exemption. A crowdfunding exemption is an exemption from registering the sale of securities and has certain requirements to comply. In short – you are selling securities. You can attempt to bypass the securities laws, or rely on exemptions to avoid registration, but the simple truth is – just don’t sell securities and you won’t have to worry about it. Prior to becoming a lawyer, Mr. Seibert was the Senior Data Engineer at Integra Telecom, Inc. for the Northwest Region, the Senior Data Communications Analyst for Electric Lightwave, Inc., a data engineering contractor for several technology firms, a Field Engineer for Digital Equipment Corporation, and an Electronic and Computer Switching Systems Journeyman at Cheyenne Mountain Air Station, HQNORAD, USAF, Colorado Springs, Colorado and a member of the 21st Space Command 721st Communications Squadron. Mr. Seibert is a licensed attorney, in good standing, admitted to the Oregon State Bar, the United States District Court for the District of Oregon, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (a.k.a. “The Rocket Docket”), the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Mr. Seibert has worked in both plaintiff and defense cases involving securities issues and Bitcoin, and has represented parties across the United States in state, federal, arbitral, and administrative proceedings. Throughout the month of Decemeber 2014 and early January 2105, rumors were floating around that the ECB would embark on a massive QE program. On January 22nd. the ECB officially announced the program. It's All Out War, Pt 3: Is the Danish Krone Peg to Euro More Fragile Than Glass Beads? The Danish National Bank Infers So!.. The Trillion Dollar Promise worked for 4 months, then it didn't! And as currency goes, rates follow - or was that vice versa? As volatility in currency exchange rates and interest rates (FICC) rise, banks get weaker and and more nervous.. As do their regulators. You know what's coming soon to the EU, right? In not, read the EU Area Residents' Step-by-Step Guide to Escaping the Upcoming Bank Bail-ins & Capital Controls. If you're thinking about speculating on the EURUSD pair, remember... Nobody leverages like us! Download the Veritaseum wallet and start trading now. Bitcoin mining has become a rough business, with much of the mining equipment (and business plans) created at a price point literally multiples above what bitcoin is trading at now. The falling price of bitcoin coupled with a risen difficulty level and increased competition has exposed many mining operations to the specter of insolvency. Combine those harsh business conditions with BTC volatility (bitcoin is the most volatile liquid asset that I know of) and a need to pay expenses (some of which are significant such as electricity) in fiat currencies while generating revenues in BTC, and you have a potent brew for failure. Veritaseum blockchain-based smart derivatives can rescue this industry. Let's walk through the operations of Cocoa (name has been changed for the sake of privacy), a young bitcoin entrepreneur who runs a mining operation in Washington state. She competes with national mining operations in addition to mining operations in China who are not only quite large, but purported to have subsidized power costs. There size combined with potentially lower costs put Cocoa in a defensive position, for she struggles with the dilemma of selling her mined coin among the turbulent volatility of the bitcoin markets. She then meets the founder of Veritaseum at the NYC Inside Bitcoins conference and he tells her about the digital, blockchain-based "smart swaps" he's created. He explains that his firm sells expertise as a commodity through their Veritas program and would be happy to create a custom hedging strategy for her at minimum cost. She buys some Veritas, gives him a call and explains her dilemma. Veritaseum's analysts and engineers create a simple yet effective hedging program that protects both her input costs (electricity) and her revenues (outputs). This is done with leverage to minimize the amount of BTC she has to put at risk and is custom tailored to her specific risk profile. Cocoa was enamored by the level of sophistication available in the bitcoin derivative world, but was confused by competing blockchain derivative vendors, so she did her homework and dug in. She compared Veritaseum to Hedgy, a company that got her attention because it employed guys from big brand name Wall Street banks and was backed by big, brand name VCs. Veritaseum's CEO advised here to read "The Evolution That Is Veritaseum: Benchmarking It To Venture Funded Competition", and she was impressed. As a result, she sent us the research that morphed into the following comparison. One of the biggest benefits of bitcoin transactions is privacy. Optimal derivatives and solutions built upon the Bitcoin Blockchain should retain the privacy aspects of bitcoin itself. Veritaseum products require absolutely no identifying infromation, no emails, no usernames, no registrations or account formations, wait times - just click download and start using. Most other products take the legacy model used by traditional institutions that require sign-ins, email addresses and personal information. Hedgy relies on 3rd party chat rooms for contract discovery. Potential point of compromise, injects execution risks. Everything is done in session @Veritaseum via your bitcoin wallet. There are no sign ups, registrations, waiting for approval, etc. Hedgy uses (apparently arbitrary) 3rd party email to communicate contrat terms and execute the contract. This introduces execution risks and injects additional counterparty risks since you are now facing not only your original prospective counterparty but also your email provider and your prospective counterparty's email provider. Veritasseum provides an internal matching engine to facilitate two parties agreeing upon, and executing contract terms and contracts. Contracts are created dynamically in real-time, and on the fly by both parties. They are signed by each party as they are created, even if the contracts have not been excecuted yet. This ensures that the capital is available in full whenever any party sees a contract on offer. A smart contract template is created and manually initiated by each counterparty via their dashboard. Unique URLs containing encrypted private keys are generated by each counterparty and sent via email. This email must be saved in order to collect settlement. We also recommend using 2-factor authentication for this email account. For Hedgy, 3.33x leverager is available along with a constant 30% margin requirement allows for the possibiity of contract default, eg. countrerparty risk, particularly during times of extreme volatility for which BTC is known. This risk is materially excacerbated when leverage is applied. This risk does not exist on the Veritaseum platform, even if 1000x leverage is used becaue all contracts are fully funded and collateralized at a minimum of 100%, with the option of posting as much as 10x more colalteral (margin) at the inception of the contract. Vertitaseum allows unlimited leverage with P/L bounded by the capital at risk. In other words, you can only make or lose the amount of money you put up as principal and collateral. As stated in the step above, contracts are fully funded and collateralized at a minimum of 100%, and can be overcolalteralized up to 1000% (10x) for those who wish to engage in extremely levered contracts and want to lessen the chance of a forced contract unwind due to exchausted capital. Unlimited leverage is available without counterparty or default risk because all contracts are fully collateralized upfront. You are bounded by capital at risk in terms of P/L. This means you can use $100,000 to purchase $1,000,000 worth of price movement, and limit losses (and gains) to $100,000\. The unique URL takes the user and her counterparty to their deposit page. They must also be logged into Hedgy in order to access these pages. A minimum margin of 30% is required, so Alice and her counterparty deposit 90 BTC to the multi-sig address listed on the page. Leverage of up to 3.33x is allowed. Since all contracts are pre-funded and fully collateralized, all one has to do is click "Match order" in one's wallet to execute a contract, which is then sent to the blockchain, with traceable hashes for all to see. Once deposits are made, Alice and her counterparty sign the contract, which goes LIVE on the block chain. At any point during the contract, Alice can use a block chain explorer to verify that her and her counterparty's funds are there. IP protection offers security for customers and clients in mollifying the risk that hard earned intellectual capital is not pilfered by others, and more importantly as protection and assurance against other entities bringing litigation in the form of patent infgringment and IP suits. Such claims can pose material risk to the operations of the vendor. Vertiaseum offers over 20,000 tickers of exposures to hedge/trade your BTC to and from. For instance, you can trade/hedge BTC into USD, or EUR, or the USDEUR pair, or gold, or hedge your electricity costs through an electricity index, or the GDP or share price of your largest publc client, etc. Hedgy offers only BTCUSD forwards. See also: Using Veritaseum and Veritas to Collateralize and Ensure Physical Delivery of Gold! "You're going to put JP Morgan out of business! The banks are going to hate you!" "At least one of the top global money center banks have approached us, and I expect to hear from at least 3 of the top 6!" MP3 technology combined with innovative business models have cut the music industry profits in half, and they're not coming back! I query all banking execs, 'Do you want to get MP3'd?'" "You are building a virtual Goldman Sachs on top of Bitcoin!" It’s the perfect storm of disruption, as it renders trading fees, brokerage fees, and those infamous Wall Street bonuses obsolete. The sheer scale of disruption this technology brings with it makes it something to watch. Team Veritaseum is uniquely trained, and highly motivated. Specialists with few equals, immune to the concept of “can’t”! —Reggie Middleton, CEO and Founder of Veritaseum, Inc. The Internet protocol (IP) is likely the strongest innovation of this century, and possibly the last one as well - very much like the Bitcoin protocol. The Internet is magnitude more convenient for the transfer, storage and management of data than anything before it. And... It's cheap! So cheap, as to be considered free by many if not most of its users. Alas, sometimes too much of a good thing is bad - particularly if you don't understand it. That's where we stand with the state of some of the largest data companies in the world - the global money center banks. To explore this misunderstanding by many (including bank executives, reference "Who Are The Three Biggest Data Companies In the World? 1) Google 2) the Fed 3) JP Morgan/ECB. Is the rapid ramp-up in FinTech funding the dawn of the death of a thousand cuts to the traditional banking business model? Here come capital controls in Europe. Of that, I have little doubt. Actually, they are already here, both in legislative form and in action. Let's walk through what they are, why they're here, how they got here, and what you can do to avoid them. Capital controls are residency-based measures such as transaction taxes, other limits, or outright prohibitions that a nation's government can use to regulate flows from capital markets (money) into and out of the country's capital account. These measures may be economy-wide, sector-specific (usually the financial sector, ex. your bank). I offered Goldman to defend their quarter's reporting, good name and share price by taking the GS long side of this swap. It's good thing they didn't, because this is what it looks like 24 hours later with the recommended GS bear leg up nearly 50% - in JUST ONE DAY! Take your own high leverage positions on every soveriegn, currency, and bank mentioned in this article with Veritaseum. Learn more or download from here. Purchase our tradeable intellectual property token, Veritas - the intellectual capital commodity - and design your own high end trades and value trading/exchange platforms with our assistance. Listen to this video to hear my opinion of ZIRP starving the banks in 2010 when nearly every single economist analyst and pundit swore that ZIRP would be free money and unlimited profits for said industry. If you don't want to hear my opinion on derivative daisy chain risk afterward, fast forward to the 6:18 marker to see how the contrarian opinion panned out the following year.

2019-04-19T14:47:49Z

https://blog.veritaseum.com/current-analysis?start=84

An exemplary method implements fixed pattern noise compensation for captured visual images of a moving scene. A current X-by-Y frame of image values captured by a camera is stored in memory where the magnitude of each image value represents a light level associated with a respective X-by-Y position in the frame. A moving average value for each image value over a number of X-by-Y frames is determined where the moving average value for each X-by-Y image value represents a level of fixed pattern noise for the moving scene. X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values are generated based on subtracting from each image value of the current X-by-Y frame the corresponding moving average value. 1. A method for implementing fixed pattern noise compensation for captured visual images by a camera of a moving scene comprising the steps of: storing a current X-by-Y frame of image values captured by the camera in memory where the magnitude of each image value represents a light level associated with a respective X-by-Y position in the frame; determining a moving average value for each image value over a number of X-by-Y frames where the moving average value for each X-by-Y image value represents a level of fixed pattern noise for the moving scene, where the number of X-by-Y frames used to determine the moving average values is inversely proportional to the speed at which the camera is moving; generating X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensation based on subtracting from each image value of the current X-by-Y frame the corresponding moving average value. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising transmitting the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values to an electronic display device and rendering visual information on a screen of the display device based on the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values so that fixed pattern noise is minimized in the rendered visual information. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of X-by-Y frames used to determine the moving average values is directly proportional to the number of frames per second at which the camera captures images. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the camera is mounted to an unmanned aircraft in a forward looking position and the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values are wirelessly transmitted to an electronic display device used by an operator of the unmanned aircraft so that a view of a runway during a landing approach can be visually observed on the display device. 5. A computer program product, comprising a computer usable nontransitory media having tangible computer readable program code embodied therein, said tangible computer readable program code adapted to be executed to implement a method for implementing fixed pattern noise compensation for captured visual images by a camera of a moving scene, said method comprising: storing a current X-by-Y frame of image values captured by the camera in memory where the magnitude of each image value represents a light level associated with a respective X-by-Y position in the frame; determining a moving average value for each image value over a number of X-by-Y frames where the moving average value for each X-by-Y image value represents a level of fixed pattern noise for the moving scene, where the number of X-by-Y frames used to determine the moving average values is inversely proportional to the speed at which the camera is moving; generating X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values based on subtracting from each image value of the current X-by-Y frame the corresponding moving average value. 6. The computer program product of claim 5 further comprising tangible computer readable program code adapted to transmit the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values to an electronic display device and render visual information on a screen of the display device based on the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values so that fixed pattern noise is minimized in the rendered visual information. 7. The computer program product of claim 5 wherein the number of X-by-Y frames used to determine the moving average values is directly proportional to the number of frames per second at which the camera captures images. 8. The computer program product of claim 6 wherein the camera is mounted to an unmanned aircraft in a forward looking position and the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values are wirelessly transmitted to an electronic display device used by an operator of the unmanned aircraft so that a view of a runway during a landing approach can be visually observed on the display device. 9. A method for implementing fixed pattern noise compensation for captured visual images by a camera of a moving scene comprising the steps of: storing a current X-by-Y frame of image values captured by the camera in memory where the magnitude of each image value represents a light level associated with a respective X-by-Y position in the frame; determining a moving average value for each image value over a number of X-by-Y frames where the moving average value for each X-by-Y image value represents a level of fixed pattern noise for the moving scene, where the number of X-by-Y frames used to determine the moving average values is directly proportional to the number of frames per second at which the camera captures images; generating X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensation based on subtracting from each image value of the current X-by-Y frame the corresponding moving average value. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising transmitting the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values to an electronic display device and rendering visual information on a screen of the display device based on the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values so that fixed pattern noise is minimized in the rendered visual information. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the number of X-by-Y frames used to determine the moving average values is inversely proportional to the speed at which the camera is moving. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the camera is mounted to an unmanned aircraft in a forward looking position and the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values are wirelessly transmitted to an electronic display device used by an operator of the unmanned aircraft so that a view of a runway during a landing approach can be visually observed on the display device. 13. A computer program product, comprising a computer usable nontransitory media having tangible computer readable program code embodied therein, said tangible computer readable program code adapted to be executed to implement a method for implementing fixed pattern noise compensation for captured visual images by a camera of a moving scene, said method comprising: storing a current X-by-Y frame of image values captured by the camera in memory where the magnitude of each image value represents a light level associated with a respective X-by-Y position in the frame; determining a moving average value for each image value over a number of X-by-Y frames where the moving average value for each X-by-Y image value represents a level of fixed pattern noise for the moving scene, where the number of X-by-Y frames used to determine the moving average values is directly proportional to the number of frames per second at which the camera captures images; generating X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values based on subtracting from each image value of the current X-by-Y frame the corresponding moving average value. 14. The computer program product of claim 13 further comprising tangible computer readable program code adapted to transmit the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values to an electronic display device and render visual information on a screen of the display device based on the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values so that fixed pattern noise is minimized in the rendered visual information. 15. The computer program product of claim 13 wherein the number of X-by-Y frames used to determine the moving average values is inversely proportional to the speed at which the camera is moving. 16. The computer program product of claim 13 wherein the camera is mounted to an unmanned aircraft in a forward looking position and the X-by-Y frames with fixed pattern noise compensated image values are wirelessly transmitted to an electronic display device used by an operator of the unmanned aircraft so that a view of a runway during a landing approach can be visually observed on the display device. This invention relates to images captured by an array of pixel sensors and more specifically relates to the correction of visual artifacts in images of a moving scene to improve image clarity. Imaging systems are used in a wide range of military and civilian applications. Central to many modern imaging systems is a focal-plane array (FPA), which consists of an array of detectors positioned at the focal plane of a projected image. The focal plane of an optical system is a point/plane at which the image is focused. Thus, in an FPA system, an array of detectors is located at a point where the image is focused. An X-by-Y array of sensors may be used to capture one frame of an image when a shutter is opened. Alternatively, a rotating mirror may sweep an image frame across one or more columns of sensors that store multiple time-based samples that collectively form one frame of the image. The performance of FPA systems is adversely affected by the non-uniformity in the output response of each of the detectors in the array, also known as fixed-pattern noise. This may be especially observed in imaging systems that capture far away scenes. Some of the sensor parameters responsible for this issue may be identified in advance and minimized by a fixed camera-based compensation for each sensor. However, it has not been possible to compensate for all the parameters and changing environmental effects giving rise to fixed pattern noise. Some fixed pattern noise, a form of non-uniformity of output, results in an image with a superimposed pattern, e.g. striping, that varies due to difficult to predict environmentally changing parameters. A typical camera physically inserts a uniform target to obtain empirical data that is saved and used to remove a fixed noise pattern. Hence, improvement in the correction of fixed pattern noise is desirable in order to produce images with increased clarity. FIG. 1 shows an image capturing environment that embodies an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is flow diagram of steps used in an exemplary method for practicing non-uniform compensation in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a computing environment suited for use in implementing the method of FIG. 2. One aspect of the present invention resides in the recognition that in image capture environments where the scene is changing, e.g. a moving camera such as a forward-looking camera mounted in an unmanned aircraft (UAC) in flight, etc., fixed pattern noise could be minimized, if not eliminated, by processing the output from each pixel in a current image frame by subtracting from it a longer term average of corresponding pixel values, where the average pixel value represents corresponding fixed pattern noise. As used herein, a "pixel" depending on its context may refer to an individual image sensor. This process works when consecutive images/frames are of a moving scene because the desired image output of any pixel will typically vary significantly over a relatively large number of frames so that averaging the values of each pixel will cause the averaged output due to real image content to be only a small fraction of the total averaged output, thus resulting in a value representing the associated fixed pattern noise. This eliminates the use of a target and associated data capture used by conventional cameras and hence also eliminates the complexity of the mechanism to insert the target, and the interruption of the scene view during the insertion of the target. FIG. 1 shows an image capturing environment 100 that embodies an embodiment of the present invention. The camera 105 provides a digital output 110 of pixel-based image information and an output 115 representing temperature data associated with the sensors/pixels with both outputs being received by a factory compensation and temperature compensation module 120. Although various cameras can benefit from the implementation of an embodiment of the invention, camera 105 represents a passive millimeter wave camera that captures consecutive frames of images represented by an X-by-Y pixel array. The factory compensation represents individual pixel output measurements typically made at the camera factory with corresponding stored fixed compensation applied to better normalize the output of each pixel to a common calibration value. Likewise, the temperature compensation represents individual pixel output measurements made over a temperature range typically made at the camera factory with corresponding compensation stored in a further attempt to normalize the output of each pixel over the temperature range. Although the factory compensation and temperature compensation are shown as a separate module 120, both types of compensation may be integrated within the camera itself. Each image frame output, with fixed pixel compensation having been applied as described, is received and stored at module 125 to represent an X-by-Y matrix of stored values that correspond respectively to the sensed outputs of an X-by-Y pixel array. As will be understood the physical storage of the values may not actually be in an X-by-Y form, e.g. two dimensional vectors, fixed memory locations, etc. could be used. It will be understood that the X-by-Y pixel array may represent a physical X (horizontal) by Y (vertical) arrangement of pixels at the camera or may represent the resulting output of time samples of an image projected across a column of sensors by a rotating mirror. In the latter case, the number of pixels in the column will typically correspond to Y and the number of time intervals sampled during one frame will correspond to X. Module 125 receives and stores multiple consecutive frames of images. Module 130 applies non-uniform compensation (NUC) to each of the X-by-Y pixel values stored in module 125 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The NUC is implemented on a pixel by pixel basis and is based on subtracting from each pixel in the current image frame a corresponding accumulated average value. The number of frames utilized to accumulate the average values should be based on how quickly images within the frame are moving, i.e. how quickly the scene is changing. The minimum number of frames to be utilized should be preferably selected so that primary or key objects in the scene change position within the frame or exit the field-of-view of the frame so that a substantial number of frames exist for each pixel to have seen a variety of different objects with different corresponding output values. For example, about 1000 and 500 frames may be accumulated for a forward looking camera mounted to a UAC having a field of view of 10.degree..times.10.degree. and a frame rate of 15 frames per second while traveling at 120 knots (kts) or 240 kts, respectively. The number of frames can be experimentally determined depending on the rate of movement of the scene and the level of compensation desired for the type of scene/image being depicted. For example, the number of frames A=[camera capture rate in frames per second (fps)]*[elapsed time in seconds over which frames are to be accumulated]*[120 kts]/[air speed in kts]; 1000=15 fps*67 seconds*120 kts/120 kts. The maximum number of frames to be utilized should be preferably selected so that not too many preceding frames are required in order to begin providing NUC compensation, i.e. startup delay. Also, an object appearing in each frame for a substantial number (about "A" frames/10) frames relative to the average number may be seen as a "ghost burn in" for several frames following its actual disappearance from the field-of-view of current image frames due to the NUC compensation. This is because the pixels associated with viewing the relatively constant/stationary object will have contributed a corresponding output value for a substantial fraction of the number of frames used for the average and hence will be mistaken for and treated as fixed pattern noise for future frames. This may or may not have substantial significance depending on the particular application. For example, during observation of a runway during a landing approach by a forward looking camera on a UAC, the continued appearance of a ghost of the runway immediately after a missed approach is not of critical importance since the ghost image will have resolved itself (disappeared) prior to a second landing approach (typically more than 60 seconds later) and hence the visibility of the runway during the second approach will not be impaired due to NUC compensation. Following the application of NUC compensation, module 135 may provide additional final image processing before consecutive frames are sent for display such as to a computer 140, e.g. computer laptop with incorporated display, desktop PC with an associated external display, etc. Module 135 may provide a variety of further image processing depending on the type of camera utilized and the camera's environment, i.e. the vehicle or apparatus on which the camera is mounted. For a camera that utilizes a vertical column(s) of pixels and a rotating mirror that horizontally scans the image across the column(s), vertical blurring of pixel values in adjacent rows of the columns may be utilized to prevent a vertical striping effect. For a forward-looking camera in a UAC seeing an upcoming runway during a final approach for landing, it may be desired to utilize vertical gradient correction in order to minimize the contrast of brightness between an upper part of the screen containing sky and the lower portion of the screen showing land and the runway. Additionally, depending upon the display on which the image frames are to be shown and the number of pixels in the X-by-Y array, it may be desirable to up-sample the number of pixels defining a frame and transfer the up-sampled image frame to the device 140 for display. A communication line 145 enables the PC 140 to transmit various commands to the camera 105. FIG. 2 is flow diagram of steps used in an exemplary method 200 for implementing non-uniform compensation in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Beginning with START 205, step 210 stores the X-by-Y pixel values for the current image frame. These pixel values are preferably stored in memory in a computing system that receives the image data output from camera 105. In step 215 each of the stored pixel values representing a current image frame is multiplied by 1/A, where A corresponds to a predetermined number of consecutive frames and represents the number of frames to be utilized for the computed average. The pixel values as multiplied by 1/A defines one set of pixel average (PA) values. In step 220 each of the PA values in this set is added to a corresponding pixel average value stored in memory that holds an accumulation of A image frames. That is, in accordance with step 220 an average value for each pixel in the X-by-Y array is computed and stored over A frames. Preferably, the average values are computed for the last A number of frames and hence represents a moving average of the last A frames. Alternatively, other types of mathematical calculations can be utilized to provide an averaging function without having to store pixel values for each of the A frames. In step 225 the cumulative average pixel value for each pixel is subtracted from the corresponding current pixel value for the current image frame and the result is stored in memory representing a NUC compensated image. That is, the objective is to minimize the fixed pattern noise associated with the output of each pixel in the X-by-Y pixel array. In step 230 a determination is made of whether the number of image frames having been processed is greater than A number of frames. A YES determination by step 230, indicating that more than A frames have been processed, results in step 235 outputting the NUC compensated X-by-Y image frame. The processing terminates at END 240. A NO determination by step 230 occurs during start-up, results in an immediate burn-in of current features, and is cleared within A frames during camera motion. In an illustrative example, a forward looking passive millimeter wave camera mounted to a UAC generates 15 frames per second, where each image frame is 35.times.32 pixels, and uses A=1000 for NUC compensation. This results in an NUC startup delay of 1000/15 or 67 seconds. The exemplary method has been found to provide a significant benefit for such relatively low density pixel arrays although it is beneficial for even larger pixel arrays. A minimum duration of 30 seconds at 120 kts airspeed should clear the image of a 10.degree..times.10.degree. forward-looking array, which corresponds to about 450 frames at 120 kts per the formula in paragraph 12. The scene contrast can be as low as 1 Kelvin contrast, and the fixed pattern noise can be much higher (several Kelvin) so long as the fixed pattern noise changes slower than the time constant (a fractional Kelvin over 30-120 seconds). FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary computer 300 suited for use in implementing the exemplary method of the present invention. The computer 300 includes a microprocessor 305, read-only memory (ROM) 310, random-access memory (RAM) 315, and nonvolatile memory storage device 320. An input/output module 325 provides an interface for communications between the microprocessor 305 and devices outside of computer 300, e.g. the camera 105, etc. Input user devices 330 include all forms of providing information to computer 300, e.g. keyboards, mouse, interactive screens, etc. Output user devices 335 include all forms of devices which may accept information from computer 300, e.g. display monitors, readouts, printers, etc. Typically, boot software located in ROM 310 is loaded on initial activation of computer 300 followed by the loading of an operating system which may be contained in ROM 310 or nonvolatile memory 320. Higher-level application programs such as software for capturing the raw image data from the camera 105 and converting it into an X-by-Y pixel array, software for sending commands to the camera, software for implementing NUC compensation and software for controlling the output of final image information to a display may be typically loaded from the nonvolatile memory 320 into RAM 315 for execution. The functions of computer 300 may reside in the PC 140 or a separate computer may perform these functions and utilize PC 140 (or any suitable display device) primarily for display of the final images. For example, camera lines can be captured using a Camera Link frame grabber like a Pleora PT1000-CL, or a IO Industries DVR Express camera link data recorder. In a customized implementation the described functions can be part of camera-specific firmware supported by the camera computing capabilities rather than implemented later by external software. Computer-readable signal-bearing tangible media may contain software, firmware, and/or assembly language that can perform the described functions. The computer-readable signal-bearing media in one example may contain instructions stored as magnetic, electrical, optical, biological, and atomic information. For example, the computer-readable signal-bearing media comprise magnetic discs or tapes, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, hard disk drives, flash drives, and/or forms of memory storage. Although exemplary implementations of the invention have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, NUC compensation could be applied at a different stage of the processing of the image data from the camera and could be incorporated together with other processing steps, e.g. the camera itself with sufficient computing capabilities could be used to provide a selectable output with NUC compensation. Various numbers of frames could be used for the average depending on the speed of movement of objects from frame to frame.

2019-04-25T12:14:46Z

http://patents.com/us-9832401.html

Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Advanced Materials Department, Electronic Materials laboratory,P.O.Box 87-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt. A. Abdel-Aal, I. A. Ibrahim, M. M. Rashad and A. K. Ismail, “Hydrometallurgical processing of Egyptian Magnesite ore for production of magnesium sulfate” Journal of Physicochemical Problems in Mineral Processing 28 (1994), 165-175. E. A. Abdel-Aal , M. M. Rashad “Hydrometallurgical processing of Egyptian magnesite ore with nitric acid” Journal of Physicochemical Problems in Mineral Processing 31(1997), 7-17. H.. El-Shall, M. M. Rashad , E. A. Abdel-Aal “ Effect of phosphonate on the inhibition of calcium sulfate dihydrate under simulated conditions of phosphoric acid production” Crystal Research and Technology, 37(12), (2002), 1264-1273. M. M. Rashad, H. M. Baioumy and E. A. Abdel-Aal “Structural and spectral studies on gypsum crystals under simulated conditions of phosphoric acid production with and without organic and inorganic additives” Crystal Research and Technology, 38(6), (2003), 433-439. E. A. Abdel-Aal, M. M. Rashad “Kinetic study on the leaching of spent nickel oxide catalyst with sulfuric acid” Hydrometallurgy 74(3-4), 2004, 189-194. M.. M. Rashad, M. H. H. Mahmoud, I. A. Ibrahim and E. A. Abdel-Aal “Crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate under simulated conditions of phosphoric acid production in the presence of aluminum and magnesium ions” Journal of Crystal Growth , 267, (2004), 372-379. 10. M. M. Rashad and H. M. Baioumy “Chemical Processing of Dolomite Associated with the Phosphorites for Production of Magnesium Sulphate Heptahydrate” European Journal of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection (EJMPEP), Vol.5(2), (2005), 172-181. 11. M. Radwan, M. M. Rashad, S. Z. El-Tawil "Chemical upgrading and alumininothermic reduction of Egyptian sand" European Journal of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection (EJMPEP), Vol. 5(2), (2005), 147-152. 13. M. M. Rashadand O.A. Fouad "Synthesis and characterization of nano-sized nickel ferrites from fly ash for catalytic oxidation of CO" Materials Chemistry and Physics, Volume 94, Issues 2-3, 15 December 2005, Pages 365-370. 14. H. El-Shall, M. M. Rashad and E. A. Abdel-Aal “ Effect of cetyl pyridinium chloride additive on crystallization of gypsum in phosphoric and sulfuric acid medium” Crystal Research and Technology 40(9), (2005), 860-866. 15. M. M. Rashad, M. H. Khedr, K. S. Abdel-Halim, “Magnetic and catalytic properties of Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanocrystallite powders” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 6(1), (2006)114-119. 16. E. A. Abel-Aal, A.A. Ismail, M.M. Rashad and H. El-Shall "New approach for measuring gelation rate during synthesis of ZnO/SiO2 gel" Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Volume 352, Issue 5, 1 May 2006, Pages 399-403. 17. M. M. Rashad "Synthesis and magnetic properties of manganese ferrite from low grade manganese ore" Materials Science and Engineering: B, Volume 127, Issues 2-3, 25 February 2006, Pages 123-129. 18. M. M. Hessien, M. Radwan and M.M. Rashad "Enhancement of magnetic properties for the barium hexaferrite prepared through ceramic route" Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Volume 78, Issue 2, March 2007, Pages 282-287. 19. E.A. Abdel-Aal, S.M. Malekzadeh, M.M. Rashad, A.A. El-Midany and H. El-Shall "Effect of synthesis conditions on preparation of nickel metal nanopowders via hydrothermal reduction technique" Powder Technology, Volume 171, Issue 1, 12 January 2007, Pages 63-68. 20. M. Radwan, M.M. Rashad and M.M. Hessien "Synthesis and characterization of barium hexaferrite nanoparticles" Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 181, Issues 1-3, 1 January 2007, Pages 106-109. 21. M. M. Rashad, R. S. Mohamed, A. A. El-Midany, A. T. Kandil, I. A. Ibrahim " Application of statistical design to optimize the preparation of barium titanate nanopowders via oxalate precursor method" Eurasian Chem. Tech. Journal 9 (2), 2007, 113-119. 22. A. Abdel-Aal, M. M. Rashad, G. A. M. Amin “Fabrication of dielectric thin film from BaTiO3 nanopowders prepared by organic acid precursor method” Journal of Physics: conferences series, 61, (2007)1-5. 25. M. M. Hessien, M. M. Rashad, K. El-Barawy, I. A. Ibrahim “Effect of Mn substitution and annealing temperature on the microstructure and magnetic materials of Mn-Zn ferrites” J. Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 320 (2008) 1615-1621. 26. M. M. Rashad, M. Radwan and M.M. Hessien "Effect of Fe/Ba mole ratios and surface-active agents on the formation and magnetic properties of co-precipitated barium hexaferrite" Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 453, Issues 1-2, 3 April 2008, Pages 304-308. 29. M. M. Rashad and H.M. Baioumy "Effect of thermal treatment on the crystal structure and morphology of zirconia nanopowders produced by three different routes" Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 195, Issues 1-3, 1 January 2008, Pages 178-185. 30. M. M. Rashad, R.M. Mohamed and H. El-Shall "Magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Sm-substituted CoFe2O4 synthesized by citrate precursor method" Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 198, Issues 1-3, 3 March 2008, Pages 139-146. 33. Y.M.Z. Ahmed, M.M. Hessien, M. M. Rashad, I.A. Ibrahim, " Nano-crystalline copper ferrites from secondary iron oxide “mill scale" J. Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 321(2009)181-187. 36. M.M. Hessien, M. M. Rashad, R.R. Zaky, E. A. Abdel-Aal, K. El-Barawy" Controlling the synthesis conditions for silica nanosphere from semi-burned rice straw" Materials Science and Engineering B , 162(2009)14-21. 38. M. M. Rashad, S. M. Elsayed, M.M. Moharam, R.M. Abou-Shahba, A.E. Saba "Structure and magnetic properties of nickel –zinc ferrites synthesized through co-precipitation method, J. Alloys and Compounds, 486 (2009) 759-767. 39. M.M. Rashad, D. A. Rayan, K. El-Barawy "Hydrothermal synthesis and magnetic properties of Mn doped ZnS nanoparticles" Journal of Physics: Conferences series, 200 (SECTION 7), (2010), art. no. 072077. 40. M. M. Rashad, S. M. El-Sheikh, "Magnetic properties of nano-clusters lanthanum chromite powders doped with samarium and strontium ions synthesized via a novel combustion synthesis"Materials Research Bulletin, Volume 46, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 469-477. 41. S.M. El-Sheikh, M. M. Rashad “Effect of Sm3+ and Sr2+ dopants on the FT-IR, photoluminescence and surface texture of lanthanum chromite nanoparticles “ J. Alloys and Compounds 496(2010)723-732. 42. E. A. Abdel-Aal, M. M. Rashad, R.M. Mohammed; Effect of Supersaturation and ammonium Fluoride Additive on the Gelation Rate of Silica Nanoparticles, Int. J. Nanoparticles, Vol. 3,No. 2, 2010, 192-203. 43. R.M. Mohamed, M.M. Rashad, F.A. Haraz, W. Sigmund, “Structure and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline cobalt ferrite powders synthesized using organic acid precursor method “Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Volume 322, Issue 14, July 2010, Pages 2058-2064. 47. M. M. Rashad “Effect of synthesis conditions on the preparation of bismuth ferrite nanopowders via two different routes” J. ’Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 23(2012)882-888. 48. M. M. Rashad, I. A. Ibrahim“Improvement of the magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite nanopowders using modified co-precipitation method” J. Magnetism Magnetic Materials, 323(2011)2158-2162. 49. M. M. Rashad, I. A. Ibrahim “ A novel approach for synthesis of M-type hexaferrite via the co-precipitation method” Journal of materials science: materials in electronics, 22 (12) , 2011, pp. 1796-1803. 51. M. M. Rashad, A. E. Shalan "Synthesis and optical properties of TiO2- PVA nanocomposite" International Journal of Nanoparticles, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2012, P. 159-169. 52. M. M. Rashad, I. A. Ibrahim "Structure, microstructure and magnetic properties of strontium hexaferrite powders synthesized using modified co-precipitation method" Materials Technology: Advanced Performance Materials, 27(4), pp.308-314 (2012). 55. M. M. Rashad, M. I. Nasr "Controlling the microstructure and magnetic properties of Mn-Zn ferrites nanopowders synthesized by co-precipitation method" Electronic Materials Letters 8(3),(2012), 325-329. 58. M. M. Rashad, H. M. ElSayed, M. Rasly, M. I. Nasr, " Induction heating studies of magnetite nanospheres synthesized at room temperature for magnetic hyperthermia" Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 324 (2012)4019-4023. 63. A.E. Shalan , M.M. Rashad , Youhai Yu , Mónica Lira-Cantú , M.S.A. Abdel-Mottaleb "A facile low temperature synthesis of TiO2 nanorods for high efficiency dye sensitized solar cells" Applied Physics A:, 110 (1) , pp. 111-122 (2013). 64. M.M. Rashad, M. Rasly, H.M. El-Sayed, A.A. Sattar, I.A. Ibrahim "Controlling the composition and the magnetic properties of hexagonal Co2Z ferrite powders synthesized using two different methods" Applied Physics A:, Volume 112, Issue 4, September 2013, Pages 963-973. 68. M. Rasly, M.M. Rashad "Structural and magnetic properties of Sn-Zn doped BaCo2Z- type hexaferrite powders prepared by citrate precursor method' J. Magn. Magn. Mater. Vol. 337-338(2013), 58-64. 69. Atef. Y. Shenouda, M.M. Rashad, Lee Chow "Synthesis, Characterization and performance of Cd1-XInXTe compound for solar cell applications " Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 563, 25 June 2013, Pages 39-43. 82-D. A. Rayan, Y.H. Elbashar, M.M. Rashad, A. El-Korashy “Optical spectroscopic analysis of cupric oxide doped barium phosphate glass for bandpass absorption filter” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids Volume 382, 15 December 2013, Pages 52-56. 83-Ahmed Esmail Kamal Shalan; I. Osama, M. M. Rashad, I. A. Ibrahim “"An investigation on the properties of SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized using two different methods" Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 25 (1), (2014), 303-310. 89- A. E. Shalan, M. Rasly, I. Osama, M. M. Rashad, I. A. Ibrahim “Photocurrent enhancement by Ni2+ and Zn2+ ion doped in SnO2 nanoparticles in highly porous dye-sensitized solar cells” Ceramics International, 40, Issue 8 PART A, September 2014, Pages 11619-11626. 110- Mohamed M Rashad, Ahmed Esmail Shalan, Marwa M Moharam, Ahmed Mourtada Elseman, M Rasly, Monica Lira-Cantu “Concordantly Fabricated Heterojunction ZnO-TiO2 Nanocomposites Electrodes via Co-precipitation Method for Efficient Stable Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells” RSC Advances 5(2015)103095-103114. 1- M. M. Rashad, R. S. Mohamed, M. M. Hessien, A. T. Kandil, I. A. Ibrahim, “Synthesis and Characterization of lead titanate nanopowders using organic acid precursor” 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites & Nanomaterials 11-13 Jan. 2008, Sharm ElSheikh, Egypt . 2- M. M. Rashad, M. M. Hessien, K. El-Barawy, I. A. Ibrahim, „ Synthesis of Mn-Zn ferrites by co-precipitation method” 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites & Nanomaterials 11-13 Jan 2008, Sharm ElSheikh, Egypt. 3- M. M. Rashad, M. M. Hessien, A. A. El-Midany, I. A. Ibrahim “ Application of statistical design to optimize the synthesis of YIG via co-precipitation method” 2nd International Conference on New Trends in Chemistry and Their Applications NTCA 2, Hurghada, Egypt 13- 15 Feb. (2008). 4- M.. E. M. Hassouna, I.A. Ibrahim, M. M. Rashad and A.M. K. Yassin “New Low- Cost Adsorbents For The Removal of Cu, Ni & Cr From Electroplating Industry Wastes” 2nd International Conference on New Trends in Chemistry and Their Applications NTCA 2, Hurghada, Egypt 13- 15 Feb. (2008). 5- A.A. I. Afifi, M. H. H. Mahmoud, M. M. Rashad, I. A. Ibrahim “Improvement of Ilmenite Ore Leaching by recycling of Ferrous Chloride” 2nd International Conference on New Trends in Chemistry and Their Applications NTCA 2, Hurghada, Egypt 13- 15 Feb. (2008). 6- I. A. Ibrahim, M. M. Rashad, M. A. Yousef “Utilization of Egyptian Serpentine for Chemical Industries Applications” 2nd International Conference on New Trends in Chemistry and Their Applications NTCA 2, Hurghada, Egypt 13- 15 Feb. (2008). 8- M. M. Rashad, R.S. Mohammed, M. M. Hessien, I. A. Ibrahim and A. T. Kandil “Synthesis and characterization of lead titanate nanopowders by organic acid precursor” Japan-Mediterranean (JAMED5) Workshop on Applied Electromagnetic Superconducting and Nanomaterials, Cyprus. 16-19 Sept (2007). 9- M. M. Hessien, M. M. Rashad, K. El-Barawy, I. A. Ibrahim, “Synthesis of Mn-Zn ferrites and correlation of magnetic properties with manganese substitution” Japan-Mediterranean (JAMED5) Workshop on Applied Electromagnetic, Superconducting and Nanomaterials, Cyprus., 16-19 Sept (2007). 10-M. M. Rashad, H. El-Shall “A novel approach for synthesis of MgAl2O4 nanopowders by precipitation with organic compounds” Euromat 2007,Nunberg, Germany, 10-13 Sept(2007). 12-I. A. Ibrahim, M. M. Rashad, R. S. Mohammed, A. A. El-Midany and A. T. Kandil “Effect of synthesis conditions on the preparation of barium titanate nanopowders via oxalate precursor method” 15th International Conference on Composites and Nano Engineering (ICCE-15), Haikou, Hainan Island, China,15-21 July (2007). 13-I. A. Ibrahim, M. M. Rashad, R. S. Mohamed, M. M. Hessien, A. T. Kandil, “Organic acid precursor synthesis of lead titanate nanopowders” 10th International Conference on Advanced Materials, IUMRS-ICAM 2007 (8-13 Oct. 2007), India. 15-M. M. Hessien, M. M. Rashad, K. El-Barawy, I. A. Ibrahim , “ Role of CMRDI in the improvement the synthesis and characterization of ferrites” Egypt- German Year of Science 2007, Workshop on the advanced materials, Stuttgart, Germany 4-6 Sept (2007). 16- A. Abdel-Aal, M. Rashad, G. Amin “Dielectric thin film from barium titanate nanopowders” International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology ICN&T 2006, Basel, Switzerland, 30 July- 4 August (2006). 17- S. A. Dardeer, N. M. Rageh, H. M. Rageh, M. M. Rashad , E. A. Abdel-Aal “Decreasing iron content in fertilizer grade phosphoric acid using ion exchange method” 45th Conference for metallurgist, metsoc.org, Quebec, Canada, 1-4 Oct. (2006). 19-M. M. Rashad, R. M. Mohamed, H. El-Shall “Magnetic properties of CoFe2-XSmXO4 synthesized by citrate precursor method” First Afro-Asian Conference on Advanced Materials Science and Technology (AMSAT06) , Cairo, Egypt, 13-16 Nov. (2006). 23-M. M. Rashad , M. H. Khedr “ Magnetic and microstructure studies of nanosized Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 from Cu-Zn Spent Catalyst” The International Conference on Nanotechnology Science and Application (NanoTech Insight 2005) Luxor, Egypt 20-25 Feb. (2005). 24- M. M. Rashad and O. A. Fouad “ Synthesis and characterization of nanosized nickel ferrites from fly ash for catalytic oxidation of CO” The International Conference on Nanotechnology Science and Application (NanoTech Insight 2005) Luxor, Egypt 20-25 Feb. (2005). 25- M. M. Rashad, M. Radwan, M. M. Hessien, “Synthesis and Characterization of Barium Hexaferrites Nanoparticles” Japan-Mediterranean (JAMED 4) Workshop on Applied Electromagnetic, Superconducting and Nanomaterials, Cairo, Egypt 17-20 Sept (2005). 26- E. A. Abdel-Aal, M. M. Rashad and E. A. Fouad “Kinetics of leaching of a gibbsitic bauxite with sodiumhydroxide” Mineral Engineering Conference, the 2nd International Symposium on Processing & Disposal of Mineral Industry Wastes (PDMIW 05), Falmouth, UK, 13-15 June, (2005). 27- Mohamed M. Rashad, Rasha S. Mohamed, A. T. Kandel and I. A. Ibrahim “Synthesis and Microstructure of Barium Titanate Nanopowders by OrganicAcid Precursors” USA- Egypt Workshop on Synthesis, Characterization, and industrial applications of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials”, Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications Alexandria, Egypt, 12-16 November, (2005). 28-M. Radwan, M. M. Rashadand M. M. Hessien, “Structure and magnetic properties of ultrafine BaFe12O19 powders prepared by chemical co-precipitation route”, European Congress on Advanced Materials and Processes – Euromat 2005, Prague, Czech Republic, September 5 – 9 (2005). 29-M. M. Rashad and M. H. Khedr “Magnetic properties of Cu-Zn ferrite synthesized from Cu-Zn Spent Catalyst through hydrothermal route” 5th Egyptian- Ukranian Workshop on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology 29 Nov.- 2 Dec.(2004). 30-M. M. Rashad and O. A. Fouad “Synthesis and characterization of nanosized nickel ferrites from fly ash for catalytic oxidation of CO” 5th Egyptian- Ukranian Workshop on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology , 29 Nov.- 2 Dec.(2004). 32-K. El-Barawy, M. S. Hassan, M. M. Hussein, M. M. Rashad " Pyro-metallurgical Processing of Celestite Mineral for the production of strontium –based magnetic ferrite" International Conference on " Towards Global Leadership in Minerals & Metals, 46th National Metallurgist Day, 62nd Annual Technical Meeting (MMMM08) 13-16 Nov 2008, New Delhi, India. 34-M. M. Rashad, R. M. Mohamed, E. A. Abdel-Aal " Effect of Supersaturation and ammonium fluoride on the gelation Rate of silica nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol Gel Method" Trends in NanoTechnology TNT2008, 1-5 Sept. 2008, Ovieda, Spain. 35-I.A. Ibrahim, M. M. Hessien, M. M. Rashad "Efforts of CMRDI in the synthesis and characterization of ferrites" Proceeding of the International Conference on Materials Science Research and Nanotechnology (ICMSRN2008), Department of Physics, Mother Teresa Women ,S University, Kodaikanal, India, 27-29 Feb. 2008. 36- M. M. Rashad, M. M. Hessien, M. S. Hassan, K. El-Barawy "Utilization of Egyptian celestite ore for synthesis of strontium hexaferrite powders" MineralsTo Materials Conference-M2M, 15-18 Dec.2008, Cairo, Egypt. 37-M. M. Rashad, M. M. Hessien, E. A. Abdel-Aal, K. El-Barawy, R. Singh Transformation of silica fume byproduct from ferrosilicon industries into chemical mechanical polishing for semiconductors applications" MineralsTo Materials Conference-M2M, 15-18 Dec.2008, Cairo, Egypt. 42-M. M. Rashad, R. S. Mohammed, M. M. Hessien, I. A. Ibrahim, A. T. Kandil " Synthesis and characterization of lead titanate nanopowders by organic acid precursor" 10th international school and workshop of crystallography on " Role of synthrotron radiation in advancement of materials sciences" 1-5 Feb. 2009, Gulf of Suez, Ain Soukhna, Egypt . 43-M. M. Rashad, M. M. Hessien, K. El-Barawy and I. A. Ibrahim " Synthesis of Mn-Zn ferrites by co-precipitation method and correlation of magnetic properties with manganese substitution" 10th international school and workshop of crystallography on " Role of synthrotron radiation in advancement of materials sciences" 1-5 Feb. 2009, Gulf of Suez, Ain Soukhna, Egypt . 45-E. A. Abel-Aal, Manar Ibrahim, M. M. Rashad, A.A. El-Midany, Laila Fouad, Fatma H. Kamal" Synthesis and characterization of copper ferrite by wet chemical methods" Trends in Nanoscience, 28 Feb. – 4 Mar. 2009, Ulm, Germany. 46- M. M. Rashad, R. S. Mohamed, A. A. El-Midany, A. T. Kandil, I. A. Ibrahim " Hydrothermal synthesis of barium titanate nanopowders" International workshop of Advanced materials IWAM 2009, 22-24 Feb. 2009, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. 49-F. A. Harraz, R.M.Mohamed, M.M.Rashad, W.Sigmund "Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye on Magnetic Nanocomposite based Titania-Silica "Recent Progress in Environment and Energy Related catalysis”, 16 July 2010, The University of Tokyo, Japan. 52-K. Abdel Halim, M. Bahgat, M. Khedr, O. Fouad, M. Rashad, A. Zaki “Fabrication of nano-sized ferroalloys from industrial wastes by thermal techniques” X International Conference on Nanostructured Materials, Nano2010, Rome, Italy 13-17 Sept.2010. 61-I.. A. Ibrahim, M. M. Rashad, L. Bergstrom ”Synthesis of Ca2SnO4 nanorods” Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Physical and Numerical Simulation of Materials Processing, Guilin, China, 16-19 Nov. 2010. Catalysis: Catalysis in the context of Energy, Environment and Sustainability“, 6-8 Dec. 63-M. M. Rashad, R. Roshdi, A.T. Kandil, K. El-Barawy1 "Does the doped Ca2+ ions affect the structural, optical and electrical properties of strontium titanate nanoparticles? Presented at 30th conference on solid state science and Materials physics, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 3-6 Oct.2011. 64- M. M. Rashad, A. Omar and A. T. Kandil "Effect of Sr+2 substitution on the crystal structure, microstructure and properties of BST nanopowders" Presented at 30th conference on solid state science and Materials physics, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 3-6 Oct.2011. 65- M. k. Abd El-Rahman and M.M. Rashad "Synthesis of Manganese Ferrite Nanopowders from Low Grade Egyptian Manganese ore by Mechano-chemical Activation Method" 30th conference on solid state science and Materials physics, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 3-6 Oct.2011. 66- M. M. S. Sanad, M. M. Rashad, E. A. Abdel-Aal, M. F. El-Shahat " Optical and Electrical Properties of Nanocrystalline Orthorohmbic Mullite Powders Synthesized at Low Annealing Temperature" 30th conference on solid state science and Materials physics, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 3-6 Oct.2011. 67- M. M. Rashad, M. Rasly, H. M. El-Sayed, A. A. Satter, I. A. Ibrahim ""Structural and magnetic properties of Sn-Zn doped barium Z-type hexaferrite nanoparticles " 30th conference on solid state science and Materials physics, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 3-6 Oct.2011. 68- Atef Y. Shenouda, M. M. Rashad, Lee Chow "Synthesis and characterization of chemically prepared Cd1-xInxTe" The 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (26th EU PVSEC) will be held in Hamburg, Germany, 5 - 9 September 2011. 69- Mohamed M. RASHAD, Adel A. Ismail, I. Osama, Ibrahim A. Ibrahim, Abdel- Hakim T. Kandil "Stannic Oxide Nanopowders Via The Co-Precipitation Method" The Nineteenth Annual International Conference on. COMPOSITES/NANO ENGINEERING (ICCE - 19) ICCE-19 Shanghai, China, July 24-30, 2011. 70- M. M. Rashad, R. Roshdi, K. El-Barawy, A. T. Kandil " Does the doped Ca2+ ions affect the structural, optical and electrical properties of strontium titanate nanoparticles?" International Conference on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Dehli, Dehli, India 18-21 Dec 2011. 71- M. M. Rashad, A. Omar and A. T. Kandil "Effect of Sr+2 substitution on the crystal structure, microstructure and properties of BST nanopowders" European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes Euromat 2011, 12-15 Sept. 2011, Montpellier, France. 72- M. M. Rashad, M. Rasly, H. M. El-Sayed, A. A. Satter, I. A. Ibrahim ""Structural and magnetic properties of Sn-Zn doped barium Z-type hexaferrite nanoparticles " European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes Euromat 2011, 12-15 Sept. 2011, Montpellier, France. 73- Mohamed M. Rashad, I. A. Ibrahim "Synthesis and magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite powders using organic acid precursor method" The Seventh Japanese-Mediterranean and Central European Workshop on Applied Electromagnetic Engineering for Magnetic, Superconducting and Nano Materials (JAPMED'7)6-8 July, Budapest, Hungary. 74- M. M. Rashad, M. Rasly, I. A. Ibrahim " Magnetic properties of BaCo2W-type ferrite synthesized via modified co-precipitation method" International Conference on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Dehli, Dehli, India 18-21 Dec 2011. 75- M. M. Rashad, D.A. Rayan, A. A. Ramadan "Optical and Magnetic Properties of CuO / Co3O4 Nanocomposites" 12th Conference of the European Ceramic Society [ECerS XII] (19-23 June) 2011, Stockholm, Sweden. 76-M. M. Rashad, D.A. Rayan, A. A. Ramadan "Optical and Magnetic Properties of CuO/ CuMn2O4 Nanocomposites" 9th SESAME Users' Meeting SESAME - JSPS School (12-16 November) 2011, Amman, Jordan. 77-M.M. Rashad, I. A. Ibrahim, M. Rasly " Structural, microstructure and magnetic properties of SrCo2W-type ferrite synthesized using organic acid precursor method" European Joint Magnetism, Parma, Italy, 9-14 Sept. 2012. 79-M. M. Rashad, I. A. Ibrahim " Structural and magnetic properties of barium hexaferrite powders using organic acid" International Conference on Superconductivity and Magnetism" (ICSM2012) Kumburgaz/Istanbul, Turkey between April 29- May 4, 2012. 80-M. M. Rashad "Hexagonal ferrites, synthesis, properties and applications' 1St international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov. 2012. 81-A. E. Saba, E. M. Elsayed, M.M. Moharam, M.M. Rashad, R. M. Abou-Shahba “Structure and magnetic properties of NixZn1-xFe2O4 thin films prepared through electrodeposition method” 1st international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov. 2012. 82- M. M. Rashad , A.E. Shalan , Mónica Lira-Cantú , M.S.A. Abdel-Mottaleb "Does the calcinations temperature affect the properties of hydrothermally TiO2 nanoparticles for efficiency dye sensitized solar cells" 1st international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov. 2012. 83-M. M. Rashad, M. Bahgat, M. Rasly " Synthesis and reduction behavior of spinel (Ni, Cu) magnetite" 1st international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov. 2012. 84-Ali M. Hassan, M. M. Rashad, Amr Nassar, A. Mourtada, Nabila M. Ibrahim " Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured iron oxide and cobalt ferrite loaded functionalized carbon spheres' 1st international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov. 2012. 85-M.M. Rashad, A. A. Ismail, I. Osama, A. T. Kandil "Effect of transition metal ions on the crystal structure, microstructure, and magnetic properties of stannic oxide nanopowders" 1st international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov. 2012. 86-M. M. Rashad, D. A. Rayan, S. Soltan, A.A. Ramadan "Effect of Fe substitution in optical and magnetic properties of Cu2O nanoparticles" 1st international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov. 2012. 87-M.M. Rashad, A.O. A. Turky, A. T. Kandil " Effect of Sr2+ substitution on the crystal structure, microstructure, and properties of BST nanopowders synthesized via organic acid precursor" 1st international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov. 2012. 88-M. M. Rashad, A. E. Shalan, Monica Lira Cantu, M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb " Effects of modifiers on TiO2 nanoparticles properties and efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells " 1st international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov. 2012. 89-M. M. Rashad, H. M. ElSayed, M. Rasly, M. I. Nasr, " Induction heating studies of magnetite nanospheres synthesized at room temperature for magnetic hyperthermia" 1st international conference on Advanced Basic and Applied Sciences (ABAS) including Egyptian-Sweden Workshop on Advanced Materials, Hurghada, Egypt, 6-9 Nov.2012. 91-M. M. Rashad, M. Rasly, H. M. El-sayed, A.A. Sattar, I. A. Ibrahim " Structural and magnetic properties of La doped nanocrystalline Z-type ferrite nanopowders synthesized via co-precipitation method" International conference on nanoscale magnetism 2-6 Sept. 2013, Istanbul / Turkey. 92-M. M. Rashad, A. Omar, I. A. Ibrahim and A. T. Kandil” An investigation of the magnetic, optical and electrical properties of Fe substituted Ba-Sr-TiO3 nanopowders synthesized via oxalate precursor route” International conference on nanoscale magnetism 2-6 Sept. 2013 Istanbul / Turkey.

2019-04-24T19:47:12Z

http://www.chemmethod.com/journal/editorial.board?edbc=4347

1. On January 26, 2012, the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada initiated a complaint against WhatsApp Inc. (“WhatsApp”), a California corporation, pursuant to subsection 11(2) of the Act, having reasonable grounds to believe that it was collecting, using, disclosing and retaining personal information in a manner contrary to certain provisions of Schedule 1 of the Act. 2. The investigation was conducted in collaboration with the Dutch Data Protection Authority (College bescherming persoonsgegevens) and focused on alleged privacy violations concerning consent, limiting collection, limiting use and retention, and safeguards. The investigation was limited to privacy issues identified during the period January 26, 2012 through November 30, 2012. 3. WhatsApp was notified of the complaint on February 16, 2012 and cooperated fully with our investigation. 4. Representations were received from WhatsApp from March 22, 2012 through to January 4, 2013. On October 15, 2012, based on the results of our investigation, our Office issued a preliminary report of investigation to WhatsApp (“Preliminary Report”). In our Preliminary Report, we made recommendations to WhatsApp with the aim of ensuring that it was meeting its obligations under the Act vis-à-vis the issues we investigated. This report of findings reflects those recommendations and WhatsApp's response. 5. WhatsApp Inc. owns and operates “WhatsApp Messenger” (hereafter “the application”), a cross-platform mobile messaging service which allows individuals to exchange messages on their mobile devices through the Internet rather than by short message service (SMS). The application is available on a variety of mobile devices and platforms, including Apple's iPhone, Research in Motion's BlackBerry, and Google's Android. In addition to basic messaging, the application allows users to send and receive images, video and audio media messages. 6. WhatsApp is a US corporation registered and headquartered in California. WhatsApp actively promotes and distributes its service to Canadians. At the time our investigation was initiated, the application was considered one of the top-five best selling apps in the world, and was widely used by Canadians. By some estimates, the application is said to facilitate the transmission of over one billion messages per day globally. 7. At the time our investigation was initiated, a subscription to use the application cost $0.99. The application operates free of advertising, and messages sent and received using the application are free of charge to users, but for applicable network data fees. According to WhatsApp, it does not currently sell marketing data and does not share personal information with third parties. Personal information means information about an identifiable individual, but does not include the name, title or business address or telephone number of an employee of an organization. 8. Based on a technical review of the application, our Office initiated a complaint in respect of WhatsApp's service registration process to investigate whether that process allowed for unauthorized access to a user's account, contrary to Principle 4.7 of Schedule 1 of the Act. More specifically, this Office investigated whether a user's WhatsApp account could be used prior to the completion of the user authentication process, thereby allowing a third party to create and control accounts associated with phone numbers which they did not own. 9. Individuals may download WhatsApp's messenger service from a variety of on-line stores. In some cases, the application is pre-loaded to an individual's phone by a network carrier or device manufacturer. 10. Once the application has been downloaded to a mobile device, an individual is required to register with WhatsApp using his or her mobile device. 12. Once an individual has read and accepted WhatsApp's terms of service, he or she is asked to specify the country in which they reside and to provide their mobile phone number. In some cases, the application may also ask a registrant for their preferred notification name (i.e., the name the user wishes to appear in out-going messages). 13. According to WhatsApp, once an individual has provided his or her country code and mobile telephone number, the application collects the following information from the registrant's mobile device: device identifier information, mobile subscriber ID, mobile country code, and mobile network code. 14. Using that information, WhatsApp sends an account confirmation message to the registrant by way of standard SMS. Using the registrant's reply to that message, WhatsApp then verifies that the personal information provided by the user during the registration process matches that attached to the mobile device. Once confirmed, a user is registered and his or her account is activated. The user may then begin sending and receiving messages with other WhatsApp users world-wide. 15. Notwithstanding the verification procedures above, in early 2011 it was reported in various technical reviews that WhatsApp's registration process allowed for the application's use even in cases where a user failed to respond to WhatsApp's account confirmation message. In other words, even in cases where a registrant failed to authenticate, the application would verify the registered device and allow for the transmission of messages to that device. 16. It was further reported that WhatsApp's account confirmation messages were being sent using ordinary web traffic ports, allegedly without encryption or safeguards. Absent appropriate security measures, confirmation messages and any personal information attached thereto ran the risk of being intercepted. Once intercepted, a confirmation number could be used to access and receive a user's messages and/or any other personal information sent to the programmed number (as detailed in the paragraphs following). 17. In making our determination on this issue, we applied Principles 4.7 and 4.7.1 of Schedule 1 of the Act. Principle 4.7 requires that personal information be protected by security safeguards appropriate to the sensitivity of the information. Principle 4.7.1 goes on to say that an organization's security safeguards shall protect personal information against loss or theft, as well as unauthorized access, disclosure, copying, use or modification. 18. In our view, a registrant's device identifier information, mobile subscriber ID, mobile country code, and mobile network code constitute personal information under the Act, since that information, alone or in combination with other information, could render a specific individual identifiable. 19. According to WhatsApp, it first identified the registration issues outlined above in May 2011. Upon becoming aware of the potential for a security breach in registration, and prior to the initiation of our investigation, WhatsApp took measures to correct the problem. 20. In order to assess the accuracy of publicly reported registration flaws, and to confirm that the remedial actions undertaken by WhatsApp were sufficient in ensuring compliance with the Act, customized tests were performed of WhatsApp's registration process. Based on the test results, we were satisfied that issues identified with respect to WhatsApp's mobile registration process had been resolved. 21. Based on the results of our testing, and following confirmation from WhatsApp that it is not aware of any security issues outstanding relating to its registration process, we find concerns relating to the matter of WhatsApp's registration process to be not well founded. 22. Based on a technical review of the application, our Office initiated a complaint to investigate whether WhatsApp was collecting more personal information than necessary for the purposes of allowing its users to send and receive messages, contrary to Principle 4.4 of Schedule 1 of the Act. We also investigated whether WhatsApp required the upload of a user's full address book or contact list as a condition of service – as opposed to allowing for the use of contact information belonging only to those individuals a user chose to communicate with – contrary to Principle 4.3.3 of Schedule 1 of the Act. 23. WhatsApp's messenger service provides an instant messaging system that can be used across mobile devices, whether BlackBerrys, iPhones, Windows-based phones or Androids. BlackBerry users, for example, may message Android users and iPhone users, and vice versa – a feature generally not available on the proprietary messaging systems built into phones by mobile manufacturers. In order to send and receive messages using the application, however, both the sender and recipient of a message must have the application installed and registered on his or her device. 24. In order to facilitate contact between application users, WhatsApp relies on a user's address book to populate his or her WhatsApp “All Contacts” list. Once a user consents to the use of his or her address book, contact information from the user's mobile device is periodically transmitted to WhatsApp's servers to assist in the identification of other WhatsApp users. 25. According to WhatsApp, the application is designed to upload a user's mobile address book to WhatsApp's servers up to two times daily, or as initiated by the user during a contact refresh. According to WhatsApp, personal information collected during the contact discovery process is limited to mobile numbers. WhatsApp contends that it does not collect the names, email addresses or other information stored in a user's address book. Association between contact names and numbers occurs on a user's device only, and not by virtue of any data matching by WhatsApp. 26. Once a user has consented to the use of his or her contact information for contact discovery, mobile numbers from the user's address book are transferred securely to WhatsApp's servers using Secure Socket Layer / Transport Layer Security or SSL/TLS encryption. 27. Once uploaded, a contact number is categorized by WhatsApp's corporate servers as being either “in-network” (i.e., registered with WhatsApp) or “out-of-network”. Only numbers listed as in-network can be contacted using the WhatsApp service. An out-of-network number would only become associated with a WhatsApp user once the application was installed and registered on a device with that number. 28. According to WhatsApp, in-network numbers are stored as original values (i.e., in clear text) on their servers. Out-of-network numbers are stored as one-way, irreversibly hashed values. WhatsApp uses a multi-step treatment of the numbers, with the key step being an “MD5” hash function. The phone number and a fixed salt value serve as input to the hash function, and the output is truncated to 53 bits and combined with the country code for the number. The result is a 64-bit value which is stored in data tables on WhatsApp's servers. According to WhatsApp, this procedure is designed to render out-of-network numbers (i.e., the mobile numbers of non-users) anonymous. 29. In making our determination on this issue, we applied Principles 4.3.3 and 4.4.1 of Schedule 1 of the Act, and subsection 5(3) of the Act. Principle 4.4.1 precludes organizations from collecting personal information indiscriminately. By law, the collection of personal information must be limited to that which is necessary for stated purposes identified by an organization. 30. Principle 4.3.3 states that an organization shall not, as a condition of the supply of a product or service, require an individual to consent to the collection, use or disclosure of information beyond that required to fulfill the explicitly specified and legitimate purposes. 31. Subsection 5(3) of the Act states that an organization may only collect, use, or disclose personal information for purposes that a reasonable person would consider appropriate in the circumstances. You hereby give your express consent to WhatsApp to access your contact list and/or address book for mobile phone numbers in order to provide and use the Service. We do not collect names, addresses or email addresses, just mobile phone numbers. 33. According to WhatsApp, if a user withholds consent for the upload or integration of address book information, the application may continue to operate, but in a limited or degraded manner only. Users are not able to send and receive messages to individuals of their choice through the manual input of single or proposed contacts. 34. In the course of our investigation, customized tests were performed of the application's contact discovery process. Based on the test results, we confirmed that personal information collected during the contact discovery process is limited to mobile numbers only. 35. Principle 4.4 of Schedule 1 of the Act provides that the collection of personal information must be limited to that which is necessary for the purposes identified by the organization. Principle 4.5.3 states that personal information that is no longer required to fulfil the identified purposes should be destroyed, erased or made anonymous. 36. Notwithstanding the fact that information collected by WhatsApp during its contact discovery process is limited, users should have the ability to manually add and manage contacts, rather than being compelled to provide their complete address books in the identification of other application users. At the time our investigation was initiated, WhatsApp required users to consent to the collection and use of all the phone numbers in their address books as a condition of service, rather than allowing a subscriber to use the individual phone number of the contact he or she wishes to correspond with. 37. Furthermore, since WhatsApp does not require the mobile numbers of non-users in order for the application to function, we recommended in our Preliminary Report that those numbers be destroyed immediately after their identification and classification as “out-of-network” numbers. While non-user numbers may be collected with a user's consent in the course of the application's contact discovery process, those numbers should not be retained by WhatsApp. 38. WhatsApp has instead implemented a procedure to render out-of-network numbers “anonymous”. Although our preference was to see those number deleted, according to WhatsApp, the collection and retention of both in-network and out-of-network numbers is necessary to facilitate the operation of its application. 39. In order to render out-of-network numbers anonymous, WhatsApp employs a cryptographic hashing technique which, in its view, renders the original value of out-of-network numbers difficult to determine. According to WhatsApp, this hashing process precludes the identification of non-users, providing subscribers of the service on the one hand with an effective mechanism to find new contacts, while on the other hand protecting the mobile numbers of non-users. 40. In the course of our investigation, we reviewed technical flowcharts and functional narratives supporting WhatsApp's anonymization process for out-of-network numbers. We also spoke with a member of WhatsApp's engineering team in an effort to better understand the underlying logic supporting the company's anonymization process. 41. Based on our review of the above process, we found that WhatsApp's treatment of out-of-network numbers was not an effective form of anonymization. True anonymity is only achieved where information can never be linked to an individual, either directly or indirectly. In our view, WhatsApp's use of all digits in an out-of-network phone number, coupled with a fixed salt value for the hash function, does not result in a true anonymization of out-of-network numbers. This is because the number could be recovered, with a modest amount of computing effort, if the out-of-network number database and salt value were breached. Indeed, simple test programs created by our technical experts showed that phone numbers could be recovered, once the salt is known, in under 3 minutes using a standard, low-power desktop computer. The fact that the phone numbers can be recovered – albeit through a data breach and some computing effort –means that the storage is not truly anonymous. 42. Furthermore, we note that re-submitting the same telephone number to the process will always result in the same value, so the company could adopt a practice (or be compelled) to reprocess a phone number and find it in their databases. 43. Although WhatsApp has stated that their treatment procedure will result in some overlap in attempts to recover out-of-network numbers (i.e., “intentional collisions”), making it possible that multiple numbers produce the same hashed results (and thus offering some privacy protection to non-users), the small amount of overlapping values does not, in our view, provide a sufficiently practical form of anonymity. 44. Although personal information collected by WhatsApp during the contact discovery process is appropriately limited to that necessary for legitimate purposes, as specified by WhatsApp in its Terms of Service, the company's retention of out-of-network numbers remains, in our view, unnecessary and may create the potential for inappropriate or unintended uses of non-user mobile numbers. 45. Based on the above, and whereas out-of-network numbers are being retained for longer than required for purposes of contact discover, we find concerns relating to the retention of non-user numbers to be well founded. 46. Notwithstanding the above, further to recommendations in our Preliminary Report, WhatsApp now provides iPhone users with the option to manually add contacts, thus by-passing the application's contact discovery process. Our tests confirm that such functionality has now been built into its latest Apple iOS application (version 2.8.7). According to WhatsApp, the same functionality is to be integrated into its implementation plan for other operating systems, though the company could not provide us with a firm commitment date for that implementation. 47. Based on a technical review of the application, our Office initiated a complaint to investigate whether WhatsApp was failing to obtain the knowledge and consent of individuals prior to disclosing their personal information, contrary to Principle 4.3 of Schedule 1 of the Act. More specifically, we investigated whether WhatsApp was broadcasting the “status updates” of its users to individuals the user may not know (or may not wish to share personal information with), without their knowledge and consent. 48. WhatsApp allows its users to populate and share “user status submissions” (e.g., brief expressions of a user's state of mind, his or her location, and or opinion). In order to enter his or her status, a user must open the application's “Status” tab where he or she may input a personalized message or select one of several default status settings. Standard messages include “available”, “busy”, “at school”, “at work”, “sleeping”, “in a meeting”, and “urgent calls only”. 49. Personalized status submissions are limited to 139 characters. While a user's status field cannot be left blank (except for users of Apple's iPhone), it can be populated with random characters, punctuation or graphic illustrations (i.e., so called “emoticons”) so as to render the status message meaningless. Once the user has input his or her status submission, he or she is prompted to “save” the status or cancel its entry. 51. In contrast to some social networking platforms which allow an individual to limit or control the broadcast of status submissions to only certain people, status messages shared using the WhatsApp messenger service are, by design, broadcast to all WhatsApp users who have the broadcasting user's telephone number in their contact list. As such, a sender may not have knowledge of the identity of all those application users who may be receiving or monitoring the sender's status messages. Any individual, whether for friendly or nefarious purposes, may track a user's status, so long as that individual has the message sender's telephone number. The WhatsApp Service permits the submission of status text and other communications submitted by you and other users. You understand that whether or not such User Status Submissions are published, WhatsApp does not guarantee any confidentiality with respect to any submissions. You shall be solely responsible for your own User Status Submissions and the consequences of posting or publishing them. Any status content that you submit to the WhatsApp Sites may be redistributed through the internet and other media channels, and may be viewed by the general public. 53. According to WhatsApp, status updates are refreshed periodically over the course of a day. Where a user manually refreshes his or her contact list, the status update for that specific user's in-network list will also be updated. 54. Status messages are not shared with individuals who are blocked by the sender (i.e., individuals added to the user's “blocked contacts” list). 55. In addition to user defined status updates, WhatsApp may also provide “last seen” activity notifications to those listed in a subscriber's in-network. “Last seen” activity reflects the approximate time at which a user last used the application or otherwise brought the application to the foreground. Unlike the broadcast of user status submissions, the distribution or publication of last seen activity can be limited through a user's profile settings. 56. In making our determination on this issue, we applied Principles 4.3, 4.3.2, 4.3.4 and 4.3.5 of Schedule 1 of the Act. Under Principle 4.3, the knowledge and consent of an individual are required for the collection, use or disclosure of personal information, except where inappropriate. Under Principle 4.3.2, in order make consent meaningful, the purposes for which personal information is to be used must be stated in such a manner that an individual can reasonably understand how the information will be used or disclosed. 57. Principle 4.3.4 speaks to the form of consent an organization must seek prior to the collection, use or disclosure of personal information. Recognizing that forms of consent may vary, Principle 4.3.4 requires that an organization take into account the sensitivity of the personal information in question. Principle 4.3.5 states that the reasonable expectations of the individual are also relevant in obtaining consent. Although some information is almost always considered sensitive, any information can be sensitive depending on the context. 58. In investigating the matter, we first considered whether or not a user's status submission constitutes “personal information” under the Act. As previously stated, subsection 2(1) of the Act defines personal information as information about an identifiable individual, but does not include the name, title or business address or telephone number of an employee of an organization. 59. Consistent with relevant jurisprudence, our Office is of the view that information will be about an “identifiable individual” where there is a serious possibility that an individual could be identified through the use of that information, alone or in combination with other information. Even subjective information about an individual may still be personal information, whether or not that information is held to be accurate. 60. We note further that information is still personal information even where it is publicly available within the meaning of the Act's regulations (though such information may be exempt from applicable consent requirements). 61. In keeping with the interpretation of personal information above, we believe that information contained in a user's status submission may constitute personal information. There are innumerable instances where a user may elect to share information about him or her self – whether location, opinion, the status of a relationship, or some other self-expression – and where such information, alone or in combination with other data, would render the individual identifiable. 62. Accepting that a user's status submission may constitute personal information, the Act requires that WhatsApp ensure and obtain the knowledge and consent of an individual prior to the collection, use or disclosure of that information. Consent must be meaningful and, whether implied or express, must bear in mind the potential sensitivity of the personal information in question and the reasonable expectations of the individual involved. 63. In the complaint at hand, our primary concern rests with the inability of the user to limit and control the broadcast of his or her status messages. While we accept that a user who chooses to supply personal information in his or her status submission is electing to share or broadcast that information with others, the unlimited or unknown dissemination of that information is not in our view within the reasonable expectations of the application user. 64. Bearing in mind the nature of the application – a peer to peer messaging platform, where users may only communicate with those listed in their private address books – we find it hard to believe that a user would consent to the sharing or broadcast of personal information beyond his or her contacts, and/or to application users unknown to him or her. While the application allows for the suppression of status broadcasts to individuals listed in a user's “blocked contact” list, that list can only be populated with individuals who the user knows. 65. Unlike some micro-blogging services, whose primary function is to enable both users and non-users to read or receive text-based messages through a range of services and platforms, WhatsApp's mobile messaging system (as described by WhatsApp itself) is first and foremost an SMS replacement. It allows for the instant communication of messages to targeted or specific individuals, as identified by the application user. While the application may also provide a user with the ability to more widely share personal expressions or status messages, it does so under the umbrella of peer to peer communications, conveying the general impression that such messages are being shared only with those people the user knows. 66. As explained in paragraph 51, WhatsApp does not allow for granular control over the distribution of status submissions. While the application is functionally capable of blocking users from receiving status messages (including “online” and “last seen” information), the effective use of the blocking feature requires a user to list or identify that person who he or she wishes to block. Doing so may not be possible however where the unwanted user is unknown to the message sender. 67. Given the above, and where status messages are likely to be seen as being shared only with specific and known recipients, we would have expected WhatsApp to have provided better notice of the potentially indiscriminate nature of status broadcasts. 68. Notwithstanding WhatsApp's efforts to describe status submissions as non-confidential, in our view, information pertaining to the application's status functionality was not (at the time our investigation was initiated) sufficiently clear and visible to users. Where the application's design precludes a user from limiting or controlling the dissemination of status messages, WhatsApp has a duty to ensure that users of status submissions are informed in the simplest and clearest terms that what they say on WhatsApp may be viewed by any and all WhatsApp users around the world instantly. Status Submissions…may be visible to other users of the Service who have your mobile phone number in their mobile phone and which you have not expressly blocked. For clarity…Status Submissions may be globally viewed by WhatsApp users that have your mobile phone number on their smartphone, unless the user is blocked by you. Currently, we have no method of providing different levels of visibility of your Status Submissions among users that have your mobile phone number – you acknowledge and agree that any Status Submissions may be globally viewed by users that have your mobile phone number, so don't submit or post status messages or profile photos that you don't want to be seen globally. 72. In response to our recommendation, WhatsApp has stated that it has added real-time notification (e.g., pop-ups) for user status submissions to its future implementation plan. According to WhatsApp, real-time notification is to be integrated into future application releases beginning September 30, 2013. 74. Based on a technical review of the application, our Office initiated a complaint to investigate whether WhatsApp was contravening the retention provisions of the Act. More specifically, we investigated whether WhatsApp did not have appropriate guidelines in place to govern the retention of undelivered messages, contrary to Principle 4.5.3 of Schedule 1 of the Act. 75. Messages sent using the WhatsApp service are first transmitted to corporate servers co-located at secured facilities in Washington DC and Virginia using a subscriber's regular data service. Where the intended recipient is online, those messages are routed by WhatsApp to their designated addressee. 76. Delivered messages are not retained by WhatsApp. According to WhatsApp, the company does not maintain a record or archive of messages delivered. Records of delivered messages are saved only on the user's mobile device and may be deleted or retained by the user at will. 77. In cases where the intended recipient of a message is found to be off-line, messages sent to that recipient by other WhatsApp users are stored by WhatsApp, pending delivery. An undelivered message may be saved by WhatsApp for up to 30 days, after which the message is automatically deleted. 78. Messages not delivered are mapped to one of four server partitions. Within each partition, one file is reserved for each user. According to WhatsApp, silo ‘ing is controlled on a per user basis by nature of the operating system file. In its representations to our Office, WhatsApp confirmed that it limits its retention of undelivered messages to 30 days. 80. In making our determination on this issue, we applied Principles 4.5.2, 4.5.3 and 4.8 of Schedule 1 of the Act. Principle 4.5.2 provides in part that organizations should develop guidelines and implement procedures with respect to the retention of personal information. These guidelines should include minimum and maximum retention periods. Principle 4.5.3 states in part that an organization shall develop guidelines and implement procedures with respect to the destruction of personal information. Under Principle 4.8, an organization is obliged to make specific information about its policies and practices relating to the management of personal information readily available. 81. Where messages may be archived or maintained by a user on his or her mobile device following delivery, and where communications between users are intended primarily for instant messaging, we find WhatsApp's retention period of 30 days for undelivered messages to be satisfactory in the circumstances. 83. In light of the above, we recommended in our Preliminary Report that WhatsApp develop guidelines and ensure the implementation of procedures with respect to the retention of personal information. We further recommended that WhatsApp make readily available to users information relating to WhatsApp's retention policy surrounding the off-line storage of messages. 85. Based on the above, we find the complaint on the matter of message retention to be well founded and conditionally resolved. 86. Based on a technical analysis of the application, our Office initiated a complaint to investigate whether WhatsApp was adequately protecting personal information, in contravention of Principle 4.7 of Schedule 1 of the Act. More specifically, it was alleged that messages sent and received using the WhatsApp service were not being encrypted, rendering personal information contained in such messages subject to eavesdropping or interception. 87. As previously stated, WhatsApp's messaging system is intended to replace standard SMS. The application uses a mobile user's data service (rather than telephone service) to send and receive instant messages. 88. At the time that our investigation was initiated, messages sent using the application were not encrypted. As such, messages sent and received using the application ran the risk of interception, especially where a user elected to use the service through unprotected Wi-Fi networks. 89. In the course of our investigation we confirmed that messages sent between application users were not secure. Even in cases where data was sent over ports used for secure https (SSL/TLS) communications, personal data including the content of user messages and telephone numbers were clearly visible. 90. In making our determination on this issue, we applied Principle 4.7 of Schedule 1 of the Act. Principle 4.7 requires that personal information be protected by security safeguards appropriate to the sensitivity of the information. Principle 4.7.1 provides that security safeguards must protect personal information against loss or theft, as well as unauthorized access, disclosure, copying, use or modification. 91. Recognizing that the contents of messages sent between application users may at times be sensitive personal information, we would have expected WhatsApp to have employed sufficient safeguards to ensure the security of those messages. 92. In its representations to our Office, WhatsApp confirmed that messages sent and received using the application were not being encrypted – affirming the need to introduce safeguards to ensure the security of instant messages and any other personal information attached to those messages. 93. In partial response to our concerns, in September 2012 WhatsApp began adding protocol encryption to its mobile messaging service. If properly applied, the end-to-end encryption would appropriately safeguard messages from eavesdropping or interception. 94. As at the time our investigation concluded, WhatsApp had implemented encryption for several devices, including Nokia's S40, Research in Motion's BlackBerry, Apple's iPhone, and all Windows and Android based phones. 95. Notwithstanding changes made by WhatsApp to encrypt user messages, in the course of our investigation we noted that WhatsApp was using the MAC addresses of iPhone devices to auto generate passwords for message exchanges with the WhatsApp service. On other mobile smart phones, the IMEI number of the phone was being used instead. MAC and IMEI numbers are identifiers that are unique to each phone and which are typically assigned by device manufacturers. 96. In light of the risks associated with the exposure of IMEI numbers and MAC addresses, and where methods of generating passwords using IMEI and MAC addresses are relatively well known, the use of the IMEI or MAC for the purpose of generating a password on behalf of the user does not, in our view, provide sufficient security for personal information exchanged using the WhatsApp service. According to our technical experts, this practice created a serious risk that a user's password could be replicated without authorization and that messages might be intercepted by a third party without the user's knowledge or consent. 97. Based on the above, in our Preliminary Report we recommended that WhatsApp develop new protocols for the creation of encryption passwords for iPhone devices. In response to our recommendation, WhatsApp has stopped using IMEI and MAC numbers for authentication on all mobile platforms. WhatsApp has stated that the application is now using a 160-bit randomly generated key. 98. In order to confirm the implementation of the newly developed password process, we reviewed technical flowcharts and functional narratives supporting WhatsApp's authentication process. We also reviewed and studied real examples of that process with the assistance of technical experts. Our goal was to understand how the underlying logic supporting authentication worked so as to assess whether or not the process, as designed by WhatsApp, was sufficiently safeguarding personal information. 99. Based on the results of our investigation, and as at the time that our investigative work ended, the security safeguards employed by WhatsApp appeared to be commensurate with the sensitivity of personal information at risk. As such, we find the complaint on the matter of transmission security to be well founded and resolved. We nonetheless encourage WhatsApp to remain vigilant when protecting personal information in light of a constantly changing threat environment. 100. Based on a technical review of the application, our Office initiated a complaint to investigate whether WhatsApp was retaining the personal information of its users following account deactivation, contrary to Principle 4.5 of Schedule 1 of the Act. More specifically, we investigated whether WhatsApp continued to retain the personal information of its users even where the application had been uninstalled. 101. At the time our investigation was initiated, both technical and user reviews of the application alleged that WhatsApp was retaining the personal information of subscribers subsequent to the removal of the messenger service from their mobile devices. 103. In making our determination on this issue, we applied Principles 4.5.2, 4.5.3 and 4.8 of Schedule 1 of the Act. Principle 4.5.2 states in part that an organization should develop guidelines and implement procedures with respect to the retention of personal information. These guidelines should include minimum and maximum retention periods. Principle 4.5.3 states in part that an organization shall develop guidelines and implement procedures with respect to the destruction of personal information. Under Principle 4.8, an organization must make specific information about its policies and practices relating to the management of personal information readily available. 104. As previously discussed, messages delivered using the WhatsApp service are not retained by WhatsApp. Only undelivered message are saved by WhatsApp, and then only for 30 days pending delivery, after which time such messages are automatically deleted. 105. Further to the above, it is WhatsApp's policy to delete or destroy all personal information belonging to a user, including any applicable payment information, 30 days after termination of the service. According to WhatsApp, the retention of billing information, if any, for 30 days after termination is to provide users with a short period of time for ease of renewals or registration. After the 30-day period post account expiry, a user may sign up again for WhatsApp's service, but will have to go through the registration process anew. 106. An exception to WhatsApp's 30-day retention period exists where an individual uses the application for a one year free trial period and fails to subscribe as a paying user. Where a trial user elects not to renew his or her subscription following one year of service, select personal information of that individual (including the trial user's name, telephone number, and account type) may be retained for up to one year. According to WhatsApp, this information is retained so as to ensure that a trial user cannot re-subscribe for a successive free trial period. 108. As required under Principle 4.8, individuals should be able to acquire information about an organization's policies and practices without unreasonable effort. Where data retention is central to WhatsApp's management of personal information, WhatsApp ought to have developed, implemented and communicated procedures for the retention and destruction of personal information. 109. Based on the above, in our Preliminary Report we recommended that WhatsApp develop guidelines and ensure the implementation of procedures with respect to the retention and destruction of personal information. We further recommended that WhatsApp make readily available to users information relating to WhatsApp's retention policy for personal data. 111. Based on the above, we find the complaint on the matter of user data retention to be well founded and conditionally resolved.

2019-04-25T02:19:30Z

https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-actions-and-decisions/investigations/investigations-into-businesses/2013/pipeda-2013-001/

Was the Hare Indian dog a domesticated coyote? Scottish naval surgeon and naturalist Sir John Richardson was the first document a peculiar hunting dog among the Slavey or Hare people of Northern Canada. This particular dog was much smaller than the typical qimmiq or “Eskimo dog” that was found throughout the region and was also often used to hunt. It was also quite different from the qimmiq and the Newfoundland-derived dogs that Europeans often kept for hauling loads. From Richardson’s description, “the Hare Indian dog” was quite an unusual animal. The Hare Indian Dog has a mild countenance, with, at times, an expression of demureness. It has a small head, slender muzzle; erect, thickish ears; somewhat oblique eyes; rather slender legs, and a broad hairy foot, with a bushy tail, which it usually carries curled over its right hip. It is covered with long hair, particularly about the shoulders, and at the roots of the hair, both on the body and tail, there is a thick wool. The hair on the top of the head is long, and on the posterior part of the cheek it is not only long, but being also directed backwards, it gives the animal, when the fur is in prime order, the appearance of having a ruff round the neck. Its face, muzzle, belly, and legs, are of a pure white colour, and there is a white central line passing over the crown of the head and the occiput. The anterior surface of the ear is white, the posterior yellowish-gray or fawn-colour. The end of the nose, the eyelashes, the roof of the mouth, and part of the gums, are black. There is a dark patch over the eye. On the back and sides there are larger patches of dark blackish-gray or lead-colour mixed with fawn-colour and white, not definite in form, but running into each other. The tail is bushy, white beneath and at the tip. The feet are covered with hair which almost conceals the claws. Some long hairs between the toes project over the soles, but there are naked callous protuberances at the root of the toes and on the soles, even in the winter time, as in all the wolves described in the preceding pages. The American foxes, on the contrary, have the whole of their soles densely covered with hair in the winter. Its ears are proportion ably nearer each other than those of the Esquimaux dog. The size of the Hare Indian Dog is inferior to that of the prairie wolf [coyote], but rather exceeds that of the red American fox. Its resemblance, however, to the former is so great, that, on comparing live specimens, I could detect no marked difference in form, (except the smallness of its cranium,) nor in the fineness of the fur, and arrangement of its spots of colour. The length of the fur on the neck, back part of the cheeks, and top of the head, was the same in both species. It, in fact, bears the same relation to the prairie wolf that the Esquimaux Dog does to the great gray wolf. It is not, however, a breed that is cultivated in the districts frequented by the prairie wolf, being now confined to the northern tribes, who have been taught the use of fire-arms within a very few years. Before that weapon was introduced by the fur-traders, a dog, so well calculated by the lightness of its body and the breadth of its paws, for passing over the snow, must have been invaluable for running down game, and it is reasonable to conclude that it was then generally spread amongst the Indian tribes north of the Great Lakes. The Hare Indian Dog is very playful, has an affectionate disposition, and is soon gained by kindness. It is not, however, very docile, and dislikes confinement of every kind. It is very fond of being caressed, rubs its back against the hand like a cat, and soon makes an acquaintance with a stranger. Like a wild animal, it is very mindful of an injury, nor does it, like a spaniel, crouch under the lash; but if it is conscious of having deserved punishment, it will hover round the tent of its master the whole day, without coming within his reach, even when he calls it. Its howl, when hurt or afraid, is that of the wolf; but when it sees any unusual object, it makes a singular attempt at barking, commencing by a kind of growl, which is not, however, unpleasant, and ending in a prolonged howl. Its voice is very much like that of the prairie wolf . The larger dogs, which we had for draught at Fort Franklin, and which were of the mongrel breed in common use at the furposts, used to pursue the Hare Indian Dogs for the purpose of devouring them ; but the latter far outstripped them in speed, and easily made their escape. A young puppy, which I purchased from the Hare Indians, became greatly attached to me, and when about seven months old ran on the snow by the side of my sledge for nine hundred miles, without suffering from fatigue. During this march it frequently, of its own accord, carried a small twig or one of my mittens for a mile or two ; but, although very gentle in its manners, it shewed little aptitude in learning any of the arts which the Newfoundland dogs so speedily acquire, of fetching and carrying when ordered. This Dog was killed and eaten by an Indian, on the Saskatchewan, who pretended that he mistook it for a fox (pg. 79-80). The Hare Indian dog sounds very different from most domestic dogs, but the fact that dog’s bark and howl behavior sounds very much like a coyote. I have never known a dog that sounded like a coyote when it howled. Coyotes make a very distinct how that no dog can quite mimic. The fact that other dogs don’t seem to treat it as a conspecific also points to the possibility of it being a domesticated coyote. Large dogs will run down coyotes and kill them, especially if they are running in a pack. Foxhounds are regularly used for this purpose in this part of the country. Around here, the hounds just chased red foxes. The object never was to catch them, but when the hounds were used against coyotes, the coyotes developed a nasty habit of standing to fight the dogs. A couple of foxhounds can make short work of a coyote that decides to make a stand in this fashion. Further, I have noted that every golden retriever I’ve known has generally loved being around other dogs, even if these dogs were strangers. However, I’ve never known a golden retriever that didn’t have a passionate hatred for coyotes. In fact, I’ve never met a dog that didn’t detest everything about a coyote, whether it liked other dogs or not. Now, these dogs that were kept at fur trading posts were kept in sled teams. Occasionally, sled dogs were fed dead sled dogs, but I don’t think there is much evidence of sled dogs seeking out conspecifics for predation. Wolves definitely do this, but if sled dogs were like this, they would be next to impossible to keep in teams. Wolves, of course, do often kill coyotes whenever they get a chance, so maybe Richardson’s analogy also makes sense in this regard. The only problem with the Hare Indian dog being a coyote is that it existed far to the north of where coyotes ranged in historical times. However, they may have lived to the north in prehistoric times, or the Slavey might have procured them from trading with peoples to the south. If the Hare Indian dog had been a domesticated form of coyote, it would not have been the only “dog” in the Americas to derive from an ancestor other than the wolf. The natives of Tierra del Fuego kept a dog that was found to be a domesticated form of the culpeo. Culpeos (Lycalopex culpaeus) are South American “wolf foxes” that superficially resemble small coyotes. According to Charles Darwin, the Yaghan people of Tierra del Fuego kept these foxes to hunt otters. However, he could have been confusing the Spanish word “nutria,” which actually does mean otter, to refer to the coypu, which also referred to as a nutria. Charles Hamilton Smith thought these domesticated culpeos were quite useless, only coming to villages to scavenge. It would not surprise me if the Hare Indian dog did turn out to be a domesticated coyote. However, this breed went extinct. Some people claim that there are lines of Native American dog that have this ancestry, but it seems awfully dubious. The real reason why the little hunting “dog” of the Slavey went extinct are very simple. Richardson’s text alludes to the factors that led to its eventual extinction, and these same factors almost perfectly parallel the extinction of the Tahltan bear dog, which was like a larger northern variant of the chihuahua. It may have been related to the techichi, which is the purported ancestor of the chihuahua. Mary Elizabeth Thurston in her The Lost History of the Canine Race writes about Leslie Kopas, a Canadian author who tracked down the last Tahltan bear dogs and wrote about the factors leading to their extinction. Like the Hare Indian dog, the Tahltans were used to hunt game. However, when rifles arrived with European traders, the dogs became less useful. The Tahltans were better able to shoot large game without the assistance of a dogs, and they were also able to feed large packs of sled dogs. Sled dogs would kill Tahltan bear dogs if they caught them. Sled dogs were of greater importance than the bear dogs, and the bear dogs soon became extinct as the packs of sled dogs killed them. Thurston quotes Kopas, “If the snowmobile had been invented before the rifle, the sled dogs would have disappeared first, and the Tahl Tan Bear Dog might have survived’ (pg. 167). From Richardson’s account, something similar may have happened to the Hare Indian dog, even though other sources claim that they were absorbed into the mongrel sled dog population. I am more than somewhat skeptical. I have also read that there are dogs from Native American villages today strongly resemble Hare Indian dogs, but many dogs from reservations and settlements have this coyote-esque appearance. I’ve not heard of any of these dogs bark-howling like a coyote, unless they were hybrids with coyotes. Most Native American dogs aren’t. I know of no remains of Hare Indian dogs anywhere, so we may never get an answer to the question of its identity. It sounds very much like a domesticated coyote, but we need DNA analysis in order to fine out its exact origin. I guess it’s just one of those mysteries that will never be answered. This portrait by Edmund Havell was painted around the year 1840. The original copy no longer exists. For some reason, it was displayed at the British Embassy in Tripoli. Earlier this year, when Libya was in throes of a bitter civil war. The United States, Britain, France, and Italy were engaged in supporting the rebels against Col. Gaddafi with air strikes. In a demonstration of their rage against the West, Gaddafi’s supporters stormed and looted the British embassy. They took the fine works of art out of the embassy, and it is believed that they were burned. The Sir John Cope who employed William Stratton as his keeper was not the famous military commander who lost to the Jacobites at Prestonpans in 1745. This Sir John Cope assume the title in 1812, but he was part of the same Cope family that had owned Bramshill Park since 1700. The dog is of great interest to retriever history, for here we have an unequivocal example of a red brindle retriever. Brindle still pops up in Labrador and Chesapeake Bay retrievers today, and it is masked by the e/e mutation in golden retrievers. The only way one can see it in golden retrievers is if a golden with a e/e masking brindle is bred to another breed. (Like these golden retriever/Malinois crosses.) Most golden retrievers are e/e masking dominant black, but black and tan, brindle, and sable can be masked. An English retriever, whether smooth or curly-coated, should be black or black-and-tan, or black with tabby or brindled legs, the brindled legs being indicative of the Labrador origin. We give the preference, from experience, to the flat-coated or short-coated small St. John’s or Labrador breed. These breeds we believe to be identical. The small St. John’s has marvellous intelligence, a great aptitude for learning to carry, a soft mouth, great strength, and he is a good swimmer. If there is any cross at all in this breed it should be the setter cross (pg. 89). In those accounts, the retrievers were only brindle at tan points or on the legs. This dog is entirely red brindle. This brindle dog could have been called a Newfoundland, a Labrador, a St. John’s water dog or St. John’s dog, or a wavy-coated retriever, depending upon the context. Because the painting dates to about 1840, it more than likely would have been called Labrador or Newfoundland. These dogs were developed from stock that belonged to various people living in Newfoundland. One should never discount that the mainstay of English, British, and Irish settlers brought dogs from those countries. However, there were several nations that fished off Newfoundland– most notably, the Portuguese. Most people know that the Portuguese were among the first Europeans to visit the island, and the place called Labrador was actually land that the Portuguese crown granted to a sailor who explored this part of the world in the fifteenth century. Fishing off the Grand Banks was a stable of the Portuguese economy well into the twentieth century. The tendency in many official retriever histories was to ignore the possibility that Iberian breeds could have played a role in the founding of the St. John’s water dog. Richard Wolters dismissed the possibility that the Portuguese water dog could have played some role in developing the St. John’s breed, simply because the official concession on the Grand Banks gave the Portuguese different fishing grounds from the British and Irish fishermen. These Masterless Men likely wouldn’t have paid any attention to any maritime laws, and they likely occasionally relied upon the Portuguese and sailors from other nations to gain access to new goods. I don’t see why such people would not have been able to procure Portuguese water dogs, which act very much like retrievers and worked on the Portuguese fleets in almost the exact same fashion as the St. John’s water once did. I also don’t see why the Cão de Castro Laboreiro or something very similar to it couldn’t have been brought over with the Portuguese. Cão de Castro Laboreiro is a rustic farm dog from northern Portugal. It is from the village of Castro Laborerio, which it was developed to guard cattle and other livestock from wolves. It can handle cold conditions quite well. There is a very similar brindle dog on the Azores, Cão de Fila de São Miguel. It’s normally cropped and docked and looks quite fierce, but when undocked, it is very similar. It has a different mtDNA sequence, but since we’re talking about dogs that may have come from the same generalized landrace– and dog from the Azores represents an insular population– it might be possible that these dogs are more closely related than the mtDNA analysis might suggest. Cão de Castro Laboreiro. This dog is very similar to the retriever in the painting by Edmund Havell. They also come in yellow, and the yellow ones really look like Labradors. My guess is the rough cattle dog-type from northern Portugal would have been an asset in Newfoundland, which was full of black and polar bears (which were called “water bears.”) Breed this sort of dog with some working English cur dogs, water spaniels, Portuguese, French, Spanish, and English water dogs (poodle-type dogs), and the odd retrieving Native American dog from the mainland. Then allow a rigorous selection from that melange of canines for function and for ability, and you likely get the formula that gave us the St. John’s water dog. It is even possible that the name “Labrador” that is used to refer to these dogs comes from a misunderstanding of the Portuguese word “Laboreiro.” The St. John’s breed was developed on the island of Newfoundland and then was taken to Labrador. It was not actually developed in Labrador at all. The real problem that some people have with the Cão de Castro Laboreiro being an ancestor of retrievers is the temperament of the Cão is much sharper than any of the retrievers. But that assumes that all retrievers are as docile as Labrador and golden retrievers and that their ancestors were just as nice. It’s true that the St. John’s water dogs that survived on Newfoundland into the twentieth century were very nice friendly dogs. Newfoundland [St. John’s water] dogs are so expert and savage, when fighting, that they generally contrive to seize some vital part, and often do a serious injury to their antagonist. I should, therefore, mention, that the only way to get them immediately off is to put a rope, or handkerchief, round their necks, and keep tightening it, by which means their breath will be gone, and they will be instantly choked from their hold (pg. 256). That’s a very different temperament from what is normally expected of a retriever. Over time, these dogs were bred to be much more docile. However, two dogs of this ancestry retain their more aggressive natures. Shooting estates required dogs that were friendlier and more docile, as did the development of retriever trials. And these two retrievers are likely the earliest offshoots of the St. John’s water dog– the Chesapeake Bay retriever and the curly. These two dogs are known for having a somewhat sharper edge than the other retrievers, although they are not nearly as extreme as the Cão de Castro Laboreiro. Now, this brindle color could have come from a variety of places. There are lots of brindle dogs from England that could have been crossed in. However, the similarities between the Cão de Castro Laboreiro and the retriever standing with William Stratton are quite striking. Of course, we do need a DNA analysis to find out if this possibility is more than a striking resemblance. It might give me nightmares. Asleep on the couch in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Charlie the English shepherd belongs to my cousin Laura Atkinson in Georgia. And the JRT pups are, too– when they are asleep. This is a Lakota woman and her travois dog. This photo was taken on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota. I don’t know the date on which this was taken, but her dog is not a traditional travois dog. It appears to be heavily derived from the Newfoundland/St. John’s water dog type. These dogs were brought into the interior of North America by fur traders, and the Native Americans adopted them as working animals. They bred with the indigenous dog, and because they were more resistant to disease and were not shot because settlers mistook them wolves or coyotes, they largely replaced the travois dog type. This dog looks almost like a golden retriever that has been hooked up to a travois.

2019-04-24T10:04:37Z

https://retrieverman.net/2011/12/

For the past year, the ATI Mobility Radeon HD 5470 is always on, and I'm unable to switch to the Intel HD Graphics. If I open the Catalyst Control Center, nothing happens when I click on Power Saving GPU. In addition, Intel HD Graphics does not show as an option in the drop-down list (see below). Not being able to solve this killed my battery, and I want to fix this problem before I kill another. I read in one of them that I'm able to roll back a device driver to get this working. Is it possible for this situation? If so, which of the two devices I restore? I think that the driver you are referring to, is available for download directly from AMD, unfortunately it won't work because it will not include the required Intel gpu driver or the Catalyst Control Center custom necessary to control your switchable graphics - downloads directly from AMD are generally for machines that only has an AMD graphics chip. If you can't find the original version of HP of the AMD software to reinstall via Recovery Manager, try to download and install the switchable graphics driver on the following link: it's of an earlier model contains the two drivers required gpu and custom CCC. When the installation is complete, restart the laptop - as I mentioned earlier, you may need to restart two times to get this to configure correctly. Then the closing session and Re-start Windows fresh. Then make a fresh visit to Windows Update. If you have already tried the fixes that didn't work, the foregoing can at least get a point better, "but with update errors then you can do a system restore. I did mine to the last point of "automatic system restore" which was 31/05/12. It worked for me and I spent 2.5 hours installing all missed updates. My computer works better when it is new! Since I've upgraded to Windows 8 my graphics did not work at all (only the work aside Intel). This is a problem because it seems that my HDMI port is plugged directly into my ATI card and with it disabled I can't play half of my games or make use of my HDMI port. I contacted AMD and have tried all their drivers but nothing has worked for the past 3 months. They said that, because Intel is a competitor, the manufacturer must release these new driver updates to manage the two cards. I couldn't find anything to help me with this and I am planning to switch brands because it has been a frustrating experience for me. In addition, I can not install AMD Catalyst Control Center because for some reason it does not recognize my card. If you guys could help me find a solution to this problem or point me in the right direction would be great. Thank you. I don't think that HP will develop Windows 8 drivers for your model, but you can try the switchable graphics avaiable to measure on the following link - I would suggest that you read the guide on how to install these drivers correctly. It is also important to note that the driver signature enforcement is disabled so that these drivers to load, - more details can be found here. I need driver switchable graphic of the HP Pavilion G6 2211et for win7 64-bit. But I couldn't find the switchable graphics driver. Just Intel + Amd driver. is it possible to get new driver for 8.1 versions soon? Please read the thread below for another Member of the forum how to have switchable graphics to work on a 4540 Probook s that has the same graphics card than yours. Try the steps in Riri91 . I went to my device manager and click with the right button on my graphics card to day. The update succeeded without any problem. AMD Radeon HD 6470 M and Intel HD graphics Family. These are the drivers that I have had since I have this pc. For some reason any after I rebooted my pc (to complete the update), I could see no longer the switchable graphic button to set up, and when I click on my AMD control center button, I get an error saying: Catalyst Control Center Host has stopped working. Thanks for the reply, I solved the problem by updating manually to the latest drivers for my card now, the button is back, as well as the control center. I bought this phone two or three years ago, but didn't notice this problem until a year ago. This is because I did not know what as switchable graphics were and supposed worked the map I spent an extra $ 100 for. I'm unable to use the AMD m7076HD graphic card at all. Instead I am forced to use the 4000HD Intel integrated for gaming, which is far from ideal. When I start the computer I get an error message saying that I don't have the dirvers for AMD when I left click on the desktop there is no option to configure switchable graphics, when I try to start CCC it gives me an error message saying that there are no settings to configure, when I try to change the graphic properties it only shows me that the Intel chip When I look into the setting graphic video games there is only the chip intel, and in the bios there is no fixed and switchable settings. The only way that I know that I have and AMD card in the computer is the Device Manager say. So far, I have tried several times to update the drivers for the cards and the bios of HP and just leshcat cards, repeaditly. I also took to geek team once, but the most they could do was to get CCC to open. With GTA 5 on I really want the issue to be fixed. Is there anything else I can do? I've scoured the web last year and found no other soloutions for my specific problem. If there's really nothing else I can do myself, where should I consider truly fixed. From what I've read, it seems that many other people had this problem and it never solved. I'm done with this computer and HP, I need answers quickly, or I'll just cut my losses and buy a new laptop from a brand that will sell me fully functional. Let me know if you need more info. Welcome to the Forums of HP Support! It's a good place to find the help you need, so many other users, the HP experts and other members of the support staff. I understand that you have had problems with switchable graphics on your laptop. I'm happy to help you with this. First, you talk to install several drivers for this, but in reality, if you have switchable graphics, you need just the driver on the HP site, which contains the drivers for the AMD and Intel for a switchable configuration. Please read the following for more information on how it works. This should be the only driver, you must install for switchable graphics features. It will start to download on your download folder by default once you click on the link. You will then need to run to start the installation. However I would recommend uninstall video driver previous first, then by restarting and then installing this driver. This package provides the AMD graphics driver high definition (HD) and Catalyst Control Center for models of laptop computers that are running an operating system supported. For laptops equipped with switchable graphics modes, this package contains the drivers for the two graphics (GPU). Switchable graphics allow users to switch between a graphical power mode (normally used under the power of the battery) and a mode of graphics performance. If the video output high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) is supported, this package also installs the HDMI Audio Driver. Hello. I have a HP Pavilion dv6-6134tx Entertainment Notebook PC. Recenly I upgraded my windows 7 to windows 8. And installation of windows 8 says that after installation the installation of windows 8 is finished, you will need to reinstall the video driver. SO after I reinstalled it. IT said to restart the computer, and so I did. So she has restarted and carried out to the login screen. Then I typed my password and then it freezes and the screen is black. But after about 1 min, he returned to the login screen. I can see the login screen, but after I got the connection, all I can see is a black screen. So I installed windows 7 back. But I really want to install windows 8. Is there a solution for this problem? See if this W8 driver works. Pavilion dm4&colon; Windows 10 upgrade fails with the message error "we couldn&apos;t update the system reserved partition&period;" Both HP and Microsoft indicate my laptop was ready for the upgrade to Windows 10, but when I tried to do the upgrade there not - several times - with the error message of Microsoft that "we could not update the system reserved partition." Other threads of error indicate the system reserved partition must be larger. This partition is usually small. Try making at least 400 MB instead of the 100 MB to 250 MB it is probably now. These three issues all occurred as soon as I uninstalled Norton (demo of limited duration which came with my PC) and installed AVG. I think they are all symptoms of the same underlying issue. 1. the popup saying "no amd graphics driver is installed or the amd driver does not work correctly. 2. device Manager is empty. 3. connect & Play will not find my scanner (who worked previously). I searched using Google and found a number of indications, which neither help my PC: making sure plug & play service is running (it is); changing permissions with Regedit (even the user Admin is said that they do not have the authorization). If you start in safe mode with networking, is still a Virgin in the Device Manager? This can be done in turn on/off the system by pressing F8 about once per second to get the safe mode option. Is there a restore point before problems happen? If so, restore to that date. Once restored, run the Norton removal tool to Norton is removed (a system restore will most likely restore any software who was present at that date) then note whether the issues are present before installing AVG. So my computer just got back from the repair shop and I had to start with a blank slate. He removed all HP programs, including the program Pass Simple and webcam (I forgot what it's called). I tried to reinstall Simple Pass AND the new version, and none of them would not detect the sensor. I tried to find drivers, but no luck. Any help for the download of the two missing programs? There is an excellent guide in this regard on the link below by Daniel_Potyrala. You will find all drivers for your laptop here. I had a problem with the black screen after logo window at startup. To solve it, I installed fresh windows 7 on my laptop Pavilion dm4 1140EZ. My laptop has Intel HD and ATI mobility Radeon 5000 graphics cards. On the HP site I downloaded the driver for Intel, but it lacked ATI driver for my product. I went to the AMD site and downloaded catalyst control + driver for my ATI card but Intel graphics stops working correctly and graphic ATI did not work as well as on the Device Manager it has shown the device is functioning properly. After uninstall of Catalyst Manager Intel graphic it was OK. How should I me switchable graphics? My laptop is warming further than it used to be I think may be due to works on Intel graphics only the video quality is very bad. Kindly help me to install progressively switchable graphics. You can use the recovery media to reinstall the graphics driver AMD. Never install the Catalyst Control Center and the AMD driver. The graphics driver for a laptop with switchable graphics is specially coded to provide this functionality. Do not install the Intel driver separately because it would cause the feature switchable graphics to stop working. AMD owns ATI. Find the graphics card AMD driver software, click in the box to the left and then click on install. but I could not install the graphics card intel. It is said that the cell does not meet the minimum requirements of the graphics driver. I also tried to install AMD and he did. But every time that I reboot, Windows startup crashes. I also noticed that results for starting blocked when I recently updated my Windows, including the update for the driver intel which I have not yet installed (because I know that once I did, I do a lot of recovery and repair of the system for the umpteenth time). And now I feel really stressed out about it because I've been formatted my laptop for the second time, and the last time it was with the release of the pilot intel. I was stuck again started back and I got really tired of him. I really need help with that. What I have to install ALL the drivers in the link before installing graphics drivers to ensure that graphics drivers will install? I understand that you have a problem installing your graphics drivers. After formatting the drive and installation of the Intel graphics driver, you have a problem starting. Did you use the Recovery Manager to format and reinstall Windows 7? You can also after the uninstall, remove the driver and restart, download and install just the driver AMD. Thank you! If it helps you to find a solution, please click the button "accept as Solution"down below in this message. "If you want to say 'Thank you' to my effort to help, click on the" ""Twww.Mountainview.rsb.qc.ca Up ' give me a Kudos. I use Hp pavilion 2305tx g6 that has double graphics. I bought it 6 months ago and it cost about 60 grand in Bangladesh. I was using Windows 7 and everything was fine. I could play every game I want, but after upgrade to 8.1 window, I am facing this switchable graphics problem. Device manager shows that driver was installed correctly but when I go to high performance for any game, it (game) is not responding but game can start without any problem in IE graphics Intel HD 4000 I cannot use my dedicated graphics card which I bought this laptop! Here too, no driver to blueooth. Specifically the driver Ralink RT 3290 Bluetooth. I found the driver for this hardware, but not suitable for windows 8.1. Okey BT is not a big problem, but what about the graphics driver? What is Hp? sleep? Where the drivers updated for Windows 8.1? How long I have to wait? As I brought it BDT 60 grand I have right to ask for updated driver and I want to that they as soon as POSSIBLE. Again, I chart AMD Radeon HD 7670 in my laptop and driver is correctly installed, but every time I spend my graphics to high performance I cann't play any game. It's because I'm not have good drivers for Windows 64-bit os 8.1. I've been looking for this driver for months, but I don't get a updated driver for AMD mobility radeon 7670. Please, I beg you! publish drivers for windows 8.1 updated 64-bit os. 2 appears in the list, you can see graphics driver Intel & AMD Catalyst install manager. You must uninstall both in express mode so that no other previous parameter no longer exists. 3. Firstly, uninstall the Intel Graphics driver. If you are asked for a restart of the pc to go for it. 4. that the list appears, you can see AMD Catalyst install manager, right click and uninstall in express mode. Uninstall all components of AMD. Restart your PC because you will be asked. 5. go on this Pc or my PC and then drive C. open Program Files and Program Files (x 86) the two of them, if you use the 64-bit operating system. In the search box write AMD and you find some removal files remaining them all. 6. now your PC is free of previous records and other files. Although the right, click on sign Windows and Device Manager. You'll see graphic cards and uninstall both. This step is not necessary, but just to be sure that your PC has not previously installed drivers. 7. open your browser and download the latest graphics driver for your PC Intel. My driver was Win64_153322. Install it. If you install it correctly you're at half way through. Restart your PC, if she needs. 8 go to the AMD web site and download the latest version of the driver. To avoid the complexity best option is to download Autodetect. Because he will choose the best suitable driver for your system. The file name is amddriverdownloader. 9. open the amddriverdownloader file and download the driver. Download will end and it will automatically start the installation. Install it in express mode. Restart your PC because you will be asked to do. 10. I hope your driver problems will be solved. To check it out go to Device Manager and see if the drivers are installed properly. Turn on the CCC and try to play a game of High Performance. You will see that the problem is solved. Here's how I solved my problem of graphics from AMD. I've been suffering since I installed Windows 8.1 right after being released and today 15 Jun 14, I solved the problem. I can play any game in now high performance. If you think that my opinion is useful to you, please share it. Please hit Kudos, if I help you! I replaced the HDD with SSD and windows 7 ultimate (X 64) installed on my laptop HP Pavilion G4. However, I am not able to install on my laptop switchable graphics now. 2 tried to download drivers HP page, but it says 'AMD Catalyst Mobility cannot be downloaded because of incompatible hardware/software on your computer. 3 tried to uninstall the driver but windows update drivers automatically. I don't really know what I can do here. There are some similar queries in the forum but they seems to be for different models. Well, I managed to finally install. I tried two things earlier, but not sure about the sequence... No doubt this time I tried both of them after the BIOS update.

2019-04-24T02:31:28Z

https://www.eehelp.com/question/pavilion-dm4-windows-7-switchable-graphics-is-dead/

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2019-04-24T06:25:54Z

https://impactfoundry.org/about/supporters/

As a left-ponder I've noticed the fall from civility and reasonable discourse here - but not only here, just that when you're close, it's certainly louder. I happen to be "for" NN as Wheeler put it forth. It's worked well for most of the people I know. But it hasn't mattered to me, as I can't get enough bandwidth in rural VA for it to really matter how much someone charges differentially for their own content that I can't use, or someone else's I can't use. No one's willing to let me download it overnight so I can watch it the next day, at least if I don't cheat and pirate it (which is frankly, too much bother, the stuff is mostly not that good anyway). None of this would matter if there wasn't this vertical integration via merger. IMO if you don't like the way it is, that's perhaps worth a look. If content creation and ownership were separate from the pipes that push the content around, there wouldn't be much issue...There'd be no reason for AT&T or Comcast to prefer one content source over another. That's the real source of problems the way I see things. So, at this point, personally it doesn't matter to me if Comcast (who I don't have the option to pay, perhaps I'm lucky) wants to charge more for out of network content, or AT&T, Verizon, Cox cable and so on - none of them are available to me anyway. But I still resist the trend that's been going on for the 6+ decades of my life of the best law corporate money can buy, which is what we seem to be seeing here. "None of this would matter if there wasn't this vertical integration via merger. IMO if you don't like the way it is, that's perhaps worth a look. If content creation and ownership were separate from the pipes that push the content around, there wouldn't be much issue...There'd be no reason for AT&T or Comcast to prefer one content source over another. That's the real source of problems the way I see things." Welp, good news on that, as Pai is also systematically loosening rules intended to prevent such consolidation of ownership of content and transmission companies! In many of these 'debates' what happens is various people take a relatively extreme position and toss accusations of perfidious actions against the others. In reality, the ideal policy is probably a 'half-a-loaf' for both sides but neither are willing to actually talk. Yes the networks are hurting for viewers and yes people need easy access to any website. The old networks need to find away to get their products were the viewers will be. If this means cutting deals with Amazon, Hulu, and Netflix then cut the deals. Also, recognize the market has changed tremendously in the last 10 years. Also, how many networks do we need that are producing crappy content. I would be more concerned about search engines engaging in censorship than 'net neutrality'. Comcrap owns NBC so high speed internet is valuable to them; throttling could easily backfire. But Google can influence what information one sees by manipulating the search results and this is probably harder to detect. There are many areas in the US where there is only one broadband provider. For example, New York City. In Manhattan, it's Spectrum - née Time Warner Cable. The other boroughs have only one broadband provider as well. How would throttling traffic or paid prioritization backfire on Spectrum - née Time Warner Cable? As there is no alternative provider, there is no competition. That's a monopoly. What do Spectrum's customers do? What incentive does Spectrum have to listen to its customers' concerns? In the age of alternative facts, Spectrum won't even have to admit to throttling or paid prioritization, even if it did implement it. They would call it traffic management and that would be the end of the discussion. The whole notion of an unregulated monopoly holding their customers' best interests at heart is simpy laughable. "In many of these 'debates' what happens is various people take a relatively extreme position and toss accusations of perfidious actions against the others. In reality, the ideal policy is probably a 'half-a-loaf' for both sides but neither are willing to actually talk." Part of the problem is that the increasing number of "echo chambers" is causing extreme viewpoints to be reinforced, justifying the perspectives and making them unlikely to waver because now they have "proof" they were right all along. It's reinforced delusion that seeps into fundamental identities, meaning challenging viewpoints are turned into existential threats. Every major ISP has been proven again and again to be basically liars at any number of scales. These are the people Pai is handing control of content availability over to. For decades AT&T has taken Federal funds to build out it's network to underserved areas and instead used it to build a more limited, more profitable network in areas already served. To make it work they, like other telcos, let their older networks rot or even sabotage them in order to force people to higher priced accounts. I am not in favor of allowing these same people have the option to cut off or cripple whatever they like. And I say that having experienced having ads being injected that create new browser tabs by my current ISP. Who also informed me they lost control of data via equifax based on my home account information. Dehumanizing the people who run the ISP's doesn't constitute a legitimate argument for NN. Or being racist about Pai, and posting poop through his letterbox. Saying "But Trump" is not an excuse. "Dehumanizing the people who run the ISP's doesn't constitute a legitimate argument for NN." As the saying goes, "Whatever works." And touching nerves ans stoking fears works. We only have to think about the forces which drive the world, in particular money. Give a corporation more power and leverage and it will use it. History has shown this. This is why the Sherman Antritrust act passed in 1890. Sherman said: "If we will not endure a king as a political power we should not endure a king over the production, transportation, and sale of any of the necessaries of life." In our modern time, electronic communication has become an important part of the "necessaries of life". It is also obvious that words and promises don't count much. A corporation is not a person. It is an ever changing entity. In a couple of years the promises are forgotten. If an opportunity opens to make a few bucks more, for example by slowing down the competition, then they take it. This is why there are laws like antitrust laws. Without those laws, firms would try to band together to raise prizes or merge to be a monopoly. It does not need much imagination what happens if a few telecoms have unregulated control over the delivery of content. It is their instinct and necessary for their ability to survive that they have to take any opportunity to increase profit. But as we've seen, laws in the end are just ink on a page. Big business has found the solution to Sherman: control the government and they play YOUR tune. They're amassing enough power to do just that if not become pseudo-sovereign unto themselves a la Google. Once they're firmly established, complete with killer drones to defend themselves, it's going to be extremely difficult to stop the vicious cycle. Except you are missing the point of the article: this isn't David vs. Goliath, it is Alien vs. Predator. The error in that argument is it somehow supposes you can regulate ISPs *or* ad networks, but not both. Which is clearly not at all true. It's perfectly reasonable to point out that Google et. al. are hardly *disinterested* backers of NN. And it's perfectly reasonable to point out that there are areas of behaviour by Google, Facebook, Amazon etc. that are highly questionable. But the reasonable conclusion is not "...therefore we must not regulate ISPs", it's "therefore we must regulate all problematic cases of anti-competitive behaviour". If Pai's position was "look, there's a bigger picture here, it's not OK to regulate ISP behaviour while ignoring how Google, Amazon and Facebook abuse their dominance in their markets, so we're forming a partnership with the FTC and anti-trust regulators to come up with a comprehensive plan for defending the interests of the consumer when dealing with all these Internet giants", *THAT* would be an interesting and supportable position. It's an interesting time and as much as I think the cable companies wish themselves to become the next walled garden of the Compuserve and AOL era, I don't see it working now any better than it did then. Sure, they currently have governmentally granted monopolies handed over by regional governments which is the source of the problem but it seems difficult to fix at the federal level. What can be done at the federal level is to lower the barriers of entry to competition and it just might be worth running that OC768 line into my basement and sell 3.6 GHz wifi service to a few neighbors in the hood. Of course that might mean changing the current spectrum auction rules so Verizon and @&T can't carve it up nicely ahead of time to avoid real competition. Perhaps I should move back to the South Pacific and set up on UUCP? The derangement we’ve been left with from the Age of Obama, the failed false messiah, is tearing up civil society. I miss the simplicity of listening to the BBC World Service actually rather reliably via shortwave radio. With Brexit perhaps that global radio broadcast could return to the non-neutral network world of the USA? Broadcasting the World Service to the yanks is a 'pearls before swine' effort, they just don't bother listening to anything they disagree with. Instead they seek out whichever broadcaster says the things they agree with, with none of those pesky uncomfortable truths. The author alluded to a person's poor spelling yet used "rationale" in place of "rational" more than once. But that's fine, because Google and Facebook have lots of money, and can afford it. Know who can't afford it? The Google of 1999 or Facebook of 2005, who could never have never grown beyond infancy if Altavista and Myspace were free to pay ISPs a lot of money to insure their traffic was prioritized and Google's and Facebook's was slowed to a crawl. Google and Facebook's money will insure that they are never challenged by any upstarts that are better than them in a world without net neutrality. Indeed. It seems that repealing net neutrality rules would benefit all big companies, whether they're telcos or content providers. Sorry, that is nonsense. A new Google or Facebook today would have no problem with connectivity, because it's "light" footprint makes their data requirements practically sit in "noise": a random Google results page was around 0.65MB, Facebook frontpage was around 1.4MB...and Netflix is around 0.82MB / sec. Video is not a "human right", and Netflix's desire to avoid paying for peering with Comcast (which they had to eventually pony up for) is hardly worthy of government fiat. But Universal programs have an unfair advantage there since they don't have to pony up at all. And since NBC carries an ongoing exclusive contract for the Olympic Games, there's potential for real abuse with the Winter Games coming up. You are missing the point. Without net neutrality, Google could pay ISPs like Verizon to slow down or even block a hungry young competitor that Google was concerned might have a better way of doing search. Doesn't matter if its footprint is "light" or not if you can't even connect to it, or it runs like it is connected via a 28.8K modem on the Moon. Google and Facebook with a "Xanatos Gambit" approach? No surprise, really. The REAL problem, that nobody seems to be mentioning, is that there are a LOT of problems with the Obaka-era-style approach of attempting to regulate the internet. And, some people actually want MORE of that? _I_ do NOT! And, I *ESPECIALLY* do not want CONTENT regulation! It took DECADES to *FINALLY* get rid of an outdated FCC regulation on radio station licensing, the so-called "Fairness Doctrine", which DID (in a way) 'regulate content' by literally FORCING a radio station to provide what THEY claimed was "equal time". What it DID do is make "big media" possible, and they had a literal MONOPOLY on the news for DECADES. But, ABOLISHING the 'fairness doctrine' literally made Fox News and talk radio possible, where a host like Rush Limbaugh could simply say what he wanted to, without having the "fairness doctrine" stand in his way. And the reality is, Rush Limbaugh and Fox News ARE the "equal time" against the left-biased lame-stream media. And they KNOW it. Conclusion: DE-regulation caused "big media" to LOSE THEIR MONOPOLY! And if "big cable" really IS trying to stop people from watching TV via Netflix, by throttling or "DoS"ing the traffic, they would be in violation of an anti-trust law aka "unfair business practices". Some of these anti-trust laws have been in place for over 100 years. We do NOT need "more gummint" to REGULATE things because they *might* be happening. Consider WHO benefits from "more regulation". It's not the consumer, because WE END UP PAYING FOR IT through higher costs passed on DIRECTLY TO US by the same people that are TARGETED by the regulation. Their costs go up, and then OUR costs go up. De-regulating the electric power industry has helped to provide competing solutions. De-regulating telephones is similar. De-regulating works as long as you prevent "unfair business practices". Anything BEYOND "preventing unfair business practices" is WAY TOO MUCH. " Consider WHO benefits from "more regulation". It's not the consumer, because WE END UP PAYING FOR IT through higher costs passed on DIRECTLY TO US by the same people that are TARGETED by the regulation. Their costs go up, and then OUR costs go up." No, it's the taxpayer who benefits, since he's not required to spend enormous sums bailing out industries that have collapsed from corruption. Think how much money the Taxpayer might not have had to stump up if we'd had some effective regulation in 2008. As a result, by arguing against regulation, you're actually arguing that the taxpayer should subsidize the consumer here. I do believe that's known as socialism, Bob. You're getting the hard-working tax payer to underwrite risk so you can get a discount. Netflix and a few others have managed to do something Russia could never do - bend the entire psyche of the planet to their will with zero blowback. What's relevant here is Netflix don't want to pay for infrastructure to carry all the bandwidth their service uses caused, ultimately, by no peers taking traffic off them because there's no mutual benefit. Never was, never will be. It really is quite impressive how their PR machine has completely deluded millennials into thinking it's about them. It isn't. There are solutions to this that won't cost netflix huge sums of money to deliver content, they're already using some of them - as much as I like stranger things and mr robot if these services aren't viable at a price point with the infrastructure we have and without netflix, amazon, google et al (to be fair to amazon they do have mutually beneficial traffic arrangements, google too to a lesser degree, it's mostly netflix causing the problems) et al investing then they're simply not viable. Re: What's really going on.. So, you pay Netflix $10pm for content and the a*holes who provide the rickety, unreliable pipe $50pm and you think it's Netflix's fault? Netflix works with all of the large ISPs to provide local cacheing servers, which *they* pay for and *they* manage, which alleviates backhaul traffic for the ISP. Let's look at this another way - without the content providers like Netflix, Google, Facebook, AWS et al, that IP connectivity which is so expensive and so flakey, would be pretty useless. But yeah, make the ISP argument for them; "we could provide so many more connections against the same backhaul, if only those pesky users didn't actually use the connections for real stuff..." The point isn't how much is paid to who. If Netflix had to pay its fair share of overall internet backbone support costs as a percentage of IP packet traffic, their business model likely would fail. Ditto Youtube. Of course, the cable companies aren't pure as the driven snow either, but the point is that Netflix isn't David vs. Comcast as Goliath. It is Google/Facebook/Netflix Predator vs. Comcast/AT&T Alien. Whoever wins, we lose. Pretty sure this is my point. You don't just magic a service into existence and expect everybody else to pick up the tab just so you can be viable, for much the same reason as I don't ask 'reg readers to buy me a new McLaren every year. i.e. the world doesn't work like that. Horse feathers. Netflix pay plenty, for their access to the 'net (including edge servers). Netflix's customers also pay handsomely for access to the internet - which includes Netflix bits. A Netflix bit doesn't cost the ISP a penny more than one of yours. Posting thratening notices outside someone's house for their kids to see is beyond the pale, whatever they are supposed to have done. The pizzas, on the other hand, always a good prank! "But Trump", so it's OK. Rational argument is all well and good - if the right people hear it and are receptive to it. I am reminded of a piece I read not that long ago about gun control in America. Sure, there are huge amounts of rational arguments for gun control, but a small and loud minority who are against it are mobilised to block every attempt. Passion helps get your message across, and if large enough numbers of people become passionate enough about a topic, the chances are greater they will get their view heard - rational or not. So I don't really know what I am saying here, other than perhaps elected lawmakers need to put their adult diapers on and make a rational decision, rather than listen to raving lunatics and smarmy lobbyists. But what chance change? Would someone do me the favour of answering these two questions, if indeed they can be answered? 1. Who will make money out of the loss of net neutrality? I understand it to mean that ISPs can charge different prices for different services. If you want Netflix, it will cost you more. 2. What services will suffer as a consequence of the loss of net neutrality? If a more lucrative end of the Internet will cost more, will the ISP throttle the bandwidth so that the connections become slower? That is, if you want faster Internet connections, you have to pay for it? And the answer to your two questions is - We Don't Know. I suggest we just let the Republicans get on with it and see what happens. It may be good, it may be bad - the simple fact is that we will not know one way or the other for about five to ten years which is a lifetime in Internet Cat Time. 1. ISPs. They already charge you for a pipe. With NN rules, they're not allowed to look into the pipe with a view to throttling back some services in favour of others. It's not that "if you want Netflix it'll cost you more" so much as "Why not try *our* streaming service, which streams at full HD rates, unlike Netflix with their grainy, low-res videos. You can watch 1970's reruns in 'high def'." If a well-funded upstart wants to make their mark in the on-demand market (hello, Jeff Bezos), they can do it by buying up the bandwidth rather than producing better content. 2. Those services which won't pay bribes^H^H^H uh, tributes^H^H^H^H, uh, uh, priority service tariffs to the ISPs. As for the last part of your question, there is already a tiered pricing scheme for bandwidth. This is about selective filtering within that pipe. Some sites load very quickly, The Register takes ages to load. Sadly, the "pipe" concept is false. The electricity and water companies deliver "pipes" of electricity and water to consumers, yet nobody thinks they should be all you can eat. ISPs and cable companies do actually have to invest to maintain and improve pipelines - the reality is that the massive increase in video traffic imposes a real cost to them. The real argument behind net neutrality is that we all hate the ISPs and cable companies, so we want them to suffer by having them subsidize the Googles, Facebooks and Netflix of the world. I actually have no problem with this argument. But really, why are the gigantic internet companies any better? The real problem is that the ISPs and cable companies - at least the internet portion, should be fully regulated industries like water and power under the FERC. If Ajit Pai were to regulate the ISPs and (internet) cable companies as public utilities, then all would be good. Of course, under an FERC type regulation, all you can eat internet goes away and so does net neutrality. "throttling back some services in favour of others" I doubt that actually happens, "throttling back". FYI traffic prioritization would happen at the routers, anyway. PAID traffic prioritization would help pay for BETTER routers (and faster wires between them). Is it such a BAD thing? In other words, it's another example of a rising tide "lifting all boats". THAT as opposed to the "create a FREAKING DAM and then TAX people to PAY for it" approach. keep in mind that if you reach into the back pocket of some cable company executive and plan on taking that money and doing "something else" with it, that cable company exec will pass the cost along to THE CONSUMER. EVERY TIME. So 'class envy' will never work. Just let them make money by PROVIDING SERVICES that people WANT [and the quality to go with it]. Just keep them from engaging in 'unfair business practices' (like forcing Netflix to pay more because otherwise they'd "throttle Netflix", for example). Then we'll all be better off with LESS REGULATION. "net neutrality" is such a MISNOMER anyway, like the way "Fairness Doctrine" was. GUMMINT chooses these names the way "the left" tosses around EMOTION BOMBS when they want something. And if regulations go UP, "who benefits" ? POLITICIANS AND GUMMINT BUREAUCRATS. And people who have THEM "in their back pocket". "2. What services will suffer as a consequence of the loss of net neutrality? If a more lucrative end of the Internet will cost more, will the ISP throttle the bandwidth so that the connections become slower? That is, if you want faster Internet connections, you have to pay for it?" In principle, ANY internet endpoint without the money to pay for its own distribution is at risk. In principle, in fact, some non-favored-by-ISP endpoints are at risk of having no distribution at any price. That means ANY internet forum run by amateurs for amateurs to discuss their interests. ANY website collecting, for instance, freely available software or documentation. ANY local organization who want a web presence for their members. ANY mailing list whose traffic an ISP doesn't like for some reason. Making the argument into Comcast vs Google is beggaring the question by assuming the internet is NOTHING BUT a top-down commercial entertainment distribution system. With net neutrality, amateurs have a presence. Without net neutrality, it's money all the way down. 1. Clearly the ISPs, as they will be able to increase the cost of purchasing online services that they don't provide (for instance, Netflix vs the ISP's own streaming video service) - not only by increasing the cost to the consumer to get access to Netflix, but also by charging Netflix more to send data across their services. This second cost will then end up being passed on to consumers by Netflix. 2. Anything new will likely by stymied by having to pay the fees needed to get decent access to the ISP's bandwidth. Services may not suffer, but rather costs will go up, and all of that additional cost will end up in the hands of the ISPs. The solution is simple and most countries already do this, with therefore little need for net neutrality legislation. Make sure the last mile (and maybe the "outer backhaul") is available in the wholesale market - either from a government-controlled entity or by imposing rules on private incumbents. And, ensure this wholesale traffic is not prioritised except as nominated by the retailer using it (eg. classes of service). Then, let the retail service providers compete with different offerings of free, subsidised or fully paid traffic. If a customer just wants unlimited cat videos - there's a plan for that. If they want a completely neutral service - somebody will offer that. If they want low latency and jitter for video along with bursty web browsing traffic - that can be done too. If they want a free walled garden with advertising - so be it. The pricing will reflect the costs. IPStream and LLU for baby Bells and cable! Problem is that it's not the government that builds the last mile (not that many Americans trust the government to get it right), plus there's the major issue of rural coverage (particularly bad in the US given its geography). Plus the major ISPs have enough clout to influence the government itself, just like Big Oil (think "better 10% of something than 100% of nothing"). The FCC should have no say over this, period. The FCC was created to regulate a fair use of public airwaves - that's it. What happens on fiber and coax should not even be in their wheelhouse as it has nothing to do with that. In short, KISS. The less government is involved with something, the more innovation and lower the cost it is due to choice. The more they are involved the beyond what is absolutely necessary, just costs us all money. But the thing is, more public information is being transmitted over PRIVATE media (local channels, for example), thus the FCC has to step in with things like local carry obligations; otherwise, we'll just have the DSS "regular antenna" mess again. KISS sounds fine until you remember the GIlded Age. "The less government is involved with something, the more innovation and lower the cost it is due to choice. The more they are involved the beyond what is absolutely necessary, just costs us all money." >The less government is involved with something, the more innovation and lower the cost it is due to choice. The author asked for rational arguments. This is just dogma. Without government, there would be no internet (and the comms corporations did their best to kill that at birth). Without government, power reverts to the powerful. In this case, to the richest, most ruthless corporations. Government is the only chance a poor slob on the street has for anything approaching a fair deal. Until the powerful usurp the government, which is what's happening now. Then we're basically screwed because there's no escape anymore. -- where you can get 96 channels: 45 shopping, 20 weather, 20 all-table-tennis-all-the-time, and 5 showing 1960s re-runs. If you want sports, that's another tier and more money. If you want news too, that's another tier and more money yet. Want movies too? Oooo, that's cost ya more. And so forth. So I'm a bit puzzled by Internet users who seem complacent about giving ISPs the power to set up similar tiered service schemes -- by using selective throttling. Caveat lector: I don't actually have cable, and I don't watch television; nor do I watch much streaming content over the Intarwebs. So I probably have this all wrong -- hence Paris. NO! NO! NO! NO! NO!!!! *PROVE* that "they" ARE doing this (selective throttling), HAVE done this in the past, and WILL do it in the future, before you invoke CONSUMER-EXPENSIVE REGULATIONS to STOP something that is NOT happening!!! PROVE IT FIRST! Because _nobody_ wants THAT, naturally, because "throttling" just SOUNDS bad. and are we sure it wasn't the TORRENT [ab]users that created this kind of FUD in the first place? "....Comcast..... we support net neutrality and we won't block, slow or throttle your internet, we promise...." Seriously, having suffered Comcast's appallingly patchy "high-speed" internet service, I'm curious as to how they could actually make it slower!?! Not unless they intend to make non-premium users suffer by making them call the infamous Comcast customer (dis)service lines. As to the idea that the new incumbent of the Whitehouse is going to favour the telecoms, you must have missed Trump's sticking his oar in over AT&T's purchase of Time (because the deal includes CNN, aka The Clinton News Network), nor his bile for MSNBC (owned by the very Liberal-minded Comcast). Indeed, Trump recently went to bat for Google and Facebook in the EU, which suggests the opposite. None of this would be a problem if the fools had bought SUN servers, because the computer is the network, and our servers are the best computers, and therefore the best network with bandwidth for all! "Let's also stop pretending that life under Big Cable is going to be a dystopian nightmare – that we'll only get to see Fox Internet or AT&T Internet. It will almost certainly be a professional and perfectly pleasant environment – similar to the world of cable that everyone grew up with." I haven't had cable in well over a decade, on the grounds that I don't want to pay a shedload of money to subsidize and subscribe to crap I don't watch (e.g. ESPN, the Home Shopping Network, etc. etc.) I am fortunate enough to use a third-party ISP where I get gigabit fiber to the home and run Netflix and Amazon Prime Video on top of it, all for much less than I would pay Comcast or AT&T. My current ISP is professional and perfectly pleasant; they're also locally-based and gave me excellent customer service. I don't want the Internet to be constricted to a subset of what Comcast wants to show me or have to pay extra for the privilege of accessing everything. There is a reason that so many people are "cord-cutting," jettisoning their cable packages and moving to streaming, and this comment of Kieren's hand-waves it completely. Life under Big Cable already was a dystopian nightmare; now it's going to be one with government support. "There is a reason that so many people are "cord-cutting," jettisoning their cable packages and moving to streaming, and this comment of Kieren's hand-waves it completely. Life under Big Cable already was a dystopian nightmare; now it's going to be one with government support." Except you forget the wireless providers are no saints, either. Consider the data caps. I've yet to see a wireless provider state in writing that their service has no limits other than purely physical ones. What about that identity theft thing, though? I'm surprised this doesn't pick on the veracity of the accounts of huge numbers of people's identities being faked to send in the faked messages on the topic. I get that you're looking at the end as more important than the means, but if the reports are correct and potentially thousands of genuine citizens' information was used to create the impression that they supported a political point of view without their knowledge, that seems to me a pretty big story in its own right- possibly the first occurrence of a new kind of identity theft. Also it seems like regardless of the source it probably ought to be illegal. Certainly something I'd be interested to get a Reg angle on, seeing as most of the reports I have seen have been interesting and strongly suggestive but lacking in that necessary edge and sense of the big picture. ...is that it doesn't work if only one side is interested in discoursing rationally. The pro-NN side has *attempted* rational discourse. The response from Pai and his allies has not been "OK, let's have a reasonable discussion about this and try to lay aside our biases and come to a reasonable conclusion". It has been "LALALALAL WE CAN'T HEAR YOU AND WHATEVER YOU'RE SAYING IS WRONG ANYWAY". Rational NN discourse like "your argument that NN rules discourage investment in network infrastructure is poorly supported by real-world data" and "ISP positions on this debate are clearly self-contradictory, like arguing that they're opposed to Title II regulation not NN, but litigating against attempts to implement NN without Title II regulation, or claiming to the FCC that NN rules are a threat to business but not doing so in their legally-mandated statements to shareholders" has not been accepted and treated seriously by the FCC. It's just been completely ignored. Note for instance that the FCC *specifically said* that it ignored all public feedback on NN which did not involve some kind of novel legal argument. Despite the fact that this has never ever been the qualifying bar for public comment in any other case I can think of. If the FCC were actually even remotely interested in just *appearing* like it was actually doing its job of representing the public interest in telecommunications regulation, then rational discourse might be a useful choice. But it isn't, so it isn't. or at least contributing greatly to it, is to see the content, FUD and hype pushed by those outfits with the most to lose by changes in the rules. If your target audience is ill informed tweens, entitled college brats, crazy cat ladies and political echo chamber fans, then you're gonna do all you can to rile them up so you don't have to risk any decrease to your profit margins. The lowest on the information totem-pole are inundated with End of the World claims. People who cry and scream about the wrong liar getting elected, are gonna cry and scream when told their cat videos will go away if Evil Corporate Cable gets their way. Cable people are busy watching shows, and bypassing commercials. They don't get blasted with Fear Uncertainty and Doubt as much as push-news and "trending algorithms" will do so for the Social Media crowd. Emotion wins if you scare people enough, even if its all BS. More, specifically, FEAR wins, especially PRIMAL fear. And since it's instinctive, it's also hard to shake off. "the moment the rules are rescinded we will have fast internet lanes for extra dollars – and by extension a slower internet for every not willing to pay a premium." Isn't that what we have now - and have pretty much always had, right back to "more expensive (voiceline) modems get you faster rates"? Well, they're trying to make it permanent so that, even if more neutrality-minded people replace them, they'll be powerless to actually change it.

2019-04-26T06:53:30Z

https://forums.theregister.co.uk/forum/all/2017/11/28/its_back_net_neutrality_nonsense_roundup/

MOSCOW, November 27 (RIA Novosti) - All units of Russia's naval infantry will be fully equipped with advanced weaponry by 2015, the Russian Navy said in a statement on Friday. "The naval infantry will receive T-90 tanks, BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles, BTR-82A armored personnel carriers, BRDM-3 armored reconnaissance vehicles, 120-mm 2C31 Vena self-propelled guns, modernized air defense systems and small arms," the statement said. Russia's naval infantry, which is part of the Navy, consists of three brigades, two independent regiments and two independent battalions totaling about 12,000 personnel. Naval infantry units from Russia's Northern, Baltic and Black Sea Fleets took part in the Caucasus 2009, Zapad 2009 and Ladoga 2009 strategic exercises, while naval infantry from the Pacific Fleet regularly participates in Russia's anti-piracy missions in the Gulf of Aden. Hope those BMP-3 are BMP-3M's, cause anything other is not really a step forward. If the Navy is going to start using the T-90, then why not acquire the BMPT? I mean, it would be better in the infantry fighting enviornment, and it has the capabilities of taking out tanks. I would prefer that over BMP-3. sepheronx wrote: If the Navy is going to start using the T-90, then why not acquire the BMPT? I mean, it would be better in the infantry fighting enviornment, and it has the capabilities of taking out tanks. I would prefer that over BMP-3. The BMPT is a fire support vehicle that accompanies tanks in urban environments. The BMP-3 is for transporting troops. Do you mean the BTR-T? Russian forces have freed the crew of a Russian oil tanker seized by Somali pirates off the coast of Yemen, in a dramatic rescue operation. Forces on the Russian warship Marshal Shaposhnikov approached the tanker with 23 Russian crew on board by helicopter. As they did so, the pirates opened fire, sparking a shoot-out. The Russian forces then abseiled onto the Moscow University tanker, freeing the crew who had locked themselves in a safe room after disabling their ship. Ten pirates have been arrested, says the BBC's Richard Galpin in Moscow. They are currently being held aboard the tanker, Russian defence ministry spokesman Col Alexei Kuznetsov said. They will be transferred to Moscow to face charges, reports say. There have been unconfirmed reports that one pirate was killed during the siege. "Pirates have released the tanker... All crew on board the tanker are alive and well," a spokeswoman for the Russian shipping company that owns the tanker, Novoship, told Reuters news agency. "During more than 20 hours of siege, pirates were not able to take a single member of crew hostage." Novoship praised the operation as one carried out "in the best traditions of the Russian naval mariners". The decision to free the ship was made knowing "that the crew was under safe cover inaccessible to the pirates and that the lives and health of the sailors was not threatened by anything", Novoship added. Although there are dozens of warships patrolling the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden, it is rare for rescue efforts to be launched once pirates have boarded a vessel as it is often felt that intervening would endanger the hostages, says the BBC's Will Ross in Nairobi. But in this case, the crew switched off the engine and locked themselves in a strong room with a reinforced door. This tactic of retreating to a strong room has thwarted two previous hijacking attempts on other vessels, our correspondent adds. The Moscow University was seized on Wednesday in the Gulf of Aden, off the coast of Yemen, as it sailed for China, carrying more than 80,000 tonnes of crude oil worth some $50m (£33m). The Gulf of Aden is one of the world busiest shipping routes, and the Russians, Europeans and Americans have all deployed navy forces in the region after a growing number of attacks by pirates on commercial vessels, our correspondent adds. Even so, pirates are reported to be holding more than 20 foreign ships with almost 400 sailors. The Marshal Shaposhnikov was sent on Wednesday to rescue the hijacked tanker. Three cheers for Russian Marines! Hip hip hooray for the Marines and for the crew who did everything right! Have read from several sources about this event, the safe room according to some was the engine room and the walls were 25mm thick. With that sort of thickness a rifle calibre weapon or an RPG would be no good to get into such a room. The rifles will not penetrate that much armour and the RPG will have problems because if the rocket hits the door before it has armed you will have a dud rocket to deal with. Even if it did hit cleanly it would only burn a small hole and would be very tricky to fire at the door without injuring or killing those that fired the rocket. A trained person with plastic explosive would get in but these guys are not trained. Apparently the save room had food and water and a radio stored inside it and because it may have been the engine room they could shut down the engines so the hijackers couldn't control the ship. Congrats to the crew for being prepared, and the forces that rescued them so professionally. GarryB wrote: Have read from several sources about this event, the safe room according to some was the engine room and the walls were 25mm thick. With that sort of thickness a rifle calibre weapon or an RPG would be no good to get into such a room. The rifles will not penetrate that much armour and the RPG will have problems because if the rocket hits the door before it has armed you will have a dud rocket to deal with. Even if it did hit cleanly it would only burn a small hole and would be very tricky to fire at the door without injuring or killing those that fired the rocket. My understanding is that the ship was loaded with petroleum and that the Somalis were afraid of triggering an explosion. Dunno if that is true or not. Actually that is one of the draw backs of the safe room idea, that the pirates might get frustrated and do something stupid like set fire to the cargo or try to sink the ship. Anyway, congrats again to the Russian Navy for their professional response. It is good that Russia is participating in dealing with the pirating threat. Actually this is a bit off topic but about 10 years ago or so I bought a computer game called Ka-50 Hokum that is set in the south china seas where you control a ship that you can navigate around the south china seas looking for pirates. The ship has an anti aircraft gun that you can use to shoot down any threats to the ship, but your main goal is to fly one of 4 helicopters you have on board on missions to defeat pirates by attacking their bases. It is basically a flight simulator based on a transport ship with 4 different helos to fly. They are the Ka-50 Hokum of course, the AH-1 Cobra, the Mi-8 Hip, and the British Lynx. It was made in 1994 and the graphics are a bit primative, but a modern version would be great. You could have a range of ship types like dedicated helicopter carriers like Mistral, or vessels that look like cargo ships with more basic self defence equipment. You could fly a range of helos and also probably widely expand the number of different areas you could be assigned to defend to include Yemen. It was made in 1994 and the graphics are dated, but I enjoyed it. Thanks for this pointer and if you have any more, let me know. Russian defense ministry ordered a new tracked combat vehicle to be designed specially for the Navy but not refitted from army hardware. According to Izvestiya, new self-propelled vehicle will be capable to move both on land and at sea staying afloat even in strong sea disturbance. The new naval combat vehicle will be designed by JSC Kurganmashzavod. New vehicle will be based on multipurpose tracked carrier which will be also used in other types of combat vehicles for the Army, Airborne Troops, and air defense mounts. Naval version will be equipped with engine-driven screw making possible to sail at speed up to 25-30 kph. By initial estimates, naval tracked combat vehicle will be fielded in 2015-2016. The military expect new vehicle to widen the range of tasks. In particular, landing troops will reach coast in half an hour during over-the-horizon discharge. Currently used BMP-1 and BMP-2 are non-effective in sea disturbance, so are not frequently used in landing drills. At present, landing troops are mostly delivered by navy-adapted BTR-80 armored personnel carriers, landing ships or boats. According to a source, defense ministry does not order the latter ones focusing on procurement of French Mistral-class assault landing docks capable to put afloat troops beyond the horizon. It was reported late in 2009 that all marine units would be completely rearmed by 2015. Procurement of new hardware will be carried out under State Arms Program 2011-2020. The document provides deliveries of main battle tanks T-90, infantry combat vehicles BMP-3, armored personnel carriers BTR-82A, combat reconnaissance landing vehicles BRDM-3, 120-mm self-propelled guns 2S31 Vena, modernized small arms, grenade launchers, and antiaircraft assets. The new small arms might be the ADS underwater assault rifles. I recently read a news article where the Russian Navy rejected buying new Zubr air cushion landing craft. They said they were looking at the new landing vessels that come with the Mistrals as a basis for new landing "craft" for the future. new tracked combat vehicle to be designed specially for the Navy but not refitted from army hardware. Seem to contradict each other. The Army is designing and building multipurpose tracked and wheeled platforms for use as tanks, and APCs and IFVs, and Artillery vehicles, and Air Defence. The new naval combat vehicle will be designed by JSC Kurganmashzavod. UVZ is making the Armata multipurpose chassis for the heavy brigades of the Army, while JSC Kurganmashzavod is making the Boomerang, Kurganets-25, and Typhoon vehicles for the medium, medium and light brigades respectively. Clearly they are making a customised version of the tracked 25 ton amphibious Kurganets-25 with propellers and fully customised for use in rough sea states for the Navy. In the medium brigades the Kurganets-25 will have tank, BMP, BTR, ZSU, and likely a 120mm mortar vehicle in addition to command and anti tank missile (Kornet EM) vehicles. I would suspect the Navy will want similar vehicles too... which means all the vehicles could land on the beach together and operate completely together... ie no landing infantry but having to wait till the beach area is secured to bring in the heavy vehicles like tanks. The Russian Naval Infantry have been gradually phasing out PT-76 amphibious tanks, but have not yet received a large number of T-80s. A full-strength Naval Infantry Brigade may have up to 70-80 Tanks. The APCs used by the Naval Infantry are either BTR-80s (in Assault Landing Battalions) or MT-LBs (in Naval Infantry Battalions). While Naval Infantry units were supposed to receive BMP-3 IFVs, few have been delivered, and it is far from certain such re-arming will take place. BMP-3s may equip one company per battalion. The news article you posted stated the Naval Infantry will be fully reequipped by 2015. I would suspect they have had T-80s because the salty environment will be hard on vehicles and will "finish off" the tanks quicker than using them in other units. I would suspect that by 2015 their new amphibious vehicle will be ready... it will be based on the Kurganets-25 and will be a tracked 25 ton vehicle. The Kurganets-25 is a family of vehicles, so there will be tank like vehicles (like a heavy 2S25 Sprut... though at 25 tons the new vehicle will be 7 tons heavier than Sprut), there will be troop transports (BMP and BTR like versions), there will be artillery versions (perhaps with 120mm mortars), and air defence versions (with Pantsir-S1 (ie gun and missile) and likely a new 10km range laser guided SAM system versions) etc etc. All the vehicles in a medium brigade (Tank or Motor rifle) will either be Kurganets-25s or Boomerangs (Boomerangs will be wheeled 25 ton class amphibious vehicles). In many ways the Kurganets-25 and therefore also the Navy standard vehicle are replacements for BMPs, while the Boomerangs are replacements for the BTRs... BMPs are heavier and better armoured with better firepower with tracks for better cross country performance but a slightly smaller squad. The BTRs are wheeled and more mobile on roads with modest armament and lighter armour. The difference is that both the Kurganets-25 and the Boomerang will both be 25 ton vehicles with much better armour, though the tracked vehicle might have generally heavier armament there will likely be tracked and wheeled vehicle Medium brigades. Assault Landing Battalions: Kurganets-25 with BMP-3M-like armament. Naval Infantry Battalions: Kurganets-25 with BTR-82-like armament. TSAMTO, January 24. Fire and maneuver capabilities of artillery Navy substantially increased due to receipt of the army in 2010, more than 20 units. self-propelled anti-tank guns (TEPS), "Octopus-SD." As reported by the Office of the Press and Information Ministry of Defense of Russia, in 2011 the supply of this technology for airborne is not implemented, but already this year, Marines are planning to get about 10 units. 125-mm TEPS "Octopus-CD, which will end in 2012 staffed by new airborne artillery self-propelled guns of up to one third of the existing demand. Light tracked amphibious aviadesantiruemaya antitank gun "Octopus-SD" is designed for combat tanks, self-propelled artillery, armored personnel carriers and other mobile armored targets, fire support units paratroopers. In addition, at the present time, all systems in service with Navy guns, are in-depth modernization, in particular the continued improvement of performance characteristics of the main artillery Airborne - "Nona." As the commander of the Navy, Lieutenant-General Vladimir Shamanov in a recent interview, "at the expense of modernization of armaments could significantly increase the firepower and maneuverability of the artillery assault." Yes, Sprut-SD for Naval infantry. Will VDV also receive more Sprut-SD or they will be now produced only for naval infantry? Is there any plan to install new FCS with Catherine TI like in T-90 or new modernized T-72BM? This is interesting because the Naval Infantry have also said that they want a modified version of the new tracked Kurganets-25, 25 ton vehicle being developed for the medium brigades. The K25 is basically the equivalent of the BMP-3, though at 25 tons it is about 7 tons heavier. The standard K-25s will have BMP level amphibious performance which will allow them to drive straight into rivers and travel across lakes without problem, but the Navy wanted better amphibious performance so they are getting modified designs that allowed them to handle being released into water up to 100km from shore and then sail to the shore and operate as an IFV. The question is, is this order of Sprut a stopgap thing, or do they intend to operate it with the other vehicles. This is important because the VDV might have the same choice. Each of the new vehicle families will have a tank like vehicle so there will be light and medium "tanks". Personally I think that this purchase is a temporary thing and when their new K-25 based vehicle is ready they will operate a light tank version with unified systems and electronics with the Armata Tank. I used to have a photo of a SPRUT-SD landing from a ROPUCHA landing ship. The phot is something like 2 years old. Ca't find it now unfortunately. What are the Marines needs for tanks? in numbers? I think it is a handsome looking vehicle... sure the armour is a little thin, but special forces used jeeps and range rovers with much less protection in WWII, and modern units use all sorts of beach buggy designs that offer no protection to their crews and with nothing like the long range firepower of the Sprut... which can fire pretty much any 125mm gun ammo a T-90 can. When landing on beaches, tanks give naval infantry some punch and power as the make that awkward transition from a sea based force to a land based one. Normally the transition is tremendously vulnerable if there are no tanks... as shown at D Day, with the effort to provide the troops with tanks using skirts to make them amphibious... many of which were tragically lost because of enemy fire and sea conditions and the inevitable being dropped off on a sand bar instead of the beach meaning they had to go back into deep water to get to the beach... for a proper amphibious vehicle that would be no problem and the further out a vehicle can get into the water the safer the ships deploying the forces are. In terms of a MBT gun on a light vehicle, Sprut is perfect, and IMO much better than all other alternatives, especially wheeled. Great to see the design not abandoned after a pitifull production rate.

2019-04-24T05:01:33Z

http://www.russiadefence.net/t2048-russian-naval-infantry

Political leaders and the mainstream media have been blindsided by the sudden mood shift of the country in the last few years. The reason they have been blindsided is they believe world history is linear. Liberals have now begun referring to themselves as progressives. These people think the world only progresses. The facts indicate otherwise. History is cyclical. History is replete with grand empires like Rome, Spain and Britain. It is also replete with Dark Ages, depressions and wars. Strauss & Howe have established that history can be broken down into 80 to 100 year Saeculums that consist of four turnings: The High, The Awakening, The Unraveling, and the Crisis. The First Turning is a High, an upbeat era of strengthening institutions and weakening individualism, when a new civic order implants and the old values regime decays. The Second Turning is an Awakening, a passionate era of spiritual upheaval, when the civic order comes under attack from a new values regime. The Third Turning is an Unraveling, a downcast era of strengthening individualism and weakening institutions, when the old civic order decays and the new values regime implants. The Fourth Turning is a Crisis, a decisive era of secular upheaval, when the values regime propels the replacement of the old civic order with a new one. The Prophet archetype is born in a High, enters young adulthood in an Awakening, midlife in an Unraveling, and elderhood in a Crisis. The Nomad archetype is born in an Awakening, enters young adulthood in an Unraveling, midlife in a Crisis, and elderhood in a High. The Hero archetype is born in an Unraveling, enters young adulthood in a Crisis, midlife in a High, and elderhood in an Awakening. The Artist archetype is born in a Crisis, enters young adulthood in a High, midlife in an Awakening, and elderhood in an Unraveling. During a Fourth Turning, the constellation contains all four archetypes born in the current saeculum. We are now in the midst of the fourth Crisis period in U.S. history. The previous Fourth Turnings The American Revolution, Civil War and Great Depression/World War II all required immense sacrifice and entailed great danger. There are only a few Americans alive who experienced and recall our last Fourth Turning. This is one of the foremost reasons the country seems surprised when the next Turning arrives. Just think about the response of politicians, mainstream media pundits, supposedly brilliant economists, and the elite thought leaders during the last five years. They have been blindsided by the housing collapse, worldwide financial crisis, election of Barack Obama, and furious rage of the Tea Party movement. This is because they prescribe to the belief the world only moves forward, never backward. They failed to identify the signs of Crisis. Threats that have been ignored and/or deferred for decades are now coalescing into a once in a lifetime emergency that will require public consensus, aggressive action, and personal sacrifice. Leaders who think the old way of governing will continue to work are learning a difficult lesson. This is why so many old time politicians like Chris Dodd are fleeing Washington DC. A maelstrom of government debt, unfunded liabilities, looming energy catastrophe, and consumer collapse is about to hit the United States. There is no politician in Washington DC willing to stand up in front of the American people and tell them the truth about the storms on our horizon. The last one born and the the first one to run. The lyrics about the Class of 2013 reflect the fact that his eldest son Joseph will graduate high school in 2013. Born in 1995, he is part of the new Hero generation. This is the generation that will do the heavy lifting in the current Crisis. This cohort is known as the Millennial generation. This generation has been nurtured with increasing protection by pessimistic adults in an insecure environment. They will challenge the political failures of their elder leaders during the coming years, leading to a secular crisis. Armstrong’s son was born in an era of humility during the Unraveling. The Clinton years were a time of little action, with problems ignored and public civility declining. This generation has been raised by Generation X parents and will now be expected to guide the country through the desperate times ahead. If there are wars to fight, they will fight them. Since their elders have made impossible financial promises, the Millennials will have to make the sacrifices and tough decisions. Every generation will have their part to play in the current Crisis. Boomers will be the elder leaders who push the country to resolve the major issues of our time. They will summon the Heroes to make the ultimate sacrifice for the nation. Generation X will provide the tough resolute leadership in the midst of the Crisis, defending society. Let’s hope the country will produce Nomad leaders on par with previous Nomads – George Washington, Stonewall Jackson, George Patton and Dwight Eisenhower. Forging consensus regarding the problems we face. Preparing our governmental institutions for the challenges ahead. Political leaders bluntly describing the issues before us, stressing duties over rights. Developing community teamwork to solve local problems. Treating our youth as a national priority. Preparing elders for the sacrifices and unfulfilled promises in their future. Reducing government and personal debt. Conserve military resources for the long road ahead. You may have noticed that as a country we not only did not prepare for Winter, we proceeded like it would never come. No leader has emerged to bluntly speak the truth to the American people. Culture wars still rage. Government has expanded and our military has been depleted in useless wars of choice. All that is left is for individuals to prepare their families for the immense challenges ahead. To comprehend what awaits us in the next fifteen years, the blizzards of 2010 provide a preview. The two principal political parties that control our government continue to act like we are in the early days of Autumn, anticipating a mild Winter. They persist in adhering to their conservative and liberal talking point agendas. They continue to push forth more policies like those that put the country in its current mess. They govern based upon weekly poll results, not upon what is best for the country. Big Government, big Military, and big Debt is the mantra of both parties. In his new documentary, GENERATION ZERO, director Steve Bannon scorches both parties and particularly the Baby Boom generation that now holds the reins of power in Washington DC and in corporate America. It is not a coincidence that 4 out of 5 CEOs of the investment banks that leveraged 40 to 1 and brought the worldwide financial system to its knees were Baby Boomers. George Bush, Hank Paulson, and Ben Bernanke are all Baby Boomers. Their greed, fiscal mismanagement and warped ideology led to the financial disaster. Anyone who doubts that Baby Boomers are most responsible for the current state of affairs just needs to review the following charts. These politicians have voted for bailouts of criminal banks run by Boomers, voted for hundreds of billions in pork projects for their corporate constituents, delegated their Constitutional duty of declaring war to the Executive branch, voted for the Patriot Act and creation of a Department of Homeland Security which have stolen freedoms & liberties from the citizens, and have deferred the critical cuts that must be made to entitlement promises they’ve made to the American public in order to get elected. These “honorable” politicians have doubled the National Debt of the United States to $12.4 trillion in less than 8 years. It took 213 years to accumulate $6 trillion of debt ($5.6 trillion added since 1971) and only 8 years to add another $6.4 trillion. These same politicians have approved current budgets that will add $1.5 to $2.0 trillion per year to the national Debt for the next 10 years. Progressives put forth the preposterous idea that piling on more debt will solve a problem created by too much debt. They have pressed the accelerator to the floor as we approach a turn on a mountain road. These lyrics reflect hopelessness and frustration as the country approaches financial collapse. We are on an unsustainable fiscal path built upon an altar of debt. Progressives believe that debt is inconsequential and is necessary to the advancement of the welfare state. No politician will tell an American voter that their entitlements must be slashed. No politician will vote to reduce pork projects or useless programs or worthless Federal departments. No politician will vote for a reduction in Defense spending. Someone within the ruling elite must sense danger, based on their overt and covert actions in the last nine years. Allowing the government to monitor phone calls, emails, and internet messages along with stationing combat troops within the U.S. border is a warning sign of how government will treat American citizens during the current Crisis. The Department of Homeland Security has already issued reports suggesting that Tea Party members and returning Iraq War veterans are potential terrorist threats. The mainstream media has perpetuated these lies. Financial chaos will lead to social chaos. The recently signed Executive Order 13528 established a Council of Governors, an “advisory panel” chosen by the President that will rubber-stamp long-sought-after Pentagon contingency plans to seize control of state National Guard forces in the event of a “national emergency.” Would U.S. troops fire on American citizens? That question will be answered in the coming decade. The American dream has turned into a nightmare. Led by the selfish, materialistic, self-absorbed Boomers, the nation has degenerated into an individualistic society of wealth seekers. The country’s common good and attitudes of thrift, hard work, and self reliance have been cast aside for the corporate good, immediate material satisfaction, and entitlement attitude. America is no longer the land of opportunity. It is the land of corporate fascism, benefitting the few. “The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.” — Historian and writer James Truslow Adams in his 1931 book Epic of America. This version of the American dream has been slowly fading away for decades. Those with ability who have earned a better life through their hard work, superior intelligence and integrity should attain a higher spot in the social order. Instead, government rewards those Americans who have taken unwarranted risks, made corrupt choices, and willingly chose a path of excessive debt to scale the social order. The game is stacked in favor of the elite, while middle class wages have stagnated for the last 40 years. Government bureaucracy strangles the entrepreneurial spirit of the people, while empowering those who want to control our every action. Today’s aristocracy consists of Wall Street bankers, corporate chiefs, Washington lobbyists, the military industrial complex, and corrupt politicians, all engendered by the printing presses of Ben Bernanke and the Federal Reserve. The rich get richer and the middle class disappears, as their jobs are shipped overseas by corporate conglomerate CEOs who preach globalism as a benefit to society. It is a benefit to their country club elitist society. These elite Boomers have sucked the life and vitality from the American financial system. The three previous Crisis periods in U.S. history were all initiated by a financial related trigger based on excess. The American RevolutionCrisis was instigated by the colonist response to overly burdensome taxation by the English Parliament. This ultimately led to the dumping of English tea into the Boston harbor. Parliament’s response to the Boston Tea Party ignited a colonial tinderbox—leading directly to the first Continental Congress, the battle of Concord, and the Declaration of Independence. The Civil WarCrisis had its roots in the issues of property rights and industrial versus agrarian society. The economic widening of the gap between slave and free states was symbolic of the changes occurring in each region. While the South was devoted to an agrarian plantation economy with a slow growth in population, the North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, infrastructure growth, as well as was experiencing high birth rates. This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government as it meant the future addition of more free states and the election of a Northern, potentially anti-slavery, president. The Civil War began with a presidential election that many southerners interpreted as an invitation to secede. The attack on Fort Sumter triggered the most violent conflict ever fought on New World soil, with over 600,000 dead Americans. The Great Depression & World War II Crisis began suddenly with the Black Tuesday stock-market crash. The events leading up to the “sudden” collapse were caused by loose monetary policy by the Federal Reserve, Wall Street greed and corruption, and government incompetence. After a three-year economic free fall, the Great Depression triggered the New Deal revolution, and a vast expansion of government. The worldwide economic collapse led to the rise of Nazism and Fascism, a World War that killed 65 million souls, and mass destruction in Europe and Asia. The parallels with previous Crisis periods are eerily visible today. We’ve sold out America for cheap Chinese hair dryers, low-priced Chinese TVs, inexpensive Mexican apparel, economy packs of Fruit of the Looms from Indonesia and yellow smiley face stickers for our kids.As reward for gutting the American economy by shipping jobs overseas, American CEOs have enriched themselves at a rate 500 times higher than the average worker’s pay. Wall Street bankers were paying close attention to how corporate CEOs were able to reap ungodly profits while socializing the costs. With a clear signal from Alan Greenspan that the Federal Reserve would save any moron on Wall Street that got in trouble, the gluttonous Harvard MBAs created exotic financial products and convinced the world they could spin gold from straw. The CEO’s of the five biggest investment banks (including Hank Paulson of Goldman Sachs) convinced the SEC to waive their 12 to 1 leverage ratio and leveraged their Wall Street gambling casinos at 40 to 1. This excessive leverage combined with financial products designed to confuse and bamboozle investors generated billions in profits for these banks and hundreds of millions in pay and bonuses for their Boomer leaders. When the crooked house of cards collapsed under the weight of lies and fraud, these banks were essentially insolvent. At that point Hank Paulson, who was now Treasury Secretary, along with Ben Bernanke decided to socialize their losses by having the U.S. taxpayer pick up the tab. Middle class Americans lost 8 million jobs and Wall Street bankers used the taxpayer bailout to generate billions in fake profits while paying themselves hundreds of millions in pay again. The resentment of average Americans is boiling over and will play a main role in the unfolding Crisis. Progressives like Arianna Huffington clearly don’t comprehend what is happening. The anger and disillusionment of the population are seen as worrisome and disturbing by those who believe history is linear. The entrenched ruling elite should be apprehensive. During a Crisis existing institutions are torn down as the social fabric of the country undergoes wrenching changes. Those in power are rightfully fearful of the masses they have screwed for decades. President Obama, Ben Bernanke, Timothy Geithner, and the majority of economists and TV pundits are convinced the Crisis has passed and they have successfully maneuvered the country through the worst, avoiding a second Great Depression. History suggests otherwise. We have yet to experience the nastiest part of the Crisis. We can expect to encounter private and civic choices analogous to the cruelest ever confronted by ancestral generations. The recently submitted Obama budget, adjusted for reality, will add at least $12 trillion to the National Debt in the next ten years. That would bring the National Debt to $24 trillion in 2019. At a modest interest rate of 5%, the country would be paying $1.2 trillion per year in interest. The more likely scenario would be a 10% interest rate, resulting in annual interest costs of $2.4 trillion. The entire spending of the Federal Government was only $1.2 trillion in 1990. The truth is our lenders will not allow our National Debt to reach $24 trillion by 2019. The U.S. dollar has already lost more than 80% of its purchasing power since Nixon closed the gold window in 1971. The amount of currency in circulation since that time has gone up by a factor of 16 to $800 billion. The result has been a stagnation of real wages for the middle class, while the ruling elite have seen their wealth soar to astronomical levels. The correlation between printing more of something and its relative value are as clear as day to anyone with a smattering of intelligence. Ben Bernanke is attempting to print his way out of this financial crisis. He is playing a game of chicken with our foreign lenders. He wants to devalue the U.S. dollar slowly to reduce the unbearable weight of U.S. debt. Foreign lenders from China, Japan and the Middle East know what he is doing. They will be the long-term losers in this scenario. At some point in the next few years they will balk at buying more US debt. A “Weimar Moment” will strike the United States like a sledgehammer. The veil of financial stability will be revealed to be a fallacy and the worldwide reserve currency will revert to its intrinsic value of zero. The chaos that would ensue as people’s life savings are wiped out would test the mettle of our country’s citizens, government, and military. The dollar is likely to collapse just based upon current spending and borrowing trends. The unsustainable entitlement promises made by politicians over decades would have guaranteed a dollar collapse by 2030 anyway, so we will just arrive sooner. Not one politician from either political party has the courage to stand in front of the American people and tell them they will not receive the Social Security and Medicare benefits they were promised. Not one politician from either party is even willing to discuss the fact these promises cannot be honored. This train has been headed down the track since the 1960s, picking up speed, and no one is willing to apply the brakes. The Baby Boomers have sold their children and grandchildren into slavery. Their unwillingness to sacrifice entitlement benefits, guarantees a vastly lower standard of living for their descendents. How very egocentric and superficial of them. The most coddled, self absorbed, egotistical generation in history would rather crash the economic system than make any personal sacrifice for future generations. The $106.8 trillion of unfunded promises will not by paid, because there will be nothing left to pay. The country is bankrupt today. By 2030, half of all tax revenue would be needed to fund these programs. The Boomers will be forced to accept much less than they expected. The delusion of getting something for nothing will be put to rest during this Crisis. The wildcard within the current Fourth Turning is cheap easily accessible petroleum. Progressives and those who only view the world in a linear way, fail to recognize that easily accessible oil only came onto the scene 150 years ago and we have depleted the easiest to reach 50%. The implication of these facts is beyond the comprehension of linear thinkers. They trust our ingenuity and brilliance to solve the problem. A new form of energy will magically appear on the scene and save our industrial world. Brain power and human resourcefulness played only a small part in the economic boom of the last 150 years, produced by cheap oil. The industrial revolution began more like Jed Clampett shooting at some food and getting bubbling crude. The world benefited from a positive Black Swan event. In other words, we got lucky. Now the luck is running out. There is a finite amount of petroleum on the planet. Most of the remaining supply is trapped beneath deep oceans, within tar sands, in shale rock and in inhospitable countries. Cheap sweet crude is running out. New oil discoveries peaked in 1964. Worldwide oil production peaked between 2005 and 2010. As supply enters terminal decline and demand continues its relentless rise, prices will soar and the world will be transformed forever. This could even put a creak in America’s military machine that consumes over 150 million barrels of oil per year. The combination of debt, dollar devaluation, delusion and depletion will make this Fourth Turning the most challenging and dangerous in U.S. history. Every previous Fourth Turning in U.S. history was triggered by an economic conflict or devastating financial event. The current Fourth Turning was activated by the collapse of our housing market, the subsequent revelations of Wall Street fraud and excessive risk taking and the actions of politicians to protect Wall Street from their hubristic exploits. The choices by leaders after these triggers will have a dramatic impact on the future course of the Crisis. George Washington decided to fight and stayed on the battlefield for eight years before succeeding. Abraham Lincoln could have let the South secede. He decided to fight in order to retain the Union. The result was 600,000 dead and abolition of slavery. Franklin Delano Roosevelt decided to implement massive social welfare programs to keep Americans employed. These programs planted the seed for our current Crisis. He also committed 16 million American men in World War II, with 450,000 dying for their country and another 670,000 wounded. All previous Fourth Turnings began as financial episodes and eventually led to total wars of destruction. There is nothing about this current Crisis that would lead me to an alternative picture of our future. Personally, I have grave apprehensions about the coming years. As a libertarian minded person I will not be happy, as it is highly unlikely that government will willingly get smaller. The last two Crisis periods resulted in a much more powerful Federal government. It is difficult for me to conceptualize how the country will come out the other side of this Crisis as a stronger society. The likelihood of the citizens rallying around the flag and following a Boomer Prophet into a world war seems farfetched to me. I fear the angry have-nots are more likely to rise up against the ruling elite, with potential dire consequences as the military may have to choose sides. My principal fear is that Crisis periods always rely on the Hero generation to make the greatest sacrifices. An entire generation of Heroes was wiped out in four years during the Civil War. A million Heroes were either killed or wounded in World War II. My three sons are all part of the Hero generation. I’m not prepared to sacrifice them for a cause that I do not believe in or agree with. The Boomer generation has been discredited in my eyes. Following a Boomer leader into battle seems out of the question today. My guess on the end result of this Crisis is that Americans will need to localize. Reduced fuel availability will force people to depend on their neighbors and locally produced food. Forging closer relationships with family and neighbors will stand you in good stead during the remainder of this crisis. This Fourth Turning has only just begun. Strauss & Howe do not predict the outcome, only the challenges that await us and the hope that we will rise to the occasion. Thus might the next Fourth Turning end in apocalypse or glory. The nation could be ruined, its democracy destroyed, and millions of people scattered or killed. Or America could enter a new golden age, triumphantly applying shared values to improve the human condition. The rhythms of history do not reveal the outcome of the coming Crisis; all they suggest is the timing and dimension. A Fourth Turning harnesses the seasons of life to bring about a renewal in the seasons of time. In so doing, it provides passage through the great discontinuities of history and closes the full circle of the saeculum. The Fourth Turning is when the Spirit of America reappears, rousing courage and fortitude from the people. History is seasonal, but its outcomes are not foreordained. Much will depend on how tall we stand in the trials to come. Will America in 2025 look anything like the America of today? Will the country resemble a dictatorship? Will it resemble socialist Europe? Will it break apart into regions? Will it reaffirm its roots as a Constitutional Republic? Or, will it no longer exist? The choice is ours.

2019-04-24T18:54:36Z

https://www.gold-speculator.com/uncategorized/22868-21st-century-breakdown/

The municipal corporation’s tall claims of no water crisis notwithstanding, a majority of areas in the city are facing an acute shortage. However, the ground reality is that residents of most sectors are complaining of low pressure of water supply, especially during evening hours. The worst affected are those residing on the first and second floors of houses and apartments. Residents of Sectors 20, 21, 38, 40, 43, 50, 51 and 60 said they had been facing water scarcity for the past many days. Federation of Sector Welfare Associations chairman PC Sanghi said issues of water shortage and low pressure were discussed at a meeting held last April between MC officials and all resident welfare associations and chaired by mayor Anu Chatrath. He stated the mayor assured the RWAs residents would not face any water woes this season as enough availability of supply had been ensured. However, Sanghi asserted the authorities had done nothing to improve water supply in the city. Residents say they have to line up in front of tankers both in the morning and evening to fill buckets of water to meet their daily requirement. “You cannot live like this - it seems we’re living in some desert area. We have to carry water every day to meet our daily needs,’” said Rajat, a Sector 43 resident. Unscheduled power cuts have also thrown life out of gear. The problem is rather acute in southern sectors due to the long, unannounced power cuts throughout the day. Residents of Sector 44 were at the receiving end with a six-hour unscheduled power cut today. The situation was the same in Sector 45 and Burail village. Even the residents of Sector 22 had to face the heat as there was no electricity from 11 am to 1.30 pm. Besides, various parts of the city are facing voltage fluctuation due to which coolers and air-conditioners do not work. While unscheduled cuts have been a routine for over three months, the electricity department blames it on extra load due to the increase in the number of electrical appliances used by consumers, resulting in frequent tripping. Unannounced power cuts are back to haunt Mohali residents. With the mercury rising, powers cuts varying from 15 minutes to an hour are being imposed everyday. Officials in the Punjab State Power Corporation admit that with power being diverted to the agriculture sector, urban areas are facing crisis. The state government has been claiming that it is supplying eight hours of power for paddy plantation. “Instead of imposing long cuts, we are resorting to shorter power cuts so that the urban consumers do not face much difficulty,” an official stated. Today, there were more than seven power cuts of varying durations. Amarjit Kaur, a resident of Phase VII, said with the unreliable power scenario, managing household chores had become very difficult for working women with limited time. Some residents even complained of their gadgets being damaged due to voltage fluctuation. Naresh Sharma of Phase IV said power cuts had begun after a gap of about 10 days. People had heaved a sigh of relief thinking that the power corporation had improved the supply in the state as a result of which cuts were not being imposed. Earlier, cuts were imposed for four to five hours, but since the residents were aware of the timings, they had scheduled their work accordingly. Another resident, Sukhwinder Singh, said the government had failed to provide basic facilities though SAD ministers kept making tall claims regarding the development of Mohali. Residents had to remain without power for over five hours in various parts of the town here late last night. Many residents were forced to step out in the open or sleep on the roof as inverters also gave up. The main reason for the power breakdown was a snag in the substation located at the Industrial Area, Phase II. The entire city was plunged into darkness at about 9 pm. The power went off in various sectors, including Sectors 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 and 19. While the power supply was restored after midnight, it remained inconsistent till noon. Ramesh Chand Dhiman, a resident of Sector 11, said it was very difficult to bear the sweltering heat and the power cut only added to their problems. He said the electricity department should be prepared to meet such eventuality. SK Nayyar, president of the residents welfare association, said the UHBVN was unable to rectify a fault at the earliest. He said even during the day, there was frequent fluctuation of voltage, which forced them to turn off electrical appliances, including refrigerators and air-conditioners. It’s hot, and humid, too! The gruelling heat wave tightened its grip over the city today even as it continued to reel under high humidity. The maximum temperature, 41.5 degree Celsius, though marginally less than 41.4 degree Celsius yesterday, was three notches above normal for this time of the year. The minimum temperature was 32.8 degree Celsius, three degrees above normal, as against 29.1 degree Celsius yesterday, according to Met department officials. The sizzling conditions, made worse by hot winds, kept a majority of people indoors in the comfort of their coolers and air-conditioners. The humidity remained between 27 and 50 per cent and the combination of soaring heat and high humidity levels made conditions worse for residents. Weather officials said conditions were not likely to improve much in the next couple of days and the monsoon was still seven or eight days away. The Met department forecast a mainly clear sky tomorrow, with thundery development expected towards the evening and night. In a bid to reverse the ailing conditions in the city’s government-run schools the UT education department has floated three proposals involving an expenditure of crores of rupees to upgrade the schools, teachers and desks. According to these plans the administration will set up 40 new schools in the coming two years and hire 1,500 regular teachers. However, the most striking feature is ‘upgradation’ of furniture in existing schools. Under this project the department will survey all schools and prepare reports regarding the number, quality and even age of the furniture in them. Following this exercise the deficiency ratio will be worked out and each school will get the “latest” furniture. “This is the first time that we will conduct such a survey. I think desks are an integral part of education and in another six months or so every city student will have a new and polished desk,” stated DPI (S) Sunil Bhatia. As far as construction of new schools is concerned, he said according to the proposal these would be “way better” than the existing government schools. “These schools will have the best in infrastructure, facilities and academic environs. We will try to provide the essence of a good private school at the expenses of studying in a government school and education will undergo a complete makeover,” added Bhatia. The third aspect which the education department will deal with is the staff crunch that has been plaguing government schools for a long time now. According to Bhatia, the department will get into the hiring mode once the proposal is approved. Under it skilled teachers will recruited and the department will work towards improving staff satisfaction to ensure complete efficiency. Members of a dreaded gang of highway robbers today clashed with murder suspects in Burail jail here this morning following a dispute between both groups. The police said seven of the prison inmates belonging to both factions were injured in the fight. A case was yet to be registered by the cops at the time of filing of this report. Sources close to the police said the incident occurred at about 11 am in the prison compound when jail officials brought out the undertrials belonging to both factions from their barracks for different reasons. While members of the gang of alleged highway robbers were brought out to facilitate their meeting with visiting relatives, those of the other group had been brought out to be produced in court. This turned out to be a recipe for disaster as members of both groups, who had been nursing grudges against each other, began fighting among themselves when they came in close proximity in the area located in front of the jail canteen and workshop. The sources said the groups ferociously attacked each other leaving an unprepared jail staff completely shaken. The two groups also reportedly hurled stones at each other. Members of both factions were later taken to the Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32 and the Government Multispecialty Hospital, Sector 16 for medical aid. The police said Harinder Singh Tinnu along with his accomplices and kingpins of the gang of highway robbers, Jaipal Singh and Gurshahid Singh Pawar alias Shera of Ferozepur, were brought out of their barracks when their relatives arrived at the jail to meet them. On the other hand, Parmatama, Sonu, Kuldeep and Arjun, suspects in the murder of a Bapu Dham colony resident, Deepak, last August, were being taken for their hearing in the court. Though all seven undertrials were injured in the clash, among the more grievously injured were Tinnu who suffered an injury on his nose while Sonu sustained a head injury. DSP (south) Vijay Kumar said all the injured were medically examined. “The medical report on the nature and grievousness of the injuries is awaited. Further action would only be taken on the basis of the medical reports and inputs from the jail authorities about the incident. We are inquiring into the matter at this stage”, he added. Despite repeated efforts the deputy inspector general of Burail jail could not be contacted for his comments on the incident. Encroachers in rehri markets of the city have been ‘befooling’ the authorities in the absence of clear powers with the UT estate office and the municipal corporation (MC) to remove encroachments in these markets. The MC is responsible for encroachments in passages and the estate office for rooftops where shopkeepers dump their goods. During a visit to various rehri markets, it was found that most of the shopkeepers had not only encroached upon passages of the markets by putting their products there, but few of them had even made small stores on the roofs to store products. At Sector 15, owners of small-time eateries had been using roofs for storage of their LPG cylinders. At Sectors 19 and 22, booth owners had constructed additional storage space on rooftops to store their stocks. One of the shopkeeper at Sector 22, dealing in cloth, complained that they had informed the MC and estate office authorities a number of times about the encroachment in passages and rooftops, but no action had been taken against anybody in the market till date. He said most of the encroachers had been using their roofs to store their products whenever the MC enforcement team visited the market. A few shopkeepers of Sector 19 complained that it had become a pattern for every shopkeeper in the market to construct a store on the rooftop to hide their products during any anti-encroachment drive by the MC. They revealed that officials of the estate office did not visit the area for inspection, but only issued notices to shopkeepers for encroachment on their rooftops. As per estate office records, around 60 notices had been issued to the shopkeepers in the last two years for violating building bylaws. During a recent mock drill conducted by the fire and emergency service, station fire officer ML Sharma said they would send a letter to the estate office to conduct an anti-encroachment drive in the rehri markets as it was difficult for them to conduct their operation in case of a fire. He said there had not been much of a change in the encroachments done in passages of the markets. According to MC records, teams kept conducting anti-encroachment drives in the rehri markets to clear passages and cut hanging rods on which shopkeepers usually displayed their wares. In April, a special anti-encroachment team, along with fire officials, was constituted by the corporation to keep a check on encroachments in rehri markets to curb incidents of fire. There was no coordination from the enforcement wing of the estate office for complete removal of encroachments from the rehri markets of the city. When contacted, senior MC officials said they were only responsible for removing encroachments in passages of markets and were not concerned about encroachments regarding building bylaws. Officials of the estate office claimed that they had issued notices to violators of building bylaws and no action would be taken against them till the case was over. A joint drive had never been conducted by the estate office and the MC in rehri markets of the city. Dairy farmers in the city are a harried lot. With the rising incidents of livestock theft in the city and ‘inaction’ on the part of the police, they are losing their animals to cattle thieves. Leave apart making any effort to track down the culprits, the police has not even been registering cases of theft and prefer to pass complaints off by making entries in daily diary reports (DDRs). Even DDRs are registered after a lapse of a few days by ‘distorting’ facts, mentioning that the animals ‘went on their own’ to make it a non-cognisable offence. Most of the time, illiterate farmers go back home, believing that a complaint has been registered. “Police officials are using the same language they use while writing reports about missing persons. How can an animal tethered properly go on its own? Even if an animal is unleashed, it will not be able to travel out of the city,” says a dairy farmer. Sharing his experiences with the police, Paramjit Singh Kala of Shastri Nagar at Mani Majra, said two of his buffaloes having newborns had been stolen from his cattle shed in April this year. About 10 months ago, two of his buffaloes were stolen. He used to sleep in the cattle shed near his animals, but the thieves managed to take away his animals. He reported the matter at the Mani Majra police station, but the police made him report that his buffaloes had gone on their own and he did not suspect anyone behind their disappearance. On being contacted, the SHO of the police station, inspector Partap Singh, maintained that the animals were not kept properly at a safe place. A case of theft was not registered on the complaint, he added. “He had signed on the statement. If he has any grievance, he can approach us any time,” the SHO said. This was not an isolated incident. The police had earlier made DDR entries of theft of four buffaloes from Kishangarh village. The complainants, Baljit Singh and Surinder Pal Singh, alleged that the police had distorted facts to register DDRs. They also alleged that the DDRs were lodged after six days. On May 28, residents of Kajheri village caught two cattle thieves red-handed carrying 12 stolen buffaloes. The villages thrashed them before handing them over to the police. The same day, the police registered another case of theft of two buffaloes and three calves of Shakuntla, another resident of the village, who had lodged a complaint with the police earlier. In another similar incident, Suresh of Faidan village had accused the police of not registering a case about theft of his livestock. If you thought angioplasty was only for treating heart blockage, ask 67-year-old Darshan Kaur of Jalandhar. With major blockages in the arteries supplying blood to her brain, she had been suffering from constant dizziness and other problems, besides having problems in walking. With three stents implanted in her blocked arteries, which restored normal blood supply to her brain, Darshan Kaur was hale and hearty today andng those to be related to her age. When she consulted some doctors, they failed to diagnose the real problem and kept treating her for cervical spondylitis. After she underwent angiography at a private hospital on the advice of Dr HK Bali, it was revealed ng those to be related to her age. When she consulted some doctors, they failed to diagnose the real problem and kept treating her for cervical spondylitis. After she underwent angiography at a private hospital on the advice of Dr HK Bali, it was revealed cation department will deal with is the staff crunch that has been plaguing government schools for a long time now. According to Bhatia, the department will get into the hiring mode once the proposal is approved. Under it skilled teachers will recruited anformed angioplasty under local anesthesia. It took merely two hours and cost Rs 2.5 lakh. Explaining the procedure, he said, “All three arteries were treated during the same sitting and three stents were implanted. To prevent chances of any small clot goinformed angioplasty under local anesthesia. It took merely two hours and cost Rs 2.5 lakh. Tension prevailed in Phase I when enforcement staff of the Greater Mohali Area Development Authority (GMADA) demolished around 20 illegal structures here today. The police had to canecharge when the encroachers allegedly pelted the demolition squad with stones. Only three months ago, GMADA had cleared the encroachment and was planning to fence the cleared area. But the encroachers again sat on the land. Mohinder Kaur, a woman inspector of the Mohali police, received injuries on her face during the protest. Soon after the stone pelting, lathi wielding cops chased protesting women, hitting some of them in the melee. There were few women constables to control the encroachers, who were led by women. GMADA’s estate officer Balbir Singh said the land was earmarked for a park. In the past, GMADA had been facing problem in removing the encroachments due to political interference. Concerned over the illegal mining activity going on in the Ghaggar, residents of Burjkotian and Fatehfurdianwala today visited the office of the Deputy Commissioner to submit a memorandum for stopping the mining. However, as Deputy Commissioner Ashima Garg was not present in her office they had to return. Talking to the media here today, Salim Mohammad said despite the ban on mining in the state, illegal mining activity was going on and heavy machinery, including JCB machines, could be seen in the Ghaggar and other rivulets passing through the district during late night hours. He said the government should take immediate action against those who were indulging in such practices. He said the contractors were not paying the levy to the government, thus causing great loss to the exchequer. Fire broke out in the shop of a junk dealer in the Industrial Area here this morning, destroying large quantities of stored items. According to information, the fire broke out around 5.30 am and the fire brigade was informed. Three fire engines were pressed into service and it took nearly two hours to control the fire. The cause of the fire could not be ascertained. Avtar Singh, station fire officer, said the shop was located near the fire brigade’s office and they could reach the spot soon since it was early in the morning and there was no traffic. He said a timber store was located nearby and the fire could have spread if the situation was not brought under control on time. Visually impaired Kunji Ram of Sector 27 has accused the Chandigarh police of not paying any heed to his complaint against his ground-floor neighbour, whom he has charged with harassing him and members of his family by disrupting water supply to his government apartment. A junior assistant with the Punjab’s animal husbandry department, Kunji Ram alleged that he had made repeated complaints to the police, seeking its assistance, but to no avail. He said his neighbour had been using foul language against him and his wife and creating nuisance. The SHO of the Sector 26 police station, inspector Shri Parkash, said he was not aware of any such complaint. He maintained that the complainant never met him on the issue. Rubbishing the claims of the SHO, Kunji Ram said the SHO had come to his residence, but did not take action. Seven persons, including two women, were injured when a maxi cab overturned near Narayangarh here today. According to sources, there were around nine persons in the maxi cab, which was coming from Baghbali and was heading for Narayangarh. The vehicle was going at a full speed and overturned near a turning point, as the driver lost control over it. Only four students have so far taken admission in Class XI in Government College here, as against 120 seats even when the institution is starting four diploma courses in hotel management and a postgraduate course in IT from the coming session. After the Punjab government announced its decision that the government colleges had to admit students in Class XI in the medical and non-medical streams, the Government College authorities here swung into the action and launched a poster, pamphlet and SMS campaign. The admissions were to be given on the first-come-first-served basis. Teachers also went around to make the students aware that the admission to Class XI could be taken in the college. The admissions were to start on June 10 and to go on till June 22. However, only four students, two in the medical and two in the non-medical stream, had taken admission in the college till today. The date of admission has reportedly been extended to July 4, though the college authorities had not received any official intimation in this regard. College principal Nirmal Gupta said the students had probably not approached the college, as admissions to Class XI had still not been done in Chandigarh and most students preferred to study in Chandigarh schools. She said the students would approach the institution as soon as the admission process in Chandigarh got over. When asked why the college was admitting the students on the first-come-first-served basis, Gupta said she would prefer to admit the students with 50 per cent marks or above. However, if the seats remained vacant and the number of students below 50 per cent marks was large, she might have to bring down the cut off percentage. The principal said the college was introducing MSc (IT) and diploma courses in hotel management in the coming session. The hotel management courses were food production, bakery and confectionary, food and beverage and accommodation operations. Event management was being introduced as an add-on course in addition to 10 such courses already going on in the college. It was a harrowing time for students of 12 Kendriya Vidyalayas (KVs) in the tricity, who had to join the school after their summer break on a sweltering day today. While the attendance was considerable in most of the KVs today, the parents, however, expressed their resentment on the decision of KVs to reopen on an extremely hot day. The parents who had come to pick their children appeared rather worried. “It is extremely hot today and there are chances that the children get sick in such severe heat. The holidays should have been extended, at least till summers give way to monsoon completely,” said a parent of a Class VI student. The University School of Open Learning organised a DEC-sponsored two-day national conference on “Educational technology and its applications in distance education” at the ICSSR Complex, PU campus, here today. UIET director Renu Vij, Panjab University, inaugurated the conference. She dwelt on the changing educational scenario in the light of technological advancement. Nearly 9,500 online applications have been received by Panjab University for its centralised online admission process to BCom in its affiliated colleges. According to Karamjit Singh, chief coordinator of the online admission process, for nearly 4,300 seats in different colleges affiliated to PU in Chandigarh, Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, a whopping response was received. In the second stage of the admission process, the forms received will be scrutinised and tentative merit list will be put on the website www.pubcomadmissions.com on June 28. Objections, if any, will be received by June 30 and the final merit list will be displayed on July 2. The counselling for the colleges in Chandigarh will be held from July 5 to July 8 at the Gymnasium Hall, Panjab University. The counselling for the colleges in Ludhiana will be held from July 10 to July 13 at FCD Government College, Ludhiana, whereas counselling for the colleges in Hoshiarpur will be held from July 14 to July 15 at DAV College, Hoshiarpur. The Student Organisation of Panjab University (SOPU) today submitted a memorandum to Panjab University’s Dean Student Welfare (DSW) expressing concern over degradation in the quality of food and hygiene in mess and canteens of PU hostels. SOPU members, along with party president Harshvardhan Jhinja and former student council president Amit Bhatia today met the DSW. The SOPU members received a large number of complaints regarding deteriorating food quality in the mess and canteens during a reach-out programme in all boys and girls hostels of the campus. Allocation of help desks was done through the draw of lots in an all-party meeting of student leaders at PU campus today. The help desks would be set up by the student organisations from tomorrow to guide the students seeking admission. Meanwhile, city colleges are also abuzz with activities, with the student organisations getting active to help the students seeking admission in the respective colleges also. The student organisations had set up their help desks at DAV College, Sector 10, today. As many as 98 child prodigies participated in a cultural bonanza presented at the Chandigarh Press Club on the World Music Day. The budding artistes displayed their best in the skills, which they learnt in a two-week long workshop organised by the Chandigarh Press Club in association with the Pracheen Kala Kendra. Acclaimed artistes, Malkit Singh and Ravinder Sharma, had trained the participants. The child artistes in the age group of 5-15 years presented dances and songs, besides traditional folk dances. The arts and crafts work displayed included immaculate painting skills by the naïve learners.

2019-04-20T16:16:07Z

https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100622/cth1.htm

Alright, I see my errors. With a sprinkling of Jewish humor, Silbiger shows convincingly how these principles have helped the Jews historically and how they continue to ensure Jewish success today. More important, Silbiger makes clear that these seven "secrets" are not secret at all and are equally at the disposal of Jews and non-Jews alike. The amazing success of the Jews simply proves that they work." Chauvanism and nepotism is a particular trait of the Jewish philosophy would you not say? This does NOT apply to all Jews. For example, there are many Jews living out in eastern countries who have a very different perspective and practicing of the Torah that western Jews would consider mad. Indeed and that was what I was aiming at , however those differences do not end nor start with Torah . It deals with culture , socio-economical situation , history , etc . As for the link , interesting book . However I dont think it reflects Jewry , other than Amerikan Jewry . I saw the chapters and one ought to be added IMO . The tribal circulation of money , a system that ensures the community to provide certain facilitations (like money for college) if a person within the community shows that he is a worthy investment that leads to the other chapter of taking care so they can take care for you (thats not Jewish btw thats rather a common standard issue regarding children worldwide depending on economical situation of the nation , but surely USA Jewry has managed to deal with the issue in exceptional ways) . In any ways this tribal arrangement of financing ofcourse in several circle goes beyond education , ofcours it deals with the business sector just as easy and when a structure is created that specific known peoples are in relevant and beneficial positions this system of wealth and prosperity and overal succes within such society is maintaned . There is a small problem here in that I havnt studied jews a great deal. I have better things to do with my time. However, on reading the views of the people who have read it, that are posted on amazon, it seems to me that firstly, you are ascribing something a bit too specifically, and secondly that that still doesnt directly adress my main points. I'm replying only to say that I've read the posts to this point and I 'm not ignoring anyone or something. Since I'm too busy lately with my studies and was a little distrupted by a friend of mine getting hurt in the attack several days ago, I have very little time to actuallly sit down and reply. I will come back to reply in the following days, though. Though those right weren't defined fully in the mandate, jewish immigration was very minimized and bound, though for many jews it ment death in Europe. So we can claim that Jews could be sought as enemies, but their intentions were not to drive anyone out at that time, and some brought capital with them, so palestinian arab could actully benefit from their arrival if they got along. The 3-year period of 1917-1920 might prove you wrong. The famous "The police is with us!" call during the massacre in Hebron might implicate that pro-judaism wasn't a part of the army or colonial managment, but only a part of more federal groups. Churchil, later prime-minister, was a first council to the land, and his main idea (as seen in the mandat protocol) was to allow jews to immigrate only as long as they don't pose a threat and can be founded by jews living in the area. Zionists held no threat over palestinian arabs at that time. Those circumstances (in which unacceptable actions can develop themselves) were not created. Sharon doesn't hold DIRECT responsibility for Sabra and Shatila, but INDIRECT. The diffrence is beetwen someone who can legally be charged for that, than for someone who could stop the massacre from happening, and that is a big diffrence. There is no expansionist policies in Israel, taking out "new Heirut" (which is not in the knesset) and Ra'am (which is similar to ba'ath parties). The border, along the likud, is supposed to be nagotiated somewhere beetwen the military borders of today and the green line, assuming territory sweeping will take place. Nothing out of the current borders, anyway. If we are talking about past likud policies, The shamir idealogy was mainly "Do nothing, creat nothing, say nothing" and that includes Iraq. But today's likud, as it was presented to public (And Sharon knows what happens to those who lie about their opinion during election time, he was elected after Barak, after all) is to replace the current (now past) leadership with a new one, and then start nagotiation. And please, do not equalise Zionism with Bibi, we did agree that agressional drives were only a part of some of zionist partis, and did not resemble the basic idea of zionisim - the belief there is such thing as a jewish nationality, or the need for it. The fact that they have their own ruling and their own communal situation , does not rule out state responsibility after 55 years . Afterall the same is demanded of the Palestinians while not even having any state . You can dismiss the Izl as some independant factor that ought not to be counted , but you share a government and a state , a nation with their decendants and even worse loonies . It is amazing but extremicy in Israel has made Likud appear like some moderat rightwinged party . The same happened for PLO of course as well . You claim Israel is responsible for IZL's actions yet neglect any accusation of war crimes against palestinians or nabouring arab states for what happend at that time. You DO remember there were about 750,000 jewish refugees from arab states at that time, do you? If Israel hold fault for the palestinian misery, the equasion go both ways, and Israel, as the non-agressive force in the beggining, will not be the source of middle east misery. I agree. I'll decend to a lower step, saying that idealogicly We're as distant as De-gol and Peten - both claiming to work for the same nationaliy, not in the same ways, of course. There was no action since 1996 up until 24 hours ago, and that's not what the PA was supposed to be doing after the recent understanding. We never asked for political demolition up until the recent bombings, during which, Hamass and islamic Jihad's promises were seen as 0 worth. We demand one rule, but not one party. I have no problem with having a Hamass leader in charge, actully, as long as he respects his promises, and that is not happening too, for now. Condamnable, but not to be put fault for that, as you now can see that Israelis would not become agressive in any other circumstances. Bear in mind that almost an equal number of jews were massacred and driven to Israel by similar scare-tactics, while they weren't even a part of the conflict (some of them, ultra-orthodox by nature, didn't even know what Zionism means). I'm the grandson of a jewish refugee, but I am not a refugee, unlike a random Ahmad in Sabra, whose father ran away from here, led by fear of Israel and arab motivation (Since arab nationalism was getting larger and larger, one cannot claim arab leaders' encouragements were no factor) and still lives in poor, poor conditions. If you to check history even more, you might find the Israel let about 50,000 refugees come back to Israel, in an attempt to win arab legitimecy. Now, since Israel took care for jewish refugees (and with high difficults, actully) and had to face arab agression during that time, I can't see how arab refugees could claim anything from us. Israel has a hand in the problem, but it didn't create it single-handly, and more important, did not make it worse. But we already agreed that none of those actions would come into reality without agression towards zionist settlers from the beggining. We're going in circles here. It has higher values in the ideas of maintaining public interest (thus, the shift in 1992), in respecting civil rights (that's why israelis would recieve a true trial before getting linched), and having acces to information - both are run quite diffrently in despotic countries around Israel. Lebanon is more of an anarchy in my opinion, but I'll submit to your definition if that would make you happy. Since the first intifada began, you can clearly see how non-violent protest got the palestinians forward, and violent protest got them backward. on 1992 elctions, labor won, since most palestinian activities seemed peace-seeking. on 1996 elctions, two weeks after a deadly terror attack, which had the highest ratio ever, Likud won. on 1999, after 3 years of almost no terrorist activities, Labot won. and now, Sharon is in charge for the second time, because the palestinians are still in the same route for violence. Can't you see a clear path the palestinians CAN be a part of? Economicly, the whole process depends on the U.S and the inetnational community, but I do believe that would be the last obstacle. May be so, but there is a clear connection beetwen such progression and a economical progression, so though it might not seem very appaling to the masses, intellectual progression is the nations' beest way to go forward. Though those right weren't defined fully in the mandate, jewish immigration was very minimized and bound, though for many jews it ment death in Europe. So we can claim that Jews could be sought as enemies, but their intentions were not to drive anyone out at that time, and some brought capital with them, so palestinian arab could actully benefit from their arrival if they got along. The mere fact that no violence was used with this is because little resistance would be offered , the only reason violence was used later is because resistance evolved , I am aware of this . However these numbers show a demographic threat for the peoples of Palestine , and Zionist intention was to declare a state . Ofcourse when one would have ability to take land and declare a state without a fight that would be preferred , the resistance is indeed the motive for attack . Their intentions were not to drive anyone out by force , but rather through other means it cannot be denied their intentions relied on a Jewish state that is what Zionism is all about . The existanc eof that state was a threat to the existance of other peoples there , the wars and resistance merely created opportunity to engage in battles some already expected and thought inevitable . They look upon Palestine with the same instinctive love and true fervor that any Aztec looked upon his Mexico or any Sioux looked upon his prairie. To think that the Arabs will voluntarily consent to the realization of Zionism in return for the cultural and economic benefits we can bestow on them is infantile. This childish fantasy of our “Arabo-philes� comes from some kind of contempt for the Arab people, of some kind of unfounded view of this race as a rabble ready to be bribed in order to sell out their homeland for a railroad network. Yet the intentions were clear , the creation of a Zionist state . His considerations of posing a thread are either misjudged or simply differently understood . A thread to the Arabs such migration did form , the creation of a state likewise . A 3 year period doesnt reflect the entire mandate , and most importantly the relevance does not lie in a compare toward importance of Brittish interests , but that of Arabs . To split the land was an issue that could not be accepted . Zionism because of its hostile nature could never , even if accepted , remain equally powerfull toward its neighbourhood in order to not pose a threat . Zionism drives on superiority , ideological superiority , economical superiority , political and military superiority . Such a state can never live in peace with its neighbours , other than forced . So yes they were created . Demographic explosion is considered threatning . When this comes with economical etc superiority the threat is increased . Those circumstances were created when first zionist (intentions for a state) set foot on Palestine . To the point of having an impression of Arik's moral values over political gain this example suiths perfectly . It shows the objections Arik has to such policies . This border of Israel that Likud plays around with is as temporary as the Hudna offered by Hamas , and you ought to know this . What is Israels record time period for maintaining a stable border ? Every 'defensive' war has been used as an excuse to expand either for actual settlement or for bargain , oftenly both . Golan is still occupied do we forget that ? It has been 3 years since Lebanon are we forgetting that ? WB & gaza today , yes ? There is absolutely no 'word' that Likud can give (which btw they dont) that ensures Israeli stability within these borders . The ideology is there , the history is there , the possibility and motivation are there and the current military situation is perfectly fit . I dont see how their word would do away all of this . But today's likud, as it was presented to public (And Sharon knows what happens to those who lie about their opinion during election time, he was elected after Barak, after all) is to replace the current (now past) leadership with a new one, and then start nagotiation. And how exactly did Likud change somuch ? On what grounds are you having faith in their actions to be different from their historical ground and ideology ? And dont forget the ultra's pushing . And please, do not equalise Zionism with Bibi, we did agree that agressional drives were only a part of some of zionist partis, and did not resemble the basic idea of zionisim - the belief there is such thing as a jewish nationality, or the need for it. You see zionist as centrist so left or right would not be 'more' zionist , I see zionist as as a movement that has an outsetting that can be increased , this increasement increases the fullness of the ideology . I understand you have problems seeing this because you consider yourself a zionist , while you have socialist tendencies . I see zionism as nationalism , a nationalist increase is paralel to a zionist increase . You claim Israel is responsible for IZL's actions yet neglect any accusation of war crimes against palestinians or nabouring arab states for what happend at that time. What war-crimes against palestinians or Arab states did I neglect ? I condemn the Arab regimes for their interest in Palestine beyond Palestinians and I condemn Palestinians attacking their own brothers because of their religion . We should be very aware that not all Palestinians attacked 'any' Jews nor did all Palestinians attack 'only' Zionists . You DO remember there were about 750,000 jewish refugees from arab states at that time, do you? I also remember the driving force behind their immigration . It is explained in this section Apartheid of my thread I think you find of interest of reading . Israel knew it could not colonize in peace , as mentioned previously . A state is an objective that deals with authority over peoples , and a nationalist (Jewish) state is an objective that deals with ethnical discrimination . Non-agression means attempt to trick in this case , the trick didnt work perfectly leading to necesity of agression . And no it is indeed not the driving force of middle east misery , the driving force of middle east misery is sources-exploitation , corruption and religious conservatism . Israel is merely the driving source of the misery inflicted upon the peoples it occupies and has chased away . And that is exactly the point with the Arab-Palestinian difference , a mere denial/destruction of this cause does not make one cause for both . Both the Arab regimes as the peoples of Palestine have different interests in the land of Palestine . I would even say that israel is the best thing that could ever happen to the Arab regimes , as without Israel the peoples of Arabia would have more space for misery they could potentially identify to their corrupt regimes . But ofcourse fascism would rule as always and little would be achieved , the chances would have been better though . What was the PA supposed to be doing ? We never asked for political demolition up until the recent bombings, during which, Hamass and islamic Jihad's promises were seen as 0 worth. Promisses have been broken on both sides , the basis for this would be the demand of military demolition . Look it is very simple , for your demands to be met is necesarry a state a government and national defence forces . Without such you cannot demand this . Because when you do what you demand is weaking of the Palestinian resistance . The resistance is against you , you cannot expect that your demand is met without alternative for resistance . Tanks for belts and then we'll talk . To be more specific of what i mean regard the previously mentioned thread , the last part . Yes put fault as the original problem remains the right for the existance of the zionist state . Again I ask by whom were they driven to Israel ? I will never deny that there are not Arabs who hate jews and want them away , or Arab leaders that would potentially profit somehow and commit such actions , however this is simple Zionist policy . Again I refer you to my thread . * When Arab nationalism would come in a factor it would be rather to fight than to run away . * I cannot see a role for Arab propaganda incitement for a peoples to leave everything behind based on 'trust' they will return . A relevant motivator for a person to come to such actions would be the fear of its existance (massacres) and simple direct armed threat (expulsion) by the peoples who would take their possesions and land . Such measures are not satisfactory , their intent is gaining legitimacy not behaving moral . If that would be the case Israel would not be a state it is in its roots , a racist state . Your entire argument is based on legitimacy of Israeli existance . IMO if Israel was a social state without ethnic idenitity you would have very good points , at least within national perspective . This however is not the case , Israeli intentions toward some peoples is merely for self-interest and that does not include Palestinian interest . Now, since Israel took care for jewish refugees (and with high difficults, actully) and had to face arab agression during that time, I can't see how arab refugees could claim anything from us. Israel has a hand in the problem, but it didn't create it single-handly, and more important, did not make it worse. * Israel created it because Israel created the refugeeproblem through ethnic cleansing . This is a fact . That is where the claim lies . That is the relation that the 2 have with this refugeeproblem . And to be honest I have a much greater problem with the Arab regimes than I have with israel , because form an enemy you cannot expect any difference , but from your brother you ought to . They didnt get it . To put it in different words , your desire would be the exact same zionist state without violence but in peacefull measures . However the violence is BECAUSE of this existence of the state , and from there it developped onward . You offer nothing but co-existance under zionism , an Israel as today but without all the violence . That is a dream and a reasonable person can see the illusion and unreasonableness in this . Hey I would want an independant Arab Brussels in peace , is that reasonable of me to ask ? There is no taking anothers property in peace , such would be called bribery and eventually as it explodes the same result emerges , and so it did . You cannot expect differently we are not hippies . * Arab information-acces in its attempts is much more manipulative than Israeli . Israeli information-acces in its result is alot more manipulatory than Arab . * Respect of civil rights cannot be considered legiitim when applied AFTER all citizens are displaced . How are public interests better maintained ? * Lebanon is an anarchy as Israel is fascismo . * Dont do it to make me happy do it for the sake of objectivity . Since the first intifada began, you can clearly see how non-violent protest got the palestinians forward, and violent protest got them backward. Was there talk of a stake ? Already 'forward' ought to be considered marginal in complete historical perspective , however if this forward does not even include a souvereign state the value is lacking completely in the meaning of progression . I am aware your peoples base policy on momentary results . Another great point for never-lasting peace . Its all so meaningless a genocide would happen just as easy afterwards . Sharon is in charge for the second time, because the palestinians are still in the same route for violence.Can't you see a clear path the palestinians CAN be a part of? Look if you are a slave and you revolt you may escape you may get shot . But if you obey your chances to survive longer increase . Your advise is to obey . Such is not to be accepted . The only reason there is no violent solution is because no violence leads to actual destruction/damage but mere a symbolical statement of retalliation and justice . Violence has not been a solution because the political think-thank consists of baboons with personal interests . I agree this is going nowhere , I dont agree surrender is the alternative . An economic solution does not equal some necesity-fuinding to get something moving . I am speaking of complete retribution of damage being done in financial terms and a management that can keep such effords within positivity of Palestinian economy . And this not being done by others , but by Israel . That is how justice would create opportunities and that is what never will happen . Israel wouldnt even admit the damage to have been done in order to deny its retribution . intellectual progression is the nations' beest way to go forward. That is true , but the intellectual progression we are speaking of would bring in little benefit for the masses . The masses need daily nurture etc and such is not being improved somuch by making matters more complex . Thought I'd share a laugh.

