{"id": "70f04ef1691d-0", "page_content": "EMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\nA\tBantam\tBook\nPUBLISHING\tHISTORY\nBantam\thardcover\tedition\tpublished\tOctober\t1995\nBantam\ttrade\tpaperback\tedition\tpublished\tJuly\t1997\nBantam\t10th\tanniversary\ttrade\tpaperback\tedition\tpublished\tOctober\t2005\nBantam\t10th\tanniversary\thardcover\tedition\t/\tOctober\t2006\nPublished\tby\nBantam\tDell\nA\tDivision\tof\tRandom\tHouse,\tInc.\nNew\tYork,\tNew\tYork\nIllustration\tof\tbrain\ton\t\nthis\tpage\n\tis\tadapted\tfrom\t\u201cEmotional\tMemory\tand\tthe\tBrain\u201d\tby\nJoseph\tE.\tLeDoux.\nCopyright\t\u00a9\t1994\tby\tScientific\tAmerican,\tInc.\nAll\trights\treserved.\nArtist:\tRoberto\tOsti\nAll\trights\treserved.\nCopyright\t\u00a9\t1995\tby\tDaniel\tGoleman\nIntroduction\tcopyright\t\u00a9\t2005\tby\tDaniel\tGoleman\nLibrary\tof\tCongress\tCatalog\tCard\tNumber:\t95-16685\nBantam\tBooks\tand\tthe\trooster\tcolophon\tare\tregistered\ttrademarks\tof\tRandom\tHouse,\tInc.\neISBN:\t978-0-553-90320-1\nwww.bantamdell.com\nv3.1_r2", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0bca116baa5f-0", "page_content": "Contents\nCover\nTitle\tPage\nCopyright\nIntroduction\nAristotle\u2019s\tChallenge\nPART\tONE\nTHE\tEMOTIONAL\tBRAIN\n\t\t1.\tWhat\tAre\tEmotions\tFor?\n\t\t2.\tAnatomy\tof\tan\tEmotional\tHijacking\n\t\t\nPART\tTWO\nTHE\tNATURE\tOF\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\n\t\t3.\tWhen\tSmart\tIs\tDumb\n\t\t4.\tKnow\tThyself\n\t\t5.\tPassion\u2019s\tSlaves\n\t\t6.\tThe\tMaster\tAptitude\n\t\t7.\tThe\tRoots\tof\tEmpathy\n\t\t8.\tThe\tSocial\tArts\nPART\tTHREE\nEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\tAPPLIED\n\t\t9.\tIntimate\tEnemies\n10.\tManaging\twith\tHeart\n11.\tMind\tand\tMedicine", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "de614c50add1-0", "page_content": "PART\tFOUR\nWINDOWS\tOF\tOPPORTUNITY\n12.\tThe\tFamily\tCrucible\n13.\tTrauma\tand\tEmotional\tRelearning\n14.\tTemperament\tIs\tNot\tDestiny\nPART\tFIVE\nEMOTIONAL\tLITERACY\n15.\tThe\tCost\tof\tEmotional\tIlliteracy\n16.\tSchooling\tthe\tEmotions\nAppendix\tA:\tWhat\tIs\tEmotion?\nAppendix\tB:\tHallmarks\tof\tthe\tEmotional\tMind\nAppendix\tC:\tThe\tNeural\tCircuitry\tof\tFear\nAppendix\tD:\tW.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium:\tActive\tIngredients\tof\tPrevention\tPrograms\nAppendix\tE:\tThe\tSelf\tScience\tCurriculum\nAppendix\tF:\tSocial\tand\tEmotional\tLearning:\tResults\nResources\nDedication\nAcknowledgments\nNotes\nOther\tBooks\tby\tThis\tAuthor\nAbout\tthe\tAuthor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "37f580cce221-0", "page_content": "Introduction\nOceanofPDF.com\nTenth\tAnniversary\tEdition\tof\t\nEmotional\tIntelligence\nIn\t1990,\tin\tmy\trole\tas\ta\tscience\treporter\tat\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n,\tI\nchanced\tupon\tan\tarticle\tin\ta\tsmall\tacademic\tjournal\tby\ttwo\npsychologists,\tJohn\tMayer,\tnow\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tNew\tHampshire,\nand\tYale\u2019s\tPeter\tSalovey.\tMayer\tand\tSalovey\toffered\tthe\tfirst\nformulation\tof\ta\tconcept\tthey\tcalled\t\u201cemotional\tintelligence.\u201d\nThose\twere\tdays\twhen\tthe\tpreeminence\tof\tIQ\tas\tthe\tstandard\tof\nexcellence\tin\tlife\twas\tunquestioned;\ta\tdebate\traged\tover\twhether\tit\nwas\tset\tin\tour\tgenes\tor\tdue\tto\texperience.\tBut\there,\tsuddenly,\twas\ta\nnew\tway\tof\tthinking\tabout\tthe\tingredients\tof\tlife\tsuccess.\tI\twas\nelectrified\tby\tthe\tnotion,\twhich\tI\tmade\tthe\ttitle\tof\tthis\tbook\tin\t1995.\nLike\tMayer\tand\tSalovey,\tI\tused\tthe\tphrase\tto\tsynthesize\ta\tbroad\trange\nof\tscientific\tfindings,\tdrawing\ttogether\twhat\thad\tbeen\tseparate\nstrands\tof\tresearch\u2014reviewing\tnot\tonly\ttheir\ttheory\tbut\ta\twide\nvariety\tof\tother\texciting\tscientific\tdevelopments,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tfirst\nfruits\tof\tthe\tnascent\tfield\tof\taffective\tneuroscience,\twhich\texplores\nhow\temotions\tare\tregulated\tin\tthe\tbrain.\nI\tremember\thaving\tthe\tthought,\tjust\tbefore\tthis\tbook\twas\tpublished", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "37f580cce221-1", "page_content": "I\tremember\thaving\tthe\tthought,\tjust\tbefore\tthis\tbook\twas\tpublished\nten\tyears\tago,\tthat\tif\tone\tday\tI\toverheard\ta\tconversation\tin\twhich\ttwo\nstrangers\tused\tthe\tphrase\t\nemotional\tintelligence\n\tand\tboth\tunderstood\nwhat\tit\tmeant,\tI\twould\thave\tsucceeded\tin\tspreading\tthe\tconcept\tmore\nwidely\tinto\tthe\tculture.\tLittle\tdid\tI\tknow.\nThe\tphrase\t\nemotional\tintelligence\n,\tor\tits\tcasual\tshorthand\t\nEQ\n,\thas\nbecome\tubiquitous,\tshowing\tup\tin\tsettings\tas\tunlikely\tas\tthe\tcartoon\nstrips\t\nDilbert\n\tand\t\nZippy\tthe\tPinhead\n\tand\tin\tRoz\tChast\u2019s\tsequential\tart\tin\nThe\tNew\tYorker\n.\tI\u2019ve\tseen\tboxes\tof\ttoys\tthat\tclaim\tto\tboost\ta\tchild\u2019s\nEQ;\tlovelorn\t\npersonal\tads\tsometimes\ttrumpet\tit\tin\tthose\tseeking\nprospective\tmates.\tI\tonce\tfound\ta\tquip\tabout\tEQ\tprinted\ton\ta\nshampoo\tbottle\tin\tmy\thotel\troom.\nAnd\tthe\tconcept\thas\tspread\tto\tthe\tfar\tcorners\tof\tour\tplanet.\t\nEQ\n\thas\nbecome\ta\tword\trecognized,\tI\u2019m\ttold,\tin\tlanguages\tas\tdiverse\tas", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "587deab78649-0", "page_content": "German\tand\tPortuguese,\tChinese,\tKorean,\tand\tMalay.\t(Even\tso,\tI\nprefer\t\nEI\n\tas\tthe\tEnglish\tabbreviation\tfor\t\nemotional\tintelligence.\n)\tMy\te-\nmail\tinbox\toften\tcontains\tqueries\tfrom,\tfor\texample,\ta\tdoctoral\nstudent\tin\tBulgaria,\ta\tschoolteacher\tin\tPoland,\ta\tcollege\tstudent\tin\nIndonesia,\ta\tbusiness\tconsultant\tin\tSouth\tAfrica,\ta\tmanagement\texpert\nin\tthe\tSultanate\tof\tOman,\tan\texecutive\tin\tShanghai.\tBusiness\tstudents\nin\tIndia\tread\tabout\tEI\tand\tleadership;\ta\tCEO\tin\tArgentina\nrecommends\tthe\tbook\tI\tlater\twrote\ton\tthat\ttopic.\tI\u2019ve\talso\theard\tfrom\nreligious\tscholars\twithin\tChristianity,\tJudaism,\tIslam,\tHinduism,\tand\nBuddhism\tthat\tthe\tconcept\tof\tEI\tresonates\twith\toutlooks\tin\ttheir\town\nfaith.\nMost\tgratifying\tfor\tme\thas\tbeen\thow\tardently\tthe\tconcept\thas\tbeen\nembraced\tby\teducators,\tin\tthe\tform\tof\tprograms\tin\t\u201csocial\tand\nemotional\tlearning,\u201d\tor\tSEL.\tBack\tin\t1995\tI\twas\table\tto\tfind\tonly\ta\nhandful\tof\tsuch\tprograms\tteaching\temotional\tintelligence\tskills\tto\nchildren.\tNow,\ta\tdecade\tlater,\ttens\tof\tthousands\tof\tschools\tworldwide\noffer\tchildren\tSEL.\tIn\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tmany\tdistricts\tand\teven\tentire\nstates\tcurrently\tmake\tSEL\ta\tcurriculum\trequirement,\tmandating\tthat\njust\tas\tstudents\tmust\tattain\ta\tcertain\tlevel\tof\tcompetence\tin\tmath\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "587deab78649-1", "page_content": "language,\tso\ttoo\tshould\tthey\tmaster\tthese\tessential\tskills\tfor\tliving.\nIn\tIllinois,\tfor\tinstance,\tspecific\tlearning\tstandards\tin\tSEL\tabilities\nhave\tbeen\testablished\tfor\tevery\tgrade\tfrom\tkindergarten\tthrough\tthe\nlast\tyear\tof\thigh\tschool.\tTo\tgive\tjust\tone\texample\tof\ta\tremarkably\ndetailed\tand\tcomprehensive\tcurriculum,\tin\tthe\tearly\telementary\tyears\nstudents\tshould\tlearn\tto\trecognize\tand\taccurately\tlabel\ttheir\temotions\nand\thow\tthey\tlead\tthem\tto\tact.\tBy\tthe\tlate\telementary\tyears\tlessons\tin\nempathy\tshould\tmake\tchildren\table\tto\tidentify\tthe\tnonverbal\tclues\tto\nhow\tsomeone\telse\tfeels;\tin\tjunior\thigh\tthey\tshould\tbe\table\tto\tanalyze\nwhat\tcreates\tstress\tfor\tthem\tor\twhat\tmotivates\ttheir\tbest\tperformance.\nAnd\tin\thigh\tschool\tthe\tSEL\tskills\tinclude\tlistening\tand\ttalking\tin\tways\nthat\tresolve\tconflicts\tinstead\tof\tescalating\tthem,\tand\tnegotiating\tfor\nwin-win\tsolutions.\nAround\tthe\tworld\tSingapore\thas\tundertaken\tan\tactive\tinitiative\tin\nSEL,\tas\thave\tsome\tschools\tin\tMalaysia,\tHong\tKong,\tJapan,\tand\tKorea.\nIn\tEurope\tthe\tU.K.\thas\tled\tthe\tway,\tbut\tmore\tthan\ta\tdozen\tother\ncountries\t\nhave\tschools\tthat\tembrace\tEI,\tas\tdo\tAustralia\tand\tNew\nZealand,\tand\there\tand\tthere\tcountries\tin\tLatin\tAmerica\tand\tAfrica.\tIn\n2002\tUNESCO\tbegan\ta\tworldwide\tinitiative\tto\tpromote\tSEL,\tsending", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "587deab78649-2", "page_content": "a\tstatement\tof\tten\tbasic\tprinciples\tfor\timplementing\tSEL\tto\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "04d881830541-0", "page_content": "ministries\tof\teducation\tin\t140\tcountries.\nIn\tsome\tstates\tand\tnations\tSEL\thas\tbecome\tthe\torganizing\tumbrella\nunder\twhich\tare\tgathered\tprograms\tin\tcharacter\teducation,\tviolence\nprevention,\tantibullying,\tdrug\tprevention,\tand\tschool\tdiscipline.\tThe\ngoal\tis\tnot\tjust\tto\treduce\tthese\tproblems\tamong\tschoolchildren\tbut\tto\nenhance\tthe\tschool\tclimate\tand,\tultimately,\tstudents\u2019\tacademic\nperformance.\nIn\t1995\tI\toutlined\tthe\tpreliminary\tevidence\tsuggesting\tthat\tSEL\twas\nthe\tactive\tingredient\tin\tprograms\tthat\tenhance\tchildren\u2019s\tlearning\nwhile\tpreventing\tproblems\tsuch\tas\tviolence.\tNow\tthe\tcase\tcan\tbe\nmade\tscientifically:\thelping\tchildren\timprove\ttheir\tself-awareness\tand\nconfidence,\tmanage\ttheir\tdisturbing\temotions\tand\timpulses,\tand\nincrease\ttheir\tempathy\tpays\toff\tnot\tjust\tin\timproved\tbehavior\tbut\tin\nmeasurable\tacademic\tachievement.\nThis\tis\tthe\tbig\tnews\tcontained\tin\ta\trecently\tcompleted\tmeta-\nanalysis\tof\t668\tevaluation\tstudies\tof\tSEL\tprograms\tfor\tchildren\tfrom\npreschoolers\tthrough\thigh\tschool.\n1\n\tThe\tmassive\tsurvey\twas\tconducted\nby\tRoger\tWeissberg,\twho\tdirects\tthe\tCollaborative\tfor\tAcademic,\nSocial\tand\tEmotional\tLearning\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tIllinois\tat\tChicago\n\u2014the\torganization\tthat\thas\tled\tthe\tway\tin\tbringing\tSEL\tinto\tschools\nworldwide.\nThe\tdata\tshow\tthat\tSEL\tprograms\tyielded\ta\tstrong\tbenefit\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "04d881830541-1", "page_content": "The\tdata\tshow\tthat\tSEL\tprograms\tyielded\ta\tstrong\tbenefit\tin\nacademic\taccomplishment,\tas\tdemonstrated\tin\tachievement\ttest\nresults\tand\tgrade-point\taverages.\tIn\tparticipating\tschools,\tup\tto\t50\npercent\tof\tchildren\tshowed\timproved\tachievement\tscores,\tand\tup\tto\n38\tpercent\timproved\ttheir\tgrade-point\taverages.\tSEL\tprograms\talso\nmade\tschools\tsafer:\tincidents\tof\tmisbehavior\tdropped\tby\tan\taverage\nof\t28\tpercent;\tsuspensions\tby\t44\tpercent;\tand\tother\tdisciplinary\nactions\tby\t27\tpercent.\tAt\tthe\tsame\ttime,\tattendance\trates\trose,\twhile\n63\tpercent\tof\tstudents\tdemonstrated\tsignificantly\tmore\tpositive\nbehavior.\tIn\tthe\tworld\tof\tsocial\tscience\tresearch,\tthese\tare\tremarkable\nresults\tfor\tany\tprogram\tpromoting\tbehavioral\tchange.\tSEL\thas\ndelivered\ton\tits\tpromise.\nIn\t1995\tI\talso\tproposed\tthat\ta\tgood\tpart\tof\tthe\teffectiveness\tof\tSEL\ncame\tfrom\tits\timpact\tin\tshaping\tchildren\u2019s\tdeveloping\tneural\ncircuitry,\tparticularly\tthe\texecutive\tfunctions\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex,\nwhich\tmanage\tworking\tmemory\u2014what\twe\thold\tin\tmind\tas\twe\tlearn\n\u2014and\tinhibit\tdisruptive\temotional\timpulses.\tNow\tthe\tfirst\tpreliminary\nscientific\tevidence\tfor\tthat\tnotion\thas\tarrived.\tMark\tGreenberg\tof\nPennsylvania\tState\tUniversity,\t\na\tcodeveloper\tof\tthe\tPATHS\tcurriculum", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bcaca4e17551-0", "page_content": "in\tSEL,\treports\tnot\tonly\tthat\tthis\tprogram\tfor\telementary\tschool\nstudents\tboosts\tacademic\tachievement\tbut,\teven\tmore\tsignificantly,\nthat\tmuch\tof\tthe\tincreased\tlearning\tcan\tbe\tattributed\tto\nimprovements\tin\tattention\tand\tworking\tmemory,\tkey\tfunctions\tof\tthe\nprefrontal\tcortex.\n2\n\tThis\tstrongly\tsuggests\tthat\tneuroplasticity,\tthe\nshaping\tof\tthe\tbrain\tthrough\trepeated\texperiences,\tplays\ta\tkey\trole\tin\nthe\tbenefits\tfrom\tSEL.\nPerhaps\tthe\tbiggest\tsurprise\tfor\tme\thas\tbeen\tthe\timpact\tof\tEI\tin\tthe\nworld\tof\tbusiness,\tparticularly\tin\tthe\tareas\tof\tleadership\tand\nemployee\tdevelopment\t(a\tform\tof\tadult\teducation).\tThe\t\nHarvard\nBusiness\tReview\n\thas\thailed\temotional\tintelligence\tas\t\u201ca\tground-\nbreaking,\tparadigm-shattering\tidea,\u201d\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tinfluential\nbusiness\tideas\tof\tthe\tdecade.\nSuch\tclaims\tin\tthe\tbusiness\tworld\ttoo\toften\tprove\tto\tbe\tfads,\twith\nno\treal\tunderlying\tsubstance.\tBut\there\ta\tfar-flung\tnetwork\tof\nresearchers\thas\tbeen\tat\twork,\tensuring\tthat\tthe\tapplication\tof\tEI\twill\nbe\tgrounded\tin\tsolid\tdata.\tThe\tRutgers\tUniversity-based\tConsortium\nfor\tResearch\ton\tEmotional\tIntelligence\tin\tOrganizations\t(CREIO)\thas\nled\tthe\tway\tin\tcatalyzing\tthis\tscientific\twork,\tcollaborating\twith\norganizations\tthat\trange\tfrom\tthe\tOffice\tof\tPersonnel\tManagement\tin\nthe\tfederal\tgovernment\tto\tAmerican\tExpress.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bcaca4e17551-1", "page_content": "the\tfederal\tgovernment\tto\tAmerican\tExpress.\nToday\tcompanies\tworldwide\troutinely\tlook\tthrough\tthe\tlens\tof\tEI\tin\nhiring,\tpromoting,\tand\tdeveloping\ttheir\temployees.\tFor\tinstance,\nJohnson\t&\tJohnson\t(another\tCREIO\tmember)\tfound\tthat\tin\tdivisions\naround\tthe\tworld,\tthose\tidentified\tat\tmidcareer\tas\thaving\thigh\nleadership\tpotential\twere\tfar\tstronger\tin\tEI\tcompetencies\tthan\twere\ntheir\tless-promising\tpeers.\tCREIO\tcontinues\tto\tfoster\tsuch\tresearch,\nwhich\tcan\toffer\tevidence-based\tguidelines\tfor\torganizations\tseeking\tto\nenhance\ttheir\tability\tto\tachieve\ttheir\tbusiness\tgoals\tor\tfulfill\ta\nmission.\nWhen\tSalovey\tand\tMayer\tpublished\ttheir\tseminal\tarticle\tin\t1990,\tno\none\tcould\thave\tenvisioned\thow\tthe\tscholarly\tfield\tthey\tfounded\nwould\tbe\tthriving\tjust\tfifteen\tyears\tlater.\tResearch\thas\tblossomed\tin\nthis\tarea;\twhile\tin\t1995\tthere\twas\tvirtually\tnothing\tin\tthe\tscientific\nliterature\ton\tEI,\ttoday\tthe\tfield\thas\tlegions\tof\tresearchers.\tA\tsearch\tof\nthe\tdatabase\tfor\tdoctoral\tdissertations\tinvestigating\taspects\tof\nemotional\tintelligence\tyields\tmore\tthan\tseven\thundred\tcompleted\tto\ndate,\twith\tmany\tmore\tin\tthe\tpipeline\u2014not\tto\tmention\tstudies\tdone\tby", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3d58e32636b5-0", "page_content": "professors\tand\tothers\tnot\tcounted\tin\tthat\tdatabase.\n3\nThe\tgrowth\tof\tthis\tarea\tof\tscholarship\towes\tmuch\tto\tMayer\tand\nSalovey,\twho,\talong\twith\ttheir\tcolleague\tDavid\tCaruso,\ta\tbusiness\nconsultant,\thave\tworked\ttirelessly\ton\tbehalf\tof\tthe\tscientific\nacceptance\tof\temotional\tintelligence.\tBy\tformulating\ta\tscientifically\ndefensible\ttheory\tof\temotional\tintelligence\tand\tproviding\ta\trigorous\nmeasure\tof\tthis\tcapacity\tfor\teffective\tliving,\tthey\thave\tset\tan\nimpeccable\tresearch\tstandard\tfor\tthe\tfield.\nAnother\tmajor\tsource\tof\tthe\tburgeoning\tacademic\tfindings\tabout\tEI\nhas\tbeen\tReuven\tBar-On,\tnow\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tTexas\tMedical\nBranch\tin\tHouston,\twhose\town\ttheory\tof\tEI\u2014and\thigh-energy\nenthusiasm\u2014have\tinspired\tmany\tstudies\tusing\ta\tmeasure\the\tdevised.\nBar-On\thas\talso\tbeen\tinstrumental\tin\tdeveloping\tand\tediting\tacademic\nbooks\tthat\thave\thelped\tgive\tthe\tfield\ta\tcritical\tmass,\tincluding\t\nThe\nHandbook\tof\tEmotional\tIntelligence\n.\nThe\tgrowing\tEI\tfield\tof\tstudy\thas\tmet\tsome\tentrenched\topposition\nwithin\tthe\tinsular\tworld\tof\tscholars\tof\tintelligence,\tparticularly\tthose\nwho\tembrace\tIQ\tas\tthe\tsole\tacceptable\tmeasure\tof\thuman\taptitudes.\nNevertheless,\tthe\tfield\thas\temerged\tas\ta\tvibrant\tparadigm.\tAny\nimportant\ttheoretical\tmodel,\tobserved\tthe\tphilosopher\tof\tscience\nThomas\tKuhn,\tshould\tbecome\tprogressively\trevised\tand\trefined\tas", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3d58e32636b5-1", "page_content": "Thomas\tKuhn,\tshould\tbecome\tprogressively\trevised\tand\trefined\tas\nmore\tstringent\ttests\tof\tits\tpremises\tare\tmade.\tThat\tprocess\tseems\twell\nunder\tway\tfor\tEI.\nThere\tare\tby\tnow\tthree\tmain\tmodels\tof\tEI,\twith\tdozens\tof\nvariations.\tEach\trepresents\ta\tdifferent\tperspective.\tThat\tof\tSalovey\nand\tMayer\trests\tfirmly\tin\tthe\ttradition\tof\tintelligence\tshaped\tby\tthe\noriginal\twork\ton\tIQ\ta\tcentury\tago.\tThe\tmodel\tput\tforth\tby\tReuven\nBar-On\tis\tbased\ton\this\tresearch\ton\twell-being.\tAnd\tmy\town\tmodel\nfocuses\ton\tperformance\tat\twork\tand\torganizational\tleadership,\nmelding\tEI\ttheory\twith\tdecades\tof\tresearch\ton\tmodeling\tthe\ncompetencies\tthat\tset\tstar\tperformers\tapart\tfrom\taverage.\nUnfortunately,\tmisreadings\tof\tthis\tbook\thave\tspawned\tsome\tmyths,\nwhich\tI\twould\tlike\tto\tclear\tup\there\tand\tnow.\tOne\tis\tthe\tbizarre\u2014\nthough\twidely\trepeated\u2014fallacy\tthat\t\u201cEQ\taccounts\tfor\t80\tpercent\tof\nsuccess.\u201d\tThis\tclaim\tis\tpreposterous.\nThe\tmisinterpretation\tstems\tfrom\tdata\tsuggesting\tIQ\taccounts\tfor\nabout\t20\tpercent\tof\tcareer\tsuccess.\tBecause\tthat\testimate\u2014and\tit\tis\nonly\tan\testimate\u2014leaves\ta\tlarge\tportion\tof\tsuccess\tunaccounted\tfor,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1ede2a861928-0", "page_content": "we\tmust\tseek\tother\tfactors\tto\texplain\tthe\trest.\tIt\tdoes\t\nnot\n\tmean,\nhowever,\tthat\temotional\tintelligence\trepresents\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tfactors\nin\tsuccess:\tthey\tcertainly\tinclude\ta\tvery\twide\trange\tof\tforces\u2014from\nthe\twealth\tand\teducation\tof\tthe\t\nfamily\twe\tare\tborn\tinto,\tto\ntemperament,\tto\tblind\tluck\tand\tthe\tlike\u2014in\taddition\tto\temotional\nintelligence.\nAs\tJohn\tMayer\tand\this\tassociates\tpoint\tout:\t\u201cTo\tthe\tunsophisticated\nreader,\tbringing\tup\tthe\t\u201880\tpercent\tunaccounted\tfor\tvariance\u2019\tsuggests\nthat\tthere\tmay\tindeed\tbe\ta\theretofore\toverlooked\tvariable\tthat\ttruly\ncan\tpredict\thuge\tportions\tof\tlife\tsuccess.\tAlthough\tthat\tis\tdesirable,\nno\tvariable\tstudied\tin\ta\tcentury\tof\tpsychology\thas\tmade\tsuch\ta\thuge\ncontribution.\u201d\n4\nAnother\tcommon\tmisconception\ttakes\tthe\tform\tof\trecklessly\napplying\tthis\tbook\u2019s\tsubtitle\u2014\u201cWhy\tit\tcan\tmatter\tmore\tthan\tIQ\u201d\u2014to\ndomains\tlike\tacademic\tachievement,\twhere\tit\tdoes\tnot\tapply\twithout\ncareful\tqualification.\tThe\textreme\tform\tof\tthis\tmisconception\tis\tthe\nmyth\tthat\tEI\t\u201cmatters\tmore\tthan\tIQ\u201d\tin\tall\tpursuits.\nEmotional\tintelligence\ttrumps\tIQ\tprimarily\tin\tthose\t\u201csoft\u201d\tdomains\nwhere\tintellect\tis\trelatively\tless\trelevant\tfor\tsuccess\u2014where,\tfor\nexample,\temotional\tself-regulation\tand\tempathy\tmay\tbe\tmore\tsalient\nskills\tthan\tpurely\tcognitive\tabilities.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1ede2a861928-1", "page_content": "skills\tthan\tpurely\tcognitive\tabilities.\nAs\tit\thappens,\tsome\tof\tthese\tcircumscribed\trealms\tare\tof\tmajor\nimportance\tin\tour\tlives.\tOne\tthat\tcomes\tto\tmind\tis\thealth\t(as\tdetailed\nin\t\nChapter\t11\n),\tto\tthe\textent\tthat\tdisturbing\temotions\tand\ttoxic\nrelationships\thave\tbeen\tidentified\tas\trisk\tfactors\tin\tdisease.\tThose\nwho\tcan\tmanage\ttheir\temotional\tlives\twith\tmore\tcalm\tand\tself-\nawareness\tseem\tto\thave\ta\tdistinct\tand\tmeasurable\thealth\tadvantage,\nas\thas\tnow\tbeen\tconfirmed\tby\tmany\tstudies.\nAnother\tsuch\tdomain\tis\tromantic\tlove\tand\tpersonal\trelationships\n(see\t\nChapter\t9\n),\twhere,\tas\twe\tall\tknow,\tvery\tsmart\tpeople\tcan\tdo\tvery\ndumb\tthings.\tA\tthird\u2014though\tI\thave\tnot\twritten\tabout\tit\there\u2014\noccurs\tat\tthe\ttop\tlevels\tof\tcompetitive\tendeavors\tsuch\tas\tworld-class\nsports.\tAt\tthat\tlevel,\tas\tI\twas\ttold\tby\ta\tsports\tpsychologist\twho\ncoaches\tU.S.\tOlympic\tteams,\teveryone\thas\tput\tin\tthe\trequisite\tten\nthousand-plus\thours\tof\tpractice,\tso\tsuccess\thinges\ton\tthe\tathlete\u2019s\nmental\tgame.\nResearch\tfindings\tabout\tleadership\tin\tbusiness\tand\tthe\tprofessions\npaint\ta\tmore\tcomplex\tpicture\t(\nChapter\t10\n).\tIQ\tscores\tpredict\nextremely\twell\twhether\twe\tcan\thandle\tthe\tcognitive\tchallenges\tthat\ta\ngiven\tposition\tdemands.\tHundreds,\tperhaps\tthousands,\tof\tstudies\thave", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5790d62fdb6b-0", "page_content": "shown\tthat\tIQ\tpredicts\twhich\tcareer\trungs\ta\tperson\tcan\tmanage.\tNo\nquestion\tthere.\nBut\tIQ\twashes\tout\twhen\tit\tcomes\tto\tpredicting\twho,\tamong\ta\ntalented\tpool\tof\tcandidates\t\nwithin\n\tan\tintellectually\tdemanding\nprofession,\twill\tbecome\tthe\tstrongest\tleader.\tIn\tpart\tthis\tis\tbecause\tof\nthe\t\u201cfloor\teffect\u201d:\teveryone\tat\tthe\ttop\techelons\tof\ta\tgiven\tprofession,\nor\tat\tthe\ttop\tlevels\tof\t\na\tlarge\torganization,\thas\talready\tbeen\tsifted\tfor\nintellect\tand\texpertise.\tAt\tthose\tlofty\tlevels\ta\thigh\tIQ\tbecomes\ta\n\u201cthreshold\u201d\tability,\tone\tneeded\tjust\tto\tget\tinto\tand\tstay\tin\tthe\tgame.\nAs\tI\tproposed\tin\tmy\t1998\tbook\t\nWorking\twith\tEmotional\tIntelligence\n,\nEI\tabilities\trather\tthan\tIQ\tor\ttechnical\tskills\temerge\tas\tthe\n\u201cdiscriminating\u201d\tcompetency\tthat\tbest\tpredicts\twho\tamong\ta\tgroup\tof\nvery\tsmart\tpeople\twill\tlead\tmost\tably.\tIf\tyou\tscan\tthe\tcompetencies\nthat\torganizations\taround\tthe\tworld\thave\tindependently\tdetermined\nidentify\ttheir\tstar\tleaders,\tyou\tdiscover\tthat\tindicators\tof\tIQ\tand\ntechnical\tskill\tdrop\ttoward\tthe\tbottom\tof\tthe\tlist\tthe\thigher\tthe\nposition.\t(IQ\tand\ttechnical\texpertise\tare\tmuch\tstronger\tpredictors\tof\nexcellence\tin\tlower-rung\tjobs.)\nThat\tpoint\twas\tdeveloped\tmore\tfully\tin\tmy\t2002\tbook\t\nPrimal", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5790d62fdb6b-1", "page_content": "Primal\nLeadership:\tLearning\tto\tLead\twith\tEmotional\tIntelligence\n\t(coauthored\nwith\tRichard\tBoyatzis\tand\tAnnie\tMcKee).\tAt\tthe\tvery\thighest\tlevels,\ncompetence\tmodels\tfor\tleadership\ttypically\tconsist\tof\tanywhere\tfrom\n80\tto\t100\tpercent\tEI-based\tabilities.\tAs\tthe\thead\tof\tresearch\tat\ta\nglobal\texecutive\tsearch\tfirm\tput\tit,\t\u201cCEOs\tare\thired\tfor\ttheir\tintellect\nand\tbusiness\texpertise\u2014and\tfired\tfor\ta\tlack\tof\temotional\nintelligence.\u201d\nWhen\tI\twrote\t\nEmotional\tIntelligence\n,\tI\tsaw\tmy\trole\tas\tthat\tof\ta\tscience\njournalist,\treporting\ton\ta\tsignificant\tnew\ttrend\tin\tpsychology,\nparticularly\tthe\tmerging\tof\tneuroscience\twith\tthe\tstudy\tof\temotions.\nBut\tas\tmy\tinvolvement\tin\tthe\tfield\tdeepened,\tI\tstepped\tback\tinto\tmy\nold\trole\tas\tpsychologist\tto\toffer\tmy\tinsights\tinto\tmodels\tof\tEI.\tAs\ta\nresult,\tmy\tformulation\tof\temotional\tintelligence\thas\tprogressed\tsince\tI\nwrote\tthese\tpages.\nIn\t\nWorking\twith\tEmotional\tIntelligence\n\tI\tproposed\tan\texpanded\nframework\tthat\treflects\thow\tthe\tfundamentals\tof\tEI\u2014self-awareness,\nself-management,\tsocial\tawareness,\tand\tthe\tability\tto\tmanage\nrelationships\u2014translate\tinto\ton-the-job\tsuccess.\tIn\tdoing\tso,\tI\nborrowed\ta\tconcept\tfrom\tDavid\tMcClelland,\tthe\tHarvard\tpsychologist\nwho\thad\tbeen\tmy\tmentor\tin\tgraduate\tschool:\t\ncompetency\n.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6098380f4c48-0", "page_content": "While\tour\temotional\t\nintelligence\n\tdetermines\tour\tpotential\tfor\nlearning\tthe\tfundamentals\tof\tself-mastery\tand\tthe\tlike,\tour\temotional\ncompetence\n\tshows\thow\tmuch\tof\tthat\tpotential\twe\thave\tmastered\tin\nways\tthat\ttranslate\tinto\ton-the-job\tcapabilities.\tTo\tbe\tadept\tat\tan\nemotional\tcompetence\tlike\tcustomer\tservice\tor\tteamwork\trequires\tan\nunderlying\tability\tin\tEI\tfundamentals,\tspecifically\tsocial\tawareness\nand\trelationship\tmanagement.\tBut\temotional\tcompetencies\tare\nlearned\tabilities:\thaving\tsocial\tawareness\tor\tskill\tat\tmanaging\nrelationships\tdoes\tnot\tguarantee\tthat\tone\thas\tmastered\t\nthe\tadditional\nlearning\trequired\tto\thandle\ta\tcustomer\tadeptly\tor\tto\tresolve\ta\nconflict.\tOne\tsimply\thas\tthe\tpotential\tto\t\nbecome\n\tskilled\tat\tthese\ncompetencies.\nAgain,\tan\tunderlying\tEI\tability\tis\tnecessary,\tthough\tnot\tsufficient,\nto\tmanifest\ta\tgiven\tcompetency\tor\tjob\tskill.\tA\tcognitive\tanalog\twould\nbe\tthe\tstudent\twho\thas\texcellent\tspatial\tabilities\tyet\tnever\tlearns\ngeometry,\tlet\talone\tbecomes\tan\tarchitect.\tSo,\ttoo,\tcan\tone\tbe\thighly\nempathic\tyet\tpoor\tat\thandling\tcustomers\u2014without\thaving\tlearned\tthe\ncompetency\tfor\tcustomer\tservice.\t(For\tthose\tultradedicated\tsouls\nwanting\tto\tunderstand\thow\tmy\tcurrent\tmodel\tnests\ttwenty\tor\tso\nemotional\tcompetencies\twithin\tthe\tfour\tEI\tclusters,\tsee\tthe\tappendix\nto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6098380f4c48-1", "page_content": "to\t\nPrimal\tLeadership\n.)\nIn\t1995\tI\treported\tdata\tfrom\ta\tnationwide,\tdemographically\nrepresentative\tsample\tof\tmore\tthan\tthree\tthousand\tchildren\taged\nseven\tto\tsixteen,\trated\tby\ttheir\tparents\tand\tteachers,\tshowing\tthat\nover\tthe\tdecade\tor\tso\tbetween\tthe\tmid-1970s\tand\tmid-1980s,\nindicators\tof\temotional\twell-being\tamong\tAmerica\u2019s\tkids\tunderwent\ta\nmarked\tdecline.\tThese\tchildren\twere\tmore\ttroubled\tand\thad\tmore\nproblems,\tranging\tfrom\tloneliness\tand\tanxiety\tto\tdisobedience\tand\nwhining.\t(Of\tcourse,\tthere\tare\talways\tindividual\texceptions\u2014children\nwho\tgrow\tup\tto\tbe\toutstanding\thuman\tbeings\u2014whatever\tthe\toverall\nnumbers\tshow.)\nBut\ta\tlater\tgroup\tof\tchildren,\trated\tin\t1999,\tseem\tto\thave\timproved\nmarkedly,\trating\tfar\tbetter\tthan\tthose\tin\tthe\tlate\t1980s,\tthough\tthey\nwere\tnot\tquite\trestored\tto\tthe\tlevels\trecorded\tin\tthe\tmid-1970s.\n5\nTrue,\tparents\tare\tstill\tlikely\tto\tcomplain\tin\tgeneral\tabout\ttheir\tkids,\nstill\tconcerned\tthat\ttheir\tchildren\tare\thanging\tout\twith\t\u201cbad\ninfluences,\u201d\tand\twhining\tseems\tworse\tthan\tever.\tBut\tthe\ttrend\tis\nclearly\tupward.\nFrankly,\tI\u2019m\tpuzzled.\tI\thad\tconjectured\tthat\ttoday\u2019s\tchildren\tare", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f730bcc0e3c0-0", "page_content": "unintended\tvictims\tof\teconomic\tand\ttechnological\tprogress,\tdeskilled\nin\tEI\tbecause\ttheir\tparents\tspend\tmore\ttime\tat\twork\tthan\tin\tprevious\ngenerations,\tbecause\tincreased\tmobility\thas\tcut\tties\tto\textended\nfamily,\tand\tbecause\t\u201cfree\u201d\ttime\thas\tbecome\tso\tstructured\tand\noverorganized.\tAfter\tall,\temotional\tintelligence\thas\ttraditionally\tbeen\npassed\ton\tin\tthe\tmidst\tof\teveryday\tlife\u2014with\tparents\tand\trelatives,\nand\tin\tthe\trough-and-tumble\tof\tfree\tplay\u2014opportunities\tthat\tare\tnow\nbeing\tlost\tto\tthe\tyoung.\nThen\tthere\u2019s\tthe\ttechnological\tfactor.\tToday\u2019s\tchildren\tspend\tmore\ntime\talone\tthan\tever\tbefore\tin\thuman\thistory,\tstaring\tat\ta\tvideo\nmonitor.\tThat\tamounts\tto\ta\tnatural\texperiment\ton\tan\tunprecedented\nscale.\tWill\tthese\ttech-sawy\tchildren\tbecome\tadults\twho\tare\tas\ncomfortable\twith\t\nother\tpeople\tas\tthey\tare\twith\ttheir\tcomputers?\tI\nsuspected,\trather,\tthat\ta\tchildhood\tspent\trelating\tto\ta\tvirtual\tworld\nwould\tdeskill\tour\tyoung\tpeople\twhen\tit\tcame\tto\trelating\tperson\tto\nperson.\nSo\twent\tmy\targuments.\tNothing\thas\thappened\tin\tthe\tlast\tdecade\tor\nso\tto\treverse\tthese\ttrends.\tYet\tchildren,\tthankfully,\tseem\tto\tbe\tfaring\nbetter.\nThomas\tAchenbach,\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tVermont\tpsychologist\twho\nhas\tdone\tthese\tstudies,\thypothesizes\tthat\tthe\teconomic\tboom\tof\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f730bcc0e3c0-1", "page_content": "has\tdone\tthese\tstudies,\thypothesizes\tthat\tthe\teconomic\tboom\tof\tthe\n1990s\tlifted\tchildren\tas\twell\tas\tadults;\tmore\tjobs\tand\tless\tcrime\tmeant\nbetter\tchildrearing.\tShould\tthere\tbe\tanother\tmajor\teconomic\nrecession,\the\tsuggests,\twe\twould\tsee\tanother\tdecline\tin\tthis\tmeasure\nof\tchildren\u2019s\tskills\tfor\tlife.\tThat\tmay\twell\tbe;\tonly\ttime\twill\ttell.\nThe\thyperspeed\tat\twhich\tEI\thas\tbecome\ta\ttopic\tof\timportance\tin\ta\nwide\tarray\tof\tfields\tmakes\tprediction\tdifficult,\tbut\tlet\tme\toffer\tsome\nthoughts\ton\twhat\tI\thope\tfor\tthe\tfield\tin\tthe\tnear\tfuture.\nMany\tof\tthe\tbenefits\tthat\taccrue\tfrom\tdeveloping\temotional\nintelligence\tcapabilities\thave\tgone\tto\tthe\tprivileged,\tsuch\tas\thigh-level\nbusiness\texecutives\tand\tchildren\tin\tprivate\tschools.\tOf\tcourse,\tmany\nchildren\tin\timpoverished\tneighborhoods\thave\talso\tbenefited\u2014for\ninstance,\tif\ttheir\tschools\timplemented\tSEL.\tBut\tI\tencourage\ta\tfurther\ndemocratization\tof\tthis\tvariety\tof\thuman\tskill\tdevelopment,\treaching\ninto\toften-neglected\tpools,\tlike\tfamilies\tin\tpoverty\t(where\tchildren\tso\noften\tsuffer\temotional\twounds\tthat\tcompound\ttheir\tplight)\tand\tto\nprisons\t(particularly\tfor\tyoung\toffenders\twho\tcould\tbenefit\nenormously\tfrom\tstrengthening\tskills\tlike\tanger\tmanagement,\tself-\nawareness,\tand\tempathy).\tGiven\tthe\tright\thelp\twith\tthese\tabilities,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "88a5d5d9fe58-0", "page_content": "their\tlives\twould\timprove,\tand\ttheir\tcommunities\twould\tbe\tsafer.\nI\u2019d\talso\tlike\tto\tsee\tthe\tscope\tof\tthinking\tabout\temotional\nintelligence\titself\texpand,\tleaping\tfrom\ta\tfocus\ton\tcapacities\twithin\nthe\tindividual\tto\ta\tfocus\ton\twhat\temerges\twhen\tpeople\tinteract,\nwhether\tone\ton\tone\tor\tin\tlarger\tgroups.\tSome\tresearch,\tnotably\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tNew\tHampshire\tpsychologist\tVanessa\tDruskat\u2019s\twork\ton\nhow\tteams\tcan\tbecome\temotionally\tintelligent,\thas\tseamlessly\tmade\nthis\tleap\talready.\tBut\tmuch\tmore\tcould\tbe\tdone.\nFinally,\tI\tenvision\ta\tday\twhen\temotional\tintelligence\twill\thave\nbecome\tso\twidely\tunderstood\tthat\twe\tneed\tnot\tmention\tit\tbecause\tit\nhas\tmelded\twith\tour\tlives.\tIn\tsuch\ta\tfuture,\tSEL\twould\thave\tbecome\nstandard\tpractice\tin\tschools\teverywhere.\tLikewise,\tEI\tqualities\tsuch\tas\nself-awareness,\tmanaging\tdestructive\temotions,\tand\tempathy\twould\nbe\tgivens\tin\tthe\tworkplace,\t\n\u201cmust-haves\u201d\tfor\tbeing\thired\tand\npromoted,\tand\tmost\tespecially\tfor\tleadership.\tIf\tEI\twere\tto\tbecome\tas\nwidespread\tas\tIQ\thas\tbecome,\tand\tas\tingrained\tin\tsociety\tas\ta\nmeasure\tof\thuman\tqualities,\tthen,\tI\tbelieve,\tour\tfamilies,\tschools,\njobs,\tand\tcommunities\twould\tbe\tall\tthe\tmore\thumane\tand\tnourishing.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "db18a952dc7d-0", "page_content": "Aristotle\u2019s\tChallenge\nAnyone\tcan\tbecome\tangry\u2014that\tis\teasy.\tBut\tto\tbe\tangry\twith\tthe\tright\tperson,\tto\tthe\tright\ndegree,\tat\tthe\tright\ttime,\tfor\tthe\tright\tpurpose,\tand\tin\tthe\tright\tway\u2014that\tis\tnot\teasy\n.\nA\nRISTOTLE\n,\t\nThe\tNichomachean\tEthics\nIt\twas\tan\tunbearably\tsteamy\tAugust\tafternoon\tin\tNew\tYork\tCity,\tthe\nkind\tof\tsweaty\tday\tthat\tmakes\tpeople\tsullen\twith\tdiscomfort.\tI\twas\nheading\tback\tto\ta\thotel,\tand\tas\tI\tstepped\tonto\ta\tbus\tup\tMadison\nAvenue\tI\twas\tstartled\tby\tthe\tdriver,\ta\tmiddle-aged\tblack\tman\twith\tan\nenthusiastic\tsmile,\twho\twelcomed\tme\twith\ta\tfriendly,\t\u201cHi!\tHow\tyou\ndoing?\u201d\tas\tI\tgot\ton,\ta\tgreeting\the\tproffered\tto\teveryone\telse\twho\nentered\tas\tthe\tbus\twormed\tthrough\tthe\tthick\tmidtown\ttraffic.\tEach\npassenger\twas\tas\tstartled\tas\tI,\tand,\tlocked\tinto\tthe\tmorose\tmood\tof\nthe\tday,\tfew\treturned\this\tgreeting.\nBut\tas\tthe\tbus\tcrawled\tuptown\tthrough\tthe\tgridlock,\ta\tslow,\trather\nmagical\ttransformation\toccurred.\tThe\tdriver\tgave\ta\trunning\nmonologue\tfor\tour\tbenefit,\ta\tlively\tcommentary\ton\tthe\tpassing\tscene\naround\tus:\tthere\twas\ta\tterrific\tsale\tat\tthat\tstore,\ta\twonderful\texhibit\nat\tthis\tmuseum,\tdid\tyou\thear\tabout\tthe\tnew\tmovie\tthat\tjust\topened\tat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "db18a952dc7d-1", "page_content": "that\tcinema\tdown\tthe\tblock?\tHis\tdelight\tin\tthe\trich\tpossibilities\tthe\ncity\toffered\twas\tinfectious.\tBy\tthe\ttime\tpeople\tgot\toff\tthe\tbus,\teach\tin\nturn\thad\tshaken\toff\tthe\tsullen\tshell\tthey\thad\tentered\twith,\tand\twhen\nthe\tdriver\tshouted\tout\ta\t\u201cSo\tlong,\thave\ta\tgreat\tday!\u201d\teach\tgave\ta\nsmiling\tresponse.\nThe\tmemory\tof\tthat\tencounter\thas\tstayed\twith\tme\tfor\tclose\tto\ntwenty\tyears.\tWhen\tI\trode\tthat\tMadison\tAvenue\tbus,\tI\thad\tjust\nfinished\tmy\town\tdoctorate\tin\tpsychology\u2014but\tthere\twas\tscant\nattention\tpaid\tin\tthe\tpsychology\tof\tthe\tday\tto\tjust\thow\tsuch\ta\ntransformation\tcould\thappen.\tPsychological\tscience\tknew\tlittle\tor\nnothing\tof\tthe\tmechanics\tof\temotion.\tAnd\tyet,\timagining\tthe\nspreading\tvirus\tof\tgood\tfeeling\tthat\tmust\thave\trippled\tthrough\tthe\ncity,\tstarting\tfrom\tpassengers\ton\this\tbus,\tI\tsaw\tthat\tthis\tbus\tdriver\nwas\tan\t\nurban\tpeacemaker\tof\tsorts,\twizardlike\tin\this\tpower\tto\ntransmute\tthe\tsullen\tirritability\tthat\tseethed\tin\this\tpassengers,\tto\nsoften\tand\topen\ttheir\thearts\ta\tbit.\tIn\tstark\tcontrast,\tsome\titems\tfrom\nthis\tweek\u2019s\tpaper:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6fc4fc4b8297-0", "page_content": "\u2022\tAt\ta\tlocal\tschool,\ta\tnine-year-old\tgoes\ton\ta\trampage,\tpouring\npaint\tover\tschool\tdesks,\tcomputers,\tand\tprinters,\tand\tvandalizing\ta\ncar\tin\tthe\tschool\tparking\tlot.\tThe\treason:\tsome\tthird-grade\tclassmates\ncalled\thim\ta\t\u201cbaby\u201d\tand\the\twanted\tto\timpress\tthem.\n\u2022\tEight\tyoungsters\tare\twounded\twhen\tan\tinadvertent\tbump\tin\ta\ncrowd\tof\tteenagers\tmilling\toutside\ta\tManhattan\trap\tclub\tleads\tto\ta\nshoving\tmatch,\twhich\tends\twhen\tone\tof\tthose\taffronted\tstarts\nshooting\ta\t.38\tcaliber\tautomatic\thandgun\tinto\tthe\tcrowd.\tThe\treport\nnotes\tthat\tsuch\tshootings\tover\tseemingly\tminor\tslights,\twhich\tare\nperceived\tas\tacts\tof\tdisrespect,\thave\tbecome\tincreasingly\tcommon\naround\tthe\tcountry\tin\trecent\tyears.\n\u2022\tFor\tmurder\tvictims\tunder\ttwelve,\tsays\ta\treport,\t57\tpercent\tof\tthe\nmurderers\tare\ttheir\tparents\tor\tstepparents.\tIn\talmost\thalf\tthe\tcases,\nthe\tparents\tsay\tthey\twere\t\u201cmerely\ttrying\tto\tdiscipline\tthe\tchild.\u201d\tThe\nfatal\tbeatings\twere\tprompted\tby\t\u201cinfractions\u201d\tsuch\tas\tthe\tchild\nblocking\tthe\tTV,\tcrying,\tor\tsoiling\tdiapers.\n\u2022\tA\tGerman\tyouth\tis\ton\ttrial\tfor\tmurdering\tfive\tTurkish\twomen\tand\ngirls\tin\ta\tfire\the\tset\twhile\tthey\tslept.\tPart\tof\ta\tneo-Nazi\tgroup,\the\ttells", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6fc4fc4b8297-1", "page_content": "of\tfailing\tto\thold\tjobs,\tof\tdrinking,\tof\tblaming\this\thard\tluck\ton\nforeigners.\tIn\ta\tbarely\taudible\tvoice,\the\tpleads,\t\u201cI\tcan\u2019t\tstop\tbeing\nsorry\tfor\twhat\twe\u2019ve\tdone,\tand\tI\tam\tinfinitely\tashamed.\u201d\nEach\tday\u2019s\tnews\tcomes\tto\tus\trife\twith\tsuch\treports\tof\tthe\ndisintegration\tof\tcivility\tand\tsafety,\tan\tonslaught\tof\tmean-spirited\nimpulse\trunning\tamok.\tBut\tthe\tnews\tsimply\treflects\tback\tto\tus\ton\ta\nlarger\tscale\ta\tcreeping\tsense\tof\temotions\tout\tof\tcontrol\tin\tour\town\nlives\tand\tin\tthose\tof\tthe\tpeople\taround\tus.\tNo\tone\tis\tinsulated\tfrom\nthis\terratic\ttide\tof\toutburst\tand\tregret;\tit\treaches\tinto\tall\tof\tour\tlives\nin\tone\tway\tor\tanother.\nThe\tlast\tdecade\thas\tseen\ta\tsteady\tdrumroll\tof\treports\tlike\tthese,\nportraying\tan\tuptick\tin\temotional\tineptitude,\tdesperation,\tand\nrecklessness\tin\tour\tfamilies,\tour\tcommunities,\tand\tour\tcollective\tlives.\nThese\tyears\thave\tchronicled\tsurging\trage\tand\tdespair,\twhether\tin\tthe\nquiet\tloneliness\tof\tlatchkey\tkids\tleft\twith\ta\tTV\tfor\ta\tbabysitter,\tor\tin\nthe\tpain\tof\tchildren\tabandoned,\tneglected,\tor\tabused,\tor\tin\tthe\tugly\nintimacy\tof\tmarital\tviolence.\tA\tspreading\temotional\tmalaise\tcan\tbe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6fc4fc4b8297-2", "page_content": "read\tin\tnumbers\tshowing\ta\tjump\tin\tdepression\taround\tthe\tworld,\tand\nin\tthe\treminders\tof\ta\tsurging\t\ntide\tof\taggression\u2014teens\twith\tguns\tin\nschools,\tfreeway\tmishaps\tending\tin\tshootings,\tdisgruntled\tex-", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "de685ee7b22a-0", "page_content": "employees\tmassacring\tformer\tfellow\tworkers.\t\nEmotional\tabuse,\tdrive-\nby\tshooting\n,\tand\t\npost-traumatic\tstress\n\tall\tentered\tthe\tcommon\tlexicon\nover\tthe\tlast\tdecade,\tas\tthe\tslogan\tof\tthe\thour\tshifted\tfrom\tthe\tcheery\n\u201cHave\ta\tnice\tday\u201d\tto\tthe\ttestiness\tof\t\u201cMake\tmy\tday.\u201d\nThis\tbook\tis\ta\tguide\tto\tmaking\tsense\tof\tthe\tsenselessness.\tAs\ta\npsychologist,\tand\tfor\tthe\tlast\tdecade\tas\ta\tjournalist\tfor\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\nTimes\n,\tI\thave\tbeen\ttracking\tthe\tprogress\tof\tour\tscientific\nunderstanding\tof\tthe\trealm\tof\tthe\tirrational.\tFrom\tthat\tperch\tI\thave\nbeen\tstruck\tby\ttwo\topposing\ttrends,\tone\tportraying\ta\tgrowing\ncalamity\tin\tour\tshared\temotional\tlife,\tthe\tother\toffering\tsome\thopeful\nremedies.\nWHY\tTHIS\tEXPLORATION\tNOW\nThe\tlast\tdecade,\tdespite\tits\tbad\tnews,\thas\talso\tseen\tan\tunparalleled\nburst\tof\tscientific\tstudies\tof\temotion.\tMost\tdramatic\tare\tthe\tglimpses\nof\tthe\tbrain\tat\twork,\tmade\tpossible\tby\tinnovative\tmethods\tsuch\tas\nnew\tbrain-imaging\ttechnologies.\tThey\thave\tmade\tvisible\tfor\tthe\tfirst\ntime\tin\thuman\thistory\twhat\thas\talways\tbeen\ta\tsource\tof\tdeep\nmystery:\texactly\thow\tthis\tintricate\tmass\tof\tcells\toperates\twhile\twe\nthink\tand\tfeel,\timagine\tand\tdream.\tThis\tflood\tof\tneurobiological\tdata", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "de685ee7b22a-1", "page_content": "lets\tus\tunderstand\tmore\tclearly\tthan\tever\thow\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\tcenters\tfor\nemotion\tmove\tus\tto\trage\tor\tto\ttears,\tand\thow\tmore\tancient\tparts\tof\nthe\tbrain,\twhich\tstir\tus\tto\tmake\twar\tas\twell\tas\tlove,\tare\tchanneled\tfor\nbetter\tor\tworse.\tThis\tunprecedented\tclarity\ton\tthe\tworkings\tof\nemotions\tand\ttheir\tfailings\tbrings\tinto\tfocus\tsome\tfresh\tremedies\tfor\nour\tcollective\temotional\tcrisis.\nI\thave\thad\tto\twait\ttill\tnow\tbefore\tthe\tscientific\tharvest\twas\tfull\nenough\tto\twrite\tthis\tbook.\tThese\tinsights\tare\tso\tlate\tin\tcoming\tlargely\nbecause\tthe\tplace\tof\tfeeling\tin\tmental\tlife\thas\tbeen\tsurprisingly\nslighted\tby\tresearch\tover\tthe\tyears,\tleaving\tthe\temotions\ta\tlargely\nunexplored\tcontinent\tfor\tscientific\tpsychology.\tInto\tthis\tvoid\thas\nrushed\ta\twelter\tof\tself-help\tbooks,\twell-intentioned\tadvice\tbased\tat\nbest\ton\tclinical\topinion\tbut\tlacking\tmuch,\tif\tany,\tscientific\tbasis.\tNow\nscience\tis\tfinally\table\tto\tspeak\twith\tauthority\tto\tthese\turgent\tand\nperplexing\tquestions\tof\tthe\tpsyche\tat\tits\tmost\tirrational,\tto\tmap\twith\nsome\tprecision\tthe\thuman\theart.\nThis\tmapping\toffers\ta\tchallenge\tto\tthose\twho\tsubscribe\tto\ta\tnarrow\nview\tof\tintelligence,\targuing\tthat\tIQ\tis\ta\tgenetic\tgiven\tthat\tcannot\tbe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9a19e5e10327-0", "page_content": "changed\tby\tlife\texperience,\tand\tthat\tour\tdestiny\tin\tlife\tis\tlargely\tfixed\nby\t\nthese\taptitudes.\tThat\targument\tignores\tthe\tmore\tchallenging\nquestion:\tWhat\t\ncan\n\twe\tchange\tthat\twill\thelp\tour\tchildren\tfare\tbetter\nin\tlife?\tWhat\tfactors\tare\tat\tplay,\tfor\texample,\twhen\tpeople\tof\thigh\tIQ\nflounder\tand\tthose\tof\tmodest\tIQ\tdo\tsurprisingly\twell?\tI\twould\targue\nthat\tthe\tdifference\tquite\toften\tlies\tin\tthe\tabilities\tcalled\there\t\nemotional\nintelligence\n,\twhich\tinclude\tself-control,\tzeal\tand\tpersistence,\tand\tthe\nability\tto\tmotivate\toneself.\tAnd\tthese\tskills,\tas\twe\tshall\tsee,\tcan\tbe\ntaught\tto\tchildren,\tgiving\tthem\ta\tbetter\tchance\tto\tuse\twhatever\nintellectual\tpotential\tthe\tgenetic\tlottery\tmay\thave\tgiven\tthem.\nBeyond\tthis\tpossibility\tlooms\ta\tpressing\tmoral\timperative.\tThese\nare\ttimes\twhen\tthe\tfabric\tof\tsociety\tseems\tto\tunravel\tat\tever-greater\nspeed,\twhen\tselfishness,\tviolence,\tand\ta\tmeanness\tof\tspirit\tseem\tto\tbe\nrotting\tthe\tgoodness\tof\tour\tcommunal\tlives.\tHere\tthe\targument\tfor\nthe\timportance\tof\temotional\tintelligence\thinges\ton\tthe\tlink\tbetween\nsentiment,\tcharacter,\tand\tmoral\tinstincts.\tThere\tis\tgrowing\tevidence\nthat\tfundamental\tethical\tstances\tin\tlife\tstem\tfrom\tunderlying\nemotional\tcapacities.\tFor\tone,\timpulse\tis\tthe\tmedium\tof\temotion;\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9a19e5e10327-1", "page_content": "seed\tof\tall\timpulse\tis\ta\tfeeling\tbursting\tto\texpress\titself\tin\taction.\nThose\twho\tare\tat\tthe\tmercy\tof\timpulse\u2014who\tlack\tself-control\u2014suffer\na\tmoral\tdeficiency:\tThe\tability\tto\tcontrol\timpulse\tis\tthe\tbase\tof\twill\nand\tcharacter.\tBy\tthe\tsame\ttoken,\tthe\troot\tof\taltruism\tlies\tin\tempathy,\nthe\tability\tto\tread\temotions\tin\tothers;\tlacking\ta\tsense\tof\tanother\u2019s\nneed\tor\tdespair,\tthere\tis\tno\tcaring.\tAnd\tif\tthere\tare\tany\ttwo\tmoral\nstances\tthat\tour\ttimes\tcall\tfor,\tthey\tare\tprecisely\tthese,\tself-restraint\nand\tcompassion.\nOUR\tJOURNEY\nIn\tthis\tbook\tI\tserve\tas\ta\tguide\tin\ta\tjourney\tthrough\tthese\tscientific\ninsights\tinto\tthe\temotions,\ta\tvoyage\taimed\tat\tbringing\tgreater\nunderstanding\tto\tsome\tof\tthe\tmost\tperplexing\tmoments\tin\tour\town\nlives\tand\tin\tthe\tworld\taround\tus.\tThe\tjourney\u2019s\tend\tis\tto\tunderstand\nwhat\tit\tmeans\u2014and\thow\u2014to\tbring\tintelligence\tto\temotion.\tThis\nunderstanding\titself\tcan\thelp\tto\tsome\tdegree;\tbringing\tcognizance\tto\nthe\trealm\tof\tfeeling\thas\tan\teffect\tsomething\tlike\tthe\timpact\tof\tan\nobserver\tat\tthe\tquantum\tlevel\tin\tphysics,\taltering\twhat\tis\tbeing\nobserved.\nOur\tjourney\tbegins\tin\t\nPart\tOne\n\twith\tnew\tdiscoveries\tabout\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "27691be9aae0-0", "page_content": "brain\u2019s\temotional\tarchitecture\tthat\toffer\tan\texplanation\tof\tthose\tmost\nbaffling\tmoments\tin\tour\tlives\twhen\tfeeling\toverwhelms\tall\trationality.\nUnderstanding\t\nthe\tinterplay\tof\tbrain\tstructures\tthat\trule\tour\tmoments\nof\trage\tand\tfear\u2014or\tpassion\tand\tjoy\u2014reveals\tmuch\tabout\thow\twe\nlearn\tthe\temotional\thabits\tthat\tcan\tundermine\tour\tbest\tintentions,\tas\nwell\tas\twhat\twe\tcan\tdo\tto\tsubdue\tour\tmore\tdestructive\tor\tself-\ndefeating\temotional\timpulses.\tMost\timportant,\tthe\tneurological\tdata\nsuggest\ta\twindow\tof\topportunity\tfor\tshaping\tour\tchildren\u2019s\temotional\nhabits.\nThe\tnext\tmajor\tstop\ton\tour\tjourney,\t\nPart\tTwo\n\tof\tthis\tbook,\tis\tin\nseeing\thow\tneurological\tgivens\tplay\tout\tin\tthe\tbasic\tflair\tfor\tliving\ncalled\t\nemotional\tintelligence:\n\tbeing\table,\tfor\texample,\tto\trein\tin\nemotional\timpulse;\tto\tread\tanother\u2019s\tinnermost\tfeelings;\tto\thandle\nrelationships\tsmoothly\u2014as\tAristotle\tput\tit,\tthe\trare\tskill\t\u201cto\tbe\tangry\nwith\tthe\tright\tperson,\tto\tthe\tright\tdegree,\tat\tthe\tright\ttime,\tfor\tthe\nright\tpurpose,\tand\tin\tthe\tright\tway.\u201d\t(Readers\twho\tare\tnot\tdrawn\tto\nneurological\tdetail\tmay\twant\tto\tproceed\tdirectly\tto\tthis\tsection.)\nThis\texpanded\tmodel\tof\twhat\tit\tmeans\tto\tbe\t\u201cintelligent\u201d\tputs\nemotions\tat\tthe\tcenter\tof\taptitudes\tfor\tliving.\t\nPart\tThree\n\texamines", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "27691be9aae0-1", "page_content": "Part\tThree\n\texamines\nsome\tkey\tdifferences\tthis\taptitude\tmakes:\thow\tthese\tabilities\tcan\npreserve\tour\tmost\tprized\trelationships,\tor\ttheir\tlack\tcorrode\tthem;\nhow\tthe\tmarket\tforces\tthat\tare\treshaping\tour\tworklife\tare\tputting\tan\nunprecedented\tpremium\ton\temotional\tintelligence\tfor\ton-the-job\nsuccess;\tand\thow\ttoxic\temotions\tput\tour\tphysical\thealth\tat\tas\tmuch\nrisk\tas\tdoes\tchain-smoking,\teven\tas\temotional\tbalance\tcan\thelp\nprotect\tour\thealth\tand\twell-being.\nOur\tgenetic\theritage\tendows\teach\tof\tus\twith\ta\tseries\tof\temotional\nset-points\tthat\tdetermines\tour\ttemperament.\tBut\tthe\tbrain\tcircuitry\ninvolved\tis\textraordinarily\tmalleable;\ttemperament\tis\tnot\tdestiny.\tAs\nPart\tFour\n\tshows,\tthe\temotional\tlessons\twe\tlearn\tas\tchildren\tat\thome\nand\tat\tschool\tshape\tthe\temotional\tcircuits,\tmaking\tus\tmore\tadept\u2014or\ninept\u2014at\tthe\tbasics\tof\temotional\tintelligence.\tThis\tmeans\tthat\nchildhood\tand\tadolescence\tare\tcritical\twindows\tof\topportunity\tfor\nsetting\tdown\tthe\tessential\temotional\thabits\tthat\twill\tgovern\tour\tlives.\nPart\tFive\n\texplores\twhat\thazards\tawait\tthose\twho,\tin\tgrowing\tto\nmaturity,\tfail\tto\tmaster\tthe\temotional\trealm\u2014how\tdeficiencies\tin\nemotional\tintelligence\theighten\ta\tspectrum\tof\trisks,\tfrom\tdepression\nor\ta\tlife\tof\tviolence\tto\teating\tdisorders\tand\tdrug\tabuse.\tAnd\tit", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "27691be9aae0-2", "page_content": "documents\thow\tpioneering\tschools\tare\tteaching\tchildren\tthe\nemotional\tand\tsocial\tskills\tthey\tneed\tto\tkeep\ttheir\tlives\ton\ttrack.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e1ee6cdc8287-0", "page_content": "Perhaps\tthe\tmost\tdisturbing\tsingle\tpiece\tof\tdata\tin\tthis\tbook\tcomes\nfrom\ta\tmassive\tsurvey\tof\tparents\tand\tteachers\tand\tshows\ta\tworldwide\ntrend\tfor\tthe\tpresent\tgeneration\tof\tchildren\tto\tbe\tmore\ttroubled\nemotionally\t\nthan\tthe\tlast:\tmore\tlonely\tand\tdepressed,\tmore\tangry\tand\nunruly,\tmore\tnervous\tand\tprone\tto\tworry,\tmore\timpulsive\tand\naggressive.\nIf\tthere\tis\ta\tremedy,\tI\tfeel\tit\tmust\tlie\tin\thow\twe\tprepare\tour\tyoung\nfor\tlife.\tAt\tpresent\twe\tleave\tthe\temotional\teducation\tof\tour\tchildren\nto\tchance,\twith\tever\tmore\tdisastrous\tresults.\tOne\tsolution\tis\ta\tnew\nvision\tof\twhat\tschools\tcan\tdo\tto\teducate\tthe\twhole\tstudent,\tbringing\ntogether\tmind\tand\theart\tin\tthe\tclassroom.\tOur\tjourney\tends\twith\nvisits\tto\tinnovative\tclasses\tthat\taim\tto\tgive\tchildren\ta\tgrounding\tin\nthe\tbasics\tof\temotional\tintelligence.\tI\tcan\tforesee\ta\tday\twhen\neducation\twill\troutinely\tinclude\tinculcating\tessential\thuman\ncompetencies\tsuch\tas\tself-awareness,\tself-control,\tand\tempathy,\tand\nthe\tarts\tof\tlistening,\tresolving\tconflicts,\tand\tcooperation.\nIn\t\nThe\tNichomachean\tEthics\n,\tAristotle\u2019s\tphilosophical\tenquiry\tinto\nvirtue,\tcharacter,\tand\tthe\tgood\tlife,\this\tchallenge\tis\tto\tmanage\tour\nemotional\tlife\twith\tintelligence.\tOur\tpassions,\twhen\twell\texercised,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e1ee6cdc8287-1", "page_content": "have\twisdom;\tthey\tguide\tour\tthinking,\tour\tvalues,\tour\tsurvival.\tBut\nthey\tcan\teasily\tgo\tawry,\tand\tdo\tso\tall\ttoo\toften.\tAs\tAristotle\tsaw,\tthe\nproblem\tis\tnot\twith\temotionality,\tbut\twith\tthe\t\nappropriateness\n\tof\nemotion\tand\tits\texpression.\tThe\tquestion\tis,\thow\tcan\twe\tbring\nintelligence\tto\tour\temotions\u2014and\tcivility\tto\tour\tstreets\tand\tcaring\tto\nour\tcommunal\tlife?", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "354534819660-0", "page_content": "PART\tONE\nTHE\nEMOTIONAL\nBRAIN", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7a240b8215ec-0", "page_content": "1\nWhat\tAre\tEmotions\tFor?\nIt\tis\twith\tthe\theart\tthat\tone\tsees\trightly;\twhat\tis\tessential\tis\tinvisible\tto\tthe\teye\n.\nA\nNTOINE\tDE\n\tS\nAINT\n-E\nXUP\u00c9RY\n,\nThe\tLittle\tPrince\nPonder\tthe\tlast\tmoments\tof\tGary\tand\tMary\tJane\tChauncey,\ta\tcouple\ncompletely\tdevoted\tto\ttheir\televen-year-old\tdaughter\tAndrea,\twho\nwas\tconfined\tto\ta\twheelchair\tby\tcerebral\tpalsy.\tThe\tChauncey\tfamily\nwere\tpassengers\ton\tan\tAmtrak\ttrain\tthat\tcrashed\tinto\ta\triver\tafter\ta\nbarge\thit\tand\tweakened\ta\trailroad\tbridge\tin\tLouisiana\u2019s\tbayou\ncountry.\tThinking\tfirst\tof\ttheir\tdaughter,\tthe\tcouple\ttried\ttheir\tbest\tto\nsave\tAndrea\tas\twater\trushed\tinto\tthe\tsinking\ttrain;\tsomehow\tthey\nmanaged\tto\tpush\tAndrea\tthrough\ta\twindow\tto\trescuers.\tThen,\tas\tthe\ncar\tsank\tbeneath\tthe\twater,\tthey\tperished.\n1\nAndrea\u2019s\tstory,\tof\tparents\twhose\tlast\theroic\tact\tis\tto\tensure\ttheir\nchild\u2019s\tsurvival,\tcaptures\ta\tmoment\tof\talmost\tmythic\tcourage.\nWithout\tdoubt\tsuch\tincidents\tof\tparental\tsacrifice\tfor\ttheir\tprogeny\nhave\tbeen\trepeated\tcountless\ttimes\tin\thuman\thistory\tand\tprehistory,\nand\tcountless\tmore\tin\tthe\tlarger\tcourse\tof\tevolution\tof\tour\tspecies.\n2\nSeen\tfrom\tthe\tperspective\tof\tevolutionary\tbiologists,\tsuch\tparental", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7a240b8215ec-1", "page_content": "2\nSeen\tfrom\tthe\tperspective\tof\tevolutionary\tbiologists,\tsuch\tparental\nself-sacrifice\tis\tin\tthe\tservice\tof\t\u201creproductive\tsuccess\u201d\tin\tpassing\ton\none\u2019s\tgenes\tto\tfuture\tgenerations.\tBut\tfrom\tthe\tperspective\tof\ta\tparent\nmaking\ta\tdesperate\tdecision\tin\ta\tmoment\tof\tcrisis,\tit\tis\tabout\tnothing\nother\tthan\tlove.\nAs\tan\tinsight\tinto\tthe\tpurpose\tand\tpotency\tof\temotions,\tthis\nexemplary\tact\tof\tparental\theroism\ttestifies\tto\tthe\trole\tof\taltruistic\tlove\n\u2014and\tevery\tother\temotion\twe\tfeel\u2014in\thuman\tlife.\n3\n\tIt\tsuggests\tthat\nour\tdeepest\tfeelings,\tour\tpassions\tand\tlongings,\tare\tessential\tguides,\nand\tthat\tour\tspecies\towes\tmuch\t\nof\tits\texistence\tto\ttheir\tpower\tin\nhuman\taffairs.\tThat\tpower\tis\textraordinary:\tOnly\ta\tpotent\tlove\u2014the\nurgency\tof\tsaving\ta\tcherished\tchild\u2014could\tlead\ta\tparent\tto\toverride\nthe\timpulse\tfor\tpersonal\tsurvival.\tSeen\tfrom\tthe\tintellect,\ttheir\tself-\nsacrifice\twas\targuably\tirrational;\tseen\tfrom\tthe\theart,\tit\twas\tthe\tonly", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "338f92fdcd96-0", "page_content": "choice\tto\tmake.\nSociobiologists\tpoint\tto\tthe\tpreeminence\tof\theart\tover\thead\tat\tsuch\ncrucial\tmoments\twhen\tthey\tconjecture\tabout\twhy\tevolution\thas\tgiven\nemotion\tsuch\ta\tcentral\trole\tin\tthe\thuman\tpsyche.\tOur\temotions,\tthey\nsay,\tguide\tus\tin\tfacing\tpredicaments\tand\ttasks\ttoo\timportant\tto\tleave\nto\tintellect\talone\u2014danger,\tpainful\tloss,\tpersisting\ttoward\ta\tgoal\ndespite\tfrustrations,\tbonding\twith\ta\tmate,\tbuilding\ta\tfamily.\tEach\nemotion\toffers\ta\tdistinctive\treadiness\tto\tact;\teach\tpoints\tus\tin\ta\ndirection\tthat\thas\tworked\twell\tto\thandle\tthe\trecurring\tchallenges\tof\nhuman\tlife.\n4\n\tAs\tthese\teternal\tsituations\twere\trepeated\tand\trepeated\nover\tour\tevolutionary\thistory,\tthe\tsurvival\tvalue\tof\tour\temotional\nrepertoire\twas\tattested\tto\tby\tits\tbecoming\timprinted\tin\tour\tnerves\tas\ninnate,\tautomatic\ttendencies\tof\tthe\thuman\theart.\nA\tview\tof\thuman\tnature\tthat\tignores\tthe\tpower\tof\temotions\tis\tsadly\nshortsighted.\tThe\tvery\tname\t\nHomo\tsapiens\n,\tthe\tthinking\tspecies,\tis\nmisleading\tin\tlight\tof\tthe\tnew\tappreciation\tand\tvision\tof\tthe\tplace\tof\nemotions\tin\tour\tlives\tthat\tscience\tnow\toffers.\tAs\twe\tall\tknow\tfrom\nexperience,\twhen\tit\tcomes\tto\tshaping\tour\tdecisions\tand\tour\tactions,\nfeeling\tcounts\tevery\tbit\tas\tmuch\u2014and\toften\tmore\u2014than\tthought.\tWe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "338f92fdcd96-1", "page_content": "have\tgone\ttoo\tfar\tin\temphasizing\tthe\tvalue\tand\timport\tof\tthe\tpurely\nrational\u2014of\twhat\tIQ\tmeasures\u2014in\thuman\tlife.\tFor\tbetter\tor\tworse,\nintelligence\tcan\tcome\tto\tnothing\twhen\tthe\temotions\thold\tsway.\nWHEN\tPASSIONS\tOVERWHELM\tREASON\nIt\twas\ta\ttragedy\tof\terrors.\tFourteen-year-old\tMatilda\tCrabtree\twas\tjust\nplaying\ta\tpractical\tjoke\ton\ther\tfather:\tshe\tjumped\tout\tof\ta\tcloset\tand\nyelled\t\u201cBoo!\u201d\tas\ther\tparents\tcame\thome\tat\tone\tin\tthe\tmorning\tfrom\nvisiting\tfriends.\nBut\tBobby\tCrabtree\tand\this\twife\tthought\tMatilda\twas\tstaying\twith\nfriends\tthat\tnight.\tHearing\tnoises\tas\the\tentered\tthe\thouse,\tCrabtree\nreached\tfor\this\t.357\tcaliber\tpistol\tand\twent\tinto\tMatilda\u2019s\tbedroom\tto\ninvestigate.\tWhen\this\tdaughter\tjumped\tfrom\tthe\tcloset,\tCrabtree\tshot\nher\tin\tthe\tneck.\tMatilda\tCrabtree\tdied\ttwelve\thours\tlater.\n5\nOne\temotional\tlegacy\tof\tevolution\tis\tthe\tfear\tthat\tmobilizes\tus\tto\nprotect\tour\tfamily\tfrom\tdanger;\tthat\timpulse\timpelled\tBobby\tCrabtree\nto\tget\this\tgun\t\nand\tsearch\this\thouse\tfor\tthe\tintruder\the\tthought\twas\nprowling\tthere.\tFear\tprimed\tCrabtree\tto\tshoot\tbefore\the\tcould\tfully\nregister\twhat\the\twas\tshooting\tat,\teven\tbefore\the\tcould\trecognize\this", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b794d85549e4-0", "page_content": "daughter\u2019s\tvoice.\tAutomatic\treactions\tof\tthis\tsort\thave\tbecome\tetched\nin\tour\tnervous\tsystem,\tevolutionary\tbiologists\tpresume,\tbecause\tfor\ta\nlong\tand\tcrucial\tperiod\tin\thuman\tprehistory\tthey\tmade\tthe\tdifference\nbetween\tsurvival\tand\tdeath.\tEven\tmore\timportant,\tthey\tmattered\tfor\nthe\tmain\ttask\tof\tevolution:\tbeing\table\tto\tbear\tprogeny\twho\twould\ncarry\ton\tthese\tvery\tgenetic\tpredispositions\u2014a\tsad\tirony,\tgiven\tthe\ntragedy\tat\tthe\tCrabtree\thousehold.\nBut\twhile\tour\temotions\thave\tbeen\twise\tguides\tin\tthe\tevolutionary\nlong\trun,\tthe\tnew\trealities\tcivilization\tpresents\thave\tarisen\twith\tsuch\nrapidity\tthat\tthe\tslow\tmarch\tof\tevolution\tcannot\tkeep\tup.\tIndeed,\tthe\nfirst\tlaws\tand\tproclamations\tof\tethics\u2014the\tCode\tof\tHammurabi,\tthe\nTen\tCommandments\tof\tthe\tHebrews,\tthe\tEdicts\tof\tEmperor\tAshoka\u2014\ncan\tbe\tread\tas\tattempts\tto\tharness,\tsubdue,\tand\tdomesticate\nemotional\tlife.\tAs\tFreud\tdescribed\tin\t\nCivilization\tand\tIts\tDiscontents\n,\nsociety\thas\thad\tto\tenforce\tfrom\twithout\trules\tmeant\tto\tsubdue\ttides\tof\nemotional\texcess\tthat\tsurge\ttoo\tfreely\twithin.\nDespite\tthese\tsocial\tconstraints,\tpassions\toverwhelm\treason\ttime\nand\tagain.\tThis\tgiven\tof\thuman\tnature\tarises\tfrom\tthe\tbasic\narchitecture\tof\tmental\tlife.\tIn\tterms\tof\tbiological\tdesign\tfor\tthe\tbasic", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b794d85549e4-1", "page_content": "architecture\tof\tmental\tlife.\tIn\tterms\tof\tbiological\tdesign\tfor\tthe\tbasic\nneural\tcircuitry\tof\temotion,\twhat\twe\tare\tborn\twith\tis\twhat\tworked\nbest\tfor\tthe\tlast\t50,000\thuman\tgenerations,\tnot\tthe\tlast\t500\ngenerations\u2014and\tcertainly\tnot\tthe\tlast\tfive.\tThe\tslow,\tdeliberate\nforces\tof\tevolution\tthat\thave\tshaped\tour\temotions\thave\tdone\ttheir\nwork\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\tmillion\tyears;\tthe\tlast\t10,000\tyears\u2014despite\nhaving\twitnessed\tthe\trapid\trise\tof\thuman\tcivilization\tand\tthe\nexplosion\tof\tthe\thuman\tpopulation\tfrom\tfive\tmillion\tto\tfive\tbillion\u2014\nhave\tleft\tlittle\timprint\ton\tour\tbiological\ttemplates\tfor\temotional\tlife.\nFor\tbetter\tor\tfor\tworse,\tour\tappraisal\tof\tevery\tpersonal\tencounter\nand\tour\tresponses\tto\tit\tare\tshaped\tnot\tjust\tby\tour\trational\tjudgments\nor\tour\tpersonal\thistory,\tbut\talso\tby\tour\tdistant\tancestral\tpast.\tThis\nleaves\tus\twith\tsometimes\ttragic\tpropensities,\tas\twitness\tthe\tsad\tevents\nat\tthe\tCrabtree\thousehold.\tIn\tshort,\twe\ttoo\toften\tconfront\tpostmodern\ndilemmas\twith\tan\temotional\trepertoire\ttailored\tto\tthe\turgencies\tof\tthe\nPleistocene.\tThat\tpredicament\tis\tat\tthe\theart\tof\tmy\tsubject.\nImpulses\tto\tAction\nOne\tearly\tspring\tday\tI\twas\tdriving\talong\ta\thighway\tover\ta\tmountain\npass\tin\tColorado,\twhen\ta\tsnow\tflurry\tsuddenly\tblotted\tout\tthe\tcar\ta\nfew\tlengths", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b794d85549e4-2", "page_content": "few\tlengths\t\nahead\tof\tme.