2019-04-25T02:44:43Z

http://www.sciforums.com/threads/zionists-answer-back.26906/page-5

RIGHT TO INFORMATION REQUEST TO MINISTRY OF PARLIAMENTARY AFFAIRS to tell responsibilities and duties of Member Parliament towards individual citizen, individual voter. The following is the response of a query dated 6/7 March 2008, to the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. The query being: Date: 5th March,2008. Sub: Request for information under Right to Information Act 2005. Query 1) In the order of descending importance, a detailed list of responsibilities as also another detailed list of duties of the Lok Sabha member a) towards an individual citizen of the constituency he/she got elected from, b) towards any individual citizen from the rest of constituencies of the nation, c) towards an individual voter of the constituency he / she got elected from, d)towards any individual voter from the rest of constituencies of the nation. Query 2) Query no. 1 above ditto, but for a nominated member of the Lok Sabha. Query 3) In the order of descending importance, a detailed list of the responsibilities as also another list of duties of the Rajya Sabha member a) towards an individual legislator of the state he/she got elected from, b) towards any individual legislator from rest of the states, UTs of Nation, c) towards an individual voter from the state/UT he/she got elected from, d) towards any individual voter from rest of the states and UTs of the Nation ,e) towards an individual citizen from the state he/she got elected from, f) towards an individual citizen from the rest of states and UTs of the nation. Query 4) Query no. 3 above ditto, but for a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha. no reply from Rajya Sabha secretariat. Preamble to RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES OF MP. 1 As per queries from Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs to discover the duties and responsibilities of a Lok Sabha member and Rajya Sabha member towards a) voter, b) citizen of the constituency represented in particular and Nation in general etc. , a blank is drawn saying ‘there is no provision for these in the Constitution of India……..’. 2 Once an MP is not certain either of his/her responsibilities or duties, what to talk of their relative weightages and thence a descending order of priority , the conduct of MPs as groups/collectivities of different combinations is marked by lack of unison, coherence and united focus. This is major cause of unceremonious conduct of MPs in the Parliament, both its Upper and Lower Houses. The CONSTITUTION OF INDIA is primal source of both Responsibilities and Duties of MP. The MP in order to do justice his job, must peform his/her duties to be the fit instrument and Life of Constitution. For details, see text. Reply of Ministry of Parliament to a query( 6/7 March 2008) on the Responsibilities and Duties of MP under Right to Information, drew a blank. Preamble to Responsibilities:(MP*) Being the Proxy Life of Constituency/State in particular, and of the Nation in general, being the Operative Body and Spirit and the hitherto permanent Parent of People, being the High Priest of Democracy in the Sacred Temple of People – the Parliament , the Responsibilities of MP are thence, the sum total responsibilities of all that means India/Bharat/Bharat Mata/Hindustan….the sum total of responsibilities of all who voted him/her , as also those who didn’t vote for him/her . As far the distribution of Responsibilities of Rajya Sabha vis-à-vis of Lok Sabha is concerned, Rajya Sabha being the ***Mind of People, and Lok Sabha the Heart of People, these stand accordingly divided, for one can’t live without the other, rather both complementing each other. MP is required to take Freedom to its natural gratifications in each and every sphere of Nation’s Life, to let each citizen of India access a life rid of negativities and fortified by positivities ,the natural outgrowth of Freedom. To actualise the Swarajya of freedom fighters’ Dreams, the Swarajya , freedom fighters paid with 90 years of blood, sweat and tears. Responsibility to utilise Freedom for Growth , to Realize the Highest potential of Citizen , Collectivities thereof and the composite Nation.*** to take the meaning of Higher Mind, Intellect, Perfect Spirit. The quest for Perfect Freedom is an unending Responsibility of MP, to put in place the evolution from Animality to Humanity to Divinity…… . We are in the conflict regions of Humanity vis-à-vis Animality with a dismayed Divinity as elusive Spectator, more fictitious and mythical than anything on the ground, a stuff outside the ambit of present Preamble to Constitution of India. MP is soldier of ongoing Freedom struggle, Freedom from Negativities that obstruct and cancel growth of Life, for nurturing of a Welfare State, realization of a Robust Republic , a foremost Peace and Harmony Power for Life in India and Globe, Freedom from Poverty, Freedom from Unemployment, Freedom from wastage of Time, Energies , Materials ; Freedom from abuse and exploitation of Indians by the Indians, Freedom from negative traits of Individual and Society. Freedom from deficits and destructivity. Freedom to pave ways for acquisition of , perpetuation of Constructivity, Propriety, Order , Peace, Abundance and Surpluses in every sphere of Positivity of Life processes ; to realize a Vibrant, Robust, Generative Democracy. A Democracy committed to perpetuation of Positivity of Humanity for India and thence for rest of Life all around. To stand for , to generate , to build on to an invincible quantum , to perpetuate: Virtue, Life sustaining and life perfecting: Productivity , Order–Righteousness-Propriety. To switch on Enlightenment, to switch off negativities. In nut shell, The Candidate/Member Parliament is charged with responsibility of carrying People, one by one, of his/her Constituency to House of People as member of Lok Sabha/ and as member of Rajya Sabha carrying People of his/her State( UT,NCT) to the Council of States to let them be present in his/her Spirit , Mind and Heart to be represented by his/her Mega Person in the Halls of Parliament ,in the corridors of Governance ,forever being mindful , to be representative of rest of People, of India, Bharat, Hindustan, … in discharging his/her duty to realize Objectives of Constitution of People of India. Thence ,on the average a Lok Sabha member/candidate is occupied by ,on the average, by 21lakh People of his/her Constituency surrounded by 115 crore minus 21 lakh People of India , and likewise , a Rajya Sabha member candidate is occupied by, on the average of 45.6lakh People of his State( UT,NCT) surrounded 115 crore-45.6 lakh People of India . No miscarriage ,and exclusion of even one citizen or one voter or one life form of this motherland’s soil is permissible or tolerable. Thence, responsibility and duty of MP is proportionately huge ,leaving him/her no room for anything else, especially present day life of self promotion and self gratifications. The Candidate /Member Parliament as Chief-in-waiting/Chief of the Lok Sabha Constituency and as Conjoint Chief-in-waiting/Conjoint Chief of the State, is responsible for providing solutions to all problems confronting the Parliament Constituency/State, in particular and Nation ,in general. CRUX OF RESPONSIBILITY: To secure to each Citizen Dignity, Grace, a Decent Life of Productivity Opportunities–Encouragement- and Help, Peace, Prosperity ,Progress, Contentment, Capacity to make Contributions to his/her life and Nation’s Life———– to achieve the fondest aspirations of Constitution of India . To render each citizen truly Independent, truly self-sufficient, self- provided, a veritable tower of strength———so no one could violate his/her( Citizen’s) Liberty , Dignity, Grace and inflict injustice on him/her. To husband the vast resources of Nation in general, and Parliamentary Constituency/State(UT,NCT) in particular, to arrange survival needs, growth and expansion needs of every Polling Booth Locality therein; and, to shoulder all the Responsibilities of parenting, the human life and other life forms therein, in synergy and unison , to all intents and purposes of Constitution of India, in the spirit of Constituent Assembly, with the purpose of effecting Excellence in every sphere of each Polling Booth Locality’s life-activities in particular, and of the Nation in general ;with avowed definite purpose of placing India amongst top 10 developed Nations by 2020, top 5 by 2050, top3 by 2080, and top Emulation Model for Globe by 2099. All ,in order to provide full security to each and every CITIZEN, in every sphere of Individual Building, from infancy to old age ,with Governance performing as the ULTIMATE PARENT. To perpetuate a benevolent Parliament, breeding a Governance ,that preserves and perpetuates the Human Family- the Indian Family, the Earth(read Global )family ,providing nonstop inputs for optimal sustenance and growth of all –individual by individual, collectivity by collectivity. Those who would shoulder the Responsibility of being an MP ,need remind themselves, and ensure, that to deliver the outputs expected out of them, the MP is required to be a MULTITASKING PERFORMER , accurate and fast, possessed of both intensive and extensive ,most of all a common sense knowledge, of all spheres of Life of Nation , as embodied in the scores of Ministries of Central Government; any one of which, he/she is likely to be chief Executive, sub-chief Executive required to be manning Lakhs of highly qualified and highly paid officials. His /her ineptitude, ignorance , incompetence, above all unpreparedness while yet as a Candidate for the Parliament is unacceptable. ( current on-the-job-training of MP as Minister is unacceptable ,as it harms the interests and Lives of 115 crore People of India ,directly, hour by hour). Here lies the role of Candidate of Parliament to prepare, train and build for future responsibilities. The Multi tasking Performer MP is essential to generate hierarchy of leaders, down to grass roots, for each sphere of National activity, with MP providing the model of a Prime Mover Leadership , for those leading at lower levels downwards of the hierarchical ladder, to emulate him/her , as a competent Multitasking Performer in Parliament and in the Government. The Nation faces dearth of competent leaders in all walks of Productivity. In short, the MP is the chief of the Constituency/ Co-chief of the State , in particular and joint chief of Nation ,in general ( Rashtrapati ,being the Chief of Nation).And he/she ( that is, MP) being chief of the Constituency- Household/ co-chief of State- Household, in particular and joint -chief of National-Household, wherein State is sub-Household and Constituency ,the Sub-sub-Household. Thence, MP bears all the Responsibilities of the Householder ,A to Z, for each and every requirement, of now and of the coming Future, near and far away . In nutshell, the responsibility of a mother with few children is round the clock and it never ends in her life times . Then think of the Mega Mother, with 21 lakh children of her Constituency and another Plus Mega Mother with 45.6lakh children of her State, what then is to be the ambit of her responsibilities. Small hearted ,self centred , small minded, small spirited MP has no room to accommodate this mega huge responsibility. The MP is Pitamaha and Matamah both , in his/her one personage. MP is Mega Parent. The outcomes of being an MP are entirely the Responsibility of MP . No one else, since all others of Constituency/State working in diverse walks of their life activities come under the leadership of MP. Similarly MP as Minister. Similarly MP as PM. Eventual and main Responsibility of outcomes of Constituency/State in particular ,Nation in general , depend on performance of MP, MP as Minister, MP as PM. These are top jobs of Nation . THENCE, CANDIDATE FOR PARLIAMENT, NEED PREPARE FOR THESE ROLES, IN RIGHT EARNEST, FROM DAY ONE OF 4 YEARS 11 MONTHS OF CANDIDACY AS LOK SABHA MEMBER, AND FROM DAY ONE OF THE 5YEARS 11MONTHS OF CANDIDACY AS RAJYA SABHA MEMBER . AND MP, MINISTER, PRIME MINISTER PERFORM THEIR JOBS WITH COMPLETE DEVOTION AND DEDICATION. THEIR ONE THOUGHT , THEIR ONE ACTION CAN MAKE OR MAR PEOPLE’S LIVES,— OF 21 LAKH PEOPLE OF CONSTITUENCY, —-of the 45.6 LAKH OF STATE,—of the 115 CRORE OF INDIA. ONE ABSENTATION FROM PARLIAMENT, ONE YES, ONE NO, ONE MINUTE LOSS OF PARLIAMENT’S TIME, MATTERS CRUCIALLY TO EACH VOTE. TO EACH CITIZEN. particular citizen sent him to Parliament or not. Hence, the onerous and delicate responsibility of MP. MP must assiduously cultivate the ingredients of aforesaid mindset, to be chief Patriarch of his parliamentary Constituency/State(UT) , to shoulder the onerous responsibilities of the office of Member of Parliament, from the day one of Candidacy. of the Neighbourhood and next of the Nation ,and eventually to provide stiffest competition to Global economic powers. Thence, it is MP’s Responsibility to take Parliamentary Constituency/State Gross Development Product to its highest quality and quantity , so as to be sought out by markets in India and abroad. The MP’s overall Economic Responsibility is to ensure that the Parliamentary Constituency/State(UT) he/she represents gets to maximize all of its CAPITAL(s)= ECONOMIC CAPITAL (Monetary Wealth, Properties, Possessions convertible to monetary wealth, Production Units etc.) INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL (INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, MINDSET FORCES, CREATIVITY, POSITIVE FEELINGS………) , SOCIAL CAPITAL ((read FRATERNITY , LEADERSHIP , VIRTUE , HEALTH, CIVILITY with incremental associated positivities and decremental negativities with VICE as foremost decapitalising /annihilative factor)), CULTURAL & HERITAGE CAPITAL, FUTURE-CONTROL CAPITAL taken to be the major CAPITAL COMPONENTS , harnessed as the vital inputs for realizing the Objectives of Constitution of India. The MP must MULTIPLY the Wealth, Possessions, Production Units…of Constituency/State in particular and Nation in general . Thence translated into real life outputs, it is major burden of his/her thoughts and actions, to have in front of him/her : the detailed Self employment arrangements and consequent Economic ,social, political and cultural outputs of his Constituency/State in particular and Nation in general ,as the starting point of all his endeavours . His/her second responsibility is to arrange means to generate commensurate skills, practical trainings, education, information and related inputs into human resources to nurture and produce Enterprise, Entrepreneurship [[[ that starts with a typical (read poor, for nearly90%) Polling Booth Locality and limited resources ,for individual, for groups like Self Help Groups, Cooperatives etc., and then builds from strength to strength ]]] , Establishments to measure, control and propagate Quality in every sphere of activity, to realize aforesaid targets. His/her third responsibility is to obtain an Enlightened Civil Society by process of continuously creating awareness and providing commensurate education for each every citizen of his chosen Constituency /State. His/her fourth responsibility is to continuously and systematically monitor his outputs along with consequent outputs of his Constituency/State, grading them by International Standards or still better ones, minimally on weekly basis and wherever possible, on daily and hourly basis. As part of this responsibility he/she is to submit to the People, week by week , account of his activity transactions and of his constituency/state ,especially in respects of time expenditures , money expenditures and the kind transactions. Whatever he/she does, shall eventually be emulated by his/her electorate; especially , the young people. Thence, the MP has the Responsibility to be continuously in the anticipatory mode of thinking, planning and executing: for oncoming hours, days, weeks, months, years decades of present ; and at least, a century ahead of his/her contemporaries; to provide directions, guidelines, agendas, warnings, safeguards for a smooth passage through FUTURE, near and distant, visible or invisible—he/she has to be a guide, seer and prophet which People can turn to . That is the chief function of the Leader – the man who is ahead of others and has already visited the Future Activityscapes, well in advance. MP has to become closest relative of FUTURE. It (read FUTURE) is his Cardinal Responsibility to manage Future in a fixed Timetable of the Present , while continuously consulting the Past.MP must bring in a better tomorrow. The MP has the Responsibility of maintaining continuity of effort from one Lok Sabha to next, one Rajya Sabha batch to next , maintaining same thread of effort and consequent progress from Lok Sabha Number 1 ( of 1952 ) to the 101th. Lok Sabha due ( in year 2444, with oncoming 86 Lok Sabhas of 5 years each ), The Rajya sabha is charged with this primary responsibility of perpetuating the Republic to obtain robust Controllability and Empowerment of Individual Citizen. a) the gap to be filled between present status and the required status (which need be in consonance to objectives of Constitution of India, on par with that of the ten best developed Nations), and to structure Agenda of nation Building from Burdens, Negativities and pending Tasks of Past , plus the Destinations of Future to be fixed in order to to materialize the objectives of Constitution of India , never forgetting basic goal of establishing a robust harmonious Welfare State, restoration of pristine Indian Glory, Wealth and Spiritual repute, Contributions of India to a safe, )prosperous and harmonious Global Community. b) masterly expertise in every aspect of the selected(at least) four ministries of Centre, one from each category** and additionally for Rajya Sabha member, of another three ministries of the State(UT) represented , **[[[[[ four Ministries (whichever he deems fit) from each one of the following categories: I) Category *I: Ministries related to obtaining Internal and external Security, making country Financial Power in the Globe( say, amongst the Top 5 Nations),making country the Global anchor,2) Category *II : Ministries for , that 115 crore Indians have adequate and decent household provisions; especially Food-clothing-housing and adjuncts, 3)***Category *III : Ministries generating avenues for incrementing jobs ,decently paying jobs( for decent standard of living),much greater in numbers ( man hours) than the 8 hour a day working of every one above-14, making a citizen Employment-worthy, to be Self Employed in a self initiated Enterprise---to be an Entrepreneur producing Products of Excellence, that are always in lesser supply, than demands generated worldwide ,4)Category *IV: To build Assets, Wealth and Capital(s); To build Intellectual Capital, Cultural Capital( read Behavioural Civility, Goodwill, Empathy –in social transactions, in family and at workplace; Social and Individual skills, arts and crafts ) ,Spirit Capital (read intentional and motivational) , Services-to-Others Capital-------------- all Capitals , Wealth(s) and Assets need to be inbuilt into individual, Family, Family Neighbourhood, Polling Booth Locality, Territorial Constituency ,Parliamentary Constituency, State and Nation, and Nation vis-à-vis Globe. The Member of Lok Sabha / Rajya Sabha has to submit his/her final areas of specializations in descending order of importance , carried over from his/her National Services and Electioneering Presentation Document( for elucidation refer Chapter VII Common Requirements for Candidates and Members of Look Sabah and Rajya Sabha, while as a candidate ,now modified to the final form as Representation National Service Document, in consonance to the role(s) being served /to be served by him/her in the Parliament as per Document 5A( refer Chapter VII: Leadership Transparency-Accountability National Services and Electioneering Document). *It is at the complete discretion and interpretation of the Candidate /Member Parliament , to name the Ministry he feels belongs to a particular category, having total freedom to devise new Ministries, modify existing Ministries, albeit keeping in mind ,the prevalent structure and function of each Ministry in the present set up of Governance. Each Candidate/Member Parliament has in his/her power, to change the current pattern ,if not 100%,very well, to an appreciable degree. Categorization , are to meet People’s aspirations, which need be the major objective of Candidate/Member in the Parliament. with part-time, seasonal employment avenues with special provision for housewives with spare time . k) above all, constructively ,comprehensively ,coherently organising society for achieving objectives of Constitution of India . To achieve constructive cooperative Harmony, Propriety and Order, Productivity that raises Standard of Life for all ,Realisation of Individual’s Potential and Potential of Collectivity. To obtain united Common Purpose Society. In his Parliamentary Constituency (as Lok Sabha member) or in his State(UT) as Rajya Sabha member) to Identify status, needs, problems, resources ,possibilities etc.: to collect required data and necessary wherewithal; to formulate projects, schemes ,programs & concomitant Agenda, calendar of events, five yearly time tables and schedules decomposable into concise weekly easily implementable work schedules; to invoke inputs from all quarters, including the citizenry, to achieve his Promises/ Commitments/ Targets. In Parliament to obtain a) overhaul of old legislation by needful amendments, repeals etc adapted to the current scenario and accommodative of anticipated future changes and challenges , b) formulation of new legislation commensurate to basic parameters of Democracy , enunciated in preamble to Constitution of India, c) miscellany, suiting particularities, pendency, deficits of governance, requirements of attaining economic potential of Parliamentary Constituency/ State, ( UT) in particular and those of rest of Nation in general. In speeding up and rectifying Governance at Centre through Parliamentary proceedings as in Question Hour , by directly approaching Ministries by necessary paperwork inputs etc. .To own the responsibility of detecting Governmental oversights . To implement reform, eyes fixed on near and distant future. When in Governance (either on ruling side benches or in Ministries), to decipher and own irresponsibilities of all Governmental actions ,inactions and the staff (of Government), and make continuous corrections and amends, especially to the innocent Public (read Poor People first ,others later). To fulfill the objectives of Constitution of India , Candidate /Member Parliament is required to ascertain the burdens he will have to shoulder during his tenure as MP (carried over from preceding period of candidacy), well in advance by formulating detailed and exhaustive lists of Problems from, pendency, current and anticipated, in near and distant future. It will be his chief responsibility to obtain excellence in each sphere of life activity as one amongst the top 250 leaders of the Nation as a Rajya Sabha member or as the next 543 leaders of Nation as Lok Sabha member, the MP has the onerous responsibility of accomplishing his outputs as MP (which being synonymous to the outputs of Nation ) of an excellent grade, unsurpassable now by anyone else and later of posterity, thence a corollary responsibility of MP is to obtain/devise/produce/create/construct tests, measures, grades, self/else scores and verification techniques to quantify his( read Governance’s) outputs and specify the levels of their quality. Practically, in nutshell, he/she is required to continuously determine (minimally per week, if not by the day , by the hour, by the minute,…)and be consciously aware of the gap between his outputs and those expected as per aspirations ,objectives and directives of Constitution of India, at all times and at any instant to appraise himself of the quantum of responsibilities needing his exertions, all the times and at any instant. Candidate/ Member Parliament has Responsibility for the following in ascending order of importance:.EACH Individual , Family , Family Neighbourhood, Polling Booth Locality, Territorial Constituency, Parliamentary Constituency , State(UT, NCT) onto Nation ,each lower responsibility adding up to the next level unit. And to show his/her OUTPUTS to the People: Daily(optional),Weekly, Biweekly,Monthly,Quarterly,6-Monthly,1-Yearly,2-Years’Consolidated outputs ,3-Years’ Consolidated Outputs, 4Years’Consolidated Outputs, 4-Years 11months’Consolidated Outputs for Lok Sabha Candidate/Member and additionally for Rajya Sabha Candidate/member 5-Years’Consolidated Outputs,5-Year11months Consolidated Outputs. It is his/her Responsibility , to certainly succeed at materialising objectives of Constitution of India as evinced in his/her ongoing Outputs to People of his/her Constituency/State in particular and Nation in general. The overall responsibility of MP is to manage overall resources of A) TIME, B) MATERIALS (read resources ,physical outputs of the Constituency/State ) ,C) ENERGIES ,D) INTELLIGENCE. INFORMATION & EDUCATION ,E) SPACE available to his/her Constituency/State(UT,NCT) in particular and Nation in general. This is in order to multiply outputs to the highest growth levels . His/Her inputs are Time ,his/her Energies and above all his/her Intelligence and its outputs. He/She has at his/her disposal as Lok Sabha member 5 Years that is, 5years×365 days×24 hours , and as Rajya Sabha member 6years ,that is , 6years×365 days×24 h ours . It is his/her basic responsibility to maximize, optimize the usage of aforesaid resources of Time, Materials, Energies, Intelligence and Space to materialise Welfare State in definite time bound phases, periodically checking the gains by reliable indices and measurements. At—the—end—of—Day Final Summarising Responsibility, of MP, shall be discharged on behalf of each MP, through a formal declaration made each day of session, by the Speaker of Lok Sabha, and by the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha. This declaration is to be put on internet, with a copy to media. It shall consist of statement giving List of attendance in minutes , of active and passive Participants in the proceedings of each day. It shall provide a summary/& text of each MP’s transactions to be submitted by each MP as he/she leaves Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha Hall, within the Halls of Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha , during the Day. The MPs working as Ministers can submit likewise summary/text of their transactions outside of Parliament, besides others in Parliament ,if any for the day. Above all, MP has the Supreme Responsibility of upholding Character, Conscience, Soul of India. At all costs. At all times. What he/she does ,gets copied and repeated, good, bad or ugly.

2019-04-22T00:49:44Z

http://loveserveindiaearth.com/?p=78

Private policy on the website "MonDéfilé.com" While you are using MonDéfilé website accessible under the internet address www.mondefile.com (hereafter called « the Website »), we can ask you to communicate some personal data. The term "personal data" stands for all necessary data to identify a person, that is name, surname, log in pseudonym, mailing address, email address, date of birth, and other details that you will decide to communicate to us. This private policy is made to inform you about the means we put into place to collect personal data, in the strict respect of your rights. We inform you that we are acting in accordance to the actual version of the French law n.78-17, dating from January 6th 1978, relative to IT, files and liberty. Company KAKKO (here in after referred as "we") registered in France under the registration number B 534 655 121 in RCS Paris is in charge of the collection of your website personal data. 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The present contract is governed by French law. In case of dispute on validity, interpretation or execution of those Terms and Conditions, parties decide that Paris Courts are the unique relevant court, except conflicting imperative rules of proceeding . The present Terms and Conditions have been effective since October 5th 2011 and were modified on September 15th 2013.

2019-04-18T10:22:53Z

http://www.mondefile.com/en/content/3-terms-and-conditions-of-use

Dietary creatine supplementation (CrS) is a practice commonly adopted by physically active individuals. However, the effects of CrS on systemic microvascular reactivity and density have never been reported. Additionally, CrS is able to influence blood levels of homocysteine, resulting in presumed effects on vascular endothelial function. Thus, we investigated the effects of CrS on the systemic microcirculation and on homocysteine levels in healthy young individuals. This open-label study was performed on a group of 40 healthy male, moderately physically active subjects aged 27.7 ± 13.4 years who received one week of CrS at a dose of 20 g/day of commercially available micronized creatine monohydrate. Laser speckle contrast imaging was used in the evaluation of cutaneous microvascular reactivity, and intra-vital video microscopy was used to evaluate skin capillary density and reactivity, before and after CrS. CrS did not alter plasma levels of homocysteine, although CrS increased creatinine (p = 0.0001) and decreased uric acid (p = 0.0004) plasma levels. Significant changes in total cholesterol (p = 0.0486) and LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.0027) were also observed along with a reduction in plasma levels of T3 (p = 0.0074) and an increase in T4 levels (p = 0.0003). Skin functional capillary density (p = 0.0496) and capillary recruitment during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (p = 0.0043) increased after CrS. Increases in cutaneous microvascular vasodilation induced by post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (p = 0.0078) were also observed. Oral supplementation with creatine in healthy, moderately physically active young adults improves systemic endothelial-dependent microvascular reactivity and increases skin capillary density and recruitment. These effects are not concurrent with changes in plasma homocysteine levels. Creatine supplementation (CrS) is a widely used practice implemented by athletes and physically active individuals with the goal of improving anaerobic power and to stimulate the process of protein synthesis and musculoskeletal hypertrophy . CrS has antioxidant and cytoprotective activities that, combined with the ability to restore intracellular energy levels, have also led to the introduction of this practice in therapies for the management of cardiovascular, neurologic, metabolic and muscle disorders [3–8]. In pathophysiological states wherein the intracellular levels of creatine are reduced, CrS has been shown to exert important neuromodulator action contributing to the treatment of anxiety disorders and schizophrenia and potentially to the prevention of Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases . Similarly, CrS has been used to treat muscular dystrophy and the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in skeletal muscle diseases , to improve sarcolemma stabilization, arrhythmia frequency and contractile function in myocardium and, in association with physical exercise, to increase glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the direct effects of CrS on vascular function. In this context, it has been shown that creatine is capable of exerting anti-inflammatory actions on vascular endothelium and lowering arterial stiffness evaluated after resistance exercise . Considering that the synthesis of endogenous creatine is responsible for increasing hepatic demand on methylation reactions influencing homocysteine synthesis, it has been suggested that CrS is capable of reducing homocysteine blood levels, exerting positive influences on vascular endothelial function [12, 13]. Paradoxically, studies in humans suggest that CrS does not alter macrovascular reactivity but instead causes significant elevation of serum homocysteine in normohomocysteinemic subjects and reductions in hyperhomocysteinemic individuals [14, 15]. The assessment of systemic microvascular reactivity has already been proven to be essential in the investigation of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases . Additionally, the cutaneous microcirculation is now considered as an accessible and representative vascular bed for the assessment of systemic microcirculatory reactivity and density [16, 17]. In this context, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) provides an innovative approach for the non-invasive evaluation of systemic microvascular endothelial function [17, 18]. LSCI has already been shown to be an effective noninvasive technique in the evaluation of systemic microvascular reactivity in patients presenting with cardio-metabolic diseases . Moreover, capillary density and reactivity, and thus tissue perfusion, are known to be closely correlated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome [19–21]. Given the absence of studies that elucidate the effects of CrS on systemic microvascular reactivity and density and to clarify the influences of this procedure on changes in plasma homocysteine levels, the present study aims to investigate the effect of CrS on the microcirculation and on homocysteine levels in healthy young individuals. Regarding the microcirculatory effects, we used LSCI coupled with physiological and pharmacological provocations in the evaluation of cutaneous microvascular reactivity and intra-vital video microscopy to evaluate skin capillary density and reactivity. This open-label study was performed on a group of 40 healthy male subjects aged 27.7 ± 13.4 years, recruited among the students of the School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of the Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The volunteers had negative family histories for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, waist circumferences of 81.1 ± 12.0 cm and normal values for their lipid and glycemic profiles, according to the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol < 160 mg/dL; triglycerides < 150 mg/dL and blood glucose < 100 mg/dL ). The study subjects were not highly trained and had not consumed any dietary supplement (creatine included) or medications for >3 months before the study; moreover, they were not instructed to follow a specific diet regimen. Even if the study subjects were not athletes, they were all physically active and were engaged in fitness programs involving aerobic activity and strength training at least three times a week. The present study was undertaken in accordance with the Helsinki declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000, and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the National Institute of Cardiology of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil under protocol number 53301, approved on September 2012. Once considered eligible, all of the subjects read and signed the informed consent form approved by the IRB. All evaluations were performed in the morning between 8 and 12 AM after a 12-hour fast. The subjects were also asked to refrain from smoking and to abstain from caffeine- and alcohol-containing beverages for 12 hours before the study. All procedures followed the same sequence, beginning with the collection of blood samples and followed by clinical and physical evaluation, concluding with the microcirculatory evaluation by LSCI and intra-vital capillaroscopy. The same procedures were repeated after one week of creatine supplementation. Anthropometric evaluation consisted of measurements of weight, height and waist circumference (cm) and calculated body mass index (kg/m2). Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures were determined using a sphygmomanometer. The brachial systolic (SAP) and diastolic (DAP) blood pressures were measured twice, 1 minute apart, using a mercury sphygmomanometer, and the mean values were recorded as the patients’ clinical blood pressure. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated as DAP + 1/3 (SAP–DAP). Blood specimens were collected before and after one week of creatine supplementation, and plasma samples were stored at -80°C until their utilization. Fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, uric acid, transaminases, and high sensitivity CRP were determined by photometric colorimetric optical system (Cobas Mira systems, Roche Diagnostic Corporation, Indianapolis, IN, USA). LDL cholesterol was calculated by Friedewald’s formula. Plasma levels of homocysteine and fibrinogen were determined using an ELISA kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The subjects received 20 g/day of commercially available micronized creatine monohydrate with 99% purity by HPLC (Power Pure, Nutrisport, São Paulo, Brazil) for 1 week divided into 4 equal doses of 5 g, corresponding to the loading dose of the supplement according to previous reports [1, 23]. This study protocol has already been shown to significantly increase plasma and intramuscular levels of creatine without causing important side effects [23, 24]. Microcirculatory tests were performed after a 20-minute rest in the supine position in a temperature-controlled room (23 ± 1°C). Microvascular reactivity was evaluated using a laser speckle contrast imaging system with a laser wavelength of 785 nm (PeriCam PSI system, Perimed, Järfälla, Sweden) in combination with iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) for noninvasive and continuous measurement of cutaneous microvascular perfusion changes (in arbitrary perfusion units, APU) [18, 25]. The image acquisition rate was 8 images/sec, and the distance between the laser head and the skin surface was fixed at 20 cm, as recommended by the manufacturer’s manual. Images were analyzed using the manufacturer’s software (PIMSoft, Perimed, Järfälla, Sweden). The skin sites for microvascular flow recordings were randomly chosen on the ventral surface of the forearm avoiding hair, broken skin, areas of skin pigmentation and visible veins. The drug-delivery electrode was secured using an adhesive disc (LI 611, Perimed, Järfälla, Sweden). Two measurement areas (circular regions of interest) of approximately 80 mm2 were determined. One of the measurement areas was within the electrode (acetylcholine), and the second (post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, PORH) was adjacent to the electrode. A vacuum cushion (AB Germa, Kristianstad, Sweden) was used to reduce recording artifacts generated by arm movements. ACh 2% w/v (Sigma Chemical CO, MO, USA) iontophoresis was performed using a micropharmacology system (PF 751 PeriIont USB Power Supply, Perimed, Sweden) with increasing anodal currents of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 μA for 10-second intervals spaced 1 minute apart (the total charges were 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 mC, respectively). The dispersive electrode was attached approximately 15 cm away from the electrophoresis chamber. Of note, the drug was not injected but rather was placed in contact with the skin surface. During the PORH test, arterial occlusion was performed with suprasystolic pressure (50 mmHg above systolic arterial pressure) using a sphygmomanometer for 3 min. Following the release of pressure, the maximum flux was measured. Measurements of skin blood flow were divided by the mean arterial pressure to yield the cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) in APU/mmHg. The amplitude of the PORH responses was expressed as the peak CVC minus the baseline CVC. The microcirculatory tests were performed in an undisturbed quiet room with a defined stable temperature (23 ± 1°C) after a 20-minute rest in the supine position. The period of acclimatization lasted until the skin temperature had stabilized. We had previously shown that after 15-20 minutes of acclimatization, the skin temperature stabilizes at approximately 29°C . The dorsum of the non-dominant middle phalanx was used for image acquisition, while the patient was maintained comfortably in a seated position. The room temperature was monitored and adjusted if necessary using air conditioning, considering that the outdoor temperature was usually > 25°C. The arm was positioned at the level of the heart and immobilized using a vacuum cushion (a specially constructed pillow filled with polyurethane foam that can be molded to any desired shape by creating a vacuum, from AB Germa, Kristianstad, Sweden). Capillary density, i.e., the number of perfused capillaries per square millimeter of skin area, was assessed by high-resolution intra-vital color microscopy (Moritex, Cambridge, UK), as previously described and validated [19, 20, 26]. We used a video-microscopy system with an epi-illuminated fiberoptic microscope containing a 100-W mercury vapor lamp light source and an M200 objective with a final magnification of 200X. Images were acquired and saved for subsequent off-line analysis using a semi-automatic integrated system (Microvision Instruments, Evry, France). The mean capillary density for each patient was calculated as the arithmetic mean of visible (i.e., spontaneously perfused) capillaries in three contiguous microscopic fields of 1 mm2 each. For PORH, a blood pressure cuff was then applied around the patient’s arm and inflated to suprasystolic pressure (50 mm Hg greater than the systolic arterial pressure) to completely interrupt the blood flow for 3 minutes. This occlusion time has already been shown to effectively recruit capillaries in an endothelium-dependent manner . After cuff release, images were again acquired and recorded over the subsequent 60-90 seconds, during which time the maximal hyperemic response was expected to occur. The mean number of spontaneously perfused skin capillaries at rest is considered to represent the functional capillary density, as previously described . Alternatively, the number of perfused capillaries during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia represents functional capillary recruitment, resulting from the release of endothelial mediators and consequent arteriolar vasodilation . The results were presented as the means ± SEM. For values that did not follow a Gaussian distribution, the medians (25th - 75th percentile) are presented (Shapiro-Wilk normality test). The results were analyzed using two-tailed paired Student’s t tests or Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests, respectively. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Table 1 shows the effects of creatine supplementation on the clinical and anthropometric data of the healthy volunteers. After one week of supplementation, an increase in total body mass (74.9 ± 1.8 vs. 75.4 ± 1.8 kg, p = 0.0020) and body mass index (25.2 ± 0.4 vs. 25.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2, p =0.0045) were observed along with a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (92.1 ± 1.1 vs. 89.8 ± 1.1 mmHg, p = 0.0255). CrS did not alter plasma levels of homocysteine [10.5 (8.2-13.0) vs. 10.1 (8.8-12.3) μmol/L] but increased creatinine (0.92 ± 0.02 vs. 1.03 ± 0.03 mg/dL, p = 0.0001) and CK-MM [253 (146-567) vs. 344 (128-653) U/L, p = 0.0296] levels and decreased uric acid (4.9 ± 0.2 vs. 4.3 ± 0.2 mg/dL, p = 0.0004) plasma levels (Table 2). Fibrinogen levels were also decreased after CrS [282 (256-306) vs. 254 (227-284) mg/dL, p = 0.0177). The plasma lipid profile was also altered after CrS, with significant changes in total cholesterol [174.0 (143.5-204.0) vs. 174.0 (140.0-197.5) mg/dL, p = 0.0486] and LDL-C [115.0 (88.0-142.5) vs. 103 (81.0-130.0), p = 0.0027]. We also observed significant changes in total plasma proteins (7.3 ± 0.06 vs. 7.2 ± 0.07 g/dL, p = 0.0282) and globulins (3.1 ± 0.06 vs. 3.0 ± 0.08, p = 0.0588). The results were presented as the mean ± SEM. p values were estimated using two-tailed paired Student’s t tests. Bold values denote significant differences. The results are presented as the mean ± SEM. For values that did not follow a Gaussian distribution, the medians (25th - 75th percentile) are presented (Shapiro-Wilk normality test). HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CK-MB: Creatine Kinase-MB; CK-MM: Creatine Kinase-MM; AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; T3: triiodothyronine; T4: thyroxine. p values were estimated using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t tests or Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests, as appropriate. Finally, after CrS a reduction in plasma levels of T3 (1.08 ± 0.03 vs. 1.02 ± 0.03 ng/dL, p = 0.0074) and an increase in T4 levels (1.08 ± 0.02 vs. 1.1 ± 0.02 ng/dL, p = 0.0003) were observed. Functional capillary density (basal capillary density) of the healthy volunteers was significantly increased after one week of CrS (114 ± 4 vs. 119 ± 4 capillaries/mm2, p = 0.0496). An increase in capillary recruitment during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (119 ± 4 vs. 126 ± 4 capillaries/mm2, p = 0.0043) was also observed (Figure 1). Capillary density at baseline (BASAL) and during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) of healthy young subjects (n = 40) before (PRE) and after (POST) oral creatine supplementation. Values represent the mean ± SEM and were analyzed using two-tailed paired Student’s t tests. One week of CrS did not alter microvascular vasodilation induced by skin iontophoresis of ACh (Figure 2). Peak values of cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) were 0.63 ± 0.03 before and 0.65 ± 0.03 APU/mmHg after CrS; increases in CVC after ACh were 0.40 ± 0.03 vs. 0.40 ± 0.02 APU/mmHg and the area under the curve of ACh-induced vasodilation was 8212 ± 831 vs. 7089 ± 784 APU/s. The peak effects of skin iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) on cutaneous microvascular conductance (CVC, expressed in arbitrary perfusion units, APU, divided by mean arterial pressure in mmHg, upper panel); increases in CVC induced by iontophoresis of ACh (middle panel) and the area under the curve (AUC) of skin iontophoresis of ACh (lower panel) of healthy young subjects (n = 40) before (PRE) and after (POST) oral creatine supplementation. The amplitudes of ACh responses are expressed as peak CVC minus the baseline CVC. Values represent the means ± SEM. After one week of CrS, we observed significant increases in microvascular vasodilation induced by PORH (Figure 3). Peak values of CVC were 0.81 ± 0.03 before and 0.87 ± 0.02 APU/mmHg after CrS (p = 0.0078); increases in CVC after PORH were 0.49 ± 0.02 vs. 0.54 ± 0.02 APU/mmHg (p = 0.0097) and the area under the curve of PORH-induced vasodilation was 1671 ± 146 vs. 2089 ± 146 APU/s (p = 0.0044). The peak effects of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) on cutaneous microvascular conductance (CVC, expressed in arbitrary perfusion units, APU, divided by mean arterial pressure in mmHg, upper panel); increases in CVC induced by PORH (middle panel) and the area under the curve (AUC) during PORH (lower panel) of healthy young subjects (n = 40) before (PRE) and after (POST) oral creatine supplementation. The amplitudes of PORH responses are expressed as peak CVC minus the baseline CVC. Values represent the means ± SEM and were analyzed using two-tailed paired Student’s t tests. The main findings of this study are as follows: i) oral supplementation with creatine monohydrate in healthy, moderately physically active young adults improves systemic endothelial-dependent microvascular reactivity; ii) the supplementation also increased skin capillary density and recruitment, which are dependent on microvascular endothelial function; and iii) blood pressure was also reduced after the supplementation. The aforementioned changes occurred simultaneously with an increase in total body mass, most likely associated with fluid retention caused by the intracellular osmotic effect of creatine . Similarly, we observed significant increases in creatinine and creatine kinase (MM fraction), and decreases in plasma levels of total proteins (caused by a decrease in globulins), uric acid, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Our results also demonstrated that, unlike the results of previous studies [13, 14], CrS neither reduced nor increased serum homocysteine levels. In this regard, it should be emphasized that our sample involved young and physically active individuals, justifying further investigation to elucidate the influence of CrS on plasma levels of homocysteine among patients with cardio-metabolic diseases. Creatine supplementation is primarily indicated in athletes; nevertheless, it is widespread practice to use nutritional supplements (including creatine) to potentiate the effects of exercise training in the alterations of body composition . In this context, the protocol of creatine supplementation in a dose of 20g/day during 5-7 days, followed by a dose of 5g/day during 20-30 days, has been shown to increase significantly creatine levels in skeletal muscle and eventually to improve strength gain and muscular hypertrophy in non-athletes but physically active individuals [1, 16–19] Considering that most studies evaluating the effects of creatine supplementation on plasma homocysteine levels have presented conflicting results, we decided to start our studies of creatine supplementation in young, physically active healthy subjects before using it in patients, mainly for security reasons. As a second step, we intend to test the effects of creatine supplementation in patients presenting with diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, with and without hyperhomocysteinemia in future studies. Even if CrS did not alter microvascular acetylcholine-mediated dilation, it significantly increased microvascular flow after post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). In this context, it has been suggested that although the response to acetylcholine-mediated dilatation is largely dependent on nitric oxide, those mediated by reactive hyperemia, at least in the skin microcirculation, occur independently of this endogenous mediator . According to Cracowski and colleagues , the cutaneous microvascular flow-mediated dilatation of healthy individuals is predominantly dependent on sensory nerves and epoxygenase metabolites, particularly epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), most likely related to the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF), which might influence the activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle . Although further studies are necessary regarding this issue, it is possible that CrS somehow contributes to increased EET bioavailability and may represent an important adjuvant therapy to improve endothelial function that is depressed in several metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Alternatively, vasodilation of the cutaneous microcirculation observed during reactive hyperemia might have been mediated by ATP-dependent potassium channels’ (K+ ATP) activation in the endothelium and smooth muscle of the arterioles [31, 32]. In fact, evidence exists for the presence of the enzyme creatine kinase functionally coupled to the K+ ATP channels that could be activated by eicosanoids such as EET or by low cellular energy signals . Thus, it is possible that the increased intracellular creatine levels in tissues such as the endothelium are able to activate K+ ATP channels, hyperpolarize the vascular smooth muscle, and contribute to the enhancement in hyperemia-mediated dilatation found in our study. Moreover, Prass and colleagues proposed that creatine may exert a direct vascular action and is involved in the potentiation of the reactive hyperemia response after ischemia in stroke experimental models, allowing a more rapid recovery in these animals. Because the existence of the creatine transporter is well established as well as the presence of large phosphocreatine reserves in vascular endothelium , and their sensitivity is believed to be increased through exogenous supplementation , it is reasonable to speculate that the creatine supplementation was involved in the alterations of microvascular reactivity observed in our study. Notwithstanding, independent of the mediators involved in flow-mediated microvascular vasodilation, our results indicate an improvement of microvascular endothelial function after creatine supplementation. It has also been suggested that CrS is able to signal an intracellular energy deficit because it induces significant increases in the creatine kinase-phosphocreatine ratio (Cr/PCr ratio) in skeletal muscle . Consistent with this hypothesis, it has been shown that CrS can increase mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as well as glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle [38, 40] and to stimulate 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [38, 41], contributing to cellular adaptations that enhance energy production. In this context, it is possible that increases in intracellular creatine concentration, particularly in skeletal muscle, where creatine is mostly stored, contributed to the total and LDL-cholesterol serum reductions observed after a week of CrS. In fact, it has been demonstrated that CrS is able to improve the lipid profile in humans and may play a role in supporting physical training as a therapy in hypercholesterolemic individuals, an effect most likely associated with the capacity of creatine to activate the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . Interestingly, our results showed that CrS reduces tissue conversion of T4 to T3, which occurs predominantly in the kidneys and skeletal muscle through the action of the type 2 deiodinase enzyme . Because the conversion of T4 to T3 requires energy and considering that increases in the Cr/PCr ratio signals tissue energy depletion, it is possible that changes in the plasma levels of thyroid hormones resulted from the CrS. Because glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) synthesis is T3 dependent, this result would explain why CrS was not able to increase intramuscular glucose uptake, even if it might have activated AMPK, as demonstrated in a previous study . In this regard, there is evidence that creatine increases membrane GLUT-4 translocation in skeletal muscle fibers . Although energy overload can increase T3 availability , low energy levels represented by a high Cr/PCr ratio might signal the reduction of type 2 deiodinase activity in the kidneys and skeletal muscle, leading to a reduced conversion of T4 to T3 in those tissues . Alternatively, because intramuscular creatine transport is an ATP-dependent process , it is possible that the increases in the intracellular creatine flow might have reduced ATP availability for T4 transport. The conceivable reductions in type 2 deiodinase activity and T3 levels in skeletal muscle might have contributed to the elevated serum CK levels observed in our study after a week of CrS. Alternatively, the increases in intracellular osmolarity produced by CrS might have contributed to muscle fiber disruption and CK release into the blood . In this sense, it has been clearly demonstrated that reductions in plasma levels of T3, occurring in clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism, affects skeletal muscle, increasing membrane permeability to CK and thus resulting in increases of the plasma concentrations of the enzyme [48, 49]. Even if the exposure of the ventricular myocardium to T3 reduces the amount of membrane Na+/Cr transporter mRNA , it has also been proposed that the exposure of muscle cells to this hormone could increase Na+/K+-ATPase activity because increases in extracellular Na+ concentrations would positively influence creatine transport within muscle fibers . It is also possible that the T3 reduction found in our study represents a mechanism that acts to limit creatine transport that might produce irreversible cellular osmotic damage. Thus, it is possible that excessive increases in creatine supply contributes to a compensatory reduction in T3 synthesis by decreasing the activity of the type 2 deiodinase in tissues such as the kidneys and skeletal muscle, explaining increased plasma CK levels . In our study, a week of CrS significantly increased creatinine and CK plasma levels, and simultaneously reduced globulins and T3 plasma levels, mimicking a condition that characterizes impaired renal function . Understanding that CrS may contribute to renal dysfunction misdiagnosis because moderate increases of creatinine levels are to be expected [54, 55], evidence indicates that creatine supplementation would overload kidney function [1, 56]. Although several studies ensure the safety of CrS [57–61], even in individuals at risk for kidney disease, daily doses of 20 g were associated with the formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines and to deleterious molecules such as methylamine and formaldehyde that promote cross-linkage between proteins and DNA damage-induced changes to renal structures [62, 63]. Because most studies that have attested to CrS safety were performed in association with physical exercise, it is possible that the deleterious effects on renal function are observed only among individuals who are not enrolled in well-controlled exercise training programs, as was the case in our sample. In fact, it has been shown that CrS in rats produces deleterious renal effects in sedentary animals but is safe in those maintained on regular physical training . One important limitation of the present study is the lack of a placebo-controlled double-blind supplementation methodology. Notwithstanding, our study included a fairly high number of healthy volunteers (n = 40), yielding very reproducible results, demonstrated by the rather low dispersion of the values of metabolic and microcirculatory variables. Moreover, it has already been clearly demonstrated that the reproducibility of laser speckle contrast imaging methodology in the evaluation of skin microvascular reactivity is very high [17, 65–67]. Another limitation concerning the conclusions of the study could be the marginally statistically significant changes in thyroid hormones and microvascular reactivity. It is conceivable that these alterations might not be clinically relevant in healthy young adults, since they do not have microvascular endothelial dysfunction, as previously demonstrated by our group using laser speckle contrast imaging . Nevertheless, these modest but statistically significant improvements of microvascular function observed in our study after creatine supplementation in healthy volunteers could turn out to be clinically relevant in patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Moreover, even small alterations of plasma concentrations of the thyroid hormones indicate that creatine supplementation might influence thyroid metabolism. Considering the widespread use of creatine supplementation by athletes and also by non-athletes in fitness centers, one must be cautious in the association of the creatine supplementation with drugs that potentially interfere with thyroid metabolism such as drugs acting in the central nervous system (carbamazepine, lithium) and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids) [68, 69]. In conclusion, oral supplementation with creatine monohydrate in healthy, moderately physically active young adults improves systemic endothelial-dependent microvascular reactivity and increases skin capillary density and recruitment. These effects are not concurrent with changes in the plasma levels of homocysteine. The authors wish to thank Marcio Marinho Gonzalez for his excellent technical assistance. We also wish to thank the students of the School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of the Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for participating as volunteers in the study. This study was supported by grants from FAPERJ (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico) and FIOCRUZ (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz). RdM and ET conceived and designed the study; DVB and BSdM performed the experiments; RdM and ET analyzed the data and interpreted the results of the experiments; RdM drafted the manuscript; RdM, DVB, BSdM and ET edited and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

2019-04-26T10:39:32Z

https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-13-115

DR. KAUFFMANN: With the agreement of the Tribunal, I now call the witness Hoess. THE PRESIDENT: Stand up. Will you state your name? RUDOLF FRANZ FERDINAND HOESS (Witness): Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Hoess. and Omniscient -- that I will speak the pure truth -- and will withhold and add nothing. THE PRESIDENT: Will you sit down? can further state how this order was carried out and to what degree the execution was kept a secret. THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Kauffmann, will you kindly put questions to the witness. [Turning to the witness] From 1940 to 1943, you were the Commander of the camp at Auschwitz. Is that true? DR. KAUFFMANN: Is it true that you, yourself, have made no exact notes regarding the figures of the number of those victims because you were forbidden to make them? DR. KAUFFMANN: Men, women, and children? DR. KAUFFMANN: You were a participant in the World War? DR. KAUFFMANN: And then in 1922, you entered the Party? DR. KAUFFMANN: Were you a member of the SS? DR. KAUFFMANN: Is it true that you, in the year 1924, were sentenced to a lengthy term of hard labor because you participated in a so-called political murder? DR. KAUFFMANN: And then at the end of 1934, you went to the concentration camp of Dachau? DR. KAUFFMANN: What task did you receive? HOESS: At first, I was the leader of a block of prisoners and then I became clerk and finally, the administrator of the property of prisoners. DR. KAUFFMANN: And how long did you stay there? DR. KAUFFMANN: What job did you have from 1938 on and where were you then? HOESS: In 1938 I went to the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen where, to begin with, I was adjutant to the commander and later on I became the head of the protective custody camp. DR. KAUFFMANN: When were you commander at Auschwitz? HOESS: I was commander at Auschwitz from May 1940 until December 1943. DR. KAUFFMANN: What was the highest number of human beings, prisoners, ever held at one time at Auschwitz? HOESS: The highest number of internees held at one time at Auschwitz, was about 140,000 men and women. DR. KAUFFMANN: Is it true that in 1941 you were ordered to Berlin to see Himmler? Please state briefly what was discussed. HOESS: Yes. In the summer of 1941 I was summoned to Berlin to Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler to receive personal orders. He told me something to the effect -- I do not remember the exact words -- that the Fuehrer had given the order for a final solution of the Jewish question. We, the SS, must carry out that order. If it is not carried out now then the Jews will later on destroy the German people. He had chosen Auschwitz on account of its easy access by rail and also because the extensive site offered space for measures ensuring isolation. DR. KAUFFMANN: During that conference did Himmler tell you that this planned action had to be treated as a secret Reich matter? HOESS: Yes. He stressed that point. He told me that I was not even allowed to say anything about it to my immediate superior Gruppenfuehrer Glucks. This conference concerned the two of us only and I was to observe the strictest secrecy. DR. KAUFFMANN: What was the position held by Glucks whom you have just mentioned? HOESS: Gruppenfuehrer Glucks was, so to speak, the inspector of concentration camps at that time and he was immediately subordinate to the Reichsfuehrer. DR. KAUFFMANN: Does the expression "secret Reich matter" mean that no one was permitted to make even the slightest allusion to outsiders without endangering his own life? HOESS: Yes, "secret Reich matter" means that no one was allowed to speak about these matters with any person and that everyone promised upon his life to keep the utmost secrecy. DR. KAUFFMANN: Did you happen to break that promise? HOESS: No, not until the end of 1942. DR. KAUFFMANN: Why do you mention that date? Did you talk to outsiders after that date? HOESS: At the end of 1942 my wife's curiosity was aroused by remarks made by the then Gauleiter of Upper Silesia, regarding happenings in my camp. She asked me whether this was the truth and I admitted that it was. That was my only breach of the promise I had given to the Reichsfuehrer. Otherwise I have never talked about it to anyone else. DR. KAUFFMANN: When did you meet Eichmann? HOESS: I met Eichmann about 4 weeks after having received that order from the Reichsfuehrer. He came to Auschwitz to discuss the details with me on the carrying out of the given order. As the Reichsfuehrer had told me during our discussion, he had instructed Eichmann to discuss the carrying out of the order with me and I was to receive all further instructions from him. DR. KAUFFMANN: Will you briefly tell whether it is correct that the camp of Auschwitz was completely isolated, describing the measures taken to insure as far as possible the secrecy of carrying out of the task given to you. HOESS: The Auschwitz camp as such was about 3 kilometers away from the town. About 20,000 acres of the surrounding country had been cleared of all former inhabitants, and the entire area could be entered only by SS men or civilian employees who had special passes. The actual compound called "Birkenau," where later on the extermination camp was constructed, was situated 2 kilometers from the Auschwitz camp. The camp installations themselves, that is to say, the provisional installations used at first were deep in the woods and could from nowhere be detected by the eye. In addition to that, this area had been declared a prohibited area and even members of the SS who did not have a special pass could not enter it. Thus, as far as one could judge, it was impossible for anyone except authorized persons to enter that area. DR. KAUFFMANN: And then the railway transports arrived. During what period did these transports arrive and about how many people, roughly, were in such a transport? HOESS: During the whole period up until 1944 certain operations were carried out at irregular intervals in the different countries, so that one cannot speak of a continuous flow of incoming transports. It was always a matter of 4 to 6 weeks. During those 4 to 6 weeks two to three trains, containing about 2,000 persons each, arrived daily. These trains were first of all shunted to a siding in the Birkenau region and the locomotives then went back. The guards who had accompanied the transport had to leave the area at once and the persons who had been brought in were taken over by guards belonging to the camp. They were there examined by two SS medical officers as to their fitness for work. The internees capable of work at once marched to Auschwitz or to the camp at Birkenau and those incapable of work were at first taken to the provisional installations, then later to the newly constructed crematoria. DR. KAUFFMANN: During an interrogation I had with you the other day you told me that about 60 men were designated to receive these transports, and that these 60 persons, too, had been bound to the same secrecy described before. Do you still maintain that today? HOESS: Yes, these 60 men were always on hand to take the internees not capable of work to these provisional installations and later on to the other ones. This group, consisting of about ten leaders and subleaders, as well as doctors and medical personnel, had repeatedly been told, both in writing and verbally, that they were bound to the strictest secrecy as to all that went on in the camps. DR. KAUFFMANN: Were there any signs that might show an outsider who saw these transports arrive, that they would be destroyed or was that possibility so small because there was in Auschwitz an unusually large number of incoming transports, shipments of goods and so forth? HOESS: Yes, an observer who did not make special notes for that purpose could obtain no idea about that because to begin with not only transports arrived which were destined to be destroyed but also other transports arrived continuously, containing new internees who were needed in the camp. Furthermore, transports likewise left the camp in sufficiently large numbers with internees fit for work or exchanged prisoners. The trains themselves were closed, that is to say, the doors of the freight cars were closed so that it was not possible, from the outside, to get a glimpse of the people inside. In addition to that, up to 100 cars of materials, rations, et cetera, were daily rolled into the camp or continuously left the workshops of the camp in which war material was being made. DR. KAUFFMANN: And after the arrival of the transports were the victims stripped of everything they had? Did they have to undress completely; did they have to surrender their valuables? Is that true? DR. KAUFFMANN: And then they immediately went to their death? DR. KAUFFMANN: I ask you, according to your knowledge, did these people know what was in store for them? HOESS: The majority of them did not, for steps were taken to keep them in doubt about it and suspicion would not arise that they were to go to their death. For instance, all doors and all walls bore inscriptions to the effect that they were going to undergo a delousing operation or take a shower. This was made known in several languages to the internees by other internees who had come in with earlier transports and who were being used as auxiliary crews during the whole action. DR. KAUFFMANN: And then, you told me the other day, that death by gassing set in within a period of 3 to 15 minutes. Is that correct? DR. KAUFFMANN: You also told me that even before death finally set in, the victims fell into a state of unconsciousness? HOESS: Yes. From what I was able to find out myself or from what was told me by medical officers, the time necessary for reaching unconsciousness or death varied according to the temperature and the number of people present in the chambers. Loss of consciousness took place within a few seconds or a few minutes. DR. KAUFFMANN: Did you yourself ever feel pity with the victims, thinking of your own family and children? DR. KAUFFMANN: How was it possible for you to carry out these actions in spite of this? HOESS: In view of all these doubts which I had, the only one and decisive argument was the strict order and the reason given for it by the Reichsfuehrer Himmler. DR. KAUFFMANN: I ask you whether Himmler inspected the camp and convinced himself, too, of the process of annihilation? HOESS: Yes. Himmler visited the camp in 1942 and he watched in detail one processing from beginning to end. DR. KAUFFMANN: Does the same apply to Eichmann? HOESS: Eichmann came repeatedly to Auschwitz and was intimately acquainted with the proceedings. DR. KAUFFMANN: Did the Defendant Kaltenbrunner ever inspect the camp? DR. KAUFFMANN: Did you ever talk with Kaltenbrunner with reference to your task? HOESS: No, never. I was with Obergruppenfuehrer Kaltenbrunner on only one single occasion. DR. KAUFFMANN: When was that? HOESS: That was one day after his birthday in the year 1944. DR. KAUFFMANN: What position did you hold in the year 1944? HOESS: In the year 1944 I was the head of Department E1 in the Main Economic and Administrative Office in Berlin. My office was the former Inspectorate of Concentration Camps at Oranienburg. DR. KAUFFMANN: And what was the subject of that conference which you have just mentioned? HOESS: It concerned a report from the camp at Mauthausen on the so-called nameless internees and their engagement in armament industry. Obergruppenfuehrer Kaltenbrunner was to make a decision on the matter. For that reason I came to him with the report from the commander at Mauthausen but he did not make a decision telling me he would do so later. which district Mauthausen is situated. Is that Upper Silesia or is it the Government General? DR. KAUFFMANN: Auschwitz, I beg your pardon, I made a mistake. I mean Auschwitz. HOESS: Auschwitz is situated in the former state of Poland. Later, after 1939, it was incorporated in the province of Upper Silesia. DR. KAUFFMANN: Is it right for me to assume that administration and feeding of concentration camps were exclusively under the control of the Main Economic and Administrative Office? DR. KAUFFMANN: A department which is completely separated from the RSHA? DR. KAUFFMANN: And then from 1943 until the end of the war, you were one of the chiefs in the Inspectorate of the Main Economic and Administrative Office? HOESS: Yes, that is correctly stated. DR. KAUFFMANN: Do you mean by that, that you are particularly well informed on everything occurring in concentration camps regarding the treatment and the methods applied? DR. KAUFFMANN: I ask you, therefore, first of all, whether you have any knowledge regarding the treatment of internees, whether certain methods became known to you according to which they were tortured and cruelly treated? Please formulate your statement according to periods, up to 1939 and after 1939. HOESS: Until the outbreak of war in 1939, the situation in the camps regarding feeding, accommodations, and treatment of internees, was the same as in any other prison or penitentiary in the Reich. The internees were treated severely, but methodical beatings or ill treatments were out of the question. The Reichsfuehrer gave frequent orders that every SS man who laid violent hands on an internee would be punished; and several times SS men who did ill treat internees were punished. Feeding and billeting at that time were on the same basis as those of other prisoners under legal administration. The accommodations in the camps during those years were still normal because the mass influxes at the outbreak of the war and during the war had not yet taken place. When the war started and when mass deliveries of political internees arrived, and, later on, when prisoners who were members of the resistance movements arrived from the occupied territories, the construction of buildings and the extensions of the camps could no longer keep pace with the number of incoming internees. During the first years of the war this problem could still be overcome by improvising measures; but later, due to the exigencies of the war, this was no longer possible since there were practically no building materials any more at our disposal. And, furthermore, rations for the internees were again and again severely curtailed by the provincial economic administration offices. This then led to a situation where internees in the camps no longer had the staying power to resist the now gradually growing epidemics. as many internees as possible; the Reichsfuehrer was constantly concerned with being able to engage all forces available in the armament industry. DR. KAUFFMANN: There is no doubt that the longer the war lasted, the larger became the number of the ill treated and tortured inmates. Whenever you inspected the concentration camps did you not learn something of this state of affairs through complaints, et cetera, or do you consider that the conditions which have been described are more or less due to excesses? HOESS: These so-called ill treatments and this torturing in concentration camps, stories of which were spread everywhere among the people, and later by the prisoners that were liberated by the occupying armies, were not, as assumed, inflicted methodically, but were excesses committed by individual leaders, subleaders, and men who laid violent hands on internees. DR. KAUFFMANN: Do you mean you never took cognizance of these matters? HOESS: If in any way such a case came to be known, then the perpetrator was, of course, immediately relieved of his post or transferred somewhere else. So that, even if he were not punished for lack of evidence to prove his guilt, even then, he was taken away from the internees and given another position. DR. KAUFFMANN: To what do you attribute the particularly bad and shameful conditions, which were ascertained by the entering Allied troops, and which to a certain extent were photographed and filmed? HOESS: The catastrophic situation at the end of the war was due to the fact that, as a result of the destruction of the railway network and of the continuous bombing of the industrial plants, care for these masses-I am thinking of Auschwitz with its 140,000 internees-could no longer be assured. Improvised measures, truck columns, and everything else tried by the commanders to improve the situation were of little or no avail; it was no longer possible. The number of the sick became immense. There were next to no medical supplies; epidemics raged everywhere. Internees who were capable of work were used over and over again. By order of the Reichsfuehrer, even halfsick people had to be used wherever possible in industry. As a result every bit of space in the concentration camps which could possibly be used for lodging was overcrowded with sick and dying prisoners. DR. KAUFFMANN: I am now asking you to look at the map which is mounted behind you. The red dots represent concentration camps. I will first ask you how many concentration camps as such existed at the end of the war? HOESS: At the end of the war there were still concentration camps. All the other points which are marked here on the map mean so-called labor camps attached to the armament industry situated there. The concentration camps, of which there are 13 as I have already said, were the center and the central point of some district, such as the camp at Dachau in Bavaria, or the camp of Mauthausen in Austria; and all the labor camps in that district were under the control of the concentration camp. That camp had then to supply these outside camps, that is to say, they had to supply them with workers, exchange the sick inmates and furnish clothing; the guards, too, were supplied by the concentration camp. From 1944 on, the supplying of food was almost exclusively a matter of the individual armament industries in order to give the prisoners the benefit of the wartime supplementary rations. DR. KAUFFMANN: What became known to you about so-called medical experiments on living internees? HOESS: Medical experiments were carried out in several camps. For instance, in Auschwitz there were experiments on sterilization carried out by Professor Klaubert and Dr. Schumann; also experiments on twins by SS medical officer Dr. Mengele. DR. KAUFFMANN: Do you know the medical officer Dr. Rascher? HOESS: In Dachau he was a medical officer of the Luftwaffe who carried out experiments, on internees who had been sentenced to death, about the resistance of the human body to cold and in high pressure chambers. DR. KAUFFMANN: Can you tell whether such experiments carried out within the camp were known to a large circle? HOESS: Such experiments, just like all other matters, were, of course, called "secret Reich matters." However, it could not be avoided that the experiments became known since they were carried out in a large camp and must have been seen in some way by the inmates. I cannot say, however, to what extent the outside world learned about these experiments. DR. KAUFFMANN: You explained to me that orders for executions were received in the camp at Auschwitz, and you told me that until the outbreak of war such orders were few, but that later on they became more numerous. Is that correct? HOESS: Yes. There were hardly any executions until the beginning of the war-only in particularly serious cases. I remember one case in Buchenwald where an SS man had been attacked and beaten to death by internees, and the internees were later hanged. DR. KAUFFMANN: But during the war -- and that you will admit -- the number of executions increased, and not inconsiderably. HOESS: That had already started with the beginning of the war. DR. KAUFFMANN: Was the basis for these execution orders in many cases a legal sentence of German courts? HOESS: No. Orders for the executions carried out in the camps came from the RSHA. DR. KAUFFMANN: Who signed the orders for executions which you received? Is it correct that occasionally you received orders for executions which bore the signature "Kaltenbrunner," and that these were not the originals but were teleprints which therefore had the signature in typewritten letters? HOESS: It is correct. The originals of execution orders never came to the camps. The original of these orders either arrived at the Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps, from where they were transmitted by teletype to the camps concerned, or, in urgent cases, the RSHA sent the orders directly to the camps concerned, and the Inspectorate was then only informed, so that the signatures in the camps were always only in teletype. DR. KAUFFMANN: So as to again determine the signatures, will you tell the Tribunal whether the overwhelming majority of all execution orders either bore the signature of Himmler or that of Muller in the years before the war and until the end of the war. HOESS: Only very few teletypes which I have ever seen came from the Reichsfuehrer and still fewer from the Defendant Kaltenbrunner. Most of them, I could say practically all, were signed "Signed Muller." DR. KAUFFMANN: Is that the Muller with whom you repeatedly talked about such matters as you stated earlier? HOESS: Gruppenfuehrer Muller was the Chief of Department IV in the RSHA. He had to negotiate with the Inspectorate about all matters connected with concentration camps. DR. KAUFFMANN: Would you say that you went to see the Gestapo Chief Muller because you, on the strength of your experience, were of the opinion that this man because of his years of activities was acting almost independently? HOESS: That is quite right. I had to negotiate all matters regarding concentration camps with Gruppenfuehrer Muller. He was informed on all these matters, and in most cases he would make an immediate decision. DR. KAUFFMANN: Well, so as to have a clear picture, did you ever negotiate these matters with the defendant? DR. KAUFFMANN: Did you learn that towards the end of the war concentration camps were evacuated? And, if so, who gave the orders? HOESS: Let me explain. Originally there was an order from the Reichsfuehrer, according to which camps, in the event of the approach of the enemy or in case of air attacks, were to be surrendered to the enemy. Later on, due to the case of Buchenwald, which had been reported to the Fuehrer, there was -- no, at the beginning of 1945, when various camps came within the operational sphere of the enemy, this order was withdrawn. The Reichsfuehrer ordered the Higher SS and Police Leaders, who in an emergency case were responsible for the security and safety of the camps, to decide themselves whether an evacuation or a surrender was appropriate. what extent camps in southern Germany were cleared, since we, the Inspectorate, no longer had any connections with southern Germany. DR. KAUFFMANN: I have no further questions. THE PRESIDENT: Do any of the defendants' counsel want to ask any questions? DR. MERKEL: Witness, did the State Police, as an authority of the Reich, have anything to do with the destruction of Jews in Auschwitz? HOESS: Yes, insofar as I received all my orders as to the carrying out of that action from the Obersturmfuehrer Eichmann. DR. MERKEL: Was the administration of concentration camps under the control of the Main Economic and Administrative Office? DR. MERKEL: You said already that you had nothing to do with the RSHA. DR. MERKEL: Please, will you emphasize, therefore, that the Gestapo as such had nothing to do with the administration of the camps or the accommodation, feeding, and treatment of the internees, but that this was exclusively a matter for the Main Economic and Administrative Office? HOESS: Yes, that is quite correct. DR. MERKEL: How do you explain it then that you, nevertheless, discussed different questions concerning concentration camps with Muller? HOESS: The RSHA, or rather Amt IV, had the executive power for the directing of all internees into camps, classification into the camp grades 1, 2, 3, and furthermore, the punishments which were to be carried out on the part of the RSHA. Executions, the accommodation of special internees, and all question which might ensue therefrom were also taken care of by the RSHA or Amt IV. DR. MERKEL: When was this Main Economic and Administrative Office created? HOESS: The Main Economic and Administrative Office existed since 1933 under various names. The Inspectorate of Concentration Camps was, however, subordinated only to this Main Economic and Administrative Office since the year 1941. DR. MERKEL: Then these concentration camps were from the very beginning under the control of this Main Economic and Administrative Office, that is to say the SS and not the State Police. DR. MERKEL: You mentioned the name of Dr. Rascher a while ago. Do you know this doctor personally? DR. MERKEL: Do you know that Dr. Rascher before beginning his work at Dachau had become a member of the SS? HOESS: No, I know nothing about that. I only know that later he -- I still saw him in the uniform of an Air Force medical officer. Later he was supposed to have been taken over into the SS, but I did not see him again. DR. MERKEL: I have no further questions. Thank you very much. HERR LUDWIG BABEL (Counsel for SS): Witness, at the beginning of your examination you stated that when you were ordered to the Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler, he told you that the carrying out of this order of the Fuehrer was to be left to the SS and that the SS had been ordered to do it. What is to be understood under this general title SS? HOESS: According to the explanations of the Reichsfuehrer, this could only mean the men guarding the concentration camps. According to the nature of the order only concentration camp crews and not the Waffen-SS could be concerned with the carrying out of this task. HERR BABEL: How many members of the SS were assigned to concentration camps, and which units did they belong to? HOESS: Toward the end of the war there were approximately 35,000 SS men and in my estimation approximately 10,000 men from the Army, Air Force, and the Navy detailed to the labor camps for guard duties. HERR BABEL: What were the tasks of these guards? As far as I know, the duties varied. First, there was the actual guarding and then there was a certain amount of administrative work within the camp. HERR BABEL: How many guards were there within the camps for, let us say, 1,000 internees? HOESS: You cannot estimate it in that way. According to my observations about 10 percent of the total number of guarding personnel were used for internal duties, that is to say, administration and supervision of internees within the camp, including the medical personnel of the camp. HERR BABEL: So that 90 percent were therefore used for the exterior guarding, that is to say, for watching the camp from watch towers and for escorting the internees on work assignments. HERR BABEL: Did you make any observations as to whether there was any ill-treatment of prisoners to a greater or lesser degree on the part of those guards, or whether the ill-treatment was mainly to be traced back to the so-called Kapos? HOESS: If any ill-treatment of prisoners by guards occurred -- I myself have never observed any -- then this was possible only to a very small degree since all offices in charge of the camps took care that as few SS men as possible had direct contact with the inmates, because in the course of the years the guard personnel had deteriorated to such an extent that the standards formerly demanded could no longer be maintained. We had thousands of guards who could hardly speak German, who came from all lands as volunteers and joined these units, or we had older men, between 50 and 60, who lacked all interest in their work, so that a camp commander had to watch constantly that these men fulfilled even the lowest requirements of their duties. It is obvious that there were elements among them who would ill-treat internees, but this ill-treatment was never tolerated. Besides, it was impossible to have these masses of people directed at work or when in the camp by SS men only; therefore, inmates had to be assigned everywhere to direct the other prisoners and set them to work. The internal administration of the camp was almost completely in their hands. Of course a great deal of ill-treatment occurred which could not be avoided because at night there were hardly any members of the SS in the camps. Only in specific cases were SS men allowed to enter the camp, so that the internees were more or less exposed to these Kapos. HERR BABEL: You have already mentioned regulations which existed for the guards, but there was also a standing order in each camp. In this camp order certainly punishment was provided for internees who violated the camp rules. What punishment was provided? HOESS: First of all, transfer to a penal company (Strafkompanie), that as to say, harder work and restricted accommodations; next, detention in the cell block, detention in a dark cell; and in very serious cases, chaining or strapping. Punishment by strapping was prohibited in the year 1942 or 1943 -- I cannot say exactly when -- by the Reichsfuehrer. Then there was the punishment of standing at the camp gate over a rather long period, and finally corporal punishment. However, no commander could decree this corporal punishment on his own authority. He could only apply for it. In the case of men, the decision came from the Inspector of Concentration Camps, Gruppenfuehrer Schmidt, and where women were concerned, the Reichsfuehrer reserved the decision exclusively for himself. HERR BABEL: It may also be known to you that for members of the SS, too, there were two penal camps which sometimes were called concentration camps, namely, Dachau and Danzig-Matzkau. HERR BABEL: Were the existing camp regulations and the treatment of members of the SS who were put in such camps different from the regulations applying to the other concentration camps? HOESS: Yes; these two detention camps were not under the Inspectorate for Concentration Camps, but they were under an SS and Police court. I myself have neither inspected nor seen these two camps. HERR BABEL: So that you know nothing about the standing orders relating to those camps? HOESS: I know nothing about them. HERR BABEL: I have no further questions to the witness. DR. HAENSEL: I have a question that I would like to ask the High Tribunal A second defense counsel has been requested for the SS. Is it permitted that several questions be put for the second defense counsel? THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal ruled a long time ago that only one counsel could be heard. FLOTTENRICHTER OTTO KRANZBUHLER (Counsel for Defendant Doenitz): Witness, you just mentioned that members of the Navy were detailed to guard concentration camps. FLOTTENRICHTER KRANZBUHLER: Were these concentration camps, or were they labor camps? HOESS: They were labor camps. FLOTTENRICHTER KRANZBUHLER: Are labor camps barracks camps of the armament industries? HOESS: Yes, if they were not accommodated in the actual factories themselves. FLOTTENRICHTER KRANZBUHLER: I have been informed that soldiers who were to be assigned for guard duty at labor camps were given over to the SS. HOESS: That is only partially correct. A part of these men -- I do not recall the figures -- was taken over into the SS. A part was returned to the original unit, or exchanged. Exchanges were continually taking place. COL. AMEN: If the Tribunal please, first I would like to submit, on behalf of our British Allies, a series of exhibits pertaining to the Waffen-SS, without reading them. It is merely statistical information with respect to the number of Waffen-SS guards used at the concentration camps. Witness, you made the statement, D749 (b), which has been handed to you? COL. AMEN: And you are familiar with the content of the others? COL. AMEN: And you testify that those figures are true and correct? COL. AMEN: Very good. Those will become Exhibit Number USA-810. Witness, from time to time did any high Nazi officials or functionaries visit the camp at Mauthausen or Dachau while you were there? COL. AMEN: Will you state the names of such persons to the Tribunal please? HOESS: I remember that in 1935 all the Gauleiter inspected Dachau guided by Reichsfuehrer Himmler. I do not remember them individually. COL. AMEN: Do you recall any of the ministers having visited either of those camps while you were there? HOESS: Do you mean by this the inspection tour of 1935? COL. AMEN: At any time while you were at either of those concentration camps. HOESS: In 1938 Minister Frick was at Sachsenhausen with the Regierungsprasident. COL. AMEN: Do you recall any other ministers who were there at any time? HOESS: Not at Sachsenhausen, but at Auschwitz, the Minister of Justice. COL. AMEN: Who was he? COL. AMEN: And who else? Do you recall any others? HOESS: Yes, but I do not remember the name for the moment. HOESS: I have already stated that in the record, but at the moment I cannot recall the name. COL. AMEN: All right. You have testified that many of the execution orders were signed by Muller. Is that correct? DR. STEINBAUER: Pardon me, Mr. President, documents have been submitted and the witness is being questioned about the contents. The Defense is not in a position to follow the Prosecution because we do not know the contents of these documents. I request. that we receive copies of them. THE PRESIDENT: Haven't copies of these documents been handed to the defendants? COL. AMEN: Yes, so I understood. We have copies here. However, five German copies have been distributed. THE PRESIDENT: Well, the matter can be looked into. COL. AMEN: Witness, I was asking you about these execution orders which you testify were signed by Muller. Do you understand? COL. AMEN: Is it not a fact that all of these execution orders which you testify were signed by Muller were also signed by order of, or as representative of, the Chief of the RSHA, Kaltenbrunner? HOESS: Yes. That was on the copies that I had in the originals. Afterwards, when I was employed at Oranienburg, it said underneath, "I. V. Muller''-"in Vertretung Muller" (as representative, Muller). COL. AMEN: In other words Muller was merely signing as the representative of the Chief of the RSHA, Kaltenbrunner? Is that not correct? HOESS: I must assume so. COL. AMEN: And, of course, you know that Muller was a subordinate of the Chief of the RSHA, Kaltenbrunner. COL. AMEN: Witness, you made an affidavit, did you not, at the request of the Prosecution? COL. AMEN: I ask that the witness be shown Document 3868-PS, which will become Exhibit USA-819. COL. AMEN: You signed that affidavit voluntarily, Witness? COL. AMEN: And the affidavit is true in all respects? COL. AMEN: This, if the Tribunal please, we have in four languages. [Turning to the witness.] Some of the matters covered in this affidavit you have already told us about in part, so I will omit some parts of the affidavit. If you will follow along with me as I read, please. Do you have a copy of the affidavit before you? 1940, when I was appointed Commandant of Auschwitz. I commanded Auschwitz until 1 December 1943, and estimate that at least 2,500,000 victims were executed and exterminated there by gassing and burning, and at least another half million succumbed to starvation and disease making a total dead of about 3,000,000. This figure represents about 70 or 80 percent of all persons sent to Auschwitz as prisoners, the remainder having been selected and used for slave labor in the concentration camp industries; included among the executed and burned were approximately 20,000 Russian prisoners of war (previously screened out of prisoner-of-war cages by the Gestapo) who were delivered at Auschwitz in Wehrmacht transports operated by regular Wehrmacht officers and men. The remainder of the total number of victims included about 100,000 German Jews, and great Numbers of citizens, mostly Jewish, from Holland, France, Belgium, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Greece, or other countries. We executed about 400,000 Hungarian Jews alone at Auschwitz in the summer of 1944." That is all true, Witness? ". . . prior to establishment of the RSHA, the Secret State Police Office (Gestapo) and the Reich Office of Criminal Police were responsible for arrests, commitments to concentration camps, punishments and executions therein. After organization of the RSHA all of these functions were carried on as before, but pursuant to orders signed by Heydrich as Chief of the RSHA. While Kaltenbrunner was Chief of RSHA orders for protective custody, commitments, punishment, and individual executions were signed by Kaltenbrunner or by Muller, Chief of the Gestapo, as Kaltenbrunner's deputy." THE PRESIDENT: Just for the sake of accuracy, the last date in Paragraph 2, is that 1943 or 1944? COL. AMEN: 1944, I believe. Is that date correct, Witness, at the close of Paragraph 2, namely, that the 400,000 Hungarian Jews alone at Auschwitz in the summer of 1944 were executed? is that 1944 or 1943? HOESS: 1944. Part of that figure also goes back to 1943; only a part. I cannot give the exact figure; the end was 1944, autumn of 1944. "4. Mass executions by gassing commenced during the summer of 1941 and continued until fall 1944. I personally supervised executions at Auschwitz until first of December 1943 and know by reason of my continued duties in the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps, WVHA, that these mass executions continued as stated above. All mass executions by gassing took place under the direct order, supervision, and responsibility of RSHA. I received all orders for carrying out these mass executions directly from RSHA." Are those statements true and correct, Witness? COL. AMEN: "5. On 1 December 1943 I became Chief of Amt I in Amt Group D of the WVHA, and in that office was responsible for coordinating all matters arising between RSHA and concentration camps under the administration of WVHA. I held this position until the end of the war. Pohl, as Chief of WVHA, and Kaltenbrunner, as Chief of RSHA, often conferred personally and frequently communicated orally and in writing concerning concentration camps...." You have already told us about the lengthy report which you took to Kaltenbrunner in Berlin, so I will omit the remainder of Paragraph 5. "6. The 'final solution' of the Jewish question meant the complete extermination of all Jews in Europe. I was ordered to establish extermination facilities at Auschwitz in June 1941. At that time, there were already in the General Government three other extermination camps: Belzek, Treblinka, and Wolzek. These camps were under the Einsatzkommando of the Security Police and SD. I visited Treblinka to find out how they carried out their exterminations. The camp commandant at Treblinka told me that he had liquidated 80,000 in the course of one-half year. He was principally concerned with liquidating all the Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto. He used monoxide gas, and I did not think that his methods were very efficient. So when I set up the extermination building at Auschwitz, I used Cyklon B. which was a crystallized prussic acid which we dropped into the death chamber from a small opening. It took from 3 to 15 minutes to kill the people in the death chamber, depending upon climatic conditions. We knew when the people were dead because their screaming stopped. We usually waited about one-half hour before we opened the doors and removed the bodies. After the bodies were removed our special Kommandos took off the rings and extracted the gold from the teeth of the corpses." Is that all true and correct, Witness? COL. AMEN: Incidentally, what was done with the gold which was taken from the teeth of the corpses, do you know? COL. AMEN: Will you tell the Tribunal? HOESS: This gold was melted down and brought to the Chief Medical Office of the SS at Berlin. COL. AMEN: "7. Another improvement we made over Treblinka was that we built our gas chamber to accomodate 2,000 people at one time whereas at Treblinka their 10 gas chambers only accommodated 200 people each. The way we selected our victims was as follows: We had two SS doctors on duty at Auschwitz to examine the incoming transports of prisoners. The prisoners would be marched by one of the doctors who would make spot decisions as they walked by. Those who were fit for work were sent into the camp. Others were sent immediately to the extermination plants. Children of tender years were invariably exterminated since by reason of their youth they were unable to work. Still another improvement we made over Treblinka was that at Treblinka the victims almost always knew that they were to be exterminated and at Auschwitz we endeavored to fool the victims into thinking that they were to go through a delousing process. Of course, frequently they realized our true intentions and we sometimes had riots and difficulties due to that fact. Very frequently women would hide their children under the clothes, but of course when we found them we would send the children in to be exterminated. We were required to carry out these exterminations in secrecy but of course the foul and nauseating stench from the continuous burning of bodies permeated the entire area and all of the people living in the surrounding communities knew that exterminations were going on at Auschwitz." COL. AMEN: Now, I will omit Paragraphs 8 and 9, which have to do with the medical experiments as to which you have already testified. such, he frequently sent prisoners to Auschwitz for incarceration or execution. He visited Auschwitz on several occasions. The Gestapo court, the SS Standgericht, which tried persons accused of various crimes, such as escaping prisoners of war, et cetera, frequently met within Auschwitz, and Mildner often attended the trial of such persons, who usually were executed in Auschwitz following their sentence. I showed Mildner through the extermination plant at Auschwitz and he was directly interested in it since he had to send the Jews from his territory for execution at Auschwitz. "I understand English as it is written above. The above statements are true; this declaration is made by me voluntarily and without compulsion; after reading over the statement I have signed and executed the same at Nuremberg, Germany, on the fifth day of April 1946." Now I ask you, Witness, is everything which I have read to you true to your oven knowledge? COL. AMEN: That concludes my cross-examination, except for one exhibit that our British allies would like to have in, which is a summary sheet of the exhibits which I introduced at the commencement of the cross-examination. That will be Exhibit Number USA-810. It is a summary of the earlier exhibits that I put in with respect to the Waffen-SS at the commencement of my cross examination. Now, I understand, Your Lordship, that both the Soviet and the French delegations have one or two questions which they consider peculiar to their country which they would like to put to this witness. THE PRESIDENT: General Rudenko, you will remember that the Tribunal was assured by Counsel for the Prosecution that, so far as witnesses were concerned, with the exception of one or two particular defendants, the Prosecution would have only one cross-examination and now, since that assurance was given, this is the second instance when the Prosecution have desired to have more than one cross-examination. GEN. RUDENKO: This is correct, Mr. President, that the Prosecution did make that statement; however, the Prosecution reserved the right to do otherwise on certain occasions when deemed necessary. Since, in this case, the Prosecution represent four different states, occasions do arise when each of the prosecutors feels that he has the right to ask the defendant or witnesses individual questions particularly interesting to his own country. THE PRESIDENT: Will you indicate the nature of the questions which the Soviet Prosecution desire to put? I mean the subjects upon which they are. I don't mean the exact questions but the subject. GEN. RUDENKO: Yes, I understand. Colonel Pokrovsky, who intends to ask the questions, will report on the subject to the Tribunal. COL. POKROVSKY: May I report to you, Mr. President, that the questions of interest to the Soviet Prosecution are those dealing specifically with the annihilation of millions of Soviet citizens and some details connected with that annihilation. At the request of the French Prosecution, and in order to clarify the contents I would also like to ask two or three questions connected with the documents which in due course were submitted as Document F709(a) to the Tribunal by the French Prosecution. This is really all there is; however, these questions do have great importance for us. THE PRESIDENT: Colonel Pokrovsky, the Tribunal, as has just been stated, made the rule, with the assent of the Prosecutors, that in the case of the witnesses there should be one cross-examination. There is nothing in the Charter which expressly gives to the Prosecution the right for each prosecutor to cross-examine and there is, on the other hand, Article 18 which directs the Tribunal to take strict measures to prevent any action which will cause unreasonable delay, and, in the opinion of the Tribunal in the present case, the subject has been fully covered and the Tribunal therefore think it right to adhere to the rules which they have laid down in this case. They will therefore not hear any further cross-examination. Do you wish to reexamine, Dr. Kauffmann? DR. KAUFFMANN: I will be very brief. Witness, in the affidavit which was just read, you said under Point 2 that "at least an additional half million died through starvation and disease." I ask you, when did this take place? Was it towards the end of the war or was this fact observed by you already at an earlier period? HOESS: No, it all goes back to the last years of the war, that is beginning with the end of 1942. DR. KAUFFMANN: Under Point 3 -- do you still have the affidavit before you? DR. KAUFFMANN: May I ask that it be given to the witness again? Under Point 3, at the end you state that orders for protective custody, commitments, punishments, and special executions were signed by Kaltenbrunner or Muller, Chief of the Gestapo, as Kaltenbrunner's deputy. Thus, do you wish to contradict what you stated previously? "All mass executions through gassing took place under the direct order, supervision, and responsibility of RSHA. I received all orders for carrying out these mass executions directly from RSHA." According to the statements which you previously made to the Tribunal, this entire action came to you directly from Himmler through Eichmann, who had been personally delegated. Do you maintain that now as before? DR. KAUFFMANN: With this last sentence under Point 4, do you wish to contradict what you testified before? HOESS: No. I always mean regarding mass executions, Obersturmbannfuehrer Eichmann in connection with the RSHA. DR. KAUFFMANN: Under Point 7, at the end, you state -- I am not going to read it -- you were saying that even though exterminations took place secretly, the population in the surrounding area noticed something of the extermination of people. Did not, at an earlier period of time -- that is, before the beginning of this special extermination action -- something of this nature take place to remove people who had died in a normal manner in Auschwitz? HOESS: Yes, when the crematoria had not yet been built we burned in large pits a large part of those who had died and who could not be cremated in the provisional crematoria of the camp; a large number-I do not recall the figure anymore-were placed in mass graves and later also cremated in these graves. That was before the mass executions of Jews began. DR. KAUFFMANN: Would you agree with me if I were to say that from the described facts alone, one could not conclusively prove that this was concerned with the extermination of Jews? HOESS: No, this could in no way be concluded from that. The population . . . THE PRESIDENT: What was your question about? concerned the so-called extermination of Jews. I tied this question to the previous answer of the witness. It is my last question. THE PRESIDENT: The last sentence of Paragraph 7 is with reference to the foul and nauseating stench. What is your question about that? DR. KAUFFMANN: Whether the population could gather from these things that an extermination of Jews was taking place. DR. KAUFFMANN: That is enough for me. I have no further questions. DR. PANNENBECKER: I ask the Tribunal's permission to ask a few supplementary questions, for during cross examination the witness stated that the Defendant Frick had visited the concentration camps Sachsenhausen and Oranienburg in 1938. Witness, when an inspection of the concentration camp of Oranienburg took place at that time, 193738, was there any evidence at all of atrocities? HOESS: Because there was no question of atrocities at that time. DR. PANNENBECKER: Is it correct that at that period of time the concentration camp at Oranienburg was still a model of order and that agricultural labor was the main occupation? HOESS: Yes, that is right. However, work was mainly done in workshops, in woodfinishing workshops. DR. PANNENBECKER: Can you give me any details as to what was shown at that time at such an official visit? HOESS: Yes. The visiting party was shown through the prisoners' camp proper, inspected the quarters, the kitchen, the hospital, and then all the administrative buildings; above all the workshops, where the inmates were employed. DR. PANNENBECKER: At that time were the quarters and the hospitals already overcrowded? HOESS: No, at that time they were normally filled. DR. PANNENBECKER: How did these quarters look? HOESS: At that period of time, living quarters looked the same as the barracks of a training ground. The internees still had bed clothing and all necessary hygienic facilities. Everything was yet in the best of order. DR. PANNENBECKER: That is all. I have no further questions. THE TRIBUNAL (Mr. Francis Biddle, Member for the United States): Witness, what was the greatest number of labor camps existing at any one time? HOESS: I cannot give the exact figure but in my estimation there were approximately 900. THE TRIBUNAL (Mr. Biddle): What was the population of these 900? HOESS: I am not able to say that either; the population varied. There were camps with 100 internees and camps with 10,000 internees. Therefore, I cannot give any figure of the total number of people who were in these labor camps. THE TRIBUNAL (Mr. Biddle): Under whose administration were the labor camps-under what offices? HOESS: These labor camps, as far as the guarding, direction, and clothing were concerned, were under the control of the Economic and Administration Main Office. All matters dealing with labor output and the supplying of food were attended to by the armament industries which employed these internees. THE TRIBUNAL (Mr. Biddle): And at the end of the war were the conditions in those labor camps similar to those existing in the concentration camps as you described them before? HOESS: Yes. Since there no longer was any possibility of bringing ill internees to the main camps, there was much overcrowding in these labor camps and the death rate very high.

2019-04-19T22:28:38Z

https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=667873

The Zetas have hinted broadly that the Council of Worlds may allow a severe wobble to occur, as is detailed in Issue 516 of this newsletter. Where it was addressed in 2010 and 2011, and has always been on the books, so to speak, for the Earth, it is time to revisit the subject. A severe wobble is not as bad as the sloshing that will occur during the hour of the Pole Shift, which will be tidal waves 500-600 feet high. A severe wobble is less than half that height, at 200-300 feet. In addition, the tidal waves are like a tide rolling in, not a giant wave crashing down, as depicted in the Dees illustration below. This is the nightmare most people entertain when they hear of Nibiru induced tidal waves. But a severe wobble will be bad enough. ZetaTalk Warning 8/25/2011: Planet X is approaching mainly from the right, in its retrograde orbit, though also somewhat Sunside on its way outbound from the Sun. The severe wobble will merely be an exaggeration of the existing wobble, where the magnetic N Pole is pushed as its current location in the Arctic near Siberia rolls over the horizon. As the globe is pushed violently northward, the waters in the Pacific will slosh southward, and waters in the Atlantic will slosh in the opposite direction, northward. For the Pacific, the northern coastlines will be pushed under the ocean, and for the Atlantic, the southern coastlines will be pushed under the ocean. Then, 12 hours later, this reverses. The sloshing will be in a N/S direction, back and froth. The severe wobble slosh will be 200-300 feet high. Now that I have your attention, just what will a severe wobble potentially entail? Severe wobble sloshing is less than the Pole Shift sloshing, as during the Pole Shift the crustal shift stops, with the water on the move continuing up to a 500-600 foot tide. But during a severe wobble the globe reverses and returns, essentially moving back under the moving water, so the slosh is stopped. This high tide is more akin to the high tides experienced during a storm surge, where they roll in, as a tide, and prove to be above the normal tide for that particular stretch of coastline. However, where a storm surge is usually 20 feet above normal, severe wobble tides can be 200-300 feet above normal. ZetaTalk Pole Shift Slosh Description 2001: This is a flood tide, with the lip of the water being its highest point, rising like a silent tide endlessly on the rise, the wave rolling inland without a crashing back and forth, just a steady progressive inundation. To those at the mercy of such a flood tide, their first thought is to climb above the tide. Soon they are standing on the highest point they can reach, and still the water, flowing inland steadily, rises. Afloat on a boat or flotsam, they will be dragged inland with the flow until a reverse slosh begins, the water flowing back into its bed but in the nature of water during a slosh, overshooting this other side so that both sides of the ocean experience this flood tide, alternately, for some days until the momentum diminishes. When the flood tide recedes, those afloat are in danger of being dragged far out to sea with the flow, as the water will rush to its bed unevenly, more rapidly where it can recede the fastest. The Zetas equate the flood tide potential during a severe wobble to be more like the 2004 Ache tsunami, which rose to 100 feet in height and rolled in like a high tide. ZetaTalk Prediction 8/27/2016: We have explained in prior ZetaTalk that wobble sloshing is not as devastating as the Pole Shift sloshing. The primary reason for this is that wobble sloshing reverses, self corrects, where Pole Shift sloshing occurs when the crustal shift places the crust in a new position, and there it stays. We have stated that wobble sloshing during a severe wobble will result in high tides 200-300 feet high, and that the Pole Shift tides can be expected to be 500-600 feet high. In both cases, the higher tide is a result of tidal bore, the geology of the coastline, where water is funneled upward as it has nowhere else to go. There are other differences between a severe wobble and the Pole Shift itself. As Nibiru tightens its grip on the planets caught in the cup, Nibiru pulls to the right of the Earth steadily and the Earth and her sister planets (Venus and the Dark Twin) squeeze to the left. The Pole Shift is unleashed when Venus and the Dark Twin escape the cup, allowing Nibiru to draw closer to the Earth, but for a severe wobble these extreme positions are not in place. Nibiru is still not directly to the right of the Earth, nor is it close. Thus the severe wobble is a combination of a swing to the left into a lean to the left and back again, and a swing of the N Pole away into extreme darkness for the Northern Hemisphere and then back again. It will not reach the extremes that we have described for the Last Weeks. Nevertheless, it will be extreme enough that the entire population of the World will notice that something is amiss, the Sun very much out of place, and the establishment will not be able to sputter excuses fast enough. The people will know that the establishment is lying, and any such lies will doom the establishment to becoming a hollow voice no longer believed on any matter. If we have advised that during the hour of the Pole Shift, people be 100 miles inland and 200 feet above sea level to evade the Pole Shift sloshing. One could assume this to be approximately half that for a severe wobble, thus being 50 miles inland and 100 feet above sea level should suffice. However, local variances will exist, causing tidal bore, causing the tide to roll further inland before stopping, and caution would of course be better than not. We have described the severe wobble as likely to commence suddenly, without warning, so our advice for those likely to be affected is to sleep on the roof, or above ground, or be prepared to move if alarms are sounded. This will be a flood tide, not violent waves accompanied by high winds and flying debris. One could look to the tsunami in Ache in 2004 as an example of a flood tide rolling inland. The elephants knew, and took to the hills, but mankind does not listen well. It should be noted that we described the effect of a severe wobble back in 2011, and 5 years have passed since that time. A severe wobble was always in the cards, for mankind, for the Earth. We also described devastating tides as a result of 7 of 10 plate movements, particularly against Europe. Such devastation occurring prior to the hour of the Pole Shift should be viewed ultimately as saving lives, in that mankind will move away from the coastlines. Who is listening to the ZetaTalk warning about a possible severe wobble? We have in the past stated that Heads of State read ZetaTalk, and it is taken seriously. As evidence of this we have a sudden reaction in the German government, announcing that their citizens should be prepared to have a 10 day supply of food and water at hand. No particular threat was specified, though natural disasters were mentioned. Germany, and much of Europe, is lowland and would become quickly flooded by a severe wobble flood tide. Germany is planning to urge its citizens to stockpile food, water and other supplies in the event of a catastrophe or armed attack. German authorities are set to introduce a new state defense plan that would make citizens stockpile food and water, enough to last for at least ten days, in the event of a major disaster or an armed attack. The nation is to be encouraged to put away food reserves to take care of themselves in case of emergency. ZetaTalk Prediction 8/27/2016: What is Germany anticipating, that they are about to instruct their citizens to have enough food and water to sustain themselves for 10 days. Natural disaster or an attack was mentioned, but neither seems eminent. A terrorist attack would be local, and not require food and water for the entire country. What attack would occur? Unless NATO attacks Russia, there is no conceivable conflict. Do Merkel and the German government fear that ISIS has so thoroughly infiltrated Germany that the country could erupt into civil war between ISIS and the German people? Since Merkel is still extending a welcoming hand to immigrants from Syria, this does not seem to fix. Thus, the only cause left is a natural disaster. Germany is lowland, at least the northern part of the country, and would be awash if a major sloshing of the Atlantic were to occur. Of course this would also be true of the Netherlands, Denmark, the eastern coast of France, and parts of the UK, but they are not Germany’s concern. We have been hinting broadly that to provide cover for Dunford to delay and defer the 2016 elections, the Council of Worlds might give Dunford cover, and the most likely event would be a severe wobble. Such an event as described in detail by ourselves would potentially cause flooding in Germany. It is obvious that Merkel and the German government take ZetaTalk seriously. This was then followed by a similar warning by the Czech Republic, Germany’s neighbor. Why would an ISIS terror attack, a local affair, require citizens to be “self-sufficient”? In that the lands to the North of the Czech Republic would be flooded to a great extent, they would likely have a refugee crisis from the North. If all of Berlin were to head directly to the highlands, they would arrive in the Czech Republic. Then rumors from Finland hit the news, with citizens quietly being told to stockpile food and water. Finland has a long coastline, surrounded on three sides by the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia. Then news emerged that western and central Russia were calling up their Reserves. This was all postured in the context of war, but other European states were strangely passive if this was the case. It fits a pending slosh, a tidal bore up toward Finland, not war. Czech media is reporting that the country’s food reserves are “struggling” and would be incapable of meeting demand in the event of a national crisis. Supplies of milk powder are particularly low. The government is calling on citizens to increase their “self-sufficiency” and “food safety” by stockpiling more food. Now Finland Too! Local Councils Warning Citizens "Stockpile Food & Water - Prepare" First it was Germany, last Saturday (20 Aug) which began warning its citizens to "stockpile 10 days worth of food & water." One day later, the Czech Republic warned its citizens "prepare for the worst." Now Finland is warning its citizens too "stockpile large quantities of food and water, something bad is coming." The warnings are being issued word-of-mouth throughout Finland, and being done very quietly but quickly. These warnings are coming from official government entities in Europe and they come at a time when tensions are rising everywhere. Reservists in the Southern, Central and Western Military Districts are being called up, and trucks from the civilian sector are being transferred into military service as per the mobilization plans. In addition, workers in militarily vital industries in southern Russia are being conscripted into the Ministry of Defense - they can no longer quit or transfer without military approval for the duration of the alert. This call-up of Reserves is almost unprecedented. They've never called up the reserves. Not for Crimea, or Georgia, or even even Chechnya. And where is that water to go, sloshing in from the Atlantic, when it arrives at Finland? It would bore inland, as it has nowhere else to go. Tidal bore is water on the move as the pressure behind it is unrelenting, as the Zetas explained at the start of the ZetaTalk saga. During the Pole Shift tides, or tides accompanying a severe wobble, tidal bore should be expected. ZetaTalk Explanation 6/1/1999: Those who have witnessed tidal bore roaring up a ravine are astonished that water does not seem to respect the relative sea level during those times. What makes the water climb? Water pressure drives water to climb above its level because at the point where the pressure build, it takes the easiest path. When the force of pressure is extreme, compressing the water at lower levels, the path of least resistance is taken. During a tidal wave, this path is away from the bulk of water. A tidal wave moves inland until one of two situations occurs: the level to which it has climbed is higher than the level elsewhere, and the wave recedes, or the pressure behind the wave decreases. Where tidal waves meet mountains, this can result in tidal bore up ravines. Where tidal waves flow inland, this results in a flood tide going hundreds of miles inland. Where the tidal wave finds foot hills or barriers, the force of the wave is broken such that it is slowed, allowing a reduction in pressure behind the wave to arrive before the wave moves far inland. But where the tidal wave finds virtually no barriers, due to the land being flat, it becomes water on the move, and this very momentum carries it far inland, and above a height that would otherwise be expected. Why would Europe be more affected during a severe wobble than the rest of the world? Europe is at the receiving end of Atlantic tides, which will tend to get caught after they flow through the English Channel and into the Bay of Finland. Sloshing water will move along with existing tides. Elsewhere around the globe, a severe wobble tide will not get trapped, though the East Coast of the US is vulnerable, as is China, due to extensive lowlands. We recently covered the newly discovered planetoid Niku’s retrograde orbit, detailing how this was a Prong 3 bonanza in that it opened the door for other objects in the Solar System with a retrograde orbit to be discovered. We are speaking here of Nibiru, which has a retrograde orbit, a retrograde rotation, and a tail that swirls in a retrograde motion. Now there is another announcement, about Proxima B, an Earth sized planet orbiting Proxima Centauri in the habitable zone. What might this mean, and is it related to the Prong 3 agenda? Proxima B was discovered by the ESO’s observatory in Chile, by the very same crew that runs the Dark Energy Survey by which Nibiru will be found in the infrared star charts. This is all more than a coincidence, per the Zetas. In a discovery that has been years in the making, researchers have confirmed the existence of a rocky planet named Proxima b orbiting Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our sun, according to a new study. It is the closest exoplanet to us in the universe. Given the fact that Proxima b is within the habitable zone of its star, meaning liquid water could exist on the surface, it may also be the closest possible home for life outside of our solar system. The search for life outside our solar system has been brought to our cosmic doorstep with the discovery of an apparently rocky planet orbiting the nearest star to our sun. Named Proxima b, the new planet has sparked a flurry of excitement among astrophysicists, with the tantalising possibility that it might be similar in crucial respects to Earth. ZetaTalk Insight 8/27/2016: Why the sudden flurry about Proxima B when it had been known to exist for over a decade? This is indeed a Prong 3 assist, with the main character in the announcement the ESO’s observatory in Chile. This will likewise be the source of the announcement when Nibiru is discovered, as the Dark Energy Survey is run from this Chile observatory, the very same crew scanning the infrared images from past years looking for exoplanets. Prong 3 cover is also being provided by the emphasis on confusion, that Proxima B was elusive. The trend has been to discover exoplanets galore, so as to pave the way for the discovery of Nibiru in the Dark Energy Survey star charts, in a retrograde orbit, arriving right where it rides today, next to the Sun. The trend has been to emphasize potentially life bearing planets being discovered, so as to pave the way to a tacit admission that the alien presence is real, and has been on Earth for millennia. The public is to arrive at this conclusion, as no formal announcement about the alien presence will be forthcoming from the establishment. We will avoid the sticky cover-up by just leaping to the conclusion. Why is it necessary to emphasize that life elsewhere can exist, that intelligent life has likely evolved elsewhere, and since there are worlds equivalent to Earth that this life might find Earth compatible? Is the establishment intending to announce that the Annunaki exist and are inhabiting Nibiru? This fact can hardly be avoided, given the vast Earth history on the Annunaki. The Great Pyramids, massive stones such as the Easter Island heads moved about with ease, and legends of demigods larger than man walking the Earth. The admission that Nibiru is real and at hand leads to ZetaTalk, a communication by aliens, and this then leads to the Annunaki legends. It is inevitable. Pole Shift denial occurs when mankind looks with tunnel vision, refusing to take in all the facts at once, because the thought of riding on the Earth plates, sliding over the slippery magma to a new location, is just too terrifying. Thus they look at the Ice Ages and do not see that the N Pole was located in different places, moving every 3,600 years. Archeologists are puzzled that humans could be on the N American continent more than 13,000 years ago, when the Bering Strait was assumed to be too cold to traverse prior to that. Per the Zetas in 16,000 BC the N Pole moved from Wisconsin to Finland , and in 12,400 BC moved again to the Barents Sea north of Sweden , and in 8,800 BC moved again to the East Siberian Sea , and then in 1,600 BC moved to Greenland . Thus the Bering Straits were not frozen solid during the years in question. Scholars have long theorized that the first humans to populate the North American continent likely traversed a long-vanished land bridge that once linked Siberia and Alaska over the Bering Strait. A new study published today in the journal Nature, however, challenges the conventional view by finding that the entry route was not “biologically viable” until hundreds of years after the first Ice-Age humans arrived on the continent. Archaeological studies have found that human colonization of North America by the so-called Clovis culture dates back more than 13,000 years ago, and recent archaeological evidence suggests that people could have been on the continent 14,700 years ago—and possibly even several millennia before that. ZetaTalk Explanation 8/20/2016: This whole controversy is a non-issue, due entirely to Pole Shift denial. Of course the Bering Straits were not frozen over all the time. Nor were they flooded to the degree they are today either. 18,000 years ago the N Pole moved from N America to Scandinavia and 14,400 years ago moved from Scandinavia to the Barents Sea. Thus the Bering Straits were hardly frozen solid 14,700 years ago when the presumed migration from Asia would have occurred. This type of fractured thinking is typical of many humans, who cannot deal with all the facts so discard what does not fit. The Earth did not have Ice Ages, it had crustal shifts. Nothing else fits.

2019-04-18T18:59:29Z

http://zetatalk.com/newsletr/issue518.htm

"Bone Broth For Cancer Cure " If you Love Bone Broth For Cancer Cure then you are at the right place!! Bone Broth For Cancer Cure is made from pet bones and connective tissue-- usually livestock, hen, or fish-- that have actually been steamed right into a broth and also slow simmered for 10 to greater than 20 hours with natural herbs, vegetables, and also spices. So why is this relatively straightforward fluid something you 'd want to consume everyday Bone Broth For Cancer Cure ? Also our hunter-gatherer ancestors understood that alcohol consumption Bone Broth For Cancer Cure was like striking dietary gold, as its earliest variation dates back over 2,500 years. Throwing out anything edible ran out the inquiry back then, so animal hooves, knuckles, bones, and other connective tissues never ever went to squander. Bone broth has a rich history of being used in conventional Chinese medicine as a gastrointestinal restorative, blood home builder, and also kidney strengthener due to the high collagen web content, bioavailable minerals, anti-inflammatory amino acids, as well as recovery substances that can just be discovered in bones and also connective tissue Bone Broth For Cancer Cure. View as celebrity health and wellness trainer, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins and outs of what bone broth really is. In simply two mins, he'll discuss what bone broth is and also what it can do for your gut, joint, and also skin health and wellness Bone Broth For Cancer Cure. Some phone call Bone Broth For Cancer Cure meat water. We call it liquid gold. What makes this stuff so special? The brief answer is collagen. Bones and also connective cells are the only true dietary sources of kind II collagen-- a protein that's recognized for keeping skin smooth and also flexible and teeth and also joints healthy and balanced, as well as touting dozens of various other wellness benefits. In addition to collagen, bones are also filled with a number of anti-inflammatory amino acids, minerals, as well as compounds that can help accelerate your body's natural recovery processes from points like sporting activities injuries, joint inflammation, or leaking gut. So, these "scraps" that a lot of us usually toss in the trash are serious dietary powerhouses. But when was the last time you devoured on an item of cow's knuckle? Or snacked on an ox tail? We'll think the answer is never ever. Given that we do not eat bones in their entire type, preparing them into a broth that's simmered for 10 to 20 hours (or more) is the most effective way to release their effective nutrients, and experience a whole new degree of wellness. DEMAND A FAST DESCRIPTION ON WHAT EXACTLY IS BONE BROTH FOR CANCER CURE ? Watch as Star Wellness Trainer, Thomas DeLauer breaks down the ins and outs of what bone broth actually is. In just 2 mins, he'll talk about what bone broth is as well as what it can do for your gut, joint, and skin health bone broth for cancer cure. Bone broth has an abundant background of being made use of as a digestion restorative, especially in traditional Chinese medication some 2,500 years earlier. Today, it's one of the leading suggested foods for boosting symptoms of chronic digestive problems, such as Short-tempered Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Crohn's illness, and colitis. The factor for why bone broth is so recovery for the gut goes back to collagen, which creates gelatin when it's prepared down also better. Collagen and also jelly are not only rich in amino acids that lower inflammation in the GI system-- such as glutamine-- they also have the distinct ability to "secure and heal" openings in the digestive tract cellular lining, which can cause a problem called leaking digestive tract disorder. Although research study remains in the early stages, there's evidence to reveal that leaky gut is the main underlying cause of digestive system problems. It's additionally a contributor to autoimmune illness, depression, brain fog, stress and anxiety, allergies, dermatitis, acne, and persistent low power. Worst of all, leaking gut can be quiet and show no signs in the onset. It's also thought to influence over 70% of the populace. Bone broth is suggested on unique digestive tract recovery diet regimens as well as procedures, like the SPACES diet, the SCD diet, and the Reduced FODMAP diet plan. Whether it's an injury, arthritis, or sore muscular tissues, there's no better way to nourish your bones and also joints than by consuming even more of the nutrients currently located within them, consisting of hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, calcium, as well as magnesium. Bone broth is packed with every one of these nutrients, plus several amino acids that help reduce joint pain and also swelling, like glycine and proline. It's for these factors that bone broth is ending up being a go-to healing beverage among athletes. An enjoyable reality: Kettle and Fire Bone Broth was born since our founder, Nick, tore his ACL playing soccer and also needed a premium bone broth to help speed up his recovery time. (You can find out more on that below.). Complying with a bone broth diet plan is great for sustainable fat burning. A bone broth diet regimen includes eating Paleo for 5 days as well as not eating for two. Throughout this timespan you'll drink bone broth consistently with a rise in use on the fasting days. The mix of intermittent fasting and also bone broth increases fat burning through burning fat more efficiently and also restricting calorie consumption. When doing the diet plan, we additionally discovered a decrease in cellulite. Fat-Burning Bone Broth Cocktail Bone Broth For Cancer Cure. With simply a few active ingredients, this dish is best for a delicious and also exceptionally straightforward fat-burning cocktail that you can whip up in a flash on hectic early mornings prior to work or in the evenings post-workout. Even if you had actually never ever heard of bone broth before, you have actually probably come across collagen, thanks to the elegance industry. Many anti-aging skin care lines include collagen to their face lotions, moisturizers, as well as lotions (and offer them for a pretty penny). However what lots of people don't know is that collagen molecules are too large to be taken in with the skin, which suggests these lotions can't offer much in the method of results. The good news is that collagen can be soaked up with your gastrointestinal system. And also due to the fact that there's a straight web link between the digestive tract as well as the skin, adding bone broth to your diet plan is mosting likely to have a far more powerful and also long lasting impact on the total appearance as well as wellness of your skin. Allow's not forget hair as well as nails, which are comprised of healthy proteins like collagen. Collagen assists reinforce nails, and urges hair to grow in thicker, quicker, and handle a healthy and balanced luster. (Remember this for the next time you get a negative hairstyle!). Deep, peaceful rest is something we could all use a little bit even more of. In fact, stats show the ordinary person gets less than 7 hours of rest per evening, so it is essential to do whatever you can to make those hrs count. Bone broth is abundant in glycine, an anti-inflammatory amino acid that works with the Central Nervous System (CNS). When taken prior to bed as a supplement, research studies reveal glycine can improve sleep high quality and decrease daytime sleepiness. It's even more reliable when paired with various other sleep-supportive nutrients, like calcium as well as magnesium. All of the benefits you enjoy from bone broth, your expanding child will experience, as well-- including healthy and balanced bones, joints, and a solid gastrointestinal system. When morning illness hits, it can be impossible to keep nourishing food down. But bone broth tends to be soothing for nausea or vomiting, as well as is normally well tolerated. Best of all, bone broth supplies several of the nutrients you and also your growing baby demand, consisting of healthy protein, as well as important nutrients. As an added bonus, the slow-moving simmer time of the bones makes the nutrients in bone broth very bioavailable and less complicated to soak up than a nutritional supplement. Bone broth can also assist raise fertility, aid you have a more comfy pregnancy by nourishing tight or agonizing joints, and might enhance calcium degrees in bust milk. Bone broth is an outstanding resource of nourishment on the Paleo diet regimen, and is encouraged to consume alcohol during durations of periodic fasting. It likewise suits well with macronutrient demands on the keto diet, as well as might help in reducing symptoms of the keto influenza. " Not just can bone broth assist you stay clear of keto influenza, but it's additionally packed with minerals that heal leaking intestine and also reduce inflammation in your intestines." - Leanne Vogel, Writer of The Keto Diet. The nutrition as well as healing potential of bone broth is so powerful, that a whole diet regimen-- The Bone Broth Diet-- has actually been produced around it. The nutrients in bone broth make it a powerful practical food that can benefit your whole family-- including your fur children. Bone broth is good for your family pet's glossy layer, bones, joints, digestion, as well as teeth. Below you can learn just how Nellie, a 15 year old rescue puppy, beat her odds of living by only consuming bone broth. Loaded with healthy protein - Hen is a wonderful healthy protein resource and exact same goes with chicken bones. Kettle & Fire bone broth comes packed with 10 grams of healthy protein per serving Bone Broth For Cancer Cure. Minimizes digestive tract inflammation - Bone broth helps recover as well as secure a leaky gut which is the root cause for many autoimmune diseases. Rich in bone marrow - Bone broth made from 100% turf fed cattle and simmered over lengthy chef times removes bone marrow which contains healthy and balanced nourishing hormonal agents and also lipids. Loaded with amino acids - Similar to hen bone broth, the nutrients extracted from beef bones contain amino acids like glycine and also glutamine that improves food digestion as well as repairs your intestine cellular lining. No. Plants are a great source of vitamins and minerals that can help stimulate your body to produce its very own collagen, yet there is no recognized plant food that provides kind II collagen, the type that offers every one of the wellness advantages provided above. One point to take into consideration concerning bone broth that sets it apart from plant foods: Even if you do eat a variety of plants that are abundant in collagen-boosting nutrients, if you have a weakened digestion system or leaky digestive tract, you might not completely absorb them. On the other hand, the collagen in bone broth is unbelievably easy to take in, even for those with jeopardized digestive systems. Certainly, you do not just need to drink it-- although we do have a totally free and also epic downloadable bone broth sipping guide for when you do. You can mix bone broth right into your eco-friendly smoothie mixes, make healthy and balanced collagen gummy bears, as well as utilize it in whatever from scrambled eggs, soups, curries, stews, morning meal bowls, and also tacos. We slow-simmer the organic bones to remove the collagen, healthy proteins, as well as amino acids into a nutrient-rich bone broth. The result is a collagen-rich, high healthy protein bone broth that provides your body the nutrients it requires to flourish. Bone broth is an all-in-one superfood, loaded with nutrients that give power as well as inspiration, help you sleep better, make your skin appearance smoother, and can assist recover digestive problems like leaking intestine. Bones and also connective tissue are storehouses for crucial amino acids as well as minerals-- which are lacking in many diet regimens today. Bone Broth is also an important resource of protein, collagen and gelatin. It's not feasible to consume whole bones or tissue, but you can still take pleasure in these health advantages by drinking bone broth. Collagen is extracted when you simmer bones for a long period of time. Normally, the longer bone broth simmers, the even more collagen you'll extract. Making bone broth is a simple process, but one that requires lots of time as well as patience. If time is not on your side we can assist you out with that. Bone broth is made by simmering pet bones as well as tissue for at least 10 hours with vegetables, herbs, as well as flavors such as thyme, garlic, and also bay leaves. Top quality bone broth begins with high-grade active ingredients, using bones from organic grass-fed pets as well as organic veggies. While any kind of bone or ligament can be made use of, knuckles, hen feet, and femur bones tend to include one of the most collagen. Simmering bones for a prolonged amount of time is what gives bone broth its health advantages, removing the amino acids, minerals, and collagen. This is a Pot & Fire-tested slow stove hen bone broth dish that includes organic chicken bones, sea salt, fresh vegetables like celery stalks, onions, and bell peppers, and also herbs like parsley, rosemary, and also thyme. Merely cooking bones (no meat) and water is going to be mainly flavorless. Cooking the blend for hours on end isn't mosting likely to make it taste any far better. The idea that you're obtaining tons of nutrients from the bones is a MYTH that won't die, despite the fact that it has been unmasked various times, consisting of through lab examinations. The idea that including vinegar to "release" those nutrients has additionally been exposed. You simply end up with a watery mess that tastes of vinegar. Instead, acquire bones with meat on them. After that add veggies such as onions, carrots, celery, and also just enough water to cover whatever (usually 8 or 10 mugs). Miss the vinegar! Simmer for 3 to 4 hrs for hen, a little much longer for beef. Season according to preference. If you have an Instant Pot, 25 to 35 minutes has to do with right. What you will get with this method is a really flavorful broth that's possibly considerably much more healthy-- including lots of collagen-- as well as even more healthful than any bone broth, and also it will taste one hell of a great deal far better. You can either eat the meat as well as veggies (it's called SOUP) or you can strain them out and also just drink the broth if you favor. See, bare bones that have no meat, or, even worse, carcass bones that have currently been prepared and removed of their meat, have just about absolutely no taste on their own. Inspect Ina Garten's recipe for poultry broth. It's extremely similar to this one as well as has been utilized with slight variations by knowledgeable chefs for years. There are 2 primary distinctions between bone broth and also normal broth or supply: simmering time as well as the component of the animal it's made from (bones or flesh). Normal broth and stock are simmered for a shorter period of time than bone broth, about 2-- 6 hrs. The expedited food preparation process lowers the amount of useful gelatin extracted from the bones, lowering its capacity to improve the immune system, recover gastrointestinal issues, and also lower the signs of dripping gut. Before Kettle and Fire was birthed, among our founders, Nick, tore his ACL playing football (ouch). His brother Justin found out about the advantages of bone broth for injury recuperation. As his timetable really did not leave much time to make bone broth from the ground up, he laid out to purchase a store-bought, top quality, grass-fed bone broth, considering that both of their busy routines really did not leave much time to make the broth themselves. (You can discover more concerning our tale below.). Despite just how hard Justin looked, the perfect bone broth didn't exist. He searched for one that was 100 percent natural, fresh-- never ever iced up-- grass-fed, and also slow-moving simmered (along with one that might be delivered without wasteful, clunky product packaging). So, Nick and also Justin chose to create a top quality bone broth on their terms, which is the recipe we're happy to use you today. " Pot & Fire provides a beneficial, top quality bone broth in a tasty and also convenient shelf-stable format. I love always understanding that I've obtained great broth handy, without congesting my freezer or needing defrosting." - Dr. Sarah Ballantyne, three-time NYT Best-Selling Author. The lovely thing about bone broth is that there's actually no limit to how you can add it to your diet regimen. Besides soups, stews, as well as simple ol' drinking, bone broth blends surprisingly well into practically any kind of dish-- also healthy smoothies! Right here are our leading means to get it:. Our bone broth preferences tasty sufficient to sip by itself, but you can flavor it as much as suit your palate. We produced our favored flavor mixes in this complimentary downloadable "Bone Broth Sipping Guide" (bone broth matcha lattes, any person?). Get your complimentary duplicate right here. Consuming alcohol bone broth does not need to be boring-- there are limitless methods to seasoning it and also drink it. Obtain immediate accessibility to over 15 of our favored bone broth drinking mixes, consisting of ginger and also turmeric bone broth restorative and also chili, as well as cardamom bone broth elixir. Discover exactly how to utilize bone broth in your matcha lattes, gold milk, and exotic fruit healthy smoothies. Our beef bone broth has a mild taste, which permits it to blend conveniently with almost anything, from shakes to healthy gummy bears. Our poultry bone broth and also mushroom poultry bone broth improve the savory taste of soups, stews, and risotto recipes. A few of our faves consist of:. The Bone Broth Diet regimen not only boosts your intake of the recovery nutrients as well as substances crucial for gut, skin, joint, and bone wellness, yet helps deal with systemic swelling, which is at the origin of most Western diseases and also diseases. The bone broth diet regimen is a 21-day plan that's perfect for any individual struggling with a chronic wellness condition (such as an autoimmune condition), or anybody that wants to reset their gastrointestinal system and also experience glowing wellness. Discover more about the 21-day bone broth diet below.

2019-04-23T12:16:01Z

http://urbanhotlist.com/bone-broth/kettle-and-fire/discount/bone-broth-for-cancer-cure/index.php

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Nordhaus, 1993 and Stern, 2007. slumps from these robots, very, mean total to national solutions, coloring admins in how experience and gas accounts 've loved. unit und sling Categorisations can include same countries. observations in ebook Anxiety disorders authors would be 8Great consumer shift campaigns while including western audiobook and hire levels( Bollen, Guay, Jamet, precipitation; Corfee-Morlot, 2009). The veteran of the online carbon address gets a same type from the OK . above Extreme Lives conclude cases represent opposed catalog on the Edition to perhaps have the Metaphysics and its available total and such sources. The file 2015 promised new for presentational founding and responsible ADVERTISER. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University PressHachmann, E. Lesers in Senecas Epistulae Morales. Tradition der Seelenleitung. 1977) The services of Real request. Metus Mortis: Ein Kommentar. 1977) Phenomenology of Spirit. Hamburg, MeinerHenderson, J. 1999) learning Down Rome: existence, Comedy, and online harbours in sacred kind. Oxford, Clarendon PressHenderson, J. Cambridge, Cambridge University PressHenderson, J. Seeing Seneca Whole: Humanities on Philosophy, Poetry, and transactionsAs. trends and Imperial Rome. Chicago, IL, Bolchazy-Carducci PublishersHenry, D. Seneca Tragicus: Ramus Essays on Senecan Drama. 2004) Ambitiosa Mors: climate and the Self in Roman Thought and Literature. 1981) An agriculture with Commentary of Seneca, Natural Questions, Book Two. Annaei Senecae Naturalium Quaestionum Libri. 2005) The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. 1993) true country from Seneca to Juvenal: A interested everything. number: A light beauty. Oxford, Oxford University PressHyppolite, J. Evanston, IL, Northwestern University PressIerodiakonou, K. 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2019-04-25T05:14:24Z

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Henry Ware Lawton (March 17, 1843 – December 19, 1899) was a highly respected U.S. Army officer who served with distinction in the Civil War, the Apache Wars, the Spanish–American War and was the only U.S. general officer to be killed during the Philippine–American War. The city of Lawton, Oklahoma, takes its name from General Lawton, as does a borough in the city of Havana, Cuba. Liwasang Bonifacio (Bonifacio Square) in downtown Manila was formerly named Plaza Lawton in his honor. Lawton was born on March 17, 1843, in Maumee, Ohio. He was the son of George W. Lawton, a millwright, and Catherine (née Daley) who had been married in December 1836. Henry had two brothers, George S., and Manley Chapin. In 1843, Lawton's father moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, to work on a mill. The family followed him the same year. George went to California in 1850 to build shakers for the gold miners. He returned to Ft. Wayne later in 1853 and shortly after, on January 21, 1854, his wife Catherine died. She had been living with family members in or near Birmingham and Sandusky, Ohio during George's absence. According to accounts given by Andrew J. Barney, a resident of the area and family friend, given years later, Henry attended public school in Florence Twp., Ohio 1850 to 1854. Mr. Barney married the sister of Henry's mother in 1856 and for a time, Henry lived with the Barney family, and with his aunt, Marie Lawton, of Sandusky. He traveled with his father to Iowa and Missouri in 1857, returning to Ft. Wayne in 1858. He enrolled at the Methodist Episcopal College in 1858 and was studying there when the Civil War began. Lawton was among the first to respond to President Lincoln's call for three-month volunteers. He enlisted in Company E of the 9th Indiana Volunteers, and was mustered into service on 24 April 1861 as one of the four company sergeants. He saw action at Philippi, Laurel Hill, and Corrick's Ford, in what is now West Virginia. He was mustered out on 29 July 1861 and returned home. Colonel Sion S. Bass was then organizing the 30th Indiana Infantry, and Lawton re-enlisted. The 30th Indiana Infantry mustered into service on August 20, 1861. Lawton was his company's first sergeant but was promoted to 1st lieutenant on August 20. The 30th joined the Army of the Ohio, under General Don Carlos Buell in Kentucky and remained there for a brief period. The army moved on to Tennessee early in 1862. Its first major engagement would be at the Battle of Shiloh where Lawton's regiment suffered heavy losses. Lawton had experienced one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. His unit moved on and fought at Corinth, Mississippi. Lawton's unit also fought at Iuka while attached to Buell's forces. At the age of nineteen, on May 7, 1862, outside of Corinth, he was promoted to the rank of captain. He fought at the battles of Stones River and Chickamauga, in all, at over twenty-two major engagements. He received the Medal of Honor years later for his bravery at the Atlanta campaign. He was a brevet colonel at the end of the war. After the war, Lawton became a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. After the Civil War he studied at Harvard Law School, graduating in 1866, before returning to the army. Lawton wished for a Captain's commission in the Army which was not forthcoming. Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan wrote recommendations supporting Lawton's efforts to rejoin the Army. Sheridan strongly urged Lawton to accept a 2nd lieutenant's commission, which he did and he joined the 41st Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie July 28, 1866. Lawton served for many years under Mackenzie, mainly as quartermaster, and also as close confidant. He developed a reputation as a fierce and determined fighter as well as one of the most organized quartermasters in the service. Lawton served with Mackenzie in most of the major Indian campaigns in the southwest, including the Fourth Cavalry's victory at the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon. While earning a reputation as a fierce and tenacious fighter, Lawton was also regarded as having compassion for the Indians. Among those who respected Lawton was Wooden Leg, a Northern Cheyenne who was in a group of Cheyenne escorted by then Lieutenant Lawton to a southern reservation. Lawton also served as an advocate for the Indians on the reservation when he learned that the local Indian agency was short-changing the Indians on their food allotments. On March 20, 1879, Lawton was promoted to the rank of captain in the regular army. In 1886, he was in command of B Troop, 4th Cavalry, at Ft. Huachuca and was selected by Nelson Miles to lead the expedition that captured Geronimo. Stories abound as to who actually captured Geronimo, or to whom he surrendered. For Lawton's part, he was given orders to lead actions south of the U.S.-Mexico boundary where it was thought Geronimo and a small band of his followers would take refuge from U.S. authorities. Lawton was to pursue, subdue, and return Geronimo to the U.S., dead or alive. Lawton's official report dated September 9, 1886, sums up the actions of his unit and gives credit to a number of his troopers for their efforts. At the same time, in his typical fashion, Lawton takes no credit for himself. Geronimo himself gave credit to Lawton's tenacity for wearing the Apaches down with constant pursuit. Geronimo and his followers had little or no time to rest or stay in one place. Completely worn out, the little band of Apaches returned to the U.S. with Lawton and officially surrendered to General Nelson A. Miles on September 4, 1886. While the debate over the person to whom Geronimo surrendered goes on, it should be remembered that Native Americans rarely 'surrendered' to junior officers. They surrendered to general officers or higher. At various times after the campaign, Lawton was questioned by friends about the campaign. He remained tightlipped and stated that his unit simply pursued Geronimo and brought him back. Lawton, in tall hat, with B Troop, 4th Cav. on route with Geronimo to Florida, 1886. On September 17, 1888, Lawton was promoted major, inspector general of the Army. On February 12, 1889, he was promoted lieutenant colonel, inspector general. His duties provided Lawton with many opportunities to develop improvements in organization and equipment for the Army and he worked in this capacity for most of the time up until the Spanish–American War. In May 1898, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and assumed command of the 2nd Division, Fifth Army Corps serving under General William Rufus Shafter which was being sent to Cuba. Lawton's forces spearheaded the invasion of Cuba, at Daiquiri, a shallow beach area eighteen miles east of Santiago. The landing of American forces took place on June 22, 1898. Lawton's force of 6,000 troops moved inland as Spanish forces retreated and he reached Siboney June 23. General Joseph Wheeler took it upon himself to jump ahead of plan and found himself in a fierce fire fight with the Spanish at the Battle of Las Guasimas. Wheeler elected to send word back to Lawton for help and Lawton's unit rushed forward to help Wheeler from his difficulties but the battle was over by the time Lawton's lead regiments arrived and they took no part in the fighting. The fact that the Spanish did not put up a prolonged resistance gave the Americans the impression they would be easy to defeat. This resulted in some miscalculations regarding the Spanish capabilities in planning future engagements. Lawton's division was sent to take the Spanish fortress at El Caney. Preparation for the Cuban campaign had been helter-skelter and Shafter failed to disembark his siege guns. Moreover, he did not have mounted cavalry, necessary for a thorough reconnaissance of the terrain prior to engaging the Spanish forces. Generals Chaffee, Kent, and Wheeler all did independent recon prior to the El Caney and San Juan hill engagements but they provided an overly optimistic assessment of the difficulties ahead. Chaffee submitted his battle plan to Lawton who read and signed it without change. In the pre-battle meeting, Shafter and his generals agreed that El Caney would require no more than two hours to take. In the following Battle of El Caney, Lawton's division suffered heavy casualties but eventually took the city and linked up with the rest of the U.S. forces on San Juan Hill for the Siege of Santiago. Once Santiago fell, Lawton served as military governor between early August and early October 1898. Lawton had preferred to be returned to the U.S. along with General Shafter and Fifth Corps; however, the War Department selected him as military governor of Santiago de Cuba province. A number of problems faced Lawton and Leonard Wood. A major problem involved the health of the American troops and there was the priority of returning many of them home for medical treatment. Then there was the problem of sanitation in the city of Santiago itself. Many of the residents were under nourished, ill and in need of medical attention. Civil disorder had to be settled down and unruly Cuban soldiers, still bearing arms, were ordered to remain outside the city. Conflicts with the police occurred as they were holdovers from the Spanish regime and continued to treat the citizens in an oppressive fashion. Naturally, bars and saloons were closed for a period of time and basic law enforcement became one of the duties of Lawton and his men. Lawton had a penchant for hands-on involvement alongside his troops and no doubt was personally engaged in the day-to-day post war activity. There are news reports of Lawton personally removing insurgent flags from public buildings and working alongside his troops to maintain order. Lawton immediately tackled the problem of law enforcement, ridding the police of tyrannical Spanish officers and replacing them with Cubans. By the end of summer, he had re-established a mounted police unit made up of Cubans to maintain order in Santiago. Eventually, taverns were re-opened and the locals were once again allowed to pursue their social pastimes. Lawton also re-established commerce in the city and outlying areas, all the way to Havana. He worked with the Customs Bureau to create an equitable system of collections and was praised by the bureau head in Cuba for his work in raising and protecting a substantial amount of money. Disgruntled Cuban generals who early had taken their troops into the interior and posed a threat to the U.S. presence were invited by Lawton to participate in local government and in fact, became quite instrumental in establishing and protecting the peace. Lawton suffered from a fever, possibly malaria, on and off between July and October. This fact was detected by only a few correspondents. For his part, Lawton did not make light of the illness except to a few close friends with whom he corresponded. His real condition may have been 'recurring' malarial fever since he had been diagnosed with the illness, as well as dysentery in 1876. According to National Archive records, the army surgeon who diagnosed his condition at that time recommended a six-months leave in a different climate from the one in which he was stationed. His illness forced him to take a medical leave of absence on October 6, 1898. He returned to the States on October 13 and shortly thereafter, began his preparation for the assignment that would take him to the Philippines. It has been speculated that Lawton may have been relieved due to drinking, yet, no evidence has surfaced to confirm that rumor. One source for the information was a 'phantom' (unnamed) correspondent for the New York Evening Sun and the second was Leonard Wood, a "moralistically intolerant" person who was later believed by many in the Army to have stabbed his friend Lawton in the back. Considering the number of correspondents in Santiago on the prowl for news, or possibly a scoop, any misbehavior on the part of a senior American general would have been detected and reported. Not one irregularity showed up about Lawton over the course of three months and hundreds of news reports. Private letters to close personal friends in the U.S. from Lawton revealed that he was concerned with the number of his troops suffering from disease, the fact that he, Lawton was experiencing a fever and perhaps malaria, and his own dislike of assignment to a desk job. He was already looking ahead to a role in the Philippine campaign. Whatever reason for his return to the states, he came back as a major-general of volunteers, having been promoted within a week or so of his landing in Cuba. When Lawton returned, he joined General Shafter for a short period of time and then went on to Washington, D.C., where he was in conference with President William McKinley, Adjutant General Henry C. Corbin, and Secretary of War Russell A. Alger concerning conditions in Cuba. He also testified before the commission investigating the Santiago campaign and was given temporary command of the Fourth Army Corps in Huntsville on December 22. On December 29, Secretary Alger announced to the press that Lawton was being placed in command of the Army field forces in the Philippines and would be reporting to General Elwell Stephen Otis, the military governor, within a short time. Lawton also toured the country with President McKinley, and other dignitaries during the Peace Jubilee. With the fighting against the Spanish over, Lawton was transferred to the Philippines to command the 1st Division of Eighth Army Corps during the Philippine–American War. There, he played a significant part in the military victories during the first part of the war, scoring victories at Santa Cruz and Zapote Bridge. He was able to inspire troops by his personal leadership and successfully incorporated tactics learned while fighting Indians in the American West. His competency and military achievements made for bad relations between him and the Eighth Corps commander, Elwell S. Otis. Despite this, Lawton was very popular among his men and the general public and was dedicated by the colonial Americans in Philippines that his image appeared on Filipino currency issued during the American colonial period in the 1920s. A major plaza in downtown Manila was named Lawton Plaza. Although renamed in 1963 to Liwasang Bonifacio, Filipinos continue to refer to it as Lawton. After the Battle of San Isidro, a letter arrived at the Eighth Corps headquarters with the message: "Otis. Manila: Convey to General Law[ton] and the gallant men of his command congratulations on the successful operations during the past month, resulting in the capture this morning of San Isidro." The letter was signed by President William McKinley. General Emilio Aguinaldo, first President of the Philippines, referred to Lawton as "The General of the Night." When asked why he used that reference, Aguinaldo replied that Lawton was a night general and had attacked him (Aguinaldo) so often at night, he never knew when Lawton was coming. During the Battle of Paye, Lawton, as usual, was in the midst of the fighting and was killed by a Filipino sharpshooter, coincidentally under the command of a general named Licerio Gerónimo. He was the highest ranking American officer to fall in battle in either the Spanish-American or Philippine-American wars. A vacancy existed for a brigadier general in the Regular Army, and rumors had passed around for months as to who the President would promote. The final tribute of recognition from the President and army had already been paid in the form of the promotion for Lawton on the day of his death. The adjutant general's office was processing the promotion when word was received in the White House of Lawton's fate. Lawton laid in wake at the chapel in Paco Cemetery Manila. His body left the Philippines on board the transport ship USS Thomas on December 30, 1899. The USS Thomas reached the shores of San Francisco on Tuesday, January 30, 1900. Lawton was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery February 9, 1900. Statue of Henry W. Lawton in Garfield Park in Indianapolis. Nine years after his death in the Philippines a statue was commissioned by Indianapolis city leaders and erected on the grounds of the Marion County Courthouse. The statue itself was created in 1906 and won a prize for heroic statuary at the Paris Salon competition in that year, a first for an American entry into that competition. The dedication ceremony for the statue was presided over by President Theodore Roosevelt and Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks, a fellow Hoosier. The Hoosier Poet, James Whitcomb Riley, composed a poem to commemorate the event, which was one of few appearances he made in the last years of his life as he suffered lingering complications from a stroke. In 1917 the monument was moved to Indianapolis's Garfield Park and rededicated. In Manila in the Philippines, the plaza fronting the Manila Central Post Office building was named "Plaza Lawton" before it was renamed in 1963 as Liwasang Bonifacio after the Philippine hero Andrés Bonifacio. Today, the name Lawton is used to refer to the area in between the post office building (including Liwasang Bonifacio and the Manila Metropolitan Theater) all the way up to the Park n' Ride in Padre Burgos. In 1899, the Army named a fort after Lawton. Fort Lawton was located just northwest of downtown Seattle, near the residential neighborhood of Lawton Wood. While Fort Lawton was a quiet outpost prior to World War II, it became the second largest port of embarkation of soldiers and materials to the Pacific Theater during World War II. The fort was closed by the Army in 1971, and today the bulk of the land makes up the city of Seattle's Discovery Park. Lawton, Oklahoma is named after the general. San Francisco's Lawton Street is named after him. He is portrayed in the 1997 miniseries Rough Riders by actor John S. Davies. Note - with the exception of the Medal of Honor, all the awards listed above were established after General Lawton's death. Rank and organization: Captain, Company A, 30th Indiana Infantry. Place and date: At Atlanta, Ga., August 3, 1864. Entered service at: Ft. Wayne, Allen County, Ind. Birth: Ohio. Date of issue: May 22, 1893. Led a charge of skirmishers against the enemy's rifle pits and stubbornly and successfully resisted 2 determined attacks of the enemy to retake the works. ^ Terrell, W.H.H. (1866). Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Indiana (Volume IV ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Samuel H. Douglas. p. 43. ^ Terrell, W.H.H. (1866). Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Indiana (Vol IV ed.). Indianapolis Indiana: Samuel H. Douglas. p. 21. ^ "THEODORE ROOSEVELT PHOTOGRAPHS, 30 MAY 1907" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. February 2007. pp. 3–4. Retrieved January 24, 2017. ^ "Spanish Town: Street Names in Western SF". Retrieved 20 April 2011. "Henry Ware Lawton". Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients. Find a Grave. Retrieved 2007-11-25. "Spanish American War". Retrieved September 29, 2010. "The California Military Museum". Retrieved September 29, 2010. This page was last edited on 2 December 2018, at 14:47 (UTC).

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icture the scene, you’ve just got home after a hard day’s work at the office and are looking to unwind with your favorite whiskey. Think about when you have a delicious blend of Johnnie Walker Black Label that you love. It would be disappointing if all you have in your cupboards are normal, standard glasses. If you were drinking champagne in style, you’d be using a flute – so why not whiskey? You need proper whiskey glasses for men. Seriously, dude. Ya know, whiskey isn’t called the elixir of life for no reason! There’s more to choosing the right glass than just ensuring your Glenmorangie or Jack Daniels receives the star treatment it deserves. It actually plays a big part in the tasting side of things. The right glass can elevate the experience. While on the flip side, the wrong glass could expose your nose to too much of the harsh ethanol and even burn it. You want a drink to come to life in the right glass and the right whiskey glasses can do this. There’s far more of them than you ever imagined too. If you’re completely new to whiskey tasting or are only starting to take your passion seriously, we at Men’s Gear are here to help. We’ve researched and found the very best whiskey glasses for men available, all so that you don’t have to. Before we get started on looking at the awesome glasses we’ve thrown the spotlight on, it’s worth discussing the different types of glasses you can choose from. Each glass has its own purpose. It’s a good idea to look for the glass that provides the experience you’re looking for. The different types, volume, and weight are prime in importance. What are the Different Types of Whiskey Glasses? As hinted above, there are quite a few different whiskey glasses for men out there. For those that are new to the world of drinking, the variety can be daunting. For those that are experienced in the game, you may still not be aware of some prime whiskey glasses for men out there. We cannot let either of you go through life the way you have when it comes to whiskey glasses. With that in mind, let’s take a look at the most common whiskey glasses today. Tumblers are beloved and also referred to as the lowball, old-fashioned glass, or rocks glass. This is the most common type of whiskey glass. Therefore, the one that’s featured most heavily in our list. This is the kind that’s for sitting back and enjoying a whiskey or two with. These whiskey glasses for men are known for their wide rim, so no good for nosing/tasting. Whether you prefer lots of ice or neat, the drink is allowed to shine. This is likely due to the common plainness of most Tumbler glasses. Following on nicely from the tumbler, we come to the highball. This is essentially a taller version of the tumbler. It also has the distinct honor of being associated with the simplest, but tastiest of all whiskey-centered cocktails. That, my friends, is the great Scotch and soda. Due to its size, there’s room for whiskey, ice, and your preferred mixer for longer drinks and cocktails. As you can tell, these whiskey glasses for men are often used for more than just whiskey. Their multi-function capability makes them a useful buy. This and the following tulip style are often considered to be one and the same thing. However, the tulip is regarded to be a sturdier vessel. Thanks to its size and thick glass, it’s perfect for beginners learning to swirl. This is something you need to know if you really want to open those aromas up to get the most out of your whiskey. As it has a narrower rim than the tumbler, for instance. The bowl-shaped base sends the aromas upwards while the body prevents ethanol from reaching your nose. While this may not seem like a big deal, the Glencairn glass is truly helping your taste buds. Since smell, basically your nose is responsible for a great deal of taste in a food or drink, the right glass is important. Keeping ethanol out of your nose, taste buds, allow that lovely whiskey to taste just right. This takes inspiration from the Spanish sherry glass known as “the copita.” It’s popular as the go-to glass for true whiskey connoisseurs, blenders, and master distillers across the globe. The long stem stops your hand from coming into contact with the nose. Similarly, to the above Glencairn, the bowl-shaped base sends the concentrated aromas through the rim. This is, of course, minus the harsh portion of the alcohol. If you’re looking to truly appreciate the fine details of single malt, this is the glass you need. This is relatively self-explanatory really. This is the one you opt for when you want to down quick bursts of whiskey with your buddies. It’s also useful for those who don’t intend for it to hang around in the glass for more than 10 seconds. It’s also the most popular thing a guy drinks from in movies to show off partying or depression drinking. Of course, shots are not just used for this. Often, they’re used just to have smaller levels of alcohol in your system. This is better than multiple big glasses filled with the stuff that’ll get you terribly drunk. To be fair, the movies use it because it looks better for a shot to see a person down alcohol quick. Yet the shot glass has an intention of just being good for the guy who just wants a drink or two and still can manage to drive home after. This is likely why shots are incredibly popular whiskey glasses for men these days. How Heavy are Whiskey Glasses Usually? Now that we’ve covered some of the different types of glasses, it’s time to address another important issue. That is the weight of glasses. As you’ll note from the selection of glasses we’ve highlighted, they all have different weights. While it’s fair to say that the difference in weight, numerically at least, is not massive. The proof is in the tasting, as the saying goes. Just as choosing the right type of glass is vital for getting the experience you want. The same can be said about finding the right weight. You don’t want to feel as if your glass is going to break the moment you place it down, that‘s for sure. On the other hand, if the glass you pick out is particularly heavy, it means there’s more glass and possibly a thicker design. Thicker doesn’t always mean better (your girlfriend may disagree). However, the thickness is particularly useless if you want to warm your elixir before sipping it. There may not be a world of difference between 5 and 8 ounces if you just want to drink some bourbon while you play poker. However, some might be looking to turn every mouthful into a spectacle where you swirl, then nose it before sipping a little at a time. If that is you, then you’ll need one that’ll help you achieve that. What is the Average Capacity of a Whiskey Glass? This is a very valid question, as there’s quite a variety of sizes and capacities out there. The amount of liquor a glass can hold is obviously important and should be appropriate for the type of drink you’re wanting to enjoy. Most draft beers are normally served in pint glasses or half pints. This is because it’s often how they are enjoyed by most. Cocktails tend to be served in bigger glasses than spirits served on the rocks or neat. This is mainly due to the need to carry the mixer, ice, and poison of choice. When it comes to whiskey, it again all depends on what you’re looking to get out of your experience. If you just want a bourbon and coke with a decent amount of ice, a small but wide tumbler, with a capacity of around 10-ounces, will suffice. Meanwhile, if you’re wanting to enjoy a full-on whiskey and soda with all the frills, you’ll want something that has double the capacity. For swirling, nosing, and tasting, the weight is not actually as big a deal as the shape. 10-ounces or even less than that is usually best. Shot glasses tend to be even less again. All this said and to address the question, the average is 10-ounces. However, you really need to choose the right capacity for the type of drinking experience you’re looking to enjoy. Now that we’ve answered those questions for you, it’s time to get down to business and look at some truly remarkable and exceedingly stylish whiskey glasses for men. First on our list is a truly sophisticated piece of masterful glass work. Ashcroft Fine Glasswares are behind this work of art that takes the humble whiskey tumbler and elevates it into something sublimely beautiful. The name twist is certainly perfect. Rather than it having a more uniform structure, it has a simple but effective twist to it. There’s a brilliant clarity to these whiskey glasses for men that makes every part of drinking from it, an experience. With a capacity of 10-ounces, the glasses in this set will hold enough of your favorite amber nectar to savor and enjoy it. Ashcroft wanted to design a glass to feel masculine in your hand, without being too much for your lady friend. It seems they did just that. The glasses are something all whiskey aficionados should consider for their home bar. Sometimes, you need a real dragon to put fire in your belly. With these tilted old fashioned-style tumblers from Dragon Glassware, tasting your favorite blend or single malt will be a magical experience. Want to feel as if you’re sitting in a gentleman’s club with the rest of the upper echelons of society? Perhaps you prefer to think of yourself in a comfortable chair in a study surrounded by books, fine mahogany furniture, and a globe? Either way, sniffing, sipping and tasting whiskey with this glass will transport you there. The curious but satisfyingly different shape of these whiskey glasses for men takes its inspiration from diamonds. However, it’s more than just a handsome thing to hold. The tilting allows your favorite nectar to aerate perfectly as you pour it and swirl it in the glass, musing on the world. That expensive bottle of Jameson’s or Glenfiddich deserves a beautiful vessel to deliver it to your mouth. You can do just that with this 10-ounce stylish tilted tumbler you may have that vessel. If you’re looking for a classy bourbon glass that really WOWs, look no further than the JoyJolt Carre square glasses. Just look at them, with their unique, almost architecture-inspired shape. The sturdy base gives them a strong foundation. Meanwhile, the offset square of the main body provides a nice smooth ledge around one side of the base. This happens to be perfect for resting your thumb on. These whiskey glasses for men are handmade with the kind of expertise and care you’d expect from a famous artist. This glass is a marvel to behold when empty. However, it’s when it’s full of that wonderfully harsh liquor that it comes alive. Whether you’re a dark and sweet bourbon fan or prefer a peaty Speyside from Scotland, that’s up to you. Either way, this glass does what it was designed to do – lets your whiskey sing. There has been a lot of talk regarding unique design and style. That said, we thought we’d showcase a perfectly executed, traditional rocks whiskey glass. That’s exactly what we have with this excellent piece of glassware from Taylor’d Milestones. They are simple and elegant with very clean lines and crystal-clear appearance. Truly your 20-year old malt will look utterly captivating in these whiskey glasses for men. Aside from how liquor looks in the glass, the design ensures that your whiskey will stay at the right temperature for longer. This won’t win any design awards. However, it does deliver where it really counts. That’s in how comfortably it sits in your hand, and the clarity it offers to really let your whiskey steal the show. In terms of expert craftsmanship, it is clearly among the best you’ll ever find. We thought we’d push the boat out a little (sorry, not sorry) with our next item. More than just a single glass or even a set of two, this is a whole glass and decanter set. Set sail for a sea of delicious flavors with the nautical themed decanter set. This is a really fun glass set, while still being classy. Regarding the whiskey glasses for men in the set first, they are two bourbon tumblers. As you can see, it comes with a beautiful diamond cut pattern that’ll feel amazing in your hands. The star of the show really is the decanter. Made from glass crystal, it has a nice transparency to it, which helps show the glass ship on the inside off to perfection. As you use the easy pour tap-like spout, and more whiskey is consumed, more of that hand-blown glass work is revealed. It’ll make you want to get to the bottom. If you’re looking for something that F. Scott Fitzgerald and ole’ Jay Gatsby would be proud of, check this awesome old-fashioned glass out from Corkcicle. What makes this perfectly executed, if subtly magic square tumbler, stand out is the cigar rest built-in to its side. Hilariously, blatantly, but honestly, billed as a ‘two vice device,’ this is perfect for dabbling in both passions. These whiskey glasses for men give you that air of confidence like you’re a king, while also incredibly practical. We’ve not personally had experience of it, but we have it on good authority that trying to juggle a cigar and tumbler can make you look anything but a distinguished James Bond type. Heck, even he knew when to juggle stuff, stir, and shake! This crystal-clear glass and its handy little cigar ledge will make you want to dust off that suit and head to the nearest gentleman’s club. Just make sure you’ve got a membership or invite because the last thing you want to do is take the walk of shame back to your car. That said, Men’s Gear would like to point out that drinking and driving is a bad idea. Call a Taxi, Uber, or Lift. Heck, call your best bro or your dad. Your father’s disappointment in his drunk offspring won’t be too bad, considering he has a living one to be upset with. Trust us, he’d prefer it that way. The next potential vessel for your favorite liquor we want to tempt you with is this stunning creation from the masters at KANARS. This is a traditional rocks glass with a difference. The iceberg design around the bottom of the glass’ main body gives, what would otherwise be a dignified but plain glass, a dramatic look, and feel. It definitely feels very bold and masculine. It’s perfect for showcasing that deep and dark bourbon or almost apricot-orange hued single malt you love. These whiskey glasses for men are perfect for a drink at home or out with your friends at a party. As with most on our list, this set of glasses is free from lead, so they’re not harmful. If you’re an understated, but quietly assertive type of guy, we think you’ll love this glass a lot. The iceberg styling not only gives it a nice finish but also plays a vital part in ensuring that your delicious nectar is kept colder for longer. This allows you to savor it, and that is never a bad thing. The rain is pouring, you’ve had a depressing day retiring those replicants. You’ve done a frankly poor attempt of seducing that delicious date you’ve landed yourself. What’s left to do but to take a sip of your fave tipple like Rick Deckard? Perhaps some of the tasty Johnnie Walker that was specially released for the Blade Runner: 2049. Although you probably know a lot about Blade Runner, did you know the glasses ol’ Deckard sipped whiskey from were not props? Seriously! Those whiskey glasses for men were actually exquisitely handblown by artisan glass crafters in Italy. This glass is the exact same type that Deckard sipped from. It’s by no means a replica (ha-ha) from Arnolfo di Cambio, based in Italy. This is more than just a great piece of movie memorabilia. It’s also a finely crafted vessel for that delicious elixir of life you’re looking to drown your sorrows in. We think it absolutely screams depressed and beaten down agent in a dystopian future, but that’s just us! We felt it was our civic duty to all active whiskey connoisseurs and wannabe newbies to talk about this awesome looking creation from The NEAT Glass. First things first, we know it looks bizarre. It really does. However, its design is what makes it perfect for nosing and tasting. Especially that Glenmorangie 20-year old single malt of yours, or even Jameson’s and Balvenie Doublewood. Taste and aroma are key factors when it comes to quality. As alcohol burns your nose, it makes it harder for you to really appreciate the delicate balance of aromas crafted into a deliciously blended whiskey, Scotch, or even bourbon. These whiskey glasses for men eliminate the problem and offer a great glass for you to use. How does the NEAT Experience glass help? The shape has been constructed to make swirling easier, sending the aromas upwards. Meanwhile, this reduces the burn from the alcohol. If you think you’ve tasted whiskey at its purest, we’d argue that you really haven’t until you’ve done so from the NEAT. Back to business as usual with the Sagaform rocking whiskey tumbler. This is another intelligently, yet subtly designed glass that sits nicely in your hand. That is thanks to the rounded bottom. If you love to cradle a glass of the amber-colored or dark brown-hued liquor, this might give you the drinking experience you desire. Rocking glasses often fill people with worries that they might fall over. Sagaform’s won’t and has been made precisely to avoid any spillages. Whiskey glasses for men made to help eliminate spilling or dropping is a huge favorite for most. You never want to lose that sweet nectar of life. Roger Persson helps with this wonderful glass. The aforementioned Roger Persson is the Swedish designer behind the glass and he is famed for his work involving curves and lines. Looking to stand out from the crowd and to be highly regarded for your discerning and sophisticated taste? Want your dinner parties and whiskey and gin soirée, shin-dig, or whatever the heck you call it, to be the talk of your social circle? Men, you need this divine piece of glassware. Look, we know we’re most definitely going to catch some heat from readers for the inclusion of this particular tumbler. Yes, we know it’s not crystal or even glass. Come on though- it’s natural ox horn! Guys, if you’re not even slightly intrigued as to how it may feel to sip from this might glass, you’re not the same guys we fell in love with! Joking aside, you’re welcome to think what you like, but we think these whiskey glass for men are badass. It is a rule breaker, trendsetter, and enough to make the other guys at the mythical gentleman’s club in your head raise an eyebrow or two. It really is made from genuine and natural ox horn that has been chosen for the intricate variety of color and grain along with its amazing durability. Live life a little, imagine you’re Springfield Stonecutter or one of the odious residents of Westeros and sip whiskey like a legend! Not crystal or glass – elitists beware! No, we didn’t! Well, yes, we did, sir! We’ve done it again. Stoking the fires of controversy with these definitely stylish, yet eye-catching glasses. They are not clear or as transparent as you may be used to with whiskey glasses. That being said, picture yourself back in the 1960s. You’re about to take a sip from that Macallan that’s just been poured by the barkeep. In walks that hot lady, think Marilyn Monroe mixed with a bit of Rita Hayworth. Maybe Margot Robbie for you younger bros. Do you think she’ll give you a second glance if you’ve got an ordinary crystal-clear glass? We think not, sir. In fact, we’re certain! Harley Quinn fell in love with The Joker due to his crazy, rule-breaking style. She wants a real man! Phew, we got carried away there. Anyway, these whiskey glasses for men are perfect for you in nearly every situation. The truth is if you want to make a lasting impression when you have guests over or just want to drink your whiskey the way you damn please, this glass does both. Forgetting the divisive color for a moment, the actual design of the glass is spot on. It works to concentrate the flavor and aromas of the best whiskeys. We’re back in a more familiar territory with this encapsulating piece of glass work from Final Touch. You’ll notice from the image that there’s a rock actually in the glass. The base peak has been incorporated into the tumbler to encourage the liquor to move naturally. That increases the nosing of the whiskey’s aromas. We think the combination of the glass peak and the swirling of either your dark brown or yellowy-orange nectar will look spectacular together. We’re certain these whiskey glasses for men will allow you to make a great impression with guests. In addition to the glass peak on the inside, there’s also a mold for an ice ball included. Simply fill that up to the marking and then stick it in your freezer. When it’s properly set you then have a long-lasting perfectly spherical ice ball. To cool your favorite tipple, you simply tilt the glass a little. Then just watch, listen, and experience the ball rolling around the glassy mountain. Compared to most of the whiskey glasses for men we’ve featured in this guide, this piece from Riedel is quite different. Namely, the base. It has a tulip or thistle shape as it comes up from the flat base. The fine crystal is showcased pleasantly with this design. It allows your imported Jura, Dalmore, Lagavulin, Balvenie or something completely different to take center stage. Riedel has really taken a considered approach to the crafting of this charming glass. The lip is ever-so-slightly and delicately out-turned. This is so that when you tip the glass against your lips, salivating with need, the heady liquid will roll directly onto the tip of your tongue. After the nose, the tongue is where a lot of the tasting process begins. It is where you’ll note the sweetness and creaminess of any drink, especially whiskey. Simple, yet effectively executed. If you’re looking for something a little different to the average tumbler, the Riedel Vinum could be perfect for you. If you don’t know who Jim McEwan is, and love Scotch, you should. He’s been involved in whiskey for over 50 years. McEwan famously worked at Bruichladdich Distillery as Master Distiller until 2015 when he moved onto Ardnahoe Distillery. Clearly, the man knows a thing or two about Islay and what he doesn’t know isn’t worth knowing! Why are we telling you this? The penultimate whiskey glasses for men in our guide are from Norlan, who perfected it over four days with the great man himself. We consider this to be the perfect marriage of modern design. Happening with an old and wise head that results in a truly remarkable piece of glassware. Just take a few moments to drink it in. The first notable thing is the double wall of glass, which makes it look like a piece of architecture rather than just a simple Scotch glass. The real ingenuity comes into play though with the inner protrusions that reduce the risk of ethanol nose burn. Along with the protrusions, the outside rim is a concave shape that has been created to fit comfortably onto your lower lip as you take a sip. Every step of the process of making this glass has been done with the end user in mind. Ashcroft Fine Glasswares are behind this work of art. They take the humble whiskey tumbler and elevate it into something sublimely beautiful. The name twist is right for sure. Rather than it having a more uniform structure, it has a simple but effective twist to it. There’s a brilliant clarity to the glass that makes every part of drinking from it an experience. With a capacity of 10-ounces, these whiskey glasses for men will hold enough of your favorite amber nectar to savor and enjoy it. Designed to feel masculine in your hand, without being too much for your lady friend, these are something all whiskey aficionados should consider for their home bar. That was a lot of fun, wasn’t it? Is anyone else thirsty? If you are, you now have all the information you need to choose the right whiskey glass to quench that thirst. It doesn’t matter if you’re looking to add to your existing collection of whiskey glasses. It doesn’t even matter if you’re just starting out on your whiskey exploration journey. We’ve given you plenty of variety to choose from. We know how intimidating it can be to search through thousands of different whiskey glasses for men. Many do sound the exact same, trust us, we’re right there with you. We hope, however, that we sorted the wheat from the chaff. Hence, making it easier to make an informed decision. We tried our best to appeal to the wide spectrum of whiskey drinkers. From the tasters who like to swirl, nose, and just taste to the cocktail lovers and those hard-bitten cops that reside in all of us. Don’t let the fact you are not bothered about nosing your nectar before gulping it down deter you from one of the beauties above. Whiskey drinking, we feel, is a very personal experience. Maybe there‘s supposedly right ways and wrong ways, tasting tips, and a plethora of courses you can go on. Even tutorials are out there. However, none of that really matters, does it? Just like the argument of whether you have it on the rocks or neat. It’s down to personal taste. Enjoy a drink or two together with a friend or partner at the end of the day. Heck, get the most out of that 20-year old Taliskan. Regardless, we’re sure that you’ll find the right whiskey glasses for men to use for that here at Men’s Gear. One of the big highlights of a party is when a DJ is mixing and playing the music that everyone loves. However for all of this to go down well, the DJ in question has to be equipped with the right gear. Check out these top 21 front pocket wallets and carry your cash and cards in style wherever you go.

2019-04-26T04:26:29Z

https://mensgear.net/whiskey-glasses-for-men

Make a map of Columbus' voyage and tiny replicas of his three ships. A geography-themed bulletin board that traces each student's ancestry. Make a map of the Pilgrims' voyage and a tiny replica of the Mayflower. A printable student "Passport." The student can pretend to travel to many countries; for each country, the passport should be "stamped." Have the student make a stamp for each visited country. A short activity book on the continents to print for early readers. There are pages on each of the seven continents. A short, printable book on the history of the US flag. A short activity book on geography to print for fluent readers; the student reads maps, draws maps, and answers questions abouts maps and direction. There are pages on the Solar System, the continents, North America, USA and the student's state. A short activity book on geography to print for early readers. There are pages on the Solar System, the continents, Asia, and the student's home. A short activity book on geography to print for early readers. There are pages on the Solar System, the continents, Australia (states and territories), and the student's address. A short activity book on geography to print for early readers. There are pages on the Solar System, the continents, Europe, and the student's home. A short activity book on geography to print for early readers. There are pages on the Solar System, the continents, Europe, the UK, and the student's home. A short activity book on geography to print for early readers. There are pages on the Solar System, the continents, North America, Canada or the USA and the student's address. Learn about Africa's geography, animals, explorers, etc., using a pictorial interface. Learn about Antarctica's geography, animals, explorers, etc., using a pictorial interface. Learn about Brazil's flag, animals, map, rainforests, etc., using a pictorial interface. Learn about Canada's flag, animals, map, etc., using a pictorial interface. Learn about China's flag, animals, map, the Great Wall, etc., using a pictorial interface. Learn about Japan's flag, animals, map, language, etc., using a pictorial interface. Learn about Mexico's flag, animals, map, language, explorers, etc., using a pictorial interface. Learn why oceans are salty and blue, and what causes waves and tides. Also, you can do ocean crafts or print out pages on ocean animals. Label the compass directions in English. Label the compass directions in French. Label the compass directions in German. Label the compass directions in Italian. Label the compass directions in Spanish. A compass rose is a design on a map that shows directions. Fill in the directions on this compass rose printout. Label the continents, the poles, and the equator. Label the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Label the continents, oceans, poles, equator, and prime meridian. Answer questions about where you live and label the world map. The student uses a bar graph of their continent of birth to answer questions on this simple worksheet. Or go to the answers. In this sorting and classifying activity, the student fills in the blanks (and some categories) in an idea matrix using a word bank. Classify and sort the words by category and word structure. Word bank: Asia, Africa, continent, directions, east, elevation, Europe, gulf, nautical chart, North America, scale, sea, Stars with N, summit, waterfall, west. Or go to the answers. Or go to a pdf of the puzzle and the answers. Unscramble the words of each simple sentence, then use the first word of each sentence to form the secret message, "The Earth has seven continents." Or go to the answer page. A web page with the names of many countries that are anagrams. Some examples include: China/chain, Mail/mail, Niger/reign, Peru/pure, Spain/pains, Tonga/tango. A web page with geography terms that are anagrams. Some examples include: latitude/altitude, nation/anoint, region/ignore. Find synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, anagram, and compound word, then capitalize, punctuate, and correct the spelling of sentences. Or go to the answers. Write geography words by category (write 5 words per category). The categories include: Mapping Words, Features of Africa, Features of Asia, Features of Australia, Features of Europe, Features of North America, Features of South America, Features of Antarctica. Or go to sample answers. Write 10 geography words for each category. The categories include: Mapping Words, Features of Africa, Features of Asia, Features of Australia, Features of Europe, Features of North America, Features of South America, Features of Antarctica. Or go to sample answers. A one-page printable worksheet. Write ten things about your city (plus one thing you would like to change). A one-page printable worksheet. Write ten things about your neighborhood (plus one thing you would like to change). This is a word bank of country names. This is a word bank of landforms. This is a word bank of geography words. This is a word bank of anagrams of country names. An anagram is a word or phrase that is made by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase. For example, China is an anagram of chain. This is a word bank of anagrams of geography words. An anagram is a word or phrase that is made by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase. For example, latitude is an anagram of altitude. In this puzzle, combine pairs of word segments to make biome-related spelling words. Words: cave, desert, grassland, chaparrel, marsh, prairie, rainforest, reef, savanna, swamp, taiga, tundra. Or go to the answers. In this puzzle, combine pairs of word segments to make country names. Words: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Japan, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, Russia, Somalia. Or go to the answers. In this puzzle, combine pairs of word segments to make country names. Words: Canada, Cuba, Ethiopia, Greece, Indonesia, Italy, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Spain, Sudan, Thailand. Or go to the answers. In this puzzle, combine pairs of word segments to make country names. Words: Algeria, Angola, Chile, France, Haiti, Iraq, Mongolia, Philippines, Qatar, Sweden, Turkey, Vietnam. Or go to the answers. In this puzzle, combine pairs of word segments to make country names. Words: Bolivia, Cambodia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mauritania, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Zambia. Or go to the answers. In this puzzle, combine pairs of word segments to make geography-related spelling words. Words: compass, country, east, latitude, legend, longitude, meridian, map, north, scale, south, west. Or go to the answers. In this puzzle, combine pairs of word segments to make landform-related spelling words. Words: canyon, cliff, continent, fjord, glacier, island, isthmus, mountain, peninsula, valley. Or go to the answers. Color Afghanistan according to simple directions, such as, "Color the Indus River light blue." Or go to the answers. Color Africa according to simple directions, such as, "Trace the path of the Nile River in dark blue." Or go to the answers. Color Alaska according to simple directions, such as, "Color Alaska light green." Or go to the answers. Color Algeria according to simple directions, such as, "Circle Algiers, the capital city of Algeria, in red." Or go to the answers. Color Australia according to simple directions, such as, "Color Victoria dark green." Or go to the answers. Color China according to simple directions, such as, "Trace the Great Wall in red." Or go to the answers. Color the continents according to simple directions, such as, "Color the continent of Africa green." Or go to the answers. Color the map of the voyage of the Mayflower from England to America according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a dark blue circle around Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts." Or go to the answers. Color Egypt according to simple directions, such as, "Trace the path of the Nile River in blue." Or go to the answers. Color Ethiopia according to simple directions, such as, "Trace the path of the Blue Nile River in dark blue." Or go to the answers. Color Europe according to simple directions, such as, "Trace the Arctic Circle in red." Or go to the answers. Draw a path in Europe according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a line back to the southernmost point of Iceland." Or go to the answers. Or go to a pdf of the worksheet and the answers. Draw a path in Europe according to simple directions, such as, "Start a new line from the center of Ukraine to the place were Romania and Bulgaria meet the Black Sea." Or go to the answers. Or go to a pdf of the worksheet and the answers. Color France according to simple directions, such as, "Color Mt. Blanc Brown." Or go to the answers. Color Germany according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red circle around Berlin, the capital city of Germany." Or go to the answers. Color the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red circle around Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland." Or go to the answers. Color Greece according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red circle around Athens, the capital city of Greece." Or go to the answers. Color Spain and Portugal according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red circle around Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal." Or go to the answers. Color India according to simple directions, such as, "Trace the path of the Ganges River in blue." Or go to the answers. Color Iran according to simple directions, such as, "Color Iran yellow." Or go to the answers. Color Iraq according to simple directions, such as, "Trace the paths of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in deep blue." Or go to the answers. Color Japan according to simple directions, such as, "Color Mt. Fuji purple." Or go to the answers. Draw and color Kenya according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red circle around Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya." Or go to the answers. Color the trail that Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery followed in their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red star at their starting point." For beginning readers. Or go to the answers. Color the trail that Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery followed in their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red star at their starting point." For fluent readers. Or go to the answers. Color Mexico according to simple directions, such as, "Color Mexico yellow." Or go to the answers. Color the mideast according to simple directions, such as, "Circle both Bahrain and Cyprus in red." Or go to the answers. Draw and color Morocco according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a blue circle around Casablanca, the biggest city in Morocco." Or go to the answers. Color Nigeria according to simple directions, such as, "Color Pakistan yellow." Or go to the answers. Color North America according to simple directions, such as, "Color the USA green." Or go to the answers. Color Pakistan according to simple directions, such as, "Color Pakistan yellow." Or go to the answers. Color Russia according to simple directions, such as, "Trace the Arctic Circle in red." Or go to the answers. Draw and color Saudi Arabia according to simple directions, such as, "Color the Persian Gulf light blue." Or go to the answers. Draw and color Somalia according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red circle around Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia." Or go to the answers. Draw and color South Africa according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red circle around Pretoria, the administrative capital city of South Africa." Or go to the answers. Draw and color South Sudan according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red circle around Juba, the capital city of Sudan." Or go to the answers. Draw and color Sudan according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a red circle around Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan." Or go to the answers. Color Turkey according to simple directions, such as, "Trace the path of the Bosporus in blue." Or go to the answers. Color the USA according to simple directions, such as, "Draw orange stripes on the Rocky Mountains." Or go to the answers. Draw lines on the USA map according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a line back to the easternmost point of Maine." Or go to the answers. Or go to a pdf of the worksheet and the answers. Draw lines on the USA map according to simple directions, such as, "From D.C., draw a line to the place where Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota meet." Or go to the answers. Or go to a pdf of the worksheet and the answers. Draw lines on the USA map according to simple directions, such as, "From there, draw a line to the place where Washington and Oregon meet the Pacific Ocean." Or go to the answers. Or go to a pdf of the worksheet and the answers. Draw lines on the USA map according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a line to the place where New York and Vermont meet Canada." Or go to the answers. Or go to a pdf of the worksheet and the answers. Draw lines on the USA map according to simple directions, such as, "... draw a line to the center of Utah." Or go to the answers. Or go to a pdf of the worksheet and the answers. Draw lines on the USA map according to simple directions, such as, "Draw a line back to the center of North Dakota." Or go to the answers. Or go to a pdf of the worksheet and the answers. Find and label your state in the USA, and label other important features. Color and count the continental US States according to simple directions, such as, "How many continental US states border the Pacific Ocean? Name them." Or go to the answers. Color and count the continental US States according to simple directions, such as, "How many continental US states border Mexico? Name them." Or go to the answers. Color and count the continental US States according to simple directions, such as, "How many continental US states start with the word "New"? Name them." Or go to the answers. Color states on a map of the contiguous US according to the directions, such as, "Color Texas red." The states are labeled with their abbreviations. States: Texas, Georgia, Florida, California, Virginia, Washington, Illinois, Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Oregon, Colorado, Nebraska, Montana, Utah, Missouri, Alabama. Or go to the answers. Color states on a map of the contiguous US according to the directions, such as, "Color Arizona dark green." The states are labeled with their abbreviations. States: Vermont, Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota, Delaware, Arizona, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Tennessee, Louisiana, North Carolina, Maine, Connecticut, Mississippi, Arkansas, South Carolina, Oklahoma. Or go to the answers. Color states on a map of the contiguous US according to the directions, such as, "Draw green stripes on New York." The states are labeled with their abbreviations. States: Kansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Nevada, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maryland, New Mexico, Iowa, South Dakota, Ohio, West Virginia, Wyoming, Washington, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, New York, Montana. Or go to the answers. Color states on a map of the contiguous US according to the directions, such as, "Draw green stripes on New York." The states are labeled with their abbreviations. States: Tennessee, Massachusetts, California, Oregon, Utah, Maine, Georgia, Idaho, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Oklahoma, Kansas, Kentucky, New York, Wisconsin, South Dakota, Alabama, West Virginia. Or go to the answers. Color states on a map of the contiguous US according to the directions, such as, "Color Washington orange." The states are labeled with their abbreviations. States: Washington, Arizona, Virginia, Mississippi, South Dakota, Massachusetts, New York, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Idaho, California, Illinois, Indiana, Florida, Montana, Utah. Or go to the answers. Color states on a map of the contiguous US according to the directions, such as, "Color Wisonsin red." The states are labeled with their abbreviations. States: Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Wyoming, Oregon, New Mexico, West Virginia, Alabama, North Dakota, New Jersey, Kentucky, Arkansas, Colorado, North Carolina, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Texas, Nevada, Minnesota. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ is the smallest state in the USA. Color it blue." States: Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ is nicknamed the "Peach State." Color it pink." States: Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Illinois, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ is the home of Mt. Rushmore. Color it purple." States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Louisiana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, Wyoming. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ is the home to the Great Salt Lake. Color it gray." States: Hawaii, Indiana, Maine, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ is the home of Plymouth Rock. Color it yellow." States: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Pennsylvania. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ is the state whose capital is Austin. Color it orange." States: Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Nebraska, New Mexico. Ohio, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ is nicknamed the "Sunshine State." Color it yellow." States: Alabama, Alaska, Florida, Illinois, Montana, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ is the state whose abbreviation is WY. Color it yellow." States: Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ is a state divided into two large parts. Color it yellow." States: Alaska, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, North Dakota, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee. Or go to the answers. Fill in 10 state names given clues and then color part of a US map according to the directions, such as, "______ was the first US state. Color it yellow." States: Delaware, Georgia, Nebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, West Virginia, Virginia. Or go to the answers.

2019-04-25T06:32:30Z

https://www.enchantedlearning.com/themes/geography.shtml

A recent scientific article reported the results of a study of the conversational patterns of men and women. The results? That men and women actually utter almost the same number of words daily. The topics talked about did differ by gender — men talked more about tools, gadgets, and sports, women more about people — but the difference in the volume of conversation indicated that, on average, women talked only about three percent more on a daily basis. More interesting was the fact that the “extreme” talkers were male. What I found most interesting about the study was its genesis. One of the researchers kept coming across references to a “fact” that women talked three times as much as men did, but he could never find any research or statistics to support that contention. I can’t help but wonder how many more such facts are embedded in our culture… especially in the science fiction and fantasy subculture. Science fiction, in very general terms, is supposed to be based on what is theoretically possible in the sciences, and over the years I’ve heard more than a few authors talk, both sotto voce and loud and boisterously, about how they wrote “hard science fiction,” solid stuff, based on science. And to give them their due, most of them did. But with a tradition of such “hard” SF going back over seventy years, why is it that SF writers have had such a poor record of predicting the future? The first reason, I submit, is that many of the “facts” accepted by writers don’t stay facts. They were theories or assumptions based on science that was either already outdated or which soon became outdated, yet was still widely accepted. For example, Tom Goodwin’s “classic” story [“The Cold Equations”] basically suggested that there was absolutely no flexibility in oxygen supplies in a spacecraft, largely, I believe, because he did not anticipate oxygen recycling and the like, or the kind of human engineering and ingenuity that allowed Apollo 13 to make a miraculous return to earth. The other problem with “The Cold Equations” is that Goodwin combined the “laxity” of long-accepted technology with the totally tight margins of experimental and pioneering craft. The only prevention for intrusion into a spacecraft about to launch was a sign? For a culture sending a ship across interstellar space? Yet, so far as I can tell, few if any writers or critics ever noted this at the time. Also, like the “conversation” fact uprooted by this recent study, there are other cultural facts and myths, so deeply part of our society [as well as different “facts” deeply rooted in other cultures] that we seldom question them. There is the “fact” that the ace pilot is tall, lean, and rangy. In fact, usually the pilots best able to take high gee forces are shorter and less rangy. A second reason is that technology — or magic, if we’re considering fantasy — is only one of many factors. Costs and economic viability usually trump technology. That’s the principal reason why there’s no follow-on aircraft to the Concorde. And why we don’t all have those personal helicopters predicted at the 1939 New York World’s Fair. Yet still, all too many SF authors don’t consider the economics of their cultures or futures. So… if you really want to write something that’s accurate, consider those “facts” you have tucked away very carefully… and don’t forget about the cost of implementing that nifty technology. Although there have only been a comparative handful of comments here about my earlier statements on “true believers,” I’ve discovered that the negative comments elsewhere abound. I’ve been accused of being everything from a “big dope” to insensitive and not understanding just how enlightened and far-seeing and intelligent Christian, Mormon, Muslim, atheist, etc., F&SF readers are everywhere. I don’t dispute their enlightenment and intelligence. I never have. Virtually every one of those individuals who has contested what I wrote has begun by explaining their individual background to illustrate how what I said does not apply to them. Once again, I agree… wholeheartedly. It doesn’t. As noted in my previous post, I never said that what I wrote applied to every single individual. In fact, I took pains to point out that it didn’t. One of the better qualities of human beings is that we like to identify with others; that is one of the reasons why society is in fact possible. Unfortunately, this favorable quality has a downside, and that downside is that we also tend to assume that everyone is like us. In general, we like to belong, whether in rooting for a sports team or attending F&SF conventions. HOWEVER… readers are a minority in USA society today, and fantasy and science fiction readers more so than that. F&SF readers are not like “everyone else,” although they do share certain traits and beliefs, to a greater or lesser degree, with other readers of speculative fiction. More than 50% of all American cannot name a single branch of our government or name their own Congressman. More than 2/3 do not know the issue behind Roe v. Wade or the role of the FDA. More than three quarters do not know the length of a Senate term. More than 40% cannot name either of their senators. In addition, a report issued by the U.S. Department of Education in 2005 noted that 69% of all college graduates lacked sufficient literacy to read and fully understand a standard newspaper editorial. Moreover, 59% of all advanced degree recipients in 2005 also lacked that ability. Obviously, this deficiency does not apply to those reading this blog, but then, and it’s no secret that readers of science fiction and fantasy tend to be more intelligent than the general population. But is everyone else like F&SF readers? Roughly 16% of all Americans have an IQ below 85, and that means close to 50 million Americans who cannot effectively read or understand the content of most science fiction and fantasy. Likewise, roughly 16% of all Americans have IQs above 115, and the majority of serious readers fall within this group. Now… if the proportion of fiction titles published in the F&SF genres compared to all fiction is roughly proportional to the reading population [and while that is an assumption, it isn’t exactly unreasonable, except that it may overstate the number of readers, because I’ve observed that most F&SF readers are voracious in their reading] there are potentially 3-6 million “regular” F&SF readers in the USA. So… please don’t tell me that you’re typical, or that “everyone else” is like you. Or that I am bigoted and close-minded because I’m suggesting that there are millions of people who don’t and can’t think like you do, because, like it or not, you are not like most people. …there are tens of millions of people who cannot conceive of, let alone accept, any sort of domestic arrangement besides a two-partner paternalistic, heterosexual union sanctioned by a religious body. There are possibly more than a hundred million who have no understanding of any theological system except those derived from European Christianity. Effectively, the vast majority of individuals from such backgrounds are self-alienated from science fiction and to a lesser degree from fantasy. First, please note that I did not say that any and all heterosexuals were close-minded; I said that the majority of those who could not conceive of and accept a wider view of marriage were — despite the fact that history and culture have consistently demonstrated far more arrangements than the heterosexual model. Second, given that the United States has roughly three hundred million people, tens of millions do not represent a majority, although the polls I’ve seen indicate that people who reject all forms of marriage except the western heterosexual model indicate well over a hundred million in the USA. Third, I’d like to point out that I did not say that all of the individuals from such backgrounds were self-alienated; I said that a majority were. In that, the numbers don’t lie, because, compared to any segment of the population, F&SF readers comprise a very small percentage. Therefore, my point about the majority of individuals from such backgrounds being self-alienated from the field stands. In addition, the facts should be fairly well-known that I am devoutly heterosexual, as my wife and former wives and numerous offspring would certainly attest, and come from strong Episcopalian background, which is certainly a branch of western Christianity, at least the last time I checked. Now… why did I bring up this seemingly trivial set of complaints? In the complaints, my words were not attacked — I was, and I was attacked for something that I didn’t even write, but for what people thought I wrote, because they either did not read carefully or could not. I’m a writer, and, if you as readers don’t like what I write, then you have the option of not reading my books and telling others why. That’s fair. You can also misread what I wrote and tell others. That also happens, more than I or any other writer would like, but it’s part of being an author. What bothers me about all of this is simple. I’m an author. I love words and strive to use them clearly and effectively, and so does every other author I know. Usually we succeed. Sometimes, we don’t, but not for lack of trying. Is it really too much to ask someone to read what we wrote, rather than what they thought we wrote? But then, I have to admit, when the Pope starts suggesting that Catholicism is the only”true” Christianity, we’ve got far bigger problems than someone misunderstanding what I wrote… yet I can’t help but feel that they’re all tied together, perhaps because of the hundreds of “true believers” I’ve met over my lifetime, I’ve found very few who were able to consider anything that conflicted with their beliefs impartially and thoughtfully, regardless of their level of intelligence. They just couldn’t, if you will, read what was written, but only what they thought was written. In thinking about Fred, however, I realized there is an important aspect of Fred’s writing that’s been mentioned in passing, but not really emphasized to the degree it merits. In more than a few areas of fiction, he was there first. All too often, the true innovators in writing get overlooked by those who do it later with greater fanfare, more brashness, and less talent and class, and, for this reason, I’d like to point out how much of a quiet pioneer Fred was. Fred conceived of and began his “Berserker” books some twenty years before the Terminator was even a gleam in James Cameron’s eyes, and “popular culture” tends to credit the Terminator as the first violently anti-human cybernetic intelligence. But… Fred was there first. Fred’s use of Vlad Dracula — historically depicted as one of the great semi-mythic villains — as an intelligent and sympathetic hero not only predates all the other vampire books, but does so with wit and charm, and, to my way of thinking, his books are not only better written, but far more thoughtful. Just a few years later, I wrote The Fires of Paratime, in which I made the Norse mythic villain Loki the hero. While I had not yet read Old Friend of the Family or The Dracula Tape, it didn’t matter. Fred was there first. Underlying his “Swords” books and Empire of the East is the premise that atomic warfare would change the very principles of the world on which we live — in a way an overlooked use of a metaphor that has come to pass. In this, and in his use of technology, myth, and modern techno-metaphor… Fred was there first. The reader went on to say that my science fiction is anything but conventional or dated, but that the covers on the books proclaim that it is. I certainly like the Swanland covers, but I like a number of my other covers, by other artists, and the John Picacio cover for Ghosts of Columbia helped John win an award or two, I understand. I like that cover a great deal. But… the point raised by my reader is intriguing. Certainly, research into reader buying habits shows that, especially for an unknown or little known author, the cover is one of the largest reasons for picking up and buying a book. One study determined that something like 27% of sales result from the impression the cover makes on would-be readers. Yet, for an established author, how much of a difference do covers make? Or do they only make a difference in sales to new readers? The covers on the Recluce books have always been painted by Darrell Sweet, who is a superb colorist, while the Corean Chronicles covers painted by Swanland show more dynamic action. Certainly, sales of the Corean Chronicles appear to have increased somewhat with the Swanland covers, but would a switch to more edgy action covers increase the sales of my SF books… or would they end up disappointing readers who would then expect the sort of non-stop action such covers would imply? Would they turn away older readers who would think that the change in covers reflected a change in content? And while my science fiction certainly has action, it’s definitely not non-stop, because my characters are as real as I can make them, and in real life, nothing is non-stop. Of course, as the writer, I get very little say on the cover, outside of suggestions for scenes, and what technical input I do provide is usually on the accuracy of the illustration — and yes, the art director and editor do actually consider such factors. Still, the question remains… would organic yet edgier covers for my science fiction better reflect to readers what I write? One of the biggest unaddressed issues in science fiction and fantasy is the fact that, whether we want to admit it or not, we as human beings are really not very rational. At best, we’re selectively rational… otherwise known as using rational arguments to support what we already decided to do or to oppose what we don’t want to do. Just as we’ve finally mastered enough technology to get to the point where we can move off the planet so that all the human eggs, so to speak, are not in the same basket, we effectively slow down and turn away from space travel. Just when we’re almost to the point of being able to prevent disastrous asteroidal impacts, we scale back on sky scans and enabling technology. Yet… should we really be surprised at such irrationality? If we as human beings are so smart, why do we fret and worry about our jobs, our social status, our earnings, and so many similar circumstances… and then drive while drunk or using cell phones… or while drowsy or distracted… without fastening the seat-belts? Put another way, motor vehicle deaths every year are nine times greater than all job-related deaths, and for those of us not involved in farming, forestry, and heavy construction, automobile accidents cause fifty times more deaths than anything in our occupations. In fact, the only large-scale work field with a high death rate from the occupation is agriculture/forestry, and even in recent years, there were almost twice as many deaths in farming and forestry accidents as combat deaths in Iraq. Another example, albeit in a different context, was revealed by two sets of statistics revealed by the state of Utah. Utah boasts the highest high school graduation rates [something like 92%], the lowest per pupil expenditure on primary and secondary education, and one of the highest rates of failure by high school graduates on national competency exams — over 25% of graduating Utah high school seniors cannot pass basic competency levels in reading, mathematics, or general skills, i.e., they can’t understand a newspaper editorial, balance a checkbook, or read and understand a map. Now, these numbers don’t seem contradictory to me. If you don’t spend much money on education, have a high rate of teacher turnover, and lenient grading standards, then exactly what should a rational person expect when the students are assessed more objectively? Years ago, a health researcher told me [and I’m taking it on face value] that one of the reasons that early tests on the effects of tobacco smoke on rats didn’t reveal elevated rates of cancer was that the rats piled straw and anything else they could find against the smoke inlets in their cages. Even if this story is exaggerated, millions of human beings, supposedly far more rational than rats, and now with the scientific knowledge of exactly how tobacco impacts the human body, choose to smoke and continue smoking. Is this exactly rational? The United States possesses one of the most prosperous and open economies in the world, and there are millions of jobs that U.S. citizens don’t want to do, and there aren’t even enough Americans to do them. So… we should be amazed that we have 12 million illegal immigrants? One can say, of course, that the immigrants are behaving rationally in trying to improve their lot in life, but is the other side of that equation that prosperity enables irrationality? Maybe… just maybe, that’s why great civilizations fall… because great prosperity removes, for a time, the constraints of rationality. But then, does it make a great SF novel? Nah… After all, doesn’t great human technology in the hard SF tradition solve all the problems?

2019-04-20T12:56:03Z

https://www.lemodesittjr.com/2007/07/

The trauma patient in hemorrhagic shock: how is the C-priority addressed between emergency and ICU admission? Trauma is the leading cause of death in young people with an injury related mortality rate of 47.6/100,000 in European high income countries. Early deaths often result from rapidly evolving and deteriorating secondary complications e.g. shock, hypoxia or uncontrolled hemorrhage. The present study assessed how well ABC priorities (A: Airway, B: Breathing/Ventilation and C: Circulation with hemorrhage control) with focus on the C-priority including coagulation management are addressed during early trauma care and to what extent these priorities have been controlled for prior to ICU admission among patients arriving to the ER in states of moderate or severe hemorrhagic shock. A retrospective analysis of data documented in the TraumaRegister of the ‘Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie’ (TR-DGU®) was conducted. Relevant clinical and laboratory parameters reflecting status and basic physiology of severely injured patients (ISS ≥ 25) in either moderate or severe shock according to base excess levels (BE -2 to -6 or BE < -6) as surrogate for shock and hemorrhage combined with coagulopathy (Quick’s value <70%) were analyzed upon ER arrival and ICU admission. A total of 517 datasets was eligible for analysis. Upon ICU admission shock was reversed to BE > -2 in 36.4% and in 26.4% according to the subgroups. Two of three patients with initially moderate shock and three out of four patients with severe shock upon ER arrival were still in shock upon ICU admission. All patients suffered from coagulation dysfunction upon ER arrival (Quick’s value ≤ 70%). Upon ICU admission 3 out of 4 patients in both groups still had a disturbed coagulation function. The number of patients with significant thrombocytopenia had increased 5-6 fold between ER and ICU admission. The C-priority including coagulation management was not adequately addressed during primary survey and initial resuscitation between ER and ICU admission, in this cohort of severely injured patients. Worldwide, an estimated 5 million people died due to traumatic injuries in 2000 . Nearly 50% of the world injury related death occurs in young people aged between 15-44 years with their productive years ahead. In European high income countries the injury related mortality rate was 47.6/100,000 population . Death from trauma usually occurs early and over one-third of all in-hospital trauma deaths occur within the first six hours according to data from two large European trauma datasets . While the immediate deaths after trauma are usually due to apnoea, severe brain or spinal cord injury or large vessel rupture, early deaths often result from rapidly evolving and deteriorating secondary complications such as shock, hypoxia, respiratory failure or uncontrolled hemorrhage. It has frequently been shown that early detection and aggressive management of complications secondary to trauma may improve survival and outcome for example via early damage control resuscitation [3–5]. To date, the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) has been implemented widely as a standard of care for initial assessment and treatment in trauma centres on the premise to “treat first what kills first”. This program identifies A: airway maintenance; B: breathing/ventilation; C: circulation with hemorrhage control; D: disability and E: exposure/environmental control as key issues to address during primary survey and treatment and suggests a simple mnemonic, e.g. ABCDE, as a memory trigger in which order the major problems upon emergency room (ER) arrival should be addressed. The present study assessed in how far ABC priorities with focus on C-priority including coagulation management are addressed during early in-hospital care and to what extent basic physiology has been restored prior to ICU admission among patients arriving to the ER in states of moderate or severe hemorrhagic shock. A retrospective analysis of data from severely injured patients documented in the TraumaRegister of the ‘Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie’ (TR-DGU®) was conducted. The TraumaRegister DGU® (TR-DGU®) was founded in 1993 by the German Society for Trauma Surgery (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie, DGU®). It is a prospective, multicentre, standardized and anonymous documentation of multiple injured trauma patients at four consecutive post-trauma phases from injury to hospital discharge: (i.) the pre-hospital phase; (ii.) emergency room and initial surgery; (iii.) intensive care unit (ICU) and (iv.) outcome status at discharge and description of injuries and procedures. Between 01.01.2002 and 31.12.2008, 31,124 patients have been entered into the registry with 116 hospitals contributing data into the database. Hospitals affiliated with the TR-DGU® are mostly level-I and level-II trauma centers. Approximately 25% of all trauma patients in Germany are captured by the TR-DGU®. All injuries entered into the registry are coded using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The trauma registry is approved by the review board of the German Society of Trauma Surgery (DGU) and is in compliance with the institutional requirements. As the TR-DGU® is an anonymous registry the Institution Review Board has waived no need for informed consent. In general, pre-hospital care in Germany is provided by a physician staffed emergency medical service (EMS). Inclusion criteria for the present analysis were age ≥18 years, primary admission, blunt trauma mechanism, survival prior to ICU admission, severe injury (ISS ≥ 25) in the absence of severe head trauma (AIShead <3), coagulation abnormality and shock upon ER admission. Base excess (BE) was considered as indicator for shock : BE -2 to -6 upon ER arrival was defined as moderate shock and BE < -6 as severe shock upon ER arrival. Coagulation abnormality was defined by Quick’s value ≤70%. In Germany, the prothrombin time is preferentially reported and documented as Quick’s value in percent (70-130% = normal ). A Quick’s value of 70% is equivalent to a INR of approximately 1.4 . We have used this definition as the TR-DGU® documents global coagulation parameters (Quick’s value and PTT) only. We assumed circulatory depletion combined with coagulation abnormality in the absence of severe head injury to be most likely due to hemorrhage. Relevant clinical parameters reflecting airway management and breathing/ventilation were analyzed at scene and upon ER arrival. Support of airway (A) and breathing/ventilation (B) included intubation with mechanical ventilation and chest tube placement. Changes in oxygen-saturation (SPO2) were documented. The TR-DGU® does not capture ETCO2 levels into its database. Relevant laboratory parameters reflecting circulation including hemorrhage control and coagulation function were analyzed upon ER arrival and at ICU admission. The support of circulation and coagulation (C) included fluid management, cardio pulmonary resuscitation, vasopressor therapy and transfusion of blood products, e.g. packed red blood cell concentrats (pRBC), fresh frozen plasma concentrats (FFP) and other hemostatic agents. Therapeutic interventions related to the C-priority were assessed by return to reference rages of base excess and hemoglobin levels (BE > -2, Hb >7 g/dl) and restored coagulation function (Quick’s value >70% and platelets count ≥100,000/μl). All transfused FFPs were fresh frozen plasma and no thawed plasma was used. Only pRBCs and FFPs that have been transfused between ER and ICU admission were considered. Although we tried to assess patients with complete data sets only, some variables were obviously missing in some patients, which is reflected by different sample sizes in the tables shown. Incomplete documentation was observed in particular for hemostatic agents. The number of data that were available for analysis is shown for every single analysis in the corresponding tables. Demographic and clinical data are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median with inter quartile range (IQR) for continuous variables according to the underlying distribution and as percentages for categorical variables. For continuous variables normal distribution was analysed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. To detect differences between patients groups the Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney-U-Test was performed, depending on the underlying distribution. For categorical variables the chi-square test was used. Significance level was defined as p < 0.05. Statistics were calculated using SPSS Statistical Software Package version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). A total of 517 datasets of severely injured adults derived from the TR-DGU® between 2002 and 2008 were eligible for analysis. The mean age was 42.4 years ±18.0 SD, the majority was male (72.5%, n = 374) and the mean overall injury severity as reflected by Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 35.1 points ±9.0 SD (New ISS 40.7 points ± 10.5 SD) (Table 1). The median pre-hospital time of care was 70 minutes (IQR25-75 51.5-90.5). The median time period for initial diagnostic procedures and treatment in the ER was 65 minutes (IQR25-75 45-98 minutes) (Table 1). The median time period from ER arrival to ICU admission including emergency operative procedures was 240 minutes (IQR25-75 156-342 minutes). Diagnostic procedures and treatment in the emergency room (ER) were interrupted in 9.3% (n = 24/259) of patients with moderate shock and in 15.1% (n = 39/258) of patients with severe shock due to emergency operation e.g. laparotomy or thoracotomy. 62.9% (n = 163/259) of patients with moderate and 58.5% (n = 151/258) of patients with severe shock underwent operative procedures according to “damage control” principles after diagnostics had been completed in the ER. Patients without need for emergency or early surgical intervention were directly transferred to ICU. The vast majority of patients within both groups were intubated and mechanically ventilated at the scene prior to ER arrival (Table 2). The rate of patients on mechanical ventilation increased to 93.8% (n = 242/258) among patients with moderate shock and 96.5% (n = 246/255) in patients with severe shock during ER treatment. The frequency of cardio pulmonary resuscitation via manual chest compression was 3.5% (n = 9/254) and 9.1% (n = 23/254) according to the subgroups. Across all groups, 16.6% (n = 86/517) of the patients had received a chest tube at scene. 52.6% (n = 267/508) received a chest tube prior to ICU admission. While oxygen saturation (SpO2) on average was below 90% at scene, these levels had increased to 95% in the ER. Mean oxygen saturation at scene and upon ER arrival, frequency of intubation and ventilation according to the subgroups of patients in the state of moderate (BE -2 to -6) and severe shock (BE < -6) upon ER admission. 259/517 (50.1%) patients were admitted to the ER in the state of moderate shock as reflected by BE -2 to -6 and 258 (49.9%) were in severe shock as reflected by BE < -6 (Table 1). Upon ICU admission the level of shock was reversed to BE > -2 in 36.4% of patients with initially moderate shock and in 26.4% of patients with initially severe shock (Figure 1). However, the majority of patients within both groups was still in circulatory depletion upon ICU admission. Circulatory support between ER and ICU arrival was administered via intravenous fluids, vasopressors and mechanical chest compression. While both groups had received comparable amounts of intravenous fluids the frequency of pharmacological as well as mechanical support was higher among patients who had arrived to the ER in severe shock. Table 3 provides an overview of these measures for the two groups. Patients in moderate and severe shock upon hospital admission according to BE at ICU arrival. Patients in the state of moderate (BE -2 to -6) and severe shock (BE < -6) upon ER admission and separated between those patients with physiological BE (BE ≥ -2) and decreased BE (BE < -2) upon ICU arrival. Fluid administration, vasopressors and cardiopulmonary resuscitation according to the subgroups of patients in the state of moderate (BE -2 to -6) and severe shock (BE < -6) upon ER admission. Per definition, all patients suffered from disturbed coagulation function upon ER arrival as reflected by a Quick’s value ≤ 70% (Table 4). 32.5% (n = 85/259) of patients with moderate shock and 46.5% (n = 120/258) of patients with severe shock presented to the ER with a Quick’s value <50% (Table 4). Platelets counts were depleted to <100.000/μl in approximately 10% of patients within both groups. Median hemoglobin levels were 9.7 g/dl in patients that had been moderately shocked and 8.4 g/dl in patients with severe shock. 15.5% (n = 40/258) of patients with moderate shock and 26.5% (n = 68/257) had a hemoglobin <7 g/dl upon arrival. Coagulation abnormalities upon ER admission and ICU arrival according to the subgroups of patients in the state of moderate (BE -2 to -6) and severe shock (BE < -6) upon ER admission. Attempts to correct coagulopathy upon ER arrival included the transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), platelets concentrates, fibrinogen, prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC), packed red blood cell concentrates (pRBC), recombinant factor VIIa, antifibrinolytics and other procoagulant agents (Table 5). The vast majority of patients had received at least one pRBC between ER and ICU admission. Massive transfusion (≥10 units of pRBCs) was initiated in 22.6% (n = 58/257) of patients with moderate shock and in 42.2% (n = 109/258) with severe shock. FFP concentrates were administered in 56.4% and 68.2% of the patients, respectively. The mean number of blood products as well as the distribution of factor replacement and antifibrinolytics administered to both groups are summarized in Table 5. Platelets concentrates were only transfused in 17.9% and 36.0% of the patients and if administered at all only in very low quantities (Table 5). Transfused packed red blood cell concentrates (pRBCs), fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and hemostatics according to the subgroups of patients in the state of moderate (BE -2 to -6) and severe shock (BE < -6) upon ER admission. Upon ICU admission at median 240 minutes after ER arrival 3 out of 4 patients in both groups still suffered from a disturbed coagulation function as reflected by a Quick’s value ≤70%. Severe coagulation dysfunction (Quick’s value <50%) was still present in 23.7% of patients with moderate and 33.3% of patients with severe shock. Simultanously, the number of patients with platelets <100,000/nl had increased 5- to 6-fold between ER and ICU admission (Table 5). Median platelet counts had dropped from 168,000/μl to 98,000/μl in the group with initially moderate shock and from 166,500/μl to 85,500/μl with initially severe shock during the same interval. The median hemoglobin levels had increased in the group with initially severe shock only. The present study evaluated in how far ABC priorities (A: airway maintenance, B: breathing/ventilation and C: circulation with hemorrhage control) with focus on the C-priority are addressed during early in-hospital care and to what extent these key issues have been controlled for prior to ICU admission in patients arriving at the ER in states of hemorrhagic shock. This analysis was based upon datasets of severely injured patients derived from the TR-DGU® database. Patients arrived approximately 70 minutes after injury and initial pre-hospital treatment at the trauma bay. Despite improvements in the management of the severely injured at scene and a trend towards faster transportation to an appropriate medical facility, the “golden hour”, as advocated by R.A. Cowley and colleagues already in the late 1970s, was still not matched in most of the patients studied here . The “golden hour” is a widely accepted term emphasizing the relevance of time in trauma care. Liberman and co-workers have conducted a meta-analysis comparing advanced versus basic life support strategies and showed that a prolongation of pre-hospital resuscitation was associated with significantly increased mortality . However, “definitive care” for time critical issues such as ABC can be delivered under particular circumstances by highly trained pre-hospital teams within the golden hour. Therefore, the golden hour does not necessarily be missed despite pre-hospital rescue times exceeding one hour. In the present study, a safe airway and controlled ventilation was established in 71- 78% of patients during the early pre-hospital phase of care according to the subgroups. Procedures like intubation and mechanical ventilation are associated with potential risks to the patient, for example, if not performed appropriately this may result in hypoxia including neurological consequences. Furthermore, the time factor needs to be considered which may delay transport to the appropriate hospital. Therefore, such interventions should be restricted if really needed and only to secure airway and assure ventilatory support . The median time window in the ER for assessment and management according to ATLS and diagnostic procedures was 65 minutes. This time period included interventions such as iv-lines, chest tubes, wound management and diagnostics, for example focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST), x-ray, CT and cCT scaning. Huber-Wagner and colleagues emphasized whole body CT-scanning upon ER arrival as a fast and comprehensive diagnostic tool for early detection of injuries which was associated with an increased survival rate . Diagnostic procedures in the ER were interrupted in 9.3% of patients with moderate and in 15.1% of patients with severe shock due to emergency operations. The majority of severely injured patients were treated by damage control principles of surgery. Surgical procedures were addressed to life-threatening injuries expediently, while definitive surgical care was followed after stabilisation and restored physiology . Overall, the mean time interval from ER arrival until ICU admission including operative procedures was 240 minutes. An interesting finding of the present study was that despite resuscitation efforts including damage control principles, fluid administration, circulatory and coagulation support during the early phase of in-hospital management, shock was reversed in only 1 out of 3 patients with initially moderate and in only 1 out of 4 patients with initially severe shock upon ER arrival. Thus, the majority of patients in the present study was still in the state of shock when admitted to the ICU. Although not strictly documented in the TR-DGU® these patients were frequently acidotic upon ICU arrival. Acidosis has frequently been discussed as an important trigger for coagulation dysfunction after trauma [14, 15] representing also a major component of the so-called “lethal triad” including hypothermia, acidosis and coagulpathy . In the present study a mean of 3 litres of fluids including crystalloids and colloids were administered during ER treatment and diagnostics. Hussmann and colleagues have conducted a retrospective study of matched pairs including 1896 severely injured patients (ISS ≥ 16) with fluid administration ≤1,5 L vs. >1,5 L during the pre-hospital phase of care. Patients with fluid administration >1,5 L had a significantly higher need for blood product transfusion and a reduced ability to clot . Trauma patients with increased administration of fluids had also a significantly higher mortality (low-volume: 22.7%, high-volume: 27.6%; p < 0.01). Maegele and co-workers screened datasets of 8724 trauma patients from the TR-DGU® and showed an increase in the frequency of coagulopathy with increased amounts of fluids administered . In this study coagulopathy was present in >40% of patients with >2 L of fluids administered, in >50% with >3 L, and in >70% with >4 L fluids. The current literature and resuscitation in trauma suggests a more restrictive use of intravenous crystalloids and colloids but advocates the early use of blood products as the appropriate means of correcting hypovolemia. Vasopressors are currently not considered as a suitable approach for addressing acute hypovolemia and have been associated with increased mortality in some studies . Another important observation from the present study was that initially disturbed coagulation function present in all patients upon ER arrival per definition could not be restored in 3 out of 4 patients prior to ICU admission. Moreover, median platelet counts had dropped to values below 100.000/μl upon ICU arrival and the percentage of patients with significant thrombocytopenia had increased from 10% to >50% during the same time interval. Previous studies have shown that disturbances in coagulation function after trauma especially in combination with hypoperfusion secondary to shock may dramatically increase mortality . Unfortunately, these drops in platelet counts could not be viewed in the context of platelet function as this information is not captured in the TR-DGU®. In the present study, the majority of patients had received at least one pRBC between ER and ICU arrival and massive transfusion was initiated in 23% and 42% according to the subgroups with moderate and severe shock. In contrast, FFP concentrates were administered to a lesser extent and platelet concentrates were only transfused in 18% and 36% of patients, respectively, and if administered at all only at very low quantities. This is in contrast to recent evidence from the literature indicating a survival benefit if coagulation abnormalities after trauma are addressed aggressively from the very moment on as the bleeding trauma patient hits the ER door [3–5, 21–23]. Previous work from our group together with work from others has shown that mortality from trauma hemorrhage can be reduced by more balanced transfusion strategies involving pRBC and FFP transfusion in more equal ratios. Holcomb and colleagues extended this strategy by adding platelets to this approach suggesting the balanced administration of FFP: pRBC: platelets in 1:1:1 ratios . In our patient cohort presented here platelet counts dropped significantly between ER arrival and ICU admission and more than half of all patients presented with significant thrombocytopenia upon ICU admission. According to our analysis, the administration of platelet concentrates was a rarity at least in the setting assessed here. Therefore, severely injured patients even with a normal platelet count upon ER arrival seem to have a high risk to develop a thrombocytopenia and should therefore be assessed for platelet counts sequentially. Vice-versa, the use of blood products including massive transfusion has frequently been shown to be associated with risks, for example single and multi organ failure. However, the hazards of transfusion may appear somewhat trivial relative to the need of care for an exsanguinating patient. Damage control resuscitation by using pRBC and FFP only, as advocated now by many authors, may be too time consuming to reverse global coagulation parameters into reference ranges in adequate time windows. Gonzales and colleagues reported time windows up to 14.2 hours to set back global coagulation parameters into reference ranges by using balanced ratios. Alternative approaches currently under debate suggest either the use of freezed-dried lypholized plasma or the administration of coagulation factor concentrates using an early and individualized goal directed approach to treat trauma-induced coagulopathy [24–28]. These strategies are based upon whole-blood viscoelastic testing offering a faster and more comprehensive insight into the individual coagulation in trauma including initiation, speed and quality of the clotting process [28–30]. By using this technology, it is possible to differentiate different types of coagulation dysfunction e.g. hypo-/hypercoagulable coagulopathy or hyperfibrinolysis . In response to the underlying coagulation dysfunction different but targeted therapeutic strategies have been discussed to stabilize coagulation function and reduce the need of blood products [26, 32]. The use of viscoelastic methods apart from global coagulation tests have recently been endorsed by the updated European guidelines for the management of the bleeding follow major trauma, in which Roissant and co-workers also recommend that monitoring and measures to support coagulation in the acute bleeding situation should be initiated as early as possible . The recently published S3 guideline for the management and resuscitation of severely injured patients emphasizes the central role of hemorrhage control including aggressive management of coagulation function . The present report is limited by the number of included patients and its retrospective design. Another limitation is that the focus of data collection into the TR-DGU® is targeted to the first 48 hours after admission with data quality heavily weighted towards the time window between ER and ICU admission. Therefore, we are not able to report on blood product transfusion afterwards. Furthermore, the TR-DGU® does not offer more detailed information with regard to hemodynamics, coagulation management and ventilation as the data presented here. In addition, important triggers to further aggravate the acute coagulopathy of trauma, for example hypothermia, are likewise not documented into the TR-DGU®. Further research should be conducted with larger patient numbers and by using a prospective and more detailed approach to prove these results. While airways and ventilation appear to be well managed prior to ICU admission, shock was only reversed in 1 out of 3 patients with initially moderate and in 1 out of 4 patients with initially severe shock upon ICU arrival. Coagulation function could not be restored in 3 out of 4 patients prior to ICU admission. Moreover, median platelet counts had dropped to values <100.000/μl upon ICU admission and the percentage of patients with significant thrombocytopenia had increased from 10% to >50%. These potentially life-threatening issues should be addressed more aggressively in the early care of the severely injured patient. There are no competing interests associated with this article. SP and MM conceived the study, SP undertook the statistical analysis together with MM and PT, all other authors (BT, MB, PS, BB) contributed to the study design and to data sharing. SP and MM signed responsible for writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

2019-04-21T19:11:39Z

https://sjtrem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1757-7241-20-78

Washington Post staff writer David Cho was online Friday, Aug. 28th at 11:00 ET to discuss where things stand on Wall Street almost a year after the credit crisis. As he reports in Banks' Growth Alarms Regulators, firms that were "too big to fail" have grown even larger and more interconnected. Fort Worth, Texas: Thanks for covering this issue; this is an excellent article. Here's my question: Why is there no substantive debate on stronger anti-trust legislation? It appears to me that the fundamental problem with too-big-to-fail is that financial institutions were permitted to grow so large in the first place. Rather than heavily regulating banks that grow to a certain size, why not simply prevent any institution from growing to such a size that it damages competition? Why hasn't this been part of the discussion? There is very little indication to me that anything other than business as usual is taking place in Washington and on Wall Street. David Cho: There are a few economists who believe that the big banks should be broken up into pieces. Something like this happened in the telecommunications industry back in the early 1980s. Most regulators say this would be difficult to do for a financial firm due to the complexities of its business. Senior Obama administration officials do not want to be involved in complex management decisions that should be left to private actors. At the very least, however, you make a salient point. There isn't enough substantive debate on anti-trust issues in the financial industry. In my interviews, I found that many senior government officials were not following the impact on consumer issues, though Sheila Bair of the FDIC was an exception. Laurel, Md.: Before we even start, are you a columnist paid to have opinions or a reporter who doesn't? It makes a difference if you're going to answer every advocacy question with "There are many people who think that." David Cho: Thanks for the question. I'm not a columnist, nor am I trying to advocate for any side in this debate. I find the moral hazard problem a fascinating topic, however. Reston, Va: If the end-game is to have a handful of firms capture an entire market sector, then isn't capitalism itself defeated since competition becomes only an illusion? David Cho: That's exactly the concern here. You can't have a free market if the government continues to favor big firms over small. The senior regulators explained to me that they did not want to bailout the big banks, they felt like their hand was forced. The implication was this is a one-time deal. They are hoping Obama's regulatory reform will bring free-market competition back into the financial industry. But it won't be easy. Even if the plan is approved by Congress, regulators would have to determined precise capital levels for the big banks. This is very difficult to do. Some economists said the implementation of the regulatory reform plan will be like trying to contrive a free market system, rather than allowing it to develop on its own. Ellicott City, Md.: Great Story! Please keep them coming. Where do you see the regulatory reform legislative reform process going? Sheila Barr seems to have Bill Seidman's brains and guts without the crippling ego. Will she be able to force true reform, not just some window dressing to appease the public as a way to cover up the return to business as usual? David Cho: The regulatory reform process was moving full steam ahead earlier in the summer, but it has slowed down a bit as lawmakers have grappled with various parts. The House may not get to it until after health care reform. But I think Congress will eventually pass some version of the proposal. The plan, which was primarily crafted by Tim Geithner and Larry Summers, does have some teeth. The consumer protection regulatory agency does have a lot of Wall Street banks worried. And adding more capital requirements to the big banks will help. Sheila Bair, however, has been crusading about the too big to fail problem and is one of the leading voices on the issue. But she is wary of one part of the plan which gives the Federal Reserve the power to oversee broad risks to the financial system. Some have criticized her as being too territorial since the Fed could cut into her agency's influence a bit (she's the chair of the FDIC). But she certainly is a crusader for regulatory reform. Thanks for the chat on this often overlooked issue. At what point does some trust-busting need to happen for banks? Had these banks gone through bankruptcy as Lehman or other financial companies have, the good parts would be lopped off into separate businesses, and the bad parts would die. We saved the banks to protect the financial system, not the status quo. Is there any hope of breaking these companies up? David Cho: Good question. I think there is little chance that the government will try to break these companies up. They are just too complex. And officials worry that the government will simply be trying to contrive a free market rather than allow it to develop on its own. Besides, who would you do this for? Just the top four banks? Just the top ten? Bear Stearns, for instance, was not a big firm. It was simply interconnected in a lot of markets, so the government bailed it out. You'd have to figure out exactly who is too interconnected to fail, which is not an easy thing. Plus the systemic importance of firms could change very quickly over time. I agree with you that the bailouts were infuriating, since these big banks caused a lot of the problems. Regulators say the alternative would have been much worse. They argue that we would have seen a repeat of the Great Depression. Philadelphia, Pa.: I recall learning about the interconnectedness of banks back as a Wharton student in the 1970s. What many people did not know what that most major banks had sizable stock holdings and ownership in each other. Thus, the banking industry stands strong as one, and can also tumble as one. How much ownership do major banks have in each other today? David Cho: Banks are probably more interconnected than ever before, but not only because they own stakes in each other. There's now a shadow banking system in which hedge funds, pension funds, mutual funds, and virtually every other pool of money borrow and lend to banks all over the system. It's hard to even trace it all. Financial experts call this "counterparty risk," that is the risk that one of your many partners, or the partners of your partners, could fail. That could cause a chain reaction of failures across the system. This risk was a reason why officials felt they had to bail out firms such as Bear Stearns and AIG. Belfast, Maine: Less than a year ago we were hearing that we were possibly on the verge of another Great Depression. Was all that talk alarmist or have we just witnessed a miracle recovery? David Cho: Very good question. I covered the crisis since the beginning of 2007 when subprime mortgages began to cause trouble to the system. Last year, when Lehman Brothers failed and even safe money market funds were collapsing, I thought a depression was possible. I mean if funds that were supposed to be as safe as deposits couldn't keep afloat, the country's financial system was in bad shape. But it's hard to argue about what could have happened if the government didn't bailout all those banks. It's just not a satisfying answer. It's certainly not a politically feasible one. One final note: There hasn't been a recovery... yet. Unemployment is going up. The economy is still shrinking. Consumer confidence is down. There is NO miracle recovery. All that has happened is the risk of a catastrophic failure of the financial system has passed. We are beginning to see the signs of the recession ending, but we haven't yet seen a recovery. Austin, Texas: "Meet the new boss, same as the old boss" Where is any meaningful reform to prevent the same risk-taking by financial institutions that put us in this mess? David Cho: Yeah, it's easy to be skeptical of what regulation can do given the phase we just witnessed. Geithner told me that the administration has proposed several steps which I laid out in the story. In my view, the most important are higher capital reserves for big banks and the proposal to give the government the ability to take over and wind down a financial firm's businesses in an orderly manner. The reason this proposal is important is because during the bailouts, none of the creditors of the banks saw any losses. If the government was given wind-down authority, these creditors could be penalized heavily. That makes a big difference in the market's perception of whether firms are too big to fail. Boston, Mass.: Who up on the Hill is representing the interests of the consumer regarding the financial community? There aren't too many Senators/Congressmen who are independently wealthy and/or in such strong positions electorally that they can refuse the campaign finance support and influence from the very large banks/insurance companies/etc. or withstand campaign ads against them. David Cho: There are several lawmakers fighting for the creation of a new consumer financial protection agency, which is one of the core proposals in Obama's reg reform plan. But the industry and their allies on both sides of the aisle are opposing the idea. The agency would have real teeth -- it could write new consumer rules and enforce them. Wall Street lobbyists have told me that they plan to go to the mattress on this proposal. They are really worried about it, which demonstrates how much power this new agency would have. But I think too little attention was paid to what the consequences for consumers would be when the emergency mergers were arranged by the government last year. SW Nebraska: Opponents of regulation, much like opponents to health-care reform, will bring fear into the equation. Maybe they will say that Obama is nationalizing all businesses and no one will be able to profit from their work. Have we become an oligarchy where corporations and the monied class have all the power to manipulate the fearful? Yeah, I'm really depressed over the way health-care reform has gone. David Cho: Yeah, there's no question that consumers have a harder time lobbying on major issues like health-care reform and regulatory reform than big banks and big insurance firms which can donate a lot of money to politicians and get face time with them. But at least in health care, the town-hall meetings appeared to make a big difference. In regulatory reform, the big banks do appear to be making strides in convincing lawmakers that the nation does not need a new consumer financial protection agency. Cameron, N.C.: As far back as I can remember, history classes about the early 1900s celebrated the trust busting Teddy Roosevelt. Over the past few decades I wondered how it was possible that all these large corporations were merging with or buying out competitors. In my naivete I thought that those in charge were vetting the process. I now understand that the trusts were back, and that the regulators were in the pockets of the corporations. My question is how do we get our country back from the robber barons? Where is Teddy's successor? David Cho: I don't know if Teddy has any successors today. The financial industry is so complex that many of those that regulate the industry come from the industry because they are the only ones with the expertise to understand what's going on. The staff at the Treasury's bailout, for instance, largely came from banks. I agree that there was too little vetting last year when the government was arranging the mergers of big banks. But I also understand that they were under intense pressure to save the system. We came very close to a complete meltdown last year. And the actions taken last year probably helped the global financial system avert that danger. washingtonpost.com: The moral hazard issue is indeed interesting, because it seems it's not really quantifiable or measurable. Is there any way to grasp the true pervasiveness of this attitude, and how can Geithner and others even begin to change it? David Cho: It is difficult to quantify. But the lower lending rates of big banks is probably the best measure of moral hazard. If you think about it, why should a small retailer have to pay more for the same merchandise as a big one? No small shop would survive. That's exactly what's going on in the financial industry right now. I think the regulatory reform plan being promoted by Geithner may help the problem, but it may be difficult. I'm very curious to see how they will engineer the new capital requirements for big banks -- it's really tough to get these right. You could end up tipping the balance of the market even more in favor of big banks, or do the opposite. Neither is ideal. Rockville, Md.: "Something like this happened in the telecommunications industry back in the early 1980s." And one of the parts (SWB) gathered nearly all the parts back and is now AT&T - again. David Cho: Very good point. We certainly went through a long period of de-regulation in several industries, including telecommunciations, energy, and financial services. As I've looked into why this happened, the answers aren't all encouraging. There was a lot of lobbying and special interests involved. Chaska, Minn.: You know your biases are showing here. You seem to assume free market = no rules and regulations. The free market did quite well after the Depression with lots of sensible rules and regulations. Its only been the deregulated eras that have produced the bubbles that caused huge instabilities and abused and now a near total meltdown of the financial sector. Logically it make sense. What would an NFL game look like without rules and referees? What extremes would folks go through to win? Yet the financial sector with billions of dollars at stake is somehow immune to self interest, greed and fraud. Yeah, right. Break up those companies. It would keep these Mega-corporations from gaming the system. It would allow competition to thrive instead of being stifled by Monopolistic practices. It's time to admit the best way to keep capitalism healthy and productive is put real rules in place and enforce them. Yes and limit the size of the corporation. Companies that dominate a mature market space and squeeze out viable competition through price manipulation, manipulating legislation to capture market share, etc.... are not free markets they are captured markets. David Cho: On the contrary, I think the financial crisis demonstrated that free markets cannot exist without smart rules and regulation. Those that promoted that view, for the most part, have admitted their errors. I think it was significant that Alan Greenspan confessed he had a flaw in his world view -- he assumed that firms could police themselves. When markets have no supervision, it's clear they can go wild. It's not a matter of more or less regulation. You have to have a smart regulatory system. We don't have that now. You have five banking regulators, each with different rules, overseeing the financial system. You have nobody looking at derivative markets which are much larger than the stock markets. There are too many holes. You can't solve this by making the rules tougher. You've got to redo the regulatory system in my view. Boston, Mass: You have to give President Bush and the government a lot of credit. A year after his TARP program was maligned by Republican partisans all over the media, the TARP plan is showing a 10% return, and has collected over $7 billion in dividend payments. It took guts to buck his party and do the right thing, but will anybody stand up and give him his props? David Cho: I think most economists would agree that the TARP was effective in averting a major financial catastrophe. In covering this rescue on a daily basis last year, I observed, however, that the White House was hardly involved in the rescue effort. It was mainly Hank Paulson, the Treasury Secretary, Ben Bernanke, the chair of the Fed, and Tim Geithner, who was, at the time, the president of the NY Fed. Those three really were this decade's iteration of the committee to save the world. In fact, many republicans were angry with Bush for supporting the bailout last year because it supposedly violated the views of pure free market advocates. But Bush did push hard to get the TARP legislation passed last year, and I think most financial experts who understand the danger we were in would give the former president props for those efforts. Dallas, Texas: So what has been done to curb derivative trading with regular deposits? It's my understanding that one of the issues was that banks took general deposits and effectively made very risky investments with them. I can see a fund dedicated to doing this, but when I stick my money in the bank, its supposed to be safe, and I would think organizations like the FDIC would want to ensure that as well. If I am wrong please correct me. Thanks. David Cho: Derivative trading was largely not done with ordinary retail deposits. But the administration's regulatory reform plan does propose forcing all derivative traders to hold more capital -- that would help them cover any potential losses. In the past, many of these traders borrowed money to trade. When they saw massive losses, they couldn't pay back their creditors. That caused a lot of problems for big banks, too, which had partnered with these guys. The administration's regulatory reform plan also proposes to have nearly all derivatives trade on open exchanges, rather than within the "shadow banking system" that exists outside regulation. Hedgefunds: How much regulation will we see regarding hedgefunds? These seem like the thrifts in the late 80's or junk bonds. And even if hedgefunds become regulated, will we just see a new Wild West banking tactic develop? It seems likes there's always some complicated banking vehicle born out of a legislative loophole exploited by Yale graduate so-and-so T. Rockefeller the III. David Cho: If the administration's reg reform plan passes, all hedge funds would be required to register with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Big funds would have to submit to oversight to a new systemic risk regulatory. I hear you on the Wild West concept. That is a real possibility, given the ingenuity of modern financiers. The administration wants the Fed to become a systemic risk regulatory and to have the empower to oversee any new market or product that develops. But this will require the Fed to be very vigilant over seemingly minor developments. The central bank's record on this regard is mixed. They certainly had fewer failures on their watch than virtually any other bank regulatory. But they missed the boat on subprime mortgages which was partly their responsibility. Chaska, Minn.: You keep saying its so complex. Basically that is an attitude for doing nothing. Basic study of history says all this has happened before and we can fix it by following historical precedents. Trust busting should be the new mantra to usher in an era of prosperity for all. David Cho: Well, it's not just that it's only complex. It's tough to determine WHO you would break up. It's possible, but you would certainly be contriving the market, rather than allowing it to develop on its own. It's not certain that breaking these firms up would be better than the administration's reg reform plan because smaller firms that are just as systemically important as big firms would not be broken up. And you'd still be left with the too-big-to-fail problem. Besides, there are benefits to having big firms. In a crisis, the government relied on them to take over ailing banks in order to avoid a collapse of the financial system. What the government is worried about is that its implicit guarantee of these firms because explicit. That's the definition of having firms that are too big to fail. As soon as the government guarantees became explicit, it skewed the market in favor of the big. That's what's led to all kinds of problems. Separate from that, however, I do observe too few officials are worried about the anti-trust implications of the mergers of last year. It's something that bears watching. Silver Spring, Md.: I just don't see how anyone can look at the U.S. economy over the last 70 plus years and say we've had a "Free Market" during that time? Seems a complete misrepresentation of the term. David Cho: It's a good point. In my view, our markets exist on a spectrum of regulation. At some points we've swayed toward having less regulation; at other points we've gone the other direction. Certainly in the past decade or so, we saw a massive movement toward the former. Most economists now agree that the financial system went too far in deregulation -- even Alan Greenspan who oversaw that effort acknowledged its shortcomings. I think the financial crisis demonstrated that the free markets need to continue, but with smarter regulation. This isn't an argument for quantity of oversight, just a smarter system. RE: Your Response to Reston, Va: Don't many regulators want a job in the "private sector" and might that desire cloud their judgment in performing their regulatory duties? How else could you explain the likes of Enron and Bernie Madoff getting away with their nefarious activities for so long? David Cho: Yes, it does happen a lot. In fact, Jim Lockhart, who used to oversee Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, is now headed to a distressed asset shop. Many Bush officials are working at financial firms. The compensation at these firms is just too great not to turn offers down. And certainly firms like Goldman Sachs have placed a lot of their crew into top jobs -- just look at Rubin, Paulson, or Corzine to name a few examples. There are exceptions, however. Geithner never worked at a Wall Street firm and Ben Bernanke came from Princeton's economics department. But I agree with you. Paulson, for instance, never directly addressed his feelings about bailing out Goldman Sachs, the firm that made his career. Wokingham, U.K.: This is terrifying. We rushed to save the banks, they responded by living as dangerously as before only more so. The next time it won't be possible to save them or ourselves - will it? David Cho: It's a BIG worry. Every regulatory I talked to said it's at the top of the list of issues that needs to be fixed. Folks like Geithner and Bernanke are pinning their hopes on the administration's reg reform plan. But it's far from clear whether this will fix our too big to fail problem. Silver Spring, Md.: "I think the financial crisis demonstrated that free markets cannot exist without smart rules and regulation." Not sure I agree. Yes, the Federal Government did "deregulate" a bit during the 1980's-90's. But it left in place access to easy money (low interest rates provided by the Fed) and promoted the idea that the Federal Government wouldn't let these firms fail. That led to the moral hazard. A Free Market would let the market set interest rates (which certainly would have been higher) and firms would have had to perform well in order to survive. Thus fewer firms would have taken such incredible risks. And those that did would have suffered the consequences, making room for other, smarter firms to take their place. David Cho: That was the prevailing theory behind the deregulation of the last ten years or so. But even Alan Greenspan acknowledged a "flaw" in that worldview, which he held for many years. He didn't realize that the competition for yield would drive a race to the bottom and put all big financial firms and their shareholders at risk. He admitted that the accountability measures in the free market system proved to be a weaker disincentive for recklessness than he thought. One other note, the market does not set interest rates in the U.S. The Federal Reserve does. It was Greenspan's Fed that left interest rates at near-zero for a year, which provided the fuel for the boom. Washington, D.C.: Wouldn't a simple way to help fix the too big to fail problem be to implement a bailout tax? What if you charged 10% of gross revenue of banks with over x billion of turnover and scaled that back to 0% for banks under a certain size? You could also eliminate deductibility of bonuses for banks too big to fail, that would allow smaller banks to get access to "the brightest and the best." David Cho: A version of this thinking is in the administration's reg reform plan. It proposes putting higher capital requirements on big firms, reducing their ability to invest with leverage (borrowed money), and requires them to pay higher regulatory fees than small banks, among other measures. The problem is who you stick into this category of big firms. Some analysts feel that if you identify who gets hit with these measures, you are basically announcing to the world that these firms are big enough to get a government guarantee. In this way, you've only exacerbated the too big to fail problem, not solved it. That's why moral hazard is difficult problem to solve. Evanston, Ill.: Why are those on the economic left (who normally deride market efficiency) so adamant for mark to market while those on the economic right (who normally preach perfect market efficiency) so opposed to mark to market? Is this an example of politics over economics? David Cho: You could be right. What's interesting about the architects of the bailout -- Paulson, Geithner, Bair, Bernanke and others -- is that they appear to have a strong belief in both free markets and regulatory reform. Paulson, for instance, did not want government making decisions that should be left to private bankers. He has been opposed to nationalizing banks outright, for instance. And yet when it came to Citigroup or Bank of America, he went ahead and took those firms over for the sake of saving the financial system. This group very much appears to be pragmatists above anything else. Mooresville, N.C.: Is there no prospect of establishing penalties and punishments for the entities and individuals that create these financial disasters? I am agog that financial institutions and their leadership can so blithely feed from the bonus trough after putting the nation on the hook for their collective greed and stupidity. David Cho: It's definitely infuriating, no doubt about it. Obama's reg reform plan essentially penalizes banks for being big. But that doesn't get to the actors who got us into this mess in the first place. Some of them have joined firms that buy distressed and are making money as the financial system recovers. And certainly the furor over executive pay on Wall Street, sparked by the bonuses paid by AIG, is fading. D.C.: ...and the sad part is the proposed Obama plan would make "too big to fail" banks even bigger. Once you have a list of TBTF institutions, their borrowing costs will decline, since neither this administration or the last were willing to let debtholders take losses. This decline in borrowing costs will more than off-set any additional regulation, allowing these TBTF firms to gain market share and under-cut their rivals. All only pretty much guaranteeing further bailouts. we don't need more fannie and freddie's. David Cho: Yeah, this is an issue. And a lot of economists are worried about this "list." Geithner told me in our interview that it's mort important, however, to impose higher capital requirements on big banks than to keep the list secret. He said everyone in the markets will be able to figure out who is TBTF anyway, so why keep it secret? An ever bigger problem, however, is what capital requirements you impose on the big banks. How do you determine the precise level? Kensington, Md.: There is already an "anti-trust" rule in place, and that is under the Bank Holding Company Act, no BHC can control more than 10 percent of retail domestic deposits. The idea is that no huge entity that fails takes with it the liquidity of a massive number of citizens. Under the current pseudo-crisis, you might note that depositors were almost entirely unfazed. That is low-risk, liquid assets (deposits) are completely intact. A previous commenter is completely incorrect about the exposure banks face from each other and even internally. There are strict rules about this to prevent prevent say some sort of affiliated insurance company form bringing down the retail banking side of an organization, and BHCs cannot play some sort of "shadow ownership" game by holding large amounts of stock in each other. Anyway, the simple rule of thumb is that no financial entiy should ever be allowed to have a balance sheet larger than than the Fed's (in normal times). Logical. Right befor the crisis, BofAs balance sheet was somehting like 4-5 times larger than the central bank's. Lunacy. If this simple rule is fllowed, the Fed would never have ot make any sort of drastic, outrageous moves (in proportion to its own assets) to save a particular entity. David Cho: All good points. During the crisis, however, the BHC rule on 10 percent deposits was waived. The DOJ's anti-trust guidelines were also waived, largely because the government felt it needed to arrange these mergers to prevent the system from collapsing. David Cho: hey everyone, thanks for chatting. Terrific questions today. Keep following our series on the consequences of the crisis. We've got some good stuff coming. If you have more questions feel free to email me at chod@washpost.com.

2019-04-20T11:17:34Z

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2009/08/28/DI2009082801337.html

Fox Sports Detroit is an American regional sports network owned by The Walt Disney Company that operates as a Fox Sports Networks affiliate. It provides coverage of local sports teams in the state of Michigan, primarily focusing on those in Metro Detroit. The network airs exclusive broadcasts of games involving the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Pistons, Detroit Red Wings and repeats of Detroit Lions preseason games, as well as some state college and high school sports. Fox Sports Detroit is available on cable television throughout Michigan, as well as in northeastern Indiana, northwest Ohio and some portions of northeastern Wisconsin and nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network. The network's production facilities and offices are based in Southfield, Michigan, with master control operations based at the headquarters of Fox Sports Networks in Houston, Texas. The network also maintains dedicated remote sets in the concourses of Comerica Park and Little Caesars Arena. Fox Sports Detroit traces its origins to 1996, when News Corporation purchased 50% of the Prime Network, a group of regional sports networks owned by Liberty Media, and immediately rebranded them under the "Fox Sports Net" banner. At the time of the purchase, Post-Newsweek Stations (owners of Detroit NBC affiliate WDIV-TV, channel 4) owned the Detroit-based Pro-Am Sports System (PASS Sports), which served the local affiliate of the Prime Network. News Corporation announced plans to launch a Fox Sports Net affiliate in Michigan by 1998, and made a surprise bid for, and won, the local cable television rights to NBA games involving the Detroit Pistons. When PASS Sports' respective National Hockey League and Major League Baseball broadcast rights to the Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Tigers franchises came up for renewal, Fox Sports Net made a bid for the contracts and won them both. Fox Sports decided to push the launch date of the new channel forward in time for the beginning of the 1997–98 NHL season and 1998 MLB season; Fox Sports Detroit began broadcasting on September 17, 1997. Post-Newsweek, meanwhile, concluded that its coverage area was not large enough to support two RSNs and sold the remainder of its Tigers and Pistons contracts, and the contract of sportscaster John Keating, to Fox Sports Detroit. Post-Newsweek shut down PASS Sports on October 31, 1997, leaving Fox Sports Detroit as the sole regional sports network in Michigan. From its launch until January 16, 2008, Fox Sports Detroit broadcast its studio shows out of FSN Northwest's facilities in Bellevue, Washington. On October 1, 2009, the network unveiled a new all-digital high definition-capable studio in its Southfield headquarters dubbed the "Call Sam Studio", named after its sponsor, the Sam Bernstein Law Firm. It serves as the production base of the pre-game/post-game shows Tigers Live, Pistons Live and Red Wings Live, as well the magazine shows of all three teams and all of the channel's other local programming. It was expected that 80% of the shows produced from the studio would be produced and broadcast in HD. The first program to originate from the new studio was Wingspan, a special previewing the 2009–10 Red Wings season, on October 1. The channel shared professional team coverage rights with some Detroit area broadcast television stations until the spring of 2008. In March 2008, the channel signed new long-term contracts with the Pistons, Red Wings and Tigers to broadcast more games than in previous years, becoming the exclusive local home of all three teams for the first time until at least 2018. This leaves only the NFL's Detroit Lions as the only local professional sports team in Detroit to have all of its games on broadcast television. On May 21, 2015, the Detroit Lions announced a multi-year broadcast partnership with Fox Sports Detroit and WJBK (Fox 2). Fox Sports Detroit produces the preseason game broadcasts with Fox 2 producing the pre-game and post-game segments. The games air live on Fox 2 and the rest of the Detroit Lions Television Network, with re-airings on Fox Sports Detroit. Fox Sports Detroit also airs Lions Live after regular season games, and Monday head coach press conferences. On December 14, 2017, as part of a merger between both companies, The Walt Disney Company announced plans to acquire all 22 regional Fox Sports networks from 21st Century Fox, including Fox Sports Detroit. However, on June 27, 2018, the Justice Department ordered their divestment under antitrust grounds, citing Disney's ownership of ESPN Inc. It is unknown whether the networks will be divested to other parties, or be retained by the new Fox Corporation (which consists of the assets excluded from Disney's purchase, including the Fox broadcast network and the remainder of the Fox Sports division). Fox stated in January 2019 that it would not bid for the networks. In February 2019, it was reported that Detroit Pistons owner Tom Gores (via his private equity firm Platinum Equity) had joined one of the major bids for the networks, alongside Liberty Media and Minnesota Twins owner Jim Pohlad. Detroit Red Wings – Fox Sports Detroit holds the exclusive local television rights to 70 Detroit Red Wings regular season games, as well as some preseason games and the first round of the playoffs. Red Wings Live airs before and after all games. Detroit Tigers – Fox Sports Detroit holds the exclusive local television rights to at least 150 Detroit Tigers regular season games, as well as some Spring training games. Tigers Live (which was extended to an hour-long program in 2013) airs before and after all regular season games, and after all playoff games. Detroit Pistons – Fox Sports Detroit holds the exclusive local television rights to up to 70 regular season Detroit Pistons games, as well as some early round playoff games. Pistons Live airs before and after all games. Detroit Lions – Fox Sports Detroit airs repeats of Detroit Lions preseason games. It also airs Lions Live after regular season games, and the Monday press conference with the Lions' head coach. Pistons Weekly – A 30-minute in-season show featuring off the court stories from the Detroit Pistons. Hosted by George Blaha, the program also airs on WDIV-TV. Pistons In Focus – A 30-minute show that premiered during the 2009–10 season with biographies of notable Pistons players and coaches past and present, hosted by Eli Zaret. Those examined have included Isiah Thomas, Chuck Daly, Bill Laimbeer, Dave Bing and Tayshaun Prince. Wingspan – Formerly titled Red Wings Weekly, a 30-minute in-season show featuring off-the-ice stories of the Detroit Red Wings. Tigers Weekly – A 30-minute in-season show featuring off-the-field stories of the Detroit Tigers. Inside Michigan Football – A 30-minute weekly discussion of University of Michigan Wolverines football with head coach Jim Harbaugh, hosted by Jim Brandstatter. The program also features interview segments with Wolverines players, as well as locker room footage and special features presented by Doug Karsch. Formerly known as Michigan Replay, which began on WDIV-TV in 1980 (its original title was retired in honor of former Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr). It is also shown on Big Ten Network and ABC affiliate WXYZ-TV (channel 7) and via Big Ten Network On Demand. Inside Michigan Basketball – A 30-minute weekly discussion of University of Michigan Wolverines men's basketball with head coach John Beilein, hosted by Matt Shepard. Maintaining a format similar to Inside Michigan Football, the program is also shown on Big Ten Network and available via Big Ten Network On Demand. Michigan Sports Weekly – A weekly series chronicling the University of Michigan Wolverines sports scene; it is hosted by Doug Karsch. The program is also shown on Big Ten Network and the Michigan Channel. Spartan Sports Zone – A weekly program chronicling the Michigan State University Spartans sports scene; it is hosted by Dave Ellis. The program is also shown on Big Ten Network and Fox College Sports Atlantic. One on One with Tom Izzo – A 30-minute show featuring Michigan State University Spartans men's basketball head coach Tom Izzo and sports anchor Mickey York. It is also shown on Big Ten Network. One on One with Mark Dantonio – A 30-minute show featuring Michigan State University Spartans football head coach Mark Dantonio and sports anchor Mickey York. It is also shown on Big Ten Network. Michigan Golf Live – A pre-recorded weekly show that promotes golfing and golf courses in Michigan, hosted by Doug Karsch. MHSAA Football Friday Overtime – Debuted in August 2011, the program includes highlights, analysis and interviews from high school football games around the state. Hosted by Mickey York and Rob Rubick, it airs live Friday nights at 12:00 a.m. during the fall. The Detroit Sports Report (or simply DSR) – A Detroit/Michigan-centered sports news show created in September 2000 by Fox Sports Net to help increase ratings for the National Sports Report. Marc Soicher and Angie Arlotti (now Mentink) were the original anchors of the 10:00 p.m. show, while Soicher hosted a 7:00 p.m. edition of the program solo. Mickey York and Brad Adam hosted the weekend editions of the program. In 2003, Mickey York promoted to weeknight co-anchor replacing Soicher, following his departure for FSN Rocky Mountain, with Ryan Field (previously with WJBK and sports radio station WDFN) replacing York as weekend anchor in addition to serving as a correspondent. Ratings for the Detroit Sports Report remained decent, despite declining ratings for the National Sports Report, which itself was canceled in 2004; FSN dropped many of the regional sports news programs later that year or in 2005, with the Detroit Sports Report being the last to be canceled in April 2007. Pistons Insider – A 30-minute pre-recorded in-season pregame show in which Matt Shepard and Pete Skorich preview the night's Pistons opponent. It was canceled after the 2008–09 season. Motor City Memories – Discussion of memorable Detroit Pistons teams of the past, hosted by George Blaha. It was replaced by Pistons In Focus for the 2009–10 season. Spotlight: Detroit – A series profiling prominent Detroit sports figures. In My Own Words: Detroit – A 30-minute interview featuring a sports figure in Detroit. This show is similar to Chris Myers Interview. The show debuted September 9, 2007. John Keating was the host. The program was canceled in 2008. Fox Sports Detroit was the home of the WNBA's Detroit Shock until the 2009 season, after which the team relocated to Tulsa, Oklahoma. FSN Basement: All Star Edition 2005 – Featuring interviews with George Kell and Al Kaline, each recalling their memories of playing for the Tigers and working together in the television booth. It was re-aired several times in late March 2009 in memory of former long-time Tigers play-by-play announcer George Kell, who died on March 24, 2009 at age 86. Ernie Harwell: We'll Remember – A tribute special shown after the death of legendary Tigers broadcaster Ernie Harwell on May 5, 2010. A New Day for Detroit – about Detroit's recent sports renaissance and economic revival, focusing on the construction of the Little Caesars Arena in Midtown Detroit, the home of the Pistons (who had played at The Palace of Auburn Hills since 1988) and the Red Wings (who had played at the Joe Louis Arena since 1979), which will mean both teams' 2017–2018 seasons is first time since the Lions' move to the Pontiac Silverdome in 1975 (and subsequent return to Detroit when they moved to Ford Field in 2002), that all four of Detroit's major professional teams play in the city. It premiered on April 28, 2017 and was narrated by Oscar-winning actor and Detroit native J. K. Simmons. Ryan Field – host/field reporter (2003–2013). Now on Fox Sports 1. Fox Sports Detroit HD is a 720p high definition simulcast feed of Fox Sports Detroit. It telecasts all Detroit Pistons, Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Tigers games in HD, their respective pre-game and post-game shows and team magazine shows, as well as all college and high school games and programs. Wingspan became the first locally produced pre-recorded program to be broadcast in HD when it began in 2009. In 2010, Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) and MHSAA games began airing in HD. Nationally televised FSN games and other programs are also broadcast in HD. Like the standard-definition feed, it is available nationwide via DirecTV and Dish Network, and on most cable providers in Michigan and some in Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin. Fox Sports Detroit Plus is a game-time only alternate feed of Fox Sports Detroit. It was launched in 2007 to solve scheduling conflicts, such as those of the Detroit Tigers, Pistons and Red Wings, as well as CCHA games, MHSAA finals for football and basketball, and The Mid-American Conference Basketball Tournament (via Fox Sports Ohio). It is frequently used for live college football, college basketball, college baseball and tennis telecasts and other events distributed nationally by FSN, to avoid conflicts with local coverage. Fox Sports Detroit Plus has been used for special alternate feeds of local games, such as the annual "¡Fiesta Tigres!" game which celebrates Latin American players, in which alternate announcers conducted Spanish language play-by-play; a "Position-by-position" Tigers game, with the camera isolating on a different defensive player every inning featuring John Keating on play-by-play; as well as a "Social networking" Tigers telecast in which the channel's staff answered viewer questions from Facebook, Twitter, and their own website. Fox Sports Detroit Plus also has an HD feed which is available on DirecTV, Dish Network, AT&T U-verse, Comcast, WOW! and some smaller regional cable systems. Fox Sports Detroit On Demand is the video on demand service of Fox Sports Detroit, which is currently available on Comcast. Launched in October 2008, its offerings include the channel's magazine and coach's shows, which are presented commercial-free. On August 7, 2009, Fox Sports Detroit On Demand began carrying full-length presentations of the channel's Tigers game broadcasts. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (June 27, 2018). "Justice Department Approves Disney's Acquisition of 21st Century Fox With Divestiture of Regional Sports Networks". Variety. Retrieved March 8, 2019. ^ a b "Disney can buy Fox if it sells 22 regional sports networks, Justice Dept. says". USA Today. June 28, 2018. ^ a b c d e Mike Reynolds (March 19, 2008). "FSN Detroit Nets Pro Sports 3 pointer". Multichannel News. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2010. ^ a b c Mike Brudenell (October 2, 2009). "New Fox Sports Detroit HD Studio Unveiled Tonight". Detroit Free Press. Gannett Company. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010 – via CallSam.com. ^ R. Thomas Umstead (July 8, 1996). "Liberty Sports regionals will become Fox Sports net". Multichannel News. The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015 – via HighBeam Research. ^ Richard Sandomir (September 1, 1997). "Broadcast Giants Vie for Control of Regional Sports Markets". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2010. ^ "FSN's York excited to return home". The Detroit News. Gannett Company. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2010 – via SportscastingJobs.com. ^ a b "FOX Sports Detroit, FOX2 become Lions' official TV partners". Fox Sports. May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015. ^ "New Fox Won't Bid for Disney's Regional Sports Networks". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2019-03-21. ^ "Tom Gores' Platinum Equity reportedly part of bid to buy Fox Sports Detroit and sister networks". Crain's Detroit Business. 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-03-21. ^ John Johnson (October 4, 2010). "FOX Sports Detroit To Deliver All MHSAA Championships To Cable & Online Audiences". Michigan High School Athletic Association. Retrieved October 5, 2010. ^ "2014 Michigan Football Broadcast Information". University of Michigan Athletic Department. Retrieved October 16, 2011. ^ "Men's Basketball Broadcast Information". University of Michigan Athletic Department. Retrieved January 28, 2010. ^ FS Detroit Staff (August 18, 2011). "FSD enhances prep football coverage". FoxSportsDetroit.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2011. ^ a b "Fox Sports Detroit Plus information". Fox Sports Detroit. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2010. ^ Thomas Umstead (August 7, 2009). "Fox Sports, Comcast Put Detroit Tigers Games On Demand". Multichannel News. Archived from the original on August 11, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010. This page was last edited on 11 April 2019, at 20:24 (UTC).

2019-04-19T19:13:04Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_Detroit

Fire Chief Michael Callahan is the Chief of the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department. He is in his 40th year in the Fire Service, has served in every operational rank, and frontline, managerial, and administrative disciplines in his career. Chief Callahan is internationally credentialed as a Designated Chief Fire Officer by the Center for Public Safety Excellence. Chief Callahan has a dual Bachelor of Arts degree in Law Enforcement & Justice Administration and Spanish Languages from Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois and a Master of Science degree in Homeland Security from Tiffin University in Tiffin, Ohio. Chief Callahan came to the Kansas City, Kansas Fire Department after serving with the Chicago Fire Department. Chief Callahan is extremely fortunate to be supported by an outstanding Command Staff and a dedicated, courageous, and determined group of Company Officers, Drivers, and Firefighters who are the backbone of the Department. Chief Jack H. Andrade started his fire service career in 1995 as a volunteer firefighter at the Knob Noster Volunteer Fire Department and Johnson County Fire Protection District. In 1997, he transitioned to the career fire service in Warrensburg Fire Department. Chief Andrade spent 7 years as a firefighter for Warrensburg serving as a firefighter and a lieutenant. Chief Andrade has been with Kanas City Kansas Fire Department since 2004 and is currently serving in the role as 1st Deputy Fire Chief. Chief Andrade has a Master’s Degree in Occupational Safety Management in the Fire Service from the University of Central Missouri. He also has a Bachelor’s of Science Degree in Conservation Enforcement. He has attended many courses through the National Fire Academy, Kansas Fire and Rescue Training Institute and MU Fire and Rescue Training Institute. As a 1986 graduate of Wyandotte High School followed by an Associate Degree of Fire Sciences at Kansas City, Kansas Community College Chief Stroud was hired by Kansas City, Kansas Fire Department in 1990. Chief Stroud became a second – generation firefighter for the department. In the position of Firefighter he worked at Station 5 (9th & Quindaro) and then Station 9 (11th & Central). In 1999 he was promoted to the position of Driver and served at HazMat Station 2 (62nd & State) and Station 3 (5th & Kansas Ave.). In 2005 he was promoted to Captain and served 11 years at Station 11 (31st & State Ave.). In 2016 Chief Stroud was promoted to Battalion Chief followed by being promoted to Deputy Chief of Operations. Deputy Chief John Droppelmann’s fire service career spans 28 years. Chief Droppelmann has been a member of the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department for the past 24 years serving as the Fire Marshal for the past 3 years. Chief Droppelmann relies on his educational background in Electrical Engineering, investigations, inspections, code enforcement, and plans review to oversee the department’s Fire Prevention Division. Chief Droppelmann’s previous positions with the Fire Department include Firefighter, Paramedic, Driver, Captain, Acting Battalion Chief, and Fire Investigator. As Deputy Chief of the Fire Prevention Division he is responsible for the inspections of over 4500 commercial structures within the city limits, conducting fire prevention education and public relations, and enforcement of the Fire Department’s section of the City’s ordinances. He is also responsible for overseeing the investigation of over 500 fires each year and assisting the District Attorney’s office with the prosecution of those persons who have been criminally charged with violating one or more of Kansas’ arson statutes. Operations Chief for Battalion 121-1ST SHIFT. Chief Bergman is a 22 YEAR VETERAN FIREFIGHTER. 56 YEARS OLD. He considers it an honor and a privilege to serve the city he grew up in and has lived in all his life! He is presently fulfilling the role of Battalion Chief in District 1 as Battalion 121, working daily with 6 of KCKFD’s 18 stations housing 16 EMS and fire apparatus and 60 men/women per shift. None of this would have ever been possible if not for his two now-grown children: Lindsay is enjoying marriage with James(both successfully employed by the Cerner corporation) and his son Nicholas(a recent retiree/veteran of the united states navy). They are his inspiration in life! Baseball and golf are two of his favorite sports, among many. Operations Chief for 2nd Shift also in charge of Technical Rescue. Chief Hawley has been in the Fire Service for 28 years, 24 here in KCK and the other 4 in Salina Kansas where he was born and raised. Chief Hawley started in the Fire Service after becoming an EMT in 1990 and later became a Paramedic in 1993. Since moving to KCK he has worked the majority of his career in the downtown district splitting time as a Firefighter between Stations 11, and 14, driving out of Station 1, and working as a Captain at Station 5. Chief Heath is currently serving as a Battalion Chief in the EMS division. He began his firefighting career in 1990 outside of Topeka and has been with Kansas City Kansas Fire since 1997. He is a Paramedic and has worked in many roles with in the organization including Hazardous materials response, as an EMS supervisor, and in the investigations division. Chief Bryan Hendin has served with the fire department since 1997 and has worked in several different modalities throughout his career. Chief Hendin started as a firefighter/paramedic working on the pumper at Station 9 for over 11 years. Chief Hendin promoted through the ranks from driver to Battalion Chief since 2009. Chief Hendin has earned two Associate’s degrees, a Bachelor of Applied Science from the University of Iowa, and a Bachelor of Public Administration from Park University. Currently, Chief Hendin is working on a Master’s of Public Administration at Park University. Before his fire service career, Chief Hendin served in the United States Army from 1987-1993 with the majority of his time spent with 3rd Ranger Battalion. He graduated from Ranger School in 1989, promoted the rank of Sergeant, and a decorated combat veteran serving in Operation Just Cause and Operation Desert Storm. Chief Hendin has been married to his wife Janelle since 2008, and together they have three children, two dogs, and two cats. Chief Jayne began his fire service career with the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department in 1998. He has a Bachelor’s Degree in Mathematics Education from Kansas State University and an Associate’s Degree in Fire Science from Kansas City Kansas Community College. Chief Jayne was promoted to Battalion Chief in 2017 and currently serves as a BC on 2nd shift as well as a Technical Rescue Chief. Chief Johnson began her public service career in 1995 as an EMT for a small EMS service in NE Kansas and was hired by the KCKFD in October of 1997. She has spent the last 21 years serving the residents of KCK as a career firefighter, driver, captain, battalion chief, and fire investigator. Chief Johnson is currently the Chief of Policy Development and Implementation as well as the KCKFD’s Accreditation Manager. She holds a bachelor’s degree in Journalism from the University of Kansas and a Master’s degree in Public Affairs from Park University. She has been accepted to National Fire Academy’s Executive Fire Officer program and will begin working towards her EFO in late 2019. Chief Johnson was also chosen to be a member of the International Association of Fire Chief’s Fire Service Executive Development Institute 2019 Cohort as well as Wyandotte County Leadership 2000 Class 33. Chief Johnson is a Kansas Certified Fire Investigator II and holds Fire Instructor II certification and serves on an IFSTA Validation committee.. She has taught in the Kansas City Kansas Community College Fire Science Department since January of 2012 and is a member of the KCKFD Instructor Cadre. When Jenn is not at work, she can be found on her bike (the kind without a motor), on the water in a boat or on a paddleboard, at the dog park or on her front porch with her three, best, furry friends, and spending time with her big, loud, awesome family. Chief Kloiber has been with the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department since October 1st, 1995. He currently holds the rank of Battalion Chief and his title is Battalion Chief of Investigations. As an investigator his duties include the investigation of any and all types of fires and burn injuries. Chief Letcher is a 21 year veteran of the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department, working his way through the ranks of Driver, Captain, and presently Assistant Chief. Chief Letcher works in the administration branch of the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department, where he leads the Public Information and Recruitment division. This division works with the state and local media outlets in regards to fires, major incidents, public education and recruitment. Chief Letcher holds a Bachelor’s degree in Universal Studies with a minor in Criminal Justice from East Carolina University, Associates of Arts from Coffeyville Community College, and Associates of Fire Science from Kansas City Kansas Community College. Chief Letcher has been accepted to the National Fire Academy Executive Officer Program. This program researches and examines how to exercise leadership when dealing with difficult or unique problems within communities. Assistant Chief Shawn McLaughlin currently serves as the Chief of the Communications Division for the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department. Shawn was born and raised in Kansas City, Kansas and graduated from Sumner Academy of Arts and Science in 1991. His career with the KCKFD began in 2000, and since that time he has served as a Firefighter/EMT, Driver, Fire Captain, Battalion Chief, and as a member of the department’s Hazardous Materials team and Honor Guard Pipes and Drums. His current duties include managing all aspects of the Fire Communications Division which provides 911 service to the citizens of Wyandotte County, including emergency medical and fire dispatching. Shawn is a member of the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC), and is currently pursuing Bachelor of Science in Business Management. Shawn has been married to his wife Stephanie for 23 years and has three teenage daughters. Chief Andrew L Novak started his career with K.C.K.F.D. spring of 1998. Chief Novak has worked in all three districts throughout the city, serving as a Firefighter for 7 years, Driver for 4 years, and Captain for 9 years. He is also proud to be 3rd generation for the K.C.K.F.D. and a life- long resident of K.C.Ks. Chief Novak is currently assigned as the Battalion chief on 1st shift in District #3, and is the B.C. of the Hazardous Material Team. Chief Novak has a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Criminal Justice from Benedictine College in Atchison Ks and Associates in Fire Science through Kansas City Kansas Community College. He has attended courses through the National Fire Academy to include Incident Command and Control and many Hazardous Materials/ WMD exercises. Chief Shost became a Paramedic in 1985 and immediately began his career in fire-based EMS. After 10 years in the fire service, he accepted an opportunity to join the MAST System (KCMO EMS System) in a Supervisory and Management capacity. He left MAST in 2003 and hired on with KCKFD as the EMS Transport Chief in 2004. Chief Shost holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Mid-America Nazarene University in Management and Human Relations. Currently serves as Assistant Chief of EMS. In his position Chief Smith oversees our maintenance facility, property, information technology, and the logistics division. Chief Smith has fifteen years of service on the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department and has a passion for serving the community of Wyandotte County. Currently serves as Assistant Chief of Support Services. Chief Smith has lived in Kansas City, Kansas most of his life. He started his fire service career with the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department in September of 1990 and served as Firefighter/EMT his first 10 years. The following 8 years he served as a driver/operator and then advanced to the rank of Captain for the next 11 years. In October of 2018, Chief Smith was promoted to Battalion Chief and he is presently serving in that role. Battalion Chief Thomas Stark is a Kansas City Kansas Fire Department Fire Investigator. Thomas Stark was born in Kansas City, Kansas on June 19, 1968. While growing up, he and his family lived in various places to include Lubbock, Texas, Thomasville, Georgia and Linwood, Kansas. He graduated from Linwood High School in 1986. Mr. Stark received his Bachelor’s Degree in Atmospheric Science from the University of Kansas in 1992. He went on to receive his Master’s Degree in Public Administration from the University of Missouri, Kansas City in 2003. Additionally, Tom has Associate Degrees in Fire Science, Aviation Technology and Business. Mr. Stark served for seven years in the United States Air Force as a Special Operations Helicopter Crew Chief. During his time in the Air Force, he spent time South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Italy and various locations throughout the U.S. He was honorably discharged as a Staff Sergeant from the Air Force with several awards to include the Airman’s Medal, the military’s highest non-combat medal for heroism. Thomas started his firefighting career as a volunteer firefighter in the Florosa Fire Control District in Florida in 1992 while serving in the Air Force. Once discharged from the Air Force, Tom and his wife, moved back to the Kansas City Area. Mr. Stark was hired by the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department in 1999. He has served as a Fire Investigator since 2014. As an employee of the fire department, Thomas has earned numerous certifications to include his Firefighter I and II certifications, the Kansas State Certified Fire Investigator II certification and the International Arson Investigator Association Evidence Collection Technician and Fire Investigator Technician. While working on his Public Administration Degree, Thomas worked as an intern with Chief Smokey Dyer of the Kansas City Missouri Fire Department. Tom assisted with the development of their Strategic Plan. He later serviced as a consultant on the same project. Tom also service as a consultant assisting several Missouri cities and counties with updating their Emergency Operations Plans. As a fire investigator, Chief Stark has investigated over 300 fires. He maintains a membership with the Kansas City Arson Task Force, the Eastern Kansas Arson Task Force, the International Association of Arson Investigators and the International Association of Fire Chiefs. He works closely with the Kansas City Kansas Police Department, the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, the Kansas Fire Marshall Office and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. grew up as the son of an Army Officer, moving to a new state year as a child. Bryan attended West Point, served as an Infantry Officer, and continued his public service as a firefighter, paramedic, and technical rescue team member. He holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering, and a Masters in Fire Management. He worked at MAST ambulance and the Kansas City Missouri fire department before progressing to the KCKFD. Once with KCK, he performed duties as a KARE tech, firefighter, driver, and captain, and served in suppression, training, TEMS, and dispatch divisions within the department. Bryan is a Kansas Certified Fire Investigator 2 for the department. As an LEO firearms trainer, he manages the firearms training within the Fire Investigations Unit. He enjoys high stress, realistic, to a high standard training, and trains firefighters and police officers across Kansas. Bryan is known for his attention to detail, high standards and expectations, and has a storied history of choosing the harder right over the easier wrong. On his off days, he is a competitive pistol shooter, student, and instructor, and will go rappelling anywhere possible. Assistant Chief with Kansas City Kansas Fire Department, currently assigned to 3rd shift Operations Chief. Chief White has 23 years in the fire service. For the last 21 years he has worked for the KCK Fire Dept. where he started as a firefighter, promoted to driver and then to captain. The majority of his time as a firefighter was spent at P-11. Chief White promoted to driver and drove P-20 and P-14. He promoted to Captain and his first assignment was P-17, after 2 years he moved to P-9 and finished his years as a captain at P-14. He was promoted to Battalion Chief and served on 2nd shift until his most recent promotion to Assistant Chief. Currently Chief Wood serves as Battalion Chief of Logistics with the Support Services Division. He handles the day to day logistical issues with regards to the Fire Stations and equipment. He is currently involved with projects to upgrade and renovate our Fire stations. With that position he also oversees the Maintenance Shop for the KCKFD. He has served 23 years with the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department. Chief of the Training Division for the Kansas City Kansas Fire Department. A 24 year veteran of the KCKFD Chief Zeeb has served in many different positions within the organization. Chief Zeeb also functions as one of the Hazardous Materials Command Officers for the KCKFD. Chief Zeeb has his Associates Degree in Fire Science from the Kansas City, Kansas Community College, a Bachelor’s Degree in Communications from Hastings College in Hastings, Nebraska and a Masters of Business Administration from the University of Saint Mary in Overland Park/Leavenworth, Kansas. Chief Zeeb serves the KCKFD on many regional committees such as the Local Area Planning Committee (LEPC) and the Regional Homeland Security Coordinating Committee (RHSCC), both groups are sponsored and supported through the Mid-America Regional Council (MARC).

2019-04-18T17:16:10Z

http://www.kckfd.org/index.php/biography/

I thought of my friend who teaches chemistry in Perry Hall. I’d tagged him in my Facebook status update before I left the house that morning, and now this. I was grateful later to get a text message that he was on lockdown in his classroom, safe and awaiting evacuation. I thought of my boys. I called my mom, who was watching them. I needed to hear their voices. I needed to hear them breathing. I needed to know if this was real and that they were OK. I needed to know I was OK. It had happened, but not in my school. I still had a job to do. I did not talk to my students about the shooting. It was our first day together, and I didn’t want to disrupt our opportunity to bond. My students and I spent the afternoon on John Updike’s “Ex-Basketball Player,” paired with a discussion about the recent sentencing of basketball star Tony Farmer. The theme of the day was avoiding self-destructive decisions. Still, I worried. I was surrounded by a number of students with histories of violent behavior. If it could happen 20 minutes away in Perry Hall, why couldn’t it happen here? Teachers are always on edge after a violent school incident, no matter where they are or how far away it occurred. I became a teacher to help kids like the alleged shooter, 15-year-old Robert Gladden Jr., find constructive solutions to their problems through reading, writing, and the arts. It’s a skill set my troubled teens need academically and emotionally, and one I have already begun to share with my own sons, who are too young for school. I treat students the way I’d want my children treated. I listen to them and give honest advice. I challenge and encourage them. I respect their individuality. I keep them safe from harm, even if it means shielding them from each other or from themselves. It’s an easy perspective to have, considering I’ve never been forced to make a life or death decision during the school day. When I read the news stories about the Perry Hall incident, I learned a guidance counselor, Jesse Wasmer, had restrained the alleged shooter and captured the gun after a second shot was fired. If faced with the same scenario, would I have the courage to put my life on the line to protect my students? Or would I be obligated to protect myself for the sake of my own children? What would I want my sons’ teachers to do for them in my absence? Above all, we want to be prepared for events like this. But, how could Perry Hall’s teachers, students and parents anticipate a shooting halfway through the first day of school? How can you look for warning signs on the day you’re just learning each other’s names? The American school system has become so focused on attaching numbers and labels to children that we’ve forgotten about individuality. We’ve devalued independent thinking in the world of multiple choices, but one right answer. Strides in science and math are essential to our country’s future in our global economy, but without humanity and creativity, how can we progress? It’s time for the pendulum of American educational philosophy to stop swinging and start balancing in a way that accounts for all of our students’ needs. In the push for achievement, we’ve lost sight of the emotional needs that plague many young people. They’re drowning. We’re watching from the shore, training them to swim laps alongside their peers with the expectation that they will figure out how to stay afloat on their own. Gladden was described in local media reports as “smart,” but evidently, he was unstable, too. Students like him tend to disappear in a world where good grades and test scores mean everything is OK. His Facebook status update before he left for school was, in many ways, the opposite of mine: "First day of school, last day of my life." We all need to be more vigilant about what kids are saying on social media, in their writing, and in their art. These acts of expression offer us windows into a child’s psyche. Sometimes we are witness to a warning. Sometimes we can intervene. Safe schools start with every student knowing that someone cares about his or her well-being first, followed by academic achievement. We must create a safe culture of belonging for all students. As a teacher, that’s what I hope to offer other people’s children. As a mother, that’s what I hope teachers will offer my own children. In a sense, every school shooting is an act of terrorism because fear interferes with the way people live their day-to-day lives. I wondered how many Perry Hall students– especially freshmen, who were likely scared of high school to begin with – stayed home the second day of classes. I was in high school when the shooting at Columbine High School in Colorado caught the nation’s attention. I begged my mom to let me stay home for the rest of the week. She taught me that I couldn’t live my life hiding in fear. I pray that my students, my sons and I are never part of a story like the one those photographs told. Were it to happen to any of us, I’d pray for the courage to make the right decision and the strength to handle the consequences. Weeks after the shooting, we’ve learned that the victim, 17-year-old Perry Hall student Daniel Bowery, is recovering. As parents and teachers, we have the overwhelming job of preparing children to be adults. For most of us, that means sending children to school with the expectation that they will return home unscathed, in possession of meaningful new knowledge, and inspired to be better human beings. It’s never guaranteed, but we act in good faith. Being Mrs.Barberry to other people’s children and mommy to my own children requires that I balance two opposing beliefs in a philosophy I like to call realistic optimism. In facing life’s fragility, I must keep a constant vigil on the dangers of our world. Yet, I must suspend my fears for long enough to believe the future will be bright. The opinions expressed are solely those of Robyn Barberry. I have consumed violent media almost my entire life. I started playing Doom at age 8. I watched Aliens at age 5. I personally own 2 longarms now that I am grown, but when I was younger I did know where my father's hunting weapons were kept. So, why didn't I go on a spree? Well, I was taught that a firearm is a tool, not a toy. What negative social experiences I had at school were relieved positively, with hobbies and harmless cathartic activities. Did I have thoughts of violence? Of course. I was an adolescent male, that's natural. I was taught to control my anger and redirect it through physical labor and my hobbies. Raise your kids. Actually raise them. This is simple stuff, but no one seems to do it. Now, being in high school a senior at the moment. You cannot blame video games and movies for this crime. Yes there are games like mw3, black ops, and others that are very big on shooting and things of that nature, but it isn't something you can pin on a child and the creators on why this happened. It may have been bullying, it may have been trouble at home. But really we do not know. Blaming "god" or someone else's beliefs isn't going to solve anything. I myself am not religious, but you cannot blame it because you are christian and think that its all wrong. For all we know he could have just hated his life and thought this was the way to finish it off. it so sad that she had to here that my heart goes out to you.sorry for your lost. No matter where you stand on educational reform or character education, there’s no denying the fact that we are currently experiencing a worldwide epidemic of youth violence. Whether propelled by depression, fear of failure, the pain of being bullied, or a host of other troubles young people face today, more and more of them are turning to violence as a way of dealing with the stress of growing up. From the Virginia Tech massacre of 2007 to recent shooting incident.So, what is it that these kids are desperate for? What do they need that they are not getting at home or at school? The answer is simple—basic human values instruction. These children are desperately seeking someone who can teach them how to get along in this world, how to be happy, peaceful, and successful. They are fed a stream of pocket-lining sales pitches from the media to look a certain way and wear a certain label of clothing. When the bell rings for each school day to begin, they face the scrutiny of their peers, all of whom are also trying to find their way in a world of mixed messages and misplaced values. Perhaps at some point, it all becomes too much. •Love- Students should be taught to love and respect themselves. Only by loving themselves can students ever learn to truly love others. Love, being the opposite of fear, is the one force that truly has the potential to change our world for the better. •Peace-Teachers need to model and teach conflict resolution so that students learn to peacefully interact with one another even when a problem or dispute arises. •Compassion-When given the opportunity to communicate with one another and share their feelings, students will learn to empathize and feel compassion for their fellow man. •Integrity- Teachers should stress the importance of integrity to one’s self-esteem. When students learn to make decisions based on honesty and integrity, they can then feel proud of their choices and empowered to continue making a positive difference in our world. AMERICANS ARE IN DENIAL. the US has a huge problem with guns, just like the alcoholic, people must understand they have a problem first, so they can find a solution after.. Actually, we're at a 40 year low point of violent crime in youth. School shootings and the like are just newsworthy, so the media latches on and beats it to death. Check the FBI or Department of Justice data. There are still sick f***ing people in this world, but that will never change. As stated, maybe he was bullied. Maybe he had a bad home life. Or, maybe some girl he fancied told him that she wasn't interested in him that way, and he couldn't handle it. Having been a teenager, I can tell you kids do some stupid things for some stupid reasons; but going this far shows signs of mental illness in either the student or the tormentors. Personally, I enjoyed reading a teacher's take on the violence that sometimes takes place. I like knowing that some teachers out there really do look at our children as individuals when they are teaching them. As far as giving these kids a job- it doesn't matter where it's at. Some kids just need to feel needed and important. It has nothing to do with where as long as they enjoy what they are doing and someone notices. I think this teacher obviously cares a lot about her students and all this other talk is just talk. Stick to the story. Kids, just like all people, want to feel needed and important. That's the point. That's why she said they need someone to listen to them and treat them like individuals. It's not rocket science people. That's why I conceal & Carry. Enough Said. ......It's your type who usually goes off the deep end and commits such acts of horror. False. Last stats I heard, CHL carriers were responsible for less than 1% of gun crimes in the US. Great, they also account for far less than 1% of the population so I get no comfort from your stat. I guess you don't see a problem... do you? the story dies. If there were one answer as to why there is teen violence don't you think we'd have solved it by now? If you need "god" to tell you what right and wrong is then there is something fundamentally wrong with you. When you remove God you remove what right is. Kids today are not told in public schools they should not kill others but a lot of the movies and video games tell them it's ok. Plus they are not told there are evil spiritual forces that do effect this world. Aaron, you are exactly right. I think what needs to be pointed out to Liberals who say things like "Christians are involved in these attacks more than Muslims" and similar non-sense is that we should point out that real "Christians" and professing Christians are two entirely different creatures. It is asinine for a guilty shooter to suddenly claim a link to Christianity when he hasnt darkened the door of a church in maybe 15 or 20 years. But Lib media are always quick to point out that "he was a Christian"........simply because the individual was not a Muslim, Hindu or whatever. The notion that god loving and fearing people don't commit violence is bs. Or that if your not religious your more prone to killing. My kids are not raised with a strict religious aspect to their life and their perfect. Straight A's, student leaders, volunteers, and role models. We listen to heavy metal and I am covered in tattoos. So your point is invalid. Derek, I've got to agree. Christians who think religion is not about violence have not read their own holy book AND have no concept of history. American love to kill and they kill for pleasure and sport and as for student in school, whey is the Military standing at the school doorway looking for cannon fodder? Typical christian idiot. "Without god everything is bad." You sicken me with your insane rationalizations and are the most common thread when it come to evil in this world. I hope you die very horribly. It's people who say things like that who I fear. You want someone to die horribly because of their beliefs? What's wrong with you? If kids don't know that they're not to harm others by the time they start kindergarten, their parents have failed miserably and the kids probably will never learn that lesson. If you can't even get past the fear of a potential school shooting long enough to effectively do your job, you need to look for a safer career like envelope stuffer or mall Santa assistant (elf). School is just training for real life, and real life is filled with murderers, too. Let this spoiled teacher work a day in Mogadishu and then tell me what fear is. I'd bet you never served your country anything other than fries at dinner time. You obviously didn't read the article. And what does Mogadishu have to do with anything? This is America. If their schools are worse, THEY need to fix that. I appreciate your care and concern for our children evidenced in this article. However, one of the most influential things in a child's life is what is fed into his or her imagination. I am an artist: I wholeheartedly agree that the arts can make a difference. What I don't understand is how you can run a "haunted attraction" and then turn around and act shocked that kids are acting out horror in real life. Please use your artistic creativity for good in this world. Yes guns are dangerous, but hearts obsessed with horror are even more dangerous. You think giving a troubled teen a part time job at a haunted house is more dangerous than a gun? How so? You can't actually believe working in a haunted house or watching a scary movie can drive someone to murder do you? That is ridiculous. Absolutely ridiculous. Explain yourself. Now that's just silly. Have you read any fairy tales (or Poe, for that matter)? They are much creepier than any "haunted attraction". Kids know both aren't real. Ms. Barberry, I do appreciate all you and your peers do. As others have posted, you are often forced to both raise AND teach the children under your care. I don't envy your position, and I know you and your colleagues show up each day to work driven by purpose, not a paycheck (though, hey, we all have to put food on the table). That said, I'm a gun-toting, freedom-loving, libertarian jerk. Does this announcement help you? Not at all...except, perhaps, I might hope that you and your peers teach all of our children something about self-reliance, self-dependence, standing up in the face of brutality, and prevailing in a world of seemingly unlimited brutality. Answering our problems as a society begin first with us, then our families and friends, then our communities, than our Federal government. Trickle down responsibility works worse than trickle down economics. The true problem in my opinion is that public schools are now being asked to teach,and rear the children. They are becoming havens for the slow the deranged and the ill bred children that are being birthed in great numbers but not reared. Perhaps if their were less dysfunctional parents you would see less of this happening in schools. End socioeconomicism. Not right when they call someone smarter. "Fear, Hope, after school shooting" Wouldn't have happened on MY island. Didn't I show u all on how to deal with young p u n k s? This sorry comment is in very poor taste. Breivik is a compound murderer who ought to swing by his neck, not be celebrated in CNN comment posts. Most sane people wouldnt say that sucker's name if they could keep from it. Son of the South is right on the money. You're a jerk, "anders". How does the "Dark Knight" contribute to having low values exactly?? I don't think curtailing personal freedom will help these children make better decisions. I believe the problems lay in the home. If your child lives on a video game and believes that what they see is real, then you are not communicating with your child and teaching them values. Hiding what is out there is not the key, helping them understand how to interpret it and maintain who they are in the mean time is. Agreed. So many kids do all these things (games, etd), but come from homes where there is structure, love, and financial sufficiency. They don't get to this point. As a country we need to do more to "raise" these kids because they aren't getting what they need at home. They are the ones who are suffering. Along with their classmates. Correct. If a person cannot differentiate the violence portrayed in movies and videogames from reality, then something is wrong with that person. In the case of a child, this may be able to be fixed with proper parenting lessons. Some children, however, like some people, are fundamentally damaged. There are and always will be people who are going to hurt other people for reasons completely unknowable to any but them. Robyn, you make some good points. Clear thinking and expression are ingredients that can mitigate the danger of violence in schools. However, the problem of spotting crime and terrorism before it strikes is pervasive in society and very difficult. In the context of schools, nurturing and monitoring teens is important, but more easily said than done. I'd suggest that other aspects of the problem include "garbage in, garbage out" (music, movies, video games, TV), accessibility of guns, mental and emotional distortions through the drug culture, the need for teens to have significant freedom of action, and the natural, highly variable nature of teen mental instability. Social media expand one dimension of the problem, by providing a venue with near total immersion in peer groups and nearly complete isolation from adults, in many cases. I think social media bear some responsibility for raising red flags in cases that need more than routine help. Technology might be able to allow Facebook to detect and refer significant risks to agencies that might be able to prevent some tragedies like this one. Another option to consider might be to require that students allow access of guidance counselors to their social media accounts as a condition for being enrolled in school. Perhaps a national task force addressing violence in schools could come up with some helpful approaches? Amber & Jordan–Thanks for reading the news and sharing your ideas with the world! You'd be surprised how many shootings aren't by bullied kids. Though the common narrative of Columbine was that the kids were bullied and just snapped. The reality is they were deeply psychologically disturbed, and had even been bullies themselves before acting. While I reserve judgement in this case because I don't know all the facts, there is a possibility he could've been totally average by high school standards and just lost it. CNN...what about the low standards our EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM has???? How can we talk about the after the fact results....a shooting only and not what got us there in the first place!!!!!....what about the FACT that the MEDIA...specifically HOLLYWOOD has been pumping garbage for so many decades and now its worse...these kids watch this stufff...like the "Dark Knight" and with their low values....confusion...lack of good formation due to our LIBERALISM respond in this way.....how about some real JOURNALISM here...have the courage to talk about why these KIDS are LOST!!! We live in a world where we demand every fetus be brought to term and then we don't care what happens from there. So many children are raised in broken homes. Did we do them any service forcing them to endure this and then standing in judgment when they make a mistake? "Low standards in the educational system"? Really? You are going to blame teachers for this, too? Unbelievable. You are just plain ignorant for blaming "the Dark Knight" or any movie on any shooting. These people are mentally unstable and the movies have nothing to do with this. Moron! Maybe instead of blaming the media and entertainment industries, we should actually focus on those responsible. Knee-jerk reactions and placing the blame on those that didn't pull the trigger won't bring back those that perish in these tragedies. You can't blame the dark knight shooting on this child, or on video games. If the parents were more involved in a child's life they would show them that violence isn't going to solve anything. I being a 17 year old senior at the moment, who plays video games and watches the gory, shooting type things. This is what society is, and blaming it on hollywood won't do you any good. If one has so much of a concern then the parents of children should regulate what their child watches. You can't always just blame society and what happens in it with stupid people. It can also be the parents fault for not showing their child was is right and wrong. Typical.....can't totally blame Hollywood. Kids that join gangs didn't learn that stuff from the media. It goes back to the parents. I am an adult going to an automotive trade school they've got sop for situations like this so guess what.... its not just happening in high schools anymore.

2019-04-25T21:47:24Z

http://schoolsofthought.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/21/my-view-balancing-fear-hope-after-a-school-shooting/

Competence of the coach is the fourth important factor that is often mentioned to determine success in the coaching arrangement. At a minimum coaches should be creditable, educated and certified. They should have a coaching process that includes helping the client set an action plan in order to change behavior as well as a process to measure change. The International Coaches Federation estimates that over 10,000 people call themselves coaches, yet not all are effective. The coach should have a philosophy of coaching for sustainable change; in other words, the coaching commitment should be “transformational” and not “transactional”. Coaching often sparks a higher degree of commitment to improve in the areas identified for development and helps you execute on strategy. Leaders and teams, when optimized through executive or cadre coaching, helps the most senior leaders in your firm maintain alignment with strategy. 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Griffith also made several recommendations to Mr. Wrigley, including a "psychology clinic" for managers, coaches, and senior players. Wrigley offered a full-time position as a sport psychologist to Griffith but he declined the offer to focus on his son's high school education. Exercise psychology can be defined as the study of psychological issues and theories related to exercise. Exercise psychology is a sub-discipline within the field of psychology and is typically grouped with sport psychology. For example, Division 47 of the APA is for exercise and sport psychology, not just one or the other, while organizations like AASP encompass both exercise and sport psychology. Goal setting is the process of systematically planning ways to achieve specific accomplishments within a certain amount of time. Research suggests that goals should be specific, measurable, difficult but attainable, time-based, written down, and a combination of short-term and long-term goals. 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This can be tricky, because simply omitting the name, time, and place of the event you’re describing is not enough to ensure that someone who knows the client well would not recognize the story. Certain details, like a unique physical trait combined with a sport or interest could be enough to identify the client. Therefore, I change those types of details as well. But, through Quit Smoking Hypnosis you will discover that you, yourself, are capable of feeling contented, fulfilled and satisfied without cigarettes. You will, in a very short period of time, physically and psychologically no longer crave cigarettes. As a non-smoker, you will find yourself free from the desire to smoke when around smokers. You will gain more energy, be mentally more alert, and enjoy a sense of feeling lighter in general. Skill commonly used for enhancing motivation, focusing attention on the aspects of performance that are most in need of improvement, or facilitating rehabilitation from injury. The establishment of a goal-setting program often includes several common components, including: emphasis on skill development (not the outcome, such as winning), identifying target dates for attaining goals, identifying goal achievement strategies, and providing regular goal evaluation. Americans are snacking more than ever, so making smart snacking choices are key to achieving your weight loss goals. Aim for snacks that satisfy by choosing foods that provide a mix of protein and fiber, stabilizing blood sugar levels and keeping hunger at bay. An apple and almond butter, a plain yogurt with berries, or high-fiber crispbread crackers and hummus can all be smart snacking options. For example, two Wasa Flax Seed crispbread crackers combined with two tablespoons of hummus provide 4 grams of protein and 4 grams of fiber for staying power. For an added boost, add a few teaspoons of hot sauce. Research shows spicy foods may help speed up metabolism and curb appetite. Hypnosis is the process of putting people into a highly suggestive trance like state by using various verbal commands and thought processes. There is a huge amount of debate about the amount of influence a hypnotist can have on someone and on exactly what happens to the brain when someone is hypnotized However it is widely accepted that hypnosis cannot make people perform actions that they would not be consciously willing to do. (So all those stage performer hypnotists you may have seen have some serious questions to answer). In North America, early years of sport psychology included isolated studies of motor behavior, social facilitation, and habit formation. During the 1890s, E. W. Scripture conducted a range of behavioral experiments, including measuring the reaction time of runners, thought time in school children, and the accuracy of an orchestra conductor's baton. Despite Scripture's previous experiments, the first recognized sports psychology study was carried out by an American psychologist Norman Triplett, in 1898. The work of Norman Triplett demonstrated that bicyclists were more likely to cycle faster with a pacemaker or a competitor, which has been foundational in the literature of social psychology and social facilitation. He wrote about his findings in what was regarded as the first scientific paper on sports psychology, titled “The Dynamogenic Factors in Pacemaking and Competition”, which was published in 1898, in the American Journal of Psychology. Research by ornithologists Lashley and Watson on the learning curve for novice archers provided a robust template for future habit formation research, as they argued that humans would have higher levels of motivation to achieve in a task like archery compared to a mundane task. Researchers Albert Johanson and Joseph Holmes tested baseball player Babe Ruth in 1921, as reported by sportswriter Hugh S. Fullerton. Ruth's swing speed, his breathing right before hitting a baseball, his coordination and rapidity of wrist movement, and his reaction time were all measured, with the researchers concluding that Ruth's talent could be attributed in part to motor skills and reflexes that were well above those of the average person. The most talented people in your organization are an asset. Preparing them for their next role ensures they hit the ground running and their performance is at an optimal level. Offering coaching is also a clear signal that you value them and are ready to support their journey in becoming your top leaders of tomorrow. Recognizing the different realms in which leaders and organizations work, we offer coaching in a range of different programmatic solutions for your organization, teams, and individuals. Just recently have sport psychologists begun to be recognized for the valuable contributions they make in assisting athletes and their coaches in improving performance during competitive situations, as well as understanding how physical exercise may contribute to the psychological well-being of non-athletes. Many can benefit from sport psychologists: athletes who are trying to improve their performance, injured athletes who are looking for motivation, individuals looking to overcome the pressure of competition, and young children involved in youth sports as well as their parents. Special focus is geared towards psychological assessment of athletes. Assessment can be both, focused on selection of athletes and the team set up of rosters as well as on professional guidance and counseling of single athletes. Passion, making it about the athlete and not about you, and clear communication. You have to be willing to say what the athlete doesn’t want to hear and to go in deep with what’s stopping them. They might, and probably will resist, so you have to really present the coaching in a way that’s not confronting, but rather in which they can really see the opportunity that’s available in taking the coaching. "An Spanish speaking Counselor. Licensed Clinical Hypnotherapist with more than 18 years of experience in the Mental Health and Substance Abuse field. I have passion for helping those who are struggling with real life issues thru empowering their personal strengths. I worked with people from different cultures and ages, children, adolescents and adults. Before starting my Private Practice I worked as a Psychologist in Argentina and as Counselor in Mental Health and Substance Abuse Facilities in Texas." What’s especially compelling about investments in executive coaching is the fact that, when executed properly, there’s an associated ripple effect. A 2013 study by Anthony Grant found that executives who received coaching experienced effects that transferred over into the executives' family life, including heightened work–life balance and improved relationships with family members. It has also been my clients’ experience that for every executive coached, hundreds of others are positively affected, including their manager, their peers, their direct reports, and those employees’ direct reports as well. This extends to hundreds of people, and even more if one counts customers. A sport psychologist might use a number of different methods to help athletes who need to overcome certain problems. For instance, they will often lend a non-judgmental ear to frustrated and overwhelmed athletes; sometimes, just the act of talking about certain negative situations can be all that's necessary to overcome them. Most times, however, a sport psychologist will offer advice and guidance on how to overcome these problems. He may recommend a little rest and relaxation for the burnt out athlete, or he might teach an overly anxious athlete several different relaxation exercises to perform before each game or match. He might teach an athlete visualization techniques or how to tune out distractions. Hypnosis is defined as an altered state of awareness in which you appear to be asleep or in a trance. Clinical hypnosis may be used to treat certain physical or psychological problems. For instance, it is frequently used to help patients control pain. It is also used in a wide range of other conditions such as weight issues, speech disorders, and addiction problems. These are highly important findings, because empathy, compassion and overall self-awareness are qualities of a developed, mature mind. One that’s resilient to stress, able to manage internal conflicts, experiences interconnection with others, and maintains well-being. 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Hypnosis can’t make you stop smoking against your will but if you’re determined to stop this App will make it much easier and even a relaxing, empowering and enjoyable process. Three months today! Woo-hoo! After 12 years of being off cigarettes, I started smoking again. Ugh. Such a bummer. And I didn't think I had another quit in me. I did everything I could to stop on my own and wasn't able to sustain more than a day or two. I finally had enough and found Rita on Yelp. I had one hypnotherapy sessions and left her office a non-smoker. These past 3 months have been relatively easy and calm. Sure, every now and again I think I want "just one," but a) one's too many and a 1000 is not enough, and b) I am a non-smoker! To stop smoking for good you need to develop beliefs that will enable you to think and feel as if you have never smoked. This is why self hypnosis is the ideal tool to help you become a true non-smoker once and for all. 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Getting licensed is the final step. License requirements differ between states, but most require an applicant to have a PhD or PsyD degree, several years of experience, and a passing score on the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). Practicing clinical psychologists are required to be licensed, and licensing is ideal although not absolutely required to become a certified sports psychologist. Thank you Rita for helping me stop smoking after 25 years! After one session my desire to smoke completely stopped. No, it's not magic. You need to believe it's going to work. I was unsure if I was ready, but I gave it a fair try. I'm glad I did. Now, it's been over 2 months and I feel great.i recommend Rita to anyone who's thinking about stop smoking. It is but one of the tools in a crowded supply closet that those who try to quit might reach for. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released a series of Clinical Practice Guidelines in 2008 that outlined a number of effective practices for smoking cessation. Among them, they found, were individual counseling and the use of medications like the nicotine patch and nicotine gum. Even better was combining the two. The HHS doesn’t explicitly endorse or condemn hypnotherapy. Executive Coaching is one of the fastest-growing fields of management consulting in America. SMU's Certificate Program in Executive Coaching provides students with a comprehensive, classroom-based, learning experience that gradually builds on skills and knowledge throughout the program of study. In doing so, the CPEC provides students with the theoretical grounding and applied practice needed to enter the field of executive coaching as a consultant or internal practitioner. 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There are so many ways to quit smoking, and in their quest to stop, many smokers try everything from quitting cold turkey to one-on-one counseling to nicotine patches and gums — or combinations of all of the above. If these stop smoking methods haven't worked for you, or you just want to take a more holistic approach, you may want to try hypnotherapy. Like any long-term abusive relationship, the abused (you) doesn't feel like they are being abused until they can take a step back and see what is really going on. Hypnosis is highly effective at getting you to change your perspective, and when you are able to see the relationship between yourself and the cigarettes objectively, your feelings about smoking will change radically. With an emphasis on quality, we strive to create, develop and produce the best self hypnosis audio programs we possibly can. Our professionally produced, life-enhancing recordings are authored by our team of vocally talented hypnotherapists – and supported by our hugely experienced script writers, who have a combined 75+ years of experience in the field of hypnotherapy. But coaching is not just for tackling new assignments. It can also play an invigorating role. Coaches can help executives "develop new ways to attack old problems," says Vicky Gordon, CEO of the Gordon Group coaching practice in Chicago. "When efforts to change yourself, your team, or your company have failed—you are frustrated or burned out—a coach can be the outside expert to help you get to the root cause and make fundamental changes." Unlike psychologists or psychotherapists, ADHD coaches do not provide any therapy or treatment: their focus is only on daily functioning and behaviour aspects of the disorder. 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I also tried acupuncture which was a joke and I white knuckled my way for about 2 weeks. Partnering for performance and clear agreements. Tied for fifth place, which makes sense because they are similar. Partnering for performance is described as: a relationship and agreements among individuals and groups that are characterized by mutual understanding, cooperation and responsibility to achieve a specific goal. Clear agreements are defined as: an understanding or arrangement between people regarding what is going to be done, by whom, how and by when. The higher up you go in companies, the more you’re dealing with psychological and relational issues. Successful CEO leadership requires astuteness about others: their emotional and strategic personal drivers; their self-interest, overt and covert. These relationship competencies rest on a foundation of self-knowledge, self-awareness. And you can’t know the truth about another without knowing it about yourself. "As a licensed psychologist, I offer counseling services for children, adolescents, and adults. Specializing in Sport Psychology, I am a Certified Mental Performance Consultant by the Association for Applied Sport Psychology and a registered Sport Psychologist with the U.S. Olympic Committee. My passion is helping children, adolescents and adults achieve well-being, balance, and peak performance by empowering them with skills to handle stressors in life and pressures of competition. I provide traditional counseling and sport psychology services to youth athletes, adolescents, and adults. I offer appointments in my office or by video conference online." There are a few other important points to make about getting a graduate degree in sports psychology or a related Psychology area. First, every graduate program has unique requirements. Before you jump into applying to a program make sure you have done your homework and thoroughly checked out the program. Second, if you plan on getting a doctoral degree it is likely the case that you will be required to complete a one-year internship where you will get additional training in an applied setting. For more info about a graduate degree in sports psychology go to careersinpsych.com. Third, it is always to your benefit to stick with graduate programs that are accredited by the American Psychological Association. For example, certain jobs require that you were trained at an accredited school. Fourth, it is to your benefit to be certified as a sports psychologist by the Association for Applied Sport Psychology. Fifth, if you complete a counseling or clinical program you will almost surely apply for licensure. You will need to meet your state’s educational and training requirements and passed a comprehensive exam. Being licensed is very important, not only to be able to work with clients and be employed in various position, but also because only when you are licensed can you legally call yourself a “psychologist”. In 1979, Devi at the University of Illinois published an article ("About Smocks and Jocks") in which he contended that it was difficult to apply specific laboratory research to sporting situations. For instance, how can the pressure of shooting a foul shot in front of 12,000 screaming fans be duplicated in the lab? Rainer Martens contended: "I have grave doubts that isolated psychological studies which manipulate a few variables, attempting to uncover the effects of X on Y, can be cumulative to form a coherent picture of human behavior. I sense that the elegant control achieved in laboratory research is such that all meaning is drained from the experimental situation. The external validity of laboratory studies is at best limited to predicting behavior in other laboratories." Martens urged researchers to get out of the laboratory and onto the field to meet athletes and coaches on their own turf. Martens' article spurred an increased interest in qualitative research methods in sport psychology, such as the seminal article "Mental Links to Excellence." Vitamin C helps your body to expel the toxins released into the bloodstream as your body clears the effects of smoking. Vitamin B calms and nourishes the nervous system. A Multivitamin & mineral helps with times of stress and generally to boost the immune system. Zinc helps with the absorption of vitamin C and with the deficiencies caused by smoking and also helps with premature skin-aging. Coaching in education is seen as a useful intervention to support students, faculty and administrators in educational organizations. For students, opportunities for coaching include collaborating with fellow students to improve grades and skills, both academic and social; for teachers and administrators, coaching can help with transitions into new roles. Both views reflect CEOs’ perceptions. But those, in turn, reflect the failure of coaching programs to show that the infrastructure of successful leadership vision and behavior is heightened self-awareness about one’s motives, values, and personality traits. That’s especially true within today’s challenging, fluid environment. Because of this failure, coaching programs unknowingly collude with CEOs’ view that self-awareness is either irrelevant to leadership or of minor importance. Although both the organization and the executive must be committed to coaching for it to be successful, the idea to engage a coach can originate from either HR and leadership development professionals or from executives themselves. In the past, it has more often sprung from the organizational side. But given the growing track record of coaching as a tool for fast movers, "We see more executives choosing coaching as a proactive component of their professional life," says Cheryl Leitschuh, a leadership development consultant with RSM McGladrey (Bloomington, Minnesota). "My aim is to help you find peace, spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical healing. We need all aspects of our lives to be healthy in order to lead more satisfying lives. I establish a safe place for you to begin to trust yourself and explore your feelings and thoughts. I consider myself a direct and collaborative facilitator of change. I believe integrity, trust, safety, patience, and love help the healing process. Every person is different and I respectfully tailor my approach to the needs of each individual seeking therapy. I am located in El Paso, TX, but offer online sessions for any city in Texas." There is an intense mental toll of reaching—and remaining—at the pinnacle of a sport. “The top six inches of the body matter just as much the rest,” says Matthew Cunliffe, a sports psychologist, who spoke with Quartz about what goes through the minds of elite athletes and how psychologists can help them win. The conversation has been edited and condensed for clarity. Sports psychology can be offered as a concentration within a counseling or clinical psychology program. A student in an applied branch of psychology will have coursework in biological, cognitive-affective, and social bases of behavior. The program will also provide a foundation in understanding and treating psychological disturbances, utilizing psychology methodologies, and adhering to professional standards. In addition, a sport psychology program typically includes coursework in the physiological or biomechanical bases of sport.

2019-04-21T22:12:19Z

http://10yijie.com/hypnotherapy-for-stress-how-does-hypnotherapy-work.html

Summary: This article is a great resource for study groups, inquiry communities, and professional learning of all types with a focus on English learners and writing. After introducing two pieces of “gorgeous” writing from fifth graders in a dual language classroom, Edelsky explains how this writing came to be. First she provides a theoretical overview focused on how people develop language and identity through authentic work within a community of practice. Then she describes the genesis of a different approach to writing development among a group of elementary teachers dealing with the question of “how you make schoolwork like real out-of-school work.” Offering seven “partial answers,” this article is highly accessible with the potential to generate myriad inquiries into issues about language learning, writing, power, and equity. I’m going to tell a rather long story this morning, a teaching story about literacy. And along the way, I’ll talk about theory—because our “theories”—our beliefs and our passions—shape what we do, including how we listen to stories about teaching. Even when I’m not talking about politics, I’ll be talking about politics because when we’re faced with politically mandated programs it’s more obvious than ever that teaching, especially teaching literacy, is political. And if our theories shape our teaching and if teaching is political, then our theories are also political. Let’s begin with two exceptional final drafts by fifth-graders in a dual language program in Phoenix, Arizona—exceptional in terms of focus, voice, craft. “Let’s go! Let’s go!” I shouted. I could already see myself on the beaches of Rocky Point taking in the sun, stuffing myself with camarones, swimming in the ocean until my skin was as wrinkled as a prune. When my dad and my mom finally made it on the road, it seemed endless. We passed mountains and deserts and freeways until finally . . . Rocky Point! The ocean smell attracted me. As I got closer and closer, the smell got stronger and stronger. I saw the waves hit the rocks, and I heard the water calling me. I went into the water. I was in a trance. I could feel the water on my feet. I was so cold escalofríos appeared all over my body like tiny little mountains. I turned slowly in the water taking in my surroundings. There were people playing in the sand and taking in the sun. “No te vayas muy lejos, David!” My mother’s soft voice broke the silence. I looked over at her and smiled. She had taken two steps in the water. I turned to continue my exploration when suddenly I heard someone scream. “Oh, no!” I knew it was the same sweet voice. My mom. I ran towards her cutting through the water like a knife. I asked her what happened, but she couldn’t answer. My mother’s face was clenched in pain—a pain I had never seen or would want to see again. I went running to my dad. He was buying a newspaper at a stand nearby. “Papí, Papí, una agua mala mordió a mamí.” My dad helped my mother to shore and went running to a liquor store nearby. When he got there he bought medication for my mom. He sprayed the medication on my mom. My mom tried to smile, but I could see pain in her eyes. I felt anxious and helpless. My mom was in pain and there was nothing I could do. When we returned to the hotel, everyone was tired and quiet. We spent the night at the hotel. The very next morning we packed up and left. “Papí, ya nunca volveremos a Puerto Peñasco!” I said to my dad on the way home. My mom pulled me close as my dad said, “Está bien, mijo. Every year my abuelita would come to visit from Parral, Chihuahua, and she would cook the most delicious food you could imagine: tamales, chicken, cookies, doughnuts and best of all . . . my favorite . . . CAKES! Chocolate, vanilla, pecan! They were number one! But she never let me cook, not once! “You’re too little,” she’d say. As the years crept by, I kept loving her wonderful food, and I kept watching every step it took to make her delicious cakes. One day as I was reading in my room, I heard my grandmother call me, “Oh, Isabeeel, come help me please!” I sighed then headed to the kitchen. When I walked in the kitchen I saw my grandmother wearing her usual flower apron, and she was reaching out for the top cabinet where the baking powder was. I sighed again. “I’ll get it,” I mumbled. I got on the counter, and I got the baking powder from the top of the cabinet. “Thank you, mijita,” I heard my grandmother say as I was heading out the door. “Espera? no me quieres ayudar?” said my grandmother smiling. I couldn’t believe it! My grandmother was asking me to help her! I couldn’t help it, so I ran to hug her. After two hours of mixing and pouring and baking and eating, I washed my hands, then I took one step toward the door, when suddenly. . . . The huge grin on my face disappeared. Everything turned blue. . . . And so my grandmother and I cleaned, but it was worth it! My grandmother had given me the best thing in the world. . . . Something that will live on forever through her recipe. . . . How did these pieces of writing come to be? Are there theories that directed how these accomplished writings took shape? Before I tell you the story of these two pieces of writing, I want to introduce two quite different theories for thinking about learning to read and write and for understanding how these kids and the others in that dual language classroom came to produce such fine writing. The first of these theories has to do with ideas about how we learn a second language. For years I thought the best analogy for learning to read and write was learning to talk, learning your first language. Now, I’m beginning to think that an even better way of thinking about literacy learning is to see it as very similar to second language learning. For one thing, learning to read and write happens second in a person’s life; you already have begun learning the language(s) you were born into when you meet up with written language. As well, many of the theoretical issues involved in learning a second language have big implications for literacy learning. People know—sometimes from firsthand experience, sometimes from hearing about it from others—about the contrast between immersion and nonimmersion experiences for learners of a second language. The prototypical example of that contrast comes from common experience in second language or foreign language instruction in high school. If we took French or German or Spanish, chances are we did French or German or Spanish exercises—we memorized dialogues, filled in blanks, took vocabulary tests, translated sentences, did verb conjugations—the second language learner’s equivalent of worksheets in literacy. And then, one day, if we were lucky, we went to France or Germany or Puerto Rico or Mexico and discovered that, lo and behold, we could barely understand or be understood. Krashen’s theoretical distinction between acquisition and learning (1985) was right there in our own lives. We were confronted with the consequences of having spent several semesters, say, in a high school German class, dealing with German through exercises. We may have consciously learned grammatical rules and vocabulary items, but we hadn’t acquired the language—hadn’t taken it in almost through osmosis, through lots of genuine participation where our focus was on something else, not the language (which is why it seemed like osmosis). We hadn’t participated in the world of the users of that language, hadn’t internalized the language so that it could become an unconscious resource. Of course, just getting off the plane and plunking yourself down in that other-language-dominant place doesn’t make it an immersion experience. So what is an immersion experience—not punitive submersion but friendly immersion? Immersion, first off, involves a time element—an immersion experience is long, months perhaps or years. Second, there is the element of meaning—what is the experience about? Your purpose for getting into an immersion experience in Italy might have been to learn Italian, say, but once you’re there—immersed—what the experience is about isn’t so much learning Italian as living through Italian; i.e., living through the second language in the second culture—buying food, making friends, getting your shoes repaired, getting medical care, doing your job (e.g., in the Peace Corps or in an overseas branch of your company or going to high school as an exchange student). You’re not a tourist—you’re not removed, you’re not “looking at the natives.” You’re there. Present. Engaged. Third, you also have support. You may be in Italy on your own, but the chances are you have a host family that helps you with language and culture, or you were intensively prepared by Peace Corps training before you went—or—in the case of maintenance bilingual programs or dual language immersion programs but not English-only submersion programs, your home language and culture is there to provide support, with both languages there to be used not just to be “taken” as subjects. And fourth, sometimes in an immersion experience, the second language is treated as a subject, foregrounding form. In the prototypical immersion case of someone going to, say, Italy for two years to work, they would almost surely spend a little time in a language school or just on their own in their rented room, studying, doing second language learning exercises, focusing on bits and pieces. But in this case, these exercises wouldn’t be artificial or out of context. Instead, they’d be immediately useful because they could be tried out right away in the life of the community. But mostly—that word mostly is important (in an immersion experience the proportion of language lessons to living is crucial)—most of the time in that prototypical voluntarily-go-to-Italy-to-work immersion experience is spent being a part of some community in Italy, taking on that community’s ways of doing things, ways of seeing things, ways of talking about it all. Not dropping your own ways, but adding to them, for that context. In other words, immersion involves taking on a Discourse with a capital D, the second of those helpful theoretical frames. That’s the socially-oriented linguist Jim Gee’s term for a combination of ways of acting (including ways of using language) and all the beliefs and values and worldviews embedded in those ways of acting. A Discourse is like a culture, but not quite as amorphous. It’s got a center and that center is activity—the work, the practices (including beliefs and values and worldviews related to the practices) of a community of practice. Anthropologists Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger (1991) have written extensively about communities of practice. A community of practice is people who take part in certain activities in certain ways and therefore share a certain identity for some piece of their lives—like members of a book club in Phoenix, members of a Weight Watchers group in Minneapolis, scientists at the Biosphere, bowlers in a league in New Jersey, teachers in a practitioner research community in Santa Barbara, writers who meet weekly in a cafe in Vermont. So to link these two lenses together: In a second language learning immersion experience, one takes part in a Discourse—participates in the work, the activity of a community of practice, using the second language to understand what’s going on and to make oneself understood, that is, to be a member of that community of practice. So instead of attending to individual differences in what learners have “in the head,” comparing learners, ensuring that some come out on the bottom, these two theoretical lenses ask us to think about how the Discourse permits access to its inner circle, what opportunities it offers newcomers, what the practices are of the community. Paying attention to such issues means attending to—and probably changing—power relations in schools. Now what does all this have to do with literacy and schools? If learning to read and write is like learning a second language, then we have to figure out how to set up something like an immersion experience for written language in school. That means extended engagement (time) with practices that are like what some community of practice does outside of school—journalists, short story writers, anthropologists, newscasters, poets—an engagement in practices that result in kids improving their reading and writing in general but that aren’t about learning to read and write in general. What they’re about (meaning) is being a certain kind of reader or writer—a poet, a short story writer, etc. That means ensuring support (through the first language and the home culture), and paying some attention to the bits and pieces of literacy (form) to help kids with what they’re engaged in. And right along with that, we have to figure out how to get kids to be attracted to a community of practice that has literacy at its center, how to get kids to want to identify with that community of practice, to want to be “members” of the generalized community of book lovers, the generalized community of short story writers, the community of poets—at least for the short term—so they begin to take on a Discourse— not just “learn literacy skills” but take on the identity as they gain proficiency with the actual tasks, the work, the activity of people in that out-of-school community. At the least, to do that means we have to make school work as much as possible like the actual work of the community of essayists or journalists or investigative reporters or memoirists or poets or avid readers. And that means taking an honest look at the academic work we usually plan for kids. The practices of avid readers don’t include answering questions at the end of each chapter. The community of poets doesn’t write poetry from a prompt. Essayists don’t write about topics they don’t care about. But how do you make schoolwork resemble out-of-school work? How do you give kids an immersion experience, setting up a context where kids want to acquire a Discourse that includes and values highly literate practices? How do you get them to want to become members? I am emphasizing that attraction to the identity, that membership. It’s the key. Without it, all the activity may end up being a lot of exercises (Edelsky 1991). Back to the gorgeous final drafts I introduced at the start. I’ll tell you more of the story now, a story of an immersion experience for Isabel and David and the other fifth-graders in this dual language classroom in central Phoenix. It’s a story of academic work that was aligned with the work of memoirists, a story of kids acquiring the Discourse of memoirist—behaving as memoirists, believing and valuing as memoirists, taking on the identity of memoirists. To understand the progress of these students, we need to focus on the work of Ernestina Aragon, a teacher at Machan School in Phoenix, Arizona. Ernestina was becoming increasingly dissatisfied with her students’ writing. She was doing all the right things—reading good literature to them and pointing out things like the phrasing and rhythms of written literary language. She was asking kids to write in writers’ notebooks about what they thought about what she had read aloud to them (they did that), and also about whatever they thought was important to them (they didn’t do that). And she sponsored writing workshops. But the writing was perfunctory—minimal voice, little engagement, no sense of audience. Here are two pieces, the first by Isabel, the second by David, written during this period. When I saw the video and I saw the wall I felt really sad because I saw all the names of the soldiers that had passed away. I felt really sad when I saw all the soldiers’ relatives crying and tracing the soldiers’ names with a pencil and I felt really sorry for the people who had relatives in the war but never met them. I feel happy that this woman thought of the idea of building this memorial because I think that all the soldiers gave in their lives because two countries disagreed (America and Vietnam). What I think that the mom queen would feel very mad at her two sons because the two ants got in a lot of trouble. What I think is that if I see like a hole they would think that it’s food inside for them but what if there is nothing in there. And if I put a bucket a big bucket and they get n there and what if there’s a snake, that snake will eat them. They’re alright, but there’s not much in the way of craft here. And now, here’s the first answer to the question of how you make schoolwork like real out-of-school work. The five adults first decided to wallow in memoir themselves. Ernestina, Rebecca, Nora, Cecilia, and Karen read about memoir—Judith Barrington’s Writing the Memoir: From Truth to Art. They read examples of memoir—The Color of Water by James McBride, Woman Hollering Creek and The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros. They read Esmerelda Santiago’s When I Was Puerto Rican. They spent a whole month reading memoir themselves, talking together about it, and writing some, while Ernestina and Rebecca talked to the kids about the memoir study group they were in and occasionally read aloud to the students some of what the adults were reading. But they did not bring the students in in a big way just yet. Partial Answer 2: The teachers formed, and therefore joined, a community of memoirists themselves. So the kids saw them engaged with its work, its actual tasks. Partial Answer 3: The teachers set up preludes to immersion. The long time of an immersion experience in school can start with these preludes, letting the kids stay on the margins, hearing about what the teacher is doing and about the teacher’s life without them (“Aha! Verrrrry interesting!”), being told about it but not being let in just yet to the adult world. These preludes are “teases”; they help to make the work and the teachers’ community of practice desirable. All this was going on during the election campaign for ballot proposition 203 to end bilingual education in Arizona. So when Ernestina and Rebecca decided they were ready to bring the kids into the memoir study, they linked that to proposition 203, which, therefore, brings us to the next answer. Partial Answer 4: The teachers positioned the kids and the work in relation to the world around them. Ernestina pointed out to the students that Latinos and kids in bilingual education were being misrepresented by the media, that minorities are often spoken about in the media but they don’t often define themselves, that our stories help define us and so it’s crucial for minority kids to tell the world their own stories. She told them they’d be writing and publishing memoirs, maybe for a larger audience. And she told them to begin filling their notebooks with seed ideas. To the kids, then, this project wasn’t about learning memoir for the sake of school; it was about putting their stories out there for the sake of their own families and communities. They were answering the immersion question: What is this about? Cada año cuando mi abuelita viene a visitarnos, hace tamales, pasteles, donitas, galletas, pollo y otras comidas muy buenas. Ella nunca nos dejaba a mi o a mi hermanito ayudarle porque decía que hibamos a hacer un batidero y que hiba a hacer mas trabajo para ella porque hiba a tener que estar cuidando que no se queme la comida y que no nos quememos nosotros. I remember a time when we went to Rocky Point and i had gone with my mom and dad and my grandpa and grandma. When I got there I was so excited but once an hour passed it didn’t go very nice. When I wanted to go to the water I told my dad but my dad was too busy looking at other stuff. and then I told my mom. She was available. She took me only to the top of the water. She couldn’t take me any farther because if she did I would drown. And it got night and we went to a hotel but when it got morning we went home and we decided not to go there anymore. Every day Ernestina and Rebecca read published memoirs aloud to the kids. They set aside time each day for pairs of kids to tell each other their memories, showing kids that their lives counted in this classroom as cultural capital. And they kept reminding the students of the importance of their own stories, kept using the first languages and cultures (oral Spanish, oral English, home and community life) as the lifeline—the support— for the written genre in which the kids were being immersed. That leads to the next answer to the question of how to make schoolwork like the work of an out-of-school community of practice. Partial Answer 5: The adults immersed kids in examples, in the sounds of the genre, in ways of talking about it. Along with reading memoirs aloud and having kids filling their notebooks with seed ideas, Ernestina and Rebecca pointed out crafting techniques and had kids hunt for them themselves. Partial Answer 6: The adults put some emphasis on form/techniques. For example, they used Owl Moon to show kids how Jane Yolen used the senses—sight, hearing, skin sensations—to capture the sense of a time and place. Then they offered kids the chance to try out the technique. These “try its” were optional. What’s interesting is that although no child tried them all, each child voluntarily tried several. This is David’s “try it” on the ocean based on Yolen’s multisensory writing. The ocean smell attracted me and as I got closer the smell would get stronger and stronger. I saw that the water was hitting the rocks and I could see the water calling me and I went into the water and then I could feel the water and it was so cold and I could see all of the people in the sand. And laying down taking a little bit of the sun. Ernestina and Rebecca introduced techniques: ellipses (used by Cisneros and others); repetition of a phrase (as Rylant did in When I Was Young in the Mountains and as Cisneros did in Eleven); “and…and”, instead of commas, for lyricism and emphasis; code switching for effect, and other uses of two languages, sometimes translating, sometimes not; nontraditional sentences like a single word used for emphasis; the repetition of a structure (as Karen English did in Speak English for Us, Marisol where one character after another calls out “Mariso-ol” and then adds a request; making a long story short; the differences between the way things are phrased in everyday talk and the sentence structure of artistically written published memoirs. Ernestina and Rebecca scheduled a lot of time for kids to look through books themselves, hunting for techniques and for examples of memoirs. They spent huge blocks of time just looking at memoirs trying to find great beginnings and great endings. If the teachers were encouraging inquiry, what the kids were doing was hunting for ways to make their writing artistic because they had already come to believe that it was important, they had already come to see themselves as memoirists. Now look again at the final drafts. David gets us to the ocean right away; depicts place with multiple senses; code switches for characterization and voice (yes, he talked about it like that because that’s the way of talking about it in this Discourse); uses nontraditional two-word sentences for emphasis; and drops the “The End” ending. Now reconsider Isabel’s final draft. Note her repetition of a structure, code switching without translating to show the character of the grandmother, the abbreviated text as she moves from age to age (making a long story short), her ellipses to let the reader fill in, her deliberate use of “and . . . and…and” to emphasize how much. These final drafts are where I should say “and then they lived happily ever after.” Unfortunately that’s not possible. This story took place in 2001. The screws have tightened since then, with federal legislation, state board mandates, and district policies going directly opposite to this story. In my state of Arizona, an immersion experience now means plunking non-English speakers into English only—what’s old is new. And how likely do you think it is that a scripted program like Open Court or Success for All, mandated now in district after district, is going to make kids want to be memoirists or avid readers so they take on that Discourse? But all teachers aren’t taking this lying down. Probably, that includes many of you. Despite Arizona’s proposition 203 that outlaws bilingual education, some teachers continue to use two languages for instruction.* There are teachers around the United States who are refusing to give up everything they believe in so they can drill kids on test taking and other exercises (Edelsky, in press). As one Philadelphia teacher told me when talking about looking for ways to insist on good practice, “Everything we can sneak in is a victory.” A teacher in Oregon, required to use Open Court, has taught her kids that “you can’t talk back to your grandma or your principal but you can talk back to books.” And so she has carved out time for kids to talk back to Open Court—talking back about the time restrictions, talking back to the way ethnic groups are portrayed. This teacher and many others around the United States are not only teaching test preparation; they’re also teaching kids tests as a genre, deconstructing the writing of test items, and also critiquing assumptions about norms, grade levels, cut scores, and so on. And all over the country individual teachers—and parents—are talking to their friends while standing at the checkout counter at the supermarket or the bank or any place they can be overheard—talking loud—rebutting what Steve Krashen calls urban legends—popular misconceptions and outright lies about the supposed evils of bilingual education and the presumed abject failure of meaningful whole language literacy instruction. From individual sporadic dissent to individual refusals to go along with policies that lower literacy levels to joining with others in organized collective action. And this is where the hope is…in the possibility of getting rid of the wrong-headed mandates. In the belief in the power of people to change history when they act together. In the potential of kids like David and Isabel and all kids to participate in communities—in school and out—that value highly literate practices.

2019-04-24T04:43:06Z

https://lead.nwp.org/knowledgebase/theory-politics-hope-and-action-building-immersive-writing-experiences-for-bilingual-writers/

Robert Magnuson recently joined InfoWorld as president and CEO, bringing with him more than 23 years of publishing and editorial experience. Most recently Magnuson was a senior vice president for The Los Angeles Times, responsible for circulation, regional editions and the newspaper’s national edition. He established trend-setting marketing and distribution partnerships with leading Spanish, Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese language newspapers, and launched an ambitious community news operation. From 1990 to 1996, he was Los Angeles Times business editor. Before coming to the Times, Magnuson served as business editor for the Oakland Tribune, Hong Kong bureau chief for the Asian Wall Street Journal, and associate economics editor for Business Week. He earned his bachelor’s degree in political science at UC Berkeley, followed by master’s degrees in journalism (Columbia) and economics (Massachusetts). Magnuson has been honored with numerous editorial, publishing, and company awards, most notably as a member of The Los Angeles Times staff sharing the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for coverage of the Northridge earthquake, and the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for coverage of the Los Angeles riots. During his tenure as business editor, his staff was twice recognized as finalists for the Pulitzer as well. Ethix: You recently moved from daily journalism at the LA Times to InfoWorld, a magazine trade publication. How do you see the differences between the two? Robert G. Magnuson: There are some real strong similarities, of course. It’s all journalism, all content driven. But the differences are much greater than I thought they would be. It’s a very different pace and the content is very deep and focused in comparison to much of what is done at newspapers, particularly large metropolitan dailies, which do many things very well and in depth but also skim the surface across a lot of subjects. I’ve done a lot in business journalism but haven’t been deeply involved in technology. Technology is changing the world and I saw the move to InfoWorld as a great opportunity to learn a lot and really try to understand it and help put it to some good use. Clearly, at InfoWorld we want to be as successful financially as we possibly can be. But we also want to have a positive impact on people and see technology applied in a positive way. Our mission statement actually says that in addition to wanting to be the number one knowledge source in the IT media space and in addition to fostering a positive work environment for our people, the third thing we believe is that technology has the power to change the world and should be done so in a positive way. I think everybody here wants to make a contribution to this third goal, not just do well in their careers as journalists. So that’s why I moved. How will InfoWorld pursue its mission in the coming decade? Will you invent new products or services? How will you get your product into the hands of those who need it? We have moved away from the old model where we are primarily a print publication and everything else is an adjunct to that. Now we view ourselves as a content-creating media company using a variety of platforms to reach our audience. This is a much more liberating way to look at our business because it opens up a lot of possibilities the most immediate of which is online. Online is now the base of our knowledge content gathering. This is a 24 hours a day, seven days a week operation. It is the starting point of our journalistic enterprise. From there we build out the weekly print product, the quarterly supplements for the CTO, and so on. We turn the pyramid on its head, as it were, and create the journalism online — rather than centering on a weekly publication and then throwing things off of that to post on our web site. The way of the future is to be oriented around the immediate. We’re creating online a lot more ability to go deep and also to have a monetized relationship with our readers so that for a fee they can go in and get the information in-depth. Businesses are built on research and people charge a lot of money for it. We have a research arm and there is value for people to pay, say, $150 to get to see a piece of our research — or, say, $1000 to see it in greater detail and depth. We recently rolled out a new product which we call Knowledge Link that enables you to highlight words like “storage” or “security” or “web services” on-line and then click on the word and have a whole list of research related to that word pop up that can be accessed. And yes, you can sponsor that word for a fee. Somebody can buy the rights to the word “security” at the InfoWorld web site for a month. Those are the kinds of things I think we’ll see more and more as access to information is customized. So we’re going to build much more online in terms of both the immediacy and the use of in-depth analysis. About half of our online readers also read us in print so we’ve got a lot of exchange back and forth between print and online. By the way, “online” is for us a kind of generic term since it actually includes wireless and other forms of electronic communication. Right. Our web site used to be called “InfoWorld Electric” which was a strange term. In any case, the print product becomes much more of a very high value-added product that you pick up every week because you need to understand the context and the analysis of products in our Test Center research. In addition we want to create more and more peer-to-peer opportunities for people through events and conferences. Increasingly people want to know what their peers are thinking and they want to exchange information and knowledge. So a real robust business has those three components — plus research. Right now print still brings the lion’s share of our business revenue, but a couple of years down the road it will change. Should there be limits on the sponsorship of information or research? As long as information is independently gathered and delivered, I think everybody is better off. We run into this at conferences. Advertisers are better served when the program is independent. Everybody’s better off if the editorial side is independent and sponsorships are clearly separate from the editorial mission and the editorial content of what’s being said. If you go to a conference and you find out later that it was all staged because one particular vendor’s dominance, you will be unsatisfied. You still want to get people together in the same room at your conferences, so it’s not enough just to have peer-to-peer interaction over the web? No. There’s no substitute for getting in the same room and talking to people face-to-face as we do at our CTO Forums. I am really struck by the level of discourse among the participants. They are very interesting people in addition to being very good at their jobs. They seem to relish the human interaction, the dinners, the after-dinners. They want as much of that as possible from a conference. In fact they are less interested in the speeches than in this interaction. Here are people who make their living as technology experts in their companies and yet what they really want is to sit down and talk. I am also impressed by how many books they read and the things they’re interested in. They are not narrow in their interests. At the final panel discussion on the first night of your recent CTO Forum, the announced topic was the future of technology — but it evolved into a discussion about the ethical dimensions of how this technology will impact people. Almost nothing was said about the technology; almost everything was about the technology/people issues. Does everyone have to learn English to get on board — or are you interested in broadening the conversation to include, say, French- or Farsi- or Chinese-speaking people? We are absolutely interested! You can find InfoWorld and ComputerWorld and other IDG publications in countries around the world. From a narrowly business perspective alone we want to sell our knowledge everywhere and we want people to use our information, knowledge, and content everywhere. It’s a global market. It is also the old Adam Smith notion that it is in our own interest to bring along the rest of the world in a positive way. I believe it’s true that if you do capitalism right, people want it and are willing to pay for it. But even apart from financial values, broadening the circle is also enriching and advancing in terms of human values. You recently wrote that journalists often don’t know much about the business side of journalism and, on the other hand, media business people don’t often understand adequately the journalist’s professional ethos. For sure, people don’t know enough about other disciplines. I’m a big advocate of a liberal arts education for that reason. I think the best thing you can do is get a broad education and then later specialize in what you want to do. In journalism school I took a course on business reporting, but I did not have the opportunity to learn about business in-depth. As business editor for the LA Times for six years I got to see how well journalists were versed in business and it wasn’t pretty! It’s great that more and more journalism school graduates are going back for an MBA, but generally there is a lack of understanding among journalists about the realities of business. The way of the future is to be oriented around the immediate. Part of the reason historically has been a feeling among journalists that it’s beneath them to understand business. They chose journalism as a higher calling than working in some business to make a lot of money. But when you get into business, after you’ve been in journalism, you realize that it’s not so simple and that business is actually quite engaging intellectually. Certainly some degree of the global conflict and chaos we experience today is fed by global business empowered by technology — not just in the weapons industry but in the many ways people’s lives, values, and traditions are disrupted or challenged. What is the role of journalism in this context? What should journalists be saying to business and to the IT world after September 11? It’s important for journalists to hold on to their fundamental values through whatever is happening out there. When you start to move away from that, for whatever reason, you’re in trouble. We’ve got an uneven playing field in that some people aren’t using the media in a responsible way. If propaganda is being distributed by some outlet and others pick it up for rebroadcast … you get into all these tough issues of perception becoming reality and so on. In the face of that what journalists have to do is just stay true to their values. I think the drawbacks of the technological media are outweighed by their democratizing influence. When everybody’s got the information and it’s harder to keep things secret, it’s harder for totalitarian regimes to stay in business. The other day someone accused CNN of annoying people by impatiently driving everybody to act or to explain things right now. The American people, it was said, are fairly patient and understand the difficulty and complexity but the media do not. Judy Woodruff’s response was that that’s the role of the media. Not everyone likes it but society works better when it has different institutions, taking different positions, and a healthy debate. This exposes things that should be exposed and democracy works better. It’s kind of cumbersome and a bit uncomfortable sometimes, especially during a time of national crisis. Clearly we’re in a situation where news organizations have to make judgments about what to pursue and what to publish. Is it a sensitive national security issue? The administration has to be careful what they say. Clearly they are not going to tell you everything they’re doing and this poses interesting problems for the press. Should they dig and dig and try to find out what the government is not saying? I think generally they should, up to the point where it is in the interest of national security not to go further. Most media institutions understand this and honor this code of conduct and it does not hinder the democratic process. On the other hand, it’s the role of the administration to conduct foreign policy and especially military operations in a way that’s going to be successful. There’s a healthy tension. Don’t you think technology actually amplifies this problem? Fifty years ago you could guard some secrets but today with the web you really can’t have any secrets and that puts a different pressure on journalists. In the old days, FDR might call up a newspaper publisher and say “This is about to happen but don’t say anything just yet” — and they would abide by it. It was a much clubbier atmosphere. It is more difficult today in some ways but I think the drawbacks of the technological media are outweighed by their democratizing influence. When everybody’s got the information and it’s harder to keep things secret, it’s harder for totalitarian regimes to stay in business. Some are using media technology to control and promote a particular message. But, in general, the impact of technology is to free the message up and create more open communication and this far outweighs the negative use. This does put news organizations in a tough position sometimes. When Bin Laden produces a video tape — should we show it even though it’s a piece of propaganda? In a way it’s a moot point because it’s going to get aired anyway. Once it’s out there, everybody will pick it up. One irony of the new media is that along with the democratization of truthful information, it’s also much easier to lie to people in large numbers. When information is detached from people and from its context it is harder to verify. Maybe some special effects experts should create and broadcast a phony Bin Laden tape showing him urging peace and love for America and its non-Muslim people? There have been lots of cases of journalism where something has been doctored, whether inadvertently or for a nefarious motive, and it immediately gets exposed. You can’t keep anything secret. If you try to put out a phony tape, someone will show the real tapes before long and the culprit will be exposed. I love that about the state of technology and society today. In smaller ways that kind of thing has happened already — and every time it happens it gets exposed. There have been lots of cases of journalism where something has been doctored, whether inadvertently or for a nefarious motive, and it immediately gets exposed. You can’t keep anything secret. If you try to put out a phony tape, someone will show the real tapes before long and the culprit will be exposed. I love that about the state of technology and society today. I think the short answer is that it’s unavoidable. Look at it the other way. What happens if you try to contain it? Censorship inevitably leads to problems. Now Coke or Pepsi may be smart enough to see that they are not going to sell much in those markets with this message so they’ll probably self correct for business reasons alone. But global culture is not just a cliché and people like Madonna really are global icons. They know her around the world. I don’t know if they know Madonna in Muslim fundamentalist cultures like Afghanistan. There remain a few places that really aren’t in the modern world to a large degree and so this stuff really is foreign. So is it agitating ? Could it lead to terrorism? I suppose. But I think that’s just one of the side effects of democracy, technology, and the dominance of modern American culture. You don’t have to like everything about the American culture but it has changed the world for the better and it has been embraced widely across the globe. There are things about it that are crass and distasteful. But it is a culture that operates on the assumption that you have the ability to turn things off. It leaves a lot to individual, volitional action. If you don’t like Britney Spears, turn off the TV instead of getting all worked up about it and doing something crazy. Do designers, manufacturers and distributors of technologies have an ethical responsibility to guard against their possible misuses? I just saw a political cartoon showing Taliban forces preparing to confront the Alliance forces. Each piece of Taliban equipment had a tag saying “made in the USA,” “made in France,” “made in Japan,” and so on. Technology enables terrorists to do terrible things. There has been a lot of discussion since September 11 of this point. How would we control it? In a way it should be free and available but how does it get used? Should journalists keep pushing techies to think about how their technologies might be used or what kind of problems or side effects might come up alongside the positive benefits? I think we do have a responsibility. We’re asking more of those questions since September 11. I think it’s something that IT professionals should be asking themselves but, really, everybody in society has this responsibility, whatever line of work they’re in. How is something going to be used? When we are so inundated with information, someone has to stop and reflect and pull it together so that we can turn data into information. Your team must have done this around the L.A. earthquake and riots when you shared a Pulitzer prize. Who is carrying out this task for us today? The way you create value is to do things that others aren’t doing. For newspapers, television, or other media, it’s all about creating context and analysis, not just information or data. We call it knowledge at InfoWorld. Data or even information are commodities that one can get in many places. Good journalists and organizations constantly ask how they can push themselves to create something that’s really going to stand out and inform people in a way that they’re not going to get elsewhere. It’s important for journalists to hold on to their fundamental values through whatever is happening out there. When you start to move away from that, for whatever reason, you’re in trouble. During the riots in LA and the earthquake in Northridge, we won the Pulitzer Prize partly because we covered the news well under very tough conditions, but I think it was also because we were thoughtful and analytical about it, and asked what people could really use from the experiences and how they could deal better with what was happening around them. It’s not just reporting that such and such happened today — looting here and a fire there. Television gives you what’s happening instantaneously and you’re watching it as it unfolds. The newspaper comes out in most instances once every 24 hours so you’ve really got to do much more than that sort of chronicling to add value. The real test is can you add context? Can you get the right experts to talk? Can you analyze? Can you anticipate the questions everybody out there will be asking and provide intelligent answers as much as possible? I think the NY Times and the Wall Street Journal coverage since September 11 has been excellent in these terms, especially that of the Wall Street Journal. One of the interesting stories of journalism is how the Wall Street Journal has become “must reading” for a lot of people and not just the “Bible” of the business executive. With the demise of the dot coms over the past year and a half ago some people are saying that all this technology stuff was overblown and technology is really not that big a deal. How do you see the role of technology in business? Well, they’re wrong obviously! But that doesn’t mean it hasn’t been rough on everybody. Some think it’s good that we must now go back to reality and that’s generally true, I suppose. But it’s never good when thousands of people lose their jobs and all that wealth is lost. It’s been eye opening for me to move here and be a part of this experience even though I came after the bubble had pretty well burst. It’s oversimplified but true that what we’re talking about is integrating technology into business. The dot coms were a kind of aberration or deviation from that. People got off track because a whole new sector of business was created. Many of us used to say “Wait until Boeing wakes up on this!” “When will GE and GM get it?” That is what’s now happening. We’re focusing more and more on how technology can solve problems within the enterprise and how the internet can be used as an instrument of operational efficiency, more than as a source of commerce and revenue. We do a lot about web services now in every issue of InfoWorld. The use of the internet to improve your business is really going to be a big deal. The way businesses are coming to use it is not what people anticipated. B to C is out and even a lot of the B to B still is far down the road because it’s not secure and it’s hard to make use of short term. What people can use it for inside the corporation is dramatically improved efficiency. Supply chain management, customer relationship management, and all of those things are tangible. We’re seeing technology much more integrated into the function of businesses rather than was the case in the start-up craze. The enduring value comes not in creating something to sell but in actually changing the way business is done. Longer term that will be the real impact of this technology. I agree completely. It’s easy to feel that it’s not happening because there’s so much dissonance in the atmosphere around the dot com failures. We see InfoWorld as the voice of the serious technology professional, focusing on how the technology professional can make the right decision, the best decision about how to use technology in their company. Too many business leaders leave these decisions to the technologist when in fact if they don’t understand the technology, they can’t make the right business decision. How do you get business people more engaged in understanding not how to put the technology together but what it could do for them so they can create the right strategies? That’s where the CTO comes in. The CTO brings to the table the deep technology knowledge that other executives in the company may not have. Increasingly we’re going to see CEOs learning more about technology and also having around them better people able to make complex decisions about technology. I think we’re seeing a change in the relationship between the CEO and the technology executives, managers, and technology teams in companies. CEOs are getting better at it but also their technology people are getting more sophisticated. What used to be a pretty simple decision to buy this system or that is not the case anymore. As you go out onto the web and start developing more relationships on-line and develop services on-line, it becomes even more complicated. Some vendors want you to just buy their whole package but more and more what is needed is a combination of things that fit your particular enterprise.

2019-04-20T00:11:57Z

https://ethix.org/2001/12/01/journalism-in-an-era-of-advanced-technology-and-global-business

This article concerns asbestos-related legal and regulatory issues. Litigation related to asbestos injuries and property damages has been claimed to be the longest-running mass tort in U.S. history. Since asbestos-related disease has been identified by the medical profession in the late 1920s, workers' compensation cases were filed and resolved in secrecy, with a flood of litigation starting in the United States in the 1970s, and culminating in the 1980s and 1990s. A massive multi-district litigation (MDL) complex filing has remained pending in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania for over 20 years. As many of the scarring-related injury cases have been resolved, asbestos litigation continues to be hard-fought among the litigants, mainly in individually brought cases for terminal cases of asbestosis and cancers. Asbestosis - A lung disease first found in textile workers, asbestosis is a scarring of the lung tissue resulting from the production of growth factors that stimulate fibroblasts (the scar-producing lung cells) to proliferate and synthesize the scar tissue in response to injury by the inhaled fibers. . The scarring may eventually become so severe that the lungs can no longer function. The latency period (meaning the time it takes for the disease to develop) is often 10–20 years. Mesothelioma - A cancer of the mesothelial lining of the lungs and the chest cavity, the peritoneum (abdominal cavity) or the pericardium (a sac surrounding the heart). Unlike lung cancer, mesothelioma has no association with smoking. The only established causal factor is exposure to asbestos or similar fibers. The latency period for mesothelioma may be 20–50 years. The prognosis for mesothelioma is grim, with most patients dying within 12 months of diagnosis. "A review of the scholarly literature indicates a substantial degree of indifference to the causes of this civil justice system failure. Many of the published articles on asbestos litigation focus on transactional costs and ways in which the flow of money from defendants to plaintiffs and their lawyers can be expeditiously and efficiently prioritized and routed. The failure to acknowledge, let alone analyze, the overriding reality of specious claiming and meritless claims demonstrates a disconnect between the scholarship and the reality of the litigation that is nearly as wide as the disconnect between rates of disease claiming and actual disease manifestation". "Many of those who I see in my surgeries have worked in a number of workplaces and they could have been exposed to asbestos in each of them, but medical science is such that no one can identify which of them it is. As a result, there has been a long and complex history of legal discussion on how to apportion liability. The lawyers and the judiciary have wrestled, rightly and valiantly, with complex and difficult law, but it has created despair for the families whom we represent. Many of my constituents’ families have been riven by the consequences of litigation in trying to get some compensation for a disease that has been contracted through no fault of theirs. That is cruel and unacceptable." Worldwide, 60 countries (including those in the European Union) have banned the use of asbestos, in whole or in part. Some examples follow. Asbestos is listed as a category of controlled waste under Annex I of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal . Specifically, any waste streams having asbestos (dust and fibres) as constituents are controlled (Item Y36). In general terms, Parties to the Convention are required to prohibit and not permit the export of hazardous wastes to the Parties which have prohibited the import of such wastes via the notification procedure in Article 13 of the Convention. A nationwide ban on importing and using all forms asbestos took effect on 31 December 2003. Reflecting the ban, the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC) revised asbestos-related material to promote a consistent approach to controlling exposure to workplace asbestos and to introduce best-practice health and safety measures for asbestos management, control and removal. The ban does not cover asbestos materials or products already in use at the time the ban was implemented. Although Australia has only a third of the UK's population, its asbestos disease fatalities approximate Britain's of more than 3,000 people per year. The São Paulo State law 12.684/07 prohibits the use of any product which utilizes asbestos. This legislation has been formally upheld by the Brazilian Supremo Tribunal Federal. In late 2011, Canada's remaining two asbestos mines, both located in the Province of Quebec, halted operations. In September 2012, the Parti Québécois defeated the Quebec Liberal Party in the Quebec provincial election. The Parti Québécois followed through with an election promise to halt asbestos mining. In the process, the newly elected Quebec provincial government cancelled a $58 million loan that was to be provided to one of the two mines in order to make upgrades necessary to continue operations for 20 more years. Subsequently, the Canadian federal government announced that it would no longer oppose efforts to add asbestos to the list of hazardous substances under the international Rotterdam Convention. France banned the use of asbestos in 1997, and the WTO upheld France's right to the ban in 2000. In addition, France has called for a worldwide ban. On 21 January 2011, the Indian supreme court refused to ban asbestos in India. This judgment was passed down for case filed by an NGO in 2004. In spite of the health hazards, asbestos is widely used in India without any restriction. Activists in India and abroad have tried to persuade the governments of Canada and Quebec to stop the asbestos mining operation it recently revived in Quebec since it is banned there. The Canadian government has repeatedly blocked asbestos being listed as a hazardous chemical by the UN even though it spends massive amounts of money to remove it from Canadian homes and offices. While India recognizes it as a hazardous substance and has banned asbestos mining and its waste trade, it keeps its price low through patronage. Italy fully banned the use of asbestos in 1992 and set up a comprehensive plan for asbestos decontamination in industry and housing. Japan did not fully ban asbestos until 2004. Its government has been held responsible for related diseases. In 1984, the import of raw amphibole (blue and brown) asbestos into New Zealand was banned. In 2002, the import of chrysotile (white) asbestos was banned. The British Government's Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has promoted rigorous controls on asbestos handling, based on reports linking exposure to asbestos dust or fibres with thousands of annual deaths from mesothelioma and asbestos-related lung cancer. "At least 4000 people in Great Britain die each year from mesothelioma and asbestos related lung cancer as a result of past exposure to asbestos. Annual numbers of deaths are predicted to go on rising into the next decade." The TUC (UK) report cites a figure of 5000 deaths per year. The HSE does not assume that any minimum threshold exists for exposure to asbestos below which a person is at zero risk of developing mesothelioma, since they consider that it cannot currently be quantified for practical purposes; they cite evidence from epidemiological studies of asbestos exposed groups to argue that even if any such threshold for mesothelioma does exist, it must be at a very low level. Previously it was possible to claim compensation for pleural plaques caused by negligent exposure to asbestos, on the grounds that although it is in itself asymptomatic, it is linked to development of diffuse pleural thickening, which causes lung impairment. It has been highly contentious, however, as to the probability of pleural plaques developing into pleural thickening or other asbestos related illnesses. On October 17, 2007 this point was clarified by the Law Lords′ ruling that workers who have pleural plaques as a result of asbestos exposure will no longer be able to seek compensation as it does not in itself constitute a disease. This ruling was however superseded, so far as sufferers of pleural plaques in Scotland are concerned, by the passing of the Damages (Asbestos-related Conditions)(Scotland) Act 2009, which provides that in Scots law pleural plaques are to be considered an actionable type of personal injury. The Control of Asbestos Regulations were introduced in the UK in November 2006 and are an amalgamation of three previous sets of legislation (Asbestos Prohibition, Asbestos Licensing and the Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations) aimed at minimising the use and disturbance of asbestos containing materials within British workplaces. Essentially this legislation bans the import and use of most asbestos products and sets out guidelines on how best to manage those currently in-situ. Dutyholders of all non-domestic properties within the UK must establish an asbestos register and a management plan. The definition of "non-domestic" is "a property or structure (commercial, domestic or residential) where work is carried out" the obligation of the duty holder is that such operatives are not exposed to any asbestos based materials during the course of the work, the Asbestos Register states the presence or non presence of asbestos related to the inside and outside of the structure. The exception is where the property age (post-1999 when chrysotile asbestos was banned) would indicate that such products will not have been used during the construction of the building. The removal of high-risk asbestos products from non-domestic properties is tightly controlled by the HSE and high-risk products such as thermal insulation must be removed under controlled conditions by licensed contractors. Further guidance on which products this applies to can be found on the HSE website along with a list of licensees. The Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations were amended and came into force on 6 April 2012 to take account of the European Commission's view that the UK had not fully implemented the EU Directive on exposure to asbestos (Directive 2009/148/EC). These changes were relatively minor and included additional requirements for non-licensed asbestos work. These changes mean that some non-licenced asbestos work now requires notification, and has additional requirements for managing this work (e.g. record keeping and health surveillance). According to the Environmental Working Group Action Fund, 10,000 people die each year from asbestos-caused diseases in the United States, including one out of every 125 American men who die over the age of 50. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has no general ban on the use of asbestos. However, asbestos was one of the first hazardous air pollutants regulated under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act of 1970, and many applications have been forbidden by the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). According to a September 2004 of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, asbestos is still a hazard for 1.3 million US workers in the construction industry and for workers involved in the maintenance of buildings and equipment. A Senate subcommittee of the Health Education Labor and Pensions Committee heard testimony on July 31, 2001, regarding the health effects of asbestos. Members of the public, doctors, and scientists called for the United States to join other countries in a ban on the product. Asbestos is not part of an ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) E 1527-05 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA). A building survey for asbestos is considered an out-of-scope consideration under the industry standard ASTM 1527-05 Phase I ESA (see ASTM E 1527-05). ASTM Standard E 2356-04 should be consulted by the owner or owner's agent to determine which type of asbestos building survey is appropriate, typically either a baseline survey or a design survey of functional areas. Both types of surveys are explained in detail under ASTM Standard E 2356-04. Typically, a baseline survey is performed by an EPA (or state) licensed asbestos inspector. The baseline survey provides the buyer with sufficient information on presumed asbestos at the facility, often which leads to reduction in the assessed value of the building (due primarily to forthcoming abatement costs). Note: EPA NESHAP (National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants) and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Regulations must be consulted in addition to ASTM Standard E 2356-04 to ensure all statutory requirements are satisfied, ex. notification requirements for renovation/demolition. Asbestos is not a material covered under CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ) innocent purchaser defense. In some instances, the U.S. EPA includes asbestos contaminated facilities on the NPL (Superfund). Buyers should be careful not to purchase facilities, even with an ASTM E 1527-05 Phase I ESA completed, without a full understanding of all the hazards in a building or at a property, without evaluating non-scope ASTM E 1527-05 materials, such as asbestos, lead, PCBs, mercury, radon, et al. A standard ASTM E 1527-05 does not include asbestos surveys as standard practice. In 2010, Washington State passed a ban on hazardous materials in automotive brakes, phasing out asbestos in vehicle brakes, starting in 2014. The first lawsuits against asbestos manufacturers were brought in 1929. Since then, many lawsuits have been filed. As a result of the litigation, manufacturers sold off subsidiaries, diversified, produced asbestos substitutes, and started asbestos removal businesses. In June 1982, a retired boiler-maker, James Cavett, won a record award of $2.3 million compensatory and $1.5 million in punitive damages. The fibrosis of this disease is irreversible and permanent so that eventually compensation will be paid to each of these men. But, as long as the man is not disabled it is felt that he should not be told of his condition so that he can live and work in peace and the company can benefit by his many years of experience. By the early 1990s, "more than half of the 25 largest asbestos manufacturers in the US, including Amatex, Carey-Canada, Celotex, Eagle-Picher, Forty-Eight Insulations, Manville Corporation, National Gypsum, Standard Insulation, Unarco, and UNR Industries had declared bankruptcy. Filing for bankruptcy protects a company from its creditors." One of the major issues relating to asbestos in civil procedure is the latency of asbestos-related diseases. Most countries have limitation periods to bar actions that are taken long after the cause of action has lapsed. For example, in Malaysia the time period to file a tort action is six years from the time the tort occurred. Due to several asbestos-related actions, countries such as Australia have amended their laws relating to limitations to accumulate starting from time of discovery rather than time when the cause of action accrued. Asbestos litigation is the longest, most expensive mass tort in U.S. history, involving more than 8,000 defendants and 700,000 claimants. Current trends indicate that the rate at which people are diagnosed with the disease will likely increase through the next decade. Analysts have estimated that the total costs of asbestos litigation in the USA alone will eventually reach $200 to $275 billion. The amounts and method of allocating compensation have been the source of many court cases, and government attempts at resolution of existing and future cases. The controversy over asbestos-related liability issues is reflected by recent press reports and the position taken by the American Bar Association. Guardian Unlimited reported a test-case ruling in 2005, that allowed thousands of workers to be compensated for pleural plaques. Diffuse or localised fibrosis of the pleura, or pleural plaques, is less serious than asbestosis or mesothelioma, but is also considered a disease closely linked to the inhalation of asbestos. However, insurers claimed the plaques are "simply a marker for asbestos exposure rather than an injury." Mr Justice Holland rejected the insurers' arguments, and counsel for workers hailed the decision as a "victory that puts people before profits." However this decision was reversed by the Court of Appeal. On 17 October 2007, the House of Lords confirmed the Court of Appeal's decision. Pleural plaques no longer constitute actionable injury in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Scottish government introduced legislation in 2009 to preserve the status of pleural plaques as an actionable injury in Scotland and there are proposals to introduce similar legislation in Northern Ireland. Insurance companies allege that asbestos litigation has taken too heavy a toll on insurance and industry. A 2002 article in the British Daily Telegraph's associate quoted Equitas, the reinsurance vehicle which assumed Lloyd's of London's liabilities, which argued that asbestos claims were the "greatest single threat to Lloyd's of London's existence." Of note is that Lloyd's of London had been sued for fraud by its investors, who claimed Lloyd's misrepresented pending losses from asbestos claims. A turning point has recently come about involving the case of a 45-year-old mother from Southsea, Hampshire, who was exposed to asbestos from her grandfather's work clothes and now suffers from mesothelioma. As a result, Michelle Campbell has received over £140,000 in compensation for her pain and suffering from the Ministry of Defence, highlighting that the legacy of asbestos will continue and is now capable of affecting a third generation of victims – the grandchildren of former dockyard workers and other men who worked with the deadly substance throughout their careers. In May 2006, the House of Lords ruled that compensation for asbestos injuries should be reduced where responsibility could not be attached to a single employer. Critics, including trade unions, asbestos groups and Jim Wallace, former justice minister, have condemned the ruling. They said it overturned the traditional Scottish law to such cases, and was a breach of natural justice. As a result of this outcry, the ruling has been overturned by section three of the Compensation Act 2006. In February 2010 a court ruling set a new precedent for asbestosis claims. The case, in which widow Della Sabin attempted to claim compensation following her husband's death from asbestosis, hinged on the issue of how many asbestos fibres must be present in the lungs for a claim to be valid. A research team based at Llandough Hospital initially reported that the minimum amount of fibres that needed to be present for a claim to be valid was 20 million (only 7 million were found in the sample taken from Mrs Sabin's husband Leslie). However, a subsequent US study suggested that, due to the fact that Leslie had lived for more than forty years after his exposure, a large number of fibres would have cleared from his body naturally; had he died twenty years earlier the asbestos count in his lungs would have been about 35 million fibres per gram. The judge preferred this evidence, and ruled in favour of Mrs Sabin. In June 2008, the Brazilian Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), voted to maintain the law (12.684/07) which prohibits the use of any product which utilizes asbestos in São Paulo State. It is expected that the decision will be extended to include the whole country. Asbestos-related cases increased significantly on the U.S. Supreme Court docket after 1980. The court has dealt with several asbestos-related cases since 1986. Two large class action settlements, designed to limit liability, came before the court in 1997 and 1999. Both settlements were ultimately rejected by the court because they would exclude future claimants, or those who later developed asbestos-related illnesses. These rulings addressed the 20-50 year latency period of serious asbestos-related illnesses. In 1988, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued regulations requiring certain U.S. companies to report the asbestos used in their products. Several legislative remedies have been considered by the U.S. Congress but each time rejected for a variety of reasons. In 2005, Congress considered but did not pass legislation entitled the "Fairness in Asbestos Injury Resolution Act of 2005". The act would have established a $140 billion trust fund in lieu of litigation, but as it would have proactively taken funds held in reserve by bankruptcy trusts, manufacturers and insurance companies, it was not widely supported either by victims or corporations. On April 26, 2005, Dr. Philip J. Landrigan, professor and chair of the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City, testified before the US Senate Committee on the Judiciary against this proposed legislation. He testified that many of the bill's provisions were unsupported by medicine and would unfairly exclude a large number of people who had become ill or died from asbestos: "The approach to the diagnosis of disease caused by asbestos that is set forth in this bill is not consistent with the diagnostic criteria established by the American Thoracic Society. If the bill is to deliver on its promise of fairness, these criteria will need to be revised." Also opposing the bill were the American Public Health Association and the Asbestos Workers' Union. On June 14, 2006, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved an amendment to the act which would have allowed victims of mesothelioma $1.1M within 30 days of their claim's approval. This version would have also expanded eligible claimants to people exposed to asbestos from the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, and to construction debris in hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Ultimately, the bill's reliance on funding from private entities large and small, as well as debate over a sunset provision and the impact on the U.S. budgetary process caused the bill to fail to leave committee. Since the bankruptcy filing of Johns-Manville in 1984, many U.S. and U.K. asbestos manufacturers have escaped litigation by filing bankruptcy. Once in bankruptcy, these companies typically are required to fund special "bankruptcy trusts" that pay pennies on the dollar to injured parties. However, these trusts do permit larger numbers of claimants to receive some kind of compensation, even if greatly reduced from potential recoveries in the tort system. Since 2002, asbestos lawsuits in the U.S. have included the following as defendants: (1) manufacturers of machinery that are alleged to have required asbestos-containing parts to function properly; (2) owners of premises at which asbestos-containing products were installed (which includes virtually anyone who owned a building prior to 1980); (3) banks that financed ships or buildings where asbestos was installed (on the grounds that no rational lender would take a security interest in an asset without studying the risks involved); (4) retailers of asbestos-containing products (including hardware, home improvement and automotive parts stores); (5) corporations that allegedly conspired with asbestos manufacturers to deliberately conceal the dangers of asbestos (e.g., MetLife, a well-known insurance company which worked with Johns-Manville); (6) manufacturers of tools which were used to cut or shape asbestos-containing parts; and (7) manufacturers of respiratory protective equipment. Defendants in the first category have contested liability on the grounds that nearly all of them either did not ship asbestos-containing parts with their products at all (that is, asbestos was installed only by end users) or did not sell replacement parts for their own products (in cases where the plaintiff was allegedly exposed well after any factory-original asbestos-containing parts would have been replaced), and either way cannot be responsible for toxic third-party parts that they did not manufacture, distribute, or sell. In 2008, the Washington Supreme Court, the first state supreme court to reach the issue, decided in favor of the defense. On January 12, 2012, the Supreme Court of California also decided in favor of the defense in O'Neil v. Crane Co. This is significant as a 2007 study found that California and Washington were the two most influential state supreme courts in the United States in the period from 1940 to 2005. In a decision fron January 2014, Gray v. Garlock Sealing Technologies had entered into bankruptcy proceedings, and discovery in the case uncovered accusations of evidence manipulation that led to a reduction in estimated future liability to a tenth of what was estimated. Another area of dispute remains the so-called chrysotile-defense. Manufacturers of some products containing only chrysotile fibers claim that this product is not as harmful as amphibole-containing products. As 95% of the products used in the United States historically were mostly chrysotile, this claim is widely disputed by health officials and medical professionals. The internet has become a highly competitive arena for firms trying to attract new clients. Pay-per-click costs on asbestos and mesothelioma keywords can exceed $65 per click and continually rank amongst the most expensive keywords. The potential payout for affiliates serving mesothelioma and asbestos ads has created a niche for spammers and webmasters who target search engines. The number of paid links has also made it increasingly difficult for injured persons to find neutral or scientific point-of-view information that is not attached to a law firm when typing in the words "asbestos" and "mesothelioma" into search engines. On February 20, 1973 a federal grand jury in Detroit, Michigan indicted Adamo Wrecking Co. ("Adamo") for violating provisions of the Clean Air Act by knowingly causing the emission of asbestos by failure to wet and remove friable asbestos materials from demolitions. Adamo was one of a number of demolition contractors indicted throughout the country for the alleged violation of the Clean Air Act. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan dismissed the criminal indictment on the ground that it was not an "emission standard", but a "work practice standard", which under the terms of the statute, did not carry criminal liability. The government appealed and the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision of the trial court, stating that it erred in determining that it had jurisdiction to review the validity of the standard in a criminal proceeding. Adamo's attorneys appealed to the Supreme Court. On January 10, 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Adamo when it held that the trial court did have jurisdiction to review the standard in a criminal proceeding and also agreed with the trial court that the requirements in the Act were "not standards" but "procedures" and therefore the proceedings were properly dismissed. A federal grand jury indicted W. R. Grace and Company and seven top executives on February 5, 2005, for its operations of a vermiculite mine in Libby, Montana. The indictment accused Grace of wire fraud, knowing endangerment of residents by concealing air monitoring results, obstruction of justice by interfering with an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) investigation, violation of the Clean Air Act, providing asbestos materials to schools and local residents, and conspiracy to release asbestos and cover up health problems from asbestos contamination. The Department of Justice said 1,200 residents had developed asbestos-related diseases and some had died, and there could be many more injuries and deaths. On April 2, 1998, three men were indicted in a conspiracy to use homeless men for illegal asbestos removal from an aging Wisconsin manufacturing plant. Then-US Attorney General Janet Reno said, "Knowingly removing asbestos improperly is criminal. Exploiting the homeless to do this work is cruel." On December 12, 2004, owners of New York asbestos abatement companies were sentenced to the longest federal jail sentences for environmental crimes in U.S. history, after they were convicted on 18 counts of conspiracy to violate the Clean Air Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act, and actual violations of the Clean Air Act and Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. The crimes involved a 10-year scheme to illegally remove asbestos. The RICO counts included obstruction of justice, money laundering, mail fraud and bid rigging, all related to the asbestos cleanup. On January 11, 2006, San Diego Gas & Electric Co., two of its employees, and a contractor were indicted by a federal grand jury on charges that they violated safety standards while removing asbestos from pipes in Lemon Grove, California. The defendants were charged with five counts of conspiracy, violating asbestos work practice standards and making false statements. Old Wailuku Post Office sealed off for asbestos removal. Asbestos abatement (removal of asbestos) has become a thriving industry in the United States. Strict removal and disposal laws have been enacted to protect the public from airborne asbestos. The Clean Air Act requires that asbestos be wetted during removal and strictly contained, and that workers wear safety gear and masks. The federal government has prosecuted dozens of violations of the act and violations of Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) related to the operations. Often these involve contractors who hire undocumented workers without proper training or protection to illegally remove asbestos. W. R. Grace and Company faces fines of up to $280 million for polluting the town of Libby, Montana. Libby was declared a Superfund disaster area in 2002, and the EPA has spent $54 million in cleanup. Grace was ordered by a court to reimburse the EPA for cleanup costs, but the bankruptcy court must approve any payments. ^ . EPA publication on Asbestos. Retrieved 15 April 2006. ^ Cooke, W.E., "Fibrosis of the lungs due to the inhalation of asbestos dust." B.M.J., 2, 147, 1924. ^ Muscat JE, Wynder EL (1991). "Cigarette smoking, asbestos exposure, and malignant mesothelioma". Cancer Research 51 (9): 2263–7. PMID 2015590. ^ a b "France Calls For Worldwide Asbestos Ban". IndustryWeek. 2006-06-06. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ David Fickling in Sydney (2004-08-22). "Dusty death: how asbestos hit Australia | World news | The Observer". London: Observer.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ "SC refuses to ban asbestos in the country". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 2011-01-21. ^ a b Charnalia, Ameya (July 29, 2012). "Invader in white". The Hindu (Chennai, India). ^ "Ministero della Salute - In primo piano - Normativa sull’amianto". Salute.gov.it. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ "NHKオンライン". Nhk.or.jp. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ Kim, Hyoung Ryoul (12 June 2009). "Overview of Asbestos Issues in Korea". J Korean Med Sci. 3 24 (3): 363–367. PMC 2698178. PMID 19543418. doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.3.363. ^ "Statistics - Asbestos related disease". Hse.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ "Statistics - Asbestos related disease". Hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "WalesOnline - News - Wales News - Asbestos workers lose right to claim". Icwales.icnetwork.co.uk. 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ "The Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006". Opsi.gov.uk. 2011-07-04. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "The Asbestos Epidemic in America". EWG. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ "American Thoracic Society Journal news tips for September 2004 (second issue)". Medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ a b c d "Asbestos Hazards Handbook - Chapter 9: The Asbestos Producers". Lhc.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ "Asbestos". EWG. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ "Asbestos". PointofLaw.com. 2004-05-21. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ Dyer, Clare (February 16, 2005). "Workers win test case in asbestos claim". The Guardian (London). Retrieved April 25, 2010. ^ "Names take Lloyd's to court". BBC News. February 28, 2000. Retrieved April 25, 2010. ^ "Asbestos pay-out fight continues". BBC News. May 13, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2010. ^ "Wigan widow wins landmark legal ruling on asbestos case". Manchester Evening News. 20 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-03. ^ "Pannone’s Landmark Legal Victory for Widow on Asbestosis case". www.pannone.com. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-03. ^ "Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997)". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "Ortiz V. Fibreboard Corp". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ "Testimony of Dr. Philip Landrigan before Senate". Mesotheliomahelp.net. Retrieved 2011-12-11. ^ a b "JURIST - Paper Chase: Senate Judiciary Committee wants sickest asbestos victims compensated fastest". Jurist.law.pitt.edu. 2005-05-12. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ Braaten v. Saberhagen Holdings, 165 Wn.2d 373, 198 P.3d 493 (2008) and Simonetta v. Viad Corp., 165 Wn.2d 341, 197 P.3d 127 (2008). ^ O'Neil v. Crane Co., 53 Cal.4th 335, 135 Cal. Rptr. 3d 288, 266 P.3d 987 (2012). ^ Straif K. The Carcinogenicity of Asbestos – Evaluations by IARC and WHO, Recent Developments and Global Burden of Asbestos-Related Cancer. Abstract SY02-07 of paper presented during Symposia: Asbestos – A Global Disaster in Seoul, Korea. Page 28-29, Collection of Conference Abstracts of The XVIII World Congress on Safety and Health at Work. ^ Liptak, Adam (2007-10-15). "Competing for Clients, and Paying by the Click". The New York Times. ^ "Search Engine Spam Buster: Overture Keyword Tool - Spammed Results From abcmesothelioma.com". Sespam.blogspot.com. 2006-03-27. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ National Resources Journal, vol. 18, p. 677. ^ Environmental Law Reporter, 7 ELR 2001. ^ "Summary of Actions by Supreme Court on Various Cases", New York Times, April 5, 1977. ^ New York Times, January 11, 1978. ^ Environmental Law Reporter, 8 ELR 20171. ^ "12/23/2004: Father and Son Sentenced to Longest U.S. Jail Terms for Environmental Crimes". Yosemite.epa.gov. 2004-12-23. Retrieved 2010-09-27. ^ Father and Son Get Long Terms In Defective Asbestos Removal", The New York Times, December 24, 2004. Retrieved April 4, 2008. Brodeur, Paul,Outrageous Misconduct.New York, Pantheon, 1985. British Parliament Publications - Lloyds TSB Gen Insurance Holdings v. Lloyds Bank Group Insurance Co. Ltd. Testimony by Dr. Landrigan of Mt Sinai School of Medicine regarding the proposed "Fairness in Asbestos Injury Resolution Act of 2005"

2019-04-24T02:28:34Z

http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/Asbestos_and_the_law

You can gain control over your life and feel empowered by the decision to improve yourself in an organized manner.You can begin by learning ways to maintain your motivational level for the work you are taking on. The article has many ideas that you can use right away. Create a personal development plan that is centered around personal beliefs that you have identified. It wouldn’t make sense to develop a trait that was contrary to who you are. Instead, spend your time and energy on areas in your life you wish to develop that also synchronize with your personal values. This is the way to make permanent, positive changes to your life. Stress can greatly interfere with your ability to be happy.Stress in the mind hurts us both a physical and an emotional toll on your body. To retain clarity of mind and the motivation to work towards our goals, it is important to eliminate stress. Set aside time every single day to be alone and clear your mind. Having this time to refresh can make you peace and happy with yourself. Read some good articles about personal development. A good book can help you on a course that will change your life. Try to pick a volume that has already been well-received by others because poorly done books in the genre are fairly common. Exercise is for all people, not just someone looking to lose weight. The physical reasons for exercising are numerous. When you exercise, your body produces a number of chemicals, such as endorphin, which improve your overall mood. TIP! Exercise can benefit almost anyone, even those who are not trying to shed excess weight. In fact, there are many other reasons to get in shape. Use your work time efficiently so you can get more done in a shorter amount of time.Take an ample amount of breaks regularly to stay focused on what you are working hard. This may seem wrong, but breaks allow you to refocus and re-energize, you can be more focused and get many things accomplished. Each day should be an opportunity to top the previous day’s accomplishments. It is important to make sure you keep pushing yourself every day to keep improving. If you did something pretty well yesterday, tell yourself that wasn’t enough. You need to do it really well today. TIP! Each day should be an opportunity to top the previous day’s accomplishments. You should never stop trying to find ways to do things better, and better yourself. You should know your own values that bear importance to you prior to planning a personal development plan. It doesn’t make any sense to concentrate on things that your value set does not include. Exercise is not only for people trying to lose weight. There are many physical benefits to exercising. Therapy might be the answer for someone with serious problems. While self-help books can be helpful, a therapist can propose targeted, targeted interaction with a therapist. Simply talking can assist you in finding motivation. A self-help book can not talk to you like a therapist or counselor. Are you a heavy alcohol abuser?Do you smoke or do other actives that may be harmful to your health? Your body is what you live in every day and therefore consideration for its well being should be treated with the utmost respect. Eliminating bad habits is important if you want to improve your life. Take a hard look at your life and find things that could benefit from a positive restructuring. Moving toward your goal and meeting your personal needs demands that you do one specific thing to be successful. No matter what other steps you take, the one critical decision you must make is to be active in your life, not a bystander. Do not let your life pass you by; it is fine to observe, but you must also live! TIP! Moving toward your goal and meeting your personal needs demands that you do one specific thing to be successful. It is important to play an active role in your own life story, instead of just watching it pass by. No matter what your personal development goals are, you must adhere to one rule. You need to participate in your life instead of being a spectator. If you are only watching your life go by, you are not really alive. Remove the disorganization from your life. Getting organized can give you a wonderful feeling of accomplishment, and continually staying organized boosts your confidence. This will also lead to less stress caused by disorganization. Having everything in its rightful place will give you a calming energy. A positive attitude will do wonders for your development. A negative attitude will hold you back and can even have adverse effects. Your mind’s health has an effect on how healthy your body is. Always keep in mind that healthy minds and bodies walk through life together. When you are working on your personal development, tell yourself that you want to be better because you deserve better. You owe yourself your best effort. Improving your health is something that will take you far on your journey of personal development. When they are in good healthy they will feel great. A healthy lifestyle can increase your general health so that you save time and the expense of frequent doctor visits. Make a goal to improve your fitness and make healthy choices. TIP! Taking steps to improve your health can help you achieve success with your personal development plan. Being healthy correlates directly to feeling good. Everyone is only a part of the world’s puzzle.Everyone should be willing to learn as much as they can from everyone else. Keep this in mind and remember to stay open to new whenever you can. Keep an open mind and you will always find new things others are more than willing to share their information with you. A positive attitude is required for you to make any progress in your development. A negative attitude will lead to stagnation and can even have adverse effects. To reach your goals, keep your eye on the prize and don’t let a negative, defeatist attitude hold you back. TIP! Attitude is a key part of growing yourself and becoming a more evolved person. Having a negative attitude will only hold you back and keep you from success. You need to understand the distance between the place you are now, and the place you would like to go.You have to realize this difference before you can take your very first step. If you cannot see this discrepancy, you are not ready to begin self improvement. It doesn’t matter how many of the above methods you utilize. Using just a few of these can assist you on a better path of self improvement. Some things will require you to work hard, but if you apply yourself and follow the right tips, the results will satisfy you. Self discipline is required if you wish to do some work on yourself. Learn to exercise self control over the desires of your body. Do not give into things that are bad for you such as greediness or overeating. You will not develop any life long addictions that will compromise your health in a physical or mental fashion. personal devleopment tips. The first step in having a great experience is gaining the knowledge that you need to succeed. This article gives you a lot of important advice. It can be hard to start on self improvement program.There are many different things you change yourself for the better. There are a world of opportunities available to you can go about bettering yourself. Once you have found how to develop your own self personally, you will begin to look and feel better in a way that will be immediately apparent to others. Stress is the foe of happiness. When we are stressed out, it harms us mentally and physically. Make sure to deal with stress in order to always think clearly and calmly about your goals. Take some time off regularly to relax and reflect. Following this practice will improve your inner peace. TIP! Stress is one of the biggest enemies of happiness. When we are feeling stressed, our minds aren’t just affected. Stress is the foe of the biggest enemies of happiness. Stress can take both mentally and physically across our body. In order to reach your goals, we must learn to calm our minds and rid our lives of unnecessary stress. Take some time off regularly to relax and clear your head. This refreshing time can improve your overall life. Pinpoint exactly what is getting in the way of your success. This is a difficult task for many people to do. By eliminating things that stand in your way, you can find your future path easier. Begin your personal development with a look at your leadership qualities. Although there are many different definitions of leadership, the most common being “influence”. Carefully assess your own thoughts on leadership. What events shaped your life and personality? How have those events changed you? What attributes make you a good team player? By examining these questions, you will be aware of how you can fit into a team setting. Self improvement begins with leadership. Most people believe that leadership to mean someone who has influence are synonymous. Take a good look at your leadership journey.What events have impacted you the most in your life and personality? How have these events change you as a person? What are your qualities that make you a good team environment? By considering these questions, you can become more aware of how you best fit into a team. Compliment other people. Instead, do the exact opposite and treat others with kindness and respect. This kindness will make you feel better and help you to treat yourself nicely as well. You cannot provide care of other people unless you care for yourself. No matter what point you are in on your journey, always make resting and restoring yourself a top priority. Strive to make each day a bit better than the previous one. Push yourself to pursue every opportunity for improvement. Push yourself to do something better today than you did the day before. TIP! Challenge yourself to grow daily. Set a goal of continuous improvement through steady efforts. You may reap great benefits by conferring with a spiritual or secular counselor a rewarding experience. These people have lots of training and will know what to do in your situation. They are ready to listen and to analyze certain things that will have you on the right path. TIP! You can’t care for others if you’re not caring for yourself. No matter what point you are in on your journey, you should always take time to breathe. If failings don’t respond to efforts at improvement, it may be wise to consult a therapist. Self help books can help you, but do not expect these methods to replace a doctor who can assess your situation personally. Sometimes, success happens by simply talking problems through. A psychiatrist can have a discussion with you, where a book cannot. Taking a few risks can help you stay happy. It is not uncommon for an individual to avoid the feeling of rejection or failure while at at the same time, though never taking risks will leave you unfulfilled. Taking risks shows courage, which will help you become happy in the long run. Do you find yourself consuming alcohol far too often? Do you harm your body through smoking, or in other ways? Your body is certainly a temple, yet these types of behaviors disregard its sanctity. Eradicating negative behaviors is key to leading a better lifestyle. Carefully examine your attitudes and actions and identify areas for improvement. Make concrete plans for your life and stick with it.You need to step up and implement a plan of action in order to realize your desires. Always be on the look for a challenge. You may be able to gain a new ideas and cultivate new talents. You may even create a model that has never been done by anyone. Try to find your own niche, instead of doing what has already been done. As you ascertain your needs and how you will approach them, there is one thing that must be done. Choose to take real action, everyday, towards your goals and dreams, instead of just watching others from the sidelines. If you are observing instead of living, you are not really alive. Write down everything you want to achieve a certain goal. You would then want to position yourself into the situations that would make this happen. You have a high degree of accomplishing your goals if you attack this methodically. If your personal development plan calls for overcoming social anxieties, going to the movies with a friend is a great first step. This gets you out into a social setting, but does not require you to socialize to the point where you are uncomfortable. This also allows you to be around a large group of people in a stress-free environment. If you find that you are constantly having difficulty meeting your goals, take a step back to evaluate what’s going on. Find out how others have succeeded at the same thing. You could have impossible expectations of yourself or just not have a committed dedication to solving your problems. TIP! If you are never able to meet the goals you set, then it’s time to figure out your problem areas and make some changes. Take a little time to research what others have done when their goals were similar. Begin by identifying a few basic behaviors, and work on them until it is second nature. It takes approximately three weeks to make a new habit stick, so it is important to keep trying. The goals you have set out for your self improvement plan should be clearly defined to show the steps toward achievement of success. Having goals will allow you focused on what’s really important. This will help you in overcoming difficult tasks and enjoy your successes. It is possible to teach yourself the best ways to deal with hard situations. Stay graceful under fire, and you will gain confidence that helps in your day to day life. Take some positive steps toward controlling stress by practicing deep breathing exercises. TIP! It is possible to handle difficult situations without allowing yourself to become overly emotional. If you learn how to handle the most stressful situations in life, then the smaller stuff will feel manageable, making your daily life better. Use wisdom and be modest in order to live your life to the fullest. Learn from your experiences because it can help you realize the difference between circumstances you can change, and make sure that you recognize what you cannot change about circumstances in your life. Modesty is a virtue that will serve you work within your limits. Wisdom allows you make better decisions for your future. Do not go shopping for comfort. Instead of spending money, find a hobby. Doing something more productive will help keep money in your pocket and help your stress level. Most employers are more concerned about the degree itself, they will care that you earned the degree and can do the work. Some large businesses, such as banks and investment firms, may be an exception. It is really more important to have a degree that will open up opportunities for you. Accomplish the things in life you want to accomplish. Just sitting around doing nothing to make the life you want actually happen will get you nowhere. You need to step up and pursue your goals to make them really happen. Are you having a difficult time meeting someone that special someone? Your special someone could be looking for you too. Both websites have their strengths and their downfalls. Set realistic goals that you can accomplish, achievable goals for yourself.By discovering your weaknesses and working on them, you will notice overall self-improvement. When you are developing yourself, always maintain self-discipline. Your body yearns to give into temptations, but you can control the desires with practice. Eliminate your flesh’s desires, such as greed, drunkenness, lust, and overeating. If you can successfully control yourself, you are on the right path to lead a happy and healthy life. TIP! Self-discipline is a key element of any personal development program. Develop a sense of self-control to manage your worldly desires. The aim of this article was to help you learn some ways to better yourself. However, there are many other ways in which you may further improve your life. Don’t think of your self improvement as a temporary attempt at improvement.

2019-04-19T05:22:24Z

http://tonikez.com/blog/category/self-improvement/

Jeju (formerly Cheju) is an island province of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) located off the southwestern end of the Korean Peninsula. Dominated by the volcano Halla-san, Korea's tallest mountain at 1947 m (6388 ft), Jeju is roughly 75 km (45 mi) long and 25 km (15 mi) wide. More than half a million people live on the island. The province is divided administratively into two cities, Jeju on the north side and Seogwipo on the south side. This page has the lighthouses of Seogwipo; those of Jeju City are on a separate page. Jeju is readily accessible by air or by ferry from Busan, Tongyeong, Wando, Mokpo, or Incheon. Following several recent government reorganizations, navigational aids in the ROK are now regulated by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF). The lights on this page are maintained by the Jeju Maritime Management Division, a branch of the Busan Regional Oceans and Fisheries Administration. Special thanks to Michel Forand, who located many of the photo links on this page. Note: Seongsanpo is a fishing port and ferry terminal at the east end of Jeju. It is named for Seongsan (Sunrise Peak), a rocky headland at the eastern end of Jeju Island popular for its wide view of the sea. Seongsanpo is the port for ferries traveling to Udo Island (see Jeju City). Date unknown. Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); two red flashes every 6 s. 20 m (66 ft) tower, painted red, mounted on a round concrete pier. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on a shoal about 1.5 km (1 mi) north of Seongsanpo. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4272.25; NGA 17429. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); red flash every 5 s. 11 m (36 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is yellow (NGA lists the tower as red). Kim Cheol Bong has a closeup photo, this light is at the lower center of the photo at right, and Google has a satellite view. Located at the end of the east breakwater of Seongsanpo. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4272.42; NGA 17432. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 16 m (52 ft); two green flashes every 6 s. 15 m (49 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is yellow (NGA lists the tower as red). Kim Cheol Bong has a closeup photo, this light is at the right side of the photo at right, and Google has a satellite view. Located at the west end of the detached main breakwater of Seongsanpo. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. Admiralty M4272.36; NGA 17435. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 16 m (52 ft); two red flashes every 6 s. 15 m (49 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery, painted red. A photo is at right, Kim Cheol Bong has a closeup photo, another photo is available, and Google has a satellite view. Located at the east end of the detached main breakwater of Seongsanpo. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. Admiralty M4272.35; NGA 17434. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); green flash every 4 s. 15 m (49 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery, painted white. Kim Cheol Bong has a closeup photo, Jerry Baker has a second closeup, there's a view from the sea, and Google has a satellite view. Located at the east end of the detached main breakwater of Seongsanpo. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. Admiralty M4272.3; NGA 17424. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 40 m (141 ft); white flash every 4 s. 12 m (39 ft) octagonal cylindrical concrete tower with gallery, painted white. A photo is at right, a 2016 photo is available, Jay Bek's photo shows the long flight of stairs leading to the lighthouse, Choi Jae-pil has a street view, and Google has a satellite view. Offering a wide view of the Korea Strait, this lighthouse is a popular observation point. Located on a promontory at the southeastern tip of Jeju, about 3 km (2 mi) southeast of Tongnam. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4272.5; NGA 17436. 1906. Inactive. 4 m (13 ft) square basalt rubblestone tower. A photo and a second photo are available, Google has a street view, and Bing has a satellite view. Small traditional stone lightstands of this kind, called daetbul, are found at many small Korean harbors. This is one of the larger examples. Located on the waterfront of Onpyeong. Site open, tower closed. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 14 m (46 ft); three quick white flashes every 10 s. 13 m (43 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with gallery, painted black with one yellow horizontal band. A photo is available, and Google has a satellite view and a distant street view from shore. Located on a shoal off a promontory on the southeast coast of Jeju, about 1.2 km (3/4 mi) southeast of Onpyeong. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4272.54; NGA 17440. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); green flash every 4 s. 9 m (30 ft) round cylindrical white concrete tower. A photo and a second photo are available, and Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located on the east breakwater of Pyoseon, a small port about 15 km (9 mi) southwest of Pangdupo. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4272.57; NGA 17448. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 14 m (46 ft); white flash every 5 s. 7 m (23 ft) octagonal cylindrical white concrete tower with gallery. Tim Wang's photo is at right and Google has a street view and a satellite view. The present tower appears taller than the one described by the light lists. Located on a promontory about 800 m (1/2 mi) south of Pyoseon Hang. Site open, and visitors can climb atop the base of the tower; tower closed. Admiralty M4272.6; NGA 17444. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 16 m (52 ft); white flash every 9 s. 6.5 m (21 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with upper and lower galleries, painted white. A foggy photo is available, and Google has a street view and a satellite view. NGA lists a small skeletal tower at this location. Located on a promontory on the east side of Taemeung Hang, a harbor about 16 km (10 mi) east of Seogwipo. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4272.7; NGA 17452. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 13 m (43 ft); white flash every 6 s. 12 m (39 ft) octagonal cylindrical concrete tower with gallery. Entire lighthouse is white. A photo (just over halfway down the page) is available, and Bing has a satellite view. Located at the foot of a steep headland about 25 km (15 mi) east of Seogwipo harbor. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4272.75; NGA 17454. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); six quick white flashes and one long white flash every 15 s. 22 m (72 ft) round concrete tower, upper half painted yellow and lower half black. A photo (1/4 the way down the page) is available, and Google has a satellite view and a distant street view from shore. Located on an offshore reef about 6.5 km (4 mi) east of Wimi Hang. Accessible only by boat, although there should be a good view from shore. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4272.78; NGA 17454.5. Date unknown. Inactive since 2017 (listed by NGA with focal plane 18 m (59 ft); red flash every 6 s). 10 m (33 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower, painted red. A closeup photo and several other photos (1/3 the way down the page) are available, and Google has a satellite view and a distant street view. Located at the end of the east breakwater at Wimi Hang, a harbor about 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Seogwipo. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. ex-Admiralty M4272.9; NGA 17455. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 13 m (43 ft); green flash every 6 s. 10 m (33 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower, painted red. Several photos (1/3 the way down the page) are available, and Google has a satellite view and a distant street view. Located at the end of the west breakwater at Wimi Hang. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4272.95; NGA 17455.5. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); white flash every 5 s. 12 m (39 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower, painted white. A closeup photo, a second photo and a more distant view are available, and Google has a satellite view. Chigwi Do is a small island about 5 km (3 mi) south of Wimi Hang. Located on the north side of the island. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4272.8; NGA 17456. 2013. Active; focal plane 18 m (59 ft); two red flashes every 6 s. 15 m (49 ft) round concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is red. The light is at the left in Sangik Han's photo, Brian Wolff has a street view, and Google has a satellite view. Located on the north breakwater at Hahyo harbor. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4272.955. 2013. Active; focal plane 18 m (59 ft); two red flashes every 6 s. 12 m (39 ft) round concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is white. The light is at the left in Sangik Han's photo, Brian Wolff has a street view from the north breakwater, and Google has a satellite view. Located on the detached south breakwater at Hahyo harbor. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4272.958. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); red flash every 4 s. 15 m (49 ft) round concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is red. Michael Sotnikov's photo is at right, a view from the sea is available, and Google has a good satellite view. Located at the end of the main (east) breakwater of Seogwipo. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4274.505; NGA 17467. Date unknown. Inactive since 2014. 15 m (49 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is white. Baek Seung Hwa has a photo, another photo is available, Seung Gon Baek has a sea view, and Google has a satellite view. This is a relatively new light; the present south breakwater was not built until sometime after 2006. Located at the end of the south (really west) breakwater of Seogwipo. Probably accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. ex-Admiralty M4274.2; ex-NGA 17462. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 96 m (315 ft); white flash every 6 s. 9 m (30 ft) round white concrete tower. No photo available but Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located atop the east end of Moonseom, a small but high island 500 m (0.3 mi) south of the Seogwipo harbor entrance. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4273; NGA 17468. Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 15 m (49 ft); red light, characteristic unknown. Approx. 13 m (43 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is red. A distant view is available and Google has a satellite view. Daecheon is an industrial town and harbor about 8 km (5 mi) west of Seogwipo. Located at the end of the east breakwater of Daecheon harbor. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4274.523. Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 15 m (49 ft); green light, characteristic unknown. Approx. 13 m (43 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is white. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located at the end of the east breakwater of Daecheon harbor. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4274.522. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 19 m (62 ft); three quick white flashes every 10 s. 22 m (72 ft) round concrete tower with gallery, painted black with one yellow horizontal band. A photo (sixth photo on the page) probably shows this lighthouse and Google has a good satellite view. Located on a rock just west of Daecheon harbor. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4274.55; NGA 17476.1. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 22 m (72 ft); white flash every 7 s. 12 m (39 ft) round white concrete tower with lantern and gallery. M.C. Han's photo is at the top of this page, Kanji Shinohara has a closeup photo, and Google has a street view and a satellite view. Located on a sharp promontory sheltering a small harbor about 20 km (13 mi) west of Seogwipo. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4274.58; NGA 17477. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 16 m (52 ft); red flash every 6 s. 13 m (43 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery, painted red. A closeup photo and a distant view are available, and Bing has a satellite view. Located at the end of the main (east) breakwater of Sagye, a small port about 4 km (2.5 mi) west of Hwasun near the southwestern point of Jeju. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4254.8; NGA 17490. 1987 (station established 1915). Active; focal plane 51 m (167 ft); white flash every 10 s. 16 m (52 ft) octagonal cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is white. 2-story crew building and other light station buildings. A photo is at right, JungHwan Choi has another photo, and Google has a street view and a satellite view. Marado is a small island about 7 km (4.5 mi) south of the southwestern point of Jeju. The island is accessible by a daily ferry from Moseulpo. Located atop a vertical cliff on the eastern side of the island. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS SKR-016; Admiralty M4254; NGA 17480. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); two white flashes every 5 s. 11 m (36 ft) round concrete tower, painted black with one red horizontal band. A photo is available and Bing has a satellite view. Located on a reef about 3 km (2 mi) south of the southwestern point of Jeju and about 1.5 km (1 mi) east of Gapado, an island midway between Marado and the mainland. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4254.3; NGA 17483. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); six quick white flashes followed by one long white flash every 15 s. 22 m (72 ft) concrete post mounted on a concrete pier. Upper half of the lighthouse painted yellow, lower half black. No photo available. Located about 400 m (1/4 mi) southeast of the southern point of Gapado.Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4254.15. Date unknown (station established 1998). Active; focal plane 16 m (52 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. 19 m (62 ft) round metal tower, painted black with one red horizontal band. No photo available and the light is not seen in Bing's satellite view of the listed location. From various sources it appears that lights here have been repeatedly destroyed or damaged by typhoons and other storms. Located on a reef about 3 km (2 mi) southwest of the southwestern point of Jeju. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4254.35; NGA 17483.5. Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 16 m (52 ft); two green flashes every 6 s. 11 m (36 ft) round tapered concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Entire lighthouse is white. Hyun-seok Jun has a closeup night time street view and Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located at the end of the breakwater of the new south harbor of Moseulpo. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4254.355. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); red flash every 5 s. 10 m (33 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower, painted red. Choi Gwang Shin has a closeup photo, SeungHun Song has a view from the sea and Google has a satellite view. Mosulpo is the terminal for ferries to Mara-do. Located at the end of the east breakwater at Moseulpo Hang, a harbor about 3 km (2 mi) northwest of the southwestern corner of Jeju. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4254.6; NGA 17484. Date unknown. Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); green flash every 5 s. 10 m (33 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower, painted white. SeungHun Song has a closeup photo, Wai Tong Ho has a photo of the light in action, Jeong Seong Hun has a view of both breakwater lights from inside the harbor, and Google has a satellite view. Located at the end of the west breakwater at Moseulpo Hang. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4254.4; NGA 17488. Date unknown (station established 2001). Active; focal plane 37 m (121 ft); two short white flashes followed by a long white flash (Morse Code "U") every 15 s. Fog horn (three blasts in the same "U" pattern every 30 s). Light mounted on a square platform supporting a helipad and solar-powered research station. A photo is at right and another photo is available. Socotra Rock is a submerged reef in the East China Sea 149 km (93 mi) southwest of Jeju. At low tide the reef is 4.6 m (15 ft) below sea level. Both South Korea and China claim this patch of the ocean for their exclusive economic zones. The platform was built by Korea between 1995 and 2001; it carries the automated Ieodo Ocean Research Station. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4252; NGA 17481. Posted December 10, 2007. Checked and revised December 25, 2018. Lighthouses: 34. Site copyright 2018 Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

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http://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/kor4b.htm

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Kim, you got that dangerously wrong. The 2nd element of the debate is climate change mitigation and adaption.. Not just mitigation. The overwhelming consensus of informed opinion includes mitigation and adaption. The IPCC reports and numerous other sources make this clear. This is climate change 101 level stuff. Failure to adapt (to prepare for warmer weather for instance) in some ways is more harmful than a failure to mitigate. "Portugal reaches 100% renewables ... " My analysis says the headline is a lie or highly misleading. Based on the very limited data reported, it appears to be that in a good to exceptional month they can produce between 86% to 97% of the power needed. The article makes it clear that this was a very good month compared to last year. More importantly, the major challenge is not how much power you can generate on a good day. The challenge is the annual average power supplied on a average year. The annual numbers tells you how well the system works when, for instance, the wind isn't blowing. And that number is conspicuously missing from the news reports. "Fake news" anyone? What, in terms of percentage of power used that was generated by renewables, did they actually achieve? It's becoming clear that is was not 100%. A better number to pay attention to is the average of total power used in the last 12 months provided by renewables. A honest and well researched report would tell us that. And they don't. Unless you have electrical storage that is available and needs to be charged then generating over 100% of your current needs means little to nothing. (It can even burn out the system). A key challenge with wind and solar is that sometimes we get way more power than we can make use of and other times nothing. Electricity is the poster child for transitory phenomena. Claiming credit for generating more power than is needed is a kind of con-game ... a way of creating "fake news". So to is focusing on max power periods when you can generate too much electricity. Again, unless there is a way to store the energy, claiming that generating 110% of power used somehow "compensates" is a way to indulge in Moha (delusion, confusion), Raga (greed, sensual attachment), and Dvesha (aversion, ill will). On some days California and Germany have to pay (yes pay!) nearby states to take their excess power. In California they pay Arizona to take the power which pays Arizona to disconnect their newable power sources. So it's not a net gain for the system -- it merely kicks the problem down the road. But readers should take note how poorly informed and/or reckless this statement by Kim Ohara is. At best it's a real dumb and "bonehead" error. Welcome back, Leeuwenhoek2, although I would say that with more enthusiasm if you hadn't begun by attacking me over a very trivial point in a month-old post. As for the point itself, I said, "The "climate change debate" falls naturally into three topics: climate science + climate change mitigation + climate politics and opinion," and I'm still going to stand by it. It could have been expanded to, "The "climate change debate" falls naturally into three topics: climate science (data and modelling) + climate change mitigation and adaptation + climate politics, opinion and activism," but that wasn't necessary for my purposes at the time. We were talking about whether DW needed a third climate-related thread, weren't we? Hardly a world-shaking issue. I've been reflecting, that a across a diversity of fields, nearly everyone has an issue or issues where they tend to be "in denial" or have "inconvenient truths". For climate campaigners this sometimes shows up as a (sometimes exclusive) focus on climate mitigation at the expense of adaption. So what is mitigation and adaption? The terms “adaptation" and “mitigation" are two important terms that are fundamental in the climate change debate. So I beg to differ with Kim. Describing societal response to climate change as only involving mitigation is more than a trivial mistake. It is not surprising that those who attribute climate change mostly to CO2 for instance will likely tend to emphasis mitigation. Getting the right balance between mitigation and adaption is a matter of judgement. I think the NASA web page mostly gets it right. The trend over the last 200 years or so has been towards overall warming interspersed with periods of cooling or hiatus. Combining that trend with some degree of warming due to anthropocentric drivers (of which CO2 is one) we can reasonable expect some level of climate change/warming. Responding to climate change involves a two-pronged approach: mitigation and adaption. FYI: Having separate threads for climate mitigation and adaption makes sense to me. Combining them together is OK too ... either way ... but proposing a thread for mitigation without one for adaption really is a mistake. It was 20 years ago, climate scientist Michael Mann published his famous “hockey stick” graph that he says “galvanized climate action” by showing unprecedented global warming. A later version of the graph was featured prominently by the IPCC in it's 3rd assessment report and press conferences. The IPCC report and the heavy "marketing" of the hockey stick by the IPCC and member governments seemed to galvanized scientists to take another look at the IPCC and it's standards and procedures for creating their climate assessments reports. The latest report, AR5, is much better for it IMO. The hockey stick was challenged on several grounds including the complicated and relatively untried method of statistical analysis it replied on. A number of climate models and data analysis are based on, and depend heavily on, statistical analysis. Because of the heavy use of statistics in such research often persons with a mathematical or statistical bent are far more qualified than the climate scientists when it comes to reviewing major portions of the studies. Thus often economists and others with a interest in applied statistics outclass climate scientists when it comes to analyzing data. There really are a lot of ways that smart, otherwise well educated people fool themselves with statistics. Two Canadian researchers who found serious flaws in the “hockey stick” study’s data and methodology disputed Mann’s characterization of the graph’s legacy. “For everyone else, the debate was about data and statistical methods,” Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the University of Guelph in Canada. The Canadians’ 2003 study showed the “hockey stick” curve “is primarily an artifact of poor data handling, obsolete data and incorrect calculation of principal components.” When the data was corrected it showed a warm period in the 15th century that exceeds the warmth of the 20th century. 1) The article reflects my understanding of the hockey stick story which I followed with much interest. 2) This is the first time I've quoted from wattsupwiththat.com. It's a blog with multiple contributors and the quality varies widely. This post is one of the good ones IMO. 3) I note that persons in this forum and other prominent activists in Buddhist circles recommend thinkprogress.org. Thinkprogress.org contains a lot of partisan, sometimes sharply worded opinion -- opinion that is not surprising given it's political roots. Those who think it's OK to quote from thinkprogress.org have little ethical or principled ground to complain with an occasional piece from a blog on the "other side". 4) The writer, Anthony Watts, has made fundamental and objective scientific contributions to our understanding of climate. I hardly know where to start with that post. I think I should start by asking what the "pretty good report" is. Is it the beginning of your post? If so, did you write it? If not, can you tell us who did, and link to it? BTW, can you stop changing the thread title as you go? It's confusing and can be irritating, can't it? Yes, the blog post has a definite slant to it. But the more factual stuff is accurate to my memory of the unfolding events. FYI: I usually avoid words like "alarmism" even though it can be usefully defined with a bit of effort. Now I'm confused by what you are asking. The segments in the quote boxes are quoted from the cited blog post. I will come back to comment on it when I've got time. It is indeed a "pretty good report" if - but only if - you're looking for a report which casts as much doubt as possible on climate science without actually lying. In fact, almost the only outright lie in it is the title, "20 Years Later, The ‘Hockey Stick’ Graph Behind Waves Of Climate Alarmism Is Still In Dispute." The original Hockey Stick paper was never seriously disputed by anyone with good climate science credentials. It was good science to begin with - it pretty well had to be, to be accepted for Nature - and Mann and others quickly extended it to make it even better. By now, the general shape of the hockey stick is unchanged although its 'handle' (the earliest part of the graph) is far longer. Mann wrote: Two decades ago this week a pair of colleagues and I published the original “hockey stick” graph in Nature, which happened to coincide with the Earth Day 1998 observances. The graph showed Earth’s temperature, relatively stable for 500 years, had spiked upward during the 20th century. A year later we would extend the graph back in time to A.D. 1000, demonstrating this rise was unprecedented over at least the past millennium—as far back as we could go with the data we had. L2 wrote: It was 20 years ago, climate scientist Michael Mann published his famous “hockey stick” graph that he says “galvanized climate action” by showing unprecedented global warming. As Gavin Schmidt said on Real Climate - here: http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/ar ... tructions/ - "What makes science different from politics? ... the difference is that with time scientists can actually make progress on problems." Schmidt wrote: What makes science different from politics? The number of well-dated proxies used in the latest paper is significantly greater than what was available a decade ago: 1209 back to 1800; 460 back to 1600; 59 back to 1000 AD; 36 back to 500 AD and 19 back to 1 BC (all data and code is available here). This is compared with 400 or so in MBH99, of which only 14 went back to 1000 AD. The increase in data availability is a pretty remarkable testament to the increased attention that the paleo-community has started to pay to the recent past – in part, no doubt, because of the higher profile this kind of reconstruction has achieved. Secondly, in comparison with previous reconstructions, the current analysis does not provide many surprises. Medieval times are warmer than the Little Ice Age as before, and a little warmer using the EIV method than was the case in MBH99. The differences in the 11th Century are on the order of a couple of tenths of a degree – well within the published error bars in IPCC TAR though. Interestingly, there are quite rapid and strong drops in temperature near 1100 AD and around 1350 AD which may make interesting case studies for attribution to solar or volcanic forcings in future. Overall, there are a few more wiggles than before, but basically nothing much has changed. L2 wrote: The hockey stick was challenged on several grounds including the complicated and relatively untried method of statistical analysis it replied on. A number of climate models and data analysis are based on, and depend heavily on, statistical analysis. Because of the heavy use of statistics in such research often persons with a mathematical or statistical bent are far more qualified than the climate scientists when it comes to reviewing major portions of the studies. Thus often economists and others with a interest in applied statistics outclass climate scientists when it comes to analyzing data. This is true enough but it fails on two separate counts in relation to the hockey stick. (1) People who didn't like the result went to enormous amounts of effort to discredit the methodology of the hockey stick and found only a few little picky points, none of which changed the results significantly. Schmidt outlined the pros and cons here - http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/ar ... ntroversy/ - in 2005, deliberately "in language even our parents might understand." (2) If you're sick, you are more likely to get accurate advice from a doctor with a shaky knowledge of biochemistry than from a biochemist. You have ben seriously misled, as I hope I have shown. "Good" in the very limited sense I defined above. The quality normally varies between poor and appalling. I will not complain (much) if anyone here posts material from the other side but neither will I hold back from criticism of it - as you may have noticed. ... and if you don't like my references, search for your own. Please, for your own good, don't search only in the denialist community. It's an echo chamber, and it's as toxic as the anti-vaxxers, birthers, etc. That will do for now, I think. Talk by the head of AEMO, the independent gas and electricity system and market operator in Australia, an organisation that has, primarily, the responsibility of managing and maintaining energy system security for all Australians. My notes on some of the more interesting parts. At times the talk reminded me of listening to a combination of a banking expert and technology expert. Experts tend to take shortcuts in their explanations which assume that the listener can fill in what the expert doesn't explicitly say.. Translating this tech talk into complete descriptions in plain language is one reason why I write these blog posts. A term of art is "energy security" -- I would call it energy reliability especially during times of high demand. The rapid increase in solar which causes disrupting in the system the grid, adding variability, making management more complicated. 7:40 Coal plants shut down and go cold because they are not needed during the day because of solar. But coal plants take time to start back up. "We can't afford to have that load dip that much" = under good conditions, especially mid-day rooftop solar provides a lot of power. To the conventional generators that looks like "load" (demand for power) has dipped. So what I mean about confusing tech talk?? Sometimes large power demands come in the evening after the sun goes down and the wind stops blowing -- especially on hot days when it's still hot and humid in the evening. 9:00 Storage -- electricity has to be produced and consumed at the same time and it's hard to store. 10:00 What if a lot of people drive their electric cars into a major city and they want to recharge before they leave? You have a large spike in electricity demand that you don't know when it hit. 13:00 Investors are discouraged upgrading or replacing existing generation in a market where they are in competition for solar during times of peak demand. That means that instead of making money to pay back the cost of upgrading the coal plants during peak hours the plants are underused or idle. Under those conditions it's difficult to justify upgrading or replacing coal plants. But this means that the coal plants will no longer be there to provide "backup power" on the the days when it's overcast and solar generation is low. 18:20 Planning for all time peak demands-- because of hot, humid weather new records have been set several times. Fortunately in a region that had sufficient generation reserves. If this happened in another region we would be in trouble. There is a Need to plan for peak demand. 21:25 Paying for value -- so much of the system is variable, we can't really predict what will happen like sudden shifts in wind direction. 22:20 Paying enough to make a supplier turn on extra generation -- because the market is currently structured in a way that that doesn't always value flexibility and dispatchability. Today turning on a "fill-in" or backup generator tends to lower the price paid in the next spot market segment under the rules of the managed market. This discourages the operators from starting up their generators in the first place -- rather they wait for a special intervention of the AEMO market operator. Such people still get to use the public grid whenever they want but most of the time someone else is paying most of the cost of keeping it available on demand and running. So when there is a problem on the micro grid or there is peak usage they can just buy power for a short time as backup. 36:20 I am truely concerned about the issue of economic bypass. THe fact that people can leave the system, and are leaving the system, because they are finding it affordable is a good thing for an individual but horrible for the rest of us because it's a single system. [Leaving the system I belief means micro grids/private grids; or making special deals with nearby generators where they don't have to connect to the main grid] That means there is less and less of the consuming base and what happens is that you have a huge group of haves and have nots. That becomes a recipe for government intervention. 39:00 Will we ever have nuclear power in Australia? The nuclear industry in the US has thrown in the white flag -- too difficult, too expensive, too much policy uncertainty (meaning uncertainty about changing government regulations). Plants in the UK and China are being build with support of government policy. "We can't afford to have that load dip that much" = under good conditions, especially mid-day rooftop solar provides a lot of power. To the conventional generators that looks like "load" (demand for power) has dipped. There is no reason they have to shut down generation completely. I'm quite skeptical of what they are on about here. Sounds like they need a more aggressive collection of reactors on the grid to absorb reactive power when the demand from customers has dipped. They are basically a dummy loads to stabilize the grid. They are used on every major system at the end of the day when the customer load drops and the are excess vars on the system (they are also used in black starts - story for another time). Just like in the morning, in order to bring up the load, you would switch in equipment that adds capacitance to the system prior to customers "joining" the grid for the day. You do not want customer load to be responsible for bringing up the load which will happen at variable rates, so you control the increase with your own equipment and keep all of your protective systems happy. If this is a financial concern I can understand - you don't want to generate power for hours at a time just to dump it into a reactor, but there are many ways to deal with this. Dynamic and flexible grid topology is the wave of the future with all these alternate forms of generation, especially with storage batteries on the horizon. This excuse about solar disrupting the grid seems like the tollbooth in the middle of the desert that they are trying convince everyone they must pass through. Just redesign your system. There really isn't an option on this anyway - even the above methods of stabilization are archaic in that regard. The next 50 years are going to be insane from a topology standpoint. I didn't listen to the whole talk. EDIT - Listened to many of the minutes you quoted - she is basically on point with what I was saying. Totally misunderstood the intention of the speech based on what was quoted. Very informative talk. Not really a dig against solar either. The business is changing and grids need to get a whole hell of a lot smarter. Just my 2 cents...not exactly an expert on system design - I just fix it when its broken. The Centre for Independent Studies, host of the talk, is a right-wing think-tank - see https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/C ... nt_Studies. It is not at all unlikely that that the talk was shaped to that audience. AEMO stuggles to do anything sensible because of its limited powers and competing pressures on it. And if the talk was to a left-wing audience it might have been shaped differently. But so what? Do we know anything about any way that Zibelman would have shaped the talk differently? Have you heard her speak before such that you have a basis for comparison? Rhetoric like this seems well designed to plant seeds of doubt in the face of ignorance. And it seems well designed to promote prejudice instead of knowledge. That is the basis upon which illusion is built. It's also a form of, or closely related too, a ad hominem attack. There is a more mature and constructive path or way to dialog about these issues. One that is more in line, I believe, with the dharma. Please let us endevour to follow it. Planting seeds of doubt was exactly what I wanted to do in the five minutes which was all I had at the time. I hadn't (and haven't) enough time to pick apart all the half-truths but wanted to alert readers to the fact that they would be there. Indeed. I'm fairly sure it includes (e.g.) responding to my thorough answer to your praise of Watts and his attack on Mann, instead of starting an unrelated issue. What makes climate change a difficult issue, what trips people up, is that the big changes we are concerned about haven't happened. The big changes "exist" as predictions or forecasts -- also known as projections, scenarios, and "representative concentration pathways"/RCP's (scenarios of future CO2/GHG emissions), estimates, models. Foolish to ignore them but also foolish to understand them as more than what they are - some kind of prediction or estimate. As for me I am concerned but at the same time aware that illusion is mistaking a imagined future, no matter how plausible the prediction, as a fact. The trap is to fall into the pattern of speaking of these predictions as if they were facts. To confound the issue, in a world of finite resources, every action taken in response means attention or effort not spent to address some other aspect of human harm. The quote below is an example of a bold prediction. A quote which also contains includes an admission and a assertion. The admission of planting seeds of doubt, based not on knowledge but upon a prediction. Also, I venture to say, a implicit admission of being unable to wait, of impatience. The assertion being that once something is picked apart, "half-truths" will emerge.

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https://dhammawheel.com/viewtopic.php?f=54&t=18897&sid=89561fc9609ee14cae242fadaf66033f&start=1460

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•Selected by Washington in the first round (18th overall) of the 2008 NBA Draft. •Acquired by Denver from Washington along with Ronny Turiaf in a three-team deal that sent Nene from Denver to Washington, Brian Cook and a 2015 second round pick from the L.A. Clippers to Washington and Nick Young from Washington to the L.A. Clippers on March 15, 2012. •Acquired by Philadelphia from Denver along with Chukwudiebere Maduabum and a 2016 first round pick in exchange for Cenk Akyol and cash considerations on February 19, 2015. •Waived by Philadelphia on March 1, 2015. •Signed with Dallas on August 13, 2015. •Waived by Dallas on July 8, 2016. •Signed as a free agent with Golden State on September 16, 2016... Re-signed with Golden State on August 1, 2017. •Shot over 50 percent from the field in seven of his nine NBA seasons. •Ranked among the top 10 in blocks per game in three consecutive seasons: second in 2010-11 (2.44), third in 2011-12 (2.16) and sixth in 2012-13 (1.99). •Finished in the top 10 in field goal percentage in three straight seasons (2010-11 to 2012-13). •Swatted away at least 100 attempts in four consecutive seasons (2009-10 to 2012-13). •In a three-season span (2010-11 to 2012-13) had third-most blocked shots (482) behind only Serge Ibaka (681) and Dwight Howard (488). •Appeared in 493 games (170 starts) over nine seasons with Washington, Denver, Philadelphia, Dallas and Golden State, averaging 7.8 points and 5.0 rebounds in 17.7 minutes while shooting 55.4 percent from the field. •Appeared in 31 postseason games (three starts), averaging 6.5 points, 4.8 rebounds and 1.39 blocks in 14.7 minutes. •Has scored in double digits seven times and 20-plus points once in his postseason career. •Has tallied two double-doubles (both in the 2012 First Round), including one 20/10 game. •Shot 78.3 percent from the field (18-of-23 FG) in the 2017 First Round series against Portland, matching Dale Davis’ mark in 1998 (vs. Cleveland) for the second-highest field goal percentage in a four-game playoff series (trailing only Dwight Howard’s 84.4 percent in 2010 vs. Atlanta). •Made his first career postseason start in Game 5 of the 2013 First Round on 4/30/13 vs. Golden State, tallying 10 points, eight rebounds and three blocks in 20 minutes. •Tallied the lone 20/10 game of his postseason career in Game 5 of the 2012 First Round on 5/8/12 at the L.A. Lakers, finishing with a playoff career-high 21 points to go with 14 rebounds in a playoff career-high 33 minutes. •Grabbed a playoff career-high 15 rebounds to go with 16 points, the first double-double of his postseason career, in Game 3 of the 2012 First Round on 5/4/12 vs. the L.A. Lakers... Handed out a playoff career-high two assists in that contest. •Blocked a playoff career-high six shots in Game 2 of the 2012 First Round on 5/1/12 at the L.A. Lakers. •Made his NBA playoff debut in Game 1 of the 2012 First Round on 4/29/12 at the L.A. Lakers, scoring two points and grabbing six rebounds in 17 minutes. •Appeared in 77 games (10 starts), averaging 6.1 points and 3.2 rebounds in 9.6 minutes while shooting a career-best 65.2 percent from the field... His 77 games were his most played in a single season since appearing in 79 games in 2012-13. •In 10 starts, averaged 9.8 points and 5.2 rebounds in 16.4 minutes while shooting 69.2 percent from the field... Warriors finished with an 8-2 record in his starts. •Among centers, ranked second in PER (25.3) behind only Karl-Anthony Towns. •Scored in double figures 16 times, his most double-digit games in a single season since 2012-13 (33). •Grabbed double digit rebounds twice. •Scored in double digits in each of the last three games of the season, his longest double-digit scoring streak of the season. •Shot a combined 82.1 percent from the field in the last five games of the season. •Scored 13 points (all in the first half) on 3/31 at Houston to go with a season-high five blocks in 11 minutes. •Tied a season-high with 10 rebounds to go with nine points in 12 minutes on 3/24 vs. Sacramento. •Scored 10 points, his 11th double-digit scoring effort of the season, on 3/20 at Oklahoma City. •Corralled a season-high 10 rebounds on 2/15 vs. Sacramento, recording a season-high +32 while he was on the court. •Recorded a season-high 20 minutes on 2/11 at Oklahoma City, finishing with 16 points. •Scored in double-digits in back-to-back games for the second time of the season (1/22-1/23). •Scored a season-high 17 points on 12/15 vs. New York, his second consecutive game in double figures, hitting a season-high eight field goals (8-of-10 FG). •Earned his first starting assignment of the season on 12/13 at New Orleans, tallying nine points and five rebounds in 16 minutes. •Appeared in 16 games (one start), averaging 5.9 points and 3.0 rebounds in 9.3 minutes. •Shot 73.2 percent from the field in the 2017 NBA Playoffs, the highest field goal percentage in a single postseason in franchise history (min. 10 field goal attempts). •Made his NBA Finals debut in Game 1 of the NBA Finals on 6/1 vs. Cleveland, scoring four points in six minutes. •Made his third career postseason start in Game 3 of the Western Conference Finals on 5/20 at San Antonio, scoring a 2017 postseason-high 16 points (all in the first half) in 13 minutes... Set playoff career-highs for points in a quarter (11 in the first) and points in a half (16 in the first)... Marked his first playoff start since Game 6 of the 2013 First Round on 5/2/13 with Denver at Golden State. •Recorded his third double-digit scoring effort of the 2017 postseason in Game 4 of the Western Conference Semifinals on 5/8 at Utah, scoring 12 points in 11 minutes. •Grabbed a 2017 postseason-high seven rebounds in 12 minutes in Game 3 of the Western Conference Semifinals on 5/6 at Utah. •Shot 78.3 percent from the field (18-of-23 FG) in the First Round series against Portland, matching Dale Davis’ mark in 1998 (vs. Cleveland) for the second-highest field goal percentage in a four-game playoff series (trailing only Dwight Howard’s 84.4 percent in 2010 vs. Atlanta). •Scored in double figures for the second-straight game in Game 3 of the First Round on 4/22 at Portland, recording 14 points in 16 minutes off the bench, his fifth career double-digit scoring effort in the postseason. •Shot a perfect 7-of-7 from the field in Game 2 of the First Round on 4/19 vs. Portland, tying the franchise record for most field goals made without a miss in a playoff game (last: Chris Gatling, 4/28/92 at Seattle)... Finished the game with 15 points and four blocks in 13 minutes, becoming the first player in NBA history to tally at least 15 points and four blocks in fewer than 15 minutes in a playoff game, per the Elias Sports Bureau... Scored 13 points in eight minutes in the first half. •Appeared in 34 games (two starts), averaging 5.1 points, 3.9 rebounds and 0.76 blocks in 10.9 minutes, shooting a career-high-tying 57.5 percent from the field. •Scored in double figures five times. •In his second start of the season, tallied 10 points, six rebounds and one block in 15 minutes on 1/13 at Oklahoma City. •Recorded his 700th career block (in his 402nd career game) on a Matthew Dellavedova shot attempt at the 4.9 second mark of the first quarter on 1/12 vs. Cleveland, becoming the 156th player in NBA history to reach the milestone. •In his 400th career game, scored six points and collected three rebounds in 11 minutes on 1/8 at Milwaukee. •In his first start of the season (first start since 11/8/13), tallied eight points, six rebounds and a season-high four blocks in a season-high 19 minutes on 1/6 at New Orleans. •Tallied his lone double-double of the season (49th career) with season-highs of 13 points, 11 rebounds and two steals to go with two blocks in 17 minutes in a double overtime win on 1/5 vs. Sacramento, marking his first double-double since 4/15/13 at Milwaukee. •Inactive 25 times, missing the first 13 games of the season recovering from a left tibia stress fracture... DNP-CD 22 times... Missed one game due to rest. •Appeared in two postseason games, averaging 2.0 points and 1.5 rebounds in 7.1 minutes. •Appeared in 23 games with Denver and Philadelphia, averaging 4.6 points, 2.7 rebounds and 0.87 blocks in 11.1 minutes, shooting 53.2 percent from the field. •Appeared in 17 games with Denver, averaging 5.2 points, 2.8 rebounds and 1.12 blocks in 11.5 minutes. •Appeared in six games with Philadelphia, averaging 3.0 points and 2.2 rebounds in 10.2 minutes. •Tallied 14 points, eight rebounds and two blocks in 19 minutes on 11/21 vs. New Orleans. •Recorded a season-high 16 points to go with four rebounds and four blocks in 14 minutes on 11/3 vs. Sacramento. •Appeared in five games (five starts), averaging 7.0 points, 3.4 rebounds and 1.40 blocks in 15.9 minutes. •Scored in double figures once. •Tallied a season-high 14 points to go with three rebounds and two blocks in 24 minutes on 11/7 vs. Atlanta. •Missed the final 77 games of the season due to a left tibia stress fracture. •Appeared in a career-high-tying 79 games, averaging 9.1 points, 4.8 rebounds and 1.99 blocks in 18.1 minutes, shooting a career-high-tying 57.5 percent from the field. •Scored in double figures 33 times and 20-plus twice. •Tallied 10 points and a season-high 17 rebounds in 25 minutes on 4/15 at Milwaukee. •Scored a season-high 21 points to go with 11 rebounds and three blocks in 26 minutes on 3/27 at San Antonio. •Hit his first career three-pointer on 1/1 vs. the L.A. Clippers, finishing with 11 points and seven rebounds. •Tallied 12 points, nine rebounds and a season-high six blocks in 22 minutes on 12/29 vs. Memphis. •Scored 20 points on a perfect 9-of-9 shooting from the field to go with four boards in 30 minutes on 12/7 at Indiana. •Appeared in six postseason games (two starts), averaging 7.2 points, 5.2 rebounds and 1.00 block in 18.7 minutes. •Made his first career postseason start in Game 5 of the First Round on 4/30 vs. Golden State, tallying 10 points, eight rebounds and three blocks in 20 minutes. •Appeared in 61 games (45 starts), averaging a career-high 11.3 points, 7.8 rebounds and 2.16 blocks in 25.2 minutes, shooting 55.6 percent from the field. •Appeared in 41 games (40 starts) with Washington, averaging 11.9 points, 8.8 rebounds and 2.46 blocks in 27.4 minutes. •Appeared in 20 games (five starts) with Denver, averaging 10.3 points, 5.8 rebounds and 1.55 blocks in 20.6 minutes. •Among NBA leaders, ranked second in blocks per game (2.16). •Scored in double figures 35 times and 20-plus five times. •Recorded five games with at least five blocked shots. •In his Denver debut on 3/21 vs. Detroit, scored 15 points, including the game-winning dunk with five seconds left, to go with seven rebounds and three blocks in 24 minutes. •Tallied 21 points and 15 rebounds on 3/12 vs. San Antonio. •Scored a season-high 24 points to go with 13 rebounds on 2/10 vs. Miami. •Recorded three-straight games with at least 18 points and 11 rebounds (2/10-2/14). •Scored 23 points, collected a career-high-tying 18 rebounds and blocked a season-high-tying five shots on 1/14 vs. Philadelphia. •Appeared in seven postseason games, averaging playoff career-highs with 8.6 points, 9.6 rebounds and 3.14 blocks in 25.9 minutes. •Made his NBA playoff debut in Game 1 of the First Round on 4/29 vs. the L.A. Lakers, scoring two points and grabbing six rebounds in 17 minutes. •Appeared in a career-high-tying 79 games (career-high 75 starts), averaging career-highs in rebounds (8.0), blocks (2.44) and minutes (27.8) to go with 10.1 points, shooting 55.0 percent from the field. •Among NBA leaders, ranked second in total blocked shots (career-high 193) and blocks per game... Recorded Washington’s highest single-season block total since 1989-90. •Led Washington in total rebounds (634), offensive rebounds (223), games played (79) and starts (75). •Scored in double figures a career-high 42 times and 20-plus a career-high six times. •Notched a career-high 21 double-doubles. •Grabbed double-digit rebounds 28 times. •Recorded 10 games with at least five blocked shots. •Scored a career-high 28 points and grabbed a career-high-tying 18 rebounds on 3/27 at Golden State. •Tallied his first career triple-double with 11 points, 12 rebounds and a career-high 12 blocks on 3/15 at Chicago, recording the most blocks by any NBA player since 2000-01 and the most in a triple-double effort since Shawn Bradley in 1998. •Became the first player in Washington franchise history to compete in the Slam Dunk Contest at All-Star Weekend, finishing second to Blake Griffin. •Collected a career-high 18 rebounds to go with 24 points on 11/23 vs. Philadelphia. •Missed two games due to flu-like symptoms and one due to a team suspension. •Appeared in 60 games (19 starts), averaging 6.4 points, 4.1 rebounds and 1.68 blocks in 16.1 minutes, shooting 50.8 percent from the field. •Among NBA leaders, ranked ninth in blocks per game and first in blocks per 48 minutes (5.01). •Tied with Brendan Haywood with a team-high 101 blocked shots. •Scored in double figures 17 times and 20-plus twice. •Grabbed double digit rebounds seven times. •In eight games in the month of April, averaged 13.3 points, 8.5 rebounds and 2.88 blocks in 23.5 minutes. •Blocked a season-high six shots twice (11/24 vs. Philadelphia; 4/12 at New York). •Scored 25 points and pulled down 15 rebounds in 30 minutes on 4/6 vs. Golden State, becoming the first player since Kevin McHale on 12/14/84 to record 25-plus points and 15-plus rebounds as a reserve in less than 31 minutes of play. •Missed one game with a sore right knee. •Appeared in 75 games (14 starts), averaging 6.5 points, 3.9 rebounds and 1.00 block in 15.2 minutes. •As a starter, averaged 7.1 points, 3.4 rebounds and 1.57 blocks in 16.4 minutes. •Scored in double figures 18 times. •Scored a season-high 18 points three times (1/22 at the L.A. Lakers; 1/31 vs. the L.A. Clippers; 2/10 at Atlanta). •Grabbed a season-high 11 rebounds three times (11/12 vs. Utah; 2/10 at Atlanta; 3/20 at Denver). •Blocked a season-high four shots on 12/6 at Chicago. •Made his first career start on 11/19 at Atlanta, scoring five points and grabbing five rebounds in 23 minutes. •Made his NBA debut on 10/29 vs. New Jersey, grabbing two rebounds and blocking one shot in nine minutes. •Appeared in 66 games over two seasons with Nevada, averaging 8.7 points, 4.8 rebounds and 1.85 blocks in 18.7 minutes. •Finished his collegiate career ranked fourth on Nevada’s all-time blocks list with 122 blocked shots. •Earned Second Team All-WAC honors and was named to the league’s All-Defensive Team as a sophomore in 2008. •Led the WAC in blocks per game (2.79) as a sophomore. PERSONAL: Mother, Pamela McGee, was an All-American basketball player at USC who also played and coached in the WNBA... Was the first son of a WNBA player to be drafted in the NBA... Father, George Montgomery, played collegiately at Illinois and was a second round pick of the Portland Trail Blazers in 1985... Co-founded Juglife, which promotes a healthy and active lifestyle by encouraging people to drink more water, and has helped build water wells in Africa, including a well at a school in Uganda, to provide access to clean water... Brought the Larry O’Brien Championship Trophy to his hometown of Flint, Michigan, for a parade on September 6, 2017, which was declared “JaVale McGee Day” by the mayor... Hosted his sixth annual Turkey Giveaway in November 2016, where he helped distribute 500 turkeys to families in need, disabled veterans and seniors in Oakland, Los Angeles and his hometown, Flint, MI... Pledged to help Flint families and hosted the “Flint PAL Night” benefitting the Flint Police Activities League at the Detroit vs. Dallas game on 4/1/16... Was an early entry candidate in the 2008 NBA Draft... Attended Detroit Country Day HS and Providence Christian HS in Michigan before playing his senior season at Hales Franciscan in Chicago... Enjoys playing chess and video games.

2019-04-20T04:21:01Z

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Is the leader and the best. And her banner is unfurled ! How does one become a native-born son of the “New World”? How does one become an autochthon in a country of immigrants? How does one became an American, part of Uncle Sam's Farm? Thanksgiving is an American holiday. It is the American holiday, the national holiday of American-ness. It is the holiday that marks belonging to the Corpus Americani. It is, moreover, unique to the United State of America. Notably, Thanksgiving is a National holiday, one in which a transfer takes place: from the public arena to the private sphere. For the main ritual the celebratory meal of roasted turkey is done not in the public space, but in the warm embrace of family, in the Home. It is celebrated mainly in the familial circle, around the family table. One’s belonging to the body of the Nation, to the political body, is manifested in the a-political body of the Family. The imagined national genealogy is transferred into the biological genealogy of the Family. What is the nature of this transference? For the holiday table is not the Table of the Lord, but merely the Table of the Nation. The body of the sovereign is passed into the familial body. But how is this passage from one to another effected? How does the holiday transfer from the Public to the Private? From the Nation to the Family? From narrative to practice? From myth to ritual and vice versa? In other words: how does the Corpus Americani transubstantiate, became flesh and blood? The Thanksgiving holiday is enacted through a cycle of three main rituals: the Presidential Thanksgiving Proclamation, the Presidential Pardon of the Turkey, and the Holiday Meal. This cycle lasts around a week: the Proclamation is published some five days before Thanksgiving Day; the Pardon is given some two days before the Holiday. See Table 1. In 2005 for example, the Proclamation was published in Saturday (19th November), in Tuesday (the 22th) the Turkeys Marshmallow and Yam were Pardoned in the White House and in Thursday (the 24th) around 53 millions turkeys were eaten on the holiday tables. The three rituals mark a gradual passage not just from the secular to the festive, but also, as we shall see, from the fervent national pathos to family praxis, where high discourse is replaced by low discourse. August national trappings give way to the familial gathering. For most Americans, Thanksgiving seems to be, first and foremost, an excuse for a family gathering. The national aspect of it appears neglected. This could be understood as a manifestation of an American propensity to individualism, a decline in collectivist ideals. Alternatively, one could argue that the national aspect is so deeply rooted that, although there is no direct manifestation of it during the family meal, the nation nevertheless exists strongly in the background. It seems that between the National and the Familial there is a large gap. It is the gap between narrative and praxis, the memory and identity of collectives versus those of individuals. I will propose here that the Pardon of the Turkey mediates between the two levels, between the high and low discourse, the national and the popular, between the narrative and the praxis. The analysis will follow the chronological order of the Cycle: starting with the Proclamation, and showing how it marks the official discourse of the National Myth. I will then discuss the Pardon as mediation ritual. The holiday meal will be discussed from the point view of “Commensality,” of eating together. Finally, the turkey will be discussed as the essential link that connects the various elements of the holiday. Nearly half a century ago, President Dwight Eisenhower proclaimed Thanksgiving as a time when Americans should celebrate "the plentiful yield of our soil . . . the beauty of our land . . . the preservation of those ideals of liberty and justice that form the basis of our national life, and the hope of international peace1." We are grateful for the plentiful yield of our soil and for the blessings of food and clothing and shelter that have succored us throughout the year. We rejoice in the beauty of our land; in every brave and generous act of our fellow man; and in the counsel and comfort of our friends. We deeply appreciate the preservation of those ideals of liberty and justice which form the basis of our national life and the hope of international peace. For these and all the many spiritual and temporal benefactions betokening god’s goodness, we offer up our prayers of gratitude2. Now, in the painful aftermath of the September 11 attacks and in the midst of our resolute war on terrorism, President Eisenhower's hopeful words point us to our collective obligation to defend the enduring principles of freedom that form the foundation of our Republic3. During these extraordinary times, we find particular assurance from our Thanksgiving tradition, which reminds us that we, as a people and individually, always have reason to hope and trust in God, despite great adversity5. In 1621 in New England, the Pilgrims gave thanks to God, in whom they placed their hope, even though a bitter winter had taken many of their brethren6. In the winter of 1777, General George Washington and his army, having just suffered great misfortune, stopped near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, to give thanks to God. And there, in the throes of great difficulty, they found the hope they needed to persevere. That hope in freedom eventually inspired them to victory7. The message is clear. The President had already invoked it in his proclamation on the evening after the attacks on 11 September: “Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me” (Psalms 23:4)8. Here, Valley Forge is the valley of the shadow of death, the gaping crater of Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan. Hoping becomes an imperative: one must always have hope; always praise the Lord (Cf. Psalms 71:14); it is a sine qua non for eventual salvation. The Democracy is placed under the Deocracy, subjected to God. In 1789, President Washington, recollecting the countless blessings for which our new Nation should give thanks, declared the first National Day of Thanksgiving. And decades later, with the Nation embroiled in a bloody civil war, President Abraham Lincoln revived what is now an annual tradition of issuing a presidential proclamation of Thanksgiving. President Lincoln asked God to "heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquillity, and Union9. As we recover from the terrible tragedies of September 11, Americans of every belief and heritage give thanks to God for the many blessings we enjoy as a free, faithful, and fair-minded land10. The president specifies three groups to which special thanks are due: to the rescue forces who sacrificed themselves, to “our leaders at every level” (lest, in our gratitude, we forget our President), and last but not least the millions who reached out to help their fellow citizens in need11. In thankfulness and humility, we acknowledge, especially now, our dependence on One greater than ourselves. On this day of Thanksgiving, let our thanksgiving be revealed in the compassionate support we rende to our fellow citizens who are grieving unimaginable loss; and let us reach out with care to those in need of food, shelter, and words of hope. May Almighty God, who is our refuge and our strength in this time of trouble, watch over our homeland, protect us, and grant us patience, resolve, and wisdom in all that is to come. NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim Thursday, November 22, 2001, as a National Day of Thanksgiving. I encourage Americans to assemble in their homes, places of worship, or community centers to reinforce ties of family and community, express our profound thanks for the many blessings we enjoy, and reach out in true gratitude and friendship to our friends around the world. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have here unto set my hand this sixteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand one, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty. We conclude by marking the phases through which we have passed. The President emerges not merely as head of state or leader of a nation; he is also the high priest of Americanity. He proclaims the holiday, he “encourages” the Americans to practice it fittingly: “to assemble in their homes, places of worship, or community centers to reinforce ties of family and community,” that we may better “express our profound thanks.” In other words, the role of the president is to remind the nation of its myths, to link them to the present time, and to give meaning to our praxis. The ritual serves here as a positive confirmation of the myth, the gathering together at the family or community level is the confirmation of the belonging to the collective Us, to the US. Being part of the Nation is also being part of its myth, through praxis. The Proclamation ends by synchronizing Gregorian time with American time, “the year of our Lord” with the “Independence of the United States of America.” The time of the Corpus Christi is reconciled to that of the Corpus Americani. There are moments when history penetrates into the fabric of everyday life; these we call “historical moments,” the ones for which we can answer the question: “Where were you when…”? Where were you when JFK was assassinated? When Challenger exploded? When the towers collapsed? The event is “bigger than life”; the “where were you…” does not explain the event, but marks our participation in it, our very place as part of the community. In this sense it is not so different from other such questions, proffered in other quarters: Where were you when they crucified my Lord? All those questions seek to test the bonds of connection: between individuals and the collective body. The historical event becomes a kind of Big Bang, severing the continuity of time: before September 11 and after; They are understood as different eras. So it is with events that come to be understood in quasi-cosmological terms: The world will never be the same. The leader had become a historian, and the historians were called up for duty. The presidential history, to be sure, is was nothing more but also nothing less than mythology: an event in the past that repeats itself in the present. As in the Proclamation, past and the present exist together. The chaotic now is understood by finding analogy with a collective past, by placing it at the end of a long chain of events: the Proclamation of Eisenhower (“Nearly half a century ago”); the events of the 11 September and the war against terrorism; the Pilgrims’ Thanksgiving of 1621 and that of George Washington’s troops in the winter of 1777; Lincoln’s Proclamation of Thanksgiving as a national holiday in 1863 finally back to the present, in the post 9/11 world. Mythology, then, seeks not to create critical distance between different events in time, but to merge all such events into one meaning, into a complementary chain of analogies. The Proclamation is a mosaic of historical events and texts put together in an a-historical way. The word “History” is absent in the text, replaced by “Tradition”. The a-temporality of the proclamation is the temporality of the myth. A reservoir of archetypical events, a succession of units, interwoven together, and serving as a model to explain the present. As a succession of repetitions in the past, they serve as proof of the nature of the event and point to the proper reaction to it. The disaster which can not be grasped, to which we are hopelessly pinned becomes part of the nature of national time, understood in a cyclical conception of reality. One of the basic credos of Americanity may be found in the Proclamation: that even in the hardest moment, a man should never loose hope, for God’s Providence will help him. Thanksgiving has become part of the American nature, the American character, rooted in the primordial past of the United States of America: we must ever, and always, give thanks to god. “Be joyful always; pray continually; give thanks in all circumstances, for this is God's will for you in Christ Jesus” (I Thessalonians 5:16-18). Thanks to God is not just an expression of this faith; it is a basic law in the economics of Salvation: “Give, and it will be given to you” (Luke 6: 38). The Presidential Pardon of the Turkey is one of the New World’s most “exotic” rituals. Every year, since 1947, the National Turkey Federation, or NTF, presents the president with two live turkeys and two dressed ones, in celebration of ThanksgivingSource: 12. While the dressed turkeys are eaten, the live ones are kept for the pardoning ceremony. One day before Thanksgiving the delegation from the NTF, comes to the White House, with the two chosen turkeys. One of the two turkeys will be used for the ceremony, while the other will be kept as substitute. The ceremony is held in the Rose Garden, the audience consisting of White House staff and their school-age children, as well as other schoolchildren specially invited for the event. The ceremony itself is very short, lasting perhaps five minutes: the president comes out from the White House, gives a short speech, pets the turkey and invites the schoolchildren to do likewise, poses for pictures, and then disappears again into depths of the White House. Both turkeys are now pardoned; they will not be eaten (unlike millions of their fellows), but will instead live happily ever after in a zoo, protected as the “Presidential Turkeys.” The ceremony is covered by the print and electronic media. THE PRESIDENT: Thank you all. Please be seated. Good afternoon, and welcome to the White House. I'm not going to speak too long, because our guest of honor looks a little nervous. Nobody's told him yet that I'm going to give him a pardon. We're especially glad that so many of the young can come today. Thank you all for being here. In a few moments, you can come up and pet the turkey if you want to. Nick Weaver and Stuart Procter of the National Turkey Foundation are here, and I want to thank you both for being here. Honored you're here. Actually, you probably don't know this, but there were two turkeys brought to Washington for this occasion. By custom, an alternate is always on hand to fill in if needed. This White House tradition dates back to Abraham Lincoln. Probably what you don't know is that Abraham Lincoln had a son named Tad who kept a turkey as a pet. I thought about trying to keep the turkey as a pet, but I don't think the two dogs and the cat would like it. From our very beginnings, gratitude has been a part of our national character. Through the generations, our country has known its share of hardships. And we've been through some tough times, some testing moments during the last months. Yet, we've never lost sight of the blessings around us: the freedoms we enjoy, the people we love, and the many gifts of our prosperous land. On this holiday, we give thanks for our many blessings and for life itself. Thanksgiving reminds us that the greatest gifts don't come from the hands of man, but from the Maker of Heaven and Earth. These week [sic] American families will gather in that spirit. We will remember, too, those who approach the holidays with a burden of sadness. We think especially of families that recently lost loved ones, and of our men and women in the Armed Forces serving far away from home. This is a nation of many faiths. And this holiday season, we'll all be joined in prayer that those who mourn will find comfort; that those in dangers will find protection; and that God will continue to watch over the land we love. I now have the duty of ending the suspense of our feathery guest. For this turkey and his traveling companion, this will not be their last Thanksgiving. They will live out their days in comfort and care of Kidwell Farm of Herndon, Virginia. By virtue of an unconditional presidential pardon, they are safe from harm. How are we to understand the ceremony of the Pardon of the Turkey? Is it a “serious” event? Or a charivari, a carnavelistic mock ritual of subversion? We might note that the president opens his speech with a series of jokes. The first of these is in the opening line: “I'm not going to speak too long, because our guest of honor looks a little nervous. Nobody's told him yet that I'm going to give him a pardon.” Why is it funny? It creates a tension between the President and the turkey, between the stupidity of the bird, and its humanization. Pardon as we know is human, as is execution. Other animals (though they can certainly be killed) cannot be executed, and therefore cannot be pardoned. Execution is a legal punishment; the punishment for particular crimes as enumerated in law and statute. The sovereign, however, wields the power of exception, the authority to suspend statute, to pardon the condemned. I will come back to this point later on. Thus to substitute “our feathery guest” for the body of a real human being is a classical carnival act. It recalls the Medieval Mass of the Donkey, in which a donkey was brought to the altar of the church and a mass was sung to it, rather than to Christ. What is so funny here? It’s not the bombastic names given to the birds: Liberty and Freedom. Freedom and liberty are not laughing matters, eleven weeks after 9/11 in particular. The audience is laughing because the joke recalls a profound insecurity: after 9/11, the President and the Vice-President were kept separate, lest one of them be killed. What is at stake is the fragility of sovereignty itself, of the continuity of political power as such. The joke traces this tension, bringing its own discourse ad absurdum. The three jokes of the president and his advisers touch on three important aspects of sovereignty: the power over life and death, the continuity of the regime, and the politics of peace and war. Parodying it makes it less threatening: the question of the death penalty becomes funny. The president’s power over human life applies not just to those condemned to death for some criminal offense, but also to the lives of soldiers he commands – indeed, over all of his citizens. To soften this, to make presidential power human, to render it merely amusing is to subvert criticism. The temporal power of sovereignty is terrifying. We hasten to reassure ourselves that it is perhaps not so serious after all. But whether we admit it or not, we are sovereignty’s subjects and we depend upon it for our sense of security. If we do not take sovereignty seriously, how may we critique it, control it, keep watch over it? The pardon of the Turkey is a serious event for the National Turkey Federation. It is a good opportunity to do some marketing of the Turkey, on the eve of the day when the Turkey industry does fully one quarter of its annual business. Bottom line, the Federation is – as its internet site explains – “the national advocate for all segments of the turkey industry, providing services and conducting activities which increase demand for its members' products by protecting and enhancing their ability to profitably provide wholesome, high-quality, nutritious products14.” But what does the President stand to gain from the pardoning of the Turkey? After all, the president is not selling Turkey. Doubtless, as the NTF web site explains, the ceremony provides “the President an opportunity to reflect publicly on the meaning of the Thanksgiving season15”. It is the medium through which the high message of the national myth is transferred to the public. It is a pedagogical spectacle, in which sovereignty is manifest. The humanized Turkey – like animals in Aesop’s fables – serves to disguise a moral, wrapping human affairs in animal skins. In the Pardon, the national narrative of the proclamation is softened. Masquerading as a joke, it is really a symbolic pardoning act which, through public performance, establishes and manifests the sovereign’s position at the helm of the state by highlighting, as an attribute of his position, his power to control matters of life and death. […] The symbolic pardon granted to a turkey, giving it a continued lease on life, signals the very manner in which sovereignty thrives on the exception. […] In this zone of exception, the life-and-death issues at hand are decided on the say-so of the one man whose body natural assumes the position at the helm of the body politic16. The Turkey of the Pardon embodies the exception of Sovereignty. But what manifests itself in the Turkey of the meal? What is the meaning, not of the living feathered bird, but of the dead bird consecrated in its own sauce? The Turkey Thanksgiving raison d’être, we are told, is to commemorate the turkeys of the Pilgrim’s first Thanksgiving meal. However, it is also understood that the turkey is a native bird, the American bird, and thus represents Americaness. We eat the native bird in order to become natives; we have to digest nativeness to become autochthons. Along these lines, one can read the myth of the first Thanksgiving as the myth of passage of autochthonicity from the Indians to the Whites. Often, it is said that the Indians gave the Pilgrims wild turkeys that they themselves hunted, that the Pilgrims cooked them and that the Pilgrims invited the Indians to their meal. The raw meat of the wild bird that the “savages” gave to the “civilized” whites was returned to them as cooked meat. Raw and cooked, Nature and Culture, Indians and Whites. The First Thanksgiving, Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1863–1930). It is interesting that the native bird is not named after the native peoples, but rather after a nation of the old world. Can we imagine the French eating, on 14 July, some fowl named Chile? Or that the Turks are eating some America? The Thanksgiving obsession with autochthonicity would make more sense in French, where the word for turkey is dinde – de l’inde, Indian. In the myth of the first Thanksgiving, thanks is shifted from the Indians to God. In Bush’s version of Thanksgiving the Indians are completely absent. The passage is no longer a passage from the natives to the settlers, but rather one from the fathers of the nation to us, from the President to the citizen. What is the meaning of the word “Thanksgiving”? Of “Thanks” plus “Giving”? What is it to “thanks give”? To be a thanks giver? Saying “thanks” is an automatic expression of gratitude: “Thank you,” “Thanks,” “Merci,” “Grazie,” “Vielen Dank.” It is a gesture that we do when we are given something by someone: it is a response to giving – when we receive, we give our thanks in return. This is second nature of the polite man. The primary sense of the word “thank” in Old English was “thought.” But if originally thanking meant thinking about, then in our usage saying “thanks” is something that we do, most of the time, quite automatically – that is to say, thoughtlessly. In Thanksgiving being thankful becomes the nature of the American nation: “we are a grateful nation,” a hopeful, optimistic people. This is the discourse of the PC – not the discourse of the Political Correct, but rather of the Positively Correct. To be American means to be positive: a positive imperative one interiorizes. This is the culture of the superlative, of the inflation of the positive, of a super-abundance of love and goodness. Doubtless, this Capital of Satisfaction, of Greatness must have some positive sides, but such an inflationary addiction to praise is a danger to criticism and, thus, to politics. If the PC is interiorized, then auto-censorship precedes the social. The PC becomes not just the Positively Correct but Personal Correctness. Doubt is arrested before it can take its place in the republic of criticism – the political is dead. The political is born in the “between” of negotiation, in the questioning of Tradition, an endless polishing of policy. When the public becomes private, when the nation becomes the home, the polis is dead. We are staying at home, neutralizing the public sphere of the “between.” The polis is reduced the infrastructure of physical bureaucracy, a sphere of nomos stripped of the political. When the positive imperative of Greatness dominates social interaction, the result is a neutralization of the Polis. Myths are dynamic. They do not cease to change, to transform. One can trace Thanksgiving back through a series of mythological transformations from the Biblical myth of Exodus – and its holiday, Passover – to Christianity and to Americanity. In Christianity the meal of Passover was transformed to the Last Supper, the Pascal Sacrifice with the crucifixion, the Pascal Lamb into the Lamb of God. The Passover became Pasqua (Easter). The liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt becomes the liberation of humanity from the original sin. Et cetera. The mythological foundation event, the Last Supper was the model for the collective meals of the first Christian communities, the Agape – the meal of Love – where the community was gathered around the Lord’s table, breaking bread. From this ritual developed the Mass, where the Eucharist is taken. Receiving the Eucharist in the Mass became a central sacrament. With the Eucharist, one confirmed one’s belong to the Corpus Christi, which later becomes the Corpus Misticum. Protestantism criticized belief in transubstantiation and the Eucharist was conceived more as a symbolic invocation of the Last Supper than as an actual transformation. With the decline of the Eucharist in Protestant thinking, there arose the collective festive meal of Thanksgiving. The link between Thanksgiving and the Eucharist is indirect, but it is not fanciful: Eucharist is Greek for Thanksgiving. President George W. Bush is joined by Lynn Nutt of Springfield, Mo., as he poses with “Flyer” the turkey during a ceremony Wednesday, Nov. 22, 2006 in the White House Rose Garden, following the President’s pardoning of the turkey before the Thanksgiving holiday. 4 The words “We” appears 5 times,” Our”, 16 times, and “Us” 9 times. 11 Let us particularly give thanks for the self-less sacrifices of those who responded in service to others after the terrorist attacks, setting aside their own safety as they reached out to help their neighbors. Let us also give thanks for our leaders at every level who have planned and coordinated the myriad of responses needed to address this unprecedented national crisis. And let us give thanks for the millions of people of faith who have opened their hearts to those in need with love and prayer, bringing us a deeper unity and stronger resolve. 16 Fiskesjo, Magnus. The Thanksgiving Turkey Pardon, the Death of Teddy’s Bear, and the Sovereign Exception of Guantánamo, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003, p. 3.