\tAs\tI\tpeered\tahead\tI\tcouldn\u2019t\tmake\tout", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "415af1b6ff8b-0", "page_content": "anything;\tthe\tswirling\tsnow\twas\tnow\ta\tblinding\twhiteness.\tPressing\nmy\tfoot\ton\tthe\tbrake,\tI\tcould\tfeel\tanxiety\tflood\tmy\tbody\tand\thear\tthe\nthumping\tof\tmy\theart.\nThe\tanxiety\tbuilt\tto\tfull\tfear:\tI\tpulled\tover\tto\tthe\tside\tof\tthe\troad,\nwaiting\tfor\tthe\tflurry\tto\tpass.\tA\thalf\thour\tlater\tthe\tsnow\tstopped,\nvisibility\treturned,\tand\tI\tcontinued\ton\tmy\tway\u2014only\tto\tbe\tstopped\ta\nfew\thundred\tyards\tdown\tthe\troad,\twhere\tan\tambulance\tcrew\twas\nhelping\ta\tpassenger\tin\ta\tcar\tthat\thad\trear-ended\ta\tslower\tcar\tin\tfront;\nthe\tcollision\tblocked\tthe\thighway.\tIf\tI\thad\tcontinued\tdriving\tin\tthe\nblinding\tsnow,\tI\tprobably\twould\thave\thit\tthem.\nThe\tcaution\tfear\tforced\ton\tme\tthat\tday\tmay\thave\tsaved\tmy\tlife.\nLike\ta\trabbit\tfrozen\tin\tterror\tat\tthe\thint\tof\ta\tpassing\tfox\u2014or\ta\nprotomammal\thiding\tfrom\ta\tmarauding\tdinosaur\u2014I\twas\tovertaken\tby\nan\tinternal\tstate\tthat\tcompelled\tme\tto\tstop,\tpay\tattention,\tand\ttake\nheed\tof\ta\tcoming\tdanger.\nAll\temotions\tare,\tin\tessence,\timpulses\tto\tact,\tthe\tinstant\tplans\tfor\nhandling\tlife\tthat\tevolution\thas\tinstilled\tin\tus.\tThe\tvery\troot\tof\tthe\nword\t\nemotion\n\tis\t\nmotere\n,\tthe\tLatin\tverb\t\u201cto\tmove,\u201d\tplus\tthe\tprefix\t\u201ce-\u201d\nto\tconnote\t\u201cmove\taway,\u201d\tsuggesting\tthat\ta\ttendency\tto\tact\tis\timplicit", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "415af1b6ff8b-1", "page_content": "in\tevery\temotion.\tThat\temotions\tlead\tto\tactions\tis\tmost\tobvious\tin\nwatching\tanimals\tor\tchildren;\tit\tis\tonly\tin\t\u201ccivilized\u201d\tadults\twe\tso\noften\tfind\tthe\tgreat\tanomaly\tin\tthe\tanimal\tkingdom,\temotions\u2014root\nimpulses\tto\tact\u2014divorced\tfrom\tobvious\treaction.\n6\nIn\tour\temotional\trepertoire\teach\temotion\tplays\ta\tunique\trole,\tas\nrevealed\tby\ttheir\tdistinctive\tbiological\tsignatures\t(see\t\nAppendix\tA\n\tfor\ndetails\ton\t\u201cbasic\u201d\temotions).\tWith\tnew\tmethods\tto\tpeer\tinto\tthe\tbody\nand\tbrain,\tresearchers\tare\tdiscovering\tmore\tphysiological\tdetails\tof\nhow\teach\temotion\tprepares\tthe\tbody\tfor\ta\tvery\tdifferent\tkind\tof\nresponse:\n7\n\u2022\tWith\t\nanger\n\tblood\tflows\tto\tthe\thands,\tmaking\tit\teasier\tto\tgrasp\ta\nweapon\tor\tstrike\tat\ta\tfoe;\theart\trate\tincreases,\tand\ta\trush\tof\thormones\nsuch\tas\tadrenaline\tgenerates\ta\tpulse\tof\tenergy\tstrong\tenough\tfor\nvigorous\taction.\n\u2022\tWith\t\nfear\n\tblood\tgoes\tto\tthe\tlarge\tskeletal\tmuscles,\tsuch\tas\tin\tthe\nlegs,\tmaking\tit\teasier\tto\tflee\u2014and\tmaking\tthe\tface\tblanch\tas\tblood\tis\nshunted\taway\tfrom\tit\t(creating\tthe\tfeeling\tthat\tthe\tblood\t\u201cruns\tcold\u201d).\nAt\tthe\tsame\ttime,\tthe\tbody\tfreezes,\tif\tonly\tfor\ta\tmoment,\tperhaps\nallowing\ttime\tto\tgauge\twhether\thiding\tmight\tbe\ta\tbetter\treaction.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "415af1b6ff8b-2", "page_content": "allowing\ttime\tto\tgauge\twhether\thiding\tmight\tbe\ta\tbetter\treaction.\nCircuits\tin\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\temotional\tcenters\ttrigger\ta\tflood\tof\thormones", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "84e3b8febaed-0", "page_content": "that\tput\tthe\tbody\ton\tgeneral\talert,\tmaking\tit\tedgy\tand\tready\tfor\naction,\tand\tattention\tfixates\ton\tthe\tthreat\tat\thand,\tthe\tbetter\tto\nevaluate\twhat\tresponse\tto\tmake.\n\u2022\tAmong\tthe\tmain\tbiological\tchanges\tin\t\nhappiness\n\tis\tan\tincreased\nactivity\tin\ta\tbrain\tcenter\tthat\tinhibits\tnegative\tfeelings\tand\tfosters\tan\nincrease\tin\t\navailable\tenergy,\tand\ta\tquieting\tof\tthose\tthat\tgenerate\nworrisome\tthought.\tBut\tthere\tis\tno\tparticular\tshift\tin\tphysiology\tsave\na\tquiescence,\twhich\tmakes\tthe\tbody\trecover\tmore\tquickly\tfrom\tthe\nbiological\tarousal\tof\tupsetting\temotions.\tThis\tconfiguration\toffers\tthe\nbody\ta\tgeneral\trest,\tas\twell\tas\treadiness\tand\tenthusiasm\tfor\twhatever\ntask\tis\tat\thand\tand\tfor\tstriving\ttoward\ta\tgreat\tvariety\tof\tgoals.\n\u2022\t\nLove\n,\ttender\tfeelings,\tand\tsexual\tsatisfaction\tentail\nparasympathetic\tarousal\u2014the\tphysiological\topposite\tof\tthe\t\u201cfight-or-\nflight\u201d\tmobilization\tshared\tby\tfear\tand\tanger.\tThe\tparasympathetic\npattern,\tdubbed\tthe\t\u201crelaxation\tresponse,\u201d\tis\ta\tbodywide\tset\tof\nreactions\tthat\tgenerates\ta\tgeneral\tstate\tof\tcalm\tand\tcontentment,\nfacilitating\tcooperation.\n\u2022\tThe\tlifting\tof\tthe\teyebrows\tin\t\nsurprise\n\tallows\tthe\ttaking\tin\tof\ta\nlarger\tvisual\tsweep\tand\talso\tpermits\tmore\tlight\tto\tstrike\tthe\tretina.\nThis\toffers\tmore\tinformation\tabout\tthe\tunexpected\tevent,\tmaking\tit", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "84e3b8febaed-1", "page_content": "This\toffers\tmore\tinformation\tabout\tthe\tunexpected\tevent,\tmaking\tit\neasier\tto\tfigure\tout\texactly\twhat\tis\tgoing\ton\tand\tconcoct\tthe\tbest\tplan\nfor\taction.\n\u2022\tAround\tthe\tworld\tan\texpression\tof\t\ndisgust\n\tlooks\tthe\tsame,\tand\nsends\tthe\tidentical\tmessage:\tsomething\tis\toffensive\tin\ttaste\tor\tsmell,\nor\tmetaphorically\tso.\tThe\tfacial\texpression\tof\tdisgust\u2014the\tupper\tlip\ncurled\tto\tthe\tside\tas\tthe\tnose\twrinkles\tslightly\u2014suggests\ta\tprimordial\nattempt,\tas\tDarwin\tobserved,\tto\tclose\tthe\tnostrils\tagainst\ta\tnoxious\nodor\tor\tto\tspit\tout\ta\tpoisonous\tfood.\n\u2022\tA\tmain\tfunction\tfor\t\nsadness\n\tis\tto\thelp\tadjust\tto\ta\tsignificant\tloss,\nsuch\tas\tthe\tdeath\tof\tsomeone\tclose\tor\ta\tmajor\tdisappointment.\nSadness\tbrings\ta\tdrop\tin\tenergy\tand\tenthusiasm\tfor\tlife\u2019s\tactivities,\nparticularly\tdiversions\tand\tpleasures,\tand,\tas\tit\tdeepens\tand\napproaches\tdepression,\tslows\tthe\tbody\u2019s\tmetabolism.\tThis\nintrospective\twithdrawal\tcreates\tthe\topportunity\tto\tmourn\ta\tloss\tor\nfrustrated\thope,\tgrasp\tits\tconsequences\tfor\tone\u2019s\tlife,\tand,\tas\tenergy\nreturns,\tplan\tnew\tbeginnings.\tThis\tloss\tof\tenergy\tmay\twell\thave\tkept\nsaddened\u2014and\tvulnerable\u2014early\thumans\tclose\tto\thome,\twhere\tthey\nwere\tsafer.\nThese\tbiological\tpropensities\tto\tact\tare\tshaped\tfurther\tby\tour\tlife", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eae7dffca4b0-0", "page_content": "experience\tand\tour\tculture.\tFor\tinstance,\tuniversally\tthe\tloss\tof\ta\nloved\tone\telicits\tsadness\tand\tgrief.\tBut\thow\twe\tshow\tour\tgrieving\u2014\nhow\temotions\tare\tdisplayed\tor\theld\tback\tfor\tprivate\tmoments\u2014is\nmolded\tby\tculture,\tas\tare\twhich\tparticular\tpeople\tin\tour\tlives\tfall\tinto\nthe\tcategory\tof\t\u201cloved\tones\u201d\tto\tbe\tmourned.\nThe\tprotracted\tperiod\tof\tevolution\twhen\tthese\temotional\tresponses\nwere\thammered\tinto\tshape\twas\tcertainly\ta\tharsher\treality\tthan\tmost\nhumans\tendured\tas\ta\tspecies\tafter\tthe\tdawn\tof\trecorded\thistory.\tIt\nwas\ta\ttime\twhen\tfew\tinfants\tsurvived\tto\tchildhood\tand\tfew\tadults\tto\nthirty\tyears,\twhen\t\npredators\tcould\tstrike\tat\tany\tmoment,\twhen\tthe\nvagaries\tof\tdroughts\tand\tfloods\tmeant\tthe\tdifference\tbetween\nstarvation\tand\tsurvival.\tBut\twith\tthe\tcoming\tof\tagriculture\tand\teven\nthe\tmost\trudimentary\thuman\tsocieties,\tthe\todds\tfor\tsurvival\tbegan\tto\nchange\tdramatically.\tIn\tthe\tlast\tten\tthousand\tyears,\twhen\tthese\nadvances\ttook\thold\tthroughout\tthe\tworld,\tthe\tferocious\tpressures\tthat\nhad\theld\tthe\thuman\tpopulation\tin\tcheck\teased\tsteadily.\nThose\tsame\tpressures\thad\tmade\tour\temotional\tresponses\tso\nvaluable\tfor\tsurvival;\tas\tthey\twaned,\tso\tdid\tthe\tgoodness\tof\tfit\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eae7dffca4b0-1", "page_content": "parts\tof\tour\temotional\trepertoire.\tWhile\tin\tthe\tancient\tpast\ta\thair-\ntrigger\tanger\tmay\thave\toffered\ta\tcrucial\tedge\tfor\tsurvival,\tthe\navailability\tof\tautomatic\tweaponry\tto\tthirteen-year-olds\thas\tmade\tit\ntoo\toften\ta\tdisastrous\treaction.\n8\nOur\tTwo\n\tMinds\nA\tfriend\twas\ttelling\tme\tabout\ther\tdivorce,\ta\tpainful\tseparation.\tHer\nhusband\thad\tfallen\tin\tlove\twith\ta\tyounger\twoman\tat\twork,\tand\nsuddenly\tannounced\the\twas\tleaving\tto\tlive\twith\tthe\tother\twoman.\nMonths\tof\tbitter\twrangling\tover\thouse,\tmoney,\tand\tcustody\tof\tthe\nchildren\tfollowed.\tNow,\tsome\tmonths\tlater,\tshe\twas\tsaying\tthat\ther\nindependence\twas\tappealing\tto\ther,\tthat\tshe\twas\thappy\tto\tbe\ton\ther\nown.\t\u201cI\tjust\tdon\u2019t\tthink\tabout\thim\tanymore\u2014I\treally\tdon\u2019t\tcare,\u201d\tshe\nsaid.\tBut\tas\tshe\tsaid\tit,\ther\teyes\tmomentarily\twelled\tup\twith\ttears.\nThat\tmoment\tof\tteary\teyes\tcould\teasily\tpass\tunnoted.\tBut\tthe\nempathic\tunderstanding\tthat\tsomeone\u2019s\twatering\teyes\tmeans\tshe\tis\nsad\tdespite\ther\twords\tto\tthe\tcontrary\tis\tan\tact\tof\tcomprehending\tjust\nas\tsurely\tas\tis\tdistilling\tmeaning\tfrom\twords\ton\ta\tprinted\tpage.\tOne\tis\nan\tact\tof\tthe\temotional\tmind,\tthe\tother\tof\tthe\trational\tmind.\tIn\ta\tvery", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eae7dffca4b0-2", "page_content": "real\tsense\twe\thave\ttwo\tminds,\tone\tthat\tthinks\tand\tone\tthat\tfeels.\nThese\ttwo\tfundamentally\tdifferent\tways\tof\tknowing\tinteract\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0b406e76c0b4-0", "page_content": "construct\tour\tmental\tlife.\tOne,\tthe\trational\tmind,\tis\tthe\tmode\tof\ncomprehension\twe\tare\ttypically\tconscious\tof:\tmore\tprominent\tin\nawareness,\tthoughtful,\table\tto\tponder\tand\treflect.\tBut\talongside\tthat\nthere\tis\tanother\tsystem\tof\tknowing:\timpulsive\tand\tpowerful,\tif\nsometimes\tillogical\u2014the\temotional\tmind.\t(For\ta\tmore\tdetailed\ndescription\tof\tthe\tcharacteristics\tof\tthe\temotional\tmind,\tsee\t\nAppendix\nB\n.)\nThe\temotional/rational\tdichotomy\tapproximates\tthe\tfolk\tdistinction\nbetween\t\u201cheart\u201d\tand\t\u201chead\u201d;\tknowing\tsomething\tis\tright\t\u201cin\tyour\nheart\u201d\tis\ta\tdifferent\torder\tof\tconviction\u2014somehow\ta\tdeeper\tkind\tof\ncertainty\u2014than\tthinking\tso\twith\tyour\trational\tmind.\tThere\tis\ta\tsteady\ngradient\tin\tthe\tratio\tof\trational-to-emotional\tcontrol\tover\tthe\tmind;\nthe\tmore\tintense\tthe\tfeeling,\tthe\t\nmore\tdominant\tthe\temotional\tmind\nbecomes\u2014and\tthe\tmore\tineffectual\tthe\trational.\tThis\tis\tan\narrangement\tthat\tseems\tto\tstem\tfrom\teons\tof\tevolutionary\tadvantage\nto\thaving\temotions\tand\tintuitions\tguide\tour\tinstantaneous\tresponse\tin\nsituations\twhere\tour\tlives\tare\tin\tperil\u2014and\twhere\tpausing\tto\tthink\nover\twhat\tto\tdo\tcould\tcost\tus\tour\tlives.\nThese\ttwo\tminds,\tthe\temotional\tand\tthe\trational,\toperate\tin\ttight\nharmony\tfor\tthe\tmost\tpart,\tintertwining\ttheir\tvery\tdifferent\tways\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0b406e76c0b4-1", "page_content": "knowing\tto\tguide\tus\tthrough\tthe\tworld.\tOrdinarily\tthere\tis\ta\tbalance\nbetween\temotional\tand\trational\tminds,\twith\temotion\tfeeding\tinto\tand\ninforming\tthe\toperations\tof\tthe\trational\tmind,\tand\tthe\trational\tmind\nrefining\tand\tsometimes\tvetoing\tthe\tinputs\tof\tthe\temotions.\tStill,\tthe\nemotional\tand\trational\tminds\tare\tsemi-independent\tfaculties,\teach,\tas\nwe\tshall\tsee,\treflecting\tthe\toperation\tof\tdistinct,\tbut\tinterconnected,\ncircuitry\tin\tthe\tbrain.\nIn\tmany\tor\tmost\tmoments\tthese\tminds\tare\texquisitely\tcoordinated;\nfeelings\tare\tessential\tto\tthought,\tthought\tto\tfeeling.\tBut\twhen\npassions\tsurge\tthe\tbalance\ttips:\tit\tis\tthe\temotional\tmind\tthat\tcaptures\nthe\tupper\thand,\tswamping\tthe\trational\tmind.\tThe\tsixteenth-century\nhumanist\tErasmus\tof\tRotterdam\twrote\tin\ta\tsatirical\tvein\tof\tthis\nperennial\ttension\tbetween\treason\tand\temotion:\n9\nJupiter\thas\tbestowed\tfar\tmore\tpassion\tthan\treason\u2014you\tcould\tcalculate\tthe\tratio\tas\t24\nto\tone.\tHe\tset\tup\ttwo\traging\ttyrants\tin\topposition\tto\tReason\u2019s\tsolitary\tpower:\tanger\nand\tlust.\tHow\tfar\tReason\tcan\tprevail\tagainst\tthe\tcombined\tforces\tof\tthese\ttwo\tthe\ncommon\tlife\tof\tman\tmakes\tquite\tclear.\tReason\tdoes\tthe\tonly\tthing\tshe\tcan\tand\tshouts", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0b406e76c0b4-2", "page_content": "herself\thoarse,\trepeating\tformulas\tof\tvirtue,\twhile\tthe\tother\ttwo\tbid\ther\tgo\thang\nherself,\tand\tare\tincreasingly\tnoisy\tand\toffensive,\tuntil\tat\tlast\ttheir\tRuler\tis\texhausted,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "82eddcc09d27-0", "page_content": "gives\tup,\tand\tsurrenders.\nHOW\tTHE\tBRAIN\tGREW\nTo\tbetter\tgrasp\tthe\tpotent\thold\tof\tthe\temotions\ton\tthe\tthinking\tmind\n\u2014and\twhy\tfeeling\tand\treason\tare\tso\treadily\tat\twar\u2014consider\thow\tthe\nbrain\tevolved.\tHuman\tbrains,\twith\ttheir\tthree\tpounds\tor\tso\tof\tcells\nand\tneural\tjuices,\tare\tabout\ttriple\tthe\tsize\tof\tthose\tin\tour\tnearest\ncousins\tin\tevolution,\tthe\tnonhuman\tprimates.\tOver\tmillions\tof\tyears\nof\tevolution,\tthe\tbrain\thas\tgrown\tfrom\tthe\tbottom\tup,\twith\tits\thigher\ncenters\tdeveloping\tas\telaborations\tof\tlower,\tmore\tancient\tparts.\t(The\ngrowth\tof\tthe\tbrain\tin\tthe\thuman\tembryo\troughly\tretraces\tthis\nevolutionary\tcourse.)\nThe\tmost\tprimitive\tpart\tof\tthe\tbrain,\tshared\twith\tall\tspecies\tthat\nhave\tmore\tthan\ta\tminimal\tnervous\tsystem,\tis\tthe\tbrainstem\nsurrounding\tthe\ttop\tof\tthe\tspinal\tcord.\tThis\troot\tbrain\tregulates\tbasic\nlife\tfunctions\tlike\tbreathing\tand\tthe\tmetabolism\tof\tthe\tbody\u2019s\tother\norgans,\tas\twell\tas\tcontrolling\tstereotyped\treactions\tand\tmovements.\nThis\tprimitive\tbrain\tcannot\tbe\tsaid\tto\tthink\tor\tlearn;\trather\tit\tis\ta\tset\nof\tpreprogrammed\tregulators\tthat\tkeep\tthe\tbody\trunning\tas\tit\tshould\nand\treacting\tin\ta\tway\tthat\tensures\tsurvival.\tThis\tbrain\treigned\nsupreme\tin\tthe\tAge\tof\tthe\tReptiles:\tPicture\ta\tsnake\thissing\tto\tsignal", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "82eddcc09d27-1", "page_content": "the\tthreat\tof\tan\tattack.\nFrom\tthe\tmost\tprimitive\troot,\tthe\tbrainstem,\temerged\tthe\nemotional\tcenters.\tMillions\tof\tyears\tlater\tin\tevolution,\tfrom\tthese\nemotional\tareas\tevolved\tthe\tthinking\tbrain\tor\t\u201cneocortex,\u201d\tthe\tgreat\nbulb\tof\tconvoluted\ttissues\tthat\tmake\tup\tthe\ttop\tlayers.\tThe\tfact\tthat\nthe\tthinking\tbrain\tgrew\tfrom\tthe\temotional\treveals\tmuch\tabout\tthe\nrelationship\tof\tthought\tto\tfeeling;\tthere\twas\tan\temotional\tbrain\tlong\nbefore\tthere\twas\ta\trational\tone.\nThe\tmost\tancient\troot\tof\tour\temotional\tlife\tis\tin\tthe\tsense\tof\tsmell,\nor,\tmore\tprecisely,\tin\tthe\tolfactory\tlobe,\tthe\tcells\tthat\ttake\tin\tand\nanalyze\tsmell.\tEvery\tliving\tentity,\tbe\tit\tnutritious,\tpoisonous,\tsexual\npartner,\tpredator\tor\tprey,\thas\ta\tdistinctive\tmolecular\tsignature\tthat\ncan\tbe\tcarried\tin\tthe\twind.\tIn\tthose\tprimitive\ttimes\tsmell\tcommended\nitself\tas\ta\tparamount\tsense\tfor\tsurvival.\nFrom\tthe\tolfactory\tlobe\tthe\tancient\tcenters\tfor\temotion\tbegan\tto\nevolve,\teventually\tgrowing\tlarge\tenough\tto\tencircle\tthe\ttop\tof\tthe\nbrainstem.\tIn\tits\trudimentary\tstages,\tthe\tolfactory\tcenter\twas", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d14a7047aa46-0", "page_content": "composed\tof\tlittle\tmore\tthan\tthin\tlayers\tof\tneurons\tgathered\tto\nanalyze\tsmell.\tOne\tlayer\tof\tcells\ttook\tin\twhat\twas\tsmelled\tand\tsorted\nit\tout\tinto\tthe\trelevant\tcategories:\tedible\tor\ttoxic,\tsexually\tavailable,\nenemy\tor\tmeal.\tA\tsecond\tlayer\tof\tcells\tsent\treflexive\tmessages\nthroughout\tthe\tnervous\tsystem\ttelling\tthe\tbody\twhat\tto\tdo:\tbite,\tspit,\napproach,\tflee,\tchase.\n10\nWith\tthe\tarrival\tof\tthe\tfirst\tmammals\tcame\tnew,\tkey\tlayers\tof\tthe\nemotional\tbrain.\tThese,\tsurrounding\tthe\tbrainstem,\tlook\troughly\tlike\na\tbagel\twith\ta\tbite\ttaken\tout\tat\tthe\tbottom\twhere\tthe\tbrainstem\nnestles\tinto\tthem.\tBecause\tthis\tpart\tof\tthe\tbrain\trings\tand\tborders\tthe\nbrainstem,\tit\twas\tcalled\tthe\t\u201climbic\u201d\tsystem,\tfrom\t\u201climbus,\u201d\tthe\tLatin\nword\tfor\t\u201cring.\u201d\tThis\tnew\tneural\tterritory\tadded\temotions\tproper\tto\nthe\tbrain\u2019s\trepertoire.\n11\n\tWhen\twe\tare\tin\tthe\tgrip\tof\tcraving\tor\tfury,\nhead-over-heels\tin\tlove\tor\trecoiling\tin\tdread,\tit\tis\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\nthat\thas\tus\tin\tits\tgrip.\nAs\tit\tevolved,\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\trefined\ttwo\tpowerful\ttools:\tlearning\nand\tmemory.\tThese\trevolutionary\tadvances\tallowed\tan\tanimal\tto\tbe\nmuch\tsmarter\tin\tits\tchoices\tfor\tsurvival,\tand\tto\tfine-tune\tits\tresponses\nto\tadapt\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d14a7047aa46-1", "page_content": "to\tadapt\tto\t\nchanging\tdemands\trather\tthan\thaving\tinvariable\tand\nautomatic\treactions.\tIf\ta\tfood\tled\tto\tsickness,\tit\tcould\tbe\tavoided\tnext\ntime.\tDecisions\tlike\tknowing\twhat\tto\teat\tand\twhat\tto\tspurn\twere\tstill\ndetermined\tlargely\tthrough\tsmell;\tthe\tconnections\tbetween\tthe\nolfactory\tbulb\tand\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\tnow\ttook\ton\tthe\ttasks\tof\tmaking\ndistinctions\tamong\tsmells\tand\trecognizing\tthem,\tcomparing\ta\tpresent\nsmell\twith\tpast\tones,\tand\tso\tdiscriminating\tgood\tfrom\tbad.\tThis\twas\ndone\tby\tthe\t\u201crhinencephalon,\u201d\tliterally,\tthe\t\u201cnose\tbrain,\u201d\ta\tpart\tof\tthe\nlimbic\twiring,\tand\tthe\trudimentary\tbasis\tof\tthe\tneocortex,\tthe\nthinking\tbrain.\nAbout\t100\tmillion\tyears\tago\tthe\tbrain\tin\tmammals\ttook\ta\tgreat\ngrowth\tspurt.\tPiled\ton\ttop\tof\tthe\tthin\ttwo-layered\tcortex\u2014the\tregions\nthat\tplan,\tcomprehend\twhat\tis\tsensed,\tcoordinate\tmovement\u2014several\nnew\tlayers\tof\tbrain\tcells\twere\tadded\tto\tform\tthe\tneocortex.\tIn\ncontrast\tto\tthe\tancient\tbrain\u2019s\ttwo-layered\tcortex,\tthe\tneocortex\noffered\tan\textraordinary\tintellectual\tedge.\nThe\t\nHomo\tsapiens\n\tneocortex,\tso\tmuch\tlarger\tthan\tin\tany\tother\nspecies,\thas\tadded\tall\tthat\tis\tdistinctly\thuman.\tThe\tneocortex\tis\tthe\nseat\tof\tthought;\tit\tcontains\tthe\tcenters\tthat\tput\ttogether\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d14a7047aa46-2", "page_content": "seat\tof\tthought;\tit\tcontains\tthe\tcenters\tthat\tput\ttogether\tand\ncomprehend\twhat\tthe\tsenses\tperceive.\tIt\tadds\tto\ta\tfeeling\twhat\twe\nthink\tabout\tit\u2014and\tallows\tus\tto\thave\tfeelings\tabout\tideas,\tart,\nsymbols,\timaginings.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8e3ae93e9ccb-0", "page_content": "In\tevolution\tthe\tneocortex\tallowed\ta\tjudicious\tfine-tuning\tthat\tno\ndoubt\thas\tmade\tenormous\tadvantages\tin\tan\torganism\u2019s\tability\tto\nsurvive\tadversity,\tmaking\tit\tmore\tlikely\tthat\tits\tprogeny\twould\tin\tturn\npass\ton\tthe\tgenes\tthat\tcontain\tthat\tsame\tneural\tcircuitry.\tThe\tsurvival\nedge\tis\tdue\tto\tthe\tneocortex\u2019s\ttalent\tfor\tstrategizing,\tlong-term\nplanning,\tand\tother\tmental\twiles.\tBeyond\tthat,\tthe\ttriumphs\tof\tart,\tof\ncivilization\tand\tculture,\tare\tall\tfruits\tof\tthe\tneocortex.\nThis\tnew\taddition\tto\tthe\tbrain\tallowed\tthe\taddition\tof\tnuance\tto\nemotional\tlife.\tTake\tlove.\tLimbic\tstructures\tgenerate\tfeelings\tof\npleasure\tand\tsexual\tdesire\u2014the\temotions\tthat\tfeed\tsexual\tpassion.\tBut\nthe\taddition\tof\tthe\tneocortex\tand\tits\tconnections\tto\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\nallowed\tfor\tthe\tmother-child\tbond\tthat\tis\tthe\tbasis\tof\tthe\tfamily\tunit\nand\tthe\tlong-term\tcommitment\tto\tchildrearing\tthat\tmakes\thuman\ndevelopment\tpossible.\t(Species\tthat\thave\tno\tneocortex,\tsuch\tas\nreptiles,\tlack\tmaternal\taffection;\twhen\ttheir\tyoung\thatch,\tthe\nnewborns\tmust\thide\tto\tavoid\tbeing\tcannibalized.)\tIn\thumans\tthe\nprotective\tbond\tbetween\tparent\tand\tchild\tallows\tmuch\tof\tmaturation\nto\tgo\ton\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\tlong\tchildhood\u2014during\twhich\tthe\tbrain\ncontinues\tto\tdevelop.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8e3ae93e9ccb-1", "page_content": "continues\tto\tdevelop.\nAs\twe\tproceed\tup\tthe\tphylogenetic\tscale\tfrom\treptile\tto\trhesus\tto\nhuman,\tthe\tsheer\tmass\tof\tthe\tneocortex\tincreases;\twith\tthat\tincrease\ncomes\ta\t\ngeometrie\trise\tin\tthe\tinterconnections\tin\tbrain\tcircuitry.\tThe\nlarger\tthe\tnumber\tof\tsuch\tconnections,\tthe\tgreater\tthe\trange\tof\npossible\tresponses.\tThe\tneocortex\tallows\tfor\tthe\tsubtlety\tand\ncomplexity\tof\temotional\tlife,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tability\tto\thave\tfeelings\t\nabout\nour\tfeelings.\tThere\tis\tmore\tneocortex-to-limbic\tsystem\tin\tprimates\nthan\tin\tother\tspecies\u2014and\tvastly\tmore\tin\thumans\u2014suggesting\twhy\nwe\tare\table\tto\tdisplay\ta\tfar\tgreater\trange\tof\treactions\tto\tour\temotions,\nand\tmore\tnuance.\tWhile\ta\trabbit\tor\trhesus\thas\ta\trestricted\tset\tof\ntypical\tresponses\tto\tfear,\tthe\tlarger\thuman\tneocortex\tallows\ta\tfar\nmore\tnimble\trepertoire\u2014including\tcalling\t911.\tThe\tmore\tcomplex\tthe\nsocial\tsystem,\tthe\tmore\tessential\tis\tsuch\tflexibility\u2014and\tthere\tis\tno\nmore\tcomplex\tsocial\tworld\tthan\tour\town.\n12\nBut\tthese\thigher\tcenters\tdo\tnot\tgovern\tall\tof\temotional\tlife;\tin\ncrucial\tmatters\tof\tthe\theart\u2014and\tmost\tespecially\tin\temotional\nemergencies\u2014they\tcan\tbe\tsaid\tto\tdefer\tto\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem.\tBecause\nso\tmany\tof\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\thigher\tcenters\tsprouted\tfrom\tor\textended\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8e3ae93e9ccb-2", "page_content": "scope\tof\tthe\tlimbic\tarea,\tthe\temotional\tbrain\tplays\ta\tcrucial\trole\tin\nneural\tarchitecture.\tAs\tthe\troot\tfrom\twhich\tthe\tnewer\tbrain\tgrew,\tthe\nemotional\tareas\tare\tintertwined\tvia\tmyriad\tconnecting\tcircuits\tto\tall", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "93cc67446916-0", "page_content": "parts\tof\tthe\tneocortex.\tThis\tgives\tthe\temotional\tcenters\timmense\npower\tto\tinfluence\tthe\tfunctioning\tof\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tbrain\u2014including\nits\tcenters\tfor\tthought.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6d0cf2e31db1-0", "page_content": "2\nAnatomy\tof\tan\tEmotional\tHijacking\nLife\tis\ta\tcomedy\tfor\tthose\twho\tthink\tand\ta\ttragedy\tfor\tthose\twho\tfeel\n.\nH\nORACE\n\tW\nALPOLE\nIt\twas\ta\thot\tAugust\tafternoon\tin\t1963,\tthe\tsame\tday\tthat\tthe\tRev.\nMartin\tLuther\tKing,\tJr.,\tgave\this\t\u201cI\tHave\ta\tDream\u201d\tspeech\tto\ta\tcivil\nrights\tmarch\ton\tWashington.\tOn\tthat\tday\tRichard\tRobles,\ta\tseasoned\nburglar\twho\thad\tjust\tbeen\tparoled\tfrom\ta\tthree-year\tsentence\tfor\tthe\nmore\tthan\tone\thundred\tbreak-ins\the\thad\tpulled\tto\tsupport\ta\theroin\nhabit,\tdecided\tto\tdo\tone\tmore.\tHe\twanted\tto\trenounce\tcrime,\tRobles\nlater\tclaimed,\tbut\the\tdesperately\tneeded\tmoney\tfor\this\tgirlfriend\tand\ntheir\tthree-year-old\tdaughter.\nThe\tapartment\the\tbroke\tinto\tthat\tday\tbelonged\tto\ttwo\tyoung\nwomen,\ttwenty-one-year-old\tJanice\tWylie,\ta\tresearcher\tat\t\nNewsweek\nmagazine,\tand\ttwenty-three-year-old\tEmily\tHoffert,\ta\tgrade-school\nteacher.\tThough\tRobles\tchose\tthe\tapartment\ton\tNew\tYork\u2019s\tswanky\nUpper\tEast\tSide\tto\tburglarize\tbecause\the\tthought\tno\tone\twould\tbe\nthere,\tWylie\twas\thome.\tThreatening\ther\twith\ta\tknife,\tRobles\ttied\ther", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6d0cf2e31db1-1", "page_content": "up.\tAs\the\twas\tleaving,\tHoffert\tcame\thome.\tTo\tmake\tgood\this\tescape,\nRobles\tbegan\tto\ttie\ther\tup,\ttoo.\nAs\tRobles\ttells\tthe\ttale\tyears\tlater,\twhile\the\twas\ttying\tup\tHoffert,\nJanice\tWylie\twarned\thim\the\twould\tnot\tget\taway\twith\tthis\tcrime:\tShe\nwould\tremember\this\tface\tand\thelp\tthe\tpolice\ttrack\thim\tdown.\tRobles,\nwho\thad\tpromised\thimself\tthis\twas\tto\thave\tbeen\this\tlast\tburglary,\npanicked\tat\tthat,\tcompletely\tlosing\tcontrol.\tIn\ta\tfrenzy,\the\tgrabbed\ta\nsoda\tbottle\tand\tclubbed\t\nthe\twomen\tuntil\tthey\twere\tunconscious,\nthen,\tawash\tin\trage\tand\tfear,\the\tslashed\tand\tstabbed\tthem\tover\tand\nover\twith\ta\tkitchen\tknife.\tLooking\tback\ton\tthat\tmoment\tsome\ttwenty-\nfive\tyears\tlater,\tRobles\tlamented,\t\u201cI\tjust\twent\tbananas.\tMy\thead\tjust\nexploded.\u201d\nTo\tthis\tday\tRobles\thas\tlots\tof\ttime\tto\tregret\tthose\tfew\tminutes\tof\nrage\tunleashed.\tAt\tthis\twriting\the\tis\tstill\tin\tprison,\tsome\tthree\ndecades\tlater,\tfor\twhat\tbecame\tknown\tas\tthe\t\u201cCareer\tGirl\tMurders.\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c92356896ac5-0", "page_content": "Such\temotional\texplosions\tare\tneural\thijackings.\tAt\tthose\tmoments,\nevidence\tsuggests,\ta\tcenter\tin\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain\tproclaims\tan\nemergency,\trecruiting\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tbrain\tto\tits\turgent\tagenda.\tThe\nhijacking\toccurs\tin\tan\tinstant,\ttriggering\tthis\treaction\tcrucial\nmoments\tbefore\tthe\tneocortex,\tthe\tthinking\tbrain,\thas\thad\ta\tchance\nto\tglimpse\tfully\twhat\tis\thappening,\tlet\talone\tdecide\tif\tit\tis\ta\tgood\nidea.\tThe\thallmark\tof\tsuch\ta\thijack\tis\tthat\tonce\tthe\tmoment\tpasses,\nthose\tso\tpossessed\thave\tthe\tsense\tof\tnot\tknowing\twhat\tcame\tover\nthem.\nThese\thijacks\tare\tby\tno\tmeans\tisolated,\thorrific\tincidents\tthat\tlead\nto\tbrutal\tcrimes\tlike\tthe\tCareer\tGirl\tMurders.\tIn\tless\tcatastrophic\tform\n\u2014but\tnot\tnecessarily\tless\tintense\u2014they\thappen\tto\tus\twith\tfair\nfrequency.\tThink\tback\tto\tthe\tlast\ttime\tyou\t\u201clost\tit,\u201d\tblowing\tup\tat\nsomeone\u2014your\tspouse\tor\tchild,\tor\tperhaps\tthe\tdriver\tof\tanother\tcar\u2014\nto\ta\tdegree\tthat\tlater,\twith\tsome\treflection\tand\thindsight,\tseemed\nuncalled\tfor.\tIn\tall\tprobability,\tthat,\ttoo,\twas\tsuch\ta\thijacking,\ta\nneural\ttakeover\twhich,\tas\twe\tshall\tsee,\toriginates\tin\tthe\tamygdala,\ta\ncenter\tin\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain.\nNot\tall\tlimbic\thijackings\tare\tdistressing.\tWhen\ta\tjoke\tstrikes", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c92356896ac5-1", "page_content": "someone\tas\tso\tuproarious\tthat\ttheir\tlaughter\tis\talmost\texplosive,\tthat,\ntoo,\tis\ta\tlimbic\tresponse.\tIt\tis\tat\twork\talso\tin\tmoments\tof\tintense\tjoy:\nWhen\tDan\tJansen,\tafter\tseveral\theartbreaking\tfailures\tto\tcapture\tan\nOlympic\tGold\tMedal\tfor\tspeed\tskating\t(which\the\thad\tvowed\tto\tdo\tfor\nhis\tdying\tsister),\tfinally\twon\tthe\tGold\tin\tthe\t1,000-meter\trace\tin\tthe\n1994\tWinter\tOlympics\tin\tNorway,\this\twife\twas\tso\tovercome\tby\tthe\nexcitement\tand\thappiness\tthat\tshe\thad\tto\tbe\trushed\tto\temergency\nphysicians\tat\trinkside.\nTHE\tSEAT\tOF\tALL\tPASSION\nIn\thumans\tthe\tamygdala\t(from\tthe\tGreek\tword\tfor\t\u201calmond\u201d)\tis\tan\nalmond-shaped\tcluster\tof\tinterconnected\tstructures\tperched\tabove\tthe\nbrainstem,\tnear\tthe\tbottom\tof\tthe\tlimbic\tring.\tThere\tare\ttwo\namygdalas,\tone\ton\teach\tside\tof\tthe\tbrain,\tnestled\ttoward\tthe\tside\tof\nthe\thead.\tThe\thuman\tamygdala\tis\t\nrelatively\tlarge\tcompared\tto\tthat\tin\nany\tof\tour\tclosest\tevolutionary\tcousins,\tthe\tprimates.\nThe\thippocampus\tand\tthe\tamygdala\twere\tthe\ttwo\tkey\tparts\tof\tthe\nprimitive\t\u201cnose\tbrain\u201d\tthat,\tin\tevolution,\tgave\trise\tto\tthe\tcortex\tand\nthen\tthe\tneocortex.\tTo\tthis\tday\tthese\tlimbic\tstructures\tdo\tmuch\tor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "866fdd921b28-0", "page_content": "most\tof\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\tlearning\tand\tremembering;\tthe\tamygdala\tis\tthe\nspecialist\tfor\temotional\tmatters.\tIf\tthe\tamygdala\tis\tsevered\tfrom\tthe\nrest\tof\tthe\tbrain,\tthe\tresult\tis\ta\tstriking\tinability\tto\tgauge\tthe\nemotional\tsignificance\tof\tevents;\tthis\tcondition\tis\tsometimes\tcalled\n\u201caffective\tblindness.\u201d\nLacking\temotional\tweight,\tencounters\tlose\ttheir\thold.\tOne\tyoung\nman\twhose\tamygdala\thad\tbeen\tsurgically\tremoved\tto\tcontrol\tsevere\nseizures\tbecame\tcompletely\tuninterested\tin\tpeople,\tpreferring\tto\tsit\tin\nisolation\twith\tno\thuman\tcontact.\tWhile\the\twas\tperfectly\tcapable\tof\nconversation,\the\tno\tlonger\trecognized\tclose\tfriends,\trelatives,\tor\teven\nhis\tmother,\tand\tremained\timpassive\tin\tthe\tface\tof\ttheir\tanguish\tat\this\nindifference.\tWithout\tan\tamygdala\the\tseemed\tto\thave\tlost\tall\nrecognition\tof\tfeeling,\tas\twell\tas\tany\tfeeling\tabout\tfeelings.\n1\n\tThe\namygdala\tacts\tas\ta\tstorehouse\tof\temotional\tmemory,\tand\tthus\tof\nsignificance\titself;\tlife\twithout\tthe\tamygdala\tis\ta\tlife\tstripped\tof\npersonal\tmeanings.\nMore\tthan\taffection\tis\ttied\tto\tthe\tamygdala;\tall\tpassion\tdepends\ton\nit.\tAnimals\tthat\thave\ttheir\tamygdala\tremoved\tor\tsevered\tlack\tfear\tand\nrage,\tlose\tthe\turge\tto\tcompete\tor\tcooperate,\tand\tno\tlonger\thave\tany", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "866fdd921b28-1", "page_content": "sense\tof\ttheir\tplace\tin\ttheir\tkind\u2019s\tsocial\torder;\temotion\tis\tblunted\tor\nabsent.\tTears,\tan\temotional\tsignal\tunique\tto\thumans,\tare\ttriggered\tby\nthe\tamygdala\tand\ta\tnearby\tstructure,\tthe\tcingulate\tgyrus;\tbeing\theld,\nstroked,\tor\totherwise\tcomforted\tsoothes\tthese\tsame\tbrain\tregions,\nstopping\tthe\tsobs.\tWithout\tan\tamygdala,\tthere\tare\tno\ttears\tof\tsorrow\nto\tsoothe.\nJoseph\tLeDoux,\ta\tneuroscientist\tat\tthe\tCenter\tfor\tNeural\tScience\tat\nNew\tYork\tUniversity,\twas\tthe\tfirst\tto\tdiscover\tthe\tkey\trole\tof\tthe\namygdala\tin\tthe\temotional\tbrain.\n2\n\tLeDoux\tis\tpart\tof\ta\tfresh\tbreed\tof\nneuroscientists\twho\tdraw\ton\tinnovative\tmethods\tand\ttechnologies\nthat\tbring\ta\tpreviously\tunknown\tlevel\tof\tprecision\tto\tmapping\tthe\nbrain\tat\twork,\tand\tso\tcan\tlay\tbare\tmysteries\tof\tmind\tthat\tearlier\ngenerations\tof\tscientists\thave\tfound\timpenetrable.\tHis\tfindings\ton\tthe\ncircuitry\tof\tthe\temotional\tbrain\toverthrow\ta\tlong-standing\tnotion\nabout\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem,\tputting\tthe\tamygdala\tat\tthe\tcenter\tof\tthe\naction\tand\tplacing\tother\tlimbic\tstructures\tin\tvery\tdifferent\troles.\n3\nLeDoux\u2019s\tresearch\texplains\thow\tthe\tamygdala\tcan\ttake\tcontrol\tover\nwhat\twe\tdo\teven\tas\tthe\tthinking\tbrain,\tthe\tneocortex,\tis\tstill\tcoming\nto\ta\tdecision.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "866fdd921b28-2", "page_content": "to\ta\tdecision.\nAs\twe\tshall\tsee,\tthe\tworkings\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tits\tinterplay\twith\nthe\tneocortex\tare\tat\tthe\theart\tof\temotional\tintelligence.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a80e9938d71a-0", "page_content": "THE\tNEURAL\tTRIPWIRE\nMost\tintriguing\tfor\tunderstanding\tthe\tpower\tof\temotions\tin\tmental\nlife\tare\tthose\tmoments\tof\timpassioned\taction\tthat\twe\tlater\tregret,\nonce\tthe\tdust\thas\tsettled;\tthe\tquestion\tis\thow\twe\tso\teasily\tbecome\tso\nirrational.\tTake,\tfor\texample,\ta\tyoung\twoman\twho\tdrove\ttwo\thours\tto\nBoston\tto\thave\tbrunch\tand\tspend\tthe\tday\twith\ther\tboyfriend.\tDuring\nbrunch\the\tgave\ther\ta\tpresent\tshe\u2019d\tbeen\twanting\tfor\tmonths,\ta\thard-\nto-find\tart\tprint\tbrought\tback\tfrom\tSpain.\tBut\ther\tdelight\tdissolved\nthe\tmoment\tshe\tsuggested\tthat\tafter\tbrunch\tthey\tgo\tto\ta\tmatinee\tof\ta\nmovie\tshe\u2019d\tbeen\twanting\tto\tsee\tand\ther\tfriend\tstunned\ther\tby\tsaying\nhe\tcouldn\u2019t\tspend\tthe\tday\twith\ther\tbecause\the\thad\tsoftball\tpractice.\nHurt\tand\tincredulous,\tshe\tgot\tup\tin\ttears,\tleft\tthe\tcafe,\tand,\ton\nimpulse,\tthrew\tthe\tprint\tin\ta\tgarbage\tcan.\tMonths\tlater,\trecounting\nthe\tincident,\tit\u2019s\tnot\twalking\tout\tshe\tregrets,\tbut\tthe\tloss\tof\tthe\tprint.\nIt\tis\tin\tmoments\tsuch\tas\tthese\u2014when\timpulsive\tfeeling\toverrides\nthe\trational\u2014that\tthe\tnewly\tdiscovered\trole\tfor\tthe\tamygdala\tis\npivotal.\tIncoming\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\tsenses\tlet\tthe\tamygdala\tscan\tevery", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a80e9938d71a-1", "page_content": "experience\tfor\ttrouble.\tThis\tputs\tthe\tamygdala\tin\ta\tpowerful\tpost\tin\nmental\tlife,\tsomething\tlike\ta\tpsychological\tsentinel,\tchallenging\tevery\nsituation,\tevery\tperception,\twith\tbut\tone\tkind\tof\tquestion\tin\tmind,\tthe\nmost\tprimitive:\t\u201cIs\tthis\tsomething\tI\thate?\tThat\thurts\tme?\tSomething\tI\nfear?\u201d\tIf\tso\u2014if\tthe\tmoment\tat\thand\tsomehow\tdraws\ta\t\u201cYes\u201d\u2014the\namygdala\treacts\tinstantaneously,\tlike\ta\tneural\ttripwire,\ttelegraphing\ta\nmessage\tof\tcrisis\tto\tall\tparts\tof\tthe\tbrain.\nIn\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\tarchitecture,\tthe\tamygdala\tis\tpoised\tsomething\tlike\tan\nalarm\tcompany\twhere\toperators\tstand\tready\tto\tsend\tout\temergency\ncalls\tto\tthe\tfire\tdepartment,\tpolice,\tand\ta\tneighbor\twhenever\ta\thome\nsecurity\tsystem\tsignals\ttrouble.\nWhen\tit\tsounds\tan\talarm\tof,\tsay,\tfear,\tit\tsends\turgent\tmessages\tto\nevery\tmajor\tpart\tof\tthe\tbrain:\tit\ttriggers\tthe\tsecretion\tof\tthe\tbody\u2019s\nfight-or-flight\thormones,\tmobilizes\tthe\tcenters\tfor\tmovement,\tand\nactivates\tthe\tcardiovascular\tsystem,\tthe\tmuscles,\tand\tthe\tgut.\n4\n\tOther\ncircuits\tfrom\tthe\tamygdala\tsignal\tthe\tsecretion\tof\temergency\tdollops\nof\tthe\thormone\tnorepinephrine\tto\theighten\tthe\treactivity\tof\tkey\tbrain\nareas,\tincluding\tthose\tthat\tmake\tthe\tsenses\tmore\talert,\tin\teffect\nsetting\tthe\tbrain\ton\tedge.\tAdditional\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\tamygdala\ttell", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a80e9938d71a-2", "page_content": "the\tbrainstem\tto\tfix\tthe\tface\tin\ta\tfearful\texpression,\t\nfreeze\tunrelated\nmovements\tthe\tmuscles\thad\tunderway,\tspeed\theart\trate\tand\traise\nblood\tpressure,\tslow\tbreathing.\tOthers\trivet\tattention\ton\tthe\tsource\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b31f26f9b7c5-0", "page_content": "the\tfear,\tand\tprepare\tthe\tmuscles\tto\treact\taccordingly.\nSimultaneously,\tcortical\tmemory\tsystems\tare\tshuffled\tto\tretrieve\tany\nknowledge\trelevant\tto\tthe\temergency\tat\thand,\ttaking\tprecedence\tover\nother\tstrands\tof\tthought.\nAnd\tthese\tare\tjust\tpart\tof\ta\tcarefully\tcoordinated\tarray\tof\tchanges\nthe\tamygdala\torchestrates\tas\tit\tcommandeers\tareas\tthroughout\tthe\nbrain\t(for\ta\tmore\tdetailed\taccount,\tsee\t\nAppendix\tC\n).\tThe\tamygdala\u2019s\nextensive\tweb\tof\tneural\tconnections\tallows\tit,\tduring\tan\temotional\nemergency,\tto\tcapture\tand\tdrive\tmuch\tof\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tbrain\u2014\nincluding\tthe\trational\tmind.\nTHE\tEMOTIONAL\tSENTINEL\nA\tfriend\ttells\tof\thaving\tbeen\ton\tvacation\tin\tEngland,\tand\teating\nbrunch\tat\ta\tcanalside\tcafe.\tTaking\ta\tstroll\tafterward\talong\tthe\tstone\nsteps\tdown\tto\tthe\tcanal,\the\tsuddenly\tsaw\ta\tgirl\tgazing\tat\tthe\twater,\nher\tface\tfrozen\tin\tfear.\tBefore\the\tknew\tquite\twhy,\the\thad\tjumped\tin\nthe\twater\u2014in\this\tcoat\tand\ttie.\tOnly\tonce\the\twas\tin\tthe\twater\tdid\the\nrealize\tthat\tthe\tgirl\twas\tstaring\tin\tshock\tat\ta\ttoddler\twho\thad\tfallen\tin\n\u2014whom\the\twas\table\tto\trescue.\nWhat\tmade\thim\tjump\tin\tthe\twater\tbefore\the\tknew\twhy?\tThe\nanswer,\tvery\tlikely,\twas\this\tamygdala.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b31f26f9b7c5-1", "page_content": "answer,\tvery\tlikely,\twas\this\tamygdala.\nIn\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\ttelling\tdiscoveries\tabout\temotions\tof\tthe\tlast\ndecade,\tLeDoux\u2019s\twork\trevealed\thow\tthe\tarchitecture\tof\tthe\tbrain\ngives\tthe\tamygdala\ta\tprivileged\tposition\tas\tan\temotional\tsentinel,\nable\tto\thijack\tthe\tbrain.\n5\n\tHis\tresearch\thas\tshown\tthat\tsensory\tsignals\nfrom\teye\tor\tear\ttravel\tfirst\tin\tthe\tbrain\tto\tthe\tthalamus,\tand\tthen\u2014\nacross\ta\tsingle\tsynapse\u2014to\tthe\tamygdala;\ta\tsecond\tsignal\tfrom\tthe\nthalamus\tis\trouted\tto\tthe\tneocortex\u2014the\tthinking\tbrain.\tThis\nbranching\tallows\tthe\tamygdala\tto\tbegin\tto\trespond\t\nbefore\n\tthe\nneocortex,\twhich\tmulls\tinformation\tthrough\tseveral\tlevels\tof\tbrain\ncircuits\tbefore\tit\tfully\tperceives\tand\tfinally\tinitiates\tits\tmore\tfinely\ntailored\tresponse.\nLeDoux\u2019s\tresearch\tis\trevolutionary\tfor\tunderstanding\temotional\tlife\nbecause\tit\tis\tthe\tfirst\tto\twork\tout\tneural\tpathways\tfor\tfeelings\tthat\nbypass\tthe\tneocortex.\tThose\tfeelings\tthat\ttake\tthe\tdirect\troute\tthrough\nthe\tamygdala\tinclude\tour\tmost\tprimitive\tand\tpotent;\tthis\tcircuit\tdoes\nmuch\tto\texplain\tthe\tpower\tof\temotion\tto\toverwhelm\trationality.\nThe\tconventional\tview\tin\tneuroscience\thad\tbeen\tthat\tthe\teye,\tear,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1a5db9095e2f-0", "page_content": "and\tother\tsensory\torgans\ttransmit\tsignals\tto\tthe\tthalamus,\tand\tfrom\nthere\tto\t\nsensory\tprocessing\tareas\tof\tthe\tneocortex,\twhere\tthe\tsignals\nare\tput\ttogether\tinto\tobjects\tas\twe\tperceive\tthem.\tThe\tsignals\tare\nsorted\tfor\tmeanings\tso\tthat\tthe\tbrain\trecognizes\twhat\teach\tobject\tis\nand\twhat\tits\tpresence\tmeans.\tFrom\tthe\tneocortex,\tthe\told\ttheory\theld,\nthe\tsignals\tare\tsent\tto\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain,\tand\tfrom\tthere\tthe\tappropriate\nresponse\tradiates\tout\tthrough\tthe\tbrain\tand\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tbody.\tThat\nis\tthe\tway\tit\tworks\tmuch\tor\tmost\tof\tthe\ttime\u2014but\tLeDoux\tdiscovered\na\tsmaller\tbundle\tof\tneurons\tthat\tleads\tdirectly\tfrom\tthe\tthalamus\tto\nthe\tamygdala,\tin\taddition\tto\tthose\tgoing\tthrough\tthe\tlarger\tpath\tof\nneurons\tto\tthe\tcortex.\tThis\tsmaller\tand\tshorter\tpathway\u2014something\nlike\ta\tneural\tback\talley\u2014allows\tthe\tamygdala\tto\treceive\tsome\tdirect\ninputs\tfrom\tthe\tsenses\tand\tstart\ta\tresponse\t\nbefore\n\tthey\tare\tfully\nregistered\tby\tthe\tneocortex.\nThis\tdiscovery\toverthrows\tthe\tnotion\tthat\tthe\tamygdala\tmust\ndepend\tentirely\ton\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\tneocortex\tto\tformulate\tits\nemotional\treactions.\tThe\tamygdala\tcan\ttrigger\tan\temotional\tresponse\nvia\tthis\temergency\troute\teven\tas\ta\tparallel\treverberating\tcircuit\nbegins\tbetween\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tneocortex.\tThe\tamygdala\tcan\thave", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1a5db9095e2f-1", "page_content": "us\tspring\tto\taction\twhile\tthe\tslightly\tslower\u2014but\tmore\tfully\tinformed\n\u2014neocortex\tunfolds\tits\tmore\trefined\tplan\tfor\treaction.\nLeDoux\toverturned\tthe\tprevailing\twisdom\tabout\tthe\tpathways\ntraveled\tby\temotions\tthrough\this\tresearch\ton\tfear\tin\tanimals.\tIn\ta\ncrucial\texperiment\the\tdestroyed\tthe\tauditory\tcortex\tof\trats,\tthen\nexposed\tthem\tto\ta\ttone\tpaired\twith\tan\telectric\tshock.\tThe\trats\tquickly\nlearned\tto\tfear\tthe\ttone,\teven\tthough\tthe\tsound\tof\tthe\ttone\tcould\tnot\nregister\tin\ttheir\tneocortex.\tInstead,\tthe\tsound\ttook\tthe\tdirect\troute\nfrom\tear\tto\tthalamus\tto\tamygdala,\tskipping\tall\thigher\tavenues.\tIn\nshort,\tthe\trats\thad\tlearned\tan\temotional\treaction\twithout\tany\thigher\ncortical\tinvolvement:\tThe\tamygdala\tperceived,\tremembered,\tand\norchestrated\ttheir\tfear\tindependently.\n\u201cAnatomically\tthe\temotional\tsystem\tcan\tact\tindependently\tof\tthe\nneocortex,\u201d\tLeDoux\ttold\tme.\t\u201cSome\temotional\treactions\tand\nemotional\tmemories\tcan\tbe\tformed\twithout\tany\tconscious,\tcognitive\nparticipation\tat\tall.\u201d\tThe\tamygdala\tcan\thouse\tmemories\tand\tresponse\nrepertoires\tthat\twe\tenact\twithout\tquite\trealizing\twhy\twe\tdo\tso\nbecause\tthe\tshortcut\tfrom\tthalamus\tto\tamygdala\tcompletely\tbypasses\nthe\tneocortex.\tThis\tbypass\tseems\tto\tallow\tthe\tamygdala\tto\tbe\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1a5db9095e2f-2", "page_content": "repository\tfor\temotional\timpressions\tand\tmemories\tthat\twe\thave\nnever\tknown\tabout\tin\tfull\tawareness.\tLeDoux\tproposes\tthat\tit\tis\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "47762ac2fdb1-0", "page_content": "amygdala\u2019s\tsubterranean\trole\tin\tmemory\tthat\texplains,\tfor\texample,\ta\nstartling\texperiment\tin\twhich\tpeople\tacquired\ta\tpreference\tfor\toddly\nshaped\t\ngeometric\tfigures\tthat\thad\tbeen\tflashed\tat\tthem\tso\tquickly\nthat\tthey\thad\tno\tconscious\tawareness\tof\thaving\tseen\tthem\tat\tall!\n6\nA\tvisual\tsignal\tfirst\tgoes\tfrom\tthe\tretina\tto\tthe\tthalamus,\twhere\tit\tis\ttranslated\tinto\tthe\tlanguage\tof\nthe\tbrain.\tMost\tof\tthe\tmessage\tthen\tgoes\tto\tthe\tvisual\tcortex,\twhere\tit\tis\tanalyzed\tand\tassessed\tfor\nmeaning\tand\tappropriate\tresponse;\tif\tthat\tresponse\tis\temotional,\ta\tsignal\tgoes\tto\tthe\tamygdala\tto\nactivate\tthe\temotional\tcenters.\tBut\ta\tsmaller\tportion\tof\tthe\toriginal\tsignal\tgoes\tstraight\tfrom\tthe\nthalamus\tto\tthe\tamygdala\tin\ta\tquicker\ttransmission,\tallowing\ta\tfaster\t(though\tless\tprecise)\nresponse.\tThus\tthe\tamygdala\tcan\ttrigger\tan\temotional\tresponse\tbefore\tthe\tcortical\tcenters\thave\tfully\nunderstood\twhat\tis\thappening\n.\nOther\tresearch\thas\tshown\tthat\tin\tthe\tfirst\tfew\tmilliseconds\tof\tour\nperceiving\tsomething\twe\tnot\tonly\tunconsciously\tcomprehend\twhat\tit\nis,\tbut\tdecide\twhether\twe\tlike\tit\tor\tnot;\tthe\t\u201ccognitive\tunconscious\u201d\npresents\tour\tawareness\twith\tnot\tjust\tthe\tidentity\tof\twhat\twe\tsee,\tbut\nan\topinion\tabout\tit.\n7\n\tOur\temotions\thave\ta\tmind\tof\ttheir\town,\tone", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "47762ac2fdb1-1", "page_content": "7\n\tOur\temotions\thave\ta\tmind\tof\ttheir\town,\tone\nwhich\tcan\thold\tviews\tquite\tindependently\tof\tour\trational\tmind.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "60beb31aa2fc-0", "page_content": "THE\tSPECIALIST\tIN\tEMOTIONAL\tMEMORY\nThose\tunconscious\topinions\tare\temotional\tmemories;\ttheir\tstorehouse\nis\tthe\tamygdala.\tResearch\tby\tLeDoux\tand\tother\tneuroscientists\tnow\nseems\tto\tsuggest\tthat\tthe\thippocampus,\twhich\thas\tlong\tbeen\nconsidered\tthe\tkey\tstructure\tof\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem,\tis\tmore\tinvolved\tin\nregistering\tand\tmaking\tsense\tof\tperceptual\tpatterns\tthan\twith\nemotional\treactions.\tThe\thippocampus\u2019s\tmain\tinput\tis\tin\tproviding\ta\nkeen\tmemory\tof\tcontext,\tvital\tfor\temotional\tmeaning;\tit\tis\tthe\nhippocampus\tthat\trecognizes\tthe\tdiffering\tsignificance\tof,\tsay,\ta\tbear\nin\tthe\tzoo\tversus\tone\tin\tyour\tbackyard.\nWhile\tthe\thippocampus\tremembers\tthe\tdry\tfacts,\tthe\tamygdala\nretains\tthe\temotional\tflavor\tthat\tgoes\twith\tthose\tfacts.\tIf\twe\ttry\tto\npass\ta\tcar\ton\ta\ttwo-lane\thighway\tand\tnarrowly\tmiss\thaving\ta\thead-on\ncollision,\tthe\thippocampus\tretains\tthe\tspecifics\tof\tthe\tincident,\tlike\nwhat\tstretch\tof\troad\twe\twere\ton,\twho\twas\twith\tus,\twhat\tthe\tother\tcar\nlooked\tlike.\tBut\tit\tis\tthe\tamygdala\tthat\teverafter\twill\tsend\ta\tsurge\tof\nanxiety\tthrough\tus\twhenever\twe\ttry\tto\tpass\ta\tcar\tin\tsimilar\ncircumstances.\tAs\tLeDoux\tput\tit\tto\tme,\t\u201cThe\thippocampus\tis\tcrucial\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "60beb31aa2fc-1", "page_content": "recognizing\ta\tface\tas\tthat\tof\tyour\tcousin.\tBut\tit\tis\tthe\tamygdala\tthat\nadds\tyou\tdon\u2019t\treally\tlike\ther.\u201d\nThe\tbrain\tuses\ta\tsimple\tbut\tcunning\tmethod\tto\tmake\temotional\nmemories\tregister\twith\tspecial\tpotency:\tthe\tvery\tsame\tneurochemical\nalerting\tsystems\tthat\tprime\tthe\tbody\tto\treact\tto\tlife-threatening\nemergencies\tby\tfighting\tor\tfleeing\talso\tstamp\tthe\tmoment\tin\tmemory\nwith\tvividness.\n8\n\tUnder\tstress\t(or\tanxiety,\tor\tpresumably\teven\tthe\nintense\texcitement\tof\tjoy)\ta\tnerve\trunning\tfrom\tthe\tbrain\tto\tthe\nadrenal\tglands\tatop\tthe\tkidneys\ttriggers\ta\tsecretion\tof\tthe\thormones\nepinephrine\tand\tnorepinephrine,\twhich\tsurge\tthrough\tthe\tbody\npriming\tit\tfor\tan\temergency.\tThese\thormones\tactivate\treceptors\ton\nthe\tvagus\tnerve;\twhile\tthe\tvagus\tnerve\tcarries\tmessages\tfrom\tthe\nbrain\tto\tregulate\tthe\theart,\tit\talso\tcarries\tsignals\tback\t\ninto\tthe\tbrain,\ntriggered\tby\tepinephrine\tand\tnorepinephrine.\tThe\tamygdala\tis\tthe\nmain\tsite\tin\tthe\tbrain\twhere\tthese\tsignals\tgo;\tthey\tactivate\tneurons\nwithin\tthe\tamygdala\tto\tsignal\tother\tbrain\tregions\tto\tstrengthen\nmemory\tfor\twhat\tis\thappening.\nThis\tamygdala\tarousal\tseems\tto\timprint\tin\tmemory\tmost\tmoments\nof\temotional\tarousal\twith\tan\tadded\tdegree\tof\tstrength\u2014that\u2019s\twhy\twe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "60beb31aa2fc-2", "page_content": "are\tmore\tlikely,\tfor\texample,\tto\tremember\twhere\twe\twent\ton\ta\tfirst\ndate,\tor\twhat\twe\twere\tdoing\twhen\twe\theard\tthe\tnews\tthat\tthe\tspace", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a14f5bb1966d-0", "page_content": "shuttle\t\nChallenger\n\thad\texploded.\tThe\tmore\tintense\tthe\tamygdala\narousal,\tthe\tstronger\tthe\timprint;\tthe\texperiences\tthat\tscare\tor\tthrill\nus\tthe\tmost\tin\tlife\tare\tamong\tour\tmost\tindelible\tmemories.\tThis\nmeans\tthat,\tin\teffect,\tthe\tbrain\thas\ttwo\tmemory\tsystems,\tone\tfor\nordinary\tfacts\tand\tone\tfor\temotionally\tcharged\tones.\tA\tspecial\tsystem\nfor\temotional\tmemories\tmakes\texcellent\tsense\tin\tevolution,\tof\tcourse,\nensuring\tthat\tanimals\twould\thave\tparticularly\tvivid\tmemories\tof\twhat\nthreatens\tor\tpleases\tthem.\tBut\temotional\tmemories\tcan\tbe\tfaulty\nguides\tto\tthe\tpresent.\nOUT-OF-DATE\tNEURAL\tALARMS\nOne\tdrawback\tof\tsuch\tneural\talarms\tis\tthat\tthe\turgent\tmessage\tthe\namygdala\tsends\tis\tsometimes,\tif\tnot\toften,\tout-of-date\u2014especially\tin\nthe\tfluid\tsocial\tworld\twe\thumans\tinhabit.\tAs\tthe\trepository\tfor\nemotional\tmemory,\tthe\tamygdala\tscans\texperience,\tcomparing\twhat\nis\thappening\tnow\twith\twhat\thappened\tin\tthe\tpast.\tIts\tmethod\tof\ncomparison\tis\tassociative:\twhen\tone\tkey\telement\tof\ta\tpresent\nsituation\tis\tsimilar\tto\tthe\tpast,\tit\tcan\tcall\tit\ta\t\u201cmatch\u201d\u2014which\tis\twhy\nthis\tcircuit\tis\tsloppy:\tit\tacts\tbefore\tthere\tis\tfull\tconfirmation.\tIt\nfrantically\tcommands\tthat\twe\treact\tto\tthe\tpresent\tin\tways\tthat\twere\nimprinted\tlong\tago,\twith\tthoughts,\temotions,\treactions\tlearned\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a14f5bb1966d-1", "page_content": "response\tto\tevents\tperhaps\tonly\tdimly\tsimilar,\tbut\tclose\tenough\tto\nalarm\tthe\tamygdala.\nThus\ta\tformer\tarmy\tnurse,\ttraumatized\tby\tthe\trelentless\tflood\tof\nghastly\twounds\tshe\tonce\ttended\tin\twartime,\tis\tsuddenly\tswept\twith\ta\nmix\tof\tdread,\tloathing,\tand\tpanic\u2014a\trepeat\tof\ther\tbattlefield\treaction\ntriggered\tonce\tagain,\tyears\tlater,\tby\tthe\tstench\twhen\tshe\topens\ta\ncloset\tdoor\tto\tfind\ther\ttoddler\thad\tstashed\ta\tstinking\tdiaper\tthere.\tA\nfew\tspare\telements\tof\tthe\tsituation\tis\tall\tthat\tneed\tseem\tsimilar\tto\nsome\tpast\tdanger\tfor\tthe\tamygdala\tto\ttrigger\tits\temergency\nproclamation.\tThe\ttrouble\tis\tthat\talong\twith\tthe\temotionally\tcharged\nmemories\tthat\thave\tthe\tpower\tto\ttrigger\tthis\tcrisis\tresponse\tcan\tcome\nequally\toutdated\tways\tof\tresponding\tto\tit.\nThe\temotional\tbrain\u2019s\timprecision\tin\tsuch\tmoments\tis\tadded\tto\tby\nthe\tfact\tthat\tmany\tpotent\temotional\tmemories\tdate\tfrom\tthe\tfirst\tfew\nyears\tof\tlife,\tin\tthe\trelationship\tbetween\tan\tinfant\tand\tits\tcaretakers.\nThis\tis\tespecially\ttrue\tfor\ttraumatic\tevents,\tlike\tbeatings\tor\toutright\nneglect.\tDuring\tthis\tearly\tperiod\tof\tlife\tother\tbrain\tstructures,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cfc4aad94ea8-0", "page_content": "particularly\tthe\thippocampus,\twhich\tis\tcrucial\tfor\tnarrative\nmemories,\tand\tthe\tneocortex,\tseat\tof\trational\tthought,\thave\tyet\tto\nbecome\tfully\tdeveloped.\tIn\tmemory,\tthe\tamygdala\tand\thippocampus\nwork\thand-in-hand;\teach\tstores\tand\tretrieves\tits\tspecial\tinformation\nindependently.\tWhile\tthe\thippocampus\tretrieves\tinformation,\tthe\namygdala\tdetermines\tif\tthat\tinformation\thas\tany\temotional\tvalence.\nBut\tthe\tamygdala,\twhich\tmatures\tvery\tquickly\tin\tthe\tinfant\u2019s\tbrain,\tis\nmuch\tcloser\tto\tfully\tformed\tat\tbirth.\nLeDoux\tturns\tto\tthe\trole\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tin\tchildhood\tto\tsupport\nwhat\thas\tlong\tbeen\ta\tbasic\ttenet\tof\tpsychoanalytic\tthought:\tthat\tthe\ninteractions\tof\tlife\u2019s\tearliest\tyears\tlay\tdown\ta\tset\tof\temotional\tlessons\nbased\ton\tthe\tattunement\tand\tupsets\tin\tthe\tcontacts\tbetween\tinfant\nand\tcaretakers.\n9\n\tThese\temotional\tlessons\tare\tso\tpotent\tand\tyet\tso\ndifficult\tto\tunderstand\tfrom\tthe\tvantage\tpoint\tof\tadult\tlife\tbecause,\nbelieves\tLeDoux,\tthey\tare\tstored\tin\tthe\tamygdala\tas\trough,\twordless\nblueprints\tfor\temotional\tlife.\tSince\tthese\tearliest\temotional\tmemories\nare\testablished\tat\ta\ttime\tbefore\tinfants\thave\twords\tfor\ttheir\nexperience,\twhen\tthese\temotional\tmemories\tare\ttriggered\tin\tlater\tlife", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cfc4aad94ea8-1", "page_content": "experience,\twhen\tthese\temotional\tmemories\tare\ttriggered\tin\tlater\tlife\nthere\tis\tno\tmatching\tset\tof\tarticulated\tthoughts\tabout\tthe\tresponse\nthat\ttakes\tus\tover.\tOne\treason\twe\tcan\tbe\tso\tbaffled\tby\tour\temotional\noutbursts,\tthen,\tis\tthat\tthey\toften\tdate\tfrom\ta\ttime\tearly\tin\tour\tlives\nwhen\tthings\twere\tbewildering\tand\twe\tdid\tnot\tyet\thave\twords\tfor\ncomprehending\tevents.\tWe\tmay\thave\tthe\tchaotic\tfeelings,\tbut\tnot\tthe\nwords\tfor\tthe\tmemories\tthat\tformed\tthem.\nWHEN\tEMOTIONS\tARE\tFAST\tAND\tSLOPPY\nIt\twas\tsomewhere\taround\tthree\tin\tthe\tmorning\twhen\ta\thuge\tobject\ncame\tcrashing\tthrough\tthe\tceiling\tin\ta\tfar\tcorner\tof\tmy\tbedroom,\nspilling\tthe\tcontents\tof\tthe\tattic\tinto\tthe\troom.\tIn\ta\tsecond\tI\tleapt\tout\nof\tbed\tand\tran\tout\tof\tthe\troom,\tterrified\tthe\tentire\tceiling\twould\tcave\nin.\tThen,\trealizing\tI\twas\tsafe,\tI\tcautiously\tpeered\tback\tin\tthe\tbedroom\nto\tsee\twhat\thad\tcaused\tall\tthe\tdamage\u2014only\tto\tdiscover\tthat\tthe\nsound\tI\thad\ttaken\tto\tbe\tthe\tceiling\tcaving\tin\twas\tactually\tthe\tfall\tof\ta\ntall\tpile\tof\tboxes\tmy\twife\thad\tstacked\tin\tthe\tcorner\t\nthe\tday\tbefore\nwhile\tshe\tsorted\tout\ther\tcloset.\tNothing\thad\tfallen\tfrom\tthe\tattic:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cfc4aad94ea8-2", "page_content": "there\twas\tno\tattic.\tThe\tceiling\twas\tintact,\tand\tso\twas\tI.\nMy\tleap\tfrom\tbed\twhile\thalf-asleep\u2014which\tmight\thave\tsaved\tme\nfrom\tinjury\thad\tit\ttruly\tbeen\tthe\tceiling\tfalling\u2014illustrates\tthe\tpower", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6b194fbef756-0", "page_content": "of\tthe\tamygdala\tto\tpropel\tus\tto\taction\tin\temergencies,\tvital\tmoments\nbefore\tthe\tneocortex\thas\ttime\tto\tfully\tregister\twhat\tis\tactually\tgoing\non.\tThe\temergency\troute\tfrom\teye\tor\tear\tto\tthalamus\tto\tamygdala\tis\ncrucial:\tit\tsaves\ttime\tin\tan\temergency,\twhen\tan\tinstantaneous\nresponse\tis\trequired.\tBut\tthis\tcircuit\tfrom\tthalamus\tto\tamygdala\ncarries\tonly\ta\tsmall\tportion\tof\tsensory\tmessages,\twith\tthe\tmajority\ntaking\tthe\tmain\troute\tup\tto\tthe\tneocortex.\tSo\twhat\tregisters\tin\tthe\namygdala\tvia\tthis\texpress\troute\tis,\tat\tbest,\ta\trough\tsignal,\tjust\tenough\nfor\ta\twarning.\tAs\tLeDoux\tpoints\tout,\t\u201cYou\tdon\u2019t\tneed\tto\tknow\texactly\nwhat\tsomething\tis\tto\tknow\tthat\tit\tmay\tbe\tdangerous.\u201d\n10\nThe\tdirect\troute\thas\ta\tvast\tadvantage\tin\tbrain\ttime,\twhich\tis\nreckoned\tin\tthousandths\tof\ta\tsecond.\tThe\tamygdala\tin\ta\trat\tcan\tbegin\na\tresponse\tto\ta\tperception\tin\tas\tlittle\tas\ttwelve\tmilliseconds\u2014twelve\nthousandths\tof\ta\tsecond.\tThe\troute\tfrom\tthalamus\tto\tneocortex\tto\namygdala\ttakes\tabout\ttwice\tas\tlong.\tSimilar\tmeasurements\thave\tyet\nto\tbe\tmade\tin\tthe\thuman\tbrain,\tbut\tthe\trough\tratio\twould\tlikely\thold.\nIn\tevolutionary\tterms,\tthe\tsurvival\tvalue\tof\tthis\tdirect\troute\twould\nhave\tbeen\tgreat,\tallowing\ta\tquick-response\toption\tthat\tshaves\ta\tfew", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6b194fbef756-1", "page_content": "critical\tmilliseconds\tin\treaction\ttime\tto\tdangers.\tThose\tmilliseconds\ncould\twell\thave\tsaved\tthe\tlives\tof\tour\tprotomammalian\tancestors\tin\nsuch\tnumbers\tthat\tthis\tarrangement\tis\tnow\tfeatured\tin\tevery\nmammalian\tbrain,\tincluding\tyours\tand\tmine.\tIn\tfact,\twhile\tthis\tcircuit\nmay\tplay\ta\trelatively\tlimited\trole\tin\thuman\tmental\tlife,\tlargely\nrestricted\tto\temotional\tcrises,\tmuch\tof\tthe\tmental\tlife\tof\tbirds,\tfish,\nand\treptiles\trevolves\taround\tit,\tsince\ttheir\tvery\tsurvival\tdepends\ton\nconstantly\tscanning\tfor\tpredators\tor\tprey.\t\u201cThis\tprimitive,\tminor\nbrain\tsystem\tin\tmammals\tis\tthe\tmain\tbrain\tsystem\tin\tnon-mammals,\u201d\nsays\tLeDoux.\t\u201cIt\toffers\ta\tvery\trapid\tway\tto\tturn\ton\temotions.\tBut\tit\u2019s\ta\nquick-and-dirty\tprocess;\tthe\tcells\tare\tfast,\tbut\tnot\tvery\tprecise.\u201d\nSuch\timprecision\tin,\tsay,\ta\tsquirrel,\tis\tfine,\tsince\tit\tleads\tto\terring\non\tthe\tside\tof\tsafety,\tspringing\taway\tat\tthe\tfirst\tsign\tof\tanything\tthat\nmight\tsignal\ta\tlooming\tenemy,\tor\tspringing\ttoward\ta\thint\tof\nsomething\tedible.\tBut\tin\thuman\temotional\tlife\tthat\timprecision\tcan\nhave\tdisastrous\tconsequences\tfor\tour\trelationships,\tsince\tit\tmeans,\nfiguratively\tspeaking,\twe\tcan\tspring\tat\tor\taway\tfrom\tthe\twrong\tthing\n\u2014or\tperson.\t(Consider,\tfor\texample,\tthe\twaitress\twho\tdropped\ta\ttray", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6b194fbef756-2", "page_content": "of\tsix\tdinners\twhen\tshe\tglimpsed\ta\twoman\twith\ta\thuge,\t\ncurly\tmane\tof\nred\thair\u2014exactly\tlike\tthe\twoman\ther\tex-husband\thad\tleft\ther\tfor.)\nSuch\tinchoate\temotional\tmistakes\tare\tbased\ton\tfeeling\tprior\tto\nthought.\tLeDoux\tcalls\tit\t\u201cprecognitive\temotion,\u201d\ta\treaction\tbased\ton", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "74bef1ea8a35-0", "page_content": "neural\tbits\tand\tpieces\tof\tsensory\tinformation\tthat\thave\tnot\tbeen\tfully\nsorted\tout\tand\tintegrated\tinto\ta\trecognizable\tobject.\tIt\u2019s\ta\tvery\traw\nform\tof\tsensory\tinformation,\tsomething\tlike\ta\tneural\t\nName\tThat\tTune\n,\nwhere,\tinstead\tof\tsnap\tjudgments\tof\tmelody\tbeing\tmade\ton\tthe\tbasis\nof\tjust\ta\tfew\tnotes,\ta\twhole\tperception\tis\tgrasped\ton\tthe\tbasis\tof\tthe\nfirst\tfew\ttentative\tparts.\tIf\tthe\tamygdala\tsenses\ta\tsensory\tpattern\tof\nimport\temerging,\tit\tjumps\tto\ta\tconclusion,\ttriggering\tits\treactions\nbefore\tthere\tis\tfull\tconfirming\tevidence\u2014or\tany\tconfirmation\tat\tall.\nSmall\twonder\twe\tcan\thave\tso\tlittle\tinsight\tinto\tthe\tmurk\tof\tour\nmore\texplosive\temotions,\tespecially\twhile\tthey\tstill\thold\tus\tin\tthrall.\nThe\tamygdala\tcan\treact\tin\ta\tdelirium\tof\trage\tor\tfear\tbefore\tthe\tcortex\nknows\twhat\tis\tgoing\ton\tbecause\tsuch\traw\temotion\tis\ttriggered\nindependent\tof,\tand\tprior\tto,\tthought.\nTHE\tEMOTIONAL\tMANAGER\nA\tfriend\u2019s\tsix-year-old\tdaughter\tJessica\twas\tspending\ther\tfirst\tnight\never\tsleeping\tover\tat\ta\tplaymate\u2019s,\tand\tit\twas\tunclear\twho\twas\tmore\nnervous\tabout\tit,\tmother\tor\tdaughter.\tWhile\tthe\tmother\ttried\tnot\tto\nlet\tJessica\tsee\tthe\tintense\tanxiety\tshe\tfelt,\ther\ttension\tpeaked\tnear", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "74bef1ea8a35-1", "page_content": "midnight\tthat\tnight,\tas\tshe\twas\tgetting\tready\tfor\tbed\tand\theard\tthe\nphone\tring.