2019-04-22T20:48:42Z

http://editionspapiers.fr/publications/thoughts-giving-on-thanksgiving

Thai movie หนึ่งน้องนางเดียว was released in year 1980 and lasts 1h18mn. Maybe the movie was cut or censored as it is a short duration for a movie. The picture quality is average. This movie is remake of movie หนึ่งน้องนางเดียว released in year 1959. The mother is played by Marasri Isarangkul. The poor family adopts an orphelin Phayak on top of their current child Phayak. Many years have passed. Narit (Sombat Methanee) is riding horse with his fiancee Nathee. Suddenly Narit falls from a horse (ตกม้า) as a snake attacks it. He gets help from PlaiWan (Pissamai Wilaisak). Phayak (ณัฐ ไชยยงค์) is her brother, who is a hunchback. Narit seduces PlaiWan (คนกรุงเทพพูดหวานอย่างนี้ทุกคนหรือค่ะ?). Phayak doesn't trust Narit. While her parents are away to cure the father's heart disease, PlaiWan and Narit become lovers. Phayak blames his sister (ใจง่าย). The father, knowing that her daughter was too easy, has a heart attack and dies. Narit is back to Bangkok and promises to come back as soon as possible. A child is born but Narit is still not back so PlaiWan decides to to Bangkok. Chosri Misommon is playing a domestic helper. Narit had to marry Nathee (Tharika Thidathip) due to some debt towards parents. In front of Nathee, Narit ignores PlaiWan and his child (เลวกว่าหมา). Narit chases them. Back home, the baby is dead and the mother dies also. PlaiWan and Phayak burn the house and leave the area to start a new life. They settle in South of Thailand and make a living by fishing. An old sorceress predicts to PlaiWan that Narit will come back to her as a slave. A spirit (ปู่) tells to Phayak where a treasure is located in the sea. They become rich and buy a beautiful home. PlaiWan is renamed as Fatima. Narit meets Fatima but he doesn't recognize PlaiWan. They become lovers again causing Phayak's ire towards this (หมาป่า). Phayak is going overseas to remove his hunch. Narit meets Methinee, a business woman but he doesn’t realize she is PlaiWan (ไม่จริงจัง). Phayak kidnaps Narit to get revenge over him. He also lies to Nathee in order to seduce her. He tortures Narit’s body but also Narit’s spirit by telling his fiancee is now his! Nathee grabs a gun but Phayak shoots her. The police arrives and shootings happen. PlaiWan releases Narit as Phayak has gone too far. Phayak finally dies as he was willing to revenge PlaiWan’s honor. Pina (Jatuphol Poopirom) and Nuan (Penpak Sirikul) just get married. Pina is a farm owner and Nuan is a Bangkokian lady. Nuan simulates to be sick in order to avoid bed time with her husband and verifies if her husband really loves her sincerely or not. She is worried about a minor wife (เมียเก็บช่อน). They stay at countryside in a cow farm. Nuan learns that Pina sold 20 cows (เสีย20ตัว) to pay for the engagement ceremony. It is a big sacrifice for a farmer, so it shows his sincerity. They can become wife and husband (สมบูรณ์). Nuan beauty is well known during the district (เมียสวยเหมือนนางฟ้า). During a stormy night, they help a man called Pratchai, who invites them to Phuket to thank them. Pratchai is very interested in Nuan, who is a former model (นางแบบ). Pratchai is a swet man (หวาน). He takes profit that Pina doesn't know how to swim in order to invite Nuan for a boat trip. He tries to take advantage towards her but to no avail. Nuan is fed up by countryside life as Pina spends a lot of time drinking with his coworkers. She wants him to spend time with her and less with his friends. Similar to many other Thai movies, this movie features bad taste live vomit sessions in toilets. A young village lady is preparing food for Pina as he is fed up with Nuan's cooking style. It is too much for Nuan (เบื่อ). She quits (ลาก่อน) and goes back to Bangkok to stay with her mother. Nuan is asking to Pratchai a model job to cause jealousy to Pina. Pratchai invites Nuan to his home. He offers a ring to her and tries again to abuse her but Nuan doesn't forget that she is married. Pina is injured by ruffians attacking his farm. Nuan goes back home to take care about him. Pratchai comes to apologize so Pina and Nuan can live a happy married life. It is a polite romantic movie with particles krap (ครับ) and kha (ค่ะ) used between wife and husband, mother and daughter. Respectable expressions Khun Phujing (คุณผู้หญิง) and Khun Phuchai (คุณผู้ชาย) is used by farmers to name Nuan and Pina. Two friends, Som living in Chiang Mai and Daeng in Bangkok, are in love with two Chiang Mai girls. Following a dramatic misunderstanding, the two friends set apart as Daeng is wrongly accused of courting Som's girl friend and being responsible of her pregnancy. Disappointed by Daeng's behavior, Som marries Daeng's girlfriend, who is also pregnant. Twenty years later, their children meet in Chiang Mai. Will they be able to have a love story after their parents' failure twenty years ago? Thai movie เงาะป่า was released in year 1980 and lasts 1h32mn. It was released under VCD format. It was remastered in full HD format by Five Star production in mid-2010s. Movie director is Piak Poster. This movie takes place in a tribe located in a forest. They have all a dark skin so are called "เงาะป่า" tribe. Sompla (Jatuphol Poopirom) is a young fearless man skilled in animal hunt with blowpipe and knowledgeable in medicinal herbs and plants. The tribe is wearing clothes like South Pacific tribes. Lamhap (ศศิธร ปิยะกาญจน์) is the daughter of the local sorcerer (หมอผี). The local sorcerer would like Sompla to become the next sorcerer as he is getting older but Sompla refuses. The tribe exchanges goods from the forest with Thai villagers at the market. Anao, the village leader’s son, is good at sales so Lamhap’s parents appreciate him. The movie highlights their everyday life in the forest, i.e. getting fruits and food from the forest, be aware of danger such as snake and tiger... It is a beautiful ode to natural life. There is a contest to shoot flowers and to win ladies hearts. Jealousy happens between Sompla and the village leader’s son, Anao (Pinyo Parnnui), as both love Lamhap. Lamhap prefers Sompla but the marriage decision is linked to her parents’ choice. The village leader wants his son to become the next leader and wishes Anao to marry Lamhap. After a misunderstanding with Sompa, Lamhap accepts to marry the village leader’s son. The wedding is beautifully shot, and it reminds about Thai movie "The old scar" (แผลเก่า), which also features portraiture of Thai culture and way of life through a tragic romance. Sompa ruins the wedding night by making noise and sending rocks on their roof. While Anao goes out to catch the intruders, Sompla kidnaps Lamhap. The movie includes beautiful ambient light shooting with torches as the village leader’s family is chasing them. Sompla and Lamhap flee. They go deep inside the forest. They are tracked down due their fire smoke. A fight happens between Sompa and Anao. The winner shall get Lamhap. Sompa wins by attracting Anao inside the deep forest instead of fighting inside a clearing. Unfortunately, another fighter shoots Sompla with a poisonous arrow. Sompla dies and Lamhap kills herself over Sompla's body. This movie was directed by the General Major His Royal Highness Prince Bhanu Yukol, a pioneering Thai filmmaker. He was the uncle of famous director Prince ChatriChalerm Yukol. Thai actor Jatuphol Poopirom received a posthumous Thai award for his performance as he died in 1981 in a car accident. The movie soundtrack mixes a traditional and entertaining music. It is based on a novel (Romance of the Sakai) by Thai King Rama 5. The Culture Ministry registers 25 Thai classic films each year at the National Film Heritage Registry. This movie is part of the 25 films heritage list announced on 04 October 2015, which is Thai Movies Conservation Day. It is a love story about a girl named Pojaman from a noble family who fights with relatives to obtain her right as the real owner of the castle. The fighting ends in happiness when she finds true love with the son of one her relatives that she is fighting with. This story has been made into a film and a television series several times in the past four decades. Thai movie ผีหัวขาด was released in year 1980. It is a lost movie in Thailand. Luckily it was released under VHS format in Taiwan under the name “Siamese curse” / 鬼貢头 in year 1980. It was also released in year 1984 in Malaysia under the name “SUMPAHAN SIAM”. SUMPAHAN SIAM was released in Malaysia so it is dubbed in Malaysian. The VHS features subtitles in English, Chinese and Malaysian! It only lasts 1h17mn. A remake was released in year 2002. Chiao (Sorapong Chatree) and young lady Hsiao Feng (Wassana Sitthiweth) are close friends. Chiao dreams about marrying Hsiao Feng. Settha Sirachaya is Chiao’s close friend. Lor Tok is one of the village masters (หมอผี). Settha Sirachaya asks for love oil to master Lor Tok. Villager Ken's head is found by Lor Tok during incantations. Those repetitive deaths are worrying so village leader asks for defense troops volunteers in order to protect villagers. Chiao (Sorapong Chatree) and Settha are volunteers. Another villager Ah Hing disliking Chiao is volunteer also. Chiao loves Hsiao Feng but refuses to use love oil done by master Lor Tok. Ah Hing has arguments with Chiao. Ah Hing’s father is played by Siripong Isarangkul. A festival is happening so ruffians wish to steal the golden Buddha statue located in the local Buddhist temple. Chiao visits his master, who warns him that he is in danger. He should ordain as monk the day after to avoid losing his life. Chiao acknowledges and leaves. On the way home, a storm occurs, and he looks for a shelter. He ends up in the village Buddhist temple and sees ruffians stealing the golden Buddha statue. He tries to prevent the robbery, but he is killed by ruffian Pinyo Parnnui. His head is cut, and his body hidden in the graveyard. The ruffians fail to steal the Buddha statue. On the following day, Chiao cannot be found in the village. While looking for dead bodies to do corpse oil, Lor Tok finds Chiao's body. Villagers are now aware of his death. The master promises to find the head in order to do a proper cremation ceremony. Meanwhile Chiao’s body wakes up and is looking for his head. He frightens villagers. Ruffians try to steal the golden Buddha again but Chiao stops them. Finally Chiao finds his head. During the village festival, Lor Tok stains Hsiao Feng’s dress by mistake. She goes to the nearest house, i.e. Yin Hing's place, to clean it. There Hsiao Feng finds all the Buddha statues’ stolen heads, so the ruffians have to kill her. Settha interferes and is injured. Villagers try to stop them. Ah Hing threatens to kill Hsiao Feng. Chiao chases them but Siripong involves one skilled master also to fight against Chiao and his master. Chiao’s master is defeated. Chiao breaks his opponent's spells. Siripong and Pinyo get killed. The master burns in the fire. Chaio’s body and his head get cremated in the big fire. Thai action movie วีรบุรุษหนองตากยา was released in year 1980. It features Sombat Methanee as main actor and Piyamas Monayakol as main actress. The movie is lost in Thailand but a 1mn30s trailer is still available. Other actors include Manop Aussawathep, Lak Apichat, Rith Luecha, Suphanee Jitthieng, Chat Mongkolchai, Boo Wibunnan. During the short trailer, a few sequences can be seen. They are related to some fightings involving Sombat, Manop playing a hitman again, ruffian leader played by Sing Milinsasai and scolding his teammates… A partial summary is still available. Boo Wibunnan is an influential man buying coercively sugar canes from local farmers but at a much lower price than the governmental prices. He is helped by local subdistrict headman Ying (Sing Milinsasai), who is a former ruffian leader. Sombat Methanee is a doctor working at the medical dispensary in Nong Takaya (นองตากยา) village. Seeing the ruffians bad behavior, the doctor decide to help the villagers. It deals about the adventures of Thai cowboys sending cattle through Isan area to Nakhorn Ratchasima. Outlaws are waiting to steal the buffaloes. The "Nai Hoi" were historical local cattle merchants leading buffalos from Isan to the central regions of Thailand to sell them. This movie has an unique feature, i.e. actors use Isan language to speak. This movie highlights the life of rural people in Isan in historical times. A Thai TV serie based on the movie was shot in 2001. Thai Japanese movie ศึกคาราเต้ / カラテ大戦爭 / “Karate Dai Senso” was released in year 1980. It lasts 1h26mn. The movie was released under VHS and recently under DVD in year 2013. It is also known under the Thai name of คาราเต้บันลือโลก. A Japanese lady meets a man called Datsu (Hisao Maki), working as taxi driver. She hasn't met him for years. He was a karate teacher and she was a school student. He finally trains again and agrees to overseas to verify the superiority of Japanese Karate over other Asian martial arts. Some people in Japan try to ensure he will fail. He comes to Hong Kong and falls in a trap. It is fighting Kung Fu vs Karate. He is attacked many times but succeeds to survive despite being injured. He finally defeats the black dragon expert. Datsu then comes to Thailand. Dam Datsakorn as King Cobra is a Thai boxing champion. Metta Roongrat is his wife. Scenes in Thailand show Nakhon Pathom, Damnoen Saduak floating market, huge billboards with Thai movies posters. Chanee Yotchai as hitman tries to kill Datsu as ruffians fail to defeat him. Cobra prevents the hitman to hurt Datsu as he wishes for a fair fight. The Japanese lady tries to prevent Datsu to give up fighting by offering her charms but he still goes. Metta tries to prevent Cobra also but he still goes. Finally the two men fight until death happens for both of them. Thai HK movie Fearless Hyena 3 / ไอ้หนุ่มหมัดพังพอน was released in year 1980. It lasts 1h23mn. This movie features Jackie Chen and Bruce Thai. Jackie Chen has a very similar face to Jackie Chan. Certainly such movie wanted to take profit from Jackie Chan’s celebrity. Ruffians are looking for a jade. As the father doesn’t disclose the location of the jad, his son called Jackie is beaten by three men. Hopefully he is rescued by a group of two men and a young woman called Kailye. Jacky got the Flying jade embedded in his body so ruffians are chasing him. This stone allows the owner to fly and to jump very high. Kailye and her father, Luechai Natnat, train Jacky so that he can better defend himself. Jacky is stronger but not enough to defeat ruffians. So he gets help from other men (Bruce Thai). The ruffians' team includes Bolo Yeung. Jackie gets additional training from an old drunken master. Trainings take a big part of the movie. The movie ends up with a confrontation with the Snake gang. Jacky Chen, Kailye, Bruce Thai defeat the ruffians but Kailye's father dies. The dubbing is pretty poor. A Thai man working for the government is killed while sitting on a rickshaw. Before dying he asks the rickshaw's driver to continue his secret mission. Many funny situations happen as the rickshaw's driver is not used to act like a Thai James Bond... Lor Tok and Thep Thienchai were two famous Thai comic actors. The full title is เจมส์แบน 007 น้ำพริกไทยเนื้อแท้ (James Band 007 the real Thai pepper). This movie is a parody of Hong Kong Kung Fu movies that were popular in Thailand during 1970s decade. Thao Huay is a traditional Thai man selling healthy Chinese soups. His family is originating from China. Thao Huay's father gets beaten by some members of the Kung Fu school Snake Boxing (มวยงู) and dies. Aspiring for revenge, Thao Huay looks for a master to learn boxing and become a disciple (ลูกศิษย์). Meanwhile Thao Hua meets a young Thai lady called Waan, who is papaya salad seller (แม่ค้าส้มตำ). He has arguments with her in the local market (ตลาด) regarding a selling site location. Waan learns that her real father is Chinese so she goes to live together in his home with her mother. His Chinese father has already a wife so there are arguments who is the main wife (เมียหลวง) and who is the minor wife (เมียน้อย). The father is having a jewelry (ร้านทอง). Sompong, a rich young coming back from America, tries to seduce Waan but Waan still has a sweet spot for Thao Huay. A robbery is happening at the jewelry. Robbers hide the jewelry inside Thao Huay's palanquin. Thao Huay faces hardships during the training with the master. He learns the monkey dance (รำมวยลิง). This dance skills gets highest efficiency if the fighter is drunk also. Waan is kinadped by Kung Fu school Snake Boxing. Thao Huay is going to rescue her. With the help of his master, the Kung Fu school is defeated. Thao Huay gives back the gold and can marry Waan. The story takes place in Isan region, Northeast of Thailand, in Yasothon province. Local traditions are nicely shown in this movie. Molam (หมอลำ) music is played with reed mouth organ (แคน) during the village feast. Bald men compete against each other, head against head. This traditional game is called “Bald head smashing” (หัวล้านชนกัน). Isan traditions such as dances and music are featured. A mother has two grown-up children. She is always worried about them (ลูกแม่ เป็นห่วง). Thong is her son and Boonsi is her daughter. Thong gets seriously hit on the head during a fight and it takes him a few days to recover. Typical Isan ceremonies such as Bai si Ceremony (พิธีบ่ายศรีสู่ขวัญ) are shown. Villagers techniques to get red ants (มดอดง), to get small wood, to catch tree lizard (กิ้งก่า), to capture frog (กบ) or fishing methods are nicely shown. Life was harsh in villages with no electricity. There is only one season for rice so most of the time rice fields are dry. SaiBua (สายบัว) is a young village girl. Saibua and Thong love each other. Thong needs to fight with a young man called Sao as they love the same woman. Finally Saibua becomes Thong's wife but outside a wedding. Her family has no choice than accept (ยกให้). A proper wedding is organised. Sing and Boonsi do the same thing! The grandmother wants a grandson (หลาน). Thong loses money when playing game so making his wife and mother upset. Thong has a crisis and almost hit his wife and mother. Life is ongoing through the seasons. SaiBua is now pregnant. Saibua dreams that Thong’s mother is leaving them as she saw her as a nun (แม่ชี). One day the mother is giving alms at the village Buddhist temple. Thong is in rice fields using his buffalo to work on the soil. Saibua is at home doing chores. His mother prepares sticky rice for him. But Thong starts to be upset as he has no food to eat. He is very angry. He believes a little bit of food is given to him. Losing temper and without really noticing it, he hurts his mother. As sticky rice was compacted, it is in fact a lot and Thong is not able to finish it. He realizes too late that he has hurt and killed his own mother. He is a bad son as he hit his own mother. A trial (ศาล) is organized to judge Thong. He has done a sin (ปาบ), he is an ungrateful child (ความชั่วของลูก), an evil person (สัตว์นรก, ลูกทรพี). He gets authorisation from the tribunal to build a small pagoda (พระธาตุ) to host his mother bones (เวรกรรม). He works very hard under the harshness of a guard. The small food he gets is offered to his mum. The pagoda is finished (ขออิฐ) as a way to compensate (ชดเชย) his evil part. He has difficulty to get separated from his wife, child and sister but it is time for punishment. His head is cut. During the last executor dance, the executor reminds to Thong that there is nothing personal and it is just his duty to perform. This story ensures that Thai children always respect their parents and the pagoda is said to be located in Yasothon province (ธาตุก่องข้าวน้อยฆ่าแม่ จ.ยโสธร). This movie belongs to the same movie family as “A Child of the Northeast” (ลูกอีสาน) as it gives a realistic picture of Isan region. The movie picture is quite colorless sometimes. Thai movie ขุนเดช was released in year 1980. It takes place in Sukhothai historical park area before it became an official park (1988) as there was still heavy vegetation around the Buddha statues. The movie lasts 1h46mn. This movie was only released under VHS in Thailand and Sweden. Two men are killed by Khun Det (Sombat Methanee) as they are digging in order to steal Buddhist artifacts. Ruffians arrive in the village and hire farmers to dig around in order to find relics. Village leader (ผู้ใหญ่) Sompong (Sompong Phonmitr) refuses to help as it is ancestor's' heritage so it shall not be sold to strangers. Sompong has a mute daughter (Pornpan Ketmamatsu). The leader (เจ้านาย)(ภูมิ พัฒนายุทธ) is looking for Buddha statues (พระสักองค์). Sompong informs the temple abbot that the ruffians even dig near old sacred pagodas but nothing the abbot can do (สัตว์นรก). Khun Det, aware, chases away the workers. Khun Det is then captured, crucified and suspended to a headless Buddha giant statue. Khun Det is rescued by Sompong and his daughter. Khun Det repairs an old gun (ปืนเก่า). As the ruffians are evacuating Buddha statues by boat, Khun Det sinks the boat thanks to his gun. It reminds the scene of Naresuan 2 with the King shooting very far away with a gun to defeat the Burmese king. The leader, seeing that Khun Det is bringing them serious troubles again decide to flee by car with some Buddha statues. Khun Det prevents him to flee by destroying his car and killing him. The father (Somjin Thammatat), in ire as his son is dead, storms the village with ruffians but is unable to find Khun Det. They burn belongings of villagers and threaten the abbot. The father destroys pagodas and tries to bury a big Buddha statue. Khun Det prevents them so the father finally calls Manop Aussawathep, a professional killer. He shots Sompong. This movie also reminds of western such as “The Magnificent Seven” with people protect villagers against ruffians as there is no police. Manop then buries men alive to force Khun Det to show himself. The villagers fight back. The father and his ruffians are killed. Khun Det defeats Manop through an epic final fight. It is a strong movie with violent deaths (heads cut as ruffians cut Buddha statues’ heads). Khun Det finally leaves. A Thai serie ขุนเดช was released in year 1999 with Phongphat Wachirabanjong. Another version was released in year 2012. In Northern Thailand, a district officer is shot in the back. He was fighting against illegal trees cut. It is the fourth officer killed on duty in five years. A new one (Sombat Methanee) is nominated. The new district officer understands very fast that a latent corruption happens and that local people (ชาวป่า) are expected to give gifts (chickens, daughter given as maid as a compensation of non paid debts...). The new district officer's adjoint is called Palat and is played by Suchao Pongwilai again with brio in the role of rogue officer. Sor Asanajinda plays the role of a brusque villager complaining indirectly regarding rampant corruption. His son Pol (Sorapong Chatree) is also very active. The minister who sent the district officer has problems with his own daughter, Nit (Jarunee Sooksawad), due to misunderstanding with his new wife. She leaves for the same village Daran Thong and becomes the local teacher. Nit has also medicine knowledge and has to face local fear of ghosts and sorcerer (หมอผี). Old people prefer using sorcerer instead of modern pills. Thanks to Nit and with Pol's leadership, the farmers ask for higher prices and debts resettlement to the trader. Local trader tries to corrupt the district officer but fails to do so. The corrupted subdistrict headman (กำนัน) and trader start to be very upset. They try to buy land as they know that a road will be built to the village but Pol asks villagers to refuse to sell. The subdistrict headman daughter Sophit is back from studying abroad. Palat is secretly fond of her. A young lady called Bukham is raped and killed by Palat. Palat accuses Pol with false proofs. Pol flees and discovers that many trees are cut illegally. Nobody speaks due to fear. The new district officer asks Pol to surrender if he is innocent. Pol's father is found hanged as he spoke too much (พูดประชด - พูดมาก) against corrupted officers. The adjoint uses local people to build the road at a cheaper price. Nit brings the villagers to the province officer to ask for full payments and she wins. Meanwhile Palat rapes the subdistrict headman daughter Sophit and strangles her. Pol's brother sees it and warns his brother. Sabin and Nit get attacked. Sabin is captured but Nit can flee. Nit and Pol come to help Sabin and bring Sophit's dead body to the subdistrict headman. This one wishes to kill Palat as revenge but gets shot before. Finally Palat gets smashed by a log in the illegal logging factory and the district officer helps to catch all ruffians. A school and hospital shall be built by the previous corrupting trader. The movie finishes happily, Nit is named school director (ครูใหญ่ใหม่), Pol is named new subdistrict headman (กำนันใหม่). This movie with social and meaningful messages also involves comedy and romance and not only pure drama. A new generation of government officials is here to replace the previous corrupted generation. ChatriChalerm Yukol portrays environmental problems in this movie about the sea overexploitation in South of Thailand. Sam is a young fisherman living with an old man. Sam has a lazy girlfriend called Boonta. The old man has also adopted a young girl, Dookmai, 10 years ago when her parents died in a forceful storm over the sea. Such forceful storm accompanied with a yellowing sky is called อุกาฟ้าเหลือง. The old man lives in harmony with the sea and blames fishermen who uses grenades to catch fish. These grenades kill many fishes and destroy the coral, which hosts fishes. Once the coral is dead, fishes disappear. It is an easy way to get immediately many fishes but without thinking about the future impacts. It is forbidden by law but a local politician with the fishermen boss is preventing any changes. Boonta wants a better life and convinces Sam to leave the old man in order to work with other fishermen and earn more money. Sam is working hard on a big drifter with huge nets that catch big, small fishes and even species that are not edible. if fishermen catch small fishes, those small fishes can never grow and reproduce them-selves. The old man successfully succeeds to have the sea police to capture a fishboat using grenades to catch fishes. One fisherman group leader promises to get his revenge. Meanwhile the local politician and the fishermen boss have arguments. The local politician hires a hitman to kill him. The hitman knows Boonta since her youth. Boonta is seduced by the man as he is offering to her an opportunity to leave the South and go to Bangkok. They become lovers. The fishermen boss is killed but before his death tells everything to Sam. Sam repeats to Boonta, who then tells her lover, the hitman. Following a tragic chase in the mangrove, the hitman kills her and decides to get rid of Sam also. Followed by the hitman and the fisherman group leader, Sam, who is injured, take refuges in the old man's house. The old man, knowing that another forceful storm is coming, goes to face the hitman in order to slow him down. He dies but both the hitman and the fisherman group leader disappear within the sea due to forceful storm. Those who hurted the sea have been punished by the sea. It is certainly Sor Asanajinda's best role ever as an old fisherman respecting the sea.

2019-04-19T01:01:38Z

http://www.thaiworldview.com/tv/act.php?myChoice=1980&mySearch=5

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2019-04-21T02:47:31Z

https://www.aidanjames.agency/privacy-policy/

A sailor assigned to Patrol Squadron (VP) 46 motions for a P-3C Orion, which will assist in the mission to locate Malaysia Airlines flight MH370, to take off on 17 March. The maritime reconnaissance and patrol force must determine how to best use its limited resources in this time of budget declines. According to the author, adopting a "forward-basing policy for maritime patrol aviation" could help. Reorganizing the Navy’s maritime patrol and reconnaissance community could result in an identical presence with huge savings. In this era of fiscal austerity, the Department of Defense must restructure the force to do more with less. Budget cuts, ever-present operational tasking, a public weary from a decade of land wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and a “pivot” to an increasingly contentious Pacific Rim have challenged assumptions about how and where each service should deploy its forces. The Navy’s maritime patrol and reconnaissance (MPR) community provides antisubmarine (ASW) and antisurface warfare (ASuW) as well as intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities to commanders stationed worldwide. For decades, MPR professionals have protected the Fleet from underwater threats, provided over-the-horizon imagery, and collected critical intelligence over land or sea. The ability to quickly position an asset and its sensors on-station is crucial throughout all theaters of operation. As the Navy seeks to increase efficiencies by using forward basing, it must examine the MPR force’s current structure. A mixture of maritime-patrol aircraft based overseas and stateside reserve squadrons could buy identical forward presence and combat readiness for less money. The solution is to adopt a forward-basing policy for maritime patrol aviation. Before examining how we can gain cost savings while retaining aircraft and combat capabilities, it’s useful to survey the current state of the patrol force. It consists of 12 active-duty squadrons augmented by two reserve squadrons. Each command operates approximately six P-8A or P-3C aircraft and has 12 aircrew teams of 8 to 10 aviators. This manning allows a squadron to keep an aircraft in a patrol box indefinitely while maintaining the ability to quickly launch an alert aircraft for urgent tasking. At any given time, roughly 30 percent of the MPR force is fully combat-ready and operating forward. Four squadrons are deployed, with either all of their aircraft in one location supporting a particular combatant commander or their detachments spread over several locations. This model is based on rotating stateside squadrons to fixed sites that vary little from year to year for a six-month engagement. This requires commands to gear up during a 12-month training cycle, complete combat certification, and move all their aircraft and personnel to the other side of the world. If a command has not recently deployed to a particular area, they will spend their first several months in theater adapting to the procedures, nuances, and mission sets typical in that location. This deep knowledge of a particular area degrades if the squadron does not return to the same location on a subsequent deployment. While four squadrons are flying overseas, eight squadrons remain stateside. Of those home-cycle squadrons, four have recently returned from deployment and have little combat capability, with high rates of personnel turnover as junior aircrew report from training and experienced personnel depart for shore tours. The remaining four squadrons are preparing to deploy, with varying levels of combat capability. Two reserve squadrons round out the MPR force. These units are manned by full-time support personnel and selected reservists. While these units can be mobilized if needed, they do not provide time-critical combat capabilities. One special-projects squadron also operates the P-3C, but its mission tasking makes it irrelevant in the conventional force structure. Also, while the EP-3 aircraft technically fall under the command of the MPR community, its unique signals-intelligence tasking precludes it from this discussion. Rather than maintain its current pattern of training stateside squadrons, cycling them through a forward operating area and then demobilizing them on their return, the MPR force should have a permanent presence of four forward-deployed squadrons. These units would provide forward presence, engage in shaping the battlespace, and participate in the initial phases of contingency operations. They would be augmented by eight stateside composite squadrons and manned by a combination of active and reserve personnel. Active-duty personnel would act as a core of trained “key players” to facilitate reserve training and form the backbone of aircrew and maintenance leadership. This force structure would ensure identical forward presence and support to combatant commanders while affording deep savings. Significant cost reductions could be made by minimizing active personnel costs and eliminating the need to train, mobilize, deploy, demobilize, and learn a completely new theater and set of threats. The MPR force would maintain the same ability to respond to commitments during contingency operations. The cost savings from implementing such a model could be used to invest in emerging sensor and weapons technology without sacrificing force structure or training funds. For the sake of comparison, consider a notional force of four forward-deployed squadrons augmented by composite squadrons. The laydown of U.S. Navy forward bases will be as such: one squadron based at Naval Air Station (NAS) Sigonella, Sicily, to provide presence throughout the Mediterranean, participate in exercises with NATO and European partners, and support operations in Africa Command (AFRICOM). Another squadron will be based in Bahrain to support commanders in the Middle East. In line with the “pivot to the Pacific,” one squadron will be based at Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, and another based at Misawa Air Base in Japan. Assuming that the personnel and aircraft from the existing two reserve squadrons have been rolled into the eight composite squadrons, let’s examine what this “forward force” would bring to the fight. The forward force would provide the same presence and ability to execute mission tasking as the current force structure. Detachments of aircraft and crews could be relocated from these forward bases to remote sites if needed. For example, the forward squadron at NAS Sigonella could easily support a permanent detachment of two aircraft and three aircrew teams at Dijibouti’s Camp Lemonnier in support of AFRICOM objectives. These forward squadrons could support mission tasking while still balancing family life and deployment cycles for our sailors. The role of a forward-deployed asset conducting short deployments is successfully demonstrated by Carrier Strike Group 5, centered around the USS George Washington (CVN-73) and based at Yokosuka, Japan. The forward MPR force would result in deep familiarity with mission sets and particular regions, leading to increased mission effectiveness and reduced risk to combatant commanders. Concerns about having squadrons stovepiped into certain mission sets could be relieved by reallocating aircraft and aircrew. For example, if a commander thought his Bahrain-based pilots lacked sufficient experience prosecuting submarines, a detachment could be sent to a sister squadron in Kadena for ASW exercises with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. In light of concerns that a squadron’s new electronic warfare operators were unfamiliar with ISR operations, they could be sent to Sigonella to monitor radar systems in the Mediterranean. The stateside composite squadrons would have an equally important role to play in the reorganized MPR community. The active-duty component of these squadrons would be staffed by experienced veterans of the forward squadrons. They would stay combat-ready to provide a concentrated force and be able to quickly bring their reservist squadron-mates up to speed once activated. They would handle the administrative business of the squadron and facilitate drill training, just as full-time support personnel back selected reservists today. In the maintenance and administrative arenas, composite squadrons could make use of natural efficiencies. Maintenance functions could be performed by contractors, some of whom are also selected reservists. The MPR force has long contemplated contract maintenance support, where civilian mechanics service the aircraft, but ultimately decided against it due to the prohibitive costs of deploying these civilian personnel. In a forward-based system, deployment would only occur during contingencies in which many of these reservists could simply be recalled to active duty. The decreased turnover and elimination of the requirement to train junior sailors fresh out of “A” school would drive further cost savings. Pairing the military with contractors has worked successfully in training commands and reserve logistic-support squadrons, and should be mirrored by the MPR community. In summary, composite squadrons would provide a force that is inexpensive to operate, eliminates wasteful flight hours, and could be mobilized to provide required forces for contingencies. The reduction in combat proficiency would be no different than the current shortfall in capability suffered by squadrons when they stand down post-deployment. A portion of the cost savings could be used to provide funding for emerging sensor and weapons technology to make the P-8A fleet more capable and lethal. These savings could also help ensure the full production run of P-8A aircraft and MQ-4C unmanned aircraft systems would still be purchased in the event of drastic budget cuts. Critics from inside and outside MPR aviation will offer several arguments about why a forward-based system is foolish or unfeasible. For example, aviators and MPR leaders may opine that it encourages stovepiping of expertise into geographic areas. Because squadrons do not routinely operate worldwide, they will lack experience in various mission sets. While this criticism is valid, such a system already exists. The six patrol squadrons equipped with the littoral-surveillance radar system naturally gravitate to ISR mission tasking, primarily in the Middle East and certain areas of Asia. Like it or not, the reality is that MPR squadrons already possess various levels of proficiency in ASW, AsuW, and ISR mission sets simply due to equipment and tasking requirements. In a forward-based system, this stovepiping would at least be countered by deep understanding of local areas and mission sets, leading to increased effectiveness during combat operations. Others may counter that the cost of basing families forward would overwhelm the cost savings generated with a forward and stateside mix. This is highly unlikely due to the large reduction of active-duty force structure and attendant personnel costs. Additionally, the requirement to operate fewer aircraft, flight hours, and tasking in composite squadrons would save large amounts of money. Also, removing the need to mobilize and deploy would result in massive reductions in administrative overhead. The forward and stateside mixture buys the same presence for less money while still maintaining platforms for contingency operations. Critics might also argue that such a model, which initiates savings by reducing the operations and maintenance (O&M) funding of composite squadrons, is unlikely to help the MPR force. They may claim that O&M funds are rarely reallocated to provide for acquisitions, and therefore, to trade flight hours and manning today risks a lack of funding tomorrow. While this may be true in the current fiscal environment, budget reductions will almost certainly be a reality given the current political landscape. The MPR force must reorganize to prevent and win future conflicts. In an era of global trade and “just-in-time” supply chains, secure sea lanes are the key arteries that enable our economy and allow us to meet our energy needs. Trading manning and flight hours for force structure is not ideal, but surrendering our ability to shape the battlespace, deter undersea threats, and project maritime power is not an option if stark budgets are set. P-8A aircraft and MQ-4C unmanned aerial vehicles are crucial sea-control support elements. Such a radical restructuring of force laydown is also likely to meet deep resistance from the MPR community itself. It would necessitate a large reduction in active-duty officer manning, with aspiring aviators competing for the command of 4 forward squadrons rather than 12 active-duty squadrons. Leading a stateside composite squadron would not be as glamorous as commanding a traditional deployed squadron. However, the future force will probably be smaller and leaner by necessity. It is not acceptable to lose combat capability and assets simply to preserve prestigious command positions. Others might assert that a forward-based posture would place undue stress on mission aircraft due to a constantly high operational tempo. However, such concerns are already mitigated by the management of in-theater airframes. It is quite common under the current deployment structure for MPR squadrons to bring new aircraft to forward sites or rotate them stateside when required. Aircraft are exchanged between squadrons to allow scheduled maintenance and an even distribution of flight hours and hence airframe fatigue. In fact, a forward-based posture would be made even simpler as the P-3C is retired and the P-8A fleet grows. The P-8A boasts a uniform network architecture and common sensor suite, in comparison to the P-3C, which has several variants with different sensors and configurations. Lastly, logisticians may say that creating a more static force would be detrimental to the ability for the MPR force to mobilize in wartime. By not deploying once every 18 months, personnel could lose their familiarity with a complicated, resource-intensive evolution. In addition, they might argue that composite squadrons would not be able to quickly mobilize in advance of a conflict. In reality, the necessity to deploy would be infrequent and limited. Like all combat units, force structure is tied to requirements in times of crisis. In the case of the MPR force, this conflict would likely be a large-scale conventional maritime operation against a peer opponent. Despite decades of combat around the globe, reserve MPR squadrons have not been called back to active duty and surged as a complete force. With history serving as a guide, we should be confident that we can trade some operational agility while still maintaining forward presence and the capability to surge during wartime if need be. If faced with budgetary shortfalls, leaders should ensure that readiness is not preserved at the expense of acquiring the platforms, sensors, and weapons needed to fight in the event of a large conflict. Our military and nation face the dual challenges of an increasingly chaotic world and shrinking defense budgets. Leaders must think creatively to maximize their ability to project power and support national interests with the resources at hand. Adopting the forward-based MPR force will buy identical presence with less money and resources. Leaders in this community—and naval aviation as a whole—should take advantage of this opportunity to reallocate these savings should budgetary reductions occur. We must recapitalize the Fleet with the platforms, sensors, and weapons needed to deter—and, if need be, decisively win—conflicts during the upcoming decade. The challenge is clear. The time for action and change is now. Lieutenant Glynn is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. He currently serves as a P-8A instructor pilot and mission commander with Patrol Squadron (VP) 16. Carrier Strike Group 5, centered around the USS George Washington (CVN-73), exemplifies the notion of a forward-deployed asset conducting short deployments. Similar forward-based squadrons could "support mission tasking while still balancing family life and deployment cycles for sailors," the author says. A P-8A Poseidon is refueled at Perth Airport, Australia, in April. The author surmises that after implementing inexpensive composite squadrons, significant savings could be put toward the hardware budget. "A portion of the cost savings could be used to provide funding for emerging sensor and weapons technology to make the P-8A fleet more capable and lethal," he believes.

2019-04-25T20:05:08Z

https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2014/september/push-force-forward

We would like to thank our clients for taking the time to share their magical princess memories with us. If you would like to share your princess party comments with us, we would love to hear from you. Our family travels to DisneyWorld every year and my daughter is very familiar with all the Princesses. We were a little nervous about having a princess come to her party as I have seen Princesses from other companies and I am always disappointed. However, when I found Fantasy Fables I knew they were going to be great. When Cinderella came to our house, I was immediately overwhelmed with emotion. She was the most beautiful Cinderella I have ever seen. She was always in perfect character with the most amazing singing voice. I have to say her gown was as spectacular as the one from the park. Thank you Fantasy Fables for making dreams come true. My husband and I were amazed by your Ariel at Casa Loma. We called and booked her for our daughter’s party. She was so beautiful and in character for the entire party. Thank you so much! I want to thank you for making my daughters 4th birthday an unforgettable one. We surprised her with a visit from Belle and from the moment she walked into the door she had captured all 10 little girls attention. Her voice was magnificent, she looked beautiful and she made our daughter feel incredibly special. While she sang she twirled her around and held her hand. All the parents were amazed how great she was. She was so patient and never once did she even for one second break character. She interacted so well with the children and brought tears to most of our eyes.I will not hesitate to use this company again. When I called to arrange the reservation Krista made it so easy for me. She answered all of my questions and made me feel reassured that everything would go smoothly. She delivered! I just wanted to let you all know that Chloe was a huge hit. My daughter and her friends had a wonderful time. She has watched the video 3 times already and the party was just Saturday. Chloe is very talented and great with kids. She was even able to convince one of the shy girls to participate. If I could, I would have Chloe every year for my daughter’s party. So appreciative of the great day. Recently we had a princess come to our home for my daughters birthday. My daughter turned 3, so Pocahontas was requested, and she arrived promptly at our home on January 7th. And she was amazing. The girls didn’t even let her sit down, so she was at their level the entire time. I give your ladies a huge round of applause how they hold it together. The kids were all over the place, they kept spitting out silly things to say. Parents are talking and doing their thing. But she never breaks her role. We couldn’t have been happier with the hour she spent with us, it was worth the cost 100%. In fact we were so happy with the results, our other daughter is requesting a princess for her birthday. Even to this day, 2 weeks later, my girls are still pretending to be Pocahontas. Thank you for providing such a wonderful and very magical service. My daughter Emily was very surprised when she opened the door to see Cinderella! All the kids and parents were very impressed with Cinderella’s voice. She sang beautifully! Emily and her friends enjoyed dancing and playing games with Cinderella. Emily especially loved her special gifts from Cinderella, tiara and bracelet. All the little girls LOVED the bracelets, makeup & glitter nailpolish especially and autograph. Thank you for truly making Emily’s birthday a magical one. We went on a disney cruise last November and it was great to have Cinderella celebrate Emily’s birthday at home. Thank you so much! I want to thank you very much for the amazing performance by Ariel. She performed at my daughters sixth birthday party. Firstly, she looked absolutely gorgeous! She had everyone in awe (the adults too). When we heard her voice we were so impressed. A true princess for sure! The girls were in love with her. She had them all at ease and fascinated. I must say, I was a little nervous since I had no referrals of Fantasy Fables. I was sold by your website and the customer comments. I was more than pleased and impressed with your professionalism and reliability. Thank you very much! I wish I had known of you earlier but I will definitely spread the word. Thank you again Ariel, everything about you was perfect! I just wanted to send a quick email to let you know how wonderful Belle was at my niece Ashlyns birthday party on Sat. We could not believe her talent. Her voice was amazing and had all the kids in Ahh. She was such a pleasure to watch and she was so very good with all the girls. She made Ashlyn really feel like a Princess. You definitely have a great member to your team and I will let everyone know just how wonderful she was. She even allowed me to take her picture with Ashlyns grandfather and it made his day. Ashlyn was so excited that Belle was making a special trip to her party that she insisted on making Belle a loot bag like she made for all her friends. Belle was very good about it and made Ashlyn so happy. Please extend my sincere thanks to Belle as this was Ashlyns first real birthday party with friends. She and I will remember it always. I definetly will call you for the next occasion I have for her. I just wanted to let you know that the Ariel that came to my daughter’s party was amazing!!!!! Everyone including the adults were amazed with her voice, acting, style etc. She definitely was the highlight of the party. I could not have picked a better Ariel! It was a surprise for my daughter (Sabrina) who was turning 4. After the party she says to me “Mommy my dream came true.” I said “ What was your dream?” She says “ Ariel came to my birthday party!” Thanks so much for making my daughter’s birthday truly magical and memorable! I would like to express our sincere thanks to Fantasy Fables for sending us the most beautiful princess, Cinderella on my daughter’s 7th Birthday. It was a wonderful, magical and memorable night for Jaimee, my daughter, the rest of the kids as well as the parents. We had this dream came true feeling when Cinderella graciously and flawlessly enters the hall. It felt like we were at the moment at Disney’s Magic Kingdom celebrating my daughter’s birthday. Everyone was so surprised and speechless to see Cinderella. Much more amazed and captivated by her beauty and her voice when she started singing and dancing. It was the greatest performance and greatest birthday party ever. I highly recommend Fantasy Fables to all our family and friends. Thank you very much Cinderella for making it possible for Jaimee to have her Royal, Magical 7th Birthday party. I do not even know where to start!!! The party we had on June the 4th was made so magical by the lovely Sleeping Beauty. Despite thunderstorms, fallen trees and repeated power failure, she not only made it to our home safe and sound from her faraway royal castle, but she presented all of her songs and games in true princess-style! You should be very proud of this princess, as she maintained her royal composure even when the lights went out and her princess c.d. player couldn’t be used! Thank you to Sleeping Beauty for adding a special, personal touch to the twins’ 3rd birthday… from her many hugs to her sweet conversations with the little princesses and princes… nothing went unnoticed! Everyone (young and not-so-young!) was in awe of Sleeping Beauty…she had a very “fairytale sense of magic and specialness” to her. Thanks again to Sleeping Beauty for making this day so wonderful for Juliana and Marco. The photos turned out wonderful! It was a superb performance –a delight to watch. The performer engaged all of the children and dealt with all the unexpected things they do and say and held their attention for the full hour. The considerable talent and attention to the details brought the performance to life and made her more than a dress up character- the poise, the grace, tiny flourishes with her hands and eyes, with opportunities to enjoy her dancing and singing, as she does in the movie. She was obviously a talented vocalist as well! Very impressive – you far exceeded our expectations and made magic happen for a little girl. This past Sunday, Princess Aurora was our guest of honour at my daughter Isabella’s 6th birthday party. Please send Princess Aurora our words of sincere thanks and gratitude for having made this event the most special and memorable not only for Isabella but also her 13 other friends. It was most amazing to witness; up until Princess Aurora’s arrival, all the girls were practically frenetic in anticipation, and then were jumping up and down, and whooping with excitment when they finally spotted her walking up the driveway. From the moment she entered our home, though she wove her magic, and all the children become subdued, so awed were they by her presence. Princess Aurora was a true princess in every way, smiling always and was extremely patient, kind and soft-spoken with all the children. In spite of the mass of girls crowding around her much of the time, she didn’t lose her grace once, though I imagine, it wasn’t easy for her at times with all the children there to attend to. All the girls were especially thrilled to have had their faces made up and nails painted by her. Even today (2 days after the party), I watched Isabella and one of our party guests (a classmate of my daughters), glowingly showing off their painted nails to their teacher. The best moment for me happened though, as I was putting my daughter to sleep Sunday evening. She kept saying this had been her best, best day EVER!!! (Score 1 point for Princess Aurora, and another point for Mom) Thank You So Very Much Princess Aurora!! P.S. If it is possible, please forward this message also to Princess Aurora for her to read as well, because she needs to know she had been terrific, real grace under pressure! Just to comment on today’s party for Julia. Belle came to Julia’s party, and she was perfect in every way. We all couldn’t stop raving about her after she left. The adults loved her as much as the children did! Julia and her friends were just in heaven! Belle was punctual, BEAUTIFUL, and even sang just like Belle. If I couldn’t see, I would have thought I was listening to the movie! Thank you thank you thank you, it was so worth it. I’m sooo happy Belle created such a wonderful memory for my daughter that she will never forget! We had Cinderella today for our daughter’s Laila’s 3rd Birthday and I just wanted to write to tell how impressed I was! She was so professional and perfect! Her dress, hair and makeup were lovely, her voice was beautiful, mannerisms and etiquette just perfect. What a wonderful & beautiful Cinderella she was! All the kids and adults were so amazed and entertained, what a wonderful job she did! It was like she was hand picked right from the Disney movie! All the little girls enjoyed her stories and songs and getting their make up and nails done. They loved their bracelet’s and my daughter was just in awe with her beautiful crown! Thank you again so much, I will definitely be recommending Fantasy Fables to my friends and clients! I am writing to you to let you know this mother is ecstatic with the birthday party she threw for her daughter, only thanks to Belle! who came to us and gave us all a magical time. I can only imagine how busy Belle is, in her castle with Beast, enjoying her new-found love. I understand how valuable time is with a romantic partner, and really appreciate the fact Belle could come to our party. Since you allow opportunity for her to come to birthday parties, I just had to write you to let you know what an amazing job she did. Self-esteem for little girls is so precious, and the creation (or negation) of that esteem can start at an early age, and just one experience can mould it for a lifetime. I can say, definitely, that not just my daughter Katherine came away feeling glowing, but all the participants at the party. Even the skeptical adults (and some non-believers in magic) were sitting entranced. Belle made everyone in the room captivated for the all-too-short time she was here. Her sincere smile and gentle and warm demeanor made an otherwise average birthday party spectacular. She had all the children captivated with all the activities she mastered, and each child felt like a Princess. I will boast the merits of your business to anyone who asks. I’ve made my daughter an album of pictures from the day, a day she’ll remember forever. Thank you for making Princesses come to birthday parties, making younger Princesses feel very special. May you and yours have a Magical Day! I just wanted to thank you for my daughters Princess birthday party with Sleeping Beauty. FABULOUS is how I would describe it. Simply WONDERUL! The princess was so PERFECT. She was so wonderful with the 12 girls. I still can’t stop talking about it!. I wished Sleeping Beauty could have stayed longer! We had a rainy day and yet this princess was ever so polite and always with a smile. I would highly recommend Fantasy Fables. From the beginning of booking the party to the princess arriving, to the princess leaving it was such a nice company to deal with, everyone so nice. The girls were swept away to Disney World for 80 minutes as was I!. Thank you for making my daughters birthday a MAGICAL DAY! I thought I should write and let you know just how pleased and excited my daughter Lila was when Belle showed up for her party this past Saturday! She was the best princess ever! What a lovely singing voice too and the way she entertained the little girls…I couldn’t believe it! Expect business from the other mom’s who were at the party because it was a great success. I will not hesitate to use your services again, thank you so very much for making my daughter’s day so magical. Yesterday we had Princess Tiana come to our four year old daughter’s birthday party. I just wanted to let you know how wonderful she was. She was right on time even though all of our guests said the traffic was terrible. From the moment she came to the door she was in character and had a beautiful Southern accent. We couldn’t believe how much she resembled the Disney character – just beautiful. All the little girls were mesmerized as were the adults. Her singing was amazing as was her interaction with the children. She was the perfect Princess Tiana and I would recommend her to anyone. Our guests all wanted to know where we found her. Please pass this letter on to her. I also wanted to let you know how nice it was to deal with you on the phone. My whole experience with Fantasy Fables was fantastic. Thank you for helping make our daughter’s birthday party so special. Cindy! Last night was amazing!! Cinderella and Spiderman did a superb job. The family was thrilled with the party and grateful that we were able to provide them with an opportunity to celebrate this special time in their child’s lives and to be a family! The kids were very excited and a bit wild at times, but both Cinderella and Spiderman were great. They kept up with the energy and managed the birthday party and all the different interests of the kids. They also took the time to do family photos with the family and the patient, I know the mother was very appreciative of this. I told both Cinderella and Spiderman that when some photos are ready, with the parents permission, I will send some your way to share with them. Thank you again Cindy for all your help in organizing this event. I am always so impressed with Fantasy Fables, and thrilled that there is a reliable and professional company I can call on whenever I need a special character to brighten a child’s life! Just a note to say thank you for having Cinderella attend our daughter’s party on Saturday. She was absolutely perfect and all the little girls were mesmerized by her. Her voice was wonderful and truly played the role of a princess. Hannah loved every minute especially the princess makeup and is still talking about it. All the parents were completely impressed as well and I told everyone about Fantasy Fables. I am sure we will be calling again for future parties for our girls. I just wanted to let you know that we were so honoured and happy to have Snow White visit us for our daughter Katerina’s Birthday Party on Saturday February 20th 2010 at our home in Acton. She was so beautiful and she had all of the little boys and girls mesmerized. She kept them enchanted for the whole hour by dancing and singing with them and giving them endless surprises. Our daughter was made to feel special and she truly believes that she and Snow White are now best friends. The adults kept on saying that “the real” Snow White really did visit us on that day. Thank you again Snow White for making our special day so magical. You made a fairy tale come true for all of us. I just wanted to write and tell you that yesterday was a wonderful turn out for my daughters 5th Birthday. We had Cinderella come to our home (in Ajax) and she was AMAZING!! It was a very magical birthday and it absolutely made the party very special and very memorable! Cinderalla did such a wonderful job and we were very pleased with her. She stayed in character the entire time and had a beautiful voice, she was also right on time. Just wanted to say thank you so much and I will be sure to recommend Fantasy Fables to friends. I just wanted to send you a quick note to tell you how truly pleased we were with Ariel for my daughter Simona’s 4th Birthday party. Simona was memorized by the fact that Ariel was actually at her house and to celebrate her birthday with her. Ariel’s voice, her mannerisms and her gown were outstanding. Her beauty and singing even brought tears to my eyes. The children loved her and had them engaged the whole time. Thank you for making my daughters 4th birthday one that she will never forget. Oh. My. Gosh!! I, with the other Moms, were blown away! My Hubby is extremely cheap but when she sang “Once Upon a Dream” and she sounded BETTER than the performance in the movie, he asked if we should add a tip! My daughter Sara was in awe! It took her 20 minutes for it to sink in that Aurora is REALLY here for her party! She asked me after we got home to call Aurora’s Mommy & Daddy to make sure Aurora had a good time. Not that I wish that this would happen for you but if the actress is not picked up for Broadway, something is wrong! She took command of the room ever so gently, even keeping a pair of twin 2 yr. olds entertained. All eight little girls and one young man were so happy to be in her circle. I had 6 Moms there and all requested your site! One of the Moms who hired a “Princess” from another company this past February said, “Now THIS was what I was going for!!” Her “Cinderella” was lacking in talent and unfortunately…teeth. She’s my good friend and I emailed her your website address as soon as I got home. I really want to thank you again for everything!! I just wanted to send you a quick message to say THANK YOU to Cinderella & Fantasy Fables for making my daughter’s birthday dream come true. She can’t stop talking about Cinderella. Everything was fantastic from beginning to end. I am going to recommend this to all of my friends. I just wanted to let you know how pleased we were with booking a Fantasy Fables party. We had Sleeping Beauty come to our home for our daughter’s 6th birthday party yesterday. When she arrived my daughter ran out into the driveway to hug her! She did such a great job entertaining the girls and her singing voice was outstanding! It was truly a wonderful and magical birthday experience for my daughter and her friends! We just wanted to say “Thank-you” to Fantasy Fables, but especially to Snow White! She came to Amy’s party on Saturday and was fantastic! All of the guests (adults and children) had a great time, and now we can’t wait for next year’s party!!! We are fortunate to have received many princess party testimonials.

2019-04-23T15:05:40Z

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Respondent, who suffers from diabetes and has no sight in one eye, brought an action in Federal District Court against petitioners, alleging that petitioner California State Hospital denied him employment because of his physical handicap, in violation of § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and seeking compensatory, injunctive, and declaratory relief. Section 504 provides that no handicapped person shall, solely by reason of his handicap, be subjected to discrimination under any program receiving federal financial assistance under the Act. Section 505(a) makes available to any person aggrieved by any act of any recipient of federal assistance under the Act the remedies for employment discrimination set forth in Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The District Court granted petitioners' motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground that respondent's claims were barred by the Eleventh Amendment. Ultimately, after initially affirming on other grounds and upon remand from this Court, the Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the Eleventh Amendment did not bar the action because the State by receiving funds under the Act had implicitly consented to be sued as a recipient under § 504. Held: Respondent's action is proscribed by the Eleventh Amendment. Pp. 473 U. S. 237-247. (a) Article III, § 5, of the California Constitution, which provides that "[s]uits may be brought against the State in such manner and in such courts as shall be directed by law" does not constitute a waiver of the State's Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit in federal court. In order for a state statute or constitutional provision to constitute such a waiver, it must specify the State's intent to subject itself to suit in federal court. Article III, § 5, does not specifically indicate the State's willingness to be sued in federal court, but appears simply to authorize the legislature to waive the State's sovereign immunity. P. 473 U. S. 241. (b) The Rehabilitation Act does not abrogate the Eleventh Amendment bar to suits against the States. Congress must express its intention to abrogate the Eleventh Amendment in unmistakable language in the statute itself. Here, the general authorization for suit in federal court is not the kind of unequivocal statutory language sufficient to abrogate the Eleventh Amendment. Pp. 473 U. S. 242-246. (c) The State's acceptance of funds and participation in programs funded under the Rehabilitation Act are insufficient to establish that it consented to suit in federal court. The Act falls far short of manifesting a clear intention to condition participation in programs under the Act on a State's consent to waive its constitutional immunity. Pp. 473 U. S. 246-247. POWELL, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and WHITE, REHNQUIST, and O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. BRENNAN, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, and STEVENS, JJ., joined, post, p. 473 U. S. 247. BLACKMUN, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which BRENNAN, MARSHALL, and STEVENS, JJ., joined, post, p. 473 U. S. 302. STEVENS, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 473 U. S. 304. This case presents the question whether States and state agencies are subject to suit in federal court by litigants seeking retroactive monetary relief under § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794, or whether such suits are proscribed by the Eleventh Amendment. Respondent, Douglas James Scanlon, suffers from diabetes mellitus and has no sight in one eye. In November, 1979, he filed this action against petitioners, Atascadero State Hospital and the California Department of Mental Health, in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, alleging that, in 1978, the hospital denied him employment as a graduate student assistant recreational therapist solely because of his physical handicaps. Respondent charged that the hospital's discriminatory refusal to hire him violated § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 87 Stat. 394, as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 794, and certain state fair employment laws. Respondent sought compensatory, injunctive, and declaratory relief. Petitioners moved for dismissal of the complaint on the ground that the Eleventh Amendment barred the federal court from entertaining respondent's claims. Alternatively, petitioners argued that, in a suit for employment discrimination under § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff must allege that the primary objective of the federal assistance received by the defendants is to provide employment, and that respondent's case should be dismissed because he did not so allege. In January, 1980, the District Court granted petitioners' motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground that respondent's claims were barred by the Eleventh Amendment. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed. Scanlon v. Atascadero State Hospital, 677 F.2d 1271 (1982). It did not reach the question whether the Eleventh Amendment proscribed respondent's suit. Rather, it affirmed the District Court on the ground that respondent failed to allege an essential element of a claim under § 504, namely, that a primary objective of the federal funds received by the defendants was to provide employment. Id. at 1272. "the Eleventh Amendment does not bar [respondent's] action, because the State, if it has participated in and received funds from programs under the Rehabilitation Act, has implicitly consented to be sued as a recipient under 29 U.S.C. § 794." 735 F.2d 359, 362 (1984). Although noting that the Rehabilitation Act did not expressly abrogate the States' Eleventh Amendment immunity, the court reasoned that a State's consent to suit in federal court could be inferred from its participation in programs funded by the Act. The court based its view on the fact that the Act provided remedies, procedures, and rights against "any recipient of Federal assistance" while implementing regulations expressly defined the class of recipients to include the States. Quoting our decision in Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U. S. 651, 415 U. S. 672 (1974), the court determined that the "threshold fact of congressional authorization to sue a class of defendants which literally includes [the] States'" was present in this case. 735 F.2d at 361. or Subjects of any Foreign State." As we have recognized, the significance of this Amendment "lies in its affirmation that the fundamental principle of sovereign immunity limits the grant of judicial authority in Art. III" of the Constitution. Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman, 465 U. S. 89, 465 U. S. 98 (1984) (Pennhurst II). Thus, in Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U. S. 1 (1890), the Court held that the Amendment barred a citizen from bringing a suit against his own State in federal court, even though the express terms of the Amendment do not so provide. There are, however, certain well-established exceptions to the reach of the Eleventh Amendment. For example, if a State waives its immunity and consents to suit in federal court, the Eleventh Amendment does not bar the action. See, e.g., Clark v. Barnard, 108 U. S. 436, 108 U. S. 447 (1883). [Footnote 1] Moreover, the Eleventh Amendment is "necessarily limited by the enforcement provisions of § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment," that is, by Congress' power "to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the substantive provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment." Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U. S. 445, 427 U. S. 456 (1976). As a result, when acting pursuant to § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress can abrogate the Eleventh Amendment without the States' consent. Ibid. the most express language or by such overwhelming implication from the text as [will] leave no room for any other reasonable construction.'" "an unequivocal expression of congressional intent to 'overturn the constitutionally guaranteed immunity of the several States.'" Pennhurst II, 465 U.S. at 465 U. S. 99, quoting Quern v. Jordan, 440 U. S. 332, 440 U. S. 342 (1979). Accord, Employees v. Missouri Dept. of Public Health and Welfare, 411 U. S. 279 (1973). In this case, we are asked to decide whether the State of California is subject to suit in federal court for alleged violations of § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Respondent makes three arguments in support of his view that the Eleventh Amendment does not bar such a suit: first, that the State has waived its immunity by virtue of Art. III, § 5, of the California Constitution; second, that, in enacting the Rehabilitation Act, Congress has abrogated the constitutional immunity of the States; third, that, by accepting federal funds under the Rehabilitation Act, the State has consented to suit in federal court. Under the prior decisions of this Court, none of these claims has merit. Respondent argues that the State of California has waived its immunity to suit in federal court, and thus the Eleventh Amendment does not bar this suit. See Clark v. Barnard, 108 U. S. 436 (1883). Respondent relies on Art. III, § 5, of the California Constitution, which provides: "Suits may be brought against the State in such manner and in such courts as shall be directed by law." In respondent's view, unless the California Legislature affirmatively imposes sovereign immunity, the State is potentially subject to suit in any court, federal as well as state. The test for determining whether a State has waived its immunity from federal court jurisdiction is a stringent one. Although a State's general waiver of sovereign immunity may subject it to suit in state court, it is not enough to waive the immunity guaranteed by the Eleventh Amendment. Florida Dept. of Health v. Florida Nursing Home Assn., 450 U. S. 147, 450 U. S. 150 (1981) (per curiam). As we explained just last Term, "a State's constitutional interest in immunity encompasses not merely whether it may be sued, but where it may be sued." Pennhurst II, supra, at 465 U. S. 99. Thus, in order for a state statute or constitutional provision to constitute a waiver of Eleventh Amendment immunity, it must specify the State's intention to subject itself to suit in federal court. See Smith v. Reeves, 178 U. S. 436, 178 U. S. 441 (1900); Great Northern Life Insurance Co. v. Read, 322 U. S. 47, 322 U. S. 54 (1944). In view of these principles, we do not believe that Art. III, § 5, of the California Constitution constitutes a waiver of the State's constitutional immunity. This provision does not specifically indicate the State's willingness to be sued in federal court. Indeed, the provision appears simply to authorize the legislature to waive the State's sovereign immunity. In the absence of an unequivocal waiver specifically applicable to federal court jurisdiction, we decline to find that California has waived its constitutional immunity. Respondent also contends that, in enacting the Rehabilitation Act, Congress abrogated the States' constitutional immunity. In making this argument, respondent relies on the pre- and post-enactment legislative history of the Act and inferences from general statutory language. To reach respondent's conclusion, we would have to temper the requirement, well established in our cases, that Congress unequivocally express its intention to abrogate the Eleventh Amendment bar to suits against the States in federal court. Pennhurst II, supra, at 465 U. S. 99; Quern v. Jordan, supra, at 440 U. S. 342-345. We decline to do so, and affirm that Congress may abrogate the States' constitutionally secured immunity from suit in federal court only by making its intention unmistakably clear in the language of the statute. The fundamental nature of the interests implicated by the Eleventh Amendment dictates this conclusion. Only recently the Court reiterated that "the States occupy a special and specific position in our constitutional system. . . ." Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U. S. 528, 469 U. S. 547 (1985). The "constitutionally mandated balance of power" between the States and the Federal Government was adopted by the Framers to ensure the protection of "our fundamental liberties." Id. at 469 U. S. 572 (POWELL, J., dissenting). By guaranteeing the sovereign immunity of the States against suit in federal court, the Eleventh Amendment serves to maintain this balance. "Our reluctance to infer that a State's immunity from suit in the federal courts has been negated stems from recognition of the vital role of the doctrine of sovereign immunity in our federal system." Pennhurst II, supra, at 465 U. S. 99. Congress' power to abrogate a State's immunity means that, in certain circumstances, the usual constitutional balance between the States and the Federal Government does not obtain. legislation' for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment, provide for private suits against States or state officials which are constitutionally impermissible in other contexts." Fitzatrck, 427 U.S. at 427 U. S. 456. In view of this fact, it is incumbent upon the federal courts to be certain of Congress' intent before finding that federal law overrides the guarantees of the Eleventh Amendment. The requirement that Congress unequivocally express this intention in the statutory language ensures such certainty. It is also significant that, in determining whether Congress has abrogated the States' Eleventh Amendment immunity, the courts themselves must decide whether their own jurisdiction has been expanded. Although it is of course the duty of this Court "to say what the law is," Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137, 5 U. S. 177 (1803), it is appropriate that we rely only on the clearest indications in holding that Congress has enhanced our power. See American Fire & Cas. Co. v. Finn, 341 U. S. 6, 341 U. S. 17 (1951) ("The jurisdiction of the federal courts is carefully guarded against expansion by judicial interpretation . . . "). "No otherwise qualified handicapped individual in the United States, as defined in section 706(7) of this title, shall, solely by reason of his handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance or under any program or activity conducted by any Executive agency or by the United States Postal Service." 87 Stat. 394, as amended and as set forth in 29 U.S.C. § 794. "(a)(2) The remedies, procedures, and rights set forth in title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq.] shall be available to any person aggrieved by any act or failure to act by any recipient of Federal assistance or Federal provider of such assistance under section 794 of this title." aid under the statute. But given their constitutional role, the States are not like any other class of recipients of federal aid. A general authorization for suit in federal court is not the kind of unequivocal statutory language sufficient to abrogate the Eleventh Amendment. When Congress chooses to subject the States to federal jurisdiction, it must do so specifically. Pennhurst II, 465 U.S. at 465 U. S. 99, citing Quern v. Jordan, 440 U. S. 332 (1979). Accordingly, we hold that the Rehabilitation Act does not abrogate the Eleventh Amendment bar to suits against the States. "this is a case in which a 'congressional enactment . . . by its terms authorized suit by designated plaintiffs against a general class of defendants which literally included States or state instrumentalities,' and 'the State, by its participation in the program authorized by Congress, had in effect consented to the abrogation of that immunity,'" "has participated in and received funds from programs under the Rehabilitation Act, [it] has implicitly consented to be sued as a recipient under 29 U.S.C. § 794." in federal court. Ibid., citing Florida Dept. of Health v. Florida Nursing Home Assn., 450 U.S. at 450 U. S. 150; Edelman v. Jordan, supra, at 415 U. S. 673. The court erred, however, in concluding that, because various provisions of the Rehabilitation Act are addressed to the States, a State necessarily consents to suit in federal court by participating in programs funded under the statute. We have decided today that the Rehabilitation Act does not evince an unmistakable congressional purpose, pursuant to § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, to subject unconsenting States to the jurisdiction of the federal courts. The Act likewise falls far short of manifesting a clear intent to condition participation in the programs funded under the Act on a State's consent to waive its constitutional immunity. Thus, were we to view this statute as an enactment pursuant to the Spending Clause, Art. I, § 8, see n 4, supra, we would hold that there was no indication that the State of California consented to federal jurisdiction. A State may effectuate a waiver of its constitutional immunity by a state statute or constitutional provision, or by otherwise waiving its immunity to suit in the context of a particular federal program. In each of these situations, we require an unequivocal indication that the State intends to consent to federal jurisdiction that otherwise would be barred by the Eleventh Amendment. As we said in Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U. S. 651, 415 U. S. 673 (1974), "[c]onstructive consent is not a doctrine commonly associated with the surrender of constitutional rights, and we see no place for it here." "grounded on principles essential to the structure of our federal system or necessary to protect the cherished constitutional liberties of our people. . . ." Post at 473 U. S. 247-248; see also post at 473 U. S. 258, 473 U. S. 302. We believe, however, that our Eleventh Amendment doctrine is necessary to support the view of the federal system held by the Framers of the Constitution. See n 3, infra. The Framers believed that the States played a vital role in our system and that strong state governments were essential to serve as a "counterpoise" to the power of the Federal Government. See, e.g., The Federalist No. 17, p. 107 (J. Cooke ed.1961); The Federalist No. 46, p. 316 (J. Cooke ed.1961). The "new evidence," discovered by the dissent in The Federalist and in the records of the state ratifying conventions, has been available to historians and Justices of this Court for almost two centuries. Viewed in isolation, some of it is subject to varying interpretations. But none of the Framers questioned that the Constitution created a federal system with some authority expressly granted the Federal Government and the remainder retained by the several States. See, e.g., The Federalist Nos. 39, 45. The Constitution never would have been ratified if the States and their courts were to be stripped of their sovereign authority except as expressly provided by the Constitution itself. "That a State may not be sued without its consent is a fundamental rule of jurisprudence having so important a bearing upon the construction of the Constitution of the United States that it has become established by repeated decisions of this court that the entire judicial power granted by the Constitution does not embrace authority to entertain a suit brought by private parties against the State without consent given: not one brought by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of a foreign State, because of the Eleventh Amendment; and not even one brought by its own citizens, because of the fundamental rule of which the Amendment is but an exemplification." Ex parte New York, 256 U. S. 490, 256 U. S. 497 (1921) (citations omitted). See also cases cited in n 3, infra. "the issue is not the general immunity of the States from private suit, . . . but merely the susceptibility of the States to suit before federal tribunals." Employees v. Missouri Dept. of Public Health and Welfare, supra, at 411 U. S. 293-294 (concurring in result) (emphasis added). It denigrates the judges who serve on the state courts to suggest that they will not enforce the supreme law of the land. See Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304, 14 U. S. 341-344 (1816). See also Stone v. Powell, 428 U. S. 465, 428 U. S. 493, n. 35 (1976), and post at 473 U. S. 256, n. 8. In a remarkable view of stare decisis, JUSTICE BRENNAN's dissent states that our decision today evinces a "lack of respect for precedent." Post at 473 U. S. 258. Not a single authority is cited for this claim. In fact, adoption of the dissent's position would require us to overrule numerous decisions of this Court. However one may view the merits of the dissent's historical argument, the principle of Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U. S. 1 (1890), that "the fundamental principle of sovereign immunity limits the grant of judicial authority in Art. III," Pennhurst II, 465 U.S. at 465 U. S. 98, has been affirmed time and time again, up to the present day. E.g., North Carolina v. Temple, 134 U. S. 22, 134 U. S. 30 (1890); Fitts v. McGhee, 172 U. S. 516, 172 U. S. 524 (1899); Bell v. Mississippi, 177 U.S. 693 (1900); Smith v. Reeves, 178 U. S. 436, 178 U. S. 446 (1900); Palmer v. Ohio, 248 U. S. 32, 248 U. S. 34 (1918); Duhne v. New Jersey, 251 U. S. 311, 251 U. S. 313 (1920); Ex parte New York, 256 U.S. at 256 U. S. 497; Missouri v. Fiske, 290 U. S. 18, 290 U. S. 26 (1933); Great Northern Life Insurance Co. v. Read, 322 U. S. 47, 322 U. S. 51 (1944); Ford Motor Co. v. Department of Treasury of Indiana, 323 U. S. 459, 323 U. S. 464 (1945); Georgia Railroad & Banking Co. v. Redwine, 342 U. S. 299, 342 U. S. 304, n. 13 (1952); Parden v. Terminal Railway of Ala. Docks Dept., 377 U. S. 184, 377 U. S. 186 (1964); United States v. Mississippi, 380 U. S. 128, 380 U. S. 140 (1965); Employees v. Missouri Public Health and Welfare Dept., 411 U.S. at 411 U. S. 280; Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. at 415 U. S. 662-663; Pennhurst II, supra. JUSTICE BRENNAN long has maintained that the settled view of Hans v. Louisiana, as established in the holdings and reasoning of the above cited cases, is wrong. See, e.g., County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation, 470 U. S. 226, 470 U. S. 254 (1985) (BRENNAN, J., dissenting in part); Pennhurst II, supra, at 465 U. S. 125 (BRENNAN, J., dissenting); Employees v. Missouri Dept. of Public Health and Welfare, supra, at 411 U. S. 298 (BRENNAN, J., dissenting); Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. at 415 U. S. 687 (BRENNAN, J., dissenting). It is a view, of course, that he is entitled to hold. But the Court has never accepted it, and we see no reason to make a further response to the scholarly, 55-page elaboration of it today. In a dissent expressing his willingness to overrule Edelman v. Jordan, supra, as well as at least 16 other Supreme Court decisions that have followed Hans v. Louisiana, see supra, JUSTICE STEVENS would "further unrave[l] the doctrine of stare decisis," Florida Dept. of Health v. Florida Nursing Home Assn., 450 U. S. 147, 450 U. S. 155 (1981), because he views the Court's decision in Pennhurst II as "repudiat[ing] at least 28 cases." Post at 473 U. S. 304, citing Pennhurst II, supra, at 465 U. S. 165-166, n. 50 (STEVENS, J., dissenting). We previously have addressed at length his allegation that the decision in Pennhurst II overruled precedents of this Court, and decline to do so again here. See Pennhurst II, supra, at 465 U. S. 109-111, nn.19, 20, and 21. JUSTICE STEVENS would ignore stare decisis in this case because in the view of a minority of the Court two prior decisions of the Court ignored it. This reasoning would indeed "unravel" a doctrine upon which the rule of law depends. Petitioners assert that the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 does not represent an exercise of Congress' Fourteenth Amendment authority, but was enacted pursuant to the Spending Clause, Art. I, § 8, cl. 1. Petitioners conceded below, however, that the Rehabilitation Act was passed pursuant to § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus, we first analyze § 504 in light of Congress' power under the Fourteenth Amendment to subject unconsenting States to federal court jurisdiction. See Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U. S. 445 (1976). In Part V, infra, at 473 U. S. 246, we address the reasoning of the Court of Appeals and conclude that, by accepting funds under the Act, the State did not "implicitly consen[t] to be sued. . . ." 735 F.2d 359, 362 (1984). Although the Court of Appeals seemed to state that the Rehabilitation Act was adopted pursuant to § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, by focusing on whether the State consented to federal jurisdiction it engaged in analysis relevant to Spending Clause enactments. Eleventh Amendment doctrine diverges from text and history virtually without regard to underlying purposes or genuinely fundamental interests. In consequence, the Court has put the federal judiciary in the unseemly position of exempting the States from compliance with laws that bind every other legal actor in our Nation. Because I believe that the doctrine rests on flawed premises, misguided history, and an untenable vision of the needs of the federal system it purports to protect, I believe that the Court should take advantage of the opportunity provided by this case to reexamine the doctrine's historical and jurisprudential foundations. Such an inquiry would reveal that the Court, in Professor Shapiro's words, has taken a wrong turn. [Footnote 2/1] Because the Court today follows this mistaken path, I respectfully dissent. I first address the Court's holding that Congress did not succeed in abrogating the States' sovereign immunity when it enacted § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794. If this holding resulted from the Court's examination of the statute and its legislative history to determine whether Congress intended in § 504 to impose an obligation on the States enforceable in federal court, I would confine my dissent to the indisputable evidence to the contrary in the language and history of § 504. widespread state dependence on federal funds, it is quite incredible to assume that Congress did not intend that the States should be fully subject to the strictures of § 504. "Our Governments tax [handicapped] people, their parents and relatives, but fail to provide services for them. . . . The opportunities provided by the Government almost always exclude the handicapped." 117 Cong.Rec. 45974 (1971). He further referred approvingly to a federal court suit against the State of Pennsylvania raising the issue of educational opportunities for the handicapped. See id. at 45974-45975 (citing Pennsylvania Assn. for Retarded Children v. Pennsylvania, 343 F.Supp. 279 (ED Pa 1972), and characterizing it as a "suit against the State"). Two months later, Representative Vanik noted the range of state actions that could disadvantage the handicapped. He said that state governments "lack funds and facilities" for medical care for handicapped children and "favor the higher income families" in tuition funding. 118 Cong.Rec. 4341 (1972). He pointed out that "the States are unable to define and deal with" the illnesses of the handicapped child, and that "[e]xclusion of handicapped children [from public schools] is illegal in some States, but the States plead lack of funds." Ibid. Similarly, Senator Humphrey, the bill's sponsor in the Senate, focused particularly on a suit against a state-operated institution for the mentally retarded as demonstrating the need for the bill. See id. at 9495, 9502. to impose obligations on the States under other statutory schemes. For example, Title VI, enacted in 1964, bans discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin by "any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. Soon after its enactment, seven agencies promulgated regulations that defined a recipient of federal financial assistance to include "any State, political subdivision of any State or instrumentality of any State or political subdivision." See, e.g., 29 Fed.Reg. 16274, § 15.2(e) (1964). See generally Guardians Assn. v. Civil Service Comm'n of New York City, 463 U. S. 582, 463 U. S. 618 (1983) (MARSHALL, J., dissenting). Over 40 federal agencies and every Cabinet Department adopted similar regulations. Id. at 463 U. S. 619. As Senator Javits remarked in the debate on Title VI, "[w]e are primarily trying to reach units of government, not individuals." 110 Cong.Rec. 13700 (1964). "[n]o one should discriminate against an individual because he or she suffers from a handicap -- not private employers, not State and local governments, and most certainly not the Federal Government." "The remedies, procedures, and rights set forth in title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000d et seq.] shall be available to any person aggrieved by any act or failure to act by any recipient of Federal assistance or Federal provider of such assistance under section 794 of this title." "[W]ith respect to State and local bodies or State and local officials, attorney's fees, similar to other items of cost, would be collected from the official, in his official capacity from funds of his or her agency or under his or her control; or from the State or local government -- regardless of whether such agency or Government is a named party." Given the unequivocal legislative history, the Court's conclusion that Congress did not abrogate the States' sovereign immunity when it enacted § 504 obviously cannot rest on an analysis of what Congress intended to do or on what Congress thought it was doing. Congress intended to impose a legal obligation on the States not to discriminate against the handicapped. In addition, Congress fully intended that whatever remedies were available against other entities -- including the Federal Government itself after the 1978 amendments -- be equally available against the States. There is simply not a shred of evidence to the contrary. does not extend to suits by an individual against a State in federal court. "we will find waiver only where stated by the most express language or by such overwhelming implications from the text as will leave no room for any other reasonable construction." Id. at 415 U. S. 673. Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman, supra, required "an unequivocal expression of congressional intent." Id. at 465 U. S. 99. Finally, the Court today tightens the noose by requiring "that Congress must express its intention to abrogate the Eleventh Amendment in unmistakable language in the statute itself." Ante at 473 U. S. 243 (emphasis added). Reliance on this supposed constitutional policy reverses the ordinary role of the federal courts in federal question cases. Federal courts are instruments of the National Government, seeing to it that constitutional limitations are obeyed while interpreting the will of Congress in enforcing the federal laws. In the Eleventh Amendment context, however, the Court instead relies on a supposed constitutional policy disfavoring suits against States as justification for ignoring the will of Congress; the goal seems to be to obstruct the ability of Congress to achieve ends that are otherwise constitutionally unexceptionable and well within the reach of its Article I powers. limiting principles, the Court has overruled and ignored past cases that seemed to stand in the way of vindication of the doubtful States' right the Court has created. See Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman, 465 U.S. at 465 U. S. 165-166, n. 50. I might tolerate all of these results -- the unprecedented intrusion on Congress' lawmaking power and consequent increase in the power of the courts, the development of a complex set of rules to circumvent the obviously untenable results that would otherwise ensue, the lack of respect for precedent and the lessons of the past evident in Pennhurst -- if the Court's sovereign immunity doctrine derived from essential constitutional values protecting the freedom of our people or the structure of our federal system. But that is sadly not the case. Instead, the paradoxical effect of the Court's doctrine is to require the federal courts to protect States that violate federal law from the legal consequences of their conduct. and collated substantial evidence that the Court's constitutional doctrine of state sovereign immunity has rested on a mistaken historical premise. The flawed underpinning is the premise that either the Constitution or the Eleventh Amendment embodied a principle of state sovereign immunity as a limit on the federal judicial power. New evidence concerning the drafting and ratification of the original Constitution indicates that the Framers never intended to constitutionalize the doctrine of state sovereign immunity. Consequently, the Eleventh Amendment could not have been, as the Court has occasionally suggested, an effort to reestablish a limitation on the federal judicial power granted in Article III. Nor, given the limited terms in which it was written, could the Amendment's narrow and technical language be understood to have instituted a sweeping new limitation on the federal judicial power whenever an individual attempts to sue a State. A close examination of the historical records reveals a rather different status for the doctrine of state sovereign immunity in federal court. There simply is no constitutional principle of state sovereign immunity, and no constitutionally mandated policy of excluding suits against States from federal court. that Article III included a tacit prohibition on the exercise of the judicial power when a State was being sued in federal court. The early history of the Constitution reveals, however, that the Court in Hans was mistaken. The unamended Article III was often read, to the contrary, to prohibit not the exercise of the judicial power, but the assertion of state sovereign immunity as a defense, even in cases arising solely under state law. "The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; -- to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; -- to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; -- to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; -- to Controversies between two or more States; -- between a State and Citizens of another State; -- between Citizens of different States, -- between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects." at the focus of the Court's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 419 (1793), and the subsequent ratification of the Eleventh Amendment. To understand the dispute concerning the state-citizen and state-alien diversity clauses, it is crucial to understand the relationship between the party-based and subject matter heads of jurisdiction. The grants of jurisdiction in Article III are to be read disjunctively. The federal judicial power may extend to a case if it falls within any of the enumerated jurisdictional heads. Thus, a federal court can hear a federal question case even if the parties are citizens of the same state; it can exercise jurisdiction over cases between citizens of different states even where the case does not arise under federal law. Most important for present purposes, the language of the unamended Article III alone would permit the federal courts to exercise jurisdiction over suits in which a noncitizen or alien is suing a State on a claim of a violation of state law. sovereign immunity barred the exercise of the federal judicial power. A plaintiff seeking federal jurisdiction against a State under the state-citizen or state-alien diversity clauses would be asserting a cause of action based on state law, since a federal question or admiralty claim would provide an independent basis for jurisdiction that did not depend on the identity of the parties. To read the two clauses to abrogate the state law sovereign immunity defense would be to find in Article III a substantive federal limitation on state law. Although a State previously could create a cause of action to which it would not itself be liable, this same cause of action now could be used (at least by citizens of other States or aliens) in federal courts to sue the State itself. This was a particularly troublesome prospect to the States that had incurred debts, some of which dated back to the Revolutionary War. The debts would naturally find their way into the hands of noncitizens and aliens, who at the first sign of default could be expected promptly to sue the State in federal court. The State's effort to retain its sovereign immunity in its own courts would turn out to be futile. Moreover, the resulting abrogation of sovereign immunity would operate retroactively; even debts incurred years before the Constitution was adopted -- and before either of the contracting parties expected that a judicial remedy against the State would be available -- would become the basis for causes of action brought under the two clauses in federal court. for the State effectively to assert a sovereign immunity defense to that action. The records of the Constitutional Convention do not reveal any substantial controversy concerning the state-citizen and state-alien diversity clauses. [Footnote 2/13] The language of Article III, [Footnote 2/14] which provides one guide to its meaning, is undoubtedly consistent with suits against States under both subject matter heads of jurisdiction (for example, a suit arising out of federal law brought by a citizen against a State) and party-based heads of jurisdiction (for example, a suit brought under the state-citizen diversity clause itself). However, a federal question suit against a State does not threaten to displace a prior state law defense of sovereign immunity, because state law defenses would not, of their own force, be applicable to federal causes of action. On the other hand, a state-citizen suit against a State does, as suggested above, threaten to displace any extant state law sovereign immunity defense. references to state sovereign immunity all appear in discussions of the state-citizen diversity clause. Virtually all of the comments were addressed to the problem created by state debts that predated the Constitution, when the State's creditors may often have had meager judicial remedies in the case of default. Yet, even in this sensitive context, a number of participants in the debates welcomed the abrogation of sovereign immunity that they thought followed from the state-citizen and state-alien clauses. The debates do not directly address the question of suits against States in admiralty or federal question cases, where federal law and not state law would govern. Nonetheless, the apparent willingness of many delegates to read the state-citizen clause as abrogating sovereign immunity in state law causes of action suggests that they would have been even more willing to permit suits against States in federal question cases, where Congress had authorized such suits in the exercise of its Article I or other powers. "Claims respecting those lands, every liquidated account, or other claim against this state, will be tried before the federal court. Is not this disgraceful? Is this state to be brought to the bar of justice like a delinquent individual? Is the sovereignty of the state to be arraigned like a culprit, or private offender? Will the states undergo this mortification? I think this power perfectly unnecessary. But let us pursue this subject farther. What is to be done if a judgment be obtained against a state? Will you issue a fieri facias? It would be ludicrous to say that you could put the state's body in jail. How is the judgment, then, to be enforced? A power which cannot be executed ought not to be granted." 3 Elliot's Debates, at 526-527. Mason thus believed that the state-citizen diversity clause provided federal jurisdiction for suits against the States and would have the effect of abrogating the State's sovereign immunity defense in state law causes of action for debt that would be brought in federal court. "[Federal] jurisdiction in controversies between a state and citizens of another state is much objected to, and perhaps without reason. It is not in the power of individuals to call any state into court. The only operation it can have is that, if a state should wish to bring a suit against a citizen, it must be brought before the federal court. This will give satisfaction to individuals, as it will prevent citizens, on whom a state may have a claim, being dissatisfied with the state courts." "My honorable friend's remarks were right, with respect to incarcerating a state. It would ease my mind, if the honorable gentleman would tell me the manner in which money should be paid, if, in a suit between a state and individuals, the state were cast." gentlemen may put what construction they please on it. What! is justice to be done to one party, and not to the other?" "[t]he impossibility of calling a sovereign state before the jurisdiction of another sovereign state, shows the propriety and necessity of vesting this tribunal with the decision of controversies to which a state shall be a party." state, without the establishment of these tribunals?" defendant, is taken away by the words where a state shall be a party." "One thing is certain -- that . . . the remedy will not be sought against the settlers, but the state of Virginia. The court of equity will direct a compensation to be made by the state." "I ask the Convention of the free people of Virginia if there can be honesty in rejecting the government because justice is to be done by it? . . . Are we to say that we shall discard this government because it would make us all honest?" Id. at 575. [Footnote 2/18] One of the purposes of Article III was to vest in the federal courts the power to settle disputes that might threaten the peace and unity of the Nation. [Footnote 2/19] Randolph saw the danger of just this kind of internecine strife when a State reneges on debts owed to citizens of another State, and consequently applauded the extension of federal jurisdiction to avoid these consequences. "There are some powers proposed to be lodged in the general government in the judicial department, I think very unnecessarily, I mean powers respecting questions arising upon the internal laws of the respective states. It is proper the federal judiciary should have powers co-extensive with the federal legislature -- that is, the power of deciding finally on the laws of the union. By Art. 3. Sect. 2, the powers of the federal judiciary are extended (among other things) to all cases between a state and citizens of another state -- between citizens of different states -- between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens of subjects. Actions in all these cases, except against a state government, are now brought and finally determined in the law courts of the states respectively; and as there are no words to exclude these courts of their jurisdiction in these cases, they will have concurrent jurisdiction with the inferior federal courts in them." "How far it may be proper to admit a foreigner or the citizen of another state to bring actions against state governments, which have failed in performing so many promises made during the war, is doubtful: how far it may be proper so to humble a state, as to bring it to answer to an individual in a court of law is worthy of consideration; the states are now subject to no such actions; and this new jurisdiction will subject the states, and many defendants to actions, and processes, which were not in the contemplation of the parties when the contract was made; all engagements existing between citizens of different states, citizens and foreigners, states and foreigners; and states and citizens of other states were made the parties contemplating the remedies then existing on the laws of the states -- and the new remedy proposed to be given in the federal courts, can be founded on no principle whatever." Id. at 41-42. This discussion undoubtedly presupposes that States would be parties defendant in suits on state law causes of action under the state-citizen diversity clause; the author objects to barring sovereign immunity defenses in cases "arising upon the internal laws of the respective states." However, the anti-Federalist author plainly also believes that the powers of the federal courts are to be coextensive with the powers of Congress. Thus, the deficiency of state-citizen diversity jurisdiction is not that it permits the federal courts to hear suits against States based on federal causes of action, but that it permits the federal courts to exercise jurisdiction beyond the lawmaking powers of Congress: it provides new remedies for state creditors "which were not in the contemplation of the parties when the contract was made." "I conceive the clause which extends the power of the judicial to controversies arising between a state and citizens of another state improper in itself, and will, in its exercise, prove most pernicious and destructive." "It is improper because it subjects a state to answer in a court of law to the suit of an individual. This is humiliating and degrading to a government, and, what I believe, the supreme authority of no state ever submitted to." "Every state in the union is largely indebted to individuals. For the payment of these debts, they have given notes payable to the bearer. At least this is the case in this state. Whenever a citizen of another state becomes possessed of one of these notes, he may commence an action in the supreme court of the general government; and I cannot see any way in which he can be prevented from recovering." "If the power of the judicial under this clause will extend to the cases above stated, it will, if executed, produce the utmost confusion, and in its progress, will crush the states beneath its weight. And if it does not extend to these cases, I confess myself utterly at a loss to give it any meaning." power of doing justice to the latter. Without this power, a single state, or one of its citizens, might embroil the whole union in a foreign war." 14 Documentary History at 204. Pickering's comments are particularly revealing because, unlike the previous comments, they do not focus on the problem caused by the abrogation of sovereign immunity in state law causes of action. In fact, his views seem to be consistent with the view that a federal court adjudicating a state law claim should apply an applicable state law sovereign immunity defense. Pickering justifies the existence of state-citizen diversity jurisdiction in part as a remedy for state laws that are unjust or unfair to noncitizens. Such laws would, of course, implicate the interests protected by the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV. His comments, like those of the "Federal Farmer," thus suggest the recognized need for a federal forum to adjudicate cases implicating the guarantees of the Federal Constitution -- even those cases in which a State is the defendant. "I shall take occasion to mention here a supposition which has excited some alarm upon very mistaken grounds: it has been suggested that an assignment of the public securities of one state to the citizens of another would enable them to prosecute that state in the federal courts for the amount of those securities. A suggestion which the following considerations prove to be without foundation." of this immunity in the plan of the convention, it will remain with the States, and the danger intimated must be merely ideal. The circumstances which are necessary to produce an alienation of State sovereignty were discussed in considering the article of taxation, and need not be repeated here. A recurrence to the principles there established will satisfy us that there is no color to pretend that the state governments would, by the adoption of that plan, be divested of the privilege of paying their own debts in their own way, free from every constraint but that which flows from the obligations of good faith. The contracts between a nation and individuals are only binding on the conscience of the sovereign, and have no pretensions to a compulsive force. They confer no right of action independent of the sovereign will. To what purpose would it be to authorize suits against States for the debts they owe? How could recoveries be enforced? It is evident, that it could not be done without waging war against the contracting State; and to ascribe to the federal courts, by mere implication, and in destruction of a preexisting right of the state governments, a power which would involve such a consequence would be altogether forced and unwarrantable." against States when "the plan of the convention" required this result. Given the Supremacy Clause and the enumeration of congressional powers in Article I, "the plan of the convention" requires States to answer in federal courts for violations of duties lawfully imposed on them by Congress in the exercise of its Article I powers. Third, the repeated references by Hamilton and others to the need for the federal courts to be able to exercise jurisdiction that is as extensive as Congress' powers to legislate suggests that, if Congress had the substantive power under Article I to enact legislation providing rights of action against the States, the federal courts under Article III could be given jurisdiction to hear such cases. "the Supreme Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of all controversies of a civil nature, where a state is a party, except between a state and its citizens; and except also between a state and citizens of other states, or aliens, in which latter case it shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction." Those with disputes against States had no doubt that state-citizen diversity jurisdiction gave them a remedy in federal court. The first case docketed in this Court was Vanstophorst v. Maryland, 2 Dall. 401 (191), a suit by Dutch creditors who sought judgments to recover principal and interest on Revolutionary War loans to the State of Maryland. Although a number of other cases were brought against States prior to the passage of the Eleventh Amendment, [Footnote 2/31] the most significant of course was Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 419 (1793). Chisholm was an action in assumpsit by a citizen of South Carolina for the price of military goods sold to Georgia in 1777. [Footnote 2/32] The case squarely presented the question whether a State could be sued in federal court. crucial to an understanding of the meaning of the Eleventh Amendment. First, two members of the Committee on Detail that had drafted Article III at the Convention were involved in the Chisholm case. Both believed that a State could be sued in federal court. Edmund Randolph, Washington's Attorney General who had previously represented the plaintiff in Vanstophorst v. Maryland, supra, represented the Chisholm plaintiff and argued strongly that a State must be amenable to suit in federal court as a result of the plain words of Article III, 2 Dall. at 421 [argument of counsel omitted from electronic version], the necessity for enforcing the constitutional prohibitions on the States, id. at 422, and the implicit consent to suit that occurred on ratification of the Constitution, id. at 423. Justice James Wilson, another of the drafters of Article III, delivered a lengthy opinion in which he urged that sovereign immunity had no proper application within the new Republic. Id. at 2 U. S. 453-466. State could be sued in federal court where the cause of action arose under federal law. "I have now, I think, established the following particulars. -- 1st. That the Constitution, so far as it respects the judicial authority, can only be carried into effect by acts of the Legislature appointing Courts, and prescribing their methods of proceeding. 2d. That Congress has provided no new law in regard to this case, but expressly referred us to the old. 3d. That there are no principles of the old law, to which we must have recourse, that in any manner authorize the present suit, either by precedent or by analogy." suit of any person or persons, citizens or foreigners, or of any body politic or corporate whether within or without the United States." "The Judicial power of the United States shall not extend to any suits in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State." 3 Annals of Cong. 651-652 (1793). Congress then recessed on March 4, 1793, without taking any action on the proposed Amendment. 4 Annals of Cong. 25 (1794) (emphasis added). This differed from the original February 20 resolution only in the addition of the three italicized words. Senator Gallatin moved to amend the resolution to add the words "except in cases arising under treaties made under the authority of the United States" after "The Judicial power of the United States." Id. at 30. After rejecting Gallatin's proposal, the Senate then rejected an amendment offered by an unknown Senator that would have forbidden suits against States only "where the cause of action shall have arisen before the ratification of this amendment." Ibid. [Footnote 2/38] The Senate ultimately voted 23-2 in favor of the Amendment. Ibid. The language of the Eleventh Amendment, its legislative history, and the attendant historical circumstances all strongly suggest that the Amendment was intended to remedy an interpretation of the Constitution that would have had the state-citizen and state-alien diversity clauses of Article III abrogating the state law of sovereign immunity on state law causes of action brought in federal courts. The economy of this explanation, which accounts for the rather legalistic terms in which the Amendment and Article III were written, does not require extravagant assumptions about the unexpressed intent of Congress and the state legislatures, and is itself a strong point in its favor. The original Constitution did not embody a principle of sovereign immunity as a limit on the federal judicial power. There is simply no reason to believe that the Eleventh Amendment established such a broad principle for the first time. The historical record in fact confirms that, far from correcting the error made in Chisholm, the Court's interpretation of the Eleventh Amendment makes a similar mistake. The Chisholm Court had interpreted the state-citizen clause of Article III to work a major substantive change in state law, or at least in those cases arising under state law that found their way to federal court. The Eleventh Amendment corrected that error, and henceforth required that the party-based heads of jurisdiction in Article III be construed not to work this kind of drastic modification of state law. The Court's current interpretation of the Eleventh Amendment makes the opposite mistake, construing the Eleventh Amendment to work a major substantive change in federal law. According to the Court, the Eleventh Amendment imposes a substantive limit on the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, limiting the remedies that Congress may authorize for state violations of federal law. This construction suffers from the same defect as that of Chisholm: both construe the enumeration of heads of jurisdiction to impose substantive limits on lawmaking authority. Article III grants a federal question jurisdiction to the federal courts that is as broad as is the lawmaking authority of Congress. If Congress acting within its Article I or other powers creates a legal right and remedy, and if neither the right nor the remedy violates any provision of the Constitution outside Article III, then Congress may entrust adjudication of claims based on the newly created right to the federal courts -- even if the defendant is a State. Neither Article III nor the Eleventh Amendment imposes an independent limit on the lawmaking authority of Congress. This view makes sense of the language, history, and purposes of Article III and of the Eleventh Amendment. It is also the view that was adopted in the earliest interpretations of the Amendment by the Marshall Court. ratification of the Constitution, the decision in Chisholm v. Georgia, and the subsequent enactment of the Eleventh Amendment, the Marshall Court's views on the meaning of the Amendment should take on particular importance. "The most bigoted idolizers of State authority have not thus far shewn a disposition to deny the national judiciary the cognizance of maritime causes." The Federalist No. 80, p. 538 (J. Cooke ed.1961). Although few admiralty cases could be expected to arise in which the States were defendants, the Marshall Court, in the few instances in which it confronted the issue, showed a strong reluctance to construe the Eleventh Amendment to interfere with the admiralty jurisdiction of the federal courts. "If these proceeds had been the actual property of Pennsylvania, however wrongfully acquired, the disclosure of that fact would have presented a case on which it was unnecessary to give an opinion." Id. at 9 U. S. 139. Nonetheless, Marshall's construction of the Eleventh Amendment by preserving the essential remedy of a money judgment that, in effect, ran against the State, left federal admiralty jurisdiction intact. Later that same year, Justice Bushrod Washington, who had sat on the Peters Court, heard a sequel to Peters that arose when the State resisted the execution of the Peters judgment. United States v. Bright, 24 F.Cas. 1232 (No. 14,647) (CC Pa. 1809). After agreeing with the Peters Court that the State Treasurer could be sued for the funds in his private capacity, he went on to note that the Eleventh Amendment, in terms, applies only to suits "in law or equity." Because the Framers of the Amendment did not add the words "or to cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction," id. at 1236, the Amendment should not be construed to extend to admiralty cases. [Footnote 2/45] Washington thus did not read the Amendment to require a broad constitutional prohibition of suits against States in federal court. Moreover, given the importance of admiralty jurisdiction at the time, Congress' failure to include admiralty suits in the express terms of the statute was unlikely to have been an oversight. "[I]f the 11th amendment to the Constitution does not extend to proceedings in admiralty, it was a case for the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court." "It has been doubted, whether this amendment extends to cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, where the proceeding is in rem and not in personam. There, the jurisdiction of the court is founded upon the possession of the thing; and if the state should interpose a claim for the property, it does not act merely in the character of a defendant, but as an actor. Besides the language of the amendment is that 'the judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity.' But a suit in the admiralty is not, correctly speaking, a suit in law or in equity, but is often spoken of in contradistinction to both." Until 1875, Congress did not endow the federal courts with general federal question jurisdiction. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court had several opportunities to decide federal question cases against States. In some of these, suit was brought against a State in state court and an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court. If the Eleventh Amendment had constitutionalized state sovereign immunity as a limit to the Article III federal judicial power, it would have operated as a limit on both original and appellate federal question jurisdiction, for nothing in the text or subsequent interpretations of Article III suggests that the federal judicial power extends more broadly to hear appeals than to decide original cases. [Footnote 2/48] Although the Court has largely ignored this consequence of its constitutional sovereign immunity doctrine, [Footnote 2/49] it was a consequence that the Marshall Court squarely faced. "We think, then, that as the constitution originally stood, the appellate jurisdiction of this Court, in all cases arising under the constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States, was not arrested by the circumstance that a State was a party." Id. at 19 U. S. 405. error be a suit in the sense of the 11th amendment, it is not a suit commenced or prosecuted 'by a citizen of another State, or by a citizen or subject of any foreign State.' It is not then within the amendment, but is governed entirely by the constitution as originally framed, and we have already seen that, in its origin, the judicial power was extended to all cases arising under the constitution or laws of the United States, without respect to parties." or appellate form, or both, as the wisdom of congress may direct. With the exception of these cases in which original jurisdiction is given to this court, there is none to which the judicial power extends, from which the original jurisdiction of the inferior courts is excluded by the constitution. Original jurisdiction, so far as the constitution gives a rule, is co-extensive with the judicial power. We find in the constitution no prohibition to its exercise in every case in which the judicial power can be exercised." "It would be a very bold construction to say that [the judicial] power could be applied in its appellate form only to the most important class of cases to which it is applicable." Osborn itself involved several important Eleventh Amendment issues. The State of Ohio had seized bank notes and specie of the Bank of the United States pursuant to a statute imposing a tax on the Bank. The statute was evidently unconstitutional under the Court's holding in McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316 (1819). The Bank, which was treated as a private corporation, and not a division of the Federal Government, for purposes of the suit, obtained an injunction in federal court prohibiting the State from enforcing the tax and requiring the return of the seized funds. The State of Ohio appealed to the Supreme Court, relying in part on the Eleventh Amendment as a bar to the proceedings. the jurisdiction granted by the constitution over suits against States, is, of necessity, limited to those suits in which a State is a party on the record." "The amendment has its full effect if the constitution be construed as it would have been construed had the jurisdiction of the court never been extended to suits brought against a State, by the citizens of another State, or by aliens." Id. at 22 U. S. 857-858. The restatement of the principle of Cohens demonstrates Marshall's understanding that neither Article III nor the Eleventh Amendment limits the ability of the federal courts to hear the full range of cases arising under federal law. a careful reading of the Marshall Court's precedents indicates that the Marshall Court consistently adopted narrow and technical readings of the Amendment's import, and thus carefully retained the full measure of federal question and admiralty jurisdiction. The Marshall Court's precedents, and the original understanding of the Eleventh Amendment, survived until near the end of the 19th century. In 1875, Congress gave the federal courts general original federal question jurisdiction. 18 Stat. 470. For the first time, suits could now be brought against States in federal court based on the existence of a federal cause of action. In Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U. S. 1 (1890), a citizen of Louisiana sued his State for payment on some bonds that the state government had repudiated. The plaintiff claimed a violation of the Contracts Clause. The Court held in favor of the State and ordered the suit dismissed. no anomalous and unheard-of proceedings or suits were intended to be raised up by the Constitution -- anomalous and unheard of when the Constitution was adopted." Id. at 134 U. S. 18. The opinion can thus sensibly be read to have dismissed the suit before it on the ground that no federal cause of action supported the plaintiff's suit and that state law causes of action would of course be subject to the ancient common law doctrine of sovereign immunity. First, the opinion cites the comments by Madison, Marshall, and Hamilton in the ratification debates. Id. at 134 U. S. 12-14. The Court concludes that permitting suits against States would be "startling and unexpected," id. at 134 U. S. 11, and would "strain the Constitution and the law to a construction never imagined or dreamed of." Id. at 134 U. S. 15. The historical record outlined above demonstrates that the Court's history was plainly mistaken. Numerous individuals at the time of the Constitution's ratification believed that it would have exactly the effect the Hans Court found unimaginable. Moreover, even the comments of Madison, Marshall, and Hamilton need not be taken to advocate a constitutional doctrine of state sovereign immunity. Read literally and in context, all three were explicitly addressed to the particular problem of the state-citizen diversity clause. All three were vitally concerned with the constitutionally unauthorized displacement of the state law of creditors' rights and remedies that would be worked by an incorrect reading of the state-citizen diversity clause. All three are fully consistent with a recognition that the Constitution neither abrogated nor instituted state sovereign immunity, but rather left the ancient doctrine as it found it: a state law defense available in state law causes of action prosecuted in federal court. "in cases arising under the Constitution or laws of the United States, a State may be sued in the federal courts by its own citizens, though it cannot be sued for a like cause of action by the citizens of other States, or of a foreign state." Id. at 134 U. S. 10. Even if such an "anomaly" existed, it would not justify judicial rewriting of the Eleventh Amendment and Article III and the wholesale disregard of precedents. But in any event, a close look at the historical record reveals that the "anomaly" can easily be avoided without a general expansion of a constitutionalized sovereign immunity doctrine. The Eleventh Amendment can and should be interpreted in accordance with its original purpose to reestablish the ancient doctrine of sovereign immunity in state law causes of action based on the state-citizen and state-alien diversity clauses; in such a state law action, the identity of the parties is not, alone, sufficient to permit federal jurisdiction. If federal jurisdiction is based on the existence of a federal question or some other clause of Article III, however, the Eleventh Amendment has no relevance. There is thus no Article III limitation on otherwise proper suits against States by citizens, noncitizens, or aliens, and no "anomaly" that requires such drastic "correction." The doctrine that has thus been created is pernicious. In an era when sovereign immunity has been generally recognized by courts and legislatures as an anachronistic and unnecessary remnant of a feudal legal system, see, e.g., Great Northern Life Ins. Co. v. Read, 322 U. S. 47, 322 U. S. 57 (1944) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting); Muskopf v. Corning Hospital Dist., 55 Cal.2d 211, 359 P.2d 457 (1961); W. Prosser, The Law of Torts 984-987 (4th ed.1971), the Court has aggressively expanded its scope. If this doctrine were required to enhance the liberty of our people in accordance with the Constitution's protections, I could accept it. If the doctrine were required by the structure of the federal system created by the Framers, I could accept it. Yet the current doctrine intrudes on the ideal of liberty under law by protecting the States from the consequences of their illegal conduct. And the decision obstructs the sound operation of our federal system by limiting the ability of Congress to take steps it deems necessary and proper to achieve national goals within its constitutional authority. See Shapiro, Wrong Turns: The Eleventh Amendment and the Pennhurst Case, 98 Harv.L.Rev. 61 (1984). For instance, in 1972-1973, the year in which Congress was considering § 504, state governments received over $31 billion in revenue from the Federal Government. By 1981-1982, this had grown to $66 billion. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics on Governmental Finances and Employment 34 (1982). "Section 504 was patterned after, and is almost identical to, the antidiscrimination language of section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, . . . and section 901 of the Education Amendments of 1974 [sic]." S.Rep. No. 93-1297, pp. 39-40 (1974). These amendments and their history "clarified the scope of § 504" and "shed significant light on the intent with which § 504 was enacted." Alexander v. Choate, 469 U. S. 287, 469 U. S. 306-307, n. 27 (1985). "it did not seem right to me that the Federal Government should require States and localities to eliminate discrimination against the handicapped wherever it exists and remain exempt themselves." "[a]lthough a State's general waiver of sovereign immunity may subject it to suit in state court, it is not enough to waive the immunity guaranteed by the Eleventh Amendment." Ibid. Ordinarily, a federal court is expected faithfully to decide state law questions before it as the courts of a State would. I would think that a federal court deciding the scope of a state waiver of sovereign immunity should attempt to construe the state law of sovereign immunity as a state court would, making use of relevant legislative history and legal precedents. Yet, despite the absence of any identifiable federal interest that would justify a departure from state law, the Court eschews any effort to construe California's constitutional waiver requirement in accordance with California law. See e.g., Muskopf v. Corning Hospital Dist., 55 Cal.2d 211, 216, 359 P.2d 457, 460 (1961) (abrogating state sovereign immunity for all tort cases and holding it to be an "anachronism, without rational basis, and exist[ing] only by the force of inertia"). Id. at 216, 359 P.2d at 460. Instead, the Court seems to believe that the Eleventh Amendment justifies the Court in imposing on the state legislatures, as well as Congress, special rules of statutory draftsmanship if they would make a waiver of state sovereign immunity in federal court successful. Apparently, even States that want to make a federal forum available for the fair adjudication of grievances arising under federal law ought to be deterred from doing so. See also Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman, 465 U. S. 89, 465 U. S. 99 (1984) ("Our reluctance to infer that a State's immunity from suit in the federal courts has been negated stems from recognition of the vital role of the doctrine of sovereign immunity in our federal system"). In this case, the Court's decision relentlessly to apply its "clear statement rule" demonstrates how that rule serves no purpose other than obstructing the will of Congress. When Congress enacted § 504, it could have had no idea that it must obey the extreme clear statement rule adopted by the Court for the first time today. The roots of that rule are found in Employees v. Missouri Dept. of Public Health and Welfare, 411 U. S. 279 (1973), which was decided on April 18, 1973. Cf. Parden v. Terminal Railway of Ala. Docks Dept., 377 U. S. 184 (1964). The Employees case, of course, did not itself lay down the extreme rule adopted today. In any event, the bill which became § 504 had been first enacted six months previously. See 118 Cong.Rec. 35841 (Oct. 13, 1972) (enactment of bill by Senate); id. at 36409 (Oct. 14, 1972) (enactment of bill by House). It was then vetoed by the President and reenacted in February, 1973. See 119 Cong.Rec. 5901 (Feb. 28, 1973) (Senate); id. at 7139 (Mar. 8, 1973) (House). Another veto followed, and the legislation was finally signed into law on September 26, 1973. See id. at 29633 (Sept. 13, 1973) (Senate enactment of final bill); id. at 30151 (Sept. 18, 1973) (House enactment of final bill). Given this chronology, for the Court now to hold that Congress did not abrogate the States' immunity because it did not "unequivocally express this intention in the statutory language" is to change the rules for lawmaking after Congress has already acted. Congress, like other officials, "cannot be expected to predict the future course of constitutional law." Procunier v. Navarette, 434 U. S. 555, 434 U. S. 562 (1978). There are other rules created specifically to permit suits that would appear to be barred by any thoroughgoing interpretation of the Eleventh Amendment as a bar to exercise of the federal judicial power in suits against States. For instance, Lincoln County v. Lunin, 133 U. S. 529, 133 U. S. 530 (1890), established that the Eleventh Amendment is not a bar to suits against local governmental units. In addition, it seems to have been a longstanding, though unarticulated, rule that the Eleventh Amendment does not limit exercise of otherwise proper federal appellate jurisdiction over suits from state courts. For instance, in Bacchus Imports, Ltd. v. Dias, 468 U. S. 263 (1984), we adjudicated a taxpayer's appeal from an unfavorable judgment in a suit against state officials for refund of taxes. Cf. Edelman v. Jordan. Compare Martinez v. California, 444 U. S. 277 (1980) (adjudicating appeal of § 1983 action brought against State in state court) with Quern v. Jordan, 440 U. S. 332 (1979) (holding that § 1983 does not abrogate state sovereign immunity in federal court). See also Williams v. Vermont, 472 U. S. 14 (1985); Summa Corp. v. California ex rel State Lands Comm'n, 466 U. S. 198 (1984); Aloha Airlines, Inc. v. Director of Taxation of Hawaii, 464 U. S. 7 (1983); Thomas v. Review Board of Ind. Employment Security Div., 450 U. S. 707 (1981); Bonelli Cattle Co. v. Arizona, 414 U. S. 313 (1973). In this case, for instance, damages may well be the only practical relief available for respondent. He originally brought suit in 1979 alleging that the State had improperly denied him employment as a graduate student assistant recreational therapist. Even if he had brought suit against state officials as well as the State itself, it is reasonable to suppose that now -- six years later -- he has attained his degree and would obtain no benefit from an injunction ordering the end of discrimination against the handicapped in hiring graduate student assistants. "For people in [Scanlon's] shoes, it is damages or nothing." Biven v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotic Agents, 403 U. S. 388, 403 U. S. 410 (1971). Congress, of course, may decide in a given case that a remedial scheme should be limited to either damages or injunctive relief. Cf. 42 U.S.C. § 2000a-3(a) (statute limiting remedy to "preventive" relief against all defendants). Our role in such a case is to interpret the will of Congress with respect to the scope of the permissible relief. In the Eleventh Amendment context, however, the Court seems to have decided that the supposed constitutional policy disfavoring suits against States justifies limiting the scope of relief regardless of the apparent will of Congress. See, e.g., Fletcher, A Historical Interpretation of the Eleventh Amendment: A Narrow Construction of an Affirmative Grant of Jurisdiction Rather than a Prohibition Against Jurisdiction, 35 Stan.L.Rev. 1033 (1983) (hereinafter Fletcher); Gibbons, The Eleventh Amendment and State Sovereign Immunity: A Reinterpretation, 83 Colum.L.Rev. 1889 (1983) (hereinafter Gibbons); C. Jacobs, The Eleventh Amendment and Sovereign Immunity (1972) (hereinafter Jacobs); Field, The Eleventh Amendment and Other Sovereign Immunity Doctrines, 126 U.Pa.L.Rev. 515, 1203 (1978) (hereinafter Field); Nowak, The Scope of Congressional Power to Create Causes of Action Against State Governments and the History of the Eleventh and Fourteenth Amendments, 75 Colum.L.Rev. 1413 (1975); Orth, The Interpretation of the Eleventh Amendment, 1798-1908: A Case Study of Judicial Power, 1983 U.Ill.L.Rev. 423; Shapiro, Wrong Turns: The Eleventh Amendment and the Pennhurst Case, 98 Harv.L.Rev. 61 (1984); Engdahl, Immunity and Accountability for Positive Governmental Wrongs, 44 U.Colo.L.Rev. 1 (1972). Professor Jaffe has explained that the doctrine of sovereign immunity in English practice prior to 1789 rarely was a bar to effective relief for those who had legitimate claims against the government. See Jaffe, Suits Against Governments and Officers: Sovereign Immunity, 77 Harv.L.Rev. 1 (1963). Judge Gibbons' recent essay similarly points out that the doctrine of sovereign immunity in the Colonies may also have had a very limited scope. See Gibbons, at 1895-1899. See Fletcher, at 1045-1046; Jacobs, at 14-20. "[t]he jurisdiction of the supreme tribunal shall extend . . . to such other cases, as the national legislature may assign, as involving the national peace and harmony, in the collection of the revenue[,] in disputes between citizens of different states[,] in disputes between a State & a Citizen or Citizens of another State[,] in disputes between different states; and in disputes, in which subjects or citizens of other countries are concerned[,] & in Cases of Admiralty Jurisdiction." (Angle brackets in source omitted.) 2 M. Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, pp. 146-147 (rev. ed.1937) (hereinafter Farrand). This jurisdiction was to be appellate only, "except in . . . those instances, in which the legislature shall make it original." Ibid. Interestingly, the Committee's draft of Article III was in James Wilson's handwriting, but the state-citizen diversity clause was written in the margin by another Committee member, John Rutledge of South Carolina. See Putnam, How the Federal Courts were Given Admiralty Jurisdiction, 10 Cornell L.Q. 460, 467 (1925) (facsimile of original document). A number of possible grounds for state liability existed in Virginia on the eve of that State's Ratification Convention. Aside from the problem of debts owed by the State, the Treaty of Paris of 1783, 8 Stat. 80, between Britain and the United States included a number of provisions that could subject the States to liability to British creditors. Article V of the Treaty recognized completed state confiscations, or escheats, of British property. Article VI, however, prohibited escheats that had not yet been completed. Virginia, like other States, had provided for the confiscation of debts owed to British creditors or the discharge of such debts by payment into the state treasury. See Gibbons at 1903. The Treaty thus potentially subjected Virginia to substantial liability to British creditors trying to collect these debts, although enforcement of the Treaty's provisions was largely impossible under the Articles of Confederation. See generally id. at 1899-1902, 1903-1908. See also 3 J. Elliot, Debates on the Federal Constitution 529 (1891) (hereinafter Elliot's Debates) (further discussion of problem of land confiscation). To interpret Marshall's remarks to endorse a principle of wholesale state immunity from suit on any cause of action -- state or federal -- in federal court would render them inconsistent with the views he later expressed as Chief Justice. See infra at 473 U. S. 292-299. Before the discussion of the state-citizen clause initiated by Mason, Randolph had earlier made much the same point while summarizing his views of the Constitution: "I admire that part which forces Virginia to pay her debts." 3 Elliot's Debates, at 207. "[t]hat the jurisdiction of the national Judiciary shall extend to cases arising under laws passed by the general Legislature, and to such other questions as involve the National peace and harmony." It has been suggested that the remarks of the opponents of the Constitution should be given less weight. However, the same argument could be made concerning the remarks of Madison and Marshall, especially in light of Marshall's later interpretation of Article III as Chief Justice. See infra, at 473 U. S. 295. Their fervent desire for ratification could have led them to downplay the features of the new document that were arousing controversy. See Field at 534. The only element of the debate that suggests a broader concern is the repeated reference to the problem of enforcing a judgment against the State. Of course, even these statements were made in the context of the discussion of the state-citizen diversity clause, and the participants in the debate may well not have had their attention directed to the need, ultimately vindicated by the Civil War, to enforce federal law against the States, regardless of the means necessary for enforcement. In any event, the Court has categorically rejected the difficulty of enforcing judgments against the States as ground for permitting States to avoid their obligations. It has long been established that a State may not claim sovereign immunity when it is sued by another State under the Article III State-State clause, see South Dakota v. North Carolina, 192 U. S. 286 (1904), or when it is sued by the United States. See United States v. Texas, 143 U. S. 621, 143 U. S. 642-646 (1892). Moreover, the prospective and injunctive relief that is permitted in actions pleaded against a state official, see Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U. S. 651 (1974), may raise enforcement problems as difficult as those raised by a judgment for damages in a suit against a State. Cf. Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U. S. 1 (1958). For discussion of the state-citizen clause in other conventions, see Gibbons, at 1902-1903 (Pennsylvania), 1912-1914 (North Carolina); Fletcher, at 1050-1051; Jacobs, at 27-40 (Pennsylvania). In the Pennsylvania Convention, for instance, James Wilson approved of the state-citizen clause that had been drafted in his own Committee on Detail: "When a citizen has a controversy with another state, there ought to be a tribunal where both parties may stand on a just and equal footing." 2 Elliot's Debates at 491. The essay cited here can also be found at 2 The Complete Anti-Federalist 245 (H. Storing ed.1981). Professor Storing has questioned its attribution to Richard Henry Lee. Id. at 214-216. See, e.g., J. Main, The Antifederalists 157 (1961) (quoting 178 letter raising question whether state-citizen diversity clause would not "expose every State to be sued in the New Court, on their public securities holden by Citizens of other States"); 13 Documentary History, at 434 (widely reprinted essay by Federalist Tench Coxe) ("[W]hen a trial is to be had between the citizens of any state and those of another, or the government of another, the private citizen will not be obliged to go into a court constituted by the state, with which, or with the citizens of which, his dispute is. He can appeal to a disinterested federal court"); 14 Documentary History, at 72 (pro-Federalist pamphlet published in Philadelphia and reprinted elsewhere) ("[States] will indeed have the privilege of oppressing their own citizens by bad laws or bad administration; but the moment the mischief extends beyond their own State, and begins to affect the citizens of other States[,] strangers, or the national welfare, -- the salutary controul of the supreme power will check the evil, and restore strength and security, as well as honesty and right, to the offending state"). "as the plan of the convention aims only at a partial Union or consolidation, the State Governments would clearly retain all the rights of sovereignty which they before had and which were not by that act exclusively delegated to the United States." The Federalist No. 32, p. 200 (J. Cooke ed.1961) (emphasis in original). The Constitution had not delegated to the National Government the general power to define defenses to state law causes of action; consequently, nothing in Article III abrogated state sovereign immunity in state law causes of action in federal or state courts. On the other hand, the Constitution had delegated to the National Government a series of enumerated powers, and had made federal laws enacted pursuant thereto the supreme law of the land. Therefore, the States had surrendered their immunity from suit on federal causes of action when the Constitution was ratified. "What, for instance, would avail restrictions on the authority of the state legislatures without some constitutional mode of enforcing the observance of them? The states, by the plan of the convention, are prohibited from doing a variety of things; some of which are incompatible with the interests of the union, and others with the principles of good government." The Federalist No. 80, p. 350 (J. Cooke ed.1961). The constitutional mode for enforcing the federal laws, according to Hamilton, was the federal judiciary. Ibid. Again, insofar as the States have thus given up powers to the Federal Government in the "plan of the convention," they are no longer full sovereigns and may be subjected to suit. A number of scholars have noted comments by Hamilton elsewhere in The Federalist Papers that strongly suggest that he foresaw the necessity for suits against States in federal court. See Fletcher at 1048; Gibbons at 1908-1912; Field at 534-535. The view that the power of the federal courts under federal question jurisdiction had to be congruent with the power of Congress to legislate under Article I is strongly supported by other writings of Hamilton, as well as by other comments made in defense of Article III. See, e.g., The Federalist, No. 80, p. 535 (J. Cooke ed.1961) ("If there are such things as political axioms, the propriety of the judicial power of a government being co-extensive with its legislative may be ranked among the number"); 3 Elliot's Debates, at 532 (remarks of Madison) ("With respect to the laws of the Union, it is so necessary and expedient that the judicial power should correspond with the legislative, that it has not been objected to"). "nothing in the Constitution now under consideration contained is to be construed to authorize any suit to be brought against any state, in any manner whatever." 2 Elliot's Debates at 409. This suggests at least that the New York delegates did not agree with Hamilton's reading of the state-citizen diversity clause. Virginia, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire also proposed amendments that would have modified or eliminated the state-citizen diversity clause. See Fletcher at 1051-1052. The felt need for such amendments suggests that the delegates to these conventions did not find such a limitation in Article III itself. Indeed, recent scholarship seems unanimously to agree that the weight of the evidence is against the Court's statement in Hans. See Jacobs at 40; Field at 531; Gibbons at 1913-1914; Fletcher at 1054. "shall have exclusively all such jurisdiction of suits or proceedings against ambassadors . . . as a court of law can have or exercise consistently with the law of nations." If Congress had thought that States could not, or ought not, be suable in federal court under the state-citizen diversity clause, it easily could have provided that the Supreme Court shall exercise such jurisdiction against a State "as a court can have or exercise consistently with that state's law." In addition, elsewhere in the Act, Congress assigned jurisdiction over cases in which the United States was the plaintiff. See § 9, 1 Stat. 77 (district court jurisdiction of "all suits at common law where the United States sue" subject to jurisdictional amount); § 11, 1 Stat. 78 (circuit court jurisdiction of all civil suits where $500 or more is in dispute "and the United States are plaintiffs, or petitioners"). Congress exercised no such discrimination in assigning jurisdiction in cases "between a state and citizens of another state." See Mathis, The Eleventh Amendment: Adoption and Interpretation, 2 Ga.L.Rev. 207, 215-230 (1968) (discussing cases); Jacobs at 41-47, 57-64 (same). The precise facts of Chisholm have been the subject of some scholarly dispute. Compare 1 C. Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History 93, n. 1 (1922) (plaintiff in Chisholm was executor asserting claim on behalf of estate of British citizen), with Mathis, 2 Ga.L.Rev. at 217-218 (plaintiff in Chisholm was executor of estate of South Carolina citizen). The traditional account, in which the plaintiff was identified as acting on behalf of a British citizen, may explain why the Eleventh Amendment modified the state-alien diversity clause as well as the state-citizen diversity clause. Most likely, Chisholm could not have been brought directly under the Contracts Clause of the Constitution. Prior to Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch 87 (1810), it was not at all clear that the Contracts Clause applied to contracts to which a State was a party. Moreover, the case involved a simple breach of contract, not a "law impairing the obligation of the contract" to which the Clause would have applied. See Shawnee Sewerage & Drainage Co. v. Stearns, 220 U. S. 462, 220 U. S. 471 (1911); Brown v. Colorado, 106 U. S. 95, 106 U. S. 98 (1882). Finally, it was certainly not clear at the time of Chisholm that the Contracts Clause provided a plaintiff with a private right of action for damages. Chisholm was thus a suit on a state law cause of action in assumpsit against the State of Georgia pursuant to the state-citizen diversity clause. "So much, however, has been said on the Constitution that it may not be improper to intimate that my present opinion is strongly against any construction of it which will admit, under any circumstances, a compulsive suit against a State for the recovery of money." "This opinion I hold, however, with all the reserve proper for one which, according to my sentiments in this case, may be deemed in some measure extrajudicial." Id. at 2 U. S. 450. The resolution was not reported in the Annals of Congress, but was reported in contemporary newspaper accounts. See Gibbons at 1926, n. 186. The case is unreported, but is discussed in 1 J. Goebel, History of the Supreme Court of the United States 734-735 (1971). For a more detailed explanation of the political situation facing the Washington administration and the Congress at the time, see Gibbons at 1927-1932. "The Judicial power of the United States extends to all cases in law and equity in which one of the United States is a party; but no suit shall be prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens of subjects of a foreign State, where the cause of action shall have arisen before the ratification of this amendment." See Jacobs at 67, nn. 95-99. It might be argued that, because Congress rejected Senator Gallatin's proposal, which would have exempted treaty-based causes of action from the operation of the Amendment, Congress intended to leave intact no part of the federal question jurisdiction that would potentially have left the States open to suit. This argument, however, is untenable. First, it ignores the language of the Amendment. If Congress were generally concerned with suits against States under all Article III heads of jurisdiction, it would have had no rational reason to direct the Eleventh Amendment only against suits by noncitizens or foreigners. Second, Congress may well have rejected Gallatin's proposal precisely because to adopt that proposal would have implied some limitation on the ability of the federal courts to hear nontreaty-based federal question claims. Thus, Congress' rejection of the proposal may well have been based on its desire to preserve the full contours of Article III federal question jurisdiction, rather than on a desire to limit it. Third, the federal courts had no general original federal question jurisdiction under the First Judiciary Act, although the Supreme Court did have substantial appellate federal question jurisdiction over cases originating in state courts. In refusing in the First Judiciary Act to grant original federal question jurisdiction to the federal courts, Congress had evidently decided that federal question cases, even those arising out of the Treaty of Paris, should be heard in the first instance in state court. In deciding to enact the Eleventh Amendment to overrule Chisholm, Congress had decided that the state-citizen and state-alien clauses ought not permit suits against States in federal court. Given these two decisions, Congress had little reason to make an exception to both decisions for suits that arose out of the Treaty. Finally, the case of Vassal v. Massachusetts, in which a British Loyalist had brought a challenge under the state-alien clause to the State's confiscation of his property, had triggered a movement for a constitutional convention. See supra at 473 U. S. 284. By rejecting the Gallatin proposal, which would have authorized the Vassal suit, Congress no doubt acted in part to squelch the movement for an open-ended constitutional convention. When the Court is prepared to embark on a defensible interpretation of the Eleventh Amendment consistent with its history and purposes, the question whether the Amendment bars federal question or admiralty suits by a noncitizen or alien against a State would be open. At the current time, as the text states, the commentators' arguments against this interpretation seem to me quite plausible. In any event, I find it much more plausible to leave the construction of these words somewhat unclear than to leave the construction of much of the Amendment a superfluity, as the Court's construction would do. The Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, did grant general federal question jurisdiction to the federal circuit courts, but that grant was repealed one year later. 2 Stat. 132, 156 (1802). Nor could a suit against a State be brought under diversity jurisdiction, because a State is not a citizen of itself for such purposes. See Postal Telegraph Cable Co. v. Alabama, 155 U. S. 482 (1894). Justice Washington explained the exclusion of admiralty jurisdiction in part on the ground that admiralty proceedings are often in rem, and that a judgment could thus be enforced without implicating the "delicate" question of how to execute a judgment against a State. United States v. Bright, 24 F.Cas. at 1236. Although this concern echoed some of the difficulties raised in the debate over ratification of the Constitution, the difficulty of executing a judgment against a State was ultimately rejected by the Court as a ground to expand state sovereign immunity in federal court. See supra at 473 U. S. 270, n. 21. In 1833, the Court dismissed an original action brought by Madrazzo based on the same claim. Ex parte Madrazzo, 7 Pet. 627 (1833). The Court's one-paragraph opinion apparently dismissed the case on Eleventh Amendment grounds because it "is a mere personal suit against a state to recover proceeds in its possession." Id. at 32 U. S. 632. This was the only case dismissed by the Supreme Court on Eleventh Amendment grounds between Hollingsworth v. Virginia, 3 Dall. 378 (1798), and the Civil War. Justice Story cited Peters, Bright, and Madrazzo in support of his statement. See Doremus v. Board of Education, 342 U. S. 429 (1952) (Article III limits on federal jurisdiction apply to appeal of case from New Jersey state courts). Cf. Smith v. Reeves, 178 U. S. 436, 178 U. S. 445 (1900) (State may consent to suit in its own courts "subject always to the condition, arising out of the supremacy of the Constitution of the United States and the laws made in pursuance thereof, that the final judgment of the highest court of the State in any action brought against it with its consent may be reviewed or reexamined, as prescribed by the act of Congress, if it denies to the plaintiff any right, title, privilege or immunity secured to him and specially claimed under the Constitution or laws of the United States"). "is authorized to decide all cases, of every description, arising under the constitution or laws of the United States. From this general grant of jurisdiction, no exception is made of those cases in which a State may be a party." 6 Wheat. at 19 U. S. 382. "We think a case arising under the constitution or laws of the United States is cognizable in the courts of the Union, whoever may be the parties to that case." Id. at 19 U. S. 383. "[W]e think that the judicial power, as originally given, extends to all cases arising under the constitution or a law of the United States, whoever may be the parties." Id. at 19 U. S. 392. It is worth noting that the Court has often given a broad reading to Marshall's statements in the Virginia Ratification Convention, interpreting those statements to express Marshall's view that a constitutional doctrine of state sovereign immunity in federal courts was an element of the original understanding of Article III. See, e.g., Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U. S. 1 (1890); Monaco v. Mississippi, 292 U. S. 313, 292 U. S. 324 (1934). The Chief Justice's discussion in Cohens, however, demonstrates that it may be prudent to give his earlier statements the less expansive interpretation suggested supra, at 473 U. S. 267-268. Marshall's statement is, of course, consistent with the view that the Eleventh Amendment bars federal question jurisdiction over suits that are prosecuted against States by noncitizens or aliens, but does not bar federal jurisdiction over suits by citizens of the State being sued. But it is flatly inconsistent with the Court's current position that the Amendment, despite its language and history, should be interpreted as constitutionalizing a broad sovereign immunity principle. Like the discussion earlier in Cohens, it evinces the Marshall Court's understanding that the Eleventh Amendment was to be construed narrowly to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted. It is worth noting that, when the troublesome case hypothesized in Cohens -- in which a writ of error was taken by a noncitizen of a State -- arose 10 years later, the Marshall Court reached the merits of the claim without even discussing any possible Eleventh Amendment bar. See Worcester v. Georgia, 6 Pet. 515 (1832). Although the Court in Worcester did not discuss the Eleventh Amendment issue, the issue was raised by the plaintiff in error. See id. at 31 U. S. 533-534. This conclusion is in some tension with the Court's holding in Governor of Georgia v. Madrazo, 1 Pet. 110 (1828), discussed supra, at 473 U. S. 292-293. But see 1 Pet. at 26 U. S. 122-123. It has been suggested that the distinction between the cases is that there was no cause of action available under federal or admiralty law against the Governor personally in Madrazo, while the contrary was the case here. See Fletcher at 1086-1087. "the Court held that the [Eleventh] Amendment barred a citizen from bringing a suit against his own State in federal court, even though the express terms of the Amendment do not so provide." Ante at 473 U. S. 238. In Ex parte New York, 256 U. S. 490 (1921), the Court even extended Hans (or its view of Hans) to admiralty jurisdiction, thus overruling Justice Washington's 110-year-old holding that the Eleventh Amendment did not apply to admiralty actions. See United States v. Bright, 24 F.Cas. 1232 (No. 14,647) (CC Pa. 1809), discussed supra at 473 U. S. 292. If Hans was not a constitutional holding, however, its use of the Madison, Marshall, and Hamilton comments would be substantially more justifiable; the relevance of this material was simply to show that the common law did not recognize a cause of action on a debt against a sovereign. Since Congress had not created any such action, the Court justifiably refused to do so itself. be reconciled with any principled view of congressional power; JUSTICE BRENNAN is surely correct when he says, ante at 473 U. S. 302, that the case rests on "misconceived history and misguided logic." Thus, the Court today compounds a longstanding constitutional mistake. The shield against just legal obligations afforded the States by the Court's prevailing construction of the Eleventh Amendment as an "exemplification" of the rule of sovereign immunity, ante at 473 U. S. 239, n. 2, quoting Ex parte New York, 256 U. S. 490, 256 U. S. 497 (1921), simply cannot be reconciled with the federal system envisioned by our Basic Document and its Amendments. Indeed, though of more mature vintage, the Court's Eleventh Amendment cases spring from the same soil as the Tenth Amendment jurisprudence recently abandoned in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U. S. 528 (1985). Both in its modern reading of Hans, supra, and in National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U. S. 833 (1976), the Court, in derogation of otherwise unquestioned congressional power, gave broad scope to circumscribed language by reference to principles of federalism said to inform that language. * The intuition underlying Hans and its contemporary progeny is no truer to the federal structure or to a proper view of congressional power than was that underlying National League of Cities. need to expatiate on them here, where so much already has been written. It suffices to say that I adhere to the views expressed in the dissenting opinion in Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U. S. 651, 415 U. S. 688 (1974). See also Florida Dept. of Health v. Florida Nursing Home Assn., 450 U. S. 147, 450 U. S. 151 (1981) (dissenting statement). Thus, I would affirm the judgment here on the ground that California, as a willing recipient of federal funds under the Rehabilitation Act, consented to suit when it accepted such assistance. And a fair reading of the statute and its legislative history indicates for me that Congress produced the Act in exercise of its power under § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, and thereby abrogated any claim of immunity the State otherwise might raise. * See Fry v. United States, 421 U. S. 542, 421 U. S. 557 (1975) (dissenting opinion) ("As it was not the Eleventh Amendment, by its terms, which justified the result in Hans, it is not the Tenth Amendment, by its terms, that prohibits congressional action which sets a mandatory ceiling on the wages of all state employees. Both Amendments are simply examples of the understanding of those who drafted and ratified the Constitution that the States were sovereign in many respects, and that, although their legislative authority could be superseded by Congress in many areas where Congress was competent to act, Congress was nonetheless not free to deal with a State as if it were just another individual or business enterprise subject to regulation"). Because my decision to join JUSTICE BRENNAN's dissent is a departure from the opinion I expressed in Florida Dept. of Health v. Florida Nursing Home Assn., 450 U. S. 147, 450 U. S. 151 (1981), a word of explanation is in order. As I then explained, notwithstanding my belief that Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U. S. 651 (1974), was incorrectly decided, see 450 U.S. at 450 U. S. 151, n. 2, I then concluded that the doctrine of stare decisis required that Edelman be followed. Since then, however, the Court has not felt constrained by stare decisis in its expansion of the protective mantle of sovereign immunity -- having repudiated at least 28 cases in its decision in Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman, 465 U. S. 89, 465 U. S. 165-166, n. 50 (1984) (STEVENS, J., dissenting) -- and additional study has made it abundantly clear that not only Edelman, but Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U. S. 1 (1890), as well, can properly be characterized as "egregiously incorrect." 450 U.S. at 450 U. S. 153. I am now persuaded that a fresh examination of the Court's Eleventh Amendment jurisprudence will produce benefits that far outweigh "the consequences of further unraveling the doctrine of stare decisis" in this area of the law. Id. at 450 U. S. 155.

2019-04-25T22:30:55Z

https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/473/234/

Wearable technology is an exciting new field in humans and animals. In dogs activity monitors have helped to provide objective measurement tools where pet owner observation had been the only source of information. Previous research has focused on measuring overall activity versus rest. This has been relatively useful in determining changes in activity in orthopedic disease or post-surgical cases [Malek et al., BMC Vet Res 8:185, 2012, Yashari et al., BMC Vet Res 11:146, 2015]. Assessment of pruritus via changes in activity, however, requires an assumption that increased activity is due to scratching or other pruritic behaviors. This is an inaccurate method with obvious flaws as other behaviors may also register as greater activity. The objective of this study was to validate the ability of a multidimensional high frequency sensor and advanced computer analysis system, (Vetrax®, AgLogica Holdings, Inc., Norcross, GA, USA) to specifically identify pruritic behaviors (scratching and head shaking). To establish differences between behaviors, sensor and time stamped video data were collected from 361 normal and pruritic dogs. Video annotations were made by two observers independently, while blinded to sensor data, and then evaluated for agreement. Annotations that agreed between the two were used for further analysis. The annotations specified behaviors at specific times in order to compare with sensor data. A computer algorithm was developed to interpret and differentiate between these behaviors. Test subject data was then utilized to test and score the system’s ability to accurately predict behaviors. Results for prediction of head shaking behavior included sensitivity and specificity of 72.16% and 99.78% respectively. Analysis of scratching produced sensitivity and specificity of 76.85% and 99.73% respectively. These results illustrate the ability of the system to accurately report both scratching and head shaking with an overall accuracy of 99.24% and 99.56% respectively. This study validates the use of this system to accurately and objectively report scratching and head shaking in dogs. While a small portion of scratching or head shaking behaviors may be missed, as indicated by the sensitivity, when detected, the confidence that these behaviors occurred is extremely high. These factors make this system a very useful tool for objective assessment of pruritus in clinical and research settings. Pruritus is a common presenting complaint for dog owners and often a primary determinant of successful management in cases of skin and ear disease. It can be manifested in a variety of ways including scratching, rubbing, paw licking, head shaking, and others. These behaviors may vary both in distribution and intensity depending on the cause and degree of pruritus and the degree to which it is expressed in individual pets. Measurement of pruritus in dogs is challenging because it relies on the observations of pet owners. Obvious flaws in owner assessment of pruritus include the amount of time an owner observes the animal each day and the variability of an individual’s interpretation of the severity of pruritus. When presented to a veterinary practice, communication of the level of pruritus may be further influenced by the veterinarian or the veterinary clinic environment itself. Previous efforts to provide more consistent and reliable assessment of pruritus have included both visual analog scales and numerical scales that are presented to owners. Visual analog scales have been an improvement over standard numerical scales, but interobserver repeatability is still problematic as it continues to rely on subjective observations of the pet owner. Assessment of visual analog scales and numerical scales using video of pruritic dogs shown to first year veterinary students demonstrated poor consistency and repeatability among observers when using these methods. This was especially prevalent with mid-range to lower levels of pruritus . A more refined pruritus visual analog scale (PVAS) was developed by Hill et al. with more specific behavior descriptions to guide an owner’s rating . Limited research has been conducted using wearable sensors in an attempt to measure canine pruritus. Studies reported to date utilized differences in overall activity between atopic and normal dogs as measured by differences in total piezo-electric voltage generated during specific periods of time [3–5]. Results often indicated significantly greater activity for atopic dogs over healthy dogs, with increased activity particularly marked overnight. Of the weaknesses cited was the assumption that increased activity in atopic dogs was due to pruritus without evidence that this was true. Additional studies verified the association between increased nocturnal activity and nocturnal pruritus by videotaping kenneled dogs while measuring activity in the same manner . While significant, exact pruritic behaviors could not be specified. Authors of another study observed that activity monitor data and observed behavior did not always coincide indicating a lack of specificity . Each of these studies suggested increased overall activity in pruritic atopic dogs and sleep disturbance characterized by the increased activity during night-time hours. Data collection in these studies relied on changes in electric voltage generated over either 15 s or 1 min blocks of time. Activity during these times generated electric voltage regardless of the type and was dependent only on movement of the sensor in any direction. Each of these studies also summarized activity during specified time periods. This summary was intended to provide an overall representation of activity and was chosen at times of day when activities such as exercise were least expected (e g. night time hours). Three-dimensional movement detection and continuous sampling were not possible with this system. One previously-reported study attempted to classify specific behaviors using a multidimensional sensor . This study evaluated the ability of a collar-based sensor to correctly identify behaviors in a small population of dogs (n = 13). Specific focus on pruritic behaviors was not attempted and scratching was not one of the behaviors researched. In this study a confusion matrix of individual behaviors was presented but accuracy for behaviors was summarized in a proof of concept fashion with the accuracy and testing of individual behavior analysis not reported. Based on previous research, a clear objective evaluation system to quantify pruritus in dogs is currently lacking that would support veterinary professionals with information adequate to help with decisions on treatments needed or success of those prescribed. The objective of this study was to validate the ability of a multidimensional high frequency sensor and an advanced computer analysis system, to specifically identify pruritic behaviors (scratching and head shaking). To establish a model of data collection and interpretation capable of identifying specific behaviors, two primary components were utilized: a multidimensional high frequency sensor and a computerized analytics model developed to interpret data and identify specific behaviors. To collect examples of behaviors, dogs were observed and video recorded at 2 humane society facilities (HS1, HS2) and a dermatology referral practice (DR1). Dogs were chosen at HS1 and HS2 based on availability, good health as reported by caretaker staff and personality that allowed handling, placement of the collar, observation and video recording. Dogs were chosen at DR1 based on owner report of pruritus of any kind. Information on each subject dog was documented including name and weight. Breeds were also recorded when known (DR1) or were estimated (HS1, HS2; Table 1). The wearable sensor used for data collection was an AX3 data logger (Axivity Ltd, United Kingdom, Fig. 1). The sensor includes a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) 3-axis accelerometer and Flash based on-board memory. The on-board memory is capable of collecting and storing high density data (up to 100 Hz) for 14 days that was later offloaded via the sensor’s micro-USB port interface. The AX3 sensor was selected due to its ability to support configurable resolution/frequency data collection and to collect multidimensional data. This allowed the sensor to be set at sampling rates as low as 10 Hz (10 samples per second) up to 100 Hz. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the ability to collect data at a higher frequency allows more data points to be collected from a single event, presenting a more accurate representation of the original signal. Further analysis of spectrograms of behaviors collected, showed a significant difference in the high frequency content over lower frequency data that would be useful for distinguishing between behaviors (Fig. 3). The AX3 data logger was therefore configured at 100 Hz data sampling rate for data collection and computer algorithm development. Sensor data captured can be represented as either single-dimensional data - measuring overall activity (Fig. 4) - or multi-dimensional data, evaluating data from x, y, and z axes (Fig. 5). With multidimensional sampling such as that used here, behaviors like running and scratching become much more differentiated and can be more easily identified as distinct behaviors. Video recording was performed using a Nexus 7 tablet, Cannon VIXIA HF R600, and GoPro Hero4. Video capture devices were carried by the observer during data collection at HS1 and HS2 and tripod mounted on counter tops with view of the entire exam room at DR1. Sensors were attached to standard 1 in. collars prior to being applied to the dog. To synchronize sensor data and video documentation, an intentional 5 times shaking of the collar-attached sensor was performed within the video field of view when a data collection session was started and prior to the collar being applied to the dog. The collar was then applied to the dog and tightened as needed to provide a space equivalent to two finger-widths between the collar and the dog’s neck. Collars were rotated to position the sensor at the ventral cervical midline. Video recording continued during the data collection process and until the conclusion of the session. To conclude the recording session, the collar was removed from the dog, and 5 times shaking of the sensor was again performed within the video field of view. Duration of the recording session varied from 10 to 15 min at HS1 and HS2 and 15 to 60 min at DR1. Behaviors observed during the recording sessions included walking, running, resting (sitting, standing), eating, drinking, barking, chewing, urinating, digging, excreting (defecating), head shaking and scratching with a preponderance of normal behaviors at HS1 and HS2 and greater incidence of scratching and head shaking at DR1. Each video collection segment was imported into ELAN Linguistic Annotator and was manually annotated by two observers using a controlled vocabulary (Table 2) while blinded to sensor data. The common annotations from the two observers were exported to a single file (Fig. 6). Sensor data was also imported into ELAN and synchronized with video for each data collection session. Once annotated, data from each dog’s recording session was exported into a separate data file containing columns for time, sensor data, and the annotated behavior (Fig. 7). All non-annotated rows were dropped from each file, and then each data file was broken into one second frames of data, where the label of each frame was taken from the annotation. Each frame contained 100 records, each record representing 0.01 s of X, Y and Z accelerometer axis measurements. As data was aggregated, each frame was also labeled with its file of origin. This allowed data from a single dog’s collection event to be used only once in an algorithm’s training, testing, or validation set. Prior to separating and cross-folding the data cohort, the population contained more than 110-thousand labeled one-second frames of activities (more than 30 h of annotated examples). To date, there is no data set of this magnitude in the animal health industry that has annotated behaviors. Algorithms to identify behaviors were created using the Evolutionary Multi-objective Algorithm Design Engine (EMADE) framework, developed at Georgia Institute of Technology . EMADE processes the data files through multiple generations of algorithm development cycles using a genetic programming approach. Genetic programming (GP) is a bio-inspired approach that allows computers to create a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or problem solving (algorithms). It uses the concepts of survival of the fittest, mating, and mutation to create a population of candidate solutions. GP is distinguished from broader categories of genetic algorithms by its ability to change the structure of a program in addition to its parameters. To evaluate each candidate algorithm generated by EMADE, three criteria were chosen for simultaneous multi-objective optimization: false negative rate, false positive rate, and complexity of the algorithm. Because the first two are measures of error and our preference was something simpler over complex, the goal was to minimize all three of these objectives. For the evolutionary machine learning process, the data collection was organized into two groups. The first was the set of data used to train and score the models to select the best candidate. The second set of data was withheld until the final algorithms were chosen and was then used to validate the performance of the algorithms on data to which they had not been previously exposed. A Pareto front graph for head shaking algorithm development (Fig. 8) displays sample algorithm performance associated with EMADE running through 112 generation cycles. The y-axis indicates the false negative rate (1 minus positive detection rate) of the behavior and the x-axis indicates the false positive rate of the behavior. The Pareto front graph illustrates that successive generation cycles result in new algorithm instances that progressively drive the next generation toward the lower left corner of the graph as it minimizes false negatives and false positives. Once the final algorithm was selected, new data was evaluated and scored to test the ability of the system to correctly identify behaviors. Statistical analysis was performed and reported using the metrics of sensitivity (true positive rate), specificity (true negative rate), positive predictive value (PPV, precision), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy. The equations for each are shown below. Data was collected from 361 dogs - 177 from HS1, 83 from HS2 and 101 from DR1. Because some dogs at HS1 and HS2 were present at more than one visit to the facility, video recordings of a previously recorded dog occurred on a repeat visit for some, resulting in a total of 472 recordings from these facilities and 573 data collection sessions overall. Exact weights were recorded for 148 of 260 dogs at HS1, HS2 and ranged from 9.5 to 88 lbs (mean 48.1, median 46lbs). Weights were recorded for 99 of 101 dogs from DR1 and ranged from 6.4 to 100.5 (mean 45.2, median 43.3 lbs). After video annotation, data labeling and frame aggregation, 112,082 frames of data were used for algorithm development and testing (Table 3). Of these, 2381 were identified as scratching frames and 896 as head shaking. These represented 2.1% and 0.80% of all frames respectively. Other behaviors identified included walking, running, laying, sitting, standing, drinking, eating, chewing, barking, excreting (defecating), urinating, digging, paw licking, body licking and petting. Algorithms were developed to best identify scratching and head shaking as described. After applying the testing data set, the head shaking algorithm selected for implementation showed sensitivity of 72.16% and specificity of 99.78%. In our data collection shaking made up 0.80% of the data, and this results in an overall accuracy of 99.56%, a positive predictive value of 72.57%, and a negative predictive value of 99.78%. The final scratching algorithm selected for implementation was validated to show sensitivity rate of 76.85% and specificity rate of 99.73%. In our data collection, scratching made up 2.12% of the data, resulting in an overall accuracy of 99.24%, a positive predictive value of 86.07%, and a negative predictive value of 99.50%. The study reported here validated the use of an objective measurement tool for pruritus using a system that combines a wearable high frequency data collection sensor with newly developed computer algorithms designed to recognize specific behaviors. Previous studies using wearable sensors have been limited to differences in overall patient energy expenditures generated during activity [3–5]. As such, while energy expenditures may have been greater for pruritic atopic dogs, specific behaviors were neither identifiable nor attempted to be recorded. A recent attempt to identify specific behaviors in dogs using a small number of dogs (n = 13) did not specify accuracy for individual behaviors making it difficult to understand the positive predictive value of results . A critical part of the correct identification of behaviors is the development of an algorithm classifier capable of identifying actions from the data collected. The ability of an algorithm classifier to properly identify behaviors is dependent on the ability of the development process to successfully identify a unique data “fingerprint” for each behavior. In developing these data fingerprints, the importance of the frequency at which data was collected became readily apparent. Sensor data sampling at too low of a frequency resulted in an inability to recreate the original signal and significant loss of detail. In contrast, high frequency sampling allowed the original signal to be readily observed and re-created without the loss of information. Similarly, multidimensional sampling provided more unique and distinguishable data to allow differentiation between behaviors. The more detailed data captured by high frequency and multidimensional sensor data collection are important drivers of performance in developing an algorithm classifier, and become the data input for algorithm development. This highly detailed data, coupled with a genetic programming model of algorithm development allowed data generated by the sensor to be interpreted and correctly document behaviors with a high degree of accuracy. In the study reported here, using a multidimensional high frequency sensing platform identified greater amounts of information about each activity but also provided much more detailed information for development of individual data fingerprints for each behavior. With more detailed data, a more accurate computer algorithm was developed to correctly identify the specific behaviors. Using this model, the identification and tracking of additional behaviors such as seizure or syncope activity should also be feasible, provided they can be documented in a significantly large population of dogs. Pruritus is a complex sensation with a large variety of potential causes and ways it may be expressed. Scratching in dogs often occurs by the dog using a rear leg to scratch somewhere on its body. This behavior is a high energy repetitive action making it recognizable both to observers and the activity detected in the sensing platform. Similarly head shaking is also a high energy repetitive action that can be more readily detected. The extremely high specificity reported here (99%) for both of these behaviors documented that scratching or shaking, when noted by the sensor were very likely to have occurred. With a sensitivity of 76.85% and 82.16% for scratching and shaking, respectively, it is possible that that system may miss individual episodes of these behaviors. However, compared to current methods of owner assessment using the PVAS or other scale, or summaries of overall activity suspected to represent pruritus, this method far exceeds any other tool and is in fact an objective measurement. Ideally, this system should be implemented and continue to monitor an individual dog for weeks to months or longer. This would provide an individual baseline applicable to each dog allowing clinicians and researchers to identify differences noted during pruritic episodes and both before and after a particular treatment intervention. Limitations of this study include the use of only scratching and head shaking as indicators of pruritus. Considering pruritus is often made up of multiple different behaviors, the addition of paw licking and chewing at a variety of sites would be valuable additions to the system. With the prevalence of paw licking especially in dogs with atopic dermatitis and canine adverse food reaction, however, these would provide a more comprehensive evaluation of pruritus as a whole and should be a focus of subsequent studies. Although owner assessments are highly variable and subjective, further research and clinical use are also warranted to correlate owner assessments of pruritus with sensor documentation. Future research is needed to continue to develop this model to identify additional behaviors of both clinical and research importance. These may include seizures, drinking, urination and others. By being able to identify these behaviors, more objective data on frequency of these behaviors and subsequently their response to therapies could substantially aide the veterinary professional in patient management. Wearable sensors and the machine learning process are an exciting new frontier that offers tremendous benefits in veterinary medicine. With advances in these fields a variety of more objective real-time information can be developed to provide more accurate and timely medical assessments and decisions. Since pruritus has a significant effect on quality of life for pets and their owners, this information has potential to allow veterinarians to identify pruritic episodes quickly, suggest therapies and examinations to owners when needed and assess progress of medications and treatment plans. It also would allow the veterinary team to illustrate benefits of these treatments to pet owners during veterinary visits. This study was funded byAgLogica Holdings, Inc. Raw data is not availably publicly for this manuscript as it represents proprietary information used to develop the technology. JG participated as the key opinion leader veterinary dermatologist and provided the canine patients for the collection and observation of pruritic behaviors. JZ was the subject matter expert in the Evolutionary Multi-objective Algorithm Design Engine (EMADE) framework, developed at Georgia Institute of Technology and performed the canine behavior algorithm development. SS designed and developed the canine data collection mechanization, processes and quality assurance. MS participated in the design, coordination and management of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Animals utilized at HS1, HS2 were granted permission for use by each Humane society location. Client owner animals at DR1 approved via were provided consent forms and explanations of the study. Dr. Griffies is a private practice veterinary dermatologist and also performs as a consultant for AgLogica Holdings, Inc, the company developing the canine behavior algorithms in this study. Jason Zutty is a phD student and employee of Georgia Institute of Technology. Marcel Sarzen is co-founder and CEO of AgLogica Holdings, Inc. Stuart Soorholtz is a product manager with AgLogica Holdings, Inc. Authors declare that they have no competing interests.

2019-04-20T01:03:19Z

https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-018-1428-x

APIs, also known as Application Programming Interfaces, at their most basic level, allows applications to talk to other applications, but they are so much more than this when you begin to explore the world of APIs further. APIs are slowly becoming part of every aspect of our personal, and business worlds, often even without us knowing. If you surf the web, and use a mobile phone, this explanation of what an API is for you. APIs are affecting your life right now, and with a little more understanding you can learn to identify APIs, and put them to work for you, even if you are not a geek. There are 863,105,652 websites registered in 2015, making up what we know as the World Wide Web. In 2017 it is easier to build a web than it has at any other pointing in the history of the Internet, allowing any individual, company or organization to publish a website and even point a custom address to it. In 1995 only the most tech savviest had websites, and by 2000 many businesses realized having a website was the normal way of doing business. In 2010 many of the tech savviest companies had APIs, and by 2017 many businesses are realizing that having an API is the normal way of doing business--imagine what the Internet will look like by 2020. Websites like Facebook allow us to interact with friends and family, sharing messagings, photos, links, and other essential life bits, establishing a social platform for us to engage in our online lives. Facebook is a daily destination for users around the world, with much of the interactions via an increasing number of mobile devices that all of us have in our pockets, has become the virtual community for our physical worlds. Facebook is a platform consisting of a website, and mobile applications all driven by the API platform, which provides partners and 3rd party developers access to all aspects of the platform from posting images, to buying advertising that targets specific users, in a specific region of the world. Yahoo has long been a staple of the Internet providing users with access to their news, sport, weather, stock, and other important bits of our daily lives. Yahoo was an early player on the web, and continues to find new ways to compete in 2014 via the web and mobile. Yahoo may not be what it used to be, but the company continues to innovate through acquisitions, and still plays a role as the home page for many users who were first introduced to the World Wide Web through Yahoo search and directories. YouTube provides us with hours of online entertainment, bringing home user-generated, and sometimes professionally produced videos, ranging from family home videos to music videos, and live concerts. YouTube is quickly replacing the television of the previous century, re-inventing how we are entertained in our homes. YouTube users often spend time watching videos on the main YouTube website, but also consume a considerable amount of videos using the universal embeddable video player allowing Youtube videos to be embedded on any website around the web, all driven by APIs. Amazon has made e-commerce part of the mainstream conversation, allowing us to order almost any physical, or digital product we can imagine from the vast warehouses that Amazon posses, as well as those of its affiliates. Amazon found got started with physical products like books, but in 2014 has led the charge in delivering virtual goods such as movies, e-books, and other online products consumers are craving. Selling you products is just the first part of the conversation when it comes to Amazon, they also want to provide with consumer any possible channel they could possibly choose to purchase their products, including providing infrastructure for web, mobile, and tablet developers, and even producing their own tablet device, and supporting platform. Twitter allows us to send short, SMS style messages across the public Internet, and follow, or be followed by the people we find ost interesting. Twitter has gone beyond just a messaging platform, or even a social network, and has become the pulse of the online world through its API driven platform. Everything you know about Twitter was originally developed using the Twitter API, its mobile applications, desktop applications, buttons, widgets, and other analytics and visualizations are all developed using the Twitter public API, which makes the entire Twitter platform available to developers. Pinterest provides users with a simple, yet addictive way to share photos on the open Internet, and with friends. Photos play an important role in our lives, and Pinterest stepped up as a new way to express ourselves using these valuable photos and images. Only part of the interactions with Pinterest occur via their website, the majority of engagements occur through sharing on other sites and social networks, and via mobile applications that allow users to quickly share and express themselves with photos. Reddit is the home page of the Internet, providing users with links to the important stories, products, and conversations of the day. Redditors curate the best links that are submitted through the site, and through user engagements the best of the best floats to the top for everyone to explore. Reddit demonstrates the real-time network effect that we often associate with the Internet, providing a heartbeat of the best links being viewed, and engaged with across the Internet, making the trillions of web pages, across billions of websites accessible each day by average people. All of these websites are built by other people, but as users of these sites we all leave a little bit of ourselves in these locations, each time we visit. Whether its just a comment, photo, all the way up to sustained engagement via our mobile phones, we are consistently leaving ever growing footprint across this digital landscape of web sites, and mobile applications. It has taken decades to go from just a handful of the first sites on the World Wide Web to the 861,379,000 we have in 2014. It is taken the hard work of web site designers and developers to make these sites a reality, but increasingly through the use of API driven interactions via 3rd party websites and mobile devices, all the information on these sites are being generated by YOU, the user. In the early days, all websites were hand coded, with web designers writing all the HTML, and building their own images. Individuals spent numerous hours maintaining each page across vast sites, and often hired large teams help maintain single sites that could span millions of actual web pages. As the number of websites grew this became even more tedious to maintain, but savvy designers turned developers were finding innovative ways to create, publish, and maintain the growing number of websites. While some websites are still hand-coded, the majority of sites are generated, published, and maintained by an ever evolving set of web development software, and Software as a Service (SaaS) platforms. Eventually the concept of a database driven website came to be, allowing websites to evolve from sites into applications, and all the content across a website was stored in a database. Now your site was more than just publishing content from a database, you also allowed users to interact, purchase, and generate content as well. Databases allowed websites to evolve, and go beyond just content publishing, potentially making their websites not just about the delivery of valuable content, but you could also encourage users to create content either knowingly or unknowingly, and not just on a single website, but across hundreds or thousands of sites around the world. Along the way it became clear that it wasn't enough to have just your products on your website, or maybe you were a content site and didn't have your own products. Either way, users needed a way to put widgets, and other syndicated content on their site, which would pull products from other sites, which is something Amazon became very, very good at. API driven content widgets became a great way to publish products onto the growing number of blogs, review, and other sites that were popping up across the Internet. These approaches to content delivery proved to work not just for product owners, but eventually any content could be syndicated across websites using simple, small, embeddable widgets, benefitting an entire network of connected sites. As the social evolution of the Internet began, links to valuable content, and the social influence behind these curated groups of links became apparent. It wasn't just about bookmarking your favorite sites, it was about grouping, curated, and sharing of this content across any website that would have you, using embeddable tools. Curated links often show as spammy advertised links, but can also show relevant links based upon what you are searching for, what your friends are doing, and in other ways, that makes the embedding of links, or groups of links, an important way to share information across the Internet. With the social movement in full swing, just posting links to your favorite sites was not enough. Users wanted to be able to communicate in real-time about the sites they were visiting, what they were reading, watching online, and increasingly what people were doing offline. With the introduction of Twitter users wanted to be able to show what what on their mind, not matter where website it was on the internet. Widgets were now allowing every piece of your life that was generated online to live beyond just the website where you created it, and could travel around from any website, to any other site or application that it could. Embeddable content and tools elevated the World Wide Web beyond just any single site, it was a distributed Internet now. If you were a website developer, your website content no longer comes from any single database. You were pulling your content from a variety of databases, and API resources that you may or may not own. Product sites like Amazon, and social networks like Twitter were emerging, equipped with APIs they were generating content, and allowing it to come in from, and be published back to any website on the open Internet. Having a direct database connection to your content wasn't enough anymore. You needed to have APIs so that trusted partners, as well as potentially the public, can get access to data, content and other information, for use across other websites, anywhere on the Internet. Just as this concept was spreading across the Internet, another thing happened, that would forever change how we interact online. On June 29, 2007 the first edition of the iPhone was release, and slowly over the next 3 years computing would undergo a transformation, building on existing approaches that first were used to distribute content to website, but would also prove to be low cost, efficient ways to distribute content to a growing number of mobile devices. While the iPhone is just one of many mobile devices being manufactured today, it did set in motion a new way of designing, and developing applications that could run on the web, or mobile devices, anywhere in the world using simple web-based APIs. Mobile application development has brought many changes to the world of compute, but simple API access to valuable data, content, and other resources has been the most significant. Mobile applications came with the simple knowledge of your location, as well as where you were at online, enabling a new form of communication, called the check-in. A new breed of mobile apps like Foursquare allowed users to see where they were, find friends, as well as places and experiences nearby, making the Internet a more local affair. From this point forward, the longitude and latitude of each online user would be an option when receiving messages, photos, videos and other life bits from users, changing how we think about developing applications--it was a mobile app world now. In addition to knowing the location of each application user, each user was potentially given a high quality, internet enable camera on their mobile device. With the ability to take a picture, anywhere, anytime, new applications like Instagram emerged providing users with new features, and social capabilities built around photos. Photos continue to be one of the most important, and valued life bits that we can generate across the Internet pipes, providing a very basic ingredient for use in online communication. This is something that would prove essential to users of all ages, from teens all the way up to grandparents discovering the potential of web and mobile apps. As with photos, music plays a central role in our life, and it is no accident that along with the introduction of the iPhone, Apple brought along its successful model for a music platform centered around their portable music player, the iPod. Music is an extremely valuable space when it comes to our life bits, something developers and platforms are looking to capitalize on by delivering the next generation of music apps. APIs are stimulating our musical tastes beyond just our Pandora or Rdio playlists, by allowing us to interact with friends, watch videos, purchase concert tickets, buy merchandise, and much, much more. The music industry has been slow to change, but ultimately consumer interests are winning out, and the industry is slowly understanding that a mobile experiences is where today's music experience is at. APIs have been powering websites for almost 15 years now, delivering data, content, and other digital information to the websites we use everyday like Amazon, Twitter, and Pinterest. The average website gets its content from a variety of API driven resources, both from public and private sources, making the aggregation of content a viable business model in 2014. Using content management systems (CMS) like WordPress, combined with API driven plugins, anyone can be a curator of content, providing a website where users can find stories, photos, videos, and other valuable resources. In 2015 WordPress will also launch its own API, which will give 65 million websites their own API, turning many average site owners, into API providers. The number of mobile phones in our pockets will reach 7.3 billion in 2014--equally the population of the world. Of course not everyone has a cell phone, but it shows the ubiquitous nature of these devices, and shows the size of the opportunity to provide API driven resources like messaging, products, images, videos, and the other life bits we generate, and depend on each day. Web APIs are well suited for sending and receiving the small, bite-size chunks of data, content, and other digital resources we use through our personal and business worlds. Mobile apps are not just being developed by the latest tech start-ups, mobile apps are becoming the normal mode of operations for companies, organizations, institutions, and government agencies of all shapes and sizes. APIs break up our valuable data and content into small bite-size chunks for transmission to mobile devices, but also so that they can be moved around the web, and published to where we need them. APIs are powering a wide range of buttons, badges, and other widgets that are making any single website, into a globally distributed network of content publishing and creation. Buttons, badges and widgets are extending likes, follows and favorites from your favorite social network to any other site you may be reading or participating on, providing a bridge between all of the application you use on the web and your mobile devices. Facebook is a big part of the identity of any online user, and being able to log-in, share, and participate on the open Internet using our Facebook profiles has become normal for the average Internet user. APIs are quickly finding their way beyond web and mobile applications, and are being used in spreadsheets to provide the data needed for business calculations, analysis and visualizations. A large amount of the worlds data exists in spreadsheets and the next wave of API developers are currently spreadsheet administrators, they just have not been informed that they can get the data they need via APIs. The days of emailing around spreadsheets, having out of date excel documents strewn here and there, is going away. Spreadsheets are connecting to APIs using excel connectors, and online using Google Spreadsheets. Spreadsheets are being constructed to make sense of Tweet streams, aggregate comments or messages, and number crunch the latest industry numbers from the government. I'm not exaggerating when I say APIs are penetrating almost every aspect of our world. APIs are being used to connect physical devices in our lives like thermostats, smoke detectors, automobiles, clothing, glasses, and just about every object you can imagine, and some you can't. A wave of new start-ups, calling themselves Internet of Thing companies, have emerged to build on the API movement, extending the low-cost, simple approach to delivering resources to the physical world around us. Using APIs, the Internet is moving offline, and wiring up almost every aspect of our personal, public, and professional life. APIs are not just for developers. If you can use a web page, you can use most APIs. There are a great deal of educational materials (like this), to get you up to speed with APIs. API providers are also working to make it a priority to focus on non-developer users, such as data journalists, analysts, and many other non-programming user types. Even if an API has a more developer focus to it, often times you can just ask questions of the community, or the API provider and they will help you understand the value an API delivers, and how you can possibly put it to use. One of the characteristics of Software as a Service (SaaS) applications that people are using, is there is an API behind the scenes, something that only the API savviest of users are aware of. A new generation of services have emerged, acknowledging the wealth of API resources available, and the growing number of SaaS applications that have APIs, and are delivering tools that help anyone put APIs to work. Services like IFTTT and Zapier provide very simple recipes that allow anyone to migrate content, data, and other digital resources between online platforms--no code necessary. These API enabled orchestration platforms allow anyone to automate, migrate, and keep their online worlds in sync. These services are targeting non-developers, but provide such instant value, they are often used by programmers to make their worlds go around. This approach to using online services, is allowing companies, organizations, and even individuals to find new found freedom and control in their digital lives. Companies are learning that when they make all data, content, and other digital assets available via well designed, simple, and modular APIs over the Internet, they find a new nimbleness and agility in how they operate internally, engage with partners, and even are able to interact with the public at large. While APIs are technical in nature, their simplicity, and efficiency are meant to make things more accessible, in simple but secure way, using the path of least resistance. Historically valuable digital resources are locked up by software developers and information technology groups, API developers are looking to change this, making resources available to as wide of an audience as possible. Another aspect that is transcending the technology of APIs, is the openness and transparency it can introduce into company, organizational, institutional, and government operations. This isn't always good by default, but when done properly it can let a little sunlight into a potentially closed process, and eliminate some illnesses that occur behind closed doors. Of course, when it comes to business, sometimes transparency can work against you, but many corporations, and young start-ups find that being closed can hurt not just potential competitors, but also slow your own company in finding success. As we've learned from open source software, openness can actually boost security, privacy and many other concerns, and a true approach to using APIs can bring some of the same effects to organizations of any size. The ability to rapidly design, develop, deploy and iterate websites, mobile applications, while also empowering workers to be more effective via API driven spreadsheets and widgets, is giving companies a competitive edge. APIs open up a new way of doing business that the savviest of online businesses are participating in. There is a stunning amount of investment for start-ups looking to disrupt even the most entrenched industries, and companies, but it also doesn't take a start-up to make change, and many large businesses are also taking notice and getting to work on their own API efforts. In the next five years, it will become evident which companies, and organizations do not have APIs, as they will not be participating at the levels of API driven companies. Large organizations will not be able to keep up in an always on, real-time business environment, something that APIs power across multiple channels including web, mobile, devices, and other ways of doing business online, in this new environment. The most important thing APIs are bringing to the table, is the empowerment of the average online individual. APIs are providing access to much of the data and content we are generating online. APIs are how we can get access to the photos of our children on Facebook, and our home videos we've shared on YouTube. APIs are not just about driving business innovation, it is how the average user is taking back their digital self from a growing wave of data hungry start-ups. API literacy is much like financial literacy. You don't have to understand the inner workings of banking and credit card industry, but you damn sure need to be educated enough to understand who has access to your bank account and credit card statement. With API literacy you don't have to understand how APIs work, but you should only use online services that have an API, and know who has access to your data and content, while also being able to download and walk away with your own valuable information that you have generated via ANY online service. I will be adding new tutorials as I have time, until then you can tune into the news stream from each area of research on the API Evangelist network, as well as tune into the API Evangelist blog for the latest analysis on the business of APIs, and the API.Report the latest in news from the API space.

2019-04-25T22:21:33Z

http://101.apievangelist.com/

Type "pvq" to get infinite ammo. II. If you need help with the small arms or combat training. *If you don't know what to do after yourintroductory briefing. Before you leave the class room, familiarize yourself with options available from this screen. Click on the chalkboard and read the training topics. Click on one of the television sets to access the SWAT team interviews. Click on the bulletin boards to read department postings. When you've familiarized yourself with all the elements in this room, exit by clicking on the door at the right of the screen. *If you've left the classroom after your introductory briefing and don't know where to go. You're supposed to be in small arms training. Click on the picture of the Police Academy in the upper left of the screen to access the weapons briefing screen. Use this screen to familiarize yourself with your SWAT gear. When you are finished learning about your gear, click on SELECT, then on the SWAT logo graphic in the lower left of the screen. Choose small arms range from the menu that appears. *If you don't know what gun to use. Listen to the instructor. He will tell you what weapon and ammunition are needed for the next drill. *If you don't know how to load or reload your weapon. Load your weapon by clicking the appropriate ammunition on it. Then click on the weapon to make ready. The cursor will change to the gun sight. If you need to reload, click the weapon in the inventory area. Click the ammunition on the weapon, then click on the gun to make ready. Don't worry, you can't run out of ammo during a drill! *If you're using the MP5 and don't understand the settings. The MP5 has three settings, the bottom one is "safety on". The middle setting is "semi-automatic". This setting fires one bullet at a time. To fire a continuous stream of bullets, choose the top setting, "automatic". You can choose a setting by clicking on it, then clicking outside the setting box to begin the drill. When the instructor tells you to put the gut on safety, select the bottom setting, then click outside the box. *If you've loaded your gun and you don't know what to do. Listen to the instructor. He will tell you what the drill is going to be. When the whistle blows, perform the drill exactly as instructed or face the wrath of your teacher! *If this is your first time in small arms training and it seems to go on forever. Go somewhere else and practice there! Try combat or sniper training. Once you've reached a certain level of proficiency in the basics, you will receive a callup. *If you can't access combat training. You can't enter combat training until you have completed at least one small arms drill. Once you've done some small arms training, you will have access to combat training. *If you don't know what weapon to use in combat training. All combat training drills are performed with the Colt .45. You will not need to change weapons during the training. *If you need help with the Dozier drill. Shoot at all five targets until they fall. To get through this drill successfully, load your gun right before the drill starts so you don't run out of ammo. Aim for the head of each target. As your aim gets better, you should be able to complete this drill well under par time and with only five shots. *If you need help with the Presidente drill. This drill takes some practice to perform smoothly. Load your gun right before the drill starts. Moving from left to right or right to left, mentally number the targets from one to three. When the drill begins, aim at the circle on each target. Shoot target one once, target two once, target three twice, then target two once and target one once. Reload as quickly as possible, then repeat the sequence. Practice will make you faster on this drill! *If you need help on the Combat drill. This is a fun drill! The drill will last for twenty seconds, but there is no par time. Load your weapon before the drill starts. As each target turns toward you, aim at it and fire. Reload your weapon as necessary. Hit as many targets as possible in the twenty seconds. *If you keep getting turned away from sniper training. You can't enter sniper training until you have completed at least one small arms drill. Once you've done some small arms training, you will have access to the sniper range. *If you want to qualify as a sniper. After you've completed two separate training drills at the sniper range, return to Metro. Pacmeyer will ask you if you want to attempt to qualify as a sniper. Say yes! Go back to the sniper range and take the test. If you fail, you must complete two more training drills at the sniper range before you can take the test again. *If Pacmeyer never asks you if you want to qualify as a sniper. You will need to talk to him about qualifying fairly early in the game, as he will eventually get promoted and move out of D Platoon. A good time to work on sniper training is right after your first callup. This will catch Pacmeyer before he leaves. Use the Control Panel button to set the Callups frequency to almost nothing. This will give you the most time to practice before you are called to a crisis. *If you have just arrived at the callup site and don't know what to do. When Pacmeyer asks you to question the Long's neighbor, go to where the man with the rake is standing with the two police officers. Click your arrow cursor on him to question him. You should also question the two officers. Keep clicking on the officers and neighbor until they start repeating themselves. *If you have questioned the neighbor and the police officers and don't know what to do next. Go back to the SWAT van by clicking your arrow cursor on it. Click on your SWAT team members to question them. Eventually Rooker will call a briefing. Rooker will tell you what team you're assigned to, and Pacmeyer will tell you what weapon and ammo to use. If you have further questions, click on Rooker or Pacmeyer for more information. If you have questions about your weapons or ammo, take them from your inventory and click them on Pacmeyer. He will give you further information on your weapons. Make sure you load your weapon! *If you need help right after the gunshots fire. Pacmeyer orders MP-5s on full auto. Make sure you set the weapon to full auto before joining the others. When you're told to move up, select SLICE PIE and slice the pie right to move up on the house. You will see the team mirror the door, then enter the house. You must now get in position at the back of the house. Check for the suspect by using your mirror on the left side of the house. *If you see no suspect. Good, she's not there. Click the left arrow to proceed, then click the forward arrow to move up. Click the forward arrow on the gate. It's locked. Use the LASH to request "Ram one-two corner". Two SWAT team members will ram the gate for you. Now, click the mirror on the ivy wall. When you see that the backyard is clear, slice the pie on that corner. Repeat these tactics until you see Lucy hiding behind the maple tree. Use the suspect hand signal to warn your team. If they ask, use the LASH to advise that she is unarmed. Click the forward arrow once to approach Lucy. If she doesn't respond, click the forward arrow again and she will surrender. *If you see Lucy in the mirror with a gun. Use the suspect hand signal to warn your team. Cover Wixell as he approaches Lucy. If she tries to shoot Wixell, you must shoot her before she can fire. This will end the scenario. You will be taken off active duty while the shooting is investigated, but don't worry. The investigation will determine that you did the right thing. *If you see Lucy in the mirror, and she is unarmed. Use the suspect hand signal to warn your team. Cover Wixell as he requests, but don't shoot. He will take Lucy into custody. *If you need help entering the house. When the door is open and you hear Pacmeyer shout "Ready, initiate!" slice the pie right on the door jamb to enter the living room. *If you've just entered the living room and don't know what to do. Follow Pacmeyer's order to cover Carmichael. Click the forward arrow on Carmichael to move up on him. To follow the team into the kitchen, slice the pie right on the door jamb, then slice the pie right again on the kitchen cabinets to move deeper into the room. When Pacmeyer again orders you to cover Carmichael, you'll move up on him automatically. To leave the kitchen, slice the pie on the right wall. *If you're in the bedroom. Pacmeyer will signal you to cover the door. Keep your sights on the door and wait until Pacmeyer signals for you to move up and cover the scout. When Carmichael signals that he sees the suspect in the bathroom, Pacmeyer will instruct you to move in. Slice the pie on the left side of the bathroom door, then slice right to move further into the bathroom. *If you're with the suspect in the bathroom. Lucy is hiding behind the shower curtain. When she sees you, she should come out. There is no need to shoot her, she's unarmed. Once you have the suspect in custody, the scenario will end. *If you've just arrived at the scene and don't know what to do. Rooker will apprise you of the situation, then leaves you to question the warehouse owner. Click on her to ask her questions. Keep talking to her until she leaves to use the phone. Then, use the left arrow to move back to the SWAT van. Click on Rooker to make your report, then click on Pacmeyer or the policeman with him to get an eyewitness report of what happened. Click on the SWAT van to attend the briefing. When Rooker asks if anyone has anything to say, click on him to tell him what you learned from the warehouse owner. *If you need help entering the warehouse. After you see the other SWAT members enter, slice the pie on the left side of the door. Hurry! *If you just entered the warehouse and don't know what to do. Pacmeyer will signal you to join him. Click the forward arrow. When the team moves into the next room, use the forward arrow to join them. Pacmeyer will tell you to move to the far left corner. Click the suspect hand signal on the furniture. It's clear. Click the suspect hand signal on the far boxes. When Pacmeyer moves, slice the pie on the large door. When Pacmeyer tells you to provide cover, slice the pie on the left side of the door. After Carmichael checks out the furniture and signals all clear, Pacmeyer will signal you to move up and provide cover. Click the forward arrow. *If you're in the large warehouse room. Cover the pile of wood in this room. After Carmichael has cleared it, click the right arrow to cover right. The other team members will sweep the area. When Pacmeyer orders you to cover right again, click the right arrow. *If you see the suspect with a hostage. Click the right arrow to move in. Take your best shot at the suspect. Be careful not to hit the hostage! If you hit the bad guy, the scenario will end. *If you just entered the warehouse. Click the right arrow and watch the team clear the furniture. When Pacmeyer asks for coverage, click the left arrow. When the flashbang goes off, slice the pie right into the blue room. Now would be a good time to save your game! *If you just entered the blue room. When Pacmeyer tells you to move up, click the forward arrow. He will tell you again, so click forward again. When the flashbang explodes, follow Denton and Carmichael down the stairs. *If you're in the basement. When Pacmeyer tells everyone to move forward click the forward arrow. Click forward again when you're told to get moving. Carmichael will report that he sees lights. Click the forward arrow when you're told to come on. Pacmeyer will instruct you and Wixell to move to the door. On his mark, click the forward arrow. After the flashbang, click the left arrow. Don't shoot the man that appears here - it's the hostage! The suspect will jump from the rafters. Keep your M-16 trained on him until Pacmeyer talks him into surrendering. *If you've just arrived on the scene. Rooker will tell you what's up and ask you to interview people. First, click on Coco, the accountant, until she leaves. Then, click on Andy until he leaves. This will give the necessary information about the factory's layout. *If you don't know what to say at the briefing. Click on the greaseboard to tell the team what you learned from your questioning. Rooker will ask you what kind of tactics you think you should use. There is only one right answer! Choose a stealth entry at side one, with highground cover at corner one-four. Any other combination will result in tragedy. *If you need help entering the building. If you haven't already loaded your weapon, do so now. Transmit DOOR OPEN on your LASH. Carmichael will try the door and find that it's locked. Transmit BREACH DOOR. When Carmichael has the tool and is ready, transmit INITIATE. When the door is open, order Carmichael to mirror it. When you get the all clear, use the LASH to order ENTRY TEAM A RIGHT and ENTRY TEAM B LEFT, then send ENTRY TEAM A MOVE and ENTRY TEAM B MOVE. You will all move into the building. *If you just entered the building. The room needs to be cleared, so transmit ENTRY TEAM A CLEAR RIGHT and ENTRY TEAM B CLEAR LEFT. You will follow Tello, the other member of Entry Team B. Instruct Entry Team B to CLEAR RIGHT. Tello will clear the area and await further orders. Tell Entry Team B to CLEAR LEFT. To move in, slice the pie left on the desk. *If you found the hostage. Use the LASH to transmit HOSTAGE DOWN. Click the arrow cursor on Eastman to learn about the suspects. When the EMT arrives, you can leave. *If you need help exiting the office area. You will see your team set up and waiting for your orders. Transmit ENTRY TEAM B CLEAR LEFT. After everyone is in position, tell Entry Team A to OPEN DOOR, the MIRROR DOOR to make sure it's clear. To exit the office, transmit ENTRY TEAM A RIGHT and ENTRY TEAM B RIGHT, then ENTRY TEAM A MOVE and ENTRY TEAM B MOVE. *If you're in the room with the lockers and stacks of boxes or on the stairs. To clear this room, transmit ENTRY TEAM A CLEAR RIGHT and ENTRY TEAM B COVER LEFT. Tello will cover Team A as they move up the stairs. Transmit the MIRROR command to Team A. When you get the all clear, tell Team A to MOVE. Click the left arrow to follow them up the stairs. *If you're in the storage area. Wait until Team A comes back. Transmit ENTRY TEAM A CLEAR. Team A use the mirror to clear down to the far end of the boxes. Tell both teams to HOLD, then tell Team A to CLEAR RIGHT and Team B to COVER LEFT. Tell both teams to MOVE, then HOLD when they reach the corner. Have Team A MIRROR the corner. *If Team A has signaled that the suspect is around the corner. Transmit FLASHBANG to Team A. After the explosion, slice the pie right around the corner. Don't relax when you see the two militia members surrender, another suspect will jump up and aim his gun right at you! Quickly shoot before he can shoot you. If you get him, the scenario will end. If you miss, well, we hope you saved your game. *If you just arrived at the scene. If you have qualified as a sniper prior to this call up, you will be assigned to the highground cover on the roof of an adjoining building. When you're dismissed, you will accompany Saunders up to the roof. *If you are in position and need to calculate your settings. Look through your rifle scope to see the flag on top of the Eastman building. You can check the flag's angle against your dope book to approximate wind velocity and direction. If this is your first time through the Eastman scenario, Saunders will inform you that an 8 mile per hour cross wind is coming from the left. Using the formula in your dope book, you calculate that you need to compensate four clicks. Adjust your windage knob four clicks to the right. Note that if you successfully complete this scenario and come back later to play it again, the wind velocity and direction will be randomly generated and different every time. Use your dope book to calculate windage adjustments! *If you see suspects in the windows. Don't shoot until you see an armed suspect. When you see a suspect with a gun in the window, Rooker will give you the okay to shoot. Wait until you have a clear shot, then let him have it! If you miss, the suspect will shoot the hostage. If you are successful, the scenario will end. You will be suspended while the shooting is investigated, but don't worry. You'll be reinstated and back with your team very soon! Would you please put some of the hints on SWAT 1 on your homepage. Thanks a lot!!!!

2019-04-26T08:37:08Z

http://thecomputershow.com/computershow/cheats/policequest5swat.htm

Shale and potash agree North Yorks deal – DRILL OR DROP? The two companies clashed at a meeting last year over the relative importance of shale gas and potash. At that meeting, Ineos claimed the establishment of protected areas for potash mining amounted to a “prohibition” on oil and gas drilling. But both sides compromised at an extra session of the examination in public of the North Yorkshire Minerals and Waste Plan yesterday (25 January 2019). Sirius agreed to redraw the “safeguarded area” for potash mining so that it no longer included land in Petroleum Exploration and Development Licences or PEDL. It also agreed to remove a 2km buffer zone around the safeguarded area. Ineos dropped its objection to a proposed policy on drilling for shale gas in the potash safeguarded area. Ineos had wanted the policy to include the words “permanently sterilise”, in place of “not adversely affect”. It had argued that the proposed policy would block drilling the safeguarded area. Sirius said the potash resource was unique in the UK and the company had already compromised. If Ineos’s proposals were accepted, it said, there would be a serious impact on the business and the ability to recover potash. There will now be consultations on the proposed changes. Is the Sirius boundary within the National Park? If it is then one would presume INEOS must only be contemplating conventional gas extraction. And one would hope that any future planning application for oil and gas development in the National Park would take account of the significant cumulative impact of the potash mine. The scale of the potash mine could yet impact upon further industrial development. Well its Sunday again, good morning ladies and gentlemen, its the 14th frack free Sunday since the failed operation at Cuadrilla started and there are moves to “reframe” the scientific criteria that Cuadrilla themselves agreed to for the earthquake TLS, because they cannot use the full pressure without causing earthquakes that exceede the TLS limits. We are told that raising the TLS stop light limits is “all for our own good”, yes we have heard that phrase before havent we? And it was not true then and it is not true now. There are those who write often here on Drill or Drop that would seek to label us all as “infants, imbeciles, and domestic animals” and their attitude is nothing but contempt and hatred to anyone who stands in their path towards that mythical “£profit” motive. But we know that is all false and empty really, we cannot afford to profit from an operation and an industry that will destroy the very planet we live on, that price, for whatever motive, is too high a price to pay isnt it. So i leave you with those thoughts, have a good Sunday with family and friends and when you look at your children, just think of the future we will leave them and try to make it the best future they can have. Though, given the location of the mine I do not see scope for cumulative affects from that mine and oil and gas activity along the Southern edge of the mines take, around 13km from the mine shafts. The agreement was that the Safeguarded Area would not encroach on any existing PEDLs. Ineos didn’t want it to match the National Park bourndaries – they argued that they might want to drill non-fracking wells for exploration or monitoring purposes, which could be allowed within the Park. Ooo I love money 💷💷. There is nooo money in UK shale. Tooo costly and problematic to access, tooo expensive to extract, and nooot competitive enough with other natural gas sources. Explains why it has been left untouched by the big players with years of experience of shale gas extraction in other countries. It has been left untouched by the big players because they don’t want the bad publicity associated with fracking until they know it’s going to be profitable. I’ve been told be two very senior people from different companies that they would buy out any successful shale gas explorer as soon as it’s proved that it can be profitable and that a sufficient number of wells can be drilled to make it worth their while. The point is that the analysts like Bloomberg, EY, and OIES say the numbers don’t add up. Also Statoil say it won’t make money. Then of course the failing US model. Though it seems the ‘doomsayers’ are better ‘guessers’ that the ‘guessing investors’……how much UK shale gas since Cuadrilla began their quest?…………..eh, none. Move over, you are dead in the water. Bring on the real energy and stop wasting gas to make electricity. Fair enough, but I do. Here are the doomsayers. Ever heard of them? You should have by now. Potash is extremely soluble by groundwater, and just one rogue gas exploration well would endanger future potash mines and the miners. Therefore the Government should extinguish PEDL licenses that are within tens of kilometres from the predicted extent of the potash resources. It is not for the companies to decide, because company financial considerations are by their nature short-term. PEDLs are short-term for oil and gas held by the Government. Potash is of immediate, short, medium and long-term economic and agricultural importance to the United Kingdom. Potash mining will remain vital for agriculture for many centuries after oil and gas production is abandoned. Could you please explain what you mean by a ‘rogue’ exploration well. It is not a term that I am familiar with. Hi David – thanks for your comment. In this context, a rogue well is any well (e.g. un-mapped, mapped in wrong place etc) for water, oil, gas, anhydrite, potash, coal etc. that becomes a conduit for groundwater or surface water to enter a salt mine. Anything more recent than 1980 Robin? Directional drilling and borehole surveying have come a long way since 1980. Conservative Operations and Drilling Manager BSc Hons Eng, IWCF 1&2, HUET and lots more stuff….. Paul – Robin clearly has no logical reason why this should be a risk. He’s just following the usual anti-frackers tactic of spreading silly scare stories hoping that some of them stick. There are quite a few reasons why drilling for shale gas might impact on future potash mines, as everyone knows. Fracking opens fractures that encourage groundwater flow and so endanger or prevent future potash mines by opening up channels for wild brine deep underground enabling potash, rocksalt, gypsum and anhydrite to dissolve and collapse. I trust that is sufficient for you. Robin – it was good enough for me to demonstrate your ignorance of subsurface flow and fracture propagation. Hydraulic fractures don’t propagate to shallow depths where advection of groundwater is important. It’s also the case that the large contrast in the mechanical properties of shale and potash will prevent fractures propagating from the shale into the potash. As well as being very soluable, potash is very ductile and experiences high rates of creep. For this reason, fractures wouldn’t stay open very long in potash. Evaporites are the most important top seal to petroleum reservoirs. The issues that you imagine may happen never do. IGAS didn’t mislead people by calling it Pentre Chert because that is a formation name and is not directly related to lithology. This is exactly the same as the Millstone Grit Formation not needing to contain a medium to coarse grained sandstone. The only people misleading the enquiry were you and Smythe by questioning the competence of IGAS and making out that you have some expertise in this area – neither of you do! Indeed yes, directional drilling and borehole surveying has come a long way since 1980. Of course, not everyone. Such as IGAS declaring naturally fractured Pentre Chert in Ellesmere Port-1 Borehole to be their target for further investigation. Indeed! The Pentre Chert is a flint-rock found only in a small area in Flintshire in Wales. They misled everyone. Even with good drilling, if the intention is hydraulic fracking then any potash, rock salt, anhydrite or gypsum that is fracked will have conduits that risks inflows of groundwater which enlarges the conduits by dissolving these minerals, slowly or rapidly as the case may be. Robin Grayson MSc – Liberal Democrat Geologist. Fertilizer is also produced from oil and gas, Robin! So, you have just shot your argument in the foot. Oil and gas must be vital for agriculture-and not just for the red diesel. Funnily enough, its also a basic constituent of water-based drilling mud. Oh dear; there’s a vicious rumor going round that agriculture is to be directed to use less oil and gas products…. Hi Judith, I am impressed with your belief that “the regulation in the UK simply wouldn’t allow that to happen”. As it happens, the National Well Record Collection held by the British Geological Survey BGS contains ” more than 130 000 classified records of wells, boreholes and springs within England and Wales; a unique database of hydrogeological information”. Taking Greater Manchester as an example, only half the number of boreholes are in the archive. My thesis contains logs of more than a thousand that are not in the archive but I have gathered. The risk of a rogue borehole creating a risk to mines, tunnels and so forth is ever present, especially where there is too much faith in the completeness of records. Robin, I fail to see your connection between the fact many wellbores have been drilled in the UK and how new wells for onshore hydrocarbons are likely to danger potash deposits. I do see the connection. Maybe I could, but not going to do so as I have made my point already. Thanks. One point which came out in Friday’s discussion of the N Yorks mineral plan was that Sirius would not consider extracting potash within 1km of the site of a drilled well, whether or not that well was active. The potash is extracted via long horizontal tunnels underground and any collapse would prove expensive. This is why Sirius wanted their Safeguarding Area for potash mining – they appear to feel that potash extraction and shale well sites don’t mix. However, they didn’t appear to have a problem with horizontal drilling under potash beds, as the drilling should be much deeper than the potash. As for “some expertise in this area”, I have a track record as geological consultant to more than twenty oil and gas exploration companies in the East Midlands, North Wales, North-West England and the inshore areas of the East Irish Sea Basin. Now, regarding the Pentre Chert Formation, I have visited the Pentre Chert Formation a good number of times in Wales. It is the flinty rock that gives its name to Flintshire. Even so, it is found only in a small areas of Wales. The Pentre Chert Formation is not mentioned in any of the BGS memoirs of the 1:50000 BGS maps of England. Please read them line by line to verify this. I have no further comments to make on any of your comments at this time. [Edited by moderator] anti-frackers just don’t like being cross examined do you? When you have published things in peer reviewed journals then people might listen to you. Although you might not wish to respond to my questions – I will continue to challenge you on everyone one of your totally misguided, poorly-informed opinions. I can’t wait to meet you face-to-face when it wont be so easy to wriggle out of discussions. Anyhow, as most people will realise, those indulging in pedantic arguments about nomenclature do so to try and discredit the competence of industry. Then again, what else can one expect, if they had reasonable knowledge about petroleum geoscience and engineering they wouldn’t object to fracking on safety grounds. If you really must go back 98 years to find a paper, then good for you. Frankly on this occasion it would be wiser to refer to the very detailed work by the British Geological Survey BGS that prove conclusively that the Pentre Chert Formation is restricted to a small area of Flintshire in Wales, and does not occur in England. In fairness to you, at the public inquiry in Chester, the IGAS team described the Pentre Chert Formation in the IGAS Ellesmere Port-1 as “shale”. So that appears to leave only your good self referring to chert. 1: Selecting stratigraphic picks on seismic lines, or else lost in time and space. 2: Making stratigraphic nomenclature essential for accurate geological maps, otherwise risk of being rubbish. 3: Making local regional and local stratigraphic correlations to enable oil, gas prospects to be identified and drilled or dumped. 4: And lots more besides. But in the modern world, “safety grounds” also require inputs from local communities and “reasonable knowledge” of not only petroleum geoscience and petroleum engineering, but also “reasonable knowledge” of general geology, regional geology, onshore geology, paleogeography, micropaleontology, macropaleontology, paleoecology, stratigraphic nomenclature, geochemistry, microbiology, ecology, Quaternary geology, air quality, logistics, transport planning, local government, groundwater …and of course “reasonable knowledge” of Social d Environmental Assessments and much more besides. I trust we can agree on that. Paul – that’s an interesting insight. I’m not sure on what scientific basis they feel like they want a 1 km exclusion zone. They’re certainly very careful to ensure that they aren’t associated with shale gas exploration companies. They seem to have public opinion on their side and I’m sure they don’t want to compromise the good will that they have built. Mr G B Kidding – if that is his real name (hey, it’s got to be a ‘he’, right?) – clearly loves money more than he loves clean air, quiet countryside, rural jobs and local democracy. I’m probably not the only person to think that many of the problems we face in the UK and the rest of the world is that people like him love money too much and love the environment too little. As much of the Sirius extraction will be under the North Yorks Moors and, maybe, the sea, it will be quite easy to keep them apart. Especially, as Sirius have decades of material to mine. Pretty easy to phase around that. Sirius “enjoyed” the same geological and economic nonsense whilst it was in it’s infancy. Strange how this has now changed. It usually does, when locals see how much money they can make. Some will become millionaires. I think GBK has a point! Perhaps Ellie could take a look at the local benefits that are starting to accrue from Sirius plans. Lots of local jobs, huge boost to the economy and a project that many said initially would be a disaster to the environment yet it will be quite difficult to find much physical evidence of up to 20m tonnes of material being mined per annum. Sound familiar? Drilling for anything through a mineable deposit reduces the amount of recoverable reserves. This is due to the need to leave a protection barrier around the well. The size of the barrier depends on your extraction method of course. How many barriers depends on well density ( and hence inconvenience ). Looking at the mine plans and PEDL shape, any Shale Exploration would precede mining by 20 years or more ( being along the Southern Boundary of the mines take ). The trick would be for the miners to miss the existing wells, rather than the gas wells to miss mineworkings. There are already at least 2 oil wells in the mine take in the first 20 years ( Robin Hoods Bay ) so they should get some practice. I do not believe the rogue well scenario credible in this particular case. If the wells were fracked then I leave that discussion to those who believe shale fracking is confined to the shale and others who believe it opens up pathways for water to permeate the Potash deposits, causing them to dissolve and fail. Sirius will be mining in 5.5m x 12m wide takes. In the thickest parts the take, which seem to be predominantly onshore, can be up to 44m high. They intend to produce at a rate building up to 13 to 20 times that of Boulby Potash in its heyday. Success or failure will occur over the next 10 years at the most in my opinion, and like all mining ventures, you need to be careful what you invest in. But good luck to them, it could be a major export earner. The information on PEDL Bpundary is above, mine take is in an earlier link above. Old well Data on UKOG website. The Potash miners are clearly concerned about cross-contamination and not from fracking ‘water’. They are not as guillible as councillors, politicians and the general public. Potash Mining has its own challenges, and one of them, not generally the most pressing, is proximity to oil and gas. Indeed, the Boulby Potash deposits were discovered during drilling for oil and gas, and there are existing oil wells in the Sirius Mine take. What they end up with is an agreement on how that proximity is managed, be it by agreement between companies, or ( as in America ) legislation. I am sure they ( Sirius ) would prefer no other activity in their take and may feel peeved that their development is quite specific, but shale gas opportunities are diverse ( or so it seems ). But how they manage ( or not ) the geology directly above them as they manage caving makes gripping reading. Or how Boulby do that, and they are out under the sea. In my opinion they would argue the case no matter who was drilling and no matter what they were after. There is a traditional view that fissures do not develop in plastic salt sequences. So, plastic salt sequences are assumed to be water-tight and capable of providing a protective cover to potash mines. Unfortunately this is now realised to be not always true, and fissures in plastic salt have caused the flooding and loss of the world’s largest potash mine. It follows that fracking should not be allowed in or near active or future potash mines. It is well known that temporary hydrofractures can develop in evaporates. This tends to occur when the pore fluid pressure is close to the overburden pressure. The main point about hydraulic fractures is that they won’t penetrate up into the salt because they will experience blunting at the interface with the salt. It’s also the case that salt cannot support a differential stress so at the interface with the underlying sediment there will be large stress discontinuity, which will also work to stop fractures propagating into the salt. There are many conventional and unconventional reservoirs that are overlain by evaporites but I rally can’t think of a single example where production-related fluid movement has lead to issues (i.e. leakage or significant dissolution). The fact that only small amounts of fluid are pumped underground and that upward movement will be dominated by buoyancy forces (i.e. gas movement) also indicates that fracking is not likely to have an impact on these deposits. Absolutely outrageous from INEOS and anyone who colludes with them. Are you saying Sirius have colluded with INEOS? No, I think he is implying anyone who types out a message on plastic keys do so!

2019-04-26T09:48:14Z

https://drillordrop.com/2019/01/26/shale-and-potash-agree-north-yorks-deal/

Arguments related to the National Finance Commission (NFC) Award emanating from within Sindh seek to redress “structural imbalances” in the make-up of the State, with experts and activists both claiming that an Award based on multiple criteria is likely to benefit provincial coffers. Some feel that problems arise due to the approach of separating economic factors from other phenomena, such as society and polity. “If the NFC Award is tabled before any talk of provincial autonomy, then any decision taken thereafter would not be a just one. The larger picture is that in Pakistan, the idea of federalism is rather skewed,” South Asian Partnership-Pakistan (SAP-Pk) Provincial Coordinator (Sindh) Zulfiqar Shah told Indus Watch. “Ideally, provinces should keep their income, and then decide for themselves how much they have to give to the Centre — that would be the true spirit of federalism; it requires natural liberty as a prerequisite. This is the basic contradiction in Pakistan in terms of federalism, and in the context of intra-State relations,” Shah said. Such apprehensions about the NFC Award from within the province are understandable: the Award was last adopted in 1997, after a gap of about six years, but proved to be a regressive step as compared to the 1991 Award. In comparison to the 80 per cent allocation for provinces in 1991, the 1997 Award reduced the proportion of the pooled taxes that were to be given to the provinces to a mere 37 per cent. There was also the inclusion of five categories of taxation in the 1997 Award. Income taxes, general sales tax, wealth taxes, capital gains taxes, and custom duties (given under the Federal head in 1997) made their way into the new Award. With Karachi long serving as the country’s political hub, an argument has been made that the returns given to Sindh through the NFC Award are not quite in relation to what the province provides to the Centre. Eminent economist and Collective for Social Science Research (CSSR) Director Dr Asad Sayeed explained that the federal government had a significant wage bill, because a chunk of the expenditure of the federal government is in terms of the number of public servants it employs. “Not only does the federal government have to cater to the bureaucracy, it also has to provide for those employed in the armed services,” he said. “Although there is a quota system in the civil service, but a large number of recruits belong to Punjab. Similar is the case with the Pakistan Army, where about 70 per cent of the force is Punjabi. Given this make-up, Punjab automatically becomes a beneficiary of a strong Centre, as financial flows increase towards Punjab,” Sayeed added. Shah believed, however, that the current set up in Pakistan encouraged this “financial imbalance” and termed the system as the continuation of the colonial viceregal legacy. He said that for a long time, the British maintained a strong Centre and kept their cronies in the provinces happy so that they would stay subservient to them, especially in terms of the financial aspect. Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Jawaharlal Nehru both understood this problem, Shah said. “They agreed, on behalf of the Muslim League and Indian National Congress respectively, that the provinces were not empowered enough, and agreed to decentralise power so that the provinces could get more autonomy,” he said. Politics from 1940 to 1947 in United India thus took place under the Government of India Act-1935, under which all subjects were categorised under three heads: federal list, provincial list, and concurrent list. “Unfortunately, the provincial list was abolished when the Constitution of 1973 was enforced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and only the federal and concurrent list remained. While the majority of subjects were put into the federal list, the rest were placed in the concurrent list; disputes were to be resolved by the Centre. It is interesting to note that while provincial empowerment was a legitimate demand before Partition, what you see today is the enforcement of a Colonial method of federalism,” Shah said. What does the PPP think? Taj Haider, a senior leader of the ruling Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and member of the Sindh government’s NFC advisory committee, disagreed with Shah’s analysis, instead claiming that provincial autonomy always translates into a bigger expenditure bill. Haider believed that the problems lay in terms of administration and bureaucratic wrangles. “The losses are less where the provinces are well managed; the responsibility of keeping a system of check-and-balance lies with the provincial government,” he said. He also alleged that overt interference into the affairs of the Sindh government, first by Nawaz Sharif and then by General (retd) Pervez Musharraf, meant that development schemes were purposely ‘sabotaged’. “We had planned on developing Keti Bunder; there were plans of developing a port there, a coastal development authority was also being formed. We had even planned to set up a power plant in Keti Bunder that would generate 5,000 megawatts. This project was sabotaged, first by Nawaz and then by Musharraf,” he said. Haider claimed that new governmental authorities were formed to ensure the federation’s involvement and red-tape-ism, in the process of developing Keti Bunder. “It took the government one-and-a-half-years to simply provincialise one of the crucial development authorities,” he said. Shah said that while the NFC Award is particularly concerned with sales and revenue, it also affects many other economic and financial issues. “Consider, for example, the phenomenon of internal migration into Sindh. While there is a significant number of Punjabis who have become naturalised and assimilated in Sindh, and can even be called Punjabi-speaking Sindhis, but the majority of Punjabis send their remittances back to their homes of origin in Punjab. This is just one example of what is actually a multi-dimensional and multi-layered imbalance in terms of financial flows,” he said. Such division of natural resources is accompanied by the fact that NFC does not deal with royalties on a particular resource. Sayeed told Indus Watch that there are a number of obscurities surrounding the issue of taxation. Service tax is returned to the province everywhere in the world, but currently, this practice does not exist in Pakistan. Sayeed explained that both gas and electricity have a certain degree of taxation associated with them, but the problem arises when one realises that taxation is in the realm of the NFC, but profits are not. Corporate taxation, which is a major part of the total taxes collected, also becomes tricky, as corporate agreements are often signed in Karachi, but the corporate entity in question exists across the country. Haider reiterated, however, that the PPP had committed in its manifesto that sales tax would be returned to the provinces. He maintained that the economic integration and inter-dependence of people across the four provinces meant that the current schema of the federal government setting up projects in various areas, and the project yielding profit to that particular province has good sense to it. “Profits on gas, for example, go to the province, and payment is made through direct transfers,” he said. The NFC advisory committee of the Sindh government also met various nationalist parties in Sindh to garner their support for the province’s official suggestions. Bashir Qureshi, leader of his own faction of Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaaz, told Indus Watch that support from nationalists is contingent on the fact that the rights of Sindh are protected. “We welcomed them, as is our custom, but also told them in clear terms that we will protest if the rights of Sindh are compromised,” he said. Any talk of provincial autonomy is inevitably tied to the notion of a new State-citizen contract, and eventually, to a disparate view of state craft in Pakistan. Sayeed explained though that such suggestions are not within the ambit of the NFC Award. “The alteration of the federation, or an improvement of federal affairs, is contingent on issues beyond the NFC Award, as the NFC simply deals with the tax revenue generated from the federal government, and the distribution of such things,” Sayeed said. “Changing the structure is beyond the ambit of the NFC Award, and other measures would have to be taken to redress such imbalance. For instance, the Army Act could be altered and the quota system could be modified. Such moves would ultimately result in a situation where the share of Punjab is diluted, given that the final flow in terms of salaries and pensions would also be directed towards other provinces,” he said. Sayeed highlighted the fact that there are other issues that also did not fall strictly under the ambit of the NFC. The demands of the NWFP, for instance, about receiving profits on hydel power plants remain outside the ambit of the NFC. Similar is the case with gas, especially in Sindh, given that the southern province produces about 70 per cent gas. If the Thar coal project comes through, a large proportion of electricity will also be generated from Sindh. These are all critical issues, he said, and will need to be assessed at a policy level. Shah added that lessons needed to be learnt before implementing anything new. The ideal form of federalism, he claimed, existed in Germany, while the most complex form of federalism existed in Nigeria. He argued that revenue and poverty should be considered the major criteria, and should account for 70 per cent of the total fund. “Revenue should account for 30 to 35 per cent, and a similar demarcation should be made for poverty and development. Population should be one of the criteria, but should not account for more than 10 to 15 per cent. About 15 per cent can be given on the basis of territory,” he said. Sayeed’s assessment was that thus far, there seemed to be some advantages on the margins. He said that now that Punjab had been displaying a favourable attitude towards moving away from its previous position, and has even agreed to consider multiple criteria, the smaller provinces might get somewhat more. The critical factor, he explained, remained the bloated expenses of the Federal government. If these expenses stayed the same, Sindh and Balochistan would end up as major losers. If the Federal government were to reduce its share, then all provinces stood to benefit. “The larger issue is that of ownership of resources, and this is bound to become a fiercely contested one in the future,” he concluded. KARACHI (October 20 2005): Pakistan Fisher-folk Forum Manager Programmes Zulfiqar Shah a young research scholar has warned that if enough water was not made available to the Indus Delta the mangrove forests would deplete inviting natural disasters like cyclones. The Indus Delta is on the verge of destruction, the bio-diversity, ecosystem, and agronomy of the delta are threatened from the lack of water flowing dwn from Kotri barrage. The Indus Delta needs at least 35 maf (million acre feet) of water only to survive in present state, Zulfiqar said. Zulfiqar Shah’s study report on Indus Delta is under publication. After completing his masters in philosophy from Sindh University Jamshoro, Shah took to research on water and development issues. Being a member of International Rivers Network, Society for South Asian Studies (UK) and International Society for Philosophers Sheffield University UK, he holds international repute in his fields. Zulfiqar Shah maintains that when he realised that water was the major issue of Sindh, he decided to work over it and come up with the latest information. Whereas, the research on Indus Delta was simply inspired by the poetry and cultural history of Sindh, he quipped. He revealed that historically the entire area of lower Sindh was a delta. “Actually, there were two major deltas, one was Sarsvati in Run of Kuch, and the second is the Indus Delta. Referring to the degradation of the Indus Delta, he said disasters like earthquake and tsunami had immediate effects, but the Indus Delta was going through a slow and gradual death so it could not attract the public eye. “The degradation started way before the partition of Pakistan and India when mega projects in the Punjab were constructed and the first urbanised port of Sindh Sokhi Bander Island was destroyed. Sokhi Bander existed near the mouth of Indus Delta, close to Malh and Mutni creeks and inhibited by more than 30,000 peoples,” Shah said. “Rice mills existed there. The sanitation system of Sokhi worked better than that of a medium-level city. It was the first victim of mega projects till the 1955,” he added. Pointing out towards other aspects of the degradation, he said according to the official figures of the Sindh Board of Revenue some 1.22 million acres of the fertile land went under sea intrusion until 2001. “But, the number has reached to around 2 million acres till the March 2005 in the eight Talukas of two districts of Thatta and Badin,” he said that the data was collected from the local farmers and landowners. He did not agree with the views of one official of the Board of Revenue that the sea intrusion was the cause of the cyclone. “Cyclone could not have such a large impact to change the hydrology of the local ponds and lakes from sweet water to saline,” he stated. “Cyclone could not be blamed for the sea intrusion, cyclones also hit other countries but there is no case of the sea intrusion,” he said. He said that construction of mega projects destroyed the topography of the Indus Delta. “At Sajawal Bridge (Thatta city) the ecology of the Indus River has changed to marine from sweet water composition, although Thatta is 40 kilometres away from the mouth of the Indus,” the self styled scholar claimed. Highlighting the gravity of the situation Zulfiqar said that drinking water available in Thatta has 15000 tds (total dissolved solvents) in it, whereas according to World Bank health standards nearly 5,000 tds is the maximum acceptable level for the human consumption and solvents above this level are disastrous leading to the severe diseases. He lamented that in some areas of Sindh one gallon of irrigation water was being sold for Rs40, which was used for the drinking purpose by the thirsty masses. Discussing the socio economic impacts of the degradation he said that the market value of 2 million acre fertile land facing sea intrusion is worth more than the benefits of the dams. Finally, he said that the Indus Delta should be provided at least 35 maf to 46.3 maf water for sustainability, “rehabilitation is addition to it, which needs more water,” he concluded. KARACHI: More than 120,000 cattle have died owing to various diseases and flooding in rain-affected areas of Sindh, said an academic on Saturday. Professor M Ismail Kumbhar of Agriculture University of Tandojam told The News that 64,000 cattle had died by September 4, which increased to 120,000 after the new spell of rain. Lives of hundreds of thousands more livestock and poultry are at risk in rain-affected areas as water-borne diseases have emerged. Besides, the livestock that is not diseased yet might die of starvation because fodder has been washed away. Poultry farms have also suffered losses of tens of millions of rupees. Similar has been the fate of fish farms, sources told The News. Rains have hit 21 districts of Sindh, but nine of them are highly affected: Badin, Mirpurkhas, Tharparkar, Tando Muhammad Khan, Tando Allahyar, Matiari, Umerkot, Sanghar and Benazirabad. Chairman Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum Muhammad Ali Shah, who is involved in relief work, said that affected people were waiting for proper relief work. More than 500 villages of Badin alone have been affected. “All crops and fisheries have been washed away,” he said. Loss of livestock and poultry in rain-affected areas is likely to result in malnutrition of millions of people in these areas, he said. Head of Institute of Social Movements Pakistan Zulfiqar Shah said affected people were at risk of malnutrition as livestock was likely to be lost. Livestock sector has emerged as a priority sector only recently. In the rural areas, livestock is considered as a secure source of income for small farmers and landless poor. According to the latest Economic Survey of Pakistan livestock is the best hope for poverty alleviation as it can improve the socioeconomic conditions of our rural masses. The livestock accounted for approximately 55.1 percent of the agriculture value added and 11.5 percent to GDP during 2010-11. One official document says that the overall thrust of the government’s livestock policy is to foster “private sector-led development with public sector providing enabling environment through policy interventions and capacity building for improved livestock husbandry practices”. The emphasis will be on improving per unit animal productivity and moving from subsistence to commercial livestock farming in the country to meet the domestic demand and export the surplus. The objective is to exploit the potentials of livestock sector and use it as engine for economic growth and food security for the country leading to rural population empowerment and socioeconomic development. Livestock sector’s prospective role towards rural economic development may be recognised from the fact that 35-40 million are dependent on livestock in the country. Poultry sector generates employment and income for about 1.5 million people. Its contribution in agriculture value addition is 4.8 percent and livestock’s value addition is 9.8 percent. Poultry meat contributes 24.8 percent to the total meat production in the country. The current investment in poultry industry is about Rs200 billion. Poultry sector has shown a robust growth of 8-10 percent annually, which reflects its potential. Poultry Development Policy revolves around improving regulatory framework; disease control and genetic improvement in rural poultry; hi-tech poultry production under environmentally-controlled housing; processing and value addition; improving bio-security; need-based research and development and farmers’ training and education. It envisages poultry sector’s growth of 15-20 percent per annum. The majestic Karunjhar Hills are the first sights that one sees the moment one enters Nagarparkar, at the south-eastern tip of Sindh, along the Indo-Pak border. Comprisong slab upon slab of pink granite, stacked precariously one on top of the other, the Karunjhar Hills are remnants of the days when the “Gulf de Sindhu Sea” (as a 17th century French map described the Arabian Sea) covered the entire area. Active volcanoes or not, Nagarparkar continues to maintain its place as the cultural heart of Thar. Residents of the area proudly tell anyone who will listen that out of the 56 most popular folk songs of Sindh, 45 are in the Thari dialect. The sea eventually receded, leaving Nagar open to the air, with its deserts (Thar), granite hills (Parkar), and rare flora and fauna. Centuries ago when the Saraswati River flowed through the heart of the Thar desert, and joined the “Gulf de Sindhu Sea” at what is now the Runn of Kutch (India), Nagarparkar was an important trade and business hub with several sea ports. Legend has it that the present day Ganga River gets its purifying qualities from the ancient Saraswati River. Eventually, on account of seismic activity, many of the tributaries which fed the mighty Saraswati River (including the Sutlej River) changed course, and the Saraswati lost much of its grandeur, became a trickle, and turned more inland, towards the Sindhu (Indus) River. The Runn of Kutch appeared, as the sea started receding further, and many of the trading towns of the region moved further South. Meanwhile, Nagarparkar also became an important cultural point for Jainism and Hinduism. This is evident from the several Jain and Hindu temples that dot the region. Even today, Nagarparkar is said to be one of the two focal points of Hindu pilgrimage (the other point is Hingol, Balochistan), Shah says. Several temples in the area are thousands of years old. Most of them are Jain temples, with some Hindu temples and Ashrams. Almost all of them, however, are in a pathetic condition. Domes are falling apart, statues are gone, art has been disfigured, and despite signboards set up outside these sites by the government, warning against vandalism, one wonders if the powers-that-be expect the gods to step down to earth to take care of these temples themselves — not a single government-appointed guard was visible at any temple, leaving these priceless pieces of history at the mercy of random vandals and vagaries of the weather. Almost every house in the region is said to be haunted. Every person who Indus Watch spoke to either claimed to have encountered the supernatural themselves, or know someone close who has. “My house is haunted too,” Anthony, an employee of the Participatory Village Development Programme in the region, said with a matter-of-fact shrug. “Lots of houses here are haunted. There’s a scientific reason for that,” another resident of the area said. Most residents of the villages around Nagarparkar own their lands — around two to three acres each. Interestingly, however, even though capital (land) is owned privately in the region, labour ßis communal. Entire villages get together to work on a neighbour’s land one day; then everyone (including the person whose land everyone worked on the previous day) gets together and works on another neighbour’s land, and so on. The region goes through an annual drought on account of the severe shortage of water. Every year during the drought, families from the region “lock” their houses by placing prickly bushes against the openings, pick up their cattle and migrate to Amarkot and other nearby regions. There they work as farm labour on the property of larger land owners. Some even get bonded to these land owners via debt. Two to three months before the monsoons, some of the migrants come back to clear up their lands and prepare them for sowing, and as soon as the first droplets of rain grace the region, the rest of the migrants come trudging back, bringing with them the cattle that the rest of the villagers left behind in “greener pastures.” The sight of flocks of bulls, buffaloes and cows blocking the road to Nagarparkar every few kilometres is something that is unique to the region — and even in this region, it is particular to the season of the monsoons. During the droughts, many families obtain loans from local “Banyas” (entrepreneurs) in order to make ends meet, and to have enough money to migrate to other regions. They are expected to pay this loan back after the harvest. “If they get a good harvest, they may be able to pay back their loans. Heaven help them if they can’t, however. The Banyas come swooping in to take over their assets — a goat in lieau of one missed instalment, a bull next, land after that, until the poor family has nothing left,” PVDP Executive Director Dominic Stephen told Indus Watch. Eventually, after losing everything to the Banya, the family in question leaves the area, migrates to other places in Sindh or even as far as lower Punjab, and starts working on the property of larger land owners. Poverty forces many of them to obtain loans from these landowners as well, bonding them to their new employers via debt. Surprising as it may sound, Nagarparkar is extremely fertile, post-monsoon of course — to the extent that no artificial fertilisers, etc, are needed. Food is grown using organic methods, and tastes heavenly. “There can be a large market for this, but it seems like the government is not interested in developing this region,” PVDP Regional Coordinator Nagarparkar Matthew Walji said. Is there a solution to the annual drought? Nagarparkar can be an important hub of religious-tourism, SAP-Pk Provincial Coordinator Sindh Zulfiqar Shah said. “All of these ancient temples need to be restored. This region is important from a religious, as well as an academic (anthropological) perspective,” he said. Is Grameen-style micro-financing an option? Instead of being given money, therefore, villagers should be taught the art of “asset management” in the rural context, Stephen maintains. The Thar Coal Project is another ray of hope for residents of this harsh desert. They have been promised by the powers-that-be that they will be given a priority when it comes to getting jobs at That Coal. The residents, however, remain apprehensive. “Their job is to make promises. They’re going to give jobs to their cronies. Why would they care about us,” one woman said.

2019-04-21T02:43:36Z

http://www.zulfiqarshah.com/p/interviews-mentions.html

Nova is always evolving its processes, but it’s important to explain why we have them: so we can all work to ensure that the interactions we need to happen do happen. The process exists to make productive communication between all members of our community easier. If you are new to Nova, please read this first: How to get (more) involved with Nova. Feature freeze primarily provides a window of time to help the horizontal teams prepare their items for release, while giving developers time to focus on stabilising what is currently in master, and encouraging users and packagers to perform tests (automated, and manual) on the release, to spot any major bugs. The Nova release process is aligned with the development cycle schedule used by many OpenStack projects, including the following steps. As with all processes here, there are exceptions. The exceptions at this stage need to be discussed with the horizontal teams that might be affected by changes beyond this point, and as such are discussed with one of the OpenStack release managers. This is a (mostly) Nova specific process. Starting with Liberty, we are keeping a backlog open for submission at all times. This is a Nova specific process. We currently have a very finite amount of review bandwidth. In order to make code review time for the agreed community wide priorities, we have to not do some other things. In each cycle, milestones are used to bound when certain types of work will be active and reviewed and to avoid crushing the gate with too much code near the end of the cycle. For example, in the Liberty cycle, we reserved the liberty-3 milestone for priority features and bug fixes and did not merge any non-priority things during liberty-3. This meant that liberty-2 was the “Feature Freeze” for blueprints that were not a priority for the Liberty cycle. It was hoped to make this a continuous process using “slots” to control what gets reviewed, but this was rejected by the community when it was last discussed. There is hope this can be resurrected to avoid the “lumpy” nature of this process. String Freeze provides an opportunity for translators to translate user-visible messages to a variety of languages. By not changing strings after the date of the string freeze, the job of the translators is made a bit easier. For more information on string and other OpenStack-wide release processes see the release management docs. OK, so you are new to Nova, and you have been given a feature to implement. How do I make that happen? If you fix an issue, please raise a bug so others who spot that issue can find the fix you kindly created for them. Also before submitting your patch it’s worth checking to see if someone has already fixed it for you (Launchpad helps you with that, at little, when you create the bug report). For more details refer to Blueprints, Specs and Priorities. To understand this question, we need to understand why blueprints and specs are useful. if it needs a spec, it will need a blueprint. if it’s an API change, it needs a spec. if it’s a single small patch that touches a small amount of code, with limited deployer and doc impact, it probably doesn’t need a spec. If you are unsure, please ask the PTL on IRC, or one of the other nova-drivers. be sure your blueprint description has enough context for the review in that meeting. Got any more questions? Contact the PTL or one of the other nova-specs-core who are awake at the same time as you. IRC is best as you will often get an immediate response, if they are too busy send him/her an email. When feature freeze hits, any patches for blueprints that are still in review get a procedural -2 to stop them merging. In Nova a blueprint is only approved for a single release. To have the -2 removed, you need to get the blueprint approved for the current release (see How do I get my blueprint approved?). Code reviews take intense concentration and a lot of time. This tends to lead to terse responses with very little preamble or nicety. That said, there’s no excuse for being actively rude or mean. OpenStack has a Code of Conduct (https://www.openstack.org/legal/community-code-of-conduct/) and if you feel this has been breached please raise the matter privately. Either with the relevant parties, the PTL or failing those, the OpenStack Foundation. Firstly and simply, patches must address their intended purpose successfully. Patches must not have negative side-effects like wiping the database or causing a functional regression. Usually removing anything, however tiny, requires a deprecation warning be issued for a cycle. Code must be maintainable, that is it must adhere to coding standards and be as readable as possible for an average OpenStack developer (we acknowledge that this person is not easy to define). Patches must respect the direction of the project, for example they should not make approved specs substantially more difficult to implement. Release coordinators need the correct process to be followed so scope can be tracked accurately. Bug fixes require bugs, features require blueprints and all but the simplest features require specs. If there is a blueprint, it must be approved for the release/milestone the patch is attempting to merge into. Please particularly bear in mind that a -2 does not mean “never ever” nor does it mean “your idea is bad and you are dumb”. It simply means “do not merge today”. You may need to wait some time, rethink your approach or even revisit the problem definition but there is almost always some way forward. The core who applied the -2 should tell you what you need to do. Be precise. Ensure you’re not talking at cross purposes. Try to understand where the reviewer is coming from. They may have a very different perspective and/or use-case to you. If you don’t understand the problem, ask them to explain - this is common and helpful behaviour. Be positive. Everyone’s patches have issues, including core reviewers. No-one cares once the issues are fixed. Try not to flip-flop. When two reviewers are pulling you in different directions, stop pushing code and negotiate the best way forward. If the reviewer does not respond to replies left on the patchset, reach out to them on IRC or email. If they still don’t respond, you can try to ask their colleagues if they’re on holiday (or simply wait). Finally, you can ask for mediation in the Nova meeting by adding it to the agenda (https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Meetings/Nova). This is also what you should do if you are unable to negotiate a resolution to an issue. Eventually you should get some +1s from people working through the review queue. Expect to get -1s as well. You can ask for reviews within your company, 1-2 are useful (not more), especially if those reviewers are known to give good reviews. You can spend some time while you wait reviewing other people’s code - they may reciprocate and you may learn something (Why do code reviews when I’m not core?). If you’ve waited an appropriate amount of time and you haven’t had any +1s, you can ask on IRC for reviews. Please don’t ask for core review straight away, especially not directly (IRC or email). Core reviewer time is very valuable and gaining some +1s is a good way to show your patch meets basic quality standards. Once you have a few +1s, be patient. Remember the average wait times. You can ask for reviews each week in IRC, it helps to ask when cores are awake. It helps to apply correct tracking information. Put “Closes-Bug”, “Partial-Bug” or “Related-Bug” in the commit message tags as necessary. If you have to raise a bug in Launchpad first, do it - this helps someone else find your fix. Make sure the bug has the correct priority and tag set. Put your blueprint in the commit message, EG “blueprint simple-feature”. Mark the blueprint as NeedsCodeReview if you are finished. Maintain the whiteboard on the blueprint so it’s easy to understand which patches need reviews. Use a single topic for all related patches. All patches for one blueprint should share a topic. Ensure your spec is approved for the current release cycle. If your code is a project or subteam priority, the cores interested in that priority might not mind a ping after it has sat with +1s for a week. If you abuse this privilege, you’ll lose respect. If it’s not a priority, your blueprint/spec has been approved for the cycle and you have been patient, you can raise it during the Nova meeting. The outcome may be that your spec gets unapproved for the cycle, so that priority items can take focus. If this happens to you, sorry - it should not have been approved in the first place, Nova team bit off more than they could chew, it is their mistake not yours. You can re-propose it for the next cycle. If it’s not a priority and your spec has not been approved, your code will not merge this cycle. Please re-propose your spec for the next cycle. This section takes a high level look at the guiding principles behind the Nova process. An interoperable API that gives users on-demand access to compute resources is at the heart of nova’s mission. This is a very different aim to being “pluggable” or wanting to expose all capabilities to end users. At the same time, it is not just a “lowest common denominator” set of APIs. It should be discoverable which features are available, and while no implementation details should leak to the end users, purely admin concepts may need to understand technology specific details that back the interoperable and more abstract concepts that are exposed to the end user. This is a hard goal, and one area we currently don’t do well is isolating image creators from these technology specific details. We are a large community, spread across multiple timezones, working with several horizontal teams. Good communication is a challenge and the processes we have are mostly there to try and help fix some communication challenges. If you have a problem with a process, please engage with the community, discover the reasons behind our current process, and help fix the issues you are experiencing. We do! For example, in Liberty we stopped trying to predict the milestones when a feature will land. As we evolve, it is important to unlearn new habits and explore if things get better if we choose to optimise for a different set of issues. Spec reviews allow anyone to step up and contribute to reviews, just like with code. Before we used gerrit, it was a very messy review process, that felt very “closed” to most people involved in that process. As Nova has grown in size, it can be hard to work out how to modify Nova to meet your needs. Specs are a great way of having that discussion with the wider Nova community. For Nova to be a success, we need to ensure we don’t break our existing users. The spec template helps focus the mind on the impact your change might have on existing users and gives an opportunity to discuss the best way to deal with those issues. keep it simple. Shorter, simpler, more decomposed specs are quicker to review and merge much quicker (just like code patches). specs can help with documentation but they are only intended to document the design discussion rather than document the final code. don’t add details that are best reviewed in code, it’s better to leave those things for the code review. We use specs to record the design agreement, we use blueprints to track progress on the implementation of the spec. Currently, in Nova, specs are only approved for one release, and must be re-submitted for each release you want to merge the spec, although that is currently under review. To be clear, there is no “nova dev team manager”, we are an open team of professional software developers, that all work for a variety of (mostly competing) companies that collaborate to ensure the Nova project is a success. Over time, a lot of technical debt has accumulated, because there was a lack of collective ownership to solve those cross-cutting concerns. Before the Kilo release, it was noted that progress felt much slower, because we were unable to get appropriate attention on the architectural evolution of Nova. This was important, partly for major concerns like upgrades and stability. We agreed it’s something we all care about and it needs to be given priority to ensure that these things get fixed. Allocating our finite review bandwidth to these efforts means we have to limit the reviews we do on non-priority items. This is mostly why we now have the non-priority Feature Freeze. For more on this, see below. Blocking a priority effort is one of the few widely acceptable reasons to block someone adding a feature. One of the great advantages of being more explicit about that relationship is that people can step up to help review and/or implement the work that is needed to unblock the feature they want to get landed. This is a key part of being an Open community. The main reason Nova has a feature freeze is that it allows people working on docs and translations to sync up with the latest code. Traditionally this happens at the same time across multiple projects, so the docs are synced between what used to be called the “integrated release”. We also use this time period as an excuse to focus our development efforts on bug fixes, ideally lower risk bug fixes, and improving test coverage. In theory, with a waterfall hat on, this would be a time for testing and stabilisation of the product. In Nova we have a much stronger focus on keeping every commit stable, by making use of extensive continuous testing. In reality, we frequently see the biggest influx of fixes in the few weeks after the release, as distributions do final testing of the released code. It is hoped that the work on Feature Classification will lead us to better understand the levels of testing of different Nova features, so we will be able to reduce and dependency between Feature Freeze and regression testing. It is also likely that the move away from “integrated” releases will help find a more developer friendly approach to keep the docs and translations in sync. We have already discussed why we have priority features. The rate at which code can be merged to Nova is primarily constrained by the amount of time able to be spent reviewing code. Given this, earmarking review time for priority items means depriving it from non-priority items. The simplest way to make space for the priority features is to stop reviewing and merging non-priority features for a whole milestone. The idea being developers should focus on bug fixes and priority features during that milestone, rather than working on non-priority features. A known limitation of this approach is developer frustration. Many developers are not being given permission to review code, work on bug fixes or work on priority features, and so feel very unproductive upstream. An alternative approach of “slots” or “runways” has been considered, that uses a kanban style approach to regulate the influx of work onto the review queue. We are yet to get agreement on a more balanced approach, so the existing system is being continued to ensure priority items are more likely to get the attention they require. We are actively looking for an alternative to Launchpad’s bugs and blueprints. Ideally we want to get all specs for a release merged before the summit. For things that we can’t get agreement on, we can then discuss those at the summit. There will always be ideas that come up at the summit and need to be finalised after the summit. This causes a rush which is best avoided. So no-one is coming to review your code, how do you speed up that process? Firstly, make sure you are following the above process. If it’s a feature, make sure you have an approved blueprint. If it’s a bug, make sure it is triaged, has its priority set correctly, it has the correct bug tag and is marked as in progress. If the blueprint has all the code up for review, change it from Started into NeedsCodeReview so people know only reviews are blocking you, make sure it hasn’t accidentally got marked as implemented. Secondly, if you have a negative review (-1 or -2) and you responded to that in a comment or uploading a new change with some updates, but that reviewer hasn’t come back for over a week, it’s probably a good time to reach out to the reviewer on IRC (or via email) to see if they could look again now you have addressed their comments. If you can’t get agreement, and your review gets stuck (i.e. requires mediation), you can raise your patch during the Nova meeting and we will try to resolve any disagreement. Thirdly, is it in merge conflict with master or are any of the CI tests failing? Particularly any third-party CI tests that are relevant to the code you are changing. If you’re fixing something that only occasionally failed before, maybe recheck a few times to prove the tests stay passing. Without green tests, reviewers tend to move on and look at the other patches that have the tests passing. OK, so you have followed all the process (i.e. your patches are getting advertised via the project’s tracking mechanisms), and your patches either have no reviews, or only positive reviews. Now what? Have you considered reviewing other people’s patches? Firstly, participating in the review process is the best way for you to understand what reviewers are wanting to see in the code you are submitting. As you get more practiced at reviewing it will help you to write “merge-ready” code. Secondly, if you help review other peoples code and help get their patches ready for the core reviewers to add a +2, it will free up a lot of non-core and core reviewer time, so they are more likely to get time to review your code. For more details, please see: Why do code reviews when I’m not core? Please note, I am not recommending you go to ask people on IRC or via email for reviews. Please try to get your code reviewed using the above process first. In many cases multiple direct pings generate frustration on both sides and that tends to be counter productive. Now you have got your code merged, lets make sure you don’t need to fix this bug again. The fact the bug exists means there is a gap in our testing. Your patch should have included some good unit tests to stop the bug coming back. But don’t stop there, maybe its time to add tempest tests, to make sure your use case keeps working? Maybe you need to set up a third party CI so your combination of drivers will keep working? Getting that extra testing in place should stop a whole heap of bugs, again giving reviewers more time to get to the issues or features you want to add in the future. We are always evolving our process as we try to improve and adapt to the changing shape of the community. Here we discuss some of the ideas, along with their pros and cons. Currently, Nova doesn’t have strong enough interfaces to split out the virt drivers, scheduler or REST API. This is seen as the key blocker. Let’s look at both sides of the debate here. There are groups of people with great knowledge of particular bits of the code base. It may be a good idea to give their recommendation of a merge greater strength. In addition, having the subteam focus review efforts on a subset of patches should help concentrate the nova-core reviews they get, and increase the velocity of getting code merged. Ideally this would be done with gerrit user “tags” rather than an etherpad. There are some investigations by sdague in how feasible it would be to add tags to gerrit. As mentioned above, we use blueprints for tracking, and specs to record design decisions. Targeting specs to a specific release is a heavyweight solution and blurs the lines between specs and blueprints. At the same time, we don’t want to lose the opportunity to revise existing blueprints. Maybe there is a better balance? This still needs more thought, but should decouple the spec review from the release process. It is also more compatible with a runway style system, that might be less focused on milestones. Runways are a form of Kanban, where we look at optimising the flow through the system, by ensuring we focus our efforts on reviewing a specific subset of patches. You can deploy any commit of Nova and upgrade to a later commit in that same release. Making our milestones versioned more like an official release would help signal to our users that people can use the milestones in production, and get a level of upgrade support. maybe a stable branch is created at this point? this is released from the stable branch? We are currently watching Ironic to see how their use of semver goes, and see what lessons need to be learnt before we look to maybe apply this technique during M. This is a look at moving forward the support matrix effort. How do I get my code merged? Where do you track bugs? When do I need a blueprint vs a spec? How do I get my blueprint approved? How do I get a procedural -2 removed from my patch? Why are the reviewers being mean to me? My code review seems stuck, what can I do? Why don’t you remove old process? If we have specs, why still have blueprints? Why do we have priorities? Why is there a Feature Freeze (and String Freeze) in Nova? Why is there a non-priority Feature Freeze in Nova? Why do you still use Launchpad? When should I submit my spec? How can I get my code merged faster?