\tDropping\ther\ttoothbrush,\tshe\traced\tto\tthe\tphone,\ther\nheart\tpounding,\timages\tof\tJessica\tin\tterrible\tdistress\tracing\tthrough\nher\tmind.\nThe\tmother\tsnatched\tthe\treceiver,\tand\tblurted,\t\u201cJessica!\u201d\tinto\tthe\nphone\u2014only\tto\thear\ta\twoman\u2019s\tvoice\tsay,\t\u201cOh,\tI\tthink\tthis\tmust\tbe\ta\nwrong\tnumber.\u2026\u201d\nAt\tthat,\tthe\tmother\trecovered\ther\tcomposure,\tand\tin\ta\tpolite,\nmeasured\ttone,\tasked,\t\u201cWhat\tnumber\twere\tyou\tcalling?\u201d\nWhile\tthe\tamygdala\tis\tat\twork\tin\tpriming\tan\tanxious,\timpulsive\nreaction,\tanother\tpart\tof\tthe\temotional\tbrain\tallows\tfor\ta\tmore\tfitting,\ncorrective\tresponse.\tThe\tbrain\u2019s\tdamper\tswitch\tfor\tthe\tamygdala\u2019s\nsurges\tappears\tto\tlie\tat\tthe\tother\tend\tof\ta\tmajor\tcircuit\tto\tthe\nneocortex,\tin\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tjust\tbehind\tthe\tforehead.\tThe\nprefrontal\tcortex\tseems\tto\tbe\tat\twork\twhen\tsomeone\tis\tfearful\tor\nenraged,\tbut\tstifles\tor\tcontrols\tthe\tfeeling\tin\torder\tto\t\ndeal\tmore\neffectively\twith\tthe\tsituation\tat\thand,\tor\twhen\ta\treappraisal\tcalls\tfor\ta\ncompletely\tdifferent\tresponse,\tas\twith\tthe\tworried\tmother\ton\tthe\nphone.\tThis\tneocortical\tarea\tof\tthe\tbrain\tbrings\ta\tmore\tanalytic\tor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "591a6d1e6c56-0", "page_content": "appropriate\tresponse\tto\tour\temotional\timpulses,\tmodulating\tthe\namygdala\tand\tother\tlimbic\tareas.\nOrdinarily\tthe\tprefrontal\tareas\tgovern\tour\temotional\treactions\tfrom\nthe\tstart.\tThe\tlargest\tprojection\tof\tsensory\tinformation\tfrom\tthe\nthalamus,\tremember,\tgoes\tnot\tto\tthe\tamygdala,\tbut\tto\tthe\tneocortex\nand\tits\tmany\tcenters\tfor\ttaking\tin\tand\tmaking\tsense\tof\twhat\tis\tbeing\nperceived;\tthat\tinformation\tand\tour\tresponse\tto\tit\tis\tcoordinated\tby\nthe\tprefrontal\tlobes,\tthe\tseat\tof\tplanning\tand\torganizing\tactions\ntoward\ta\tgoal,\tincluding\temotional\tones.\tIn\tthe\tneocortex\ta\tcascading\nseries\tof\tcircuits\tregisters\tand\tanalyzes\tthat\tinformation,\tcomprehends\nit,\tand,\tthrough\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes,\torchestrates\ta\treaction.\tIf\tin\tthe\nprocess\tan\temotional\tresponse\tis\tcalled\tfor,\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\ndictate\tit,\tworking\thand-in-hand\twith\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tother\tcircuits\nin\tthe\temotional\tbrain.\nThis\tprogression,\twhich\tallows\tfor\tdiscernment\tin\temotional\nresponse,\tis\tthe\tstandard\tarrangement,\twith\tthe\tsignificant\texception\nof\temotional\temergencies.\tWhen\tan\temotion\ttriggers,\twithin\tmoments\nthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tperform\twhat\tamounts\tto\ta\trisk/benefit\tratio\tof\nmyriad\tpossible\treactions,\tand\tbet\tthat\tone\tof\tthem\tis\tbest.\n11\n\tFor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "591a6d1e6c56-1", "page_content": "11\n\tFor\nanimals,\twhen\tto\tattack,\twhen\tto\trun.\tAnd\tfor\twe\thumans\t\u2026\twhen\tto\nattack,\twhen\tto\trun\u2014and\talso,\twhen\tto\tplacate,\tpersuade,\tseek\nsympathy,\tstonewall,\tprovoke\tguilt,\twhine,\tput\ton\ta\tfacade\tof\nbravado,\tbe\tcontemptuous\u2014and\tso\ton,\tthrough\tthe\twhole\trepertoire\nof\temotional\twiles.\nThe\tneocortical\tresponse\tis\tslower\tin\tbrain\ttime\tthan\tthe\thijack\nmechanism\tbecause\tit\tinvolves\tmore\tcircuitry.\tIt\tcan\talso\tbe\tmore\njudicious\tand\tconsidered,\tsince\tmore\tthought\tprecedes\tfeeling.\tWhen\nwe\tregister\ta\tloss\tand\tbecome\tsad,\tor\tfeel\thappy\tafter\ta\ttriumph,\tor\nmull\tover\tsomething\tsomeone\thas\tsaid\tor\tdone\tand\tthen\tget\thurt\tor\nangry,\tthe\tneocortex\tis\tat\twork.\nJust\tas\twith\tthe\tamygdala,\tabsent\tthe\tworkings\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\nlobes,\tmuch\tof\temotional\tlife\twould\tfall\taway;\tlacking\tan\nunderstanding\tthat\tsomething\tmerits\tan\temotional\tresponse,\tnone\ncomes.\tThis\trole\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tin\temotions\thas\tbeen\nsuspected\tby\tneurologists\tsince\tthe\tadvent\tin\tthe\t1940s\tof\tthat\trather\ndesperate\u2014and\tsadly\tmisguided\u2014surgical\t\u201ccure\u201d\tfor\tmental\tillness:\nthe\tprefrontal\tlobotomy,\twhich\t(often\tsloppily)\tremoved\tpart\tof\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "591a6d1e6c56-2", "page_content": "prefrontal\tlobes\tor\totherwise\tcut\tconnections\tbetween\tthe\tprefrontal\ncortex\tand\tthe\tlower\tbrain.\tIn\tthe\tdays\tbefore\tany\teffective\nmedications\tfor\tmental\tillness,\tthe\tlobotomy\twas\thailed\tas\tthe\tanswer", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b543f8387c41-0", "page_content": "to\t\ngrave\temotional\tdistress\u2014sever\tthe\tlinks\tbetween\tthe\tprefrontal\nlobes\tand\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tbrain,\tand\tpatients\u2019\tdistress\twas\t\u201crelieved.\u201d\nUnfortunately,\tthe\tcost\twas\tthat\tmost\tof\tpatients\u2019\temotional\tlives\nseemed\tto\tvanish,\ttoo.\tThe\tkey\tcircuitry\thad\tbeen\tdestroyed.\nEmotional\thijackings\tpresumably\tinvolve\ttwo\tdynamics:\ttriggering\nof\tthe\tamygdala\tand\ta\tfailure\tto\tactivate\tthe\tneocortical\tprocesses\nthat\tusually\tkeep\temotional\tresponse\tin\tbalance\u2014or\ta\trecruitment\tof\nthe\tneocortical\tzones\tto\tthe\temotional\turgency.\n12\n\tAt\tthese\tmoments\nthe\trational\tmind\tis\tswamped\tby\tthe\temotional.\tOne\tway\tthe\nprefrontal\tcortex\tacts\tas\tan\tefficient\tmanager\tof\temotion\u2014weighing\nreactions\tbefore\tacting\u2014is\tby\tdampening\tthe\tsignals\tfor\tactivation\nsent\tout\tby\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tother\tlimbic\tcenters\u2014something\tlike\ta\nparent\twho\tstops\tan\timpulsive\tchild\tfrom\tgrabbing\tand\ttells\tthe\tchild\nto\task\tproperly\t(or\twait)\tfor\twhat\tit\twants\tinstead.\n13\nThe\tkey\t\u201coff\u201d\tswitch\tfor\tdistressing\temotion\tseems\tto\tbe\tthe\tleft\nprefrontal\tlobe.\tNeuropsychologists\tstudying\tmoods\tin\tpatients\twith\ninjuries\tto\tparts\tof\tthe\tfrontal\tlobes\thave\tdetermined\tthat\tone\tof\tthe\ntasks\tof\tthe\tleft\tfrontal\tlobe\tis\tto\tact\tas\ta\tneural\tthermostat,\tregulating", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b543f8387c41-1", "page_content": "unpleasant\temotions.\tThe\tright\tprefrontal\tlobes\tare\ta\tseat\tof\tnegative\nfeelings\tlike\tfear\tand\taggression,\twhile\tthe\tleft\tlobes\tkeep\tthose\traw\nemotions\tin\tcheck,\tprobably\tby\tinhibiting\tthe\tright\tlobe.\n14\n\tIn\tone\ngroup\tof\tstroke\tpatients,\tfor\texample,\tthose\twhose\tlesions\twere\tin\tthe\nleft\tprefrontal\tcortex\twere\tprone\tto\tcatastrophic\tworries\tand\tfears;\nthose\twith\tlesions\ton\tthe\tright\twere\t\u201cunduly\tcheerful\u201d;\tduring\nneurological\texams\tthey\tjoked\taround\tand\twere\tso\tlaid\tback\tthey\nclearly\tdid\tnot\tcare\thow\twell\tthey\tdid.\n15\n\tAnd\tthen\tthere\twas\tthe\tcase\nof\tthe\thappy\thusband:\ta\tman\twhose\tright\tprefrontal\tlobe\thad\tbeen\npartially\tremoved\tin\tsurgery\tfor\ta\tbrain\tmalformation.\tHis\twife\ttold\nphysicians\tthat\tafter\tthe\toperation\the\tunderwent\ta\tdramatic\npersonality\tchange,\tbecoming\tless\teasily\tupset\tand,\tshe\twas\thappy\tto\nsay,\tmore\taffectionate.\n16\nThe\tleft\tprefrontal\tlobe,\tin\tshort,\tseems\tto\tbe\tpart\tof\ta\tneural\tcircuit\nthat\tcan\tswitch\toff,\tor\tat\tleast\tdampen\tdown,\tall\tbut\tthe\tstrongest\nnegative\tsurges\tof\temotion.\tIf\tthe\tamygdala\toften\tacts\tas\tan\nemergency\ttrigger,\tthe\tleft\tprefrontal\tlobe\tappears\tto\tbe\tpart\tof\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b543f8387c41-2", "page_content": "emergency\ttrigger,\tthe\tleft\tprefrontal\tlobe\tappears\tto\tbe\tpart\tof\tthe\nbrain\u2019s\t\u201coff\u201d\tswitch\tfor\tdisturbing\temotion:\tthe\tamygdala\tproposes,\nthe\tprefrontal\tlobe\tdisposes.\tThese\tprefrontal-limbic\tconnections\tare\ncrucial\tin\tmental\tlife\tfar\tbeyond\tfine-tuning\temotion;\tthey\tare\nessential\tfor\tnavigating\tus\tthrough\tthe\tdecisions\tthat\tmatter\tmost\tin\nlife.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a5d778d5a18f-0", "page_content": "HARMONIZING\tEMOTION\tAND\tTHOUGHT\nThe\tconnections\tbetween\tthe\tamygdala\t(and\trelated\tlimbic\tstructures)\nand\tthe\tneocortex\tare\tthe\thub\tof\tthe\tbattles\tor\tcooperative\ttreaties\nstruck\tbetween\thead\tand\theart,\tthought\tand\tfeeling.\tThis\tcircuitry\nexplains\twhy\temotion\tis\tso\tcrucial\tto\teffective\tthought,\tboth\tin\nmaking\twise\tdecisions\tand\tin\tsimply\tallowing\tus\tto\tthink\tclearly.\nTake\tthe\tpower\tof\temotions\tto\tdisrupt\tthinking\titself.\nNeuroscientists\tuse\tthe\tterm\t\u201cworking\tmemory\u201d\tfor\tthe\tcapacity\tof\nattention\tthat\tholds\tin\tmind\tthe\tfacts\tessential\tfor\tcompleting\ta\tgiven\ntask\tor\tproblem,\twhether\tit\tbe\tthe\tideal\tfeatures\tone\tseeks\tin\ta\thouse\nwhile\ttouring\tseveral\tprospects,\tor\tthe\telements\tof\ta\treasoning\nproblem\ton\ta\ttest.\tThe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tis\tthe\tbrain\tregion\nresponsible\tfor\tworking\tmemory.\n17\n\tBut\tcircuits\tfrom\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain\nto\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tmean\tthat\tthe\tsignals\tof\tstrong\temotion\u2014\nanxiety,\tanger,\tand\tthe\tlike\u2014can\tcreate\tneural\tstatic,\tsabotaging\tthe\nability\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobe\tto\tmaintain\tworking\tmemory.\tThat\tis\nwhy\twhen\twe\tare\temotionally\tupset\twe\tsay\twe\t\u201cjust\tcan\u2019t\tthink\nstraight\u201d\u2014and\twhy\tcontinual\temotional\tdistress\tcan\tcreate\tdeficits\tin\na\tchild\u2019s\tintellectual\tabilities,\tcrippling\tthe\tcapacity\tto\tlearn.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a5d778d5a18f-1", "page_content": "These\tdeficits,\tif\tmore\tsubtle,\tare\tnot\talways\ttapped\tby\tIQ\ttesting,\nthough\tthey\tshow\tup\tthrough\tmore\ttargeted\tneuropsychological\nmeasures,\tas\twell\tas\tin\ta\tchild\u2019s\tcontinual\tagitation\tand\timpulsivity.\nIn\tone\tstudy,\tfor\texample,\tprimary\tschool\tboys\twho\thad\tabove-\naverage\tIQ\tscores\tbut\tnevertheless\twere\tdoing\tpoorly\tin\tschool\twere\nfound\tvia\tthese\tneuropsychological\ttests\tto\thave\timpaired\tfrontal\ncortex\tfunctioning.\n18\n\tThey\talso\twere\timpulsive\tand\tanxious,\toften\ndisruptive\tand\tin\ttrouble\u2014suggesting\tfaulty\tprefrontal\tcontrol\tover\ntheir\tlimbic\turges.\tDespite\ttheir\tintellectual\tpotential,\tthese\tare\tthe\nchildren\tat\thighest\trisk\tfor\tproblems\tlike\tacademic\tfailure,\talcoholism,\nand\tcriminality\u2014not\tbecause\ttheir\tintellect\tis\tdeficient,\tbut\tbecause\ntheir\tcontrol\tover\ttheir\temotional\tlife\tis\timpaired.\tThe\temotional\nbrain,\tquite\tseparate\tfrom\tthose\tcortical\tareas\ttapped\tby\tIQ\ttests,\ncontrols\trage\tand\tcompassion\talike.\tThese\temotional\tcircuits\tare\nsculpted\tby\texperience\tthroughout\tchildhood\u2014and\twe\tleave\tthose\nexperiences\tutterly\tto\tchance\tat\tour\tperil.\nConsider,\ttoo,\tthe\trole\tof\temotions\tin\teven\tthe\tmost\t\u201crational\u201d\ndecision-making.\tIn\twork\twith\tfar-reaching\timplications\tfor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a5d778d5a18f-2", "page_content": "decision-making.\tIn\twork\twith\tfar-reaching\timplications\tfor\nunderstanding\tmental\tlife,\tDr.\tAntonio\tDamasio,\ta\tneurologist\tat\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tIowa\tCollege\tof\tMedicine,\thas\tmade\tcareful\tstudies\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dc3525c22da5-0", "page_content": "just\twhat\tis\timpaired\tin\tpatients\twith\tdamage\tto\tthe\tprefrontal-\namygdala\tcircuit.\n19\n\tTheir\tdecision-making\tis\tterribly\tflawed\u2014and\tyet\nthey\tshow\tno\tdeterioration\tat\tall\tin\tIQ\tor\tany\tcognitive\t\nability.\nDespite\ttheir\tintact\tintelligence,\tthey\tmake\tdisastrous\tchoices\tin\nbusiness\tand\ttheir\tpersonal\tlives,\tand\tcan\teven\tobsess\tendlessly\tover\ta\ndecision\tso\tsimple\tas\twhen\tto\tmake\tan\tappointment.\nDr.\tDamasio\targues\tthat\ttheir\tdecisions\tare\tso\tbad\tbecause\tthey\nhave\tlost\taccess\tto\ttheir\t\nemotional\n\tlearning.\tAs\tthe\tmeeting\tpoint\nbetween\tthought\tand\temotion,\tthe\tprefrontal-amygdala\tcircuit\tis\ta\ncrucial\tdoorway\tto\tthe\trepository\tfor\tthe\tlikes\tand\tdislikes\twe\tacquire\nover\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\tlifetime.\tCut\toff\tfrom\temotional\tmemory\tin\tthe\namygdala,\twhatever\tthe\tneocortex\tmulls\tover\tno\tlonger\ttriggers\tthe\nemotional\treactions\tthat\thave\tbeen\tassociated\twith\tit\tin\tthe\tpast\u2014\neverything\ttakes\ton\ta\tgray\tneutrality.\tA\tstimulus,\tbe\tit\ta\tfavorite\tpet\nor\ta\tdetested\tacquaintance,\tno\tlonger\ttriggers\teither\tattraction\tor\naversion;\tthese\tpatients\thave\t\u201cforgotten\u201d\tall\tsuch\temotional\tlessons\nbecause\tthey\tno\tlonger\thave\taccess\tto\twhere\tthey\tare\tstored\tin\tthe\namygdala.\nEvidence\tlike\tthis\tleads\tDr.\tDamasio\tto\tthe\tcounter-intuitive\nposition\tthat\tfeelings\tare\ttypically", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dc3525c22da5-1", "page_content": "position\tthat\tfeelings\tare\ttypically\t\nindispensable\n\tfor\trational\tdecisions;\nthey\tpoint\tus\tin\tthe\tproper\tdirection,\twhere\tdry\tlogic\tcan\tthen\tbe\tof\nbest\tuse.\tWhile\tthe\tworld\toften\tconfronts\tus\twith\tan\tunwieldy\tarray\nof\tchoices\t(How\tshould\tyou\tinvest\tyour\tretirement\tsavings?\tWhom\nshould\tyou\tmarry?),\tthe\temotional\tlearning\tthat\tlife\thas\tgiven\tus\n(such\tas\tthe\tmemory\tof\ta\tdisastrous\tinvestment\tor\ta\tpainful\tbreakup)\nsends\tsignals\tthat\tstreamline\tthe\tdecision\tby\teliminating\tsome\toptions\nand\thighlighting\tothers\tat\tthe\toutset.\tIn\tthis\tway,\tDr.\tDamasio\targues,\nthe\temotional\tbrain\tis\tas\tinvolved\tin\treasoning\tas\tis\tthe\tthinking\nbrain.\nThe\temotions,\tthen,\tmatter\tfor\trationality.\tIn\tthe\tdance\tof\tfeeling\nand\tthought\tthe\temotional\tfaculty\tguides\tour\tmoment-to-moment\ndecisions,\tworking\thand-in-hand\twith\tthe\trational\tmind,\tenabling\u2014or\ndisabling\u2014thought\titself.\tLikewise,\tthe\tthinking\tbrain\tplays\tan\nexecutive\trole\tin\tour\temotions\u2014except\tin\tthose\tmoments\twhen\nemotions\tsurge\tout\tof\tcontrol\tand\tthe\temotional\tbrain\truns\trampant.\nIn\ta\tsense\twe\thave\ttwo\tbrains,\ttwo\tminds\u2014and\ttwo\tdifferent\tkinds\nof\tintelligence:\trational\tand\temotional.\tHow\twe\tdo\tin\tlife\tis\ndetermined\tby\tboth\u2014it\tis\tnot\tjust\tIQ,\tbut\t\nemotional\n\tintelligence\tthat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dc3525c22da5-2", "page_content": "emotional\n\tintelligence\tthat\nmatters.\tIndeed,\tintellect\tcannot\twork\tat\tits\tbest\twithout\temotional\nintelligence.\tOrdinarily\tthe\tcomplementarity\tof\tlimbic\tsystem\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "949d0fa528ff-0", "page_content": "neocortex,\tamygdala\tand\tprefrontal\tlobes,\tmeans\teach\tis\ta\tfull\tpartner\nin\tmental\tlife.\tWhen\tthese\tpartners\tinteract\twell,\temotional\nintelligence\trises\u2014as\tdoes\tintellectual\tability.\nThis\tturns\tthe\told\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\ttension\tbetween\treason\tand\nfeeling\ton\tits\thead:\tit\tis\tnot\tthat\twe\twant\tto\tdo\taway\twith\temotion\nand\tput\treason\tin\t\nits\tplace,\tas\tErasmus\thad\tit,\tbut\tinstead\tfind\tthe\nintelligent\tbalance\tof\tthe\ttwo.\tThe\told\tparadigm\theld\tan\tideal\tof\nreason\tfreed\tof\tthe\tpull\tof\temotion.\tThe\tnew\tparadigm\turges\tus\tto\nharmonize\thead\tand\theart.\tTo\tdo\tthat\twell\tin\tour\tlives\tmeans\twe\nmust\tfirst\tunderstand\tmore\texactly\twhat\tit\tmeans\tto\tuse\temotion\nintelligently.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ace35d7efc48-0", "page_content": "PART\tTWO\nTHE\tNATURE\tOF\nEMOTIONAL\nINTELLIGENCE", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4fd98e340567-0", "page_content": "3\nWhen\tSmart\tIs\tDumb\nExactly\twhy\tDavid\tPologruto,\ta\thigh-school\tphysics\tteacher,\twas\nstabbed\twith\ta\tkitchen\tknife\tby\tone\tof\this\tstar\tstudents\tis\tstill\ndebatable.\tBut\tthe\tfacts\tas\twidely\treported\tare\tthese:\nJason\tH.,\ta\tsophomore\tand\tstraight-A\tstudent\tat\ta\tCoral\tSprings,\nFlorida,\thigh\tschool,\twas\tfixated\ton\tgetting\tinto\tmedical\tschool.\tNot\njust\tany\tmedical\tschool\u2014he\tdreamt\tof\tHarvard.\tBut\tPologruto,\this\nphysics\tteacher,\thad\tgiven\tJason\tan\t80\ton\ta\tquiz.\tBelieving\tthe\tgrade\n\u2014a\tmere\tB\u2014put\this\tdream\tin\tjeopardy,\tJason\ttook\ta\tbutcher\tknife\tto\nschool\tand,\tin\ta\tconfrontation\twith\tPologruto\tin\tthe\tphysics\tlab,\nstabbed\this\tteacher\tin\tthe\tcollarbone\tbefore\tbeing\tsubdued\tin\ta\nstruggle.\nA\tjudge\tfound\tJason\tinnocent,\ttemporarily\tinsane\tduring\tthe\nincident\u2014a\tpanel\tof\tfour\tpsychologists\tand\tpsychiatrists\tswore\the\twas\npsychotic\tduring\tthe\tfight.\tJason\tclaimed\the\thad\tbeen\tplanning\tto\ncommit\tsuicide\tbecause\tof\tthe\ttest\tscore,\tand\thad\tgone\tto\tPologruto\tto\ntell\thim\the\twas\tkilling\thimself\tbecause\tof\tthe\tbad\tgrade.\tPologruto\ntold\ta\tdifferent\tstory:\t\u201cI\tthink\the\ttried\tto\tcompletely\tdo\tme\tin\twith\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4fd98e340567-1", "page_content": "knife\u201d\tbecause\the\twas\tinfuriated\tover\tthe\tbad\tgrade.\nAfter\ttransferring\tto\ta\tprivate\tschool,\tJason\tgraduated\ttwo\tyears\nlater\tat\tthe\ttop\tof\this\tclass.\tA\tperfect\tgrade\tin\tregular\tclasses\twould\nhave\tgiven\thim\ta\tstraight-A,\t4.0\taverage,\tbut\tJason\thad\ttaken\tenough\nadvanced\tcourses\tto\traise\this\tgrade-point\taverage\tto\t4.614\u2014way\nbeyond\tA+.\tEven\tas\tJason\tgraduated\twith\thighest\thonors,\this\told\nphysics\tteacher,\tDavid\tPologruto,\tcomplained\tthat\tJason\thad\tnever\napologized\tor\teven\ttaken\tresponsibility\tfor\tthe\tattack.\n1\nThe\tquestion\tis,\thow\tcould\tsomeone\tof\tsuch\tobvious\tintelligence\tdo\nsomething\tso\tirrational\u2014so\tdownright\tdumb?\tThe\tanswer:\tAcademic\nintelligence\thas\tlittle\tto\tdo\twith\temotional\tlife.\tThe\tbrightest\tamong\nus\tcan\tfounder\ton\tthe\tshoals\tof\tunbridled\tpassions\tand\tunruly\nimpulses;\tpeople\twith\thigh\tIQs\tcan\tbe\tstunningly\tpoor\tpilots\tof\ttheir\nprivate\tlives.\nOne\tof\tpsychology\u2019s\topen\tsecrets\tis\tthe\trelative\tinability\tof\tgrades,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d603f6f777ef-0", "page_content": "IQ,\tor\tSAT\tscores,\tdespite\ttheir\tpopular\tmystique,\tto\tpredict\nunerringly\twho\twill\tsucceed\tin\tlife.\tTo\tbe\tsure,\tthere\tis\ta\trelationship\nbetween\tIQ\tand\tlife\tcircumstances\tfor\tlarge\tgroups\tas\ta\twhole:\tmany\npeople\twith\tvery\tlow\tIQs\tend\tup\tin\tmenial\tjobs,\tand\tthose\twith\thigh\nIQs\ttend\tto\tbecome\twell-paid\u2014but\tby\tno\tmeans\talways.\nThere\tare\twidespread\texceptions\tto\tthe\tmyth\tthat\tIQ\tpredicts\nsuccess\u2014many\t(or\tmore)\texceptions\tthan\tcases\tthat\tfit\tthe\trule.\tAt\nbest,\tIQ\tcontributes\tabout\t20\tpercent\tto\tthe\tfactors\tthat\tdetermine\tlife\nsuccess,\twhich\tleaves\t80\tpercent\tto\tother\tforces.\n2\n\tAs\tone\tobserver\nnotes,\t\u201cThe\tvast\tmajority\tof\tone\u2019s\tultimate\tniche\tin\tsociety\tis\ndetermined\tby\tnon-IQ\tfactors,\tranging\tfrom\tsocial\tclass\tto\tluck.\u201d\nEven\tRichard\tHerrnstein\tand\tCharles\tMurray,\twhose\tbook\t\nThe\tBell\nCurve\n\timputes\ta\tprimary\timportance\tto\tIQ,\tacknowledge\tthis;\tas\tthey\npoint\tout,\t\u201cPerhaps\ta\tfreshman\twith\tan\tSAT\tmath\tscore\tof\t500\thad\nbetter\tnot\thave\this\theart\tset\ton\tbeing\ta\tmathematician,\tbut\tif\tinstead\nhe\twants\tto\trun\this\town\tbusiness,\tbecome\ta\tU.S.\tSenator\tor\tmake\ta\nmillion\tdollars,\the\tshould\tnot\tput\taside\this\tdreams.\u2026\tThe\tlink", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d603f6f777ef-1", "page_content": "between\ttest\tscores\tand\tthose\tachievements\tis\tdwarfed\tby\tthe\ttotality\nof\tother\tcharacteristics\tthat\the\tbrings\tto\tlife.\u201d\n3\nMy\tconcern\tis\twith\ta\tkey\tset\tof\tthese\t\u201cother\tcharacteristics,\u201d\nemotional\tintelligence:\n\tabilities\tsuch\tas\tbeing\table\tto\tmotivate\toneself\nand\tpersist\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tfrustrations;\tto\tcontrol\timpulse\tand\tdelay\ngratification;\tto\tregulate\tone\u2019s\tmoods\tand\tkeep\tdistress\tfrom\nswamping\tthe\tability\tto\tthink;\tto\tempathize\tand\tto\thope.\tUnlike\tIQ,\nwith\tits\tnearly\tone-hundred-year\thistory\tof\tresearch\twith\thundreds\tof\nthousands\tof\tpeople,\temotional\tintelligence\tis\ta\tnew\tconcept.\tNo\tone\ncan\tyet\tsay\texactly\thow\tmuch\tof\tthe\tvariability\tfrom\tperson\tto\tperson\nin\tlife\u2019s\tcourse\tit\taccounts\tfor.\tBut\twhat\tdata\texist\tsuggest\tit\tcan\tbe\tas\npowerful,\tand\tat\ttimes\tmore\tpowerful,\tthan\tIQ.\tAnd\twhile\tthere\tare\nthose\twho\targue\tthat\tIQ\tcannot\tbe\tchanged\tmuch\tby\texperience\tor\neducation,\tI\twill\tshow\tin\tPart\tFive\tthat\tthe\tcrucial\temotional\ncompetencies\tcan\tindeed\tbe\tlearned\tand\timproved\tupon\tby\tchildren\u2014\nif\twe\tbother\tto\tteach\tthem.\nEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\tAND\tDESTINY\nI\tremember\tthe\tfellow\tin\tmy\town\tclass\tat\tAmherst\tCollege\twho\thad\nattained\tfive\tperfect\t800\tscores\ton\tthe\tSAT\tand\tother\tachievement", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d603f6f777ef-2", "page_content": "attained\tfive\tperfect\t800\tscores\ton\tthe\tSAT\tand\tother\tachievement\ntests\the\ttook\tbefore\tentering.\tDespite\this\tformidable\tintellectual", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "909eb3271ae0-0", "page_content": "abilities,\the\tspent\tmost\tof\this\ttime\thanging\tout,\tstaying\tup\tlate,\tand\nmissing\tclasses\tby\tsleeping\tuntil\tnoon.\tIt\ttook\thim\talmost\tten\tyears\tto\nfinally\tget\this\tdegree.\nIQ\toffers\tlittle\tto\texplain\tthe\tdifferent\tdestinies\tof\tpeople\twith\nroughly\tequal\tpromises,\tschooling,\tand\topportunity.\tWhen\tninety-five\nHarvard\tstudents\tfrom\tthe\tclasses\tof\tthe\t1940s\u2014a\ttime\twhen\tpeople\nwith\ta\twider\tspread\tof\tIQ\twere\tat\tIvy\tLeague\tschools\tthan\tis\tpresently\nthe\tcase\u2014were\tfollowed\tinto\tmiddle\tage,\tthe\tmen\twith\tthe\thighest\ntest\tscores\tin\tcollege\twere\tnot\tparticularly\tsuccessful\tcompared\tto\ntheir\tlower-scoring\tpeers\tin\tterms\tof\tsalary,\tproductivity,\tor\tstatus\tin\ntheir\tfield.\tNor\tdid\tthey\thave\tthe\tgreatest\tlife\tsatisfaction,\tnor\tthe\nmost\thappiness\twith\tfriendships,\tfamily,\tand\tromantic\trelationships.\n4\nA\tsimilar\tfollow-up\tin\tmiddle\tage\twas\tdone\twith\t450\tboys,\tmost\nsons\tof\timmigrants,\ttwo\tthirds\tfrom\tfamilies\ton\twelfare,\twho\tgrew\tup\nin\tSomerville,\tMassachusetts,\tat\tthe\ttime\ta\t\u201cblighted\tslum\u201d\ta\tfew\nblocks\tfrom\tHarvard.\tA\tthird\thad\tIQs\tbelow\t90.\tBut\tagain\tIQ\thad\nlittle\trelationship\tto\thow\twell\tthey\thad\tdone\tat\twork\tor\tin\tthe\trest\tof\ntheir\tlives;\tfor\tinstance,\t7\tpercent\tof\tmen\twith\tIQs\tunder\t80\twere", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "909eb3271ae0-1", "page_content": "unemployed\tfor\tten\tor\tmore\tyears,\tbut\tso\twere\t7\tpercent\tof\tmen\twith\nIQs\tover\t100.\tTo\tbe\tsure,\tthere\twas\ta\tgeneral\tlink\t(as\tthere\talways\tis)\nbetween\tIQ\tand\tsocioeconomic\tlevel\tat\tage\tforty-seven.\tBut\tchildhood\nabilities\tsuch\tas\tbeing\table\tto\thandle\tfrustrations,\tcontrol\temotions,\nand\tget\ton\twith\tother\tpeople\tmade\tthe\tgreater\tdifference.\n5\nConsider\talso\tdata\tfrom\tan\tongoing\tstudy\tof\teighty-one\nvaledictorians\tand\tsalutatorians\tfrom\tthe\t1981\tclass\tin\tIllinois\thigh\nschools.\tAll,\tof\tcourse,\thad\tthe\thighest\tgrade-point\taverages\tin\ttheir\nschools.\tBut\twhile\tthey\tcontinued\tto\tachieve\twell\tin\tcollege,\tgetting\nexcellent\tgrades,\tby\ttheir\tlate\ttwenties\tthey\thad\tclimbed\tto\tonly\naverage\tlevels\tof\tsuccess.\tTen\tyears\tafter\tgraduating\tfrom\thigh\tschool,\nonly\tone\tin\tfour\twere\tat\tthe\thighest\tlevel\tof\tyoung\tpeople\tof\ncomparable\tage\tin\ttheir\tchosen\tprofession,\tand\tmany\twere\tdoing\nmuch\tless\twell.\nKaren\tArnold,\tprofessor\tof\teducation\tat\tBoston\tUniversity,\tone\tof\nthe\tresearchers\ttracking\tthe\tvaledictorians,\texplains,\t\u201cI\tthink\twe\u2019ve\ndiscovered\tthe\t\u2018dutiful\u2019\u2014people\twho\tknow\thow\tto\tachieve\tin\tthe\nsystem.\tBut\tvaledictorians\tstruggle\tas\tsurely\tas\twe\tall\tdo.\tTo\tknow", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "909eb3271ae0-2", "page_content": "that\ta\tperson\tis\ta\tvaledictorian\tis\tto\tknow\tonly\tthat\the\tor\tshe\tis\nexceedingly\tgood\tat\tachievement\tas\t\nmeasured\tby\tgrades.\tIt\ttells\tyou\nnothing\tabout\thow\tthey\treact\tto\tthe\tvicissitudes\tof\tlife.\u201d\n6\nAnd\tthat\tis\tthe\tproblem:\tacademic\tintelligence\toffers\tvirtually\tno", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "836a15e0516c-0", "page_content": "preparation\tfor\tthe\tturmoil\u2014or\topportunity\u2014life\u2019s\tvicissitudes\tbring.\nYet\teven\tthough\ta\thigh\tIQ\tis\tno\tguarantee\tof\tprosperity,\tprestige,\tor\nhappiness\tin\tlife,\tour\tschools\tand\tour\tculture\tfixate\ton\tacademic\nabilities,\tignoring\t\nemotional\n\tintelligence,\ta\tset\tof\ttraits\u2014some\tmight\ncall\tit\tcharacter\u2014that\talso\tmatters\timmensely\tfor\tour\tpersonal\ndestiny.\tEmotional\tlife\tis\ta\tdomain\tthat,\tas\tsurely\tas\tmath\tor\treading,\ncan\tbe\thandled\twith\tgreater\tor\tlesser\tskill,\tand\trequires\tits\tunique\tset\nof\tcompetencies.\tAnd\thow\tadept\ta\tperson\tis\tat\tthose\tis\tcrucial\tto\nunderstanding\twhy\tone\tperson\tthrives\tin\tlife\twhile\tanother,\tof\tequal\nintellect,\tdead-ends:\temotional\taptitude\tis\ta\t\nmeta-ability\n,\tdetermining\nhow\twell\twe\tcan\tuse\twhatever\tother\tskills\twe\thave,\tincluding\traw\nintellect.\nOf\tcourse,\tthere\tare\tmany\tpaths\tto\tsuccess\tin\tlife,\tand\tmany\ndomains\tin\twhich\tother\taptitudes\tare\trewarded.\tIn\tour\tincreasingly\nknowledge-based\tsociety,\ttechnical\tskill\tis\tcertainly\tone.\tThere\tis\ta\nchildren\u2019s\tjoke:\t\u201cWhat\tdo\tyou\tcall\ta\tnerd\tfifteen\tyears\tfrom\tnow?\u201d\nThe\tanswer:\t\u201cBoss.\u201d\tBut\teven\tamong\t\u201cnerds\u201d\temotional\tintelligence\noffers\tan\tadded\tedge\tin\tthe\tworkplace,\tas\twe\tshall\tsee\tin\tPart\tThree.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "836a15e0516c-1", "page_content": "Much\tevidence\ttestifies\tthat\tpeople\twho\tare\temotionally\tadept\u2014who\nknow\tand\tmanage\ttheir\town\tfeelings\twell,\tand\twho\tread\tand\tdeal\neffectively\twith\tother\tpeople\u2019s\tfeelings\u2014are\tat\tan\tadvantage\tin\tany\ndomain\tof\tlife,\twhether\tromance\tand\tintimate\trelationships\tor\tpicking\nup\tthe\tunspoken\trules\tthat\tgovern\tsuccess\tin\torganizational\tpolitics.\nPeople\twith\twell-developed\temotional\tskills\tare\talso\tmore\tlikely\tto\tbe\ncontent\tand\teffective\tin\ttheir\tlives,\tmastering\tthe\thabits\tof\tmind\tthat\nfoster\ttheir\town\tproductivity;\tpeople\twho\tcannot\tmarshal\tsome\ncontrol\tover\ttheir\temotional\tlife\tfight\tinner\tbattles\tthat\tsabotage\ttheir\nability\tfor\tfocused\twork\tand\tclear\tthought.\nA\tDIFFERENT\tKIND\tOF\tINTELLIGENCE\nTo\tthe\tcasual\tobserver,\tfour-year-old\tJudy\tmight\tseem\ta\twallflower\namong\ther\tmore\tgregarious\tplaymates.\tShe\thangs\tback\tfrom\tthe\naction\tat\tplaytime,\tstaying\ton\tthe\tmargins\tof\tgames\trather\tthan\nplunging\tinto\tthe\tcenter.\tBut\tJudy\tis\tactually\ta\tkeen\tobserver\tof\tthe\nsocial\tpolitics\tof\ther\tpreschool\tclassroom,\tperhaps\tthe\tmost\nsophisticated\tof\ther\tplaymates\tin\ther\tinsights\tinto\tthe\ttides\tof\tfeeling\nwithin\tthe\tothers.\nHer\tsophistication\tis\tnot\tapparent\tuntil\tJudy\u2019s\tteacher\tgathers\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fb873b93830b-0", "page_content": "four-year-olds\t\naround\tto\tplay\twhat\tthey\tcall\tthe\tClassroom\tGame.\tThe\nClassroom\tGame\u2014a\tdollhouse\treplica\tof\tJudy\u2019s\town\tpreschool\nclassroom,\twith\tstick\tfigures\twho\thave\tfor\theads\tsmall\tphotos\tof\tthe\nstudents\tand\tteachers\u2014is\ta\ttest\tof\tsocial\tperceptiveness.\tWhen\tJudy\u2019s\nteacher\tasks\ther\tto\tput\teach\tgirl\tand\tboy\tin\tthe\tpart\tof\tthe\troom\tthey\nlike\tto\tplay\tin\tmost\u2014the\tart\tcorner,\tthe\tblocks\tcorner,\tand\tso\ton\u2014\nJudy\tdoes\tso\twith\tcomplete\taccuracy.\tAnd\twhen\tasked\tto\tput\teach\nboy\tand\tgirl\twith\tthe\tchildren\tthey\tlike\tto\tplay\twith\tmost,\tJudy\tshows\nshe\tcan\tmatch\tbest\tfriends\tfor\tthe\tentire\tclass.\nJudy\u2019s\taccuracy\treveals\tthat\tshe\thas\ta\tperfect\tsocial\tmap\tof\ther\nclass,\ta\tlevel\tof\tperceptiveness\texceptional\tfor\ta\tfour-year-old.\tThese\nare\tthe\tskills\tthat,\tin\tlater\tlife,\tmight\tallow\tJudy\tto\tblossom\tinto\ta\tstar\nin\tany\tof\tthe\tfields\twhere\t\u201cpeople\tskills\u201d\tcount,\tfrom\tsales\tand\nmanagement\tto\tdiplomacy.\nThat\tJudy\u2019s\tsocial\tbrilliance\twas\tspotted\tat\tall,\tlet\talone\tthis\tearly,\nwas\tdue\tto\ther\tbeing\ta\tstudent\tat\tthe\tEliot-Pearson\tPreschool\ton\tthe\ncampus\tof\tTufts\tUniversity,\twhere\tProject\tSpectrum,\ta\tcurriculum\nthat\tintentionally\tcultivates\ta\tvariety\tof\tkinds\tof\tintelligence,\twas\nthen\tbeing\tdeveloped.\tProject\tSpectrum\trecognizes\tthat\tthe\thuman", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fb873b93830b-1", "page_content": "then\tbeing\tdeveloped.\tProject\tSpectrum\trecognizes\tthat\tthe\thuman\nrepertoire\tof\tabilities\tgoes\tfar\tbeyond\tthe\tthree\tR\u2019s,\tthe\tnarrow\tband\nof\tword-and-number\tskills\tthat\tschools\ttraditionally\tfocus\ton.\tIt\nacknowledges\tthat\tcapacities\tsuch\tas\tJudy\u2019s\tsocial\tperceptiveness\tare\ntalents\tthat\tan\teducation\tcan\tnurture\trather\tthan\tignore\tor\teven\nfrustrate.\tBy\tencouraging\tchildren\tto\tdevelop\ta\tfull\trange\tof\tthe\nabilities\tthat\tthey\twill\tactually\tdraw\ton\tto\tsucceed,\tor\tuse\tsimply\tto\nbe\tfulfilled\tin\twhat\tthey\tdo,\tschool\tbecomes\tan\teducation\tin\tlife\tskills.\nThe\tguiding\tvisionary\tbehind\tProject\tSpectrum\tis\tHoward\tGardner,\na\tpsychologist\tat\tthe\tHarvard\tSchool\tof\tEducation.\n7\n\t\u201cThe\ttime\thas\ncome,\u201d\tGardner\ttold\tme,\t\u201cto\tbroaden\tour\tnotion\tof\tthe\tspectrum\tof\ntalents.\tThe\tsingle\tmost\timportant\tcontribution\teducation\tcan\tmake\tto\na\tchild\u2019s\tdevelopment\tis\tto\thelp\thim\ttoward\ta\tfield\twhere\this\ttalents\nbest\tsuit\thim,\twhere\the\twill\tbe\tsatisfied\tand\tcompetent.\tWe\u2019ve\ncompletely\tlost\tsight\tof\tthat.\tInstead\twe\tsubject\teveryone\tto\tan\neducation\twhere,\tif\tyou\tsucceed,\tyou\twill\tbe\tbest\tsuited\tto\tbe\ta\ncollege\tprofessor.\tAnd\twe\tevaluate\teveryone\talong\tthe\tway\taccording\nto\twhether\tthey\tmeet\tthat\tnarrow\tstandard\tof\tsuccess.\tWe\tshould", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fb873b93830b-2", "page_content": "to\twhether\tthey\tmeet\tthat\tnarrow\tstandard\tof\tsuccess.\tWe\tshould\nspend\tless\ttime\tranking\tchildren\tand\tmore\ttime\thelping\tthem\tto\nidentify\ttheir\tnatural\tcompetencies\tand\tgifts,\tand\tcultivate\tthose.\nThere\tare\thundreds\tand\thundreds\tof\tways\tto\tsucceed,\tand\tmany,\nmany\tdifferent\tabilities\tthat\twill\thelp\tyou\tget\tthere.\u201d\n8", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b8ccdf7a9fbb-0", "page_content": "If\tanyone\tsees\tthe\tlimits\tof\tthe\told\tways\tof\tthinking\tabout\nintelligence,\tit\tis\tGardner.\tHe\tpoints\tout\tthat\tthe\tglory\tdays\tof\tthe\tIQ\ntests\tbegan\tduring\tWorld\tWar\tI,\twhen\ttwo\tmillion\tAmerican\tmen\nwere\tsorted\tout\tthrough\tthe\tfirst\tmass\t\npaper-and-pencil\tform\tof\tthe\tIQ\ntest,\tfreshly\tdeveloped\tby\tLewis\tTerman,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tStanford.\nThis\tled\tto\tdecades\tof\twhat\tGardner\tcalls\tthe\t\u201cIQ\tway\tof\tthinking\u201d:\n\u201cthat\tpeople\tare\teither\tsmart\tor\tnot,\tare\tborn\tthat\tway,\tthat\tthere\u2019s\nnothing\tmuch\tyou\tcan\tdo\tabout\tit,\tand\tthat\ttests\tcan\ttell\tyou\tif\tyou\nare\tone\tof\tthe\tsmart\tones\tor\tnot.\tThe\tSAT\ttest\tfor\tcollege\tadmissions\nis\tbased\ton\tthe\tsame\tnotion\tof\ta\tsingle\tkind\tof\taptitude\tthat\ndetermines\tyour\tfuture.\tThis\tway\tof\tthinking\tpermeates\tsociety.\u201d\nGardner\u2019s\tinfluential\t1983\tbook\t\nFrames\tof\tMind\twas\n\ta\tmanifesto\nrefuting\tthe\tIQ\tview;\tit\tproposed\tthat\tthere\twas\tnot\tjust\tone,\nmonolithic\tkind\tof\tintelligence\tthat\twas\tcrucial\tfor\tlife\tsuccess,\tbut\nrather\ta\twide\tspectrum\tof\tintelligences,\twith\tseven\tkey\tvarieties.\tHis\nlist\tincludes\tthe\ttwo\tstandard\tacademic\tkinds,\tverbal\tand\nmathematical-logical\talacrity,\tbut\tit\tgoes\ton\tto\tinclude\tthe\tspatial", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b8ccdf7a9fbb-1", "page_content": "capacity\tseen\tin,\tsay,\tan\toutstanding\tartist\tor\tarchitect;\tthe\tkinesthetic\ngenius\tdisplayed\tin\tthe\tphysical\tfluidity\tand\tgrace\tof\ta\tMartha\nGraham\tor\tMagic\tJohnson;\tand\tthe\tmusical\tgifts\tof\ta\tMozart\tor\tYoYo\nMa.\tRounding\tout\tthe\tlist\tare\ttwo\tfaces\tof\twhat\tGardner\tcalls\t\u201cthe\npersonal\tintelligences\u201d:\tinterpersonal\tskills,\tlike\tthose\tof\ta\tgreat\ntherapist\tsuch\tas\tCarl\tRogers\tor\ta\tworld-class\tleader\tsuch\tas\tMartin\nLuther\tKing,\tJr.,\tand\tthe\t\u201cintrapsychic\u201d\tcapacity\tthat\tcould\temerge,\non\tthe\tone\thand,\tin\tthe\tbrilliant\tinsights\tof\tSigmund\tFreud,\tor,\twith\nless\tfanfare,\tin\tthe\tinner\tcontentment\tthat\tarises\tfrom\tattuning\tone\u2019s\nlife\tto\tbe\tin\tkeeping\twith\tone\u2019s\ttrue\tfeelings.\nThe\toperative\tword\tin\tthis\tview\tof\tintelligences\tis\t\nmultiple:\nGardner\u2019s\tmodel\tpushes\tway\tbeyond\tthe\tstandard\tconcept\tof\tIQ\tas\ta\nsingle,\timmutable\tfactor.\tIt\trecognizes\tthat\tthe\ttests\tthat\ttyrannized\tus\nas\twe\twent\tthrough\tschool\u2014from\tthe\tachievement\ttests\tthat\tsorted\tus\nout\tinto\tthose\twho\twould\tbe\tshunted\ttoward\ttechnical\tschools\tand\nthose\tdestined\tfor\tcollege,\tto\tthe\tSATs\tthat\tdetermined\twhat,\tif\tany,\ncollege\twe\twould\tbe\tallowed\tto\tattend\u2014are\tbased\ton\ta\tlimited\tnotion\nof\tintelligence,\tone\tout\tof\ttouch\twith\tthe\ttrue\trange\tof\tskills\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b8ccdf7a9fbb-2", "page_content": "of\tintelligence,\tone\tout\tof\ttouch\twith\tthe\ttrue\trange\tof\tskills\tand\nabilities\tthat\tmatter\tfor\tlife\tover\tand\tbeyond\tIQ.\nGardner\tacknowledges\tthat\tseven\tis\tan\tarbitrary\tfigure\tfor\tthe\nvariety\tof\tintelligences;\tthere\tis\tno\tmagic\tnumber\tto\tthe\tmultiplicity\nof\thuman\ttalents.\tAt\tone\tpoint,\tGardner\tand\this\tresearch\tcolleagues\nhad\tstretched\tthese\tseven\tto\ta\tlist\tof\ttwenty\tdifferent\tvarieties\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1758e2f93e21-0", "page_content": "intelligence.\tInterpersonal\tintelligence,\tfor\texample,\tbroke\tdown\tinto\nfour\tdistinct\tabilities:\tleadership,\tthe\tability\tto\tnurture\trelationships\nand\tkeep\tfriends,\tthe\tability\tto\tresolve\tconflicts,\tand\tskill\tat\tthe\tkind\nof\tsocial\tanalysis\tthat\tfour-year-old\tJudy\texcels\tat.\nThis\tmultifaceted\tview\tof\tintelligence\toffers\ta\tricher\tpicture\tof\ta\nchild\u2019s\tability\tand\tpotential\tfor\tsuccess\tthan\tthe\tstandard\tIQ.\tWhen\nSpectrum\tstudents\twere\tevaluated\ton\tthe\tStanford-Binet\tIntelligence\nScale\u2014once\tthe\t\ngold\tstandard\tof\tIQ\ttests\u2014and\tagain\tby\ta\tbattery\ndesigned\tto\tmeasure\tGardner\u2019s\tspectrum\tof\tintelligences,\tthere\twas\tno\nsignificant\trelationship\tbetween\tchildren\u2019s\tscores\ton\tthe\ttwo\ttests.\n9\nThe\tfive\tchildren\twith\tthe\thighest\tIQs\t(from\t125\tto\t133)\tshowed\ta\nvariety\tof\tprofiles\ton\tthe\tten\tstrengths\tmeasured\tby\tthe\tSpectrum\ttest.\nFor\texample,\tof\tthe\tfive\t\u201csmartest\u201d\tchildren\taccording\tto\tthe\tIQ\ttests,\none\twas\tstrong\tin\tthree\tareas,\tthree\thad\tstrengths\tin\ttwo\tareas,\tand\none\t\u201csmart\u201d\tchild\thad\tjust\tone\tSpectrum\tstrength.\tThose\tstrengths\nwere\tscattered:\tfour\tof\tthese\tchildren\u2019s\tstrengths\twere\tin\tmusic,\ttwo\nin\tthe\tvisual\tarts,\tone\tin\tsocial\tunderstanding,\tone\tin\tlogic,\ttwo\tin\nlanguage.\tNone\tof\tthe\tfive\thigh-IQ\tkids\twere\tstrong\tin\tmovement,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1758e2f93e21-1", "page_content": "numbers,\tor\tmechanics;\tmovement\tand\tnumbers\twere\tactually\tweak\nspots\tfor\ttwo\tof\tthese\tfive.\nGardner\u2019s\tconclusion\twas\tthat\t\u201cthe\tStanford-Binet\tIntelligence\tScale\ndid\tnot\tpredict\tsuccessful\tperformance\tacross\tor\ton\ta\tconsistent\tsubset\nof\tSpectrum\tactivities.\u201d\tOn\tthe\tother\thand,\tthe\tSpectrum\tscores\tgive\nparents\tand\tteachers\tclear\tguidance\tabout\tthe\trealms\tthat\tthese\nchildren\twill\ttake\ta\tspontaneous\tinterest\tin,\tand\twhere\tthey\twill\tdo\nwell\tenough\tto\tdevelop\tthe\tpassions\tthat\tcould\tone\tday\tlead\tbeyond\nproficiency\tto\tmastery.\nGardner\u2019s\tthinking\tabout\tthe\tmultiplicity\tof\tintelligence\tcontinues\nto\tevolve.\tSome\tten\tyears\tafter\the\tfirst\tpublished\this\ttheory,\tGardner\ngave\tthese\tnutshell\tsummaries\tof\tthe\tpersonal\tintelligences:\nInterpersonal\n\tintelligence\tis\tthe\tability\tto\tunderstand\tother\tpeople:\twhat\tmotivates\nthem,\thow\tthey\twork,\thow\tto\twork\tcooperatively\twith\tthem.\tSuccessful\tsalespeople,\npoliticians,\tteachers,\tclinicians,\tand\treligious\tleaders\tare\tall\tlikely\tto\tbe\tindividuals\nwith\thigh\tdegrees\tof\tinterpersonal\tintelligence.\t\nIntra\npersonal\tintelligence\t\u2026\tis\ta\ncorrelative\tability,\tturned\tinward.\tIt\tis\ta\tcapacity\tto\tform\tan\taccurate,\tveridical\tmodel\nof\toneself\tand\tto\tbe\table\tto\tuse\tthat\tmodel\tto\toperate\teffectively\tin\tlife.\n10\nIn\tanother\trendering,\tGardner\tnoted\tthat\tthe\tcore\tof\tinterpersonal", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1758e2f93e21-2", "page_content": "10\nIn\tanother\trendering,\tGardner\tnoted\tthat\tthe\tcore\tof\tinterpersonal\nintelligence\tincludes\tthe\t\u201ccapacities\tto\tdiscern\tand\trespond", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "205fa142045c-0", "page_content": "appropriately\tto\tthe\tmoods,\ttemperaments,\tmotivations,\tand\tdesires\nof\tother\tpeople.\u201d\tIn\tintrapersonal\tintelligence,\tthe\tkey\tto\tself-\nknowledge,\the\tincluded\t\u201caccess\tto\tone\u2019s\town\tfeelings\tand\tthe\tability\nto\tdiscriminate\tamong\tthem\tand\tdraw\tupon\tthem\tto\tguide\nbehavior.\u201d\n11\nSPOCK\tVS.\tDATA:\tWHEN\tCOGNITION\tIS\tNOT\tENOUGH\nThere\tis\tone\tdimension\tof\tpersonal\tintelligence\tthat\tis\tbroadly\tpointed\nto,\tbut\tlittle\texplored,\tin\tGardner\u2019s\telaborations:\tthe\trole\tof\temotions.\nPerhaps\tthis\tis\tso\tbecause,\tas\tGardner\tsuggested\tto\tme,\this\twork\tis\tso\nstrongly\tinformed\tby\ta\tcognitive-science\tmodel\tof\tmind.\tThus\this\nview\tof\tthese\tintelligences\temphasizes\tcognition\u2014the\t\nunderstanding\n\tof\noneself\tand\tof\tothers\tin\tmotives,\tin\thabits\tof\tworking,\tand\tin\tputting\nthat\tinsight\tinto\tuse\tin\tconducting\tone\u2019s\town\tlife\tand\tgetting\talong\nwith\tothers.\tBut\tlike\tthe\tkinesthetic\trealm,\twhere\tphysical\tbrilliance\nmanifests\titself\tnonverbally,\tthe\trealm\tof\tthe\temotions\textends,\ttoo,\nbeyond\tthe\treach\tof\tlanguage\tand\tcognition.\nWhile\tthere\tis\tample\troom\tin\tGardner\u2019s\tdescriptions\tof\tthe\tpersonal\nintelligences\tfor\tinsight\tinto\tthe\tplay\tof\temotions\tand\tmastery\tin\nmanaging\tthem,\tGardner\tand\tthose\twho\twork\twith\thim\thave\tnot\npursued\tin\tgreat\tdetail\tthe\trole\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "205fa142045c-1", "page_content": "pursued\tin\tgreat\tdetail\tthe\trole\tof\t\nfeeling\n\tin\tthese\tintelligences,\nfocusing\tmore\ton\tcognitions\t\nabout\n\tfeeling.\tThis\tfocus,\tperhaps\nunintentionally,\tleaves\tunexplored\tthe\trich\tsea\tof\temotions\tthat\nmakes\tthe\tinner\tlife\tand\trelationships\tso\tcomplex,\tso\tcompelling,\tand\nso\toften\tpuzzling.\tAnd\tit\tleaves\tyet\tto\tbe\tplumbed\tboth\tthe\tsense\tin\nwhich\tthere\tis\tintelligence\t\nin\n\tthe\temotions\tand\tthe\tsense\tin\twhich\nintelligence\tcan\tbe\tbrought\t\nto\n\temotions.\nGardner\u2019s\temphasis\ton\tthe\tcognitive\telements\tin\tthe\tpersonal\nintelligences\treflects\tthe\tzeitgeist\tof\tpsychology\tthat\thas\tshaped\this\nviews.\tPsychology\u2019s\toveremphasis\ton\tcognition\teven\tin\tthe\trealm\tof\nemotion\tis,\tin\tpart,\tdue\tto\ta\tquirk\tin\tthe\thistory\tof\tthat\tscience.\nDuring\tthe\tmiddle\tdecades\tof\tthis\tcentury\tacademic\tpsychology\twas\ndominated\tby\tbehaviorists\tin\tthe\tmold\tof\tB.\tF.\tSkinner,\twho\tfelt\tthat\nonly\tbehavior\tthat\tcould\tbe\tseen\tobjectively,\tfrom\tthe\toutside,\tcould\nbe\tstudied\twith\tscientific\taccuracy.\tThe\tbehaviorists\truled\tall\tinner\nlife,\tincluding\temotions,\tout-of-bounds\tfor\tscience.\nThen,\twith\tthe\tcoming\tin\tthe\tlate\t1960s\tof\tthe\t\u201ccognitive\nrevolution,\u201d\tthe\tfocus\tof\tpsychological\tscience\tturned\tto\thow\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ec28ecfcfd55-0", "page_content": "mind\tregisters\tand\tstores\tinformation,\tand\tthe\tnature\tof\tintelligence.\nBut\temotions\twere\tstill\toff-limits.\tConventional\twisdom\tamong\ncognitive\tscientists\theld\tthat\tintelligence\tentails\ta\tcold,\thard-nosed\nprocessing\tof\tfact.\tIt\tis\thyperrational,\trather\tlike\t\nStar\tTreks\n\tMr.\tSpock,\nthe\tarchetype\tof\tdry\tinformation\tbytes\tunmuddied\tby\tfeeling,\nembodying\tthe\tidea\tthat\temotions\thave\tno\tplace\tin\tintelligence\tand\nonly\tmuddle\tour\tpicture\tof\tmental\tlife.\nThe\tcognitive\tscientists\twho\tembraced\tthis\tview\thave\tbeen\tseduced\nby\tthe\tcomputer\tas\tthe\toperative\tmodel\tof\tmind,\tforgetting\tthat,\tin\nreality,\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\twetware\tis\tawash\tin\ta\tmessy,\tpulsating\tpuddle\tof\nneurochemicals,\t\nnothing\tlike\tthe\tsanitized,\torderly\tsilicon\tthat\thas\nspawned\tthe\tguiding\tmetaphor\tfor\tmind.\tThe\tpredominant\tmodels\namong\tcognitive\tscientists\tof\thow\tthe\tmind\tprocesses\tinformation\nhave\tlacked\tan\tacknowledgment\tthat\trationality\tis\tguided\tby\u2014and\ncan\tbe\tswamped\tby\u2014feeling.\tThe\tcognitive\tmodel\tis,\tin\tthis\tregard,\nan\timpoverished\tview\tof\tthe\tmind,\tone\tthat\tfails\tto\texplain\tthe\tSturm\nund\tDrang\tof\tfeelings\tthat\tbrings\tflavor\tto\tthe\tintellect.\tIn\torder\tto\npersist\tin\tthis\tview,\tcognitive\tscientists\tthemselves\thave\thad\tto\tignore", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ec28ecfcfd55-1", "page_content": "the\trelevance\tfor\ttheir\tmodels\tof\tmind\tof\ttheir\tpersonal\thopes\tand\nfears,\ttheir\tmarital\tsquabbles\tand\tprofessional\tjealousies\u2014the\twash\tof\nfeeling\tthat\tgives\tlife\tits\tflavor\tand\tits\turgencies,\tand\twhich\tin\tevery\nmoment\tbiases\texactly\thow\t(and\thow\twell\tor\tpoorly)\tinformation\tis\nprocessed.\nThe\tlopsided\tscientific\tvision\tof\tan\temotionally\tflat\tmental\tlife\u2014\nwhich\thas\tguided\tthe\tlast\teighty\tyears\tof\tresearch\ton\tintelligence\u2014is\ngradually\tchanging\tas\tpsychology\thas\tbegun\tto\trecognize\tthe\tessential\nrole\tof\tfeeling\tin\tthinking.\tRather\tlike\tthe\tSpockish\tcharacter\tData\tin\nStar\tTrek:\tThe\tNext\tGeneration\n,\tpsychology\tis\tcoming\tto\tappreciate\tthe\npower\tand\tvirtues\tof\temotions\tin\tmental\tlife,\tas\twell\tas\ttheir\tdangers.\nAfter\tall,\tas\tData\tsees\t(to\this\town\tdismay,\tcould\the\tfeel\tdismay),\this\ncool\tlogic\tfails\tto\tbring\tthe\tright\t\nhuman\n\tsolution.\tOur\thumanity\tis\nmost\tevident\tin\tour\tfeelings;\tData\tseeks\tto\tfeel,\tknowing\tthat\nsomething\tessential\tis\tmissing.\tHe\twants\tfriendship,\tloyalty;\tlike\tthe\nTin\tMan\tin\t\nThe\tWizard\tof\tOz\n,\the\tlacks\ta\theart.\tLacking\tthe\tlyrical\nsense\tthat\tfeeling\tbrings,\tData\tcan\tplay\tmusic\tor\twrite\tpoetry\twith\ntechnical\tvirtuosity,\tbut\tnot\tfeel\tits\tpassion.\tThe\tlesson\tof\tData\u2019s", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ec28ecfcfd55-2", "page_content": "yearning\tfor\tyearning\titself\tis\tthat\tthe\thigher\tvalues\tof\tthe\thuman\nheart\u2014faith,\thope,\tdevotion,\tlove\u2014are\tmissing\tentirely\tfrom\tthe\ncoldly\tcognitive\tview.\tEmotions\tenrich;\ta\tmodel\tof\tmind\tthat\tleaves\nthem\tout\tis\timpoverished.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7540fbb48d77-0", "page_content": "When\tI\tasked\tGardner\tabout\this\temphasis\ton\tthoughts\tabout\nfeelings,\tor\tmetacognition,\tmore\tthan\ton\temotions\tthemselves,\the\nacknowledged\tthat\the\ttended\tto\tview\tintelligence\tin\ta\tcognitive\tway,\nbut\ttold\tme,\t\u201cWhen\tI\tfirst\twrote\tabout\tthe\tpersonal\tintelligences,\tI\nwas\n\ttalking\tabout\temotion,\tespecially\tin\tmy\tnotion\tof\tintrapersonal\nintelligence\u2014one\tcomponent\tis\temotionally\ttuning\tin\tto\tyourself.\tIt\u2019s\nthe\tvisceral-feeling\tsignals\tyou\tget\tthat\tare\tessential\tfor\tinterpersonal\nintelligence.\tBut\tas\tit\thas\tdeveloped\tin\tpractice,\tthe\ttheory\tof\tmultiple\nintelligence\thas\tevolved\tto\tfocus\tmore\ton\tmetacognition\u201d\u2014that\tis,\nawareness\tof\tone\u2019s\tmental\tprocesses\u2014\u201crather\tthan\ton\tthe\tfull\trange\tof\nemotional\tabilities.\u201d\nEven\tso,\tGardner\tappreciates\thow\tcrucial\tthese\temotional\tand\nrelationship\tabilities\tare\tin\tthe\trough-and-tumble\tof\tlife.\tHe\tpoints\tout\nthat\t\u201cmany\tpeople\twith\tIQs\tof\t160\twork\tfor\tpeople\twith\tIQs\tof\t100,\tif\nthe\tformer\thave\t\npoor\tintrapersonal\tintelligence\tand\tthe\tlatter\thave\ta\nhigh\tone.\tAnd\tin\tthe\tday-to-day\tworld\tno\tintelligence\tis\tmore\nimportant\tthan\tthe\tinterpersonal.\tIf\tyou\tdon\u2019t\thave\tit,\tyou\u2019ll\tmake\npoor\tchoices\tabout\twho\tto\tmarry,\twhat\tjob\tto\ttake,\tand\tso\ton.\tWe\nneed\tto\ttrain\tchildren\tin\tthe\tpersonal\tintelligences\tin\tschool.\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7540fbb48d77-1", "page_content": "need\tto\ttrain\tchildren\tin\tthe\tpersonal\tintelligences\tin\tschool.\u201d\nCAN\tEMOTIONS\tBE\tINTELLIGENT?\nTo\tget\ta\tfuller\tunderstanding\tof\tjust\twhat\tsuch\ttraining\tmight\tbe\tlike,\nwe\tmust\tturn\tto\tother\ttheorists\twho\tagree\twith\tGardner\u2019s\tview\u2014most\nnotably\tpsychologists\tPeter\tSalovey\tand\tJohn\tMayer.\tThey\thave\nmapped\tin\tgreat\tdetail\tthe\tways\tin\twhich\twe\tcan\tbring\tintelligence\tto\nour\temotions.\n12\n\tThis\tendeavor\tis\tnot\tnew;\tover\tthe\tyears\teven\tthe\nmost\tardent\ttheorists\tof\tIQ\thave\toccasionally\ttried\tto\tbring\temotions\nwithin\tthe\tdomain\tof\tintelligence,\trather\tthan\tseeing\t\u201cemotion\u201d\tand\n\u201cintelligence\u201d\tas\tan\tinherent\tcontradiction\tin\tterms.\tThus\tE.\tL.\nThorndike,\tan\teminent\tpsychologist\twho\twas\talso\tinfluential\tin\npopularizing\tthe\tnotion\tof\tIQ\tin\tthe\t1920s\tand\t1930s,\tproposed\tin\ta\nHarper\u2019s\tMagazine\n\tarticle\tthat\tone\taspect\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\n\u201csocial\u201d\tintelligence\u2014the\tability\tto\tunderstand\tothers\tand\t\u201cact\twisely\nin\thuman\trelations\u201d\u2014was\titself\tan\taspect\tof\ta\tperson\u2019s\tIQ.\tOther\npsychologists\tof\tthe\ttime\ttook\ta\tmore\tcynical\tview\tof\tsocial\nintelligence,\tseeing\tit\tin\tterms\tof\tskills\tfor\tmanipulating\tother\tpeople\n\u2014getting\tthem\tto\tdo\twhat\tyou\twant,\twhether\tthey\twant\tto\tor\tnot.\tBut", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7540fbb48d77-2", "page_content": "neither\tof\tthese\tformulations\tof\tsocial\tintelligence\theld\tmuch\tsway", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "71b335d5ed42-0", "page_content": "with\ttheorists\tof\tIQ,\tand\tby\t1960\tan\tinfluential\ttextbook\ton\nintelligence\ttests\tpronounced\tsocial\tintelligence\ta\t\u201cuseless\u201d\tconcept.\nBut\tpersonal\tintelligence\twould\tnot\tbe\tignored,\tmainly\tbecause\tit\nmakes\tboth\tintuitive\tand\tcommon\tsense.\tFor\texample,\twhen\tYale\npsychologist\tRobert\tSternberg\tasked\tpeople\tto\tdescribe\tan\t\u201cintelligent\nperson,\u201d\tpractical\tpeople\tskills\twere\tamong\tthe\tmain\ttraits\tlisted.\nMore\tsystematic\tresearch\tby\tSternberg\tled\thim\tback\tto\tThorndike\u2019s\nconclusion:\tthat\tsocial\tintelligence\tis\tboth\tdistinct\tfrom\tacademic\nabilities\tand\ta\tkey\tpart\tof\twhat\tmakes\tpeople\tdo\twell\tin\tthe\npracticalities\tof\tlife.\tAmong\tthe\tpractical\tintelligences\tthat\tare,\tfor\ninstance,\tso\thighly\tvalued\tin\tthe\tworkplace\tis\tthe\tkind\tof\tsensitivity\nthat\tallows\teffective\tmanagers\tto\tpick\tup\ttacit\tmessages.\n13\nIn\trecent\tyears\ta\tgrowing\tgroup\tof\tpsychologists\thas\tcome\tto\nsimilar\tconclusions,\tagreeing\twith\tGardner\tthat\tthe\told\tconcepts\tof\tIQ\nrevolved\taround\ta\tnarrow\tband\tof\tlinguistic\tand\tmath\tskills,\tand\tthat\ndoing\twell\ton\tIQ\ttests\twas\tmost\tdirectly\ta\tpredictor\tof\tsuccess\tin\tthe\nclassroom\tor\tas\ta\tprofessor\tbut\tless\tand\tless\tso\tas\tlife\u2019s\tpaths\tdiverged\nfrom\tacademe.\tThese\t\npsychologists\u2014Sternberg\tand\tSalovey\tamong\nthem\u2014have\ttaken\ta\twider\tview\tof\tintelligence,\ttrying\tto\treinvent\tit\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "71b335d5ed42-1", "page_content": "terms\tof\twhat\tit\ttakes\tto\tlead\tlife\tsuccessfully.\tAnd\tthat\tline\tof\nenquiry\tleads\tback\tto\tan\tappreciation\tof\tjust\thow\tcrucial\t\u201cpersonal\u201d\nor\temotional\tintelligence\tis.\nSalovey,\twith\this\tcolleague\tJohn\tMayer,\toffered\tan\telaborated\ndefinition\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\texpanding\tthese\tabilities\tinto\tfive\nmain\tdomains:\n14\n1.\t\nKnowing\tone\u2019s\temotions\n.\tSelf-awareness\u2014recognizing\ta\tfeeling\t\nas\nit\thappens\n\u2014is\tthe\tkeystone\tof\temotional\tintelligence.\tAs\twe\twill\tsee\tin\nChapter\t4\n,\tthe\tability\tto\tmonitor\tfeelings\tfrom\tmoment\tto\tmoment\tis\ncrucial\tto\tpsychological\tinsight\tand\tself-understanding.\tAn\tinability\tto\nnotice\tour\ttrue\tfeelings\tleaves\tus\tat\ttheir\tmercy.\tPeople\twith\tgreater\ncertainty\tabout\ttheir\tfeelings\tare\tbetter\tpilots\tof\ttheir\tlives,\thaving\ta\nsurer\tsense\tof\thow\tthey\treally\tfeel\tabout\tpersonal\tdecisions\tfrom\nwhom\tto\tmarry\tto\twhat\tjob\tto\ttake.\n2.\t\nManaging\temotions\n.\tHandling\tfeelings\tso\tthey\tare\tappropriate\tis\nan\tability\tthat\tbuilds\ton\tself-awareness.\t\nChapter\t5\n\twill\texamine\tthe\ncapacity\tto\tsoothe\toneself,\tto\tshake\toff\trampant\tanxiety,\tgloom,\tor\nirritability\u2014and\tthe\tconsequences\tof\tfailure\tat\tthis\tbasic\temotional\nskill.\tPeople\twho\tare\tpoor\tin\tthis\tability\tare\tconstantly\tbattling", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "71b335d5ed42-2", "page_content": "feelings\tof\tdistress,\twhile\tthose\twho\texcel\tin\tit\tcan\tbounce\tback\tfar", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fb45dae0bdeb-0", "page_content": "more\tquickly\tfrom\tlife\u2019s\tsetbacks\tand\tupsets.\n3.\t\nMotivating\toneself\n.\tAs\t\nChapter\t6\n\twill\tshow,\tmarshaling\temotions\nin\tthe\tservice\tof\ta\tgoal\tis\tessential\tfor\tpaying\tattention,\tfor\tself-\nmotivation\tand\tmastery,\tand\tfor\tcreativity.\tEmotional\tself-control\u2014\ndelaying\tgratification\tand\tstifling\timpulsiveness\u2014underlies\naccomplishment\tof\tevery\tsort.\tAnd\tbeing\table\tto\tget\tinto\tthe\t\u201cflow\u201d\nstate\tenables\toutstanding\tperformance\tof\tall\tkinds.\tPeople\twho\thave\nthis\tskill\ttend\tto\tbe\tmore\thighly\tproductive\tand\teffective\tin\twhatever\nthey\tundertake.\n4.\t\nRecognizing\temotions\tin\tothers\n.\tEmpathy,\tanother\tability\tthat\nbuilds\ton\temotional\tself-awareness,\tis\tthe\tfundamental\t\u201cpeople\tskill.\u201d\nChapter\t7\n\twill\tinvestigate\tthe\troots\tof\tempathy,\tthe\tsocial\tcost\tof\nbeing\temotionally\ttone-deaf,\tand\tthe\treason\tempathy\tkindles\naltruism.\tPeople\twho\tare\tempathic\tare\tmore\tattuned\tto\tthe\tsubtle\nsocial\tsignals\tthat\tindicate\twhat\tothers\tneed\tor\twant.\tThis\tmakes\nthem\tbetter\tat\tcallings\tsuch\tas\tthe\tcaring\tprofessions,\tteaching,\tsales,\nand\tmanagement.\n5.\t\nHandling\trelationships\n.\tThe\tart\tof\trelationships\tis,\tin\tlarge\tpart,\nskill\tin\tmanaging\temotions\tin\tothers.\t\nChapter\t8\n\tlooks\tat\tsocial", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fb45dae0bdeb-1", "page_content": "Chapter\t8\n\tlooks\tat\tsocial\ncompetence\tand\tincompetence,\tand\tthe\tspecific\tskills\tinvolved.\tThese\nare\tthe\tabilities\tthat\tundergird\tpopularity,\tleadership,\tand\ninterpersonal\teffectiveness.\tPeople\t\nwho\texcel\tin\tthese\tskills\tdo\twell\tat\nanything\tthat\trelies\ton\tinteracting\tsmoothly\twith\tothers;\tthey\tare\nsocial\tstars.\nOf\tcourse,\tpeople\tdiffer\tin\ttheir\tabilities\tin\teach\tof\tthese\tdomains;\nsome\tof\tus\tmay\tbe\tquite\tadept\tat\thandling,\tsay,\tour\town\tanxiety,\tbut\nrelatively\tinept\tat\tsoothing\tsomeone\telse\u2019s\tupsets.\tThe\tunderlying\nbasis\tfor\tour\tlevel\tof\tability\tis,\tno\tdoubt,\tneural,\tbut\tas\twe\twill\tsee,\nthe\tbrain\tis\tremarkably\tplastic,\tconstantly\tlearning.\tLapses\tin\nemotional\tskills\tcan\tbe\tremedied:\tto\ta\tgreat\textent\teach\tof\tthese\ndomains\trepresents\ta\tbody\tof\thabit\tand\tresponse\tthat,\twith\tthe\tright\neffort,\tcan\tbe\timproved\ton.\nIQ\tAND\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE:\tPURE\tTYPES\nIQ\tand\temotional\tintelligence\tare\tnot\topposing\tcompetencies,\tbut\nrather\tseparate\tones.\tWe\tall\tmix\tintellect\tand\temotional\tacuity;\npeople\twith\ta\thigh\tIQ\tbut\tlow\temotional\tintelligence\t(or\tlow\tIQ\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "59f5337a4034-0", "page_content": "high\temotional\tintelligence)\tare,\tdespite\tthe\tstereotypes,\trelatively\nrare.\tIndeed,\tthere\tis\ta\tslight\tcorrelation\tbetween\tIQ\tand\tsome\taspects\nof\temotional\tintelligence\u2014though\tsmall\tenough\tto\tmake\tclear\tthese\nare\tlargely\tindependent\tentities.\nUnlike\tthe\tfamiliar\ttests\tfor\tIQ,\tthere\tis,\tas\tyet,\tno\tsingle\tpaper-and-\npencil\ttest\tthat\tyields\tan\t\u201cemotional\tintelligence\tscore\u201d\tand\tthere\tmay\nnever\tbe\tone.\tAlthough\tthere\tis\tample\tresearch\ton\teach\tof\tits\ncomponents,\tsome\tof\tthem,\tsuch\tas\tempathy,\tare\tbest\ttested\tby\nsampling\ta\tperson\u2019s\tactual\tability\tat\tthe\ttask\u2014for\texample,\tby\thaving\nthem\tread\ta\tperson\u2019s\tfeelings\tfrom\ta\tvideo\tof\ttheir\tfacial\texpressions.\nStill,\tusing\ta\tmeasure\tfor\twhat\the\tcalls\t\u201cego\tresilience\u201d\twhich\tis\tquite\nsimilar\tto\temotional\tintelligence\t(it\tincludes\tthe\tmain\tsocial\tand\nemotional\tcompetences),\tJack\tBlock,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe\tUniversity\nof\tCalifornia\tat\tBerkeley,\thas\tmade\ta\tcomparison\tof\ttwo\ttheoretical\npure\ttypes:\tpeople\thigh\tin\tIQ\tversus\tpeople\thigh\tin\temotional\naptitudes.\n15\n\tThe\tdifferences\tare\ttelling.\nThe\thigh-IQ\tpure\ttype\t(that\tis,\tsetting\taside\temotional\tintelligence)\nis\talmost\ta\tcaricature\tof\tthe\tintellectual,\tadept\tin\tthe\trealm\tof\tmind\nbut\tinept\tin\tthe\tpersonal\tworld.\tThe\tprofiles\tdiffer\tslightly\tfor\tmen", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "59f5337a4034-1", "page_content": "and\twomen.\tThe\thigh-IQ\tmale\tis\ttypified\u2014no\tsurprise\u2014by\ta\twide\nrange\tof\tintellectual\tinterests\tand\tabilities.\tHe\tis\tambitious\tand\nproductive,\tpredictable\tand\tdogged,\tand\tuntroubled\tby\tconcerns\nabout\thimself.\tHe\talso\ttends\tto\tbe\tcritical\tand\tcondescending,\nfastidious\tand\tinhibited,\tuneasy\twith\tsexuality\tand\tsensual\nexperience,\tunexpressive\tand\tdetached,\tand\temotionally\tbland\tand\ncold.\nBy\tcontrast,\tmen\twho\tare\thigh\tin\temotional\tintelligence\tare\tsocially\npoised,\toutgoing\tand\tcheerful,\tnot\tprone\tto\tfearfulness\tor\tworried\nrumination.\tThey\thave\ta\tnotable\tcapacity\tfor\tcommitment\tto\tpeople\nor\tcauses,\tfor\ttaking\tresponsibility,\tand\tfor\thaving\tan\tethical\toutlook;\nthey\tare\tsympathetic\tand\tcaring\tin\ttheir\trelationships.\tTheir\nemotional\tlife\tis\trich,\tbut\tappropriate;\tthey\tare\tcomfortable\twith\nthemselves,\tothers,\tand\tthe\tsocial\tuniverse\tthey\tlive\tin.\nPurely\thigh-IQ\twomen\thave\tthe\texpected\tintellectual\tconfidence,\nare\tfluent\tin\texpressing\ttheir\tthoughts,\tvalue\tintellectual\tmatters,\tand\nhave\ta\twide\trange\tof\tintellectual\tand\taesthetic\tinterests.\tThey\talso\ntend\tto\tbe\tintrospective,\tprone\tto\tanxiety,\trumination,\tand\tguilt,\tand\nhesitate\tto\texpress\ttheir\tanger\topenly\t(though\tthey\tdo\tso\tindirectly).