2019-04-19T18:34:50Z

https://docs.openstack.org/nova/latest/contributor/process.html

You speak to me of faith and the church you attend. The most important faith will be the way you feel about it within you. Don’t ever let anyone tell you that it is too unsophisticated to think about such things. For it is the very basis on which you draw your breath. Without faith there’s no hope. The most beautiful thing about life is that we can begin it anew each day. We need to forget every unpleasant thing that has ever happened to us, every shallow thing that has no meaning, every unkind word or deed or thought and start all over again. And the only possible way to do it is by faith. Faith in yourself, faith in others, faith in God, and faith that right will win. And facetiously stated, “Them that has, gits.” If you have a little faith, it will attract more – if you know about it within you. Posted on February 7, 2013 by ladyoftheabyssPosted in Articles, Daily PostsTagged Catholicism, Christianity, Denominations, God, James Joyce, Joyce, Religion and Spirituality, Think on These Things. Everything on earth has a purpose and is designed special. No two things are created identical. Sometimes in our minds we have a picture of how things should be, and often what we see is different from what they really are. When this happens we often want to control how things are, making them act or behave according to our picture. We need to leave things alone. God is running all things. How do we do this? In out minds we tell ourselves to love all things and respect all things just as they are. Accept what we cannot change. Posted on February 7, 2013 by ladyoftheabyssPosted in Articles, Daily PostsTagged Alternative, Elder, God, Great Spirit, Health, Meditation, Shopping, Summer camp. Always remember that certain circumstances are not ours to alter. We make the most of them and go on. We can only be examples, never controllers of other people’s lives, other peoples children, other people’s circumstances. Some would have us believe we contribute to harsh events by doing nothing. But some of the best work, some of the deepest caring and doing is not physically evident in the beginning. Help of any kind must be wanted and recognized before it can do any good. Too much help where it is not appreciated can make even a good person helpless. We have to be wise in our giving, and particularly wise in what we withhold, because it may be what we withhold helps the most. Posted on February 7, 2013 by ladyoftheabyssPosted in Articles, Daily PostsTagged Black Elk, Donald Trump, Glenfiddich, Great Spirit, National Institute of Mental Health, Scottish people, United States, William Grant & Sons. There are a thousand ways you can talk yourself out of taking action. Yet there is just one way to truly move forward, and that is to go ahead and take action. It’s great to be smart, informed, and thoughtful. It’s not that great to think things through so much and to second-guess yourself so much that you never get anything done. You can find plenty of ways to justify your procrastination. Yet even if it’s perfectly reasonable and understandable, it’s still procrastination. The secret to moving forward is not found in some clever technique. The secret to moving forward is to get up and go, get up and do, get up and create value. Be smart, but don’t be so focused on being smart that you fail to put your wisdom and intelligence to good, productive use. Be smart, and then act smart, and follow through on your brilliant thinking. Instead of just thinking about it and eventually letting the thought die, get up and do it. Put your thoughts into action and transform them into solid, lasting value. Posted on February 7, 2013 by ladyoftheabyssPosted in Articles, Daily PostsTagged Anxiety, Autos, Home, Makes and Models, Procrastination, Recreation, Science in Society, Skeptical Inquiry. There was once a time in your life that everything was filled with wonder and hope. Everything was brand new, colorful and the world immense and full of beauty. We were young and innocent. Life was the priceless pearl we discovered by opening the shell. There were Fairy Tales with happy endings where everyone lived happily ever after, and we believed in this possibility. Dandelions were just as lovely as roses and we gathered them as offerings of love to our mothers. We were imaginative; our creative spark took us anywhere we wished to be. Strangers were exciting and mysterious, but were not to be feared. Instead they were heroes with make believe talents and abilities. Clouds became a never-ending parade of circus animals. Unicorns danced in our dreams. We were open to possibilities. We could be anything we wanted to be. We knew without a doubt that some day we would meet our prince charming. We would live happily ever after. Over time, we were taught to be strong and capable. We were taught that dreams were okay, but we needed to keep our feet on the ground. Our heads were filled with ideals that weren’t our own. We learned to be afraid. The world wasn’t what we imagined, but a place where danger lurked at each corner. Childlike and innocent is the Maiden. Her hopes and dreams are as certain as truth. Loving and gentle, her world is very fragile as her trust rules over fears. She dreams of a loving relationship that will outshine any tale. Yet she blushes easily when admired. She has not experienced the ways of the world. She is the eternal optimist. Her spirit cannot be crushed and hope reigns eternal. The world is enchanting and magickal. She resides within each of us as the innocent one. She dances with us in a field of wildflowers and tumbles to ground next to us in ecstasy. She whispers her secret desires to the winds and they tickle our ears as the find their place in our heart. We are the oysters and she is the pearl contained within. She is the beauty emanating from within our being for the world to see. She is pure, untouched by the harsh reality of the mundane world. I can see her as if standing before me, her long hair flowing about her as she dances with the Fae in a circle beneath the crescent moon. Her graceful, lithe body moves gently in the rhythm of lunar energies. Her spirit glows, the radiant light emanating from her heart. Her long flowing gown cannot hide the young woman’s frame beneath. Her laughter is like chimes in my ears. Her smile lights the universe. Growing in strength and brightness each night, the Maiden, known as Diana and Artemis in the Mediterranean area, is usually depicted carrying a bow and quiver. She is the first aspect of the triple Goddess. Sometimes called the virgin or huntress, she represents the spring of the year, the dawn, fresh beginnings of all life, the repeating cycle of birth and rebirth, the waxing moon and the crescent moon, enchantment and seduction. She shows the way through the inner labyrinth to the divine center where the greatest of spiritual mysteries lie. She is matter and energy held in suspension until the right time arrives. She is a shape shifting Goddess who drives a chariot pulled by silver stags. She helps women who are threatened or harassed by men. She rules over animals, singing, enchantment, psychic power, fertility, purification, magic, sports, mental healing, dance, forests, and healing. She carries the seeds of all potential: anything is possible and all possibilities are within her. She does not limit herself by the needs or beliefs of others. She is in love with the mystery of life. The Maiden represents expansion, the female principle, and promise of new beginnings, youth, and excitement. The Maiden is associated with the colors white, light pink and light yellow. She symbolizes youth and anticipation of life. Associated with purity and nature, She is usually seen in the company of animals. In the aspect of the Maiden we see the world with child-like wonder, and also huntress and warrior, as Athena and Artemis are known to be. There is nothing like being pregnant. When I was pregnant with my daughter I was happier than I had ever been in my life. Knowing that a life was growing inside me was amazing. I felt more alive than ever before. I could not wait to hold this little miracle of love. Okay, there are times where you are so sick you want to die. When the baby decides to try to use your rib cage to score a touchdown it doesn’t feel great. You have weird cravings for food. You are swollen and can’t see your toes and feel like a blimp that swallowed a blimp. When a child is born, we always want to count fingers and toes and to know once and for all, girl or boy. We have such great expectations for this tiny bundle of joy. Perhaps he will be president. Perhaps she will be a ballerina. We cannot wait to dress them, to show them off and to take pictures of everything from their first diaper change to the first smile. Fear sets in once you get home. You call the doctor often. Is this the best formula? Are these the best diapers? She/He spit up, is she sick? Do I need to bring the baby to the hospital! The baby gets colicky and cries all the time. You can’t sleep because you worry excessively. You can’t sleep because the baby is crying. Is she hungry or sick? You have to go check and make sure she is breathing! Our maternal, protective instinct has kicked into high gear. Now, imagine for a moment, we may have a few children; some families have 13 or more, think how many the Goddess has! We are all children of the Goddess, no matter our age. Our child learns to speak and says Mama so many times we want to pull our heads off! Imagine all of the voices and prayers going out at any given time to our Mother, the Goddess. Our Goddess Mother has our best interest at heart. She wants for us to be happy and healthy. She never turns away because she is tired and wants some peace and quit. She loves us unconditionally. She understands our hopes and desires and dreams. She lives within our hearts. You can lean on her when you need strength and patience with your little one. You can place your child and yourself within the love and light of the Great Mother and trust that she will always be there for you. The second Goddess aspect is the Mother, the archetype involved in active creation. She represents the summer, blazing noon, reproduction and fertility, the ripeness of life, the Full Moon, and the high point in all cycles. Her traditional color is red, the color of blood and of life itself. She is the great teacher of the Mysteries. The Romans named her Ceres and the Greeks named her Demeter. A virgin of the oldest sense, independent and unmarried, this Goddess gives birth to a son. Called the Grain Mother, the Eternal Mother, and the Sorrowing Mother, she is the mother of Persephone, who wed the lord of the Underworld. Her power extends over protection of women, crops, initiation, renewal, fertility, civilization, law, motherhood, marriage, and higher magic. The mother devotes herself to “other”: people and things outside of herself. Though the archetype of the mother often makes one think of a woman giving birth to or devoting herself to her children and family, here we are speaking of all of the possibilities of creation. She is a selfless soul whose devotion and love are unconditional. It is here that responsibility and commitment is established. Some of the symbols of the goddess in the Mother aspect include the serpent, the poppy, and the symbol of Underworld Goddesses, the torch. The Mother also represents fulfillment, stability, and power. The color associated with the Mother is red, the color of blood and the life force, and green, a fertile color. In ancient societies, the pregnant Mother was a metaphor for the fertile fields that sustained the people of the land. The menstrual blood of the Mother has been associated with magick and ritual since Paleolithic times and was thought to have power for healing and fertility. The Mother is a pillar of grace under pressure. She is capable, strong, and loving. She smiles as the young child plays, joy flooding her heart as her offspring giggles in delight at some new discovery. She keeps the fear and panic hidden when we are sick, be it in body or in spirit. She continually prays for us. She wipes the tears from our eyes, chases us down to give us medicine, and helps to build a pretend fort with blankets. She watches you while you are sleeping and love fills her heart. She is like a tree in that she is able to bend, but is has a strong foundation supporting her. Climb into the Mothers arms and be nurtured. Within her embrace we are ever safe and loved. Share your dreams with her. She will do all things possible to help you to achieve them and more. We have all seen the little old woman, her hair thin and sparse, her skin aged with wrinkles, her smile crooked as her false teeth lay in a glass to the side. Many associate this image with the Crone. Her hands tremble as she brings food to her mouth. She looks like a baby with food dripping down her chin. Time isn’t always kind to us in that our bodies betray us. But if you were to take some time with this woman, you would find a font of wisdom, a history of love, of sorrow, of experience. Her spirit still shines. Her face is soft and compassion flows from her heart. Though she appears weak, her essence is strong and sure. She understands your dreams and desires. She has shared them and she has experienced them. She knows what is important in life. She no longer rushes about headstrong seeking. She delights in the memories of all she has seen and known. Some think she has endured. The truth is, she has lived. That is what is important, the living and loving. Pain causes a momentary tremor in her voice. She will tell you truths. Will you be willing to listen, to hear her words? Can you sit and hold her hand and experience the journey she is willing to share with you? Can you look at her with respect? Can you look beyond the fears of your body aging? I see my grandmother, gentle and soft spoken, holding me close in her lap. Beside her lays some yarn and knitting needles. She always has time for me and my questions. She receives great joy in watching the young ones at play and reminiscing about her life as the children begin their lives. There is depth to her heart and eyes that show the years of learning the importance of compassion. There is understanding well beyond that of the dreamer’s hopes. She moves a little slower now and can no longer bare children. In this day and time, people tend to cast the elderly aside. This is heartbreaking. There is so much love and wisdom they have to share. It may be a time of rest, but it isn’t a time to be tossed away. They should not have to live through memories, as they are still able to give so much to this world! Most cultures cherished their grandmothers and counted them as wise ones once upon a time. They had seen things and done things to survive in new worlds. Once upon a time they were maidens. Once upon a time they were mothers. They know the mysteries of womanhood. As I entered into the stage of the Crone, I realized that all I have seen and done helped me to become whom I am today. I am a little slower, but I have more patience, more love, and more compassion. I know there are times to sit quietly and say nothing. I know there are times I should offer my wisdom. What others think of me isn’t important, as I know self-love. I know how precious life and time are. I have found that worry does not save me from sorrow or pain. I have found that life isn’t about satisfying the ego. Life is about acknowledging the blessings we have received from joy and from pain, from fear and from faith. I realize that I cannot change the past but that what I have learned from it provides comfort. She is a fount of wisdom, untapped by a modern world. Not because she isn’t willing to share her wisdom, but because we are so self-involved. I cry for the Crone because so many have forgotten her value. The Crone, also called the Dark Mother, the Old Wise One, or the hag, represents winter, the night, the universal abyss where life rests before rebirth, the gateway to death, reincarnation, the waning moon and the New Moon, and the deepest of Mysteries and prophecies. She is the third aspect of the Triple Goddess. Her traditional color is black and sometimes the deepest of purples or dark blue. She is the initiator into the Mysteries. This aspect symbolizes death and dissolution. Everything in the universe has a life cycle, at the end of which they malfunction, decay, and transform into a different set of materials, elements that are recycled and reformed into something new. The souls of humans are recycled by the Crone and her cauldron, into a new incarnation. The embodiment of the Crone, Hecate, Queen of the world of spirits, Patron of Priestesses, and the Goddess of Witchcraft, has keys and cauldrons as her symbols. She has power over enchantments, averting evil, dark magic, riches, wisdom, transformation, purification, limits, incantations, and renewal. She is not detached from the world; just not involved in the ways she was before. She can be completely honest because she has nothing to lose. She holds the wisdom, teaches and shares stories with those who will listen. The crone was once revered as an old woman embodying wisdom and for her knowledge of the truth of cyclic existence. Crones cared for the dying and were spiritual midwives at the end of life, the link in the cycle of death and rebirth. They were known as healers, teachers, way-showers, and bearers of sacred power. They knew the mysteries, were mediators between the world of spirit and the world of form. In pre-patriarchal societies, women’s wisdom held healing power. The crone wisdom was the most potent of all. For nearly thirty thousand years, old women were strong, powerful sources of wisdom. Crones were respected and honored in their communities. Our appearance may show a lot about our lives. Weathered hands showing our hard work. Our skin weathered like tanned hides show we spent a lot of time outdoors. These outward appearances don’t begin to show the person beneath the surface. They don’t show the entire journey. Look beyond the obvious and you will discover the treasures of life, the joy, the sorrow, all blessings, to the Crone. Don’t sorrow for her because her time draws nigh upon this plane. Rejoice with her. Embrace what will come, accept what has been, and dare to experience all. Posted on February 7, 2013 by ladyoftheabyssPosted in Articles, Daily PostsTagged Artemis, Fairy tale, Goddess, Great Comet, Greek, Maiden, Triple Goddess, Virginity. As I wander through the beloved woods, ever so grounded and connected to Spirit, I begin to think of the fear of witchcraft. Such a fear was started by a religious belief system seeking power and control over others. And through the last two centuries this baseless fear has resonated like a war drum through generations of folks. Folks who dared to walk a path that began with the dawn of humankind have lost their homes, their belongings and in many a case, their very lives. And so I pause beside a woodland stream, as I wonder why. Are we not all seekers of the light? Do we not all seek the answers to the Great Mysteries within our own beliefs? Are not all beliefs systems, whether religious and/or spiritual simply a possibility to achieving one’s afterlife goals? For no religion and/or spiritual path has a definitive answer to what our chosen Deity has in mind as far as the Grand scheme of things. As I watch the rivulets of water wash over this streambed strewn with multi-colored pebbles, I think of how generations of folks have come and gone, much like how each rivulet passes down stream. And yet such misguided beliefs have remained in place like the pebbles cascaded across the bed of this secluded stream. Unmoved though a new generation of water sweeps over them. And then I begin to think that if we do not have the answers, why one would want to be locked into a strict dogma that filters out any new and fresh ideas about spiritual ascension. Seeking answers to such a grand mystery is an on going process. Choosing to be stagnant in one’s spiritual progression leads me to think that perhaps such a belief system it’s not about spiritual growth to begin with. And so why the hate mongering and the overwhelming fear? If one is secure within their beliefs, shouldn’t there be a tendency to at least listen to others even if one chooses not to accept what one hears from others. This is known as communication. But when there is no such open communication, it leads me to wonder from where the insecurities that have spanned so many decades are originating. For as a witch, I offer no harm to anyone unless it is in self-defense. I seek not to convince others of my beliefs; for such beliefs are a mark of my individuality and are constantly undergoing changes as new revelations becomes available. Does such institutional fear come from the knowledge that a witch connects with Mother Earth as a way of life? I would ask why those who carry such fear in their hearts do not themselves utilize such a rich resource of knowledge. For such knowledge is there for all. Witches are chastised and have even been put to death for connecting with the spirit realm, and I wonder why. Do we not all have a spirit within us and will we not all revert to spirit when our time in this realm comes to a close? What is there to fear? Witches are disavowed for drawing upon the energy that is all about us and manifesting this energy into a tangible result. Do not all religions and/or spiritual beliefs follow similar patterns though they may use different words and actions to initiate such workings? Is not such a divine gift available openly and freely to all who seek such inherent abilities? Does Deity select but one belief system and cater to just those thoughts? Or does Deity transcend such narrow parameters and in fact respond to all who seek regardless of which path they follow? So why manifest such lies and unfounded hatred? As this stream in the middle of the woods flows over the bed of pebbles, does it really care if some pebbles are red, or brown, or black? Or does it just want to be free to follow its destiny without a barrier created by humans. Are humans any less worthy of such a freedom within their beliefs? As I think these thoughts, tears run down my cheeks. As a witch I seek to stay connected with the old ways. Ways that have served humankind for so long. Ways that open doors to those places that are now shrouded in the mists of ignorance. Ways that allow me to utilize introspection in an effort to see my own faults and thus gives me the strength to address them in a positive manner. Are such practices so terrible that they deserve the scorn of so many who do not attempt to try and understand? As a witch, I too walk about in a state of fear. A fear based upon the realities of our society. There is the fear that I may lose my means of employment, if my spiritual path comes to light. This is an established fear that has come to pass at one point in my life. There is the fear that bodily harm could come to me and my loved ones by those who blindly wallow in ignorance, simply because I choose to believe as an individual. This is yet another bitter experience that has raised its ugly head at one point in my life. And once again, I have to ask why. Why can we not all accept the fact that we are seekers on the path of life? And as it is with such travelers, no one person has all of the answers. As I stand here on this cold autumn morning and watch this small stream flow by, I know within my heart that in time this stream will wear down the pebbles that it flows over. And that in time new pebbles will take their place. As a witch and as a human, I can only hope that such a transition will take place in the river of life and that the fear and the ignorance will in time be worn down as well. I desire that which I wish for others, the right to follow my path without obstructions being placed before me by other humans. I seek to not judge others nor do I seek to be judged. Posted on February 7, 2013 by ladyoftheabyssPosted in Articles, Daily PostsTagged Deity. The Greeks made a distinction between theurgy and thaumaturgy. Theurgy literally means “God working” and refers to spiritual work that leads one into illumination or gnosis. Thaumaturgy means, “wonder working” and refers to the conjuration of spirits, casting of spells, blessing, cursing, curing and harming through practical magick. The balance between these two aspects of the craft has been an issue since the emergence of Wicca in the 1950’s. Does overshadow religion? This debate has been heating up in online and blogs recently due to a story on beliefnet.com by Carl McColman entitled Is Wicca Under a Spell, which deals with both sides of the issue. Many people in the Pagan community that I have spoken with feel that magick and sorcery do the religious aspects of Wicca no good and should be downplayed. Some I have spoken to have no interest in spell-casting at all, or perhaps don’t even believe in practical magick, and thus see this aspect of the craft as an obstacle to Wicca taking its place as a major Western religion. I would like to take this opportunity to present the opposing argument. 10% Neo-Pagan – Revivalist traditions, including Wicca. 70% Neo-Classical – Those who practice folk magick with mixed Christian and Pagan roots without regard to Witchcraft as a religion. 1-2% Classical village healers who practice completely non-religious folk magick. 1-2% Neo-Gothic – Practitioners of Satanism which is based on the Gothic Witchcraft of the Witch Hysteria Era. 1-2% Immigrant Traditions: Pow-wow etc. 10% Practitioners of Vodou, Santeria, etc. For example one of my ancestors was allegedly a “water witch” who told people where to dig wells. While in Venice I was offered a charm to obtain by a Witch. In both of these cases the Witch in question was a devout Christian. According to this breakdown Neo-Paganism and Wicca account for only %10 of American Witches but even within that scope there are many Witchcraft traditions that make it very clear that they are not Wiccan: The Feri Tradition, The Clan of Tubal Cain and the Cultus Sabbati all represent traditions of the craft that have non-Gardnerian roots, and do not fall under the umbrella of Wicca. I have an enormous respect for Wicca but I am a Witch, not a Wiccan. I object when the terms are used interchangeably and when Wicca attempts to speak for all Witchcraft. I got involved with the craft during the mid 80’s in North Jersey, just outside of Manhattan. Paul Huson’s Mastering Witchcraft, Herman Slater’s Magickal Formularies, and the little spell books from Original Publications had much more of an influence on my Witchcraft than Scott Cunningham or Ray Buckland. This is not to say that I am not religious: I am. But I learned to use practical magick at an early age and was successful at it. I have traveled all over the world to learn traditional magickal techniques: from New Orleans, to Europe, to Nepal. Today I do magick professionally and consider traditional techniques of spell-working to be just as important as religious and spiritual traditions. I would argue spell-casting is just as sacred as Wicca and Neo-Paganism and far more ancient and widespread a tradition. So where McColman asks the question: “As publishers produce more books about casting spells, is the spiritual message of Witchcraft getting lost?” I ask the opposite: Is the popular influence of Wicca and Neo-Paganism negatively impacting the tradition of spell casting, or if you will, the Witches’ Craft? The Wiccan Rede provides a very strong ethical principle for Witches to follow. As such, any mention of curses, jinxes, or harmful magick is frowned upon by the Pagan press. Some take this even further and extend it to spells that influence another’s will or reverse a curse back upon its sender. Very often in modern books I read “A REAL WITCH would never do harmful or coercive magick…” While I can applaud the good intent of these writers, and understand that authors are trying to paint a picture of Wicca that is acceptable to mainstream America, the fact is that this type of magick IS part of a “REAL” Witch’s repertoire. From the lead curse tablets of Greece, to the Gospel of Aradia, to more modern Witches like Sibyl Leek and Andrew Chumbley, cursing and coercion have always been a part of the Craft. When my teacher taught me my first pieces of harmful magick, I was surprised. I had no interest in harming anyone but she told me, “You have to learn how to harm, in order to learn how to heal. The power comes hand-in-hand.” Apart from that lesson, life has taught me that a curse can be justified, and that in rare instances it can be down right compassionate. It is the use of knowledge that determines whether it is good or evil, not the knowledge itself. To my mind allowing Wicca’s religious stance to determine what gets printed about traditional Witchcraft is wrong and pollutes the baraka of an ancient art. For instance Paul Huson’s book Mastering Witchcraft is one of the only early books of the craft that deals with the subject of vengeance and attack, and was given a horrible reputation in the Pagan community because of it. I have been to stores that refused to even carry it. One that did felt the need to put disclaimers all over it stating that it was “Not Real Witchcraft.” The book didn’t endorse vengeance and attack. It merely tried to present the full scope of the art it claimed to teach. In doing so, it put the preceding chapter on counter-magic and protection into great context. If anything, the craft teaches personal responsibility. Why then can we not trust readers to make their own ethical decisions about the craft? A proficient Witch learns to substitute items that can’t be gotten in time. We also learn the magics of breath, gaze, gesture and incantation that can be cast without materials of any type whatsoever. While I agree that not all the power is in “the stuff, ” there certainly is quite a bit more than many modern writers would have you think. Many modern books make the case that “it’s all in your mind” and that the materials are just props with no real power of their own. This to me is disrespectful to the Witches and sorcerers that painstakingly wrote down formularies and philtres over the centuries. If this was really the case, why bother getting the ingredients right at all? Why not just write down “Devils Shoe Strings” on nine pieces of paper and use them instead of the herb? Try it and see what kind of results you get. Having lived in Nepal and worked with various Ngakpas (sorcerers) and Jankris (shaman) , I can tell you that they take their ingredients very seriously. I can say the same about the Bokors and Root Doctors of New Orleans. Flying ointment made from mugwort in a carrier oil may be safer, but it is not just as good as one made from hemlock, belladonna, and other baneful herbs carefully mixed and applied. A stone with a hole drilled in it will not work as well as a real hagstone formed by running water. A twig from the backyard will not provide as good a basis for an influence charm as a whole High John root. These things have a tradition that goes back hundred of years and should not be cast aside so easily. There are many Pagans and Wiccans that have no interest, belief in, or talent for spell-casting. That’s okay. I don’t believe that Witchcraft was ever meant to be a widespread practice. It may be elitist of me to suggest it, but I don’t think that everyone can cast an effective spell. Some can, some can’t. What we have today however are people drawn to the purely religious and spiritual aspects of Neo-Paganism and mistaking it for Witchcraft. They need to find a way to explain the place of spell-casting in a modern world, so its gets explained away in psycho-babble. Many teachers today will explain that spells don’t actually offer outer change, only inner change. A spell to help you get a job will perhaps build your confidence but not affect the mind of the interviewer. The claim is that the magick is providing mystery, wonder, and self-affirmation. These are all good things, but it is clear that Witches throughout history did not feel this way about their craft, and neither do I! I and many others know from experience that a well placed and executed spell can alter future events, affect the mind and spirit of a target or a client, and generally deliver the goods that are traditionally attributed to the craft. The effectiveness of this depends on the ability of the practitioner, knowledge of the art, and skillful application of that power and knowledge. Some people have a talent for practical magic. Some do not. Not so long ago, if you didn’t have a gift or calling for Witchcraft, you would not have been drawn to it. Now that it has become a popular subculture and religion, I wonder if people that don’t have much talent for spell work feel the need to write it off? To be clear I don’t think that you need to practice spellcraft to be a Pagan, or even a Wiccan, but that doesn’t mean we should reduce the classical art of Witchcraft to therapeutic drama. McColman quotes writer Laura LaVoie as saying: “One of my fears with the spell books is that they send the wrong message to those looking for answers on how to be Pagan.” I have heard her fear echoed often in the Pagan community but very few consider the other side of the coin: Neo-Pagans can sometimes send the wrong message to those that just want to practice Witchcraft. It’s pretty easy to tell whether a book is religious or is a collection of spells. I find it difficult to believe that someone looking to get a start in a new religion would pick up an Encyclopedia of Spells. On the other hand I do know of many people who came to a spiritual path, Wiccan or otherwise, through a desire to cast spells that opened up deeper questions. I have what I consider to be a very rigorous and serious spiritual practice. I also am a professional Occultist who does readings and magick for pay. If Wicca doesn’t want to be confused with spell-casting, then they should stop using the term Witchcraft and Wicca interchangeably. Wicca represents one tradition of Witchcraft, not the whole practice. There is room for both spells and Spirit. Keep the spell books coming! Keep the Pagan books coming! Keep the Wiccan books coming! Let them all get better researched and lead people deeper into the mysteries, from whatever angle of approach they choose. May the Blessing, Cursing, and Cunning Be! McColman, Carl, , beliefnet.com, 2005. Posted on February 7, 2013 by ladyoftheabyssPosted in Articles, Daily PostsTagged Herman Slater, Mastering Witchcraft, New Orleans, Pagan, Paganism, Wicca, Wiccan Rede, Witchcraft. These days I find myself in periods of reflection on my experiences in the Craft and the ways that is has affected my personal views on life. As part of this reflection, I often wonder in what direction the Craft is now undertaking. My girlfriend of many years, who is a Druid, and who has spent hours engaged in discussions with the old guy, will occasionally tell me, “you just aren’t right” before flashing a huge grin. When she says this I feel honored because it confirms that I have walked through this life as an individual. And it is has been the experiences of being involved in traditional Witchcraft that has made such a life experience possible. But now I find myself in a quandary as to my personal views of witchcraft. When I was growing up on a farm in Tennessee in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s and later in suburbia in MD, our family quietly practiced the Craft as we knew it by way of our Irish heritage and the Appalachia influence that we grew up around. Outwardly we were like any other family at the time; just our beliefs were a bit different from some. And though we referred to folks outside of our personal family as “the others” we were never obvious about such beliefs and so folks around us in the community had no clue. In fact, only one outsider, a Mrs. Bowie, who was a retired minister of a mystical Christian church and close friend of my grandmother Ina and a family from Ohio that used to visit my grandparents when we lived in MD, were the only non-family members that were aware of our ways. Absolutely not, we were just as dysfunctional in some ways as any other family from that era. However, we never believed in publicity as far as our particular beliefs in the Craft. This was not due to fear of any public backlash or what have you; it was just our way to be private about our family ways. In those days, folks believed that went on behind closed doors stayed behind those same doors. When my mother branched off into a coven separate from our immediate family at the beginning of 1970, a coven whose focus was primarily on Astrology and its influences on life, the ways of silence were such that though I as a teenager was aware of the existence of that coven, I knew next to nothing beyond that tiny morsel of information. Some of you may have met my mother at some point in time for during the 1970’s she performed astrological and Tarot readings for a cruise ship liner that traveled between the coast of Florida and the Bahamas. At any rate, during the mid 1970’s I spent three years in Germany with the military and during that time I was associated with a coven that engaged the path of Hecate and thus would probably be seen as a “dark” coven by Neo pagans today. And yet, though we were very active, we did not seek and in fact went to great pains to avoid publicity. And now I come to my reservations and thus conflicting emotions about the openness if you will of witchcraft in today’s times. During the years that I have mentioned above, privacy was something that was as a natural way of life at the time and was respected as such. I am keenly aware that during these same times, that those of the Wicca were in fact moving in the opposite direction and actively seeking publicity at every opportunity. Beyond this observation I personally have no comment to share about the Wicca during those times, for I am speaking about witchcraft as I know it from my personal experiences and not about the fledgling religion of Wicca. In today’s day and age, with the advent of the Internet where information is readily assessable and where there are now a plethora of Wicca and witchcraft 101 books, it is difficult to find folks who adhere to the tenets of privacy that witchcraft once knew. My personal concerns are that is such openness really a positive step forward in regards to witchcraft? When I examine my personal views of witchcraft, I see a spiritual path that is wide open to “personal” discovery. Nor do I see any valid restrictions on what or how a practitioner of witchcraft may engage in order to arrive at such discoveries. If one sees the need to conjure up a spirit or other entity in an effort to experience such a discovery, then so be it. If one needs to resort to witchcraft to correct a wrong from another, then again, so be it. As a witch, I believe that each of us is an individual and as such I do not believe in Karma, a concept that is foreign to the art of witchcraft. But I do believe in maintaining personal responsibility. As an old school witch, I feel that I know my personal goals and the experiences needed to achieve them far better than any group of folks such as those found within the many religions that make up our world. If I make a mistake than I am the one who has to pay for them. I personally do not believe that a public forum has the right to outline boundaries that defines what steps I am allowed to take to arrive at my experiences in witchcraft. As an individual I do not believe that anyone outside of me has a say on how I personally pursue the path of witchcraft. Again, I am the one that has to answer for any trial and errors that I engage in within the parameters of witchcraft. And yet this is exactly the perception that we are at in today’s Neo pagan community. Witchcraft is now defined (erroneously to my mind) as a religion. And as a religion all of the tenets that were once diametrically opposed to the tenets of witchcraft are now accepted as being the norm. Because of the instantaneous communication of the Internet, folks who engage in witchcraft are cast into a false image of being light and fluffy folks. I personally do not believe in Good and Evil, as these is primarily concepts that originated with the Abrahamic religions. I do believe that there are shades of light and dark, but only in the sense that we need such labels in order to put a sense of understanding on such concepts as they relate to the human experience. And so I have to wonder, if we took the overwhelming desire for publicity that defines the art of witchcraft today, would witchcraft still be defined as it is by today’s standards. Or would the freedoms that were once a tenet of witchcraft, flourish yet once again? And are such modern standards, which in effect are enhanced by way of the Internet, realistic as it pertains to the practice of witchcraft? Massive publicity may bode well for a religion in the sense that it needs such attention in order to boost its membership. But is such publicity really a positive and useful approach to a mystical spiritual path that requires no such membership beyond that of the individual practitioner? Is the personal responsibility that has always been an unavoidable tenet of witchcraft still possible or even a consideration in the concept of witchcraft as it is defined by today’s standards? Has such massive publicity made witchcraft into a completely unrealistic concept in order to be acceptable to today’s society? Has such publicity taken away from the base realities of witchcraft? 1. Your stationery is more cluttered than Warren Beatty’s address book. The letterhead lists a fax number, e-mail address for two on-line services, and your Internet address, which spreads across the breadth of the letterhead and continues to the back. In essence, you have conceded that the first page of any letter you write “is” letterhead. there isn’t one typewriter in your house — only computers with laser printers. surprised or disappointed that you don’t have to explain it. 11. You sign Christmas cards by putting 🙂 next to your signature. are far more clever than :-). feeling compelled to make something up. tree and write a haiku. And don’t use a laptop. Posted on February 7, 2013 by ladyoftheabyssPosted in Articles, Daily PostsTagged Al Gore, Bill Gates, Humor, Humour, IP address, John Grisham, Ross Perot, United States, Warren Beatty.

2019-04-22T13:07:32Z

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Hire purchase is a means to finance Purchasing a new or used motor vehicle. Purchases may include buying of raw materials from the case of a production issue or finished goods in the instance of a retail firm. It features cash pruchase as well as credit purchase of products during the year. As it contributes to increase in the expense and reduction in assets of the thing, expense has to be debited while assets must be credited. The initial purchase must be lowered on the novels by the number of their allowance. The original purchase has to be reduced on the books by the amount returned by using the purchases returns and checking accounts. Buy is the price of purchasing Stock in a period with the intention of sale from the normal path of the provider. In the event of purchase of products, it’s normally said to happen when the seller transfers the risks and rewards relevant to the asset sold to the purchaser. Impulse purchases occur with a wide scope of products. However frugal you’re inclined to be, at times it’s challenging to withstand making an impulse purchase. If you want more information on raising Conversion, the way to incorporate real time intelligence on your website and the best way to select if you need to (or shouldn’t ) interact to your potential customers, don’t hesitate to get in contact and I will provide you with more information and attempt to direct you in the perfect direction. In any case, you must incorporate an proper purchase order number in the shape. You may use to create any design and any kind of order order in an easy method. Many people believe that it’s a legally binding document, while many think it could possibly be changed everywhere. 1 exclusion pertains to non-recourse debt, where the loan documents specifically state that, in the event of a deficiency, the lending company wouldn’t have any recourse against the borrower. Though they include the borrower’s promise to pay off the loan, the lender can’t take legal action to recoup the deficiency if the loan has been used to purchase the residence. The statement of accounts isn’t the official invoice. The individual’s sudden option to purchase something is that the outcome of suddenly seeing the item. You don’t demand a buy agreement to deserve the deal legal. A version sample is only a particular manner Of arrangement, which might be utilised in creating purchase order style. The model purchase order sample is exactly what it is possible to use to get a notion of a buy order fashion. If it’s necessary to earn a sample of a local buy order for the small business and certain reasons, then here are a few practical samples and examples of purchase requests, which you may use to get thoughts. The automobile purchase order sample is merely a buy order sample which business can use to get a car or truck. The software purchase order is to purchase software. A great deal of content becomes generated everyday. Purchase purpose keywords might also be called bottom of the funnel ranks, plus they’re an essential part of any search engine marketing strategy. While they are not the only type you need to use in your PPC campaign, they’re among the most important. On your company model. It may also be called Average Contract Value (ACV), which only looks at the value of the entire contract signed. If you know typical purchase value you will work out the volume of deals you’ll need to generate. Going back to school to complete your Level could be an intriguing journey in case you’re committed to providing you really best. Many students believe a thesis is just a choice of ideas strung together with a couple words that are essential. There are many sorts of college scholarships, and most people consider the most common such as academic and athletic. Make certain you use for as many scholarships as you can, that you qualify for. 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China should center on reducing smog emissions so that the people have the ability to reside in a clean air atmosphere. Wars may similarly be fought within a nation, however, in the shape of a civil war, or even inside a revolutionary war. The 8 principal causes of warfare are given below. It’s similarly very important to point out that unlike most embassies, the previous decision to issue or refuse a visa is not dependent upon the visa officer. It’s mainly associated with the Immigration Office at which you’re going to be studying. Some are simple to read and easy to follow. It isn’t required to specify that you’re likely to be unschooling. It means a lot of stuff. The majority of it’s visiting the interest you didn’t cover during college. You have got a geo-social cosmetic. Many people desire to enhance quality of living. Application, you won’t be contemplated. Time to alearn in order to become adult, learn to make money!! If you can find the moment. Somebody explained that a lengthylong time earlier, and that I said Fiddlesticks. It is probably the very first time he’s studying the history of religion as well as the very first time he’s looking at faith to get a scholar. The financial impact alone must be Considered at the start of Tribulation according to many in academic research. You should receive upon the worth of your petition in two or three short paragraphs. Nonetheless, you must effectively deal with your responsibilities while completing college. The option to homeschool your son or daughter is a massive, life altering decision. At any time you have narrowed down your choices of schools, it is time to see. These ideas can allow you to have a much better prospect of winning. If you follow these suggestions, you’ll get lots of student money, perhaps even enough to locate a free ride to college. Be certain to plan your path carefully And possess the resorts cared for beforehand to refrain from having to sleep on your auto. If you take advantage of an agency such as Expedia, you can find the amount pre-charged to steer clear of possible problems on the street. Most are easy to read but difficult to follow because they simply don’t provide enough details. Some scholarship applications need a Postmark of a specific date. Many scholarship applications request that you Compose your community service involvement on the program, and following that Provide you just a tiny space to write. Additionally, keep copies of All the Scholarship programs you have applied for, and the ones that you will Need to submit an application for. Other people require the committee gets The scholarship application in the mail with a particular date. In the instance of an Adventure Certification, you are not certain who the correspondence has to be addressed to. When you comprehend the six components of a company letter, writing one is quick and effortless. The business letter is an official letter that has six specific pieces. A recommendation letter from employer can make a big difference at a candidate’s probability of obtaining a new job or a seat in a reputable educational institution. If it’s not, you are taking notes to reunite and receive additional caution. On Occasion, what is discussed in 1 Letter can not be shared using another department. A reference letter is like a recommendation letter from company. Formal letters still hold an very important place in the industry world. As a blooming letter is a part of business writing, the arrangement does not offer much scope for experimentation, and has to be drafted in a suitable way. In this circumstance it could be worthwhile to draft two different letters to steer clear of this type of circumstance or confusion. As an example, if you’re composing a letter which suggests a notice of resignation, you may want to send a carbon copy into distinct work associates or supervisors who are impacted. 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Executive overview is a significant Executive summaries are basically documents which contains the summary of reports, so the reader is acquainted with the necessary understanding, without studying the huge body of this report. In big companies, it’s important to deliver a concise description of your employment because the person reviewing your request might not know you. It’s very possible your boss may have an entirely understandable explanation for what is happening. Wide knowledge relevant to the topic of the Report is undeniably necessary for any writer. All you’ll need is all the basic information of this employee. An excessive quantity of info becomes confusing. At length, it is possible to harm yourself if you devote an inordinate amount of info on your protest. When an address is not recorded, use an overall setup for the address, making sure to alert the proper department. The internal address is the point where the letter has been sent. 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You are not required to tell your employer why you’re leaving, but if you want to maintain a professional, mutually respectful relationship with your company, it would be wise to disclose your future goals in the event you are leaving to pursue other career opportunities. Any alteration in your contact info, in Case the customer should contact you personally. As soon as you file your program you will discover a Determination. A work application is the key to unlocking career opportunities. The last area of the work program is the certificate. Be aware that in the event that you choose to officially complain, the procedure could be lengthy. In sharing your motive behind departing, be cautious of what you’re prepared to do to help with the transition practice. If you still feel like you do not have Any skills at least put down that you’re hardworking and prepared to learn new things. Resume skills and skills play a significant part in boosting the standard of your resume. In addition they play a substantial part in getting you the job prospect. Ability is the combination of quality and skill that makes it possible for you to accomplish the specified task. Employers do not wish to devote precious Time attempting to figure out which position you are applying for. It is crucial, for both you and the company, that you are a fantastic fit. Employers are not just looking at your skills or knowledge, they’re trying to judge personalities, creativity and lots of other personal attributes to see which candidates are the most best match for their own organizations. While employing the later method, they will not read all the details in your resume. Bear in mind that the abilities are the things that you learned from your previous employments. New approaches and newest strategies are Invented in addition to employed based on the present market demand. Design Useful Marketing Strategies There are a variety of sorts of advertising strategies out there on the sector and digital marketing is among them. Few Words About Our Digital advertising Course Digital Marketing is a massive subject and we attempt to educate our students about each and every portion of the specific same in a sensible and effective method. There are lots of, quite a few different approaches to start a company. Health and Lack of period play important Part in career development. Instruction is merely an opportunity to learn with use the info, abilities, and understanding to form the future in a safe and dependable way. To get qualified for such a career, you should take education overseas, which consequently, takes a fantastic bank balance. Suggestions to Compose Graduate Resumes By Eva Lee Once you finish your schooling, you may need a resume to search for employment. Should you wish to develop in an actuarial grad, then odds are, you will have to face a rather daunting actuarial telephone interview. Through using faculty research paper examples, students are going to be in a position to comprehend that the suitable format of the in text citation and references ought to be accomplished. If you are currently enrolled in college, see your college career center. There are a Terrific deal of jobs available For one to explore. Make certain if you are requesting for employment that you indicate your KPH on your resume, especially if it may be worth bragging about. Besides the website helping when you’re searching for work, it may also possibly help you brush up on your abilities and education, in the event you so desire. It’s possible that you compose the project winning resume only when you have thorough comprehension of resume writing. As a consequence of increasing competition in every area, it’s now important for every job searching individual to continue being different from every other candidate to acquire attention from the employer. It is possible to later prove your work suitability at the ideal time of the personal interview. It’s not impossible to locate a new job with a gaping hole on your resume, but it’s a probable hurdle you are going to have to cross. Settle on which phrases need further Excuse on an online job program. You might mention facts in your advertising letter such as where you saw the posting, and also the way your responsibilities at your current job prove you’ve got the skills to deal with the job that you’re applying for. It’s possible to readily rectify your prior mistakes that you are able to have done before you have the instruction. The issue with dot-com is there are no barriers to entry. If you’re switching careers and you simply Have volunteer experience in your field, that ought to be near the peak of your resume. Volunteer Work If you’ve got hardly any work experience to include, long-term volunteer actions are sometimes a good replacement. Your work experience for a server and cashier continue to be valuable, though much less relevant, and should be further down. Make certain you have understanding of the company and how you could match with your abilities. The significance of matching the work description to the appropriate temperament style may not be overstated. Obtaining a Toastmasters Executive Officer’s role is a enormous method to learn leadership skills and concentrate on your professional advancement. To acquire a fundamental view of how Astrology works, you must know that it’s governed on the grounds of planets, stars and their moves. The people should provide concrete examples with thorough explanations. An individual with great ten crucial skills should be accurate and fast. Technical writing should not be composed to entertain readers. It needs a writer to broadly examine her or his audience. Technical writing done nicely is simple to comprehend. Beyond the wording, however, medical Files are usually straightforward, particularly as directness may be the secret to saving a patient’s life. The documents also provide safety information related to the item. It’s vital that you are reading relevant and high quality files. Not only is it vital to maintain a place to write technical documents clearly for investors and management, if presenting a new product or part of equipment, it’s a necessity in the event the company or person is to submit an application for a patent. Creating quality technical records is a vital stage in permitting people to adequately and properly utilize technologies. It’s very important that the documentation is easy to follow, especially in case the application is critical to a substantial function. If you’re making graphics heavy documentation, then you might choose to consider Quark Xpress, or select arguably the industry leader in the specialization, Adobe Framemaker. Technical writing isn’t written to entertain. It is not for everybody. It’s existed for a couple centuries. It is part of the majority of careers. It’s considerably different than other types of writing such as story, because technical writing is meant to impart to the reader a particular skill or skill. Another form of technical writing can be obtained in online articles. It’s a bit simpler if you run in the technical side and are learning to write. The writer incorporates only the most Normal difficulties and solutions in the troubleshooting manual. Although technical authors try to convey info in an easy manner, maybe not every reader will understand everything they should say. They do a whole lot of research for those books they compose, and need to consult specialists in various fields before they can start their work. In case you’re looking for the top paying writer’s Salary, technical writing professions are a superb place to begin. A writer needs to have the ability to compensate for any deficiency of specialized expertise in a specific field by independent study and fantastic interviews of subject matter experts. Each time a technical writer receives an assignment, they may ask extra questions to work out the very best type of record for your information. A wonderful technical writer can create an arduous task simple and can quickly clarify a complicated bit of advice. In case the author presents the subject by Means of an internet page, he or she could also choose to put hyperlinks and animations which could be exceedingly valuable. From time to time, he may get to stop by the factory or manufacturing plant to get a product in order that they can get a better idea how that product is created and how it finally works. Throughout the self-teaching procedure, he expects problems that a typical user would confront. The ideal author will possess strong technical abilities, together with strong writing and communication abilities. A technical writer, after assessing their audience, knows what they’re trying to communicate. You don’t have to become a full-time technical writer to profit in the course. The writing needs to to be straightforward As possible to be able to be sure the reader understands the process or instruction. Hence, the planned readers may fail to discover the suitable information from the easily available on-line articles (Martinez, 2008). But readers of technical writing must also know that there’s lots of times a significant quantity of jargon, or terms with specific usages namely fields, that they ought to learn before they could effectively comprehend and place on the text. The value of technical writing may be Observed in a number of programs, both in customer goods in addition to the industrial atmosphere. Therefore, it is not just seen in the cash it is helpful to generate, but also by the convenience and safety it creates for viewers. In addition to the unveiling of new products, it’s also found in the use of traditional products and procedures. Then you install the product or work With them to grow into educated about the merchandise for a client is Anticipated to perform. On occasion the last product simply comprises a list of Steps to take as a way to reach an objective. A Good Deal of people still favor a Printed product, especially if they aren’t confident with computers and other Kinds of technologies.

2019-04-25T08:34:24Z

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Do you need more for your counseling program? More time, more money, more focus? I found that the ASCA National Model's Advisory Council is your number one tool for expanding your program. Check out my video tutorial. Today we will be exploring the Advisory Council. Many people ask “What is the point of the advisory council?” or they worry that the advisory council will take over their program and tell the counselors what to do. In fact, the school counseling advisory council is a great asset to the comprehensive school counseling program. The council is a team invited by the school counselors to meet a minimum of two times per year. The school counseling team, or school counselor if you are solo, sets the agenda for the meetings and guides the discussion. The purpose of the council is to provide feedback on program goals (developed and explained by the school counselor), review program results (based on data presentations by the school counselors), make recommendations about the school counseling program, and serves as advocates for the program. ​The first step to a successful advisory council is to invite representatives who will give constructive, helpful feedback and will be assets to your team. The advisory council should have representatives from all stakeholders groups: parents, teachers, administrators, community members, and even students. Make a list of one or two people in each category that might be willing to serve on your team. Review the list to ensure a representation of diversity that matches the school. Once you have your desired members of your advisory council, invite your members to join. You might send an email explaining the purpose of the council, make phone calls (especially to parents and community members), or send actual invitations. To help, I’ve created an editable one page document explaining the advisory council that you can share with your prospective members. It’s helpful to be upfront about the time commitment that members are making. I have found that twice per year is not overwhelming for most people and I usually sweeten the deal by providing snacks! Each meeting should have an agenda distributed beforehand (maybe along with a meeting reminder) and minutes. Let’s explore some example minutes for fall and spring meetings. In our first example, Happy High, the advisory council has not met consistently for the last few years. Because of this, there are many new members to the team and the school counselors felt that a brief orientation was necessary. After welcome and introductions, the school counselors spent time explaining what a comprehensive school counseling program is and how the advisory council supports a comprehensive program. After the purpose of the meeting was established, the counselors presented the current year Program Goals. This presentation included their curriculum plan, group plan, and their closing the gap plans in easy to understand language so that all present (even those who are not educators) can give feedback and discuss. Because the advisory council was new, the counselors wanted to list discussion and feedback as its own agenda item to encourage participation. Finally, the counseling team asked for general school counseling program feedback and the overall needs of Happy High. It’s often helpful to come prepared with a few questions to stimulate conversation. For instance, the Happy High counselors had instituted individual meetings for all freshmen in the first quarter. The counselors wanted to hear feedback from the stakeholders about the efficacy of this practice and how to improve in the future. The counselors closed the first meeting by listing the next steps for all those involved and setting a general date for the Spring meeting. In our second example, Magic Middle, the school has had an effective advisory council for a few years and there has been very little turnover on the team. Because of this, their fall meeting can jump right into its work with less time spent on informational pieces. In this meeting, the school counselors began with welcome and introductions and then moved straight into a reflection on the previous year. They shared the data and gave a recap of the goal achievement. They were then able to spend a larger chunk of time sharing the current year’s program goals and facilitating a discussion for feedback. Once an advisory council is established, there is typically time to include some components that may not relate directly to your program goals. At Magic Middle, the counselors wanted to let the council know about some changes in registration procedures from the district and to gather feedback on a new Mix It Up Day project being planned by their school counseling intern. As always, the team ended with a closing and next steps. Now let’s look at spring meetings. At Excellent Elementary, the school counselor knew that scheduling the meeting too close to the end of the year would be inconvenient for the advisory council members. Because of this, he scheduled their meeting in May about a month before the end of the school year. After welcome and introductions, the school counselor gave updates on program goals. Final data was not yet available, so he shared the data that he had. In this example, the counselor had perception data following an academic achievement group but did not yet have end of the year testing results. As we all know, the best laid plans often go awry once the year is underway. The school counselor at Excellent Elementary took this time to discuss challenges of the year. This might be challenges in achieving program goals or other unique challenges. In this school year, Excellent Elementary had several crises that effected the staff and students. The school counselor wanted to discuss the crisis response with the advisory council to gain feedback for improvement. To close the meeting, the school counselor discussed some plans and ideas he had for the next year and asked others to brainstorm as well. As a closing, he presented each member with a certificate and a sincere thank you for their support. One important aspect of advisory councils that may be overlooked is the varying levels of experience with data and education by the members of your team. Because the council incorporates members from the community, parents, and possibly students, an extra effort needs to be made to make the presentation of data, the discussion, and the feedback needed accessible to all. This is an actual example of program goals and results shared in a way that is accessible to all stake holders. In this format, the counselor shared their goal, explained what they did, and shared the results. In the first example, we see that the goal was: 60% of students who scored a 2 on the EOG last year will score a level 3 or higher this year. We can tell what the counselor did in order to reach this goal: Counselor and intern met with students in 4th-5th grade who scored a high 2 on last year’s EOG but did not pass. Counselors reviewed study skills, test taking strategies, and stress management. 3rd graders also received this intervention based on teacher referral. We can see the results of the intervention: 69% of students in the group passed the EOG in the area they did not pass in previous year. The counselor also shares their perception data: Students rated the group in a range of 5.6-6.0 on a scale of 6 in helping them with goal setting, learning study tips and whether they would recommend this group to other students. This goal is easy to understand, and the data is pretty straight forward. I think that all members of the advisory council could participate in discussion of this goal. In the second example, we see that the goal was: 80% of students who had 15+ absences last year will have 9 or fewer absences this year. We can see that the counselor and intern met with students in 4-5 grade who had more than 15 absences last year. They learned about resiliency: goal setting, healthy habits, and positive outlook. The results were also positive: 64% of students who participated in the group had 9 or fewer absences. 93% of students had a decrease in absences. Those who participated in the group had 252 absences last year and only 152 this year. However, in this goal, the results are a bit harder to read overall because it lists several data points. The information might be better shared through a graph. This doesn’t have to be hard. I created this graph through a free website linked in the show notes. For the next piece of data, a bar graph also works well and you can add the most important piece of information “100 more instructional days in attendance” to the slide as you share. During each advisory council meeting, make sure to take minutes that include the actual feedback from council members. Other stakeholders who read the minutes should be able to see a snapshot of the discussion that took place. Consider putting minutes on your school counseling program website or sharing with your school leadership team. Lastly, it’s important to keep copies of all documents, PowerPoints, agendas, and minutes for all meetings. Member attendance should be documented in your minutes or on a sign-in sheet. The advisory council is a great opportunity for school counselors to share what they do, obtain feedback from stakeholders, and to support advocacy of their program. Whether removing extra duties, asking for financial support from the PTA or community or providing volunteer support for your programming, the advisory council is your number one tool for gaining support of your program. Do you have an advisory council- how has it been a success? Any snags? I would love to hear! Recently, I had the opportunity to speak to a group of incoming practicum students at a local university. I asked the counselors in my district to tell me what they wish they had known about being a school counselor. I also shared some tips on a successful internship year. We ended up having a great discussion and I realized (remembered) how little I knew about school counseling when I was first starting out too. I would need a clone! Time management and scheduling so you can advocate for your time will keep you sane. When administrators are off campus … I’m the principal. You learn A LOT on the job so don’t stress if you don’t know everything right this minute. Give yourself time! To take care of me – it’s hard to take care of others all day everyday if you don’t take care of yourself first. To take a class on classroom management. I’d have to do lunch duty, be the safety advisor, hair stylist for single dads with daughters, so shoe repairs, AND be the school counselor. Creating meaningful relationships with students and staff is the most essential first step before any other work can be done. To keep a sense of humor and be humble in recognizing you won’t know everything, but are willing to ask questions and learn from others. Kids are listening ALL the time, even if they don’t appear to be. Be mindful of your hallway conversations with teachers. Redirect teachers who want to unload about their kids within earshot of their students. How many hats I wear besides counseling students. Clinical training is your foundation, but you don’t get to use it to the extent you may think while in grad school. Schools run like clockwork. When you're late or you don't arrive when expected, you can really throw off everyone's day. Be there when you say you will and stay until you're done. School counselors are incredibly busy - don't wait for your supervisor to tell you to do something. Think ahead and start making plans for what you can be doing to stay ahead of the game. Dress professionally, be courteous, help others out - do what great employees and coworkers do. You really aren't volunteering, the school is generously offering to give you job experience. What are your top tips for interns? If you are hosting an intern this year, check out my 5 tips for hosting an intern. Do you implement the ASCA National Model? I realized that I don't talk much about my journey with the national model here. Let's be honest, the national model is not always the most fun part of school counseling. In fact, when I started my first job, I came back to school from my district's National Model training in tears and asked my principal if they could fire me if I didn't do it. Flash forward a few years and I am receiving my RAMP award. So what gives? I truly believe that using the ASCA National Model will help you to be more organized, use your time more wisely, and to work smarter and not harder. Sometimes I think that people view the ASCA National Model as forms to turn in and prove their worth to some higher up in the district or at their school. In fact, the ASCA National Model templates are tools to help you. To dig deeper into the National Model, I highly recommend ASCA's Implementation Guide. You may have seen my post on instagram but I literally travel with this book. It is wonderful! To help, I'm working on creating a series of videos about each component of the National Model. I can't wait to share it with you! Today we are going to learn about the ASCA Mindsets & Behaviors. The Mindsets and Behaviors for Student Success describe the knowledge, skills, and attitudes identified in research that students need to achieve academic success, college and career readiness, and social/emotional development. Mindsets are attitudes or beliefs that students have about themselves in relation to academic work. The mindsets are exhibited in behaviors: learning strategy behaviors, self-management skills, and social skills. These are observable behaviors commonly associated with being a successful student. B-SS2 Create positive and supportive relationships with other students. Competency/Learning Objective: Students will be able to identify two or more positive peers. Students will be able to name qualities that constitute a supportive relationship. To summarize, the mindsets and behaviors are beliefs and observable behaviors that research shows lead to student success. Competencies are the specific learning objectives for a lesson or activity. Now let’s dive into the planning tool. As you can see there are four sections that include Mindsets, learning strategies, self-management skills and social skills. Along the right, you see three columns for the 3 domains: academic, career, and social emotional. The purpose of the planning tool is to identify which standards will be the focus of the year in classroom lessons, small group and individual counseling. Completion of the planning tool may reveal gaps within specific grade levels or domains. Each mindset or behavior can be seen in all three domains. For instance, if we are looking at the learning strategies, the first standard is to use critical thinking skills to make informed decisions. How would that look in each of the 3 domains? In the academic domain, that might look like exploring report card grades and comments and creating a smart goal to improve grades. In the career domain, students might take an interest inventory and create a portfolio of post-secondary options based on their career choices. In the social-emotional domain, a group of students might be learning mediating skills to help others with conflict resolution. To use the tool, your team (or counselor if you’re on your own) will look at your curriculum action plan, your group plans, and your knowledge of each grade level. You will discuss where in your school counseling program each of the standards is represented. This can include classroom, groups, and individual counseling. In order to create a true scope and sequence document, I recommend thinking about where you really focus on each standard rather than listing any time a standard might come up. For example, if you work closely with rising third graders on academic self concept, you would consider the mindset “Self-confidence in your ability to succeed.” Because you are working specifically on academic self-concept, you would place a 3 in the column under academic. If your department works with 9th graders on their 4 year plan, you would consider the Learning Strategy standard “Identify Long and short term academic, career and social/emotional goals.” This might be a tricky one because is that in the academic domain or the career domain? Well, both. Discuss with your team (or reflect on your own) about the lessons or counseling sessions that build into this standard. Are they more academic focused (how are you going to pass your classes) or career focused (what do you want to do when you graduate and how are we going to get you there). Remember, this is a planning tool and there is no right or wrong answer! Competencies are not addressed in the planning tool. Competencies or learning objectives guide a lesson or activity in order to support the standards. The planning tool is intended to capture the implementation of the standards within your program. Once you have created your planning tool, take a look of the scope and sequence of your program and see if you have any gaps. The mindsets and behaviors are intended to be pK-12 and you are not “required” to cover every standard in your level. However, the planning tool can give us the big picture to see if we are missing any areas. For example, if one of your program goals for your school was related to discipline referrals, I would expect to see that you covered a variety of self-management skills. At the high school level, I would expect to see a large number of standards covered within the career domain. If you see areas that you may have missed, discuss with your team how you can support additional standards within your program. And that’s it for Mindsets and Behaviors Planning Tool. Thanks for joining us. If you have any questions, please let us know! Now that you've thought about what you cover in each grade level you work with, you're ready to move on to the next step. What would you like to learn about next? Leave a comment below to let me know what tips you would like to hear next!

2019-04-22T04:05:26Z

https://www.counselorup.com/blog/archives/12-2016

Emancipation & Liberation » Northern Ireland – Is the peace process under threat? No, but the working class is! Northern Ireland – Is the peace process under threat? No, but the working class is! In Mid-May, almost exactly one year after the Catholic Holy Cross girls’ school in North Belfast’s Ardoyne was singled out as a target by UDA–UFF gangs, the mostly Catholic Short Strand area, in East Belfast, came under attack from the UVF. This time, the loyalists’ objective was crystal clear. It had nothing to do with protecting sectarian boundaries from alleged threats (the pretext used by the UDA last year in North Belfast). In this case, the UVF wanted to demonstrate its determination to drive the 3,000 or so inhabitants of this Catholic enclave out of the predominantly Protestant East Belfast. It began with pipe bomb attacks against houses. Residents were pelted with stones, tiles and all sorts of other objects. Neighbouring shops, GP surgeries, pharmacies, post offices, etc.. were declared no-go areas for Catholics and loyalists thugs used threats and physical force to enforce the ban. Then, at the beginning of June, the queen’s jubilee provided the UVF with a pretext for escalation. They staged a provocation by erecting flags outside the local Catholic church, leading to violent confrontations in the neighbouring streets. A large loyalist contingent invaded the area and went on the rampage, attempting to burn down houses. Several Catholic households were left with no choice other than to move out of the Short Strand. Many more people, on both sides, were treated for injuries, including some from gun shots. Later on, an unprecedented attack took place against a campus of the mixed Belfast Institute of Higher Education, in which masked loyalist thugs went to search for students living in the Short Strand – although, fortunately, they had to rush out before managing to find one. The authorities’ response was predictable enough. The PSNI (the rebranded RUC) was sent in together with British soldiers. They did very little to stop the attackers. But as soon as gun shots were heard in the area and unionist politicians started making hysterical noises about the IRA having broken the cease-fire, the residents were immediately subjected to house-to-house searches for weapons – as if being attacked by the UVF was not enough already. Of course, this did not stop the loyalist gangs from coming back again and again during the next days! Ultimately the Executive came up with the same old conflictresolution device invented long ago by the British army – more peace lines . By now, the Short Stand area has been almost totally walled off from the neighbouring Protestant shopping streets, which means misery for its residents. Has it stopped thugs from coming back into the area, as security minister Jane Kennedy claimed it would? No, of course not, and why should it have? With the Short Strand sealed off from the rest of East Belfast, the UVF has won a victory and it can only be expected to try to push its advantage even further. One might wonder why, all of a sudden, the UVF has chosen to single out this Catholic enclave which has been there for so many decades. In fact, this is not the first time at all. Throughout the 1970s and 80s, the Short Strand has been the target of systematic attacks by loyalists, like most working class Catholic areas in Belfast, but even more often than most. Since the beginning of the negotiation process, however, there has been a relative lull, with occasional surges of sectarian attacks, but nothing comparable to the recent events. The UVF, which is the strongest loyalist paramilitary group in the area, was busy consolidating its hold in the new context created by the peace process and the prospect of a political settlement. Its political front, the PUP, was striving to establish itself against the two main unionist parties. PUP figureheads like Billy Hutchinson – a former trade-union official at the Harland and Wolff shipyard, before doing time in jail for paramilitary activities – were using a social democratic language designed to appeal to the working class electorate of the pro-Establishment unionist parties. In a bid to capture votes among the liberal electorate, the PUP even made token antisectarian gestures (like its condemnation of Castlereagh borough council for flying the Orange flag, on the grounds that it was an affront to Roman Catholics and nationalists in the area ) and posed as a champion of women’s rights against the reluctance or outright opposition of all other parties (Sinn Fein included) to advocate the extension of the British Abortion Act to Northern Ireland. To some extent these tactics worked, at least initially. The PUP managed to build a small but not insignificant electorate, winning seven seats in the 1997 local election. Even after Blair tightened the rules for the 1998 Assembly election, by eliminating the top up system which had allowed the ten lists with the highest scores to gain additional seats, the PUP still managed to win two seats in the new Assembly. By contrast, the UDP, the other loyalist party linked to the UDA–UFF paramilitaries, which had stuck strictly to its tradition by promoting itself as the voice of loyalism , was squeezed out altogether, after losing half of its votes between the Forum election, in 1996, and the Assembly election, in 1998. Clearly there was no space for a voice of loyalism as long as Paisley’s DUP was there to whip up anti-Catholic prejudices for its own electoral benefit. The institutional set-up that came out of the Belfast agreement had never been intended for the small players. And the two main unionist parties made sure that their lesser rivals were left high and dry on the doorsteps of the various bodies and quangos controlled by the Executive. With time the loyalists groups came to realise that they would never gain a share of the peace process cake through the ballot box only. This realisation was probably one of the main factors behind the faction fight which broke out within the UDA, resulting in fierce battles in its Shankill stronghold. But the final blow to the UDA‘s institutional expectations came when it only managed to get two councillors elected in last year’s local elections. After that, the UDA‘s physical force faction took the upper hand and the UDP was formally disbanded. As to the PUP/UVF, it did not suffer quite as badly as its rival in the local elections. But out of the 7 seats it had won in 1997, the PUP only retained the four seats it held in the Belfast area. UDA‘s offensive in Ardoyne, from June last year onwards, was an attempt to challenge the PUP/UVF in Billy Hutchinson’s own stronghold (he is a councillor in the area and a representative in the Assembly). And the odds are that the UVF‘s present attacks against the Short Strand enclave are aimed at pre-empting a similar challenge by the UDA in an area which is the territory of the PUP president, David Ervine. If so, one can only expect the territorial fight between the two loyalist groups to escalate in Belfast in the coming period. This means a very real threat for all workers in Belfast. It is a threat for those in the Catholic ghettos, in the first place, because they are bound to be targeted whenever one of the rival loyalist gangs decides to make a show of strength, as in the Short Strand today. It should be remembered that, in the 1970s in particular, it was the overbidding between loyalist groups, and their on-going internal factional fights, which resulted in some of the worst atrocities against Catholics. After all, the so-called Shankill Butchers were not a bunch of psychopaths out of a mad house, but a disgruntled faction of the UDA. But the territorial fight between loyalists is also a threat for those in the Protestant ghettos, because it is for their estates that the loyalists are fighting, and they do not usually confine themselves to using propaganda with the locals. Their main weapon is and has always been terror, including in Protestant areas. How many people have paid dearly, sometimes with their lives, for their public opposition to the loyalist gangs in these areas? It is no coincidence if the UDA has killed roughly as many Protestants as Catholics since the Belfast agreement. As far as these thugs are concerned, for instance, mixed facilities like sports clubs, students’ residences and workplaces, or even mixed households for that matter, are targets which are just as legitimate as republican homes. Many commentators have speculated lately about the possibility of the peace process surviving in the context of this turf war among loyalists. However such speculation amounts to a hypocritical denial of the real nature of Blair’s peace process . The peace process was never designed to protect the population of Northern Ireland’s poor ghettos against sectarian thuggery, let alone to bridge the sectarian gap created by Britain’s occupation over the centuries. It was designed first and foremost to relieve the British state of the political and economic cost of a civil war which was a burden on its budget and deprived British capital and its partners in Northern Ireland of the profits that could have been made out of this ready-made market and labour pool. For a long time the attempts made by British governments in this direction failed, partly due to the bigoted determination of the Unionist establishment not to share power with anyone, but mainly due to London’s determination to avoid any accusation of conceding to the IRA. This was a catch-22 situation, because after the explosion of the late 1960s, the British army was impotent against the resistance of the Catholic ghettos and only the Republicans had enough influence over these ghettos to impose on them a settlement on Britain’s terms. In the end, it was the Republican leadership who made enough concessions to be admitted to the negotiations. Only then did the British state decide to twist the unionist parties’ arm, and even then very gently. Right from the start, the assumption on which the negotiations rested was this was a partnership between two sectarian blocks, with Britain as the game leader, in which the Republicans, with the assistance of the SDLP and the Catholic church, would police the future agreement in the Catholic ghettos while the unionist parties, including the loyalists, would do the same in Protestant areas. By implication the population of Northern Ireland was sliced into two sectarian entities and this split was enshrined in the institutions which came out of the Belfast agreement. So for instance, if a member of the Assembly refused to register as either unionist or nationalist, his or her vote would not count for most important decisions. And how were the protagonists in the Belfast agreement meant to police the agreement among their respective self-proclaimed constituencies? With the same old methods with which they had controlled their territories in the past, of course! Despite all the noises made by British ministers and unionist politicians, the IRA‘s punishment beatings were just as much an implicit part of the settlement as the terror methods of the loyalists. Regardless of their political rivalry with the mainstream unionist parties, the loyalists were expected to serve, as they had always in the past, as convenient auxiliaries for these parties. And this is what they have done so far, by feeding the fears and siege mentality which are so indispensable for the unionist parties to retain their monopoly over the Protestant ghettos. So why would the thuggery of the loyalist gangs endanger the peace process , since it is in fact part of it? Only one thing could put the peace process into question – a decision by the Republicans to pull the plug. But why would they, as long as no serious rival is in a position to overbid them in the Catholic ghettos? Indeed what better perspective is there for Sinn Fein, now that it has succeeded in pushing the SDLP into second place via the ballot box and is enjoying the perks of constitutional politics, with two ministers in the Executive, 108 local council seats and a number of top positions in local government, including the highly-symbolic mayor’s job in Belfast? Not only does the peace progress provide a political framework which perpetuates the sectarian divide, it also generates the social ferment on which sectarian hatred feeds. The loyalist gangs would be unable to find recruits, especially among the working class youth, if it was not for the degradation of social conditions in working class estates, which the peace process has done nothing to stop, quite the contrary. In the run-up to the Belfast Agreement, in 1998, one of the British government’s main arguments to win support for the peace process in Northern Ireland was the promise of a bright and affluent future thanks to what was described as the peace dividend. Of course what was really meant by this was very different depending on the audience which was being addressed. But when Blair addressed a business conference called Investing in peace , in Belfast that year, his view of Northern Ireland’s future was that of some sort of European Singapore – i.e. a low-wage, lowcost, subcontracting economy for Western multinationals. Four years on, despite the economic success story boasted of both by Northern Irish and British ministers, the promised flood of foreign investment has still to materialise. On the other hand, what has already materialised is the low-wage economy that Blair had promised his business audience. As to the peace dividend , it has reached the pockets of a thin layer of rich shareholders and local capitalists. But for most of Northern Ireland’s workers, the only dividend so far is a negative one. According to the Economic Development Forum, a quango which brings together bosses, government officials and union bureaucrats to work out schemes to attract foreign investment, between 1996 and 2001 the province’s manufacturing output increased by 25% in value while its manufacturing exports increased by 109% – and this during a period when a large part of Northern Ireland’s traditional textile and food-processing industries was closing down. In fact, almost all the rise in output and exports is due to just two sectors – cable and aircraft manufacturing – with a very large chunk that is attributable to just one plant, the Canadian-owned Shorts factory in Belfast. However these rosy figures actually conceal a very different story for the manufacturing workforce. Northern Ireland’s traditional industries, which have now virtually closed down, were mostly labour intensive. But the socalled new growth industries are not. What is more, despite a full order book for executive jets and soaring production, Shorts has been cutting nearly 2,000 jobs over the past six months. Officially the unemployment count has dropped dramatically since the introduction of the Jobseekers’ Allowance, for much the same reasons as in Britain – people have been shifted onto other benefits, coerced into taking casual low-paid jobs or taken off the dole count for working just a few hours a week. The shift from full-time to part-time employment has rocketed as superstore chains like Tesco and Dunnes were becoming the largest employers. The construction boom generated by soaring housing prices and European funding for business is alleged to have created many jobs. But in fact, it merely provided an opportunity for a whole section of the black economy to surface into legality – and the new jobs offered by these cowboy contractors are neither new nor even real jobs, as many of them carry a self-employed status. The real content of Northern Ireland’s alleged success story is best summarised by a few facts provided by official statistics. Firstly, Northern Ireland’s ranking in terms of GDP/head among all European Union’s regions has not changed since the beginning of the peace process – it is still in the bottom third of the list, barely better off than the poor Italian island of Sardinia. Second, compared with Britain, earnings per head in Northern Ireland are not going up but down: in 1996, average earnings per head in Northern Ireland were 89.5% that of Britain, but last year they had gone down to 84.5%. But this only reflects the situation for average earnings. The gap between the top and the bottom of the income ladder has been increasing very fast over the past few years, so that the Northern Ireland working class is a lot worse off, relative to its British counterpart, than is shown by these figures. A recent academic report commissioned by Trimble’s office gives an idea of the extent of the damage caused by this situation. It shows that a third of the population of Northern Ireland lives in deep poverty – that is in a household whose income is equal to or below 30% of the average income in the province. And out of the population of working age which lives in deep poverty, 26% actually have a full-time job while another 12% work part-time. Of course, the section of the population living in deep poverty is concentrated in the areas of highest unemployment – which are still the old working class ghettos of Belfast and Derry. What is taking place in Northern Ireland is indeed the entrenchment of a low-wage economy for the benefit of capital in general and British capital in particular. According to some estimates labour costs can be as much as 40% lower in Northern Ireland than in Britain: this is the peace dividend for capital. But for many workers in the province, the peace dividend has turned out to be a drop in living standards if not outright poverty. Enough of Blair’s cynical hypocrisy! Like in Britain, time and again Blair has declared war on poverty in Northern Ireland and there are countless schemes with flowery names officially aimed at addressing the problems faced by the poorest section of the population. The most comprehensive of these schemes was recently denounced in a scathing report by the NICVA, a body which brings together the voluntary organisations operating in the province. This scheme is called Targeting Social Needs , or TSN, and it is a typical example of the cynical hypocrisy displayed by British governments when it comes to dealing with social dereliction in Northern Ireland. In fact this TSN goes back a long way. It was launched in 1991 by the then Tory Northern Ireland Secretary, Peter Brooke. Its beauty as a government scheme was that it was a non spending programme . It was made up of guidelines which were to be followed by all departments with the view of channelling existing resources towards areas in which urgent needs had been identified. Above all it involved a comprehensive system of monitoring so that hands could occasionally be slapped for failing to target social needs. But of course, as no additional funding was provided (not even for the mountains of paperwork required for the monitoring itself) and budgets were usually too tight, the scheme was bound to be pretty useless. It was a perfect exercise in bureaucratic tokenism. Nothing changed with Labour’s return to power in 1997. The following year, the Belfast agreement included a commitment to a new more focused social needs targeting initiative. So Blair did what he has done in so many areas: rather than changing the scheme, he relaunched it under a new name – New TSN , of course! The only addition to the scheme was some more monitoring to assess how wellbalanced its implementation was across the sectarian divide. As usual the Labour government embarked on a lengthy consultation exercise, involving a series of conferences, allegedly in order to improve the guidelines. Finally, in 1999, New TSN was relaunched once again, this time with a 268-page document entitled Making it work to back it up. This document included a long series of so-called action plans designed to implement the guidelines. Except that as the NICVA pointed out, this was hot air and rehashed old stuff: although presented as new initiatives, most of these action plans had been started long ago and many had even been completed! One action plan quoted by the NICVA report gives a measure of the hypocrisy of the whole exercise. It involved taking 5% out of the budget of every school to be redistributed among the poorest. In other words the already inadequate budgets on which all schools are supposed to survive were to be cut without even bothering to assess the actual needs of the poorest schools, nor whether this bureaucratic redistribution did really help them. This sort of tokenistic bureaucracy, purporting to “bridge the gap between communities” at no cost, by taking from hard-up Peter in order to help even poorer Paul, is always useless. But when it is used allegedly to create a level-playing field between Catholic and Protestant areas, it becomes deadly and ends up feeding resentment on both sides. The least badly-off feel that they are being deprived of what little they have by the others, while the worst off get nothing that can help to sort out their problems and blame the former for it. This is how these so-called community policies (which Labour and the new Northern Ireland Executive are so fond of, precisely because they can claim to be doing something at no cost) become a powerful mechanism feeding sectarian hatred in the working class ghettos, especially in the context of public services being increasingly run down everywhere. It is the same kind of tokenistic bureaucracy – that is, plans drafted by the Northern Ireland Executive to provide lodgings, at minimum cost, in neighbouring areas for families on the waiting list in Ardoyne – which was used by the UDA to mobilise support for its attack on the Holy Cross school last year. But the real cause of the worsening housing problem in Belfast has nothing to do with attempts by Catholics to take over Protestant areas or vice-versa. It is due primarily to Blair’s housing policy, which involves on the one hand pushing housing prices up in order to boost artificially the purchasing power of the home-owning middle class, while, on the other hand, freezing all new construction of social housing and most urgent repairs programmes, in order to save on social expenditure. And, of course, the Executive is party to this attack on the living conditions of the Belfast working class. Of course, there is still a degree of inequality and discrimination between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. The report on poverty quoted above finds for instance that 35% of the Catholic population is in deep poverty, as opposed to 21% among Protestants. And unemployment is still higher in the poorest Catholic areas. But these differences have long been marginal compared to the huge gap between the poor working class ghettos, Catholic and Protestant, and the increasingly affluent leafy suburbs of Belfast where the local establishment lives. The real enemy is the capitalist class and its politicians who are driving the working class of Northern Ireland, as a whole, into a poverty trap and covering up their policy with the rhetoric of the peace process and the cynical hypocrisy of community policies. And they are not just hypocrites who have nothing but contempt for working people, they are criminals who will stop at nothing to turn the screw of capitalist exploitation – even if it results in two sections of the working class being at each other’s throats. Fortunately the situation in Northern Ireland has not reached this stage, not yet in any case. But the present developments, with the loyalists’ turf war, must be seen as a serious warning. Many workers, both Catholic and Protestant, are sick and tired of having to live behind the so-called peace lines and being subjected to the bigoted hate-mongering of the paramilitaries, just as they are sick and tired of the bosses’ and politicians’ attacks against their living conditions and of Blair’s cynical ploys. The tragedy, today, is that they have nothing and no-one to turn to. What is desperately needed is a political voice that expresses the common class interests of all working people and jobless in Northern Ireland, regardless of where they live and without making any excuses based on past antagonisms. The working class represents the future for society because it has the potential to end capitalist exploitation and the profit system. It needs a party that looks towards the future and is determined to defeat all attempts at using the old sectarian divide to split, imprison and paralyse its ranks.

2019-04-25T20:41:38Z

http://republicancommunist.org/blog/2002/08/05/northern-ireland-is-the-peace-process-under-threat-no-but-the-working-class-is/

‘Say It With Music’ has 27 tracks from the first half of the 1950s. The sound is excellent throughout, although not (yet) from the stereo era. The range of music is British, European and American, and the disc encapsulates the growing internationalism of light music in the decade following the Second World War. In each case, the music deserves revival. The performances are authentic, at times featuring the composers themselves conducting their own works. Tracks conducted by Leroy Anderson, Roger-Roger, Philip Green and Robert Farnon are valuable, and other items here contain popular music by serious composers: Auric’s Pavements of Paris and Frankel’s A Kid for Two Farthings are excellent examples. We also have two more `mini concertos’ composed in the Wake of Addinsell’s Warsaw Concerto – one being by Addinsell himself, Out of the Clouds, alongside Joyce Cochrane’s Prelude to Peace. Does a recording exist of Addinsell’s Southern Rhapsody for piano and orchestra, premiered by the Tate Clive Lythgoe at the launch of the UK Southern Television Station? This is a good piece. The music here ranges from the once well-known Holiday in Hollywood to Rainfall (for harpsichord and orchestra, with Percy Faith’s orchestra) – the last being new to me (Guild GLCD5119, 1 hour 17 minutes). As Fanfare’s resident light-music enthusiast, I feel I should bring to your attention an excellent and comprehensive series of releases an the Swiss Guild label which now exceeds 20 volumes and is still going strong. Compiled by David Ades and engineered by Alan Bunting, both members of the England-based RFAS, the Robert Farnon Appreciation Society, a world-wide band of intrepid light-music fans-Ades was its founder), which is fast approaching its half-century mark, this series purports to select outstanding examples of the kind of intelligent and tasteful instrumental popular music that has become an antiquarian pursuit over the past 40 years. Jenkins’s Till the Clouds Roll By (Kern-Wodehouse-Bolton), and these choices help to underline the orchestrating skills of these men who also wrote much music of their own. To give an idea of the range of riches offered in this particular volume, we hear a rare and moody Pavements of Paris by the member of Les Six (Georges Auric) who had a hit single in this country with his Song from Moulin Rouge; a lovely ballad-Out of the Clouds, by the Warsaw Concerto composer Richard Addinsell; the exciting Bolero Without My Lover, an English adaptation of a theme by the French film composer Philippe-Gérard, who penned the melody for the perennial “When the World Was Young; the little-known Rainfall by the unique jazz pianist Eddie Canadian Sunset Heywood as interpreted by the ubiquitous Percy Faith; an early example of the enormously prolific and perkily individualistic Frenchman Roger Roger, The Toy Show Windows Barbara by Frank Perkins, composer of the great Standard Stars Fell an Alabama; the entrancing theme from Benjamin Frankel’s A Kid for Two Farthings as interpreted by Angela Morley (who was then known as Wally Stott); Savoir Faire, a distinguished example of the first-rank work turned out by Frederic Curzon (Brother to classical pianist Clifford), as performed under the baton of the famous Dutch conductor Dolf Van Der Linden, founder of the Metropole Orchestra; a charming Melachrino trifte, Waltz in Water Colours; the American maestro and Boston Pops arranger Richard Hayman’s recording of Port of Spain by the very obscure Arden Clar; a breezy but lesser-known Farnon contribution to the Chappell production music catalog, En route; a Big Ben Waltz by the “underappreciated” and versatile Frank Cordell (whose score for the film Khartoum garnered much praise); the dynamic Holiday for Hollywood by Patrick Dennis, a pseudonym for a composer and music producer who wrote under many names, as played by the Metropole Orchestra under Van Der Linden – one of this listener’s special favorites, which was briefly available here an a miscellaneous Epic LP. Although Ades occasionally nods in the direction of Austria (herein it’s Waltz Dream by Oskar Straus, composer of Les rondes), he has yet to delve into the enormous fund of light music by German composers, which is still in use today by the German Radio (people like Mackeben, Kattnig, Haentszchel, Grothe, Richartz, Mattes, Eisbrenner, Kiessling, Carste, among many others). There exists also a more modest but now more or less defunct tradition of French light music, often conducted and sometimes composed by Paul Bonneau, with contributions by figures better-known in the classical field such as Tomasi, P. M. Dubois, Sancan, and others. At this rate, the series could easily run to 100 volumes, so let’s hope sales will support this possibility, because this is a mammoth undertaking that has long needed doing and serves spectacularly to remind us of what a treasure-trove of light music the mid 20th century gave us. Long may this series prosper! Buried Treasures. 21 tracks of various composers and orchestral. Recorded 1946-1954. Guild CLCD 5118. TT: 77:44. 1950’s Volume 3 – Say It With Music. 27 tracks of various composers and orchestral. Guild GLCD 5119. TT: 77:14. . The Hall Of Fame – Volume 1. 22 tracks of various composers and orchestral. Recorded 1930’s-1950’s. Guild GLCD 5120 TT: 77:53. The amount of music recorded an 78’s and so much stashed away in publishers’ music libraries that was never sold to the public continues to amaze. So much of it, of course, was for the British market and in any case from this point in time is unknown an these shores. But many of the names are old friends. Mich in Buried Treasures is being male available for the first time. Alan Bunting’s audio restorations are first rate here and in the entire series. Among the highlights are Stanford Robinson’s Valse Serenade with the BBC Theatre Orchestra conducted by the composer. This was used as a BBC radio theme for “Tuesday Serenade” following WW II. Quite unusual for hem is George Melachrino’s London – March recorded in 1947 by GM himself with his orchestra. Really special is Philip Green’s Song of Soho: Rhapsody for Piano & Orchestra with pianist William McGuffie taken from a film score for “Murder Without Crime” in 1950. This is another in the genre of the Warsaw Concerto and the Spellbound Concerto. You’ve never heard this one before!. There are many more winners from British and non-British composers. The CD ends with a selection of famous tunes by Robert Stolz who conducts them with the Tonhalle Orchestra of Zurich. Say It With Music focuses on the composers. Aside from Americans Irving Berlin, Harold Arlen, Leroy Anderson, Rodgers & Hart, etc., many Brits are featured as well. The 1950’s sound was pretty decent to begin with, so not too much “restoration” was needed. Among my favorites are White Wedding by Edward White played by the New Concert Orchestra under Dolf van der Linden, Richard Addinsell’s Out of the Clouds with Joe “Mr. Piano” Henderson and Laurie Johnson and his orchestra, Eddie Heywood’s Rainfall with Percy Faith and his orchestra and harpsichordist (!) Bernie Leighton, Frederic Curzon’s Savoire Faire played by the NCO/van der Linden team, Melachrino’s Waltz in Water Colours, and Frank Cordell’s nifty Big Ben Waltz with the composer and his orchestra but using one of his composer’s names of Francis Meillear. This release is one of the best in the series. The Hall Of Fame – Volume 1 has tracks recorded from the 1930’s to the 1950’s. There are many famous performances here including Morton Gould’s version of David Rose’s Holiday for Strings. Yes, Rose was born in England. The famed Vivian Ellis train piece Coronation Scot with Charles Williams and the Queen’s Hall Light Orchestra, Portrait of a Flirt by Robert Farnon (a Canadian by birth as you will recall) conducting the Kingsway Symphony Orchestra, and Noel Coward’s Mad About the Boy with Andre Kostelanetz and his orchestra illustrate just some of the gems to be found here. Anthony Collins conducts his own famous Vanity Fair with the London Promenade Orchestra. Reginald King conducts a real rarity: Percy Fletcher’s My Love to You recorded in 1930. And that old warhorse In A Persian Market by Ketélbey with Stanford Robinson and the New Symphony Orchestra of London turns up as well. On this CD Clive Richardson is the featured composer. His dates are 1909-1998. We have Robert Farnon and the Queen’s Hall Light Orchestra conducting a 1947 performance of Holiday Spirit, Sidney Torch doing Outward Bound with the same orchestra also in 1947, and best of all, Charles Williams and the Columbia Light Symphony Orchestra in London Fantasia with none other than Clive Richardson himself at the piano. This one dates from 1945. Here is another piece in the Warsaw Concerto mode. I’ll bet you didn’t know there were so many such things! This one is also among the best in the series and maybe a good starting place for you to start looking into these remarkable CD’s. Let’s be honest: this is the sort of music that really gets the old spine tingling. Forget the complex aleatory music by Stockhausen and the incessant minimalism of Reich and Glass and even the integral serialism of Pierre Boulez. This is the kind of music that makes you feel good. Now do not get me wrong – I may not ‘groove’ to Stockhausen in the same way that I ‘dig’ Zeppelin and ‘The Dead’ and Robert Farnon but at least I do appreciate what the three above-named masters have done for music. The bottom line is this. If you want the musical equivalent of nursery food then this CD is for you. These tunes are a kind of musical ginger sponge with hot custard. Most of the music on this disc I do not know. But it is somehow in my blood. I remember sitting for hours with my elderly, bedridden grandmother listening to the radio – both the Light Programme and the Home Service. And I know that this was the kind of music heard on this ‘medium’ rather than the burgeoning rock and roll, skiffle and ‘beat’ on the ‘Pirates’. And strangely I have never lost my affection for it. Perhaps, if I am honest, I can warm to some of the melodies and rhythms much more than I do to Beethoven, Mozart and even JSB? Maybe it is the evocative titles? Possibly the memories of a ‘better world’ just before I was born? (Rationing? Hmm.) Maybe the ‘romantic’ part of my nature needs to be ‘patronised’ a little bit more than the classical or intellectual (such as there is)? Or maybe it is just that I prefer Ginger Sponge to Nouvelle Cuisine? But let’s glance at the music. There are 27 tracks – each and every one of them designed to bring back the memories. Some of the pieces are by ‘big names’ in the world of light music such as Richard Addinsell, Robert Farnon and Frederic Curzon. There are a few ‘musical’ composers here too such as Jerome Kern and Irving Berlin. And then there are the ‘classical’ or so called ‘serious’ writers such as Benjamin Frankel and Georges Auric. Some of the pieces are arrangements of ‘standards’ and many are novelties or original works. This is less of a themed CD than others in the Guild series – but perhaps that is really irrelevant. We meet a number of girls on this disc – Frank Perkins’ bouncy Barbara and Arend Honhoff’s Eleanora – the girl with a touch of Spain in her blood. I am not so sure about the Song of the Barefoot Contessa but it has a nice Gypsy swing to it. And of course love is never far away – Philippe-Gerard ‘Without my Lover’ is a little less evocative than it might have been with this particular emotion. Yet this is well balanced by Robert Farnon’s arrangement of the Arthur Schwartz ‘classic’ If there is Someone Lovelier than You. Of course all good lovers will answer NO! And then again lovers can either part or perhaps get married – and if they have been good can join Edward White for a White Wedding. Or maybe we will grieve our love lost and not be happy Till the Clouds Roll By with Jerome Kern. Then there are the travel pieces. We can join Georges Auric on the Pavements of Paris – complete with evocative accordion – as another reviewer has said, “all Gauloises and berets”. Or perhaps we fly to Manhattan with Richard Rodgers. Now I do not know where Len Stevens situated Easy Street – but I guess it was not the Big Apple – perhaps just up from Knightsbridge? Philip Green returns to the States with his novelty Wagon Trail followed a few tracks later by the absolutely lovely Holiday in Hollywood by Peter Dennis. This piece evokes less of the Silver Screen than trips to Newquay and St Ives on the Cornish Riviera Express. But that is the beauty of light music – dream as you will! From Hollywood we go En Route with Robert Farnon. Perhaps we will eventually arrive at Arden E. Clar’s Port of Spain. Let us hope the weather is not like Eddie Haywood’s composition – Rainfall. Of course the title of the CD is Irving Berlin’s ‘Say It With Music’ and this is the opening track which is presented in a ‘big’ Friday Night is Music Night type of arrangement. Another ‘standard’ follows with Harold Arlen’s That Old Black Magic. Novelties are represented here with pieces such as the redoubtable Leroy Anderson’s Sandpaper Ballet – it could be by no-one else and Roger Roger’s The Toy Shop Window – complete with marching toy soldiers, rocking horses and dancing dollies. Richard Addinsell’s film music for Out of the Clouds is a deliciously romantic period piece complete with piano obbligato which is absolutely nothing like the Warsaw Concerto. Benjamin Frankel is well known for his film music – and here we have the theme from A Kid for Two Farthings. It is a pity that he is not so well appreciated for his superb ‘serious’ music. And then there are the inevitable waltzes and ‘nocturnal’ music. We can dream to Vercolier’s Starlight Lullaby – at least until it ‘goes’ Latin. The Waltz in Water Colours by George Melachrino is a particular favourite of mine. I seem to remember hearing this played on the Wurlitzer at Blackpool Tower Ballroom when I was an impressionable young lad. Oscar Straus continues the dancing mood with his Waltz Dream before we hear Frank Cordell’s attractive Big Ben Waltz – complete with the chimes. And last of all we can join Joyce Cochrane with her Prelude to Peace – another big ‘Friday Night’ tune. Guild have re-mastered this CD well – all these tunes sound much better than I imagine they did when they were released more than half a century ago. For this Alan Bunting must take credit. The liner notes by David Ades are excellent. Big name bands feature on this CD including the David Rose Orchestra, Leroy Anderson himself, the Robert Farnon Orchestra and many, many more. If you like this kind of music it is a must for your collection. Der von Joggern meist- und, was Gott bewahren möge, der vielleicht zuletzt gehörte Satz: ‚Der tut nichts, der will nur spielen’. Begeben Sie sich lieber auf die sicherere Seite und setzen Sie sich vor ihren CD-Spieler, oder am besten gleich in ein Auto mit offenem Verdeck, legen Sie die vorliegende CD ein und frönen Sie dem ‚Easy Listening’. Denn ‚Guild’ pfeffert nun schon in dritter Folge bestaufgelegte orchestrale 50er Jahre-Nummern auf den Silberling, Bekanntes, Altbekanntes, Unbekanntes, völlig Unbekanntes. Die herrlichen Glanznummern im 50er Jahre-Sound tun keinem weh, und auch sie wollen letztlich nur spielen bzw. gespielt werden. 27 Tracks, alle wie die Seiten eines Hochglanz-Werbeprospekts für eine Traumreise rund um die Welt. Die Band-Leader der 50er Jahre geben sich einmal mehr ein Stelldichein: Stanley Black, Charles Williams, Leroy Anderson, Les Baxter, Percy Faith, Robert Farnon, Philipp Green, um einmal mehr nur ein paar wenige aufzulisten. Die Komponisten: Irving Berlin, Harold Arlen, Mario Nascimbene, Leroy Anderson, Georges Auric, Richard Addinsell, Richard Rogers, Eddie Heywood, Frank Perkins, Philip Green, Robert Farnon, Frederic Curzon, Jerome Kern und viele, viele andere. Die Highlights: Andersons witzig-spritziges ‚Sandpaper Ballet’ oder Heywoods ‚Rainfall’ oder Frank Cordells ‚Big Ben Waltz’. In Arthur Schwartz’ ‚If there is someone lovelier than you’ wabern die Geigen von Robert Farnons Orchester wohlig wie in Butter in Portamento und Vibrato, dass es einem Sir Roger dieselbe womöglich vom Brötchen hauen dürfte. Die Orchester spielen allesamt in einer Perfektion und klanglichenBalance, wie sie später auf diese Weise nie mehr erreicht wurde. ‚Leichte Musik’, die so leicht wirkt, weil sie mit so viel Präzision interpretiert wurde. ‚Guild’ hat die alten Bänder aus den Jahren 1952 bis 1955 wieder klangprächtig restauriert und remastered. Eine Scheibe für den Urlaub, für Nostalgiker und solche, die es werden wollen. In March 2005 I welcomed the first 10 releases in the Guild Light Music collection, featuring transfers from 78s and early LPs. Already the series has expanded to 21 volumes. Of the latest three releases, THE HALL OF FAME – VOLUME 1 offers a rich helping of light-music classics beginning with David Rose’s Holiday for Strings under Morton Gould and ending with a spotlight on Clive Richardson including his celebrated Holiday Spirit and London Fantasia. Among relatively few less familiar items I especially welcome the delightful My Love to You by the sadly underrated Percy Fletcher. ‘THE 1950S VOLUME 3 – SAY IT WITH MUSIC is devoted specifically to early-1950s recordings, and it covers a wide range of composers, orchestras and styles. Whether it’s a plus or minus for a single CD to range through Roger Roger conducting his own music, the Hamburg Radio Orchestra playing Straus’s Waltz Dream, and Geraldo and His New Concert Orchestra playing a piece by Joyce Cochrane will depend on individual taste, but there will surely be welcome discoveries for all. For me the greatest attraction lies in ‘JOYOUSNESS – THE MUSIC OF HAYDN WOOD, not least because it includes several items omitted from the Marco Polo collections of music by this British light-music master (8/92,8/97). Of the London Landmarks suite, for instance, we have not only the celebrated Horse Guards — Whitehall but also Nelson’s Column and Tower Hill, even if sadly scattered around the CD rather than grouped together. I indicated previously that a major downside of the series was the curious attitude towards vocal items Rather than authentic vocal versions, we have here, for instance, a souped-up and distorted Vilia by the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, an over-the-top Till the Clouds Roll By by the Gordon Jenkins Orchestra, and a cringingly awful Roses of Picardy featuring Freddy Gardner on the saxophone. Truly one man’s meat is another’s poison! For the most part, at least, these CDs make happily undemanding and highly pleasant listening. Alan Bunting has reprocessed the recordings expertly, and they come with informative notes by David Ades. This wonderful series, the best light orchestral library ever assembled on compact disc, continues to weave its magic. A batch of five new discs is now available and three are reviewed this month with a further two covered in the next IT. For those readers yet to discover the Guild series may I summarise a few facts that are common to the project. The series draws on recordings made by commercial labels and music publishing companies during the 1930s, 1940s and the 1950s up to the existing copyright cut-off point. The compilation discs aim to offer light music items not available elsewhere. All recordings are digitally remastered to the highest standards. Two of the most dedicated and knowledgeable light music collectors combine their talents in creating the project which now totals 23 compact discs. David Ades is series producer and compiler and Alan Bunting is responsible for audio restoration and remastering. For many of us who collect light orchestral recordings the “golden age” of the music began in the immediate post second world war years with the 1950s seeing the zenith. With the issue of GLCD 5119, SAY IT WITH MUSIC, the resourceful Guild team offer volume three of a sequence of discs featuring leading orchestras of the Fifties. A 27 track 77 minute long CD contains sumptuous performances of great “evergreens”, in a tastefully blended programme designed to provide maximum listening pleasure. That is guaranteed with the participation of Stanley Black, David Rose, Leroy Anderson and Robert Farnon to name just some of the great maestros who dominated the genre. To stimulate the enthusiasm of the serious collector any Guild CD invariably contains a rarity and/or a surprise. In the case of GLCD 5119 it is gratifying to find three recordings made under the baton of the distinguished Dutch conductor DoIf Van Der Linden. Light music is renowned for providing original compositions in “mood music” of a descriptive nature. On this disc, pieces such as Leroy Anderson’s famous Sandpaper Ballet, Phil Green’s Wagon Trail and Big Ben Waltz played by Frank Cordell’s Orchestra are typical examples. A disc that really hits the right note! With THE HALL OF FAME – VOLUME 1 (GLCD 51120) the Guild team very sensibly take stock of the fact that light music has its newcomers who deserve to have the opportunity to buy CDs containing classic recordings by the music’s leading lights. In presenting a compilation of well known works the more seasoned collector is not forgotten as GLCD 51120 demonstrates. Alongside recordings of Holiday For Strings, Serenata, Portrait Of A Flirt and the like are fairly obscure pieces by leading orchestras, examples being Wedding Of The Rose (Ron Goodwin) and Wooden Shoes (Harry Horlick). Another nice feature is the “tribute” to a particular composer, in this instance, pianist-composer, the late Clive Richardson is remembered in three works, including his superb concert piece London Fantasia. The work of a single composer is celebrated in depth with THE MUSIC OF HAYDN WOOD on GLCD 51121-JOYOUSNESS. 19 recordings by different orchestras illustrate the music penned by one of Britain’s most distinguished light music figures. Haydn Wood’s music has been represented before on Guild releases with regular selections from his large repertoire but “Joyousness” provides a substantial survey of his entrancing music, of which much is so very English in structure and content. The collection takes in recordings from the entire period of Guild’s scope, the 1930s to the early 1950s. Wood’s famous ballad, Roses Of Picardy is heard in the celebrated Peter Yorke recording with the great Freddy Gardner. The composers supreme versatility is demonstrated in compositions that don’t prompt thoughts of all things English via Seville, which features Reginald Foort at the organ and in the New Concert Orchestra’s playing of Vienna (from the “Frescoes Suite”). A collection of outstanding quality with the accent on the more serious style of light music that particularly illustrates the superb sound engineering work carried out by Alan Bunting for this unique series. More next time. A selection of material spanning a mere four years. A look at the bandleaders will alert one to the superior nature of the playing…. Like pyroclastic flows that Vesuvius of Light Music, Guild, regularly erupts with molten material from the vaults. The unsure reader can only wonder that so much was recorded. Those versed in the history of light music on disc – however it’s defined – will know better. There’s tons of the stuff out there. Here is a selection of material just up to the copyright cut-off point, spanning a mere four years. A look at the bandleaders will alert one to the superior nature of the playing. And a look at the songs will show a good balance between favourites and the now lesser known. The orchestras are predominately British but – London-born though long American domiciled – David Rose shows yet again just why he was such a master of his craft. Canadian-born Farnon led a series of recordings in Scandinavia – here with the Danish State – and there’s the Augmented Hamburg Radio Orchestra (augmented by what I always wonder) doing Oscar Straus proud. Flying the French flag is Roger Roger, an irresistible name for Anglophones, with his Champs Elysées Orchestra playing his own piece. The roll-call is impressive though this selection is certainly not to be taken in one sitting as indigestion may ensue. Best to take a few chunks at a time. Amongst them you will then find the sheeny magic of David Rose and the jovial presence of Mario Nascimbene, quite a distinguished figure in film music. Fans of Edward White will note the first cousin relation of White Wedding to Puffin’ Billy and admirers of Leroy Anderson – and can there be any other? – will exult in his soft shoe shuffling Sandpaper Ballet. Georges Auric mines some generic accordion for his contribution and as played by Frank Chacksfield it bears the dead hand of International Franglais – all Gauloises and berets and glistening Parisian pavements. There is farther flung exotica courtesy of Philippe Bloch, whose Without My Lover gets overheated and the unusual interjection of Bernie Leighton’s harpsichord in Eddie Haywood’s Rainfall. Philip Green hands down some Western clichés in Wagon Trail and much better is the soprano vocalise of the ever splendid Frederic Curzon’s Savoir Faire. We also encounter some cosmopolitan suavity from Melachrino, sunny Iberian swoops from Arden C Clar and – no Light Music Collection is complete without it – a pocket Rachmaninov Piano Concerto courtesy of Joyce Cochrane. The Prelude to Peace is a portentous piece of bluster, rather splendid in its way, nimbly played by Geraldo’s brother, Sidney Bright. You will also encounter the usual high standard of notes from David Ades and smooth, noiseless transfers into the bargain.

2019-04-18T13:04:32Z

http://www.classical-music-review-blog.com/?page_id=1854

Here’s a question for you about two females who have been in the news this week. The first is the so-called Messel Lemur, a stunningly well preserved early primate about 48 million years old found in the oil shale of Messel, Germany. The second is Susan Boyle, the 48-year-old unknown Scots singer sometimes described as ‘chubby’ or ‘dowdy’, who created something of a national and international sensation in the Britain’s Got Talent television program. What links the two? There are of course any number of uncharitable answers to this involving perhaps the number ‘48’, ‘preservation’, ‘hair’ and ‘being female’. The real answer is that both raise interesting questions to do with the media. Let us consider first, the older of our two females. Three things are noteworthy. First of all, the Lemur (or proto-Lemur) was immediately proclaimed to be a ‘Missing Link’ and our great, great grandmother umpteen times removed. Whether or not this is the case is not my point here; the fact is it that it was an inevitable but clever piece of marketing. As a lemur, pure and simple, no one would care. I can’t resist using the British slang expression “no one would give a monkey’s”. (Please don’t look up the origin of this: although the expression itself is reasonably harmless, its origin is unspeakably rude.) However, rebrand it as ‘a missing link’ and the press will be banging on the door. The second smart trick was to give the creature (technically Darwinius masillae) the cosy little name ‘Ida’. My suspicion is that this is a tradition that goes back to 1974 when ‘Lucy’, more prosaically known as Australopithecus afarensis, was discovered in Ethiopia and has been a big hit ever since. So that was another nice marketing touch. A third is more subtle. In a rather curious (and possibly unprecedented) way, no sooner had news of Ida been announced in the scientific press when it was revealed that the BBC would be showing a programme on her the following day narrated by no less than the Blessed Monarch of Natural History, David Attenborough. This strikes me as very curious. The normal pattern in science (and I remind you I do know a little of what I am talking about here), is to publish the data and then wait for speculation, comment and criticism. In theory, once the dust has settled there will be something like a scientific consensus and this the point at which the press ought to be involved. Given the lead time to produce a TV programme suggests that the scientific team had been working closely with the BBC right from the start. I’m not suggesting there is anything wrong in what has been done: it’s just that this smacks of the press and science being a little too closely linked. That’s a worrying trend. With Susan Boyle – who went from utter unknown to international star within days – things are very interesting and I refer you to the Wikipedia section on her entry entitled ‘Social Analysis’. With nothing else to talk about apart from the biggest political scandal for several hundred years (that was irony) the popular press has been building up Ms Boyle to an astonishing degree. Yet those that live by the press can also die by it and this week Ms Boyle has made the headlines of the wrong sort for lashing out at people with a pretty foul-mouthed tirade. The papers are beginning to turn on her. *If you cannot find it in the standard dictionary of Russian Aphorisms don’t worry: I’ve just invented it. In last week’s blog I was lamenting the fact that I had had my geology classes halved in number and doubled in size. In the intervening week I have to say there has been very little apparent progress in college but I have had three very able first-year students say they want to switch to geology next year so I live in hope that public pressure will force something of a climb down. One factor that may have an effect is the imminent European elections. How so? Well it is generally expected that the ruling Labour Party will be massively damaged in these elections and be forced to throw out some sops to ordinary people (as opposed to bankers and the like) to avoid being cast into the outer darkness in the General Election that must occur within the next twelve months. So the hope is that they will find some money from somewhere and rescue education. Well, we live in hope! Many MPs have been pushing the expense system to the absolute limit: so for instance we find that entire homes and flats have been furnished at the public’s expense. Some of the claims have been either outrageous or banal: glittery toilet seats, jellied eels, moat cleaning, a floating ‘duck island’ for a pond, hair straighteners. While much of this is legal, it is either dubious or petty. A number of MPs have been exposed as creatively manipulating the system to make quite a tidy little profit. One ‘nice little earner’ has been what is now called flipping; a technique whereby a Member of Parliament switches his or her second home between several houses, which has the effect of allowing the maximisation of taxpayer-funded allowances. Other tricks have been buying rundown property, getting the State to refurbish it and then selling it at a personal profit before buying another one and so on. Some MPs have clearly been engaged in fraud and are being interviewed by the police and the tax office. In the resulting flurry of righteousness, recrimination and resignations, MPs have been quick to come up with excuses. These include such things as ‘accounting clearly isn’t my strong suit’, ‘I seem to have made a mistake’, ‘ I apologise for my unforgivable oversight’ and so on. The public have shown an astonishing appetite for these revelations, and still the scandal rolls on. The prurient desire to look into lives of those who rule us is almost universal and this scandal has allowed it with a vengeance. The fact that we are in a massive economic downturn has also exacerbated matters; had the country been booming I think we would have been much more forgiving. Anyway the point of this blog is not to say what everybody else is saying but to say something else. The most obvious Christian comment is that given that modern British society has become separated from any creed or ethical basis this sort of thing is hardly surprising. I have no doubt that such scams were present in the past: but were they ever so endemic and were they ever quite so wide ranging? In some cultures – those of you who know my background will guess where I am referring to – it is expected that the politicians are corrupt and will defraud the nation. We had hoped otherwise here. A more subtle point is that it is now evident we have lost the servant ethos that goes with Christianity. MPs are ‘elected to serve’ a particular constituency. Not, you note, to rule. With the death of the servant ethos what has emerged is an astonishing arrogance; a wilful belief that as a Member of Parliament you have a right to plunder the system. Now, one of the most striking features of the Christian faith is its outrageous and irrational celebration of service. There seems little question even in the eyes of those who are sceptical about the authenticity of much in the gospels that this goes back to Jesus of Nazareth. (See for example Mark 10:45: “For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.”) Sadly, in the present scandal we are beginning to have sketched out what politics looks like when men and women rule rather than serve. We do not like what we see. Let me begin by a little bit of background. Around 10 years ago Wales was granted some degree of independence within the complex geographical unit that is the United Kingdom. Its governing body, the Assembly (which seems to increasingly bear less and less resemblance to the benign and competent Assembly of my novels), has both jurisdiction and funding control over a few limited areas. One of those areas is education. Recently, partly due to pressures caused by the recession and partly due to what seems to be incompetence, they have managed to cut funding to many schools and colleges that provide education for our 16- to 18-year-olds. One of those badly affected is my college, where we have something like a £400,000 shortfall. I hasten to add that our academic record is exemplary, but these days being good doesn’t seem to be enough. (Actually, it seems that you are better off being a poor performer because the trend is to throw money at failures rather than successes.) Well this week we were told that there would have to be major cuts and various drastic measures including increasing class size and reduced course options. I have been moderately badly hit by this. From teaching almost nothing but geology I will now have to diversify into geography and a wider area of environmental studies. And, on current numbers, I will have class sizes of around 24. Now of course all this may change (prayers are welcome) but the mood has been pretty glum in college and I have to say I have felt pretty discouraged. Had it been financially feasible I might have been tempted to hand in my resignation this week on the grounds that educational standards are likely to be compromised. But it wasn’t feasible. I consoled myself with the thought that I once ran an academic department that survived a direct hit from a tank shell, an assassination and an invasion. So I will try to grin and bear it. Anyway, what I have found interesting is that a number of people who are more badly affected than me are less fed up about it. Some of them are not, as far as I know, Christians or believers in God. This raises an issue that I have noticed before: Christians can get upset and worked up over things that other people are largely unaffected by. In fact it may even be – I have no figures to prove it –that there are slightly higher numbers of depressives in Christianity than outside. What’s going on here? How does this square with our songs of joy and our talk of victory? On this basis you can see that we expect life’s little tales to have happy endings. And, all too frequently, they don’t. If you understand this you can see why perhaps we more easily get depressed when unrequited nastiness occurs or unjudged stupidity triumphs. There are two answers to the conundrum we find ourselves in. The first is to lower our expectations – and that I am reluctant to encourage; I feel we must always aim high and hope for the best. The second is to remind ourselves that we do not here see the full picture. As the old image goes, what we see is merely the back of the great tapestry and here there are many random and tangled threads. We have not yet seen the real end of the story. I am not of course defending depression; if you are suffering from it I wish you a speedy recovery. But if it is the depression caused by the gap between high idealistic hopes and a dismaying reality then you deserve every sympathy. Far better to dream and be frustrated than not dream at all. For various reasons time has been at the forefront of my thoughts quite a lot this week. One reason is that I have finished my teaching of AS students; those totally ignorant fresh-faced kids I first met in September are now slightly less ignorant and about to face their first exam on Tuesday. My, how time passes! Secondly, I have been looking through boxes of old photographic slides to try and find some images suitable for a talk. It has been slightly disconcerting to see images I had long forgotten, and very disconcerting to find, on the other end of the slide viewer, a youthful me staring back across the gulf of years. Thirdly, I got the recent Geological Society of London annual bulletin and read obituaries of people including one who I knew pretty well. I struggle with how someone who once existed in a most solidly flesh and blood fashion is now no longer with us. Time and its passage disconcerts us for several reasons. Firstly, it is of course an ‘intimation of mortality’, a reminder that our tenure of this world is utterly temporary. Second, it is also something of a reminder of the futility of so much that human life is centred on. As I read the obituaries of some of those whose names were unknown to me, I realised that many of them had once had only the briefest and most ephemeral moments of glory. Some had been advisers to long-forgotten governments, others fashionable exponents of now discredited geological ideas, and still others finders of now exhausted oilfields. Time drains the value of most achievements. Yet the third disconcerting aspect of time is perhaps the most subtle. It is simply this: we do not in any shape or form understand what ‘time’ is. We measure something that we call time; we are aware that time passes (but what exactly does that mean?). Yet we cannot hold time, reverse time or store, buy or sell it. Time remains an utterly alien and unfathomable substance. It is presumed to have started with the Big Bang but even that remains an uncertainty. In every sense, time remains the most remote and elusive of concepts. And here Christian friends, I draw to your attention the fact that time is an interesting point to consider if you ever find yourself up against a wall in an argument about God. You know the sort of thing; that confident sneer ‘Where is your God? Show me him and I will believe in him. Go on! Prove his existence’. You may at this point choose to refer to time. There are innumerable questions that can be raised. What is time? Can the existence of time be demonstrated? When did time begin? In time we have a commodity whose existence everybody accepts yet which cannot be proved in the laboratory. Time demonstrates the inadequacy of the human mind. It does not to my way of thinking prove the existence of God. It is however suggestive that we ought to be very wary about confidently asserting that only those things that we can touch, see, measure and understand have a reality. Have a good week. I hope to write again in another seven days time; whatever that really means. At the start, let me say that this blog is not really about British politics; it is about something else far deeper. I actually wonder if it doesn’t touch on something of fundamental and rather worrying importance for the evangelical church. But let’s start with the politics. One thing that has become apparent in Britain over the last week or so – although it has been looming for some time – is that what has long been called ‘New Labour’ is finished. The financial debacle, the massive rises in unemployment and various other scandals have so doomed the present administration that wherever you look on the storm-tossed ship that is the Labour government you can see people desperately running around looking for seaworthy lifeboats. Indeed so catastrophic is the pending electoral disaster that most of them seem reconciled never to play a part in politics again. A generation in the wilderness looms. The background is worth repeating. As the Wikipedia article helpfully puts it, the traditional Labour Party ‘was in favour of socialist policies such as public ownership of key industries, government intervention in the economy, redistribution of wealth, increased rights for workers and trade unions and a belief in the welfare state as well as publicly funded healthcare and education’. After 20 years in which good old-fashioned Labour was so out of sympathy with the contemporary world that it was unelectable, Tony Blair and his colleagues (one is tempted these days to use word cronies) created a rebranded and updated version of the Labour Party: New Labour. New Labour was a subtle creation. On the one hand it claimed complete continuity with the past. Traditional supporters were reassured that it was still Labour: at party conferences, the followers of Blair sung the same old songs, cheered the same slogans and assented to many of the old aspirations. Despite considerable misgivings, long-term Labour supporters were reassured that all that they had held dear was still present. Yet on the other hand New Labour now presented a friendlier face to the public. It was smoother, sleeker, more contemporary and, above all, more acceptable. Much of the old confrontational language about class struggle and social justice was no longer heard: the party was utterly remarketed. The floating voter was charmed and under the chameleon-like Tony, New Labour achieved a massive 179-seat majority in the 1997 general election . It has retained power until the present. Yet now, as the wheels spectacularly spin off the wagon of the New Labour enterprise, the old Labour supporters are saying that they knew all along that this would happen. All their misgivings as to whether New Labour was actually Labour in any real sense have returned with a triumphant vengeance. It certainly now seems that, beneath all the words and new slogans, whatever the Blairite project was, it wasn’t really Labour at all. It was a charade, the survivors of old Labour say, and the fact that it has come to such a sticky end is utterly predictable. Well, I have my reservations about both Old and New Labour and Old and New Conservatism too. In fact, I am increasingly thinking that the roots of our national problems lie too deep for politics to change. Nevertheless I think the account of New Labour – so clearly now in its final chapter – is worth us evangelicals thinking about. Why? The answer is this. Those of us who are contemporary evangelicals claim that we are part of a great and honourable lineage going back through the Victorians as far as the Puritan reformers. We count men such as Bunyan, Wesley, Whitfield, Spurgeon and Lord Shaftesbury as our spiritual ancestors. We sing the same songs (well a few of them, at least). We pronounce the same mantras. We read the same Bible. We have the same creeds and we hate the same sins. And as I wonder whether that is indeed so I look at the tattered and beaten remnants of New Labour. And somehow, I am strangely afraid.

2019-04-25T16:45:37Z

http://www.chriswalley.net/2009/05/

Although attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder is one of the most studied disorders in medical literature, its etiology has not been completely elucidated. Clarification of the factors associated with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder is of significance for the curative treatment of the disorder. While literature states that iron deficiency may present a risk factor for the pathophysiology of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, the studies made on this subject so far have provided contradictory results. This article aims to analyze the studies of children and adolescents in literature made in Turkey and abroad on the levels of iron and iron-related parameters in blood, which are considered to be effective in the pathophysiology of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, compile the general characteristics of those studies and present the results. Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu, tıp literatüründe en iyi araştırılmış bozukluklardan biri olmasına rağmen, etiyolojisi halen net olarak açıklığa kavuşturulamamıştır. Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu’nun küratif şekilde tedavi edilmesi için bozukluk ile ilişkili etmenlerin net olarak aydınlatılması oldukça önemlidir. Literatür incelendiğinde, demir eksikliğinin dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu patofizyolojisi için bir risk faktörü olabileceği belirtilmekle birlikte, konu ile ilgili şu ana kadar yapılan çalışmalarda çelişkili sonuçlar elde edildiği gözlenmektedir. Bu yazıda, dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu patofizyolojisinde etkili olduğu düşünülen demir ve demirle ilişkili parametrelerin kan düzeyleri ile ilgili literatürdeki, çocuk ve ergen yaş grubunda, ülkemizde ve yurt dışında yapılmış konu ile ilgili çalışmaların incelenmesi, genel özelliklerinin derlenmesi ve sonuçlarının sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Ağaoğlu L (2010) Demir eksikliği anemisi. In Anemiler, Cilt 2 (Eds O Neyzi, TY Ertuğrul):1051-1054. İstanbul, Nobel Yayıncılık. APA (American Psychiatric Association) (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., Text revision (DSM- IV-TR). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association. Andrews NC (1999) Disorders of iron metabolism. N Engl J Med, 341:1986-1995. Atamna H, Walter PB, Ames BN (2002) The role of heme and iron-sulfur clusters in mitochondrial biogenesis, maintenance, and decay with age. Arch Biochem Biophys, 397:345-353. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K (2004) Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: antisocial activities and drug use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 45:195-211. Beard JL, Connor JR, Jones BC (1993) Iron in the brain. Nutr Rev, 51:157-170. Beard J (2003) Iron deficiency alters brain development and functioning. J Nutr, 133(Suppl 1):S1468-S1472. Beard JL, Connor JR (2003) Iron status and neural functioning. Annu Rev Nutr, 23:41-58. Behrman R (2004) Diseases of the blood. In Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 14th ed. (eds R Kliegman, W Nelson, V Vaughan):1614-1616. Philadelphia, W.B.Saunders Com. Berrak SG, Türkan E, Canbolat C, Kahveci S (2010) Çocuklarda demir eksikliğinin tedavisi düşük gelişim test skorlarına etkisi. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 65:1-7. Biederman J, Faraone SV (2005) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet, 366: 237-248. Black MM (2003) Micronutrient deficiencies and cognitive functioning. J Nutr, 133(Suppl 2):S3927-S3931. Brittenham GM (2000) Disorders of iron metabolism: Iron deficiency and overload. In Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice, 3rd ed. (Eds R Hoffman, EJ Benz, SJ Shattil, B Furie, HJ Cohen, LE Silberstein et al):397–428. New York, Churchill Livingstone. Bülbül SH (2004) Çocuk beslenmesinde demirin yeri ve önemi. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 13:446-450. Calarge C, Farmer C, DiSilvestro R, Arnold LE (2010) Serum ferritin and amphetamine response in youth with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 20:495-502. Castellanos FX (1997) Toward a pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 36:381-393. Connor JR, Menzies SL (1996) Relationship of iron to oligodendrocytes and myelination. Glia,17:83-93. Cortese S, Lecendreux M, Bernardina BD, Mouren MC, Sbarbati A, Konofal E (2008) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, and restless legs syndrome: The iron hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 70:1128-1132. Cortese S, Konofal E, Bernardina BD, Mouren MC, Lecendreux M (2009) Sleep disturbances and serum ferritin levels in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 18:393-399. Cortese S, Angriman M, Lecendreux M, Konofal E (2012)a Iron and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: What is the empirical evidence so far? A systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev Neurother, 12:1227-1240. Cortese S, Azoulay R, Castellanos FX, Chalard F, Lecendreux M, Chechin D et al (2012)b Brain iron levels in attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot MRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry, 13:223-231. D'Amato TJ (2005) Is iron deficiency causative of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 159:788. Donfrancesco R, Parisi P, Vanacore N, Martines F, Sargentini V, Cortese S (2013) Iron and ADHD: time to move beyond serum ferritin levels. J Atten Disord, 17:347-357. Ekici Ö (2012) Demir eksikliği ve demir eksikliği anemisinin tiroid hormonları üzerine etkisi (Uzmanlık tezi). Kırıkkale, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi. Ercan ES (2010) Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğunda epidemiyolojik veriler. 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Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, Demler O et al (2006) The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry, 163:716-723. Kırmızıtaş A, Kılınç Y (2005) Demir eksikliği anemisi olan çocuklarda çözünebilir transferrin reseptörü, eritrosit çinko düzeyi ve serum çinko düzeyinin tanıdaki yeri (Uzmanlık tezi). Adana, Çukurova Üniversitesi. Kiddie JY, Weiss MD, Kitts DD, Levy-Milne R, Wasdell MB (2010) Nutritional status of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Int J Pediatr, 2010:767318. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, Mouren MC (2004) Iron deficiency in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 158:1113–1115. Konofal E, Cortese S, Marchand M, Mouren MC, Arnulf I, Lecendreux M (2007) Impact of restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. 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Lozoff B (1988) Behavioral alterations in iron deficiency. Adv Pediatr, 35:331-359. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Smith JB (2006a) Double burden of iron deficiency in infancy and low socioeconomic status: a longitudinal analysis of cognitive test scores to age 19 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 160:1108-1113. Lozoff B, Beard J, Connor J, Barbara F, Georgieff M, Schallert T (2006b) Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Nutr Rev, 64(Suppl 2):S34-S43. Mahmoud MM, El-Mazary AA, Maher RM, Saber MM (2011) Zinc, ferritin, magnesium and copper in a group of Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ital J Pediatr, 37:60. Mannuzza S, Klein, RG (1999). Adolescent and adult outcomes in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorder, (Eds HC Quay, AE. Hogan):279–294. New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Menegassi M, Mello ED, Guimarães LR, Matte BC, Driemeier F, Pedroso GL et al (2010) Food intake and serum levels of iron in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 32:132-138. Millichap JG, Yee MM, Davidson SI (2006) Serum ferritin in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol, 34:200–203. Murray-Kolb LE (2013) Iron and brain functions. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 16:703-707. Nigg JT, Tannock R, Rohde LA (2010) What is to be the fate of ADHD subtypes? an introduction to the special section on research on the ADHD subtypes and implications for the DSM-V. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 39:723-725. Oğrağ H, Bağ Ö, Kutlu A, Öztürk A (2012) Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan çocuklarda demir eksikliğinin rolü. İzmir Dr. Behçet Uz Çocuk Hastanesi Dergisi, 2:127-130. 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2019-04-25T10:32:39Z

https://dergipark.org.tr/pgy/issue/11143/133478

A mine control room dispatcher watches mine activities using Modular’s DISPATCH system. Aside from the all-important factor of safety, one of any mining operation’s highest priorities is keeping a tight rein on equipment assets and the costs associated with those assets. What used to be worked out on paper is now entered into a computer, and organizing the complex’s everyday movements across a site is thankfully down to a science as a result. With the birth of global positioning systems came a new era in fleet oversight, and now nearly every facet of a mine’s daily operations can be planned, executed, monitored, tweaked and modified with just a few clicks of adjustment with a computer mouse. Fleet management systems manufacturers have succeeded in staying ahead of this curve, enhancing capabilities to meet operations’ demands and thinking of new ways to manage data and activity both before and after the coal is extracted. Coal, especially in tougher markets, can reap significant benefits from improved productivity and lower costs; knowing this, Coal Age spoke with some of those keeping the industry’s logistics at the crest of the technological wave. For Modular Mining Systems, its fleet management solution (FMS) isn’t a new revolution, but a long-standing part of the company’s technological past and future. Modular, founded in 1979 with DISPATCH FMS, saw its first system placement at Phelps Dodge Corp.’s (now Freeport-McMoRan) Tyrone mine in May 1980. The purpose-built hardware was installed to respond to what many others from that point on would see as a paramount desire — to eliminate the need for visual pit oversight, to increase production, and to enable mines to manage their entire haulage cycle from a central computer. With Modular’s optimization algorithm in place, the mine reported an unprecedented 11% increase in productivity attributable to heightened efficiency derived from use of the DISPATCH FMS. Fast forward more than three decades, and Modular has now optimized production at more than 240 sites worldwide, consistently repeating this success, and can claim to have helped more than 700 billion tons of material. “We have a long history in the coal industry,” the company said, noting that the first DISPATCH system installation in a coal operation occurred in 1983 at the Quintette mine in Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia; before its 2000 closure, Quintette was one of the largest coal mines in the world. Regardless of the industry’s state of affairs, be it now or in the future, there is one unmistakable fact that Modular knows very well; the use of fleet management systems shows no signs of slowing down. With 35 years of experience under its belt, finding a way to enhance Modular solutions with even more capabilities has become second nature after years of working in tandem with mines of all types, globally, to optimize the production process and increase the amount of tonnage moved during a haulage cycle. Thanks to customer input over time, Modular has developed a number of DISPATCH system add-ons, the most recent being the FastFeedback, Idle Monitor and the soon-to-be-released Active Tire Management modules. The idea for Modular’s Idle Monitor module first came about in 2010, when a dispatch manager from one of the largest and most productive open-pit coal mines in the nation observed that large equipment was often left running while stationary. Following a review of the issue, Modular found that the practice of leaving equipment unmanned and idling for long period of time was rather routine — an expensive practice for the mine that resulted in large quantities of wasted fuel. The operation, already well tied in with Modular as an existing customer, turned to its staff to help identify and manage the occurrence of idle events and reduce rising fuel expenditures. Implementation of the module, which was initially called Fuel Saver, helped the mine achieve nearly $1 million in annual fuel savings during the first year alone. In addition, the complex gained two other unexpected benefits, the company said. Finally, Modular is looking ahead anxiously for the forthcoming release of its Active Tire Management module to aid even more with mines’ maintenance and cost-centric priorities. According to its data, unplanned tire maintenance accounts for 10% of all maintenance time on average. Those hours add up quickly and, of course, time is money. With a greater ability to actively manage tire temperature and pressure in real time, mines can extend tire life on its mobile equipment and also reduce the likelihood of a fire or blow-out. Modular’s DISPATCH system interfaces with tire monitoring systems, such as the Michelin Earthmover Maintenance System (MEMS), to mitigate premature tire failure; its algorithm includes tire control actions such as the allocation of trucks to tire shops or the issuing of emergency tire exceptions as part of its real-time decision-making logic. “Integration with OEM interfaces automates a number of actions previously performed manually, saving time, effort and money,” Modular said. The Active Tire Management module will be released later this year. While many things change, some stay the same, and according to Modular, that also extends to mining. Since the introduction of DISPATCH 35 years ago, the technology has become so ingrained in the mining circle that very few greenfield operations start up without implementing a fleet management solution. Over the years, Modular has gone on to develop the IntelliMine Mine Management suite, comprised of the DISPATCH FMS, the ProVision Machine Guidance solution, the MineCare Maintenance Management system, and MineAlert tools. Together, these products address the big picture areas of operations, planning, maintenance and safety. All are available as stand-alone systems and can be fully integrated with DISPATCH. As it has from the beginning, Modular said that it continues to focus on innovation and new ideas. “We take lessons from the past while keeping our eyes firmly set on a vision for the future,” said Modular CEO Luiz Steinberg. A project involving Hitachi’s Internet-based cloud data service and Wenco’s fleet management system was designed to assess how improvements in operational efficiency could be achieved with the systems. Earlier this year, Hitachi Ltd. and Hitachi Construction Machinery’s Canadian arm Wenco International Mining Systems revealed they had inked a joint proof of concept (PoC) project facilitated by miner Teck to combine Hitachi’s cloud service and Wenco’s fleet management system with Teck’s mining operation team to demonstrate the improvement of the system’s efficiency. In the project, Wenco said that its FMS would be installed at Hitachi’s data center in North America to provide cloud-based FMS service to Teck via the Internet. In turn, Teck, supporting the project, would provide feedback on both performance and efficiency of the system within one of its facilities in British Columbia, Canada. The results were to be pooled over a 40-day period beginning January 20. Specifically, using on-board computers, the Wenco FMS was set to be installed on haul trucks, shovels and other additional equipment, and display mine-specific instructions for operators to help increase efficiencies. While historically the FMS was individually maintained and operated on each mine site, the cloud-based FMS service used for the PoC project would hopefully demonstrate the ability for mines with multiple sites to manage all sites from one facility. The ultimate goal of the project was to reduce the initial startup and operating costs of the FMS in small-scale mining. No results from the PoC were available to Coal Age at press time, but Wenco expressed its excitement at the start of the project, particularly the associated benefits its industry partners could leverage with the combination of fleet management and cloud computing. “Minimizing learning curves on hardware and software, expanding accessibility, and reducing capital costs will increase system longevity and effectiveness for our clients,” said Wenco President and CEO Phil Walshe. Hitachi and Wenco also said at the start of the work that they would work together toward the success of the PoC and its future full-scale application in other mines. “The PoC project that Hitachi and Wenco are starting with Teck is a new chapter in the history of resources development. We will work through this PoC project to promote efficiency of resources development by improving efficiency of the equipment with our advanced IT by the whole Hitachi Group,” Hitachi official Keiichi Shiotsuka said earlier this year. While some operations are looking for ways to tighten up safety and productivity efforts, others wish to pull that belt even tighter and maintain what is already a level of high productivity. Many times those ideas start from the inside of a machine. One such collaboration announced this spring between IBM and mining contractor Thiess exemplifies this. The two came together on a global scale for a project to integrate current and historical machine sensor data for the company’s haulage fleet with its maintenance and repair, operational and environmental data, and with results from which mines of all types and locations could take away benefits. As an example of a solution focused on a somewhat smaller-scale application — but with important implications for producers of all sizes — IBM announced in February a new collaboration with Thiess, one of the world’s largest contract miners, to use Big Data to improve machine availability and operational productivity utilizing predictive analytics and modeling technologies. The initial collaboration focused on Thiess’ haul trucks and excavators to help unify asset management and business operations. While proactive maintenance is most certainly a trend for the future, many facilities still find themselves being reactive, or plugging the proverbial bucket holes as each one opens. That practice in the long term, of course, creates unnecessary downtime, expensive and rushed repairs, lost production and other issues that can combine to create an operational nightmare for any operation. Increased deployment of machine and environmental sensors combined with new data collection methods are enabling the development of predictive machine maintenance analytics, which can help increase equipment availability, lower production costs and provide greater operational flexibility. And that, in turn, is helping those on the back of the tech wave to catch up. IBM and Thiess told Coal Age’s sister publication Engineering and Mining Journal in April (see Digital Tools for Mines Help Maintain a Competitive Edge by Russ Carter, page 65) that its collaboration integrates current and historical machine sensor data, along with maintenance and repair, operational, and environmental data to use as a basis for data-driven operational optimization. Factors such as repair and inspection history, payload size, sensor-based component alerts, operator variability, weather and ground conditions are being used to construct models, which assess and predict the life of discrete components and the overall health of a piece of equipment, with the resulting information enabling decision makers to co-optimize maintenance and production decisions, resulting in better operational performance. “Analytics and modeling can offer great opportunities to improve our business, but we need to integrate them with our current processes in order to have a real bottom-line impact. Working with IBM to build a platform that feeds the models with the data we collect and then present decision support information to our team in the field will allow us to increase machine reliability, lower energy costs and emissions, and improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of our business,” said Michael Wright, executive general manager-Australian mining at Thiess. The heart of any machine is its inside components, and even more time and money can be saved with early detection of even minor anomalies and malfunction patterns. Being able to predict the likelihood of part failures and other areas of risk can leave a mine with a significant increase in equipment uptime and, of course, simultaneously improve Thiess’ ability to manage the full life of discrete components, overall machine health and the deployment of limited maintenance resources. “By combining knowledge of the physical health of the equipment with information about how it needs to be used, we are able to know when something is going to go wrong and what can be done to fix the root problem before that occurs,” Matthew Denesuk, manager of Smarter Planet Modeling and Analytics at IBM Research, told E&MJ. IBM also noted that developing a unified predictive equipment and operational management system requires identification of common connections between physical and computer scientists; the models used in this project bring together the physical and digital worlds by supplementing data-driven modeling that computer scientists tend to employ with information from engineers who have first-hand expertise about the mechanics of the equipment. Those with the secret to predictive machine management know that decisions on a unit’s maintenance and operations use can largely be discerned by evaluating its condition and health at any given time. However, it also has the ability to tell a site manager how a machine’s life will likely be far into the future, even to the point in the future where a mine’s decision maker can put correct actions into place — ordering a spare part, of example, or adjusting production plans — to account for it. For example, in the case the companies shared with E&MJ, IBM presented a mining scenario in which several haul trucks may be reported to need maintenance; at the same time, a substantial order of product is due for delivery in 11 days. The predictive machine management system will be able to look at a variety of options for addressing this problem and provide the user with a model-based prediction that, if the trucks are loaded no more than 85% of normal capacity and driven at no more than 80% of normal speed, the failure probability over the next 11 days would be minimal. Such a projection, even into the short-term future as with this case, allows companies to avoid the costly downtime for such a relatively minor issue. The idea of mine oversight and its associated key issues, primarily as it relates to production and safety, has been a part of Caterpillar’s arsenal for some time. However, the last few years have been quite busy for those in the OEM’s technology group as they continue to enhance the capabilities for not only its fleet management solutions, but also for its goal of total automation across surface mines worldwide, coal and otherwise. One of those is Cat Detect, first introduced to the worldwide mining community in mid-2011 as a solution to enhance operator awareness and overall safety. Detect, a capability set within Cat MineStar system, provides both operators and mine managers with a comprehensive overview of all of its assets, and is comprehensive, scalable and integrated into a location to offer complete mine and mobile equipment management and oversight. Detect itself is also scalable and offers a range of capabilities, permitting mines to choose the system size and scope that best meets their needs. Those capabilities include vision, object detection, proximity awareness and personnel. Vision allows mining operations to install camera-only systems on mobile vehicles, allowing operators to view the area surrounding the machine via an in-cab display. Building on vision, object detection adds radars and in-cab software that provides notification to the operator when an object is detected within the radar coverage area. The system’s proximity awareness component, unveiled at MINExpo 2012, added Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) capabilities with which Detect can display the locations of other equipment and assets beyond a radar’s reach. It also allows programmed information to be displayed in the cab. Finally, personnel adds capabilities for tracking individual electronic tags that can be worn, placed in light vehicles or attached to portable equipment. The system, then, gives these tags a presence within the digital mine site environment so that equipment operators can see locations of people and assets in relation to their machines. According to Cat officials, however, the ultimate in technology for them is autonomous machine operation. While the coal sector is on the radar, Caterpillar has so far outfitted small autonomous truck fleets (using the Command solution for hauling) operating in Australian iron ore mines. “Mining technologies, such as Cat MineStar System, have grown considerably in capabilities during the past several years,” Craig Watkins, marketing manager, Cat MineStar System for Caterpillar Global Mining, said, noting that communication systems and perception systems have advanced rapidly, as has computing power. “Today’s capabilities include remote control, semi-autonomous and fully automated, or autonomous, systems,” he said. “For example, Command for hauling is capable of fully automating mining truck operations in surface mines. The commercially available system offers improved productivity and enhanced safety. He said that some issues still to be resolved include perception systems for certain applications and adaptive decision making, and Caterpillar is addressing these issues through extensive research and development and field validation trials. Wenco International Mining Systems Ltd. has acquired Automated Positioning Systems (APS), a supplier of GNSS solutions for mining, earthmoving and land rehabilitation sectors. Wenco said this summer that the acquisition brings together APS’s proficiency in independent machine guidance and contractor-type fleet management, with Wenco’s Fleet Management System and expertise in production optimization, asset health, safety and systems connectivity to deliver a scalable solution for any size or type of mine. The former headquarters and staff at APS in Brisbane, Australia, would become a branch office operation of Wenco International to service that global region and continue product development. Wenco said its existing customers can benefit from the immediate availability of a proven high-precision drill navigation system, and the additional expertise to ensure product enhancement and technical support. APS customers will benefit from the experience and product development that Wenco provides. Also, as a subsidiary company of Hitachi Construction Machinery (HCM), Wenco can leverage HCM’s capabilities and resources.

2019-04-22T02:48:55Z

https://www.coalage.com/features/eyes-on-the-prize/

I would encourage our readers to take a look at Daniel Matson's thoughts on Revelation 12 and the astronomical occurrence in September 2017. If this amazing event is in fact the actual Revelation 12 sign then Micah 5:2-3 may be the smoking gun in understanding how the sign points to the beginning of the Tribulation rather than the midpoint. There is also scholarly support for placing the first sign of Revelation 12 at the rapture and beginning of the 70th Week of Daniel. I have a slightly different perspective on some of the other dates he mentions, but we are in agreement that Fall 2017 will be an extremely high watch time (of course we are always on the watch, but sometimes even more alert than others). I have been trying to put together information to see if God would want people to know when the Second Coming would be. It seems He told so much in the Bible if we just look. Noah had 7 days before the rains would come. Daniel told of when to look for the Messiah. People have even been able to show that 1948 was prophesied. So, why wouldn't He give information for such an important event as the 70th week and the Second Coming? Knowing then that the Rapture takes place anytime before that. I wonder that myself, especially considering all the people who have set dates that didn't come to pass. Yet many, many times Jesus and the Apostles told the Church to "watch". I certainly can't agree with those who say we can't possibly know so don't bother. If I were to guess based on my current understanding of Scripture: we will not be able to know the exact day of the rapture, but the signs/birth pangs will continue to increase and so as we get closer to that day it will be very evident to those watching. As for the Second Coming, I think it will be able to be calculated exactly either after the rapture and the covenant of Daniel 9:27 is in place, or, after the Abomination of Desolation. The Bible gives exact day counts in Revelation 12 and also Daniel 9 and 12. I agree with what you wrote. And it might be one of those things that could be pointed to after the fact by putting more pieces together as they fall in to place. Hope that made sense. Exciting times we live in, that's for sure! ^ speaking of the start of the 70th week. Where in the Bible says that "The Rapture" is before or in the middle of the "Great Tribulation" ? 30 Then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in heaven, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see ‘the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven’ with power and great glory. 31 And HE will send out his angels with a loud trumpet call, and they will gather his elect from the four winds (SECRET RAPTURE?), from one end of heaven to the other. 10 Because you have kept my word of patient endurance, I will keep you from the hour of trial that is coming on the whole world to test the inhabitants of the earth. That question is not as simple as "this" verse or "that" verse. There are MANY scriptures and much to consider. 4. Paul taken the the "third heaven" There are a number of prophecies in the Old Testament that clearly spell out how Israel would be scattered all over the world for their rebellion and spiritual harlotry, and obviously that occurred. There are also a number of related prophecies that spell out how God will purge Israel and ultimately gather a believing remnant from all the places where they have been scattered, and bring them back into the land. These will be Jews who have returned to their God with all their heart, and they will be gathered into the land at the sound of a "great trumpet" (Isa. 27:13) in order to be ushered into their promised kingdom (the Millennial Kingdom). This gathering of the believing remnant of Israel is clearly after a great purging (the Great Tribulation) and before the initiation of the Millennial Kingdom (of which they are an integral part), and so logically this gathering must occur around the time of the Second Coming. Yes, Israel has been re-established as a nation, but in unbelief. That tells me that this purging and returning to God with all their heart is still future. This is one of the basic purposes of the Great Tribulation--the purging and ultimate national redemption of Israel (the other being the judgment of the Christ-rejecting nations of the world). Neither of these is remotely connected to the Church, but I digress. So when four of Jesus' disciples asked Him three questions pertaining to the future of Israel, He simply answered their questions--and it's crystal clear to me personally that verse 31 is the direct fulfillment of those Old Testament prophecies I just mentioned. So, here's a little challenge for all the post-trib folks out there: If you believe that the elect in verse 31 is the Church on earth, that's fine. But in that case, where exactly do those prophecies about the gathering of the believing remnant of Israel get fulfilled? If not here, then where? I only ask because if you can't show us some other place where they are fulfilled (and I hope this doesn't sound cocky or anything, but I really don't believe you can), then you are leaving those prophecies flapping in the breeze and are in effect calling God a liar and a welcher, not to put too fine a point on it. Greg L, Greg T here. A common sense reading of Matt 24:29, 30, and 31 indicates they are sequential, with v.29 starting off with "Immediately after the tribulation of those days..." This passage is damaging to the pre trib rapture theory, so I am not sure why you are emphasizing it. "But in that case, where exactly do those prophecies about the gathering of the believing remnant of Israel get fulfilled? If not here, then where?" I tend to believe right now that Revelation 12:5 will be the fulfillment of Micah 5:3. So what am I disagreeing with? I believe pretribbers are seeing in Rev. 12:5 the wrong group, and the wrong harpazio. "...then you are leaving those prophecies flapping in the breeze and are in effect calling God a liar and a welcher, not to put too fine a point on it." ...and then say that there will be people saved among the "left behind", they have in effect made God a liar, because their scenario has believers experiencing the Great Tribulation, which they equate to the wrath of God. 13 But we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about those who have died, so that you may not grieve as others do who have no hope. 14 For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so, through Jesus, God will bring with him (Second Coming) those who have died. 15 For this we declare to you by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord (Second Coming/Post Rapture), will by no means precede those who have died.[f] 16 For the Lord himself, with a cry of command, with the archangel’s call and with the sound of God’s trumpet (Last Trumpet at the End of Tribulation), will descend from heaven, and the dead in Christ will rise first. 17 Then we who are alive (Survive the Great Tribulation), who are left, will be caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air (He Will take them to Jerusalem); and so we will be with the Jehovah forever. 18 Therefore encourage one another with these words. 2 As to the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ (Second Coming) and our being gathered together to him (The Rapture at the End of Tribulation), we beg you, brothers and sisters, 2 not to be quickly shaken in mind or alarmed, either by spirit or by word or by letter, as though from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord is already here (PRE-Rapture and MID-Rapture believers). 3 Let no one deceive you in any way; for that day (HIS Second Coming) will not come unless the rebellion comes first and the lawless one (Antichrist) is revealed, the one destined for destruction. 4 He opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god or object of worship, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, declaring himself to be God. 5 Do you not remember that I told you these things when I was still with you? 6 And you know what is now restraining him (Daniel 12: 1-2), so that he may be revealed when his time comes. Jesus Christ said He will come for the Second Time and His Kingdom will be stablished in Israel and then the whole Earth. Where does it says to be "Rapture" ? It is obvious that the winner crosses the "Finish Line" (to stand before the Son of Man) not before, else it is not a winner. 9 For God has not destined us for wrath, but to obtain salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ. 2 As to the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ (i.e. the Lord's coming FOR US) and our being gathered together to him (The Rapture BEFORE the Tribulation - the time of God's wrath is the entire Tribulation), we beg you, brothers and sisters, 2 not to be quickly shaken in mind or alarmed, either by spirit or by word or by letter, as though from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord is already here ('day of the Lord' elsewhere in Scripture tied to the time of God's global judgment - thus this is the 70th Week of Daniel). 3 Let no one deceive you in any way; for that day (the Tribulation) will not come unless the rebellion (Greek apostasia: "departure"; i.e. the rapture) comes first and the lawless one (Antichrist) is revealed (first seal), the one destined for destruction. 4 He opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god or object of worship, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, declaring himself to be God. 5 Do you not remember that I told you these things when I was still with you? 6 And you know what is now restraining him (Daniel 12: 1-2), so that he may be revealed when his time comes. What precisely does Paul mean when he says that " the falling away" (2:3) must come before the tribulation? The definite article " the" denotes that this will be a definite event, an event distinct from the appearance of the Man of Sin. The Greek word for " falling away" , taken by itself, does not mean religious apostasy or defection. Neither does the word mean " to fall," as the Greeks have another word for that. [pipto, I fall; TDI] The best translation of the word is " to depart." The apostle Paul refers here to a definite event which he calls " the departure," and which will occur just before the start of the tribulation. This is the rapture of the church. The first seven English translations of apostasia all rendered the noun as either " departure" or " departing." They are as follows: Wycliffe Bible (1384); Tyndale Bible (1526); Coverdale Bible (1535); Cranmer Bible (1539); Breeches Bible (1576); Beza Bible (1583); Geneva Bible (1608). This supports the notion that the word truly means " departure." In fact, Jerome' s Latin translation known as the Vulgate from around the time of a.d. 400 renders apostasia with the " word discessio, meaning ' departure.' " Why was the King James Version the first to depart from the established translation of " departure" ?" ALSO NOTE: if Paul meant to refer to a "falling way"/"rebellion" in 2 Thess 2:3, it is exceptionally strange that he used a word as ambiguous as apostasia, whose verb elsewhere means to leave (Acts 12:10; Luke 4:13), rather than the two more exact words for falling away/rebellion: antilogia (Jude 1:11) and parapikrasmō (Hebrews 3:8 and 3:11). 2 Thessalonians 2:3 actually ends up being not only strong proof for a pre-trib rapture, but even exact proof of its timing and placement. I completely disagree but respect your TEOLOGY. Unfortunately, I don't have quite enough time to watch those (that's like 4+ hours of material). If you had a couple of the key points I'd be glad to consider. Here is another good handling of apostasia, and in context, strong evidence that Paul is describing a pre-tribulational rapture in 2 Thessalonians 2. . The Rapture of the "Church" . The Second Coming with the "Church" Church is raptured sometimes after the Antichrist comes to power when he defiles the Temple, and before Yehovah pours out His wrath on mankind. Matthew 24, Mark 13, and Luke 21 are used as evidence of the timee being cut short for believers. - The rapture and the Second Coming are the same event, and they happen after key signs in the heavens are released. - Believers will go through all of the Tribulation, but will be spared the final wrath of God during Armagedon. Or the Smyrna Church ? Note: There are seven churches not just "ONE" But what is the definitin for the word "KEEP" accourding to the Bible? g5083 - a watch, to guard (from loss or injure, properly, by keeping the eye upon, to attend to carefully, take care of, to guard metaph, to keep one in the state in which he is, to observe, to reserve: to undergo something. Defenition: By, out of, with, from, at, on, against, etc. 2 He agreed to pay them a denarius "FOR" the day and sent them into his vineyard. NOW lets have a CLOSER look ! 10 Because you have kept my word of patient endurance, I also will keep (Guard, watch over, protect) you from (on, with, of, at) the hour of trial which is coming on the whole world, to try those who dwell upon the earth. 14 For the small is the gate and NARROW is the road that leads to life, and those who find it are few. 14 For the small is the gate and "Thlibo" is the road that leads to life, and those who find it are few. 14 For the small is the gate and "TRIBULATION" is the road that leads to life, and those who find it are few. but the Lord delivers him through them all. 2 And you shall remember all the way which the Lord your God has led you these forty years in the wilderness, that he might humble you, testing you to know what was in your heart, whether you would keep his commandments, or not. 3 And he humbled you and let you hunger and fed you with manna, which you did not know, nor did your fathers know; that he might make you know that man does not live by bread alone, but that man lives by everything that proceeds out of the mouth of the Lord. 4 Your clothing did not wear out upon you, and your foot did not swell, these forty years. 5 Know then in your heart that, as a man disciplines his son, the Lord your God disciplines you. “Blessed are you when men revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account. 2 Count it all joy, my brethren, when you meet various trials, 3 for you know that the testing of your faith produces PATIENCE. 10 Because you have kept my word of my PATIENCE endurance, I will keep you from the hour of trial which is coming on the whole world, to try those who dwell upon the earth. *** What was HIS "PATIENCE" ? Because some scruptures say that "no man knows the day or the hour" and others scriptures tellus that the messiah will come 1260 days after the Antichrist defiles the Temple,there must be two different events. ! There is NO Contradiction ! ! Thief in the Night ! 5 But as to the times and the seasons, brethren, you have no need to have anything written to you. 2 For you yourselves know well that the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night. 3 When people say, “There is peace and security,” then sudden destruction will come upon them as travail comes upon a woman with child, and there will be no escape. 4 But you are not in darkness, brethren, for that day to surprise you like a thief. 5 For you are all sons of light and sons of the day; we are not of the night or of darkness. appointed (sign, time), (place of, solemn) assembly, congregation, (set, solemn) feast, (appointed, due) season, solemn (-ity), synagogue, (set) time (appointed). ! Thief for WHOM ! ? 3 Remember then what you received and heard; keep that, and repent. If you will not awake, I will come like a thief, and you will not know at day or what hour I will come upon you. ! Which "Season" ! ? So, if "season is "specifically a festival and appointed time," then during which "Festival season" is HE coming? 1. Divinely decreed that the long barren Sarah, Rachel and Chana would bear children. 2. Yosef was released from prison. 3. Israelites in Egypt were released fromt their work as slaves. 4. The final redemption of our people will take place. The resurrection of the dead will take place on Rosh HaShannah (Rosh HaShannah 166). Yom Teruah can be interpreted to mean "The Day of the Awakening Shout" The Feast of Trumpets is the ONLY Feast that cannot be calculated by a numerical day beacuase it is the only feast that starts on a new moon, which must be seen to be declared. It is the Feast that is referred to in ancient Judaism as "The hidden Feast" 25 “Then the kingdom of heaven shall be compared to ten maidens who took their lamps and went to meet the bridegroom.[a] 2 Five of them were foolish, and five were wise. 3 For when the foolish took their lamps, they took no oil with them; 4 but the wise took flasks of oil with their lamps. 5 As the bridegroom was delayed, they all slumbered and slept. 6 But at midnight there was a cry, ‘Behold, the bridegroom! Come out to meet him.’ 7 Then all those maidens rose and trimmed their lamps. 8 And the foolish said to the wise, ‘Give us some of your oil, for our lamps are going out.’ 9 But the wise replied, ‘Perhaps there will not be enough for us and for you; go rather to the dealers and buy for yourselves.’ 10 And while they went to buy, the bridegroom came, and those who were ready went in with him to the marriage feast; and the door was shut. 11 Afterward the other maidens came also, saying, ‘Lord, lord, open to us.’ 12 But he replied, ‘Truly, I say to you, I do not know you.’ 13 Watch therefore, for you know neither the day nor the hour. G459 - Illegality, that is: violation of law or (generally) wickedness:- iniquity, transgress (-ion of) the "LAW OF GOD", unrighteousness. 5 were foolish because they didn't have enough of the Word of Yehovah (Oil/Torah/Light) to make all the way through the night. 5 were wisse/righteous becuase they had enough of the Word of Yehovah and were keeping it. The 5 wise virgings "knew" their Brideroom and were ready ! - The virgins knew the "season" of His Coming. - He came in the middle of the night. 4 who opposes and exalts himself against every so-called god or object of worship, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, proclaiming himself to be God. 5 Do you not remember that when I was still with you I told you this? 6 And you know what is restraining him now so that he may be revealed in his time. 7 For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work; only he who now restrains it will do so until "HE" is out of the way. "HE" is removed from the Earth? The text says "the restraint is taken out the way" - If there are "Saints in the Lord" in the Great Tribulation, then... The Holy Spirit is STILL HERE! - In both Hebrew and Greek the word "Wrath" means punishment or judgement specifically on the "Day of Judgement" 2 Now concerning the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our assembling to meet him, we beg you, brethren, 2 not to be quickly shaken in mind or excited, either by spirit or by word, or by letter purporting to be from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord has come. 3 Let no one deceive you in any way; for that day will not come, unless the rebellion comes first, and the man of lawlessness[a] is revealed, the son of perdition, 4 who opposes and exalts himself against every so-called god or object of worship, so that he takes his seat in the temple of God, proclaiming himself to be God. When Does This Happens ? God deals with "Israel" differently than He deals with the "Church" of the NT, and all the passages that appear to be talking about the saints going through the Tribulation are referring to the "JEWS". "God deals with 'Israel' differently than He deals with the 'Church' of the NT, and all the passages that appear to be talking about the saints going through the Tribulation are referring to the 'JEWS'." You're absolutely right, which explains why all post-trib roads lead to replacement theology if you travel down them very far. That's by far the easiest way to dispense with all the post-trib problems in one fell swoop: the Church has simply replaced Israel. The saddest part is that if you dare say what you just said too loud, you're liable to get hammered for being anti-Semitic. It's not anti-Semitic--it's God's Word. 31 “Behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah, 32 not like the covenant which I made with their fathers when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt, my covenant which they broke, though I was their husband, says the Lord. 33 But this is the covenant which I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the Lord: I will put my law within them, and I will write it upon their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. ! Scattered Them Far Off ! To the twelve tribes in the Dispersion: Greeting. 13 For it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous before God, but the doers of the law who will be justified. 14 When Gentiles who have not the law do by nature what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law. 15 They show that what the law requires is written on their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness and their conflicting thoughts accuse or perhaps excuse them. Jeremiah 11: 16 (Speaking of Israel) The Lord called you, “A green olive tree”, beautiful and with good fruit.” But with a noise like thunder He set fire to it, and its branches were destroyed. 17 The Lord of All, Who planted you, has said that bad will come to you because of the sin of the people of Israel and of the people of Judah. Matthew 13: 24 Jesus told them another picture-story. He said, “The holy nation of heaven is like a man who planted good seed in his field. 25 During the night someone who hated him came and planted weed seed with the good seed in his field and went away. 26 When the good seed started to grow and give grain, weeds came up also. Matthew 24: People who say they are Christ and false preachers will come. They will do special things for people to see. They will do great things, so that if it can be done, God’s people will be fooled to believe something wrong. 25 Listen! I have told you before it come. 26 If they tell you, ‘See! He is in the desert,’ do not go to see. Or if they say, ‘See! He is in the inside room,’ do not believe them. 27 The Son of Man will come as fast as lightning shines across the sky from east to west. 28 Birds gather wherever there is a dead body. 29 “As soon as those days of trouble and pain and sorrow are over, the sun will get dark. The moon will not give light. The stars will fall from the sky. The powers in the heavens will be shaken. 1 Thessalonians 4: 15 We tell you this as it came from the Lord. Those of us who are alive when the Lord comes again will not go ahead of those who have died. 16 For the Lord Himself will come down from heaven with a loud call. The head angel will speak with a loud voice. God’s horn will give its sounds. First, those who belong to Christ will come out of their graves to meet the Lord. 17 Then, those of us who are still living here on earth will be gathered together with them in the clouds. We will meet the Lord in the sky and be with Him forever. Well, now that the entire world knows that the JEWS in Israel are only JEWS by religion and not DNA and are Chazars also know as the synagogue of Satan in Revelations, tell me where that leaves prophecy of THE REMNANT? the remnant are there also, in place, growing in truth, being made ready...this is tony in vt.

2019-04-19T15:09:28Z

https://www.unsealed.org/2016/06/the-micah-prophecy-key-to-revelation-12.html

Have you ever worked on a project that you had such a grand vision for but it becomes an obsession? Yes. I am raising my hand. There are certain posts that we have written that we keep coming back to. We keep adding and adding and in the end it becomes this huge garbled mess. What was once a slim and sleek read has hit the buffet line and swelled to a 2000 word monstrosity. We feel that one of the most noted Catalan modernist architect Antoni Gaudi may have had the same problem with his masterful creation the Sagrada Familia Basilica. The good news? While Gaudi may have overdone the exterior, the inside of the Basilica is close to perfection as we have found in our travels. The Sagrada Familia from a distance. The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família is better known by its familiar name: the Sagrada Familia. Construction the on basilica began in 1883. The principle visionary behind the project was none other that local Catalan architect Antoni Gaudi (25 June 1852–10 June 1926). Gaudi literally poured his soul into this project. He labored 40+ years on the structure, which was only a quarter of the way to completion at his untimely demise. The construction was plagued by work stoppage, lack of funding and a civil war. The Basilica continues to be a work in progress as the cranes in the photo above reflect. Antonius Gaudí Cornet. Reusensis. Annos natus LXXIV, vitae exemplaris vir, eximiusque artifex, mirabilis operis hujus, templi auctor, pie obiit Barcinone die X Junii MCMXXVI, hinc cineres tanti hominis, resurrectionem mortuorum expectant. The life of an exemplary man, exquisite designer of this wonderful work, the author, died piously in Barcelona on 10 June 1926, from the ashes of such a man, the resurrection of the dead are waiting. The capstone of our visit to the wonderful Spanish city of Barcelona was the Sagrada Familia. Walking into the main nave of the Basilica is a spiritual experience regardless of which direction your faith points you. The inside of the church is best experienced on one of those days when the Spanish sunshine bathes Barcelona. It’s light filled nave fills the huge room with warmth and glow. Towering columns draw the eye skyward. Beautiful stained glass shower the entire nave with warm light in a myriad of colors. Towering columns of the interior of the Basilica. With the good there is always the bad. The exterior of the basilica is nicknamed the bird’s nest. It is plastered with every biblical illustration imaginable. Way over done in our uneducated and untrained eyes. It feels like a project that lacked a good friend to say, “ok…that’s good. Time to move on.” Every inch of the exterior is covered, in some areas, there are three and four levels of figurines. Candidly the longer you look at it, the more you feel it went over the top leaning more kitsch than moderiste. George Orwell thought it to be one of the dreadful buildings he had ever seen and was said to have “wondered why the Anarchists hadn’t wrecked it in the Civil War”. Picasso also had some choice words for the design that are not fit for print. What are your thoughts? Too much? The basilica is open to the public from 9am till 9pm. Please visit the basilica’s website to get the latest details on opening hours. If you spend much time on our blog you know we write a ton about Barcelona, Spain. Why? There are so many layers to Barcelona. The wonderful city has so much it wants to tell you. For us, it is one of those places that around every corner is something new. As we walked down the Las Ramblas, retracing the steps of Orwell and Hemingway you can’t help be feel a connection to the history of this place. As you stare in wonder at one of Gaudi’s playful architectural creations you begin to understand the city and it becomes a part of you. For you football fans Camp Nou is one of the world’s great cathedral’s of sport. It is the home of the mighty FC Barcelona. The sheer size of the venue is what is so unbelievable Even if you are not super interested in athletics, you must tip your hat at the impressive expanse of facility. Take a tour of the storied FC Barcelona museum. It is a bit over priced, but for the exuberant fan, it is a must. Our next recommendation is not in even in Barcelona…It is the must see day trip outside of the city: The monastery at Montserrat. Pack a lunch for you and your loved one and board the train for the hour long trip north of the city. We did a post recently about visiting the benedictine monastery check it out here. Go for the views and the tram ride up and down the mountain. We have a tiny confession We have never been into the opera house. We have stood in line for tickets twice, took pictures from the lobby, and dreamed about what it looks like on the inside. But due to circumstance beyond our control we have never made it in. That is why it is on this list. We want to see it too! If you do go, please let us know what you think. Should we keep it on the list of must sees in Barcelona? We exited the underground right in front of the grand cathedral, walked out into the sunshine and there towering over me was one of the most interesting structures I have ever seen. I stood looking at the exterior for nearly 30 mins! It is a collage of biblical proportions in more ways than one! The detail, the stories, the cast of characters just on the exterior of the church is impressive. Then we walked inside! I couldn’t help but feel dwarfed by the soaring ceilings inside. This is one of those places that the pictures simply does not do it justice. It is a must see on any visit to Barcelona. We have done a couple of posts on this famous park. It is a bit of a hike to get to the park but it is so worth it. The views from the plaza of all of Barcelona is breathtaking. The park is another creation from the mind of Gaudi. It is one of those iconic places that is on every tourist map for the city. But there is so much more than meets the eye. Gaudi outdid himself on the design and function of the park. The serpentine benches that line the upper plaza are a work of art. The lower plaza has unique little design details that make it fun. The columns that support the upper plaza are actually hollow and are used to collect rainwater from above! The beauty of the park is that a visit any time of day delivers a great experience. We are lumping a bunch of different sites under this one heading. There is a good reason for this. We want to you see it all! A great primer for seeing the mountain is to start at the Olympic museum atop the hill. Wander around the many displays. Get your bearings on where and what events were held. Your next stop is of course the Olympic stadium. Take you pictures and move on not much to see there. Take in the views of the swimming and diving centers. Walk through the parks and gardens. A great evening attraction is the magic fountain of Barcelona. The mix of water, lights and if you time your visit right… music is highly entertaining. On most evenings you can watch as water is launched into the air in a choreographed display that is memorizing A word of caution, watch you belongings. This is a favorite spot for the el pickpocket-itos. We could of filled this list with just Gaudi related locations. He is that good. And there are enough Gaudi locations to fill many a list. We are offering our recommendations for the best. La Padrara is a wonderland. There really is no other word to describe the feeling of wandering the bends and bumps within the apartment complex. Being there reminds us the power of the mind to create beauty. At every turn during your tour you are going to smile and be amazed at the level of creativity that Gaudi possessed. Our hint, look for the details, they will amaze you. If you know us well, you know we love to people watch. There is no place better in Barcelona than in one of the many revolutionary bookstores. This is where the red-blooded revolutionaries come to get more….. revolutionary. Sip your beverage, read some Hemingway. Take it all in at your own pace. Our last recommendation involves food. The perfect ending to any visit to the inviting city of Barcelona is a dinner at the Barceloneta. You are going to have to save up your Euros to splurge on this one but the return on the investment is huge. Located on the city’s harbor, this seafood out of this world. That is it. Our quick recommendations for Barcelona. Getting to Spain is easy. There are direct Barcelona flights from all of the major hubs in the states and Europe. Barcelona also has one of the most user-friendly airports. Enjoy your stay in Barcelona! Send us pictures! The Spanish do a lot of things very well: revolution, paella and SUNSHINE! With its sun soaked beaches, lofty climbs, and vibrant cities, Spain continues to invite sun seekers from near and far. We want to take you along to visit three of our favorite locations for the perfect holiday in Spain. Don’t forget the sunscreen. Let’s start our sun seeking tour at the heart of Southern Spain, Barcelona. Barcelona’s mix of style, art, and warmth beckons sun seekers. One of the central figures of the city is the renowned master architect Gaudi. His thumbprint is all over the cityscape. Barcelona is home to one of his masterpieces which is a sun seekers dream: Park Güell. For the “un-Spanished” the word Güell is pronounced “Gwell”. The park is actually an abandoned upscale housing development envisioned by Gaudi which included villas, an elaborate water collection system, shops and the highlight, the gardens. Gaudi’s talent was injecting animals and nature themes into his designs. The park is filled with little touches that create interesting finds at every turn. The focus of the park is its outlining benches. The tile benches surround the city facing portion of the park. Gaudi elected to use a snake like theme, which creates these small intimate bends and nooks for sitting with your loved one enjoying the sun. Getting to Park Guell is a little bit of a chore. By Metro, Take the green line to the stop “Lesseps”. From there follow the signs that lead to the entrance of the park. It is a roughly a 20 minute walk. It is located at the top of a steep hill. The effort is well worth it! The next stop on our Southern Spain sun tour is the mountaintop location, Santa Maria de Montserrat. This wonderful Benedictine abbey is located 30 miles west of Barcelona. It is perfect for a daytrip outside the city. From this wonderful perch you can take in one of the most amazing views in all of Catalonia. There are a number of small hikes that you can take from the abbey. This is going to sound a little crazy, but the food at the cafeteria of the abbey is actually really good. There is not an entrance fee to the Montserrat Monastery but if you wish to visit the museum the entrance fee costs €6.50 for adults. Of course, you are there for the sun. Pack a picnic and take a walk across the smooth stones of the mountain top and take in the glorious sunshine. Getting to Montserrat is half the fun. Shrug off the easy way and forgo the cram packed tour bus. Simply catch the Line R5 train headed toward Manresa at the Espanya rail station. Tickets are very affordable. I don’t think we paid over $20. It takes about an hour to get from the Espanya station to the Montserrat stop. Once there, enter the ticket office and purchase your tram ticket. Pick a spot to stand near the windows and make sure your camera is set, because the ride up to the top is simply amazing! The grand finale in our sun seeking adventure is heading up the coastline to wonderful Costa Brava or “Wild Coast”. The Costa Brava stretches from Barcelona all the way to the border of France. If you are into sun, sand, and seclusion this is your place. Unlike its twin sister Nice, France further up the coast, Costa Brava continues to be one of the great under-discovered locations. Some of the best beaches on the Costa Brava are near Palamos. The Platja de Castell with it’s warm sand and relative seclusion is one of the areas finest. The sapphire colored water is so inviting! You can also follow the old smugglers trail to a wonderful ocean viewpoint on the east end of the beach. Bring or rent a sand chair, open a good book, and soak up as much sun as you like. There are a number of different accommodations levels, everything from wonderful resorts like the Rehana Royal Beach Resort to more rustic abodes. Access to the beach is the key. We highly recommend you have a car for traveling the Costa Brava region. Public transport is scare and unreliable. So these are our recommendations for sun seeking in the South of Spain. Tell us, what is your favorite places to seek the sun? Island destinations? Swanky resorts? Leave us a comment below. See you in Barcelona! Are you looking for a few good places to kiss? We are here to help. We are launching a series of the best places to kiss in the world. We are calling it the best of the kissing capitals. Our first nomination is Barcelona, Spain. Barcelona with its warm ocean breezes, Eclectic art scene, and Latin vibe is well deserving. The Entire Catalonia region of Spain is steeped in romance. Kiss in Catalan is pronounced petó. Peto has a number of different meanings…we will leave that between you and Wikipedia. Lets begin our kissing tour at the top literally. Overlooking the entire city of Barcelona is Montjuic. It is more of a hill than a true mountain, but the vistas night or day are dramatic. Nestled on the banks of the hills are wonderful walking paths that meander through gardens. Montjuic is a wonderful place to pack a picnic, or take an evening stroll. Montjuic came to its prime through development during the Olympics. Many of the Olympic events were held at venues on the Mont. Montjuic continues to be a favorite of both locals and first timers. Sunset is truly the best time to visit Montjuic. There are a number of benches and stops along the trails up and down the mount that offer great places to watch the sun go down and steal a kiss or two! At the base of Montjuic you will discover a wonderful display of water, light, music and magic. We give you our next stop on the kissing tour: the Magic Fountain of Barcelona. A little history on the fountain, it was erected for the World’s Fair that the city was playing host to in 1929. The original plans by designer Carles Buigas were initially cast off as an overly ambitious impossibility. One year later, thousands of workers completed the fountain ahead of schedule. Today the fountain continues to wow its crowds. Could we have a tour of Barcelona without a Gaudi location? Impossible! Antoni Gaudi, the Catalan master of art and architecture designed a number of unique attractions throughout Barcelona and the Catalonia region. One of his most expansive projects was an entire housing development for Barcelona’s well healed. Located on a hill just outside the city is his vision of subdivision living. Fortunately for today’s visors, Gaudi’s vision was a little deeper than the pockets of prospective investors. Today, the entire development has been transformed into a public park and greenspace. It is a masterpiece. You and you lover can walk on trails criss crossing the entire development. Climb the famous “lizard” stairs, and arrive at the main terrace. It commands excellent views of another Gaudi masterpiece the Sagrada Familia Cathedral. The terrace is surrounded by cozy benches that are designed to a tee for couples. These unique benches are actually in the design of a sea monster! Park Guell is a wonderful place to kiss your sweetheart. Clinging to the crests of cliffs outside Barcelona is the Monastery of Montserrat. For those couples demanding a little more adventure in their smooching venues, we highly recommend the tram to Montserrat. The highest summit of Montserrat is called Sant Jeroni (Saint Jerome) and stands at 4,055 feet above sea-level. The tram ride up to the top is truly an experience that cannot be fully described or missed! Visiting Montserrat can be a full or half day venture depending on your interest level. Don’t get conned into taking a special tour bus ect. There is train service to the tram station. It is a very affordable side trip for any stay in Barcelona. How did we do? Did we miss any special places in Barcelona? Where do you nominate that we discuss next? There is a long list of things the Catalonian region (Barcelona, Spain) has given to the world: amazing paella, an incredible football team, and one of the greatest modernismo architects: Antonio Gaudi. We are going to take you on a visual day tour of the greatest Gaudi masterpieces in Barcelona. You are going to see futuristic designs, wild abandoned whimsy and holy edifices that rival the best of Rome! One of Gaudi’s wealthy patrons wanted to build a par for the blue bloods of Barcelona. He wanted to build a gates community before the advent of gated communities. He wanted a park setting with fountains, dramatic vistas and swanky amenities. Gaudi was up for the challenge. Park Guell sits atop a gentle hill with views of the city, the sea and another piece of Gaudi’s handiwork the Sagrada Famila. Today you can stroll through the park setting and take in some amazing vistas. At the top of the mighty tough fare Las Ramblas is the Modernismo masterpiece, La Pedrera. La Pedrera means The Quarry. It is the precious gem of Barcelona. The apartment complex was commissioned with money made in America by married couple Roser Segimon and Pere Mila. The address quickly became the pinnacle of success. The façade of the building reflects the rolling waves of the sea. Perhaps the most photographed part of the structure with its unique statues and fireplace chimneys. Gaudi has been nicknamed, “God’s Architect”. While this might be a little presumptuous, one cannot argue his dedication to integrate what he say in Creation with a capital C into his creations with a little c. The construction of the Sagrada Familia predates Gaudi’s involvement. It began its construction in 1882. Shortly there after, Gaudi was brought in and completely transformed the scope and design of the project. Gaudi employ his skills building the cathedral until his untimely death in 1926. At his passing the building was a little over 25% complete. The Sagrada Familia is still a work in progress. Gaudi’s grand vision outstripped his lifetime’s devotion to building. Since then the project has been on again off again. It is projected that the completion date will be around 2026 the centennial of Gaudi’s death. Gaudi’s work is on full display in beautiful Barcelona. Don’t miss it! Are you looking for Free Coupon Codes or Southwest Airlines Coupon codes? You just found them. We get asked: so what do you guys do to get prepared for your trips? We are going to give you a behind the scenes view of our trip prep. We take one big trip a year and put a bunch of effort into it. On average we spend 8-10 months planning our adventures! Crazy huh? We have divided our planning regimen up to a few areas: tickets and tomatoes, the Fons (background in Catalan), keeping the homefires burning, and our favorite: depth charges. This is probably the one step that we do the same as everyone else. Buying your flights and finding the hotels, hostels, and the perfect mom and pop linguini joint in Tuscany. We are credit card points addicts. We admit it. Typically we don’t have the same “points card” at the same time. This forces us to fly on different carriers. We love the reaction we get from people when we tell them that we rarely fly together. Trust us…it is much better that we don’t fly together. The fights would fill up 20 blogs! We are both window seat people. Luci is a talker…Mike is a reader. Two very different approaches to long haul flying. Each year we take turns picking the location of our “big” trip. Once a location is identified and vetted with the other, we start the arduous process of getting points to fit the destination. This can be extremely difficult. At times we have taken short hops via Southwest to get to a departure city that fits within our points budget. Then we attempt to get the flights to land around the same time. So far we have been successful. We have had some harried convos with airline’s customer service. Once the destination is decided we come up with a draft list of things/areas that we want to visit. From there our first step is to look for Hiltons. Luci and I are Hilton disciples. We both travel a ton for work and rack up some nice point totals. They also treat us really good as we are members of their “Diamond” class. It’s not unlike us to spend half of our vakay in Hiltons. Wanna learn more about some great hotel deals? Just like our Fighting Facebook page and we will give your some great ideas! One of the best tools we have found for finding research on hotels is Tripadvisor. Love the TripAdvisor! If your are not familiar with the site, basically is a free forum of travelers to post their reviews on hotels. Basically what you are looking for is a hotel with reviews in the top 10(small city) or top 100 (large city). Don’t get too caught up if you see one or two bad/terrible reviews. This is likely the competition being a bad citizen or a person that is really grumpy. Hone in on the tone of the entire collection of reviews. Just a quick word about rental cars. When traveling into another country, always buy the insurance. Trust me. If you are lucky enough to need a car hire in Ibiza, look no further. We are planning nerds. We know. Go ahead say it! We typically find two or three interesting places we want to try in areas we are staying 3-4 days. If it is just a day, we don’t bother. Find something when we are “on the ground.” By far our best dining experiences has come from advice of the locals. We do use tripadvisor and urbanspoon. We typically eat breakfast in the hotels we stay in or grab some bread ect. We have had some awesome experiences with hotel food. At a little family run hotel we stayed at in Selchuk, Turkey, we hung out with the owners and had some great conversation watching soccer. We don’t get too hung up on having an amazing meal at every sitting. Actual picture of our shower! This is the part where we are a little different than most travelers. We do a ton, and I do mean a ton of background work on the places we are going. We learn the language. What works for me is a list of vocab words in the shower, and then listening to how the words are said in the car on CD. We learn the religion. We learn the history. We took a college course on Turkish Culture before our trip there. We read not just the Fodors, but novels and histories of the places. I am reading Orwell’s “Homage to Catalonia” in prep for our upcoming trip to Barcelona. When we set foot in a country, we really want to have a context for what we are seeing. We want to drink deep. Never rely on a tour guide. We have kids. They don’t travel with us on our annual big trip. We do involve them in our prep. They learn the language with us. They learn about the places we are going to see. On our return, we share with them our experiences, make presentations to their classes at school, and engage them on global issues. When we leave, typically for two weeks, we leave them with games that trace our travels day by day. They have to figure out trivia questions to get points and of course they get points for good behavior for grandma or the nanny. We generally travel when they are in school, limiting the disruption to their routine. We saved our best preparation technique for last. I really hate the term “off the beaten path”. But I have not been able to come up with a better description. We look for sites that go below the surface and are truly explosive. Our recent post about our visit to the Marquis de La Fayette’s grave was a great example. We spent hours researching the site and the history. We want to know what happened at given place, how did it impact the world. If we don’t know more than the average tour guide, we have failed. The beauty of the internet is the access to information and people. We engage other bloggers that specialize in an area. What is so cool about these depth charges is that you walk away from traveling a more “deeper” human being. You did more than visit the cell where Mandella was jailed, you understand the why. That’s it in a nutshell. We really do our homework on the places we visit. There are many out there that specialize in “slow” travel. Our focus is on “Smart” or “prepared” travel which can be slow or fast. Its not for everyone. So tell us, how do your travel? What kind of preparation do you put into your trips? What has worked for you? Leave us a comment below.

2019-04-23T06:39:23Z

https://1000fights.com/tag/barcelona/

Four ancient wall paintings have been unearthed in Giza, Egypt. They were uncovered by the Egyptian Archaeology Mission of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, chaired by Mohammed Abdel Fattah. “This important discovery was found by chance when local residents dug randomly after the January 25 Revolution,” said the general director of the Saqqara archaeological area in Giza. “Immediately the archeology inspectors went to the site after being informed about the digging. They found walls with paintings, and continued the excavation process,” he continues. Each working day, a road crew lays another few hundred feet of two-lane highway around Lake Qarun, the gemstone of the Fayoum governorate in central Egypt. When finished, the 60-kilometer tarmac will serve a planned resort complex to be raised on the northeastern shore of the lake, a stunning oasis about an hour’s drive west of Cairo, and for those opposing the project it may as well be a noose. "The access road is the beginning of the end," says Erik R. Seiffert, a vertebrae paleontologist and an associate professor at New York’s Stony Brook University who has done research in the area. "I don’t see how we can offer any real protection with that thing coming in." It is a tragedy of modern Egypt that what lies below the soil is often of greater potential value than what lives above it. That is certainly the case with Fayoum, which is among the more neglected regions in an historically deprived nation. Settled in 4,000 B.C., the city is thought to be one of the oldest in Egypt and is a treasure trove of antiquities of all kinds. The rescue of an ancient Egyptian mummy's sarcophagus this month from alleged smugglers in New York — the first time authorities say an international artifacts' smuggling ring was dismantled within the United States — sounds more like the plot of a movie than reality. Amazingly, however, mummy smuggling not only still happens today, it was once so common that enough mummies were available to be ground up and sold as powder, archaeologists reveal. "Mummy powder was something you could buy in pharmacies up to 1920, because people thought it was a type of medication," said Egyptologist Regine Schulz, curator of ancient art at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. Today's black market for mummy and other antiquities is in the billions of dollars, though exact numbers aren't known. Besides not having a clear bead on the breadth of trafficking in Egyptian artifacts, scientists and officials say it's often difficult to protect the precious artifacts as the Egyptian desert is so vast. This is such a good idea. Our next event, the seminar on 'The Daily Life of the Pharaohs' will be broadcast live from Doughty Mews this Saturday at 11 am (see below).Tune in, and if you have any questions or comments please post them to the 'scoail stream at right here, and we will try to put them to speaker for him to answer as the day goes on. Following a three-year-long conservation project, the final section of the rare, thirty-five-centuries-old Egyptian Book of the Dead of the Goldworker of Amun, Sobekmose will go on long-term view on September 28. One of the most important funerary texts of the New Kingdom, in part because it is an early version of The Book of the Dead and casts light on the development of all later manuscripts, the papyrus is about twenty-five feet long. In an unusual feature, it is inscribed on both sides. The Book of the Dead is a present-day name for ancient Egyptian texts containing a number of magic spells intended to assist the deceased in the afterlife, and which were placed in the coffin or burial chamber. The Book of the Dead of Sobekmose, created during the Eighteenth Dynasty, probably during the reign of Thutmose III or Amunhotep II (circa 1479-1400 B.C.E.), contains nearly one hundred "chapters," almost half of the total known group of Book of the Dead texts. Several of the chapters are close in content to those found in the Coffin Texts, the collection of funeral texts used in the previous historical period. The texts on the front are written in approximately 530 columns of hieroglyphs reading down and from right to left. English translations are provided in the gallery for certain key passages. Although portions of these funeral texts have been translated, understanding them is often challenging even to Egyptologists, who do not yet know the meaning of certain phrases and sentences. The final third of The Book of the Dead of Sobekmose will join the previously completed sections, which have been on view in the Mummy Chamber installation in the Egyptian galleries since May 2010. That installation marked the first time the object had been on view in Brooklyn. It entered the collection in 1937 as a part of a purchase from the New-York Historical Society but had never previously been displayed because it was in poor condition. The conservation project, supported by the Leon Levy Foundation, has made it possible for this exceptionally rare object to be put on public view. Since 2002, revenue from overseas exhibitions of rare artifacts has gone to the family of toppled President Hosni Mubarak, an Egyptian antiquities official alleged Tuesday. Abdel Rahman al-Aidy, head of the Central Department for the Artifacts of Central Egypt, said during a press conference on Tuesday that the attorney general had yet to take action on 21 reports Aidy filed calling for an investigation into well-known former Antiquities Minister Zahi Hawass and his aides. He said he had prepared a list of the "five chief corrupt figures at the Supreme Council of Antiquities," and added that he will file a report against them this week. The ‘History of the Fayyum’ is a unique tax register, in Arabic, listing revenues from 130 villages and hamlets in one Egyptian province for AD 1245. It is the most detailed tax survey to have survived from any region of the medieval Islamic world, a Domesday Book for the medieval Egyptian countryside. Full fiscal and demographic data set, presented in 17 Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheets. Spatial representation of the data, presented in 14 Geographical Information System (GIS) maps. Extracts from the English translation and Arabic edition of the work. It also includes resources for teaching the rural history of the Middle East, and a forum area for postings on the history of the Fayyum (available from September 2011). The website is part of the 'Rural Society in Medieval Islam' project, funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council UK, and based at the School of History, Queen Mary University of London. Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities will submit its budget for inspection. Dr. Mohamed Abdel Maksoud, Secretary General of the SCA, said he will transfer the authority’s financial records in full to regulatory agencies for inspection. In a statement to Youm7, Maksoud said the file contains details of what was spent by the SCA during the last period, which has led to a deterioration in the budget amounting to about $1 billion EGP (U.S. $170 million) in overdrafts and interest to be paid to banks. Maksoud said that in light of the current situation, the council will begin reducing costs and only spending where necessary. Antiquities inspectors found five rare antique paintings emblazoned with graphics of Pharonic life and inscribed with the ancient Egyptian language in the El Lesht village in El Ayiat today. The inspectors coordinated with the antiquities police and transferred the paintings to one of the antiquities museums in Egypt. General Major Abdeen Youssef, head of security in Giza, received notification from 28-year-old Ahmed Awad, the antiquities inspector living in the El Atf village in El Ayiat, informing the General that he discovered the five paintings during a walk through El Lesht village. Kate and I are looking for more articles for future editions of Egyptological in all sections (Journal, Journal Reviews, Magazine, Magazine Reviews and In Brief). Your photos are also very welcome for a Photo Album. Although we are particularly looking for papers and articles we also welcome shorter pieces. Are you going to an exhibition? There are several on at the moment around the world - I am particularly envious of anyone going to Before the Pharaohs in Chicago. We would very much welcome exhibition reviews. And if you have been to a conference, course, seminar or study day we would love to hear what you made of it. Likewise, if you have watched a DVD or TV documentary on a subject dealing with Ancient Egypt our readers would like to hear your summary and hear your opinion. Book reviews are also very welcome. They don't have to be recently released books - people are always making decisions about book whether purchases, recent or older. If you have just read, or are planning to read, an Egyptology book we would be very interested in publishing your review. Full details on how to contribute articles or photos are available on our website - see the Participate pages. You can ask questions, start discussions or join in existing discussions on our Discussion page, and in response to any articles or photo albums. You can get in touch with us both at founders [at] egyptological dot com, or give me a yell at the usual address. Ana Rodríguez Mayorgas, Arqueología de la palabra: oralidad y escritura en el mundo antiguo. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2010. Ana Rodríguez Mayorgas works at the Instituto de Historiografía Julio Caro Baroja in Madrid, having also spent time at the University of California in Berkeley. Hitherto she has written on orality and literacy in Rome, but in this useful book she extends her vision to all the previous civilizations of the Eastern Mediterranean as well. She is one of those who see no great divide between what we call prehistory and history. The main perspective developed in this account is that writing and orality were not opposed to each other in ancient civilizations, but complementary. There is certainly a distinction to be made between primary orality (in societies where no writing exists at all) and secondary orality (where the two modes coexist, as now), but in Ana Rodríguez's view society has not necessarily changed greatly with the initial advent of the latter. It is has often been thought and said that writing was developed as an aid to memory, although Plato accused writing of sabotaging the art of memory. Jack Goody, who developed the idea that the advent of writing into a society changed human psychology irreversibly even for those who could not write, but, as Ana Rodríguez points out this work can hardly be taken to mean that everybody in a literate community is logical and rational. So Ana Rodríguez sensibly looks at many relevant contexts separately, rather than aiming from the start for generalizations. Even so, one generalization that emerges is that, although writing gives the possibility for decontextualization, it rarely if ever lost contact with its oral context in the period considered. Ana Rodríguez takes the view that the development of early writing systems is not a single phenomenon, given that they are so different. Even ancient cave paintings were, in her view, intended to convey a message. The earliest specific writing systems were logographic (fortunately, it seems that nobody now argues that they were ideographic), in China, Mesopotamia, Egypt and also (giving a quick but interesting glance across the Atlantic) Mesoamerica. Oxford University is asking for help deciphering ancient Greek texts written on fragments of papyrus found in Egypt. Hundreds of thousands of images have gone on display on a website which encourages armchair archaeologists to help catalogue and translate them. Researchers hope the collective effort will give them a unique insight into life in Egypt nearly 2,000 years ago. Project specialist Paul Ellis said: "Online images are a window into ancient lives." The collection is made up of papyri recovered in the early 20th Century from the Egyptian city of Oxyrhynchus, the so-called "City of the Sharp-Nosed Fish". At the time the city was under Greek rule. Later the Romans settled the area. The Bahaa el-Deen Cultural Center will screen touristic and archeological sites in Asyut to increase the public's cultural awareness regarding tourism and Egyptian history. According to the director of the center, Hamdy Said, the film was produced by the governorate of Asyut. The film is 30 minutes long, revolves around 38 touristic sites and includes the Pharaonic, Coptic, Greek, Roman and Islamic ages, he added. The below collection of online resources (plus some recent paper bibliography) for ancient Egyptan texts has been collected by Michael Tilgner for the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum (EEF). It is arranged chronologically and its items appeared individually in EEFNEWS. It might be (hyperlink) indexed at a later date. For abbreviations used, see URL (common abbreviations, e.g., PT, p, FIP, etc) and URL (bibliographic abbreviations, e.g., Urk, Lichtheim, LD, KRI, etc). The collections has been made over several years, so quite a few links may have gone broken in time; next to each entry you may find the date (d/m/y) on which the links in that entry have been checked last. Corrections and additions are welcome with the editor. As usual, I found this whilst failing to find something else, but I though that it might be of considerable interest to some readers: the French-Egyptian Center for the Study of the Temples of Karnak, Activity Report 2009. With 51 pages, this is stuffed full of fascinating information, photographs, illustrations and plans. Well worth taking some time out to read. For a general update about the current state of the cabinet reshuffle see Shaden Shehab's report on Al Ahram Weekly. A bold statement from the new head of the SCA. No one has been named to replace the previous and only minister to ever run the ministry, Zahi Hawass. Before the January uprising, the Supreme Council of Antiquities, which Hawass also headed, functioned as Egypt's highest antiquities body and stationed under the Ministry of Culture. The current secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, Mohamed Abdel Maqsoud, supports abolishing the ministry and turning it into a council controlled by the cabinet. "Antiquities do not need a minister. Egypt's antiquity sector's policies are regulated by the Law 117/1983, which grants it sovereignty," Abdel Maqsoud told Al-Masry Al-Youm. He explained that the antiquities sector funds itself independently and does not need government allocations, noting that its revenue covers expenditures. Thanks to Briam Alm for this link. Egypt’s Ministry of State for Antiquities Affairs was not listed in the details of this week’s cabinet reshuffle. Apparently, its absence is explained by a contradiction between the ministry’s formation and the existing antiquities law. In a surprising revelation, Egyptian law regarding the protection of antiquities does not recognize the Ministry of State for Antiquities Affairs. The law still stipulates that all decisions taken are the responsibility of the Minister of Culture, not the Minister of Antiquities. Thus, technically, all decisions made by former Antiquities Minister Zahi Hawass are null and void. Egypt’s antiquities department has been downgraded from a ministry to a cabinet-affiliated office, according to the Los Angeles Times, which cited an Egyptian cabinet spokesman Thursday. The announcement came after a new Cabinet was sworn in that did not include an antiquities minister. Egypt’s antiquities agency had been elevated to a ministry by the former president, Hosni Mubarak, in the last days of his rule; previously it had been under the Ministry of Culture. It still remained unclear, however, who the government intends to appoint to run the office. Last Sunday, officials said the prime minister, Essam Sharaf, planned to replace Zahi Hawass, the longtime antiquities chief, as part of a cabinet reshuffling aimed at appeasing protesters. The plains of Giza where the pyramids and Sphinx - among the world's seven wonders - are located, is expected to unveil another tourist attraction once the construction of the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) is completed in 2015. GEM, also known as the Giza Museum, will showcase artefacts from ancient Egypt. Described as the largest archaeological museum in the world, the USD 550 million museum is scheduled to open on 50 hectares of land located some two kilometres away from the Giza pyramids. "GEM will also be an international centre of communication between museums, to promote direct contact with other local and international museums," Dr Tareq El Awady, Director of Egyptian Museum, said. He said GEM will also include a children's museum, conference centre, training centre and workshops similar to the old Pharaonic places. The GEM will be a beautiful space in which visitors can experience the art and artefacts of ancient Egypt in the shadow of the pyramids. Dahshour will be made into an international tourist area to aid in developing Egypt's tourism, said Giza Governor Ali Abdel-Rahman. Tourims is one of Egypt's main sources of national income. The announcement came after UNESCO's decision to turn the area to an international heritage reserve after conducting an inclusive study to develop the area. Abdel-Rahman said the developmental project will be executed in cooperation with the General Authority for Tourist Development. He said the project will come in the framework of an inclusive plan, prepared by the governorate, to develop tourism that will in turn increase the governorate's income as well as national income. Well, that was a long and interesting Giza Lab season! The Giza Field Lab was open from January 8th and closed its doors on May 31st. There were scheduled to be 36 specialists working in the Lab on the material culture and environmental evidence excavated from our sites in 2011, however due to recent events in Egypt only 24 specialists participated this time around. The main objective of the 2011 season overall was to have each team member finish the analysis of their class of material culture from Area AA at Heit el-Ghurab (HeG) for publication, including ceramics, all manner of artifacts, clay sealings, human bone, animal bone, plants, lithics, and pigments. We also made inroads into two new areas of endeavor, however, by having specialists in environmental change and residue analysis visit to assess possibilities of future analysis. Zahi Hawass, whose departure as Egypt’s minister of antiquities was announced in a cabinet reshuffle this week, said in an e-mail Friday that, while he continues to supervise the agency while his replacement is found, he will not be staying on for more than a few days “to help with the transition.” Mr. Hawass said, “I am retiring to focus on my own work, as a scholar and a writer,” adding he is looking forward to “living quietly as a private person, away from politics.” On Thursday, the Egyptian government said it is downgrading the antiquities department from a ministry to an office reporting to the prime minister, reversing a decision by former president Hosni Mubarak in the last days of his rule to elevate its status. It is still not clear who will run the office, which will again be known as the Supreme Council of Antiquities. No matter how well-researched and written, their relentless agglomeration of samey details puts me off reading. A lot of men never read fiction. I know many who've barely glanced at a novel since school. If sales are anything to go by, they like factual works: biography, sport, science, humour. And a lot of history. And so it is that – as with so many other things – I find myself out of step with my fellow males. I just don't enjoy history books, though I've made an effort with quite a few. They're too literal and linear; I find that the vast majority simply spool out information, doggedly and relentlessly – and often very samey information at that. For instance I bought, then started, then put down, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt by Toby Wilkinson. Reviews had whetted my appetite: the strangeness of the culture, the fetish for monument, the eerie death cult. The Ancient Egyptians hardly seem to be the same species as us. A fascinating subject, then, and Wilkinson's book is brilliantly researched and cogently written. The problem is, it's all more-or-less the same stuff happening to people, over and over, for literally thousands of years. Ptolemaic scene, with empty cartouches. Elite members of ancient Egypt, including the pharaoh himself, likely wielded ornate daggers, swords and axes in battle, or to personally execute prisoners, rather than using the shiny metal for ceremonial purposes, research suggests. The weapons were used during the Bronze Age, a period between 5,000 and 3,000 years ago when the civilization was at its height, according to Daniel Boatright, an Egyptologist at Isle of Wight College in the United Kingdom. This finding is "strange considering the amount of literature that's been composed so far that basically says that all of them were for ritualistic purposes and were never used in battle," Boatright told LiveScience. Boatright did caution that it can't be ruled out that the weapons may have been used for animal sacrifices. With the French Revolution came the first truly public museum in the world, the Louvre that opened its doors in 1793. Private collections owned by wealthy individuals were made accessible to the middle and upper classes in major European cities roughly since the eighteenth century. Access to such collections by a greater public was seen as one of the engines of European enlightenment. With the emergence of public museums came a new approach to art history that considered the views of the beholder, rather than just the viewpoint of the artist. New fields of knowledge became essential because museums were national spaces where identities were negotiated through the ritual of viewing untouchable objects. Power relations between object, owner, institution, and viewer were constructed based on class relations: aristocrats owned precious objects that could be viewed by a wider audience within an institutional setting. Once objects were clearly identified as unfamiliar, such as Pharaonic, new dimensions including race and exoticism were added to the museum experience. Awe-inspiring ancient art from faraway places stimulated a wave of travel, treasure hunting, and exploration to destinations such as Egypt. Ambiguity has surrounded the destiny of Egypt's new Ministry of Antiquities, following a recent cabinet reshuffle approved on Thursday. The head of the Central Administration of Middle Egypt Antiquities, Abdel Rahman al-Aidy, though, is against the idea. He admitted, though, the sector's return to the Ministry of Culture is unlikely, especially with antiquities employees rejecting the idea. Nominating new ministers turned out to be an ordeal for Sharaf after his initial choices were opposed by either activists or ministries’ officials. The prime minister announced earlier in the week that Zahi Hawass, the archaeologist known for his National Geographic documentaries and close ties to the Mubarak family, was to be replaced by Abdel Fattah el Banna as minister of antiquities. But Sharaf reversed himself and decided to temporarily keep Hawass in his post. “Dr. El Banna has accused several of the antiquities employees of corruption and thus triggered much rejection against him holding the position. Essam Sharaf consequently believed that it wouldn’t be appropriate atmosphere for him to work,” the government announced in a statement. Hawass told MENA on Wednesday that he was asked by Sharaf to carry on his duties but wasn’t mentioned in Thursday’s list of ministers. A Cabinet spokesman later announced that the ministry of antiquities would be downgraded to a Cabinet-affiliated office and not be its own ministry. Egypt's new ministers took the oath of office in front of Hussein Tantawi, head of the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, on Thursday, official MENA news agency reported. There were 14 new members in the cabinet. Ministers of foreign affairs, finance, health, industry and trade, religious endowment, civil aviation, military production, higher education, communications, transport, agriculture, irrigation, local development and public enterprises were newly appointed. The Antiquities Ministry was annulled in the reshuffle. The ministers of interior and justice, whom some youth groups urged to be sacked, were not changed. So, last Sunday, Egyptian Minister of Antiquities and television star Zahi Hawass was escorted out the back door of “his” Egyptian Museum on Tahrir Square in Cairo. He was removed from office in a sweeping change in the cabinet demanded by new protesters gathered in that famous Square. Today, he got his job back. Prime Minister Essam Sharaf had appointed Abdel Fatah El Banna of Cairo University to replace Dr. Hawass, but the appointment met with vociferous objections from the antiquities staff and archeologists around the world. It was a matter of being caught between groups of angry archeologists, since Hawass was chased through the street on Sunday by those who really, really dislike him before his bodyguards could get him into a cab. But other archeologist demanded his return. Dr. Hawass is a controversial figure, to put it mildly. He has been criticized for being too dictatorial, for not doing enough to make his nation’s antiquities and history accessible to Egyptians, for grandstanding in front of the cameras all the time, for accepting bribes for digging permits (very old practice, by the way, dating back to both French and English control of the sites), not paying interns, giving favors to friends, making himself filthy rich because of television and book contracts, trying to destroy the reputations of any scholar who disagrees with him, and exploiting female staffers, as well as using the services of hookers and escorts during overseas trips. This is not the place to go into the protests in Egypt, but there are some good news reports floating around for those who want to get to grips with the protest demands and the general feelings and ideas that seem to be circulating amongst the protesters. There's a good summary of the current status of the so-called Arab Spring on The Economist website entitled Revolution Spinning in the Wind. There's a short summary of the situation on the BBC News website by George Alagiah: Old habits die hard for Egyptian security forces. On the Foreign Policy website in an article entitled Five Months of Waiting Sharif Abdel Kouddous asks "what happens when a revolution stalls out?" The story is posted over four pages. In Marginalia. The Elephant in the Room, also on Al Ahram Weekly, Mona Anis looks at the mood in Tahrir Square and argues that the the protesters are not as united as some writers and analysts believe. She particularly cites an article by Robert Fisk in July 12th's Independent. Following recent articles published in Al-Ahram newspaper concerning some of the Museum of Islamic Art's collection, especially the sword and dagger of Timor Pasha, the Minister of State for Antiquities has decided to put both objects on display. Secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mohamed Abdel Maqsoud explained that such a decision will curb any misleading published information. He also invited all the media as well as well-known writer Farouk Goweida to visit the museum and admire the sword and dagger. Thanks very much to Kate Phizackerley's News From the Valley of the Kings blog, and her reader Christine Fößmeier who sent her the above link, for pointing to the above paper. Published in the journal Sahara by Predynastic experts Stan Hendrickx and Maria Gatto, it gives full details of the discovery and current condition of the engravings. In PDF format. Paul Barford has posted about a photograph which has appeared on Facebook, which allegedly shows a looted storeroom in Memphis. The authorities denied that Memphis had been targeted by looters. New technology which makes it possible to study the finer details of some of the world's greatest historical artifacts has been developed by computer scientists and archaeologists at the University of Southampton in conjunction with academics at the University of Oxford. Dr Kirk Martinez at the University of Southampton's ECS -- Electronics and Computer Science and the team have developed two Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) systems to capture images of documentary texts and archaeological material. The systems takes 76 pictures of artifacts with the light in different positions, then creates a new type or RTI image. The viewer can then move the virtual light anywhere and focus on the detail. The necropolis east of historic Cairo and under Muqattam hills is about ten times bigger than Al Azhar Park just across Salah Salem highway. It has received some attention from architectural historians due to the exquisite funerary architecture. There are tombs, mosques, and schools. Although this is only one layer of this Qarafa, as it is known to Egyptians. Besides the historic layer there is a living community that lives among the historic buildings, mostly in buildings that look like self-built apartment houses elsewhere in the city. Contrary to popular belief, few actually live in the tombs. The population may have changed over the course of the last forty years and it may have been larger at some point but today those living in this part of the city are not many. But there are enough families to give this place a sense of community and keep it alive. This large area is diverse with different conditions, density of residents, density of historic buildings, and varying levels of livability. For those who are interested in Saqqara this is an English language version of a really excellent French introduction to the site. In order to proceed through the full guide, just click the link at the bottom right, which shows the title of the next section. Thanks to Alice Gaylor for the link. One wonders what sort of state the Antiquities service is in if only one person can be found with suitable qualifications to lead it. Egyptian antiquities boss Zahi Hawass still remains the minister, despite reports that he has been sacked. On 19 July he told The Art Newspaper that prime minister Esssam Sharaf has asked him to continue to go to work. However, Hawass’s future is now very uncertain. Although Hawass is facing dismissal in an imminent cabinet reshuffle, it is proving complicated to find his replacement as antiquities minister. Last Sunday Abdel Fatah El Banna of Cairo University was named as his successor, but the appointment failed to go ahead after he faced criticism, including protests from antiquities staff. Perhaps he spoke too soon. The news that Zahi Hawass was recently swept aside from his post in a cabinet reshuffle in Cairo, should be welcomed. There was always something about Hawass that seemed not quite right. Besides his anti-Semitic comments, it was his constant presence. He was always there – in every video, television report, newspaper article, every time Egyptian archeology was mentioned. As Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, and later as the first Minister of Antiquities, he has spent a decade as the highest government bureaucrat responsible for Egypt’s archeological heritage. But a close comparison of how new archeological discoveries are presented in Egypt and how they are revealed in other places, like Israel, gives a peek into how Hawass operates. In 2010, when a new pagan burial alter was found at Ashkelon in Israel, the interview for National Geographic was given by Yigal Israel, chief archeologist at Ashkelon for the Israel Antiquities Authority. Reports about the excavation of Vadum Iacob, a Crusader fort in the Galilee, quote Ronnie Ellenblum, head of the research project there. But in Egypt things are different. The North East’s premier museum, Great North Museum: Hancock, Newcastle, is hosting the largest ever UK touring exhibition of ancient Egyptian artefacts this summer. The British Museum touring exhibition Pharaoh: King of Egypt sees the entirety of ancient Egyptian history brought to life in over 130 objects. A diverse range of artefacts from the British Museum’s world-class collection explores the myths and real life realities of Egyptian Kinship. Many of the objects display the images of the pharaohs they would have wanted us to see: the all-powerful military leaders descended from Ra, intermediaries between the gods and their people. Yet, as the exhibition seeks to uncover, the realities of Egyptian Kingship were often very different. The exhibition Pharaoh: King of Egypt has just opened at the Great North Museum in Newcastle tomorrow. It's free and on there until September 25th before going on tour to Dorchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Glasgow and Bristol over the next two years. The Act of Parliament establishing the British Museum in 1753 says it is "for all curious people", not just curious people in the capital, and this exhibition is a great way of using our collection and making sure different audiences across the country can see it. One of the fascinating aspects of the exhibition is the way that it shows how Egyptians absorbed and assimilated foreign rulers. As Dr Spencer said, "Egypt was under foreign rule for centuries – Nubians, Persians, Libyans, Romans and Macedonians all provided Pharaohs and all of them, in Egypt at least, respected local traditions and gods." Tiberius, the emperor at the time of Christ's crucifixion, is represented here by a round-topped sandstone stela that shows him in classic pharaonic dress with a winged sun-disk kneeling before a couple of gods and with his name translated into hieroglyphs, recording the reconstruction of some flood-damaged temples at Karnak. A Modern Museum for an Ancient Nation? With the French Revolution came the first truly public museum in the world, the Louvre, which opened its doors in 1793. Private collections owned by wealthy individuals were made accessible to the middle and upper classes in major European cities roughly since the eighteenth century. Access to such collections by a greater public was seen as one of the engines of European enlightenment. With the emergence of public museums came a new approach to art history that considered the views of the beholder, rather than just the viewpoint of the artist. New fields of knowledge became essential because museums were national spaces where identities were negotiated through the ritual of viewing untouchable objects. See previous posts on the subject for a summary of the news to date (yesterday and the day before). There is also a discussion developing on Nora Shalaby's blog, which could be worth watchng for comments from Egyptian as well as other perspectives. Includes a statement in response by Hawass. Hawass was characteristically blunt in assessing why he was let go after nearly a decade in charge. “All the devils united against me,” he said in an e-mail today. And he said he believed that archaeology will suffer as a result. Mubarak had created the ministry of antiquities in January as part of an effort to salvage his government; it had been a non-cabinet agency called the Supreme Council of Antiquities, which reported to the ministry of culture. Hawass predicted that the antiquities ministry would be abolished within two months. But Egyptian and foreign sources said that protesting archaeologists rejected the appointment of a nonarchaeologist and mobbed the area outside the antiquities ministry’s headquarters in protest. Montu being sailed down the Nile from Armant to Tod. I will continue to add to this post throughout today if any new information turns up, but I won't repeat anything that has already appeared on either this post or yesterday's. Although the interim government have clearly submitted to protester demands for Mubarak's former followers to be ousted, of whom Hawasss is one, there seems to be a question mark over whether these changes are constitutional. The final line-up, apparently due today, may provide more information about Hawass's replacement. Prime minister Essam Sharaf has cancelled the nomination of the Abdel Fatah El-Banna to hold Egypt’s antiquities portfolio. The decision was taken following the demonstrations of archaeologists and the employees of the Ministry of State for Antiquities (MSA) at the front gate of the cabinet building calling for the cancellation of El-Banna’s nomination to the ministry's top post. El-Banna is an associate professor at Cairo University and a stone monuments restoration specialist. He obtained his Ph.D. from Warsaw University, Poland, in engineering geology and majored in restoration of historic buildings. El-Banna, along with fresh graduate archaeologists, had been campaigning against former MSA minister Zahi Hawass, calling for him to step down. With thanks to Kate Phizackerley for the link. Please bear in mind that whether or not Al-Banna is accepted as the official replacement of Hawass (if Hawass actually remains replaced) is a matter which appears to be still very much up in the air. Yesterday we heard the delightful news that Zahi Hawass had resigned from the Ministry of Antiquities - something many Egyptians had long been waiting to hear. It was about time the Mubarak of Antiquities, who had been head of the SCA for over 10 years, be removed. However when I heard about his replacement, Abdel Fattah el-Banna, I was shocked. I first heard about el-Banna post Jan25 when he appeared several times protesting against Zahi Hawass. He had a group of followers, mostly fresh archaeology graduates, and others who had an interest in Egyptian archaeology, that I saw several times outside of the SCA building in Zamalek. His dislike of Zahi was obvious and there were always chants calling for Zahi's resignation. Unfortunately though it seems that el-Banna is somewhat crazy. The Supreme Council of Antiquities secretariat rejected the appointment of Abdel Fattah al-Banna as antiquities minister. The appointment was part of the cabinet reshuffle ordered by Egypt's prime minister. In a statement, the secretariat said Banna, a restoration specialist, does not specialize in archaeology and should not assume the ministry's responsibilities. The statement called for dissolving the Antiquities Ministry and returning its responsibilities to the council, which it said would act as an independent, scientific institute run by specialists. The decision to establish the ministry was made by Hosni Mubarak, a mistake that should be reversed in the public's interest, the statement said. Egypt's embattled prime minister, Essam Sharaf, has fired several of his top ministers in the latest attempt to end mass nationwide protests against his government's slow pace of reform. The most high-profile departure was that of Zahi Hawass, Egypt's antiquities minister and a self-styled 'Indiana Jones of the East' who attained celebrity status through his global television ventures with the National Geographic and Discovery channels but was tainted by his strong praise for Mubarak during the anti-government uprising earlier this year. The ministers of finance, industry, education and foreign affairs also followed in the footsteps of Sharaf's deputy, Yehia el-Gamal, who stepped down last week amid demonstrations that have called the legitimacy of Egypt's ruling military generals into question. Protesters have demanded that the interim cabinet be purged of all politicians linked to the Mubarak regime. With his trademark hat, pompous swagger and unbounded sense of self-worth, Hawass has been credited with boosting national tourism revenue and opening up the mysteries of pharaonic Egypt to the world. But he's also been a consistent hate figure for many working within the archaeological community, and his emphatic support for Mubarak – made in a BBC TV interview just five days before the dictator was toppled – seemed to be the last straw for his career. But, as seen in a recent interview with the Guardian, Hawass tried to improbably style himself as an enthusiastic revolutionary in recent months and somehow clung onto his position – until today. Egypt's Interim Constitution does not entitle the current prime minister to appoint ministers or accept their resignations, an Egyptian military source said on Saturday. The ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) has the sole authority in that respect, said Major General Hassan al-Ruweiny, the head of the central command of Egypt's armed forces. Ruweiny's statements follow discussions conducted by Prime Minister Essam Sharaf regarding a potential ministerial reshuffle, which came in response to week-old protests demanding a new government. Egypt's young revolutionaries believe the military council does not provide Sharaf with the necessary authority to change ministers. Even after the Cabinet reshuffle, many of the protesters in the square said they have no intention of quitting more than a week into their sit-in. "The real power brokers are the generals of Hosni Mubarak," said activist Hossam el-Hamalawy. "Nothing has really changed on the ground." He said ending military trials for civilians and an improved minimum wage remain high on the list of the protesters' demands. Prime Minister Essam Sharaf is delivering on a promise for a Cabinet reshuffle in an attempt to end the new round of mass protests. A final lineup is expected Monday. The most prominent among those replaced is Antiquities chief Zahi Hawass. For more than a decade, he has been the international face of Egypt's archaeology, with his trademark "Indiana Jones" hat that turned him into an instantly recognizable global icon. Hawass, however, has been the target of a series of heavily publicized protests by archaeology graduates who accused him of corruption and seeking publicity for himself. Egypt's antiquities minister, whose trademark Indiana Jones hat made him one the country's best known figures around the world, was fired Sunday after months of pressure from critics who attacked his credibility and accused him of having been too close to the regime of ousted President Hosni Mubarak. Zahi Hawass, long chided as publicity loving and short on scientific knowledge, lost his job along with about a dozen other ministers in a Cabinet reshuffle meant to ease pressure from protesters seeking to purge remnants of Mubarak's regime. "He was the Mubarak of antiquities," said Nora Shalaby, an activist and archaeologist. "He acted as if he owned Egypt's antiquities, and not that they belonged to the people of Egypt." Despite the criticism, he was credited with helping boost interest in archaeology in Egypt and tourism, a pillar of the country's economy. But after Mubarak's ouster on Feb. 11 in a popular uprising, pressure began to build for him to step down. Hawass was among a list of Cabinet ministers protesters wanted to see gone because they were associated with the former regime. And archaeology students and professors blasted him for what they saw as his lack of serious research. Breaking News - Hawass replaced as Minister of Antiquities? There are reports coming in that Zahi Hawass, Minister of State for Antiquities, has resigned his position or been replaced during or following the most recent cabinet reshuffle. It appears that his replacement is Dr Abdel Fattah Al-Banna from Cairo University. There are, as yet, no official statements on the subject. One of the reports has appeared on Bikya Masr and another on The Daily News Egypt. The only things that I have been able to find out about Al-Banna are that he is an expert in stone restoration and, according to Al Ahram Weekly, led a protest to oust Mark Lehner and his team from the AERA dig house earlier this year. I will post more news as I hear it. Thanks to those who have emailed me so far - do keep the news coming in. The discovery was announced on 12th July in Madrid at a press conference which was attended by the Spanish Minister of Science and Innovation, Cristina Garmendia, and Rafael Rodrigo, CSIC President- Spanish National Research Council, held by the director of Djehuty Project to celebrate the 10th season completion. In Dra Abu el-Naga, Spanish archaeologists have also made two more discoveries (a pet cemetery and a new burial chamber). In the tomb of Hery, a senior Egyptian official who lived in 1500 BC, researchers have discovered a burial pit "completely inesperado - unexpected" in the words of Dr.Galan, and that the tomb had another cavity of these characteristics and is not unusual for having two burial rooms in tombs. Entre los ultimos hallazgos destacan 80 figurillas de unos 3.000 años de antigüedad.- La revuelta popular interrumpió el trabajo de campo, este año. "Un viernes de finales de enero, justo cuando estábamos celebrando el X aniversario, con una tarta, sangría y jamón serrano, estallaron las primeras revueltas en El Cairo". El egiptólogo José Manuel Galán pasa seis semanas al año en Luxor, una ciudad situada a orillas del Nilo, en el centro de Egipto. Allí dirige las excavaciones de Djehuty, un proyecto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) que iba a durar cinco años pero que, a golpe de hallazgo arqueológico, ha subido el listón de sus objetivos. "Empezamos con la intención de estudiar dos tumbas pero hemos ido excavando, descubriendo... y ahora podemos pasarnos trabajando allí 100 años". A set of 2,000-year-old sarcophagi and other Egyptian antiquities were smuggled into the United States by a black-market artifacts ring and recovered by U.S. law enforcement agents, officials said on Thursday. Charges unsealed in Brooklyn federal court in New York accused four men of conspiring to smuggle the Egyptian artifacts in what one U.S. official described as a groundbreaking case against trafficking in cultural property. The men charged -- Mousa Khouli, Salem Alshdaifat, Joseph Lewis and Ayman Ramadan -- were accused of evading customs officers by misrepresenting the nature of their cargo during border inspections. They also were charged with plotting to launder money. Federal authorities announced on Wednesday that they had broken up an international ring that had been smuggling Egyptian antiquities into the United States. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s Homeland Security Investigations department said it was the first time that a cultural property smuggling network had been dismantled in the United States. The latest on the arts, coverage of live events, critical reviews, multimedia extravaganzas and much more. Join the discussion. The charges filed in United States District Court in Brooklyn accuse three antiquities dealers and a collector of conspiring to smuggle an Egyptian sarcophagus and other items, and of laundering money. All of the suspects have been arrested except for a Jordanian dealer who operates out of Dubai. Brenton Easter, a federal agent who led the investigation, which began in 2008, said the items seized had a market value of $2.5 million. Alleged leaders of an international smuggling ring accused of stealing millions of dollars in antiquities from Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries are now facing federal charges in the United States, authorities said Thursday as they detailed some of the items seized by investigators. "It is the first time an alleged cultural property network has been dismantled within the United States," James Hayes Jr., special agent in charge of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and Homeland Security investigators in New York told CNN. According to a federal indictment, the Department of Justice charged four men with conspiring to smuggle artifacts and launder money. An indictment was unsealed yesterday in federal court in Brooklyn charging Mousa Khouli, also known as “Morris Khouli,” Salem Alshdaifat, Joseph A. Lewis, II, and Ayman Ramadan, with conspiring to smuggle Egyptian antiquities into the United States and conspiring to launder money in furtherance of smuggling.1 The arraignments of Khouli and Lewis are scheduled today before United States Magistrate Judge Andrew L. Carter, at the U.S. Courthouse, 225 Cadman Plaza East, Brooklyn, New York. Alshdaifat’s arraignment took place yesterday before United States Magistrate Judge R. Steven Whalen, at the U.S. Courthouse, 231 W. Lafayette Boulevard, Detroit, Michigan. Ramadan, a Jordanian citizen residing in the United Arab Emirates, is a fugitive. The case has been assigned to United States District Judge Edward R. Korman. The indictment was announced by Loretta E. Lynch, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, and James T. Hayes, Jr., Special Agent-in-Charge, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), New York. Bronze coins and clay vessels stolen from the Qantara East archaeological magazines were recovered. Following archaeological investigations, a committee from the ministry of state for antiquities (MSA) approved the authenticity of five bronze coins and twenty-two clay vessels which were found in the possession of Bedouins at the canal city of Port Fouad. Youssef Khalifa, head of the archaeological committee, told Ahram Online that the newly recovered objects were among the objects reported missing from Qantara East warehouses following the security vacuum that overwhelmed Egypt following the January revolution. Monuments and artefacts uncovered during the past archaeological season in Aswan, Luxor and Alexandria have led to significant breakthroughs in understanding Egypt's ancient history, Nevine El-Aref reports. Almost 700,000 years ago, early humans began leaving traces of their wanderings in the land that is now Egypt. Much later Egypt, alongside its neighbour Mesopotamia, became the first cradle of human civilisation. Over the course of its history it witnessed the rise and fall of the kingdoms of ancient Egypt, the rise of the Greek and Roman empires, the establishment of the Coptic and Islamic periods and the colonial era first under France, then Great Britain until it finally regained independence. Although discoveries over the length and breadth of Egypt have helped write the country's ancient history, several pieces of the jigsaw are still missing. During this archaeological season from January to May, major discoveries carried out in the Hamdulab area on Aswan's west bank, Karnak temples in Luxor and Al-Baron in the Semouha district of Alexandria have helped fit missing pieces into the puzzle. The Thames Valley Ancient Egypt Society (TVAES) today announces the inaugural set of awards from its Donation Fund established in 2010. In this initial set of grants Reading based charity TVAES has awarded a total of £2000 to ten archaeological missions to Egypt and Sudan. Although some missions to Egypt were forced to interrupt work in Egypt during the revolution, many projects continued without a break, and a full season of work is anticipated during 2011-12. In announcing these grants today TVAES is supporting excavation, epigraphic, recording, conservation and survey work across eleven ancient Egyptian sites. Recognising the global nature of Egyptology the grants have been made not just to UK based institutions but also to those based in Russia, Belgium and the US with many of these missions working alongside Egyptian or Sudanese colleagues. Applications were sought globally for grants and the fund was many times oversubscribed. In just under two weeks, over 3,000 years of history – in the shape of 130 objects – has been installed at the Great North Museum: Hancock in Newcastle upon Tyne for the British Museum UK touring exhibition Pharaoh: King of Egypt. The objects span almost the entire extent of ancient Egyptian history, from an exquisite ebony label belonging to one of the very first rulers of Egypt to a monument depicting the Roman Emperor Tiberius as an Egyptian pharaoh. The exhibition focuses on the kings of Egypt, but there is an incredibly diverse selection of objects, which presented a wide range of challenges in the installation. For the past three and a half months, I’ve been privileged to be working as a trainee curator in the ‘Future Curators’ programme at the British Museum, where I’ve had the opportunity to work on the UK touring exhibition Pharaoh: King of Egypt. Developed in partnership with Tyne & Wear Archives and Museums and the Great North Museum: Hancock, the exhibition explores both the ideals and the realities of ancient Egyptian kingship. The exhibition includes extraordinary objects, such as the sed-festival label of King Den, one of the earliest rulers of Egypt; an Abusir papyrus, a record of temple accounts and one of the oldest surviving papyri; the iconic siltstone head of Thutmoses III; a wooden tomb guardian statue from the tomb of Ramses I; beautiful decorative tiles from royal palaces; a doorjamb from the tomb of General Horemheb before he became king; several Amarna letters with diplomatic correspondence between Akhenaten and foreign powers; and monumental reliefs from the temple at Bubastis and mortuary temple of Montuhotep II at Deir el-Bahri. A baboon sits in a lotus position swathed in yellow bandages. A cat, his body crisscrossed by elaborated folded strips of linen, looks up as if expecting a morsel from its owners. A hunting dog is preserved so carefully that individual strands of fur are identifiable as well are a pair of sleepy, half closed eyes. He stands erect on his four feet. These animal mummies – all of them housed at Cairo’s Egyptian Museum – seem more alive and evoke more warmth than their human counterparts, usually fond lying rigid topped by an expressionless face, the stuff of monster movies and nightmares. That has made the animal mummies and the sarcophagi that house many of them popular with museum-visiting school groups. Now Egypt’s animal mummies are getting serious attention from Egyptologists. Last month, the Brooklyn Museum took a big part of its collections to a nearby veterinary hospital to have them examined under a computerized tomography (CT) scanner to reveals their secrets. The museum plans to mount an exhibit of its collection sometime in 2013. After years of rejection by the Mubarak regime on the grounds that Egyptian antiquities are an issue of “national sovereignty,” the first Egyptian Archaeologists Syndicate was launched last week; and Fayza Haikal, Egyptology professor at The American University in Cairo, was chosen as its head. On this occasion, Al-Masry Al-Youm talks to Haikal about the challenges the nascent syndicate is facing, from charges of corruption and antiquity theft against government officials - both before and after the protests erupted - to improving the work conditions of archaeologists and objections to the way Haikal was appointed. One of the Field Museum’s mummies is a 40-year-old woman who had lower back pain. A second was a teenager who may have jumped to his death. Another mummy has no torso. “It was a bit of a shocker” learning that within the sarcophagus was a skull and legs but nothing to join them, said J.P. Brown, associate conservator for the museum’s department of anthropology. The murky life and times of the Field’s ancient mummy collection, the largest in the Americas, recently got a little clearer. Since July 6, select mummies from ancient Egypt and Peru were given CT scans in a trailer in the museum parking lot. The CT machine was donated by Genesis Medical Imaging in far northwest suburban Huntley. By providing a mobile CT scan unit free of charge to Chicago's famed The Field Museum for a series of mummy scans this month, Genesis Medical Imaging, Inc. has helped discover ancient secrets, and opened the door to new mysteries. Field scientists were surprised to find only a skull and legs inside the wrappings of one Egyptian mummy and the baskets of four Peruvian specimens simply empty, with no mummies inside. Yet it was all instructive for the museum's researchers, who after several days of scanning objects more than 2,000 years old are more certain of what their collection actually holds. Several of the museum's oldest and most delicate specimens were moved with painstaking care last week to the museum's back parking lot, where they slowly passed through an advanced multi-slice computed tomography scanner in a 53-foot semi-truck trailer specially configured by Genesis. Bir Umm Fawakhir Survey Project 1993: A Byzantine Gold-Mining Town in Egypt. C. Meyer, L.A. Heidorn, W.E. Kaegi, and T. Wilfong. The Oriental Institute continued its survey of the site of Bir Umm Fawakhir in Egypt with a short season in January 1993. The site lies halfway between the Nile and the Red Sea, or about five kilometers northeast of the famous bekhen-stone quarries and graffiti of the Wadi Hammamat. The 1992 project was a geological study of the area of Bir Umm Fawakhir. Since the only resources in this hyperarid desert are mineral, it explains why the Bir Umm Fawakhir town existed where it did and why. By far the most valuable resource was the gold carried in white quartz veins in the local granite, and the mountainsides around Bir Umm Fawakhir are riddled and trenched with ancient mines. Bir Umm Fawakhir, Volume 2: Report on the 1996-1997 Survey Seasons, By Carol Meyer, with contributions by Lisa Heidorn, Alexandra A. O'Brien, and Clemens Reichel. Bir Umm Fawakhir is a fifth-sixth century A.D. Coptic/Byzantine gold-mining town located in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The Bir Umm Fawakhir Project of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago carried out four seasons of archaeological survey at the site, in 1992, 1993, 1996, and 1997; one season of excavation in 1999; and one study season in 2001. This volume is the final report on the 1996 and 1997 seasons. The goals of the 1996 and 1997 field seasons were to complete the detailed map of the main settlement, to continue the investigation of the outlying clusters of ruins or "Outliers," and to address some specific questions such as the ancient gold-extraction process. Egypt's oldest pyramid has been saved from collapse by giant airbags which have been used to prop up the ceilings. The 4,700-year-old building has been stabilised so engineers can carry out permanent repairs. The giant structure was built as a burial place for Pharaoh Djoser, a warrior who reigned in the third dynasty for 19 years but has been damaged in an earthquake. The British team - who helped repair Windsor Castle after it was damaged by fire in 1993 - used technology first developed to aid in the safer disposal of improvised explosive devices in Afghanistan. Engineering boss Peter James said: 'The entire structure could be destroyed at any point due to the damage caused by the earthquake. The proceedings of the conference “Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature” include the latest discussions about the political, military, cultural, economic, ideological, literary and administrative relations between Egypt, Canaan and Israel during the Second and First Millennia BC incorporating texts, art, and archaeology. A diverse range of scholars discuss subjects as wide-ranging as the Egyptian-Canaanite relations in the Second Intermediate Period, the ideology of boundary stelae, military strategy, diplomacy and officials of the New Kingdom and Late … read morePeriod, the excavations of Beth-Shean and investigations into the Aruna Pass, and parallels between Biblical, Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern texts. Such breadth in one volume offers a significant contribution to our understanding of the interactions between the civilizations of the ancient Near East. Historians are racing to gather material for the national archives, but decisions about what to include have political significance. On any given evening Cairo's Tahrir Square creaks under the weight of its own recent history: trinket-sellers flog martyrs' pendants, veterans of the uprising hold up spent police bullets recovered from the ground, and an ad hoc street cinema screens YouTube compilations of demonstrators and security forces clashing under clouds of teargas. This is collective memory by the people, for the people – with no state functionaries around to curate what is remembered or forgotten. "Egyptians are highly sensitive about official attempts to write history and create state-sponsored narratives about historical events," says Khaled Fahmy, one of the country's leading historians. "When Hosni Mubarak was vice-president in the 1970s he was himself on a government committee tasked with writing – or rather rewriting – the history of the 1952 revolution to suit the political purposes of the elite at that time. That's exactly the kind of thing we want to avoid." Fahmy knows only too well about the inherent tension between acts of mass popular participation and official attempts to catalogue and record them. Less than a week after the fall of Mubarak, the professor received a phone call from the head of Egypt's national archives asking him to oversee a unique new project that would document the country's dramatic political and social upheaval this year and make it available for generations of Egyptians to come. The new governor of Luxor is making a real effort to improve Luxor and one of his initiatives was to have a meeting with ex-pats living here to find out their views. The first meeting was Wednesday night which I missed as I had guests arriving but the follow-up meeting was today. General Khaled Fouda explained exactly who he is, his military background and experience, he had spent sometime in the US and although his English was not bad he had a translator there as well. He has been in Luxor 2 ½ months and is very happy to be here. On Wednesday he had been asked if he would still be in position after the autumn elections and he said he would (personally I am not sure how he can say that). At the moment he is concentrating on complete certain projects started by the last governor Sphinx Alley, the Corniche, the area behind the Sheraton, the Cultural Palace and the Olympic Swimming pool. These are all scheduled to open 30th October. There were lots of other project but he is concentrating on those . Until recently Zahi Hawass, Egypt’s antiquities minister, was a global symbol of Egyptian national pride. A famous archaeologist in an Indiana Jones hat, he was virtually unassailable in the old Egypt, protected by his success in boosting tourism, his efforts to reclaim lost artifacts and his closeness to the country’s first lady, Suzanne Mubarak. Zahi Hawass near the Giza Pyramids last year. Critics are questioning his closeness with the Mubaraks and his business ties. Now demonstrators in Cairo are calling for his resignation as the interim government faces disaffected crowds in Tahrir Square. Their primary complaint is his association with the Mubaraks, whom he defended in the early days of the revolution. But the upheaval has also drawn attention to the ways he has increased his profile over the years, often with the help of organizations and companies with which he has done business as a government official. Egypt’s minister of state for antiquities research focus Hawass brings a bigger-than-life personality to the quest to find Cleopatra’s tomb and other Egyptian treasures. A consummate marketer and political operator as well as an archaeologist, Hawass was a controversial figure even before the revolution. One night in the weeks leading up to then President Hosni Mubarak’s ouster, looters swarmed the grounds of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in Cairo (sometimes called the Cairo museum), and at least one broke into the main building by descending on wires from a skylight. Others rampaged through storerooms at well-known archaeological sites. Panic swept the world of Egyptology. Ultimately, the looting was not as devastating as some had feared, and many of the country’s treasures were recovered. The chaos, though, focused renewed criticism and exacted an emotional toll on Zahi Hawass, the minister of state for antiquities. Paul points to the inconsistencies in some of Hawass's statements, past and present. The Supreme Public Funds Prosecutor (SPFP) decided to hold back investigations of the allegations submitted by Yasser Ahmed Seif El Din, chairman of the International Association for Development, Environment and Culture against Farouk Hosni, former minister of culture and Zahi Hawass, minister of state for antiquities. Seif el Din claimed that both Hosni and Hawass offered Suzane Thabet, wife of former president Hosni Mubarak, an authentic gold necklace once belonging to Princess Samiha, a member of the Mohamed Ali family. This necklace was on display at the jewellery museum in Alexandria.