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "59f5337a4034-2", "page_content": "Emotionally\tintelligent\twomen,\tby\tcontrast,\ttend\tto\tbe\tassertive\tand\nexpress\ttheir\tfeelings\tdirectly,\tand\tto\tfeel\tpositive\tabout\tthemselves;", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eb9594491f20-0", "page_content": "life\tholds\tmeaning\tfor\tthem.\tLike\tthe\tmen,\tthey\tare\toutgoing\tand\ngregarious,\tand\texpress\ttheir\tfeelings\tappropriately\t(rather\tthan,\tsay,\nin\toutbursts\tthey\tlater\tregret);\tthey\tadapt\twell\tto\tstress.\tTheir\tsocial\npoise\tlets\tthem\teasily\treach\tout\tto\tnew\tpeople;\tthey\tare\tcomfortable\nenough\twith\tthemselves\tto\tbe\tplayful,\tspontaneous,\tand\topen\tto\nsensual\texperience.\tUnlike\tthe\twomen\tpurely\thigh\tin\tIQ,\tthey\trarely\nfeel\tanxious\tor\tguilty,\tor\tsink\tinto\trumination.\nThese\tportraits,\tof\tcourse,\tare\textremes\u2014all\tof\tus\tmix\tIQ\tand\nemotional\tintelligence\tin\tvarying\tdegrees.\tBut\tthey\toffer\tan\tinstructive\nlook\tat\twhat\teach\tof\tthese\tdimensions\tadds\tseparately\tto\ta\tperson\u2019s\nqualities.\tTo\tthe\tdegree\ta\tperson\thas\tboth\tcognitive\tand\temotional\nintelligence,\tthese\tpictures\tmerge.\tStill,\tof\tthe\ttwo,\temotional\nintelligence\tadds\tfar\tmore\tof\tthe\tqualities\tthat\tmake\tus\tmore\tfully\nhuman.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dcc92497e9d7-0", "page_content": "4\nKnow\tThyself\nA\tbelligerent\tsamurai,\tan\told\tJapanese\ttale\tgoes,\tonce\tchallenged\ta\nZen\tmaster\tto\texplain\tthe\tconcept\tof\theaven\tand\thell.\tBut\tthe\tmonk\nreplied\twith\tscorn,\t\u201cYou\u2019re\tnothing\tbut\ta\tlout\u2014I\tcan\u2019t\twaste\tmy\ttime\nwith\tthe\tlikes\tof\tyou!\u201d\nHis\tvery\thonor\tattacked,\tthe\tsamurai\tflew\tinto\ta\trage\tand,\tpulling\nhis\tsword\tfrom\tits\tscabbard,\tyelled,\t\u201cI\tcould\tkill\tyou\tfor\tyour\nimpertinence.\u201d\t\u201cThat,\u201d\tthe\tmonk\tcalmly\treplied,\t\u201cis\thell.\u201d\nStartled\tat\tseeing\tthe\ttruth\tin\twhat\tthe\tmaster\tpointed\tout\tabout\nthe\tfury\tthat\thad\thim\tin\tits\tgrip,\tthe\tsamurai\tcalmed\tdown,\tsheathed\nhis\tsword,\tand\tbowed,\tthanking\tthe\tmonk\tfor\tthe\tinsight.\n\u201cAnd\tthat,\u201d\tsaid\tthe\tmonk,\t\u201cis\theaven.\u201d\nThe\tsudden\tawakening\tof\tthe\tsamurai\tto\this\town\tagitated\tstate\nillustrates\tthe\tcrucial\tdifference\tbetween\tbeing\tcaught\tup\tin\ta\tfeeling\nand\tbecoming\taware\tthat\tyou\tare\tbeing\tswept\taway\tby\tit.\tSocrates\u2019s\ninjunction\t\u201cKnow\tthyself\u201d\tspeaks\tto\tthis\tkeystone\tof\temotional\nintelligence:\tawareness\tof\tone\u2019s\town\tfeelings\tas\tthey\toccur.\nIt\tmight\tseem\tat\tfirst\tglance\tthat\tour\tfeelings\tare\tobvious;\tmore", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dcc92497e9d7-1", "page_content": "thoughtful\treflection\treminds\tus\tof\ttimes\twe\thave\tbeen\tall\ttoo\noblivious\tto\twhat\twe\treally\tfelt\tabout\tsomething,\tor\tawoke\tto\tthese\nfeelings\tlate\tin\tthe\tgame.\tPsychologists\tuse\tthe\trather\tponderous\tterm\nmetacognition\n\tto\trefer\tto\tan\tawareness\tof\tthought\tprocess,\tand\nmetamood\n\tto\tmean\tawareness\tof\tone\u2019s\town\temotions.\tI\tprefer\tthe\tterm\nself-awareness\n,\tin\tthe\tsense\tof\tan\tongoing\tattention\tto\tone\u2019s\tinternal\nstates.\n1\n\tIn\tthis\tself-reflexive\tawareness\tmind\tobserves\tand\tinvestigates\nexperience\titself,\tincluding\tthe\temotions.\n2\nThis\tquality\tof\tawareness\tis\takin\tto\twhat\tFreud\tdescribed\tas\tan\n\u201cevenly\thovering\tattention,\u201d\tand\twhich\the\tcommended\tto\tthose\twho\nwould\tdo\t\npsychoanalysis.\tSuch\tattention\ttakes\tin\twhatever\tpasses\nthrough\tawareness\twith\timpartiality,\tas\tan\tinterested\tyet\tunreactive\nwitness.\tSome\tpsychoanalysts\tcall\tit\tthe\t\u201cobserving\tego,\u201d\tthe\tcapacity\nof\tself-awareness\tthat\tallows\tthe\tanalyst\tto\tmonitor\this\town\treactions\nto\twhat\tthe\tpatient\tis\tsaying,\tand\twhich\tthe\tprocess\tof\tfree", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "84e72f91b32c-0", "page_content": "association\tnurtures\tin\tthe\tpatient.\n3\nSuch\tself-awareness\twould\tseem\tto\trequire\tan\tactivated\tneocortex,\nparticularly\tthe\tlanguage\tareas,\tattuned\tto\tidentify\tand\tname\tthe\nemotions\tbeing\taroused.\tSelf-awareness\tis\tnot\tan\tattention\tthat\tgets\ncarried\taway\tby\temotions,\toverreacting\tand\tamplifying\twhat\tis\nperceived.\tRather,\tit\tis\ta\tneutral\tmode\tthat\tmaintains\tself-\nreflectiveness\teven\tamidst\tturbulent\temotions.\tWilliam\tStyron\tseems\nto\tbe\tdescribing\tsomething\tlike\tthis\tfaculty\tof\tmind\tin\twriting\tof\this\ndeep\tdepression,\ttelling\tof\ta\tsense\t\u201cof\tbeing\taccompanied\tby\ta\tsecond\nself\u2014a\twraithlike\tobserver\twho,\tnot\tsharing\tthe\tdementia\tof\this\ndouble,\tis\table\tto\twatch\twith\tdispassionate\tcuriosity\tas\this\tcompanion\nstruggles.\u201d\n4\nAt\tits\tbest,\tself-observation\tallows\tjust\tsuch\tan\tequanimous\nawareness\tof\tpassionate\tor\tturbulent\tfeelings.\tAt\ta\tminimum,\tit\nmanifests\titself\tsimply\tas\ta\tslight\tstepping-back\tfrom\texperience,\ta\nparallel\tstream\tof\tconsciousness\tthat\tis\t\u201cmeta\u201d:\thovering\tabove\tor\nbeside\tthe\tmain\tflow,\taware\tof\twhat\tis\thappening\trather\tthan\tbeing\nimmersed\tand\tlost\tin\tit.\tIt\tis\tthe\tdifference\tbetween,\tfor\texample,\nbeing\tmurderously\tenraged\tat\tsomeone\tand\thaving\tthe\tself-reflexive\nthought\t\u201cThis\tis\tanger\tI\u2019m\tfeeling\u201d\teven\tas\tyou\tare\tenraged.\tIn\tterms", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "84e72f91b32c-1", "page_content": "of\tthe\tneural\tmechanics\tof\tawareness,\tthis\tsubtle\tshift\tin\tmental\nactivity\tpresumably\tsignals\tthat\tneocortical\tcircuits\tare\tactively\nmonitoring\tthe\temotion,\ta\tfirst\tstep\tin\tgaining\tsome\tcontrol.\tThis\nawareness\tof\temotions\tis\tthe\tfundamental\temotional\tcompetence\ton\nwhich\tothers,\tsuch\tas\temotional\tself-control,\tbuild.\nSelf-awareness,\tin\tshort,\tmeans\tbeing\t\u201caware\tof\tboth\tour\tmood\tand\nour\tthoughts\tabout\tthat\tmood,\u201d\tin\tthe\twords\tof\tJohn\tMayer,\ta\nUniversity\tof\tNew\tHampshire\tpsychologist\twho,\twith\tYale\u2019s\tPeter\nSalovey,\tis\ta\tcoformulator\tof\tthe\ttheory\tof\temotional\tintelligence.\n5\nSelf-awareness\tcan\tbe\ta\tnonreactive,\tnonjudgmental\tattention\tto\tinner\nstates.\tBut\tMayer\tfinds\tthat\tthis\tsensibility\talso\tcan\tbe\tless\nequanimous;\ttypical\tthoughts\tbespeaking\temotional\tself-awareness\ninclude\t\u201cI\tshouldn\u2019t\tfeel\tthis\tway,\u201d\t\u201cI\u2019m\tthinking\tgood\tthings\tto\tcheer\nup,\u201d\tand,\tfor\ta\tmore\trestricted\tself-awareness,\tthe\tfleeting\tthought\n\u201cDon\u2019t\tthink\tabout\tit\u201d\tin\treaction\tto\tsomething\thighly\tupsetting.\nAlthough\tthere\tis\ta\tlogical\tdistinction\tbetween\tbeing\taware\tof\nfeelings\tand\tacting\tto\tchange\tthem,\tMayer\tfinds\tthat\tfor\tall\tpractical\npurposes\tthe\ttwo\tusually\tgo\thand-in-hand:\tto\trecognize\ta\tfoul\tmood\tis\nto\twant\tto\tget\tout\tof\tit.\tThis\trecognition,\thowever,\tis\tdistinct\tfrom\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "84e72f91b32c-2", "page_content": "efforts\twe\tmake\tto\tkeep\tfrom\t\nacting\ton\tan\temotional\timpulse.\tWhen", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "849d13330eac-0", "page_content": "we\tsay\t\u201cStop\tthat!\u201d\tto\ta\tchild\twhose\tanger\thas\tled\thim\tto\thit\ta\nplaymate,\twe\tmay\tstop\tthe\thitting,\tbut\tthe\tanger\tstill\tsimmers.\tThe\nchild\u2019s\tthoughts\tare\tstill\tfixated\ton\tthe\ttrigger\tfor\tthe\tanger\u2014\u201cBut\the\nstole\tmy\ttoy!\u201d\u2014and\tthe\tanger\tcontinues\tunabated.\tSelf-awareness\thas\na\tmore\tpowerful\teffect\ton\tstrong,\taversive\tfeelings:\tthe\trealization\n\u201cThis\tis\tanger\tI\u2019m\tfeeling\u201d\toffers\ta\tgreater\tdegree\tof\tfreedom\u2014not\tjust\nthe\toption\tnot\tto\tact\ton\tit,\tbut\tthe\tadded\toption\tto\ttry\tto\tlet\tgo\tof\tit.\nMayer\tfinds\tthat\tpeople\ttend\tto\tfall\tinto\tdistinctive\tstyles\tfor\nattending\tto\tand\tdealing\twith\ttheir\temotions:\n6\n\u2022\t\nSelf-aware\n.\tAware\tof\ttheir\tmoods\tas\tthey\tare\thaving\tthem,\tthese\npeople\tunderstandably\thave\tsome\tsophistication\tabout\ttheir\nemotional\tlives.\tTheir\tclarity\tabout\temotions\tmay\tundergird\tother\npersonality\ttraits:\tthey\tare\tautonomous\tand\tsure\tof\ttheir\town\nboundaries,\tare\tin\tgood\tpsychological\thealth,\tand\ttend\tto\thave\ta\npositive\toutlook\ton\tlife.\tWhen\tthey\tget\tinto\ta\tbad\tmood,\tthey\tdon\u2019t\nruminate\tand\tobsess\tabout\tit,\tand\tare\table\tto\tget\tout\tof\tit\tsooner.\tIn\nshort,\ttheir\tmindfulness\thelps\tthem\tmanage\ttheir\temotions.\n\u2022\t\nEngulfed", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "849d13330eac-1", "page_content": "\u2022\t\nEngulfed\n.\tThese\tare\tpeople\twho\toften\tfeel\tswamped\tby\ttheir\nemotions\tand\thelpless\tto\tescape\tthem,\tas\tthough\ttheir\tmoods\thave\ntaken\tcharge.\tThey\tare\tmercurial\tand\tnot\tvery\taware\tof\ttheir\tfeelings,\nso\tthat\tthey\tare\tlost\tin\tthem\trather\tthan\thaving\tsome\tperspective.\tAs\na\tresult,\tthey\tdo\tlittle\tto\ttry\tto\tescape\tbad\tmoods,\tfeeling\tthat\tthey\nhave\tno\tcontrol\tover\ttheir\temotional\tlife.\tThey\toften\tfeel\noverwhelmed\tand\temotionally\tout\tof\tcontrol.\n\u2022\t\nAccepting\n.\tWhile\tthese\tpeople\tare\toften\tclear\tabout\twhat\tthey\tare\nfeeling,\tthey\talso\ttend\tto\tbe\taccepting\tof\ttheir\tmoods,\tand\tso\tdon\u2019t\ttry\nto\tchange\tthem.\tThere\tseem\tto\tbe\ttwo\tbranches\tof\tthe\taccepting\ttype:\nthose\twho\tare\tusually\tin\tgood\tmoods\tand\tso\thave\tlittle\tmotivation\tto\nchange\tthem,\tand\tpeople\twho,\tdespite\ttheir\tclarity\tabout\ttheir\tmoods,\nare\tsusceptible\tto\tbad\tones\tbut\taccept\tthem\twith\ta\tlaissez-faire\nattitude,\tdoing\tnothing\tto\tchange\tthem\tdespite\ttheir\tdistress\u2014a\npattern\tfound\tamong,\tsay,\tdepressed\tpeople\twho\tare\tresigned\tto\ttheir\ndespair.\nTHE\tPASSIONATE\tAND\tTHE\tINDIFFERENT\nImagine\tfor\ta\tmoment\tthat\tyou\u2019re\ton\tan\tairplane\tflying\tfrom\tNew", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "849d13330eac-2", "page_content": "Imagine\tfor\ta\tmoment\tthat\tyou\u2019re\ton\tan\tairplane\tflying\tfrom\tNew\nYork\tto\tSan\tFrancisco.\tIt\u2019s\tbeen\ta\tsmooth\tflight,\tbut\tas\tyou\tapproach", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5c0f882cd8cc-0", "page_content": "the\tRockies\tthe\tpilot\u2019s\tvoice\tcomes\tover\tthe\tplane\tintercom.\t\u201cLadies\nand\tgentlemen,\tthere\u2019s\tsome\tturbulence\tahead.\tPlease\treturn\tto\tyour\nseats\tand\tfasten\tyour\tseatbelts.\u201d\t\nAnd\tthen\tthe\tplane\thits\tthe\nturbulence,\twhich\tis\trougher\tthan\tyou\u2019ve\tever\tendured\u2014the\tairplane\nis\ttossed\tup\tand\tdown\tand\tside\tto\tside\tlike\ta\tbeach\tball\tin\tthe\twaves.\nThe\tquestion\tis,\twhat\tdo\tyou\tdo?\tAre\tyou\tthe\tkind\tof\tperson\twho\nburies\tyourself\tin\tyour\tbook\tor\tmagazine,\tor\tcontinues\twatching\tthe\nmovie,\ttuning\tout\tthe\tturbulence?\tOr\tare\tyou\tlikely\tto\ttake\tout\tthe\nemergency\tcard\tand\treview\tthe\tprecautions,\tor\twatch\tthe\tflight\nattendants\tto\tsee\tif\tthey\tshow\tsigns\tof\tpanic,\tor\tstrain\tto\thear\tthe\nengines\tto\tsee\tif\tthere\u2019s\tanything\tworrisome?\nWhich\tof\tthese\tresponses\tcomes\tmore\tnaturally\tto\tus\tis\ta\tsign\tof\tour\nfavored\tattentional\tstance\tunder\tduress.\tThe\tairplane\tscenario\titself\tis\nan\titem\tfrom\ta\tpsychological\ttest\tdeveloped\tby\tSuzanne\tMiller,\ta\npsychologist\tat\tTemple\tUniversity,\tto\tassess\twhether\tpeople\ttend\tto\tbe\nvigilant,\tattending\tcarefully\tto\tevery\tdetail\tof\ta\tdistressing\npredicament,\tor,\tin\tcontrast,\tdeal\twith\tsuch\tanxious\tmoments\tby\ntrying\tto\tdistract\tthemselves.\tThese\ttwo\tattentional\tstances\ttoward", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5c0f882cd8cc-1", "page_content": "distress\thave\tvery\tdifferent\tconsequences\tfor\thow\tpeople\texperience\ntheir\town\temotional\treactions.\tThose\twho\ttune\tin\tunder\tduress\tcan,\nby\tthe\tvery\tact\tof\tattending\tso\tcarefully,\tunwittingly\tamplify\tthe\nmagnitude\tof\ttheir\town\treactions\u2014especially\tif\ttheir\ttuning\tin\tis\ndevoid\tof\tthe\tequanimity\tof\tself-awareness.\tThe\tresult\tis\tthat\ttheir\nemotions\tseem\tall\tthe\tmore\tintense.\tThose\twho\ttune\tout,\twho\tdistract\nthemselves,\tnotice\tless\tabout\ttheir\town\treactions,\tand\tso\tminimize\tthe\nexperience\tof\ttheir\temotional\tresponse,\tif\tnot\tthe\tsize\tof\tthe\tresponse\nitself.\nAt\tthe\textremes,\tthis\tmeans\tthat\tfor\tsome\tpeople\temotional\nawareness\tis\toverwhelming,\twhile\tfor\tothers\tit\tbarely\texists.\tConsider\nthe\tcollege\tstudent\twho,\tone\tevening,\tspotted\ta\tfire\tthat\thad\tbroken\nout\tin\this\tdorm,\twent\tto\tget\ta\tfire\textinguisher,\tand\tput\tthe\tfire\tout.\nNothing\tunusual\u2014except\tthat\ton\this\tway\tto\tget\tthe\textinguisher\tand\nthen\ton\tthe\tway\tback\tto\tthe\tfire,\the\twalked\tinstead\tof\trunning.\tThe\nreason?\tHe\tdidn\u2019t\tfeel\tthere\twas\tany\turgency.\nThis\tstory\twas\ttold\tto\tme\tby\tEdward\tDiener,\ta\tUniversity\tof\tIllinois\nat\tUrbana\tpsychologist\twho\thas\tbeen\tstudying\tthe\t\nintensity\n\twith\nwhich\tpeople\texperience\ttheir\temotions.\n7\n\tThe\tcollege\tstudent\tstood", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5c0f882cd8cc-2", "page_content": "7\n\tThe\tcollege\tstudent\tstood\nout\tin\this\tcollection\tof\tcase\tstudies\tas\tone\tof\tthe\tleast\tintense\tDiener\nhad\tever\tencountered.\tHe\twas,\tessentially,\ta\tman\twithout\tpassions,\nsomeone\twho\tgoes\tthrough\tlife\tfeeling\tlittle\tor\tnothing,\teven\tabout\tan", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c0ce423d34db-0", "page_content": "emergency\tlike\ta\tfire.\nBy\tcontrast,\tconsider\ta\twoman\tat\tthe\topposite\tend\tof\tDiener\u2019s\nspectrum.\tWhen\tshe\tonce\tlost\ther\tfavorite\tpen,\tshe\twas\tdistraught\tfor\ndays.\tAnother\ttime\tshe\twas\tso\tthrilled\ton\tseeing\tan\tad\tfor\ta\tbig\tsale\non\twomen\u2019s\tshoes\tat\tan\texpensive\tstore\tthat\tshe\tdropped\twhat\tshe\nwas\tdoing,\thopped\tin\ther\tcar,\tand\tdrove\tthree\thours\tto\tthe\tstore\tin\nChicago.\nDiener\tfinds\tthat\twomen,\tin\tgeneral,\tfeel\tboth\tpositive\tand\tnegative\nemotions\tmore\tstrongly\tthan\tdo\tmen.\tAnd,\tsex\tdifferences\taside,\nemotional\tlife\tis\tricher\tfor\tthose\twho\tnotice\tmore.\tFor\tone\tthing,\tthis\nenhanced\temotional\tsensitivity\tmeans\tthat\tfor\tsuch\tpeople\tthe\tleast\nprovocation\tunleashes\temotional\tstorms,\twhether\theavenly\tor\thellish,\nwhile\tthose\tat\tthe\tother\textreme\tbarely\texperience\tany\tfeeling\teven\nunder\tthe\tmost\tdire\tcircumstances.\nTHE\tMAN\tWITHOUT\tFEELINGS\nGary\tinfuriated\this\tfianc\u00e9e,\tEllen,\tbecause\teven\tthough\the\twas\nintelligent,\tthoughtful,\tand\ta\tsuccessful\tsurgeon,\tGary\twas\nemotionally\tflat,\tcompletely\tunresponsive\tto\tany\tand\tall\tshows\tof\nfeeling.\tWhile\tGary\tcould\tspeak\tbrilliantly\tof\tscience\tand\tart,\twhen\tit\ncame\tto\this\tfeelings\u2014even\tfor\tEllen\u2014he\tfell\tsilent.\tTry\tas\tshe\tmight", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c0ce423d34db-1", "page_content": "to\telicit\tsome\tpassion\tfrom\thim,\tGary\twas\timpassive,\toblivious.\t\u201cI\ndon\u2019t\tnaturally\texpress\tmy\tfeelings,\u201d\tGary\ttold\tthe\ttherapist\the\tsaw\tat\nEllen\u2019s\tinsistence.\tWhen\tit\tcame\tto\temotional\tlife,\the\tadded,\t\u201cI\tdon\u2019t\nknow\twhat\tto\ttalk\tabout;\tI\thave\tno\tstrong\tfeelings,\teither\tpositive\tor\nnegative.\u201d\nEllen\twas\tnot\talone\tin\tbeing\tfrustrated\tby\tGary\u2019s\taloofness;\tas\the\nconfided\tto\this\ttherapist,\the\twas\tunable\tto\tspeak\topenly\tabout\this\nfeelings\twith\tanyone\tin\this\tlife.\tThe\treason:\tHe\tdid\tnot\tknow\twhat\the\nfelt\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace.\tSo\tfar\tas\the\tcould\ttell,\the\thad\tno\tangers,\tno\nsadnesses,\tno\tjoys.\n8\nAs\this\town\ttherapist\tobserves,\tthis\temotional\tblankness\tmakes\tGary\nand\tothers\tlike\thim\tcolorless,\tbland:\t\u201cThey\tbore\teverybody.\tThat\u2019s\nwhy\ttheir\twives\tsend\tthem\tinto\ttreatment.\u201d\tGary\u2019s\temotional\tflatness\nexemplifies\twhat\tpsychiatrists\tcall\t\nalexithymia\n,\tfrom\tthe\tGreek\t\na\n-for\n\u201clack,\u201d\t\nlexis\tfor\n\t\u201cword,\u201d\tand\t\nthymos\tfor\n\t\u201cemotion.\u201d\tSuch\tpeople\tlack\nwords\tfor\ttheir\tfeelings.\tIndeed,\tthey\tseem\tto\tlack\tfeelings\taltogether,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c0ce423d34db-2", "page_content": "although\tthis\tmay\tactually\tbe\tbecause\tof\ttheir\tinability\tto\t\nexpress", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "324549eb3a06-0", "page_content": "emotion\trather\tthan\tfrom\tan\tabsence\tof\temotion\taltogether.\tSuch\npeople\twere\tfirst\tnoticed\tby\tpsychoanalysts\tpuzzled\tby\ta\tclass\tof\npatients\twho\twere\tuntreatable\tby\tthat\tmethod\tbecause\tthey\treported\nno\tfeelings,\tno\tfantasies,\tand\tcolorless\tdreams\u2014in\tshort,\tno\tinner\nemotional\tlife\tto\ttalk\tabout\tat\tall.\n9\n\tThe\tclinical\tfeatures\tthat\tmark\nalexithymics\tinclude\thaving\tdifficulty\tdescribing\tfeelings\u2014their\town\nor\tanyone\telse\u2019s\u2014and\ta\tsharply\tlimited\temotional\tvocabulary.\n10\nWhat\u2019s\tmore,\tthey\thave\ttrouble\tdiscriminating\tamong\temotions\tas\nwell\tas\tbetween\temotion\tand\tbodily\tsensation,\tso\tthat\tthey\tmight\ttell\nof\thaving\tbutterflies\tin\tthe\tstomach,\tpalpitations,\t\nsweating,\tand\ndizziness\u2014but\tthey\twould\tnot\tknow\tthey\tare\tfeeling\tanxious.\n\u201cThey\tgive\tthe\timpression\tof\tbeing\tdifferent,\talien\tbeings,\thaving\ncome\tfrom\tan\tentirely\tdifferent\tworld,\tliving\tin\tthe\tmidst\tof\ta\tsociety\nwhich\tis\tdominated\tby\tfeelings,\u201d\tis\tthe\tdescription\tgiven\tby\tDr.\tPeter\nSifneos,\tthe\tHarvard\tpsychiatrist\twho\tin\t1972\tcoined\tthe\tterm\nalexithymia\n.\n11\n\tAlexithymics\trarely\tcry,\tfor\texample,\tbut\tif\tthey\tdo\ntheir\ttears\tare\tcopious.\tStill,\tthey\tare\tbewildered\tif\tasked\twhat\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "324549eb3a06-1", "page_content": "tears\tare\tall\tabout.\tOne\tpatient\twith\talexithymia\twas\tso\tupset\tafter\nseeing\ta\tmovie\tabout\ta\twoman\twith\teight\tchildren\twho\twas\tdying\tof\ncancer\tthat\tshe\tcried\therself\tto\tsleep.\tWhen\ther\ttherapist\tsuggested\nthat\tperhaps\tshe\twas\tupset\tbecause\tthe\tmovie\treminded\ther\tof\ther\nown\tmother,\twho\twas\tin\tactuality\tdying\tof\tcancer,\tthe\twoman\tsat\nmotionless,\tbewildered\tand\tsilent.\tWhen\ther\ttherapist\tthen\tasked\ther\nhow\tshe\tfelt\tat\tthat\tmoment,\tshe\tsaid\tshe\tfelt\t\u201cawful,\u201d\tbut\tcouldn\u2019t\nclarify\ther\tfeelings\tbeyond\tthat.\tAnd,\tshe\tadded,\tfrom\ttime\tto\ttime\nshe\tfound\therself\tcrying,\tbut\tnever\tknew\texactly\twhat\tshe\twas\tcrying\nabout.\n12\nAnd\tthat\tis\tthe\tnub\tof\tthe\tproblem.\tIt\tis\tnot\tthat\talexithymics\tnever\nfeel,\tbut\tthat\tthey\tare\tunable\tto\tknow\u2014and\tespecially\tunable\tto\tput\ninto\twords\u2014precisely\twhat\ttheir\tfeelings\tare.\tThey\tare\tutterly\tlacking\nin\tthe\tfundamental\tskill\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\tself-awareness\u2014\nknowing\twhat\twe\tare\tfeeling\tas\temotions\troil\twithin\tus.\tAlexithymics\nbelie\tthe\tcommon-sense\tnotion\tthat\tit\tis\tperfectly\tself-evident\twhat\nwe\tare\tfeeling:\tthey\thaven\u2019t\ta\tclue.\tWhen\tsomething\u2014or\tmore\tlikely,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "324549eb3a06-2", "page_content": "someone\u2014does\tmove\tthem\tto\tfeeling,\tthey\tfind\tthe\texperience\nbaffling\tand\toverwhelming,\tsomething\tto\tavoid\tat\tall\tcosts.\tFeelings\ncome\tto\tthem,\twhen\tthey\tcome\tat\tall,\tas\ta\tbefuddling\tbundle\tof\ndistress;\tas\tthe\tpatient\twho\tcried\tat\tthe\tmovie\tput\tit,\tthey\tfeel\n\u201cawful,\u201d\tbut\tcan\u2019t\tsay\texactly\twhich\t\nkind\n\tof\tawful\tit\tis\tthey\tfeel.\nThis\tbasic\tconfusion\tabout\tfeelings\toften\tseems\tto\tlead\tthem\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "884271484913-0", "page_content": "complain\tof\tvague\tmedical\tproblems\twhen\tthey\tare\tactually\nexperiencing\temotional\tdistress\u2014a\tphenomenon\tknown\tin\tpsychiatry\nas\t\nsomaticizing\n,\tmistaking\tan\temotional\tache\tfor\ta\tphysical\tone\t(and\ndifferent\tfrom\ta\tpsychosomatic\tdisease,\tin\twhich\temotional\tproblems\ncause\tgenuine\tmedical\tones).\tIndeed,\tmuch\tof\tthe\tpsychiatric\tinterest\nin\talexithymics\tis\tin\tweeding\tthem\tout\tfrom\tamong\tthose\twho\tcome\nto\tdoctors\tseeking\thelp,\tfor\tthey\tare\tprone\tto\tlengthy\u2014and\tfruitless\u2014\npursuit\tof\ta\tmedical\tdiagnosis\tand\ttreatment\tfor\twhat\tis\tactually\tan\nemotional\tproblem.\nWhile\tno\tone\tcan\tas\tyet\tsay\tfor\tsure\twhat\tcauses\talexithymia,\tDr.\nSifneos\tproposes\ta\tdisconnection\tbetween\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\tand\tthe\nneocortex,\tparticularly\tits\tverbal\tcenters,\twhich\tfits\twell\twith\twhat\twe\nare\tlearning\tabout\t\nthe\temotional\tbrain.\tPatients\twith\tsevere\tseizures\nwho\thad\tthat\tconnection\tsurgically\tsevered\tto\trelieve\ttheir\tsymptoms,\nnotes\tSifneos,\tbecame\temotionally\tflat,\tlike\tpeople\twith\talexithymia,\nunable\tto\tput\ttheir\tfeelings\tinto\twords\tand\tsuddenly\tdevoid\tof\tfantasy\nlife.\tIn\tshort,\tthough\tthe\tcircuits\tof\tthe\temotional\tbrain\tmay\treact\nwith\tfeelings,\tthe\tneocortex\tis\tnot\table\tto\tsort\tout\tthese\tfeelings\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "884271484913-1", "page_content": "add\tthe\tnuance\tof\tlanguage\tto\tthem.\tAs\tHenry\tRoth\tobserved\tin\this\nnovel\t\nCall\tIt\tSleep\n\tabout\tthis\tpower\tof\tlanguage,\t\u201cIf\tyou\tcould\tput\nwords\tto\twhat\tyou\tfelt,\tit\twas\tyours.\u201d\tThe\tcorollary,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tthe\nalexithymic\u2019s\tdilemma:\thaving\tno\twords\tfor\tfeelings\tmeans\tnot\nmaking\tthe\tfeelings\tyour\town.\nIN\tPRAISE\tOF\tGUT\tFEELING\nElliot\u2019s\ttumor,\tgrowing\tjust\tbehind\this\tforehead,\twas\tthe\tsize\tof\ta\nsmall\torange;\tsurgery\tremoved\tit\tcompletely.\tAlthough\tthe\tsurgery\nwas\tdeclared\ta\tsuccess,\tafterward\tpeople\twho\tknew\thim\twell\tsaid\tthat\nElliot\twas\tno\tlonger\tElliot\u2014he\thad\tundergone\ta\tdrastic\tpersonality\nchange.\tOnce\ta\tsuccessful\tcorporate\tlawyer,\tElliot\tcould\tno\tlonger\nhold\ta\tjob.\tHis\twife\tleft\thim.\tSquandering\this\tsavings\tin\tfruitless\ninvestments,\the\twas\treduced\tto\tliving\tin\ta\tspare\tbedroom\tat\this\nbrother\u2019s\thome.\nThere\twas\ta\tpuzzling\tpattern\tto\tElliot\u2019s\tproblem.\tIntellectually\the\nwas\tas\tbright\tas\tever,\tbut\the\tused\this\ttime\tterribly,\tgetting\tlost\tin\nminor\tdetails;\the\tseemed\tto\thave\tlost\tall\tsense\tof\tpriority.\tReprimands\nmade\tno\tdifference;\the\twas\tfired\tfrom\ta\tsuccession\tof\tlegal\tjobs.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "884271484913-2", "page_content": "Though\textensive\tintellectual\ttests\tfound\tnothing\twrong\twith\tElliot\u2019s", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "896420ecd725-0", "page_content": "mental\tfaculties,\the\twent\tto\tsee\ta\tneurologist\tanyway,\thoping\tthat\ndiscovery\tof\ta\tneurological\tproblem\tmight\tget\thim\tthe\tdisability\nbenefits\tto\twhich\the\tfelt\the\twas\tentitled.\tOtherwise\tthe\tconclusion\nseemed\tto\tbe\tthat\the\twas\tjust\ta\tmalingerer.\nAntonio\tDamasio,\tthe\tneurologist\tElliot\tconsulted,\twas\tstruck\tby\none\telement\tmissing\tfrom\tElliot\u2019s\tmental\trepertoire:\tthough\tnothing\nwas\twrong\twith\this\tlogic,\tmemory,\tattention,\tor\tany\tother\tcognitive\nability,\tElliot\twas\tvirtually\toblivious\tto\this\tfeelings\tabout\twhat\thad\nhappened\tto\thim.\n13\n\tMost\tstrikingly,\tElliot\tcould\tnarrate\tthe\ttragic\nevents\tof\this\tlife\twith\tcomplete\tdispassion,\tas\tthough\the\twere\tan\nonlooker\tto\tthe\tlosses\tand\tfailures\tof\this\tpast\u2014without\ta\tnote\tof\nregret\tor\tsadness,\tfrustration\tor\tanger\tat\tlife\u2019s\tunfairness.\tHis\town\ntragedy\tbrought\thim\tno\tpain;\tDamasio\tfelt\tmore\tupset\tby\tElliot\u2019s\tstory\nthan\tdid\tElliot\thimself.\nThe\tsource\tof\tthis\temotional\tunawareness,\tDamasio\tconcluded,\twas\nthe\t\nremoval,\talong\twith\tthe\tbrain\ttumor,\tof\tpart\tof\tElliot\u2019s\tprefrontal\nlobes.\tIn\teffect,\tthe\tsurgery\thad\tsevered\tties\tbetween\tthe\tlower", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "896420ecd725-1", "page_content": "centers\tof\tthe\temotional\tbrain,\tespecially\tthe\tamygdala\tand\trelated\ncircuits,\tand\tthe\tthinking\tabilities\tof\tthe\tneocortex.\tElliot\u2019s\tthinking\nhad\tbecome\tcomputerlike,\table\tto\tmake\tevery\tstep\tin\tthe\tcalculus\tof\ta\ndecision,\tbut\tunable\tto\tassign\t\nvalues\n\tto\tdiffering\tpossibilities.\tEvery\noption\twas\tneutral.\tAnd\tthat\toverly\tdispassionate\treasoning,\nsuspected\tDamasio,\twas\tthe\tcore\tof\tElliot\u2019s\tproblem:\ttoo\tlittle\nawareness\tof\this\town\tfeelings\tabout\tthings\tmade\tElliot\u2019s\treasoning\nfaulty.\nThe\thandicap\tshowed\tup\teven\tin\tmundane\tdecisions.\tWhen\nDamasio\ttried\tto\tchoose\ta\ttime\tand\tdate\tfor\tthe\tnext\tappointment\nwith\tElliot,\tthe\tresult\twas\ta\tmuddle\tof\tindecisiveness:\tElliot\tcould\tfind\narguments\tfor\tand\tagainst\tevery\tdate\tand\ttime\tthat\tDamasio\nproposed,\tbut\tcould\tnot\tchoose\tamong\tthem.\tAt\tthe\trational\tlevel,\nthere\twere\tperfectly\tgood\treasons\tfor\tobjecting\tto\tor\taccepting\nvirtually\tevery\tpossible\ttime\tfor\tthe\tappointment.\tBut\tElliot\tlacked\nany\tsense\tof\thow\t\nhe\tfelt\n\tabout\tany\tof\tthe\ttimes.\tLacking\tthat\nawareness\tof\this\town\tfeelings,\the\thad\tno\tpreferences\tat\tall.\nOne\tlesson\tfrom\tElliot\u2019s\tindecisiveness\tis\tthe\tcrucial\trole\tof\tfeeling\nin\tnavigating\tthe\tendless\tstream\tof\tlife\u2019s\tpersonal\tdecisions.\tWhile", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "896420ecd725-2", "page_content": "strong\tfeelings\tcan\tcreate\thavoc\tin\treasoning,\tthe\t\nlack\n\tof\tawareness\tof\nfeeling\tcan\talso\tbe\truinous,\tespecially\tin\tweighing\tthe\tdecisions\ton\nwhich\tour\tdestiny\tlargely\tdepends:\twhat\tcareer\tto\tpursue,\twhether\tto\nstay\twith\ta\tsecure\tjob\tor\tswitch\tto\tone\tthat\tis\triskier\tbut\tmore", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5cff61dd3d24-0", "page_content": "interesting,\twhom\tto\tdate\tor\tmarry,\twhere\tto\tlive,\twhich\tapartment\tto\nrent\tor\thouse\tto\tbuy\u2014and\ton\tand\ton\tthrough\tlife.\tSuch\tdecisions\ncannot\tbe\tmade\twell\tthrough\tsheer\trationality;\tthey\trequire\tgut\nfeeling,\tand\tthe\temotional\twisdom\tgarnered\tthrough\tpast\texperiences.\nFormal\tlogic\talone\tcan\tnever\twork\tas\tthe\tbasis\tfor\tdeciding\twhom\tto\nmarry\tor\ttrust\tor\teven\twhat\tjob\tto\ttake;\tthese\tare\trealms\twhere\treason\nwithout\tfeeling\tis\tblind.\nThe\tintuitive\tsignals\tthat\tguide\tus\tin\tthese\tmoments\tcome\tin\tthe\nform\tof\tlimbic-driven\tsurges\tfrom\tthe\tviscera\tthat\tDamasio\tcalls\n\u201csomatic\tmarkers\u201d\u2014literally,\tgut\tfeelings.\tThe\tsomatic\tmarker\tis\ta\nkind\tof\tautomatic\talarm,\ttypically\tcalling\tattention\tto\ta\tpotential\ndanger\tfrom\ta\tgiven\tcourse\tof\taction.\tMore\toften\tthan\tnot\tthese\nmarkers\tsteer\tus\t\naway\n\tfrom\tsome\tchoice\tthat\texperience\twarns\tus\nagainst,\tthough\tthey\tcan\talso\talert\tus\tto\ta\tgolden\topportunity.\tWe\nusually\tdo\tnot,\tat\tthat\tmoment,\trecall\twhat\tspecific\texperiences\nformed\tthis\tnegative\tfeeling;\tall\twe\tneed\tis\tthe\tsignal\tthat\ta\tgiven\npotential\tcourse\tof\taction\tcould\tbe\tdisastrous.\tWhenever\tsuch\ta\tgut\nfeeling\trises\tup,\twe\tcan\timmediately\tdrop\tor\tpursue\tthat\tavenue\tof\nconsideration\t\nwith\tgreater\tconfidence,\tand\tso\tpare\tdown\tour\tarray\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5cff61dd3d24-1", "page_content": "with\tgreater\tconfidence,\tand\tso\tpare\tdown\tour\tarray\tof\nchoices\tto\ta\tmore\tmanageable\tdecision\tmatrix.\tThe\tkey\tto\tsounder\npersonal\tdecision-making,\tin\tshort:\tbeing\tattuned\tto\tour\tfeelings.\nPLUMBING\tTHE\tUNCONSCIOUS\nElliot\u2019s\temotional\tvacuity\tsuggests\tthat\tthere\tmay\tbe\ta\tspectrum\tof\npeople\u2019s\tability\tto\tsense\ttheir\temotions\tas\tthey\thave\tthem.\tBy\tthe\nlogic\tof\tneuroscience,\tif\tthe\tabsence\tof\ta\tneural\tcircuit\tleads\tto\ta\ndeficit\tin\tan\tability,\tthen\tthe\trelative\tstrength\tor\tweakness\tof\tthat\nsame\tcircuit\tin\tpeople\twhose\tbrains\tare\tintact\tshould\tlead\tto\ncomparable\tlevels\tof\tcompetence\tin\tthat\tsame\tability.