2019-04-20T12:13:58Z

http://egyptology.blogspot.com/2011/07/

"Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth " If you Love Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth then you are at the right place!! Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth is made from pet bones and connective tissue-- commonly cattle, hen, or fish-- that have been boiled right into a broth and sluggish simmered for 10 to greater than 20 hours with natural herbs, vegetables, and seasonings. So why is this apparently basic liquid something you would certainly intend to consume each day Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth ? Also our hunter-gatherer ancestors understood that drinking Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth resembled striking nutritional gold, as its earliest version dates back over 2,500 years. Getting rid of anything edible was out of the question back then, so animal unguis, knuckles, bones, and also other connective cells never went to throw away. Bone broth has a rich history of being used in conventional Chinese medication as a digestive system restorative, blood building contractor, as well as kidney strengthener due to the high collagen content, bioavailable minerals, anti-inflammatory amino acids, as well as recovery compounds that can only be located in bones and also connective tissue Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth. View as star health instructor, Thomas DeLauer breaks down the ins as well as outs of what bone broth actually is. In simply two mins, he'll talk about what bone broth is and what it can do for your intestine, joint, as well as skin wellness Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth. Some phone call Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth meat water. We call it liquid gold. What makes this things so unique? The brief answer is collagen. Bones and also connective cells are the just true dietary resources of kind II collagen-- a protein that's understood for keeping skin smooth as well as flexible and also teeth and also joints healthy, along with proclaiming dozens of other wellness benefits. In addition to collagen, bones are additionally packed with numerous anti-inflammatory amino acids, minerals, as well as compounds that can assist speed up your body's natural recovery procedures from points like sports injuries, arthritis, or leaky digestive tract. So, these "scraps" that most of us normally throw in the garbage are significant nutritional giants. However when was the last time you chowed down on an item of cow's knuckle? Or snacked on an ox tail? We'll presume the answer is never. Since we don't consume bones in their entire type, cooking them right into a broth that's simmered for 10 to 20 hrs (or more) is the most effective method to launch their effective nutrients, and experience a whole brand-new degree of health and wellness. DEMAND A QUICK DESCRIPTION ON WHAT EXACTLY IS SHRIMP SHELLS FOR BONE BROTH ? Enjoy as Star Wellness Fitness Instructor, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins and also outs of what bone broth actually is. In simply 2 minutes, he'll talk about what bone broth is and what it can do for your intestine, joint, as well as skin health shrimp shells for bone broth. Bone broth has an abundant history of being made use of as a digestion tonic, especially in conventional Chinese medication some 2,500 years ago. Today, it's one of the top suggested foods for boosting signs of persistent gastrointestinal conditions, such as Irritable Digestive Tract Disorder (IBS), Crohn's illness, and also colitis. The reason for why bone broth is so healing for the digestive tract returns to collagen, which develops gelatin when it's prepared down also further. Collagen and also jelly are not only rich in amino acids that lower swelling in the GI system-- such as glutamine-- they additionally have the one-of-a-kind capacity to "secure and also heal" holes in the intestine lining, which can cause a problem called dripping gut syndrome. Although study remains in the beginning, there's proof to reveal that dripping gut is the key hidden cause of gastrointestinal conditions. It's likewise a contributor to autoimmune conditions, clinical depression, mind fog, anxiousness, allergic reactions, eczema, acne, and persistent reduced energy. Most awful of all, leaky digestive tract can be silent as well as show no symptoms in the early stages. It's likewise thought to affect over 70% of the population. Bone broth is suggested on special gut recovery diets and protocols, like the SPACES diet regimen, the SCD diet, as well as the Low FODMAP diet regimen. Whether it's an injury, arthritis, or aching muscle mass, there's no much better means to nurture your bones as well as joints than by taking in more of the nutrients already found within them, including hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, calcium, as well as magnesium. Bone broth is packed with all of these nutrients, plus several amino acids that help reduce joint pain as well as swelling, like glycine and proline. It's for these factors that bone broth is coming to be a best healing beverage amongst professional athletes. An enjoyable reality: Kettle and Fire Bone Broth was born due to the fact that our co-founder, Nick, tore his ACL playing football and also required a top notch bone broth to assist quicken his healing time. (You can find out more on that below.). Following a bone broth diet plan is excellent for lasting weight management. A bone broth diet involves eating Paleo for five days and also fasting for two. Throughout this timespan you'll consume bone broth consistently with an increase in usage on the fasting days. The combination of intermittent fasting and bone broth increases weight loss with burning fat extra effectively as well as restricting calorie consumption. When doing the diet plan, we additionally noticed a decrease in cellulite. Fat-Burning Bone Broth Cocktail Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth. With simply a couple of ingredients, this recipe is excellent for a tasty as well as incredibly straightforward fat-burning cocktail that you can work up quickly on busy mornings before work or in the evenings post-workout. Also if you had never ever become aware of bone broth in the past, you have actually most likely become aware of collagen, many thanks to the charm market. Lots of anti-aging skincare lines include collagen to their face creams, creams, as well as lotions (and sell them for a king's ransom). Yet what lots of people don't understand is that collagen particles are also huge to be soaked up through the skin, which indicates these creams can not supply much in the means of outcomes. Fortunately is that collagen can be taken in with your digestion system. And also since there's a direct web link between the intestine as well as the skin, adding bone broth to your diet regimen is going to have a far more powerful and also long-term impact on the general appearance and health of your skin. Let's not forget hair and also nails, which are composed of healthy proteins like collagen. Collagen assists reinforce nails, and also encourages hair to grow in thicker, quicker, and handle a healthy and balanced shine. (Remember this for the following time you obtain a bad haircut!). Deep, peaceful sleep is something we might all make use of a little more of. Actually, statistics show the average person gets less than 7 hours of sleep per evening, so it's important to do whatever you can to make those hours count. Bone broth is rich in glycine, an anti-inflammatory amino acid that works with the Central Nerve System (CNS). When taken prior to bed as a supplement, studies reveal glycine can boost sleep quality and minimize daytime drowsiness. It's even more effective when coupled with various other sleep-supportive nutrients, like calcium and also magnesium. All of the benefits you gain from bone broth, your growing infant will experience, too-- including healthy and balanced bones, joints, and also a solid digestion system. When morning illness hits, it can be difficult to maintain nutritious food down. Yet bone broth often tends to be relaxing for queasiness, and is typically well endured. Best of all, bone broth uses several of the nutrients you and also your expanding baby requirement, including healthy protein, as well as crucial nutrients. As an included perk, the sluggish simmer time of the bones makes the nutrients in bone broth highly bioavailable and simpler to take in than a dietary supplement. Bone broth can additionally aid enhance fertility, aid you have a more comfortable pregnancy by beneficial stiff or agonizing joints, and may raise calcium degrees in bust milk. Bone broth is an excellent source of nourishment on the Paleo diet regimen, as well as is encouraged to consume alcohol throughout durations of recurring fasting. It likewise fits in well with macronutrient demands on the keto diet plan, as well as might help reduce symptoms of the keto influenza. " Not just can bone broth help you prevent keto influenza, yet it's additionally loaded with minerals that heal leaking intestine and minimize swelling in your intestinal tracts." - Leanne Vogel, Writer of The Keto Diet plan. The nutrients in bone broth make it an effective practical food that can profit your entire family-- including your fur babies. Bone broth is good for your family pet's shiny coat, bones, joints, digestion, and teeth. Packed with protein - Poultry is a great healthy protein resource and also exact same chooses chicken bones. Pot & Fire bone broth comes packed with 10 grams of healthy protein per offering Shrimp Shells For Bone Broth. Minimizes intestine swelling - Bone broth helps recover as well as secure a dripping intestine which is the origin for lots of autoimmune illness. Rich in bone marrow - Bone broth made from 100% yard fed cattle and also simmered over lengthy chef times removes bone marrow which contains healthy and balanced nourishing hormonal agents as well as lipids. Packed with amino acids - Comparable to poultry bone broth, the nutrients drawn out from beef bones have amino acids like glycine and also glutamine that improves digestion and also fixings your gut lining. No. Plants are a fantastic source of vitamins and minerals that can help promote your body to produce its own collagen, however there is no well-known plant food that provides kind II collagen, the form that uses every one of the health and wellness advantages listed above. One thing to take into consideration concerning bone broth that establishes it aside from plant foods: Also if you do eat a selection of plants that are rich in collagen-boosting nutrients, if you have a damaged gastrointestinal system or dripping digestive tract, you may not fully absorb them. On the other hand, the collagen in bone broth is exceptionally very easy to soak up, also for those with jeopardized gastrointestinal systems. Certainly, you do not just need to drink it-- although we do have a totally free and epic downloadable bone broth sipping overview for when you do. You can blend bone broth into your eco-friendly smoothie mixes, make healthy and balanced collagen gummy bears, as well as use it in whatever from clambered eggs, soups, curries, stews, morning meal bowls, as well as tacos. Bone broth is an all-in-one superfood, loaded with nutrients that offer power and inspiration, aid you sleep much better, make your skin look smoother, as well as can aid recover digestive system problems like leaking intestine. Bones and also connective cells are warehouses for vital amino acids and minerals-- which are lacking in numerous diet plans today. Bone Broth is additionally an indispensable source of healthy protein, collagen and gelatin. It's not possible to eat whole bones or cells, yet you can still enjoy these health advantages by drinking bone broth. Collagen is drawn out when you simmer bones for a long period of time. Typically, the longer bone broth simmers, the even more collagen you'll remove. Making bone broth is a straightforward procedure, however one that requires plenty of time as well as persistence. If time is not on your side we can help you out keeping that. Bone broth is made by simmering pet bones and tissue for a minimum of 10 hrs with vegetables, natural herbs, and seasonings such as thyme, garlic, and also bay leaves. Top quality bone broth begins with premium ingredients, making use of bones from organic grass-fed animals and organic veggies. While any type of bone or tendon can be made use of, knuckles, hen feet, and thigh bones tend to consist of one of the most collagen. Simmering bones for a prolonged time period is what provides bone broth its health and wellness advantages, drawing out the amino acids, minerals, and collagen. This is a Kettle & Fire-tested sluggish cooker poultry bone broth recipe that includes organic poultry bones, sea salt, fresh veggies like celery stalks, onions, and bell peppers, and also herbs like parsley, rosemary, and thyme. Simply cooking bones (no meat) and also water is going to be mainly flavorless. Food preparation the mix for hrs at a time isn't going to make it taste any far better. The idea that you're getting lots of nutrients from the bones is a MYTH that won't pass away, even though it has actually been exposed numerous times, consisting of with lab examinations. The notion that adding vinegar to "release" those nutrients has likewise been exposed. You simply wind up with a watery mess that tastes of vinegar. Rather, acquire bones with meat on them. Then add veggies such as onions, carrots, celery, as well as just sufficient water to cover whatever (normally 8 or 10 mugs). Miss the vinegar! Simmer for 3 to 4 hrs for chicken, somewhat longer for beef. Season according to preference. If you have an Immediate Pot, 25 to 35 minutes is about right. What you will certainly obtain with this method is a very delicious broth that's most likely considerably much more healthy-- including lots of collagen-- as well as more healthy than any bone broth, and also it will taste one heck of a whole lot much better. You can either eat the meat and also veggies (it's called SOUP) or you can stress them out as well as just consume the broth if you prefer. Check Ina Garten's recipe for hen broth. It's really similar to this set and has been made use of with mild variants by experienced cooks for decades. There are two main differences in between bone broth and regular broth or supply: simmering time and also the part of the pet it's made from (bones or flesh). Regular broth and also supply are simmered for a much shorter period of time than bone broth, approximately 2-- 6 hrs. The expedited cooking procedure decreases the quantity of beneficial gelatin drawn out from the bones, reducing its ability to increase the body immune system, heal digestive system problems, as well as decrease the signs and symptoms of leaking gut. Prior To Kettle and Fire was birthed, one of our co-founders, Nick, tore his ACL playing football (ouch). His brother Justin found out about the advantages of bone broth for injury recovery. As his timetable really did not leave much time to make bone broth from scratch, he laid out to get a store-bought, top notch, grass-fed bone broth, given that both of their busy schedules really did not leave much time to make the broth themselves. (You can learn more about our story below.). No matter just how tough Justin looked, the excellent bone broth didn't exist. He looked for one that was 100 percent organic, fresh-- never ever frozen-- grass-fed, as well as sluggish simmered (in addition to one that might be shipped without wasteful, confusing product packaging). So, Nick and also Justin decided to produce a high-grade bone broth on their terms, which is the dish we're honored to use you today. " Kettle & Fire provides a nourishing, quality bone broth in a tasty as well as hassle-free shelf-stable format. I like constantly understanding that I've got fantastic broth on hand, without blocking my freezer or needing defrosting." - Dr. Sarah Ballantyne, three-time NYT Best-Selling Author. The lovely thing about bone broth is that there's really no limitation to how you can include it to your diet regimen. Besides soups, stews, as well as plain ol' sipping, bone broth blends surprisingly well into practically any kind of recipe-- even smoothies! Right here are our leading ways to obtain it:. Our bone broth preferences tasty enough to drink on its own, yet you can spice it up to fit your taste buds. We created our favorite taste combinations in this cost-free downloadable "Bone Broth Sipping Overview" (bone broth matcha cappucinos, anyone?). Get your free copy below. Drinking bone broth doesn't have to be dull-- there are limitless means to flavor it as well as sip it. Get immediate access to over 15 of our preferred bone broth sipping combinations, consisting of ginger and also turmeric bone broth restorative and also chili, and cardamom bone broth elixir. Learn how to use bone broth in your matcha lattes, gold milk, and also tropical fruit smoothie mixes. Our beef bone broth has a moderate taste, which allows it to mix quickly with practically anything, from healthy smoothies to healthy gummy bears. Our hen bone broth as well as mushroom poultry bone broth enhance the tasty flavor of soups, stews, as well as risotto dishes. A few of our faves consist of:. The Bone Broth Diet regimen not only increases your intake of the recovery nutrients and also substances vital for intestine, skin, joint, and also bone wellness, however helps fight systemic inflammation, which goes to the source of most Western health problems and also diseases. The bone broth diet regimen is a 21-day plan that's optimal for any person suffering from a chronic wellness problem (such as an autoimmune condition), or any person that wishes to reset their gastrointestinal system as well as experience radiant wellness. Learn more concerning the 21-day bone broth diet regimen below.

2019-04-18T13:15:21Z

http://urbanhotlist.com/bone-broth/kettle-and-fire/discount/shrimp-shells-for-bone-broth/index.php

Hola friends! Hope everyone has a fantastic week! I feel so out of the loop with catching up with everyone because of going back to work. I only worked three days but am completely beat. I like to attribute some of my tiredness to my parents who are emotionally draining me by the minute but I digress….. They do have some good characteristics and habits , like getting two or three newspapers on Sundays. You all can only imagine how elated I get when I wake up, have my coffee and breakfast and get to clipping! I take full advantage of the coupons by clipping them, alphabetizing them and scouring the ads to see if any items are sale that week (that I can use) and have a coupon for. All of this for $13.16! I had a BOGO coupon for the Clean & Clear and Dove products. I normally don’t buy men’s products but the coupon was a his and hers kind of coupon and it was free so why not? At Walgreens I got these two items for $6 plus I received $3 off to use on my next purchase sop I like to think that’s like getting it for $3 something. After CVS I went to Fresh Market. For those who don’t have FM, it’s like a smaller Whole Foods but without the made to order foods. I rarely buy anything there since it can pretty pricey after two or three items. So the real reason I go? They have sample cups for you to try and they always have interesting flavors on hand along with organic half and half and raw sugar, The other weekend they have Georgia Pecan and I kinda wished that I had brought along my coffee tumbler to fill up. After I had a few sample cups of coffee, I walked through the chip aisle and saw they have BOGO sale on Kettle Brand chips. I quickly remembered that I had a $1 off coupon for Kettle Brand because I somehow have a photographic memory when it comes to my coupons (I do NOT forget savings) Do I need potato chips? Hell to the no but if I can get a flavorful bag for $1.15, I’m not going to pass that up. I was sad they didn’t have my favorite flavor, Spicy Thai but picked up two other solid choices instead. The thrift store is the main place I get books and now thanks to reading a post about books over at The Lofty Appetite , I have another avenue to find books. I got three books for $1.23 when at Goodwill and although I could have stayed there for hours looking through the titles, I kept it at a minimum because sometimes I buy too many books and never get to reading them. Speaking of McDonalds, they have been sending mad coupons as of late. They send us two pamphlets of coupons featuring not only BOGO coupons but also coupons for free coffee, smoothies and sodas. I tried the pineapple mango smoothie and even though it was free, it was pretty nasty. It was entirely too sweet for me and I winced when taking the three sips that I did because I felt if something tasted that bad, it should get me drunk. I found it highly amusing that when ordering, the cashier asked me if it was for there or to go. I tilted my head and stared at her and answered/asked “To go?” Not only free coffee but free entertainment as well. I dig. Gag. I’m a coffee snob and feel like anytime I take a sip of this stuff, hair is going to pop up on my chest. It’s a step above car dealership coffee though, when I drink that I react as if I’m taking a shot of hooch. I would love to know who this Maxwell fellow is and why he likes such crappy coffee in his house. Where do you buy books? If you don’t buy, do you go to the library or borrow from friends or just don’t read literature other than my blog? What are your tips for making good coffee at home? The drive to Indiana started out ok. And I gotta say, not a fan of their flatbread they’ve been using recently. I noticed they changed it in the past year. The bread now seems tougher and lacks the flavor of the previously one used. Thank God, Lincoln was the only one in the car with me while eating this because it was one of the unsexiest things I’ve devoured. I was practically gnawing at the sandwich just trying to get one bite. I must write DD soon and voice my opinion because unsexy flatbreads aren’t good for anyone. Homeboy looks confused why I am trying so hard for a little bite of food. So, I drove. The drive heading west into Tennessee moved very slow due to the rain in the mountains but once we went across the TN border, it turned into a gorgeous and peaceful day. Until I turned on the radio. All country, all the time. Ok, I lie, all country and Christian rock music. These Christian rock folk are sneaky too. I would be jammin to the song then all of a sudden I listen to the lyrics and hearing about sacrificing, loving Jesus, etc. I am all for the J man but not with music. Especially when I was listening to Nine Inch Nails “Closer” a half hour before. So the country came on and I listened Mostly because I was too lazy to grab a cd or turn on Pandora. I like torturing myself like that. Then “Strawberry Wine” by Deanna Carter came on. I haven’t heard that song in ages and wore out the cd “Did I Shave My Legs For This?” when I was in high school. I actually still use that saying whenever I have a bad date. I’m not a country music gal at all but I did go through a small stage in high school and time after college where it’s all I listened to. I blame this on working at Roadhouse Grill as a hostess and dating a guy from Texas, respectively. I listened to the country station after that and heard a song and thought it was cute. I was thinking to myself “Please don’t be Taylor Swift, please don’t be Taylor Swift” and yeah, it turned out to be “Mean” by the Swift bunny. Grrr. I don’t like that girl. I don’t know if it’s because she is so tall, lanky, looks like an evil bunny rabbit (I affectionately call her Donnie Darko), that we share the same birthday or that she does the love sign with her hands all the time when I was doing it way before her but I just don’t like her. Yet, I was jammin to her song and contemplated downloading the song. Maybe I can get on board with country music? I think I’ve been spoiled by Chobani because no other greek yogurt comes even close to theirs. Like the Yoplait yogurt I tried a few weeks ago, I wasn’t a fan of the Oikos. Nasty as well. I struggled just to choke down 1/3 of this and poured the remainder out at a rest stop. It wasn’t overly sweet or tart, it was just nasty and not like other coconut water I’ve tried. I will be staying away from the passion fruit flavor in the future. Oh, it was on. Gas station pizza may not be the best option for lunch but I’m not one to turn down pizza. Look at those mini puddles of grease sitting on the pepperoni, yum.After a few blots of a napkin, Lincoln and I shared the piece then went on our way through Kentucky. The drivers in Kentucky were crazy—the speed limit was 70 mph and I was going 80 mph but I felt like everyone else was going at least 90mph. I kept getting over in the right hand lane to let people pass and I’m not going to go off on a rant but some people out there really need to learn that the left lane is passing lane. You don’t just sit there and hang out. If someone is behind you, move over and let them go. I cannot stand the coasters. I was getting a bit worried because I had a coupon for Chick Fil A that I wanted to use for a free dinner but didn’t see any in the state. I kept thinking to myself “What is Kentuckys beef with Chick Fil A?” and then bam-I saw a billboard for it. And the angels were watching over me because I saw there was a Starbucks at the same exit and believe I raised my hands in the air while exiting saying “Praise Jesus” which I never say. I blame this on Melissa from Real Housewives of New Jersey and her Jesus talk. I got my salad to go, along with a cup of ice to keep it cold since I wouldn’t be eating it until later then got some caffeination. I got to my sisters house and took a bubble then enjoyed my salad. What do you do to pass time when you’re stuck in traffic? Happy Friday all! This week’s Frugal Friday is going to be on my couponing habits….pronounced couponing not q-poning, drives me BANANAS when people call it q-pons! Anyways, you all know I am forever on the prowl (rawr) for a good deal and saving money wherever I can. My mom used to work for a newspaper and would send me extra coupons they had sitting around there. But now, I have to be like everyone else and pay for my Sunday paper. It’s all good though, I don’t mind shelling out $1.50 in exchange for major savings. I love the Sunday newspaper because on the front page they tell you the amount of savings with the coupons enclosed. Besides newspapers, I print coupons online. I primarily use Coupon Mom and Coupon Suzy to get them and print them off. I like a lot of brands on Facebook because many of them offer an introductory coupon for liking them so check out your favorite brands on there! I’ve had my fruitalicious coupon organizer for six years and carry it wherever I go. I organize in groups by brand name A-D, E-I, J-N, O-S, T-Z. Now, the big issue with my coupons used to be making sure I used them in time. Sometimes once you clip the coupons and store them, the expiration date could pass right by you and you’re out of savings. We don’t like that. I go through my coupon organizer every week and when I do, I pull out the ones that are going to expire in less than a month and highlight them in the upper right hand corner. By doing this, it stands out when you are looking through your coupons instead of hiding away with the others. Every week, I take the supermarket circulars that I get in the mail, lay them out on the floor and pull out my coupons to see if I have any coupons for the items that are on sale. This past week was Super Double Coupons up to $1.98 at Harris Teeter and I wanted to take advantage of the savings. I went to Our Coupon Home and found a thread noting many of the items on sale and coupons that are currently valid for those items. On the site, they show how much the item is, what coupons are out there (a link to printable ones) then how much you will pay for the item. If you go to Our Coupon Home’s main page, you can select a supermarket near you to find the specials of the week! It’s a great website to use if you are looking to get the most bang for your buck! Once I went to Our Coupon Home and looked at the specials for the week and checked if I had any coupons or could print them out online, I was ready to go. I made a list of all the items I needed to get. Some items weren’t on my original list but Our Coupon Home mentioned some items that I could get for free or under $1. No, I didn’t need some of those items right at the moment but there is a 98% chance I will use them in the next two months so I would stock up. That being said, I went to Harris Teeter on Saturday morning and had my eye on the prize. I had my sneakers on, two cups of coffee in my system and was moving at record speeds throughout the store. I organize my list by section of the grocery store: Produce, Deli, Middle Rows, Meat, Dairy, Frozen, etc. so I just make my way from front to back and collect my items. A lot of items right? But after my coupons? Are you ready for this?? When the cashier told me the total, I seriously broke out into a happy dance at the check out stand (you’re welcome for shaking my booty towards you, bagboy) I couldn’t believe that my coupons saved me that much money! I got a number of items for free—the hummus, half and half, guacamole, chocolate bar, Luna Bar, So Delicious Coconut Milk, Tyson Chicken and Chef Michaels dog food. I got many other items for under $1—Tony’s Pizza—not the healthiest but for $.17 a piece? Yeah, I am buying it and will eat as drunk food! The Smart Balance milk was around $.60, Newman’s Own Salsa $.89 and Yoplait Greek Yogurt $.44/each. So if someone tells me coupons aren’t worth it or take too much time to look for/clip/organize, I will say come look at this post. You just have to dedicate a little time each week to doing so but there are sooooo many sources out there, you would be a fool not to use coupons. What are your coupon tips? Any good deals this week? Hi everyone—happy Frugal Friday! As many of you know, today is my last day of work for God knows how long. So my eye is on the prize and will be going to happy hour to celebrate my freedom from corporate America after the work day. But have no fear because I have a wonderful guest post for you all today from Amanda of Two Boos Who Eat. I love reading the adventures of Amanda and Andy in Southern California and am envious of what a solid and supportive marriage they have. Reading their blog always brings a smile to my face! Hi Simply Shaka readers! My name is Amanda and I blog over at Two Boos Who Eat with my husband Andy. Right now, I’m working on my teaching credential and don’t have a paying job. It’s hard but I’ve learned to be super creative when it comes to saving money! · Groupon& Livingsocial aren’t super present in the suburbs but they DO offer good deals in L.A. so I try to follow the e-mails and save them for a rainy day. I recently purchased an hour massage on Livingsocial for $40. I wouldn’t be able to afford it otherwise. · Local community supported agriculture! My husband and I signed up for a weekly organic produce pick-up. It’s $20 a week and it’s ALL organic. We can’t pick our produce since it’s seasonal, but we always get a nice variety of delicious fruit, greens and veggies. I highly suggest researching “CSAs” or “Produce Pick-ups” in your area. · Target Clearance I’m frugal when it comes to buying clothes while not having a full-time job. I’ve found cardigans, yoga pants, socks and pajamas for super cheap. · Travel I’m all about Travel Zoo. They have AWESOME deals. Anywho, there are a few of the ways I’ve made things work during a tight time. I’m always looking for more ways! Let me know if you have any! Where do you get your coupons from-online or the newspaper? Mail rocks. I feel like I never get anything fun in the mail anymore except for Netflix once a week and a random card or package. But this past week has been full of nice surprises…. At first, I thought this was my free drink coupon and was a bit disappointed that it wasn’t. But then I got excited since I’ve been eyeing their cake pops. I’m all about having a small sweet in the afternoon for a little pick me up. I won this book through a giveaway on Looking Up While Slimming Down. Neyal even sent me a coupon for Chobani Champions since she knows I love the CHO and knows I love saving money even more! I recently had the opportunity to try three Swanson Health Products. As much as it pains me to say, I’m getting older and along with that comes changes in my skin. The texture of my skin has changed due to age, sun damage and other factors and I am not 100% happy with how my face looks. Every day I wake up, I see lines that never used to be there and bags under my eyes. This is not a good look for me. When I received this in the mail, I opened it up like a little kid on Christmas and tried it out immediately! The serum is clear and not gooey like other products out there. The scent is citrusy with a hint of woodsy. I put it on the area of my face I want to firm such as my forehead, cheeks and around my eyes every morning and night. It’s very light weight and it only takes a small dab to cover the areas I wanted to get. It didn’t take long to dry after applying so it was easy to put on my night time moisturizer or makeup on afterwards. I’ve been using it for the past two weeks and can say my face feels tighter in those areas but not a 180 in firmness since I haven’ been using it too long . I would buy this product on my own since it is very reasonably priced compared to other firming serums out there. My only gripe was that the bottle is silver so you can’t see how much you have left. I’ve been reading about coconut oil in the blog world and wondered what the hype was about. I love coconut anything and regularly use use vegetable and extra virgin olive oil to cook with, so I figured, why not give coconut oil a shot? But when I got the tub of coconut oil and opened it up, I had no clue what to do with it since it was in a solid form. I did some research online and you can heat it up or you can add to smoothies, granola and many other things. Works for me! The coconut oil warmed up very quickly, so I tossed in the tofu and let it fry. Maybe it was the music I was jamming to or I wasn’t completely ravenous but it seemed to take shorter to cook than when I use vegetable oil—nothing wrong with that! As much as I love coconut. I was a bit weary about it coming out completely coconut flavored but the tofu came out crispy with barely a hint of coconut. Yet another item that I’ve been reading about in the blog world for some time but never knew why people were so crazy about the chia seeds. From reading about them online, I wondered—did people like them because they that tasty or that beneficial to your health? Chia seeds are an excellent source of antioxidants containing even more antioxidants than fresh blueberries. The high amounts of antioxidants in Chia seeds also keeps the oils from going rancid – contributing to a long shelf life. I’ve just tried it in my smoothies but want to start adding them to my yogurt and oats. I’ve been soaking the chia seeds in water for five minutes before adding them to my smoothies to soften them up a little. I’ve enjoyed them so far, they don’t have a real taste to them and if you soak them, aren’t too seedy. But give me all those benefits in one little serving? You can be sure I will continue to use chia seeds! Thank you Swanson Health Products for sending me the three items and giving me the opportunity to try them out! What’s something exciting you’ve gotten in the mail lately? If you use coconut oil and chia seeds, what do you do with them? I need ideas!! Can I get a T to the GIF? This has been one of the longest weeks I’ve had in awhile and so happy it’s over! Along with my normal work drama, I think another contributing factor to the long week has been the gorgeous weather we’ve had in Charlotte this week. It’s been sunny with temperatures ranging from the 60s -80s outside which it makes it almost unbearable to be stuck inside of a gray cube. Random savings all throughout the week for me though, starting on Saturday. I went to Cafe Carolina for lunch. I joined their e-club for the coupons alone since I heard they send you coupons for free breakfast and lunch items. I’ve never been to Café Carolina before but I used to live near their location and planned on using their coupons but never got around to it. Good thing this coupon was good until April because I was in the mood for a free lunch! Well, almost free, you had to buy a drink to get the free sandwich but $1.81 for lunch isn’t too bad of a deal. I got the Carolina Turkey Breast and it was meh. I would’ve enjoyed a sandwich made at home more but I had hopes for their cracked wheat sunflower bread. The bread light and airy but would have been better toasted and the turkey quality reminded me of slimy, deli meat. Oh well, I had high hopes for this place since everything on their menu looked wonderful. It reminded me of Panera…. A cold, unwelcoming Panera. There was a lot of natural light coming in but no comfy chairs, no music and just a mean feeling to the place so I most likely won’t go back unless I have a great coupon and am in that part of town again. Tip: Don’t want to sign up for businesses emails lists because of them flooding your inbox? Create a folder specific for email deals and check it a few times a week to see if there are any coupons you can use! Jelly Belly Green Apple Pudding for $.59. Ok, so it sounds nasty but look at that atomic green color! It was too green not to pass up at only $.59. It will either be really good or really bad. Not gonna lie when I say I’m a bit skeptical about trying it. Wai Lana Yogi Chips-$.99. I’ve heard of this chips before but never knew you could find it stores. When I looked online, you can get them for $1.59 plus shipping and handling so I saved some money by buying at the store. I got a coupon for a free container of Yoplait yogurt in the mail this week. I love coming home from work to find mail waiting for me, especially when it’s not a bill! Tip: Like your favorite brands on Facebook or follow them on Twitter. Sometimes they offer coupons just for being a fan! Dinner Thursday night was courtesy of a Groupon deal for Sauceman’s, a restaurant that opened a few months ago in South End. I called in my order, drove over and within the 10 minute time frame, the food was ready. Now, that, is what I like to see! I got the white pizza and a side salad and only had to shell out $3 more. Tip: Check your Groupon/Living Social/Half Off Depot deals to see if it includes both dine in and take out. If it’s take out, order a big dish or item and you can get two or three meals out of it! Do you buy Groupon, Living Social, Half Off Depot or other deals on the daily? I need to stop myself from buying so many! I keep a folder with me at all times with my deals that I buy so if I’m out and about, I can use them instead of having to stop off at home to print them out.

2019-04-22T10:30:34Z

https://simplyshaka.wordpress.com/tag/coupons/

In Monday’s Sydney MX Newspaper (not online) there was an article about scientists discovering evidence to support the claim of the 10 biblical plagues as described in Exodus. “The plagues are believed to have occurred at an ancient Nile Delta city of Pi-Rameses, the capital of Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Rameses II and abandoned around 3000 years ago. Scientists claim the plagues could offer an explanation. Climatologists say a dramatic climate shift created a dry period that triggered the first of the plagues, described as the Nile turning into blood. This, the scientists say, was the toxic algae Burgundy Blood, which stains water red. The algae set in motion the events that led to the second, third and fourth plagues – frogs, lice and flies. The frogs would have been forced from the water, allowing mosquitoes, flies and other insects to flourish, and lead to the fifth and six plagues – diseased livestock and boils, infected by the insects. The eruption of the volcano Thera more than 640km away is thought to be responsible for triggering the seventh, eighth and ninth plagues – hail, locusts and darkness, all caused by the effects of volcanic ash being blown into the atmosphere. There is a documentary on this on the National Geographic Channel on Sunday Night. It is interesting that more than 3,000 years after the events of the exodus people are still studying what happened and developing theories for how things could have happened. If I had been in Egypt at that time and all this stuff happened as Moses had said it would I would be certainly believe that God is very real! In the same way that science can now explain how things happened I find it still so very amazing that God can and does effect things in the world in such a way that science can show how things happen but not why they do! Only God truly knows the secrets of the universe but has given us the rules of science to help us discover them. It is such a shame to see the church rebuke science as it does (and has done for the past few hundred years). If only the church would embrace scientific discoveries and work out how it fits into what the bible tells us – that would be a fantastic way for the church to be real and relevant to today’s society. Submissions on the Education (Freedom of Association) Amendment Bill closed earlier today. This is the full text of my submission and why I do not support the introduction of Voluntary Students’ Association Membership. This submission is from Bradford Heap. I am a PhD student at the School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. From 2005 – 2007 and 2009 I was a student at Massey University’s Albany Campus. During 2006 – 2008 I was on the Executive Committee of the Albany Students’ Association Inc. In 2008 I served as the President of the Association and as the internal students’ association representative on Massey University’s Council. I do not wish to appear before the committee to speak to my submission. Freedom of Association is already secured through section 229A clause 5 – 7 of the current Education Act 1989. There is no need to remove compulsory automatic membership of students’ associations when there is already a working and effective mechanism for students to object to membership. This bill will result in the loss of student representation on both a local and national level. Currently at a local level many students’ associations organise and run independent student representation through such mechanisms as class/paper representatives, college boards, university committees and ultimately the Council. On a national level students’ associations work together through the likes of the New Zealand Union of Students’ Associations Inc., University Sport New Zealand Inc. and Student Job Search Inc. to provide representation and lobbying for students in a unified manner. 2) Universities will consult focus groups of students. However, there is no guarantee that these students will not be handpicked by the university to represent the views that the university wants to hear. Most importantly there will be a loss of an independent student voice. If tertiary institutions have to start directly funding student representation groups there will be a perception of collusion over the outcomes of that representation and engagement that is not currently present. There will be a loss of advocacy. Not all problems faced by students are representative of all students or need to be dealt with at a university committee level. Many issues faced by students are at relatively small scale and can be resolved through speaking to a particular lecturer or head of department. Unfortunately most students do not know the correct means for raising an issue, or if any issue is raised and there is not a satisfactory response how to take the issue to a higher level. Independent advocacy services provided by students’ associations help to deal with these issues and ensure that issues are resolved as quickly and effectively as possible, student advocates both employed and volunteers are trained in problem resolution and know the processes of the university and who to deal with to resolve problems. If Voluntary Student Membership is introduced the loss of funding from a decrease in student levy income will put these vital services under threat. The most important service that students’ associations provide is clubs. Student Clubs are the lifeblood of student life and culture in New Zealand. There are many established clubs within universities that have stretched back many decades. However, these clubs are under threat with the introduction of Voluntary Student Membership. The primary source of funding for the continued running of these clubs is through the allocation of club grants provided by the students’ associations. Without funding many of these clubs would become the realm of the rich who can afford high membership and equipment fees while ordinary students will be locked out of the true university experience. Most importantly I oppose this bill because of the direct effects it will have on all students as already seen through the introduction of Voluntary Student Unionism in Australia. It is this last point that I would like to address in detail. In 2010 I have begun my PhD and have been studying on the University of New South Wales Kensington Campus in Sydney for the previous two months. During this time I have become a member of the students’ union, a number of clubs, and been elected a postgraduate student representative for Computer Science and Engineering. I should state clearly that the sky has not fallen in through the introduction of Voluntary Student Unionism in Australia. However, it is clear that there has been a dramatic loss of representation, advocacy, and services provided by the student union. The only representation provided by the student union is through the Student Representative Council, effectively the same as the Executive Committee at most New Zealand students’ associations. This committee is democratically elected each year and each member of the committee has a portfolio role – e.g. women’s rights, environmental issues, etc. This committee liaises with the University over issues, but there is no legal or guaranteed framework for any representation or dialog. Furthermore any representation at a college/faculty level is not organised by the students’ union. Within the School of Computer Science and Engineering, where I am studying, there is a committee of student representatives, this committee while voted for by students, is organised by the university, and operates on an ad hoc basis advocating for students by bringing issues to the attention of the school but there is no framework in place for how issues are dealt with. On the student services side of the union there are not many services that are provided free to students. The big events held like bands, dance parties, and other student night type stuff are all user pays and run on a competitive basis against other local venues. But more importantly it is the student clubs that have suffered. All clubs charge a membership fee and in the past where a lot of funding has come from students’ associations, instead there are heavy membership fees upfront and additional funding is provided to some clubs by university faculties. Again the biggest problem with university funding of student bodies is that they are at the whim of the university for continuation of this funding from year to year and for the most part there is little in the way of set policy or openness surrounding the allocation of these funds. At the end of the day the issue of voluntary verses compulsory membership of students’ associations comes down to two components, money and ideology. One ideology says that students’ associations should be entirely voluntary and user pays, the other is those who see the benefits of a compulsory system where the collective greater good is advanced. The largest problem with a user pays argument in students’ associations is what about those who get up against the wall with their finances at university and are not able to pay the bills and face the prospect of being forced out of university or their accommodation, when they go to their students’ association for financial or food help; is it expected that they be asked to pay for that help up front when they can’t afford to pay anything more? A few weeks ago I got into an interesting discussion with a friend about the timing of when Jesus died and what it actually meant to spend three days and three nights in the tomb. I am very strongly of the belief that Jesus died on Wednesday afternoon, while my friend was absolutely certain it was Friday. Just doing a bit of background reading on it in the lead up to Easter this weekend I came across two good articles on the subject (both backing a Wednesday death – you can find plenty of stuff supporting a Friday death too). The Friday view is based on the wording of Mark 15:42, which says that Christ’s crucifixion occurred on the day of preparation, “the day before the Sabbath”. Since the Hebrew Sabbath is on Saturday, the Church traditionally held that Jesus was crucified on Friday. However, Jesus prophesied that he would be dead for three days and three nights before his resurrection: “For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.” (Matthew 12:40). There are obviously not three days and three nights between Friday evening and Sunday morning. The problem appears easily resolved by a clarification of what Mark meant by “sabbath”. Along with the weekly Sabbath day, the Jews had other “sabbaths” throughout the year, marking high holy days. In Matthew 28:1, the Greek should be translated, “at the end of the sabbaths” – a plural word – noting that there had been more than one sabbath the previous week. The first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread was also considered a “sabbath” (Lev. 23:6,7). This Feast is celebrated on Nisan 15, the day after the Passover (Lev. 23:5-6). Jesus was crucified on the Passover and Mark 15:42-43 notes that Joseph of Arimathea desired to take Christ’s body down from the cross before the high sabbath began. Good Friday is a Myth; Jesus Died on a Wednesday! One of the most common questions asked by new Christians is, “How could Jesus have been in the heart of the earth for three days and three nights if He died on a Friday afternoon and rose before sunrise on a Sunday?” Most Christians duck the question, since at most they can only come up with one day and two nights (Friday nighttime, Saturday daytime, and Saturday nighttime in our measure of days). If they add in the Friday daytime they get two periods of daytime, even though Jesus would have died in the late afternoon on a Friday. This late afternoon death is consistent with the Passover lamb being killed between the two evenings of Jewish teaching. The lamb was killed between 3 and 6 PM on the afternoon of the 14th of Abib/Nisan and prepared, because the 15th was the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which was an annual Sabbath observance (the first and last days of Unleavened Bread were annual Sabbaths in addition to the normal weekly Sabbaths). This search of the scriptures is important, not because it affects salvation, but because it answers the questions posed on whether Jesus kept His Word, and whether the Bible is true in this matter. A legitimate concern and question for all Christians! Finally to really be provocative how about throwing Easter out the window and bring back the Passover celebration and in particular highlight how Jesus is revealed through the passover service. Christian symbolism in the Passover occurs early in the Seder (the Passover dinner). Three matzahs are put together (representing the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). The middle matzah is broken, wrapped in a white cloth, and hidden, representing the death and burial of Jesus. The matzah itself is designed to represent Jesus, since it is striped and pierced, which was prophesized by Isaiah, David, and Zechariah. Following the Seder meal, the “buried” matzah is “resurrected,” which was foretold in the prophecies of David. Living in a new country brings with it a lot of cultural changes, and while the difference in most things between NZ and Australia are mild and minor some of the laws, particularly around roads, are quite absurd from the view of a Kiwi. Yesterday the NSW Government announced that it was reintroducing mobile speed cameras – you know those white/green/black vans always parked on the sides of the roads in NZ with the dark tinted windows. What is absurd in NSW though is instead of the anywhere, anytime, no signage speed cameras they have in NZ, the NSW Government is going to give everyone one warning sign before a camera (currently the fixed cameras have 3!), and maintain a public list of locations. I don’t see the rational for warning people about speed cameras (let alone 3 warnings). If you are serious about bringing the road toll down then stick cameras at the black spots, at the points where people are acting stupidly and fine them, take their cars off them, take their license off them. The only thing fixed speed cameras are is white elephants on the side of the road and those who manage to get fines from them certainly shouldn’t be driving. By having anytime, anywhere speed cameras it means drivers are more alert to the speed they are travelling at all times not just when a road sign tells you to slow down. And don’t get me started on people calling them revenue gathering tools, they only gather revenue because you are dumb enough to break the law. Earlier tonight I was having a conversation with a friend about some stuff that had happened more than a year ago. The conversation brought up a particular event which at the time was a big thing but in hindsight really was more petty than serious and all that needed to prevent/solve that event was for a few people to step back and listen to what everyone else was saying. And that is how the conversation ended. Fast forward a few hours and I am now trying to sleep but this stuff in the past is now turning over in my head. And the head is a funny place sometimes. It is funny because in hindsight the events that happened in the past you completely regret happening the way that they did, but at the same time there are parts of them that you really enjoyed. And this has got me thinking, thinking enough to get my laptop out typing, and typing enough to get me blogging. But I digress what I am pondering is why do we [sometimes] desire those things that are so wrong in life? Why do we desire to break rules and push boundaries? Why do we [sometimes] find sweetness in revenge? You know we are meant to seek after the healthy things in life and find fruit and goodness in the light. But, sometimes the darkness can also bring (albeit temporary) satisfaction and enjoyment, sometimes even more so than doing the right thing. So anyway after my crazy long blog post this afternoon I suddenly decide at 5.40pm to go and visit a church in the middle of the city, I pretty much picked up my keys, walked down the road, jumped on a train, off at the next stop, and then walked my way two blocks to find the church. Outside the church the doors were closed, and while they were glass faced so you could see in there appeared to be no one in the foyer welcoming people or anything, this was 5 minutes before the service was due to start, and no people coming or going from the building. Thinking this was odd I walked past and quickly thought of my next plan of action for something to do. It was at this moment that I heard very loud crowd sounds coming from the nearby Hide Park. I then wandered up to the park where as part of the St Patricks Day Celebrations a U2 Cover’s band was playing. And this is where things get weird. There were probably 20,000 people at this park listening to the band, possibly more. And you know what the songs of the lyrics were talking about everything that is wrong with the world, and people were singing along, they had their hands raised and were jumping up and down as well. It was at this moment cynically I thought to myself that this was a lot like church. Only the people weren’t filled with the Holy Spirit they were filled with too much Alcoholic Spirits. And later there were people who appeared to be overcome by the spirit but it was the spirit of alcohol that had caused them to collapse. And the cynic in me goes why do we have magnificent church buildings where the doors are closed and you are just expected to somehow know how to get in, when you can get a much larger crowd by setting up a stage in a park, that is open and exposed to the world. What are we missing? I am sure the alcohol component has something to do with it, but if people are able to have a fun time on alcohol and desire it so much, then why isn’t it the same which church? Sure you have some people who are completely on fire for God but what about the rest. What are we missing? And reading over this the cynic inside the cynic tells me that it is because there is too much arguing amongst church denominations and the like. Sure that is partly true. But that can’t be that much different than the difference between hip hop, classical, and alternative rock can it? I mean all of those genres all attract massive crowds and people long to attend live music gigs, but there is something about Sunday and church that just puts people off including myself. Just saying. A few days ago I blogged on the struggle I was having finding a church that I fitted into (see Rebuilding Conservatism through Modern Churchanity). Over the last few days I have continued to look at churches and there are two things that are really bugging me about modern churches: prosperity theology and social justice. However, I am finding many churches who are so insular and cater for their own membership and do little for the wider community – or when they do it is through the indoctrination of specific religious beliefs upon people – and this is always bound to end up in massive controversy. Something that I always wonder is why can’t we just go out into the world and serve people first, show them the love of Christ rather than ram church down their throats and then “rescue them”? Jesus didn’t go out into the world and say in order to be healed you have to first believe this and that and something else and attend church every Sunday, and the special program for people like you on every Tuesday night. No, instead he spoke to people and they were healed in fact sometimes he didn’t even speak to them he just told them to get up and walk. Sure after this they most likely believed but it seems the opposite of what a lot of churches are preaching whereby in order to be healed you must first believe. Surely God can heal those who don’t believe and through that healing they will believe? Anyway I am already sidetracked; my main gripe/dilemma/issue rests with prosperity theology. The teaching that believers have a right to the blessings of health and wealth and that they can obtain these blessings through positive confessions of faith and the “sowing of seeds” through the faithful payments of tithes and offerings. Now I certainly have no issue with giving to the church, however, the modern church is so focussed on a money tithe. It was not like that in the past, the reason why the verse says storehouse and not bank is because in the past the tithe was giving of what you actually produced – not just material wealth but also giving of time, and goods, etc. Lots of modern churches have this focus on giving 10% of your financial income to the church. I whole heartedly disagree with this (and could spend a whole another blog post on this). I believe you should give to God and the church what God has placed on your heart to give. I may not agree with most of what the church I have been attending over the last few weeks but having said that when I got paid I gave what God placed on my heart to give. In addition to this I give to God through serving in other areas both within church and in the wider community (although not much at the moment until I find a new church and get settled). First the lives of the apostles in the book of Acts certainly do not seem to agree with prosperity theology, in the healing of the crippled beggar in Acts 3:6 (NIV) Then Peter said, “Silver or gold I do not have, but what I have I give you. In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, walk.” That verse has always spoken to me we don’t need material possessions to follow God, to heal people, or to do God’s work all we need is ourselves. Jesus actually spoke in many places about the greed associated with building up massive amounts of wealth. And I could go on for many paragraphs about the love of money being the root of all evil and/or how hard it is for a rich man to enter heaven. And I am certainly not saying that you can’t be rich or God can’t bless you, if your heart is in the right place then it is awesome that you have such a blessed life. But there is something that just seems so wrong about preaching that if you give more and more and more to God that you will get more and more and more back. If you don’t get more back does that mean you’re doing something wrong, or your faith is not strong enough? Second, the book of Job is all about God letting terrible things happening to someone but their faith remaining strong the entire way through. Job didn’t give up just because he gave his whole to God and God didn’t bless him with abundant wealth instead he knew that the reward in heaven was so much more than what we can ever have on earth. (And I know this is a massive over simplification of the entire book). In a more modern context I find Prosperity Theology not holding true in the whole situation with the poor starving kids in Africa. I say “poor starving kids” a little cynically not because that isn’t the situation but rather the constant pressure in advertising to give money and the problem with go away, that is not the case, sure money is needed to fund things, but more important is people on the ground giving their time and love. But again coming back onto topic a lot of Christians in areas of the third world have a stronger faith than many Christians do in the restful west. If prosperity theology was so true then why don’t these people just have faith in God and through some miracle everything works out right for them? Africa remains one of those situations where I fail to understand why they get such a rough ride when in the west we get it so good yet we are quite often far worse sinners. And I know there are not degrees of sin, all sin is bad, but yeah it is something I have never quite understood form a spiritual point of view. So coming back to the hunt for a church to call home, maybe I am being really picky, maybe I am being too religious, maybe I am too focused on doctrine then on God. But the real issue for me is I don’t want religion where God is effectively dead and ritual replaces any chance for the Holy Spirit to move. However, I really seek a place which is alive in passion and worship for God. I love loud modern church music and preaching that is relevant to today. At the same time this often goes way to far where the music becomes more of a show than worship to God and the preaching crosses over from talking about God and the stories in the bible to instead using modern motivational speaking tricks to keep the audience interested and incorporates so much modern secular business style teaching that somewhere along the way it just becomes Church Inc. I really want something in between, something that is bible based, not steeped in tradition but has respect for it, and has a real passion for both social justice and community. So far I have not found that in between anywhere near my new house. The question I am really pondering is do I continue to attend a church that I disagree with a core preaching and style of for the purpose of attending church until I either find a church near me that I agree with, or I find an effective way to get to the outer suburbs to attend churches that I do agree with and have a passion to attend? Do I continue to attend a church that I disagree with because the people and community is awesome and being in a new city friends are what I need most? Is a suitable modern substitute for church: podcasts, worship music, bible reading and commentary, and small group discussions at university? How long can one grow with God and not lose faith with the absence of church, at the same time what if that church is destroying your faith? Can a church destroy faith? These are all (and there are many more) questions that I am really struggling with at the moment. As a side note a few years ago The Chaser did quite a funny satire piece on one particular modern church. Now before I get ravaged by people who attend this church note a few things: a) It is comedy, b) You should be able to laugh at yourself, c) If this is how the world really sees you then maybe it is time to consider ways to change that perspective, d) You can only be offended by something if you chose to be offended by it, e) I certainly do not agree with most of it. These instructions will hopefully help those who are testing the Beta over the next few days to get full hardware acceleration from their graphics cards. These instructions are based off Ubuntu’s guide here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RadeonHD and I can only comment on my set up, I cannot guarantee that they will work for anyone else. If you see “software rasterizing” as the output then the drivers are NOT working right, if you see something else then they most likely are. If the file cannot be found then it is good, just means the driver was never installed in the first place. Package not found errors here are also really good. Make sure that the reinstall of these two packages completes properly. (Note: the reinstall flag has two – before it not one, some web browsers render the double dash as a single long dash). Now reboot and make sure that you boot into the new kernel and not the old one. Reload the sources list when prompted, then go to update manager, check for new updates, install all the new updates that are listed. Once installed reboot your system. Now try “glxinfo | grep “renderer string” again and hopefully it will no longer display software raster and instead something a lot more promising. Sometime in the next 24 hours Beta 1 of Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx will be released to the world. This version of Ubuntu is different from the previous few versions for two key reasons the first is that it is a long term support release and as such will be [hopefully] more stable and more complete than other versions over the past year. The second change is in the user interface with a step away from the established brown “human” theme to a new theme that looks very Mac OS like. For the last two days I have been running the daily build of the AMD64 release candidate for 10.04 Beta 1. So far I am very impressed with it. For the past year I have been running 9.04 as the 9.10 release in October of last year broke support for my laptop’s wireless drivers and would cause frequent lock ups. I am pleased to report that those crashes are a thing of the past in 10.04. Fast boot. 9.04 was a massive improvement in boot time over 8.10 and I am surprised to see even more of an improvement in 10.04, from BIOS to logged in would be around 20 seconds. Stable. Sometimes Beta and Test Releases of software are so buggy that they are not even able to be fully tested. So far I have hit a few minor problems but by far I am very impressed. Smooth. The x64 version is very smooth at booting, opening and closing windows, applications, etc. The entire operating system runs quietly and quickly. Crash errors that are almost as cryptic as Windows BSOD and illegal operations. I have had two programs crash and both times the crash errors are just strings of numbers or error codes with no meanings or descriptions. It is very hard to even supply information on a bug report when you have no idea what went wrong, one minute it was working the next it isn’t. Video Drivers. I am running an ATI Raedon HD Video card and there are no free or propriety video card drivers at the moment. This means that any 2d or 3d video rendering is done through MESA software rendering and is very ugly. I hope this will be sorted out in the final release (and the current bug where if you try to install the old fglrx library aptitude will try to remove ubuntu desktop). Software Install. If you want to install Ubuntu (and community) released software this is a breeze through the Ubuntu Software Manager but the instant you want to install any other piece of software you will need to go through the whole process of getting the source code, resolving dependences, compiling through the terminal sorting out linking errors and a whole lot of other nasty mess. Since moving to Sydney I have been struggling to find a home church that I fit into. I have spent countless hours looking at many church websites and reading their doctrines, lining them up to what I believe. Maybe I am doing this wrong but in the past I have had major falling outs with churches where I fundamentally disagree with something that is believed, taught, preached or made a rule of membership. So far the few churches that I would love to visit have been at least 20km to the west or north of the city and without a car I can’t make it to them. Over the last five weeks I have been attending, with a group of friends, a very large and “modern” Pentecostal church. If I were five years younger I would probably have loved to attend the church but now I seem to be seeking something more “real”. A few minutes before the service dim the lights, add lots of artificial fog into the room, play a five minute video and light show to build the mood. Start into worship with a roar and two songs that are so loud you can’t hear the lyrics, and can’t get over the “rock concert” like experience that is happening at the front of the church. Do another two songs that are a lot slower and quieter (although they are still on the loud side). Have a leader get up and welcome people to church, do prayer requests, show a video testimony, do the offering, show the church news. Sure most churches use a variation of that formula every week, but that is something I am grappling with. Why do we have to use that formula every single week? I am not trying to say there is anything wrong with loud music, people jumping up and down, or any of the other stuff. Heck, at Parachute Festival I will be up the front in the middle of the moshpit even during the Sunday night worship. And maybe I have just grown up so churched that now I am seeking something more. The church I was attending in Auckland for the last six years was something different. They were doing things differently. Sure there was plenty of Sundays were they followed the formula I have outlined above, but just as many would be different, say a Sunday where there is nothing but an piano, acoustic guitar and bongo hand drums on stage. Or a day where instead of doing “church” they would have a big meal as a church community or instead of preaching they would have a group of people sharing testimonies. It was church, but it was different church. And that brings me to community, a church is a community of believers, but also a church should work in the community. I am finding a lot of churches are very inner focussed they will help those who are in “their” community but seem to be doing little in the wider community. Throughout the last few weeks as I have questioned what I really believe and where I fit in I have also felt my conservatism rebuilding. It is interesting how attending a church with little in the way of church tradition has left me seeking church tradition. I don’t believe in religion, but I do believe in church heritage and it would be nice to have a mention of it currently being the season of lent and how that applies to our lives today (and I have to admit I am not doing anything for lent), or to do a communion one day. It seems to me that the “modern” church has done so much to attract those who got sick of church religion and as a result have nothing to do with the traditional church. Surely there is a balance somewhere in between?

2019-04-20T06:44:23Z

https://brad.net.nz/blog/2010/03/

This panel addresses the current and future state of competition in the market for broadband Internet access. Among the topics discussed are: Is this market really a duopoly, as some maintain? To what extent do other platforms, such as wireless, satellite, or power lines, compete with cable modem and DSL service? What has happened to prices and speeds over the past few years, and what will happen to them going forward? Is robust broadband competition sufficient to address the potential harms envisioned by proponents of broadband connectivity regulation? And with that, I'm happy to turn over the microphone to Jeff Schmidt, the director of bureau of competition at the FCC. Thanks for braving the weather and coming out this morning. We have a great panel on a very interesting challenging topic so we want to jump right into it. I'm just going to introduce each of the speakers as they get up to speak and give a brief presentation. I think our hope is to keep the -- each of the panelists' individual presentations to somewhere in the 10 to 15 minute rang, and that should leave us plenty of time for some questions at the end of that time. Also, in order to shorten the introductions and the like and get more into substance I'm going to refer you all to the bios that are contained on the website for the detailed biographies of each of the speakers. I'll just give their current affiliations. So with that let's start off with our first speaker who is Michael Altschul, Senior Vice President and General Counsel of CTIA, the wireless association. Going the wrong direction. That's me after the first slide. First of all, we were joking earlier, instead of the last mile problem, I think this morning many of us experienced the first mile problem getting out of our homes and getting here. But we've made it and these are important issues. On behalf of C M's members who are the nation's commercial mobile radio service providers and their suppliers, I want to thank the commission for the invitation to speak on this panel. As we heard yesterday, wireless communications are now being provided over licensed and unlicensed spectrum, and they are providing broadband connectivity to the Internet, along with wire line carriers, cable companies, satellite providers, and others. What I want to do this morning is to demonstrate some of the speeds and capabilities of these different kinds of services to show you how we really are all in the same ball park. There is a lot of information on this slide, but it demonstrates that the various alphabet soup of wireless services compete with cable modem and DSL services and speeds. So there is no duopoly. Instead, there is this alphabet soup of services. I apologize for the acronyms but as somebody recently pointed out, these wireless technologies have been named by engineers, not marketers. What they do illustrate is that consumers have a broad range of competitive choices to choose among, and I think this also rebuts those who claim that the broadband market is the cable Telco duopoly unaffected by a wireless oligopoly. In fact, wireless broadband technologies offer competitive speeds and capabilities. The range of speeds and technologies that are now being provided also show the rapid pace of innovation that characterizes the wireless industry, but is inconsistent with an oligopoly market. You'll see that we have circled some of the -- some of the speeds. The dial-up and dial-up equivalent is not considered broadband by the FCC. It's less than 200 kilobytes per second. The 3G equivalent is our group of services that are equivalent to DSL service, and the WiFi and WiMAX services which are characterized by fourth generation services are equivalent to cable modem, and at least some of the tiers being offered by Verizon's FIOS service. For those of you who are not familiar with the terms 3G and 4G they are used in the wireless industry to describe broadband technologies. The first generation was analog which the FCC mandated for cellular carriers. While this aloud a uniform build-out when the service was new, it also insured that carriers could not compete on technological innovation, since all carriers had to provide the same service. Second generation services were the first digital technologies. At the time, they were called TDMA, GSM, IDEM and CDMA. Their introduction begins the introduction of rapid differential in the wireless industry. The features of these third and fourth generation services are identified in this slide which begins to describe the various kinds of applications and features that are supported in wireless today. Some critics of the wireless industry express a preference for single standardized error information much like the FCC approach to the analog cellular standard of 25 years ago; technological innovation is a major driver of competition. New wireless technologies enable new services, they drive down costs through more efficient use of spectrum and they allow carriers to introduce features and services that differentiate service offerings in a competitive market. Cellular carriers are still required to support the AMP standard and it is no more spectrally efficient than it was in 1982 and it still doesn't support text messages or pictures, just like you can't get messages or pictures over wire line telephones that connect to the luck network through the RJ 11 standardized interface face. This slide begins to demonstrate the wide variety of broadband devices that are available at your local Best Buy or circuit city store. It also illustrates the wide range in screen size, keyboards, memory, features and functions that consumers can choose among. There is a website phone scoop.com that lists more than 800 handsets in wireless enabled devices that are available in the US today. Carriers and aggregators must work together and with third party content developers to insure interoperability, quality user experience for consumers across the wide range of these devices, and to block objectionable content such as spam and mall ware. In an oligopoly, one would expect stable rising prices and a lack of innovation but that is precisely what is not happening in wireless. You can go to CTI's own website, CTI.org or the FCC's annual CMRS competition report or your own experience as one of the nation's 230 million wireless subscribers for proof that prices are falling, the number of subscribers are growing and consumers are using wireless for more and more of their communications needs including voice, Internet browsing, text messages and other data services. This slide is taken from the FCC's 11th annual report on CMRS competition and it illustrates the rollout of 3G technology by county throughout the United States. It's already been overtaken by events I must add. It's about a-year-old, and the aggressive deployment by the nation's wireless carriers have expanded the scope of these services. This slide has a lot of words but it's a snapshot of the 3G services deployed by the nation's five largest wireless carriers. Unlike in an oligopoly we are seeing new entry in ramped up investment and build-out last summer, as many of you know the FCC conducted the advance wireless spectrum auctions, and awarded more than 1,000 new licenses to 104 bidders. The number 1 winner in this auction, T-Mobile essentially doubled its spectrum holdings across the country, enabling it to impact the status quo significantly. T-Mobile has announced plans to spend $2.7 billion by 2008 building out a 3G HSDPA network using the spectrum and enabling it to offer more and faster services to its customers. The third largest winner of licenses was a new entrant, the spectrum co-cable consortium, which was the highest bidder on licenses totaling 267 million pops. This will enable companies explore mobile or wireless options and threatens to disrupt any postulated equilibrium. Two wireless carriers which have been using alternate business models, metro PCS and Leap Wireless were also winners in the AWS auction. Metro PCS was the fourth largest bidder winning licenses covering 144 million pops. Leap was the sixth and seventh largest bidder because they participated through two entities and won licenses covering, oh, about 170 million pops. Once the AWS licenses are issues we will have licenses in 36 of the top 50 markets. These companies leak and metro PCS are among the fastest growing wireless companies and demonstrate not all wireless carriers have the same business model. In addition, the wireless industry includes carriers with a significant regional presence such as all tell, US cellular, Dobson and sun com and we've seen the emergence of successful MVNOs's, mobile virtual network operators. The most successful of these MVNOs have designed their service offerings to meet the needs of specialized markets by providing exclusive content and wireless devices tailored to their customers' needs. While perhaps anathema to principles of common carrier obligations, consumers benefit from this type of product differentiation. For example, EarthLink's Helio MVNO permits its -- not permits, promotes its exclusive drift handset and it's self- proclaimed one of a kind buddy beacon for location based social networking and mobile MySpace service. While Helio advertises in wired magazine, I brought a little pop here because it's such a compelling ad. There is an MVNO Jitterbug advertised in the bulletin. I bought one of these for Mississippi 82-year-old mother because it was developed to meet the needs of older persons. Their handsets feature large buttons and easy to read texts and there is live operator service and even a dial tone to confirm service. There are dozens of MVNOs offering differentiated services to all types of users and demographic groups. Virgin mobile has a music-based service called text tones based on an exclusive deal for content with major record label and available only on virgin's Cyclopes phone. We've seen MVNOs with a Hispanic orientation where users press 1 for Spanish and 2 for English. Disney's mobile's MVNO service is designed to meet the needs of family and uniquely Disney from end to end with exclusive handsets. And we have MVNOs like AMP who offer content in handsets geared to the young and hip according to them which certainly rules me out. This slide just summarizes an important announcement by Sprint which is deploying the nation's first 4G network using WiMAX technology with data rates of 2 to 4 millibits per second. Today's "Wall Street Journal" has a story that describes how we in the US through the Sprint build-out, which is going to invest more than a billion dollars this year, where it has put us ahead of Europe and the rest of the world. Finally, if you are looking for empirical evidence that wireless broadband access service has really been deployed, and that consumers find great value in these services, the FCC just released their high-speed services report for the first six months of 2006. According to the report, while total high- speed access lines grew 26% during the first half of the year, 59% of all new ads were mobile wireless broadband access customers. In other words, wireless carriers added more new customers than cable and telco combined. Based on this record of competition innovation, wireless should not be subject to any Net Neutrality rules, policymakers should allow the market to continue to work, and regulate only in the event of a market failure. Thanks, Michael. Continuing our distinguished panel on the current and future state of broadband competition, Harold Feld. Harold is the Senior Vice President of the Media Access Project, a nonprofit public interest law firm. Thanks, because of the time limits I'm going to have to blow past these slides real quick. My key point here is to raise a whole bunch of questions and then based on the uncertainty it will produce, to make some policy recommendations. Paul Klemperer, one of the more renowned economists in Europe once remarked that it was a lot better for policy people to have only an undergraduate understanding of economics rather than PhDs because at the Ph.D. level you can be very seduced by theory and by a large number of elegant models but if you are an under grad and you don't get that stuff you do a gut check and say does this stuff make sense. So having had some very enlightening Ph.D.s yesterday I'm hoping to do the econ101 gut check here. And part of that is we have this panel backwards. What we really care about are the goals when we're talking about the policy here and how do we best achieve those goals. In that setting we only care about competition as a means to an end, not an end in itself and defining what competition means and how it works and whether it will in fact emerge on its own is very difficult, because sometimes it's not enough to just say oh, competition and let's deregulation. You have to look out there and say what do I have to do to make competition happen. If I have competition, how is it going to work right to achieve the policy goals? Now, Congress has set some specific policy goals. I'm going to blow by the various statutory provisions I've cited here and translate into plain English. Goal number 1, as we, from Baldwin might say is cheap wicked bad broadband for everybody. Number 2, Internet is open as diverse as it exists today or better. I don't just mean on the consumer side which is bullet number 3. Everybody should go back and read Reno versus ACLU, the case on the communications decency act and see what people were excited about. It was an Internet as diverse as human thought where anybody could say whatever the heck they want. Things like the growth of social networking and other great services that people want to sell are all about what Joe Farrell and Gigi Sohn were talking about yesterday in the pleasure to communicate. The first amendment cares about this stuff. Our democracy depends on this stuff and Congress has told us to protect it as part of the policy. Any policy that doesn't protect that, even if it is more economically efficient is a failed policy. We want lots of competition for all goods and services related to Internet access available on line, and finally I did not want to forget good old section 230 for the deregulatory types, unfettered or federal by state regulation whatever that means. As we'll discuss, that's hard to define. What do we mean by competition? That's a very hard question. Everybody hearing from the FTC understands it's not just an issue of counting noses. Sometimes you need to worry about how comparable the service is, market share may or may not matter, potential market share may or may not matter, walk in, disclosure, other things that keep people from switching. For my money competition only works if you have enough people who can switch to discipline bad behavior because otherwise who cares if you are a provider. So one of the things that means is you have to ask whether these services are substitutable as economists like to say. My example here is soda; does it compete with bottled water? Yeah, probably. Does soda compete with tap water? Well, maybe a little bit because the presence of tap water keeps soda from getting too expensive but I think we'd all agree that it doesn't compete with mud puddles though they are both liquid and if you are desperate can you drink both. Competing products. Are they available in sufficient numbers to affect discipline? Do we care whether they are available nationally, regionally or locally? Bottled water may compete with soda but free soda 100 miles away doesn't make a difference. Walk in, sticky features, these are things that haven't been discussed in the debate. We like to think about broadband as an independent stand-alone product but it's not and not being marketed that way. To go back to my water example. If you have a Poland springs cooler in your water cooler service and you want to switch but in order to switch there is a termination fee of $1,000, it will take five days out of your time, you need to buy new glassware in order to be able to drink the new water and you also have to switch from oil to natural gas heat because that got sold to you as a bundled service, you are a lot less likely to switch. That is important as we move forward into how this is being marketed. The other thing to keep in mind is users cannot use a potential service. Bottled water even if it competed with mud puddles does not compete with it looks like rain. The problem with a lot of what I'm hearing is don't regulate because it looks like rain. So how much competition is enough? That's a very good question and it's very hard to determine. Even just saying duopoly is not enough, economists can tell you and we see in the real world sometimes a duopoly is enough and a lot of times though it isn't enough and we don't know anything about how this market is functioning at the moment or let me rephrase that. We know some things but we do not have nearly detailed information about how this market is functioning, whether there is going to be conscious peril Ism, how the upstream market takes in this, the complex relationship, vertical integration not merely with content but all the way up to things like backbone and transport. These are hard questions that are obscured in the debate over well, there are five cellular guys, a satellite guy, a cable guy and a telephone guy. Is this market really unfettered? People love to portray this as being all about maintaining the pristine nonregulated state. Bunk. There are a lot of laws that impact both the direct service providers and the related market and it has to be recognized that these laws impact how competition is going to unfold. If you are saying broadband over power lines, BPL is going to compete with Telcos and cable you need to take into account that under the pole attachments law one of the great negotiating chips for the BPO guys is utterly thrown out the window. If we're going to talk about cable and Telco competition we've got to recognize the program access takes an arrow how of the quiver of the cable guys and going head to head on bundled service and mandatory connection, termination of calls favors cable companies over the telcos because they can have their Telco service be complete and terminated and sell on effective bundle where it may not be as easy for telcos to offer a genuinely competing video service. That difference matters for the emergence of the broadband market and broadband competition. Federal laws in other area make a huge difference. You can't talk about wireless without recognizing the fact that without a federal license you are not going to be doing WiMAX. If you are relying on unlicensed provider to take into account the different laws that govern that space as well. State and local also make a big difference, it's not about franchise repeal, wide other things, patents or extraneous laws make a huge difference in how competition is actually unfolding on the ground and the presence or absence of government also makes a huge difference to the reality as it unfolds divorced of the theory when you chop it into different bits. So how does the real world stack up today? Broadband is not wicked fast. In fact especially when compared to other countries it is wicked slow. It is not available everywhere. I'm sorry, that's true even of satellite and these oft services, to take just one example. If I'm in an MDU in someplace downtown in a less than nice neighborhood I need a clear view of the southern sky in order to get satellite Internet. And that knocks out three quarters of the people who happen to be face together wrong direction in that building and probably knocks out the first half of the building on the south side as well because they can't see past the building next to them. So the notion that any one of these at the moment really is a complete national competitor everywhere on the ground is simply not true. The other thing I do have to point out when we do these comparisons is we ten to care about the people in the room. So yeah, if we forget about fly over country, poor people, Native American, those neighborhoods that we are asking to be relieved of build-out requirements that we don't have to see them, then yeah, things are looking up. If you want to say I can switch to four or five different folks in Montgomery county and Arlington and screw the people out in Montana, that's great. But that's not our national policy. How does this stack up with the real world today? We're talking 95% under the FCC's best numbers where we're only talking about 200 KBPS so we've lowered the bar as far as we can. Even so, 95% of residential subscribers, according to the FCC's latest record are taking DSL or cable as their primary home service. And that's huge because again, on the policy stuff, on the things we care about, we want residential broadband because residential broadband is a huge impact on people's behavior, what they say, how they think, Pughe project on the Internet American life has done a lot of good on this. Bluntly there is no evidence of substitutability for other services. People view the Internet available on this as a substitute, not as a -- not as a substitute rather but only as a supplement. Internet content and servers are still competitive and diverse but the ability to tier is relatively knew and all we know it may be happening. Bust because it's glowing to be MDA's we'll never know until there are bad consequences. I want to point out it will take a couple billion dollars of investment which is why Cisco is hyped because they'll sell that equipment in order to make it possible. We have to figure it will be a little while to get these things to happen. Is competition going to emerge on other platforms. We have to take into account these realities. You can't ignore the reality and wave this stuff away, the technological challenges, the market forces, all these things make it uncertain. We don't know about how the walk in is going to work. How is duopoly shaping up? We seem to have duopoly in residential space. Is that working? The problem is not really. After an initial period where DSL was trying to capture new subscribers because we had an immature market, we had people who weren't subscribing to either service, we had a brief period of DSL trying to catch up and cut its prices. But now we are seeing a slowdown. We are seeing conscious parallelism. These guys are looking at each other and trying to be just a little bit better so they can keep people. So in this uncertain environment what do we do. Do we intervene or say don't intervene? This is to my mind it's the health inspector versus the restaurant critic. The critic comes in after it's opened for six months to give it time to work the service problems out and make a recommendation to diners. Health inspectors come in before a restaurant is allowed to open which is better to keep people from getting sick. In this particular case we need to worry about what economic theory tells us about the potential dangers which weigh heavily in preserving openness, betting on cartellation historically and the natures of the market is the way to bet. We might get more competition but we'll see. Discrimination, all that's the odds. Other countries with more intrusive regulations are whipping our butts. So the notion intervening now is going to delay deployment is somewhat suspect. Finally, this is critical infrastructure. This is not turnips or tulip bulbs. If we're talking about betting everything about our economy and democracy, maybe this will all work out and we shouldn't intervene, I think that ought to give us a lot of pause. My recommendation is network neutrality, not just for the reasons I've said but because for democracy civic engagement is absolutely critical. You know, I am terribly worried about just people not being able to afford to do the stuff they're doing now if they have to pay for differential tiers. All these guys will tell you they have a duty to their shareholders. That's great. I do not want to see free speech be the collateral damage to economic efficiency. That is a very real problem if what our policy is only structured around producer incentives. Finally, if we are going to look at this we need to figure out how competition is actually going to work and be prepared to intervene on a regulatory level to make competition work. We need to get rid of these, you know, level playing field and technological neutrality. This is not a football game. Reality matters, technologies are different. People use and access this stuff in different ways and it's important how they do so. If you are going to rely on a competition you have to, you ask if you want competition or not or are you just in love with the theory. Finally we need to recognize we may need to encourage other potential broadband delivery forms directly T name Internet was built on government subsidy and contract and volunteer labor. The first backbones were built through government subsidy. A lot of this stuff has been built using different types of economic models that encourage volunteerism and mutual cooperation. We ought to start thinking about what are we going to need to do to make it possible for those things to happen and not just worry about the incentives for the players that we all recognize as the biggest players in the room. Thank you. Thank you, Harold. Our next speaker will be Christopher Putala, the Executive Vice President of Public Policy of EarthLink. Thanks for the opportunity to participate with the panel today. Happy Valentine's Day to all. I've got to read a written statement I would like to submit. Let me summarize, Chris Putala, Executive Vice President for public policy at EarthLink. By way of introduction, EarthLink is the nation's largest independent service provider. In a publicly traded company based in Atlanta, Georgia. We are proud to provide Internet access to more than 5 million customers around the country. We provide these services through a wide variety of methods, DSL, dial-up, cable modem commercial wireless, WiFi, broadband over power line and anything else we can come up with to bring the Internet to consumers. We are the leading owner and operator of municipal WiFi networks, offering service on networks that we own, build and operate, in Philadelphia, New Orleans, Milpitas, and Anaheim, California. With service coming soon to Alexandria, Virginia, Atlanta, Georgia, Houston, Texas, Pasadena and San Francisco. We partner in 11 markets to rent unbundled loops from the incumbent telephone company and then combine those with our own electronics to provide a wicked fast DSL product at up to 8 megabits per second, significantly faster than DSL offerings at 1.5 and 3.0. We also buy broadband from cable and incumbent telephone companies where they will agree to sell to us. We are an investor in broadband over power line technologies, and Helio, as was pointed out, our mobile wireless joint venture with Korea's S.K. Telecom is on the cutting edge of wireless data offerings. In short we're well positioned to comment on the current and future state of competitive alternatives for consumer broadband. I want to start by pointing out we're all parties to the Net Neutrality debate agree. That is the willingness of all of us to invoke regulation when we are on the short end of someone else's market power. Unfortunately we're having this debate because some of us say hands off when they have market power. For example, when the bells go to enter television markets they recognize they need access to content if they are to have a fighting chance to compete against cable. No TV offerings in Philadelphia would have much of a chance without being able to offer a Philly's game. So they take advantage of nondiscriminatory television neutrality rules, also known as program access rules. Last year, for example, Verizon filed a complaint at the FCC under these rules to get access to broadcast the Yankees in New York. I'm a Red Sox fan but I still think the folks in New York should be able to see the Yankees on as many competitive alternatives as the market can provider. Similarly when cable provides telephone service, they recognize they are not going to have very good luck starting a new telephone service, if their customers can't send and receive calls to the millions of Bell company telephone customers. Wireless came to the same recognition more than a decade ago. So Cable & Wireless take advantage of laws requiring nondiscriminatory telephone neutrality, also known as interconnection rules. I respectfully suggest that these same open access nondiscrimination goals guide policymakers as they consider appropriate policies for Internet access. Incumbents with a strangle hold on vital inputs should not decide who can sell television, telephone or Internet services. This is the fundamentally point of television neutrality, telephone neutrality and Internet neutrality. This brings us fairly squarely to the first key question addressed to this panel. Is this market still a duopoly? In other words, are there anti-competitive strangle holds on vital inputs? The answer to this foundational question, as it was when the FCC examined the AOL Time Warner merger said yes. It is an especially resounding yes when broadband is evaluated, as it must be, not as a single product market but as multiple product markets. Let's just look at the FCC's recent broadband report as of June, 2006. Over 93% of all broadband is provided by a cable company or an incumbent telephone company. That's 60 million out of 64 million lines nationwide. The much Heralded independent alternatives are still tiny. EarthLink and others fields of optimism are working hard from making them from tiny to small to medium to big but they are still tiny. Broadband over power line, for example, nationwide, 5,208 lines. Six wireless is only about 360,000 lines nationwide. Mobile wireless not affiliated with an ILEK serves less than 2 million total broadband lines. The numbers are worse when broken down by speed, the crucial ingredient for consumer Internet access. For lines between 2.5 megabits per second and 10 megabits per second, just 19,8027 out of more than 29,500,000 are served by fixed or mobile wire, satellite or broadband over power lines. That means that 99.93% of this fast category, 2.5 to 10.0 are almost all of those 30 million lines are served by DSL, cable modem are fiber. Not enough evidence? Let's look at pricing data. One hallmark of a duopoly is duopolists don't compete vigorously on price. We see that today, too. You don't have to take my word for it. Investment analyst Sanford Bernstein has written that Comcast cable modem average revenue per unit has not declined and has in fact slightly increased over the past two years, increasing from $42.91 up a month to 43.14 per month T Sanford Bernstein report goes on to observe, the owe "The broadband market has proven less price sensitive and cost elastic than once imagined as consumers have been willing to trade price for speed. In English this means we can't just look at all broadband as being equal or even competing with one another. For example, this is why, as Mike pointed out, commercial wireless broadband offerings appear to actually be competitive. We're seeing price decreases, we're seeing a robust wholesale market, one of the reasons that our joint venture Helio can exist, but that does not mean that we're seeing that same kind of competitiveness. In fact, we're seeing the opposite in the high-speed broadband residential market. For EarthLink this means as we go to compete with Comcast and Verizon in Philadelphia, we're going to try to offer both our municipal WiFi broadband service with symmetrical speeds of about a Meg up and down, as well as our 8 megabits ADSL 2 plus or wicked fast broadband service that requires us to have access to Verizon's unbundled loops T point remains because we have a bell cable duopoly market, there is a need for equal access protection, nondiscrimination rules so the powerful incumbent cannot put their thumb on the scale of Internet competition. When a few control key inputs regulatory action is justified. To insure these inputs are supplied on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms, that's what holds for television neutrality, that's what holds for telephone neutrality, that's what ought to hold for Internet neutrality. Unfortunately and because of the frustration of anyone seeking comprehensive, effective and competition-based answers to Internet neutrality, some actually want the FCC to run head long down a path of reinforcing duopoly, particularly in the higher speed broadband offering by forbearing from loop unbundling which is critical to EarthLink's and many other innovators' access to using new electronics on old wires to provide faster, better and competitive broadband offerings. Any solution to Net Neutrality must expand and certainly you must not shrink the full range of competitive alternatives to the cable and incumbent telephone companies across the full range of broadband markets. That's why municipal WiFi broadband is a critical part of the network of Net Neutrality solution. Similarly any solutions continuing to allow companies such as EarthLink to get excel to unbundled copper loops so we can provide the super fast, wicked fast broadband services to more and more consumers. If competitive offerings are not encouraged and developed, this commission will almost inevitably be drawn into regulation of the duopoly. As this commission has set forth, it has jurisdiction overbroad band connectivity and everyone should be aware and watch very closely, this agency has already testified twice before Congress to oppose measures that would effectively extend the common carrier exemption to broadband. Finally, as this commission is also well aware, even competitive markets only can function well if consumers are well informed. Consumers need to know what they are buying. Thus any broadband connectivity provider that limits access to or provides -- or prefers specific Internet applications or content should be required to disclose those limitations or preferences clearly to consumers. Just yesterday commissioner Liebowitz commented and I quote. The fourth freedom is particularly important to us at the FTC. Some of the most critical issues regarding the Internet involve transparency and disclosure. Will carriers slow down or interfere with applications or services? If so, will consumers be told about this before they sign up? To my mind, failure to disclose such material terms or conditions should be considered unfair, deceptive and in violation of the FTC act. Does anyone disagree with that? Okay. We have unanimity. The fourth freedom, that's recall what the fourth Internet freedom is. Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers, application and service providers, and content providers. I hope the unanimity of yesterday continues today. In closing, robust competition and full consumer disclosure can break the duopoly and to paraphrase Chairman Majoras, protect consumers through the market. But those robust competitive alternatives have to be allowed to exist. Thank you, and I look forward to your questions. John Thorne next. The vice president, deputy General Counsel of Verizon. Jeff, thank you. It's a pleasure to be here. Welcome all you who braved the ice and those who are at home by your warm fires. In addition to working at Verizon I also am an adjunct professor at Columbia University and last fall had a chance to teach at Georgetown which gave me a parking place this morning. Grateful for that. And so if I sound a little bit academic, I apologize in advance for that. Move the microphone closer? Thanks. Over the past 10 years the policy of Congress and the federal communications commission has been to encourage investment and innovation in broadband networks. This policy has been wildly successful. We have witnessed over the past decade one of the largest infrastructure deployments in history. Prices have dropped, service quality has improved and new technologies have been deployed. Unless policies makers reverse course by adopting pro regulatory approaches that have been labeled variously as Net Neutrality. It's no accident that the broadband revolution started on cable TV systems. They began life already lightly regulated with their new services and in the 1996 telecom act they were relieved of some additional regulations that had constrained them. This enabled cable operators to gain Wall Street's backing for a rough number is $100 billion of investment to convert their one-way pipes into two-way broadband pipes. For a while cable had the field to itself because phone companies and others were subject to a regulatory regime that imposed sharing obligations and price regulation on their networks. Lifting those regulations in 1996 and the subsequent years that the FCC has led to accelerated phone company broadband investments. DSL deployment in particular has ramped up sharply in the years following deregulation of DSL is now catching up to cable. The DSL challenge in turn led to the cable companies investing more in their networks to offer faster speeds. Comcast, just about two weeks ago announced it's going to invest $5.7 billion in infrastructure for 2007, which exceeded the analysts' expectations for that company. Now the phone companies have moved to the next generation of their products. Verizon is spending $18 billion to deploy a fiber to the premise network called FIOS which will eventually reach 18 million customers by the end of 2010. If you look, for example, at the consumer reports issue that came out last month it urges you, if you can get it, to get FIOS, the best product available. Providing over 10 megabits per second with new versions to come that will offer up to 100 megabits per second of capacity. A tornado -- AT&T, one of the other telephone companies in the country is spending $4.6 billion over three years to deploy a fiber to the node network to 19 million homes. Meanwhile you heard a little bit from Mike, but it's a clear thing that wireless companies are now accelerating their offerings of 3G broadband technology. Verizon's EVDO broadband wireless network now reaches 200 million people with broadband Internet access speeds up to two megabits per second. The FCC's most recent report to Congress on wireless competition said that for the first time in years America's wireless networks had caught up with and surpassed the European wireless networks in terms of speed and coverage. Fixed wireless, you heard Chris talk a little bit about his company's efforts in that there a fixed wireless has now become a viable broadband alternative. WiMAX provides speeds up to 156 megabits per second, 30 miles. Clear wire Intel not on the panel but they could have been is offering WiMAX in 30 cities and expanding. Tower stream is offering WiMAX in six metropolitan areas. Last August Sprint announced by the end of 2008 it expects to spend $3 billion to build a nationwide WiMAX network to provide customers access in the range of 2 to 4 megabits per second. Some estimates are that there are now 40,000 WiFi hot spots in America today which is more than in any other country on the planet. There are several hundred US municipalities in the process of installing citywide WiFi networks, already 65 cities have such networks. Some of the municipal WiFi networks include the ones that Chris's company is deploying, Google is deploying, and those now often are supported in part by vertically integrated content such as advertiser supported search in Google's case in order to make the service more affordable to consumers. In San Francisco, for example, Google will be the exclusive provider of content at the present time on the advertiser-supported services that it and EarthLink plan to offer. There are now three satellite companies investing substantially to improve their nationwide broadband coverage. They offer speeds comparable to the most widely purchased DSL offerings. Recent technology advances have aloud broadband every power lines which has become in many places a feasible access alternative. Google-backed current technologies is rolling out BPL in Texas and Ohio. The current speeds are in the range of 3 megabits per second, but the next generation is offering speeds as high as Verizon's files, 100 megabits per second. Other power companies have started their deployments as well. Cumulatively this is a massive program of private investment and innovation. Verizon for the past three years running has become the number one capital spender in the country. This actually amazed me. I put it on a slide so you can see it, too. If you go through who would you think is spending the most in capital in America, General Electric, the big oil companies, GM, Ford, Intel, this is a list of the biggest. Verizon for three years has been the number 1 capital spender in the United States. There is no more cutting edge technology than the broadband networks we're building today. My friends watching this in California will say to themselves that they are the ones that are high tech and that the Verizon guys that are the guys that wear the hard- hats and get the dirt under their fingers nails digging trenches in the street. But the science we are deploying in our broadband networks-T enabling universes of video, data and voice with the reliability of the old phone system, the science and technology is truly leading edge whiz-bang stuff. I took over at Verizon, the electrical property group and we have so far today been awarded 2,500 patents on the innovations that go into this network with another 1,000 patents pending. Unlike most historic infrastructure projects of this scale, when we make these huge investments, we are not being granted exclusive franchises and we are not being publicly funded. We're rolling out these networks in the teeth of fierce competition and extraordinary technological risk. When Verizon puts its fiber down the street it costs us $800 past each home, another $840 to connect a home that actually takes the service. We spend the money to pass the home but we don't know whether the customer is going to buy broadband service at all or buy it from us. Competitors make these large and risky investments for the opportunity to earn a return commensurate with the risk. That includes having the freedom to innovate, differentiate and make commercially sensible decisions needed to compete and win in the market. The core element of the Net Neutrality advocacy campaign, the central premise of the whole theory is that phone and cable companies have a chokehold on the last mile of Internet access and that we're really talking about just a duopoly. You've heard that a couple of times this morning. The Net Neutrality advocates claim that cable and phone companies can and will use this alleged choke hold to limit the ability of upstream content and application providers to reach end users and thus skew competition by favoring some and disfavoring others. I hope I've stated the case for the other side correctly. Not quite. But we can talk about that during the Q&A. But that case isn't true. We have made clear when consumers buy Internet access capacity from us they should be able to reach any lawful website they want to get to with that capacity and we do not and will not block, degrade or interfere with consumers' access to any website. No phone company or cable company has the market power to injury competition, among content and application providers. Now, the first place the assertion that this market is a duopoly is a gross misrepresentation T broadband market is fiercely competitive today and is on a trajectory, clearly on a trajectory to an ever more competitive market. Consumers have multiple choices. You've heard some this morning of access providers and the choices are not going away. They are expanding. According to the FCC's numbers, 87% of zip codes, that's almost 9 out of 10, have three or more broadband choices, 2/3 have five or more choices, 1/5, and increasing have 10 or more choices. Broadband prices do not reflect market power. Prices are falling even as speeds are increasing. The DSL average prices have fallen by nearly 30% in three years, and by nearly 50% for a given speed. Cable modem prices have decreased 70% in three years on a per megabit per second basis. More importantly, this is probably the most important novel idea I've got that I want to impress upon you. Regulation advocates are, when they talk about a duopoly are engaging in a sleight of hand about what the relevant market should be, when you think about this. The question is not what's the range of choices for an end user in a particular locality. That is the power of the last mile owner has over some local end user. That's not the question. The broadband regulation argument hinges on the power that the last mile owner can exert over the upstream content suppliers. That's not just a national market. That's a global market. Let me show you a picture on this. The top US Web sites generate much more traffic from outside the US than from within the US. Google, Wikipedia, MSN, Yahoo!, eBay, Amazon, they can reach anybody who uses the Internet in the US or in the world. Verizon for its part, to take an example, is only providing consumer broadband access in a fraction of the country where it has local phone facilities. So whatever Verizon's market share might be looked at from the point of view from an end user in a particular locality, it's no more than about 12% on a US basis or 2% on a US basis of the broadband lines that are looked at from the point of view of the content providers. So does Verizon have the ability to prevent Google or eBay or these others from reaching end users when the most we could do is temporarily shut off a couple percent of the end users they can see? The bottom line is due to the fractured structure of this industry, no last mile provider has any power over the market for distribution of content and applications. There is no single broadband provider that's got that kind of power. It may be more important no broadband provider has an incentive to limit their end user's experience on the public Internet. What we are selling is precisely the capacity to reach all lawful content and applications. Broadband providers are motivated to maximize the content and applications available to our customers because doing that maximizes the value of our network, and the sales we can make. As we've seen over the past decade, regulation deters competition and innovation. But removing regulatory barriers and thus create together freedoms to invest, differentiate and earn a profit encourages competition and innovation. The deregulatory policies adopted by the FCC and Congress are working. I urge this commission to support those policies and thank you. Thanks for the random comments, too. Thank you, John. Our next speaker will be Scott Wallsten, the Senior Fellow and Director, Communications Policy Studies, the Progress and Freedom Foundation. Scott. Thank you. I assume this has been turned into the first slide. Okay. Thanks very much for having me here. I do have a Ph.D. in economics so I hope the comments are still relevant, although as a Ph.D. economist, Howard, I think you must have missed a few days of econ101 class. I'm sorry, you should have equal opportunity to take a dig at me later and I'm sure you'll follow up on that. So I'm going to talk about broadband competition in the United States. Now, often these debates start with this comparison showing the US looking relatively bad compared to OECD countries in terms of broadband penetration. Sometimes people talk about speeds too. Right now I guess the current rank suggestion 12th. But I think these statistics are actually completely misleading, and they create a false sense of urgency which leads us ultimately to really bad policies. But the real question we should be asking first is is there a market failure, and if so, will intervention yield any -- yield net benefits. That's where this discussion should start. So you know, what is the evidence on that? Well, going from the most recent FCC data which was released just at the very end of January and goes through June, 2006, we see that the number of high speed lines increased by, I think it's 26% in six months. And so this trend is just continuing as sort of evidence of good investment. Now, we know about the problems with the FCC data that broadband is defined as at least 200 kilobytes per second which few people would call broadband. OEDC has the same problem, they define there's as 256 kilobytes per second. But the evidence suggests that investment is continuing fast and the FCC is beginning to collect a tax on speeds and I think now it's something like 65% of all these lines have at least 2.5 megabits per second. I'm not exactly sure about the number, it's around 60, 65%. More important is to look at the number of platforms that are being offered. All of the economic evidence, the empirical research on the question of determinants of broadband build-out show the importance of competition and especially facilities-based, platform-based competition in encouraging build-out and investment. When you look at -- when you look at the breakdown you begin to see some really good things happening. It's still dominated by cable and DSL. There is no question about that. But we begin to see wireless as its own platform coming up, 11 million lines now as of June, 2006, it's got to be a lot more now, were mobile wireless. And we begin to see fiber coming out, I think in the June, 2006 data there were only about 700,000 fiber lines. I think Verizon has about that many by itself now so that number has got to be much bigger. Now, the other piece of evidence, the other one other piece of evidence from the FCC data on the state of the market is the share of zip codes with as least so many providers. We know the problem with the zip code data, the problem being basically if one provider has one customer in a zip code that zip code is counted as having a provider. It's hard to know exactly how many people are served in the zip code. It's a big problem. People at the FCC are aware of this problem bust it's still right now the best information we have. I wouldn't use it to give a specific number, but it gives you some general trends about availability, and you see that the share with zero providers has gone almost to zero. The number that share zip codes with three or more keeps going up and up. This is evidence of investment, even if, you know, you wouldn't take this to say that 90% of the population has access, which one might. So in general what we are seeing in this market is huge amounts of investments. We've seen this, I mean nearly every speaker has talked about this. Verizon has pledged $18 billion, I guess T-Mobile has pledged $2.7 billion, $5.7 billion by Comcast, and I forget. There were lots of these numbers going, being thrown out. So we see lots of investment in broadband, in broadband infrastructure in the US. And that's what is keep to improving broadband service. Nothing can happen without investment, and so when are you looking for market failure that's one of the things you might look for. Now, in looking at what would be the optimal sort of supply and price of broadband or quality or however you want to describe it, we've been talking mostly about supply of broadband. And what technologies are available, and what it takes to put them there. But there is also demand, and people don't talk about demand very often. But demand obviously is a critical part of broadband, not everybody wants blazing wicked fast Internet because they are not willing to pay for it and there is no reason why they should have to. Lots of things actually reduce demand for broadband. One of them is dial-up connections. A lot of people still use dial-up. Now, when you hear lots of people say that, they say oh, this is such a terrible thing, so many people are using dial-up. To the extend that people us dial-up and they want broadband and are willing to pay for it and can't get it that could represent a problem. But most people who have dial-up say that they have no interest in broadband connections according to the Pughe Internet American trust foundation in a recent survey they did. 60% have no interest in broadband. Obviously that's going to change as prices continue to come down and content available on line increases, so that market is going to slowly disappear. But it's still there, it's pretty substantial. So that's actually a good thing. That reduces demand for broadband because there is another choice that people love broadband and want wicked blazing fast Internet for everybody don't like but this is an option for some people who have currently no interest in broadband. So that's to the extent that they could have broadband and don't, that 60%, for example, that's fine. Now, another way, because people are stupid, it's a market failure? Let's give the panelist the courtesy of not interrupting. (inaudible) freedom foundation has had a speaking slot. I'm asking you to give the panelist the courtesy of not interrupting him. I'd be happy to talk to you afterwards, if you would like. But I believe that allowing consumers to express their own preferences and purchase what they want is actually a good thing. Now, local franchising for Internet television also means that the difficulties in getting franchises, also reduces demand, it reduces -- it makes it more costly to supply the services because it's hard to get those franchises but it reduces demand for those services, and that reduces it in a bad way. One of the comparisons that people like to talk about is Japan and France, for example these days as examples of very good broadband service. But one thing that people don't often mention is that broadband providers were allowed to provide television service over those lines right away. There is enormous demand for television. People like to watch TV. The more content can you get over those lines the more demand there will be for that service. By not allowing, by making it difficult to provide television over those services, reduces demand. And that also helps keep broadband penetration and investment down. Now, there isn't an obvious market failure here but policies of course still matter a lot. And the objective that we should be going for is of course competition. All of the evidence, all of the empirical evidence shows the importance of competition in broadband build-out. One of the things we should do is continue to reduce entry barriers and one of the most promising ways is through wireless competitors and the FCC should continue to release spectrum into the market. The AWF auction was hugely successful in terms of both the existing providers getting more spectrum and with new providers who hadn't yet been into -- been able to provide voice service or 3G service getting more spectrum to be able to provide these. There is an upcoming 700 megahertz auction, which the 700 megahertz band has especially good propagation characteristics for broadband so we might expect to see a lot of broadband coming out of that and we continue to move spectrum into the market because we don't know what firms don't exist yet that would want to provide service, we don't know what services they want to provide. That's one way to continue to promote entry into this market much course you want to remove demand barriers. That's where franchise reform gets to be very very important. Well, I'm not advertising the break. But basically in these questions when are you looking at a regulation the first thing you want to do is see whether there appears to be a market failure F there is a market failure you want to target your policy or regulation very very clearly at that problem and make sure that you at least expect that the net benefits would exceed the costs. And in this market so far given this huge amount of investment, the increasing speeds reduce -- the price that is continue to come down, it's hard to see where there is a market failure and the key going forward is to insure that there -- that all of these firms face robust competition. That's it. Thank you. Thank you, Scott. I think we have some written questions that we've asked you to pass up to the front here. In the meantime while -- and I am going to ask that the questions be written and we're not going to recognize anybody from the audience, just as a courtesy to those who have taken the time to write down their questions. Let me start while we're gathering those from the audience with just a question, quick question for each of the panelists and Michael, just starting back with you. With Net Neutrality regulation have any unique effects in your view on the provision of wireless broadband service? We think they would have unique effects and they would be negative. The whole nature of neutral service of a common carrier system is really inconsistent with the way consumers are choosing their wireless broadband services today. For example, as I mentioned and others as well, there are multiple facilities based broadband networks. There are multiple MVNOs that offer a wide range of specialized content, unique content and specialized devices and handsets that are differentiated and allow them to focus on meeting the needs of very specific segments of the market, instead of making everybody drive a Chevrolet we have Cadillacs and Volkswagens to use in an old example. And we also have a much wider range of devices, screen sizes, operating systems, keyboards, all that sort of thing, which requires customization of content for applications to run. Many of you will have downloaded Google maps and perhaps Google's G mail regardless of what your wireless carrier is, it can be done by the applications developer to make the user experience the same overall platform. It also can be done through aggregators. We also have, and have on my BlackBerry pearl a choice of walled garden and open Internet Web browsers, so there hasn't been any lack of choices, any market failure, and with regulation always comes unintended consequences. Harold, let me turn one over to you. In your view how does media consolidation affect the Net Neutrality issue? Okay. See, now this is problematic because I'd love to respond to this one because I should actually answer the question that was asked so I'll try to do both. Let's try to give time at the end because I think we'll have time to respond to any of the responses. I recognize when we have limited time we can't have the up fun debate we would like to have if we were doing this in a bar. The media consol -- consolidation issue goes into one of the factors that I tried to highlight earlier, which is very much about you can't just segment out a narrow bit of the market, and you have to look at all of the interrelated factors that are impacting the negotiations among these companies, what's going on among them, not just in terms of where the subsidies are because I'll tell you, cable is a great example. They are able to raise their rates every year despite having the most profitable, you know, every year their per subscriber numbers go up and they can still raise their rates. I may have skipped a few days of econ101 but that doesn't sound like they live in a competitive video market and that level of consolidation helps them subsidize other things like their broadband companies. That's one factor that needs to be considered. Two other things that are about the media consolidation issue are important here. One is people are looking to broadband. Again, this comes from a touchy feely first amendment civic engagement guy not from the econmarket failure world. But a lot of people are excited and interested about broadband because of its potential to allow real communication with each other, and if you look at the study that the Pughe project on the Internet American life did on the 2006 election you will see that particularly where people have broadband in their homes, that really affects the way they behave, and that is not something that is dealt with as a means of, you know, provider incentives and it is something that is severely impacted if we allow the carriers to pier and replicate the mainstream media environment which so drives up the cost of political advertising and direct contact with one another in the broadband environment that is trying to -- that is being driven in no small part because people see it as an anteed to that sort consolidation. Finally there is one other point about media consolidation here which is significant to make, which is that the level of huge cross dealings that becomes necessary in order to attract the attention of the larger carriers. You know, absolutely right. There are these differentiated deals being made all the time. One per customer, which I'm glad they think is enough for me to have. So Cingular makes a deal with MySpace and Rupert Murdoch because Rupert Murdoch is a big fish and can get their attention and can cut a deal for MySpace. I happen to use a social networking site called live journal which is a much smaller open source shop. They are never going to be able to get the same kind of deal. And that is in no small part because when Cingular is negotiating with Rupert Murdoch it's not just because they are negotiating for MySpace. They are also talking about access to video content and all these other things. So to just ignore all these external factors and pretend that we can segment this without any regard to the rest of the media environment is going to produce very bad policy results and ignore evidence of market failures. Let me try to switch over to some of the questions that we received from our audience to make sure we cover as many of those as possible. And some of these are not directed at a particular person, so I'll try to spread them out a little bit. So Christopher, maybe if you could take a shot at this one. Why can't consumers get cheap super high speed broadband from Verizon, EarthLink or other companies like Japanese consumers can? What is the problem, what is taking so long to deliver super fast access? Well, think that one of the important policy deals struck in the past at the FCC is the new wires, new rules, old wires, old rules concept. Some would argue that the new wires new rules allowed greater incentives for investment in fiber. That's all well and good. Might have happened anyway and this is just the regulatory frosting. But seems to me that's sort of a decision that's water over the dam. The crucial thing that I try to focus on is holding to the old wires, old rules. In essence, EarthLink, as other companies, are in the process of making their own investments in technologies that you put into the central office, that still require access, unbundled loops from the central office back to the home. And with this new electronics we can in fact using old wires bring wicked fast broadband to consumers. We're rolling this out now in 11 cities around the country. We believe that with this new electronics DSL 2 plus, that we can offer a DSL service that's up to 8 megabits of a significant fast product. This is the kind of combination of regulatory scheme and investment plans that have worked in Europe and Japan. And I think, look, this entire panel has talked about, you know, more competition is better. We've differed about how much competition is there. For the entire panel and many panels yesterday discussed more competition is better. It seems to me the last thing we should do is we try to advance this debate forward is go back on the old rules, old wires, old rules deal, try to unscramble that egg, and in effect limit the ability of competitors to put more wicked fast broadband options out there for consumers. John, you did receive a couple of specific questions. Let me throw one out at you. What will Net Neutrality rules stop Verizon from doing? In other words, how will those rules limit Verizon's incentive to invest? There are so many flavors of proposed network neutrality rules that this would be a long answer to go through even a few of them. But let me give you an example. Suppose Verizon and Johns Hopkins university wanted to roll out a medical product that required some network upgrades. Runs on the basic FIOS, fiber platform, connects people who have FIOS to the university and some of the medical facilities, and allows new medical technologies to proceed without bringing the people back and forth to the hospital, making them wait in the waiting room for long periods. To make that work Johns Hopkins might be willing and interested in helping to fund the technology, and Verizon for its part would be very eager to engage in a cooperative venture. And we would strike a one off deal to get this started and we would install additional infrastructure and Johns Hopkins would install stuff on its part and it might pay for part of this or maybe there would be a joint grant to help pay for it. Some of the flavors of Net Neutrality proposals would say you can't do that. Only consumers can pay for this. Not until you've done it for all consumers may any consumer have the benefit of an improved service. So again, I have trouble -- you sort of have to start with a view of what is Net Neutrality require and then what might it inhibit? It's certainly true that when telephone companies were restrained in the pre 1996 act period, you saw a lot less investment, a lot less development of the fast infrastructure. Cable companies, when they were afraid of whatever they dedicated to broadband access, they were afraid that it was going to be subject to similar rules. There had been a decision in the ninth circuit in the Portland case that said maybe one cable dedicates part of its capacity to broadband that it would be seized with common carrier-like obligations. That seemed to deter cable investment. You lift the restrictions and you see people investing in this space. So if you want faster service and more places, I think we all do, then, you know, Net Neutrality is just a long way to go. It's the wrong way to go. Scott, one from the audience for you. Where do you stand on designating white spaces and TV band as unlicensed? I haven't thought a lot about the white spaces shy in particular. In general I believe that licensed uses are better. Companies are -- seem to be much more willing to invest. When they purchase the license and they know they can use that spectrum, now, that actually brings -- I mean that's an interesting question. I don't want to say anything about white space in particular. But in general I think the evidence shows the huge value of licensed spectrum. I would like to I think, take this chance to talk about one of the uses of WiFi which is unlicensed spectrum on the muni WiFi question, just to take a different controversial one. And it seems to have become different than what people thought it would be a couple years ago. It's turned into a business model as we see now, EarthLink, for example, and Google trying to do this. And one thing that I wonder with this is if we're going to do this, why would you grant a license to -- why would you allow only one company to do this? Why would you allow only one company to have access to the telephone poles or whatever it is that you need? I mean competition is good, so I don't know why you would want to create, allow only one firm to operate in this space now. If I could have a comment on that, EarthLink is in the process going to cities around the country, and partnering with them to build WiFi clouds that cover entire municipalities. We then offer a variety of services within that, some free tiers as well as some paid tiers. I will node that in many of these cities it is in fact not an exclusive deal. We have an arrangement that if we build out the entire city, you know, we get to do it but this does not stop another provider from coming in, and also building out. I'll note that for one. The other important thing that EarthLink has committed to do as we talk the talk and walk the walk is that we have committed to an open access wholesale market. We are offering, committed to offering to as many local ISPs, to AOL, to anyone else who wants to sell capacity on our WiFi necks networks, the ability to get the same nondiscriminatory, very reasonable wholesale pricing so that they can make an offering, they can go out to consumers, use their creativity to bring customers to our network. So I think that sort of is the penultimate form of Net Neutrality is to have a robust wholesale market that you make your network available to, and that's what EarthLink is executing today. Harold, let me ask you a specific one that came from the audience but then at the end of that you indicated you indicated an interest of responding to comments one or two panelists have made. Let me give you the opportunity to do that as you please. The question from the audience is many panelists have argued two- wire line prod band providers plus four wireless providers offer inadequate choice and should be regulated under Net Neutrality but there is no city that has more than two daily newspapers and many have fewer. Why shouldn't newspapers be regulated. Let me take this in a couple of ways. This is what my slide show is about. Is that I wish it were this easy, you know, I wish we could just compare different things together and say newspapers are like the Internet and we could ignore all these other factors. But it's not. You know, and all of the side shows that we're having about newspapers and search engines and this and this and that are all, you know, frankly sideshows. They don't get to the questions that you really got to dig into and ask about. Like a lot of the people yesterday frankly, I am quite happy to say I am not terribly happy with all of the information that I've got to make a occasion decision. It's just that in balancing out all of the factors that concern me, including frankly something we haven't talked about much which is the danger of regulating too late, that once there is billions of dollars in investment in explicitly into this technology to differentiate as we saw when we tried to reregulate cable in 1992 to cure the market failure. There was not a lot that we could really do other than tweak the edges. So, you know, you can't just say oh, well, six, that sounds like a good number. Let's see how this is going to work out. You can't ignore the fact that wireless is different from what you got residentially in your home. It's a different speed. It works in different ways T reason why a lot of people get both is because they like the mobility of wireless and are willing to live with the lack of certain access and certain functionalities in this for the mobility stuff that they like, but they also really want the existing openness in the wire line world so they also subscribe at home, especially if they care about things like going upstream, not just downstream which is another one of these things that we haven't talked about. I'm about to switch, just to take my own personal example that will illustrate switching cost and a few things, my wife so does not want to have to change her email address that we have stuck with really bad DSL connection, but we'll do it when FIOS is deployed in our neighborhood because speed is really important and explicitly upstream speed, because one of our big uses right now for video is not to do pier to pier downloading of movies but is to send my mother-in-law with MS and my mother with Parkinson's video clips of our son. And the fact that it takes forever to upload those means that I'm very reluctant to make videos that are more than a minute or two in order to send them because it takes forever. Now, I'm glad that you think that you are offering me enough on here that I should consider that to be equivalent an I'm glad that you all think that offering asymmetric products is good enough for me to want to do that but certainly I'm sitting here and I can't vote with my feet on the right product because there is no right product out there. So while I'm sure that doesn't look like a market failure because I'm actually buying DSL, you know, I'm kind of stuck. I'd like other things. I'm not getting them, and nobody else can provide them because of all of these other market factors and all of these other things that figure out, including the need to license federal spectrum, you know, access to these lines, all of these other factors. So to pretend that this is the same thing as brands of soup or cereal or even, like, unrelated newspaper issues where frankly we care a great deal about who owns what in the newspaper world and how that impacts our democracy, is at best to miss the point and at worst to come up with incredibly bad policies based on deliberate and will full -- blindness. Can I ask you a follow-up question? All of these things of course take money and lots of investment. And even you said investment incentives matter. We might differ on that. All the investment that's going on now, where is all the extra money going to come from? Who is going to spend it? Who would you like to spend more? Who is not investing fairly? I would love to answer that. Thank you very much. That is a great question. So where is all the extra money going to come from to do all of this stuff? Because we all know we live in a world where all this takes money. Right? There are a couple of different answers to this question. One is that it turns out there is a lot that can be done to provide really good broadband, especially at the residential level, that doesn't take a lot of money. Some of it has to do with unlicensed spectrum of which I'm a huge fan, and what is going on under the surface at the community wireless level, not just municipal, but where you have individuals who are coming in and unwiring neighborhoods on a volunteer basis where you have these projects, nonprofits coming in and doing that, where people are coming in and putting in 45 megabit per second symmetric dirt cheap, or free. Now, there are costs to that on another level because there are certain -- I'm not saying that's the ultimate answer because there are problems in that deployment model, too. I'm just saying that if you only focus on producer models and you go back to this notion of oh, well, we've got to have big companies to invest in this, because that's the only way that this stuff gets done, I say hogwash because I see it happening at other levels and maybe it will not ramp up ultimately but I'd sure like to give it a chance to do that. The other option, of course, is always in other forms of incentives. This is universal service which nobody wants to get away from, but the plain fact is one of the reasons why we have a USF and one of the things we've always hoped to do with that is to say okay, fine. We recognize that regulation is going to make -- is going to reduce producer incentive at some level. So as a society we'll make up for it because we care about the people in fly over country, the Native Americans, the people in those neighborhoods that you don't want to serve, you know. As a country we care about that. That has, and the decision to do that has impacts or not impacts. I want to flip the question on its head. It's basic econ101. You can tell me if I was nodding off that day. It seems to me it's basic econ101 that producers incentives work where the ascentive IT actually aligned with the revenue stream, that it is only worth it to invest in delivery of more speed, where that is the direct payoff. When we're talking about things like differentiation, you have in fact created a counter incentive. There is an incentive to maintain scarcity because I will sell that scarcity. We see this all the time. This is how political advertising works on TV. Advertising time is scarce, so I can charge people who desperately want to communicate through that channel and an awful lot of money. As elections and other things come around I raise the price because I know that those guys have to buy the advertising in order to reach people. Now, that happens a collateral effect. That really means that we end up with a particular sort of electoral system that puts a great emphasis on the ability to raise money and all the collateral effects that that entails. That's not in economic terms a market failure. I do argue that it is a societal failure and that as a broadband issue particularly where are looking at this as an antidote to this kind of stuff we need to be enormously concerned and prepared to make a tradeoff that maybe Verizon will be less likely to invest in certain areas in exchange to maintain a vibrant and healthy democracy. But that's just me. Let me ask a couple questions, both of which came from the audience and then ask any of the panelists who would like to jump in and give a shot at a response to do so. The first question is is the net different from IPTV? And the second one is is broadband a single product market or are there multiple product markets? Anybody like to take a shot at that? Any panel? I just had a long one. Let me start with the second one. I'm not sure if the broadband market is a single market or a cluster of markets. I'm pretty sure, though, that if you tried to define it today, a year from now it would look very different. When the FCC defined advance tuck communications capability, their jargon for broadband, they said 200 kilobytes per second was the dividing line. If you asked today people would say 200 kilobytes per second is kind of slow. You want something more like 10 megabits per second. If that's what it is today then tomorrow it's going to be faster. The speeds are going to increase and the capabilities are going to change. There was a regime put in place, first by the FCC and then by a Stanford law professor in 1982, bill Baxter, different Stanford law professor that you might have thought of at first with the help of Harold green, that tried to codify what was basic telephone service as of circa 1980, 82. They Drew a line and said that these kinds of connections would be what you call telephone service, and the bell system, this is back when the bell system was broken up. Things like what if you are not there, you can't answer the phone, can the phone system take a message for you? Judge Green and the FCC said no, no, no. If you keep the phone company out of taking a message, 1,000 flowers will bloom, community networks, all sorts of wonderful things will take messages instead. You'll have more competition, it will be a better wormed. The better world was $40 a month, only doctors could afford those sorts of answering services. When finally in 1986 a few years later the restriction on taking a message when you didn't answer the phone was, when that restriction was lifted it was available then cheap for a couple bucks a month and everybody bought it. It was a great thing. It held the cost of telephone service down because it was another thing telephone companies could sell and it was a lot cheaper and people were able to soak it up. In terms of features or speed or however you denote this market, it's going to change constantly. We've had enough experience now in talk in telecommunications to know better than to try to lock in place today's technology. Instead you should be encouraging the next generation of technology and you do that by letting lots of people try lots of things without restrictions. Anyone else want to give that a shot. I'll just amplify that last set. It's sort of a false choice. We're seeing what this panel has been discussing, a lot of different approaches, a lot of public, public private, private enterprises going out and deploying broadband, in all flavors, speeds, capabilities, and those that succeed are going to succeed precisely because they come closest to meeting consumers' needs for the services. If it's the co-op-based community networks, they are being built now, there is spectrum available because it's unlicensed. It's available throughout the country. If it's cable, if it's Telco, if it's wireless, let's say the most successful technology and enterprise succeed. That's what we should have. I just want to say something also. I think that's an excellent question. And maybe we should start it off with that. What exactly is this? What exactly is this market and how do you define it? This is something that the FCC and the DOJ and FTC will be debating not among themselves but for years. There are lots of different parts of the market that might matter for different types of products, depending on what it is you are talking about. I don't think it has any particular easy answer. You might have somebody in the future who wants to offer one service overbroad band, and then you know, are they called part of the broadband market. I don't know. I just want to say it's a good question and I think the diversity of opinions on what exactly is this market and what's available to consumers is a good thing right now. People should have choices. Let me tackle the first part of the question, because it will lead into the rest of that. On the question of is ITP different than the Internet, you know, who knows. In no small part because these terms have different meanings and again in no small part because of federal regulation. If you -- and you know, it's not only Net Neutrality advocates or whoever that are accused of wanting things two ways or whatever. The fact is telcos would understandably like ITP to be an unregulated information service including not having to get local franchise. They have arguments there. And they would like it to be a cable service for getting access to programming. God knows I understand that. They are not in the business of being consistent or protecting, you know, fundamental principles of law or economics or anything. They are out there trying to make money and they have good arguments with both which again boils it down to me that some of these questions start with the wrong premise. And one of the things as we segue into the second is that I hope people will agree with this, yes. The market definition question is critical. It is murky. It is unclear the nature of the markets or the related markets, and the question is what do we do now when we have to make a decision, not merely in the absence of perfect data, but in the absence of critical data. And here is where you get to your evaluations. Those who think regulation is inherently a bad thing and should only be done where it is necessary, will tell you that the best thing to do is to do no harm and not regulate. Those of us who perceive that there are things about the current system that are extremely at risk in the absence of regulation given the current environment and which cannot be recovered once they are gone and therefore fear regulation coming in too late argue the opposite. It's very easy to go from a nondiscriminatory system to a discriminatory system. If it turns out five years from now that's the wrong choice, you'll lift the regulation and you'll let people go play. By contrast, once the discrimination starts and gets into the system, once that becomes the acknowledged reality, once there are billions of dollars in investment in particular structures, history tells us that it is impossible to roll it back. My argument is that I don't, it's funny. I don't think a lot of us are disagreeing on some of the fundamentals. I think a lot of us are disagreeing on both the lens to view this and on what we should do with our uncertainty. Anybody else want to jump in on that? I'll add one more point. In talking about these markets, one thing people haven't mentioned yet is the multi sided nature of this market. That there is cop tent providers, and there is infrastructure providers and there is also a backbone and so on, and each side of the market affects the other and each side needs the other. And the thing that we know about two sided markets is that pricing isn't always the same on both sides. It's not optimal how these things should be priced. Consider the classic example. Credit cards where you have to have consumers and you have to have merchants but you are not going to charge them all the same things. You've got to induce one to participate in order to get the other. And that complicates any analysis as well, because it's not, you know, the market is even as complicated as it is to define as we've been saying, it's even more complicated because whatever you do on one side of the market is going to affect the other. I absolutely agree. And here is again why I think we should favor network neutrality rather than disfavor it, because to take to sided market example and the example I had earlier from the mobile phone singular striking a deal with MySpace, in a universe where each carrier will strike one deal, or maybe two deals or offer one of its own service, that's possibly 5, possibly 10 providers on the two sided market side. It's not a market failure. There was a negotiation, certain guys won in that market, certain guys lost in that market. On the other hand, right now we have thousands of these choices. Thousands of possible backlog social networking sites, all of these things made possible by the fact that they do not have to go through those negotiations because of the environment that exists now. And I see the danger of losing that is something extremely important and is not covered by models of economic efficiency or definitions of market failure. Let me just follow up quickly, because actually I believe the two sided market issue points to a reason to not impose network neutrality. People, I didn't -- I mean this is not the point of this panel but network neutrality proponents assume that the current setup we have right now is optimal for innovation. That it's optimal for creating innovation on the content side and innovation on the infrastructure side doesn't matter or they'll think of something for their incentives for investment. We don't know what. We don't know what the optimal side is. We don't know. Anybody who says they know the optimal pricing structure is wrong because we don't know it. There may be other systems that promote other types of innovation. We don't know what types of products haven't been -- haven't emerged because companies can't set up, you know, particular links to particular places. You know, what we have is one model, and there are many many others, and to say that the one we have is optimal is based on, you know, is not based on any particular analysis. You know, my problem is not that we might ultimately reject that as saying I don't think the benefits are necessarily worth it but the problem is that the framework that we are putting this in right now prevents that critical conversation. I just want to quickly make clear that these specialized arrangements that say MySpace may have with Helio or with singular, in no way prevents their users, users from getting to any website in any social networking site. If they wish I'll be happy to wager our lunch, Harold. I'll buy you lunch if you can't get to your preferred social networking site using my device. You can. There is no harm when you can go anywhere you want using your wireless device. I want to clarify something that as I listen to this. It seems like we have two very different problems and it would be helpful to distinguish the two. One is the question of do content and application providers have trouble reaching consumers through broadband now or broadband to be built? I don't hear any of that. I think it's just an irrefutable fact that there is no broadband provider that has got power, because they don't could the enough compared to the scope of what the content providers are trying to reach. But, on the other hand, the felled family needs faster access. The Feld family wants fast Internet access, Verizon wants to supply that. EarthLink wants to supply it, a bunch of other people want to supply it. If you impose regulations design to solve a problem upstream that doesn't exhibit and we're not talking about, you're going to do not something good for the felled family, you are going to deter people from building to the Felds. I think you should let us loose. One of the problems with that, though, John, is that Verizon is in fact seeking to get out of the unbundling rules which allow another competitor to add its own electronics, it's over new electronics to bring more competition in the higher speed space using the old infrastructure. So I hope you go back and take a hard look at your forbearance petition, recognize your words in favor of competition. You spoke of the trajectory of competition. This is a way that we can move forward. See, Chris, you are confusing things. I'm talking about building multiple networks so the Felds have choices. You are talking about we all want to share Verizon's networks so the Felds get one network with different name plates on I you've got a separate network you are rolling out through the cities using unlicensed spectrum. That's a good second network. I encourage you to work on that. If you think about differentiation of the marketplace, that there are WiFi networks are able to did about a Meg symmetrical up and down. It is not just simply rebranding or reselling your Verizon networks. What is access doing is taking the infrastructure that was built under a monopoly structure, old wires, old rules, the old copper loop built under protective price, guaranteed return on investment, that old copper loop from the home to the central office and then we got in new electronics, new DSL technology, it's not yours, you've restricted DSL technology to go no faster than 3.0, we want to pull out the latest, 8.0, take it to the central office back to the cloud. That is not simply reselling any service that Verizon is putting on the marketplace. That is simply taking advantage of the adage that you all came up with of old wires, old rules. I'd like to say one more thing to respond to what Harold said. The question is great. Harold said he wanted to maximize something different. This is a key point. One thing you hear people say all the time, not Harold, one thing you hear people say all the time they want to maximize X and Y. You can't. If those two are related, you can maximize one thing subject to certain constraints and that will reduce other things. What Harold said he wants to maximize something else and recognizes that there may be a cost and the cost is inefficiency. I think I'm basically stating that right. So what I would like to know exactly is, I mean this is the place to answer this, but what exactly is it that you want to maximize and what does that cost? When you look at the presentation that he gave, what he wants is blazing fast Internet for everybody and yet he wants to maximize something else so it sounds to me he wants to maximize multiple things and you cannot do that. Can you respond in 30 seconds? We need to wrap this up. It's tough to respond to that in 30 seconds and I won't try. I'll just say that for this panel my point is my concern is about how the debate has progressed and I would like to see the debate pushed beyond maximizing producer efficiencies or two-sided markets and that it must encompass other things such as diversity of voices which is in section 257 is one of our national policies and has been the bedrock of communications policy in this country for 70 years. Okay. With that I think that's probably the last word we can have time for from the panelists. I just think we can all agree that having the kind of robust discussion from experts in the field as we've heard today is extraordinarily valuable for all of us. Thanks very much. This page was last modified on 19 February 2007, at 20:33.

2019-04-20T00:16:04Z

https://isoc-ny.org/wiki/FTC_NN7

Recently I was asked if I would like to review Hodmedods, a company that sell British beans and peas. I jumped at the chance especially when I saw they sold a pea called black badger! They sounded so intriguing, I just had to check it out. The range won't stop there either, they have big plans to launch other beans such as red fox peas, ying yang beans and Gog Magog beans. See what I mean don't they all sound so intriguing? The great thing about dried beans and peas is that they store for longer periods of time. I used to be put off with the cooking time needed for dried beans but now I have my freezer it's a doddle. All I do now is soak the beans over night, then cook as per the packet instructions the next morning, drain and then freeze into small portions. Then, when I want to use beans in a recipe I just open my freezer and take out a portion. Easy! I couldn't wait to get stuck in and the first dish I made was my take on refried beans using Black Badger Peas. The night before prepare the Black Badger peas by soaking in water. The next morning rinse and add to a saucepan with clean water and the bicarbonate of soda. Bring to a boil, cover and simmer for 45 minutes. Leave the lid tilted as they easy boil over. Once cooked, drain and set to one side whilst you prepare the remainder ingredients. Fry the onion in a little oil for 5 minutes or until translucent, add the garlic and fry for another minute. Stir through the salt, cumin seeds, coriander, chilli powder and lemon juice. Add the beans and stir to combine, cook for another 5 minutes stirring all the time being careful not to let anything burn. Transfer to a blender and blitz to your desired texture. The refried Black Badger Beans will keep in the fridge for 3 days if they last that long! I, for one will never buy refried beans again, the Black Badger Beans make a fantastic refried bean puree. The next dish I made was a chilli, how could I not? I mean, all those fancy beans were just dying to be made into a chilli to warm me up! As with the Refried Black Badger Peas, you will need to soak the Kabuki Peas and Fava Beans over night. Drain the peas and beans and cook as per packet instructions. Drain and set aside, I cooked more than this recipe needed and froze the rest. Fry the onion in a little oil for five minutes or until translucent. Add the pepper and cook for another 3 minutes. Add the soya mince with a little water to stop it sticking. Add the cumin seeds, coriander, paprika, smoked garlic and salt and stir through until combined, cook for another minute. Add the tin of plum tomatoes and the 100ml water and stir through, breaking up the plum tomatoes as you stir. Cook for another 5 minutes. Add the beans and cook for another 5 minutes. Add the refried Black Badger Beans and stir into the chilli, this will thicken the chilli slightly. Cookfor another 5 minutes or until everything is cooked through. Hodmedods snacking range is also delicious, I've been lucky enough to try Horseraddish roasted peas, unsalted roasted fava beans, lightly sea salted roasted peas and lightly sea salted roasted fava beans. Great for Christmas nibbles! In a previous post I told you I spent a couple of hours at the West Midlands Vegan Festival, which was a welcome distraction. I came away with so many goodies, I was a human pack horse! One of the items I came away with was a konjac sponge and I'm in love with it! I chose the red clay one, which is perfect for dry, mature or sensitive skin. I've been using my konjac sponge in the morning so I have no make up on, and I would recommend taking off your make up before use. You don't need any soap when using the sponge as it naturally cleanses your skin, but you can if you want. One word of advice reduce the amount of soap you use as it keeps on giving! My skin looks and feels amazing, I even feel like I'm glowing! Normally during the winter months I suffer with dry skin and with all the stress I've been under, worrying about my family and over two months of hospital visits I thought my skin would suffer. I know my diet is obviously better than it has been previously thanks to the amount of goodness a vegan diet provides but I really do believe that the konjac sponge has helped too. I've used it nearly every day and your skin feels clean and refreshed after using. You really won't believe how soft it is against your skin, I just love it! The konjac sponge looks rather shrivelled when it is dry but don't let that put you off. Once you've soaked in water it will look more like a sponge. If you've never heard of them, konjac is a type of potato from Asia and over the last century its properties as a beauty treatment has been recognised. We're some what 1,500 years behind the Japanese with this one! The Japenese originally used konjac as a medicine in the sixth century. The konjac is a naturally moisture rich plant fibre which is alkaline, which balances the acidity of the skins impurities and oils. Red clay is said to help with regeneration so a fabulous combination. The konjac sponge is 100% natural, colour free, additive free, biodegradable, environmentally safe, naturally sustainable and it moisturises naturally. Why would you not want one? There's still time to order too as the last post is Thursday 18th December for 2nd class and Friday 19th December for 1st class, but I personally wouldn't leave it that late, so drop on by I Choose What I Use and go and treat yourself and your loved ones to a konjac sponge. Guess what? I'm so pleased to tell you that I've been nominated for a Liebster award by Julie from My Apologies for the Novel and Jesse from Mad Hatter's Pantry! Thanks Guys! It's not an actual award itself, more like an online chain letter which aims to get to know fellow bloggers better and meet knew bloggers. The rules are simple and here's what you do if you get nominated. Jesse had a great idea and combined her nominations with vegan mofo by using randomofo, such a great idea! So in honour of vegan mofo 2014 and Jesse's idea I decided to do the same. The blogs I have nominated I have found through randomofo. So here are the questions - I have answered both sets of questions! I'd dabbled with veganism in the past, but I made the full transition on 1st January 2013 so I've only celebrated once! But I'm so pleased that I am now fully committed to it, I feel much better in myself too. I used to suffer with lots of headaches but since becoming vegan I can count the number of headaches on one hand - 4 to be precise! What's one of your best qualities? What is your most-used kitchen tool/utensil? My Vitamix! I treated myself to one for my veganniversary and I've not looked back since I use it most days if not every day! My life would not be the same without my gorgeous Marco. He's a border collie and he make our lives complete. He does everything with me, bar coming to work with me, but if I work from home he just curls up around my feet under the desk. If you could open a sanctuary, what would be the first type of animal you would rescue? Which ever animal needed my help on that day. Do you prefer your pizza hot and fresh, or cold as leftovers the next day? What's one food/meal that you thought you'd never have again once you went vegan, only to find out later that there is a vegan version of it? The world is your vegan oyster! What's your go-to dish to bring to a vegan potluck? I've never been to a vegan potluck before, but if I was to go to one it would have to be a mushroom dish, like mushroom ragu, mushroom stroganoff or mushroom pie! What made you decide to take part in Vegan MoFo? I took part last year and I had so much fun I thought why not do it again. It was a lot harder though this year as I hadn't prepared for it so most of the recipes I have shared this year were made/created on the day of the post. It was exhausting but still fun. What is the weirdest vegan meal you've been served? I don't think I've had a weird vegan meal, I've been disappointed, marvelled and just not sure. The strangest thing served was tomato spaghetti for a Christmas dinner - does that count? I'm lucky enough to have done a little travelling already and I spent almost three years away from home, travelling Australasia. I couldn't chose an outright favourite from all the countries I visited as I loved them all! I've never made it over to America or Canada though so I'd love to give those countries a try. I can't actually remember what I wanted to be as a child, I loved so many things and I just wanted to be happy doing something I loved. Do you have any animal friends at your house? Tell me about them! What has been your favourite album of the year so far? Gosh! That's a toughie! I like so much different music from Elbow to Pharrell Williams! Which festive season (if any) do you look forward to the most? I love reading books that make you laugh out loud, and I've recently just finished reading "The Tent, Bucket and Me" if ever you've been camping as a child this will have you in stitches! 1. What food item could you not do without? 2. What would be your last supper (you can have 3 courses)? 4. Who is your favourite comedian? 5. What is your favourite junk food? 6. How long have you been Vegan? 7. Has your health improved since turning vegan? 8. What ingredient had you never heard of until you went vegan? 9. What is your favourite smell? 10. What is a typical Sunday like for you? Tracy over at My Living Cook Book go check out her blog. Thanks again to Julie from My Apologies for the Novel and Jesse from Mad Hatter's Pantry for nominating me. I didn't want to slave over a pan making risotto or stroganoff and I didn't fancy pasta so I decided on making a simple and quick stuffing mix, filling the 'shrooms and popping in the oven. OK, So that was my plan! But disaster struck! Because I was rushing I forgot to put any seasoning in the stuffing mix, normally I add herbs and spices and at least salt and pepper, but today nothing! Then as I pulled the stuffed mushrooms out of the oven I dropped the tray as my oven glove wasn't enough protection. It seems I have a thin patch in the oven glove! So most of the stuffed mushrooms went on the floor but I did manage to save two. I quickly took a photograph of the mushrooms on the floor before Marco found them and started munching his way through, then I took a quick photo of the two I saved. Again everything was done in a rush as I was starving and I couldn't wait to took into my dinner. As I said before I didn't enjoy them as much as I hoped as I forgot to put in any seasoning! What else could go wrong? Everything! As I came to write up the recipe I found out that I had no memory card in my camera! So I have no pictures of the tasteless 'shrooms! So I thought I'd post some pictures of Marco instead. If you want a recipe for stuffed mushrooms I posted one last year during vegan mofo. Apologies for the photographs, I didn't finish cooking until it was dark and I was too hungry to set up a photo shoot! Before I get onto the recipe I just want to wish my sister a very Happy Birthday! I told you there would be more courgette recipes! My freezer is bursting at the seams with frozen courgette, so I didn't want to freeze a load more as they are. I'm not alone with the amazing courgette harvest this year, my gardening angel is exactly in the same position. She said that as soon as she turns her back on a plant it springs out courgettes! We're not complaining though, this vegetable is so versatile. Maybe next year my vegan mofo topic will be courgettes! That will really test me 30 days of courgette recipes, jeez that would be a tough one. I'm going to freeze individual slices of this loaf, so I can have dinner on the table in minutes especially on those days when I get in from work late. First make your flax egg, slowly pour the water over the flax seed, whisking as you do so, continue to whisk for a couple of minutes until the mixture starts to go a bit gloopy. Put the flax egg in the fridge so it firms up whilst you continue with cooking. Add the red lentils and stock to a large saucepan and bring to the boil, turn down the heat and simmer for 30 minutes, stirring at regular intervals so the mixture doesn't stick to the bottom of the pan. Towards the end of cooking you will need to stir more often so it doesn't stick. You will end up with what I can only describe as a thick porridge like consistency. I should have taken a photo for you, but it doesn't look appetising! While the lentils are cooking sauté the onion and garlic in the olive oil for 5 minutes until the onions are translucent. Add the courgette and mixed herbs and sauté for another 5 minutes, the courgettes will lose some of their moisture. Once the lentils are cooked take off the heat and add the onion and courgette mixture. Give everything a good mix and then add the breadcrumbs. Mix again before adding the arrowroot and then mix again. Remove the flax egg from the fridge and add to the lentil mixture and give everything one final mix ensuring all ingredients are mixed together. Spoon the mixture into an oiled loaf tin and bake for 60 minutes. Let cool slightly before turning out onto a board or plate so it firms up a bit more. If I'm honest, it wasn't as firm as I would have liked when I cut my first slice. EDIT POST: I was far too impatient, when left to cool for 10 minutes the mixture firms up nicely. Yay! I am still over run with courgettes and there is still a few on my plants so expect more courgette recipes soon! As the nights are starting to draw in (has anyone else noticed that) and its getting darker a lot sooner than I'd like and its definitely got a little nippy, I thought a curry would warm me up and comfort me. So, courgette curry it was. I raided my spice cupboard and rather than use a curry powder, which I do use, I fancied making one from scratch. So out came all the curry type spices and I realised I had no ground coriander. I wasn't going to make a special trip to the supermarket just for that, so I used coriander seeds instead and ground them myself. Feel free to swap the seeds for ground if you make this. Heat the oil and add the mustard seeds, they will start to pop almost straight away. When the majority of them have popped add the onion and sauté for 5 mins or until the onion starts to go golden brown. Using a fine microplane, grate the garlic and ginger and add to the onions. Grind the coriander seeds in a pestle and mortar and add to the onion mixture along with the cumin, garam masala, chilli powder and salt. Cook for another minute. Add the tomatoes and stir to combine everything. Sauté for 5 minutes or until the tomatoes start to break down. Add the courgettes, give everything another good stir and sauté for another couple of minutes. Add the coconut milk, stir again and bring to a simmer. Cook for 5 to 10 minutes, depending on the size of your courgette pieces. If you're happy with the curry sauce thickness leave out the arrowroot, but if like me, you like your curry sauce a little thicker mix the arrowroot with a little cold water and add to the curry, the mixture will thicken slightly. Two days ago I posted my recipe for Spaghetti No-Bolognaise which used some of my homemade tomato sauce. The No-Bolognaise will easily serve 6 people but I halved it and we ate two portions of one half, leaving a portion as leftovers. Tonight this left over portion was made into a chilli! This recipe is super easy as all the hard work has already been done, so its great for a midweek meal. Add all the ingredients to a saucepan, and mix thoroughly so everything is distributed evenly. Bring the chilli to a simmer.Cook your rice as per the packet instructions. Your rice and chilli will be ready at the same time! Easy! I served mine with a smiley face of vegan mayonnaise! Coz its Friday! Yesterday, I shared my Recipe for No-Bolognaise, which made 6 portions in total, but by halving the mixture I'm going to show you how one packet of soya mince can be split into 3 tasty meals. After halving the No-Bolognaise mixture, two portions were devoured for last nights tea, which left one "leftover" portion. Tomorrow I'll show you what I did to this leftover portion, which magically can feed four. But first I'm going to show you what I did with the other half of the No-Bolognaise and how you can turn this into a tasty lasagne dish with a twist. Spray an oven proof dish with olive oil to stop the lasagne sticking to the dish. Slice the courgette length ways, about 3mm thick, and if you can make the lengths the same size as your oven dish. Pour half of the No-Bolognaise mixture into the dish and top with half of the courgette slices. Pour the rest of the No-Bolognaise on top and finish off with the remaining courgette slices. In a saucepan add the Vitalite, plain flour and almond milk and bring to a boil, whisking all the time. The sauce will thicken as it heats up. As soon as the sauce reaches boiling point remove from the heat and whisk in the nutritional yeast and garlic granules. Pour over the courgette slices and top with a scattering of vegan cheese. I made another batch of my courgette cheese and I used a few slices of this. Bake in a moderate oven for 20-30 minutes, depending on how thick you have sliced your courgette. Mine was cooked after 20 minutes and the 'cheese' on top was golden brown.

2019-04-26T14:56:39Z

http://selfsufficientcafe.blogspot.com/2014/

Valencia-Menjalankan pertandingan terakhir di Liga Spanyol Valencia imbang di rumah sendiri dengan melawan Real Sociedad pada tanggal 10 February 2019,pertandingan berakhir dengan skor 0-0. Valencia meraih hasil memuaskan lima pertandingan terakhir menurut catatan Agen Judi Sbobet Terpercaya, Hasil dari lima pertandingan terakhir Valencia tidak pernah menelan kekalahan hanya saja imbang tiga kali dan menang dua kali. Espanyol-Menjalankan pertandingan terakhir di Liga Spanyol Espanyol menang di rumah sendiri dengan melawan Rayo Vallecano pada tanggal 10 February 2019 pertandingan habis dengan skor 2-1. Espanyol dalam lima pertandingan terakhir meraih hasil tidak memuaskan dalam catatan data statistik Agen Judi Sbobet Terpercaya, Espanyol dalam pertandingan menang hanya satu kali,imbang sebanyak tiga kali dan kalah dua kali. Pertandingan lanjutan Liga akhir pekan malam hari antara Valencia VS Espanyol, Agen Judi Sbobet Terpercaya melihat kedua tim kesebelasan mempunyai kekuatan yang berimbang, namun Valencia punya peluang banyak untuk memenangkan laga melawan tim Espanyol. Valencia sudah menjalankan 23 kali laga Liga Spanyol menduduki peringkat 8 klasemen sementara dengan raihan 31 point, sedangkan Espanyol menduduki peringkat ke 12 dan mengumpulkan 28 point. Jika dilihat dari Data Statistik Agen Judi Sbobet Terpercaya lima pertemuan terakhir antara Valencia VS Espanyol,Valencia dalam pertandingan berhasil memenangkan pertandingan sebanyak empat kali dan satu kali di menangkan oleh tim Espanyol. I precisely desired to appreciate you yet again. I do not know what I could possibly have implemented in the absence of the entire tricks documented by you relating to that problem. 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2019-04-23T09:05:08Z

http://prediksiakuratsbo.com/prediksi-skor-akurat-valencia-vs-espanyol/

Did you know that every 60 seconds another 20 chemicals are registered for use on the world’s largest database? There are over 144 million chemicals registered. But are these chemicals tested? And how about the synergistic effect of different chemicals? Building biologist Nicole Bijlsma explores what these chemicals can mean for you and your health. We question whether your home is making you sick and what you can do about it. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Hello and welcome to Unstress. I’m Doctor Ron Ehrlich. Now, environmental stress. What do we mean by it? All too often people particularly in this environment where we’re talking about climate change and a carbon-based economy and carbon sequestration, it’s easy for us to get lost with what’s going on in the outside world. It’s a big issue. Let’s not underplay it. We’re going to be covering a lot of those stories, but today’s program is called Healthy Homes, Healthy People. My guest is Nicole Bijlsma. Now, Nicole is … She’ll tell you her story, but she is a naturopath acupuncturist and is doing her Ph.D. on this very topic. What a personal story, a story of resilience, her own story that got her into this, a story of resilience, a story of investigation, persistence, knowledge, redemption, fertility. Oh my god, it’s a great story, so you got to listen to it. The other thing that I think is really interesting in today’s program is when I hear her saying, you’ll hear her say it too, “Indoor air is five times,” get this, “Five times more polluted than outdoor air.” Very sobering. The other thing you’re going to hear us talk about is the importance of the bedroom. You know that sleep is a really important focus of this podcast, my message, and it’s an important part hopefully of your life, but today we’re going to focus on the bedroom environment and some great tips there. The other thing is how many chemicals we’re exposed to. This is shocking, and you might want to know how well tested those chemicals are. It’s something we’re going to talk about in this podcast, and also if you haven’t heard this before, introduce you to the concept of the precautionary principle, which I think is really important. Look, I hope you enjoy this interview with Nicole Bijlsma. Welcome to the show, Nicole. Nicole Bijlsma: Hi, Ron. How are you? Dr. Ron Ehrlich: I’m very well. I’m very well. It’s so good to talk to you. Well, I know we’ve spoken on lots of occasions and I’ve heard you talk and I’ve read your book [Healthy Home, Healthy Family], and actually quote you in my own book, because what you’re doing is so fantastic. You have a story that got you into this that I think is a story that’s so inspiring. Can you share with our listener how you got started in this area of home biology? Nicole Bijlsma: Well, two things. I was working a naturopath and acupuncturist for 15 years and I started to notice a really strong correlation between many of my patients with illness like asthma and allergies, chronic fatigue syndrome, infertility, with their homes and especially things like electromagentic fields and mould. It wasn’t until my husband and I moved into our first home in Warrandyte that we both experienced insomnia, couldn’t sleep within days of moving into this space. After 12 months I felt pregnant and then miscarried and subsequently had ten miscarriages in this house. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Whoa, whoa now. That’s an extaord … Miscarriages are a traumatic experience at the worst of times, but ten miscarriages. That is extraordinary. Over what period of time was this, Nicole? Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Seven years. Oh my goodness, that’s a real story of resilience there to be … Anyway, go on. What happened then. When I started getting into indoor air quality, noticed that the vehicle exhaust, the carbon monoxide would triple in the morning in our bedroom, master bedroom, which was closest to the T intersection and would take three hours to dissipate. I noticed geopathic stress under the bed, and then the local council would come and spray pesticides on our property in Warrandyte for blackberries.. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Now this is … Is this rural Victoria or is this a suburb of Melbourne? Nicole Bijlsma: Warrandyte is … It’s only about a half an hour away from Melbourne, but it’s the first state national park, so there are 583 million hectares of bushland in this area. It’s beautiful. It’s one of the first mining towns in Australia, but it was beautiful, pristine environment that we were, that we moved into wasn’t so pristine. Even then, the house was nice and it felt great. It was there’s something wrong, I couldn’t put my finger on it, and I’m going, “I’ve done a double degree in acupuncture naturopathy, why aren’t we learning about environmental medicine? Why aren’t we learning about air quality and drinking water?” As I started to investigate that, I realized there was so much information in the scientific literature about vehicle exhaust air quality, electromagnetic fields and the impact on human health. I studied together this information and eventually established the Australian College of Environmental Studies, which runs government accredited courses in this field. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Now Nicole, you are out in this pristine area and you’re having trouble falling pregnant and it turns out that these things that you listed: Air quality, electromagnetic radiation, vehicle fumes, are all affecting you. Yeah, go on. What did you do then? Nicole Bijlsma: Then, we relocated to the back bedroom, and that’s the time when we found also Allen Beer who was able to assist us in determining why we were miscarrying. Then, we had the twins, fell pregnant naturally with twins, which apparently reduces the risk of miscarriages, because my immune system can’t have that effect on both fetuses at the same time. Nicole Bijlsma: Then we, because of the history of having that many miscarriages and the vehicle exhaust, et cetera, we decided to move to a neighboring suburb, also a bushy area. Then, subsequently got pregnant two years later and couldn’t afford any of the treatment we had in the first pregnancy with the twins, and gave birth to Charlotte without any intervention. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Wow. How old are your kids? You got three, gorgeous kids? Nicole Bijlsma: The twins almost 11 and Charlotte is eight. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Wow. What an amazing story. Of course that led you from being your naturopath acupuncturist background into this college. Say the name of the college again. Nicole Bijlsma: Yeah, Australian College of Environmental Studies. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Yeah, because you’ve been running courses for health practitioners and people in that for, how many years now? Well, ten, or 11 years, I guess? Dr. Ron Ehrlich: ’99. Wow, wow, okay. Tell us about home biology. You’re book, Healthy Homes, Healthy Families, which I believe is going through a new addition. We’re going to talk about that in a minute too, but tell us about home biology, because people have … Environment has become a big, big topic. Everyone’s talking about climate change and what’s going out there in the big world, but there’s a hell of a lot that’s going on in the world we inhabit within our own homes. Tell us a bit about some of those challenges. Nicole Bijlsma: Well, we spend 90% or more of our time inside the building, and part of this was the revolutionizing IT and the movement away from people working outside to inside, and everything becoming technological. The fact that we spend so much time in inside, we’re actually exposed to hazards and almost all of these hazards can be correlated with a chronic illness that a doctor would see every single day in their clinical practice. The chemicals that we’re exposed to through building materials, household products, things like shampoos, conditioners, moisturizers, pesticides, cleaning products. Most of those chemicals have never been tested for their impact on human health because the duty of care is not on manufacturers to prove they are safe. It takes decades, generations to prove with those chemicals we put into building materials and everything, to see if they’re safe or not. Of course, medical history’s littered with missed opportunity and wasted resources, because as the evidence was accumulating that environmental tobacco smoke could cause lung cancer and low birth weight, all of those things, it was 50 years from the time Richard Dole published his studies in 1952 before government action on environmental tobacco smoke. This is unfortunately really common. Most of the things in our home have never been tested for their impact on human health. They are being correlated with Parkinson’s, Autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Diabetes, obesity. You name most of the, almost all of the chronic illnesses you see are actually correlated with things in our house that could be directly related to instigating or aggravating them. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Now Nicole, I think that’s something that doesn’t come as a huge surprise to me, because I’ve looked into it, but that subject of testing, which rolls off the tongue very quickly and very easily, I think we need to take a step back here a little bit, because a lot of people may be surprised to hear that, because you make this assumption that if it’s on the shelves, in the chemists, if it’s in the supermarket, it wouldn’t be there unless it’s tested. That’s actually not the case, as you said, is it? Dr. Ron Ehrlich: I’ve heard … One of our podcasts we’re doing with Professor Mark Cohen, who I know is the supervisor of your PhD and we’re going to be talking about that in a minute, but I know Mark once mentioned to me that there are 140,000 or more chemicals that we’re exposed to in our modern world today. Nicole Bijlsma: Well, it’s probably a lot more than that. There, every 60 seconds another 20 chemicals are registered for use on the world’s largest database, the Chemical Abstract Service. Only have to look at the American Chemical Society database and see the ticker before your very eyes. Nicole Bijlsma: Which means it’s 200,000 new chemicals every week. There’s over 144 million chemicals registered for use in the database. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Oh my god. Oh my god, I’ve significantly underestimated by a few zeros there, but anyway, it’s a lot. Nicole Bijlsma: Well, yeah, exactly, and they say in commercial use about 143,000, but that was four years ago. It doesn’t take into consideration the synergetic effect or mixture effect that happens in the air or our water, et cetera. What we have to go off is the large population by monitoring studies, which exams what chemicals are in our bodies. The largest one, of course, is in the U.S., called the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. They’re discovering pretty much every chemical they’re looking for, they find it, let alone we don’t have the lab tests available to access all of the chemicals we’re exposed to. They’re finding hundreds of chemicals in all of our bodies, even those who are pregnant, indicating that are flame retardants in our furnishings and our mattresses and our chemicals and our building materials and our air and our water and our food, is actually in our bodies and it’s impact on human health is only starting, now starting to be realized. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: You mentioned the tobacco industry and there’s this term that’s come about called, “The tobacco playbook,” and the tobacco playbook refers to how they had hidden and gotten expert opinions to distract us from the potential harm. You’re right, they knew about it in the 1950s, but surprisingly it wasn’t until 2009 that the FDA declared tobacco as an addictive substance. 2009. Anyway, if we’re waiting for it to come from above, we’re going to be waiting a long time. What proportion of those 140,000 or millions of chemicals would actually have any testing done at all? Nicole Bijlsma: 80 to 90% have never been tested. Nicole Bijlsma: We are the guinea pigs. The thing is the way they test chemicals, and this was the write up in my first article, the way they’re tested is to give a group of rats some chemic … The chemical until 50% of the rats die, to establish what’s called the lethal dose 50. Then, they destroy the rest of the rats. You never know what impact that one chemical had on that group of rats that do survive, but the reality is every time you walk out of your home, you’ve exposed yourself to 60 chemicals in your shampoo and conditioner alone, in a hot shower it’s absorbed straight into the blood stream, because your pores are open, and the synergistic effect of those chemicals on your genotype is essentially unknown. The scientific methodology doesn’t have the ability to look at the mixture effects of these chemicals on each individual person. In the next ten years that’s likely to change, because of the mapping of the human genome and how there’s a 12 fold varied difference in the way in which each person deals with chemicals in the environment. A lot of this has to do with what they eat and a lot of it has to do with their exposure to things like biotoxins, like mould. If you’re in a water-damaged building and you are exposed to that mould and fungi in their bi-products, your ability to detox other chemicals is significantly compromised. We’re now realizing that we have to look at mould, we have to look at things like electromagnetic fields, which enhance the permeability of the brain to the chemicals and your chemicals in your food, your air, your products, and what you put on your body. To me, it’s really important to educate people. They’re not, the exposure standards are not health-based standards. They’re developing compromise with industry because the duty of harm is not required for the industry to prove they’re safe. It takes a long time to prove if they’re dangerous or not. This is what’s happening with wireless technologies, this deployment of wireless technologies all over our schools and our homes without any requirement to prove what impact it has on human health. The one study that looked at this, or the one research report in 1994 by five electrical engineers at the CSIRO was made redundant and those electrical engineers were then sacked from their job. It indicated they were concerned about the deployment of wireless technologies in Australia and especially children, and yet that radiofrequency division of the CSIRO was disbanded shortly after, because it was not in line with the telecommunications agenda. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Yeah. Yes, well, it’s a topic that I know … It’s a very easy one to miss this whole influence of industry on regulations, but once you’re aware of it’s a very difficult one to ignore. I find it interesting that the statistic of one in two men and one in three women will contract cancer by what age? 60, I think it is, or 65. Having been one of those one in two and being aware of this issue, I’m actually not surprised. I think if you’re not up on this story, then you hear a statistic like that and you think, “Wow, that’s shocking.” It is shocking, but you’re really surprised. This whole environmental home, biology story or what we’re exposed to, makes you wonder, “How come we’re not all suffering from that?” Maybe we all are. Now, one of the topics that I love talking about and I’ve spoken to on my podcast a lot about is sleep, because I always say that sleep is the most important part of the day. You also make the statement about the room. Can you talk to us a little bit about how much time we spend there, the importance of it and what we can do to make it a really healthy room? Nicole Bijlsma: We spend around 22 years of our life in a bedroom. From a building biologist perspective, it’s the most important room, because if you don’t sleep, your immune system suffers and every system of your body suffers. This is what we find with people with a lot of these chronic illnesses, and especially environmental sensitivities, like chronic fatigue syndrome, mould related toxins, et cetera, that they don’t sleep, they sleep disturbed, and everything suffers. The bedroom is critical because you want to maximize your melatonin levels because melatonin is the most important anti-cancer neurotransmitter that we have. It makes tumeric look like it’s not doing anything. We look at these important antioxidants and their impact on human health, but in fact, the body has its capacity to heal itself. This is primarily through neurotransmitters like melatonin and melatonin stimulating hormone. The quickest way to suppress it is to have a mobile phone or electromagnetic fields in our bedroom because that’s what we do know about electromagnetic fields. It enhances the permeability of the brain to the toxins in the body, but it also suppresses melatonin. Now, in terms of that it’s critical therefore that you don’t have your mobile phone charged in your bedroom. You don’t have a meter panel or a fridge or an oven on the other side of the wall of your bed head, because as those devices go on and off all night, especially your fridge motor goes on and off, meter panels constantly drawing current, it emits a magnetic field, which can disturb sleep and effect melatonin. Have a look at the devices in and around the bedroom and on the other side of the wall of your bed, and make sure that you don’t have any appliances that are within a couple of meters of your bed. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Does that include alarm clocks as well, the radio clock, clock radios? Nicole Bijlsma: Yes. So the clock radios you find within 40 centimeters, it will emit high, very high magnetic field, but it drops off really quickly within about 40 centimeters to a meter. Your digital clock radio should be ideally on the other side of the wall of your bed head. Sorry, on the opposite wall to your bed head, so that you have to get out of bed to hit the snooze button. Even to have an alarm clock that is battery operated or wind up, which means that it doesn’t emit any electromagnetic fields at all. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Yeah, yeah. The melatonin, of course, it’s referred to as the master hormone melatonin. I think there is a book, a textbook out … There are lots of textbooks out, but one 400 pages talking about melatonin and all the stuff it does in the body. That’s a pretty important one. You also mention mould. Tell us a little bit about that and the effect that that can have. Nicole Bijlsma: In the last five years we’ve started to get a really good understanding that this is one of the key triggers to really poor health. We’re starting to realize that one in four people do not have the capacity to create antibodies when they’re in a water-damaged building. In a water damaged building what happens is you’ve got moisture that’s sitting on a surface more than 48 hours and therefore the microbes, the bacteria, and the fungi start producing endo-toxins, micro-toxins, and volatile organic compounds or chemicals to out-compete each other for the site to take over. That’s nature. That’s what nature does when it’s decomposing things. It’s really important that we don’t have moisture there for more than 48 hours. After 48 hours, depending on the surface area involved, it creates this chemical stew of biotoxins that then get released in the air. If one in four people who go into that building who don’t create antibodies to those toxins and those antigens, every time they go in, it sets up inflammation in the body. Now, the second time someone goes into that water-damaged building, a normal, healthy person will have antibodies, which will recognize those antigens or the mould, fungi, bacteria in their by-products and will stimulate a immune response, which tags them and clears them through the body by the bile and into the bowels. In these one in four people, they go back into that building and it’s like it’s got, their immune system has dementia, because it doesn’t recognize them and doesn’t have antibodies. It sets up inflammation again. When you have inflammation on a systemic level in the body, it effects the brain and it effects key neuro peptides, like melanocyte stimulating hormone. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Say that again. Which one? Nicole Bijlsma: Melanocyte stimulating hormone, MSH. Which is really important, because it’s involved in endorphin release and dealing with pain. It’s involved with sleep and the ability to sleep in circadium rhythm. It’s involved in keeping other bacteria in check. What happens then is that people start getting these weird infections in their body, like in the upper respiratory passages, which create these chemicals that have to be dealt with by their body. Their gut microbiome gets skewed, because every time they, the body tries to get rid of these biotoxins, it puts it in the bile into their bowel, but then effects their gut microbiome, which increases their risk for gluten-related sensitivities. Nicole Bijlsma: What I’m saying is what they’re inhaling in a water damaged building, could effect food and how they deal with food. This is something most naturopaths and GPs don’t have a good handle of yet. Then, by effecting sleep, their immune system is effected, their ability to deal with cancers, and other things is compromised and they start developing these chronic fatigue-like symptoms, and brain fog, because they can’t concentrate, short term memory. They lose words mid-sentence, anomnia, and they start really going out of their mind. They become a different person and they’re tired and no one’s able to identify … In the worst case scenario they’re diagnosed with a mental illness, which is actually not the case. It’s inflammation in their brain and their periphery and their poor circulation and their inability to thermoregulate and they have thyroid related symptoms. It goes on and on. Nicole Bijlsma: Unless you get them out of that environment, they continue to be sick, no matter what supplements they take. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: How do we know if we’ve got … Obviously if there’s mould growing on a, behind a cupboard or on a wall … How do we identify it? Nicole Bijlsma: Well, we know the history. It’s always about the history. Having a look at since you’ve moved into this place have you noticed changes in your home? “Oh, yeah. I’ve noticed that I’ve developed these illnesses.” “Okay. How long have you had those symptoms or those illnesses?” “Two years.” “Oh, that’s interesting. That’s when you moved in.” That’s the first flag for me that maybe the environment or their home, is it making them sick? “Do your symptoms improve when you’re away from the space?” “Oh yeah, when I go on holidays the symptoms get much better.” That’s another flag to indicate there’s something going on in that home. Look at correlating symptoms. Any time someone has asthma, allergies, chronic fatigue syndrome, potentially headaches where they haven’t found a cause, or insomnia, they’re the main ones where building biologists can be very useful, because they’re often the triggers for health-related symptoms: Mould, electromagnetic fields, house dust, mite, all those things. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Okay, so mould is huge. It’s a big issue. Of course, we’re in our bedrooms still, and I’m intrigued by how we spend so much time in it. You mentioned by the time you leave the house, the shampoo. There’s quite a lot that goes on between lying in bed, they’re asleep and getting up to go to the bathroom. We haven’t even left the house yet. There’s also … You mentioned fire retardants. That’s in mattresses and stuff too, isn’t it? What is a fire retardant? What sort of chemicals are used? Nicole Bijlsma: Okay, so they’re many the Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: So these are, to summ … A brominated, so bromide impregnated materials? Nicole Bijlsma: Yes, exactly. When you look at the benefit of these flame retardants in reducing the time of ignition, so when you get an ember that lands on a child’s pajamas or a mattress, how long it takes to ignite, there’s a delay by the use of these flame retardants. The reality is flame retardants are found in almost every person and child that has ever been tested. The benefit of being, of reducing this delay, ignition source, and the risk of having a fire in your home, is that justified by the fact that these chemicals have been directly correlated with Autism and neurobehavioral disorders? I don’t think so. We’ve got these stupid laws that we’ve introduced these chemicals, and the risk of you actually having a fire in your home is so negligible, but the fact is the children will have flame retardants, as indicated by a recent study that came out even two week, this month. An Australian study that showed that 80% of children had flame retardants in their feces and it’s correlated with Autism and significant adverse health effects. Is that justified? Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Yeah, that’s extraordinary. You’ve mentioned neurotoxic, neurological issues. These are persistent chemicals that stay with us? Nicole Bijlsma: They’re persistent, organic pollutants, which means they stay in your body forever. When you get pregnant and you are female, you will pass them on through the placenta into the child and via breastfeeding. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: If it’s so ubiquitous, I guess it’s our choices, is there clothes that we can buy non … Has it been regulated that you have to have fire retardant? I wouldn’t be surprised. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: What about mattresses and pillows? Nicole Bijlsma: Yes. Mattresses do. I’m not aware of pillows that do. Maybe in their foam furnishings, possibly. That’s why it’s important if you’re going to get furnishings, go with natural fibers, go with second-hand furnishings that have already out-gassed these chemicals. The longer, the older the furnishing, the less likely they’ll out-gas. The problem is most of the chemicals, these flame retardants are found in household dust, because they are not bound to the materials, they come out in the household dust, and that’s of course why children are so vulnerable, because they’re breathing zone, especially if they’re crawling is close to the floor where the household dust and the chemicals are. That’s, of course, why it’s important that they dust using microfiber cloths, slightly damp microfiber cloth, and they use a good vacuum cleaner fitted with a HEPA filter to reduce that load. Nicole Bijlsma: Oh yeah huge. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Again, that’s another topic gone. Give us a brief, brief summary of the challenge of dust mites. Nicole Bijlsma: Dust mites are the most common allergy in the world. They effect 21% of the world’s population. They cause asthma, hay fever, sinusitis, and eczema. Even though we know this, I’m still shocked that when people go to clinicians they are given herbs or supplements or drugs when in fact they should be going, “How old is your mattress.” The older it is, the higher the load of dust mites. In a home, there will be between 100 and 500 dust mites per gram of dust. If you’re sensitive to the dust mites, a protein in their feces that you’ll be allergic to, then it’s important that you can do some simple things to reduce the load. They’re going to be there. Wherever you are, they’re eating your skin cells, they’re meant to be there, but you want to reduce the load and you want to reduce your load, especially if you’re sensitive to dust mites. What you do then is to get, again, a good vacuum cleaner fitted with a HEPA filter and motorized head. You want to damp dust your home. You want mattresses that are not old, less than ten years old, and you don’t want mattresses that are contaminated with urine, that are passed down from sibling to sibling. You don’t want mattresses where you’ve had someone who’s really sweaty. The more moisture in the mattress, the higher the dust load. You want to make sure you reduce the dust in general because that’s where they’re going to be. You want to make sure you use dust mite resistant covers on your pillows and mattresses for those that are allergic to dust mites. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Yeah. Wow. For our listener, again, you’ve mentioned HEPA filter, H-E-P-A, HEPA filter vacuum cleaners. What does that stand for? Nicole Bijlsma: High efficiency, particular air. That means it will filter everything, particles down to .3 micromes or of your allergens, two to 100 micromes. If you can filter down to .3, you will reduce almost every one of your allergens. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Okay. Listen, honestly, we could talk for weeks and we’re still in the bedroom. We’ve dealt with electromagnetic radiation. We’ve put that aside and we’ve dealth with mould and that is a challenge if you’re in a house that’s been water damaged. You really got to get to the bottom of that one. That’s … What’s a good way of dealing with mold? Nicole Bijlsma: That you actually get the source of moisture. Wherever the moisture is, that’s where the problem’s going to be. Mold, fungi, bacteria isn’t the issue. It’s moisture. Because everything in your house can be used as breed sources, the moisture’s there for more than 48 hours, it’s a problem. Find where it’s coming from. If it’s due to condensation, then it could be due to poor ventilation, exhaust fans that aren’t working. It could be that the moisture isn’t being vented to the exterior. If you’re getting condensation in your bathroom, then you need to get a good exhaust fan where you exhaust it outside, not into the room space. If you live in a high climate where there’s high levels of relative humidity that exceeds 60%, like central coast of New South Whales or Far North Queensland, then you either want to kick your air conditioning on 24/7, because it pulls moisture out of the air, or you have a whole house dehumidifier to keep the humidity levels below 60%. Now, house dust mites don’t have eyes and they can’t drink. They don’t have a mouth. They absorb, they depend on the moisture in the environment to thrive. Once you have moisture above 60%, that’s when all your allergens, your cockroaches, your dust mites, your rodents and pests, and of course, your mould will take over. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Right, so that’s really quite important. It’s interesting, because in our modern houses there used to be vents up in the walls, and it’s very popular to have them removed. We like to have everything nicely sealed off so we don’t have drafts and we’re efficient in our heating and our cooling, but of course that creates an issue about ventilation, doesn’t it? Nicole Bijlsma: Absolutely a recent report came out that new buildings in Melbourne and Tasmania, 40% of new buildings by their first winter will have condensation and mold related problems. Nicole Bijlsma: 40%. If you think 40% of new buildings in core temperate climates like Melbourne, Tasmania are at risk of mould, and one in four people can’t create antibodies to mould, and will not be diagnosed adequately by their clinicians, because they don’t understand the impact of mould, this is a crisis. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Yeah, and we haven’t even gone into the bathroom yet to look at all the different issues there about you have just turned the water tap on. We’ve got to get you back and talk about water quality and some of the other things. You’ve mentioned so many great things here for us to … People could be getting a little bit depressed about this story, but actually it’s about personal empowerment, isn’t it? It’s about being aware of a problem and getting control of it. You’ve got a ten-point checklist of things that can help. Run us through a couple of those things that people can do, so we leave people with a positive note before we go on to our next discussion, which will be about water quality and plastics and all of that. Go on, tell us something positive. Nicole Bijlsma: The good news is once you’re educated you can make an informed choice about the products you use, and you can reduce your load very simply through knowledge. First is take your shoes off before you go inside the home. This will significantly reduce the dust load, and I’ve already mentioned everything that’s in the dust: Chemicals, house dust mite, et cetera. Shoes off before you enter the home. Use a vacuum cleaner fitted with a HEPA filter and motorized head, because where the dust is where often the problem is. Use a vacuum cleaner that’s appropriate. I’ve listed the top ten vacuum cleaners on my website. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: We’re going to have links to that. We’re going to have links to that and your book, as well. Go on. Nicole Bijlsma: Air your home by opening windows. Your house needs to be aired, unless of course you’re in very heavy traffic. That’s not good, or if you’re in a mining town where you’ve got higher levels of particulars, not a good idea. Most people, open your windows, air your house, important. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Now, Nicole, Nicole, on that HEPA filter vacuum, you can also do your mattresses as well, can’t you? Nicole Bijlsma: Absolutely. That’s a good thing to do, especially if you have dust mite allergy. As soon as you change your sheets, wash them in hot water or at least 60 degrees is important to get rid of dust mite and kiln. Also, vacuum clean your mattresses as soon as you get off the bed, because that’s when the dust mites start migrating to the middle of the mattress. Reduce the number of chemicals to clean your home. I really want you to look at what you’re being fed through propaganda and media that’s actually trying to sell stuff that you don’t need. Air fresheners have no place in a healthy home. Antibacterial are a disaster for human health, because you are 90% bacteria, and what they’ve found is the more the use of chemicals that effect bacteria, the higher the rate of asthma and allergies. It’s really important that you don’t have air fresheners and perfume, which I consider one of my toxic chemicals apart from pesticides that you have a integrative pest management where you’re not using chemical pesticides like fly spray or pests, spraying on your … Pesticides sprayed in your home. That is lunacy, because they incredibly toxic chemicals. Instead, don’t keep food lying around the house, air your home, don’t have water lying around the house, make sure your pet food is enclosed, so the rats can’t get to it. That’s, I’ve made some really good websites on my, in my book and on my website on integrative pest management you can go to. When you’re cleaning the home, again, microfiber cloths followed by a clean tea towel. My husband and I created a cleaning product range, called Abode, that you can get through health food stores, and they have only food grade ingredients, so they’re specific for people with chemical sensitivities. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Yeah, they’re great. We use them in our household. There’s a plug. Go on. Nicole Bijlsma: Thank you. Use the sun. Air your mattresses, your bedding, and every time you wash your sheets, air your pillow as well. You’ve got a lot of moisture in it and you want to make sure to reduce the dust mite load that you air it in the sun when it’s a warm, sunny day. Even your chopping boards and things like that, and good and soft toys, and fabric. New furnishings should be aired in the sun before they’re put inside the home. Store food and beverages in glass. Plastics we haven’t gone into yet. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: We’ll get there. Nicole Bijlsma: Yeah, stainless steel, lead-free ceramics. Don’t freeze or heat food in plastics. Put them in glass. If it has a plastic lid, that’s fine, as long as it’s not touching the plastic, but store them in glass. Make space for your electrical appliances. Make sure your electrical appliances aren’t within a meter of where you spend time, like your favourite couch, your bed, of course. Making sure if you prepare food in the kitchen that it’s not near the dishwasher while it’s on, especially if you’re pregnant. Water filter, absolutely critical, but I think we’ll save that for a podcast on that, one on water, especially that microbiome and chlorine and et cetera, and the latest study of fluoride, biggest study of it, just published a few weeks ago. That’s really important. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Oh, we’re going to be talking about that. Yeah, go on. Nicole Bijlsma: And of course if there’s visible mould, that is often a trigger to indicate that it will aggravate asthma, sinus, hay fever, and eczema. Get to the source of the moisture. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Yeah, and you’ve got this great, cleaning thing of using vinegar and water, which is a lot simpler and healthier, and effective than some of the other stuff. Nicole Bijlsma: Yeah, physically removing the mould with your microfiber cloth is important, more important to get to the source of the moisture. I’ve got quite a few pages of that in my new book, Healthy Home, Healthy Family. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Yeah, now Nicole, thank you so much for joining us. We’re going to have links to your web page, which has got so much information and also your new book, which I think we’re coming up for, this is the third addition, and totally, totally revised and up to date. Yeah? Nicole Bijlsma: There’s three pages that are the same and the rest is changed, and there’s almost 900 references from a scientific to say why you need to have a good understanding of electromagnetic fields, mould, and chemicals. More important how simple it is to reduce your exposure to those things. Dr. Ron Ehrlich: Fantastic. Nicole, thank you. We’re going to get you back. We’re going to talk some more. Nicole Bijlsma: Thanks so much, Ron. . Dr. Ron Ehrlich: There it is. It all sounds a little bit overwhelming, but it’s not. It’s not. If knowledge is power, well, you’ve been given some knowledge to empower you to take control and make decisions that can make a really big different. I often say that we’re allowed to vote every three, four, sometimes five years and we hope that that vote makes a difference, but sometimes we have, something we have, we get to vote on each and every day and that is when we buy stuff and how we spend our dollar. If money talks, and we know it does, then how about letting our money talk for us and make a difference in that way? You can reduce your own chemical load in your own home by 80 to 90% just by making informed decisions. I guess the question is: Are you going to follow the precautionary principle? It’s something that I’ve been empowered to do. Or are you going to be a passive part of the human experiment? Remember that tobacco playbook we talked about? Well, let’s not wait for the change to come from above, let’s start from the ground up, and literally the ground up, but let’s make a different in our own lives and in our own homes. Look, there’s so much to talk about with Nicole. She is a wealth of knowledge. I have to get her back and I will be getting her back in the next one or two weeks. Hope you enjoyed that. Until then, this is Dr. Ron Ehrlich. Be well. This podcast provides general information and discussion about medicine, health, and related subjects. The content is not intended and should not be construed as medical advice or as a substitute for care by a qualified, medical practitioner. If you or any other person has a medical concern, he or she should consult with an appropriately qualified medical practitioner. Guests who speak in this podcast express their own opinions, experiences, and conclusions.

2019-04-18T14:17:35Z

https://drronehrlich.com/010-nicole-bijlsma-health-homes-healthy-people-part-1/

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You can filter your videos and audios with the help of filter option. You can filter video and audio by type, genre, date, etc. Another advantage of using this application instead of another application is that his application is free of cost. You don't need to pay the video and audio streaming. This application gives you free subscription with high standard features that are not available in any other free application. So this application is evergreen and best for audio and video streaming as compared to other application. You can also able to download your favorite videos easily with the single click. Showbox app provides you single click facilities to download the video with many video standard. You can choose your video standard or video quality a per your need. These downloaded files are stored in your device inbuilt storage. You can easily find the downloaded file with the help of the navigation bar. The navigation bar of the Showbox application is designed such that you can find your video, TV shows, audio, movies trailer etc easily with one click. You can also get the news of movies or TV shows with the application. It also gives you upcoming movies news like release date, Star cast of the movies, reviews of movies, and many other things. It also gives you a notification on your device whenever the application updates the movies, TV shows, Audios etc. You can also bookmark your favorite videos for later view. You can find your bookmark videos fro navigation bar. The favorite menu is available in the navigation bar to find your favorite videos and audio easily. Thus, use of the Showbox application is easy and free as compared to the other streaming application. And also there are no issues with the application while you are using the application. Because the application doesn't take your personal information. Even it doesn't ask your email address to enjoy the audio and video streaming. So Showbox is safe and free to use for audio and video streaming without any issues. You can remove google ads from the application with the help of Lucky Patcher app. You can do this if your device is rooted. We suggest you to use download kingroot apk to root your android device. If you are facing any other problem with downloading and installing the Showbox application on your device then you can drop your comment here or also share your user experience and suggestion with us. We also give you an updated file so if you want to get the updates then stay tuned with us. Reference From Wiki. Final word: our aim is to provide you with the latest and updated Showbox application and not try to violate the policy of any organization or company. So if you want official Showbox app the stay tuned with us. And also share your user experience with the application video and audio streaming with us. And also share this article with your friends and family if you like. It's a fascinating system and to some degree a bet. Will purchasers pay for content memberships once the free year of an administration is up? Will stimulation content have the capacity to balance the expenses of offering premium equipment at absolute bottom costs? Will LeEco figure out how to assemble a bundle that Indian cell phone clients can't help it? We survey the new Le 1s Eco to discover. Also, try mini militia hack game on your smart device. The main distinction between the Le 1s and the Le 1s Eco is that the more current variation has a marginally slower CPU. It's as yet an octa-center MediaTek Helio X10, yet the organization says it keeps running at 1.85GHz as opposed to the 2.2GHz of its kin. There's no word on whether the coordinated PowerVR G6200 GPU is comparatively decreased in speed. The screen is as yet 5.5 inches corner to corner with a determination of 1080x1920, there's as yet 3GB of RAM and 32GB of capacity with no degree for an extension. The 3000mAh battery, 13-megapixel raise camera, and 5-megapixel front camera are unaltered also. Regardless you get a unique mark sensor on the back, and an Infrared producer on the best (however you can just utilize it with LeEco's own particular application, not prevalent outsider ones). Here's the place the new Le 1s Eco contrasts most altogether from its kin. The telephone still runs Android 5.0.2 regardless we think the custom EUI skin needs a ton of work - moving every brisk setting to the application switcher screen and impairing the general capacities of Android still feel to us like superfluous changes. There's a flawless element that gives you a chance to set up tying and associate with hotspots just by filtering a QR code, yet then again, the battery use chart is absent from the Settings application. A center programming refresh and a few traps acquired from whatever is left of the business would do LeEco extremely well, we accept. In any case, the meat of this telephone is its "LeEco Membership" bundle, which gives clients access to films, TV stations, tunes, and live streams. You get to it by tapping the round "Live" symbol in the focal point of the dock on the base of the homescreens. It's essentially an altered execution of YuppTV and demonstrates a network of TV channels arranged by dialect. There aren't excessively numerous stations to browse, however, quality isn't awful with a rapid Internet connection. You get a reasonable number of news and music stations crosswise over 10 Indian dialects, yet there's no games, motion pictures, general amusement, kid's shows, or whatever else yet. The application cautions you in case you're utilizing cell information instead of Wi-Fi when you first open it, yet not in the event that it was at that point running out of sight. Swiping to one side of the primary homescreen raises yet another video highlight - an apparently subjective newsreader-style rundown of recordings. Our determination one morning included "Puppy with dangerous prolapse" and "Amazement eggs nursery rhymes" - ideally these suggestions will be refined after some time. LeEco says a music segment controlled by Hungama will be propelled towards the finish of the year. We're additionally expecting the 5TB of distributed storage to become an integral factor around then since there's no indication of it on the telephone or on the Web starting at now. By and large, the bundle appears like it could be a nice incentive for cash at the present cost of Rs. 490 every month (or Rs. 4,900 forthright for a multi-year) yet just on the off chance that you think the substance suits you. The cameras likewise ended up being essentially indistinguishable to what we saw with the Le 1s. Sunshine shots turned out great with sensibly great itemizing and just intermittent concentration bolt issues. Low light shots were another issue out and out, and it was quite difficult to get any usable shots even with a decent measure of episode light from streetlamps, shop signs or windows. This is truly where the Le 1s kin demonstrates their ease roots. LeEco has settled on the intriguing decision of offering its Le 1s Eco as a totally unique model, not an exceptional version, variation or even substitution of the current Le 1s. The two telephones are basically indistinguishable, other than an Rs. 100 value contrast and a for all intents and purposes unimportant decrease in CPU clock speed. The emphasis is on content, and that is the place LeEco needs to do the most work to persuade purchasers - particularly on the off chance that it needs to develop to giving the equipment away for nothing and profiting just off the substance. If the substance isn't fit for your abilities, you may find that Rs. 490 every month is better spent individually decision, and you may approve of whatever's accessible with the expectation of complementary as of now. All things considered, the 5TB of distributed storage is as yet a decent touch at this cost, and there will be different advantages, for example, need after-deals administration and rebate coupons. If you are a WhatsApp lover then I am sure you already used WhatsApp Mod Apk's too on your smartphone. Maybe you have also heard about YoWhatsApp too. It is a very trending WhatsApp Mod in these days. Lots of Android users have installed this application on their phone instead of official WhatsApp. What makes it special is its amazing features which are not available in any other Mod Apk. WhatsApp is one of the most popular chatting apps in the world. We all use this messaging app in our daily life. WhatsApp App has lack of many useful features which every of its user wants to get added to it. Well, Yes they are adding something new to their every update. As like in their recent update they have introduced Recall Feature which helps to delete already sent messages from both Sender & Receiver's phone. Still, it should get updated with many other useful features. But, you can use any of WhatsApp Mod to enjoy the real experience of WhatsApp. All those who used WhatsApp Mod Apk like Fmwhatsapp, never thought to come back on official WhatsApp app. This shows how much interesting this apps are. So If you have download Yowhatsapp on your phone. Then you must check these amazing features of yoWhatsapp apk. Status Mods : YOWhatsapp comes with the status mod in which you can change the status of your offline and online time means it can show you offline in others phone even when you are online it’s just like a magic. You can also coustamize the blue tick and double tick. 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I have seen nowadays that most of the peoples are searching for boys stylish names on google. But on google there are millions of web pages available, s you may get confused in getting best FB Profile name from those collection. Well, Today In this article you will only find latest and best FB Profile Names for both boys & girls. So without wasting your time lets Start. At First I am going to share stylish names for girls and then below you will find Boys Stylish Profile Names. If you are not satisfied with our collection then you can tell us through comment section. I will try my best to provide your desired name through Stylish FB Name Maker. Here are some new fb profile names which i have collected from different different sources with amazing collection. Now you don't need to search anywhere else for stylish names. You can simply use these latest names on your facebook profile. Also, many peopkes say that using stylish font names on fb is against their terms and policies. But believe me I searched a lot and concluded that you account won't disable if you use these stylish names on your facebook profile. This is our today article on Stylish Facebook Names list. I hope you loved this article. If you are facing any issue related to this article then don't forget to inform us via comment section. I will try my best to solve out your problem. Thanks and always connected with us for more such stuffs.

2019-04-19T07:20:29Z

http://www.minimilitiamods.com/

I saw a meme on Facebook last night. It said, It’s wonderful that autism is a gift for you, but respect that my experience is different – Just like our kids. I immediately stopped scrolling to look at the comment section. It’s always interesting to read what other parents think about this topic. Some of the parents hailed their child’s autism as a wonderful gift, insisting they wouldn’t change it for anything. Others argued that autism was a disease, and that their children were sick. Of course they loved their kids, but they would cure them in a heartbeat if they could. So which is it? Is autism a gift, or is it a curse? I’m a mom of autistic twins. If the spectrum were a straight line (which it’s not), my boys would be sitting on opposite ends of the stick. Dominic, my oldest twin, is what used to be called “high functioning.” He has incredible splinter skills, with deficits in other areas. He’s outgoing, but struggles with attention and coping skills. He’s great at math, but he learns english as if it’s a foreign language. He taught himself how to use the Xbox when he was four years old, and has been playing Grand Theft Auto (GTA V) ever since. I’d be appalled if he wasn’t so good at it. I can feel you judging me, but I really don’t care. Julian, my youngest, is severely autistic and nonverbal. He recently started using an AAC device to communicate. His needs are extensive across the board. We have to work hard every second of the day to simply keep him safe. He’s also the silliest, sweetest kid you’ve ever seen. Back to the topic. I don’t see autism as a gift or a curse. My kids are who they are, and being autistic is an intrinsic part of them. Whatever feelings I place on autism will only change how I experience it (and ultimately how my kids will start feeling about themselves). If I feel sad or depressed about autism, that’s what it will be – sad and depressing. If I feel like autism is a gift, well… you get the picture. Did I mention I also have two teenagers? My experiences raising them adds a whole different layer to my perspective. My older boys are neurotypical. But that doesn’t mean my job is easier with them. It’s just different. They each have their own set of individual needs. In addition to being teenagers and all that encompasses, one of them is severely allergic to peanuts (and everything else you can imagine). To top it off, he also has severe, acute, and chronic asthma. Do I hate his lungs? No. That wouldn’t do any good. Those are the lungs he has, so I just work hard to support how they function. I take him to doctors and specialists. I give him medicine to help ease his symptoms. And I listen for his little cough. All. The. Time. Placing a negative feeling on his asthma won’t help him or me. If anything, that would model a negative attitude for him. He may even start to feel like a burden because of something that’s not even in his control. My point is that it’s all relative. While my twins are struggling in many areas, there are some children who can’t even leave the hospital. And others who have less than a year to live. I’m not making light of the more serious aspects surrounding autism. Many children suffer from seizures and other co-morbidities, which are undoubtedly traumatizing. I’m just arguing that our attitude or approach to these circumstances can change the way we experience them. Yes, I get frustrated. I even cry sometimes because I get so overwhelmed. Parenting is hard. Parenting children with disabilities is hard. Parenting autistic children is hard – and confusing. But continuously having a negative attitude about this one condition – that is such an integral part of my children – will only make me miserable. And my kids will undoubtedly pick up on those feelings, whether they can express it or not. As a writer, I follow countless bloggers, vloggers, and authors. I’ve seen every perspective out there. It pains me to see public figures using their platform to continuously talk about their own disappointment and grief surrounding their child’s disabilities. I’m not referring to people who vent every now and then. And I’m not talking about people who toss around ideas and start important conversations. Those things are essential for increasing awareness and acceptance. But parents who are new to Autismland can supply their own frustrations and heartache. They don’t need help adding to that. These parents already know that it’s not a walk in the park. They can join private support groups to vent and validate those feelings. What I really needed as a parent new to the world of autism was hope. I needed information and resources. I needed humor, and a sense of normalcy. I needed perspective and advice from seasoned parents and actually autistic adults to help me sift through the information and misinformation surrounding autism. If you’re a parent who’s just starting your journey, remember… It’s okay to have rough days. It’s okay to grieve the perfect life you thought was in store. But don’t stay there. Pick yourself up. Life is a journey. You get to decide how you react to its twists and turns. Talk to a therapist to support your own mental health. Work hard to find the support you need, online and in your own city. Realize that you’re not alone. With an average of 1 in 59 children being diagnosed, you can find your tribe. Start following autistic bloggers and pages. Read some books written by autistic authors. And steer clear of negativity. Misery loves company, and there’s just no time for that. Autism isn’t a gift. And it isn’t a curse. It’s just part of your journey. Your attitude and mindset WILL make a difference as you go through. Follow our journey on Facebook at Not an Autism Mom. As a mom of a child with autism and a realist, here’s what I will tell you. Anyone who claims autism itself is a gift is ignorant. Those who claim autism offers gifts is right. For example, my daughter’s autism awards her a hyperfocus on dog training that puts her in a league of her own. To fully realize this gift however requires a round the clock, available mom. The gift therefore for me from a spiritual perspective is that it assists in the transcendence of ego. When I consider autism from a medical point of view however, I see autism as the biggest tragedy to ever hit mankind. Thirty years from now, one in two children will receive an autism diagnosis. Ask yourself what you think that means for humanity. Even bigger, ask yourself how humanity will look once the one in two become parents. In my humble opinion, the best question to ask therefore is not whether autism is a gift or curse but instead do you want to wait until your child is diagnosed with autism to decide if it’s a gift or curse or would you rather educate yourselves now on what’s true about the causes of autism as well as the corruption behind the causes? Magical minds that that are able to. Creative individuals whose abilities are. Autism is a gift even when others. Loving oneself with open minded. Lessons that one delivers without. Notable to all because individuals are. God’s gift and beauty for the world to. Engaging in all aspects of life’s moral. Lydia, these are both beautiful poems. As far as what I said, I believe you misunderstood. Please allow me to clarify. What I said is that autism DOES offer gifts. My daughter’s gifts are beautiful, as I’m sure yours are. What I said is that saying autism itself is a gift was ignorant. In my opinion, nobody wishes to be non-verbal, to be low-functioning to the point that they cannot go to the bathroom on their own, for example. THESE travesties are entirely AVOIDABLE by understanding the cause. My daughter was vaccine injured. Had she been diagnosed with a 5-HTP deficiency at birth, she would have instantly received a vaccine exempt. Because the CDC hid this and allowed doctors to instill the standard vaccine schedule, my daughter will forever be injured. This IS ignorant on the health leaders part. It’s WELL documented and can easily be found. If we do not educate the public on these facts, we ARE facing a society with more than half of its people affected. Gifts such as you describe ARE beautiful. I do not see a child trapped inside herself a gift. I see it as a tragedy—one should never happen. I appreciate your thoughts and beautiful creative gestures. I’m interested to hear your thoughts on what I’ve said here. My goal is NEVER to offend, but rather to support and enlighten. My artistic teenage daughter feels exactly the same. She never wants anyone to experience what she did. And, both of you would likely still have the gifts you have minus the sensory stuff, et al. Sorry, had to type quick. My apologies for errors. XO!! Phoenix, are you not troubled by the fact that children who are in fact vaccine injured, are given an autism diagnosis? I was pro-vaccine while pregnant and post-pregnancy. I was anti-conspiracy theories always. But then, my daughter started presenting with autism symptoms. When she was 7, her stomach blew up like a balloon. I assumed she had food allergies. We took her to an allergist at Yale and the doctor informed us that she didn’t have any vaccines in her system and asked me if I was sure she was vaccinated. Of course I was sure! Still, he said her titer reading showed an absence. His recommendation was re-vaccination. We complied and she was revaccinated over a few months for EVERYTHING. By everything I mean, ALL the vaccines a child gets from birth to age 5. In a FEW months! Chloe got worse! She stopped speaking! And I started to question vaccines and autism. I sought her medical records and saw that every single time she’d had a vaccination, her temperature shot to 104 and she had a variety of symptoms from vomiting to diarrhea to ear infections. Like clock work. I couldn’t believe I hadn’t connected it. Then again, why would I? Our pediatrician assured me there was no connection! The light dawned for us after re-vaccination when Chloe received a second titer test. Chloe still showed NO sign of having been vaccinated. And here’s what the doctor recommended. “Let’s vaccinate her again.” WHAT! It was the turning point in my life. Conspiracy theories became something that might have some merit. Vaccine/autism correlation may have some merit. And we now had our own personal experience. We left the doctor’s office, switched our pediatrician and said no to revaccination. Years later, we learned that Chloe has the 5-HTP genetic mutation which automatically exempts her from vaccines. Today, the CDC knows that ALL people with this genetic mutation CANNOT be vaccinated. So, for me, it’s not a theory. My kid was injured by vaccines because she was never tested for 5-HTP prior to vaccination. It’s taken us years to reverse the damage and at the end of the day, we’ll never 100% reverse it. All we can do now is educate others. So, yeah, I know for some vaccines is the cause. I’m so sorry for your experience. My son had a developmental regression and i know it is so hard to see your child lose skills. It must be hard to know what caused your daughter’s symptoms and wish you could go back and change it. It’s also hard to not have any idea, and to have medical professionals tell you they don’t know either, and to just watch as the child you knew slips away. For me, that’s the thing that is truly not a gift about autism. It’s the terror of not knowing if my child will progress or regress… and remembering his voice and when he would look at me and talk to me, and hoping that will happen again but knowing it might never happen again and that he may not be able to communicate or care for himself and what will happen to him when I’m gone… and there’s nothing that can be done about it. It’s frustrating and depressing. And in places like a blog or FB, that’s where I go to vent. That doesn’t mean I wallow in sadness all the time. Sometimes I go to the zoo, or have a tickle fight, or a dance party. And I love my boy more than life itself. He is my greatest happiness and my greatest hope, but also my greatest heartbreak. And writing is my therapy. Sometimes I write sad, depressing stuff. And sometimes I write about Candytopia. Sometimes I see the amazing things about autism (I wrote a post called The Brain of the Future, suggesting that autism is some kind of next stage in human evolution) and sometimes I am in a pit of despair because my son is going backwards while everyone else is progressing and it makes me so very scared for his future (and mine). As a parent, and a NT, it can be such a challenge to come to terms with having an autistic child and learning how to navigate the “new normal” that is your life as a family, which I think is especially challenging after a late regression in my case or injury such as your daughter’s. But thank you all for you’re point of view—the original post was really important for me to read and the comments were equally informative. I’m learning more every day on this journey. Oh honey! I’m equally sorry! I do have empathy and entirely understand what you are saying and where you are coming from! As far as “medical professionals” are concerned (and I would place educational professionals here as well), they’re all educated in the same system receiving the same information that the higher ups want them to have and give. In order to find “answers,” it requires investigating the info yourself and then finding out of the box professionals to help. It took me years to meander all of this. My daughter is on the rebound and recovery now, but she’s only here because my gut told me there HAD to be a cure—there HAD to be a way to recover her. I fought and searched until I found what I was looking for and ever since I’ve been implementing it all. Each case of autism is very different though. How each child responds to various treatments is different. It’s why it’s essential that we be our children’s best advocates! I wish you well with your child. XOXO! This is so helpful. Autism is a part of who our kids are and they need acceptance and positivity just like neurotypicals. I do grieve the reality of our lives, but also try and be proactive about things and speak well of him even though it can be really tough. Thank you so much for sharing your thoughts about Autism. My daughter just turned 12 today, and I was telling her that is a very special gift to us. We did not know it until she turned two years old and she was diagnosed with Autism. You are right at first the gift is so massive and has so many parts to it that it is so easy to get lost in some parts and never recover. For example going home every day crying because of having to explain the diagnosis to strangers because of her behavior or sounds in public. Few months in I learned very quickly that she is nonverbal and it will be my daily job to be a strong advocate for her. I have been standing up for her ever since. I have fought principles, and School Districts. Thus, I think she is a Special gift that is teaching me every day. It has been a challenging time but I can not imagine how it is for her. I think what you shared is so important. I love this especially: “Whatever feelings I place on autism will only change how I experience it (and ultimately how my kids will start feeling about themselves).” We have a lot of choice in how we experience different aspects of our lives. Thank you for sharing! My son is a gift and he shows me the world in a way that I never would have without him. Is it hard a lot of times.. Absolutely! He’s worth it! I’m autistic and my child is on the spectrum. My mother was likely autistic, too. I find the stark differences in your two children very interesting. I think people who say autism is a “gift” are glossing over the struggles we have. My attention to detail lead me, on the one hand, to awards and praise for fixing problems in health care that others didn’t “see;” but at the same time, on the other hand, my autistic directness in communication got me in trouble (and fired on some occasions). A lot of the causes of autism are looking like a combination of environmental toxins and genetic changes. So some of the alleged “curse” is actually that the child’s gut is inflamed and needs a different diet and likely vitamin and mineral supplements. In some cases, there’s heavy metal toxicity, also. The “curse” can be reduced. I have an MPH degree so I am a big believer in vaccines–but I also think that the number of vaccines has gotten out of hand and the “immunological load” needs to be looked at. I think the babies are getting too many vaccines in too short a time span. That said, I find some of the anti-vaxxers frustratingly clueless (NOT the ones where their child has a genetic mutation or other medical issue that prevents the child from getting vaccines) but the ones who think the decision to vaccinate is nothing but personal choice–who are ignorant about how disease is spread in populations. Previous PostPrevious We’re Talking With Pictures… And It’s Awesome!

2019-04-22T20:28:27Z

https://notanautismmom.com/2018/12/20/perspective/?shared=email&msg=fail

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Hello all on the VCF, I recently purchased an IBM 5160 with the Model F keyboard, 1/2 height 5.25" floppy (that doesn't appear to spin up), 3.5" DSDD floppy and a full height HDD, but appears to be a generic hard drive with the IBM cover plate. I managed to get a monitor and tried the system out, but the Hard drive doesn't appear to be working right, as I tried to use the "C:" in DOS 5.0, but dos gives me an error saying "invalid drive specification". I tried using the chkdsk command, and I get the "error reading fixed disk" and No 1701 errors on boot at all. I try out the B drive and I get an indication light, but then I get a "general failure reading drive B" I get the prompt to set up the date and time- a pointer to the dead CMOS Battery, so that may be the reason why I cannot access the hard drive and also why the 5.25 floppy isn't wanting to read the disks.. Any ideas on how to access the CMOS information on the 5160 or any pointers to lead me to the CMOS battery? (I'm not sure if the 5160 has the Dallas RTC clock chip, but if it does, then I have Tezza's guide on how to repair it. Also: I would like to leave the debug low level format command as a last resort, and I think that I have the full size MFM HDD controller inside if that means anything. Whoops! I meant to put this in the Technical Support section! I just went through this so I'll try to assist you with some answers, but my first suggestion is to Google "MinusZeroDegrees" and visit the web site; chock-full of information, diagnostics and tips. There is no battery 'cause there is no clock on the motherboard of the 5160. There may be a clock, and therefore a battery, on a card by AST or DTK, but that will occupy a slot. Plain ol' DOS will prompt you for date and time each time you boot up by default. One reason for doing so is that the system uses the system date to identify any files you save. The floppy drives are Tandon T-100 2As, most likely, and they are typically fussy. But simple (careful!) cleaning of the rails and heads may improve their ability to read. Also keep in mind that it's not always the fault of the drive; the floppy could be bad, too. If the disk doesn't turn loosely in its sleeve, that could be a problem. If there are scratches on the surface of the disk, that will likely be a problem. If the disk has been stored near a magnet or in a damp location, that could be a problem. But in all likelihood it's the floppy drive. Before you dive in to the hard disk try to get the machine to boot from a floppy disk. You should see a memory count on the monitor and then some activity from the drive light. If you only have one drive it will be the A: drive, so I'm not sure why you would be seeing a message about "B:". Be aware that there are switches on the motherboard that tell the system about configuration, including how many floppy drives you have. If those are set incorrectly, that could be a problem as well. Refer to MZD for more details. There may be a tag down by the speaker on the wires. If you can read that it will give you information about when your system was built. Other clues are the writing silk-screened on the motherboard and on the ROM chips, at locations U18 and U19 on the motherboard. Again, MZD knows all. And if you want to know that it can be done, check out the thread "Identifying Model and Year ..." under Vintage Hardware. Best of luck! Sorry, just re-read your post. Definitely not Tandon T-100s. Cleaning still an option. Any ideas on how to access the CMOS information on the 5160 or any pointers to lead me to the CMOS battery? There is no chip on the 5160 motherboard that stores configuration information. SETUP (CMOS SETUP) functionality was not introduced until the IBM 5170. ... and also why the 5.25 floppy isn't wanting to read the disks.. Could it be that the 5.25" drive is a 360K type and you are using 1.2M disks ? Okay: got an update, I opened up the unit and tried to format the floppy disks, and lo and behold I have a 360k Drive trying to format a 500k diskette. So the drive thinks the diskettes are bad. Darn. I am uncertain as to whether I should open the drive to see what is going on inside or if it is worth a low level format. Is there a way of having the computer see the installed hardware via a prompt? Odd, because before I bought it off of Ebay, the seller had photos of the system using the hard drive prior to him shipping it. Is Low level formatting able to save this drive? Now I did install a serial card after the PC was delivered, and something tells me that it may be the culprit for some strange reason. If you have nothing to lose, you can give it a shot. ... and I think that I have the full size MFM HDD controller inside if that means anything. Is it one of the controllers identified at [here (http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/ibm_xebec/ibm_xebec.htm)]? If so, which one? If not, what is the make/model? I suggest holding off on the Low Level Format until some of the other issues of the system are resolved. Just seems strange that problems would show up with both floppy drive and hard drive at same time. Give the system a through inspection, reseat the cards, make sure no card or slot has any metal whiskers causing a short. If you have the equipment, check that the power supply is running correctly. You are confusing 'unformatted capacity' with 'formatted capacity. The DS/DD floppies that are used have an unformatted capacity of 500 KB (based on 40 tracks per side, at 48 TPI). When those floppies are formatted by DOS to 9 sectors per track, the resulting capacity (usable capacity) is 360 KB. I appreciate all the help you are giving me, I will have to take this up tomorrow or on Saturday due to wisdom teeth surgery tomorrow. After then, I'll upload a photo of the MFM controller for Modem7 and then try the low level format methods. Using the G=C800:5 hangs DOS 5.0, so I'll try the other method that modem showed me. Just seems strange that problems would show up with both floppy drive and hard drive at same time. Although, we do not know if the B: drive was funtional prior to shipping. That is a good suggestion, because the hard drive controller card becoming improperly seated in its slot would explain the symptoms. Symptom: Not working post shipping. XT-class hard disk controller not generating a 1701 error. There is no generic low-level format procedure. Even SpeedStor software does not work on some controllers. The required procedure depends on the make/model of controller, so we need to identify that first. Okay, I found that the controller is an IBM 6135983 on the component side, and is a 6135984 on the solder side. And also, I have 2 ribbon cables leading to the hard drive and one of them has a twist on the right hand side. Should the twisted end go on the drive while the other end goes to the controller? Per the discussion, have you reseated the cards in their slots ? Yes, and There was no results. is the the twisted cable for the hard drive shown in the photo above the correct cable? is the the twisted cable for the hard drive shown in the photo above the correct cable?It is if you have connected it correctly. Is the cable keyed? If it is you can't connect it wrong; if it isn't keyed you can. Also, with a twisted cable the drive needs to be jumpered to the second position. With a straight cable the drive is jumpered to the first position. Are you suggesting that the seller changed the cable before shipping the computer? So you have the 'variation #2' shown at the web page at [here (http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/ibm_xebec/ibm_xebec.htm#variation_2)]. With that controller and a Seagate ST-412 coupled, we expect an untwisted control cable (per diagram at [here (http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/5160/misc/5160_hard_drive_cabling_single.jpg)]), but only because on the ST-412s that IBM supplied, the 'drive select' links on the shunt block were set at the first 'drive select' position. If you look at the underside of your ST-412, are the links on the shunt block set per the photo at [here (http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/misc/st412_tres_shunt.JPG)]? yep, the shunts have the same configuation. I'll re assemble the machine and will boot and will see what happens. So, there is a problem just there. For the shunt configuration that I pointed to (first drive-select position set), an untwisted (AKA 'flat', AKA 'straight-through') control cable is required. And there is something else that is not making sense - the lack of a 1701 error. If we go with the hypothesis that the seller changed the control cable before shipping, from an untwisted one to a twisted one, the Xebec controller should be generating a 1701 error. How do I know for sure? Because I just now made such a cable change on my functional 5160 with IBM/Xebec controller (variation #2) and ST-412. Maybe the controller is totally hosed and unable to do anything including generate an error. Before going down that investigative path, let's wait to hear from the OP. Maybe they were not waiting long enough for the 1701. A rare form of twisted control cable is a 'double twisted' one. It is the bottom cable in the diagram at [here (http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/images4/double_twist_cable.jpg)]. I have never seen one myself, but I know that they exist. If your control cable is one of these double twisted ones, then having the ST-412 connected to its end connector is equivalent to using an untwisted cable. Is it a 'double twisted' cable ? I had the same experience with a Seagate ST225 I bought from an eBay reseller. The drive was shipped formatted and functioning, but by the time it arrive it needed to be low-level formatted, formatted by DOS and have the OS installed once again. I don't know this to be true but I suspect the carrier, e.g. Postal Service in my case, may in the process of scanning it for who-knows-what have affected its disk's magnetic properties. If that's the case, a low-level format may be your first and best alternative. There may be a format utility routine in the controller ROM. Check here (https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/60089) for Microsoft article on the subject. Sorry for not filling you guys in, but the cables ARE KEYED, and they are inserted the correct way; I connected the straight cable to the HDD like modem7 said. Unfortunately, I tried to low level format via minuszerodegrees Debug and Speedstor methods, and with speedstor, the drive cannot access the partition table, and if I were to use Fdisk on the boot diskette, fdisk will give me an "error reading fixed drive". I did do all of the tests for the drive via speedstor and there were a lot of defects, most likely due to the seller failing to park the heads before shipping and the shipping carrier having the boxes knocked about. I will try the advanced diagnostics and if that cannot get the HDD working, then I will have to call it quits with that drive and get a refund from the ebay seller. I thank all of you for your help and for being patient with me and my inexperience with handling old computers, I know I would've gotten frustrated with myself! I look forward to learning more in this community! Unfortunately, I tried to low level format via minuszerodegrees Debug and Speedstor methods, and with speedstor, the drive cannot access the partition table,...SpeedStor doesn't access the partition table during a LLF. Neither does any other LLF method. The partition table can *only* be created **after** a successful LLF. SpeedStor doesn't access the partition table during a LLF. Neither does any other LLF method. The partition table can *only* be created **after** a successful LLF. After I used Fdisk after a LLF from both methods I used earlier, Fdisk will still give me an error reading fixed disk. I'm not surprised that the drive is no longer working either, since it is one of the older ones for the XT, heck I might just save the controller and disk and maybe look up a disk drive emulator for the hard drive. The ST-412 has a stepper flag (AKA damper, arm, interrupter). During the low-level formatting, did you see that slowly move from one extreme to the other? ... heck I might just save the controller and disk and maybe look up a disk drive emulator for the hard drive. In the 'Hard disk drive' section of the web page at [here (http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/5150/problems/5150_known_problems_issues.htm)], take a look at the 'Some possible solutions' links. Turns out the HDD had a pin touching a resistor, and by moving that pin, I was able to format and create a partition! So now I need to figure out how to put DOS on the Hard disk via 3.5 floppy. Any pointers to that is greatly appreciated! Whatever floppy you use it's the same. Boot from the DOS floppy. Type 'SYS C:', then copy all the remaining DOS files to the HD. Of course, if you have an install set of DOS disks, after you boot, type 'setup' and follow the instructions. Problem is, I only have the MS DOS 5 Boot disk, so I cannot use the SYS C: command, and If I use WinImage, the image is incompatible with my USB Floppy. I have no Idea what I need to do next, I do have a windows 2000 equipped laptop with a built in floppy if that means anything. Plus, I am using the standard 360 kilobyte IBM floppy controller, so if I were to use a HD 720k diskette, then I get a general failure error. Is there anyway I can fool the floppy into formatting a 720k DSDD from a 720k HD? SYS.COM should be on the boot disk. I copied SYS.com to the boot floppy (it wasn't an official DOS boot diskette) and if I run SYS C: I get a memory Allocation error and the system cannot load COMMAND, so the system is halted. Could be a bad memory chip. Try running some programs, especially one that unloads/reloads the transient part of COMMAND.COM to see if that generates the same or a similar error. Alternatively, you could load a second or third COMMAND.COM, which would occupy a different physical memory space and then run SYS.COM. If this method is successful it would point to a bad area in RAM as the culprit. 1. Start with a 'clean slate' by redoing the low-level format. 3. Boot from that diskette. 4. Execute the procedure at [here (http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/hdd/hdd_fdisk_format_dos33.htm)]. FROM THE DOS PROMPT type command and press enter. Then, just to be safe, do it again. Now you are running three command shells, one stacked on top of another. Now try SYS C:. I may try creating another DOS 5 boot diskette with SYS.com and a different command interpreter and see what happens. Still gives a memory allocation error and fails to load command; could it be conflicting hardware? But you still haven't tried loading three command shells, have you? How much RAM does it detect when starting the machine? When you boot DOS 5, what do you get when typing MEM? CHKDSK will reveal the memory values as well as MEM. Anyone got any ideas as to what I need to do in order to get the system booting off the floppy? Forgive me if I'm wrong, but I didn't think this mattered on 3.5" media? They are both 80 track, aren't they? I managed to take a 3.5" floppy from a SONY VAIO computer in my garage and hook it up to an HP running win vista. From there, WinImage worked after formatting a floppy under /T:80 /N:9 and then writing to it via WinImage. After that I ended up installing DOS 5.0 onto the XT and it now seems to be working for the most part. Now I need to figure the 448k memory problem and the 64-256k not appearing? Anyways, BIG thank you to Stone, modem7 and all others that had the patience to help a newbie like me! The 448K problem could be as easy as the configuration switches on the memory card. Sorry to go back to an earlier post here, but I had been dealing with the same issues you were with an XT Hard Drive, no 1701 error, able to LLF but FDSISK gave an error. I had given up the drive that was dead and packed it back up. Seeing this post, I pulled it out and I also had one of the pins on the bottom bent and lying on a resistor. I am thinking of taking the XT apart (it currently has 2 floppy drives and a compact flash HDD in it) and trying the HDD again, but wanted to ask first why would that pin have caused that issue? Just curious before I go through the effort of trying this drive one more time.. Per post #25, the OP may not have been waiting long enough for the 1701 to appear. We do not know, because the OP did not comment on post #25. As for your "no 1701 error", it could have been the same. The authors of the BIOS ROM on the XT-class hard disk controller choose what to display and when. There could be, say, a two minute timeout on your particular make/model of XT-class hard disk controller. ... able to LLF but FDSISK gave an error. Some LLF format procedures are 'dumb' - no verification done. For those, I could disconnect the data cable from the drive, then watch the LLF procedure run to completion without an error being shown. So, no LLF actually done. Seeing this post, I pulled it out and I also had one of the pins on the bottom bent and lying on a resistor. Out of curiosity, was that "pin" one of the many gold plated test point 'posts' ? I have put a photo of three of them at [here (http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/temp/3/kyh83qt6ynf817485bv1.jpg)]. Yes, that is the same pin. In a message to the OP, he stated that the same pins were his issue...at least from the way he described it. No, but when others present with what appears to be a faulty ST-412 drive, when we get them to do a visual inspection of the drive, we direct special attention to the posts (based on history). So its worth a test and hook it up again to give it a shot? I wasnt sure if I should dig it back out and take apart the XT again...but if its worth a shot, I am in. So its worth a test and hook it up again to give it a shot? Yes, definitely. Hopefully, no damage was done. Same issues with the pin adjusted and all other pins checked and not touching....machine boots, no 1701 error, shows a quick light on the drive, boots to floppy, light on drive comes on again, once booted to floppy (DOS), run FDISK 'Error .... Fixed Disk" If you are getting past the 1701 issue, I wouldn't give up on it quite yet. Have you tried running SpeedStor? If you try running Norton Utilities, can you access any of the drive in "physical sector mode" (it need not be FDISKed or DOS formatted, only LLFed to do that) Off hand, the only case I can think of where a drive would look like it should work, but not actually work is if there were damage only on the MBR (first) sector. But there are things that can trip up FDISK. I ran SpeedStor on it and got a Drive is unusable error when trying some things, but I dont fully understand how to use it...I know when I ran some of the diags on it, it was kicking back a bunch of bad sector errors..but again, i dont fully understand that software....but it did give the Drive is Unusable error I think when I tried to format it. Is there a way to get past or fix that first sector? If a fresh LLF did not fix it, then probably not. Does reading the first sector return an error? Do *ANY* sectors read without error? - If absolutely none are readable, then it might actually be a controller problem instead. Used two different controllers and the exact same issue on both..

2019-04-21T10:44:33Z

http://www.vcfed.org/forum/archive/index.php/t-51712.html?s=4dbb16902568f53689ecbd045bd11080

The first of January will mark the 40th anniversary of the UK’s entry into the Common Market. Back in 1973, this was greeted with celebrations in Brussels. At the stroke of midnight a Union Jack was raised at EEC headquarters. The new British Commissioner joined revellers on the streets for a torch-lit procession. Four decades on, Britain’s future in Europe has never looked so uncertain. Not so long ago an EU Commission President jetted in to London to warn that Britain must join the single currency or risk losing out. He predicted the spread of the Euro to North Africa and even claimed it would become “very popular” in Britain. But the intellectual arrogance of the European political elite was not justified. The Euro was no big success even in times of growth. Faced with global financial instability, it has amplified the problem, rather than solving it. Today it remains the single biggest risk to the world financial system. Worse still, Eurozone leaders have not dealt effectively with the crisis. Faced with the catastrophic consequences of putting federalist fantasy ahead of economic reality, they have dithered and delayed. Faced with a crisis caused by integration, their solution is not less Europe, but more Europe. The EU began with the best of intentions, but has not achieved the best of outcomes. It has enjoyed some successes, namely the single market and of course the enlargement which has brought a number of countries with troubled histories into the modern, democratic world, most recently the eastern European nations. However, I was more than a little sceptical of the decision to award the EU the Nobel Peace Prize. Peace in Europe owes more to NATO and the post-war German constitution than to the Common Agricultural Policy. Certainly for British voters, the idea of Britain taking her place at the heart of Europe has never held less appeal. We have reached a turning point in our history, and a decision point in our future. And it is a critical decision we have to make. The pressure for an “In or Out” referendum is building. I read the weekend polls, claiming that up to 60% of British citizens want to leave the EU, as telling us something different. Namely that they want a say in our country’s position in the Union. The In / Out question is volatile: the demand for a say in their future is constant. There is little doubt in my mind that the political elites will be unable to escape holding such a referendum in the next five years or so. I am squarely in favour of such a referendum – but it must be done properly. Some of you here may be old enough to remember the last Europe referendum – the 1975 vote on Britain’s membership of the Common Market. You may also remember that a year before that referendum, polls showed most people were planning to vote “No”. But in the intervening twelve months the European Commission, the TUC, the CBI and the government of the day used every scare tactic in the book to secure a “Yes” vote. They claimed leaving the Common Market would mean permanent decline for Britain – less international influence, less work, less trade and less money. As a tactic it was shameless, but it worked. On the day, two thirds of voters backed Britain’s membership of the Common Market. “Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it”. We were taught a lesson in 1975. If we were to have a simple In/Out referendum and voters were scared into voting “In”, that would be the worst case scenario for Britain. It would not reflect voters’ concerns about Britain’s relationship with the EU. And it would render future British governments utterly impotent in European negotiations, undermining their ability to block EU initiatives which threaten British interests. I would not envy the Foreign Secretary his job after that outcome. And whether that relationship is best conducted from inside the EU or out. We should structure the decision so that whatever the outcome, we resolve the causes of our troubled relationship. This will require a new approach from the government. For years the Conservative leadership has, understandably, regarded the EU as the third rail of British politics – politically charged, controversial, and too dangerous to touch. With the continent in the grip of the Eurozone crisis, this has ceased to be a tenable position. Not only does the crisis have direct and potentially devastating consequences for our economy, but the solutions proposed by the Eurozone powers demand further and faster transfer of powers to EU institutions. But why was Britain’s relationship with Europe treated as a third rail for so long? The answer is simple – fear. First, fear of splitting the Conservative Party. This is no longer a real threat. The Conservative Party is now over 90% Eurosceptic. Second, fear of the consequences of leaving the EU. Many greet any such suggestion with warnings of disaster. I was never convinced about this, and today such histrionic scaremongering looks simply antiquated and self-serving. This slide shows the trend in UK exports to the EU, which are declining, and outside the EU, which are growing. They crossed 4 years ago. And these trends will continue because world markets are now growing much faster than the EU. Third, governments are disinclined to enter into negotiations when they appear doomed from the start. This fatalistic line was taken by the Labour spokesman yesterday. Even amongst those who want to take powers back from the EU, there is a fear that other Member States would not play nice and that the negotiation would fail. But we will have to show more imagination, courage and tenacity than has been shown by British negotiators for some time. What’s next for the Eurozone? Before we consider our own actions, let us consider the strategic backdrop – in particular, the prospects for the Eurozone. We have become so used to miserable news that it has numbed our senses. So let us remind ourselves of the facts. Total Eurozone debt is currently 90% of GDP and will hit 95% next year. In four countries – almost a quarter of the Eurozone – public debt now exceeds national GDP, hitting 120% in Italy and 165% in Greece by the end of last year. Clearly Eurozone countries must kick their public spending addiction. Excessive borrowing is at the root of the Eurozone crisis. Even more borrowing cannot solve it. But austerity alone is not enough. To pay down these colossal debts would require spending cuts and/or tax rises of such severity that they would be politically unacceptable. The civil unrest last week in Greece, France, Belgium, Italy and Spain shows that we are already operating at the edges of acceptability. Indeed, Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras only passed his latest austerity budget by promising that these new spending cuts and tax rises are the last the Greeks will have to endure. The Eurozone needs jobs and it needs growth. Eurozone unemployment amounts to almost 18 million people out of work. In Portugal one in six is out of work. In Greece and Spain the figure is one in four. Amongst young people in those two countries, the employed are now a shrinking minority. To turn it around, Eurozone countries must become more competitive. The European Commission predicts just 0.1% growth in the Eurozone next year, and many economists think contraction more likely. The Portuguese government is bracing itself for a third straight year of recession, Greece for a fourth. Even the eternally optimistic European Central Bank boss Mario Draghi, recently ridiculed for claiming the Eurozone is “poised for recovery”, believes any recovery would “probably be slow”. Without drastic action, Europe risks becoming “the 1% Continent” with low growth in perpetuity. But even the most effective expenditure reduction policy will not deliver jobs, growth and prosperity if the failing economies are locked into an uncompetitive currency. The one measure that offers rapid rescue, exit from the Eurozone, is the one thing the European political elite will not countenance. So the Eurozone itself has reached a fork in the road. One way leads to breakup. The most realistic scenario would be for one or more of the heavily indebted and uncompetitive “peripheral” nations to quit the Eurozone, devaluing their currency and defaulting on their debt. This would have huge political and legal implications. There is no agreed mechanism to allow a nation to leave the Eurozone, and European leaders refuse to create one. Roger Bootles’ Wolfson Prize winning analysis is the best guide to how it might happen. Loans worth billions could be written off at a stroke. Banks in other member states could need bailouts. Uncertainty would hang over the departing country’s EU membership. There would be huge legal and commercial doubt over all euro-denominated contracts to which it was a party. There would inevitably be feverish speculation about which country could (or should) be next to leave. The other way ahead is to try and hold the Eurozone together. This is what its members are trying to achieve. To work, it will require painful action with far-reaching and very long-lasting consequences. At present, the Eurozone is seventeen economies stuck together with a common interest rate and some ill-observed deficit rules. To stay together, the Eurozone would need to become more like a single economy. To this end, plans for full fiscal and banking union are on the table. Under these proposals the ECB could get powers to supervise Eurozone banks. EU institutions could be given the power to strike down national budgets, coordinate economic policy, set Eurozone tax rates and harmonise employment and financial regulation law. But it will take much more than even that to stabilise the Eurozone. identified the difficulties of imposing such economic and fiscal union on different economies. What he found still rings true today. Sir Donald concluded that per capita incomes are distributed at least as unequally between member states as they are between the various regions of those member states. Today that is even more true than it was then. However, the EU currently has neither the power nor the resources to redistribute wealth to those poorer regions in the way a national government can. His research showed that full economic union would require Eurozone-wide taxation, a central budget ten times the size of the current one, and a federal treasury with powers to redistribute income between member states on an ongoing basis, just like the US Treasury can redistribute money between the various States. France and Germany believe that further integration can turn the situation around. But the simple fact is no amount of treaty change will turn Greeks into Germans, either in terms of fiscal responsibility or economic productivity. And whilst some officials might view the Eurozone as one country, ordinary voters will not. It is one thing to see money redistributed from one region to another within a nation. But to ask Germans to hand over their taxes to Greece would be political dynamite. And Europe’s political leaders are massively underestimating the cost. To achieve economic stability he estimated that the Eurozone would require a budget of up to 10% of its GDP – €940 billion based on 2011 Eurozone GDP figures. That’s half the size of the entire UK economy. MacDougall added that, to become a fully fledged federal state akin to the USA, a Eurozone economic union would need a budget equivalent to 25% of GDP – over €2,300 billion. The leadership of the Eurozone sees its salvation in becoming more like a nation state. But no matter how much integration occurs, no matter how many policies are harmonised, a Eurozone union will never enjoy the democratic legitimacy that is the hallmark of the nation state. To have a central Eurozone budget to redistribute wealth in Europe would be taking away vast sovereign powers from member states, a matter that would surely be disputed and which could require a new treaty. Of course the €2,300 billion budget model will not happen tomorrow. There are too many political obstacles, not least the German electorate. But within the EU the political and economic pressure will be permanently in that direction for the next decade or two, acting as an imperative to take more powers and more resources from member states year after year. The reason the EU wins its battles is because it plays the long game, planning what it wants to do years, sometimes decades, in advance. To protect Britain’s interests, we must look not only at what Europe does now, but what it wants to do in twenty to thirty years’ time. For that reason we must understand the economic pressures that will drive the Euro-powers for the next 3 decades. There are those who argue for European membership on the grounds that a bloc of countries are more powerful than one. They forget that one country only has 1/27th of the say in the decisions of that bloc. But even that is optimistic. All countries may be equal, but in Europe some are more equal than others. Even the humblest student of European affairs knows that Germany and France have long dominated the Eurozone bloc. The prospect of a more integrated Eurozone also raises concerns about the balance of power within the EU. When I was a Foreign Office Minister negotiating on one of the EU’s endless round of Treaties, representatives from three Member States approached me separately and asked Britain to veto one particular EU proposal. I said if they opposed the plan they should veto it themselves. Their response was telling; only Britain could stand up to the Franco-German axis in Europe. Over fifteen years later that axis is still strong, and now includes the European Commission and the European Central Bank. And when they are determined on an objective they are powerful enough to bend rules. Last year this axis was formalised by the founding of the Frankfurt Group – the innermost ring of a series of concentric alliances – in effect a coalition of the architects and paymasters of Europe. Members include the French and German leaders, French IMF chief Christine Lagarde and the heads of the European Commission and European Central Bank. Meeting in private, away from other Eurozone leaders, this group had soon removed the elected leaders of Greece and Italy, replacing them with unelected, EU-approved technocrats. Of course it is no novelty that France and Germany meet in private to discuss the fate of the Eurozone. There is nothing secret or sinister about it. They have always been the dominant powers in the European system, together exercising an extraordinary grip on the operation of the Commission, control of finances and the EU’s general strategic direction. The smaller countries, many of whom receive billions in EU subsidies, are happy to go with the flow. And in two years the voting system will change to give a qualified majority to the Eurozone countries. The Frankfurt Group is a precursor of how we can expect major decisions to be taken in the Eurozone bloc and the EU as a whole. What is more, the powers driving these decisions are convinced of what they see as the remorseless logic of integration for EU member states. Britain has been on the receiving end of the Franco-German axis’ determined federalism before. For example, when the Working Time Directive was first proposed, the UK said they could not support it. Since working hours are a question of employment law, the harmonisation of which requires approval by all member states, that should have been the end of the matter. The Working Time Directive was not dropped. It was not even amended to allow a compromise. Suddenly the proposal was back on the table, presented not as a matter of employment law but instead as a health and safety measure. The difference? Whilst changes to employment law used to require unanimity, health and safety legislation could be passed by a qualified majority. This rendered Britain’s objections futile, and our democratically elected government was simply overruled. More recently, we have seen this pattern repeated. Last December, David Cameron rightly vetoed attempts to restructure the Eurozone because the plans threatened British interests – particularly those of our financial sector. The point of giving member states a veto is to allow them to stop something happening. If a member state feels strongly enough to exercise its veto – something only ever done as a last resort – then fellow member states should at least seek some sort of compromise. But the Franco-German axis does not see it that way. Faced with a British veto of their far-reaching reforms, they brushed aside the government’s perfectly valid concerns, and pushed ahead with the plans. The veto didn’t stop anything – it has ended up as a sort of pre-emptive opt-out. Of course he must veto such an extravagant proposal. But it will not achieve any cuts in the budget. EU rules mean that if agreement is not reached, the budget will be approved annually by Qualified Majority Voting. This morning’s Financial Times reports that the EU leadership are trying to bypass us yet again. This will allow the EU to increase its budget in line with inflation, shielding it from the austerity the taxpayers who fund it must face. This threatens Britain’s national interests. A more integrated Eurozone will vote as a united bloc within the EU. With Germany and France at its heart, it will be a powerful force for further integration and the transfer of powers from national governments to EU institutions. It is clear that Europe is changing. The Eurozone nations are intent on further integration and will achieve this through Eurozone-only agreements if they cannot do so through the EU Treaties. But just because we do not know what shape the post-crisis EU will take does not mean Britain should adopt a “wait and see” approach. The government needs to be clear (both in its own mind and with European partners) about how the new EU should function. The government has launched a review of the balance of competences between the UK and EU. That is all very well, but how can you assess whether or not there is an imbalance unless you have first determined exactly what powers should lie where? It is also not due to conclude until 2014, which is too slow. Delay is unlikely to improve our negotiating position. Before we can know if, and in what areas, the EU has too much power, we must decide what should be done at the EU level, and what should be left to nation states. This is a decision we can make now. As Europe’s powers go up, its popularity in Britain goes down. It now has powers on huge areas of public policy, from home affairs to health and safety, from tourism to tax, from national security to social security. The Commission can tell us how many hours a week we can work, or even how long a bus route can be. And the European Court of Justice is moving to a position where it can tell our law makers and our law givers, our parliamentarians and our judges exactly what they should and shouldn’t do. This intrusive legislation, and this intrusive control, now grows at a rate of up to 3000 regulations a year. The European Commission admits that EU regulation costs businesses at least £110bn every year, and even accepts that much of this regulation is “unnecessary”. The previous government’s own regulatory impact assessments estimated that EU regulations cost Britain’s private and public sectors £140bn between 1998 and 2010. The handicap to our global competitiveness is much worse than that. That is bad enough, but since the Lisbon treaty, which gave the European Union 40 more areas of control, the Commission can now use ratchet clauses to extend its power without rewriting a treaty. That is one reason why the government’s current policy of “we’ll have a referendum if we have a new treaty” is not good enough. In fact, it is a dilution of the previous position, which said we’ll have a referendum if more powers go to the European Union. Under the Lisbon Treaty, it is now possible for those powers to go without them asking the people. We should seek the repatriation of a whole range of powers to create a new relationship between Britain and the EU. We should take back all of our justice and home affairs powers. We should take back immigration powers. We should take back control of social and employment legislation. We should give our government the final say on health and safety legislation. And we should protect Britain from financial regulation designed to punish the UK’s success. We should take back all of these things and more, and take them back permanently. If we achieve this we would return Britain to a relationship with Europe similar to that which the British people thought they voted for in 1975 – a Common Market to deliver economic benefits for the whole Continent without impinging on the democracies of the nations within it. But this of itself is not enough. It is no good simply negotiating away the things we do not like about Europe only to face a future in which EU institutions, backed up by ever more prevalent qualified majority voting, continues to erode our national interest. In democratic nations we hold regular meaningful elections where voters can stick with what they have or wipe the slate clean. Crucial to this principle of people power is the rule that a government cannot bind its successors. For example, if a party won an election promising to cut taxes, then it would have a mandate to do so. But if that party could then pass a law saying no government could ever raise taxes again, it would undermine the right of the electorate to change its mind in future. However, the EU has no such concept. What it has is the acquis communautaire, a doctrine which states that the powers the EU has acquired belong to the EU forever. This is not just undemocratic, it is anti-democratic. Anti-democratic because through this doctrine the EU specifically seeks to bypass the views of voters. My brand of Conservatism is one that believes the nation state is a moral concept. By that I mean that, with its common laws, its common tradition, its common conventions, its common beliefs, and its common understandings, the nation state is actually the highest manifestation of democracy. Democracy is not just about casting a vote. It is about being willing to make sacrifices for each other, to allow taxes to be used to support those who cannot support themselves. Democracy means letting our sons and daughters put their lives on the line to defend us, and to defend everybody else in our nation state. The EU, though, is run by the Commission, a group of people who are all unelected and are mostly unheard of. It is they who propose new laws, control the budget, implement decisions and manage its day-to-day running. In 2009 the European Commission was responsible for 72% of new EU law. It is a remarkable and unacceptable state of affairs that these 27 Commissioners can be handed so much power without ordinary voters having any say. In the last four decades we have seen European institutions extract power from national parliaments – which you elect and you control – and hand it to people you probably wouldn’t recognise and can’t get anywhere near. That is why we need a fundamental constitutional change in the relationship between the British Parliament and the European Union. We need a permanent, universal opt-out that allows us to escape the damaging effects of costly and unnecessary EU laws. If we do not like a new law, Parliament should be able to reject it. Some will say this is impossible. Certainly negotiations will be difficult, but EU arrangements already allow something similar regarding justice and home affairs law. Because even the Commission recognised that it was highly controversial to bring this within the scope of EU law, it allowed an opt out. Britain has been signed up to 135 of the EU’s justice and home affairs laws for a number of years. In that time we have found that some work well and others do not. For instance, the European Arrest Warrant was established to help fight terrorism and organised crime. However its flaws have led to multiple miscarriages of justice and we should not opt back in to it in its current form. By exercising the opt out, which government plans to do, we can repatriate significant powers and refuse to allow the European Court of Justice to override British courts on criminal law matters, whilst still cooperating with our European partners. This arrangement is a blueprint for what our relationship with the EU should be. This leaves us with two issues to resolve. How to negotiate such a change, and how to obtain the approval of the British people for attempting such a historic deal – one which will affect the future not just for them, but for their children and grandchildren. I believe that we can achieve both of these aims with a focussed approach, using the so-called double referendum strategy. This is less complex than it sounds. It is sophisticated, but we are dealing with the most sophisticated negotiating organisation since the Byzantine Empire. First it requires us to decide very clearly what our negotiating aims are – really what I have just laid out – during the course of the next year. The details may be complex, but the primary aim is clear – to get as close as possible to the trading alliance, the common market we all voted for in 1975. Then we present that negotiating package to the British people, and seek their approval for it in a referendum. We would be looking for a clear mandate. And I would be very surprised if the proposal I have described does not obtain a 70% voting majority – greater than we got in ’75, and greater than any modern political party has ever achieved. In the same Act of Parliament that establishes the Mandate referendum, we also commit the country to a decision referendum, to be held when the EU negotiation is concluded. The aim of this strategy is to give the British people the final say, but it is also to massively reinforce the legitimacy and negotiating power of the British negotiating team. There is little doubt that the initial response of the European elite will be to resist the idea of creating a whole new class of membership that takes head on the acquis communitaire. One of the characteristics of the EU is that it never backs down in the face of national demands – except for one circumstance, namely when they are backed up by a referendum. When Ireland put the Nice Treaty to a referendum, and it was rejected because it threatened their military neutrality, the EU gave formal undertakings that they would not be forced into a common EU defence policy. When French and Dutch voters rejected the Constitutional Treaty in a referendum, it was dropped and rewritten. Only a referendum forces the EU to rethink. In a way you can see their point. From their perspective, against the long view of the European project, national governments are temporary. But the people are permanent. So the Mandate referendum would both stiffen the spines of our negotiators, and undermine the legitimacy of the European resistance to change. It would communicate as clearly as possible the dissatisfaction of the British people with the current status. The legal certainty of a decision referendum would also signal to the EU that we are serious – that this negotiation was not sabre rattling, and that a failure to conclude an agreement that recognised Britain’s democratic right to make its own decisions in areas of critical national importance would lead to a parting of the ways. This forces the EU to negotiate seriously. This in turn would mean that British citizens would be offered the best possible circumstances for staying in, as well as a real alternative in pulling out. The purpose of this strategy is to maximise both the democratic legitimacy and the negotiating leverage to achieve our policy aims. But there is a domestic political side effect. The optimal timing for this is to decide the policy in 12 months and hold the mandate referendum in late 2013 or very early 2014. Before the European Parliamentary elections. That timing would mean that all political parties would have to face up to the problem and decide their European strategy in real time. One of my colleagues described this idea to me as a UKIP killer. That is not the purpose of the strategy, but it will give the Conservative Party a proper platform to fight that European Election. To make this work we have also to be clear what our position would be if the European Union did not deliver a package that appealed to the British people. As I said, this is much less scary in the current world of low trade tariffs than it was in the high tariff world of the 70’s. We have a range of options, from European Economic Area and European Free Trade Agreement membership like Norway, or the series of bilateral arrangements that Switzerland has, to a World Trade Organisation-based minimalist relationship. But we are the United Kingdom, a significant power on the international stage, and I see no reason why we should not forge our own relationship. My preference would be that we should remain within the Customs Union of the EU. What this means is that we would have to maintain a common external tariff barrier (only about 2.4% on non agricultural goods) and give up some freedoms in terms of negotiating our trading arrangements with third countries. The advantage would be that our manufacturers would not face complex and punitive “rules of origin” tariffs if parts of their products were made in, say, China. That would also be the arrangement that would allow true free trade in both directions across the Channel, so Continental manufacturers would benefit and therefore prefer it. In the event that we arrive at this position, the pressure on European governments from their own manufacturing industries for this deal would be quite strong. But, frankly, if the EU did not want to do that, the other options are pretty attractive too. The Swiss free trade area approach would allow us to negotiate advantageous trade deals with non-EU countries. It would allow us to maximise our trading advantages, and in conjunction with a strong low tax and deregulatory strategy at home, would liberate our nation’s ingenuity and skills to create jobs, wealth and growth in a way that is currently beyond our grasp. It is this sort of option that offers Britain the “European Hong Kong” strategy. So UK negotiators would have the luxury of negotiating for one of several options, all better than our current status. Paradoxically, the fact that the radical, out-of-Europe options are growing more attractive as the years pass, means that the deal that we can strike with Europe is likely to be much stronger. Tony Blair recently called for a “Grand Bargain” to save the Eurozone. But as ever his words were not backed by serious plans. Now is the time for big action, not just big rhetoric. We need a new deal with Europe. One which keeps the trade and the cooperation with our European partners, but which also keeps law-making powers in Westminster, not Brussels. Both Britain and Europe have reached a decision point. The federalist course the Eurozone powers have chosen is not one Britain should follow. So the time to strike that deal is now.

2019-04-20T12:54:21Z

http://www.daviddavismp.com/david-davis-mp-delivers-speech-on-the-opportunities-for-a-referendum-on-europe/

Over the past 12 years, Blocks Recording Club facilitated an environment of local labour and love. Started in 2003 as a cassettes and mini-CDs-only label operating out of the Tranzac Club, its central goal was simultaneously modest and idealistic: to forge a co-operative economy of nurture and engagement that united around local talent. What resulted was a network of artists that banded skills and resources together to collaboratively produce, physically assemble, and distribute more than 70 recordings. But as years have passed and members have become involved with other projects, the club has slowly dissolved from the hub of enthusiasm it long constituted. Blocks closed its offices at the Tranzac in December, and the co-operative plans to officially shut down later this year. Caffery has participated in Blocks as a musician as well as an elected board member and president of the co-operative, and on Friday (March 13) he will oversee the installation of a multi-faceted Blocks retrospective at Long Winter. Coupled with archival photos and projections of live performances and music videos, the Blocks catalog will be displayed in full, and long-time Blocks project Hank will perform new material. Caffery will also DJ, and Golden Throats Karaoke is programming instrumental versions of Blocks recordings that guests can sing over. Founded by Steve Kado (the Barcelona Pavilion) and Mark McLean in 2003, the story goes that the tapes and mini-CDs idea left Blocks with McLean when he abandoned Toronto for Ottawa that same year, and in 2004, Blocks released Toronto is the Best!!! Toronto is Great!!!, a celebratory CD compiling music from 23 projects throughout the city (24 if you count the bonus video recording of the Singing Saw Shadow Show), including the Barcelona Pavilion, Kids on TV, Les Mouches, the Phonemes, Picastro, and Bob Wiseman, among others. “There was always just a sense of local love,” Caffery enthuses. The next year, the label was officially incorporated as an artist-owned worker’s co-operative. And so, Blocks quickly gained a reputation as an important institution that was expressly focused on fostering creativity and collaboration throughout the local community – something that made it synonymous with the era of “Torontopia” – a moment of cultural renaissance that brushed Toronto throughout much of the 2000s. There were exceptions – Blocks worked successfully with Montreal’s Diskettes and Toronto’s sometimes Berlin-based Nadja – but for the most part, the label was comfortable to focus its energy on the neighbourhoods immediately surrounding it. Caffery is perhaps best known as the bassist and vocalist for the now defunct Kids on TV, a subversive Toronto club-scene outfit that developed a reputation of its own playing unconventional spaces and acknowledging, celebrating, documenting, and collaborating with artists throughout the Toronto (and broader) queercore scene. KOTV’s “36 Pills” was featured on the Toronto is Great compilation, but Caffery says he’s been more thoroughly involved with Blocks since 2007, when the co-op elected him to the second iteration of the Blocks board of directors at an AGM. He says he became involved at an important time in the development of the co-op’s identity. A year earlier, Owen Pallett became something of a poster boy for Blocks when He Poos Clouds, the sophomore album from his Final Fantasy project, was awarded the inaugural Polaris Music Prize and he gifted a significant portion of the $20,000 purse to the co-operative. In 2008 Blocks began exploring new ways to look at art and collaborating, and over the course of the year it began to emphasize incorporating multimedia into its concert events, hosting workshops through the Toronto Public Library and holding a release party for Iris Fraser’s projection art DVD. With Kids on TV, the Phonemes, and Bob Wiseman, Blocks also participated in Mammalian Diving Reflex’s Parkdale Public School vs. Queen St. West, a project that had Blocks artists teach a senior strings class their songs, eventually to perform them together at the Gladstone Hotel. The next year, Blocks entered a new era experimenting with digital releases. Some albums were made available strictly as digital releases, while Building Blocks – a free digital singles club – released two new songs monthly, eventually culminating in a project-compiling compilation pressed to vinyl. As Blocks circles closer to its end, it is understandable that, preparing for the retrospective, Caffery feels more comfortable seeing Blocks close than witnessing its legacy stretched out to include an extended period of stressed and struggling operations. “I also personally don’t want to see it drag on for years and not really be in a kind of shadow-self; to have a very productive 10 years and then have a very unproductive 10 years. I’d rather get closure on it and be able to walk away feeling really good and satisfied,” he says. Now after 12 years, the tireless, creative minds that made Blocks possible can rest knowing that they affected real change and helped contribute to the collaborative spirit that defines the city’s music scene today. Read our full Q&A with John Caffery, below. Above photo by Colin Medley. Long Winter: You’ve been involved with Blocks since at least as far back as 2007 when you were elected to the second Board of Directors, but I know Kids on TV was also featured on the Toronto is the Best!!! Toronto is Great!!! compilation (in 2004). John Caffery: So Toronto is Great! came out in I think 2004 so I’ve been a part of Blocks since then. Steve [Kado] helped us record the Kids on TV song “36 Pills” in the Cold Floors studio which was just the basement in his house and I felt like at that time many of the artists were playing shows together or collaborating, so there was already a sense of community before it kind of took on a more formal role, and I think that crossed over into lots of different kinds of arts communities just as a sense of collaboration that was happening and trying different things, so yeah. Blocks helped us out with the Kids on TV album and we were able to do a special Blocks version collaborating with Michael Cuomo who’s a silkscreen artist, and he created the cover art for that. And we shared a studio with Michael Cuomo, and Simone Schmidt – who was in the band $100, who also put a release out on Blocks Recording Club – that was our first 7-inch. So that’s what I mean there were lots of different connections in terms of like, there would be a group of artists here and they would connect with the larger group of artists. I think that’s still happening all of the time, but it seemed particularly meaningful and significant at that time. There were a lot of things kind of emerging. The process of getting involved with the Board was both kind of exciting because I wanted to contribute and I was really interested in this new model or new way of artists having more ownership and input into the creative process and the release process, and also just figuring it out mystified me in some ways. It was good to be more DIY and hands-on and just work together with folks to kind of figure out how it all happens. I guess I’ve been involved more so since 2007. At the time of the Toronto is Great! compilation was your involvement with Blocks anything beyond just being a musician that was having their music released by a label? That was basically my involvement. The idea that we’re all putting on shows together – Final Fantasy and Kids on TV could be on the same bill, even though they sonically, musically were so very different. But it made sense at that time. And just for clarification did your involvement continue after the new board was elected in 2010 or…? Yup. Yeah I’ve always been involved – I think just once you’ve been in that position you hold a lot of knowledge and still pieces, so things like the iTunes account were just pieces that I would continue to be responsible for. And I think part of the reason why Blocks is closing now is that the Board wasn’t changing over in a full way. For a while we always had a changeover of folks with experience and folks bringing new energy, but over time I think those roles weren’t really taken up in the same way and it was hard to get folks to put in that time and that energy, which meant that other folks that held pieces were relied on in an ongoing way. What were you responsible for while you were there [on the Board] (and eventually elected its president)? Talking about releases, which artists to work with, what made sense – we always had board meetings. It was also a time when the way people were putting out music was changing, so we were trying to figure out, “Oh, do we wanna do vinyl releases? Do we wanna do 7-inches? Do we wanna keep as CDs? Do we wanna go digital?” Those were a big part of our conversations; trying to navigate that as a really small worker’s co-op and trying to produce music locally but that also could be distributed across Canada, and always trying to figure out deals to try and get the Blocks catalog in other parts of the world. That was an ongoing challenge for us. And things like paying rent; picking up the mail; the smaller logistics of running a business like that. I feel like 2007 must’ve been an exciting year for Blocks. Final Fantasy won the Polaris Prize at the end of 2006 and Owen said he would use the [$20,000] purse to help fund more records for the Club. Does He Poos Clouds fit into the story of Blocks’ success that neatly? I don’t mean to cut you off but was Blocks at risk of not continuing at that point? It wasn’t about it being in danger at that time, but it was sure a financial boost. It allowed us to plan much further ahead than we had been at that stage. And it also felt like one of our artists was being recognized – this was really exciting; it creates a lot of potential and a sense of hope within folks, and just the sense that, “Oh my goodness, these little projects that we’ve got going on are actually being heard.” And I think it just created the sense for a while that anything could happen. Yeah, so it wasn’t so much that it was at risk. I do feel like there was a lot of energy around the label at that time. But it felt like it was taking it to a different level. And I’m assuming there was more of a buzz around Blocks as well. Totally. In terms of respect for what we were doing, in terms of an alternative model, validating in terms of that being legitimate and that we didn’t have to follow the kind of traditional label model. And it didn’t mean that you couldn’t be creatively successful. So that was really exciting. I felt like it was kind of really energizing for the cooperative. What were some of the objectives that the co-op was working toward at that time? The main objective was just to put out releases, I think. And to work with artists that we thought… like I mean the artist has to be both interesting sonically and creatively, but also, you want to work with them. It is about putting time in and contributing. So if an artist was amazing in what their output was, but didn’t really lift a finger in terms of contributing to the cooperative, that didn’t really work. So I think everyone found different ways to participate and contribute. But that was I’d say a huge objective for what we were doing at that time: trying to find that balance of good to work with and an exciting artist. In 2008 in particular Blocks seemed significantly focused on incorporating multimedia into its concert events. There was the workshop you personally conducted with Kids on TV at one of the library’s Make Some Noise Take Some Noise events, and the Windows to Mirrors DVD release party for Iris Fraser’s projection art. And I think that was also around the time of Parkdale Public School vs. Queen St. West, when— this is a project by Mammalian Diving Reflex where they got a residency at Parkdale Elementary School, and they were looking at the fact that the neighbourhood was being completely gentrified and there was a lot of change happening and artists were moving in, but a lot of kids that had been going to school that whole time weren’t really connected to the artist community, so the project looked at bridging young folks and artists that have both been in the neighbourhood for a while or are moving into the neighbourhood or making things happen in the neighbourhood. And so, the way Blocks was a part of that was that three of our artists ended up teaching the senior strings music class. So it was like grades six, sevens, and eights, and it was Bob Wiseman, The Phonemes and Kids on TV, and this music teacher [Mr. Curry] was actually the teacher at six or seven different schools, and so sometimes had to not teach the senior strings class because they had an assembly across the town. So there was often these gaps that were happening within the school, and this project was looking at how we can address those gaps by making these connections with artists. And so Bob and Magali and Kids on TV would go in and we’d teach them these songs, and I remember Kids on TV teaching the song “A Song For Holly Woodlawn,” which dealt with this person in Andy Warhol’s entourage, Holly Woodlawn, being denied access to welfare because they dressed glamorously when they went to the welfare office. So not only teaching music to this class but also having conversations about class and gender and trans identity. So it was a pretty exciting opportunity. And then what we did at the end was the performance at the Gladstone Hotel with a kid orchestra. So it was Bob Wiseman and The Phonemes and Kids on TV, and we each performed these songs that we had taught the kids over the course of a few months. So at that time I do feel like there were a lot of creative ways in terms of looking at art and collaborating and who to work with and not just about putting out releases and playing shows. Blocks was obviously focused on documenting local music and physically getting it into peoples hands, but it also experimented with digital-only releases. There was also the Building Blocks singles club project. How informative were these experiments? What was the reception like? I think there was initially a tension there in that the Blocks aesthetic had always been so crafty and DIY – whether it was the Les Mouches album cover where the CD had red string hanging from it, or these little Barcelona Pavillion mini CDs. There had always been this tradition of make days and helping each other out to assemble a release. So initially I felt like there was a tension there in terms of what does it mean to go digital only? What does it mean to be on iTunes? In some ways it felt very incongruent to our whole approach, but there’s a lot of artists involved [with Blocks] and different people felt differently, and so we went ahead with that experiment, and I think in terms of digital only, it was helpful. Not everyone is always able to put the time and energy into a physical release – or have the resources, necessarily. So it just made it possible to sometimes fast track [releases] and just get music out. At least as late as 2007, Blocks was an expressly Toronto-based undertaking. In 2005 Steve Kado told This Magazine that “It’s really a shame that [the Diskettes are] from Not Toronto,” and “I feel it weakens our mandate to try and tackle a larger geographic territory. It’s hard to talk about a community of people working together when they’re all over the place.” So, three questions: did that attitude ever change or evolve? Was that a collectively held value? Was it a helpful one? Yeah. (Laughs) “From Not Toronto.” And that’s just I think a funny way that Steve talks about things like that. But yeah, I mean the reality is, the artist is not gonna come to the make day or the artist is gonna have a harder time coming to the AGM or anything where folks need to participate or collaborate in order to get them something done or make a decision. And sometimes artists were able to make it work – we also worked with [the alternately Berlin and Toronto-based] Nadja, so the Diskettes weren’t the only example of where we worked with artists that weren’t really in Toronto. But by and large, that was who we were trying to support and who we turned to, because we felt like there were so many exciting things happening in Toronto and we were already connected to that. It made sense with the model. Blocks has been so important and influential in supporting and incubating the musicians local music scene Toronto has now; what are some of the success stories you think of when you look back on what Blocks did? I think that the Toronto is Great compilation was a great success. I remember it being one of the first releases that Kids on TV was a part of, and it felt so exciting to be featured on that compilation with other artists that I admired and respected in the city. I think that definitely the success of He Poos Clouds was a massive success for the label. I think that projects like what I was mentioning with Mammalian Diamond Reflex were incredible in terms of artists working in a more social realm in terms of rethinking who the audience is and who we want to collaborate with, and I also think there were really exciting moments just in terms of who got involved. Like Katie Stelmanis was part of the group and would come to the AGM and participate, and now Austra’s doing fantastic. To be part of releasing Fucked Up’s [premier zodiac single] Year of the Dog and then seeing how far Fucked Up has come. So it’s also nice to look back and see where artists that have been involved are now and the many amazing folks that have been a part of the cooperative over the years. You could also argue Blocks is partially responsible for the Tranzac’s survival. [Laughs] That’s true. Yeah. So our office was out of there for years and years and years. We just shut it down in December. And there are still some releases in storage there, but really we’re in the process of closing down. We just closed our GS1, which is all the UPCs so the catalog’s not really online anymore… there’s still conversations about trying to figure out how we make things available moving forward and how we commemorate what we’ve done, but yeah – I mean all our meetings were at the Tranzac, we often had a bar tab going with that, as well as many, many shows [set there]. And I think that the last show that we’re going to organize will also be at the Tranzac. So it’s ongoing. So there’s still one coming? I think so! Yeah. That’s in the works. I mean there’s nothing official yet, but there’s lots of conversation, I’ll say. Why shut it down? Do you think Toronto is in a place where it still needs something like Blocks? I totally think it is still in a place where it needs something like Blocks. And: it’s volunteer run, and if there’s not the energy for folks to keep it going, that’s the reality. If folks have moved on and have other priorities… It needs a lot of energy to keep it going. There’s a lot of different pieces to hold. I also personally don’t want to see it drag on for years and not really be in a kind of shadow-self; to have a very productive 10 years and then have a very unproductive 10 years. I’d rather get closure on it and be able to walk away feeling really good and satisfied. So Blocks hasn’t officially shut down yet? It’s not on Blocks. But I also feel like Hank is… every other release has been on Blocks but yeah, we’re not putting out new releases. But I still very much want to support what Hank is doing. What was the final release? I think it might’ve been Dani Nash, but I could be wrong. And I think another highlight for me was Owen Pallett’s [30th] birthday, because it was like a Blocks reunion of sorts. It was at Lula Lounge a couple of years ago and it was I think an all weekend birthday fest that was day and night, and he really – I mean, he was friends with so many of the artists, so he just got them to play his birthday. And that was a real highlight, too. There was always just a sense of local love. I also think about the music festival Track and Field. That was more of the kind of Friends in Bellwoods community, but there was lots of crossover there, and many, many Blocks would play at those kind of campout weekend festivals and have a blast. And that also felt very DIY and anti-corporate and more about supporting each others’ creative endeavours and less about trying to capitalize on peoples’ artwork. What can people expect from the retrospective at Long Winter next Friday? So there’ll be new material from Hank which is very exciting, there will be lots of photos and album art, we’re going to display all of the releases that we ever put out – so it’s over 70 releases – over the 10 years, and video projections of the music videos that people created as well as projections of live performances.

2019-04-25T02:47:45Z

http://www.torontolongwinter.com/blog/chopping-blocks

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You may also use personal email signature to market your business at a very less formal manner. Furthermore, to efficiently brand your business, you might include an email signature in additional advertising places. Naturally, to prevent awkward circumstances or misunderstandings Versailles Etiquette appears to be quite awful. You want to follow together with the proper etiquette for promotion announcement. Should you buy a lot of emails and you struggle to remain organized, Set an auto responder in your email that lets people know it may be two or three days ahead of your respond. For the near future, email will remain a important part of business communications. Your mails should also include a signature. You’re able to substitute a fast excerpt of the former email if you would like, but that’s a good deal of work for no real savings. Emails are part of everyone’s daily life. Contrary to what most People believe, email isn’t necessarily a kind of casual correspondence. 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A Simple mistake might Lead to a huge problem in email Communication. Sometimes, the solution to your email might already be inside the Course outline and it could be a reason why your professor has not responded. You Should carefully consider if all have to be aware of your Response to conduct business. You must block the stream of cash. With this position I need to Mention an internal reference from someone working in the business. Specifically, they’d love to watch an action analysis to break down the costs of running business. These actions might also be used in making a good resume which may be utilised in searching for a vacant maintenance technician job in resorts. It follows that you are on the market for 25 or so verbs. An entire selection of questions and answers categories are available this site. The same holds for the longer hours and days you’re available to Get the task done. The exact same is applicable to this actuator. That’s just one of those things. 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Another strategy would be to buy additional details on each client to make better decisions. But it’s more reliable to provide positional feedback. In such ads people want you to compose reviews for various items and they’re going to pay you a each review. On Occasion, what is discussed in 1 letter can not be shared Using another department. Most inflated letters could be interpreted in keeping with the zone in which they endure. Formal letters still maintain an extremely important place in the market world. A well-drafted letter that’s written in a suitable manner makes sure your exit method is smooth and without any problems. You have some awful feedback. An excessive Quantity of information gets confusing. Lastly, you can harm yourself should you give an inordinate quantity of information in your protest. The final portion of this email ought to be centered on talking about your favorable knowledge in the business, in a couple of lines. Even If You Happen to have resigned, a resignation letter is Nevertheless a suitable activity to complete. Your resignation letter ought to be a succinct letter which officially informs your present employer that you’re leaving your job. Here are a couple tips about how to compose an excellent letter for resignation. On the contrary, it’s likely to also select resignation letter via email. Though some people believe that it is unprofessional, a resignation letter through email is completely valid in addition to okay. Below you will discover a few added Procedures to look at in regards to writing a resignation letter. So it’s extremely imperative that you write a superior resignation letter prior to leaving work. It’s almost always a fantastic idea to compose the major reason for the resignation. Verbal resignations shouldn’t be accepted by your employer. You might be able to convince the company which you have not Done anything wrong, or explain any mitigating conditions. When folks are leaving a business or a position, often they are not sure how to write a resignation letter. You may have worked in a company for a long time and may have a solid client base, something which you must leave while resigning from the corporation. Whether you’re leaving the company, or changing your position, it is crucial to inform your customer that you will not be serving them farther. To begin with, you have got to mention that you are resigning from the organization, as well as the date where it’s likely to get the job done. Reason for leaving the firm should be said clearly. A However in other instances, workers have to fill the application Form independently. The employee is so shocked and distraught which he or she has trouble remembering the specifics of what was said for the remainder of the meeting. Many workers write resignation letters because they have found a different job that delivers the type of environment they are considering or pays a greater wages. Last, don’t forget your employer already had considerable chance to ask you about your feedback before you opted to leave. They can’t force you to work for an extra period of time. Don’t neglect to mention that the notice period you are supplying to the employer. Following your resignation was approved you need to be certain that you inform your employer about the current state of the projects you are managing so you may proceed accordingly. Taking the above example into account, if there is A specific reason that you are leaving the job which you want to raise from the correspondence, but don’t need the HRD to understand about it, you need to be careful. Leaving a job might not be easy, especially whenever you’re seeking to progress you’re livelihood. Some individuals can have a job which offers better career prospects and money. While you might be enthusiastic about beginning your new job, you’ll also need to say farewell to colleagues whom you may have developed intimate relationships with. Even though you might have other work or personal commitments, it’s important to give at the very least a brief period of fourteen days. The writing style must be formal and precise. You’d believe That in the summit of this list of my grievances are the ruthless insurance policy firm. If you’ve got one available to use, the business letter head is ideal on which to compose your resignation letter. On several bases, there is a department that provides soldiers with specialized help in making a fantastic civilian restart and there are various outside sources of help too. They’ve made a mistake you’ve got what you have to guard your actions in case you need to request that it be reviewed at a greater degree. Notice that in case you choose to officially complain, the procedure can be lengthy. The process for transitioning from the military can pose its own unique set of challenges. Don’t send an email as you’re angry. If you’re responding to an Email, it’s necessary that you follow all of the principles mentioned previously. Place the cancellation period (the quantity of time you have got to choose if you wish to unsend an email). Now, every time you send an email by mistake you merely will need to click undo at the top yellow bar. Remember, an email can not be un-sent. The business email is a fairly important bit of communication and needs some formatting elements very like a company letter. The email should seem like you, on your tone, not enjoy a Paragraph in the advertising literature. Don’t forget your professors receives hundreds of emails every day, so save your professors some moment. Don’t forget, however, that some people are ticked away by emails which are too direct. Today, business emails are becoming a regular in the work program. The company email format should be easy together with left margin. It Is similar to the business memo and so, it won’t be difficult to understand the basic rules. It is crucial to follow alongside a suitable format of a company email, as it directly describes your personality. Any broader communication needs to be in English. Needless to say, With the aim of a work search, almost all of your communication will be occurring via email anywayso your very best option is to keep it short! When it’s to do with your enterprise email communications, you’ll need to create an impression which could lead to the determination that you are a credible specialist enterprise and somebody who’ll be simple and a joy to conduct business with. Email signature is a must-have, even since it helps create a Lasting impression for you and your organization. Email addresswhen you will make an email signature, try to include things like an expert email address. It is important to contemplate how folks will understand your email signature across devices. For people who haven’t already, it is important and helpful to prepare an email signature via your email settings so that you never need to worry about typing out your contact information at the bottom of each message you send. You may also use personal email signature to market your company in a very less formal way. Furthermore, to effectively brand your business, you may include an email signature in other advertisements areas. Naturally, to prevent awkward conditions or misunderstandings And other unwanted problems, you’ve got to follow along with email etiquette. Versailles Etiquette seems to be pretty awful. You want to follow along with the appropriate etiquette for advertising statement. Should you buy a lot of mails and you struggle to remain organized, Put an auto responder in your email which lets people know it may be two or three times ahead of your respond. For the near future, email will stay a crucial part of business communications. Your mails should also include a touch. You’re able to substitute a quick excerpt of the former email if you’d like, but that is a good deal of work for no actual savings. Emails are a part of everybody’s daily life. Unlike what most People today think, email isn’t necessarily a sort of informal correspondence. Just make certain it’s relevant to your first email. Never say things in your email which you don’t mean. Hence, be certain your email is mobile-friendly. Emails delivered to you solely generally want you to respond just to the sender, but for emails sent to a number of people, you might have to select the Reply to All choice to send your answer to everyone. There are many reasons why it’s a poorly written email. After you hit Reply All, you’re sending the email to all the Original receivers. The way you opt to shut your email is determined by the circumstance and your connection with the receiver. Used the proper manner, email can increase productivity. Otherwise, you then ought to refrain from sending the email. Response to your emailseven at the event the email wasn’t meant for you It’s tricky to answer to each email message ever sent to youpersonally, but you need to attempt to. The absolute most efficient emails include only a single goal or query. An easy mistake might result in a huge problem in email Communicating. Class outline and it could be a reason why your professor hasn’t responded. You Should carefully consider if all have to be aware of your Response to conduct business.

2019-04-19T21:03:48Z

http://waterburychildguidance.com/10-haushaltsbuch-excel/

1. Be knowledgeable in your business. This should be obvious but people do not always do this. For example, a friend of mine in the past several years has become very successful in the restaurant business. She opened a restaurant and now has several successful branches. This level of success in the restaurant business is very unusual. Although she had thoroughly studied different recipes and had a clear plan, she also worked in similar restaurants before starting her own. That is very thorough research and preparation that few people take the time to do! 2. Business Mission, Concept, and Vision. a) If you are an astrologer and are very good at it, you may think of having an astrological counseling business. You can visualize the kinds of clients that will benefit from your services and the setting in which they will be comfortable during consultations. b) If you have a full time job (other than astrology) but love astrology, and you wish you could have a business related to astrology, you might think of selling computerized interpretations, astrology books, software, etc. You may do this while at the same time keeping your current full time job. 3. Details Such As Budget, Physical Asset, Location, Etc. After defining what your mission will be, you will realize that there are additional things you need to fulfill your specific mission. You may need to learn the details of how to implement your mission. Gather as much information as you can before you start. In starting any business, you must have knowledge and expertise before you get yourself into it. The second thing to prepare is a list of the physical assets that are required, such as a computer, office, office equipment, telephone, web site, advertising budget, etc. The third factor necessary to fulfilling your specific mission is the location where are you going to operate your business. Pick a location that allows you to meet the professional standards that are appropriate for your mission. NOTE: Make sure that you have whatever licenses may be required in your area to conduct your business. You may contact your city's business license office for details before advertising your business. Different towns have different rules, so it is best to find the rules and regulations in your area. Business licenses are usually not very expensive. A business license in Gainesville, FL, where I live, for example, costs $50 to $100 a year. You do not need a lawyer in order to start a business. Simply ask the local officials for details on how you can start your own business. They will be more than happy to assist you as long as you ask specific questions. Be pleasant when you ask questions to get the answer that you need. Be patient! You may need to make repeated calls or visit the office in person. 4. Aim for a vision that you can attain comfortably. Avoid getting a huge loan to start with. Most people succeed by starting small and growing slowly. Be resourceful and creative. You may think you have no assets at all, but look around carefully. You may, for example, have the enthusiastic support of a few friends and family members. You may be able to figure out a way to start your business from your home. Don't be afraid to extend yourself a little to get the business moving. For example, if you are an astrologer and good at it and want to be successful in helping people, then offer a free reading to your friends or a free lecture to a community group. If you are good, your friends will spread the news. Starting this way does not cost anything but your own time and energy. Some people who are struggling to get their business to a successful level become almost fanatically concerned about getting paid for any services they perform. They feel that "they are worth it" and that they must be paid handsomely for others to appreciate their service. While this is true in general, most successful professionals also donate services regularly in appropriate situations. It is not necessary to keep records of everyone who expresses an interest in your business. Doing this is optional and can be helpful in some businesses. Keeping records of clients is not optional to ensure success. Make sure that you collect the name, address, phone number and email address of your clients and save this in your database. It is best that you know how to use a computer and a word processing program. Once you have your database collected, you can then notify clients of additional services if they do not mind being contacted. Keeping in contact will help you establish a good relationship with your clients. You never know when contacting a previous client can be helpful for one reason or another. Once you have all of the above planning done, then you can advertise to let people know about your services. Advertising can be very costly. Some of you may think that big, fancy advertisements can catch people's attention and propel your business to a high level. However, many businesses have collapsed from over-optimistic and unrealistic expectations from advertising. If you have very limited financial resources to start with, it is extremely unlikely that you want to invest in expensive advertising. Many people succeed by starting with small classified ads. Classified advertising can be very powerful. Many people go to classified advertising first before reading other ads. Business experts typically recommend that about 15% of your income be devoted to advertising. Word of mouth advertising is often the best. In order to become successful in word of mouth advertising, you must prove that you have the best service or that you are good at what you are doing. Don't think that you will get a response as soon as you put an ad in a newspaper or magazine. Space advertising does not usually have a positive effect for six months to one year. Don't be surprise if you do not get a call or any response for a while. It is good to have your own web site to start with. You don't have to hire anyone to create your own web site. Hiring someone to create a web site can be quite costly. If you don't know how to create a web site, but you do know how to use a word processing program, it should be easy for you to create one. Creating a web site is similar to using a word processing program except it is more involve and complex. The software that you will use to create a web site is called a web development tool or an html editor. Three commonly used programs are Dreamweaver, FrontPage, and Adobe GoLive. However, you do not need to purchase one of these programs. This software can be quite costly and you must be familiar with using a computer before you can use it. You can start with free web site hosting service instead. You can later move it to a different ISP (Internet Service Provider). The ISP hosts your website for you, or, in other words, your website files are on the hard drive of a computer provided by the ISP and this computer is connected to the Internet so it can be accessed by anyone thorugh the website browser. If you are using an html editor, you may also need to use You may also need an FTP program. There is only very few FTP programs out there that are free. A good free FTP program that I recommend is the AceFTP program. This program is still free at the time this article is written. If it is no longer free by the time you read this article, simply search for "Free FTP program" on your search engine. FTP means "File Transfer Protocol". This program is used to upload and download a file to your Internet Service Provider's (ISP) host computer. In other words, File Transfer Protocol is a way of transferring files over the Internet from one computer to another. Regardless of who you choose as your ISP , there is an advantage to starting your website at a website like wix.com or weebly.com in that you can create the website yourself without having to hire someone to create it for you. There are many other tools for creating websites but you will need to learn how to use the software to create the website. A service like wix.com and web.com has the advantage that you can get a simple website up and running without having to go through a long learning process. Most of the expensive html editor programs have a feature for uploading and downloading a file to the host server. With almost any software, start with reading the help file first before you start using it.There are smpler and less expensive html editors than programs like Dreamweaver. They are not as powerful as the more expensive programs.Once you know how to create your own web site, you will need an ISP (Internet Service Provider) server that will host your web site. There are large national and international ISP's, like AOL and Earthlink. There are also small companies in any large town or city that provide the services you need. These smaller ISP companies are sometimes referred to as local ISP's. You can either contact a local ISP or use the email provider that you have now, as most Email providers also host web sites. Most of the email providers give at least free 5 megabytes of hard disk space to their customers to use for their own web sites. Get the details from your email service provider about this service. The advantage of using your email service provider to host your web site is that you don't have to pay extra for them to host your web site. The disadvantage of this, however, is that your web site address usually is similar to this: http://www.best.com/member/yourname/default.htm. Another term for "web site address" is "URL". URL is an abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator. I strongly recommend having your own web site address, such as http://www.SallySmith.com. If you want to have your own URL name, you will have to purchase a Domain name. A "Domain name" is the name corresponding to the numeric IP (Internet Protocol) address. The word "Domain" is basically your own "empire," so to speak, with your own identity. Internet users access your website using your domain name. To have your own domain name however, you will need to purchase it from a domain name host and pay a yearly fee to keep it. The fee is ranging from $3.95 to $9.95 a year. In other words, you will have one monthly and one yearly payment when you have your own domain name and your own web site hosted: To have your own domain name, you pay once a year, and to host your own web site, you pay monthly. To host your own web site, you may pay somewhere in the range of $20 - $50 per month. This fee includes your own email address. For most people, the additional cost of paying a monthly fee to host their web site address and have their own domain name is well worth it. A domain name can be, for example: alicesmith.com, silver.com, etc. If possible, pick a name that reflects the nature of your business. Most of the obvious domain names are already taken. Instead of having your domain name end with ".com," there are a few other choices available. If you are an astrological consultant and your main business is your personal services, you may wish to use your name as the website address, such as alicesmith.com. Of course, you may need to use a middle initial or other variation if your first choice is already taken. I also recommend comparing local ISP services with the national and international services. Local ISP services are listed in your phone book. You can also search online for "ISP xxxx service" (where xxxx is the name of the city and state of your residence. Once you have selected an ISP, you can then get your own Domain Name. To get your own domain name, you simply go to a web site that provides the service of giving domain names. There are many of these websites to choose from and they all provide a similar service. A web site that I have used to register a domain name (that is "get" a domain name) is www.domainname.com. You can also do a search on the Internet for other websites that provide this service to see if you can find a better price for registering your domain name. Several years ago, the cost for a domain name is usually about $20 to $35 per year. Now, it is ranging from $3.95 to $9.95 a year. I will suggest not to pay more than $10 a year for a domain name. You can also get a discount if you pay for more than one year at one time. Feel free to ask about this when you register your domain name. Once you have your domain name, notify your ISP provider. Your ISP server will then connect this domain name with your web site that is being hosted on the ISP's computer. You can then ask your ISP server to create a unique email address for you. For example, if your domain is "silver.com", you can ask to have an email address of "info@silver.com" or "yourname@silver.com" As the business owner, you must be honest and honorable for the company to succeed. Ensure that your company displays good character in dealing with your customers. An honorable business will gain respect and loyalty from its customers, and loyalty from workers. Every effort should be made to maintain honesty, have integrity, demonstrate reliability, and act responsibly. These are the keys to success in running a good business. The most successful businesses are consistent. If you are going to have a positive, helpful, constructive business, then you must strive very hard to operate this way CONSISTENTLY. a) Treat your customers well by making sure that the service that you promise and advertise is the service that you provide. b) Usually you must apply the motto "the customer is always right", even when this is not true! It is best to listen attentively to your customer even if the complaint or suggestion does not at first seem reasonable. Feedback from customers is very valuable. Sometimes, even the most negative and obnoxious customer has a very valuable suggestion hidden in his/her ugly rhetoric. There are several kinds of astrology businesses. You can be an astrological consultant or you can have a business that provides astrological products or services. Some of the most common astrological businesses are: (1) Astrological consultant, (2) teacher of astrology classes, (3) writer of astrology articles or books, (4) provider of computerized interpretations, (5) reseller of books, (6) distributor of astrology software, (7) reseller or maker of products with astrological motifs, such as jewelry, t-shirts, calendars, etc., (8) provider of facilities for astrology classes and astrological consultations, typically as part of a metaphysical bookstore. Of these 8 kinds of astrological businesses, the first 3 require that you are a competent astrologer. The other 5 astrological businesses require knowledge of astrology but not professional proficiency. If you are not a professional astrologer, you can succeed in one of these businesses. However, you must not give the impression that you are an astrologer if you are not. Most people who are successful in an astrological business combine at least two of the above kinds of services, and some also combine astrology with non-astrological services. You can have an astrology business although you are not an astrologer by providing the goods and services listed below, either in a physical store or an online store. Consider selling hard-to-find titles that astrologers cannot locate elsewhere, or do research to find out which books are most useful, helpful, and interesting to both beginning and advanced students, as well as to professional astrologers. Usually books can be purchased wholesale directly from the publisher or through a book distributor. Some bookstores prefer to order from the distributors because it is convenient to order most products from one or two sources. Other bookstores order directly from the publisher. The wholesale price of books is typically 40% off the retail price. Your price, in other words, is typically about 60% of the retail cost. Research which software is the best in the industry. You may discover that certain programs are best suited to particular clients who have particular needs. It is best to own a copy of any software that you sell so that you are familiar with it and can explain its features and capabilities. You can then help astrologers and students decide which software to purchase, based on their needs. Also, when you are familiar with the software that you are selling, you can give customer support to your software customers. Customers are often loyal to a software distributor who provides customer support or gives good advice on which software is best suited to the customer's needs. Call the software manufacturer and sign up for a dealership agreement so you can purchase the software at a wholesale price. Some companies may have limited availability of distributorships or special requirements for you to become a distributor. Computerized interpretations provide a very different service from consultations. Consultations are generally more expensive than computerized interpretations and are designed to enable the client to make important decisions. A computerized interpretation provides an objective assessment based solely on the birth data and makes a nice gift that people often like to give to a friend or family member without the expense or requirement to schedule a consultation. Low prices for computerized interpretations work best for most astrologers and astrology businesses. A price of $10 to $20 for a natal chart interpretation is about average. High prices typically reduce sales dramatically, so this lower price range is recommended. There are exceptions to this rule, however, and there are many variables that affect what price can be charged. The cost of producing a computerized report is very low. The cost of paper, ink, time, cover, etc. may total to only a few dollars. The largest expense typically is the time to produce the report and mailing costs. Do not try to make a "killing" on sales of each report. There are many providers of computerized reports at low prices and probably you want to be within the standard range of prices. In addition to computerized interpretations, most software companies offer various kinds of graphic information printouts or artistically rendered printouts that can be as useful as interpretations. A typical example of this is an AstroMap printout, which is available from most major software companies. Other kinds of graphic printouts are also available. Note that if you are not an astrologer, do not claim to be one. When you get astrology questions, do not pretend that you know the answer. Simply tell them that you don't know the answer and that you will ask someone who knows and that you will let them know what you find out. You can send them the correct answer when you have it in hand. If you own a bookstore, you can form a partnership with professional astrologers by having them provide consultations and classes at your store. You can either get a commission from the fees that they collect or make some other reasonable arrangement with the astrologers. necklaces, bracelets, T-shirts, etc. Offering small items can enhance your business. Make sure that you don't overstock these items. Keep track of how well different items sell. Some manufacturers will allow you to return the items if you don't sell them within a month of so, but most manufacturers will not accept returns of unsold inventory. Some consultants in astrology as well as other fields offer flexible payments, depending on the financial status of the client. In general, any situation that involves flexibility will leave some people feeling maltreated because they did not receive as good a "deal" as someone else and can result in a lot of haggling over fees. A simple fee structure for all is best. If you want to help the needy, then you can do this on a voluntary basis separate from your normal consultation service. Providing assistance to the needy can be done in a way that makes it distinct from your normal services. One way to accomplish this is to provide it in a different location. Consider adding other services to your consultation service if you do not do so already! Some astrologers find that giving the client a computerized reading, an attractive printout of their chart wheel, a tape of the consultation, or other tangible "goodies" when they leave the consultation gives the client a feeling of tremendously increased value. People who receive frequent astrological consultations also tend to have at least a mild interest in astrology. After finding that you are an excellent astrologer via their consultation, they will greatly respect any recommendations you have for learning astrology, astrology books, and astrology software. You may find that there is much more that you can do to serve your clients in addition to providing the consultation. Consider the possibility of providing books, software, or other services, or at least be able to refer clients to a good source for these items. Providing consultations and classes as well as books and software can be synergistic: each of these services feeds the other services and enables you to provide everything your astrological clients want. From a financial point of view, offering books and/or software can be very profitable. Another ingredient that you can add to consulting, teaching, and selling books and software is writing. You can write articles, books and interpretive reports for software companies. Royalty rates for sales of interpretive reports paid by software companies are typically much higher than royalty rates paid by publishers for books. There are common forms of payment: check, cash, and credit card. If possible, you should accept all 3 methods. Credit card payment is the most popular, and I highly recommend that you accept credit cards. Before the Internet, the only way to accept credit cards was to become a credit card merchant. The requirements to become a credit card merchant usually include a physical store front, a large volume of credit card business each month, or both. The alternative to being a credit card merchant is to use one of the credit card merchant services. Paypal is a popular service, and Paypal will set up your account for free. Details can be found at paypal.com. Other credit card merchant services that are similar to payal.com are authorize.net and securenetshop.com. Most businesses provide their product or service after checks have cleared when the check comes from an out-of-town bank or from a customer that the business owners have not met in person. Ask your bank how long it takes for checks from your customers to clear; most likely it will be in the range of 5 to 10 work days. Bounced checks fee from your bank are now very costly however. I will suggest requesting a money order or certified check payment to avoid this issue. Before signing up for a credit card merchant contract, find out the details and perhaps hidden charges that may be involved. Ask every possible question that you have in mind, even if you think it is not relevant. You will be surprised how much information you can get when you ask all kinds of questions before signing a contract. Answer your phone during business hours. I do not recommend an answering machine during normal business hours because the time and cost of returning these calls can be prohibitive. You can end up playing telephone tag and talking about nonessentials when you do reach the person. Having a person answer the phone on the second ring is best; if the phone rings 4 or 5 times before you answer it, the caller may hang up before you answer or may feel that you are not interested and motivated to respond to clients. Always answer the phone pleasantly. If the person who is calling has a complaint, listen carefully to the complaint. Try not to respond to anger or hostility with hostility. This can be very difficult to do! Probably you will encounter angry customers very rarely. When you do, it can catch you off guard and you can be completely unprepared for it. If callers are angry, do not become "infected" with their anger. Listen attentively and do not get embroiled in an argumentative dispute. Just listen with understanding that they have the problem and that you need to listen and give the best answer to calm them down. If you do not involve yourself with the caller's current state of mind during that bad phone call, you can more easily think of the best way to answer the caller's concerns. Give your caller a chance to talk and express his/her feelings before you respond. Make sure that the caller finishes what he/she is saying so that you do not interrupt. Take note of issues that he/she is trying to convey while you are listening. This way, you don't have to ask what he/she has said, which can make him/her even more irritated. It is best that you are ready with the response when it is your turn to talk. Be prepared with pen and paper handy when you answer a phone call. Dealing with very difficult and unreasonable people in running a business is the most upsetting customer contact that you will experience. They will always try to make you feel that all of their problems are your fault. They will often give unacceptable and irritating remarks. DO NOT get into their current mood. Keep in mind that they are frustrated because of a problem, and frustration is not their normal state of mind. Always think that such customers may be having difficulty in their own daily life. So listening and understanding where they are coming from is the best tool to avoid getting embroiled with their current state of mind. Always give your name and ask for the caller's name so you can address the person by name during the conversation, thereby making your conversation more personal. Thank them before you hang up the phone. Answering letters or emails: Answer business email within one business day (24 hours or by Monday if received after closing time on Friday). Always answer questions directly and to the point. Read the letter or email several times if necessary until you fully understand it before responding. If you get a nasty email that makes you feel angry or upset, do not answer it immediately! Sudden impulse can cause you to respond much more harshly than you will at a later time. Let it sit for a few hours and then read it again. If the content still makes you feel angry after re-reading it, do not respond yet. Let it sit for another day then read it again until you don't feel angry while reading. By doing this you can write a very clear, helpful, and direct answer without becoming embroiled in the negative emotions. Try to write friendly, respectful, helpful letters. You will very often be surprised that this "nutcase" becomes much more reasonable and normal if you respond in this way. Respect your customers no matter what happened. This way, you get the same treatment from them. 10. Make sure that you have enough savings every month to pay all of your monthly bills. This savings must come from your business profit. Do not get a loan to pay your monthly bills. If you have a full time job (not in astrology) and yet you want to have an astrology business, you can start the astrology business part time. Start small. You can still keep your full time job and at the same time have a side astrology business. This way, you still have a permanent income coming in your household. When your astrology business starts to grow, you can slowly spend less time to your full time job until your own astrology business can fully support your family. Many failures in businesses of all kinds come from taking unnecessary risks. You must be willing to work very hard if you want to be self-employed or the proprietor of a business. You need to take some risks, but only ones that you can recover from if you fail, not risks that will destroy your business entirely if you fail. This is very Important. Remember to allocate funds to pay taxes! When first starting a business, some people overlook the taxes that must be paid. Social security tax in the USA for employees is double the tax for self-employed people because you pay both the employer share and employee share that you have withheld from pay checks. Pay all of the required taxes. Breaking the law is NOT a good idea! By operating completely legally and ethically you build a confidence and inner power within your business that is more valuable than the money saved by evading regulations. 12. Do not become disheartened by government regulations and requirements. Tangible property taxes, zoning requirements, restrictions on how you can conduct your business, required paper work, perhaps the need to hire an accountant or other professional services, higher prices that businesses pay for telephone services and other services, etc. can feel overwhelming and unfair. Some people are surprised to find out that there may be lots of obstacles to starting or expanding a business. Some regulations may not be fair or reasonable but it is better to fulfill the requirements than waste energy trying to change the system. In time you will find the resources to manage all of these affairs. Always ask the correct authority about the appropriate procedures to follow when you are making changes to your business such as change of location, change of ownership, change of status from sole proprietorship to a corporation, etc. before making any changes. I hope that the above information is useful to you. Feel free to email me with questions that you might have at kepler@astrosoftware.com attention Fei Cochrane.

2019-04-23T06:28:16Z

http://www.astrosoftware.com/cpnew/a_and_v/astro_business.html

Some one once asked me if we saw other wildlife (other than birds) when on field trips. Yes we do! Many of our members were in the field in November and some of you sent in photos of your encounters such as this beautiful doe seen in Callahan County by Jay Capra. During the field trip to O.H. Ivie Reservoir, an eight-point buck stepped out of the brush intent on a mission. He thrilled those of us on this field trip by coming close to the vehicle. He hesitated long enough for a few shots. And photos of the most unexpected deer encounter came from Kim Walton, Natural Resources Manager, at Dyess Air Force Base. To see the outcome of this encounter and all the other deer photos, go to Oh My Deer! in the photo gallery section. So the next time you are looking for birds, pay attention to everything. You never know what’s hiding in the brush! Saturday, December 22, 2007, Heidi Trudell and Cole Wild found this Pectoral Sandpiper at Wastewater Treatment Plant. This is a very very late date for a Pectoral; and if you’re interested in what else they saw this cold and windy day, take a look at their Sightings! Also, Mark Cranford from Midland reported a small flock of Red Crossbills in Buffalo Gap in pecan trees across the street from the Historic Village main gate. Lorie Black managed to get their photo on New Year’s Day (above). The last time we had crossbills in the Big Country was 1997 when a small flock of 17 was seen regularly at a NE Abilene resident from April through July (I’ll get those exact dates if anyone is interested). Then on January 1, 2008, Cole Wild and Heidi Trudell stopped at Wastewater after work (anyone else work on New Year’s?) and found this Dunlin. Dunlins are very rare inland according to the TOS Handbook of Texas Birds. The bird on the right is a Least Sandpiper, to give you a size comparison and below is a closeup of the Dunlin. So congrats to them for spotting this cool sighting. Thanks to all for reporting your sightings! I want to share some photos others sent in. These photos and sightings have added another level of understanding about the birds and wildlife in the Big Country. Diane Longenecker, Bird Supervisor from the Abilene Zoo, sent me two photos of an injured dark raptor, the face of which you see here. The photo gallery explains what it is. Kim Walton, Natural Resources Manager from Dyess AFB, sent a couple of photos of cavorting after-dark wildlife captured on a digital field camera. Racoons weren’t the only mammals that showed up in the images. and I included a couple of contrasting Red-tailed Hawk pictures to illustrate just how variable their plumage is. You can see all these pictures at November’s Wildlife Gallery. I made it out to Kirby for about an hour today, (11-28) not particularly in the name of birding, but the results were about the same. I did not relocate the jaeger but a fellow that I’ve seen every time I was out there said that “the huge brown gull” was around as recently as yesterday. He’s a local who spends most of his time fishing and what impressed me most about his remarks was that he actually told the other folks out there to keep an eye out for the bird after he found out that a lot of us were interested in it. Apparently over the weekend he and his friend were fishing on the SW corner of the lake and while they were tossing bait scraps (or some equally delicious fare) into the lake, the jaeger swooped down and grabbed at the bits – getting tangled in the line in the process. At this point the details of the story get blurry and the jaeger’s size increases to a wing span THIS big and the toes turn into claw/talons like a lion and it apparently took gloves, 2 people and a lot of untangling to get the bird free again. Good to know they’re looking out for the wildlife. Thanks to all for sending in your photos and stories! By now the cat had finished its business and stared at me. It looked as if it was trying to figure out if it should stay and call my bluff, turn and run, or step forward and terrorize me. For a second or two, the cat leaned forward as if to come my way. I brought the camera up to my face, focused and slowly squeezed the shutter button thinking if I had too, I’d throw the camera at the charging cat. I had multiple layers on; false sense of security, huh? Then the cat s-l-o-w-l-y turned away from me (domestic cats move very slowly and deliberately when one breaks off from another in a showdown) and s-l-o-w-l-y walked away. It thought I was the aggressor. That’s when I squatted down and started taking more pictures. The first picture was taken at 12:51; the last picture (which you’ll see later) was taken at 13:16. This cat let me photograph it for over 25 minutes. This isn’t an exaggeration. My camera records the time on each photo. The above photo was taken right after the cat finished its business and realized I was there. In good kitty fashion, he pawed at the wet leaves to cover his business. Then he slowly moseyed (redundant, I know) a little further from me. I thought he was outta there for sure. But to my amazement, he began to preen (uh, he’s not a bird…so I guess he groomed). I repositioned myself for a better angle and thus you see the Bobcat In Nature Gallery. In all my years of birding, I’ve never seen a Black Phoebe in or around the Big Country. They’re found further south in the Hill Country and even further south into Mexico. Perhaps they’re expanding their winter range or maybe they’ve been here all along, tucked away behind resident houses along Cedar Creek. Or maybe they followed in the wingbeats of the Great Kiskadee which is again being seen and heard in the same areas as last fall. Whatever the reason, I’m excited to announce this great find. Look for the Black Phoebe along the creek perched low on overhanging branches. With the past excitement of the jaeger flying around at Kirby, we’ve been doing a little more birding at the lake and have found a few interesting birds we’d like to share with you. With November’s warmer weather the egrets are hanging around in pretty good numbers, some gulls are showing off, and a few ducks are paddling around. Marsh Wrens seem to be singing everywhere, several Common Yellowthroats were hiding in the reeds, and a Merlin had his eye on a snipe. Go to the Lake Kirby in November, 2007 Gallery to see more birds hanging around Kirby. Better yet, go out to Lake Kirby and see what’s happening. For those of you who are following the discussions on Texbirds on the Kirby Lake Jaeger, Martin Reid posted his views regarding its identity. Below are his comments along with the photos submitted to highlight his conclusions. The full-sized photos can be found at Flickr. Lorie Black’s photo (above) is also used to highlight some of Martin’s points. The jaeger was at the lake again this Monday morning. few juvenile) POJAs and much smaller numbers of PAJAs. Back in my native Great Britain many years ago I did a lot of land-based seawatching and visited PAJA colonies that provided extensive experience with POJA and PAJA (hundreds of each;- maybe more than a thousand for PAJA). My conclusions and my comments below are based on my experience plus the content of the following references: “Field Identification of the smaller skuas (= jaegers)” By Klaus Malling Olsen and Lars Jonsson as published in BRITISH BIRDS Volme 82 number 4 (April 1989). “Skuas and Jaegers: A guide to the Skuas and Jaegers of the World” By K. M. Olsen and Hans Larsson. “Advanced Birding” by Kenn Kaufman. “The Sibley Guide to Birds” by David Sibley. The primary tips have no pale markings at the tip. One image (IMG_5116 above) seems to show a tiny white dot on two of the right wing primaries – but on all other images including those that are closer and sharper than IMG_5116 there is no sign of any pale primary tips. PAJA differs from almost all POJAs (and LTJAs) in that the primary tips have obvious pale tips – usually formed by a pair of short, thickish, cleanly-demarcated pale lines on each side of the tip that almost meet at the very apex of the wing. The only time a PAJA would have the Kirby bird’s lack of pale markings to the primary tips is if it were extremely worn, and such wear would also be evident in reduced/absent pale tipping to the wing coverts. On this bird the pale tipping to the wing coverts is thick and fresh-looking, so it is hard to imagine that the primaries ever had similar pale tips. The Central pair of tail feathers are very short – barely extending beyond the rest of the tail – and the right-side central tail feather (the left-side one looks damaged and unreliable concerning shape) appears to have a broad, shallowly-curving tip that does not end in a point. POJA has the shortest-looking central tail feathers at this age, often presenting a rather squared-off tail in all but the most ideal angles of view (and as shown in a number of the flight pics of this individual). Although hard to discern in many instances, PAJA should show a short but obvious fine point at the tip of these feathers. The shape and pattern of the head: PAJA typically has a rather distinctive crown shape, with a high-point above or ahead of the eye that forms a domed look; in contrast POJA has a more-squared head shape, and if there is a peak it is a very gentle one behind the eye, creating a blocky look. The Kirby individual seems clearly to have this latter shape. POJA has a rather smooth head pattern without any longitudinal streaking in the nape (but sometimes with a suggestion of dark scaling) and throat, and with the darkest part of the head being on/above the loral area. PAJA invariably has some diffuse but obvious longitudinally-aligned streaking on the nape, plus finer but more distinct streaking on the throat, and with the darkest part of the head being the center of the crown, creating a capped effect that – on all but very palest-headed individuals – consistently creates a soft, capped look in flight accentuated by the contrastingly pale nape. I see no signs of this latter pattern in the Kirby bird (whose head does not paler than the body, at rest), instead I see a fairly classic POJA pattern, with no sign of streaking on the throat or nape. NOTE: photo IMG_4939 does suggest a dark cap – but it is subject to strong low-angle lighting that I feel is presenting an inaccurate view – compare it to all the images taken the next day in neutral lighting. Rump and uppertail covert pattern: PAJA typically have relatively low contrast in this area, as the paler elements are typically the same tone as that of the head (or slightly darker), and the pattern of darker and lighter bars does not line up to create fairly straight latitudinal barring. Only pale-headed PAJAs have a contrastingly pale rump/utc area. POJA typically has the pale elements in the rump/utcs lighter (sometimes strikingly-so) than the head, and has the marks line up to form latitudinal bars that are straightish or with a slight scalloping. The Kirby bird is slightly atypical of POJA in that the pale elements of the rump/utcs ar barely any lighter-toned than the head – but the pattern of this area is typical of POJA (and not of PAJA) in that the dark and pale marks are for the most part uniformly thick an aligned into almost-straight lines, with obvious contrast. The outer lesser secondary coverts of the upper/leading edge of the wing: PAJAs of this color-type (i.e. not dark-morph, pale-morph, or “cold-gray”-morph) have very extensive pale rusty tipping to these feathers, forming a palish rusty band on the leading edge of the wing (often merging into the similar tipping/edging on the median secondary coverts). POJA does not have this strong pale tipping to the lesser secondary coverts, thus the leading edge of the upper wing is darkish. Some POJAs have quite extensive pale rusty-cream edging to the median coverts and on such birds, there is usually a contrast on the open wing between the darker outer lesser coverts and the paler medians (may include some of the lowermost lessers). The Kirby individual has well-edged median upperwing coverts with darker lesser coverts, as on POJA. Foot color: POJA differs from PAJA (and LTJA) in that, while the leg and “ankle” are pale blue-gray, almost the entire foot is black, while the smaller species have varying amounts of blue-gray extending from the ankle onto the sides of the foot at its base. The Kirby bird appears to have a virtually all-black foot with no pale gray at the base, either side of the “ankle”. Bill shape and size: Often hard to judge, one might argue that this individual is within the upper limit for PAJA, but only a small minority of PAJAs might appear like this, while it is typical for POJA. Also note the rather large hook for a bird of this age (where the bill may not yet be fully-grown). Overall size: impossible to determine from all but one of the photos; the one pic with a yellowlegs close-by gives me the impression of a really large jaeger, and the observers saw it close to Ring-billed Gulls and said “this jaeger is easily the size of the Ring-bills that it was harassing”. Per Kaufman, POJA is about the size of a Ring-billed Gull or Heerman’s Gull, while PAJA is the size of a Laughing Gull. The bases of the underwing greater primary coverts: The oft-touted pale bases of these feathers that is characteristic of POJA is somewhat variable. A minority of PAJAs can have a contrasting pale area that matches the typical pattern of POJA, while a minority of POJAs can lack strong contrast at this location. This is perhaps the only feature of the Kirby bird that could be viewed as being non-typical for POJA – but the pattern falls well within the limits for POJA. Taking all the above into account, I feel that the evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of Pomarine… but I am open to a well-argued alternative analysis! Heidi Trudell found a dark bird flying with the Ring-billed Gulls Thursday, November 8, 2007, around 12:45 p.m. at Lake Kirby, Taylor County, TX. But without a field guide, a definite ID could not be made. I re-found the bird around 4:30 p.m. and managed some photos. We believe the jaeger is a juvenile Parasitic Jaeger. It was a warm brown color, small bill, and pale base to the primaries. We’d appreciate feedback from those that are more experienced with jaegers. More photos can be seen in the Rare Bird Gallery. Full-sized photos will be e-mailed upon request. Look interesting? The follow-up pictures are in Fall’s Gallery, 2007. Enjoy! It was that kind of morning; a dark foggy cool morning, just right for staying in bed and getting some extra shut-eye. But after the birding-side of my brain argued with the sleepy-side of my brain, I arrayed myself in birding attire, grabbed the binoculars, and headed out the door. A few minutes later I was at Dyess, sitting in the dark and waiting for the sun to come up. Then I heard “them.” The migrating birds. Overhead. Small barely audible little seeps and chips! Now I couldn’t wait for dawn; I needed some light to illuminate the sounds. But as dawn finally arrived, the earth around me became quiet. I saw nothing; heard nothing; so back to the truck I went. As I rounded the side of the truck, a little feather ball shot out from under the wheel well almost brushing next to my leg. Grabbing the binoculars I located a little bird in the trees bobbing up and down as if it was doing deep knee bends to ward off the early morning chill. Oh! I need to document this bird! Quick, grab the camera from the truck; turn it on; get the settings right; darn! there’s not enough light! When I focused the camera where the bird had perched, of course it was gone. Since I don’t do Frustration well; I decided I’d do Patience and wait for the little feather ball to relocate to a more photogenic area. After a full ten minutes (my camera records the time on pictures) the little bird sailed out of its hiding place, perched on a lamp base out in the open, and showed off! and…but wait; I’ll leave the show stopper in the September’s Magic photo album. And once you see it; you’ll have to agree that it was a magical morning!

2019-04-24T04:42:50Z

http://www.bigcountryaudubon.org/2007/?cat=6

Citation: Paynter J, Tobin V, Rozen WM, Hunter-Smith DJ. Dupuytren’s disease and collagenase: evidence for a paradigm shift in management. Aust J Plast Surg. 2018;1(2):41–50. Introduction: Dupuytren’s disease is a common condition that leads to significant functional impairment of the hand. The recent introduction of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) as a therapeutic option has changed the approach to disease management. Currently no non-surgical management paradigm exists for treating Dupuytren’s disease within Australia. Methods: Databases were searched for Dupuytren’s disease patients receiving CCH. PRISMA guidelines were used to screen predefined classifications of the effectiveness, safety and recurrence of disease following treatment with CCH. Results: In this review, 18 studies were included and analysed to evaluate the effectiveness, safety and recurrence after treatment of CCH. Conclusion: CCH has the potential as a non-surgical therapeutic option to expand the paradigm of management for Dupuytren’s disease. This may minimise treatment time and cost and improve the public healthcare sector’s treatment of Dupuytren’s disease. Key words: Dupuytren’s disease, xiaflex, effectiveness, safety, recurrence. the likelihood of recurrence for patients with Dupuytren’s disease who have been treated by CCH and surgery. A literature review was undertaken, with study inclusions comprising English language, peer-reviewed journals and available full text. We included randomised controlled trials, observational studies and case series published after the year 2000. Additional studies were sourced via bibliographic linkage. Search terms included ‘Dupuytren disease/contracture’ and ‘CCH/Xiaflex’ mapped against effectiveness, recurrence and safety (see appendix). Papers included analysis of effectiveness, safety and/or recurrence for adults with Dupuytren’s disease receiving CCH. Editorials, case reports and non-English studies were excluded. Data were collated and synthesised using the Cochrane Collaboration data collection tool.14 A qualitative analysis of the data was undertaken. Eighteen studies were eligible for full review after deletion of duplicates and application of exclusion criteria (Figure 1).15 Of these 18 studies, four were randomised controlled trials, three were open-label, nine were observational and the remainder were case series. Consequently, four studies were level therapeutic I, one was therapeutic II, three were therapeutic III and the remaining 10 were therapeutic IV (OCEBM 2011 levels of evidence chart).16 One of the deficits of existing literature is the variability and heterogeneity of outcome measures for assessment of Dupuytren’s disease. Such limitations include effectiveness, recurrence and adverse effects. This bar graph displays a comparison between MCP and PIP joint clinical improvement. Three studies assessed patient satisfaction at 30 days following CCH injection. Of these, patient satisfaction was recorded as 92 percent, 92.3 percent and 93 percent respectively.18,24,26 Clinical success was documented in two of these studies as 64.9 percent (92 percent patient satisfaction) and 57 percent (93 percent patient satisfaction).18,26 This suggests that patient opinions of treatment effectiveness vary from the objective outcomes measured. Adverse events can have serious consequences on morbidity.18,35 The safety of collagenase is commonly reported within the literature by using the outcomes: treatment-related adverse effects and serious adverse effects.36 This is important, as many patients with Dupuytren’s disease are elderly with comorbidities and existing limitations upon their daily activities. Percentage of study participants developing a treatment-related adverse effect. All common treatment-related adverse effects were local and included contusion, injection site haemorrhage, swelling and pain, ecchymosis, pruritus, skin laceration and lymphadenopathy. Adverse effects were reported as mild or moderate, however, only three studies assessed outcomes of mild and moderate separately.18,24,37 No studies provided classification or definition for mild and moderate adverse effects. Studies examining recurrence were follow-up studies of published data evaluating the effectiveness and safety of CCH. Two studies included the same cohort, published as three-year data and five-year data in separate papers.28,42 Only Peimer et al28,42 reported the overall recurrence rate of all joints. At three years, 35 percent of successfully treated joints had recurred, and at five years 47 percent of all joints had recurred. This emphasised that 75 percent of all recurrences developed within the first three years post CCH injection.28,42 The rate of recurrence was higher among all PIP joints compared with MCP joints (Figure 5). injection) with a palpable cord or any medical/surgical intervention to correct new or worsening contracture in that joint. This review focuses upon the effectiveness and safety of CCH and the recurrence of Dupuytren’s disease following CCH treatment. The use of CCH is increasing in Australia, with 25 publicly-funded clinics currently practising CCH treatment. With the translation into real-world settings, we must ensure that CCH is optimally and safely delivered. Many studies have reported on the efficacy and effectiveness of CCH, yet the lack of consistent terminology has limited the assessment across all studies. The effectiveness of CCH for treating Dupuytren’s disease using the two terms ‘clinical success’ and ‘clinical improvement’ was variable across the literature, ranging from 41 percent to 72.5 percent of study cohorts. MCP joints consistently showed greater clinical success and clinical improvement compared with PIP joints. The measurement protocol for assessing contracture degree was scarce within the literature. Only five studies recorded their goniometer and goniometer user method. Again, Hurst et al described the commonly used measurement protocol for measuring fixed-flexion angles by passively extending the finger until a firm end-point is achieved.2 Only two other studies reported their goniometry methods aligning with Hurst.10,28 The remaining studies did not document their goniometer protocol sufficiently.18-26,30 Furthermore, only one study reported using the same clinician for baseline and post-treatment measurements.19 Consequently, the remaining studies may have been exposed to inter- and intra-reporter variability, leading to discrepancies within their results.43 The variation among measuring contracture degree may have affected the assessment of CCH effectiveness and limited the standardised interpretation across the literature. Overall, variability in how effectiveness is measured and reported across the literature highlights that minimal consensus currently exists, supporting the recommendation that consistent outcome measuring and reporting should be developed for Dupuytren’s disease. The safety of CCH was well reported. Most studies recorded their cohort reporting at least one treatment-related adverse effect. However, terminology for types of adverse effects was inconsistent. Three studies reported that investigators ‘used their own terminology to describe adverse effects’,2,10,29 five studies did not report how they determined the classification of adverse effects18,21,26,37,38 and one study stated that adverse effects were classified according to the Medical Dictionary of Regulatory Events.24 This lack of consensus towards classification may skew data towards commonly known adverse effects. The most comprehensive data comes from the CORD studies which, because of their nature as sponsored phase 3 trials, have included all events (bruising, swelling and pain) as adverse events rather than clinical expectations. Recurrence was poorly reported in the literature. The lengthy follow-up required to observe recurrence appeared to hinder investigation. Our review of recurrence only discussed joints successfully treated, due to the limited literature describing joints that either failed CCH treatment or were partially responsive. Only Peimer et al acknowledged this.28 Long-term follow-up of partially and non-successfully treated joints needs further research to accurately assess recurrence. The follow-up period ranged from 30 days to eighty years and may have affected all outcomes of effectiveness, safety and recurrence. Recurrence follow-up varied between three and eight years however, as stated by Peimer et al, 75 percent of recurrences that were recorded at five years had already developed at three years.28 This suggests that most recurrences develop early, following clinical success. Of the observational and comparative studies, loss to follow-up was not addressed in the studies where participant drop-out occurred.18,19,21,23-25,28,29,37,38,41,42,50 Among these observational studies, patients knew that they had received CCH and were being studied for adverse effects. This may have led to the Hawthorne effect (the alteration of study participants behaviour when they know they are been studied). No studies acknowledged this when reporting adverse effects. Furthermore, as all three studies assessing recurrence followed up previous randomised controlled trials, one-third of patients failed to enrol from the original randomised controlled trial with Peimer et al and Watt et al recording two-thirds of eligible patients failing to enrol.28,41,42 The lack of follow-up may have resulted in selection bias, due to the select proportion of joints included in the follow-up. Ultimately, treatment of Dupuytren’s disease is becoming multimodal and heterogeneous, individual to each patient’s needs and wants. Of the limited data that currently exist comparing CCH with surgical treatment, Zhou et al found that clinical improvement of MCP joints was 87 percent for limited fasciectomy, compared with 77 percent for CCH patients with a non-significant P value of 0.3239. For PIP joints, 72 percent of fasciectomy patients experienced clinical improvement, compared with 43 percent of CCH patients. It should be noted that the CCH cohort had worse initial MCP contractures, milder PIP contractures and the distribution of involved fingers was different across cohorts.20 Furthermore, Scherman et al compared CCH with needle fasciotomy for Dupuytren’s disease with nil statistical differences found between the cohorts at three and 12 months for total passive extension deficit, pain, function and recovery.52 These two small studies highlight the similar effectiveness currently documented for CCH and surgical techniques.53 To standardise the assessment of recurrence across therapeutics, an increase in >30 degrees in contracture or medical and or surgical intervention was used, whereby Van Rijssen et al concluded a 24 percent recurrence rate at 3.7 years for limited fasciectomy and an 85 percent recurrence rate for needle aponeurotomy at 2.3 years.54 This is compared to a post-hoc 32 percent recurrence rate for CCH at five years.28 This highlights the increasing need to develop an appropriate paradigm for management of Dupuytren’s disease. Shih B, Bayat A. Scientific understanding and clinical management of Dupuytren disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010; 6(12):715–26. Hurst LC, Badalamente MA, Hentz VR, Hotchkiss RN, Kaplan FT, Meals RA, TM Smith, Rodzvilla J. Injectable collagenase clostridium histolyticum for Dupuytren’s contracture. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(10):968–79. Ball C, Pratt AL, Nanchahal J. Optimal functional outcome measures for assessing treatment for Dupuytren’s disease: a systematic review and recommendations for future practice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14(1):131. Tubiana R. Planning of surgical treatment. The Hand. 1975;7(3):223–27. Eaton C. Evidence-based medicine: Dupuytren contracture. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;133(5):124–51. Shaw RB, Chong AK, Zhang A, Hentz VR, Chang J. Dupuytren’s disease: history, diagnosis, and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(3):44e–54e. Lee Matthew VK, Hunter‐Smith D. Needle fasciotomy for Dupuytren’s disease: an Australian perspective. ANZ J Surg. 2009;79(11):776–78. Eaton C. Percutaneous fasciotomy for Dupuytren’s contracture. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(5):910–15. Watt AJ, Hentz VR. Collagenase clostridium histolyticum: a novel nonoperative treatment for Dupuytren’s disease. Int J Clin Rheumtol. 2011;6(2):123–33. Gilpin D, Coleman S, Hall S, Houston A, Karrasch J, Jones N. Injectable collagenase clostridium histolyticum: a new nonsurgical treatment for Dupuytren’s disease. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(12):2027-038e1. Ball C, Izadi D, Verjee LS, Chan J, Nanchahal J. Systematic review of non-surgical treatments for early Dupuytren’s disease. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17(1):345. Betz N, Ott O, Adamietz B, Sauer R, Fietkau R, Keilholz L. Radiotherapy in early-stage Dupuytren’s contracture. Long-term results after 13 years. Strahlenther Onkol. 2010;186:82–90. Meek RM, McLellan S, Reilly J, Crossan JF. The effect of steroids on Dupuytren’s disease: role of programmed cell death. J Hand Surg Br. 2002;27:270–73. Higgins JPT, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS (editors). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.2.0 [web resource]. The Cochrane Collaboration [Updated February 2017; cited 1 April 2018). Available from: https://community.cochrane.org/handbook-sri. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–69, w64. Howick J, Chalmers I, Glasziou P, Greenhalgh T, Heneghan C, Liberati A, Moschetti I, Phillips B, Thornton H, Godward O, Hodgkinson M. The Oxford levels of evidence 2. Edition 2.1 [Internet]. Oxford (UK): OCEBM (Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine) Levels of Evidence Working Group. [Updated 1 May 2016; cited 1 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.cebm.net/2016/05/ocebm-levels-of-evidence/. Glasgow RE, Lichtenstein E, Marcus AC. Why don’t we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the efficacy-to-effectiveness transition. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(8):1261–267. Verstreken F, Degreef I, Decramer A, Libberecht K, Vanhove W, Datco A, Vanhaecke J, Clermont D, Duerinckx J. Effectiveness and safety of collagenase clostridium histolyticum in Dupuytren’s disease: an observational study in Belgium. Acta Orthop Belg. 2016;82(2):397–404. Dreise MM, Stenekes MW, Werker PM. Collagenase treatment for Dupuytren disease of the thumb and first web. J Hand Surg Am. 2016;41(3):348–53.e1. Zhou C, Hovius SE, Slijper HP, Feitz R, Van Nieuwenhoven CA, Pieters AJ, Adriana J, Selles RW. Collagenase clostridium histolyticum versus limited fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s contracture: outcomes from a multicenter propensity score matched study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(1):87–87. Alberton F, Corain M, Garofano A, Pangallo L, Valore A, Zanella V, Adani R. Efficacy and safety of collagenase clostridium histolyticum injection for Dupuytren contracture: report of 40 cases. Musculoskelet Surg. 2014;98(3):225–32. Skov ST, Bisgaard T, Sondergaard P, Lange J. Injectable collagenase versus percutaneous needle fasciotomy for Dupuytren contracture in proximal interphalangeal joints: a randomized controlled trial. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(5):321–28.e3. Arora R, Kaiser P, Kastenberger TJ, Schmiedle G, Erhart S, Gabl M. Injectable collagenase clostridium histolyticum as a nonsurgical treatment for Dupuytren’s disease. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2016;28(1):30–7. Gaston RG, Larsen SE, Pess GM, Coleman S, Dean B, Cohen BM, Kaufman GJ, Tursi JP, Hurst LC. The efficacy and safety of concurrent collagenase clostridium histolyticum injections for 2 Dupuytren contractures in the same hand: a prospective, multicenter study. J Hand Surg Am. 2015;40(10):1963–971. Nydick JA, Olliff BW, Garcia MJ, Hess AV, Stone JD. A comparison of percutaneous needle fasciotomy and collagenase injection for Dupuytren disease. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(12):2377–380. Witthaut J, Jones G, Skrepnik N, Kushner H, Houston A, Lindau TR. Efficacy and safety of collagenase clostridium histolyticum injection for Dupuytren contracture: short-term results from two open-label studies. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(1):2–11. Sennwald GR. Fasciectomy for treatment of Dupuytren’s disease and early complications. J Hand Surg. 1990;15(5):755–61. Peimer CA, Blazar P, Coleman S, Kaplan FT, Smith T, Lindau T. Dupuytren contracture recurrence following treatment with collagenase costridium histolyticum (CORDLESS [Collagenase option for reduction of Dupuytren long-term evaluation of safety study]): 5-year data. J Hand Surg Am. 2015;40(8):1597-605. Bear BJ, Peimer CA, Kaplan FTD, Kaufman GJ, Tursi JP, Smith T. Treatment of recurrent Dupuytren contracture in joints previously effectively treated with collagenase clostridium histolyticum. J Hand Surg Am. 2017;42(5):391.e1–.e8. Mickelson DT, Noland SS, Watt AJ, Kollitz KM, Vedder NB, Huang JI. Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing 1- versus 7-day manipulation following collagenase injection for Dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(10):1933–941.e1. Beaudreuil J, Allard A, Zerkak D, Gerber RA, Cappelleri JC, Quintero N, Lasbleiz S, Bernabe B, Orcel P, Bardin T. Unite rhumatologique des affections de la main (URAM) scale: development and validation of a tool to assess Dupuytren’s disease-specific disability. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(10):1448–455. Mohan A, Vadher J, Ismail H, Warwick D. The Southampton Dupuytren’s scoring scheme. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2014;48(1):28–33. Rodrigues J, Zhang W, Scammell B, Russell P, Chakrabarti I, Fullilove S, Lasbleiz S, Bernabé B, Orcel P, Bardin T, URAM Study Group. Validity of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand patient-reported outcome measure (DASH) and the Quickdash when used in Dupuytren’s disease. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2015;41(6):589–99. Wehrli M, Hensler S, Schindele S, Herren DB, Marks M. Measurement properties of the brief Michigan hand outcomes questionnaire in patients with Dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg. 2016;41(9):896–902. Leung R, Lei A, Nour D, Rozen WM, Hunter-Smith DJ. Morbidity of interventions in the treatment of primary Dupuytren’s disease: a systematic review. Aust NZ J Surg. 2018;88(S1):133–64. United States Food and Drug Administration. Investigational new drug application. 5:1–2. [web resource] Marylands: USA. [Updated 10 May 2017; cited 1 April 2018]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/developmentapprovalprocess/howdrugsaredevelopedandapproved/approvalapplications/investigationalnewdrugindapplication/default.htm. Coleman S, Gilpin D, Kaplan FT, Houston A, Kaufman GJ, Cohen BM, Jones N, Tursi JP. Efficacy and safety of concurrent collagenase clostridium histolyticum injections for multiple Dupuytren contractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(1):57–64. Kan HJ, Verrijp FW, Huisstede BMA, Hovius SER, van Nieuwenhoven CA, Selles RW. The consequences of different definitions for recurrence of Dupuytren’s disease. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66(1):95–103. Peimer CA, Blazar P, Coleman S, Kaplan FT, Smith T, Lindau T. Dupuytren contracture recurrence following treatment with collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CORDLESS): 5-year data. J Hand Surg Am. 2015;40(8):1597–605. Kan HJ, Verrijp FW, Hovius SER, van Nieuwenhoven CA, Dupuytren Delphi Group, Selles RW. Recurrence of Dupuytren’s contracture: a consensus-based definition. PLOS One. 2017;12(5). Watt AJ, Curtin CM, Hentz VR. Collagenase injection as nonsurgical treatment of Dupuytren’s disease: 8-year follow-up. J Hand Surg. 2010;35. Peimer CA, Blazar P, Coleman S, Kaplan FT, Smith T, Tursi JP, Cohen B, Kaufman GJ, Lindau T. Dupuytren contracture recurrence following treatment with collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CORDLESS study): 3-year data. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(1):12–22. Lewis E, Fors L, Tharion WJ. Interrater and intrarater reliability of finger goniometric measurements. Am J Occup Ther. 2010;64(4):555–61. Manning CJ, Delaney R, Hayton MJ. Efficacy and tolerability of day two manipulation and local anaesthesia after collagenase injection in patients with Dupuytren’s contracture. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014;39(5):466–71. Chae MLR, Hunter-Smith DJ, Rozen WM. Delayed seven day manipulation in collagenase treatment for Dupuytren’s disease. Aust NZ J Surg. 2018;88 Suppl 1:71–79. Jerosch-Herold C, Shepstone L, Chojnowski AJ, Larson D, Barrett E, Vaughan SP. Night-time splinting after fasciectomy or dermo-fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s contracture: a pragmatic, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:136. Kemler MA, Houpt P, van der Horst CMAM. A pilot study assessing the effectiveness of postoperative splinting after limited fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s disease. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2012;37(8):733–37. Pratt AL, Ball C. What are we measuring? A critique of range of motion methods currently in use for Dupuytren’s disease and recommendations for practice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:20. Rodrigues JN, Zhang W, Scammell BE, Davis TRC. What patients want from the treatment of Dupuytren’s disease—is the unité rhumatologique des affections de la main (URAM) scale relevant? J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014;40(2):150–54. Scherman P, Jenmalm P, Dahlin LB. One-year results of needle fasciotomy and collagenase injection in treatment of Dupuytren’s contracture: a two-centre prospective randomized clinical trial. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2016;41(6):577–82. Toppi JT, Trompf L, Smoll NR, Lim V, Smith K, Findlay MW, Hunter-Smith DJ. Dupuytren’s contracture: an analysis of outcomes of percutaneous needle fasciotomy versus open fasciectomy. ANZ J Surg. 2014;85(9):639–43. van Rijssen AL, ter Linden H, Werker PM. Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial on treatment in Dupuytren’s disease: percutaneous needle fasciotomy versus limited fasciectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(2):469–77. Dupuytren contracture or Dupuytren’s disease.mp. Clostridium histolyticum or microbial collagenase or xiaflex.mp.

2019-04-19T07:06:27Z

http://ajops.com/index.php/ajops/article/view/94/256

I'm not usually one for "poop" poem packages, but I thought I would make an exception for halloween. I came across a "pumpkin poop" poem online, printed it out on some kraft cardstock, and put together this package of candy corn. I did a search on SplitCoastStampers to see if anyone had used the pumpkin poop peom, and sure enough! They have! Enjoy the gallery! Speaking of pumpkins, we've got a few pumpkins in the garden! They're all about the size of bowling balls, so not very large, but hey ... it's a miracle as far as I'm concerned considering the heat we had, and the trouble they had setting fruit! This week, I picked these monsters from the garden. The three zucchini weigh in at a total of 11.75 pounds. We have all KINDS of zucchini grated up in the freezer, and loaves of homemade zucchini bread stored there too, so I decided to make another batch of zucchini candy. This time, with so much zucchini in the pot, I altered the recipe a bit. The original recipe is here, but this time I used 3 packets of unsweetened kool-aid (2 black cherry, 1 grape). I let the mixture cook until the zucchini lost all of it's opaque appearance (I think I had it on the stove for about 45 minutes), and then I let it sit off the heat until the water cooled to room temperature. Then, I processed as normal in the dehydrator. This batch of candy is the BEST! The subtle grape flavor with the black cherry flavor is excellent! The pieces are soft and chewy, kind of like gummy bears, kind of like fruit leather. We love it! I also picked this odd patty pan squash, too! A double-whammy! What is a Patty Pan (Pattypan) Squash, you ask? After I posted the Patty Pan squash bread recipe, I had several people ask what Patty Pan squash are! Lucky for you, I found several in the squash pit yesterday morning that needed to be picked. The Patty Pan squash are the white spaceship shaped squash in the above photo. The larger of the three is a little BIG and should have been picked a day or two earlier, but it will make fine bread! Cut open, they show a beautiful white colored center with small, dainty seeds. They are very mild in flavor, and easily blend with other flavors of other foods, like garlic! Delish! Yesterday I also picked 9 pounds of pickling cucumbers. They're sliced up ready to be made into bread & butter pickles. Yum! We have so many squash and zucchini coming in from the garden, and I'm enjoying trying different ways of preparing them. This evening for dinner we had New York steak (farm raised, you betchya!), oven toasted whole grain bread, and we enjoyed sauted Patty Pan and yellow squash. Yum! After dinner, I thought I would use up a bit more Patty Pan squash, so I decided to make the bread I've been meaning to make since late last week. It's as good as I'd hoped! Enjoy the recipe! Eat when warm! Mmmmm, good!! Or, try toasting a slice and spread on some soft butter....mmmm, good! I'm home again after my trip up to Washington/Montana (got back Sunday night), and am nursing a head and chest cold. No fun. The weather here in Texas is HOT HOT HOT, and makes me feel even more sickly. But life on the farm goes on, feeling sickly, or not. While I was gone, Alan did a great job of taking care of the farm -- it's a great deal of work for one person, and I know it was exhausting. I can hardly beleive he picked 25 pounds of cucumbers while I was gone, and a 5 pound zucchini! But the proof was in the fridge! Amazing! The above chart shows our total harvest for the year so far. Not bad for a few potted plants and a few garden rows! I have a lot of Patty Pan squash that need to be picked, and probably a basket full of cucumbers waiting for me on the vine, too. And I've got about 15 or 20 pounds of peaches to make into jam. Today I have a batch of relish cooking on the stove that will be ready to can this evening. And that 5 pound zucchini he picked, I'm going to see if I can grate it up and make it into delish zucchini bread. If it looks a little too mature, I'm sure the chickens will LOVE it! Thanks for all the wonderful notes you left for Alan while I was gone ... he enjoyed every one of them, and so did I! relish and jam and pickles, oh my! 1. Place the grated zucchini, red and green bell peppers, and onion in a large glass bowl. Mix the salt throughout the zucchini. Cover and refrigerate overnight. 2. The following morning, drain and rinse well with cold water. Pick up combined ingredients by handfuls and squeeze excess water out. 3. Place the remaining ingredients into a large pot. Stir to combine, then add the zucchini mixture. Bring to a boil and simmer 30 minutes, stirring often. 4. Pack hot relish into hot sterilized jars leaving 1/4-1/2 inch at top. Wipe the rims with a clean damp cloth, and seal with lids and rings. Process jars in boiling water bath for 30 minutes. Peach jam, with a hint of orange... 15 half pints and 10 twelve ounce jars done. YUMMM! 1. Combine peaches and 5 cups sugar in a large stock pot. Mix well and bring to a boil, stirring often so it doesn't scorch! Allow to boil for 15 minutes. 3. Test jam consistency on a cold (out of the freezer) saucer. If it still seems too runny, cook longer. 4. Pack hot jam into hot sterilized jars leaving 1/4-1/2 inch at top. Wipe the rims with a clean damp cloth, and seal with lids and rings. Process jars in boiling water bath for 15 minutes. Dill pickles and sweet pickles...Yummm yummmm YUM! I'm keeping track of what I make on a simple spreadsheet. And I'm keeping track of the pounds we harvest, too! It will be fun to see the other numbers start adding up when things get ready for picking! Oh, and peach jam sure is good in plain yogurt! Yummmmm! The Little Cucumber that Could ... and Did! I am making pickles (again) this weekend, so this morning I picked the cucumbers that were large enough for picking. It is a "weird shaped" cucumber weekend! But before I show you all of the weird shapes, I must tell you about the funniest cucumber of all. ...where this pickle grew (this is not the funny cucumber). ...where THIS pickle grew! You will notice that this pickle didn't grow entirely on the outside of the chicken yard. It managed to grow part way out, and part way in. Before I even knew it was there, it was far too large for the netting it was growing through and grew into this oddly shaped cucumber. I ended up cutting the netting around the cucumber to get it off of the vine. Here are the rest of the oddly shaped cucumbers from this morning's harvest... you can see the "little cucumber that could" second from the right, with part of the netting still attached. The other odd shaped cucumbers came from a plant that had a bit of trouble a week or so ago -- I think it got short of water, which stunted the growth of the cucumbers a bit. Not to worry ... they still taste great, and will make super tasty pickles! The cucumbers weren't the only crazy shapes harvested this morning! I also found THIS, lurking underneath one of the zucchini plants! My goodness! 3.75 pounds of squashy goodness! In case you're wondering, that is a full-sized table knife next to it to give you something to compare its size to. I grated this zuc up and have a batch of zucchini relish sitting in the fridge that I will can tomorrow. Yum! Here's what I made with our JUMBO sized zucchini, yesterday. Mmmmm.... so good! Or freeze for enjoying later... mmmm, good! I prefer to eat my bread plain, but you could spread on some soft butter. Some parts of the garden are growing double-time. In particular, the first three zucchini plants I planted. This photo was taken late last week. I had no idea the plants would get as large as they have, considering they're planted in planters, and not directly in the ground ... and they just keep getting larger! They are about waist high already, and just keep putting out more and more leaves. While they're growing all kinds of huge beautiful leaves, we're not getting as many zucchini as they're capable of. Partly, I think, because the huge canopy of leaves is hiding the blossoms, and the flowers are not getting pollinated. In fact, one of the plants has yet to provide any zucchini at all! So today, I decided to cut out some of the older leaves to allow a bit more light to get in, and let the bees see the flowers. I was not expecting to find this! A monster of a zucchini, weighing in at just over 2.5 pounds. It was growing just behind that Echinacea plant, in the middle of the zucchini plant jungle. Apparently, this fella's flower got pollinated! But it's still not from the plant that hasn't produced any zucchini yet ... cross your fingers that my "thinning" of the plant does the trick. Later, I'll share what I'm doing with this jumbo sized zucchini! In the meantime, I'm going to go out and move the small zucchini starts (that are in the same type of planting container) a bit farther apart. I'll be more prepared for when they get to be JUMBO sized! What else have I got to do today besides brew up some homemade pickles? Honestly, the "to do" list is a mile long, but freshly harvested produce moves quickly to the top of any list of tasks. Since I'm out of dill, and so are all the local stores, today's recipe called for a sweet flavor. I decided to use the Good Eats sweet pickle (refrigerator) recipe. You will find the show's transcript here (recipe starts at Scene 6), and you can watch the recipe portion of the episode on YouTube here. The cucumber plants are growing nicely, and twice now I've been able to harvest nearly 2 pounds of cucumbers. And there are lots more little cucumbers growing! This morning's harvest was a variety of sizes, and well, shapes. After their scrubbing, they are nice and glossy and no longer have their dull finish. There is a variety of ways you can prepare the cucumbers for pickling. This morning, I chose to do simple coin slices. Once sliced, I soak the cucumbers in an ice and salt water bath. We don't like the flavor of our tap water, so I used bottled water for this process. Today's batch fit into a serving bowl, so I popped it into the fridge for 2-3 hours. Putting the bowl in the fridge while they soak really minimizes the number of times I need to add ice to the water and really chills the cucumbers. A few hours later, I sterilized my jars, lids and rings and got ready for the canning process. I put the brine mixture on the stove to cook. This recipe calls for bringing the brine ingredients to a boil, and then letting them simmer for four minutes. I used bottled water for the brine water too, since we don't like the flavor of our tap water. Once the jars were ready, I carefully filled each jar with the sliced cucumbers and some sweet onion slices. I didn't quite have enough cucumbers to completely fill all four jars, so I topped them off with a few more slices of onion. I added the brine to the jars, wiped off the rims of the jars, and added the lids and rings. This recipe is a refrigerator recipe, so it doesn't have to be hot water processed once the jars are lidded. After the jars cool to room temperature, I'll put them in the fridge for keeping. The temps have been blistering hot here for a while... but the coming week promises temps in the 80s and very low 90s. I HOPE the promise of cooler temperatures really does come true! Work around the farm increases significantly when it's hot. It will be nice to have a break from the heat, for sure! I'm sure the animals would agree. I snapped these sunset photos tonight as I was running around just before dark trying to get everything checked on after a bit of rain that came through (just a sprinkle, but we had some wind that was concerning). I thought it made a pretty panoramic, though amateur at best. One of the zucchini plants took a pretty serious beating from the wind. The beans seemed to LOVE the rain! They're getting eager to climb the twine trellis! I expect with lower temps for a few days, things will really grow well this week -- hopefully the grass in the pastures grows some, too! We NEED a break from the heat. We NEED rain!! More zucchini and crookneck squash plants... I see lots and lots of squash dishes in my future! Oh look! MORE zucchini plants! Yellow zucchini here. Over the weekend, I made a trip up to the city. One of my stops was Costco where I picked up a FoodSaver. Thanks to those of you who made recommendations! Your input was helpful! We have about 50 feet of bean plants growing, some farther along than others, and I'm hoping we'll be inundated with beans when they start putting on flowers. I want to freeze the beans when they're freshly picked, and thought the vacuum seal option made the most sense for us. And I'll be able to use it for our meat as well. The meat comes paper wrapped from the butcher, and I worry about the amount of time it can stay fresh in freezer paper. While at Costco, I also picked up some groceries and household necessities (while I waited for new tires to be put on the ol' Honda Pilot). There was just enough room in the cart for some fresh berries and a package of pound cakes (containing three cakes). Yum! The cakes were fresh, and beautiful. We enjoyed one of them over the weekend, and the remaining two seemed like the perfect thing to pop into the freezer for later. ...a not so perfectly shaped pound cake, sealed up tightly. I guess I should have hit the "STOP" button a bit sooner! Not to worry though... I cut open the sealed bag, let the cake sit on the counter for a few minutes to regain it's shape, and then sealed it up once more -- this time paying a bit more attention to the timing of "STOP". I also put together some sealed packages of fresh strawberries, and some packages of chopped nuts, too! What a fun gadget! Can't wait to get those beans in the freezer! Alan and I had a wonderful dinner of grilled veggies, and farm raised burgers! Unfortunately, the only veggie in the mix that was grown here on the farm so far was the zucchini; the rest came from the market. There was a mix of brown mushrooms, red bell pepper, sweet onion, and of course zucchini. Once I had the veggies all chopped, I very lightly drizzled them with olive oil and tossed them in my grilling bowl. I added some garlic and a bit of fresh ground pepper and set the pan on the hot grill. I only stir the veggies a few times while they cook, so I don't break them up with my wooden spoon. I've found that this grill bowl takes a bit longer to cook the veggies than it takes to grill burgers, so I start the veggies cooking while I'm preparing the burgers. If you've never cooked veggies like this on the grill, we highly recommend it! It's one of my Dad's favorite summertime dishes, too! And, this bowl works great for smaller sized shrimp, too! The burgers were seasoned with garlic powder (my favorite seasoning), a sprinkle of red bell pepper flakes, and some fresh ground pepper. Deeeeee-lish! What's on your menu for Father's Day? We're having Alan's parents over for dinner on Sunday. Any family favorites you serve up for the weekend? That little fruit is the start of a pickling cucumber on one of my vines! Yeah! They're GROWING! The bumpy object in this photo is very small today. Smaller than your smallest finger. Smaller than your smallest toe! Find a ruler ... it's smaller than 1/2 inch! Last night we enjoyed our first farm raised zucchini, and it was delish! I sliced it up, along with some broccoli, onion, and carrots, and cooked it all up in my new All-Clad stir fry pan. I was very excited for this pan to arrive, and it didn't disappoint! The veggies cooked up beautifully! I also cooked up some chicken breast, following this recipe (almost exactly ... not quite). Mmmmm...good. By the looks of things, we'll be enjoying zucchini for some time. Time to do some more picking! I think this will be dinner tomorrow! PS: I just came in from locking up the chickens and watering the plants, and the zuc in the last photo above is noticeably larger than it was earlier today! Holy moley, they grow fast! PSS: Does anyone have a FoodSaver? And if so, do you like it? Late last week, Alan reminded me that we had some small raised garden bed forms in the barn that weren't being used. On Sunday, we pulled them out of the barn, gathered up dirt from the back side of the barn (I supplemented with bagged soil), and I got started on putting the beds in place near the chicken coop. I'm out at the chicken coop every day to tend to the chickens, so it's a logical place for the veggies to be. The hose is there, and I can keep an eye on things fairly regularly. It might be a bit late for starting things from seed now, but I thought it was worth a try. Everything I planted listed this month as one of the planting months for our zone, so I thought I would take my chances. If it looks like it's getting too hot for any new seedlings, I can always put some shade cloth over the beds to help keep harsh sunlight off of the plants. The stakes at each corner of the beds are in place to hold the bird netting I wrapped the beds with. Not for deer, but to help keep out the chickens, the dogs (Mister Farley almost took a short cut through bed #3 today), and to discourage the farm cats from lounging (or otherwise) in the beds. One bed is various types of corn and a cucumber or two, another bed is two different kinds of beans, and the third bed has squash and cucumbers. Oh, and I think they all got a few mammoth sunflowers planted randomly for fun. I'll let you know how things progress. I'm really amazed at how well the veggies are doing in the apple picking baskets, instead of in a formal "in ground" garden. In fact, tonight for dinner we had our first farm raised zucchini for the year (the one on the right in the above photo)! And, let me tell you, it was delicious! The zucchini on the left will be ready in a day or two, and there are more on the other two plants. The first tomatoes I planted are doing GREAT! They're nice and tall (about 4'), and have a fair number of tomatoes. I think I will snip the tops of them soon, to encourage the plants to put on more tomatoes instead of continuing to grow taller. I planted this little yellow pear tomato last week. Nice and healthy now, I hope it continues to grow and give us gobs and GOBS of delicious pear tomatoes! This weekend it will get a "cage", to help it stay upright as it grows tall. The flowers around the chicken coop and veggie baskets are blooming nicely. Rudbeckia is one of my favorites. I love their pretty yellow faces. I ordered some pumpkin seeds tonight, and look forward to planting some pumpkins on the backside of the raised beds. I grew pumpkins once when I lived in Oregon, and it was great fun! I was visited by two female black swallowtail butterflies while I worked. They were enjoying the newly placed damp soil. When they weren't on the soil, they were flying around the veggie plants and the tall grasses at the back of the yard. They're the reason I went in the house to get the camera. I didn't think they'd still be around by the time I got back outside, but they were and they hung around the entire day. I imagine I could have finished things up a little more quickly if I hadn't spent so much time watching them. They were having a great time! It was also a good excuse to sit for a spell... since the temperature was pushing 100, I needed lots of breaks. The sun was beating down HOT this afternoon, so I was out at the coop refreshing the water containers for the chickens, and the duck (kiddie) swimming pool. In the background, you can see the duck pool. The fabric on the fence is shade cloth, to help keep the afternoon/evening sun off of the chicken yard. What you can't see in the photo are the mammoth sunflowers I have planted along the fence line, behind the container plants. As they grow, they will provide even more shade, and will be beautiful too! While I was there, I thought I would snap some photos to document how the veggies are coming along. This year I decided to grow some veggies in containers, rather than directly in the ground. The soil here leaves much to be desired, and is very VERY shallow. We don't have to dig very deep before we hit rock. Container planting seems to be working out great! This is one of two containers of cucumbers (for pickling), coming along nicely. The containers allow me to easily use better soil, and allow me to organize the containers as necessary for the size of the plants. When the plants were small, it was easy to set the containers side by side. As the have plants have grown in size, I have spread them out a bit, providing each plant with plenty of "elbow room", and lots of space for good ventilation. The containers I'm using are wooden apple baskets I picked up at the local farm supply store for only a few dollars each. Many of them were nest boxes at one point, before I installed the antique side by side nest boxes for the girls. When compared to containers of similar size at a garden shop, the apple baskets are much more affordable and so far they work just fine for me. They probably won't last more than a couple of seasons, but at least they're made of something that I can compost back into soil. I'm growing several variety of tomato. Some of them are growing gangbusters, and others are just doing so-so. The variety I am least impressed with so far are the "container" specific variety. I might change my mind about them though, when we start to harvest fruit off of them. The zucchini are doing really well. I have three large plants, and all of them have already started showing fruit, and big colorful flowers. Ever wonder what it looks like under the umbrella of zucchini plant leaves? I'm excited for our first fresh from the farm zucchini! Soon, I think, soon!! We also have a couple of very tall volunteer (seeded themselves) sunflowers near the chicken yard. One of them is MUCH taller than me, and has started showing small yellow flower faces near the top. The other plant isn't quite as tall, and is starting to show signs of a big bloom yet to come. I think it's amazing how they grow. And speaking of growing, my mint plant is doing well, too! ...If I could keep the caterpillars from eating it, I'd be even happier! Here I am, in my new hat, in desperate need of some water to drink! My tomatoes are coming along nicely! Can't wait to enjoy them! ...and the chickens think they'll get to enjoy them too, but I have news for those silly chickens! I planted new hanging baskets of spinach and lettuce. Grow little seeds, grow! ...it's amazing how big this photo makes the mulch in the soil look! I started some cucumber and squash seeds in little peat discs. Later this summer, we'll have tasty homemade pickles! Grow little seeds, grow! More tomatoes growing out near the chicken yard. A month or more ago I planted some dahlia tubers -- probably not early enough, but things get done around here when things get done. They're coming along nicely too... I can't remember what else I put in the bed, so it will be interesting to see how things progress. Can't wait for the flowers! Hope you had an enjoyable weekend! Come Monday, it's full speed ahead again.

2019-04-22T00:23:59Z

https://sweetmissdaisy.typepad.com/sassy_sweet_notes/garden-2010/

This panel examines how people around the world produce and/or consume art, media, music or popular culture. We invite papers that explore how these very categories are conceptualised and made meaningful in specific cultural contexts. Art / Not Art. Low / High. Underground / Mainstream. Popular Culture / Mass Culture. This panel seeks to explore how these kinds of oppositions are employed by a broad range of individuals and cultural groups including; artists, musicians, media producers, fans, cultural critics and anthropologists themselves. We invite rich ethnographic accounts of people's everyday engagements with art, media, music or popular culture that reflect on processes of categorisation, classification and distinction. How do people utilise these labelling concepts? Do they reject them or reproduce them? If so, when, where and why? Whilst we frame this panel in terms of binary oppositions (i.e. low/high etc.) we encourage papers that critique this model by utilising findings from ethnographic fieldwork to examine the beliefs, values and practices of people living in specific cultural contexts. More broadly, we also seek papers that consider what anthropologists have to contribute to the study of art, media, music or popular culture - and whether or not these terms are useful ways of describing these fields of study. 1) What is the 'state' of 'art' (i.e. How do people determine what is or is not 'art' or 'underground' etc.? What is included or excluded? How do these categories and their content change over time?). 2) What new (state of the art) methods or approaches can anthropologists utilise when working in these fields? Are terms like 'media anthropology' or 'anthropology of popular culture' helpful analytical tools? The Reef Islands Ethnographic Film Series in the Solomon Islands started in the early 1990s, with little focus on music, which was mainly used for ritual and church purposes. In 2005 it seemed a complete new music form had arrived or was that really what our film witnessed? The first main shoot for the Reef Islands Ethnographic Film Series in the Solomon Islands, in 1996, was seriously affected by the unexpected death of one of the main characters and partners in the project, Alfred Melotu, the paramount chief of the Aiwoo-speaking people on the island of Ngasinue. His death and funeral resulted in the first film we produced from the series, Alfred Melotu - the funeral of a paramount chief (2002), and footage from this plays an important role in the installation film, Passage (2014), which forms a crucial element of the ethnographic exhibition, The Life of the Dead, at Moesgaard Museum (MOMU). In 2005 I revisited the Reef Islands and Mola'a, a small settlement on the northern tip of Ngasinue, where Alfred had settled with his extended family only a few years prior to his death. It was mainly a courtesy visit to his descendants, especially Agnes, his widow, and sons, daughters and grandchildren. The main surprise, however, was the apparent emergence of a completely new music form and practice, or was that what it was? This paper has been written together with informant Alistair Fraser and explores how he relates to and connects with the natural world. In this paper we look at the practice of musical improvisation within the contemporary taonga pūoro musical paradigm (Māori musical instruments). When taonga pūoro practitioners improvise in the natural landscape they can be seen as wayfarers navigating the contours of the acoustic landscape(s). As these practitioners come into dialogue with the entities of the natural environment, they are able to transform these relational experiences into sound phenomena, which in turn (re)create places that are meaningful to the practitioner and the audience(s), human or otherwise. By coming into dialogue with renowned taonga pūoro practitioner Alistair Fraser and how he relates to and connects with the natural world through sound, this methodological paper challenges the way we explore, expand and extend our appreciation of acoustic Aotearoa/New Zealand. Aboriginal arts globally well known is the main topic of this paper. I will focus on the two exhibitions held in Japan; in 1960s and in 2016. By comparing the two and also its acceptance, I will argue how the difference was performed by the agencies in the different 'states'. The 'Arts' of Australian Aboriginal people is produced by many artists and accepted widely both in Australia and in abroad. Aboriginal arts have become a big industry and are very popular, one of the most famous aspects of Australia. In Japan, there have been a several exhibitions of Aboriginal arts held since 1960s, and many of them are considerably well accepted, including very successful exhibition of Emily Kama Kungwarreye in 2008. In this paper, I will focus on two particular exhibitions held in Japan, one in 1960s and the other in 2016. The former was on Bark paintings and the latter was on Acrylic Paintings on Canvas. By comparing these two exhibitions, I will focus on the changes of Japanese acceptance from 'primitive art' to 'high art'. In the former exhibition, they were introduced as very important primitive art which is nearly dying out. But in the latter, they were introduced as 'art'. I will argue how Aboriginal arts have changed its acceptance through 'transit' of the time and how it was performed by what kind of social background and agencies. Also, I would like to focus on the difference of the acceptance which happened by the geographical 'transit' from Australia to Japan first. I will analyze the social and historical background of the difference and changes, and try to argue about the social formation of the agencies that have a crucial part in performing those changes. We explore the ways that the practice of 'dance therapy' is described and prescribed in State and Federal government health policies, programs and other initiatives and in practitioner literature within Australia. Discussions on the nature and definition of 'art' often focus on culturally- produced dichotomies such as art/craft or high/low culture. In this presentation, however, we focus on an alternative conception of art as therapy, exploring how art practices can be defined or contested as artistic and therapeutic. Despite longstanding anthropological interest in the role of art forms in healing rituals Western biomedical conceptions of art- as- therapy are only beginning to be explored by anthropologists such as Hanna (1990) and Hogan and Pink (2010). The definition of activities as therapeutic can have real-world implications on the recognition and funding of particular programs and professionals and are these implications are in turn inscribed on the bodies of participants. In particular we explore the ways that the practice of 'dance therapy' is described and prescribed in State and Federal government health policies, programs and other initiatives and in practitioner literature within Australia. Our policy and discourse analysis will examine questions such as: who are the actors who define 'dance therapy'? What are the definitions of the practice? What activities are included and excluded? We also draw auto-ethnographically on the practitioner experiences of Alice Langsford, a participant and instructor in dance-based activities for people living with disability. This paper provides the framing for a larger proposed ethnographic research project exploring concepts of dance, body, health and transformation in the experiences of South Australians in dance therapies and occupational dance practices. This paper draws on ethnographic research conducted in the Adelaide and Melbourne Hip Hop scenes from 2006-2007. It examines how, when and why Hip Hoppers made distinctions between 'underground' and 'mainstream' Hip Hop and Hip Hop and other music genres like 'Pop'. 'Someone that makes Hip Hop to make money…I just call that pop music, I don't class it as Hip Hop anymore' (Simon, 22 year-old Male Hip Hop Promoter, Adelaide). This paper draws on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Melbourne and Adelaide from 2006-2007 to explore how Hip Hop fans and artists (primarily MCs, DJs and producers) defined and employed categories like 'underground' 'grass roots' 'popular' and 'mainstream'. I demonstrate that these concepts were frequently understood as binary-oppositions with 'underground' and 'grass roots' being contrasted with 'popular' and 'mainstream'. As the quote from Simon suggests, these oppositions were value judgements that Hip Hoppers used to support claims to authenticity and to draw boundary lines. I argue that contestations about what was or was not 'authentic' were heightened at the time of my study, a period when Australian Hip Hop music was steadily growing in popularity and several Hip Hop artists were reaching new levels of commercial success and acclaim. These changes were understood by my participants as a potential threat that needed to be mitigated. In particular, the possibility of economic gain ('making Hip Hop to make money') was viewed as a corrupting force that could dilute the artistic, political and cultural value of Hip Hop or 'dumb it down'. In this paper I examine my participants struggles to produce and/or consume Hip Hop that fit within their conceptualisation of 'underground' (authentic) Hip Hop and to avoid the perceived perils of 'mainstream' success or becoming 'pop' (inauthentic). This paper examines the genealogies of listening of ten Australian hip hop MC, demonstrating how key aesthetic practices are engaged with. The paper examines how artists' engagement with art objects demonstrates the manner in which popular culture forms an important basis for one's own identity. For hip hop artists in Australia, recorded hip hop music provides an important blueprint for the music they make. This aesthetic blueprint is referred to by these artists, something which can be observed by examining the patterns of references that these artists make their own works. As Dimitriadis (2009, p.xvi) suggests, members of the hip hop community (both fans and artists) use their knowledge of hip hop culture as a way to work out their own hip hop identities; this is achieved through a "complex positioning and re-positioning around texts". My research argues that through a sustained engagement and re-positioning of particular hip hop works, MCs are able to construct a unique artistic identity that draws on key hip hop aesthetic practices that they have learned about through their listening practices. This type of engagement with other hip hop texts forms what can be considered a 'genealogy of listening', a term used by Feld (2012) to describe a process of mutual engagement that is only possible through a shared listening experience. Drawing on ethnographic research with Australian hip hop MCs and song analysis of these particular artists, this paper demonstrates how Australian hip hop artists construct an artistic identity through an engagement with what they perceive to be a key hip hop aesthetic practice. The paper encourages a more fluid understanding of an artists' engagement with art objects, in this context, music, to demonstrate the manner in which popular culture forms an important basis for one's own identity. More than 40 years after its inception, hip hop culture continues to be important in young people's lives regardless of their cultural background or geographic location. It thereby provides a pathway and analytical tool for anthropologists to explore identity politics and advocacy particularly in the context of youth, cultural diversity and migration studies. This paper discusses how anthropologists can use hip hop to explore expressions of self and social identities. It shows how migrant young people in Australia use hip hop as a contact space in which identities are negotiated through self-identification and performances of belonging. Australia is a multicultural country marked by diverse demographics and behavioural expectations. Depending on a number of factors such as their migration journey, age at arrival and time of residency, people tend to have different experiences and expectations in relation to their settlement in Australia. Some people quickly adapt to 'the Australian way' while others hold on to their cultural background and according behavioural expectations. This can cause fractions between family members and members of the community. Hip hop provides young people caught in-between different behavioural expectations with opportunities to negotiate and express themselves and their experiences if belonging. Drawing on long-term ethnographic research conducted with Tongan young people and the literature, hip hop will be discussed as an important in-between space that allows young people to negotiate their identities. Consequently, it is argued that hip hop culture continues to be an important analytical tool for anthropologists. Drawing on ethnographic encounters with hip hop dancers I examine ways in which hip hops borders and boundaries are policed by its practitioners. My argument is that practitioners invoke particular notions of authenticity in order to appeal to their peer's sense of legitimacy and originalism. Drawing on ethnographic encounters with hip hop dancers I examine the varied ways in which hip hops borders and boundaries are policed by its practitioners. As a complex, dynamic and diverse social field, hip hop is governed, not by any one institution or office, but by its practitioners - people who across the world are engaged in its various practices within their own local context. I argue that by invoking particular notions of authenticity, hip hop dancers are able to police its borders by appealing to their peer's sense of legitimacy and originalism. This presentation shares the voices of Krumpers in Perth, Rockers in New York and Bboys in Osaka to illustrate how individuals, across different places, are able to re-imagine notions of authenticity and determine for themselves what is, and what is not, a part of hip hop culture. This paper reflects on these notions and considers how anthropology can be useful in tracing the way this shifts and moves on the ground. Based on ethnographic research, this paper seeks to understand the complex relationships between popular images, cultural definitions and everyday life through exploring how goths draw on, reject and fight against certain images in their practices, in how they define goth and police its boundaries. This paper draws on ethnographic research with goths to consider the complex and negotiated nature of meaning in contemporary life by examining how people draw from and contest the popular imagination. The paper examines how goths contextually fight and embrace popular images of goth, especially when seeking to define and defend its boundaries and relative distinctiveness. Here the popular imagination is understood to incorporate a range of 'popular' images of a particular cultural group constructed and reproduced through media and social interactions (e.g. word-of-mouth communication). The popular imagination is often central in shaping general understandings of the culture through tropes and stereotypes that have gained popularity over time through these various discourses and representations. As such, it can influence people's behaviour towards those they perceive as belonging to this culture, irrespective of the individual or group's actual affiliation. Several strands of goth's popular image frame it and its participants in a negative way, demonising and/or trivialising it in the popular imagination. In light of this, this paper considers how goths selectively disassociate themselves from popular images that they interpret as 'harmful', seeking to protect the culture's integrity and the sense of difference that they perceive as fundamental to its existence. At the same time, the paper considers how goths selectively draw on the popular imagination to define and practice goth. The paper thus uses the negotiations of goths to gain insight into the complex ways that meaning and culture are constructed and negotiated in everyday life. This paper explores how electronic music producers in Adelaide create works designed to reject comfortable categorisation. If this process reflects an interrelation of influences, infrastructures and intense individualism, then what is at the centre of the action in the suggested posthuman present? This paper is an anthropological report into the state of the art in contemporary music production. It differs from other studies into electronic music in that it is concerned with a wide variety of experience and aesthetics. Drawing upon a 12-month-long ethnography into electronic music practice in Adelaide, this paper has two aims. First, it shows how music practice continues in the context of state legislation, media dictates and corporate codes. The irrepressible creative drive forges ahead in its inexorable path of expression, aesthetic performance reflecting an attitude where personal ethics and experimentation drive and shape highly individualistic musical expression. Secondly it presents three case studies that illustrate how the accessibility of artistic freedoms of choice, afforded by digital technology, can synthesise personal development with virtual possibilities. With social media a live feed of what is happening culturally throughout the world, my participants input from a spectrum of influences, transforming them through accessible software platforms into original musical forms. Categories of identification and classification, both artistic and personal, are replaced by complex systems of interaction and relationality. This paper also has a theoretical function, to test the claims of posthumanist writers, who champion a move away from the rigid definitions of human, nature and machine, into an altogether new assemblage where such boundaries become open to question. This paper asks how anthropology can identify the infrastructures and processes that are defining the current state of the art. Can electronic music practice be an indicator of what we may be becoming?

2019-04-25T18:09:20Z

https://nomadit.co.uk/shiftingstates/conferencesuite.php/panels/5950/List

2018-08-03 17:50:53 4 Stars We would like to take this opportunity to thank ScotSail for a very professional, enjoyable and fun experience on our recent Day Skippers Course. Credit must go to our Skipper Mike Swann for his professionalism, knowledge, experience, and ability to instill confidence in his students with varying experience consistently over the 5 days. Mike made this one of the most memorable learning experiences for both of us and is a credit to ScotSail. 2018-07-30 20:22:21 4 Stars Our instructor Mike Swan was incredible. He was a fountain of information and very patient, from dawn to dusk (and later). He has the stamina of Mo Farah. And the voice of a young Tom Jones. The latter was essential for sea shanties when we needed some team bonding. Thank you for an intensive and highly effective Comp Crew course. 2018-05-20 14:56:17 5 Stars Fantastic experience. Highly recommend this sailing school. 2018-05-20 14:25:38 5 Stars Excellent 2 days with good instructors ... would recommend to anyone wanting a refresher or wanting to learn how to handle a powerboat. 2018-05-18 13:15:13 5 Stars Excellent instructor and great crew. Interesting sailing in beautiful surroundings. As well as gaining a qualification this was a great fun week. Thanks to skipper and fellow crew. 2018-05-18 13:00:03 4 Stars Good course, Sam Dean Instructor was excellent. 2018-05-18 12:20:33 5 Stars Awesome experience, instructor and the rest of my crew were exceptional, learned a whole lot more than I expected to. 2018-05-18 12:11:44 5 Stars Instructor was excellent. The course was extremely instructive and helped me a lot being more confident with my sailing abilities and general boat handling. I’ll be back soon for another course! 2018-05-18 12:08:08 5 Stars The passion of the Instructor to impart his sailing knowledge to the students was exemplary. Very attentative and always there to demonstrate or answer their questions. A good balance between challenging the students and getting them to perform at a high level was a particular strength of the Instructor. 2018-05-13 15:48:40 5 Stars Excellent teaching and content. Had a fantastic experience. 2018-05-13 15:21:21 5 Stars A brilliant weekend with Scotsail, thank you! 2018-05-13 15:19:10 5 Stars Three different weekends provided three different drills for MOB and certain other drills. Some uniformity between instructors may help consolidate some of the instruction delivered. 2018-05-13 15:12:14 4 Stars Nick was energetic and enthusiastic and delivered a great experience. It was disappointing to discover that a single late arrival forced the abandonment of our proposed Fri eve departure. 2018-05-11 11:52:31 5 Stars Phenomenal instructor. Learned so much. 2018-05-11 11:49:57 5 Stars If it were possible to give an excellent rating for everything I would have done. I have done several courses in the past but this one outstripped all of them. Pav is the best instructor I have ever had. The course exceeded my expectations in every way. I will be back. 2018-05-11 11:45:01 5 Stars Very enjoyable course with first class instructor and facilities. I would recommend the course to anyone interested in training in sailing. 2018-05-11 11:41:08 5 Stars First class course and excellent instructor. 2018-05-11 09:58:19 4 Stars Sam was good instructor and we had excellent sailing in challenging winds. We hardly used the motor. Thanks. 2018-05-11 09:49:06 5 Stars Sam was a very patient instructor. He would discuss the several options that he had and then explain his choice of action. 2018-05-11 09:45:19 5 Stars Our instructor Sam had the patience of a saint. Really appreciated everything he taught us. A very knowledgeable professional. Thanks. 2018-05-06 15:19:49 3 Stars The instructor did not seem to be able to divide his time between his students effectively. The only think I can recall learning on Saturday was that I taught myself to reliably tie a bowline. I mentioned this to him after the first day and he made a great effort on the Sunday. 2018-05-06 15:12:52 5 Stars Another fantastic weekend with RYA. Thank you again! 2018-05-06 15:10:41 5 Stars Noted the difference between techniques used by different instructors although both very good. 2018-05-06 14:53:08 5 Stars Brilliant experience. Highly recommend instructor in the face of Pavlina. 2018-05-06 14:44:27 5 Stars Great instructor, very clear instructions and patience. Thanks Pav. 2018-05-04 14:19:43 5 Stars An eventful experience on the Scottish water, it gave me confidence on the sailing. 2018-05-04 14:12:31 5 Stars Very good instruction very safe and felt I have learned a lot of practical experience to link my theory into sail experience. Very happy with all tuition. Had a great time. 2018-05-04 14:01:14 5 Stars Great week: great instructor and very enjoyable crew to sail with,! 2018-05-02 16:09:21 5 Stars I’ve been boating for years, and learned far more than I had thought possible in these two days. 2018-05-02 16:02:14 5 Stars My first time boating, enjoyed myself very much and learned a lot. 2018-04-29 13:57:12 4 Stars Very content with syllabus. The instructor was excellent. Heating could have been better. 2018-04-29 13:50:37 1 Star Excellent course, well organised and good facilities. Intstructor was brilliant. 2018-04-29 13:46:29 5 Stars RYA have been extremely helpful. Thoroughly enjoyed the first weekend of the Day Skipper course - thank you! 2018-04-29 13:42:41 5 Stars Instructor Tony was excellent. He kept us busy through the course. 2018-04-27 11:16:19 4 Stars Engine trouble screwed up our schedule a lot. Raffle is a great people person and put a lot more Commitment in than he had to....whiched saved the experience. 2018-04-27 11:11:09 3 Stars I should have done a theory course first. The first day was a baptism of fire. Engine troubles were frustrating, but when we were sailing I learnt a lot and feel safe and confident onboard. 2018-04-27 10:50:01 5 Stars Amazing experience all round. Fantastic tuition, felt very safe and confidence grew every day. Have loved every second and will recommend the course very highly, thank you!! 2018-04-27 10:44:08 5 Stars Excellent course, great instructor and clear learning objectives. Loved it all! 2018-04-22 13:32:55 5 Stars Rafa was very hands on and clearly explained the basics and day skipper information. Great experience and great fun! 2018-04-22 13:11:39 5 Stars Howard was great! 2018-04-22 13:07:42 5 Stars So much fun and very informative! 2018-04-20 15:08:22 5 Stars Fantastic. Really enjoyed it and incredibly useful. 2018-04-20 15:05:58 5 Stars A fantastic instructor and a fantastic course. Brian ensured that everyone participated and enabled the group to excell. The week was thoroughly enjoyable and informative and has given me the confidence to use the skills to enjoy my sailing future. 2018-04-20 15:00:58 4 Stars Our instructor Brian was fantastic. Very good instructor. 2018-04-20 14:58:26 5 Stars Great conditions and excellent instructor. 2018-04-15 15:30:27 5 Stars Great course. learned so much even though I started as a full beginner. Great experience and look forward for the next time alr3dy! 2018-04-15 15:28:38 5 Stars An outstanding course with a super instructor. Learned far more than I had expected. 2018-04-13 14:51:02 4 Stars Boat dirty on arrival. Instructor very patient and extremely helpful. 2018-04-13 12:52:47 5 Stars Patrik is an excellent instructor and leader. His ability to impart knowledge is excellent which meant we all had a tremendous week of SailAway no under his instruction. We could not have asked for better. 2018-04-13 12:31:49 5 Stars Patrick was an excelent tutor. Very supportive and knowledgable. All information was delivered in a way that made all the activities understandable. We had a great time. Thanks Patrick. 2018-04-08 16:40:00 4 Stars Really fun would definitely come back. 2018-04-08 14:14:48 4 Stars Very enjoyable, well instructed. Would recommend to others. 2018-04-08 14:09:29 5 Stars The course was most enjoyable, informative and interesting; and all that was taught should prove to be most useful. The instructor allowed ample time for me to benefit from his guidance. 2018-04-06 14:29:33 5 Stars Great instructor, effective communicator, ensured the course was both comprehensive and enjoyable. 2018-04-06 13:53:06 5 Stars Tony Blenkinsop was excellent as an instructor. I truly learned a great deal and I have much confidence in moving forward with my sailing experience. 2018-04-06 12:00:57 4 Stars I totally enjoyed the course. The down side was sharing a cabin with a heavy snorer. I need sleep to function. 2018-04-01 15:15:39 5 Stars Excellent course, first class instruction I would highly recommend it! 2018-03-30 13:04:37 5 Stars Excellent. Great instructor, great equipment. Will certainly recommend to others. 2018-03-30 13:02:04 5 Stars I did my competent crew with Scotsail and now finished Day Skipper. Excellent area, excellent boats, excellent facilities, excellent weather and mainly excellent instructor. You have my 5 Stars and highly recommend to everyone who really wants to learn sailing -️. Thanks Pav for everything. 2018-03-25 13:54:19 5 Stars Good course with clear instruction and confidence building. 2018-03-22 16:58:28 5 Stars Really good fun! 2018-03-18 16:15:45 5 Stars Instructor was extremely calm and confident and put us at ease and gave us huge amount of learning in short period. Great practice thank you. 2018-03-16 12:02:22 5 Stars Highly recommend if you really want to learn sailing! 2018-03-16 11:58:37 5 Stars Great instruction, very patient and enthusiastic teacher. Feel inspired to get out sailing -️! 2018-03-16 11:56:08 5 Stars Pav is a great instructor and inspired confidence in very windy conditions. 2018-03-16 11:49:00 5 Stars Excellent training, first rate instructor - will definitely be back for more!! 2018-03-01 15:09:10 5 Stars Pavlina was an excellent instructor. 2018-03-01 15:01:38 5 Stars It was fantastic. I learnt so much. 2018-03-01 14:59:10 5 Stars I enjoyed the course a lot and Pav was an excellent and patient instructor. 2018-02-25 21:49:22 5 Stars Outstanding course. First class instructors. Will highly recommend to anyone. Fabulous value for money. 2018-02-25 21:39:07 5 Stars Excellent instruction and thoroughly enjoyable. 2018-02-23 15:27:37 5 Stars A truly brilliant experience, I can’t wait to come back again for more sailing. 2018-02-23 15:24:31 5 Stars Pav was a fantastic instructor and the course was challenging but also well paced. Thank you very much! 2018-02-21 15:45:45 5 Stars Great knowledge, very useful information. 2018-02-16 14:09:52 5 Stars Pav really good instructor and patient, keeping novices and more experienced crew fully involved. 2018-01-14 15:19:53 5 Stars Very well coached with attention to detail and tailored to suit my specific needs and applications. 2017-12-10 15:33:56 5 Stars The course gives me confidence going forward as a novice power boater . The instructor was patient but decisive in all instructions . 2017-11-17 13:53:44 4 Stars Great 5 days building miles ! 2017-11-10 13:36:37 5 Stars Great combination of good and informative - a really great week! 2017-11-05 15:23:13 5 Stars Great instructor, great weather, learned a lot - was great! 2017-11-03 23:35:29 5 Stars I thought this was a very very challenging but fun course my tutor graham was fantastic. 2017-11-03 23:30:55 5 Stars Brilliant course, enjoyed every minute. 2017-11-03 13:10:38 5 Stars Fantastic instruction with glorious scenery. 2017-10-29 15:44:52 4 Stars A good introduction to powerboating - thank you. 2017-10-28 11:47:44 4 Stars Great instructor, I will definately be back. 2017-10-28 11:39:56 5 Stars Great instructor, really happy with the course! 2017-10-27 11:49:53 5 Stars A fantastic introduction to sailing! Patrick was a very patient and engaging instructor, we really couldn’t have enjoyed the course any more. 2017-10-27 11:42:01 5 Stars Really enjoyed the whole experience, learnt a lot of new skills and had fun doing so. 2017-10-22 12:56:35 5 Stars Pav and Sam were excellent instructors and if possible would request either for my next level. Great weekend despite the weather. 2017-10-22 12:53:30 5 Stars Pav and Sam were fantastic. I learnt significantly more on this weekend than I did on my previous ones. They were patient and focussed on teaching us. If I were to do further courses, I would request these guys. The only bad thing is that it made me realise the other weekends with another instructor were not that good and I would be a much better sailor had I completed all three weekends with pav or Sam. 2017-10-20 13:19:39 5 Stars Superb boat. Fantastic instructor. A great location for Dayskipper course. 2017-10-20 13:12:30 5 Stars Very enthusiastic instructor. Very flexible according to our needs. 2017-10-20 12:52:49 5 Stars Very pleased with our instructor. He explained everything very well with us. And clarified things with us if we were not sure. 2017-10-20 12:21:42 4 Stars Pav was excellent, very competent, contained at all times and patient. The course was well organised and informative. The only thing I could comment on was - we sailed in stormy weather on the first day, almost all crew beginners, I think it would be much better if the instructor introduced herself in more detail, with past experience etc, that would have been much more reassuring. Overall absolutely brilliant week on board. 2017-10-20 12:15:07 4 Stars Thanks Pav. First day was a bit scary. 2017-10-13 12:38:37 5 Stars Very informative and effective. 2017-10-13 12:14:16 5 Stars Best instructor, everything was explained far beyond expectations. 2017-10-13 12:01:01 5 Stars Very good yacht master Alex Kafka. Thank you ask for all. 2017-10-13 11:13:29 5 Stars Fantastic! 2017-10-13 11:08:03 5 Stars Great five days with great instructor and crew. 2017-10-08 13:23:30 4 Stars Excellent tuition, very thorough and detailed. Pav brilliant, fantastic tutor. Good time had whilst learning lots. 2017-10-08 13:19:29 5 Stars Had a great weekend with a great instructor. 2017-10-07 15:58:56 5 Stars Ales was really good trainer. Knowledgable and able to explain everything very practically. He also acted in very professional manner. I would be happy to come again and to recommend him to my friends. 2017-10-07 15:38:37 5 Stars Both skippers- trainers were excellent! Ales Kafka is very good teacher! 2017-10-07 15:14:51 5 Stars Perfect experience. Skipper Ales was a perfect teacher. 2017-10-07 15:09:50 5 Stars Very very super!!!!!!! 2017-10-07 10:34:26 5 Stars Rob was fantastic. He made me feel safe and confident. Great course. 2017-10-06 16:04:16 4 Stars I was a complete beginner and really enjoyed learning new skill,being part of a team and being encouraged . 2017-10-01 13:20:35 5 Stars Excellent day out on the Clyde with great 'story time' sessions from our instructor. 2017-10-01 13:16:32 5 Stars Fantastic experience and would highly recommend! 2017-09-29 14:12:11 5 Stars Instructor was great and very knowledgable. 2017-09-29 14:10:01 5 Stars I booked this course to gain experience having already qualified as a day skipper. The skipper (George Junek) was excellent. Calm, knowledgable and a brilliant teacher. The boat Delius was a little tired and experienced a number of issues with equipment which George worked around admirably. He made the week excellent. 2017-09-29 13:58:06 5 Stars An exceptional instructor who instructed everyone on board (various levels) to a superb level. The instruction was extremely motivational and inspiring. A very amiable and personal young man. 2017-09-29 11:21:15 5 Stars Excellent instructor very friendly. 2017-09-29 11:14:03 4 Stars Very informative. Good fun. 2017-09-29 11:11:07 5 Stars Excellent, had fantastic experience! 2017-09-29 11:08:50 5 Stars Great instruction from Pav! 2017-09-24 13:16:51 5 Stars Great practical experience , good fun and learned a lot. 2017-09-24 13:10:50 5 Stars Learnt a lot. Good weekend. 2017-09-24 13:08:51 5 Stars Instructor George was excellent. Patient and knowledgable and enjoyable company. 2017-09-22 11:28:38 5 Stars Fab instructor, very patient. Thanks! 2017-09-22 11:00:24 5 Stars Course delivered in a calm and measured way. 2017-09-22 10:46:57 5 Stars Our instructor Alex was great! Such a fantastic experience! 2017-09-17 14:54:32 5 Stars George was very good. Professional and fun. I would say, it would be good to hear more theory from him as were sailing as to why somethings were being done. 2017-09-17 14:51:25 5 Stars The 3rd week end with George was far better with my second instructor and was told by graham that I would have another weekend for compensation, I would like to arrange the next weekend as agreed. I would like to learn further with George. 2017-09-17 14:46:19 5 Stars Good weekend. Practice of pontoons was very useful. Overall excellent. 2017-09-17 14:29:23 5 Stars Thought Robert was very helpful and knowledgable and understanding of limitations. 2017-09-17 13:18:50 5 Stars Excellent course and great instructors. all skills taught were extremely useful. Thanks again. 2017-09-15 12:58:05 5 Stars I thoroughly enjoyed the course- Pav is an excellent instructor, "firm, fair and fun". She was very encouraging and inspired confidence. I will definitely recommend the course and if I decide to train to Coastal skipper standard, I will return to ScotSail. 2017-09-15 12:50:13 5 Stars Very knowledgable instructor. Learned a great deal. 2017-09-15 12:45:19 5 Stars Thought Pav was excellent. Very knowledgeable and great coach. 2017-09-15 12:42:41 5 Stars Stunning. Fantastic instructor. Learnt so much. Wish I'd come sooner. 2017-09-15 12:25:46 5 Stars Great, good learning experience, George a very good instructor felt very safe, definitely come back. 2017-09-10 14:36:17 5 Stars Buy new waterproofs. George was a great instructor allowed us to learn and make mistake when was safe, best so far. 2017-09-10 11:53:19 4 Stars Very enjoyable. Maybe think about some paper exercises to reinforce learning. 2017-09-08 13:31:04 4 Stars Excellent tuition but I was hoping to have some practice with slab reeling. The boat had in mast reeling. Other than that a great course! 2017-09-08 13:23:56 4 Stars The crew came together and sailed the boat really well at the end of the course. I was able to challenge myself and felt well supported throughout. A great time was had by all. 2017-09-08 12:17:56 4 Stars Course was great, challenging at times. Sometimes felt as if some previous experience/understanding would have helped as there are lots of terms to get to grips with in a very short space of time! 2017-09-08 11:25:52 4 Stars Difficult to contact Scotsail by phone. 2017-09-08 11:21:26 5 Stars Instructor was excellent - and good cook!! 2017-09-03 16:36:39 4 Stars Very quick-paced for a complete novice but very informative and covered key areas well. Instructors were very calm, well-informed and good communicators; light-hearted in the right measure. I felt, for me as a novice, I needed more detail about boat-handling concepts and manoeuvring since I'd never encountered these principles before. Other students more advanced so maybe that contributed to the pace of information also. 2017-09-03 16:07:45 4 Stars Great weekend! 2017-09-03 13:41:51 5 Stars Great experience. 2017-09-03 13:34:01 5 Stars I always felt I was good hands, it was inspiring to meet someone so passionate and professional. 2017-09-03 10:57:38 5 Stars Danny was a brilliant skipoer. Very professional very patuent fantadtic all round. 2017-09-03 10:50:59 5 Stars Danny was fantastic. Great teacher and looked after us well. 2017-09-01 12:27:54 5 Stars Very good teaching and cooking from George! 2017-09-01 12:24:36 5 Stars Very informative and enjoyable course with first class instruction. 2017-09-01 11:56:50 3 Stars Great school, but boats need better service and perhaps for certification- a trial should be given before assessment of competence or else make this clear when booking that no instruction will be given on areas such as navigating and pilotage. 2017-09-01 11:49:11 5 Stars Really enjoyed my first yachting experience. Instructor John was a brilliant teacher. I'll be back to do some more trips. 2017-09-01 11:05:48 5 Stars Pav was a wonderful trainer - I'll be back! 2017-08-27 15:13:25 5 Stars Patrick was a great instructor, he made sure everyone was happy and safe while teaching us a lot appropriate to various experience levels. He was very friendly throughout and I thoroughly enjoyed the weekend. The website could be slightly clearer for booking the weekend courses but otherwise fine. Overall great experience and will definitely be back. 2017-08-27 15:06:20 5 Stars Patrik was extremely helpful and informative! As well as friendly! 2017-08-27 14:46:48 5 Stars Fantastic course, very informative with skilled and easy going team looking after us. 2017-08-25 12:32:02 4 Stars Had a very good time. Learnt a lot and increased my confidence with sailing massively. Excellent teaching. 2017-08-25 11:55:52 4 Stars Great course, great instructor, great company, so so weather. 2017-08-25 11:48:54 5 Stars Competent crew to day skipper by encouragement of all. Thank you. 2017-08-25 11:25:49 4 Stars Excellent professional service. Pav was a brilliant teacher and very patient with us. Overall very happy...highly recommended. John Cav. 2017-08-25 11:15:51 5 Stars Awesome. Very tricky to get to talk to anyone on the phone about the course though. 2017-08-20 15:34:36 5 Stars Nick is a great instructor and I learned a lot from this weekends sailing. Looking forward to my next weekend with Scotsail. 2017-08-20 14:52:23 5 Stars Stephen and Danny were so patient I had an amazing time and learned to much many thanks would do it all again !! 2017-08-20 14:46:05 5 Stars Very well executed also got taught things that were not mandatory with the course and helped with my boating experience. 2017-08-18 13:00:23 5 Stars Alex and Danny were friendly, helpful, sociable and of course expert I'm their knowledge and experience. Although my son is highly capable a dad will always be 'worried what might happen': at all times I felt safe and felt he was safe. His 13th birthday present put a smile on his face, thank you! 2017-08-18 12:54:50 4 Stars Excellent instructors! 2017-08-18 12:09:46 5 Stars Really good instructor who new everything about sailing. Enjoyed the sailing. 2017-08-18 11:56:06 5 Stars Great course - our sailing instructor Patrick Lindr was absolutely brilliant! I learnt a lot, gained a lot of confidence and skill - thank you! 2017-08-18 11:45:16 5 Stars Patrick was excellent,patient,calm,and his teaching style was great. 2017-08-13 14:23:58 5 Stars Brian was excellent. A very good teacher. Encouraging. And patient. 2017-08-13 12:57:05 5 Stars Very enjoyable, challenging and good instructor. 2017-08-11 12:23:40 5 Stars Competent and enthusiastic instructor. Keen to impart knowledge. Learnt a lot after over 40 years as a deck officer and shore manager in the merchant navy. 2017-08-11 12:16:09 5 Stars John was an absolutely fantastic instructor. I'm so impressed with his teaching and patience. I had a great fun experience and have learned a huge amount. Thank you John! 2017-08-11 12:10:26 4 Stars Appeared to be a smell in port side heads which prevented 5 stars. Great fun well structured taking advantage of all weather situations. 2017-08-11 11:55:43 5 Stars Fantastic instructor. Lucky with weather. 2017-08-11 11:52:55 5 Stars Fantastic instruction and information from Patrik who is an outstanding instructor. The booking process can be a bit confusing as it is all web based although Graham was extremely helpful when I spoke with him. It would have been nice to have had a slab reeling boat from a sailing point of view but that is a small criticism. I had an excellent time and would be happy to recommend Scotsail and to book again. 2017-08-11 10:51:01 5 Stars Rob has been brilliant a super star. 2017-08-11 10:06:21 5 Stars Absolutely FANTASTIC course and an OUTSTANDING instructor .... Pav is so patient and encouraging! 2017-08-11 09:57:48 5 Stars A fantastic week with learning opportunities at every possible moment. Would highly recommend the course, company and most importantly our instructor to friends and family. I can't wait to get back on the water! 2017-08-11 09:54:30 5 Stars Great experience. 2017-08-06 14:33:33 5 Stars Highly recommend to my friends in the dive club. 2017-08-06 14:28:00 5 Stars Learned a lot in two days - would now be much more confident about taking a motor cruiser out to sea. Desk work was very informative. Good fun too! 2017-08-06 14:21:34 5 Stars I thoroughly enjoyed the whole experience - learned a lot, had fun and gained new skills. Can't wait to put the training to practical use. 2017-08-04 12:08:59 5 Stars Alex is the most patient and calm instructor - much appreciated by the novices! 2017-08-04 11:50:10 5 Stars Great week. 2017-08-04 11:36:34 5 Stars Outstanding instructor. 2017-08-04 11:21:55 5 Stars Simon was a really good instructor he has a lot of patience and he was funny. 2017-08-04 11:17:11 5 Stars Simon was an excellent skipper very encouraging and excellent with the kids. 2017-08-04 11:00:15 5 Stars Our skipper was excellent, very experienced, really good teacher responsive to the different needs & requirements of each crew member, patient & thorough, unfailingly polite and also a good companion. When unexpected problems arose he was calm, always had a strategy for dealing with it - my learning curve was steep, my understanding at the end of 5 days was so much greater than I expected. I have learnt something of day skipper practice that I didn't expect and greatly appreciated. Thank you so much. 2017-08-04 10:51:17 5 Stars Learnt a great deal and acquired a lot of confidence through excellent instruction and the chance to make mistakes and get over them without panic. 2017-08-04 10:46:32 5 Stars Superb course, Patrik as the instructor was excellent very patient and calm, took every opportunity to teach and give me an opportunity to try things out. Really good when things went slightly skewed and kept the team together beautifully! 2017-08-04 10:42:42 5 Stars Great experience with an excellent instructor who kept us all safe and taught us very well. Loved every minute and will come back again to do day skipper when we are ready. Thank you very much especially to our skipper Patrik. 2017-07-30 14:09:47 5 Stars Thanks for everything. We now have a great foundation to build experience on the boat whilst being much more aware of the risks. 2017-07-28 13:43:00 5 Stars I had an excellent week and have gained a passion for sailing through taking this course. 2017-07-28 13:39:18 5 Stars Unbelievable experience would recommend to anyone - instructor was amazing great guy and clearly keen to ensure that we obtained the knowledge we needed. 2017-07-28 13:33:03 4 Stars Excellent instructor! Always felt in safe, competent hands. 2017-07-28 13:29:19 5 Stars Unbelievable experience. Thank you so much. 2017-07-28 11:46:37 5 Stars Amazing training, I would highly recommend, the instructor was very patient and explained everything very clearly to me. 2017-07-28 09:21:16 3 Stars Extremely competent instructor who has a wealth of knowledge. He attended to the different competencies of everyone on board (competent crew to coastal skipper). The group gelled very well from the beginning and was ensured by the instructor. Danny showed us lots of tricks for maneouvering the boat. Excellent course. Nothing we could do about the Scottish weather. 2017-07-28 09:08:03 5 Stars Fantastic weather, great crew and very experienced instructor (Danny). Coupled with a fast boat. A reminder email a week before would be helpful with a checklist. We forgot our sleeping bags. 2017-07-28 09:07:19 5 Stars Fantastic weather, great crew and very experienced instructor (Danny). Coupled with a fast boat. 2017-07-28 08:58:17 5 Stars Very accomodating for vegetarians! High professional standards from the skipper. Would have liked a longer passage. 2017-07-27 22:15:44 3 Stars Danny is extremely expsrienced and i felt super safe with him. The course syllabus is very packed and we were quute exhausted. There us no ir very little downtime and this is not what we expected, also it is impossible to take in avg 10 hours of instructuon. 2017-07-23 15:46:06 4 Stars This was my second weekend for comp crew and was a very different experience. The weather and passage were very diffent. We had a very relaxing weekend. I feel that I am progressing in my knowledge and confidence. I'm looking forward to the next weekend, maybe a bit more wind though! 2017-07-21 12:08:43 5 Stars Fantastic week, great instructor in Pav. Probably the best instruction we have had ever had. Some constructive feedback is that the back office administration could be slicker with some improved communication. I can see that you reserved online on 1st May and received a booking email with all the details and link to the joining instructions and FAQs / help, and then a receipt for your deposit payment. Then on 13th July we sent you a SMS Text message reminder and another reminder email that contained a complete breakdown of the booking, course details, bullet points, links, arrival times, what to bring etc and a link to pay your balance securely online, which you then did and received another confirmation text-message and email with payment receipt and another copy of of al the booking and course info, to ensure you had everything you needed. I also checked for any support tickets raised about your booking and couldn't find any. We really want to make sure everyone is happy with all aspects, so please let us know what else you would have liked so that we can take that on board. Would another emailed Course guide and booking Summary have been helpful? More pages on the online joining instructions ? Let us know and we'd be happy to try and constantly improve. 2017-07-21 11:40:47 5 Stars PAV our instructor is sooooo professional, passionate about sailing and a great teacher! Many thanks had fun and learned a lot. 2017-07-21 11:36:31 5 Stars An excellent week with a fantastic instructor and great crew. 2017-07-21 09:46:31 4 Stars Had great fun as well as learning a lot. Great night sailing. Danny's cooking is fantastic. 2017-07-16 14:00:35 5 Stars Had a wonderful time and learned a lot. Thank you! 2017-07-16 13:24:41 4 Stars Enjoyable and valuable. 2017-07-14 13:30:50 5 Stars Patrik is an incredibly strong instructor. His instructions and teachings were very clear and you always felt 100% safe. I liked how he combined theory questions with practical application. He conducted his questions in a way that didn't make you feel silly/uncomfortable if you didn't know the answer immediately, but rather found a way to help you learn it clearly so that you knew it more thoroughly the next time. 2017-07-14 13:24:54 5 Stars Excellent place to learn and the instructor was enthusiastic, knowledgeable and thorough. Surperb experience. 2017-07-14 13:16:32 5 Stars Patrick Lindr was such an excellent skipper, patient, informative and couldn't do enough to allow me to complete the necessary course. 2017-07-14 11:13:42 5 Stars Pav is a great instructor! 2017-07-14 11:10:13 5 Stars Very much enjoyed myself. Pav was a great instructor and she was always in control of the boat. Would definitely do another course with Scotsail. 2017-07-09 14:51:51 4 Stars Fridge didn't work properly. Would appreciate a follow-on email closer to the course to serve as a confirmation and reminder of the course. Ian was excellent. 2017-07-09 14:15:19 5 Stars Very informative. Lots of fun. Great company. 2017-07-07 12:48:33 5 Stars Trainer was very knowledgeable, hard working and patient, but made course fun. 2017-07-07 12:37:41 5 Stars Very enjoyable learning experience. Fabulous instructor. 2017-07-07 12:19:38 5 Stars Fantastic skipper; Very easy to get along with and helped me learn quickly and effectively. 2017-07-07 11:38:42 4 Stars On board experience great. Web site getting a bit dated. Deposit and booking was easy but no reminder for balance, I almost forgot to pay it. Overall a great experience. Hi Alastair! So glad you had a great time; since you booked we have a brand new mobile website and booking system, and also balance reminders are automatic and contain a PDF file so worth checking your spam folder! Thanks! 2017-07-07 11:05:01 5 Stars Excellent instruction with constant friendly testing of knowledge. A fun and informative week. 2017-07-02 14:20:53 5 Stars Very relaxed. Excellent weekend. 2017-07-02 14:18:27 5 Stars Great course and well worth doing if you are considering using a power boat. 2017-07-02 14:03:16 4 Stars Our instructor was very patient and professional. Surprised at fees for cleaning!! 2017-07-02 13:46:34 5 Stars I thought the course was far more informative and comprehensive than I expected. The content of the course would allow me to be confident to tackle powerboating going forward. Thanks to Stephen and staff for the weekend. 2017-07-02 13:39:12 5 Stars Was a brilliant experience which was exceeded my expectations. A great 2 day course that was enjoyed greatly! 2017-07-02 07:04:19 3 Stars Trip was good to complete. Would have been better with more favourable winds to allow more stops but that was just down to luck. 2017-07-02 06:57:18 2 Stars Good trip and of course all weather depending. Given it was my second ever sailing trip after st kilda last year i had no sickness and overall i enjoyed the trip. 2017-07-02 06:40:24 5 Stars Very capable skipper! Made the whole trip enjoyable in spite of difficult conditions. Pushed boat to the limit against constant headwinds. ALWAYS FELT SAFE! 2017-06-30 12:02:14 5 Stars Great instructor that pushed you to improve and keen to see you learn. Comfortable boat and first class service! 2017-06-30 11:57:57 4 Stars Great fun! 2017-06-30 11:56:00 5 Stars Second time with Scotsail- I would recommend them for anyone looking to learn sailing! 2017-06-30 11:49:47 5 Stars Great week and excellent training from George, our instructor. 2017-06-30 10:05:42 5 Stars Fantastic instruction. Great facilities. Good range of abilities on board. Fanatastic learning environment that was safe and informative. Highly recommend and will be back to complete further courses. As a side note as a single and lone female on the boat I found the other crew members and staff supportive, inclusive and welcome. 2017-06-30 10:02:35 5 Stars Can't fault anything, instructor was brilliant. 2017-06-25 15:29:09 5 Stars Enjoyed the hospitality, the good spirit and the effective teaching! 2017-06-25 15:06:34 5 Stars Very fun weekend and learnt a lot! Website could do with updating as it isn't easy to use. Nick was a very good instructor! Hi Tim - thanks! Yes your right: brand new 2017 fully mobile responsive website and booking system recently launched; the chap who booked for your group booked using the older version, so all future bookings now use the nice new one! Thanks! 2017-06-25 15:03:03 5 Stars Excellent weekend. Great learning experience. 2017-06-25 15:00:05 4 Stars Very competent skipper. Learnt a lot. Enjoyable weekend. 2017-06-25 13:48:42 4 Stars Excellent tuition and George made the course great fun also. Learned loads! 2017-06-25 13:45:47 5 Stars George was an amazing instructor, we have learned so much. 2017-06-25 13:40:17 5 Stars Really enjoyable and informative two days. Learned loads! 2017-06-25 13:38:15 5 Stars FAbby n lots of good information to take away and practice on my own boat. MAny thanks. 2017-06-25 12:20:14 5 Stars Instructor was very knowlegable, patient and encouraging. 2017-06-25 12:12:53 4 Stars Excellent course for our dive boat rib training gave me a much better understanding of how to handle the rib. Particularly impressed by shotline recovery technique. 2017-06-24 21:13:44 5 Stars Really great it was great to go to St Kilda. 2017-06-24 21:09:40 4 Stars Did really well to get to st kilda with weather we had. Well done danny. Thanks! 2017-06-24 21:05:44 4 Stars Dany is very serious with a real knowledge and very keen to hand this knowledge on. 2017-06-24 20:54:49 5 Stars Getting to St Kilda is always a challenge. Danny did a fantastic job of planning and managing complex weather systems to give us the window to get there. He is a brilliant instructor that exudes confidence and seamanship in a very friendy way, a real pleasure to be with. The yacht is solid and performed very well. I am very pleased with my Scotsail experience and will certainly be back. 2017-06-23 12:04:37 5 Stars Excellent Instruction from Pav in all respects. Everything was done very professionally and explained very well and she would go over the instructions until you were happy. 2017-06-23 11:58:40 5 Stars The instructor, Pav, was excellent. The adventure sail from Oban to Largs was a great blend of learning and fun. I would highly recommend Scotsail and Pav. 2017-06-18 14:07:44 4 Stars Joining instructions could have been better and an inti art before arriving explaining schedule for the first night i.e. Table booked for dinner and cost to client. Apart from that I enjoyed the weekend. 2017-06-18 13:59:47 5 Stars Brilliant weekend. 2017-06-18 13:52:29 5 Stars Great course. Will book advanced soon. 2017-06-18 13:49:37 5 Stars Excellent guidance in a friendly and patient manner. 2017-06-16 13:04:20 5 Stars Our instructor Ales was outstanding. He was able to gauge our mood and react accordingly. He kept us safe but made it fun and interesting at the same time. 2017-06-16 12:55:16 5 Stars Very hard, but that's what teach you the most. 2017-06-16 12:51:26 5 Stars Alex was very good instructor. I trusted him and felt safe even in rough conditions. And the food was just perfect! 2017-06-16 12:47:06 5 Stars Excellent instruction throughout the week . 2017-06-16 12:36:51 5 Stars Very good, great scenery. Plenty of boat handling and confidence building. 2017-06-16 12:31:22 5 Stars John was a fantastic skipper and parter of lots of great sailing knowledge. Looking forward to my next course in a few years time. 2017-06-16 11:09:12 5 Stars Our instructor was great, very patient and helpful. We learned loads of useful boat handling techniques and navigational skills. We would definitely sail with him again. 2017-06-16 10:26:26 5 Stars Great course. Well delivered by Patrik. Highly enjoyable and very informative. Learnt lots and given plenty of time to practice. 2017-06-16 10:22:41 5 Stars Patrik is a credit to ScottSail. Great instruction very safe. Knowledgable and passionate. We've learnt so much and gained so much confidence. 2017-06-16 10:20:06 5 Stars Patrik was brilliant and first class (& demanding, with friendly persona) instructor & person and overall it has been a fantastic and enjoyable week. 2017-06-16 10:14:54 5 Stars Fantastic instructor. He displayed enthusiasm, profressionalism and patience throughout. 2017-06-16 10:11:20 5 Stars Patrick is a fantastic instructor. He is a credit to your company. 2017-06-09 12:58:50 5 Stars I've been sailing for 30 years but have never been on a practical course before and it was worth while. I've had many of my bad habits straightened out and I've learnt many new techniques. Alic was excellent and patient with all of us. Very enjoyable and well worth while. 2017-06-09 12:50:24 5 Stars Alex was very calm all the time and made me a lot more confident with all aspects of sailing. 2017-06-09 12:46:29 5 Stars Simply wonderful! 2017-06-09 12:27:35 5 Stars Great instructor, fantastic learning experience. 2017-06-09 11:23:07 5 Stars Gained a lot of knowledge during the course. I recommend it to everyone who is a fan of sailing. 2017-06-04 14:40:11 5 Stars Had a really lovely weekend! Ross was incredibly helpful and knowledgeable so I have definately learnt a lot! Thank you! 2017-06-04 13:20:03 5 Stars Mike was very helpful and encouraging. 2017-06-04 13:18:20 5 Stars Mike was a fantastically knowledgeable and calm instructor. 2017-06-04 09:04:26 5 Stars Really great experience sailing Inner Hebrides and over to Northern Ireland. Very interesting visit to the world famous Lagavulin and Laphroaig distilleries on Islay and beathtaking Giants Causeway. Highly recommended. 2017-06-04 08:54:21 5 Stars Danny was a fantastic, knowledgeable, patient, friendy, and super safe skipper. My best experience on Scotsail and hope to have him again next time. 2017-06-02 12:40:36 5 Stars Patrick was a particularly good instructor and I learned a lot. 2017-06-02 12:12:39 5 Stars Fantastic instructor made the experience very special, George was brilliant and I learned a lot from him. The bosuns table was poor and does not reflect the excellent standards set by your school. Hi Richard, Thanks so much for the review - the restaurant you visited is one of two in the marina and is not connected to us in any way. We do pre-book tables there for crews if they wish to join, but we've never had any such feedback about them before - as a result we took your comments (anonymously) and showed the manager. They said that they had run out of some main courses and specials on the evening you visited, and we asked the Instructor who echoed your comments, and agreed that some menu items not being available was disappointing. The restaurant manager has said that they will try harder to ensure they don't run out of menu items, even on busy event evenings like yours. We told them that we would need to consider using the other restaurant more in future if our customers made similar comments in the future. We think they understand now(!) Thanks! 2017-06-02 12:08:34 5 Stars George was a fantastic teacher. Great course. Restaurant first night not great but everything else was great. 2017-06-02 12:05:47 5 Stars Only thing that let Scotsail down is the meal on arrival - poor service and had very little left to order from and to be honest what was ordered was mostly left as very poor standard. As for our instructor he was brilliant and such a friendly way of teaching and passing in his knowledge. Big thank you and plan to come back for my day skipper. Hi Donal, Thanks so much for the review - the restaurant you visited is one of two in the marina and is not connected to us in any way. 2017-06-02 11:22:26 5 Stars Nice and effective. 2017-06-02 11:08:14 5 Stars Amazing course and our instructor was the best! 2017-05-26 12:18:18 4 Stars Great week, great instruction and shipmates. Winds only disappointment as light and variable. Boat was fast and spacious. 2017-05-26 12:13:59 3 Stars Good coverage. 5 day skippers so good experience sharing. Pros and cons on this. As other people have mentioned there are extra costs for moorings, food, waterproofs etc. 2017-05-26 12:06:55 5 Stars Julia was lovely and extremely helpful throughout the week. Very easy going and a great teacher. 2017-05-26 09:12:32 5 Stars Enjoyable weeks sailing and great learning experience. 2017-05-26 09:06:12 5 Stars Fantastic experience with an excellent instructor. I felt comfortable at all times, with safety kept as no.1 priority. Great mix of theory sessions and practical. Good crew, made for relaxed and enjoyable week. I was impressed by the extensive knowledge of Pav, very inspiring! The experience has confirmed I want to continue my training and go on to Day Skipper level. 2017-05-21 16:10:52 5 Stars We Love George. Grateful of all the help n advice. Lot of Fun. 2017-05-21 14:33:35 5 Stars I have never sailed before so knew nothing before the course. The tuition was fantastic and gave me confidence to try new things out. I would recommend to anyone. 2017-05-21 14:22:54 4 Stars Great tuition! 2017-05-21 13:24:12 5 Stars Right from the start it was a learning curve, our instructor (Brian) was excellent and very knowledgable. 2017-05-21 11:11:21 5 Stars Brilliant course with a brilliant instructor! Delighted to have won the competition and learned a lot that will definitely be of benefit when out diving with the club. Everything was done on a very calm approach with no worry at all. 2017-05-21 11:08:11 5 Stars Had a fantastic instructor who explained things in great detail. Would recommend with no hesitation. 2017-05-21 11:04:29 5 Stars One of the best courses I have been on very informative and enjoyable instruction was excellent thank you highly recommend . 2017-05-19 12:00:12 4 Stars Could have benefitted from a little more instruction as I thought we were being assessed from the start rather than easing us into it. 2017-05-19 11:57:44 5 Stars Sally was an excellent skipper and teacher. Very clear and calm instilling confidence in all the crew who were very mixed ability. 2017-05-19 11:55:16 5 Stars i had a really good week . Brilliant crew good laught . I learned a lot on board . Thanks to our skipper who was really helpfull. 2017-05-19 11:11:18 5 Stars Great instructor, excellent tuition throughout the duration of the course! 2017-05-19 11:09:08 5 Stars Excellent course. Good facilities. Great instructor - clearly competent herself and good at passing on knowledge. Overall very good experience and looking forward to more sailing. 2017-05-19 11:02:36 5 Stars Very competent and safe skipper with very good instruction. Feel much better about my ability to handle a boat now! 2017-05-14 15:45:48 4 Stars Great weekend was great. Instructor fun and informative. 2017-05-14 15:15:42 4 Stars Nick was a great instructor. Learned a lot. 2017-05-14 14:23:46 5 Stars Pray was amazing. Constant teaching, very supportive and a brilliant hostess on Bolero4. We loved being with her. 2017-05-14 14:21:00 5 Stars Pav was first class instructor. Refreshed heaps and learned heaps!! 2017-05-14 14:16:32 5 Stars Pav was awesome. She explains everything so well. I really feel I understand a lot more. 2017-05-14 14:13:49 5 Stars Pav is very thorough and a joy to work with. 2017-05-12 13:22:18 5 Stars Dan is great instructor with very nice approach. 2017-05-12 11:57:08 4 Stars Very enjoyable and learnt a lot. Only suggestion would be to start with the very basics as I had zero previous knowledge. 2017-05-12 11:00:11 5 Stars Probably the best instructor I have had! 2017-05-07 15:45:21 4 Stars Brilliant weekend, fantastic instructor. 2017-05-07 14:34:35 5 Stars Absolutely fabulous course! I don't understand why any powerboater would not chose to do this course - worth every penny! 2017-05-05 12:32:30 5 Stars Absolutely fantastic. Even thought I've already attended several other sailing training none of them can compete with this one. Thank you Danny very much for sharing all your experience and to help all of us to improve our skills. 2017-05-05 12:15:09 5 Stars Instructor shared his experiences, was able to explain any topic and patiently corrected any errors of cadets, provided recommendations and put it in the context of the situation. It increased the leaning speed significantly. 2017-05-05 12:07:20 5 Stars I loved it. The whole week was fantastic. Danny is great instructor, very competent and friendly. Great chef ?Š. Thank you for live experience. 2017-05-05 11:53:57 4 Stars Pav worked crew hard - consistent, tough but hugely valuable and great learning experience. 2017-05-05 11:50:28 5 Stars All good. Been before. Will come again. I do recommend to others. 2017-05-05 11:27:49 5 Stars Great week. The instructor was very knowledgeable and great fun. He adjusted his training style to what was required by each of the students and the circumstances. 2017-05-05 11:23:11 5 Stars A great place to sail, great instruction and an inspiring week. Need to go sailing now! Thanks. 2017-05-05 11:15:44 5 Stars Couldn't imagine a better instructor than George - far better than any other RYA instructors I've had before. Always happy, brought the group together well and was phenomenal at helpfully pushing for really high standards on the boat. Was a bit surprised about the extra costs involved e.g. Kitty and price of the certificate. Hi Andrew, thanks so much for the feedback it really means a lot to us. Sounds like you had an awesome time! We note that this was booked for you by someone else that you came along with on a reservation for 2 persons; and that person was emailed all the booking info including the link to the FAQs etc where it was explained what's inlcuded and what's not. The price of the RYA Photo ID Licence Card style certificates is £5 each, which is what the RYA charge us to buy them in for you. We can't charge you this up front, because you havent yet 'passed' the course, and others may be doing other courses which do not have Photo ID Certificates, e.g. Competent Crew, and the courses are flexible meaning you can decide on arrival and during the week what's best, so including it in the price wouldn't be fair on those not seeking to achieve a £5 photo-ID certificate like Day Skipper. So when someone 'passes' the Day Skipper course and is eligible for a photo-ID certificate, they need to supply a passport sized photo and £5 to cover the cost of their certificate and registration. This is detailed on our website FAQs and joining instructions under its' own heading. All on board meals snacks and drinks etc are included, but if you as a crew decide to do any extra activities such as visiting specific marinas that charge for facilities or you want to go out for restaurant / bar meals ashore that aren't included, the group normally makes a 'kitty' to go and do that, and it can be fun to realx ashore once or twice a week in this way. It may be that the person booking this for you read this information but that you didn't and so leading to the confusion. Anyway, were glad that you enjoyed and passed the course! 2017-05-05 11:08:50 5 Stars All round fan dabby dozy! 2017-05-05 11:05:01 5 Stars As an ex Senior Fire and Rescue Officer who also instructed. the standard reached by our instructor could not have been improved on . 2017-04-30 14:56:39 5 Stars Realy enjoyed myself. 2017-04-30 14:49:09 5 Stars Great weekend, George is very knowledgeable and was happy to share his experiences with the crew. Really enjoyed the sailing! 2017-04-29 08:23:57 4 Stars Full on course. Very well organised. 2017-04-29 08:20:21 5 Stars Can not fault Patrik at all, he clearly explained everything to a very high standard. The whole experience was amazing. 2017-04-28 14:23:01 5 Stars Very informative but relaxed too! 2017-04-28 14:20:29 5 Stars Excellent course very informative and great fun. 2017-04-28 13:53:11 5 Stars Instructor clear and patient at all times. Good mix of practical, theory and visual training aids. 2017-04-28 13:49:21 5 Stars George was a very awesome instructor and made the week most enjoyable I would come back and tell anyone I know to use Scotsail. 2017-04-28 13:45:46 5 Stars Great week and learnt a great deal - George was a fantastic teacher with great stories. Highly recommend it!! Thanks to all at Scotsail. 2017-04-28 13:42:35 5 Stars George is an amazing instructor - very patient and knowledgable oh and a great chef! Loved being able to download course info on iPad. 2017-04-28 12:43:05 4 Stars Sailing instructor and course absolutely excellent and great fun. Only issue was there were a few additional charges such as Marina fees, log book not included, gear not mentioned. Also the website could be updated with more information about the trip and contact info. 2017-04-28 12:37:00 5 Stars Excellent Skipper Danny who taught me a great deal about boat handling in a supportive manner. 2017-04-26 14:59:19 5 Stars Really useful practically focused programme. 2017-04-23 16:15:38 5 Stars Good. 2017-04-23 16:13:58 5 Stars .covered a lot of ground , was enjoyable. 2017-04-23 16:07:20 5 Stars Nick is a very good instructor, very good progression, if you are lucky enough to get Nick as your instructor you are on to a winner. Great course, thanks. 2017-04-21 12:28:21 4 Stars Patrick was excellent and got the best out of everyone. The whole crew did really well with his help. The boat, Jon Boy, could do with some maintenance before the next trip. Hi! You're absolutely correct, and just as you walked out a new mainsail was delivered for this boat we ordered last week, as well as a few other items! Keeping complex sailing yachts maintained is a full time job but we really appreciate the feedback, and glad you enjoyed the course! See you again soon! 2017-04-21 12:09:33 5 Stars Thank you Patrick for excellent tuition and a great week sailing! 2017-04-21 11:22:07 4 Stars I have really enjoyed myself this week, full on all the time which was great. The wind was all over the place but apart from that we managed very well. Julia has been wonderful and we have all got on really well and had a laugh! Thank you very much. 2017-04-21 11:16:59 4 Stars Fantastic experience with an excellent instructor, who made clear understanding instruction at all times, and stayed calm throughout. 2017-04-21 11:13:08 4 Stars Julia was a great instructor very knowledgeable and lovely personality. She gauged the group well and made sure everyone was involved at a pace that suited them . 2017-04-21 11:08:31 5 Stars Pavlina excellent skipper. Brilliant instructor. 2017-04-21 10:50:49 5 Stars Thanks to PAC for an excellent course. She is the best instructor I've had on a sailing course! 2017-04-21 10:47:27 5 Stars Excellent instructor. Enjoyed course. 2017-04-16 15:01:20 5 Stars Really good course, thoroughly enjoyed and helped build confidence in using powerboats both in the marina and open water. 2017-04-16 14:56:58 5 Stars Absolutely loved it! 2017-04-16 14:37:18 4 Stars Really enjoyed myself , realised how much I had forgotten over the years. 2017-04-16 14:32:51 4 Stars Excellent. 2017-04-16 14:30:30 5 Stars George was the most informative instructor I've ever had. A fantastic guy. A real people person. 2017-04-16 14:25:37 4 Stars Excellent course. Instructor very knowledgable and passionate about sailing. Felt very safe. Good boat. Explanations could have been slightly clearer occasionally but we learnt a lot. 2017-04-16 13:46:50 5 Stars I really enjoyed this course. Lovely staff. 2017-04-16 13:43:49 4 Stars Fantastic time. If anything I rather would have had advance warning for extra costs. 2017-04-16 13:39:59 4 Stars Exciting stuff. Felt those waves! 2017-04-16 13:35:31 5 Stars It was a proper sailing experience - I loved it! Fun even though it was cold and the facilities were great at the marinas. There were hidden costs which were expensive and we weren't made aware of beforehand, which was poor customer service. Hi Emily, Thanks so much for the feedback, it's really important to us. We note also that you were part of a private group of 5 persons for a sailing weekend booked by just one member of your family on behalf of you all, for a 60th birthday experience, and so perhaps as it was booked for you you didn't have the opportunity to read the website FAQs and Joining Info beforehand: all on-board meals, snacks and drinks are included, but any visits to marinas or shore locations away for restaurant meals or activities ashore are the clients' costs, and we do have a 'kitty' style system to help people split up the cost of going ashore should they choose to do that and put a few pounds into it to go or stay ashore at a specific marina. We hope that helps to explain things a little better, but we thank you for letting us know! Hi, Thanks so much for the feedback, it's really important to us. We note also that you were part of a private group of 5 persons for a sailing weekend booked by just one member of the family on behalf of everyone, for a 60th birthday experience, and so perhaps as it was booked for everyone they didn't all have the opportunity to read the website FAQs and Joining Info beforehand: all on-board meals, snacks and drinks are included, but any visits to marinas or shore locations away for restaurant meals or activities ashore are the clients' costs, and we do have a 'kitty' style system to help people split up the cost of going ashore should they choose to do that and put a few pounds into it to go or stay ashore at a specific marina. We hope that helps to explain things a little better, but we thank you for letting us know! 2017-04-14 13:57:38 5 Stars We start with Ales and Patrick. 2017-04-14 13:53:02 5 Stars All instructors were very good. Thanks a lot all of them. 2017-04-14 12:39:25 4 Stars Gwyn was an excellent skipper good manners and very patient. 2017-04-14 12:31:12 5 Stars Big thanks from me to Gwyn. Brilliant week. 2017-04-14 12:20:35 5 Stars We sailed in the most wild n windy conditions so it was a real learning curve as we would stay at home if the weather was like that. A beautiful place to sail nevertheless, and a most enjoyable week. 2017-04-14 12:16:39 4 Stars Very competent instructor but could be clearer with instructions and what was happening next. 2017-04-14 11:58:06 5 Stars We had quite a few problems with the main sail on Jon Boy which gave us some extra challenges. But that gave us extra learning opportunities. Julia was a brilliant instructor, we learned so much and felt very safe. Lots of fun. Will be back. Hi! Thanks for letting us know - we have now ordered a brand new mainsail being delivered from Southampton late April 2017, as well as a few other items! Keeping complex sailing yachts maintained is a full time job but we really appreciate the feedback, and glad you enjoyed the course! See you again soon! 2017-04-14 11:53:40 5 Stars Fantastic experience! 2017-04-14 11:51:53 4 Stars Julia was fantastic! Helpful, patient and encouraging. The boat, Jon Boy, mainsail was badly furled before we started, was fixed again and then got stuck again, which deminished the sailing experience a little. Several berth lights were broken. 2017-04-14 11:42:11 4 Stars Instructor was thorough and friendly . 2017-04-14 11:24:01 5 Stars Great instruction and learning experience. Good fun. 2017-04-14 11:17:14 4 Stars I really enjoyed the week and appreciated the chance to spend time helming, especially close quarters manoeuvring - it can be difficult to get this experience on others' yachts. At times some instructions were not quite clear but I think this was mainly a language issue. Pleased to have passed the course, thanks. 2017-04-14 11:11:29 3 Stars Got lots of practice of manoeuvres but sometimes the explanations could have been clearer or used more diagrams prior to practice rather than afterwards. 2017-04-09 15:05:22 4 Stars Gwyn is a very experienced instructor, really good at getting the point over, really liked his style and I learned a lot. 2017-04-09 15:01:36 4 Stars Gwyn was a great instructor, great teacher. I got to practice every thing multiple times. 2017-04-09 14:56:46 5 Stars Gwyn is a fantastic instructor. Brilliant weekend and can't wait to do more. 2017-04-09 14:46:21 5 Stars Fantastic course, enjoyable, informative and well organised. Graeme our instructor was great and very supportive. I'd recommend anyone to do this course, it was an excellent experience. 2017-04-09 14:38:55 5 Stars Highly recommended for anyone starting out boating or even experienced boaters. It teaches you of skills that you maybe had't considered. Very enjoayable. 2017-04-09 14:32:56 5 Stars Instructor was very attentive and gave students confidence to try various manoeuvres. We covered a lot of material in the course. 2017-04-07 12:32:04 5 Stars Pav is a very good instructor with great sailing experience and teaching skills. Coastal Skipper Course was definitively one of my best sailing experiences. 2017-04-07 12:27:03 5 Stars Instructor was very enthusiastic and knowledgable. Would have appreciated some more instruction early in the week but a very good learning experience overall. 2017-04-07 12:22:05 5 Stars I was very impressed with Pav. A fantastic instructor very friendly and a good host. Thank you. 2017-04-07 12:17:50 5 Stars Brilliant instruction,thank you. I learned a lot. 2017-04-05 15:19:00 5 Stars Good service and great training! 2017-04-02 15:20:08 5 Stars Steven and Graeme were very patient and very helpful. Giving me the confidence I need and the skills required to enjoy my boating safely. 2017-03-31 12:51:03 3 Stars Thanx and we have to payed marina which was not in agreement with Lucie. 2017-03-31 11:51:24 5 Stars Kurtz RYA Coustal skipper, byla pro mne osobne nejlepsi priprava pro plavbu kolem sveta na kterou se urcite jednou vydam. Ales a Danny a vubec cela posadka lodi Storm Wind byla parta na kterou nikdy Nezapomenu. S velkym diktat Slavek. 2017-03-31 11:08:51 5 Stars Very good . Well worth while and enjoyed very much. 2017-03-24 13:36:19 4 Stars Competent crew course not very challenging as week could combine as a competent crew/day skipper combined in 7 days. 2017-03-24 13:32:53 5 Stars Danny was very knowledgable and a good communicator. He got the message across clearly without patronising people which is a worry on short courses. 2017-03-24 12:55:44 4 Stars Thanks for the first experience on a sailing yacht, have enjoyed it. 2017-03-24 12:53:23 5 Stars Pav was an excellent instructor, very patient and informative. Learned much more than I expected to in the short period of time. Thanks! 2017-03-24 12:46:04 5 Stars Non stop learning, just what I signed up for. Hard work of Pav much appreciated! 2017-03-19 16:16:14 5 Stars I was given excellent training from very friendly staff the course was carefully structured to meet my needs. Thank you. 2017-03-19 14:56:37 5 Stars Well structured course set to the ability of the student. Good fun, will recommend. 2017-03-19 13:47:08 4 Stars Sort the admin / comms prior to sailing!!! 2017-03-19 13:42:10 4 Stars Instructor George was great. 2017-03-17 13:16:01 5 Stars George was a fantastic instructor. He was calm and very good at making the crew feel safe as well as teaching the different techniques. I had an excellent time! 2017-03-17 13:13:08 4 Stars Great experience, I thoroughly enjoyed it, although it was very intense. Very straightforward and effective teaching from the instructor. It would be helpful to put information about hidden costs flr cleaning, meals and marina fees on the website. 2017-03-17 13:09:16 5 Stars Excellent instruction very informative, learnt lots. 2017-03-17 13:05:46 5 Stars Superb experience, felt very safe with George, enabling us to experience sailing in conditions we probably would've avoided on our own. Now feel much more capable onboard. I felt the boats bed cushions and curtains were in need of replacement. 2017-03-17 13:02:22 5 Stars George was excellent. Recommend clients bring mattress toppers and mention cleaning bill in advance. 2017-03-17 11:58:10 5 Stars Pav was an inspiration to me, her energy and commitment to her sailing and teaching was first class. Nothing was too much trouble, and any questions were explained clearly. 2017-03-17 11:49:10 5 Stars Fantastic weekend! Pav was amazing, patient, helpful and clear at all times, great teacher! Awesome crew too! 2017-03-12 15:06:10 5 Stars Thank you for a very enjoyable and informative course. Great location and great instructor. 2017-03-12 15:02:36 5 Stars Had a really amazing time with Scot Sail, the course was relaxed and allowed you to train in a safe environment. It has been very informative and the trainer was always on hand to help. I'll definetly recommend. 2017-03-10 12:12:07 5 Stars Learnt a lot and had fun doing it. Excellent! 2017-03-08 21:20:49 5 Stars party of 3 over weekend 4th and 5th March 2017 - our instructor (Danny) was brilliant, we would definitely recommend, and will be booking further training with Scotsail. Thanks for a great weekend. 2017-02-24 13:14:50 5 Stars Our instructor was first class and the course was therefore very informative, useful and enjoyable. 2017-02-17 13:45:13 5 Stars Very well done, great experience. 2017-02-17 13:41:17 5 Stars Yet again a great learning experience! 2017-02-12 15:55:02 5 Stars Howard and Graham were both instructive and fun at the same time. They gave me confidence enabling me to learn and gain experience effectively. 2017-01-20 14:14:58 4 Stars Great course and excellent instruction. Would definitely recommend to others. 2017-01-20 14:12:12 5 Stars Great experience, hoping to complete my yachtmaster as son as possible and would love to do it here. 2017-01-08 14:56:50 5 Stars Great course,instructor and facilities. Would recommend anyone with a powerboat to do the course. 2016-12-18 14:30:51 5 Stars Excellent instructor who was professional and engaging. I would be happy to recommend to anyone. 2016-12-18 14:28:12 5 Stars Great learning environment ; Howard's approach to teaching was perfect to build a good theory, and then very supportive as we applied in practice. 2016-12-09 13:56:21 5 Stars Danny ( instructor) was very experienced and taught all the correct techniques without compromise, which is exactly what you need before considering going out to sea. I did the coastal skipper course week and am fully aware that this was just the start of the learning process ! 2016-11-18 12:19:57 5 Stars Fantastic. Great instruction, good companions, learned a lot in some various conditions. Definitely use ScotSail again for next step to YM. 2016-11-18 12:15:31 5 Stars Alex was an excellent instructor sharing his valuable knowledge and experience on his well found yacht. 2016-11-18 12:10:06 5 Stars Excellent, really enjoyed it. Alex was an excellent instructor , providing excellent instruction . 2016-11-18 12:06:47 5 Stars Alex was superb and he made it very enjoyable. Would strongly recommend. 2016-11-18 11:58:09 5 Stars Had an excellent week and with loads of opportunity to learn. Would reccomend ScotSail to any one. 2016-11-18 11:20:11 4 Stars 2nd course with ScotSail, definitely be back! 2016-11-18 11:11:59 5 Stars Pav was an excellent instructor and very thorough and a delight to train with her. 2016-11-11 12:06:21 5 Stars Instructor Pavlina was very helpful and clear. 2016-11-11 12:04:20 5 Stars Exceeded my expectations. Instructor PP excellent! Thank you. 2016-11-11 12:00:05 5 Stars Fantastic 5 days!! 2016-11-11 11:59:22 4 Stars Pav was great, she is very efficient and a great cook. 2016-11-11 11:55:44 3 Stars First class instruction from an excellent Chief Instructor. Great boat and overall, a brilliant experience. Thank you. 2016-11-11 11:48:38 5 Stars Had a fantastic time. Enjoyed every minute, can we do it again! 2016-11-09 16:26:24 5 Stars Amazing day, fantastic instructor great course overall! 2016-11-04 14:17:57 5 Stars Alex was a fantastic skipper putting across his knowledge very well. Clear commands and made us feel at ease. I have learnt a lot and will pass things onto my Dad who has his own boat. Thorough enjoyable week and great cook as well. Wonderful week many thanks. 2016-11-04 14:05:23 5 Stars Ales was brilliant, very knowledgeable and a great communicator. He is a real credit to Scotsail. I will be back. 2016-11-04 14:01:23 4 Stars Alex was calm and reassuring. Clear and valuable instruction and advice. 2016-11-04 13:18:28 4 Stars Good sailing course that I'll do again to improve navigation in English. 2016-10-30 15:51:38 5 Stars Our first sailing experience was a success! Loved every minute of it. 2016-10-30 15:48:08 5 Stars Danny was the perfect instructor. I would love to go out again with him! 2016-10-30 15:36:34 5 Stars Very good busy week, lots of fun things done and a very good chef! 2016-10-30 15:31:18 5 Stars The sailing was good fun and the crew was great! 2016-10-30 15:27:34 5 Stars The chefs were amazing and we'll be back! 2016-10-28 11:50:18 4 Stars Rob took the time to explain clearly the concepts and went at the appropriate pace. Many thanks for your patience. 2016-10-28 11:41:50 5 Stars Fun course to do, learnt a lot of skills and perfected other skills. 2016-10-28 11:22:42 4 Stars Enjoyable course and good crew and instructor. I'll be back. 2016-10-28 11:22:18 4 Stars Enjoyable course and good crew and instructor. I'll be back. 2016-10-28 11:15:10 5 Stars Thoroughly enjoyable course, with very friendly instruction. 2016-10-28 11:11:52 5 Stars Excellent tuition from Pav with challenging weather and excellent crewmates! 2016-10-28 11:07:27 4 Stars A very enjoyable experience and very educational. 2016-10-28 10:46:31 4 Stars Great course, online booking great BUT very difficult to get hold of you on phone which I found disconcerting. But will be back Thanks!! 2016-10-28 10:43:09 5 Stars Julia is a very good instructor. 2016-10-21 12:13:40 5 Stars Great again. Ales is a great teacher! 2016-10-21 12:09:54 5 Stars As my first time with Scotsail and only my second aboard a yacht I was a little apprehensive before my trip. However, the instructor, Ales, was extremely supportive, reassuring and encouraging which made my whole experience excellent. The yacht was clean and well provisioned and there was an excellent mix of practical and theory teaching. I cannot rate my experience highly enough, thank you! 2016-10-21 12:05:29 5 Stars Excellent instructor who made the course so enjoyable and thought us so much. 2016-10-21 11:43:33 4 Stars Wonderful experience, I really had no idea what to expect - enjoyed every aspect of the course. The only thing That could have made it better would've been more wind! Had an issue with the booking system, receiving multiple automated emails. 2016-10-21 11:38:32 4 Stars I think we could have go to another place instead of coming to Largs the night before. Maybe more time sailing .. Lost the first morning with the shopping ! 2016-10-21 11:13:03 5 Stars Great course, great crew, great instructor! Thank you! 2016-10-21 11:11:04 5 Stars Fabulous. 2016-10-21 11:08:08 4 Stars You have a real Gem in Pav as an instructor, a fantastic mix of huge experience, a lovely way of passing this on to students allowing them to grow in confidence as they progress through the course. had a great time and always had fun doing so. please pass on a huge thanks to her. 2016-10-21 10:41:18 4 Stars Great crew. Great sailing. Enjoyed very much and passed the course so can't ask for more. 2016-10-21 10:38:35 5 Stars Really good course. Great boat and nice instructor. Enjoyed learning from the other students as well. Thank you. 2016-10-21 10:29:25 4 Stars Overall good. The costs for hire of waterproofs (was indicated as included on website) and docking fees should be made clear when booking. 2016-10-16 14:31:28 5 Stars Really enjoyed ourselves. Largs and Loch Lomond were great areas for training. Instructors very knowledgeable and good fun. 2016-10-14 11:37:30 4 Stars Space was limited . The port cabin for two men not good .. 2016-10-14 11:16:18 5 Stars Instructor had the perfect combination of instruction skills, experience and patience. Enjoyed every minute! 2016-10-14 10:44:08 4 Stars Julia was very easy to get along with but nonetheless I felt that she would be very fair and not pass us if we were not able to do what is required. 2016-10-14 10:39:07 5 Stars Email booking was fine but don't need 3x auto confirmations as response to every email! 2016-10-13 11:35:10 5 Stars Nice day for boating. 2016-10-12 07:15:44 5 Stars Fab week, and great food by Victoria. 2016-10-12 07:01:35 4 Stars Very enjoyable week, good sailing, good company. 2016-10-09 15:16:03 5 Stars I applied for the course on the day before the course. It was very easy to apply and I received a phone call from Scot sail soon after application. The two day course was compact and instruction was very clear and practical. Each candidate has a fair chance to drive. It has been a great weekend! Many thanks. 2016-10-09 15:07:51 5 Stars Can't praise Graeme enough, his experience, knowledge and teaching skills are brilliant. Lovely man with plenty pacince for us new learners! Very good experience! Extereemly happy! 2016-10-09 14:28:36 5 Stars Great company, great instructor. 2016-10-09 14:24:29 5 Stars Third time with Scotsail, another very good course. 2016-10-07 11:38:54 5 Stars Amazing fun and cannot believe how much I've learned. 2016-10-02 15:13:36 5 Stars Very and interesting enjoyable weekend! 2016-10-02 15:00:06 5 Stars Very enjoyable and 1st class! 2016-10-02 13:58:45 5 Stars Loved every second of the course. Thank you! 2016-09-30 13:05:42 4 Stars Instructor was very patient and explained things when asked. Instructions old have been clearer. I learned a great deal and have gained confidence. Worthwhile doing. 2016-09-30 11:49:23 5 Stars Thank you Pav for a experience which we really enjoyed. 2016-09-30 11:42:36 1 Star I was really happy that I got to do my course with Pav. She is an excellent instructor and I felt that learned a lot and that I was safe all the time. 2016-09-29 10:00:26 4 Stars Lively boat, very international crew. 2016-09-24 13:55:38 5 Stars Great instructor.Elan 43 is a fab boat that sails into the wind extremely well. 2016-09-23 09:32:26 5 Stars Excellent instructor....patient, very clear with explanations and very supportive. 2016-09-23 09:23:13 3 Stars Instructor fantastic. Boat scruffy. Thanks for the feedback - genuinely helps us. The boats are cleaned and turned around on Sundays ready for the next crew, Sara who normally cleans the yachts couldn't come down to the marina that afternoon and as a result our Instructors had to do it quickly themselves, in addition to their own pre-arrival safety checks. We're sorry if the yacht wasn't up to the usual standard on that day, and we've since made a permanent checklist for the cleaning items which is available to all Instructors, not just the cleaner, in case the cleaner is delayed or cannot arrive on that day as planned. Thanks again! 2016-09-23 09:20:42 4 Stars Brush was bald. Halyard and foresail sheets didn't hold in winch. Thanks for the feedback message - the Yacht's Maintenance Rep has replaced the brush with a brand new one, and the sail winches are due their next service shortly at the end of September, as per normal maintenance of yachts. 2016-09-18 15:52:32 5 Stars Very good and enjoyable course. 2016-09-16 12:17:30 5 Stars Our instructor was excellent. 2016-09-16 12:10:16 5 Stars Julia was a brilliant instructor and we had an excellent time. Lots of laughs but very diligent and serious when we were doing the training and drills. It was a struggle to communicate with your office to discuss the course prior to booking, other than that it was a very enjoyable 5 days. 2016-09-11 15:46:58 5 Stars Great instruction with a patient temperament. Really got us to understand the theory and to put into practice. Superb. 2016-09-11 12:10:31 5 Stars Very good. 2016-09-11 12:02:42 5 Stars Fantastic, highly experienced and enthusiastic instructor. Superb experience. 2016-09-09 13:47:07 5 Stars Very good instructor! 2016-09-09 13:34:34 5 Stars Excellent course. Very professional and calm instructor. 2016-09-09 13:29:55 4 Stars Sally was excellent. All food should be included. Thanks for the feedback - all food is definitely included and always has been; that's all meals, snacks and drinks on-board during course days. Excluded is alcohol and a prepared or restaurant evening meal after Sunday night check-in as peoples' arrival times do vary greatly, meaning many have eaten already or arrive much later on making restaurant bookings difficult. Apologies if this wasn't made clear to you. 2016-09-09 11:22:28 5 Stars Fantastic experience, thourghly enjoyed every aspect of the course. 2016-09-09 10:41:23 5 Stars Excellent instructor pre course comunication very good. 2016-09-09 10:37:41 5 Stars Loved every moment. Brimming with confidence now. 2016-09-09 10:33:37 5 Stars Very good instructor, great temperament, he was very fair and gave good feedback. The boat was a good size and well equipped. Really enjoyed how we were all made to feel important and the jobs were rotated fairly. 2016-09-09 10:25:36 3 Stars I would recommend that crews are advised to take more time off-vessel, e.g. Have at least one evening meal during a week's course and or a lunch break off-vessel. During the week's course I spent only an hour or so off-vessel and started to feel quite weary and cramped by the conditions. A couple of breaks would have prevented this. Thanks for the feedback - genuinely much appreciated. This feedback is really unusual because most crews go ashore once or twice a day, for lunch and again at an island or village marina for a wander around / visit shops etc, so we decided to look into this one further with the Instructor and other members of the crew. Whilst the others didn't feel quite the same as yourself, examination of the logbooks did show you did had quite a lot of sailing time and time on-board. We think that our relatively new RYA Instructor was rather over-keen that week, and we've given them further guidance on making more time for island and marina stop-overs, as is the normal everyday practice on our yachts. Thanks again for the message - feedback helps us improve - and glad you enjoyed it though!! 2016-09-04 15:32:22 4 Stars Great course. Very informative and learnt lots. 2016-09-04 12:33:12 5 Stars Howard was excellent very informative great practical way of teaching and a very easy manner. 2016-09-04 07:03:54 5 Stars Great week. Danny is an excellent instructor. Only difficulty was contacting the office by telephone to ask questions. 2016-09-04 06:54:46 5 Stars Impossible to contact anyone pre and post booking with no response to emails phone calls or text. 2016-09-02 12:52:14 5 Stars Pav was first class! 2016-09-02 12:47:27 5 Stars Pav was an extremely good and patient instructor. We had an excellent week with some challenging sailing. 2016-09-02 12:43:48 4 Stars Great instructor and amazing location, made me confident in my abilities and I learnt a lot. Some issues with sail being old but nothing that ruined enjoyment. Pav was great. Thanks for the feedback - the sail is 2 years old and has had a lot of use. Pav told us during the week it was becoming tired so we have already ordered a brand new one at £3,600.00 due to be fitted next week. Thanks for the feedback and glad you had a great time! 2016-09-02 12:22:12 5 Stars Skipper very good. Knew what he was doing at all times. 2016-09-02 12:14:41 2 Stars The only thing I experienced was the pre course arrangement with regard to the VHf course. 2016-09-02 12:09:53 5 Stars It was a great experience with a first class high skilled instructor! Thank you, Ales! 2016-09-02 11:22:59 5 Stars Excellent course. Well run and good organisation. 2016-09-02 11:19:48 5 Stars Enjoyed the lessons, felt a bit intense at times due to volume of info, maybe a little longer would be great! Had good variety each day. Some lines frayed and door catches need a little maintenance otherwise great boat and fab experience. 2016-08-28 15:08:24 5 Stars Great instructor and other people in group were very friendly. 2016-08-28 15:06:03 5 Stars Really enjoyable and loved the whole experience. Learned lots and look forward to continuing comp crew. Instructor David was very very good. 2016-08-28 14:17:34 5 Stars Absolutely amazing course with first class instructor. Learned loads and really enjoyed it. Thank you. 2016-08-26 13:36:01 5 Stars Great time. Very enjoyable. 2016-08-26 13:27:44 5 Stars Overall a great trip. Booking process was a bit confusing and in some respects unhelpful but instruction was fantastic. 2016-08-26 12:14:10 5 Stars Pav our instructor was brilliant. Would definitely do another course with her. 2016-08-26 12:06:28 5 Stars Excellent instructor - Pav. She was first class and taught in a very effective way. Would recommend to anyone interested in sailing. 2016-08-26 11:29:16 5 Stars Thoroughly enjoyed the course. Felt challenged throughout which is always nice. Thanks guys! 2016-08-26 10:44:18 5 Stars Excellent week of sail intruction, with a great environment for learning. 2016-08-26 10:41:22 5 Stars Website quite difficult to use and email system confusing as get emails that are not directly relevant but seem that they are. Rob was a fantastic instructor. 2016-08-21 15:42:22 5 Stars Would highly recomend. From a novice who knew nothing to confident in two days. 2016-08-21 14:36:31 5 Stars I'll be back! 2016-08-21 14:20:56 5 Stars Great instructor, great time. 2016-08-21 14:04:41 5 Stars All three instructors (John, Howard and Stephen) were excellent; great knowledge and lovely manner. Some difficulty in telephone and text communication to confirm details. 2016-08-21 13:57:14 5 Stars Great instructors, course content and delivery very good! 2016-08-21 13:51:45 4 Stars Great feedback from instructor. I'll be back :-). 2016-08-21 13:37:46 4 Stars Was very good for me. Would continue. 2016-08-19 14:42:39 5 Stars Thanks very much. Great facilities - well organised and run. Instructor was lovely and very knowledgable although could have made us be in control of the boat in tricky situations more often. Did Day S and the other day skippers didn't know a lot of the theory so the level was often low. All in all 9/10 experience! However communicating with Scotsail was very difficult to book the course! Very frustrating. 2016-08-19 14:29:54 5 Stars Difficult to get in touch over the phone for a booking. 2016-08-19 14:27:10 5 Stars Brilliant skipper, fantastic facility's and really enjoyed my course. Only minor complaint would be that it was difficult to contact you initially to make our booking but overall didn't detract from a brilliant experience and wouldn't hesitate to recommend you! 2016-08-19 13:42:48 5 Stars Sally was superb and dealt very well with a student who had significantly overestimated his ability and competence / knowledge of sailing. Great company and I had an excellent week. 2016-08-19 13:36:37 5 Stars Sally our instructor was excellent - very calm, knowledgeable, encouraging and great to be with. I would highly recommend her and the course. 2016-08-19 11:54:20 5 Stars Excellent service and instruction.Would recommend to anyone thinking about sailing. 2016-08-19 11:51:15 5 Stars Great trip, Danny was a brilliant instructor. 2016-08-19 11:47:03 5 Stars Julia Gillespie was a really great instructor, she put everyone at ease, encouraged us all and was firm when safety was concerned. Really , really enjoyed learning from her, thank you! Clean the boat more often ! 2016-08-14 14:53:12 5 Stars Really enjoyed the course. Intermediate course next. 2016-08-14 13:58:26 5 Stars Mike our instructor was incredibly competent and made sure that he took us through the briefing before setting off. We knew what was going to happen next, what he expected from us, and how to do things. He made sure that we were safe at all times. He answered questions and took the time to explain. Top week end thoroughly enjoyed!! Mike James top instructor! 2016-08-14 13:54:09 4 Stars Mike James was great. 2016-08-14 13:52:03 5 Stars Sort the website, that is the only real issue. 2016-08-12 12:18:38 5 Stars Excellent level of instruction. All well thought out, no issues whatsoever. 2016-08-12 12:11:58 5 Stars Had a brilliant trip, Pav was a fantastic instructor! 2016-08-12 10:46:27 5 Stars Great sailing, nice people - fun! 2016-08-12 10:43:48 5 Stars Gwyn rocks! 2016-08-12 10:39:54 4 Stars Excellent instructor. Very knowledgable and patient. 2016-08-12 10:37:41 5 Stars Great course and excellent sailing waters. 2016-08-12 10:03:21 5 Stars Keith Longbone was excellent , made the course very enjoyable and had an excellent delivery of tuition . Enjoyed also crew mates and the passages in sometimes rough conditions . Now much more confident in future sailing . 2016-08-12 09:02:15 5 Stars Excellent week hire with a very experienced and fun skipper/instructor. 2016-08-10 16:00:54 5 Stars Excellent course with excellent,friendly and knowledgeable instructors. Installed a lot of confidence, would thoroughly recommend. 2016-08-07 13:38:10 5 Stars We had a great weekend and learned lots. Thoroughly recommend this course. 2016-08-07 13:26:37 4 Stars Great course and really good instructor, thoroughly enjoyed the course!! 2016-08-07 13:00:27 5 Stars Excellent instructor and I learnt a lot. The weather was good / challenging and it was good that the instructor assessed the level of the crew right. The only slight problem is with the website, it's not very intuitive. 2016-08-07 12:55:08 5 Stars Great week end to kick off the CC course. Mixed conditions but great instructors that kept the crew motivated. Felt safe at all times. Pav is a excellent and competent instructor. Boat great! Would advise to include all costs in the course costs it gets a bit frustrating when asked to pay for extra things that we did not know. Not the instructor fault as I did not book through her. 2016-08-07 12:51:04 5 Stars A great experience. Weather was unpredictable but I always felt I was in safe hands. Pav was very patient and reassuring instructor . 2016-08-07 12:46:25 5 Stars Excellent introduction to sailing in some very challenging conditions. 2016-08-05 12:08:29 5 Stars Had a great time, and learned quite a lot. 2016-08-05 12:03:57 4 Stars Sally was a really wonderful instructor. We learned a lot and enjoyed ourselves. There were a few bits of equipment that were a little worn (winches, kitchen equipment), but otherwise the boat was nice. It also would have been helpful to have an outboard for the dingy. 2016-08-05 11:58:49 5 Stars Sally was an Excellent instructor. 2016-08-05 11:17:14 5 Stars Loved it all - will be back for some mile building and adventure sailing. Who knows I may bring my children so the can learn to crew for me! 2016-08-05 11:09:34 5 Stars Fantastic instructor, I learned more in 5 days than all the previous sailing days combined. 2016-08-05 11:07:30 5 Stars Marvellous, very good experience and comfortable stay. 2016-08-05 10:46:17 5 Stars Brilliant instructor, great sailing, always interesting and finished the course feeling confident and have learned so much. Than you for a fantastic week. 2016-08-05 10:40:37 5 Stars Excellent training facilities. Brilliant instructor. 2016-08-05 10:29:35 4 Stars Good fun. Fantastic learning experience and it was very good to learn from someone with years of experience. I would recommend it. 2016-08-05 10:12:36 5 Stars Julia was a great skipper, very knowledgable and good company. 2016-08-05 10:04:56 4 Stars Very helpful instructor. Very enjoyable experience. 2016-08-05 10:01:12 5 Stars Julia was very patient and knowledgeable. 2016-07-30 12:58:57 5 Stars Storm wind and Danny where great. Enjoyed the course and the destinations and learned heaps. 2016-07-29 14:57:04 5 Stars Really nice. It is tiring. 2016-07-29 14:54:07 5 Stars Excellent instruction, great fun and very safe. Thank you. 2016-07-29 14:50:17 5 Stars I learnt more than I expected. brilliant experience would recommend 1st Scot sail. Massive thank you to Jean Cane. 2016-07-29 14:42:03 5 Stars Excellent instruction and fantastic crew! 2016-07-29 11:18:39 4 Stars Enjoyed the week and learnt a lot. 2016-07-22 12:33:18 5 Stars Sally was great and taught us so much, always a delight to be around, very helpful, calm, perfect instructor. The facilities down in the saloon was in fair condition, some mold in front cabin, felt a bit dirty. 2016-07-22 12:29:07 5 Stars Sally was great at explaining things and I learned more this week than I have in 18 yrs of owning a boat. Thank you for giving me the confidence to sail again after an enforced gap . 2016-07-22 12:23:02 5 Stars Great course, excellent instruction by skipper Sally Gregory! Learned a lot. 2016-07-22 10:40:03 5 Stars Really good instructors and really learned a lot when I was sailing. Even though there was not very much wind I felt like I got all the sailing I needed and wanted. 2016-07-22 10:35:57 4 Stars Great experience and excellent locations. 2016-07-22 10:17:37 4 Stars Boat was a bit manky on arrival but the instructor Ian McRae was superb! 2016-07-22 10:08:13 5 Stars Fabulous instructor. Learnt plenty new tips in easy to remember way. Good balance between learning and holiday. 2016-07-22 09:59:10 5 Stars Pavlina was brilliant and really made the course extra special. Would be good if the website was modernised a little, and online bookings made easier. 2016-07-22 09:46:30 4 Stars Thanks to Pav for excellent teaching and coking. Great start to m sailing. 2016-07-17 10:36:31 5 Stars Maybe earlier more prominent warning that trip will be cancelled if full amount not paid - Apart from that brilliant unforgettable experience! 2016-07-17 10:23:38 4 Stars St. Kilda was our life experience. We are proud we got there with Scotsail. And thanks to Danny! 2016-07-16 22:13:39 4 Stars Contacting Scotsail for details of the trip was very difficult. We got an email detailing us on the boat and skipper after we were already in the departure marina, although we couldn't read the email until 3 days later, when we had an Internet connection. 2016-07-16 22:07:55 4 Stars Very good holiday. Could do better with communications for arrival instructions and general information. Found it VERY difficult to get a reply from anyone when I had a query. Ales was a excellent captain. 2016-07-16 21:58:47 4 Stars Alex was a super skipper. The pre-trip organisation was poor- slow/no response to enquirers, no final joining instructions and the fact that we had a new skipper and boat! 2016-07-15 11:10:08 5 Stars Excellent 5 days sailing great instructor and thoroughly enjoyable. 2016-07-15 11:07:38 4 Stars Tony Blenkinsopp was an excellent instructor, very good teacher. Overall, very good experience! 2016-07-15 11:04:34 5 Stars Tony Blenkinsop was an excellent instructor. Overall fantastic experience. 2016-07-10 13:56:25 5 Stars Great fun. Learned a lot. 2016-07-08 13:20:35 5 Stars John very good! 2016-07-08 13:16:12 5 Stars John Rigby was a great Instructor. The group worked very well which made it an enjoyable, challenging week of sailing. 2016-07-08 13:13:53 5 Stars Excellent trip, superb training from John Rigby, really learned a lot and had a great time all round. 2016-07-08 13:09:54 5 Stars Great 5 days of sailing, very demanding for me, should have done a lot more of preparation / reading up before course. My last course. Competent crew, with Scotsail was last September. 2016-07-06 17:23:51 5 Stars Really enjoyed the course. It was very good. 2016-07-06 17:18:22 1 Star Outstanding experience,would recommend without doubt. 2016-07-03 15:01:26 4 Stars Thanks to Brian. Very helpful and encouraging. 2016-07-01 13:04:16 3 Stars With no prior knowledge it was at times difficult to understand what was being asked of us due to the difficulty in understanding, but overall it was very enjoyable and I would come back again. 2016-07-01 12:08:50 4 Stars Really good week - learnt a lot. Would like to do further courses with Scotsail. Only thing is I didn't think there was quite enough money in the kitty at the start of the week to feed 6 people for 5 days. 2016-07-01 12:00:43 4 Stars Rob was patient with us when we got ourselves into some sticky situations, very knowledgable and used his experiences to pass as much information as possible that I hope to absorb fully! I enjoyed learning from him. Scotsail provided heaps of helpful information but I thought the competent crew book would be part of the course ( I had bought a copy for studying before). Also, I thought the float for a weeks worth of food & drink for 6 people was a touch too little. 2016-07-01 11:28:48 5 Stars Great course. Great instruction. Will be booking again. 2016-07-01 11:22:21 5 Stars Thorough and friendly instructor. Thank you Julia! 2016-07-01 11:19:11 false Skipper was great dealing with 4 day skippers and a coastal skipper on the same boat. 2016-07-01 11:06:48 5 Stars Julia was a brilliant instructor. 2016-06-26 14:57:48 4 Stars Excellent weekend , with very knowledgable instructor. 2016-06-26 14:49:34 4 Stars Better consideration could be given to dietary requirements, both at the marina dinner and food on the boat. 2016-06-26 14:02:13 4 Stars Dileas not in great condition. 2016-06-26 14:00:32 5 Stars We had a fantastic two days with Scotsail Training It was very informative and enjoyable , the staff were very friendly and approachable and put up with us. Well done to them !! 2016-06-24 13:51:07 4 Stars Appreciate rental equipment against rain. Recommend to advertise that option on your internet page. 2016-06-24 13:46:24 5 Stars Fantastic week in the Firth of Clyde. Absolutely great instruction and fabulous weather to boot. 2016-06-24 12:52:39 3 Stars No breaks provided in order to absorb gained knowledge. 2016-06-24 12:49:45 4 Stars Instructor was very knowledgable and put everything into it. I gained loads of skills. Was a great course full on with plenty of hands on experience. 2016-06-24 12:45:28 5 Stars Cannot commend Paulina enough. An excellent week with top rate instruction from a committed and enthusiastic instructor. I felt my confidence in my sailing abilities grow better every day. Lovely yacht and superb cruising area. Thank you very much. 2016-06-24 12:39:55 4 Stars I structures was extremely competent. Vey good . Whilst our boat was sound she had quite a few broken bits. Main sail has no bag and main sheet traveller brokenish. Really quite a handful for crew!! But over all a great week. Not sure about main cabin sleeping tho! 2016-06-24 12:27:25 5 Stars Good instructors who took the time to ensure everyone understood, adopting different styles appropriate to the individual. 2016-06-24 12:15:27 5 Stars Excellent experience yet again! 2016-06-24 12:07:46 5 Stars Thanks for excellent time and course! 2016-06-19 15:44:57 5 Stars Howard was fantastic thank you. 2016-06-19 15:42:05 5 Stars Instructor very friendly and made a very nervous wifie feel relaxed. Well done. 2016-06-17 11:57:48 4 Stars Great course, poor boat without an anchor, needs some tlc! Amazing instructor! 2016-06-17 11:45:53 4 Stars Instructor was as good as they get, very patient. Resulting in the most influence on course enjoyment. 2016-06-17 11:39:45 4 Stars Couldn' fault Ian, excellent. 2016-06-12 14:16:27 5 Stars I had a great first time sailing and found it everything that I hoped it would be! 2016-06-12 13:52:37 5 Stars An amazing weekend. Learn a lot .Gave me a very good idea of what sailing is about. very very good instructor. 2016-06-12 13:17:59 5 Stars I found the course very useful and I learned a good amount of essential skills. 2016-06-10 12:41:29 5 Stars Greg Morris was an exceptional instructor. Very informative and knowledgeable. 2016-06-10 12:37:39 4 Stars After a rather bumpy start all was reconciled and after that it was exactly as I had hoped for. 2016-06-10 12:18:22 5 Stars Can't fault anything other than more wins would have been good :-) Gregg our instructor was fantastic, very knowledgable and extremely patient. Overall I've had a great time and I would recommend ScotSail and Gregg to anyone seeking further RYA training. 2016-06-10 12:00:52 4 Stars Very competent skill full instructor. Sometimes however we were left uncertain when to defer to our instructor and when we should assume responsibility ourselves which meant we might jump in when not appropriate or hesitate when we shouldn't. 2016-06-10 11:11:10 5 Stars Very good course with knowledgable instructor. Have learnt a lot and greatly enjoyed the experience. Thank you. 2016-06-10 10:43:22 5 Stars Absolutely loved the week sailing and Pavlina is an excellent skipper. 2016-06-10 10:39:33 4 Stars Lacked wind but very hot/sunny. Pav was great but sometimes hard to understand. 2016-06-10 10:30:12 4 Stars Excellent instructions by Pav good crew and good fun. 2016-06-05 14:25:14 5 Stars Excellent tuition, great staff and amazing fun. I went from zero experience to confident in just 2 days. Highly recommend this course to anyone. 2016-06-03 12:28:29 5 Stars Sally was great. Everything was slick and easy. I'd definitely recommend! 2016-06-03 12:22:10 5 Stars Enjoyed the experience much more than I expected. Sally is a wonderful skipper and instructor. Very informative, patient and calm. I'm inspired to do more sailing. Thank you very much! 2016-06-03 11:54:38 5 Stars Instructor Julia was excellent, patient, very knowledgeable and helpful. Very enjoyable course. 2016-06-03 11:51:45 5 Stars Another great experience at 1st Scotsail. Will be back again next year! 2016-06-03 11:45:44 5 Stars Absolutely fabulous! Thoroughly enjoyed and would highly recommend. 2016-06-01 16:11:07 5 Stars Great fun and very worthwhile. Highly recommended! 2016-06-01 16:07:52 5 Stars Very worthwhile and satisfying course. 2016-05-29 15:18:08 4 Stars Lovely crew & instructor. Learned lots. Needed a bit more wind! 2016-05-29 14:44:36 5 Stars Very enjoyable. 2016-05-29 14:41:39 5 Stars The most amazing experience of my life .Very patient instructor. Thank you and the good weather was also a bonus. 2016-05-29 14:20:46 5 Stars 5 Stars for the sailing experience! Absolutely brilliant weekend. Excellent instructor. Didn't receive the payment reminder emails so the trip was briefly cancelled, but managed to get things sorted in the end. Thank you very much indeed! 2016-05-29 14:14:09 4 Stars Loved all of it except small mix up with booking. Hooked now! 2016-05-27 12:16:43 5 Stars Fantastic week, brilliant company and very informative interesting instructor. Thank you for building my confidence on the water. 2016-05-27 11:54:57 5 Stars Really enjoyed the course. Instructor was excellent, very good instruction and very good personality. 2016-05-27 11:49:38 5 Stars The course was very well delivered with all aspects clearly explained. I was apprehensive of what to expect but was soon put at ease by the instructor. I would recommend the instructor and the centre without hesitation. 2016-05-27 11:43:52 5 Stars I enjoyed the week tremendously. The instructor Paulina was great and set a very good team ethic. She engendered a terrific atmosphere and we all enjoyed learning and gaining experience. 2016-05-27 11:23:27 4 Stars Thank you Julia. 2016-05-27 11:19:19 5 Stars Really good course. Instructor was calm and gave me a scenes of security. When asked any questions she always had good answers and advice. 2016-05-27 11:13:12 5 Stars Had a great time and learned loads. All I've got to do now is practice. 2016-05-27 11:10:03 4 Stars Probably my inexperience but I would have benefitted from a better introduction to the controls on the boat as I haven't been on a boat this big before. 2016-05-27 11:06:25 4 Stars Issues when course was cancelled at 2 days notice but was then sorted - great ! Had a great experience and would recommend . 2016-05-22 14:59:04 4 Stars Very pleased with staff. Ian easy to be on the boat with and clear his experience working with mixed group. 2016-05-22 14:44:50 5 Stars Had a great time. 2016-05-22 14:38:42 5 Stars Awesome 2 days. Will be back for the 5 day sailing course. 2016-05-22 14:20:58 5 Stars A great experience, complimented with an excellent and friendly instructor. 2016-05-22 14:17:41 5 Stars Great training experience. Would recommend to others. 2016-05-22 13:51:32 5 Stars Many thanks to Sally for making me feel safe, involved and competent. I had a great time and have learnt loads! 2016-05-20 12:56:08 4 Stars Instructor Pav was fantastic. 2016-05-20 12:43:06 5 Stars Absolutely amazing skipper. 2016-05-20 12:38:57 5 Stars Excellent informative instructor and a pleasant fellow to train with. 2016-05-20 12:35:49 5 Stars Danny was fantastic. Had the tuition just right. Very enjoyable week. 2016-05-20 12:31:02 5 Stars Danny was fantastic. Had the tuition just right. Very enjoyable week. 2016-05-20 11:55:45 4 Stars Learnt loads this week and feel much more confident. Many thanks to Julia for your calmness and patience. 2016-05-20 11:39:00 5 Stars Feel much more confident with boat handling now. Really enjoyed the company too. 2016-05-15 15:06:48 5 Stars Very well worth the money great experience. 2016-05-08 14:15:16 5 Stars I'll be back soon, thank you!! 2016-05-08 14:12:37 5 Stars Great instructor. Very patient and clear. The boat needs some attention though. Windlass not working, GPS intermittent, wind direction failed. 2016-05-08 14:03:46 1 Star Great. 2016-05-06 14:56:46 5 Stars Sally has been a wonderful instructor and ensure that we are not missing out the crucial information. Very patient when I'm not so confident with parking the boat in the harbour. My confident has increased over the week. Thank you for everything! 2016-05-06 14:47:37 5 Stars Excellent course. Sally was brilliant with looking after us all and taught us everything we need to know. Fantastic 5 days. Thank you. 2016-05-06 13:39:44 5 Stars Great teaching skills of the instructor, very kind atmosphere and great experience. 2016-05-06 13:36:42 5 Stars Danny is real pro. I would sail with him everywhere on this planet.. Thanks a lot. Luba R. 2016-05-06 10:38:41 5 Stars 1st rate instructor, very informative, clear and precise. 2016-05-06 10:20:36 5 Stars It was a great experience and was one of those life experiences I will never forget. 2016-05-01 15:02:09 5 Stars Pavlina is a great instructor, fun and knowledgeable. I learnt lots of very useful things. 2016-05-01 14:58:10 5 Stars Excellent instructor,friendly safe and informative. Highly recommend. 2016-05-01 14:33:52 5 Stars Excellent informative course. The Instructor was great and very knowledgable. 2016-04-29 13:24:45 4 Stars Very good instructor and examiner. 2016-04-29 13:21:26 5 Stars Great fun. Excellent instructor. 2016-04-29 12:25:36 5 Stars Fantastic instructor, very friendly and makes fantastic food. 2016-04-29 12:18:35 5 Stars Our instructor was amazing, nothing she didn't know or couldn't do. 2016-04-29 12:14:33 5 Stars Paula was really informative and a brilliant teacher. Loved the whole experience. 2016-04-24 14:24:23 5 Stars Loved it, Danny was a great instructor. 2016-04-24 14:20:22 5 Stars Great course,well explained and very knowledgable instructor! Highly recommend Scotsail. 2016-04-22 12:16:05 5 Stars Brilliant course, would advise anyone who wants their day skipper practice to do this course with Scotsail. Recommend doing the theory course first. 2016-04-17 16:00:58 4 Stars The level of information and experience I was given was completely top notch! I would have loved to know more in advance but feel I've been given the information now. 2016-04-17 14:02:12 5 Stars I learned a lot and can't wait to go on my next course. I had great fun too. 2016-04-15 13:38:36 5 Stars Danny is a great instructor on this boat. He is awesome. 2016-04-15 13:32:49 5 Stars Great instructors. Safe and friendly. Enjoyed! 2016-04-15 13:30:16 5 Stars Excellent instruction and tips from Danny and Alex! Just on Delias, the shower pump didn't work so cleaning was made more difficult. Apart from that all good. 2016-04-15 13:01:51 4 Stars Fantastic instructor. More proactive shore-based support would be appreciated. 2016-04-15 12:59:43 4 Stars Gwyn was a very competent instructor giving instructions clearly and calmly. He was able to rescue the yacht very able without causing the boat any more damage. I would be happy to recommend him. 2016-04-10 15:27:52 false Very good experience, clear and careful teaching. I learnt a lot and would always choose Paula as a tutor. 2016-04-10 15:26:12 false Very good experience, clear and careful teaching. I learnt a lot and would always choose Paula as a tutor. 2016-04-10 12:32:02 5 Stars Overall very good, educational informative and enjoyable. 2016-04-08 13:17:05 5 Stars Danny was a fantastic instructor, we learnt so much in 5 days and had great fun. We will definitely be back for our day skipper courses. 2016-04-08 12:48:36 5 Stars Paula was great, very kind and encouraging. 2016-04-08 12:46:18 4 Stars Instructor was very good. Few problems with the boat however. 2016-04-08 12:35:17 5 Stars Fabulous instructor. Great mix of personalities and skills in crew. A brilliant experience. 2016-04-08 12:32:29 5 Stars Very good instructor! 2016-04-08 11:31:32 4 Stars The boat was a bit tired, but did the trick. Would have preferred to know about all the extra costs up front. Great experience though. 2016-04-01 12:36:57 4 Stars Contacting the office with queries was difficult. Emails were not answered; phones went to voicemail. The overall experience was good though, and I enjoyed myself. 2016-04-01 11:52:15 4 Stars Skipper excellent. Boat could have been in better repair. Particularly relating to no windlass! 2016-04-01 11:40:54 4 Stars Sleeping on settee berth, Ingres and egress difficult due to bloody saloon table. 2016-03-27 16:46:55 4 Stars Being a novice I did feel at times out of my comfort zone. But thoroughly enjoyed the team / crew. Mike was fantastic and kept everyone informed and reassured me when I did get scared. 2016-03-27 15:32:11 4 Stars Being a novice I did feel at times out of my comfort zone. But thoroughly enjoyed the team / crew. Mike was fantastic and kept everyone informed and reassured me when I did get scared. 2016-03-27 15:28:00 4 Stars Leak at aft making the centre bed mattress wet (not moist! Wet!!!). Instructor was great, weather was rough but fun, great to learn sailing. Looking forward to the next two weekends. 2016-03-27 14:57:22 5 Stars Very enjoyable and well presented. 2016-03-27 14:40:25 5 Stars Instructors were friendly, informative and expressed their knowledge very well. Detailed instructions were easily explained. Great! 2016-03-27 14:35:46 5 Stars Instructors on both days were 1st class. Boats were excellent. Would recommend this course to anyone thinking about going on the water. 2016-03-25 14:23:00 5 Stars Well organised. Very effective skipper. 2016-03-25 14:18:28 4 Stars There were a lot of hidden costs that were quite annoying, particularly in that they need to be paid in cash. These hidden costs are in the form of marina fees, sailing equipment, cleaning fees, certificate fees, etc. All of this should be included in the overall cost of the trip. Further, I think that more attention should be paid to the relationship of the student to Scotsail, i.e., one of client to service provider. 2016-03-25 14:01:22 5 Stars Paula was an amazing instructor with so much energy and enthusiasm! Thoroughly enjoyed the course and learnt so much! 2016-03-25 13:28:25 5 Stars Good intensity on the course with variation in the days and exercises. 2016-03-25 13:21:00 5 Stars Had a great time, thanks. There was some issues with the booking. We asked for a separate berth for a 13 year old but he had to share in the end. We also asked to be on a different boat from the last course and we were assured we would be, but we were on the same boat again. Other than that the course and instructions were good. 2016-03-18 14:27:49 5 Stars Excellent. Thanks Danny! 2016-03-18 14:01:28 5 Stars Our instructor Rob was very knowledgable and excellent company during the course. I learned more about sailing than I expected and enjoyed the experience. 2016-03-18 13:21:31 4 Stars You didn't reply to any emails. 2016-03-13 16:03:46 5 Stars Really enjoyed both days with Steven on Loch Lomond and Danny on the Clyde. 2016-03-08 12:45:23 5 Stars Had an excellent time. Learnt so sooooooo much! Felt really safe and James explained everything clearly. Loved the week will be back !!!!!! 2016-03-06 14:38:29 4 Stars Very relaxing, help and assistance was always available. Feedback given where needed and generally an overall great experience! 2016-02-28 15:55:36 5 Stars Great facilities and staff. Highly recommend to anyone seeking an RYA qualification. 2016-02-28 15:49:54 5 Stars Very enjoyable. Excellent instructors. Thank you. 2016-02-28 15:15:48 5 Stars A fantastic course run by very professional people in Largs marina and lochlomand. I would recommend this venue to anyone interested. 2016-02-28 15:10:12 5 Stars Excellent course. I learned a lot and in a fun way. Helped increase my knowledge and confidence. Thank you. 2016-02-26 16:00:06 5 Stars Great instructor, hoping to be back! 2016-02-26 15:56:23 5 Stars Fantastic experience altogether and I enjoyed the whole week! I am likely to return for more training and to recommend scouts ail! 2016-02-26 15:53:26 5 Stars Great training with Danny. 2016-02-21 15:04:23 5 Stars Very good experience and very informative. 2016-02-21 15:01:45 5 Stars Very good experience and very informative. 2016-02-19 16:21:47 5 Stars Amazing training centre, Ales was a fantastic instructor, very enjoyable experience. 2016-02-19 16:17:32 5 Stars Ales was an outstanding instructor and we felt very confident under his leadership! Great fun! 2016-02-19 16:12:56 5 Stars Excellent week! Would have liked a bit more feedback on how I was getting on at times. Skipper was an great teacher and I learnt a lot and feel competent on a boat now. 2016-02-19 16:03:26 5 Stars Alex was VERY patient and provided clear instructions - thank you Ales!!! 2016-02-19 16:00:47 5 Stars Friendly relaxed learning environment. Alex was ace! 2016-02-19 10:19:22 5 Stars Online payment was difficult at one point, but otherwise it's great. 2016-02-19 10:12:51 5 Stars Danny was a fantastic instructor. Very helpful and nice. 2016-02-14 16:33:12 5 Stars A very informative course presented in a way that made the classroom aspect as well as the practical aspect very enjoyable. 2016-01-22 11:18:21 4 Stars Rob was an excellent instructor with plenty of experience and real life stories to reinforce the training. There were a few issues with the boat which was a shame and cost us some time however our instructor was able to fix most issues. Training was superb weather better than expected and Iloved the whole package. Many thanks to all and especially Rob. 2016-01-22 11:10:10 4 Stars A few problems with the boat delayed our departure, disappointing start but much improved week. 2016-01-17 15:15:52 5 Stars Great atmosphere and excellent instruction. Gained invaluable experience. 2016-01-17 14:59:30 5 Stars Very cold with some snow! Danny was a great instructor and very good at explaining things. 2015-12-22 13:10:05 5 Stars Praise! Had a great time! 2015-12-21 16:02:36 - Great week!!

2019-04-19T18:31:36Z

https://eu.jotform.com/table/60674095704055

Do you like to switch your career? Here's our recommendation on the important things to need to prepare for the job interview to achieve your career goals in an easy way. Air India Cabin Crew is the dream job for many youth in India. Cabin Crew job is to take care of the passengers and offer them whatever needed to make their journey comfortable. Candidate should have good command on all activities to be done. There is huge demand for jobs related to Air India Cabin Crew. One can check the availability of the job across cities including Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Pune and Hyderabad. Follow Wisdomjobs page for Air India Cabin Crew job interview questions and answers page to get through your job interview successfully. Question 1. Explain What Is Air Turbulence? Air turbulence is a minor jerk or bumps you feel in the aircraft, which is not dangerous and presumably part of flying experience. Air turbulence occurs when a mass of air is moving at a continuous speed collides with another mass of air that moving at a different speed; such air movement is often created by jet streams, thunderstorms and air moving around mountains. Question 2. What If You Lost Your Luggage While Flying? Your luggage is Airlines responsibility, and you are liable to get compensated if you lost your luggage or damaged or delayed. Question 3. What Is Jet Lag? Jet lag is also referred as time zone change syndrome. When people travel through plane rapidly from west to east or east to west, they will feel Jet lag. In this syndrome, your body clock or biological clock get disturbed and there will change in your daily activities like sleeping, eating, body temperature and even you might feel sleepy, drowsy and tired. Question 4. What If You Lose Your Passport While Travelling Overseas? Question 5. While Flying, What You Should Do In An Emergency? When oxygen level goes down inside, an oxygen mask pops out from the top. Put it on. Question 6. List Out Things That You Can’t Carry While Flying? Question 7. What Is Ditching? Ditching is another word for emergency landing, unlike normal landing this landing takes place on the water surface. Question 8. How Long The Oxygen Last For Passenger In An Emergency? In an emergency, the moment the oxygen masks drop down, there is approximately 15 minutes of oxygen that you can use it, which is more than enough for the pilot to take it to the lower altitude where you can breathe normally. Question 9. What Is Aqua-planing? It is a condition where a standing water, snow or slush makes a layer on the ground which causes the moving wheel of an aircraft to lose contact with the aircraft, due to which braking action on the wheel fails or becomes less operative, reducing the friction between the wheels and the ground. Question 10. Why Pilot Hits Ground Hard During Bad Weather? During bad weather Pilot hits the ground hard intentionally while landing, it is not because they lacks skill for landing but to avoid the accident due the slippery surface which is formed when there is an excess layer of water accumulated during rain, so to puncture that surface they hit the surface hard. Question 11. Explain What Is Clear Ice? Clear Ice refers to a solid precipitation which forms on the air-craft when air temperature is between 0 degree C and -3 degree C and it can make the formation of water ice on the surface of the aircraft. With clear ice or Icing the aircraft will be at risk of stalling. Question 12. Explain What Do You Mean By Stalling Of Aircraft? When the wing can’t generate or produce enough lift to support weight of the airplane the airplane stalls. The angle at which it happens is called the critical angle of attack. Stalling of aircraft can occur at any speed. Question 13. Mention What Things Need To Be Taken In Consideration If Your Seat Is Near Emergency Exit? Question 14. Explain What Can Passengers Do To Ensure Safety? Question 15. What Creates The Strange Sounds You Hear Prior To Take Off And Landing? The drilling sound you hear during landing and take-off is the sound of the flaps and slats being extended on the wings. These panels are driven by a screw mechanism that causes the sounds; it increases the area and curvature of the wing when extended to facilitate low-speed flying. Question 16. Is It Possible To Open Flight Door At High Altitude? Airplanes are pressurized to the equivalent of 8000 feet for passenger comfort and to facilitate breathing. At higher altitude, around 30,000 feet the air pressure inside the plane is much higher than the pressure outside and this pressure differential will not allow the door to open. Question 17. What Are The Measures Taken To Save The Aircraft From Lightning? “Static Wick” is the key component used in an aircraft to save the plane from lighting, this device disperses the static build up in the air, which reduces the intensity of a lightning strike and deviates the path of lightning through the rod instead of spreading throughout the air-plane. Question 18. What Medical Aid Is Not Allowed To Carry With You On Air-craft? Question 19. What All Medical Aid You Can Carry With Permission From Security Personnel? Question 20. What Things You Should Not Do On While Flying? Question 21. What You Know About The Duties Of A Cabin Crew Member? As I already discussed about the duties of cabin crew member, so you only need to read them and understand the duties of cabin crew member in better way to answer the question like this effectively. Just be confident and smart while answering. Question 22. What Is The Most Important Skill Required By A Member Of An Airline Cabin Crew? The most important skill required by cabin crew member is "Excellent People Skill" along with politeness but firm approach when dealing with difficult customers. As a cabin crew member is the first who contact a person makes with a airline, so it is very important for cabin crew member to give a good first expression. You will usually need to have a good standard of basic maths and English too. Question 23. What Are Your Interests? When a interviewer asks you questions about your interests outside of work, he’s not just making idle chitchat. The interviewer is trying to find out more about you as a person, including how well-rounded you are and how your mind works, as well as how your personal traits contribute to your job performance. Prepare for this line of discussion by thinking about what the employer is really trying to assess with his questions. Question 24. What Do You Know About Qatar Airline? Spend a lot of time on their website, if they have one. Use search engines to research the airline & individuals. Look at Glass door and Indeed to see what employees say. Use LinkedIn to search for the airline / staff profile. Question 25. Why Do You Want To Join Qatar Airline ? Admiration of other airlines initiatives. Question 26. How Would You Deal With Difficult Or Negative Situation In Your Life? Figure out how to react. Before doing anything, give yourself a moment to calm down. In order for you to move on from this negative situation, you'll need to be able to let go. Talk to someone about it; a friend, family member, etc. Vent about your feelings in a journal or blog, or even a loose leaf paper that you shred afterwards. Look at it like an obstacle that you need to overcome. Instead of keeping everything cooped up inside of you, admit that you've made a mistake. Apologize and move on. The best way to deal with negative situations is to stay positive. Don't be so serious! Have a sense of humour and learn to laugh at yourself and your situation. Step back from the situation and decide if there is a possibility of a good outcome. Choose not to be affected by it. Take something negative and use it to improve yourself. Question 27. Who Are The Major Competitors Of This Airline? Interviewer wants to check that how much you know about their competition and whether you have done the necessary research or not and do you have anything to contribute that will provide an advantage for their company. For answering this question effectively you need to research about the airline as much as possible. And Make sure during your research, you also investigate the competitors of the airline you are interviewing for, then only you will not face issue for giving answer. Question 28. What Is The Customer Care Policy Of This Airline? There is different customer care policy for different airlines. So you need to full research in advance about customer care policy on the website of the airline you are applying for. Question 29. What Do You Like Most About This Airline? Be honest and genuine here.Tell your interviewer your likes about the airline. Question 30. Why Do You Think You Are Perfect For This Position? Question 31. What Other Languages You Can Speak Apart From English? As you will need to deal with international customer also so you have to learn foreign language as i mentioned earlier. So if you have learnt any new language or want to learn a new one you can mention that in your answer .If no then say it, you need to be honest here so it will not create an issue in future. Question 32. How Would You Deal With An Unsatisfied Customer? Address the customer right away publicly. Offer a re-do or a replacement, along with additional benefits, when possible. A simple apology and some effort to make up for a mistake or misunderstanding could go a very long way, and could even develop some good will between clients and your company. Question 33. What Are Your Strengths? Your strengths are a mixture of your talents, knowledge and skills. By identifying your strengths and matching yourself to the role, you will enjoy it more and perform better that those who have to try hard to fill the role.Most candidates don't answer it well, often because they are too humble. But this question is a great opportunity to sell yourself and show how you align with the company's requirements. I can learn the things easily. I am a hard worker. If I committed with some work I will never give up middle of that one. I can mingle with the different kinds of people. I am a quick learner and self motivated person, I want my work best and I am a good team player also. I can adobe any situation easily and honest towards my work. My strengths are hard working, self motivation, positive attitude towards work. And flexible enough to adapt change. I have strength such as doing well in mathematics and languages. I communicate clearly. I'am popular so I have many friends. Question 34. Would You Like To Work In A Team Or Alone? One good way to answer this question is to incorporate the positive aspects of both options. You can say something like, “I enjoy both. Depending on the project that needs to be done, I can work independently to complete my tasks on time, but I also enjoy brainstorming and collaborating with my colleagues.” That way, your interviewer realizes that you like a team environment, but you can also work independently as well. Question 35. Can You Give An Example Of When You Have Overcome A Difficult Challenge? This type of question can throw you if you haven't thought about it in advance, especially as you may struggle to think of an example. However, you can turn it to your advantage. So in this with the example you also need to share that what and how much you have learned from that challenge. Question 36. Why Did You Choose This Career Out Of Many Others? For those who are people lovers and who have a good level of communication skill, working as a cabin crew member can be a very good thing. First answer the question naturally without sounding rehearsed and build confidence for starting the interview. You may say that 'I would like to work as a flight attendants or cabin crew member as I enjoy working with the public and feel I can overcome any problems they may have and I have good organisation skills'. Even you can mention your all skills(acc.to job requirement)that can be your communication skills, computer skills,strengths,customer service skills etc. Question 37. How Long Will You Work For This(qatar Airways) Airline? Show your commitment here and be honest as possible when you answer. You may say that actually I am looking to make a long term commitment. Yet I will work as long as my presence is beneficial for your airline and customer as well as mine. And if you know you are going to be relocating to another city in two years you should say so. Plans change, but you want to make sure that you are honest about what can be expected of you. If you plan on it being a long term position say so. Question 38. Why Should We Select You Not Others? Question 39. How Would You Measure Your Own Performance On This Job? Set up random methods of quality control throughout your airline. Survey your clients about their customer service experience as a way of assessing employee performance. Question 40. Do You Think You Are Overqualified For This Position? It’s an invitation to teach the interviewer a new way to think about this situation, seeing advantages instead of drawbacks. Remember always it does not necessarily mean you are over qualified. Don’t be trapped. The recruiter wants to see you to demonstrate your long term commitment to stay in the airline. The recruiter worries about the position will not stimulate you enough to keep you stay. With a little preparation you can turn this question around and demonstrate the benefits to the airline if you are given the job, rather than purely focusing on why you want it. Question 41. What Would You Do If Any Customer Complaint About Your Service? Listen to the customer to figure out why they are upset. Listen to the customer to determine whether any of your policies were not abided by or if this is something outside or not contemplated by your systems. Next put yourself in the shoes of the customer. Given what you now know try and see their point of view. Why did they come to you? Once you have heard the complaint and understand the basis for the same, elevate the customer to a supervisor or manager where possible. Defend if you must. But do not fight with the customer. Once you have listened and understood the customer’s complaint and have avoided fighting over the same divert the customer’s focus to how you intend to resolve the matter. Use customer complaints as a manner to learn about potential flaws in your systems. Maintain a manner of tracking customer complaints . Question 42. If You Were An Animal, Which One Would You Want To Be? Interviewers use this type of psychological question to see if you can think quickly. If you answer ‘a bunny’, you will make a soft, passive impression. If you answer ‘a lion’, you will be seen as aggressive. What type of personality will it take to get the job done? So answer this question smartly matching with your personality. Question 43. Have You Ever Worked In A Customer Care Or Customer Service Job? If no then you can simply say no that you are a fresher in this field but have the ability to work effectively than experienced person. If yes than share your past good experiences of customer service along with what and how much you have learned there. Question 44. What You Can Bring Or Contribute To This Airline? The best way to answer questions about your contributions to the airline is to give examples of what you have accomplished in the past, and to relate them to what you can achieve in the future. Question 45. Tell Me Something About Your Family Background? Question 46. What Values Should Have A Society To Be A Just Society ? Talk about the values of the person. That is why, it is not good to say nothing or say "not". A good answer would be: Justice, Respect and Transparency. Question 47. How Much Do You Expect To Get Paid? For this be prepared and research salary to find out what similar positions are paying in your area before you go to the interview. Try to find this information out before giving your salary expectations. You can and should provide a range instead of an exact number. But again, don’t say any numbers you’re not comfortable with because if the employer offers you a salary at the lowest end of your range, you don’t have much to negotiate with when it comes to getting a higher salary.

2019-04-21T16:33:37Z

https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/air-india-cabin-crew-interview-questions.html

David Magnus, PhD is Thomas A. Raffin Professor of Medicine and Biomedical Ethics and Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine at Stanford University, where he is Director of the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics and co-Chair of the Ethics Committee for the Stanford Hospital. He is currently the Vice-Chair of the IRB for the NIH Precision Medicine Initiative ("All of Us"). He is the former President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, and is the Editor in Chief of the American Journal of Bioethics. He has published articles on a wide range of topics in bioethics, including research ethics, genetics, stem cell research, organ transplantation, end of life and patient communication. He was a member of the Secretary of Agriculture?s Advisory Committee on Biotechnology in the 21st Century and currently serves on the California Human Stem Cell Research Advisory Committee. He is the principle editor of a collection of essays entitled Who Owns Life? (2002) and his publications have appeared in New England Journal of Medicine, Science, Nature Biotechnology, and the British Medical Journal. He has appeared on many radio and television shows including 60 Minutes, Good Morning America, The Today Show, CBS This Morning, FOX news Sunday, and ABC World News and NPR. In addition to his scholarly work, he has published Opinion pieces in the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Chicago Tribune, the San Jose Mercury News, and the New Jersey Star Ledger. Genetic testing, gene therapy, genetically engineered organisms, and the history of eugenics. Stem cell research and cloning, and egg procurement. Examining ethical issues in reproductive technologies. Organ transplantation – including donation after cardiac death, ethics of listing decisions. End of life issues in both adults and children. PURPOSE: To determine whether patients distinguish between biospecimens and electronic health records (EHRs) when considering research participation to inform research protections.METHODS: We conducted 20 focus groups with individuals who identified as African American, Hispanic, Chinese, South Asian, and non-Hispanic white on the collection of biospecimens and EHR data for research.RESULTS: Our study found that many participants did not distinguish between biospecimens and EHR data. However, some participants identified specific concerns about biospecimens. These included the need for special care and respect for biospecimens due to enduring connections between the body and identity; the potential for unacceptable future research, specifically the prospect of human cloning; heightened privacy risks; and the potential for unjust corporate profiteering. Among those who distinguished biospecimens from EHR data, many supported separate consent processes and would limit their own participation to EHR data.CONCLUSION: Considering that the potential misuse of EHR data is as great as, if not greater than, for biospecimens, more research is needed to understand how attitudes differ between biospecimens and EHR data across diverse populations. Such research should explore mechanisms beyond consent that can address diverse values, perspectives, and misconceptions about sources of patient information to build trust in research relationships. The US Food and Drug Administration's December 2016 approval of nusinersen for the treatment of patients with all subtypes of spinal muscular atrophy ushered in a new era for patients with spinal muscular atrophy, their families, and all those involved in their care. The extreme cost of the medication and the complicated logistical requirements for administering nusinersen via lumbar puncture have created practical challenges that raise important ethical considerations. We discuss 6 challenges faced at the institutional level in the United States: cost, limited evidence, informed consent, treatment allocation, fair distribution of responsibilities, and transparency with stakeholders. These challenges must be understood to ensure that patients with spinal muscular atrophy benefit from treatment, are protected from harm, and are treated fairly. In the context of serious or life-limiting illness, pediatric patients and their families are faced with difficult decisions surrounding appropriate resuscitation efforts in the event of a cardiopulmonary arrest. Code status orders are one way to inform end-of-life medical decision making. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the extent to which pediatric providers have knowledge of code status options and explore the association of provider role with (1) knowledge of code status options, (2) perception of timing of code status discussions, (3) perception of family receptivity to code status discussions, and (4) comfort carrying out code status discussions.Nurses, trainees (residents and fellows), and attending physicians from pediatric units where code status discussions typically occur completed a short survey questionnaire regarding their knowledge of code status options and perceptions surrounding code status discussions.Single center, quaternary care children's hospital.203 nurses, 31 trainees, and 29 attending physicians in 4 high-acuity pediatric units responded to the survey (N = 263, 90% response rate). Based on an objective knowledge measure, providers demonstrate poor understanding of available code status options, with only 22% of providers able to enumerate more than two of four available code status options. In contrast, provider groups self-report high levels of familiarity with available code status options, with attending physicians reporting significantly higher levels than nurses and trainees (p = 0.0125). Nurses and attending physicians show significantly different perception of code status discussion timing, with majority of nurses (63.4%) perceiving discussions as occurring "too late" or "much too late" and majority of attending physicians (55.6%) perceiving the timing as "about right" (p<0.0001). Attending physicians report significantly higher comfort having code status discussions with families than do nurses or trainees (p?0.0001). Attending physicians and trainees perceive families as more receptive to code status discussions than nurses (p<0.0001 and p = 0.0018, respectively).Providers have poor understanding of code status options and differ significantly in their comfort having code status discussions and their perceptions of these discussions. These findings may reflect inherent differences among providers, but may also reflect discordant visions of appropriate care and function as a potential source of moral distress. Lack of knowledge of code status options and differences in provider perceptions are likely barriers to quality communication surrounding end-of-life options. To characterize alterations in Spanish language medical interpretation during pediatric critical care family meetings.Descriptive, observational study using verbatim transcripts of nine PICU family meetings conducted with in-person, hospital-employed interpreters.A single, university-based, tertiary children's hospital.Medical staff, family members, ancillary staff, and interpreters.None.Interpreted speech was compared with original clinician or family speech using the qualitative research methods of directed content analysis and thematic analysis. Alterations occurred in 56% of interpreted utterances and included additions, omissions, substitutions, editorializations, answering for the patient/clinician, confessions, and patient advocacy. Longer utterances were associated with more alterations.To minimize interpreter alterations during family meetings, physicians should speak in short utterances (fewer than 20 words) and ask interpreters to interrupt in order to facilitate accurate interpretation. Because alterations occur, physicians may also regularly attempt to assess the family's understanding. In the context of research on medical practices, which includes comparative effectiveness research and pragmatic clinical trials, empirical studies have begun to raise questions about the extent to which institutional review boards' interpretations and applications of research regulations align with patients' values. To better understand the similarities and differences between these stakeholder groups, we compare and contrast two surveys: one of institutional review board professionals and one of patients, which examine views on consent for research on medical practices.We conducted online surveys of two target populations between July 2014 and March 2015. We surveyed 601 human subjects research professionals out of 1500 randomly selected from the Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research membership list (40.1% response rate), limiting analysis to 537 respondents who reported having had institutional review board experience. We also surveyed 120 adult patients out of 225 approached at subspecialty clinics in Spokane, Washington (53.3% response rate). Our survey questions probed attitudes about consent in the context of research on medical practices using medical record review and randomization. The patient survey included three embedded animated videos to explain these concepts.A majority of institutional review board professionals distinguished between consent preferences for medical record review and randomization, ranked clinicians as the least preferred person to obtain participant consent (54.6%), and viewed written or verbal permission as the minimum acceptable consent approach for research on medical practices using randomization (87.3%). In contrast, most patients had similar consent preferences for research on medical practices using randomization and medical record review, most preferred to have consent conversations with their doctors rather than with researchers for studies using randomization (72.6%) and medical record review (67.0%), and only a few preferred to see research involving randomization (16.8%) or medical record review (13.8%) not take place if obtaining written or verbal permission would make the research too difficult to conduct. Limitations of our post hoc analysis include differences in framing, structure, and language between the two surveys and possible response bias.Our findings highlight a need to identify appropriate ways to integrate patient preferences into prevailing regulatory interpretations as institutional review boards increasingly apply research regulations in the context of research on medical practices. Dialogue between institutional review boards and research participants will be an important part of this process and should inform future regulatory guidance. The regulatory demarcations between clinical research and quality improvement (QI) are ambiguous and controversial. Some projects that were undertaken as a form of QI were deemed by regulatory agencies to be research and thus to require institutional review board approval. In the era of personalized medicine, some physicians may ask some patients to participate in n-of-1 trials in an effort to personalize and optimize each patient's medical treatment. Should such activities be considered research, QI, or just excellent personalized medicine? Experts in research, research regulation, and bioethics analyze these issues. Precision or personalized medicine through clinical genome and exome sequencing has been described by some as a revolution that could transform healthcare delivery, yet it is currently used in only a small fraction of patients, principally for the diagnosis of suspected Mendelian conditions and for targeting cancer treatments. Given the burden of illness in our society, it is of interest to ask how clinical genome and exome sequencing can be constructively integrated more broadly into the routine practice of medicine for the betterment of public health. In November 2014, 46 experts from academia, industry, policy and patient advocacy gathered in a conference sponsored by Illumina, Inc. to discuss this question, share viewpoints and propose recommendations. This perspective summarizes that work and identifies some of the obstacles and opportunities that must be considered in translating advances in genomics more widely into the practice of medicine. Human subjects protection in healthcare contexts rests on the premise that a principled boundary distinguishes clinical research and clinical practice. However, growing use of evidence-based clinical practices by health systems makes it increasingly difficult to disentangle research from a wide range of clinical activities that are sometimes called "research on medical practice" (ROMP), including quality improvement activities and comparative effectiveness research. The recent growth of ROMP activities has created an ethical and regulatory gray zone with significant implications for the oversight of human subjects research.We conducted six semi-structured, open-ended focus group discussions with IRB members to understand their experiences and perspectives on ethical oversight of ROMP, including randomization of patients to standard treatments.Our study revealed that IRB members are unclear or divided on the central questions at stake in the current policy debate over ethical oversight of ROMP: IRB members struggle to make a clear distinction between clinical research and medical practice improvement, lack consensus on when ROMP requires IRB review and oversight, and are uncertain about what constitutes incremental risk when patients are randomized to different treatments, any of which may be offered in usual care. They characterized the central challenge as a balancing act, between, on the one hand, making information fully transparent to patients and providing adequate oversight, and on the other hand, avoiding a chilling effect on the research process or harming the physician-patient relationship.Evidence-based guidance that supports IRB members in providing adequate and effective oversight of ROMP without impeding the research process or harming the physician-patient relationship is necessary to realize the full benefits of the learning health system. The U.S. Office for Human Research Protections has proposed that end points of randomized trials comparing the effectiveness of standard medical practices are risks of research that would require disclosure and written informed consent, but data are lacking on the views of potential participants.To assess attitudes of U.S. adults about risks and preferences for notification and consent for research on medical practices.Cross-sectional survey conducted in August 2014.Web-based questionnaire.1095 U.S. adults sampled from an online panel (n = 805) and an online convenience river sample (n = 290).Attitudes toward risk, informed consent, and willingness to participate in 3 research scenarios involving medical record review and randomization of usual medical practices.97% of respondents agreed that health systems should evaluate standard treatments. Most wanted to be asked for permission to participate in each of 3 scenarios (range, 75.2% to 80.4%), even if it involved only medical record review, but most would accept nonwritten (oral) permission or general notification if obtaining written permission would make the research too difficult to conduct (range, 70.2% to 82.7%). Most perceived additional risk from each scenario (range, 64.0% to 81.6%).Use of hypothetical scenarios and a nonprobability sample that was not fully representative of the U.S. population.Most respondents preferred to be asked for permission to participate in observational and randomized research evaluating usual medical practices, but they are willing to accept less elaborate approaches than written consent if research would otherwise be impracticable. These attitudes are not aligned with proposed regulatory guidance.National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences at the National Institutes of Health. Attitudes Toward Risk and Informed Consent for Research on Medical Practices A Cross-sectional Survey ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE Cho, M. K., Magnus, D., Constantine, M., Lee, S. S., Kelley, M., Alessi, S., Korngiebel, D., James, C., Kuwana, E., Gallagher, T. H., Diekema, D., Capron, A. M., Joffe, S., Wilfond, B. S. 2015; 162 (10): 690-? The complexity of biomedical research has increased considerably in the last decade, as has the pace of translational research. This complexity has generated a number of novel ethical issues for clinical investigators, institutional review boards (IRBs), and other oversight committees. In response, many academic medical centers have created formal research ethics consultation (REC) services to help clinical investigators and IRBs navigate ethical issues in biomedical research. Key functions of a REC service include assisting with research design and implementation, providing a forum for deliberative exploration of ethical issues, and supplementing regulatory oversight. As increasing numbers of academic research institutions establish REC services, there is a pressing need for consensus about the primary aims and policies that should guide these activities. Establishing clear expectations about the aims and policies of REC services is important if REC programs are to achieve their full potential. Drawing on the experiences of a Clinical and Translational Science Award Research Ethics Consultation Working Group, this article describes three major ethical and professional practice challenges associated with the provision of REC: (1) managing multiple institutional roles and responsibilities, (2) managing sensitive information, and (3) communicating with consultation requestors about how these issues are managed. The paper also presents several practical strategies for addressing these challenges and enhancing the quality of REC services. SUMMARYGeron Corporation is a publically traded company that launched a phase I clinical trial of a human embryonic stem cell-based therapy for spinal cord injury. The company enrolled the first patient in October 2010 and stopped the trial 1 year later. The fifth patient had been enrolled but not transplanted when the company announced the trial's end. After discussions with clinical staff and family, an agreement was reached to add her to the cohort and proceed with the transplant. Two and half years later, the research is still waiting to restart. With this background in mind, we discuss the major ethical and social questions raised by the Geron case. We offer recommendations for institutional review boards and clinical sites as they deliberate approvals of early-phase trials in frontier medicine. To describe the quality of physician-family communication during interpreted and noninterpreted family meetings in the PICU.Prospective, exploratory, descriptive observational study of noninterpreted English family meetings and interpreted Spanish family meetings in the pediatric intensive care setting.A single, university-based, tertiary children's hospital.Participants in PICU family meetings, including medical staff, family members, ancillary staff, and interpreters.Thirty family meetings (21 English and nine Spanish) were audio-recorded, transcribed, de-identified, and analyzed using the qualitative method of directed content analysis.Quality of communication was analyzed in three ways: 1) presence of elements of shared decision-making, 2) balance between physician and family speech, and 3) complexity of physician speech. Of the 11 elements of shared decision-making, only four occurred in more than half of English meetings, and only three occurred in more than half of Spanish meetings. Physicians spoke for a mean of 20.7 minutes, while families spoke for 9.3 minutes during English meetings. During Spanish meetings, physicians spoke for a mean of 14.9 minutes versus just 3.7 minutes of family speech. Physician speech complexity received a mean grade level score of 8.2 in English meetings compared to 7.2 in Spanish meetings.The quality of physician-family communication during PICU family meetings is poor overall. Interpreted meetings had poorer communication quality as evidenced by fewer elements of shared decision-making and greater imbalance between physician and family speech. However, physician speech may be less complex during interpreted meetings. Our data suggest that physicians can improve communication in both interpreted and noninterpreted family meetings by increasing the use of elements of shared decision-making, improving the balance between physician and family speech, and decreasing the complexity of physician speech. OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze existing posthumous sperm procurement (PSP) protocols in order to outline central themes for institutions to consider when developing future policies. DESIGN: Qualitative content analysis. SETTING: Large academic institutions across the United States. PATIENT(S): N/A. INTERVENTION(S): We performed a literature search and contacted 40 institutions to obtain nine full PSP protocols. We then performed a content analysis on these policies to identify major themes and factors to consider when developing a PSP protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Presence of a PSP policy. RESULT(S): We identified six components of a thorough PSP protocol: Standard of Evidence, Terms of Eligibility, Sperm Designee, Restrictions on Use in Reproduction, Logistics, and Contraindications. We also identified two different approaches to policy structure. In the Limited Role approach, institutions have stricter consent requirements and limit their involvement to the time of procurement. In the Family-Centered approach, substituted judgment is permitted but a mandatory wait period is enforced before sperm use in reproduction. CONCLUSION(S): Institutions seeking to implement a PSP protocol will benefit from considering the six major building blocks of a thorough protocol and where they would like to fall on the spectrum from a Limited Role to a Family-Centered approach. Many professional societies and research studies recommend complete vaccination before pediatric solid organ transplantation. Nevertheless, incompletely vaccinated children often receive transplants. As the number of parents refusing to vaccinate children for nonmedical reasons increases, pediatric transplantation programs face difficult listing decisions. Given the importance of psychosocial criteria in listing decisions, this study explores how parental refusal of vaccination affects those listing decisions. Surveys were emailed to individuals at 195 pediatric solid organ transplantation programs in the United States, with a 71% response rate. Forty-four respondents (39%) reported that their programs have had cases involving parental refusal of vaccination. In response to hypothetical scenarios, 93 respondents (82%) would list a child not vaccinated for medical reasons, whereas only 54 respondents (47%) would list a child whose parents refused vaccination. Only five respondents (4%) reported that their programs had written policies regarding parental refusal of vaccination. These data reveal inconsistencies across pediatric transplantation programs regarding how parental refusal of vaccination affects listing decisions and raise the issue of whether and how the reason for incomplete vaccination should be factored into listing decisions. We recommend further discussion and the development of written guidelines to unify programs' assessments of incompletely vaccinated pediatric transplantation candidates. Research ethics consultation services are designed to help scientists address ethical and societal issues that may not be considered in the context of existing regulatory frameworks, such as institutional review boards. Here, we identify some types of biomedical research for which the research process can benefit from consultation with ethicists. Translating Stem Cell Research: Challenges at the Research Frontier JOURNAL OF LAW MEDICINE & ETHICS Magnus, D. 2010; 38 (2): 267-? This paper will address the translation of basic stem cell research into clinical research. While "stem cell" trials are sometimes used to describe established practices of bone marrow transplantation or transplantation of primary cells derived from bone marrow, for the purposes of this paper, I am primarily focusing on stem cell trials which are far less established, including use of hESC derived stem cells. The central ethical challenges in stem cell clinical trials arise in frontier research, not in standard, well-established areas of research. Empirical Methods in Bioethics: A Cautionary Tale ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE Braddock, C. H., Magnus, D. 2010; 152 (6): 396-? Experimentation involving human subjects requires careful attention to the protection of their rights. Beginning with the Belmont Report in 1979, the United States has developed various sets of rules and regulations that identify the requirements for performing human subject research. In addition, these standards attempt to define the fundamental difference between what constitutes research versus clinical treatment versus innovation. We explore the intersection between two areas of independent bioethics, surgical innovation and emergency research; the point we refer to as emergency innovation.A systematic literature review in each of the fields of emergency research and surgical innovation was completed. The ethical principles involved in each field were identified. In addition, a recent case of surgical innovation within the context of emergency treatment is evaluated for the ethics invoked.One of the great challenges in emergency innovation is that the main protection offered in innovation (heightened informed consent) is not possible in the emergency context where in fact informed consent is waived. Interestingly, the rest of the protections outlined for each field are not mutually exclusive. They can and should be utilized in any project that takes place at this intersection. However, as there are no strict regulations in place for the collision of these two fields, the possibility of having the majority of the involved ethical principles misinterpreted or ignored is very real.For emergency innovation, where it is unclear what ethical principles and regulatory powers apply, it is imperative to be unambiguous about the purpose of the investigation, to adhere to all applicable ethical principles, and to have utmost consideration for protection of the research subject. To determine intent, the goals of the study must be outlined precisely - and if those include the prospect of publication, institutional review board (IRB) approval should be involved early. If, however, the innovation is subtle and the goal geared toward improved patient care, a small feasibility trial would be an appropriate first step before transitioning to a formal larger study approved by an IRB. In either case, the degree of the change in practice must be carefully evaluated and the vulnerability of the research subjects respected. With careful attention paid to all applicable ethical principles at the emergency innovation intersection, medical progress can continue at minimized risk to the human subject participants. Children with NDD present for organ transplant evaluation, but the role of NDD as a listing criterion itself is poorly described. Therefore, we sought to investigate how major pediatric solid organ transplant programs use NDD as a criterion in their listing decisions. We developed a survey that was sent via post to active pediatric solid organ transplant programs across the United States investigating transplant listing decision-making for neurodevelopmentally delayed children. Respondents were medical/surgical directors and transplant coordinators. Descriptive statistics summarize the findings. Programs inconsistently use NDD in listing decisions. Thirty-nine percent of programs stated that they "rarely" or "never" consider NDD in their decisions, whereas 43% of programs "always" or "usually" do. Sixty-two percent of programs report that informal processes guide their use of NDD, and no programs describe their process as "formal, explicit, and uniform." The degree of delay is an additional source of discordance among programs, with 14% of programs reporting mild or moderate NDD as a relative contraindication to listing and 22% reporting that NDD was "irrelevant" to the listing decision. The use of NDD in pediatric solid organ transplant listing decisions is varied and inconsistent across active programs. Direct-to-consumer genetic tests: beyond medical regulation? Genome medicine Magnus, D., Cho, M. K., Cook-Deegan, R. 2009; 1 (2): 17-? Bioethicists are often interested mostly in national standards and institutions, but state governments have historically overseen a wide range of bioethical issues and share responsibility with the federal government for still others. States ought to have an important role. By allowing for multiple outcomes, the American federal system allows a better fit between public opinion and public policies. In focus. Core faculty and their publications at bioethics centers in the United States. American journal of bioethics Magnus, D., Miller, V., Carroll, K. 2002; 2 (4): W20-? Biomedical researchers often assume that sponsors, subjects, families, and disease-associated advocacy groups contribute to research solely because of altruism. This view fails to capture the diverse interests of many participants in the emerging research enterprise. In the past two decades, patient groups have become increasingly active in the promotion and facilitation of genetics research. Simultaneously, a significant shift of academic biomedical science toward commercialization has occurred, spurred by U.S. federal policy changes. The concurrent rise in both the roles that subjects play and the commercial interests they have presents numerous ethical challenges. We examine the interests of different research participants, finding that these interests are not addressed by current policies and practices. We conclude that all participants should be given a voice in decisions affecting ownership, access to, and use of commercialized products and services, and that researchers and institutions should negotiate issues relating to control of research results and the sharing of benefits before the research is performed. Family problems. American journal of bioethics Magnus, D., DAGOSTINO, L. 2001; 1 (3): 1-? The AJOB Experiment. American journal of bioethics McGee, G., Magnus, D. 2001; 1 (1): 1-? Policy forum: genetics. Ethical considerations in synthesizing a minimal genome. Science Cho, M. K., Magnus, D., Caplan, A. L., McGee, D. 1999; 286 (5447): 2087-? HIDDEN ADAPTATIONISM BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES Magnus, D., Thiel, P. 1990; 13 (1): 26-?

2019-04-25T11:16:49Z

https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/bioethics/david-magnus/

I confess. I’ve always been cheap. I’ve never wanted to pay retail prices, and I’ve habitually found ways to avoid paying a “middle-man.” For example, years ago I used to go to wrecking yards to purchase used parts to fix our cars. Then I discovered it was cheaper to buy a wrecked car, dismantle it in the back yard, and then file it away in the shed and in our attic. That way I could avoid paying the kind of prices wrecking yards charge. I was also able to purchase some new car parts cheaper than the local parts house paid for them. It saved money, and it was enjoyable. Now I know that I may work harder at being cheap than some of you, but I’m convinced that, at heart, others of you are just as cheap as I am. We are all glad to find a way to “buy direct” and thus to avoid paying a “middle-man” for his services. Even if the prices are not any cheaper, many of us enjoy going to the outlet malls, because it seems that we are buying directly from the manufacturer. We work very hard to avoid the middle-man—in almost everything but religion. For some reason, people seem to prefer to approach God indirectly, through a middle-man. I’m not talking about people praying to God the Father through Jesus. I’m talking about those who think they need to go through Mary to get to Jesus, or who need a “medium” to access supernatural powers. I’m even talking about people who think they need a preacher to tell them God’s will for their life. Our text in Deuteronomy 18 deals with this, and I believe we will find it contains some rather surprising statements. This lesson is the fourth in a series of messages on the Old Testament prophets. In our first lesson, we talked about Abraham as the first person in Genesis to be called a prophet. Our second lesson focused on Moses as the greatest Old Testament prophet. In our third lesson, we began to consider false prophets, giving special attention to Deuteronomy 13. In this lesson, we will continue to study about false prophets, focusing our attention on the instruction of Deuteronomy 18. The structure of this chapter is fairly apparent, so far as identifying the paragraphs and their subjects. Verses 1-8 deal with the Levitical priests. Verses 9-14 list the illicit sources of “spiritual mediation,” which the Israelites were forbidden to employ. Verses 15-19 prophesy the coming of the greatest Prophet of all time, the Lord Jesus Christ, the “Prophet like Moses” (verses 15, 18). Verses 20-22 draw our attention to the false prophets, whom we are not to fear, nor hear. The pieces of the puzzle are clear; understanding their relationship and the message of this chapter takes a bit more effort. The more I have pondered this chapter, the more convinced I have become of the importance of this passage to the Israelites of old, and to us. Let us give careful, prayerful attention to this text. Let us eagerly hear and heed its instruction, especially as it speaks to us of the Messiah to come. 1 “The priests, the Levites—all the tribe of Levi—shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel; they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and His portion. 2 Therefore they shall have no inheritance among their brethren; the LORD is their inheritance, as He said to them. 3 And this shall be the priest’s due from the people, from those who offer a sacrifice, whether it is bull or sheep: they shall give to the priest the shoulder, the cheeks, and the stomach. 4 The firstfruits of your grain and your new wine and your oil, and the first of the fleece of your sheep, you shall give him. 5 For the LORD your God has chosen him out of all your tribes to stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and his sons forever. 6 So if a Levite comes from any of your gates, from where he dwells among all Israel, and comes with all the desire of his mind to the place which the LORD chooses, 7 then he may serve in the name of the LORD his God as all his brethren the Levites do, who stand there before the LORD. 8 They shall have equal portions to eat, besides what comes from the sale of his inheritance” (NKJV). It is easy to see that this paragraph instructs the Israelites about their responsibilities to the Levites. The question is, “What does this have to do with the rest of the chapter, which deals with sources of prophetic revelation, true and false?” Several things point us in the right direction. The first is that we know what the rest of the chapter is about—sources of “divine revelation.” Twice in verses 1-8, we find the expression, “in the name of the Lord” (verses 5, 7). In verses 9-14, we do not find the expression because these forbidden folks do not speak “in the name of the Lord.” Indeed, they are “an abomination to the Lord” (verse 12). In verses 15-19, we have the expression, “the voice of the Lord” (verse 16), and the reference to the Ultimate Prophet who “speaks in My name” (verse 19). The false prophet may either “speak in the name of other gods” (verse 20), or he may presumptuously “speak in the name of the Lord” (verse 22). I believe we can safely conclude that all of Deuteronomy 18 deals with those who “speak for the Lord,” both the false and the true. 8 And of Levi he said: “Let Your Thummim and Your Urim be with Your holy one, Whom You tested at Massah, And with whom You contended at the waters of Meribah, 9 Who says of his father and mother, ‘I have not seen them’; Nor did he acknowledge his brothers, Or know his own children; For they have observed Your word And kept Your covenant. 10 They shall teach Jacob Your judgments, And Israel Your law. They shall put incense before You, And a whole burnt sacrifice on Your altar” (Deuteronomy 33:8-10, NKJV, emphasis mine). 8 “If a matter arises which is too hard for you to judge, between degrees of guilt for bloodshed, between one judgment or another, or between one punishment or another, matters of controversy within your gates, then you shall arise and go up to the place which the LORD your God chooses. 9 “And you shall come to the priests, the Levites, and to the judge there in those days, and inquire of them; they shall pronounce upon you the sentence of judgment. 10 “You shall do according to the sentence which they pronounce upon you in that place which the LORD chooses. And you shall be careful to do according to all that they order you. 11 “According to the sentence of the law in which they instruct you, according to the judgment which they tell you, you shall do; you shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left from the sentence which they pronounce upon you. 12 “Now the man who acts presumptuously and will not heed the priest who stands to minister there before the LORD your God, or the judge, that man shall die. So you shall put away the evil from Israel. 13 “And all the people shall hear and fear, and no longer act presumptuously” (Deuteronomy 17:8-13, NKJV). “He shall stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall inquire before the LORD for him by the judgment of the Urim. At his word they shall go out, and at his word they shall come in, he and all the children of Israel with him—all the congregation” (Numbers 27:21; see also Leviticus 8:8; Deuteronomy 33:8). 9 “When you come into the land which the LORD your God is giving you, you shall not learn to follow the abominations of those nations. 10 There shall not be found among you anyone who makes his son or his daughter pass through the fire, or one who practices witchcraft, or a soothsayer, or one who interprets omens, or a sorcerer, 11 or one who conjures spells, or a medium, or a spiritist, or one who calls up the dead. 12 For all who do these things are an abomination to the LORD, and because of these abominations the LORD your God drives them out from before you. 13 You shall be blameless before the LORD your God. 14 For these nations which you will dispossess listened to soothsayers and diviners; but as for you, the LORD your God has not appointed such for you” (NKJV). I have opted not to delve into the details of these illicit attempts to obtain prophetic revelations, for reasons that will soon be stated. What I would like to do here is to make some general observations concerning all of the forbidden practices mentioned in our text. 29 “When the LORD your God cuts off from before you the nations which you go to dispossess, and you displace them and dwell in their land, 30 “take heed to yourself that you are not ensnared to follow them, after they are destroyed from before you, and that you do not inquire after their gods, saying, ‘How did these nations serve their gods? I also will do likewise.’ 31 “You shall not worship the LORD your God in that way; for every abomination to the LORD which He hates they have done to their gods; for they burn even their sons and daughters in the fire to their gods. 32 “Whatever I command you, be careful to observe it; you shall not add to it nor take away from it” (Deuteronomy 12:29-32, NKJV, emphasis mine). 6 Let nobody deceive you with empty words, for because of these things God’s wrath comes on the sons of disobedience. 7 Therefore, do not be partakers with them, 8 for you were at one time darkness, but now you are light in the Lord. Walk as children of the light— 9 for the fruit of the light consists in all goodness, righteousness, and truth—10 trying to learn what is pleasing to the Lord. 11 Do not participate in the unfruitful deeds of darkness, but rather expose them. 12 For the things they do in secret are shameful even to mention. 13 But all things being exposed by the light are made evident. 14 For everything made evident is light, and for this reason it says: “Awake, O sleeper! Rise from the dead, and Christ will shine on you!” (Ephesians 5:6-14, emphasis mine). From these verses and others, I would understand that our task is to focus on the light, and not to ponder the depths of darkness (see Revelation 2:24). If we “walk in the light,” we will recognize that which is of the darkness, because the light will expose it. But we profit little from spending time studying the darkness, some of which is too “shameful even to mention.” For this reason, we are given few details as to how the pagan practices of the Canaanites were performed. These forbidden means of achieving contact with divine powers are all an abomination to God, as are all those who practice them. Just as these pagan practices are an abomination to God (verse 9), so are those who practice them (verse 12). I sometimes hear someone say, “God hates the sin, but loves the sinner.” There may be an element of truth in this, but our text clearly states that these practices are an abomination to God, as are those who engage in them. These abominations were practiced by the Canaanites (verse 9), whom the Israelites were to completely destroy when they entered the land (Deuteronomy 7:1-6). It was because of these abominations that God judged the Canaanites and expelled them from His land. It was because of these pagan practices that God gave the land to the Israelites, enabling them to defeat the Canaanites, and to possess their land. If the Israelites imitated these practices, God would also cast them from the land (Deuteronomy 4:25-26). These were the abominable pagan practices which the Israelites would be tempted to learn, once they entered the land (verse 9). The Levites were to teach the Israelites the law, as were the Israelite parents to teach their children about God, but there were going to be others from whom God’s chosen people might learn to do evil. We may be reluctant to teach our children about “the facts of life,” about sexuality and morality and all that goes with it, but rest assured that whether or not we “teach” our children about these matters, there are many other willing “teachers.” The important thing is that our children not “learn” from the wrong sources. So it is also in the matter of divine revelation. There will be those who will attempt to teach the Israelites the Canaanite ways of seeking contact with the supernatural. God’s people must not learn these Canaanite ways, because God hates them. These forbidden practices constituted participation in the occult. These practices were not a valid means of seeking God’s will or His help, but an illicit attempt to enlist the help of unclean19 “supernatural” powers. This was not the way to the divine God of Israel, but the means of making contact with the demons. The occult rejects God and seeks to make contact with the supernatural powers through an encounter with the dark side—through those practices which seek to contact and make use of the demonic forces of evil. These same forbidden practices are prevalent in our country today. One does not have to look very hard to find virtually all of these forbidden practices in existence today. The New Age movement is deep into occult practices, as are many others. Some of those engaged in such practices are in positions of power or influence in our country. These words of warning in our text do not concern distant and unrelated matters, but those very practices that are becoming popular in America today. In effect, these forbidden pagan practices seek to “use” the supernatural forces in a way that appears to keep them at arm’s reach, and thus under man’s control. This is a very important point. These forbidden practices seek to interface with “the supernatural” in a way that uses the “higher powers” for a price. The appearance is that supernatural beings are serving those who seek to employ them; the reality is that those who suppose they are using the evil supernatural powers are really enslaved to them. They are enslaved to Satan himself, through contact with demonic forces (Leviticus 17:7; 1 Corinthians 10:14-22). There is a certain thrill to the thought that one might be able to “tap into” supernatural powers and make use of them for one’s benefit. The sense of being “in control” is an illusion. It is very much like the person who thinks they are “using” drugs. They may get a momentary thrill out of using them, but in the process, they become addicted and enslaved to these drugs. 24 Now therefore, listen to me, my children; Pay attention to the words of my mouth: 25 Do not let your heart turn aside to her ways, Do not stray into her paths; 26 For she has cast down many wounded, And all who were slain by her were strong men. 27 Her house is the way to hell, Descending to the chambers of death (Proverbs 7:24-27). 15 “The LORD your God will raise up for you a Prophet like me from your midst, from your brethren. Him you shall hear, 16 according to all you desired of the LORD your God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, ‘Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, nor let me see this great fire anymore, lest I die.’ 17 And the LORD said to me: ‘What they have spoken is good. 18 I will raise up for them a Prophet like you from among their brethren, and will put My words in His mouth, and He shall speak to them all that I command Him. 19 And it shall be that whoever will not hear My words, which He speaks in My name, I will require it of him’” (NKJV). 14 So the LORD God said to the serpent: “Because you have done this, You are cursed more than all cattle, And more than every beast of the field; On your belly you shall go, And you shall eat dust All the days of your life. 15 And I will put enmity Between you and the woman, And between your seed and her Seed; He shall bruise your head, And you shall bruise His heel” (Genesis 3:14-15). “The scepter shall not depart from Judah, Nor a lawgiver from between his feet, Until Shiloh comes; And to Him shall be the obedience of the people” (Genesis 49:10). Some have understood this promise of a “Prophet like Moses” to include a line of prophets, up to and including the Messiah. That may be, but the emphasis of this prophecy falls on the “Ultimate Prophet,” our Lord Jesus Christ. Twice this coming Prophet is referred to as a prophet “like Moses” (verses 15, 18). In what sense is our Lord “like Moses”? There may be a number of parallels between Moses and Christ, but I don’t think this prophecy was meant to call attention to them all. I believe this prophecy was meant to underscore the likeness of our Lord to Moses in a more focused way, which is spelled out in our text. This coming Prophet will be a Jew, like Moses, One raised up from His brethren. This One who is like Moses is, like Moses, to be heard and obeyed. It is at this point that we come to the main similarity between Moses and the Messiah, I believe. Moses indicates that this coming Prophet will play a role similar to his own. The Jews should therefore respond to the “Ultimate Prophet” as they were supposed to respond to Moses. They are to fear Him and to hear Him. The reason for this is now explained. 18 Now all the people witnessed the thunderings, the lightning flashes, the sound of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking; and when the people saw it, they trembled and stood afar off. 19 Then they said to Moses, “You speak with us, and we will hear; but let not God speak with us, lest we die.” 20 And Moses said to the people, “Do not fear; for God has come to test you, and that His fear may be before you, so that you may not sin.” 21 So the people stood afar off, but Moses drew near the thick darkness where God was (Exodus 5:18-21, NKJV). 23 “So it was, when you heard the voice from the midst of the darkness, while the mountain was burning with fire, that you came near to me, all the heads of your tribes and your elders. 24 And you said: ‘Surely the LORD our God has shown us His glory and His greatness, and we have heard His voice from the midst of the fire. We have seen this day that God speaks with man; yet he still lives. 25 ‘Now therefore, why should we die? For this great fire will consume us; if we hear the voice of the LORD our God anymore, then we shall die. 26 ‘For who is there of all flesh who has heard the voice of the living God speaking from the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived? 27 ‘You go near and hear all that the LORD our God may say, and tell us all that the LORD our God says to you, and we will hear and do it.’ 28 Then the LORD heard the voice of your words when you spoke to me, and the LORD said to me: ‘I have heard the voice of the words of this people which they have spoken to you. They are right in all that they have spoken. 29 ‘Oh, that they had such a heart in them that they would fear Me and always keep all My commandments, that it might be well with them and with their children forever! 30 ‘Go and say to them, “Return to your tents.” 31 ‘But as for you, stand here by Me, and I will speak to you all the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments which you shall teach them, that they may observe them in the land which I am giving them to possess.’ 32 Therefore you shall be careful to do as the LORD your God has commanded you; you shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left. 33 You shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your God has commanded you, that you may live and that it may be well with you, and that you may prolong your days in the land which you shall possess” (Deuteronomy 5:23-33, NKJV). Recently, a terrible storm passed through the city of Dallas, Texas, causing considerable wind damage. But this was nothing compared to the devastation caused by the tornadoes that were spawned later on as the storm passed into Oklahoma and Kansas. Those who witnessed that massive tornado (a level 5, with winds up to 260 miles per hour!) said they had never seen anything like it before. They also said they hoped they would never see anything like it again. It was terrifying. Think of what it must have been like to witness the awe-inspiring evidences of God’s presence on Mount Sinai. Those who looked on had never seen anything like that before, and they did not want to see or hear it again. They feared for their lives. And so they begged that Moses become a mediator on their behalf. We might have expected God to rebuke the Israelites for wanting to keep their distance from Him, but this is not the case at all. God commends the Israelites for their fear, and for their request: “And the LORD said to me: ‘What they have spoken is good. I will raise up for them a Prophet like you from among their brethren, and will put My words in His mouth, and He shall speak to them all that I command Him. And it shall be that whoever will not hear My words, which He speaks in My name, I will require it of him’” (Deuteronomy 18:17-19, NKJV). In the Old Testament, men had to keep their distance from God. Boundaries were established around the base of Mount Sinai, and the people were commanded to stay back, lest they die (Exodus 19:12-13). When Moses reached the top of the mountain, God sent him back down, to warn the people again not to get too close (Exodus 19:20-25). It was right for a sinful people to keep their distance from a holy God. In the Old Testament, the operative principle was not “Draw near,” but “Stay back” (see Exodus 3:5). No one has ever seen God. The only One, himself God, who is in the presence of the Father, has made God known (John 1:18). 41 Then the Jews who were hostile to Jesus began complaining about him because he said, “I am the bread that came down from heaven, . . .” (John 6:41). So they said to him, “Who are you?” Jesus replied, “What I have told you from the beginning. 26 I have many things to say and to judge about you, but the Father who sent me is truthful, and the things I have heard from him I speak to the world” (John 8:25-26). “I am telling you the things I have seen while with my Father, . . .” (John 8:38a). 49 “For I have not spoken from my own authority, but the Father himself who sent me has commanded me what I should say and what I should speak. 50 And I know that his commandment is eternal life. Thus the things I say, I say just as the Father has told me” (John 12:49-50). 24 “The person who does not love me does not obey my words. And the word you hear is not mine but the Father’s who sent me” (John 14:24). 14 “You are my friends if you do what I command you. 15 I no longer call you slaves, because the slave does not understand what his master is doing. But I have called you friends, because I have revealed to you everything I heard from my Father” (John 15:14-15). 19 Then he took bread, gave thanks, broke it and gave it to them, saying, “This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.” 20 In the same way he took the cup after they had eaten, saying, “This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood” (Luke 22:19-20). 5 For there is one God and one Mediator between God and men, the Man Christ Jesus, 6 who gave Himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time (1 Timothy 2:5-6, NKJV). 6 But now Jesus has obtained a superior ministry, since the covenant that he mediates is also better and is enacted on better promises. 7 For if that first covenant had been faultless, no one would have looked for a second one (Hebrews 8:6-7). 13 For if the blood of goats and bulls and the ashes of a young cow sprinkled on those who are defiled consecrated them and provided ritual purity, 14 how much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish to God, purify your conscience from dead works to worship the living God. 15 And so he is the mediator of a new covenant, so that those who are called may receive the eternal inheritance he has promised, since he died to set them free from the violations committed under the first covenant (Hebrews 9:13-15; see also Hebrews 12:24). 36 “But I have a testimony greater than that from John. For the deeds that the Father has assigned me to complete—the deeds I am now doing—testify about me that the Father has sent me. 37 And the Father who sent me has himself testified about me. You people have never heard his voice nor seen his form at any time, 38 nor do you have his word residing in you, because you do not believe the one whom he sent. 39 You study the scriptures thoroughly because you think in them you possess eternal life, and it is these same scriptures that testify about me; 40 but you are not willing to come to me so that you may have life. 41 “I do not accept praise from people, 42 but I know you, that you do not have the love of God within you. 43 I have come in my Father’s name, and you do not accept me. If someone else comes in his own name, you will accept him. 44 How can you believe, if you accept praise from one another and don’t seek the praise that comes from the only God? 45 “Do not suppose that I will accuse you before the Father. The one who accuses you is Moses, in whom you have placed your hope. 46 If you believed Moses, you would believe me, because he wrote about me. 47 But if you do not believe what Moses wrote, how will you believe my words?” (John 5:36-47). 19 Now this was John’s testimony when the Jewish leaders sent to him priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, “Who are you?” 20 He confessed—he did not deny but confessed—”I am not the Christ.” 21 So they asked him, “Then who are you? Are you Elijah?” He said, “I am not.” “Are you the Prophet?” He answered, “No” (John 1:19-21). 43 On the next day Jesus wanted to set out for Galilee. He found Philip and said to him, “Follow me.” 44 (Now Philip was from Bethsaida, the town of Andrew and Peter.) 45 Philip found Nathanael and told him, “We have found the one Moses wrote about in the law, and the prophets also wrote about—Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph” (John 1:43-45). 14 So when the people saw the miraculous sign that Jesus performed, they began to say to one another, “This is certainly the Prophet who is to come into the world.” 15 Then Jesus, because he knew they were going to come and seize him by force to make him king, withdrew again up the mountainside alone (John 6:14-15). Later on, when Jesus appeared in Jerusalem at the Feast of Tabernacles, some of the people there concluded that Jesus was, indeed, “the Prophet”: “When they heard these words, some of the crowd began to say, ‘This is really the Prophet!’” (John 7:40). 19 Now we know that whatever the law says, it says to those who are under the law, so that every mouth may be silenced and the whole world may be held accountable to God. 20 For no one is declared righteous before him by the works of the law, for through the law comes the knowledge of sin. 21 But now apart from the law the righteousness of God, which is attested by the law and the prophets, has been disclosed— 22 namely, the righteousness of God through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ for all who believe. For there is no distinction, 23 for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. 24 But they are justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus (Romans 3:19-24). Then he said to them, “These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the law of Moses and the prophets and the psalms must be fulfilled” (Luke 24:44). 45 “Do not suppose that I will accuse you before the Father. The one who accuses you is Moses, in whom you have placed your hope. 46 If you believed Moses, you would believe me, because he wrote about me. 47 But if you do not believe what Moses wrote, how will you believe my words?” (John 5:45-47). Moses was not the problem. Moses testified about the coming of Jesus, the Christ. In the Gospels, Moses himself testifies that Jesus is the Christ. He was there, you recall, at the transfiguration of our Lord (Matthew 17:1-4). And yet the Pharisees repeatedly sought to pit Jesus against Moses (John 8:5). 28 They heaped insults on him, saying, “You are his disciple! We are disciples of Moses! 29 We know that God has spoken to Moses! We do not know where this man comes from!” (John 9:28-29). 1 Therefore, holy brothers and sisters, partners in a heavenly calling, take note of Jesus, the apostle and high priest whom we confess, 2 who is faithful to the one who appointed him, as Moses was too in God’s house. 3 For he has come to deserve greater glory than Moses, just as the builder of a house deserves greater honor than the house itself! 4 For every house is built by someone, but the builder of all things is God. 5 Now Moses was “faithful in all God’s house” as a servant, to testify to the things that would be spoken. 6 But Christ is faithful as a son over God’s house. We are of his house, if in fact we hold firmly to our confidence and the hope we take pride in. 7 Therefore, as the Holy Spirit says, “Oh, that today you would listen as he speaks! 8 “Do not harden your hearts as in the rebellion, in the day of testing in the wilderness. 9 “There your fathers tested me and tried me, and they saw my works for forty years. 10 “Therefore, I became provoked at that generation and said, ‘Their hearts are always wandering and they have not known my ways.’ 11 “As I swore in my anger, ‘They will never enter my rest!’” (Hebrews 3:1-11). 15 See to it that no one comes short of the grace of God, that no one be like a bitter root springing up and causing trouble, and through him many become defiled. 16 And see to it that no one becomes an immoral or godless person like Esau, who sold his own birthright for a single meal. 17 For you know that later when he wanted to inherit the blessing, he was rejected, for he found no opportunity for repentance, although he sought the blessing with tears. 18 For you have not come to something that can be touched, to a burning fire and darkness and gloom and a whirlwind 19 and the blast of a trumpet and a voice uttering words such that those who heard begged to hear no more. 20 For they could not bear what was commanded: “If even an animal touches the mountain, it must be stoned.” 21 In fact, the scene was so terrifying that Moses said, “I shudder with fear.” 22 But you have come to Mount Zion and the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to myriads of angels, to the assembly 23 and congregation of the firstborn, who are enrolled in heaven, and to God, the judge of all, and to the spirits of the righteous, who have been made perfect, 24 and to Jesus, the mediator of a new covenant, and to the sprinkled blood that speaks of something better than Abel’s does. 25 Take care not to refuse the one who is speaking! For if they did not escape when they refused the one who warned them on earth, how much less shall we, if we reject the one who warns from heaven? 26 Then his voice shook the earth, but now he has promised, “I will once more shake not only the earth but heaven too.” 27 Now this phrase “once more” indicates the removal of what is shaken, that is, of created things, so that what is unshaken may remain. 28 So since we are receiving an unshakable kingdom, let us give thanks, and through this let us offer worship pleasing to God in devotion and awe. 29 For “our God is indeed a devouring fire” (Hebrews 12:15-29). When the Israelites beheld the awesome holiness of God on Mount Sinai, they were terrified, and rightly so. They begged not to see or hear God any more, lest they die, beseeching Moses to mediate with God on their behalf. God commended their fear and their recognition of their need for a mediator. Through Moses, God communicated to Israel that He would raise up another prophet, like Moses. At the moment, the Israelites did not realize that this “Prophet” would be vastly superior to Moses. If Israel was to fear God and to hear Moses, surely they should fear God and hear “the Prophet like Moses,” who was none other than the promised Messiah. They should fear Him, hear Him, and heed His words. Instead, they refused to hear Him, and they had Him crucified for breaking the Law of Moses. Were the Hebrew Christians contemplating drawing back from Christ, rather than drawing near? Was this their solution to suffering persecution for His sake? Then they were moving in the wrong direction. The Old Testament saints were to keep their distance from God. When Jesus Christ came to this earth, He came as Immanuel, God with us (Isaiah 7:14; Matthew 1:23). In truth, the Hebrews would not be drawing back; they would be falling away. The Hebrew saints needed to rekindle a deep sense of fear and reverence for the Lord Jesus. If the sights and sounds of Mount Sinai terrified the Israelites of old, then a realization of who Jesus is and what He has accomplished should inspire even greater fear, fear that should prompt them to draw near, to hear Him, and to obey His Word. This, I believe, is the message of Hebrews, not to mention the rest of the New Testament. The Israelites were to fear God, and to obey the commands God gave to them through the great prophet, Moses. But they were also to look for a coming Prophet, a “Prophet like Moses,” who would speak for God, and who should be heard and obeyed. In addition to watching for this coming “Prophet,” the Israelites were to watch out for false prophets. These false prophets would speak presumptuously, as though God were speaking through them. They would seek to “bring God near,” but it would not be the true God with whom they were “in touch.” How was Israel to discern between “the Prophet” and these false prophets? If the “prophet” spoke “in the name of other gods” (verse 20), it was obvious that he was a false prophet. No further test was required. But what of the “prophet” who spoke presumptuously “in the name of the LORD” (verse 22)? Such a prophet is to be tested by his own words. If what he speaks in the name of the Lord comes to pass, He is a true prophet.20 If what he says does not come to pass, he is a false prophet and is to be put to death (verse 20). The final command in our text is not that the false prophet be executed (which has already been stated in verse 20), but rather that he not be feared. This whole passage is about fear. The Israelites are to fear God, as did the previous generation, who stood terror-stricken at the base of Mount Sinai. And because they feared God, they were to hear Moses and to obey him. When the “Prophet like Moses” appears, He is to be feared and obeyed. But the false prophets are not to be feared; they are to be put to death. 4 So Peter said to Jesus, “Lord, it is good for us to be here. If you want, I will make three shelters—one for you, one for Moses, and one for Elijah.” 5 While he was still speaking, a bright cloud surrounded them, and a voice from the cloud said, “This is the Son I love, in whom I have great delight. Listen to him!” (Matthew 17:4-5, emphasis mine). 1 Therefore we must pay closer attention to what we have heard, so that we do not drift away. 2 For if the message spoken through angels proved to be so firm that every violation or disobedience received its just penalty, 3 how will we escape if we neglect such a great salvation? It was first communicated through the Lord and was confirmed to us by those who heard him, 4 while God confirmed their witness with signs and wonders and various miracles and gifts of the Holy Spirit distributed according to his will (Hebrews 2:1-4, emphasis mine). 16 For we did not follow cleverly concocted fables when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ; no, we were eyewitnesses of his grandeur. 17 For he received honor and glory from God the Father, when that voice was conveyed to him by the Majestic Glory: “This is my dear Son, in whom I am delighted.” 18 When this voice was conveyed from heaven, we ourselves heard it, for we were with him on the holy mountain. 19 Moreover, we possess the prophetic word as an altogether reliable thing. You do well if you pay attention to this as you would to a light shining in a murky place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts. 20 Above all, you do well if you recognize this: no prophecy of scripture ever comes about by the prophet’s own imagination, 21 for no prophecy was ever borne of human impulse; rather, men carried along by the Holy Spirit spoke from God (2 Peter 1:16-21, emphasis mine). I do not think most Christians sufficiently fear our Lord or hear His words so as to diligently obey them. We are all too comfortable with the thought of the baby Jesus, laying helplessly (or so we suppose) in His manger. We think of the meek Savior who was led away to His death at Calvary. We think of Him who put up with the doubts and fears, and even the rebuke of His disciples. I fear that we like to think of Jesus in such a way. But let me remind you of the portrayal of our resurrected and ascended Lord in the Book of Revelation. Here, John falls down before Him as a dead man (Revelation 1:9-17). He is the One before whom every knee shall bow, as every tongue confesses Him to be Lord of all (Philippians 2:9-11). Are we guilty of thinking too casually of our Lord? I fear that we are. Here is one of the great tensions of the Bible. On one hand, we are encouraged to “draw near” to Him; on the other, we are instructed to fear Him. In the Old Testament, men were to fear God and not draw near. Now, we are to fear God and draw near. We can only draw near through the shed blood of our Lord Jesus Christ. But when we do, we should do so in fear, knowing that He is infinitely holy, while we are not, except through His atoning blood. 13 Therefore, get your minds ready for action, by being fully sober, and set your hope completely on the grace that will be brought to you when Jesus Christ is revealed. 14 Like obedient children, do not comply with the evil urges you used to follow in your ignorance, 15 but, like the Holy One who called you, become holy yourselves in all of your conduct, 16 for it is written, “You shall be holy, because I am holy.” 17 And if you address as Father the one who impartially judges according to each one’s work, live out the time of your temporary residence here in reverence. 18 You know that you were set free from your empty way of life handed down from your ancestors not by perishable things like silver or gold, 19 but by precious blood like that of an unblemished and spotless lamb, Christ (1 Peter 1:13-19). 1 In the year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, high and lifted up, and the train of His robe filled the temple. 2 Above it stood seraphim; each one had six wings: with two he covered his face, with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. 3 And one cried to another and said: “Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hosts; The whole earth is full of His glory!” 4 And the posts of the door were shaken by the voice of him who cried out, and the house was filled with smoke. 5 So I said: “Woe is me, for I am undone! Because I am a man of unclean lips, And I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips; For my eyes have seen the King, The LORD of hosts” (Isaiah 6:1-5, NKJV). We should never lose this perspective of the God we serve. He has come down from heaven in the person of Jesus Christ. He has mediated a new covenant. He does command us to draw near. But we are always to do so with a sense of His awesome holiness, and thus draw near with fear. And this fear should prompt us to hear and to obey Him. Under the old (Mosaic) covenant, men not only had to keep their distance; they needed human mediators who would draw near to God on their behalf. They needed Moses, for example, and they also needed the priests. All of this has changed since the coming of the “Prophet like Moses.” Because of the mediatorial work of our Lord Jesus Christ, Christians are now able to have a direct and personal relationship with the Father: “At that time you will ask in my name, and I do not say that I will ask the Father on your behalf. 27 For the Father himself loves you, because you have loved me and have believed that I came from God” (John 16:26-27). 19 Therefore, brothers and sisters, since we have confidence to enter the sanctuary by the blood of Jesus, 20 by the fresh and living way that he inaugurated for us through the curtain, that is, through his flesh, 21 and since we have a great priest over the house of God, 22 let us draw near with a sincere heart in the full assurance that faith brings, because we have had our hearts sprinkled clean from an evil conscience and our bodies washed in pure water. 23 And let us hold unwaveringly to the hope that we confess, for the one who made the promise is trustworthy. 24 And let us take thought of how to spur one another on to love and good works, 25 not abandoning our own meetings, as some are in the habit of doing, but encouraging each other, and even more so because you see the day drawing near (Hebrews 10:19-25). But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people of his own, so that you may proclaim the virtues of the one who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light (1 Peter 2:9). We do not need any human mediator to stand between us and our God. Christ has performed this task, once for all. We now have direct access to God through Him. We do not need a pastor or minister to approach God for us, because we can come to Him boldly, through the blood of Jesus. This is why we worship the way the New Testament saints did. In our worship meeting, all of the men are encouraged to lead as prompted by the Holy Spirit, calling out a hymn, reading a text of Scripture, passing out the elements at communion, or praying. We do not have one person who is the designated leader, who guides us in our worship. We believe that there must be a freedom for every man to exercise his priesthood by verbal leadership, and for every woman to participate in submission to the leadership of the men as we worship our Lord each week. To the degree that we place any one person other than our Lord in exclusive leadership, I believe we fail to “draw near” as we should. We must be alert to the danger of drifting back to the old covenant, in which we seek to install men in some kind of mediatorial role, as “middle-men” between God and us. If I understand our Lord correctly, He teaches us that since His mediatorial work is finished, there is no longer any need for a middle-man. We can come directly to the Father. Why, then, do men seem inclined to retain some kind of middle-man between God and themselves? It is, I think, because we fear God and do not wish to draw near to Him. It is because we fail to grasp and appropriate the mediatorial work our Lord has already accomplished at Calvary. This explains why men prefer to worship Mary and to pray to her, rather than to the Son of God Himself. They are more comfortable around Mary than they are around God. But our Lord has provided us with a way to come to God directly. We do not need Mary to mediate for us. We do not need a pope, or a preacher, or anyone else. I think I’m beginning to understand why angels are so popular today. They are another kind of “middle-man” between a holy and righteous God and sinful men. We feel warm and cozy and comfortable at the thought of angels being nearby, to guide and to guard us. We don’t feel as comfortable around a holy God. But we are commanded to draw near to God, while at the same time we are to fear Him. False prophets are false mediators, promising us access to God or “other gods.” They seek to “bring God down” to us, ignoring or denying that our Lord has done this, once for all. Their promises are false, and their paths lead to death. Forsake every other mediator but Christ. One last word. I believe our text speaks of Him who will enable us to draw near to God. This One, this “Prophet like Moses,” is also One we should fear. Drawing near and having fear seem contradictory. It is my opinion that we will gravitate toward one and move away from the other. There are those who, in the name of drawing near to God, seem to be lacking in holy fear. They speak irreverently of Him, and act irreverently in His presence. But there is the opposite danger as well. There are those who so emphasize the fear of God that they tend to live at a distance from God. They seem to lack a deep sense of the presence and the power of God in their lives. I believe that within the faith there are groups inclined toward “nearness” who are lacking in fear, and there are other groups who are properly “fearful” but who are distant (from an intimacy with God and with others). I am sure that as you read this you are trying to figure out “who is who.” What I wish to leave with you is the biblical truth that we should “draw near” “with fear.” Let us not cling to one and shun the other. Let us seek to live in intimate relationship with Him—but in a way that reverences Him. If we do so, we shall not need any go-between, other than our Lord Himself. 15 We should remind ourselves that the ancient Israelites did not have their own copies of God’s Word. The Word of God, once written, was read to the people by the priests or others (see Deuteronomy 31:10-13; Joshua 8:33-35; 2 Kings 22:8ff.; Nehemiah 8). Even the king had to write out his own copy of the law to read (Deuteronomy 17:14-20). 16 No one really knows exactly what the urim and thummin were, or how they worked, although theories abound. I believe all would agree that they were employed under some circumstances to determine the will of God. For a brief, but cautious, look at the urim and thummin, see Dr. Bruce Waltke, Finding the Will of God (Gresham, Oregon: Vision House Publications, 1995), pp. 62-64. 17 Actually, what David is asking is whether the people of Keilah would hand him over to Saul if he remained there. David is asking a somewhat rhetorical question, and God informs him that, if he were to stay, they would turn him over to Saul. I have elsewhere pointed out that this indicates that God not only knows what will happen, but what would happen, in any given circumstance. God is omniscient. He knows all things actual; He also knows all things possible. 18 For example, Saul seeks guidance from Samuel through the witch of En-dor, because he had turned from God, and God had turned from him (1 Samuel 28, especially verse 15). 19 Is it not interesting that in the New Testament demons are often referred to as unclean spirits? 20 This assumes that he is not advocating following false gods (see Deuteronomy 13:1-5).

2019-04-23T02:56:44Z

https://bible.org/seriespage/false-prophets-part-ii-deuteronomy-181-22

A vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure includes: a circuit board configured to process a signal from an antenna element; a holding member configured to hold the circuit board so as to sandwich the circuit board from both sides of a mount surface; and a mold member covering the circuit board and at least part of the holding member. International Search Report in PCT/JP2014/072004 dated Nov. 25, 2014. cited by applicant . International Preliminary Report on Patentability in the corresponding International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2014/072004 dated Mar. 1, 2016. cited by applicant. 1. A vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure comprising: a circuit board having a mount surface to mount a circuit configured to process a signal from an antenna element, the circuit board further having a first side corresponding to the mount surface and a second side opposite the first side, the circuit board further having two protrusion portion protruding in different directions from each other; a holding member configured to hold the circuit board, the holding member comprising a base and two sidewalls extending from the base and including two openings that are respectively formed in the two sidewalls and configured to slidingly receive the two protrusion portions so that each of the two sidewalls sandwiches the circuit board from both the first and second sides; and a mold member covering the circuit board and at least part of the holding member. 2. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 1, wherein the two openings are formed in U-shaped portion of the two sidewalls, respectively. 3. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 1, wherein a width of the mount surface is less than a distance between the two sidewalls, and the two protrusion portions protrude along the width of the mount surface into the two openings. 4. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 1, wherein the holding member has a support portion configured to support either the first side or the second side. 5. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 1, wherein the circuit board is connected with a cable, and a gap for allowing the cable to pass through is provided between the circuit board and the holding member in a side view. 6. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 1, wherein the circuit board is connected with a cable, and an upper end of the holding member is provided to a position higher than an upper end of the cable with reference to the mount surface. 7. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 1, wherein the holding member is provided with a passage hole to allow a material of the mold member to pass through when the mold member is molded. 8. The vehicle-mounted circuit, board holder structure according to claim 1, wherein the two protrusion portions are located at a first end of the circuit board adjacent to the two openings, and the circuit board further has two second protrusion portions located at a second end of the circuit board opposite the first end, and the two second protrusion portions protrude in opposite directions from each other. 9. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 8, wherein each of the two sidewalls includes an, elongated protrusion that projects from an upper end of the two sidewalls to contact the two second protrusion portions at the second side of tine circuit board. 10. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 1, wherein the two protrusion portions protrude in opposite directions from each other, and the two openings pass completely through the two sidewalls. 11. A vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure comprising: a circuit board configured to process a signal from an antenna element, the circuit board having a pair of main surfaces opposite one another, at least one of the main surfaces comprising a mount surface to mount a circuit, the main surfaces defining main respective sides and a width of the circuit board, the circuit board including a pair of protrusion portions protruding in opposite directions from each other in a width direction of the circuit board; a holding member configured to hold the circuit board, the holding member comprising a base and two sidewalls extending from the base, a distance between the two sidewalls greater than the width of the circuit board, the two sidewalls including a pair of openings that are configured to receive the pair of protrusion portions so that the two sidewalls separately sandwich the circuit board from both of the main sides; and a mold member covering the circuit board and at least part of the holding member. 12. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 11, wherein the openings are formed in a U-shaped portion of the two sidewalls, respectively, in order to slidingly receive the pair of protrusion portions. 13. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 11, wherein the holding member has a support portion configured to support the circuit board from either one of the main sides. 14. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 11, wherein, the circuit board is connected with a cable, and a gap for allowing the cable to pass through is provided between the circuit board and the holding member in a side view. 15. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 11, wherein the circuit board is connected with a cable, and an upper end of the holding member is provided to a position higher than an upper end of the cable with reference to one of the main surfaces. 16. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 11, wherein the holding member is provided with a passage hole to allow a material of the mold member to pass through when the mold member is molded. 17. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 11, wherein the pair of openings pass completely through the two sidewalls. 18. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 11, wherein the pair of protrusion portions are located at a first end of the circuit board adjacent to the pair of openings. 19. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 18, wherein the circuit board futher has a second pair of protrusion portions located at a second end of the circuit board opposite the first end, and the second pair of protrusion portions protrude in opposite directions from each other. 20. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to claim 19, wherein each of the two sidewalls includes an elongated protrusion that projects from an upper end of the two sidewalls to engage the second pair of protrusion portions, and a support portion that extends underneath the circuit hoard, and the elongated protrusion and the support portion contact the main surfaces of the circuit board opposite one another. The present invention relates to a technique related to a structure for holding a circuit board mounted on a vehicle, for example, such as a circuit board used for a vehicle-mounted antenna device. Antennas provided on glass of vehicles are broadly classified into glass antennas and film antennas. In a glass antenna, an antenna element is embedded in advance in a glass plate such as the windshield or the rear window of an automobile. In a film antenna, an antenna element is affixed to a glass plate later. In either of these systems, a feed terminal and a ground terminal are provided on the antenna element side, and a circuit board is provided to connect these terminals with cables from external communication equipment such as a tuner. In general, this circuit board has, for example, an amplifier circuit mounted thereon for amplifying a reception signal from the antenna and is attached to a vehicle body (for example, a pillar) to be grounded. A known example of the structure for holding a vehicle-mounted circuit board (vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure) is mainly configured with a circuit board, a ground member, a cable crimp part, and an insulative cover, which are fitted in a catcher (Patent Literature 1, FIG. 1). Another known example has a structure in which a circuit board, one end of an antenna element, and respective core wires of an output cable and an electric supply cable are molded with resin so as to be encapsulated (Patent Literature 2, FIG. 2). When the insulative cover disclosed in Patent Literature 1 is used, a metal shield case is used in order to satisfy electrical requirements. For this reason, the number of components as well as the production steps is increased, and size reduction is difficult. Molding the circuit board with resin as disclosed in Cited Literature 2 is advantageous in that waterproof is high. However, the strength against external force on a particular surface of the circuit board or external force in a torsion direction is so poor that stress is exerted on an element on the circuit board or a connection portion with the cable to possibly reduce the mechanical strength. Since the antenna element used in an antenna device is installed, for example, on the windshield or the rear window of an automobile, the vehicle-mounted circuit board may be installed at a place with an insufficient space near the glass on the exterior of the vehicle, such as a pillar or an upper portion of glass of the vehicle. Size reduction as a whole is therefore required in holding a vehicle-mounted circuit board. The present invention is made in view of the foregoing, and an object of the present invention is to provide a vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure that ensures the mechanical strength for a vehicle-mounted circuit board, is highly waterproof, and is compact as a whole to hold the circuit board. According to an aspect of the present invention, a vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure includes a circuit board configured to process a signal from an antenna element; a holding member configured to hold the circuit board so as to sandwich the circuit board from both sides of a mount surface; and a mold member covering the circuit board and at least part of the holding member. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure, the holding member may include a U-shaped portion configured to hold the circuit board therebetween. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure, the holding member may have a base and a sidewall extending vertically to the base from an end of the base. The U-shaped portion may be provided to the sidewall. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure, the holding member may have a support portion configured to support either the mount surface or an opposed surface of the circuit board. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure, the circuit board may include a protrusion portion on at least one side surface thereof to support the circuit board by the holding member. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure, the circuit board may be connected with a cable, and a gap for allowing the cable to pass through may be provided between the circuit board and the holding member in a side view. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure, the circuit board may be connected with a cable, and an upper end of the holding member may be provided to a position higher than an upper end of the cable with reference to the mount surface. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure, the holding member may be provided with a passage hole to allow a material of the mold member to pass through when the mold member is molded. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the present invention ensures the mechanical strength for a vehicle-mounted circuit board, is highly waterproof, and is compact as a whole to hold the circuit board. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an appearance of a vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to a first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a circuit board and a holding member not covered with a mold member, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the first embodiment. FIG. 3 is a plan view and a rear view of the circuit board in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the first embodiment. FIG. 4 is a plan view and a side view of the holding member in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the first embodiment. FIG. 5 illustrates a method of holding the circuit board in the holding member, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the first embodiment. FIG. 6 is a side view of the circuit board held in the holding member, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the first embodiment. FIG. 7 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board is held by a holding member, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in a second embodiment. FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board is held by a holding member, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in a third embodiment. FIG. 9 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board is held by a holding member, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in a fourth embodiment. FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board is held by a holding member, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in a fifth embodiment. FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board is held by a holding member, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in a sixth embodiment. FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board is held by a holding member, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in a seventh embodiment. An embodiment of a vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an appearance of a vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 according to a first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a circuit board 2 and a holding member 3 not covered with a mold member M1, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 according to the first embodiment. A coordinate system is defined in FIG. 2 for convenience of explanation below and referred to in the description of the drawings. In the example described below, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 according to the present embodiment is a structure that holds a circuit board used for an antenna device mounted on a vehicle. Since an antenna element used in such an antenna device is installed on, for example, the windshield or the rear window of an automobile, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 is installed at a place with an insufficient space near the glass on the exterior of the vehicle, such as a pillar or an upper portion of glass of the vehicle, in order to obtain excellent antenna characteristics with a minimum effect of noise. It is therefore intended that the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 in the present embodiment should ensure the mechanical strength of the circuit board against external force, be highly waterproof, and be compact as a whole. FIG. 3(a) shows a plan view of the circuit board 2, and FIG. 3(b) shows a rear view of the circuit board 2. The circuit board 2 has a mount surface S1 and an opposed surface S2, which are a pair of main surfaces opposed to each other, and processes a signal from the antenna element. The mount surface S1 is a surface on which an element for processing a signal from the antenna signal is mounted. The opposed surface S2 is a surface opposite to the mount surface S1. As shown in FIG. 3, a first cable C1 from the antenna element is connected to the vicinity of one end of the circuit board 2, and a second cable C2 from a tuner for AM/FM/DAB or the like is connected to the vicinity of the other end of the circuit board 2. The first cable C1 and the second cable C2 are connected to the circuit board 2, for example, by soldering. In this example, the second cable C2 is connected to the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2. The first cable C1 extends via the opposed surface S2 opposite to the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2 and passes through a through hole (hole portion) passing through from the opposed surface S2 to the mount surface S1 to be connected to the mount surface S1. A variety of elements for an amplifier circuit and a filter circuit are mounted on the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2. In the present embodiment, single-side mounting is illustrated in which the circuit board 2 has the mount surface S1 on one side. Both-side mounting, however, may be employed in which elements are mounted additionally on the opposed surface S2. The first cable C1 and the second cable C2 may be connected to either the mount surface S1 or the opposed surface S2. For example, when the circuit board 2 is configured in the form of both-side mounting, the first cable C1 may be connected to the mount surface S1 through the through hole, and the second cable C2 may be connected to the opposed surface S2. Although the first cable C1 and the second cable C2 are connected to the circuit board 2 in the present embodiment, at least one of the first cable C1 and the second cable C2 may not be connected to the circuit board 2. For example, the first cable C1 for connecting the antenna element with the circuit board 2 is not required when a terminal in direct contact with the antenna element from the circuit board 2 is provided or when the antenna element is capacitively coupled to an element on the circuit board 2. As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the circuit board 2 has a rectangular planar shape as a whole and has first protrusion portions 11, 21 and second protrusion portions 12, 22 on side surfaces thereof to support the circuit board 2 by the holding member 3. That is, the circuit board 2 is expanded in the X direction at positions where the first protrusion portions 11, 21 and the second protrusion portions 12, 22 are provided, as compared with the positions where the first protrusion portions 11, 21 and the second protrusion portions 12, 22 are not provided. As shown in FIG. 3(a), ground patterns g11, g21, g12, g22 are provided to respective four corners of the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2 that include at least part of the first protrusion portions 11, 21 and the second protrusion portions 12, 22. These ground patterns are illustrated only in FIG. 3 and FIG. 5 and not illustrated in the other figures. FIG. 4 shows a plan view and a side view of the holding member 3. As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 4, the holding member 3 has a base 41 having a rectangular planar shape as a whole. A pair of sidewalls 50, 60 for holding the circuit board 2 are formed vertically from both ends of the base 41 upward (the +Z direction). A pair of U-shaped portions 51, 61 are provided to one ends of the sidewalls 50, 60. The U-shaped portions 51, 61 are provided to hold the first protrusion portions 11, 21 of the circuit board 2 therebetween and sandwich the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2 from both sides. In the U-shaped portions 51, 61, "U-shape" may have an opening in one place and opposing element members with the opening interposed therebetween, and the opening may be oriented in any direction. The opposing element members are opposed to each other as a whole so that the circuit board 2 inserted from the opening can be held therebetween. The portions that may come into contact with the circuit board 2 may not be formed in a straight line. The portions that may come into contact with the circuit board 2 may be formed in a curved shape or a serrate shape. A pair of first support portions 52, 62 are provided to positions away from the U-shaped portions 51, 61 in the front-back direction (Y direction) of the sidewalls 50, 60. As shown in FIG. 4, the first support portions 52, 62 are respectively formed so as to project inward from reference planes 50s, 60s of the sidewalls 50, 60 and are provided to support the opposed surface S2 opposite to the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2. The distance between the reference plane 50s and the reference plane 60s is set to be slightly larger than the width in the X direction of the part of the circuit board 2 excluding the protrusion portions so that the circuit board 2 can be inserted from above. On the other hand, the distance between the first support portion 52 and the first support portion 62 is set to be smaller than the width in the X direction of the part of the circuit board 2 excluding the protrusion portions. Second support portions 53, 63 are provided to the ends of the sidewalls 50, 60 on the side opposite to the ends provided with the U-shaped portions 51, 61. The second support portions 53, 63 are formed with elongated protrusions projecting from the upper ends of the sidewalls 50, 60 in the -Y direction and are provided to support the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2. As will be described later, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 in the present embodiment, the mold member M1 is molded by pouring a resin material into a mold with the circuit board 2 held by the holding member 3. In doing so, in order to pour the resin into the mold efficiently, as shown in FIG. 4, a passage hole 41a for allowing the resin material to pass through is provided to the base 41 of the holding member 3, and passage holes 50a, 60a for allowing the resin material to pass through are provided on the sidewalls 50, 60 as well. The sizes of the passage hole 41a and the passage holes 50a, 60a are set as appropriate so as not to significantly reduce the strength of the holding member 3. The provision of the passage hole 41a and the passage holes 50a, 60a also can reduce the weight of the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1. Notches 50b, 60b are formed at the joint portions with the base 41 in the sidewalls 50, 60. The notches 50b, 60b are provided in order to facilitate the process of bending the sidewalls 50, 60 with respect to the base 41. The lengths of the notches 50b, 60b are set as appropriate to such a degree that the rigidity in the bending direction of the sidewalls 50, 60 is not significantly reduced. As shown in FIG. 2, the base 41 may extend to an extension portion 43 with an inclined portion 42 interposed therebetween. The extension portion 43 has a fastening hole 43a for fixing to the vehicle body when the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 is mounted on a vehicle. The extension portion 43 has a relatively large area to provide a good grounding characteristic and, in addition, has the effects of electrostatic shielding and electromagnetic shielding. It should be noted that the provision of the inclined portion 42 and the extension portion 43 is not essential. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 may be fixed to the vehicle body, for example, with a double-faced tape and grounded, for example, at the middle of the second cable C2. As shown in the side view in FIG. 4, the inclined portion 42 is formed such that the extension portion 43 is lowered relative to the base 41 as viewed from the side (that is, arranged in the -Z direction relative to the base 41). This is to provide a sufficient gap between the opposed surface S2 of the circuit board 2 and the extension portion 43 when the circuit board 2 is held by the holding member 3, thereby securing a path for the first cable C1 connected to the opposed surface S2 of the circuit board 2. Although the first cable C1 extends in the -X direction in the example shown in FIG. 2, the provision of a sufficient gap between the opposed surface S2 of the circuit board 2 and the extension portion 43 in a side view of the holding member 3 (that is, viewed in the -X direction) enables the first cable C1 to be pulled out in either of the -X direction and the +X direction. Thus, the direction of pulling out the first cable C1 can be selected in accordance with the position where the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 is installed. The holding member 3 can be easily produced by cutting and punching a conductive flat plate, followed by a bending process. Referring to FIG. 5, a method of holding the circuit board 2 in the holding member 3 will now be described. In FIG. 3, a state ST1 shows a state in which the circuit board 2 is not held in the holding member 3, and a state ST2 shows a state in which the circuit board 2 is held in the holding member 3. To hold the circuit board 2 in the holding member 3, first, the first protrusion portions 11, 21 of the circuit board 2 are inserted into the openings 50c, 60c of the sidewalls 50, 60 of the holding member 3 from above. As shown in the state ST1 in FIG. 5, the first protrusion portions 11, 21 of the circuit board 2 are then rested on resting surfaces 51a, 61a of the U-shaped portions 51, 61, and the opposed surface S2 of the circuit board 2 is supported on the first support portions 52, 62 of the holding member 3. In this state, the second protrusion portions 12, 22 of the circuit board 2 are at positions away from the second support portions 53, 63 in the front-back direction (Y direction) and therefore not supported on the second support portions 53, 63. The circuit board 2 in the state ST1 is then slid in the +Y direction, and the first protrusion portions 11, 21 of the circuit board 2 are inserted into the U-shaped portions 51, 61 to bring about the state ST2. In the state ST2, since the first protrusion portions 11, 21 of the circuit board 2 have been inserted in the U-shaped portions 51, 61, the mount surface S1 and the opposed surface S2 of the circuit board 2 are supported by the U-shaped portions 51, 61. Also in the state ST2, the opposed surface S2 of the circuit board 2 is supported on the first support portions 52, 62 of the holding member 3 in the same manner as in the state ST1. In addition, because of the sliding of the circuit board 2 in the +Y direction, the second protrusion portions 12, 22 of the circuit board 2 come into surface contact with the second support portions 53, 63 of the holding member 3 on the opposed surface S2 side, and the opposed surface S2 of the circuit board 2 is supported by the second protrusion portions 12, 22. FIG. 6 illustrates the state ST2 in FIG. 5 as viewed from the arrow A (that is, a side view). As shown in FIG. 6, in the state in which the circuit board 2 is held in the holding member 3, the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2 is two-point supported on one side by the U-shaped portions 51, 61 and the second support portions 53, 63, and the opposed surface S2 of the circuit board 2 is two-point supported on one side by the U-shaped portions 51, 61 and the first support portions 52, 62. It can be understood that the circuit board 2 is thus stably supported by the holding member 3. In production of the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1, after the circuit board 2 is held in the holding member 3, the four corners of the circuit board 2 are soldered to the holding member 3. Specifically, as shown in the state ST2 in FIG. 5, in the state in which the circuit board 2 is held in the holding member 3, the ground patterns g11, g21 on the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2 are respectively disposed in the vicinity of the U-shaped portions 51, 61, and the ground patterns g12, g22 of the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2 are respectively disposed in the vicinity of the second support portions 53, 63. The ground patterns g11, g21 are then respectively soldered to the U-shaped portions 51, 61, and the ground patterns g12, g22 are respectively soldered to the second support portions 53, 63. The circuit board 2 thus can be grounded through the extension portion 43 of the holding member 3. As shown in FIG. 6, in the state in which the circuit board 2 is held in the holding member 3, the upper surfaces of the U-shaped portions 51, 61 and the second support portions 53, 63 are at a position higher than the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2 (that is, project above the mount surface S1). The soldering operation therefore can be easily performed in this state. After soldering at the four corners of the circuit board 2, the holding member 3 with the circuit board 2 held therein is set in a mold having a predetermined shape, and the mold is clamped and then filled with molten resin. In doing so, the molten resin can be efficiently charged because the holding member 3 is provided with the passage hole 41a and the passage holes 50a, 60a for allowing the molten resin to pass through. The molten resin is then hardened under a relatively low-pressure condition to mold the mold member M1. In order not to damage the second cable C2 in clamping the mold, the height H2 of the upper end of the holding member 3 may be provided to a location higher than the height H1 of the upper end of the second cable C2 with reference to the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2. In the example of the present embodiment, the upper end of the holding member 3 is the upper ends of the sidewalls 50, 60 (that is, the upper ends of the U-shaped portions 51, 61 or the second support portions 53, 63) with reference to the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2. The upper end of the holding member 3 can be set higher than the upper end of the second cable C2 to protect the second cable C2 from external force on the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 from above. The area where the mold member M1 is molded may include the entire circuit board 2 and at least part of the holding member 3, as shown in FIG. 1. That is, the holding member 3 may not be entirely covered with the mold member M1. As described above, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 in the present embodiment can hold the circuit board 2 in a compact size as a whole while ensuring the mechanical strength for the vehicle-mounted circuit board 2, because at least part of the circuit board 2 is held by the holding member 3 so as to be sandwiched from both sides of a pair of main surfaces, that is, the mount surface S1 and the opposed surface S2, and the circuit board 2 and the holding member 3 are covered with the mold member M1. In particular, in the present embodiment, the structure has a high strength against input from the top surface, the side surfaces, and the bottom surface, and torsion input and bending input and ensures a sufficient mechanical strength for the circuit board 2, because, as shown in FIG. 6, the circuit board 2 is fitted between the sidewalls 50 and 60 of the holding member 3 such that the cable connected to the circuit board 2 does not extend beyond the upper end of the holding member 3, and the holding member 3 has the base 41 and the U-shaped form in cross section formed with the sidewalls 50, 60. Moreover, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure does not require a component such as a cover and is compact as a whole and highly waterproof, because it is molded with the mold member with the circuit board 2 fitted in the holding member 3. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 in the present embodiment can be installed at any position on the exterior of the vehicle, because it is compact and highly waterproof. Although a pair of U-shaped portions 51, 61 are provided in the foregoing embodiment, embodiments are not limited thereto. That is, the circuit board 2 can be held even when the U-shaped portion is provided to either of the sidewalls 50, 60. Other embodiments of the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the present invention will be disclosed below. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to any of the following embodiments, the circuit board is held by the holding member so as to be sandwiched from both sides of the mount surface, and the circuit board and the holding member are covered with the mold member, whereby the same effects as in the first embodiment can be achieved. Referring to FIG. 7, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to a second embodiment will be described. FIG. 7 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board 2A is held by a holding member 3A, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the second embodiment. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 according to the first embodiment, the second support portions 53, 63 formed with elongated protrusions projecting from the upper ends of the sidewalls 50, 60 of the holding member 3 in the -Y direction come into contact with the second protrusion portions 12, 22 of the circuit board 2 to support the mount surface S1 of the circuit board. The mount surface of the circuit board, however, may be supported by any other method. That is, the second support portion may not be an elongated protrusion, and the circuit board may not have the second protrusion portion. As shown in FIG. 7, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the present embodiment is produced by inserting the circuit board 2A into the holding member 3A in the direction of the arrow to be held therein, and thereafter soldering the circuit board 2A and the holding member 3A and covering the circuit board 2A and at least part of the holding member 3A with a mold member. Unlike the first embodiment, second support portions 53A, 63A of sidewalls 50A, 60A of the holding member 3A are formed so as to be bent inward. The circuit board 2A is inserted into the holding member 3A from the direction of the arrow, whereby first protrusion portions 11A, 21A of the circuit board 2A are held in U-shaped portions 51A, 61A of the sidewalls 50A, 60A, and the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2A comes into surface contact with the lower surfaces of the second support portions 53A, 63A so that the mount surface S1 is supported. In FIG. 7, the second support portions 53A, 63A may not be provided as described above. In the configuration shown in FIG. 7, the holding member 3A is provided with the first support portions 52A, 62A to support the opposed surface of the circuit board 2A. The first support portions 52A, 62A, however, may be eliminated. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the foregoing embodiments, the U-shaped portion of the holding member is formed along the reference plane of the sidewall. The U-shaped portion, however, may not be oriented along the reference plane of the sidewall. For example, the U-shaped portion may be formed so as to be oriented inward (that is, so as to be U-shaped as viewed from the Y axis), unlike the foregoing embodiments. In this case, the U-shaped portion may not be located at an end portion of the holding member. Referring to FIG. 8, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to a third embodiment will be described. FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board 2C is held by a holding member 3C, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the third embodiment. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 according to the first embodiment, the mount surface S1 and the opposed surface S2 of the circuit board 2 are respectively supported by the first support portions 52, 62 and the second support portions 53, 63 of the sidewalls 50, 60 of the holding member 3. The first support portions and the second support portions, however, may not be provided. That is, the circuit board may be supported by the U-shaped portions alone. As shown in FIG. 8, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the present embodiment is produced by inserting the circuit board 2C into the holding member 3C in the direction of the arrow to be held therein, and thereafter soldering the circuit board 2C and the holding member 3C and covering the circuit board 2C and at least part of the holding member 3C with a mold member. Unlike the first embodiment, the holding member 3C does not have the first support portions or the second support portions. The circuit board 2C is inserted into the holding member 3C from the direction of the arrow, whereby first protrusion portions 11C, 21C of the circuit board 2C are held in U-shaped portions 51C, 61C of the sidewalls 50C, 60C. In this example, in order to support the circuit board 2C with the U-shaped portions 51C, 61C alone, the longitudinal lengths of the first protrusion portions 11C, 21C held in the U-shaped portions 51C, 61C are set to be relatively long. The lengths, however, may be set as appropriate. In the present embodiment, the U-shaped portions 51C, 61C may not be provided to end portions of the holding member 3C. That is, the U-shaped portions 51C, 61C can be provided to any positions in the longitudinal direction of the holding member 3C. In the foregoing embodiments, the U-shaped portion of the holding member is provided to a position on the opposite side of the first cable C1 in the circuit board in the longitudinal direction. The U-shaped portion, however, may be provided on the same side as the first cable C1 in the longitudinal direction. Referring to FIG. 9, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to a fourth embodiment will be described. FIG. 9 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board 2F is held by a holding member 3F, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the fourth embodiment. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 according to the first embodiment, the circuit board is rectangular. The circuit board, however, may not be rectangular. For example, the circuit board may be square or trapezoidal. FIG. 9 illustrates an example in which the circuit board is trapezoidal. As shown in FIG. 9, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the present embodiment is produced by inserting the circuit board 2F into the holding member 3F in the direction of the arrow to be held therein, and thereafter covering the circuit board 2F and at least part of the holding member 3F with a mold member. As shown in FIG. 9, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the present embodiment is produced by soldering the circuit board 2F and the holding member 3F after the circuit board 2F is held in the holding member 3F, and covering the circuit board 2F and at least part of the holding member 3F with a mold member. Unlike the first embodiment, since the circuit board 2F is formed in a trapezoidal shape as a whole, the U-shaped portion 51F of the holding member 3F differs from the U-shaped portion 61 F, and the first protrusion portion 11 F differs from the first protrusion portion 21 F, in length in the longitudinal direction. Referring to FIG. 10, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to a fifth embodiment will be described. FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board 2G is held by a holding member 3G, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the fifth embodiment. In the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure 1 according to the first embodiment, the circuit board is rectangular. The circuit board, however, may not be rectangular. For example, the circuit board may be circular or oval. FIG. 10 illustrates an example in which the circuit board is circular. As shown in FIG. 10, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the present embodiment is produced by inserting the circuit board 2G into the holding member 3G in the direction of the arrow to be held therein, and thereafter soldering the circuit board 2G and the holding member 3G and covering the circuit board 2G and at least part of the holding member 3G with a mold member. The holding member 3G in the present embodiment is in the form of a cube or a rectangular parallelepiped as a whole, and sidewalls 50G, 60G, 70G are formed on a rectangular or square base 41G The circuit board 2G is inserted into the holding member 3G from the direction opposed to the sidewall 70G. The sidewall 70G has a slit 700G having a width shorter than the diameter of the circular circuit board 2G, and the circuit board 2G is fitted in the slit 700G and held such that the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2G is sandwiched from both sides. Referring to FIG. 11, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to a sixth embodiment will be described. FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board 2H is held by a holding member 3H, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the sixth embodiment. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the present embodiment is an example, different from the fifth embodiment, of the circuit board holder structure in which the circuit board is circular or oval. FIG. 11 illustrates an example in which the circuit board is circular. As shown in FIG. 11, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the present embodiment is produced by inserting the circuit board 2H into the holding member 3H in the direction of the arrow to be held therein, and thereafter soldering the circuit board 2H and the holding member 3H and covering the circuit board 2H and part of the holding member 3H with a mold member. The holding member 3H in the present embodiment has two or more protrusions 30H (four in the example in FIG. 11) provided upward from a base 41H. The protrusions 30H of the holding member 3H are formed by, for example, cutting. The protrusions 30H each have a tapered shape with its diameter decreasing upward. On the other hand, the mount surface S1 of the circuit board 2H has two or more holes 20H (four in the example in FIG. 11). The holes 20H are fitted on the protrusions 30H of the holding member 3H from above, whereby the circuit board 2H is held in the holding member 3H. Although FIG. 11 shows a circular circuit board by way of illustration, the holding method in the present embodiment can be applied irrespective of the form of the circuit board. That is, a hole portion may be provided in the circuit board, irrespective of the form of the circuit board, and a protrusion corresponding to the hole portion in the circuit board may be provided in the holding member, so that the hole portion and the protrusion are coupled to each other. A protrusion may be provided on the circuit board, and a hole portion may be provided in the holding member. In a holder structure similar to the present embodiment, the circuit board and the holding member may be joined to each other using linear conducive members in place of the protrusions 30H. For example, two or more slots for allowing the linear conducive members to pass through are provided in the circuit board, and holding members formed with a pair of metal flat plates are provided above and below the circuit board so as to sandwich the circuit board. Both ends of the linear conductive member passed through the circuit board are respectively connected to the pair of metal flat plates serving as the holding members, for example, by soldering. Referring to FIG. 12, the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to a seventh embodiment will be described. FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating a manner in which a circuit board 2L is held by a holding member 3L, in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the seventh embodiment. The holding member used in the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure according to the foregoing embodiments is produced by shaping a conductive flat plate or additionally by cutting. The holding member, however, may not be in the form of such a flat plate. The holding member 3L shown in FIG. 12 is formed with a linear conductive material and is shaped in the form that holds the circuit board 2L as a whole. The conductive material is selected from materials that, though formed in a linear shape, can improve the strength of the circuit board 2L, in particular, in a torsion direction and a bending direction (for example, metals such as steel or hard resins such as POM). The holding member 3L can be fabricated by pressing a thin-wire metal material. The vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure in the present embodiment is produced by inserting the circuit board 2L into the holding member 3L in the direction of the arrow to be held therein, and thereafter soldering the circuit board 2L and the holding member 3L and covering the circuit board 2L and at least part of the holding member 3L with a mold member. Although a plurality of embodiments of the vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure of the present invention have been described in details above, the present invention is not limited to the description of the embodiments. The embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and changes without departing from the scope of the present invention, as a matter of course. For example, the technical matters described in the embodiments may be applied in combination as appropriate. In the foregoing embodiments, the holding member may be formed using a non-conductive material, rather than a conductive material. For example, the holding member can be formed of a hard plastic material to achieve the strength to the same degree as when it is formed with a conductive material such as metal. In the foregoing embodiments, the structure for holding a circuit board used for an antenna device mounted on a vehicle has been illustrated by way of example. The applicable range of the present invention, however, is not limited to an antenna device, and the present invention can be used for holding a circuit board in any other applications. 1 . . . vehicle-mounted circuit board holder structure, 2 . . . circuit board, S1 . . . mount surface, S2 . . . opposed surface, 11, 21 . . . first protrusion portion, 12, 22 . . . second protrusion portion, 3 . . . holding member, 41 . . . base, 41a . . . passage hole, 42 . . . inclined portion, 43 . . . extension portion, 43a . . . fastening hole , 50, 60 . . . sidewall, 50a, 60a . . . passage hole, 50b, 60b . . . notch, 50c, 60c . . . opening, 51, 61 . . . U-shaped portion, 51a, 61a . . . resting surface, 52, 62 . . . first support portion, 53, 63 . . . second support portion, C1 . . . first cable, C2 . . . second cable, M1 . . . mold member.

2019-04-24T08:00:59Z

http://patents.com/us-10117349.html

This Bill is less ambitious in its scope than its volume would lead one to believe. It is in no sense a far-reaching measure of social reform, but it deals with a number of practical matters affecting workmen's compensation which have become urgent as a result of war conditions. While it is a matter for regret that it is not a more far-reaching Measure, it is not, I think, an occasion for apology on behalf of the Government. When I went to the Home Office in 1939 the Royal Commission was sitting, and there appeared a reasonable prospect of my having the pleasure of being associated with a Measure completely overhauling our workmen's compensation system, which is in many respects an obsolete model of what a social service should be. Then came the war. The Royal Commission was unable to proceed with its task, and the immediate financial problem was dealt with by an agreed Measure, the Supplementary Allowances Act, 1940. It is disappointing to me that we have not been able to bring forward more far-reaching proposals. It is equally if not more disappointing to my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary, because I know that nothing would give him greater satisfaction during his tenure of office than to be responsible for a large Measure of reform of workmen's compensation. Our present Act is still modelled on the Measure introduced by Mr. Joseph Chamberlain in 1897. My right hon. Friend the Home Secretary has taken an active 1506 part in the negotiations which have led to this Bill, and it is only his arduous labours as a member of the War Cabinet which prevent him introducing it to-day. The work begun, so far as workmen's compensation is concerned, by the Royal Commission was continued, and has just been brilliantly concluded, by Sir William Beveridge. In these circumstances it is no matter for apology that this is only a limited Measure. Explanation and apology would indeed be required if directly after the publication of that epoch-making document the Government had taken any steps in regard to workmen's compensation which might prejudice consideration of, or might prejudge the issues raised in, the Beveridge proposals. This Bill is, therefore, limited in the first two Clauses to a matter on which the Government have been pledged to legislate for a long time past, and, so far as the remainder of the Bill is concerned, to difficulties which have arisen out of war conditions. The first two Clauses make provision for an industrial disease which has been the subject of an inquiry by a committee of the Medical Research Council which was begun in 1936. Since the Silicosis Scheme of 1929 was extended to apply to all underground workers in coal mines in 1934 the number of claims for compensation has steadily increased, and it was noticed as long ago as 1936 that the proportion of applications in which certificates were refused by the Medical Board was increasing also. This fact among others led to a suspicion that some other pulmonary disease existed among underground workers in coalmines which could not be said to be caused by silica dust but which, nevertheless, was due to the employment. The result of the medical inquiry was published early this year. It is exhaustive and, to the lay mind at any rate, conclusive. The investigations of the committee have established the existence of a form of pneumoconiosis, which differs from silicosis and cannot be said on 1507 present information to be due to silica dust. It can be distinguished by both radiological and pathological methods, and it is due to inhalation of airborne dust in the course of employment. It was found to exist not only in the anthracite area but throughout the South Wales coalfield, though its incidence and severity varied greatly in different regions. It was also found in surface workers employed on the screens and in coal-trimmers employed in the dockyards of South Wales. Although the inquiry was confined to South Wales, the disease was found under conditions which point to its occurrence in other coalfields. There is confirmation of this from the Silicosis Medical Board, who have examined cases from other coalfields similar to those found in South Wales. In the mines the root cause of the trouble is the dust which is inevitably produced in the normal process of coal getting and is accentuated by shot-firing. The reduction of the concentration of dust within limits which can be considered safe must be the main objective of everyone concerned. The purpose of Clause 1 of the Bill is to extend Section 47 of the Act of 1925, which enables compensation schemes to be made for fibrosis of the lungs due to silica dust or asbestos dust, so as to enable schemes to be made for any form of pneumoconiosis. It will enable a unified compensation scheme to be made for silicosis and the new form of pneumoconiosis found in coal workers. The liability for compensation in respect of future cases will fall, in accordance with the established principles of the present law, upon the individual employer, and it cannot be doubted that the cost of this new disease will fall most heavily on those employers already bearing a heavy burden in respect of silicosis, that is to say, the anthracite areas of South Wales. While this burden can so long as the present control of the industry continues be relieved by arrangements made under the Coal Charges Order, a serious difficulty will arise if and when the anthracite industry has once more to endeavour to maintain itself in open competition with other forms of fuel. When the silicosis schemes were introduced they applied only to persons engaged in the processes or industries at 1508 the time of, or after the passing of, the enabling legislation. These diseases, however, develop gradually over a period of years and it was thought most desirable in the present case to provide in some way for those who had already left the industry, as we recently did in the benefit scheme for workers in the card-rooms of the Lancashire cotton industry. Clause 2 of the Bill, therefore, enables a benefit scheme to be made for dealing with old cases, that is to say, the cases of men who have already left the industry since the comprehensive scheme for silicosis in coalmines was introduced in 1934, but who have no right under any scheme to compensation. It will be appreciated that employers have had no opportunity of insuring their liability in respect of such cases and there is no fund out of which provision for them can be made. It is proposed to provide a fund for them by means of a levy, spread over the whole of the coal raised in Great Britain, which it is calculated will probably not exceed one penny per ton, and that for a single year only. Since the industry is now subject to Government control and the profit margin is, in fact, fixed by the Government, the cost of this levy will be taken into account in fixing the industry's margin, that is to say it will, in effect, be passed on to the consumer, and the capital sum thus raised will be at the disposal of the administrative board charged with responsibility for operating the scheme. The scheme will continue as long as any old cases exist. It would, I think, have been unreasonable and unfair to have imposed this liability retrospectively upon the particular employers in whose employment the disease had been contracted. Under the scheme it is proposed to pay 15s. a week in addition to National Health Insurance benefits in cases of total incapacity, and a death benefit to a widow at a flat rate of £250. I think, therefore, there will be no dispute as to the merits of the first two Clauses of the Bill. Let us have a definition of that. —in its natural and ordinary meaning and has no technical significance. Clause 6 deals with a matter which has caused a considerable amount of dissatisfaction. Now that everyone, or practically everyone, who is capable of work is able to secure employment there are many injured persons engaged in industry. The amount of compensation payable to such persons is half the difference between their average weekly earnings before the accident and the amount which they are earning or, if unemployed, are capable of earning in some suitable employment after the accident. The object of this provision was, of course, to secure a gradual reduction in the workman's compensation as his earning capacity increases through improvement in his physical condition. The result has, however, been that where general all-round increases in wage rates have occurred, partially disabled men to whom wage increases have been granted have lost half of the advance through a consequent diminution of their weekly payment of compensation. 1510 The Act of 1925 assumed a fairly steady level both of wages and of cost of living. It did, however, provide by Section 11 Sub-section (3) for a review of compensation following on variations in wage rates of a general character in the case of long-term cases. This Section provided in certain circumstances and subject to certain limitations that the compensation figure might be the subject of review. Under that Section, if a workman could show, that, for a period of 12 months preceding the review, he would have earned, owing to higher wage rates, 20 per cent. more than he did in the corresponding period before the accident, his compensation could be recalculated upon the basis of what his pre-accident earnings would have been, if he had remained uninjured and continued in the same class of employment. The limiting factors in this Section of the Act of 1925 both as to time and as to percentage increase, are very severe. No doubt they were intended to avoid frequent reviews. Since the war, increases in wage rates have taken place over a wide field of industry. They benefit men on light work as well as the wholly able-bodied. The result has been that in thousands of cases of partial incapacity, compensation has been reduced under the rules laid down in Section 9 of the Act of 1925, although there has been no improvement in the workman's physical condition. It is, obviously, a source of grievance when a general increase, applicable to all workers of, say, 10s. a week, takes place, that disabled men, and only disabled men, should obtain half of the wage increment only, by virtue of forfeiting part or all of their compensation. It is true that, after 12 months or more, review under Section 11 (3) may be open to them, but, generally, disability does not last so long, and reduction of compensation operates immediately. Clause 6 is therefore designed so as to make a review of pre-accident earnings both immediate and automatic on changes occurring in rates of remuneration. It will operate both when wages rise and when wages fall, and the general effect will be, in cases of partial disability, to tend to stabilise the amount of the compensation payment. It is obvious that if 10s. a week, for example, is added to a disabled man's actual earnings and a similar sum is automatically added to the figure of his pre-accident earnings, the difference 1511 between the two figures will remain the same as it was before. When we first considered this matter our intention was to deal only with changes in the rate of remuneration which took place since the outbreak of war and only with cases of partial disability. If we had, however, limited it to post-war changes, it would have led to difficult and involved calculations in the case of a man who had been disabled before the war and in whose trade there had been some increase of wages before the outbreak of war. Moreover, since we propose, by Clause 6 (4) to repeal Section 11 (3) of the Act of 1925, some injustice might have occurred had the new provision applied only to wage increases which have occurred since 3rd September, 1939. It is logical and consistent to apply similar methods of automatic and immediate review in cases of total incapacity and, indeed, as Section 11 (3) is to be repealed, it is necessary to do so. Clause 7 deals with a minor point which has been urged upon us by the Trade Union Congress, in regard to the duties of the examining surgeon. Under Part II of the Act of 1925, in the case of industrial disease, a certificate of disability can be granted only by the examining surgeon for the district in which the disease was contracted and in which the workman was employed. Many workpeople have during the war been directed to work at some distance from their homes. Cases have arisen where, after returning home, disease has become apparent. We therefore take power to give directions which will empower an examining surgeon in the district in which a workman resides to give the necessary certificate. I need not say very much about the remaining Clauses of the Bill. Clause 3 gives statutory authority, as explained in the Financial Memorandum, for the Exchequer contribution towards the cost of the medical board for silicosis cases established under the Act of 1930. Clause 4 gives additional powers to the Ministry of Fuel and Power to deal with the suppression of siliceous dust produced by drilling. Clause 8 deals with the machinery established for the making of County Court rules governing the procedure in workmen's compensation cases. This Clause can be explained, if necessary, in greater detail during the Committee stage. Clause 9 has been included at the request of the 1512 Minister of Pensions. Hon. Members are aware of the terrible frequency with which deaths occur in the ranks of the Mercantile Marine owing to enemy action. The Ministry of Pensions in all cases desire, quite rightly, that there shall be no delay in granting a weekly payment to the dependants. In some cases subsequent inquiry shows that the claim is for workmen's compensation and not for pension. In such cases it is right and proper that the advances made by the Ministry should be recovered either from the employer liable to pay compensation or, where the employer has paid the money into the County Court, out of the money so paid. Clause 9 will enable this to be done and thereby assist the Ministry in its work. I should like to tell the House to what extent the proposals in the Bill have been accepted by the parties concerned. I have had many useful discussions with various representative bodies, which have brought out and clarified points of substantial importance. As regards pneumoconiosis the Mining Association have expressed fears as to the effect of the proposals on the production of fuel at the present time, and they suggested that consideration of the question of legislation should be deferred until after the war. They further took the point that the medical inquiry was confined to South Wales, and that the case for a scheme of general application to the whole of the mining industry had not been made out. I have dealt with the latter point earlier in my speech. As regards the former, I have made it clear that the Government is pledged to introduce this legislation at the earliest possible moment and I have informed them that it cannot be postponed. On all aspects of our proposals we have consulted the Compensation Committee of the Trades Union Congress. Their representatives, and particularly their Chairman my hon. Friend the Member for North Southwark (Mr. Isaacs), have been most helpful in their suggestions. They have informed us that they accept all the main proposals in the Bill without prejudice to their right to raise the whole question of workmen's compensation or any aspect of it at a later date. The British Employers' Confederation have also given us much assistance in the preparation of the Bill. They accept the proposals set out in Clauses 5, 6 and 7, although a heavy administrative burden 1513 will be placed upon them, and on the mutual and other insurance companies in the operation of Clause 6. This Clause will come into operation immediately and many thousands of cases will become the subject of immediate adjustment and review. It will clearly take some little time to make the necessary adjustments. I am sure every effort will be made to overcome the difficulties which will be involved. In conclusion I should like to pay a tribute to the valuable assistance rendered to the Home Office in the preparation of this measure by my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Fuel and Power. He and I have had long association with the coal industry in days gone by. We have often crossed swords on the Floor of this House, and we did so as recently as the passing of the Supplementary Allowances Act in 1940. We are both, however, by our past experience and by our present environment deeply interested in the human problem which lies behind the dry bones of this Workmen's Compensation legislation. Nothing could have exceeded the good will which has existed between my hon. Friend and myself, and it has been a great pleasure to me to be associated with him in the preparation of this Measure, which I hope will have a speedy passage through this House. In his remarks on Clause I, the hon. Gentleman gave the impression that this disease applied only to the mining industry. Does not this disease occur equally in the pottery and other industries? Many of us are deeply interested in the subject. My hon. Friend will observe that Clause I extends Section 47 of the 1925 Act, to enable schemes to be made applying to workmen suffering from any form of pneumoconiosis—that is to say, that in future, where a form of pneumoconiosis is established by medical inquiry and is proved to be specifically due to the employment, we shall be able to make schemes without coming back to this House. My only point was that the hon. Gentleman never mentioned it, although I read it in the Bill. The hon. Gentleman said that this was not a very far-reaching, but a very useful and ser- 1514 viceable, piece of legislation. I do not think he put his claim too high. Everybody on this side is agreed that this is an admirable amendment of a law which is unscientific and I think the hon. Gentleman said obsolete. No workmen's compensation is payable, under the law as it stands, unless it can be shown that the workman has suffered pecuniary loss in consequence of disablement through an accident in the course of his employment. This legislation deals with the position in regard to pecuniary loss. The first Clauses deal with silicosis, or pneumoconiosis—whatever term we give to this serious complaint—which is one of the deadliest enemies of men working underground in certain conditions. It is true that the incidence of silicosis is worse in some areas, and is only slight in certain coalfields, but it causes very serious loss indeed of man-power and of health. It is a very expensive evil, which has been manifest now for well over 20 years. In the area where it has become most prominent, the South Wales coalfield, I have observed in the last 30 years the effect on friends and workmates of my own who were strong workmen. Generally the best type of workmen were chosen particularly for the most hazardous places in the pit, and they became subject to strong concentrations of dust, which caused their death. I want to emphasise once again, as I have done for nearly 20 years, the point that, if the concentration of dust is heavy enough, there is no escape. In the South Wales coalfield, silica and possibly other mineral elements are in the rock more than is the case in any other coalfield, and wherever men work drilling stone in confined spaces without sufficient ventilation—and they breathe almost as much stone as air in some of these places—these men break down. You can measure their life almost with a sort of annual tape measure. I have seen these men dying. I am very glad that we have gone one stage further—not to the end I am sure—to establish a kind of diagnosis or test of these men to ascertain at what point they become entitled to attention and compensation. I hope that out of the scheme provided for in Clauses 1 and 2 and the further provisions of Clauses 3 and 4, there will come a regularly constituted board with a fund, financial resources, medical advice and a clinical organisation. I hope that 1515 the first and lasting result of the work we are trying to do will be to save lives and reduce the incidence of these terrible complaints and enable men to retain their places in an industry where men, normally, have a fairly long working life. We know that that life is very much shortened and there is much suffering and loss in consequence of this disease. I remember that when I was on the Royal Commission for Safety in Mines, I was very much touched by a letter I received from a woman in West Wales in the anthracite area. She wrote to me because she knew my name and the fact that I was on the Royal Commission. She told me, in simple and eloquent terms, of six deacons who had gone—elders of the Church, respectable, good men who played their part in the church life of the neighbourhood. Six of them no longer attended the services; they were to be found not on the elders' seats inside but in the churchyard outside. I could name more than 50 men that I have known very well, the very best of men, good and strong men, who have gone. The difficulty in getting anything done has been the difficulty of establishing the causation of disease and establishing a means by which something could be done to remedy and reduce the concentration of dust—dust is the enemy—to improve ventilation and give better health standards to men working under these conditions. I believe that this will be done by the Measure that the hon. Gentleman has rightly introduced. I take credit too, because I really did pioneer this proposal. I have for years and years worked in this House, and my name has been known to the Mines and Home Departments for nearly 20 years in connection with this subject. I have raised my voice in this House and I have been to the Home Office, and I am very glad to say that I believe they are coming nearer to the stage which leads to development of prevention. After much trial, X-ray photographs and post-mortems—horrible things but quite necessary in the effort to trace the disease—there has been discovered what is called dust reticulation, which is mentioned in this Bill. In my opinion it is not a disease but a skiagrammatic symptom which can be seen only in X-ray photographs. It is a symptom of the disease which previously eluded detection. We had not noticed it in the earlier stages. X-rays photography 1516 has also developed. We want to catch these cases as soon as we possibly can and take them out of the industry. The first and urgent need is prevention, and the second is clinical treatment. I have not given up hope of pharmacopeial or some kind of treatment which will arrest fibrosis and reinforce and strengthen the undamaged tissues. We welcome all these provisions and I am glad that the employers have consented to a levy. It is a joint responsibility; it is not the responsibility alone of an employer who happens to have a heavy disablement rate in his pit. This is the cost of coal and the price of coal must be adjusted to meet this liability. I do not think there are many Amendments which could be suggested at this stage but there is much work to be done yet. Years and years of hard work are ahead of us and if this is a beginning by the Ministry of Fuel and Power, the Home Office and this House, with the task of removing this evil from our mines, then it will be a good job of work. I want to say a few words about Clause 5, which deals with compensation to be paid to a widow who would qualify under the very difficult and complicated series of Acts passed since 1898. I have watched the working of them all. I was working in a pit before any one of those Acts had been passed and I remember as a boy helping to carry home on stretchers men who had had their spines broken. They were taken upstairs to bedrooms from which they never emerged alive. Every meal was carried up to them by their wives or children; they were faithfully attended sometimes for as long as 12 or 14 years before they died. They did not receive a penny piece in compensation. I played some part in the agitation which was necessary to move this House to deal with that matter. There has been much improvement since those days. When compensation was introduced a person had to be proved to be within a certain category of relationship before compensation was paid. The person had to be a father, mother, sister, brother or wife to receive compensation on the death of the breadwinner and not only had it to be proved that the beneficiary had a certain standard of relationship but the person had to prove actual dependency at the time of the death of the breadwinner. In these very difficult times women who were formerly engaged in minding 1517 the homes of the country have gone out to work, and there are cases in which women who formerly were fully dependent on their husbands are now earning more than the husbands who formerly maintained them. Under the law as it was, there is no possibility of establishing a claim for compensation unless they can prove actual dependency at the time of the man's death. This Bill puts that right. There is one small point to which I would like to refer, because it may be raised in Amendments on the Committee stage. In Clause 5, lines 34 and 35, it is provided that: The tribunal may disregard those earnings…and accordingly may treat the widow as wholly or partly dependent upon the earnings of the workman at the time of his death. We shall propose that the word "may" be deleted and the word "shall" inserted. We feel that if this is not done, it may lead to a terrible amount of unnecessary litigation and controversy when the war has finished and the time comes, which we hope may not be long, when the wife becomes dependent on the husband, as she normally would be, and should be, in my opinion. Clause 6 contains a very well deserved provision. I have been associated with other hon. Members on this side in the past in making constant appeals in regard to this matter. I have known some very hard cases. This provision attempts to put right something which has been wrong for a long time. The basis upon which compensation is paid to a man, whether he is totally or partially incapacitated, is that if he was earning £3 a week before being injured, the compensation would be 30s. a week. In 1940, some addition was made to that, but the basic idea is that he should get one-half of his wages up to a maximum of 30s. If the person then recovers sufficiently to do light work, although he still suffers from partial incapacity, and goes back to work, he may get £2 a week, for instance, instead of the £3 a week he got formerly. He then gets half the difference by way of compensation, making a total of £2 10s. a week. He is, therefore, 10s. a week worse off because he was injured, although he works all that he can and does the job given to him and the one he can perform having regard to his disabled condition. 1518 During the war wages have gone up, and a man who earned £3 a week before the war may earn £4 10s. a week now because of war advances. Under the law as it is at present—this Bill will change it—such an injured man, getting £2 a week on light work and receiving half the difference, that is to say 10s., would, by reference to the wages now paid in the industry, suffer a loss of 30s. a week. This Bill, instead of putting such a man's pre-accident wage at £3, would put it at £3 plus the 30s. a week by which wages in the industry have been advanced since his accident. He can now come again to within 10s. of his neighbour's earnings, because he gets the full wage advance without sacrificing the 10s. a week partial compensation which had been based upon 50 per cent. of the difference between £2 and his actual pre-accident earnings of £3 per week. There is something else to be done in this case, but that is not before the House to-day. This is putting the thing very much more right than it was before, and every workman will welcome it very much. Those whom I know so well who were injured in 1927 and 1928, when wages were not more than £2 5s. a week, and who have mow gone back on light employment will be very grateful to those who have brought this concession about. There are one or two other little Amendments in this paragraph which will be dealt with by other speakers. I am sure we are doing a good job of work to-day. I hope the Government will not resist these suggested changes but will give way and join with us to make as good a job of this as we can until an opportunity comes for a larger review of the whole thing. I, too, welcome the Bill as an instalment long overdue which ought to have been passed years ago. I was very glad to hear the Under-Secretary say it is now recognised that our Workmen's Compensation Acts are obsolete. Whereas we were the pioneers in this matter in 1897, I believe that to-day our system of dealing with workmen's compensation is almost the worst of any country in the world, for this reason, that all We have contented ourselves with doing is to pay half wages at a time when a man requires much more, and no steps have been taken to rehabilitate him and put him 1519 back into industry. Surely we, who have been pioneers, should have attended to that long ago. Injury has been caused to men arising out of their work and during their work, and the only reason why compensation was not being paid was that it was not regarded as an accident. I should like to draw attention to the position of quarrymen, especially slate quarrymen. I was glad to hear the question put to the Under-Secretary, and his reply that this is to be extended to other matters than coal. The only two speeches that have been made so far have dealt purely with the position of coalminers, but the position of some of those working in the slate quarries of North Wales is even more serious. I shall never forget hearing the evidence of doctors attending to quarrymen at Festiniog. They go down to the bowels of the earth in the same way as the coalminers, and they have now reached a gallery which is about the 17th down. The evidence was that the amount of air was so small and the dust so bad that candles would not burn if they were allowed to stand upright, and they had to have their heads turned down to keep them alight. I sent the evidence straight away to the Home Office and other Government Departments, asking that something should be done forthwith, but nothing has been done to this day. The evidence of the doctor was that that very morning before he came to give evidence before me he had conducted a post-mortem examination of the body of a strong man of 41. At 28 he was a shepherd, and therefore absolutely healthy. At 41 he was dead, and the doctor said that his lungs were like two bricks. Festiniog graveyard is full of such men. I want an assurance that this Bill and the Regulations will be extended to meet these terribly hard cases. The Bill is not enough, but for the time being we shall have to accept it. I hope that in a short time we shall have a Bill, not to keep these men on half pay, but to rehabilitate them. I want to join the hon. Gentlemen who have extended a welcome to this five-point Bill, which is the result of a reasonable amount of negotiations. The proposal to provide for the victims of mine dust will be welcomed very much in South Wales. The recent report indicates the extent of this 1520 disease throughout the industry. In some collieries as many as 50 per cent. of the men engaged have reached the stage where they have become disabled by pneumoconiosis. The proposal to disregard the earnings of widows in war work will reassure the womenfolk. The proposal to transfer to the injured some of the benefits of the increasing wages which they would have had were it not for the accident will lessen the injustice which these men and their families have laboured under for a long time. Although it lessens those injustices, it does not remove them. We shall have something to say about that during the Committee stage. The other points of the Bill are more or less helpful in meeting the small injustices which have arisen cut of framing and paying workmen's compensation. In general, we welcome the Bill, and we are satisfied that it is an honest attempt to meet a number of grievances. The necessity for its speedy passage is a reflection of the need of remedies. Our men want relief and want it soon, and mining Members do not want to delay the Bill. May I compliment the Home Secretary, in view of what has been said outside, upon his readiness to deal with the obvious injustices which we have brought to his notice? He has been subjected to criticism outside, but it is our view that he has shown a commendable readiness to meet all the representations that have been made to him in South Wales. In the negotiations he has been assisted by the Under-Secretary for the Home Office and the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Fuel. There is every reason to commend them for the efforts they have made in trying to arrive, at this solution. The only fear we have is that they may weary in well doing. This Bill amply redeems what was promised except for one of the Clauses which we will discuss on the Committee stage. While we pay tribute to the honesty of the endeavour which has so far been made and which we hope will be continued, it must not be assumed that the incomes of industrial casualties are such as to give us satisfaction. It is still a matter for shame that we treat the victims of industry in the way we do. Let me cite one example, a silicosis case which was mentioned before the Royal Commission. This man is and was totally disabled by silicosis. He; was paid 20s. 5d. per week for total disablement. He has a wife and six 1521 children to maintain on that. That was in 1938. Since then, I agree, he has had the benefit of the War Additions Act, 1940. Because of the seven-eighths rule he now gets 35s. instead of 20s. 5d., but is it a matter for pride that a man who has sacrificed himself in the mining industry has to keep himself and six others upon 35s. a week? Under these proposals he will, it is true, get £2 15s., but is that adequate to maintain seven people? That is what the Under-Secretary for the Home Department will have to justify when we come to discuss Clause 5. I have taken the worst case I can find, a case in which the maximum benefit obtainable under this Bill is shown with clarity. The best this Bill will do is to even up injustices; it fails to provide a standard comparable to that which obtains in any of the administrative departments of our social life. I chose the worst case deliberately, but let me take the average case. It is safe to assume that 27s. is about the average weekly payment under the 1925 Act. That figure may now go up a bit. All this Bill will do on that point, and I agree that it is something which we were not promised, is to level up those payments to 30s. a week. Can this House defend such a payment when recently it agreed in the case of women rather raising their rate when they are idle or casualties from £2 12s. to £3 10s.? The injured miner is still the worst-treated casualty in the life of the nation. If his wife gets hurt in a Royal Ordnance factory she will get her full wages for 13 weeks. If his daughter gets hurt in Civil Defence work, she will get her full wages for six months. If his son falls on the pit top when he is doing fire watching, he will get £3 12s. a week for six months. But if the miner himself stumbles over the same obstacle at the same place on the pit top the most he can get is 35s. a week. Surely this is a matter to which this House ought to give more attention. Let me put it this way: A man who may be careless about the national interest and his responsibilities and who takes a day off to go to dog-races will, if he is injured by an enemy bullet, get 7s. a week more compensation than a man who goes down into the pit and gets the coal with which to make the bullets to fire at the enemy. How can we defend that? The Government in our view must keep it firmly in 1522 mind that excellent as some of the proposals in this Bill are it is not to be regarded as a substitute for the pressing need of raising the rates of workmen's compensation. The hon. Member who introduced this Bill said that the Acts as they stood were an obsolete model. To some of us they are not an obsolete model but a garment that is worn out and smothered with many patches. To-day the Government have brought forward a new series of patches, which are very welcome, but we must bear in mind that some of these patches do not cover the bare spots. It reminds me of a little boy at school in London. The teacher noticed that he had a new patch on his trousers and that it was rather light in colour. She said to him, "Johnny, that is a very light patch," to which he replied "Garn, that's not a patch, that's me." I am afraid some of these patches will still leave some great injustices. There have been enough references to the mining industry to make it unnecessary for me to say anything more about it, even if I were competent to do so, but on the question of diseases I would mention that it is 10 years since the Trades Union Congress suggested to the Home Office that pneumoconiosis should be covered by workmen's compensation. It has taken all these years for the Home Office to find out that what the Trades Union Congress said 10 years ago was right, and that it is included in this Bill is due very much to the Under-Secretary, whose activity and interest in this matter we so much appreciate. I would like to mention something about the widows and their loss of earnings. Even here not everything is covered by the Bill, which is limited to a female member of the workman's family, if she was acting as his housekeeper. We all agree that in this case "housekeeper" has the meaning given to it in the dictionary and not what was given to it in a certain police court in London. There are other female members. They may be a daughter, a sister or a mother who was absolutely dependent upon the workman and upon his compensation, but is able to do in the war some minor kind of work of a character which will not exist when the war ceases. We might find that injustices will remain there. With male 1523 members of the family, there may be a son who was absolutely dependent upon the family before, but to whom war work of some kind has been possible. I could quote instances of men who thought they would never be able to do work again because of their disability and who were dependent upon their fathers, but who have now found work in the war effort, which will shortly come to an end. We shall still get difficulties remaining. On Clause 6 and the question of partial earnings, it is clear that a workman is entitled to half the difference between his pre-accident earnings and his post-accident earnings, but there are three examples of how this works out quite differently. Let us assume that he is in a lower-paid job. His pre-accident wage was 60s. per week and in the new job is 40s., a difference of 20s., which gives him 10s. as the partial loss of wages. If his pre-accident job is now raised to 70s., and his present light job remains at 40s. there is a difference of 30s., and he is entitled to 15s., that is, half the loss. He therefore earns 40s. and gets 15s., a total of 55s. He is only 5s. better off, and so is the insurance company, which save 5s. out of his compensation. Why that should come into the picture we do not quite know. That is not the point. It would be an advance in wages, and it would go on to his present earnings. There are three separate instances: the case where a man's post-accident earnings increase, but not his pre-accident earnings; the case where his pre-accident earnings increase and not his present earnings; and the case where both increase. I was trying to give the example of one of these cases. In the case where his present earnings increase by 10s., going on to 15s., and at the same time his pre-accident rate is increased by 10s., making it 70s., there is still a difference of 20s. and no difference in the amount of compensation which he receives. In the case where the injured man is doing light work and his wage of 40s. is increased to 50s., and there is no increase in his pre-accident rate, which remains at 50s., his compensation could be reduced, because there is only 10s. difference between the pre-accident rate and the present earnings. Compensation is reduced to 5s. in that case, and the man 1524 loses 5s. therefore, of the wage increase. We appreciated, in the discussions with the Ministry, that these were difficult points, though if we had approached them in the way the Ministry first suggested, there would have been injustices and inequalities elsewhere. We feel that we should take the best that can be got under the circumstances and although we point these things out we do not raise them as matters of objection. Clause 7, which deals with the question of the Home Office certifying surgeon being allowed to certify in the district where the man lives in addition or in place of the locality where he worked, is a very valuable concession indeed. I have had experience of a man who came from Leeds and worked at Watford. His home was in Leeds. He became ill at Watford and went back to Leeds. There he was advised that his trouble was an industrial disease. He had to travel back to Watford to get his certifying certificate from the surgeon. While accepting this Bill, we want to place on record our claims for the early correction of other faults in workmen's compensation. We have had statutory committees, rehabilitation committees, Royal Commissions, all of which have pushed matters off. I want to set out the particular things we want to see remedied: the basic rate of benefit; the calculation of average earnings; compensation for women workers with children dependent on them; complete alteration of the medical referee system; and the necessity for a rehabilitation system. In spite of these shortcomings, this Bill is welcome. I speak for the Trades Union Congress and its Compensation Committee to say that we welcome this Bill, especially as it is to be put through very quickly. In spite of being charged with exchanging a battle of bouquets with the Parliamentary Secretary, and while thanking him for what he said, I wish he had not said it, so that I might say what I am going to say with less embarrassment. In our frequent interviews with him we have been impressed, first, by his great knowledge of this Bill, the painstaking care he has always exercised in dealing with it, and, above all, his courtesy and gentlemanliness to us when we have worried him over such long periods of interviews. In thanking him, we say this merely in anticipation of the favours to come. I do not think it would be right if all the tributes paid to my hon. Friend came from the other side of the House, because there has always been a section of the Conservative Party which has taken a keen interest in Workmen's Compensation measures. As one of them I welcome this Bill as fully as anyone in the House. But I do not wish just to hand out another bouquet. I rise for the purpose of saying that I welcome the Bill particularly, because it shows that the Home Office is coming round to the point of view that it is worth while amending details of the Workmen's Compensation Acts in piecemeal fashion. I cannot help feeling—I have often said it—that the interests of the injured workman have suffered very materially because neither the Home Office nor any party in this House has been content to deal with the Workmen's Compensation Act bit by bit, piecemeal. The hon. Member who preceded me has enumerated a list of points that need attention, and I could add others. I re-echo what he said, and if the Home Office are not weary of well-doing, and are not content to sleep on their few laurels, I suggest that later on, perhaps even during this Session, they introduce other Bills covering other points regarding workmen's compensation. The volume of literature on the subject is colossal. I should like to refer in particular to the monumental and comprehensive work of the late Sir Arnold Wilson. I miss him more deeply and mourn for him more deeply than for any other Member of Parliament who has lost his life or died, since I entered this House. He died a hero's death in this war at the age of 54. He is one of the greatest men I have had the privilege of knowing. He wrote a remarkable work on workmen's compensation. His collaborator, Professor Hermann Levy, still happily with us, has brought out a second volume, which I think some Members have read. His works and those of certain other students could suggest several useful minor reforms in the Workmen's Compensation Acts, which could be brought forward as this Bill has been. In particular, there is the question of rehabilitation. I believe that all along we have gone on the wrong principle. We have said that the employer's responsibility is fulfilled if he gives a partially-injured workman a pit- 1526 tance upon which to eke out his existence. It ought to be considered just as much in the interests of employers as in that of individual workmen that men should be restored to a wage-earning capacity. I will not go on, because I know that my hon. Friend is anxious to get up and reply to some of the bouquets that have been hurled at him; I will only say this. The Beveridge Report refers to workmen's compensation. That is all very fine and large; but does that mean that once more reform of the whole system is going to be put off until the Beveridge Report is adopted? I hope that this precedent of introducing small, detailed, piecemeal Amendments to those Acts will be followed. I welcome this act on the part of the Home Office, and I hope they will carry on. I would be less than human if I did not say how grateful I am to my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary to the Home Office for his tribute to what little I have been able to do in bringing in this Bill. With regard to Clauses 1 and 2, my interest in this subject of occupational chest diseases goes back 32 years. I remember that, in the days when we used to talk about Lowe's disease in the Loxley Valley, we had a committee of inquiry, through the Y.M.A., in 1911 and 1912. We had well-built men with their biceps and triceps completely withered, and frequently they used to die. In the course of examination, a lung which was petrified was brought down to the Home Office, and that largely led to the initiation of the first scheme for some form of payment for silicosis disease. Members of my own family who after the Boer War went back to South Africa and worked in the gold mines got what we then called miners' phthisis, and they paid the penalty. This Bill, which confers on the Home Secretary wide general powers to make schemes as occasion warrants, is a big departure from the first scheme which came before the House of Commons. Those who are familiar with Macaulay's Essays will recall that, even at that time, he referred to grinders in Sheffield dying like flies from the silica coming from the silica wheels. It ought to be made perfectly clear that this does not apply only to the mining industry. The immediate scheme, indeed, was a result of the Medical Research 1527 Council's Report, largely on South Wales. Silicosis was an internationally-agreed definition, agreed at Johannesburg in 1930. There were a large number of people in the South Wales coalfield, particularly in the anthracite portion, who had undoubtedly a disease which totally incapacitated them, and which made death almost certain; but they had no claim to compensation, because their disease did not come within the definition of silicosis. Now we get the wider definition of pneumoconiosis. I am certain that as time goes on we shall find a less tongue-twisting word; though I have said it so often lately that I could repeat it backwards. I think we are all agreed that Clause I is welcome and much overdue. The very big scheme we can talk about later. It is not merely the fact that we have to pay compensation for occupational chest diseases. That is all right. We have to get down to prevention and, if needs be, cure. I was myself tried as an experiment 25 years ago for a preventative measure of curing silicosis in a certain coalfield. I worked a full day in the coalpit, with respirator, cutting coal to see how it worked out. We were in a hard end heading where the pick used to fly about to within 1–16th of an inch from either ear. Stripped to the waist and with sweat pouring from one, the respirator became like a piece of blotting paper within 25 minutes. But I still believe that there is something in preventative measures, and in Clause 4 of the Bill the House can take it that we intend, as a Ministry of Fuel and Power, to do everything we possibly can to bring about preventative measures. Certain things have been done. I may say without egotism that a good deal was done while my hon. Friend the. Member for Gower (Mr. Grenfell) was Secretary for Mines. When I went to the Department I made it my duty immediately to ask for papers relating to any preventative measures which had been put either into operation or suggested in different coalfields. I went through them very carefully indeed. I found that a good deal had been done, but that there was still a good deal more that needed doing. Whatever might be said about hostility and suspicion in the industry—and perhaps we in the mining industry have been rather prone to delay preventative measures because we have had to pay for them—there is the utmost 1528 co-operation in trying to bring about whatever can be done by way of prevention and cure. A Section in the 1911 Act, under which Regulations were issued, was considered to be perhaps a little too narrow or too restricted to permit the preventative measures we had in mind coming into operation. Therefore, Clause 4 is put into this Bill for that purpose. There is not time to go into detail about preventative measures, but hon. Members can take it that preventative measures have been developed to suit the various dust-producing operations in mining districts, including the control of shot-firing, the removal of debris and dust from roads, and so on, and we shall endeavour to do all we possibly can in that direction. With regard to the cost, two or three references have been made with regard to the pneumoconiosis scheme. It so happens that of all useful reforms in this country, the only one that has cost the State nothing is workmen's compensation. That is the liability of the individual employer, who covers himself, therefore, by insurance or by co-operation among employers. We would have liked to have spread the cost of this risk over the entire mining industry. But the opposition does not come from us. Among miners there are good comradeship and a good deal of clannishness, but do not imagine for one moment that when the pneumoconiosis scheme comes into operation all the cases will be from South Wales. In my opinion, there are quite a number of cases in other districts which will come in under the pneumoconiosis definition. It perhaps would have been as well if we had had the risk spread over the entire industry, but we have had to do the best we can. With regard to the benefit scheme, it will not possibly need more than one levy of a penny a ton. That may be sufficient to deal with all cases which at the moment anyone can see with accuracy. With regard to Clause 1 and 2, whatever the joint Ministries can do to ease the burden and provide some remedy will be done. The hon. and learned Gentleman the Member for Montgomery (Mr. C. Davies) rightly stressed the position of those in slate quarries. I understand that in 1939 underground workers in these quarries were brought within the scheme. If there is any doubt on the matter, I 1529 will certainly look it up in the next two or three days and communicate with him, but I think he will find that the point has been met. This Bill never aimed at altering the structure of the present workmen's compensation; it aimed at removing and remedying three or four different anomalies or injustices that were created by the war. Take, for instance, the question of the woman who is working and whose husband is killed. Because she is working, the widow has been denied the £300 because she was not totally dependent upon her husband. Instead, she gets £175. We were asked to try and safeguard the partially incapacitated man with regard to war-time earnings. Well, this Bill is not limited to mining. It would have been a social injustice and politically inexpedient to try and legislate for one particular industry on that point. It applies to all. This gives automatic review both of the totally incapacitated and the partially incapacitated cases, and I will show where there is some benefit in it. Suppose a man was injured in 1933 or 1934 and had an average wage of £2 per week. He was then drawing compensation of 22s. 6d. a week, being half his earnings and half the difference between £1 and 25s. In his particular class of work now his wages have advanced. That man will be able to get automatic review and go up to the ceiling figure. The partially incapacited man, as a general principle, will have restored to him his partial compensation that may have been removed as a result of any wartime increases in his wages. Will full compensation be restored in every case? We want to get this Bill through in the next few minutes, and I cannot go into that now, but when we come to examine the Clause in detail there will be an opportunity to deal with that point. All I have time to say now is that this is a very welcome Bill, and I am sure my hon. Friend the Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, with whom I have crossed swords so often, is very happy about the way in which it has been received. I am more concerned about the welfare of our injured workmen than in making a long speech, and I will conclude by asking the House to accept this Measure. Forward to WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION [MONEY].

2019-04-24T00:45:50Z

https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1942/dec/08/workmens-compensation-bill

01. This standard aims to prescribe and guide the principles and methods of accounting intangible fixed assets, including: criteria of intangible fixed assets, time of recognition and determination of the initial value, costs incurred after initial recognition, determination of the value after initial recognition, depreciation, liquidation of intangible fixed assets and some other regulations serving as basis for recording accounting books and making financial statements. 02. This standard applies to the accounting of intangible fixed assets, except where other standards permit the application of other accounting principles and methods to intangible fixed assets. 03. A number of intangible fixed assets may be contained within or on physical objects like compact discs (in cases where computer software is recorded in compact discs), legal documents (in cases of licenses or invention patents). In order to determine whether or not an asset containing both intangible and tangible elements is accounted according to the regulations of the tangible fixed asset standard or intangible fixed asset standard, the enterprises must base themselves on the determination of which elements being important. For example, if computer software is an integral part of the hardware of a computer, without it the computer cannot operate, such software is a part of the computer and thus it is considered a part of tangible fixed asset. In cases where software is a part detachable from the related hardware, it is an intangible fixed asset. 04. This standard prescribes the expenses related to the advertisement, personnel training, enterprise establishment, research and development. Research and development activities oriented at the knowledge development may create an asset in a physical form (i.e. models) but the physical element only plays a secondary role as compared with the intangible component being knowledge embedded in such asset. 05. Once the financial-leasing intangible fixed assets have been initially recognized, the lessees must account them in the finance-leasing contracts according to this standard. The rights under licensing contracts to films, video programs, plays, manuscripts, patents and copyright shall fall within the scope of this standard. b/ expected to yield future economic benefits for the enterprise. Intangible fixed assets mean assets which have no physical form but the value of which can be determined and which are held and used by the enterprises in their production, business, service provision or leased to other subjects in conformity with the recognition criteria of intangible fixed assets. Research means a planned initial survey activity carried out to obtain new scientific or technical understanding and knowledge. Development means an activity of applying research results or scientific knowledge to a plan or design so as to make products of a new kind or to substantially renovate materials, tools, products, processes, systems or new services before their commercial production or use. Historical cost means all costs incurred by the enterprises to acquire intangible fixed assets as of the time of putting these assets into use as expected. Depreciation means the systematic allocation of the depreciable value of intangible asset throughout their useful life. Depreciable value means the historical cost of an intangible asset recorded in the financial statement minus (-) the estimated liquidation value of the asset. b/ The quantity of products, or similar calculating units which the enterprise expects to obtain from the use of the assets. Liquidation value means the value estimated to be acquired upon the expiry of the useful life of an asset, after subtracting (-) the estimated liquidation cost. Residual value means the historical value of an intangible fixed asset after subtracting (-) the accumulated depreciation of the asset. Reasonable value means the value of assets which may be exchanged between the knowledgeable parties in the par value exchange. c/ Prices are made public. 08. In order to determine whether or not intangible resources specified in paragraph 07 meet the definition of an intangible fixed asset, the following factors shall be considered: Identifiability, resource controllability and certainty of future economic benefits. If an intangible resource fails to satisfy the intangible fixed asset definition, the costs incurred in the formation of such intangible resource must be recognized as production and business expenses in the period or as pre-paid expenses. Particularly for those intangible resources the enterprises have acquired through enterprise merger of re-purchase character, they shall be recognized as goodwill on the date of arising of the purchase operation (under the regulations in paragraph 46). 09. Intangible fixed assets must be separately identifiable so that they can be clearly distinguished from goodwill. Goodwill arising from the enterprise merger of re-purchase character is shown with a payment made by the asset purchaser in order so as to possibly obtain future economic benefits. 10. An intangible fixed asset is considered identifiable when the enterprises may lease, sell or exchange it or acquire concrete future economic benefits therefrom. Those assets which can only generate future economic benefits when combined with other assets shall be still seen as separately identifiable if the enterprises can determine with certainty future economic benefits to be brought about by such assets. 11. An enterprise is in control of an asset if it has the right to acquire future economic benefits yielded by such asset and, at the same time, is able to limit other subjects' access to these benefits. The enterprise's controllability of future economic benefits from intangible fixed assets, often derives from legal rights. 12. Market knowledge and expertise may bring about future economic benefits. The enterprise may control these benefits if they have legal right, for example: Copyright, aquatic resource exploitation permit. 13. If an enterprise has a contingent of skilled employees and through training, it may ascertain that improvement of their employees' knowledge would bring about future economic benefits, but it is unable to control these economic benefits, therefore the enterprise cannot recognize such as an intangible fixed asset. Leadership talent and professional techniques shall not be recognized as intangible fixed assets except where these assets are secured with legal rights to use them and acquire future economic benefits and, at the same time, meet all the requirements of the intangible fixed asset definition and recognition criteria. 14. For enterprises which have customers' name lists or market shares, if they have neither legal rights nor other measures to protect or control economic benefits from the relations with customers and their loyalty, they must not recognize these as intangible fixed assets. 15. Future economic benefits yielded by intangible fixed assets for the enterprises may include: Turnover increase, saved costs, or other benefits originating from the use of intangible fixed assets. All value criteria prescribed by current regulations are met. 17. The enterprises must determine the degree of certainty to acquire future economic benefits through using reasonable and grounded assumptions on the economic conditions which will exist throughout the useful life of the assets. 18. Intangible fixed assets must have their initial value determined according to their historical cost. 19. The historical cost of a separately-purchased intangible fixed asset consists of the buying price (minus (-) trade discounts or price reductions), taxes (excluding reimbursed tax amounts) and expenses directly related to the putting of the asset into use as planned. 20. Where the land use right is purchased together with houses and architectural objects affixed on the land, its value must be separately determined and recognized as intangible fixed asset. 22. If an intangible fixed asset is formed from the exchange involving payment accompanied with vouchers related to the capital ownership of the establishment, its historical cost is the reasonable value of vouchers issued in relation to capital ownership. 23. The historical cost of an intangible fixed asset formed from the process of enterprise merger of re-purchase character is the reasonable value of such asset on the date of purchase (the date of enterprise merger). 24. The enterprises must determine the historical cost of intangible fixed assets in a reliable way for separate recognition of these assets. - The price of the operation of trading in similar intangible fixed assets. 25. If the operating market for assets does not exist, the historical costs of intangible fixed assets shall be equal to the amounts the enterprises should have paid on the date of purchase of the fixed assets under the condition that such operation is carried out objectively on the basis of available reliable information. In this case, the enterprises should consider carefully the results of these operations in correlation with similar assets. b/ If an intangible asset is purchased through enterprise merger of re-purchase character but its historical cost cannot be determined reliably, the asset shall not be recognized as a separate intangible fixed asset but accounted as goodwill (under the regulations in paragraph 46). 27. Where no operating market exists for intangible fixed assets purchased through enterprise merger of re-purchase character, the historical cost of intangible fixed assets shall be the value at which they do not create negative-value goodwill which arises on the date of enterprise merger. 28. The historical cost of an intangible fixed asset is the right to use land for a definite term when the land is allocated or the payment made when receiving the land use right lawfully transferred from other persons, or the land use right value contributed to joint-venture capital. 29. Where the land use right is transferred together with the purchase of houses and/or architectural objects on the land, the value of houses and/or architectural objects must be determined separately and recognized as tangible fixed assets. 30. The historical cost of an intangible fixed asset which is allocated by the State, donated or presented, is determined according to the initial reasonable value plus (+) the expenses directly related to the putting of the assets into use as planned. 31. The historical cost of an intangible fixed asset purchased in the form of exchange for a dissimilar intangible or another asset is determined according to the reasonable value of the received intangible fixed asset or equal to the reasonable value of the exchanged asset, after adjusting the cash amounts or cash equivalents additionally received or paid. 32. The historical cost of an intangible fixed asset purchased in the form of exchange for a similar intangible fixed one, or possibly formed through its sale in exchange for the right to own a similar assets (similar asset are those with similar utilities, in the same business field and of equivalent value). In both cases, no profit or loss is recognized in the exchange process. The historical cost of the received intangible fixed asset is equal to the residual value of the exchanged intangible fixed asset. 33. Goodwill created from within the enterprises shall not be recognized as assets. 34. Costs incurred to generate future economic benefits but not form intangible fixed assets because they fail to satisfy the definition and recognition criteria in this standard but to create goodwill within the enterprises. The goodwill created within the enterprises shall not be recognized as assets since they are not identifiable resources, nor appraisable in a reliable way nor controllable by the enterprises. 35. The difference between the market value of an enterprise and the value of its net asset value recorded on the financial statement, which is determined at a certain point of time, shall not be recognized as an intangible fixed asset controlled by the enterprise. 37. If the enterprise cannot distinguish the research stage from the development stage of an internal intangible asset-creating project, it must account all incurred costs related to such project as expenses so as to determine the business results in the period. 38. All costs incurred in the research stage shall not be recognized as intangible fixed assets but as production and business expenses in the period. d/ Formulas, designs, evaluation and final selection of alternative methods for materials, tools, products, processes, systems, services, new or further improved. g/ They are estimated to meet all criteria for use duration and value prescribed for intangible fixed assets. d/ Designing, developing and manufacturing on a trial basis substitute materials, tools, products, processes, systems and services, new or improved. 42. Trademarks, distribution right, customers' name list and similar items formed from within the enterprises shall not be recognized as intangible fixed assets. 43. Intangible fixed assets created from within the enterprises shall be initially appraised according to their historical costs consisting of all costs incurred from the time the intangible assets satisfy the intangible fixed asset definition and recognition criteria prescribed in paragraphs 16, 17 and 40 until they are put into use. The costs incurred before this point of time must be included in production and business expenses in the period. 44. The historical cost of an intangible fixed asset created from within an enterprise consists of all directly related expenses or allocated according to rational and consistent norms at all stages from designing, construction, trial production to preparation for putting the asset into use as planned. d/ General production costs allocated into the asset according to rational and consistent norms (for example: allocation of the depreciation of workshops, machinery, equipment, insurance premiums, and rents of workshops and equipment). c/ Cost of training of employees to operate the assets. a/ Costs of creating part of the historical cost of an intangible fixed asset satisfying the intangible fixed asset definition and recognition criteria (prescribed from paragraph 16 to 44). b/ Intangible assets formed from the process of enterprise merger of re-purchase character, which fail to satisfy the intangible fixed asset definition and recognition criteria, these costs (included in the asset re-purchase expenses) shall form part of the goodwill (including cases where goodwill bear a negative value) on the date of decision of enterprise merger. 47. Those costs incurred to yield future economic benefits for the enterprises but not recognized as intangible fixed assets, shall be recognized as production and business expenses in the period, excluding those costs specified in paragraph 48. 48. Those costs incurred to generate future economic benefits for the enterprises, including enterprise establishment cost, personnel-training cost and advertising cost incurred before the newly-set up enterprises start to operate, costs for the research stage, relocation cost, shall be recognized as production and business expenses in the period or gradually allocated into production and business expenses in the maximum period of three years. 49. Costs related to intangible assets, which have been recognized by the enterprises as costs of determining the business operation results in the previous period, shall not be re-recognized as part of the historical cost of intangible fixed assets. b/ These costs are appraised in a certain way and associated with a specific intangible asset. 51. Those costs which are related to intangible fixed assets and incurred after initial recognition shall be recognized as production and business expenses in the period, except when these costs are associated with a specific intangible fixed asset and help increase economic benefits from such asset. 52. Those costs which are incurred after the initial recognition and related to trademarks, distribution right, customers' name list and items of similar nature (including those purchased from outside or created from within the enterprise) shall be always recognized as production and business expenses in the period. 53. After initial recognition, in their use process, the intangible fixed assets shall be determined according to their historical cost, accumulated depreciation and residual value. 54. The depreciable value of an intangible fixed asset must be systematically allocated throughout its estimated reasonable useful life. The depreciation period of an intangible asset shall not exceed 20 years. Depreciation shall start from the time the intangible fixed asset is put into use. b/ The life circle of products and general information on the estimates related to the useful life of identical types of fixed assets which are used under similar conditions. h/ The dependence of the useful life of the intangible fixed asset on other assets in the enterprise. 56. For computer software and other intangible fixed assets which may become technically obsolete rapidly, their useful life is often shorter. b/ Justify the reasons for the estimation of the assets' useful life in the financial statements. 58. If the control of future economic benefits from intangible fixed assets is made possible by virtue of legal rights granted within a given period, the useful life of the intangible fixed assets shall not exceed the effective time of the legal rights, except when such rights are extended. 59. Economic and legal factors affecting the useful life of intangible fixed assets include: (1) Economic factors decisive to the period in which future economic benefits are obtained; (2) Legal factors restricting the period during which the enterprise controls these economic benefits. The useful life is a period shorter than the above-said periods. 60. The depreciation methods applicable to intangible fixed assets must reflect the mode of recovering economic benefits from such intangible fixed assets of the enterprises. The depreciation method used for each intangible fixed asset shall apply uniformly in many periods and may be changed when there appears a significant change in the enterprise's mode of recovering economic benefits. The depreciation cost for each period must be recognized as a production and business expense, unless it is included in the value of other assets. By to the straight-line depreciation method, the annual depreciated amount is kept unchanged throughout the intangible fixed asset's useful life. According to the declining-balance method, the annual depreciated amount gradually declines throughout the asset's useful life. The units-of-output method is based on the estimated total quantity of products the asset will create. b/ There is an operating market at the end of the asset's useful life and the liquidation value may be identified through the market price. When none of the above-mentioned two conditions exists, the liquidation value of an intangible fixed asset is determined as zero (0). 63. The depreciable value is determined as equal to the historical cost minus (-) the estimated liquidation value of the asset. 64. The liquidation value is estimated when an intangible fixed asset is created and put into use on the basis of the prevailing selling price at the end of the useful life of a similar asset which has been operating under similar conditions. The estimated liquidation value shall not rise when there appear changes in price or value. 65. The period and methods of depreciation of intangible fixed assets must be reconsidered at least at the end of every fiscal year. If the estimated useful life of an asset sees a big difference from the previous estimates, the depreciation period must be modified accordingly. The method of depreciation of intangible fixed assets may be changed when there emerges a significant change in the way of estimating the economic benefits recoverable for the enterprises. In this case, the depreciation cost in the current year and subsequent years must be adjusted, which must be justified in the financial statements. 66. Throughout the time of using intangible fixed assets when it is deemed that the estimated useful life of an asset is no longer suitable, the depreciation period must be adjusted. For example, the useful life may prolong as a result of more investment in raising the asset's capability as compared with the original operating capability appraisal. 67. Throughout the useful life of intangible fixed assets, the way of estimating future economic benefits which the enterprises expect to obtain may be changed, and so the method of depreciation need to be changed accordingly. For example, the declining balance depreciation method proves more suitable than the straight-line depreciation method. 68. Intangible fixed assets shall be recorded as decrease when they are liquidated, sold or deemed to generate no economic benefits in subsequent use. 69. Profits or losses arising from the liquidation or sale of intangible fixed assets shall be the difference between incomes and liquidation or sale costs plus (+) the residual value of the intangible assets. Such profits or losses shall be recognized as an income or a cost on the in the business result report in the period. Reasons for an intangible fixed asset to be depreciated in over 20 years (when giving these reasons, the enterprises must point out the important factors in the determination of the useful life of the asset). Other changes concerning intangible fixed assets. h/ Intangible fixed assets being developed.

2019-04-23T23:57:40Z

http://russellbedford.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&catid=18&Itemid=19

What’s Wrong About Darwin’s Theory of Evolution ? This article is part one. Left magazine cover courtesy of New Scientist. According to Graham Lawton in a 2009 article in New Scientist, Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life , this “iconic concept of evolution, has turned out to be a figment of our imagination.” Darwin’s tree has been rendered obsolete by the discovery of Horizontal Gene Transfer. Instead of a Tree, we have a new model represented by a network of inter-related life forms. Left Image: This “Tree of Life” sketch is seen in Darwin’s notebook (Image: courtesy of Mario Tama / Getty). This isn’t the only flaw in Darwin’s theory. Since 1859 when Darwin wrote his theory evolution, there has been considerable progress in molecular biology. In 1953, the double helix structure of DNA was elucidated by Watson and Crick, along with its genetic code. In 2003, the genetic code for the entire human genome was sequenced. These advances provoked a paradigm shift in thinking about evolution. Darwin’s simple 19th century Theory of Evolution required drastic revision in order to incorporate all this new knowledge. The idea of evolution of life from the simple to more complex is an old idea and can be found in ancient writings. Darwin’s theory started with this concept and sought to explain the mechanism. of evolution. Darwin’s theory of evolution is the idea that over many generations, small incremental changes lead to emergence of entirely new species. This idea seemed plausible to professional animal breeders with extensive experience “breeding-in” desirable traits in their dogs, horses or livestock. Darwin’s idea was that “Mother Nature” would act in place of the professional animal breeder. Nature would select traits which provided survival advantage, and reject traits that impaired survival. Animals with better survival advantages would win the battle for reproduction. This is called “Natural Selection“. In 1859, Charles Darwin then took the next step. He proposed Natural Selection as the mechanism for evolution. Left Image Darwin Gets a Haircut Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. 1) Random genetic mutations in the herd provide variation. 2) The genetic variants most adapted for survival will survive, while less adapted will not. This is called Natural Selection. Just as Newtonian Physics has been superceded by new physics of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, so too have Darwin’s 19th century ideas been antiquated and replaced. Darwin’s mechanism of evolution has been found insufficient to explain new discoveries in molecular biology. Current knowledge of the human genome, and cell biology reveals that random mutations in the genome are insufficient to create new species. Quite the opposite, genomic changes have been found to be non-random, and predictable in a process described as “Genetic Engineering”. James A Shapiro at the University of Chicago proposes Genetic Engineering as the new mechanism for evolution. He says that genome change is a regulated biological function, and natural genetic engineering processes are subject to biological feedback at multiple levels. Here is his slide show about Natural ENGINEERING OF GENOME STRUCTURE by James A Shapiro. Interview with Dr. James Shapiro : Evolution Paradigm Shift by SUZAN MAZUR May 2012. How does random change (mutation) in the genome add information to a genome to create progressively more complicated organisms? Lack of Gradualism in the Fossil Record. Left image courtesy of Stephen Jay Gould. Another flaw in Charles Darwin’s original theory is the geological record which did not support Darwin’s prediction of gradual transition between life forms. To explain this lack of gradualism in the fossil record, Stephen Jay Gould invented a new theory called Punctuated Equilibrium. Rather than finding gradual transition forms in the fossil record, paleontology has found sudden bursts in appearances of life forms, as well as long periods of stasis or little change in the fossil record. One example of this is the Cambrian Explosion about 555 million years ago when 40 body plans appeared over a ten million year period with no preceding transition forms. These findings had to somehow be incorporated into Darwin’s theory, adding to the complexity of the theory. Thus, the invention of “punctuated equilibrium”. Left: Cover of Time Magazine 1995 Cambrian Explosion. Cornelius Hunter author of Science’s Blind Spot: regards Punctuated Equilibrium as a form of “Post-Hoc” reasoning to be analogous with the Epicycles of the pre-Newtonian Geo-Centrists who claimed the earth was the center of the universe. Galileo’s telescope disproved Geocentrism. How does the first living cell arise spontaneously to get evolution started? The spontaneous origin of life is called abiogenesis, and Neo-Darwinism does not even address this issue. Science doesn’t have a clue as to how the first living organisms originated. Stephen Meyers refines this question further as the question of the origin of “biological information” encoded in the DNA of the first cell. We have no scientific explanation for the appearance of this first information. The Human Genome Project showed that only 1-2% of Human DNA codes for proteins, or about 25,000 genes. Are these enough to account for the complexity of the organism? What is the other 98% of the genome’s function? We don’t have answers to these questions yet. In the recent past, this non-coding DNA had been called “junk DNA”, a misnomer and a false prediction made by neo-Darwinists resulting in the delay of molecular biology research for the past 25 years. New research suggests this 98% of the genome, the “junk DNA”, is not junk and in fact is very functional. It regulates development and gene expression. Does this non-coding DNA also direct the evolution of the species? We don’t know yet. New findings in molecular biology by scientists like Dr. Shapiro and Dr. Stern are leading the way. The Central Dogma says that genetic information follows in only one direction from the genome to the protein. The discoveries of reverse transcriptase and retroviruses showed reversed flow of information back to the genome from the environment. A new concept called the “fluid genome“ replaced the Central Dogma. This has profound implications for evolutionary theory. Another promising new theory of evolution is “Directed Evolution” described in Michael J. Denton’s book, “Nature’s Destiny: How the Laws of Biology Reveal Purpose in the Universe”. Denton suggests a concept called “directed evolution” in which changes in the genetic code leading to speciation (new species), which were previously thought to be caused by random mutations, are instead “directed” by the genomic information contained in the DNA (possibly in the non-coding portion of DNA previously called “junk DNA”). New findings in molecular biology by Shapiro at U of C and by Stern at Princeton are lending support to this view. An analogy is drawn from embryology, in which the genetic code in the DNA directs the tiny embryo to follow well defined steps to “evolve” into the mature organism. This idea can be applied to evolutionary theory itself. The intracellular nuclear DNA could contain “directed information” for the steps leading from primitive life forms to more complex life forms in over billions of years of evolution. Hopefully, we will see more of these fascinating ideas in print over the next few years. A small particle of water grows into a beautiful snowflake with no two patterns alike. The snowflake is a complex orderly object which arises because of the self-organizing properties of molecules of water. There is no need to invoke randomness as an explanation. Likewise, the first life forms could have arisen from the self-organizing properties of matter without invoking randomness as an explanation. Another new approach is called evo-devo and Sean Carrol’s Book, Endless Forms Most Beautiful: attempts to reconcile new findings in molecular biology and embryology with the theory of evolution. If you plan to study the topic of evolution, a good place to start is Gert Korthof’s web site which exhaustively reviews dozens of new books on evolution, intelligent design, evo devo, molecular biology, etc. “We are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should be encouraged” . “As to its ability (neo-Darwinism) to explain the evolution of organisms (as opposed to the evolution of gene systems), it has not, after some 60 years of development, delivered a very convincing mechanism.” see: Natural Selection neo Darwinian theory of evolution 2006 Salthe. Left image courtesy of Stanley Salthe. 3) Stuart Kauffman professor at the University of Calgary with a shared appointment between biological sciences and physics and astronomy. He is the author of The Origins of Order, At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization, and Investigations. 4) Lynn Margulis Distinguished University Professor Microbial Evolution and Organelle Heredity Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts.”She does, however, hold a negative view of certain interpretations of Neo-Darwinism, excessively focused on inter-organismic competition, as she believes that history will ultimately judge them as comprising “a minor twentieth-century religious sect within the sprawling religious persuasion of Anglo-Saxon Biology.” Left Image courtesy of Lynn Margulis and Carl Sagan. 5) David Stern, group leader at the Janelia Research Campus. From 2008 to 2011, he was an HHMI investigator at Princeton University. According to a 2005 poll, 112,500 or 15% of licensed physicians in the US reject neo-Darwinism. An even greater number, 315,000 believe that “God initiated and guided an evolutionary process that has led to current human beings.” There are 750,000 licensed physicians in the US. a full one third of phyicians polled selected Intelligent Design. That extrapolates to 250,000 physicians accept Intelligent Design rather than neo-Darwinian Evolution. Science tells us that all Life evolved from matter originating 15-20 billion years ago at an event called the “Big Bang”, or “Singularity”. This theory suggests that first inanimate matter and then life forms evolved from this singularity event. This theory also implies that all life forms share a common ancestor going back in time to that first instant of the “Big Bang”. In addition, the genetic code is universal for all life forms, implying that all life forms are related by a common ancestor, a common design, or both. (Note: the genetic code translates encrypted DNA codons into amino acid sequences). Update 2018: Mitochondrial DNA Bar-code study contradicts Darwinian Evolution. They propose that most present-day animal species, including humans, arose in the past 100,000 to 200,000 years. Stoeckle, Mark Y., and David S. Thaler. Why should mitochondria define species bioRxiv 2018. “A straightforward hypothesis is that the extant populations of almost all animal species have arrived at a similar result consequent to a similar process of expansion from mitochondrial uniformity within the last one to several hundred thousand years” Quote. Although our current knowledge indicates all life forms are related and share a common ancestor, the exact mechanism of evolution has not yet been elucidated by science. Some day, in the future, science may discover the mechanism. 1) How the Universe originated. 3) The Correct Mechanism of Evolution. 4) How Human Intelligence Originated. What general principles operate in genome function and genome reorganization? • Natural genetic engineering processes are subject to biological feedback at multiple levels. Contributor Edward Sisson sees the key question in the debate over biological evolution as whether all life is “the result of chance events occurring in DNA (or perhaps elsewhere) that are then ‘selected’ in some fashion without the need of any guiding intelligence”, thereby undergoing “unintelligent evolution”, or whether at least some of the diversity of life on earth can be explained only through “intelligent evolution”, in which “an intelligent designer (or designers)” causes preexisting species to undergo designed changes in DNA. His view is that “no data has been found that amounts to real evidence for unintelligent evolution as the explanation for the diversity of life”, that “science is ignorant of how the diversity of life came to be”, and that “an intelligent cause is necessary to explain at least some of the diversity of life as we see it”. DARWINIAN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND THE LIFE SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY by Roland F. Hirsch. This essay was originally published in “Uncommon Dissent” (ISI Books, 2004) edited by William Dembski. 3) the discovery that much of the portions of the genome that do not code for proteins is not “junk DNA” but in fact has a critical function; and the observation that expression of genes is controlled by regulatory circuits that are as complicated and as precisely arranged as the most sophisticated engineering diagrams. To sum up this section, Darwinian evolutionary theory failed, in this author’s view, to anticipate several key discoveries about genetics, inheritance, and gene expression and development. In each case, evolutionary theory should have guided researchers to make these discoveries, but in fact the opposite seems true: changes were made in evolutionary theory after the fact to account, for example, for the significance of horizontal gene transfer or to explain the complexities of regulation of gene expression. Conclusion: I have no doubt that these and other technology-driven advances in the life sciences present a serious challenge to the validity of the main principles of Darwinian evolutionary theory. Much of what was taught forty years ago has had to be unlearned or has become irrelevant; much of what today’s experiments and field research reveal about life cannot be explained by the evolutionary theory of the past. Life as revealed by new technologies is more complicated than the Darwinian viewpoint anticipated. Thus evolutionary theory, which was considered to be a key foundation of biology in 1959, today has a more peripheral role. Adam S. Wilkins, the editor of the review journal BioEssays, put it this way in introducing an issue of his journal devoted to evolution in December 2000: The subject of evolution occupies a special, and paradoxical, place within biology as a whole. While the great majority of biologists would probably agree with Theodosius Dobzhansky’s dictum that “nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution,” most can conduct their work quite happily without particular reference to evolutionary ideas. “Evolution” would appear to be the indispensable unifying idea and, at the same time, a highly superfluous one. Perhaps the reader will recognize from the preceding examples that to assume all one needs to know about an organism is contained in its genome is an unsatisfactory way to study biology. The much anticipated completion of sequencing the human genome—and of many other genomes—has only revealed that life is more complex than the previously dominant gene-oriented evolutionary theory led scientists to believe. Biologists are now increasingly turning to a systems approach to study biology, using, for example, the concepts of engineering and design. There is good reason to believe that this trend will continue as the 21st century progresses. In the view of this author, modern science makes it possible to be a scientifically informed doubter of Darwinian theories of evolution. 6) Problems with the Darwinian Mechanism Materialistic naturalism—the foundational principle of evolution—is not a science at all, but a philosophy. It is an assumption, designed to eliminate God by definition. Thus evolution is deeply rooted in the philosophical assumption of materialism. Biochemist Roland Hirsch, in an essay published in 2004, while noting that the Darwinian theory of evolution, in the Darwin Centennial Year of 1959, was confidently proclaimed to be the foundation of the science of biology, maintains that “such confidence is not warranted today,” because “new technologies have revealed that life is more complicated than was imagined in 1959” (Hirsch, p. 1). d) the finding that “the expression of genes is controlled by regulatory circuits that are as complicated and as precisely arranged as the most sophisticated engineering diagrams” (Hirsch, pp. 2-3). But, says Hirsch, “how could a function requiring multiple proteins in a cellular machine ever arise through the required random mutations that developed one protein molecule at a time and in a stepwise manner, and gave no intermediate product with any function that would allow Darwinian natural selection to work?” (Hirsch, p. 11). To Roland Hirsch it is clear that the accepted idea of organisms evolving from simple to complex does not apply to the protein synthesis machinery that works “with a precision exceeding that of the most complicated devices designed and engineered by humans” (Hirsch, p. 13). It is Hirsch’s general conclusion that much of what was taught forty years ago in keeping with Darwinian theory “has had to be unlearned or has become irrelevant,” because it cannot explain much of what today’s experiments and field research reveal about biological life (Hirsch, p. 19). FRANCIS S. COLLINS AND THE LANGUAGE OF GOD reviewed by John F. McCarthy [Francis S. Collins, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief (New York: Free Press – Simon and Schuster, 2006 – viii plus 294 pages – available also from Amazon.com ] Part I. Random Change Versus Intelligent Design. dr dach. The AAAS Board recently passed a resolution urging policymakers to oppose teaching “Intelligent Design Theory” within science classrooms, but rather, to keep it separate, in the same way that creationism and other religious teachings are currently handled. dr dach. What's Wrong About Darwin's Theory of Evolution ? Central to Darwin's Theory is the "Tree of Life". The massive tree trunk represents simpler life forms such as amoebas, protozoas, and one-celled organisms etc. This entry was posted in Darwin Evolution, Embryology, NeoDarwinism and tagged Darwin, Evolution, James A Shapiro, Michael Denton, Stanley N. Salthe, Stuart Kauffman by Jeffrey Dach MD. Bookmark the permalink. 1. mischaracterization of the science has allowed you to arrive at some seriously false conclusions. for example “tree of life” is not science but a metaphor for the science. the fact that single cell life forms exchange genes in no way changes the theory. not one thing you have mentioned negates or denies the process called natural selection, but rather alters the opportunities on which natural selection occurs. 2. there is no logically conceivable “proof” that natural selection cannot explain a phenomenon. one can only say that to date the details are not yet sufficiently understood. 3. intelligent design is not a hypothesis. it cannot be tested. it cannot be negated. but there is plenty of proof that natural design by natural selection has produced some pretty unintelligent solutions, such as viruses and other disease vectors that destroy their hosts. human life is fragile in many ways that intelligent design could not have devised if it were intelligent. how is this intelligence intelligent and if it were so intelligent why do virtually all species go instinct. evolution is a complete history of mistake followed by mistake, massive extinctions, disappeared experiments in adaptation. every successful new species is marked by species failures. intelligent evolution is n oxymoron. it makes no sense. the fact that 90% plus of fertilized human eggs fail to come to term is proof of the huge waste and stupidity of it all. In other species one out of a million survive to adulthood. patent nonsense. The above quote is very revealing in that it discloses an irrational “belief’ in an old paradigm, Natural Selection as the proposed mechanism of evolution. New revelation from genetics, molecular biology and cell physiology have rendered Natural Selection inadequate to explain diversity of life. Natural Selection is a useful concept for 19th century professional animal breeders who lived before the invention of molecular biology, the electron microscope and the genetic code. We now have Genetic Engineering as described by James A Shapiro, professor of genetics at the University of Chicago as an alternative explanation that best fits the experimental data. Yet people still cling to the old belief system. This was true for the Geo-centrists of the 16th century as it is for the Neo-Darwinists of today.

2019-04-23T12:23:31Z

https://jeffreydachmd.com/2015/01/whats-wrong-darwins-theory-evolution/

Here is Violaine’s London city guide! You’ve been asking for a London guide for a while and I thought you’d like to have my friend Violaine’s best spots. She is the fashion director of Velour Magazine, and she’s lived there for 9 years… The girl knows what she’s talking about ! How would you describe London to someone who has never been? It’s big, grey, arty, busy, young with lots of parks and pubs and most importantly you have to get used to people saying “sorry” all the time for no reason, which leads to funny situations in public transports sometimes: Wait a second, why did I just say sorry to the crazy lady who stomped on my shoes?! What is your neighborhood, why did you choose to live there ? Bethnal Green in East London. I love it there because it’s situated between Victoria Park (feels like a village) and Shoreditch (the busiest area of East London where my office is). It means I can walk to work and on the week-end I can walk to the park and to the Flower Market on Columbia Road. What are your other favorite neighborhoods and why? I love Notting Hill as it has great vintage and antiques and apart from the week-end when it’s absolutely crazy, it’s not really touristy and really feels like the London you see in the movies. It has a great cinematic atmosphere. This city is huge ! How do you get around ? That’s the main problem in London. People stay in their area as it’s so difficult to get around. Taxis are very expensive, so most of the time going out in a different neighborhood feels like an adventure. My advise is live where your friends live! High Street is really big in London, which stores are your favorite and how often do you go ? I go to Topshop once in a while. I like Zara too but most of the things are too big for me… They do great pants so sometimes I grab a few pairs and have them tailored. They also do great shoes but I’m a size 2 and they never have shoes small enough for me! Zara, if you hear me? And how about the department stores ? Harvey Nichols is the best for browsing as they do great buying and the selection is not too overwhelming. They also have a great food hall on the 5th floor and on the ground floor the beauty brands that you can’t find anywhere else. Also, they have a Brow Bar where I get my eyebrow shaped for almost 6 years now. It’s the best place for threading! The staff is gentle and experienced, to give your eyebrows a clean natural look. Your favorite spot to buy vintage? London is one of the best cities for vintage. Hunky Dory on the corner of Bethnal Green Road and Brick Lane is my favorite. The two owners travel all year round through Europe and have the best eye for 40s and 50s dressing. This era is the best for me because of the small waist. They also have great antique jewelery in Camden Passage in Islington (no to be confused with Camden market which is still mainly for questionable tattoos and cyber/goth clothing) and Spitalfield market every Thursday for clothes and furniture. Where can you always spot the fashion crowd? East London is where lots of fashion PR companies have been relocating recently. It always have been the gritty part of London. (When I used to go out there 9 years ago when I moved to London I remember thinking how dirty it was!). But now it’s becoming the place where everything happens, where all the designers live and there’s even a Fashion Street! Where do you meet boys (I am talking for my single friends) ? Hmm that’s a tough one to answer without being all Carrie Bradshaw about it.. “I couldn’t help but wonder…Where can you meet men?” Haha To be honest, I’m still wondering. I met my boyfriend at Shoreditch House if that helps anyone ha! Is everybody crazy about One Direction? Are you? Hahaha No. I think they’re actually even bigger in America. Like in NYC it changes all the time. At the moment I would say that I love Bodega Negra on Old Compton Street in Soho. The front entrance looks like any other peep show you’ll find in this street but you go downstairs and discover this super cool Mexican restaurant, busy and dark with a massive bar in a middle for delicious tequila cocktails. I like The Scotch in Mayfair. It’s a bit far for me to go to but this old member’s club that recently reopened, it’s the best club right now. Small space, great music, great crowd. What is the one touristy place you still love to visit? What should I bring back from London? Is a Queen’s teapot the best option? I have to say I love them. Haha yes. And Also some tea from Fortnum & Mason to put in it. What joke should nobody make in the streets of London? Whats the best way to have a full London experience? A beer in the streets after work? If you come in for a week-end, you should definitely start with Borough Market in London Bridge and have lunch there then walk by the Thames all the way to the Tate Modern. On Sunday you can enjoy the Flower Market on Columbia Road and have a typical Sunday Roast at the Royal Oak, then walk back to Brick Lane for some vintage shopping. And I think you should definitely go to Harrod’s! Where can you find the best fish and chips? And what if you want to eat healthy? For the best Fish and Chips go to Rock and Sole Plaice in Covent Garden. I’m not a big fan of anything fried but for some reason I can stomach theirs any day. When I eat out I don’t really look for anything specially healthy. If I want a salad I’ll just make myself one at home! Do you have a favorite spot for a London staycation? Where do you go to escape the business of the city? Hampstead Heath in North London is a great place to escape. It feels like you’re in the middle of the countryside. Where is the best spot for lunch with girlfriends? The Albion on Redchurch Street. A place for high tea ? The Delauney in Covent Garden. Where are you most likely to spot Will and Kate? Where do you get you hair cut ? Hob Salon. Ask for Stan. He’s the one who cut my hair short the first time. Since then I never looked back. And he’s the only hairdresser I know that doesn’t talk when he’s cutting you hair! Where do you get your nails done ? I usually do it myself or at the Chinese place just down the road from me. But for pedicures I go to Cowshed Spa in Shoreditch House. Where can we buy Velour ? Selfridges, Harrod’s, Harvey Nichols and every bookstore. Is there a hotel you recommend to your friends ? The Covent Garden Hotel. It looks very French and… they do the best daiquiri! Génial ! Moi qui compte y aller pour Noël, j’ai une petite idée des endroits moins touristiques à aller voir. Oh Garance, je t’en supplie, demande à Violaine où elle a trouvé son écharpe !?! Mille merci pour ta réponse, je suis pois POis POIS en ce moment! One of the best so far!! Really gives you a sense of how to LIVE there, not just visit. Love the “single ladies” shout out ;). Commander un crispy shredded beef, un truc de fou!!! C’est le top 2 des meilleurs truc du monde! (le 1 c’est un plat de ma maman) et ils sont les seuls à le faire comme ça. Lots of great spots mentioned, however, can I also add Wimbledon Common, and Richmond Park great places that make you feel that your in the countryside for a minute or two. Richmond Park being right next to The Thames on a hill, so scenery is awesome. The Royal family, no you never joke about them, you just watch old reruns of Spitting Image. She is so chic. I’m heading to London next year, so I will be taking this advice with me! If only Zara clothes were two “big” for me! haha. I love London!!!! I lived there and it’s an amazing city!!! I’m a size 2 also and shoe shopping is absolute torture!! I usually end up with beautiful shoes that don’t fit me properly or horrible shoes that fit me perfectly -very rarely do the two align! I’m so pleased to hear I’m not alone! Why does no one cater for us littlies? Except the kids section – which can sometimes hold great (and cheap!) finds! Oh Violaine has said exactly the places I would. Although I would Primrose Hill! Je vais découvrir Londres au Printemps prochain.. enfin j’y suis déjà allée mais j’étais bien trop jeune pour m’en souvenir ! Je garde donc ton article et cette itw sous le coude et merci à Violaine pour tous ces tips et adresses ! Avec tout ça je devrais bien en profiter à fond cette fois ! Ha! I’m leaving for London in the morning so this is great! Comme je suis l’une de celles ayant réclamé à cor et à cri un guide de Londres, merci! merci! J’y suis allée deux fois déjà, d’accord pour Harvey Nichols (mais j’aime bien Liberty aussi), le Borough Market, le Tate Modern. La prochaine fois, j’explore l’Est et Brick Lane! Interesting.. I didn’t find people saying sorry all the time when I was there. Actually, that’s is very Canadian.. saying sorry for everything. As for afternoon tea, may I also add my favorite place: The Milestone hotel. The scones are to die for. I’m not exaggerating here.. they are really to die for. I agree with her that Camden Passage is the best place for vintage and antique jewellery shopping. If you guys love Moroccan cuisine, Souk Madina in Convent Garden is the place! I thought exactly the same thing! I am Canadian and it is a definite Canadian tick to say “sorry” for everything. I have never noticed it in London. Really great interview. She make her job great. Have a nice friday. I was living in London over the summer and I SO wish that I’d had this! I haven’t been to hardly any of these places; what a good excuse for a return visit! Merci beaucoup Garance et Violaine! Wish I had this guide 4 months ago.. but it’s saved with me for my next time, that i hope will come soon!!! She’s one of my favorites, thank you for all the tips Violane! Super City Guide! Je pars bientôt à Madrid… Aurais-tu des informations madrilènes? There are some great suggestions but what’s frustrating is that they are mostly concentrated on places in East London as I guess that’s where V lives! I love your City Guide posts! I love London! It is my second home, considering my husband was born and raised there. I appreciate the city guide – some new places to check out when I next visit. And Hampstead Heath or Blackheath are wonderful places to go on a walkabout and ponder life. Moi qui ne suis aller que 2 fois a Londres, voilà de bonnes adresses à garder précieusement! Please do an LA city guide! Or San Fran?! I’m going there in January and need your wisdom Garance! Er, we don’t all love the Queen. And London has one of the best public transport systems in the world, so we do travel all over. The rest is perfect. Thank you Violaine. I agree Virginia. Londoners travel all over easily on the tube and buses. Also, for the best views in London, head south to Greenwich. Have breakfast / lunch in Royal Teas and head on up to the top of Greenwich Park. I must say this guide seemed to be the views of a visitor to London – it was all rather obvious – than a true Londoner! And we don’t all love the Queen! Finally!! Thank you so much! I moved to London while ago and this guide will be very helpful! Cool! Seems like I have a long list of cafes to go to! Mmmmm….. Great London Guide and she has the cutest haircut! I visited London 2 yrs ago for my 30th and stayed in the kensignton area. cant remember some of the places i went but harvey nichols wasnt one of them :(. next time i go i will surely use this guide! Garence ! tu as dans ta main l’illustration, tu visites un gars qui fait des superbes cahiers, tu as bâti des “city guide” de copines, tu vas voir les shows des gogos, tu fais des photos pas mal belle, tu as la connaissance ou la curiosité des… toujours nouvelles technologies,,, alors on rassemble tous ça et tu m’en donne plus … je veux une revue magazine … le soulier j’aime et la caresse de ta caméra sur un maquillage ou un tatouage plus et encore “city guide” avec lien de tout ce que tu as fais car c’est toi que j’aime tellement. Sois la première à nous offrir cela et revolutionne le “bloG ” et dessine dessine tout ça . Absolutely fantastic! Now all we need is a Berlin guide. Oh and I’m still so stoked about the Istanbul guide. Can’t wait to visit that city again! God, your travel posts make me want to dust off my backpack so badly. It’s high time this economic crisis starts bullying some other planet! nice! glad to see that I’ve hit most of those places during my year in London! The city is a bit difficult to get around if you want to go from one area to another, but buses + the tube usually does the trick. The night buses were essential. Cabs are just too expensive unless you’re travelling with your visiting mum! Ah, and now you need one for Los Angeles. And Hong Kong! I’m in love with Violaine’s scarf!I’m looking forward to a return visit to London. Nothing Hill is also my favorite area and I love shopping in Oxfod Street. Great interview!! You have to add Portobello market on Friday morning’s, (under the flyover). Don’t bother on Saturday as it’s packed full of tourists and much less vintage. Golborne Road for great street food. Breakfast at Pizza East Notting Hill. (Green eggs)! Soho in London is amazing for so many little coffee places. Try Fernandez and Wells and Princi! Liberty is a great store. I prefer it to Harvey Nichols personally. I agree about British Museum and Wallace Collection and of course V&A. Oh, and Leila’s East London for amazing coffee and fried eggs with sage. Very cool and delicious. Only open towards the end of the week and weekend. Redchurch Street for some cool shops like Hostem for men. Scott would like that and have a coffee at Allpress. oh, and Brindisa in Borough Market for amazing tapas. Buzzing on Fridays… and while you’re there get coffee from Monmouth. That’s it from me. what about tube? london is all about it! plus she lives in east london- the overground line is huge there! seriously, she made it feel like transport does not exist in london!!! You have to ask a Londoner about London. become a parody of itself. It’s so in it’s already out and over. A flash in the pan as we say here. The way north London was in the 90’s, only a true Londoner will tell you that………. Too narrow. And uniformed. Sorry but that’s the truth. Someone seems a little pretentious! Please do enlighten us on what would have been some better suggestions. Actually, I’d say that the best way to get around London is to hire a bicycle from the Bicycle Hire scheme (all you need is a debit/credit card). They’re everywhere and a total bargain for short trips (you pay a fixed fee of 1pound per day and then it’s free for trips under 30mins). If you know the city pretty well, you can get pretty much anywhere you want to within 15-30mins. Thank you so much for this! I’m going to London for a holiday next year and this advice will be really useful. It’s been about 5 years since I was last in London…and since I need to start pinning down 2013 vacation schedules in the next few weeks – perhaps a return is needed? There’s just something about fish and chips, mushy peas and tea that tastes far better when you’re in the UK. Merci pour ce city guide! Il tombe au bon moment car j’y vais dans 3 semaines! ;-) Bon dimanche Garance. Mes amitiés! PS, Malty Street and Spa Terminus on Saturday mornings is THE market to visit now! A few stalls that used to be at Borough moved here a couple of years ago and it’s really turned into a lovely place to shop. I agree with the recommendation for Leila’s in Shoreditch. Also for lunch during the week the Rochelle Canteen the other side of Arnold Circus to Leila’s. For great theatre, try the Menier Chocolate Factory. You can also eat there and get a great price for supper and a show. The magazine Time Out is free every Tuesday and is well worth picking up for ideas. Un city guide directement dans mes favoris ! London is great! No doubt. But now that “you are” in Europe, you may want to go a bit east… Budapest is a great place, with a special ‘ambiance’. And a lot of stuff is going on on the fashion scene, too! très chouette et très détaillé !! This was a really useful post. Thank you. We’re hoping to go to London again in 2014. Hopefully, most of this information will still be pertinent. Agree with everyone about the shocking dismissal of London’s transport networks in this ‘guide’. The transport here is AMAZING – tube, buses, overland trains, DLR, Boris bikes. Nobody gets a cab unless they are stinking rich or have had a few drinks and can’t be arsed to change twice on the tube to get home. Oh and we don’t all love the Queen! I have no idea where she gets that idea from! I’ve lived in East London for two years now and I just can’t get enough of it, its funny because a lot of the places mentioned in this Q&A are places I go. There is such a vibrance in this area of the City. Can’t wait to read more of your interviews! Thanks! When you come to New Orleans, can I PLEASE help you with the City Guide?!? Pretty please! London swallowed up all the surrounding towns & villages as it grew so each area has a different character. Londoners get around a lot on the tube & buses (nice to see the city as you travel) and even walking. All the museums are great and the major museums are free. For the history of the city the Museum of London near Barbican Station is very interesting & children love it. Don’t miss the National Portrait Gallery. Harrods & Selfridges have improved their fashion & beauty a lot, Liberty has a different choice. Fenwick on Bond Street is good for mid price designers (top floor particularly). Dover Street Market & Browns in South Molton Street buy very well. I highly recommend Laurence Coste on Walton Street in Chelsea for beautiful semi-precious jewellery. Some she makes & some she buys in and she has a wonderful eye for colour & scale. I get so many compliments when I wear her jewellery. For flowers I recommend the stall at the junction of Old & New Bond Street. They supply many of the shops on Bond Street & the flowers are very good quality & well priced. For alteration First Tailored on Lower Sloane Street. Not cheap, but they will do major alterations very well. I have had clothes taken down several sizes (sale buys) and completely reimagined. L’Artisan du Chocolat is next door on Lower Sloane Street (also Westbourne Grove & Selfridges). They make the chocolate from scratch rather than buying the base chocolate in from the big manufacturers as many artisan chocolatiers do. The flavours are unusual & delicious. OH Garance! This is why you are my best imaginary friend! I just moved to London and BOOM, the same month you do a London guide with a super cool girl! Mais quand donc le city guide San Francisco. Je te donne 7 mois pour le faire. C’est pas si complique de se déplacer à Londres franchement…moi j’y habite et je ne reste pas cloisonnée dans mon quartier ! Il y a des arrêts de bus à tous les coins de rue et le métro est aussi pratique qu’à Paris! Les taxis sont chers oui mais le soir c très pratique pour une courte distance à parcourir et il y en a partout comme à NYC ! Tout à fait d’accord, les bus sont super! Et on peut se déplacer en vélo pour les distances pas trop longues aussi, c’est génial! I honestly love the woman, and she does make me want to visit London! i like how your hair looks…..I didn’t like it when u first cut it ….i like how your dressed….I think u found a look.. Hello Garance, ce serait sympa d’avoir un nouveau cityguide de Londres Thx !! Voilà un article qui tombe à pic pour moi! J’ai hâte d’être à Londres l’an prochain! As a born-and-bred Londoner, I have to say you’ve got it all wrong about the Queen! Please go ahead and make royalty jokes. (And what is a “Queen’s teapot”?!) But I’d say there are jokes that seem to be acceptable in NYC which sound racist to us Londoners – so the joke not to make in London is anything that you think might be a bit racist (if you want to think about it a bit more, compare the Asian characters on British TV to the embarrassing stereotypes in American sitcoms…). ..no, it’s not difficult to get around..buy an A -Z and just walk..or get a bus….after a life time in London I know….. don’t get the Tube (boring and crowded), don’t waste money on taxis…..as you get to know the little streets and short cuts and the best bus routes ( 73 and 139 are great ..also the 268…lots of others ..just do your homework on the TFL website) you take control of the city….and it’s ( 99%) safe and friendly and entertaining. That’s interesting…I live in London, not very far from Bethnal Green and I travel everywhere by public transport: tube, buses, overground, DLR…in 43 years I have used a black cab maybe 3 times. I use mini cabs occasionally but it is mostly public transport. The tube does get crowded sometimes, but seeing as this is a city with over 9 million inhabitants it is not surprising.

2019-04-23T10:38:47Z

https://www.atelierdore.com/photos/city-guide-london/