\tIn\tterms\tof\tthe\nrole\tof\tprefrontal\tcircuits\tin\temotional\tattunement,\tthis\tsuggests\tthat\nfor\tneurological\treasons\tsome\tof\tus\tmay\tmore\teasily\tdetect\tthe\nstirring\tof\tfear\tor\tjoy\tthan\tdo\tothers,\tand\tso\tbe\tmore\temotionally\tself-\naware.\nIt\tmay\tbe\tthat\ta\ttalent\tfor\tpsychological\tintrospection\thinges\ton\tthis\nsame\tcircuitry.\tSome\tof\tus\tare\tnaturally\tmore\tattuned\tto\tthe\nemotional\tmind\u2019s\tspecial\tsymbolic\tmodes:\tmetaphor\tand\tsimile,\talong\nwith\tpoetry,\tsong,\tand\tfable,\tare\tall\tcast\tin\tthe\tlanguage\tof\tthe\theart.\nSo\ttoo\tare\tdreams\tand\tmyths,\tin\twhich\tloose\tassociations\tdetermine", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ce016344910b-0", "page_content": "the\tflow\tof\tnarrative,\tabiding\tby\tthe\tlogic\tof\tthe\temotional\tmind.\nThose\twho\thave\ta\tnatural\tattunement\tto\ttheir\town\theart\u2019s\tvoice\u2014the\nlanguage\tof\temotion\u2014are\tsure\tto\tbe\tmore\tadept\tat\tarticulating\tits\nmessages,\twhether\tas\ta\tnovelist,\tsongwriter,\tor\tpsychotherapist.\tThis\ninner\tattunement\tshould\tmake\tthem\tmore\tgifted\tin\tgiving\tvoice\tto\tthe\n\u201cwisdom\tof\tthe\tunconscious\u201d\u2014the\tfelt\tmeanings\tof\tour\tdreams\tand\nfantasies,\tthe\tsymbols\tthat\tembody\tour\tdeepest\twishes.\nSelf-awareness\tis\tfundamental\tto\tpsychological\tinsight;\tthis\tis\tthe\nfaculty\tthat\tmuch\tof\tpsychotherapy\tmeans\tto\tstrengthen.\tIndeed,\nHoward\tGardner\u2019s\tmodel\tfor\tintrapsychic\tintelligence\tis\tSigmund\nFreud,\tthe\tgreat\tmapper\tof\tthe\tpsyche\u2019s\tsecret\tdynamics.\tAs\tFreud\nmade\tclear,\tmuch\tof\temotional\tlife\tis\tunconscious;\tfeelings\tthat\tstir\nwithin\tus\tdo\tnot\talways\tcross\tthe\tthreshold\tinto\tawareness.\tEmpirical\nverification\tof\tthis\tpsychological\taxiom\tcomes,\tfor\tinstance,\tfrom\nexperiments\ton\tunconscious\temotions,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tremarkable\tfinding\nthat\tpeople\tform\tdefinite\tlikings\tfor\tthings\tthey\tdo\tnot\teven\trealize\nthey\thave\tseen\tbefore.\tAny\temotion\tcan\tbe\u2014and\toften\tis\u2014\nunconscious.\nThe\tphysiological\tbeginnings\tof\tan\temotion\ttypically\toccur\tbefore\ta\nperson\tis\tconsciously\taware\tof\tthe\tfeeling\titself.\tFor\texample,\twhen", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ce016344910b-1", "page_content": "people\twho\tfear\tsnakes\tare\tshown\tpictures\tof\tsnakes,\tsensors\ton\ttheir\nskin\twill\tdetect\t\nsweat\tbreaking\tout,\ta\tsign\tof\tanxiety,\tthough\tthey\tsay\nthey\tdo\tnot\tfeel\tany\tfear.\tThe\tsweat\tshows\tup\tin\tsuch\tpeople\teven\nwhen\tthe\tpicture\tof\ta\tsnake\tis\tpresented\tso\trapidly\tthat\tthey\thave\tno\nconscious\tidea\tof\twhat,\texactly,\tthey\tjust\tsaw,\tlet\talone\tthat\tthey\tare\nbeginning\tto\tget\tanxious.\tAs\tsuch\tpreconscious\temotional\tstirrings\ncontinue\tto\tbuild,\tthey\teventually\tbecome\tstrong\tenough\tto\tbreak\tinto\nawareness.\tThus\tthere\tare\ttwo\tlevels\tof\temotion,\tconscious\tand\nunconscious.\tThe\tmoment\tof\tan\temotion\tcoming\tinto\tawareness\nmarks\tits\tregistering\tas\tsuch\tin\tthe\tfrontal\tcortex.\n14\nEmotions\tthat\tsimmer\tbeneath\tthe\tthreshold\tof\tawareness\tcan\thave\na\tpowerful\timpact\ton\thow\twe\tperceive\tand\treact,\teven\tthough\twe\nhave\tno\tidea\tthey\tare\tat\twork.\tTake\tsomeone\twho\tis\tannoyed\tby\ta\nrude\tencounter\tearly\tin\tthe\tday,\tand\tthen\tis\tpeevish\tfor\thours\nafterward,\ttaking\taffront\twhere\tnone\tis\tintended\tand\tsnapping\tat\npeople\tfor\tno\treal\treason.\tHe\tmay\twell\tbe\toblivious\tto\this\tcontinuing\nirritability\tand\twill\tbe\tsurprised\tif\tsomeone\tcalls\tattention\tto\tit,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ce016344910b-2", "page_content": "though\tit\tstews\tjust\tout\tof\this\tawareness\tand\tdictates\this\tcurt\treplies.\nBut\tonce\tthat\treaction\tis\tbrought\tinto\tawareness\u2014once\tit\tregisters\tin\nthe\tcortex\u2014he\tcan\tevaluate\tthings\tanew,\tdecide\tto\tshrug\toff\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8825233d7e0b-0", "page_content": "feelings\tleft\tearlier\tin\tthe\tday,\tand\tchange\this\toutlook\tand\tmood.\tIn\nthis\tway\temotional\tself-awareness\tis\tthe\tbuilding\tblock\tof\tthe\tnext\nfundamental\tof\temotional\tintelligence:\tbeing\table\tto\tshake\toff\ta\tbad\nmood.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "120c5d1b25bc-0", "page_content": "5\nPassion\u2019s\tSlaves\nThou\thast\tbeen\t\u2026\nA\tman\tthat\tFortune\u2019s\tbuffets\tand\trewards\nHas\ttaken\twith\tequal\tthanks\n\t\u2026\t\n.\tGive\tme\tthat\tman\nThat\tis\tnot\tpassion\u2019s\tslave,\tand\tI\twill\twear\thim\nIn\tmy\theart\u2019s\tcore,\taye,\tin\tmy\theart\tof\thearts\nAs\tI\tdo\tthee\n.\u2026\n\u2014H\nAMLET\tTO\tHIS\tFRIEND\n\tH\nORATIO\nA\tsense\tof\tself-mastery,\tof\tbeing\table\tto\twithstand\tthe\temotional\nstorms\tthat\tthe\tbuffeting\tof\tFortune\tbrings\trather\tthan\tbeing\n\u201cpassion\u2019s\tslave,\u201d\thas\tbeen\tpraised\tas\ta\tvirtue\tsince\tthe\ttime\tof\tPlato.\nThe\tancient\tGreek\tword\tfor\tit\twas\t\nsophrosyne\n,\t\u201ccare\tand\tintelligence\nin\tconducting\tone\u2019s\tlife;\ta\ttempered\tbalance\tand\twisdom,\u201d\tas\tPage\nDuBois,\ta\tGreek\tscholar,\ttranslates\tit.\tThe\tRomans\tand\tthe\tearly\nChristian\tchurch\tcalled\tit\t\ntemperantia\n,\ttemperance,\tthe\trestraining\tof\nemotional\texcess.\tThe\tgoal\tis\tbalance,\tnot\temotional\tsuppression:\nevery\tfeeling\thas\tits\tvalue\tand\tsignificance.\tA\tlife\twithout\tpassion\nwould\tbe\ta\tdull\twasteland\tof\tneutrality,\tcut\toff\tand\tisolated\tfrom\tthe\nrichness\tof\tlife\titself.\tBut,\tas\tAristotle\tobserved,\twhat\tis\twanted\tis\nappropriate\n\temotion,\tfeeling\tproportionate\tto\tcircumstance.\tWhen", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "120c5d1b25bc-1", "page_content": "emotion,\tfeeling\tproportionate\tto\tcircumstance.\tWhen\nemotions\tare\ttoo\tmuted\tthey\tcreate\tdullness\tand\tdistance;\twhen\tout\nof\tcontrol,\ttoo\textreme\tand\tpersistent,\tthey\tbecome\tpathological,\tas\tin\nimmobilizing\tdepression,\toverwhelming\tanxiety,\traging\tanger,\tmanic\nagitation.\nIndeed,\tkeeping\tour\tdistressing\temotions\tin\tcheck\tis\tthe\tkey\tto\nemotional\twell-being;\textremes\u2014emotions\tthat\twax\ttoo\tintensely\tor\nfor\ttoo\tlong-undermine\tour\tstability.\tOf\tcourse,\tit\tis\tnot\tthat\twe\nshould\tfeel\tonly\tone\tkind\t\nof\temotion;\tbeing\thappy\tall\tthe\ttime\nsomehow\tsuggests\tthe\tblandness\tof\tthose\tsmiley-face\tbadges\tthat\thad\na\tfaddish\tmoment\tin\tthe\t1970s.\tThere\tis\tmuch\tto\tbe\tsaid\tfor\tthe\nconstructive\tcontribution\tof\tsuffering\tto\tcreative\tand\tspiritual\tlife;\nsuffering\tcan\ttemper\tthe\tsoul.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "27e2f32e1928-0", "page_content": "Downs\tas\twell\tas\tups\tspice\tlife,\tbut\tneed\tto\tbe\tin\tbalance.\tIn\tthe\ncalculus\tof\tthe\theart\tit\tis\tthe\tratio\tof\tpositive\tto\tnegative\temotions\nthat\tdetermines\tthe\tsense\tof\twell-being\u2014at\tleast\tthat\tis\tthe\tverdict\nfrom\tstudies\tof\tmood\tin\twhich\thundreds\tof\tmen\tand\twomen\thave\ncarried\tbeepers\tthat\treminded\tthem\tat\trandom\ttimes\tto\trecord\ttheir\nemotions\tat\tthat\tmoment.\n1\n\tIt\tis\tnot\tthat\tpeople\tneed\tto\tavoid\nunpleasant\tfeelings\tto\tfeel\tcontent,\tbut\trather\tthat\tstormy\tfeelings\tnot\ngo\tunchecked,\tdisplacing\tall\tpleasant\tmoods.\tPeople\twho\thave\tstrong\nepisodes\tof\tanger\tor\tdepression\tcan\tstill\tfeel\ta\tsense\tof\twell-being\tif\nthey\thave\ta\tcountervailing\tset\tof\tequally\tjoyous\tor\thappy\ttimes.\tThese\nstudies\talso\taffirm\tthe\tindependence\tof\temotional\tfrom\tacademic\nintelligence,\tfinding\tlittle\tor\tno\trelationship\tbetween\tgrades\tor\tIQ\tand\npeople\u2019s\temotional\twell-being.\nJust\tas\tthere\tis\ta\tsteady\tmurmur\tof\tbackground\tthoughts\tin\tthe\nmind,\tthere\tis\ta\tconstant\temotional\thum;\tbeep\tsomeone\tat\tsix\t\nA.M\n.\tor\nseven\t\nP.M\n.\tand\the\twill\talways\tbe\tin\tsome\tmood\tor\tother.\tOf\tcourse,\ton\nany\ttwo\tmornings\tsomeone\tcan\thave\tvery\tdifferent\tmoods;\tbut\twhen\npeople\u2019s\tmoods\tare\taveraged\tover\tweeks\tor\tmonths,\tthey\ttend\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "27e2f32e1928-1", "page_content": "reflect\tthat\tperson\u2019s\toverall\tsense\tof\twell-being.\tIt\tturns\tout\tthat\tfor\nmost\tpeople,\textremely\tintense\tfeelings\tare\trelatively\trare;\tmost\tof\tus\nfall\tinto\tthe\tgray\tmiddle\trange,\twith\tmild\tbumps\tin\tour\temotional\nroller\tcoaster.\nStill,\tmanaging\tour\temotions\tis\tsomething\tof\ta\tfull-time\tjob:\tmuch\nof\twhat\twe\tdo\u2014especially\tin\tour\tfree\ttime\u2014is\tan\tattempt\tto\tmanage\nmood.\tEverything\tfrom\treading\ta\tnovel\tor\twatching\ttelevision\tto\tthe\nactivities\tand\tcompanions\twe\tchoose\tcan\tbe\ta\tway\tto\tmake\tourselves\nfeel\tbetter.\tThe\tart\tof\tsoothing\tourselves\tis\ta\tfundamental\tlife\tskill;\nsome\tpsychoanalytic\tthinkers,\tsuch\tas\tJohn\tBowlby\tand\tD.\tW.\nWinnicott,\tsee\tthis\tas\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tessential\tof\tall\tpsychic\ttools.\nThe\ttheory\tholds\tthat\temotionally\tsound\tinfants\tlearn\tto\tsoothe\nthemselves\tby\ttreating\tthemselves\tas\ttheir\tcaretakers\thave\ttreated\nthem,\tleaving\tthem\tless\tvulnerable\tto\tthe\tupheavals\tof\tthe\temotional\nbrain.\nAs\twe\thave\tseen,\tthe\tdesign\tof\tthe\tbrain\tmeans\tthat\twe\tvery\toften\nhave\tlittle\tor\tno\tcontrol\tover\t\nwhen\n\twe\tare\tswept\tby\temotion,\tnor\tover\nwhat\n\temotion\tit\twill\tbe.\tBut\twe\tcan\thave\tsome\tsay\tin\t\nhow\tlong\n\tan", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "27e2f32e1928-2", "page_content": "how\tlong\n\tan\nemotion\twill\tlast.\tThe\tissue\tarises\tnot\twith\tgarden-variety\tsadness,\nworry,\tor\tanger;\tnormally\tsuch\tmoods\tpass\twith\ttime\tand\tpatience.\nBut\twhen\tthese\temotions\tare\tof\t\ngreat\tintensity\tand\tlinger\tpast\tan", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "24bc3f16a471-0", "page_content": "appropriate\tpoint,\tthey\tshade\tover\tinto\ttheir\tdistressing\textremes\u2014\nchronic\tanxiety,\tuncontrollable\trage,\tdepression.\tAnd,\tat\ttheir\tmost\nsevere\tand\tintractable,\tmedication,\tpsychotherapy,\tor\tboth\tmay\tbe\nneeded\tto\tlift\tthem.\nIn\tthese\ttimes,\tone\tsign\tof\tthe\tcapacity\tfor\temotional\tself-regulation\nmay\tbe\trecognizing\twhen\tchronic\tagitation\tof\tthe\temotional\tbrain\tis\ntoo\tstrong\tto\tbe\tovercome\twithout\tpharmacologic\thelp.\tFor\texample,\ntwo\tthirds\tof\tthose\twho\tsuffer\tfrom\tmanic-depression\thave\tnever\tbeen\ntreated\tfor\tthe\tdisorder.\tBut\tlithium\tor\tnewer\tmedications\tcan\tthwart\nthe\tcharacteristic\tcycle\tof\tparalyzing\tdepression\talternating\twith\nmanic\tepisodes\tthat\tmix\tchaotic\telation\tand\tgrandiosity\twith\tirritation\nand\trage.\tOne\tproblem\twith\tmanic-depression\tis\tthat\twhile\tpeople\tare\nin\tthe\tthroes\tof\tmania\tthey\toften\tfeel\tso\toverly\tconfident\tthat\tthey\tsee\nno\tneed\tfor\thelp\tof\tany\tkind\tdespite\tthe\tdisastrous\tdecisions\tthey\tare\nmaking.\tIn\tsuch\tsevere\temotional\tdisorders\tpsychiatric\tmedication\noffers\ta\ttool\tfor\tmanaging\tlife\tbetter.\nBut\twhen\tit\tcomes\tto\tvanquishing\tthe\tmore\tusual\trange\tof\tbad\nmoods,\twe\tare\tleft\tto\tour\town\tdevices.\tUnfortunately,\tthose\tdevices\nare\tnot\talways\teffective\u2014at\tleast\tsuch\tis\tthe\tconclusion\treached\tby", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "24bc3f16a471-1", "page_content": "are\tnot\talways\teffective\u2014at\tleast\tsuch\tis\tthe\tconclusion\treached\tby\nDiane\tTice,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tCase\tWestern\tReserve\tUniversity,\twho\nasked\tmore\tthan\tfour\thundred\tmen\tand\twomen\tabout\tthe\tstrategies\nthey\tused\tto\tescape\tfoul\tmoods,\tand\thow\tsuccessful\tthose\ttactics\twere\nfor\tthem.\n2\nNot\teveryone\tagrees\twith\tthe\tphilosophical\tpremise\tthat\tbad\tmoods\nshould\tbe\tchanged;\tthere\tare,\tTice\tfound,\t\u201cmood\tpurists,\u201d\tthe\t5\npercent\tor\tso\tof\tpeople\twho\tsaid\tthey\tnever\ttry\tto\tchange\ta\tmood\nsince,\tin\ttheir\tview,\tall\temotions\tare\t\u201cnatural\u201d\tand\tshould\tbe\nexperienced\tjust\tas\tthey\tpresent\tthemselves,\tno\tmatter\thow\ndispiriting.\tAnd\tthen\tthere\twere\tthose\twho\tregularly\tsought\tto\tget\ninto\tunpleasant\tmoods\tfor\tpragmatic\treasons:\tphysicians\twho\tneeded\nto\tbe\tsomber\tto\tgive\tpatients\tbad\tnews;\tsocial\tactivists\twho\tnurtured\ntheir\toutrage\tat\tinjustice\tso\tas\tto\tbe\tmore\teffective\tin\tbattling\tit;\teven\na\tyoung\tman\twho\ttold\tof\tworking\tup\this\tanger\tto\thelp\this\tlittle\nbrother\twith\tplayground\tbullies.\tAnd\tsome\tpeople\twere\tpositively\nMachiavellian\tabout\tmanipulating\tmoods\u2014witness\tthe\tbill\tcollectors\nwho\tpurposely\tworked\tthemselves\tinto\ta\trage\tin\torder\tto\tbe\tall\tthe\nfirmer\twith\tdeadbeats.\n3", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "24bc3f16a471-2", "page_content": "firmer\twith\tdeadbeats.\n3\n\tBut\tthese\trare\tpurposive\tcultivations\tof\nunpleasantness\taside,\tmost\teveryone\tcomplained\tof\tbeing\tat\tthe\nmercy\tof\ttheir\tmoods.\tPeople\u2019s\ttrack\trecords\tat\tshaking\tbad\tmoods\nwere\tdecidedly\tmixed.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0fa789190bd3-0", "page_content": "THE\tANATOMY\tOF\tRAGE\nSay\tsomeone\tin\tanother\tcar\tcuts\tdangerously\tclose\tto\tyou\tas\tyou\tare\ndriving\ton\tthe\tfreeway.\tIf\tyour\treflexive\tthought\tis\t\u201cThat\tson\tof\ta\nbitch!\u201d\tit\tmatters\timmensely\tfor\tthe\ttrajectory\tof\trage\twhether\tthat\nthought\tis\tfollowed\tby\tmore\tthoughts\tof\toutrage\tand\trevenge:\t\u201cHe\ncould\thave\thit\tme!\tThat\tbastard\u2014I\tcan\u2019t\tlet\thim\tget\taway\twith\tthat!\u201d\nYour\tknuckles\twhiten\tas\tyou\ttighten\tyour\thold\ton\tthe\tsteering\twheel,\na\tsurrogate\tfor\tstrangling\this\tthroat.\tYour\tbody\tmobilizes\tto\tfight,\tnot\nrun\u2014leaving\tyou\ttrembling,\tbeads\tof\tsweat\ton\tyour\tforehead,\tyour\nheart\tpounding,\tthe\tmuscles\tin\tyour\tface\tlocked\tin\ta\tscowl.\tYou\twant\nto\tkill\tthe\tguy.\tThen,\tshould\ta\tcar\tbehind\tyou\thonk\tbecause\tyou\thave\nslowed\tdown\tafter\tthe\tclose\tcall,\tyou\tare\tapt\tto\texplode\tin\trage\tat\tthat\ndriver\ttoo.\tSuch\tis\tthe\tstuff\tof\thypertension,\treckless\tdriving,\teven\nfreeway\tshootings.\nContrast\tthat\tsequence\tof\tbuilding\trage\twith\ta\tmore\tcharitable\tline\nof\tthought\ttoward\tthe\tdriver\twho\tcut\tyou\toff:\t\u201cMaybe\the\tdidn\u2019t\tsee\nme,\tor\tmaybe\the\thad\tsome\tgood\treason\tfor\tdriving\tso\tcarelessly,\tsuch", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0fa789190bd3-1", "page_content": "as\ta\tmedical\temergency.\u201d\tThat\tline\tof\tpossibility\ttempers\tanger\twith\nmercy,\tor\tat\tleast\tan\topen\tmind,\tshort-circuiting\tthe\tbuildup\tof\trage.\nThe\tproblem,\tas\tAristotle\u2019s\tchallenge\tto\thave\tonly\t\nappropriate\n\tanger\nreminds\tus,\tis\tthat\tmore\toften\tthan\tnot\tour\tanger\tsurges\tout\tof\ncontrol.\tBenjamin\tFranklin\tput\tit\twell:\t\u201cAnger\tis\tnever\twithout\ta\nreason,\tbut\tseldom\ta\tgood\tone.\u201d\nThere\tare,\tof\tcourse,\tdifferent\tkinds\tof\tanger.\tThe\tamygdala\tmay\nwell\tbe\ta\tmain\tsource\tof\tthe\tsudden\tspark\tof\trage\twe\tfeel\tat\tthe\tdriver\nwhose\tcarelessness\tendangers\tus.\tBut\tthe\tother\tend\tof\tthe\temotional\ncircuitry,\tthe\tneocortex,\tmost\tlikely\tfoments\tmore\tcalculated\tangers,\nsuch\tas\tcool-headed\trevenge\tor\toutrage\tat\tunfairness\tor\tinjustice.\nSuch\tthoughtful\tangers\tare\tthose\tmost\tlikely,\tas\tFranklin\tput\tit,\tto\n\u201chave\tgood\treasons\u201d\tor\tseem\tto.\nOf\tall\tthe\tmoods\tthat\tpeople\twant\tto\tescape,\trage\tseems\tto\tbe\tthe\nmost\tintransigent;\tTice\tfound\tanger\tis\tthe\tmood\tpeople\tare\tworst\tat\ncontrolling.\tIndeed,\tanger\tis\tthe\tmost\tseductive\tof\tthe\tnegative\nemotions;\tthe\tself-righteous\tinner\tmonologue\tthat\tpropels\tit\talong\tfills\nthe\tmind\twith\tthe\tmost\tconvincing\targuments\tfor\tventing\trage.\tUnlike", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0fa789190bd3-2", "page_content": "sadness,\tanger\tis\tenergizing,\teven\texhilarating.\tAnger\u2019s\tseductive,\npersuasive\tpower\tmay\tin\titself\texplain\twhy\tsome\tviews\tabout\tit\tare\tso\ncommon:\tthat\tanger\tis\tuncontrollable,\tor\tthat,\tat\tany\trate,\tit\t\nshould\nnot\n\tbe\tcontrolled,\tand\tthat\tventing\tanger\tin\t\u201ccatharsis\u201d\tis\tall\tto\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6153423e79bc-0", "page_content": "good.\tA\tcontrasting\tview,\tperhaps\ta\treaction\tagainst\tthe\tbleak\tpicture\nof\tthese\tother\ttwo,\tholds\tthat\tanger\tcan\tbe\tprevented\tentirely.\tBut\ta\ncareful\treading\tof\tresearch\tfindings\tsuggests\tthat\tall\tthese\tcommon\nattitudes\ttoward\tanger\tare\tmisguided,\tif\tnot\toutright\tmyths.\n4\nThe\ttrain\tof\tangry\tthoughts\tthat\tstokes\tanger\tis\talso\tpotentially\tthe\nkey\tto\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tpowerful\tways\tto\tdefuse\tanger:\tundermining\nthe\tconvictions\tthat\tare\tfueling\tthe\tanger\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace.\tThe\tlonger\nwe\truminate\tabout\twhat\thas\tmade\tus\tangry,\tthe\tmore\t\u201cgood\treasons\u201d\nand\tself-justifications\tfor\tbeing\tangry\twe\tcan\tinvent.\tBrooding\tfuels\nanger\u2019s\tflames.\tBut\tseeing\tthings\tdifferently\tdouses\tthose\tflames.\tTice\nfound\tthat\treframing\ta\tsituation\tmore\tpositively\twas\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\npotent\tways\tto\tput\tanger\tto\trest.\nThe\tRage\t\u201cRush\u201d\nThat\tfinding\tsquares\twell\twith\tthe\tconclusions\tof\tUniversity\tof\nAlabama\tpsychologist\tDolf\tZillmann,\twho,\tin\ta\tlengthy\tseries\tof\ncareful\texperiments,\thas\ttaken\tprecise\tmeasure\tof\tanger\tand\tthe\nanatomy\tof\trage.\n5\n\tGiven\tthe\troots\tof\tanger\tin\tthe\tfight\twing\tof\tthe\nfight-or-flight\tresponse,\tit\tis\tno\tsurprise\tthat\tZillmann\tfinds\tthat\ta\nuniversal\ttrigger\tfor\tanger\tis\tthe\tsense\tof\tbeing\tendangered.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6153423e79bc-1", "page_content": "universal\ttrigger\tfor\tanger\tis\tthe\tsense\tof\tbeing\tendangered.\nEndangerment\tcan\tbe\tsignaled\tnot\tjust\tby\tan\toutright\tphysical\tthreat\nbut\talso,\tas\tis\tmore\toften\tthe\tcase,\tby\ta\tsymbolic\tthreat\tto\tself-esteem\nor\tdignity:\tbeing\ttreated\tunjustly\tor\trudely,\tbeing\tinsulted\tor\ndemeaned,\tbeing\tfrustrated\tin\tpursuing\tan\timportant\tgoal.\tThese\nperceptions\tact\tas\tthe\tinstigating\ttrigger\tfor\ta\tlimbic\tsurge\tthat\thas\ta\ndual\teffect\ton\tthe\tbrain.\tOne\tpart\tof\tthat\tsurge\tis\ta\trelease\tof\ncatecholamines,\twhich\tgenerate\ta\tquick,\tepisodic\trush\tof\tenergy,\nenough\tfor\t\u201cone\tcourse\tof\tvigorous\taction,\u201d\tas\tZillmann\tputs\tit,\t\u201csuch\nas\tin\tfight\tor\tflight.\u201d\tThis\tenergy\tsurge\tlasts\tfor\tminutes,\tduring\twhich\nit\treadies\tthe\tbody\tfor\ta\tgood\tfight\tor\ta\tquick\tflight,\tdepending\ton\nhow\tthe\temotional\tbrain\tsizes\tup\tthe\topposition.\nMeanwhile,\tanother\tamygdala-driven\tripple\tthrough\tthe\nadrenocortical\tbranch\tof\tthe\tnervous\tsystem\tcreates\ta\tgeneral\ttonic\nbackground\tof\taction\treadiness,\twhich\tlasts\tmuch\tlonger\tthan\tthe\ncatecholamine\tenergy\tsurge.\tThis\tgeneralized\tadrenal\tand\tcortical\nexcitation\tcan\tlast\tfor\thours\tand\teven\tdays,\tkeeping\tthe\temotional\nbrain\tin\tspecial\treadiness\tfor\tarousal,\tand\tbecoming\ta\tfoundation\ton\nwhich\tsubsequent\treactions\tcan\tbuild\twith\tparticular\tquickness.\tIn", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6153423e79bc-2", "page_content": "which\tsubsequent\treactions\tcan\tbuild\twith\tparticular\tquickness.\tIn\ngeneral,\tthe\thair-trigger\tcondition\tcreated\tby\tadrenocortical\tarousal", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "155f200375e7-0", "page_content": "explains\twhy\tpeople\tare\tso\tmuch\tmore\tprone\tto\tanger\tif\tthey\thave\nalready\tbeen\tprovoked\tor\tslightly\tirritated\tby\tsomething\telse.\tStress\tof\nall\tsorts\tcreates\tadrenocortical\tarousal,\tlowering\tthe\tthreshold\tfor\nwhat\tprovokes\tanger.\tThus\tsomeone\twho\thas\thad\ta\thard\tday\tat\twork\nis\tespecially\tvulnerable\tto\tbecoming\tenraged\tlater\tat\thome\tby\nsomething\u2014the\tkids\tbeing\ttoo\tnoisy\tor\tmessy,\tsay\u2014that\tunder\tother\ncircumstances\twould\tnot\tbe\tpowerful\tenough\tto\ttrigger\tan\temotional\nhijacking.\nZillmann\tcomes\tto\tthese\tinsights\ton\tanger\tthrough\tcareful\nexperimentation.\tIn\ta\ttypical\tstudy,\tfor\texample,\the\thad\ta\tconfederate\nprovoke\tmen\tand\twomen\twho\thad\tvolunteered\tby\tmaking\tsnide\nremarks\tabout\tthem.\tThe\tvolunteers\tthen\twatched\ta\tpleasant\tor\nupsetting\tfilm.\tLater\tthe\tvolunteers\twere\tgiven\tthe\tchance\tto\tretaliate\nagainst\tthe\tconfederate\tby\tgiving\tan\tevaluation\tthey\tthought\twould\nbe\tused\tin\ta\tdecision\twhether\tor\tnot\tto\thire\thim.\tThe\tintensity\tof\ttheir\nretaliation\twas\tdirectly\tproportional\tto\thow\taroused\tthey\thad\tgotten\nfrom\tthe\tfilm\tthey\thad\tjust\twatched;\tthey\twere\tangrier\tafter\tseeing\nthe\tunpleasant\tfilm,\tand\tgave\tthe\tworst\tratings.\nAnger\tBuilds\ton\tAnger", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "155f200375e7-1", "page_content": "Anger\tBuilds\ton\tAnger\nZillmann\u2019s\tstudies\tseem\tto\texplain\tthe\tdynamic\tat\twork\tin\ta\tfamiliar\ndomestic\tdrama\tI\twitnessed\tone\tday\twhile\tshopping.\tDown\tthe\nsupermarket\taisle\tdrifted\tthe\temphatic,\tmeasured\ttones\tof\ta\tyoung\nmother\tto\ther\tson,\tabout\tthree:\t\u201cPut\t\u2026\tit\t\u2026\tback!\u201d\n\u201cBut\tI\t\nwant\n\tit!\u201d\the\twhined,\tclinging\tmore\ttightly\tto\ta\tNinja\tTurtles\ncereal\tbox.\n\u201cPut\tit\tback!\u201d\tLouder,\ther\tanger\ttaking\tover.\nAt\tthat\tmoment\tthe\tbaby\tin\ther\tshopping\tcart\tseat\tdropped\tthe\tjar\nof\tjelly\tshe\thad\tbeen\tmouthing.\tWhen\tit\tshattered\ton\tthe\tfloor\tthe\nmother\tyelled,\t\u201cThat\u2019s\tit!\u201d\tand,\tin\ta\tfury,\tslapped\tthe\tbaby,\tgrabbed\nthe\tthree-year-old\u2019s\tbox\tand\tslammed\tit\tonto\tthe\tnearest\tshelf,\nscooped\thim\tup\tby\tthe\twaist,\tand\trushed\tdown\tthe\taisle,\tthe\tshopping\ncart\tcareening\tperilously\tin\tfront,\tthe\tbaby\tnow\tcrying,\ther\tson,\this\nlegs\tdangling,\tprotesting,\t\u201cPut\tme\t\ndown\n,\tput\tme\t\ndown\n!\u201d\nZillmann\thas\tfound\tthat\twhen\tthe\tbody\tis\talready\tin\ta\tstate\tof\nedginess,\tlike\tthe\tmother\u2019s,\tand\tsomething\ttriggers\tan\temotional\nhijacking,\tthe\tsubsequent\temotion,\twhether\tanger\tor\tanxiety,\tis\tof\nespecially\tgreat\tintensity.\tThis\tdynamic\tis\tat\twork\twhen\tsomeone", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "155f200375e7-2", "page_content": "especially\tgreat\tintensity.\tThis\tdynamic\tis\tat\twork\twhen\tsomeone\nbecomes\tenraged.\tZillmann\tsees\tescalating\tanger\tas\t\u201ca\tsequence\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "72f63c607372-0", "page_content": "provocations,\teach\ttriggering\tan\texcitatory\treaction\tthat\tdissipates\nslowly.\u201d\tIn\tthis\tsequence\tevery\tsuccessive\tanger-provoking\tthought\tor\nperception\tbecomes\ta\tminitrigger\tfor\tamygdala-driven\tsurges\tof\ncatecholamines,\teach\tbuilding\ton\tthe\thormonal\tmomentum\tof\tthose\nthat\twent\tbefore.\tA\tsecond\tcomes\tbefore\tthe\tfirst\thas\tsubsided,\tand\ta\nthird\ton\ttop\tof\tthose,\tand\tso\ton;\teach\twave\trides\tthe\ttails\tof\tthose\nbefore,\tquickly\tescalating\tthe\tbody\u2019s\tlevel\tof\tphysiological\tarousal.\tA\nthought\tthat\tcomes\tlater\tin\tthis\tbuildup\ttriggers\ta\tfar\tgreater\tintensity\nof\tanger\tthan\tone\tthat\tcomes\tat\tthe\tbeginning.\tAnger\tbuilds\ton\tanger;\nthe\temotional\tbrain\theats\tup.\tBy\tthen\trage,\tunhampered\tby\treason,\neasily\terupts\tin\tviolence.\nAt\tthis\tpoint\tpeople\tare\tunforgiving\tand\tbeyond\tbeing\treasoned\nwith;\ttheir\tthoughts\trevolve\taround\trevenge\tand\treprisal,\toblivious\tto\nwhat\tthe\tconsequences\tmay\tbe.\tThis\thigh\tlevel\tof\texcitation,\tZillmann\nsays,\t\u201cfosters\tan\tillusion\tof\tpower\tand\tinvulnerability\tthat\tmay\tinspire\nand\tfacilitate\taggression\u201d\tas\tthe\tenraged\tperson,\t\u201cfailing\tcognitive\nguidance,\u201d\tfalls\tback\ton\tthe\tmost\tprimitive\tof\tresponses.\tThe\tlimbic\nurge\tis\tascendant;\tthe\trawest\tlessons\tof\tlife\u2019s\tbrutality\tbecome\tguides\nto\taction.\nBalm\tfor\tAnger", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "72f63c607372-1", "page_content": "to\taction.\nBalm\tfor\tAnger\nGiven\tthis\tanalysis\tof\tthe\tanatomy\tof\trage,\tZillmann\tsees\ttwo\tmain\nways\tof\tintervening.\tOne\tway\tof\tdefusing\tanger\tis\tto\tseize\ton\tand\nchallenge\tthe\tthoughts\tthat\ttrigger\tthe\tsurges\tof\tanger,\tsince\tit\tis\tthe\noriginal\tappraisal\tof\tan\tinteraction\tthat\tconfirms\tand\tencourages\tthe\nfirst\tburst\tof\tanger,\tand\tthe\tsubsequent\treappraisals\tthat\tfan\tthe\nflames.\tTiming\tmatters;\tthe\tearlier\tin\tthe\tanger\tcycle\tthe\tmore\neffective.\tIndeed,\tanger\tcan\tbe\tcompletely\tshort-circuited\tif\tthe\nmitigating\tinformation\tcomes\tbefore\tthe\tanger\tis\tacted\ton.\nThe\tpower\tof\tunderstanding\tto\tdeflate\tanger\tis\tclear\tfrom\tanother\nof\tZillmann\u2019s\texperiments,\tin\twhich\ta\trude\tassistant\t(a\tconfederate)\ninsulted\tand\tprovoked\tvolunteers\twho\twere\triding\tan\texercise\tbike.\nWhen\tthe\tvolunteers\twere\tgiven\tthe\tchance\tto\tretaliate\tagainst\tthe\nrude\texperimenter\t(again,\tby\tgiving\ta\tbad\tevaluation\tthey\tthought\nwould\tbe\tused\tin\tweighing\this\tcandidacy\tfor\ta\tjob)\tthey\tdid\tso\twith\nan\tangry\tglee.\tBut\tin\tone\tversion\tof\tthe\texperiment\tanother\nconfederate\tentered\tafter\tthe\tvolunteers\thad\tbeen\tprovoked,\tand\tjust\nbefore\tthe\tchance\tto\tretaliate;\tshe\ttold\tthe\tprovocative\texperimenter\nhe\thad\ta\tphone\tcall\tdown\tthe\thall.\tAs\the\tleft\the\tmade\ta\tsnide\tremark", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "98be9bd7126f-0", "page_content": "to\ther\ttoo.\tBut\tshe\ttook\tit\tin\tgood\tspirits,\texplaining\tafter\the\tleft\tthat\nhe\twas\tunder\tterrible\tpressures,\tupset\tabout\this\tupcoming\tgraduate\norals.\tAfter\tthat\tthe\tirate\tvolunteers,\twhen\toffered\tthe\tchance\tto\nretaliate\tagainst\tthe\trude\tfellow,\tchose\tnot\tto;\tinstead\tthey\texpressed\ncompassion\tfor\this\tplight.\nSuch\tmitigating\tinformation\tallows\ta\treappraisal\tof\tthe\tanger-\nprovoking\tevents.\tBut\tthere\tis\ta\tspecific\twindow\tof\topportunity\tfor\nthis\tde-escalation.\tZillmann\tfinds\tit\tworks\twell\tat\tmoderate\tlevels\tof\nanger;\tat\thigh\tlevels\tof\trage\tit\tmakes\tno\tdifference\tbecause\tof\twhat\the\ncalls\t\u201ccognitive\tincapacitation\u201d\u2014in\tother\twords,\tpeople\tcan\tno\tlonger\nthink\tstraight.\tWhen\tpeople\twere\talready\thighly\tenraged,\tthey\ndismissed\tthe\tmitigating\tinformation\twith\t\u201cThat\u2019s\tjust\ttoo\tbad!\u201d\tor\n\u201cthe\tstrongest\tvulgarities\tthe\tEnglish\tlanguage\thas\tto\toffer,\u201d\tas\nZillmann\tput\tit\twith\tdelicacy.\nCooling\tDown\nOnce\twhen\tI\twas\tabout\t13,\tin\tan\tangry\tfit,\tI\twalked\tout\tof\tthe\thouse\tvowing\tI\twould\nnever\treturn.\tIt\twas\ta\tbeautiful\tsummer\tday,\tand\tI\twalked\tfar\talong\tlovely\tlanes,\ttill\ngradually\tthe\tstillness\tand\tbeauty\tcalmed\tand\tsoothed\tme,\tand\tafter\tsome\thours\tI", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "98be9bd7126f-1", "page_content": "returned\trepentant\tand\talmost\tmelted.\tSince\tthen\twhen\tI\tam\tangry,\tI\tdo\tthis\tif\tI\tcan,\nand\tfind\tit\tthe\tbest\tcure.\nThe\taccount\tis\tby\ta\tsubject\tin\tone\tof\tthe\tvery\tfirst\tscientific\tstudies\nof\tanger,\tdone\tin\t1899.\n6\n\tIt\tstill\tstands\tas\ta\tmodel\tof\tthe\tsecond\tway\tof\nde-escalating\tanger:\tcooling\toff\tphysiologically\tby\twaiting\tout\tthe\nadrenal\tsurge\tin\ta\tsetting\twhere\tthere\tare\tnot\tlikely\tto\tbe\tfurther\ntriggers\tfor\trage.\tIn\tan\targument,\tfor\tinstance,\tthat\tmeans\tgetting\naway\tfrom\tthe\tother\tperson\tfor\tthe\ttime\tbeing.\tDuring\tthe\tcooling-off\nperiod,\tthe\tangered\tperson\tcan\tput\tthe\tbrakes\ton\tthe\tcycle\tof\nescalating\thostile\tthought\tby\tseeking\tout\tdistractions.\tDistraction,\nZillmann\tfinds,\tis\ta\thighly\tpowerful\tmood-altering\tdevice,\tfor\ta\tsimple\nreason:\tIt\u2019s\thard\tto\tstay\tangry\twhen\twe\u2019re\thaving\ta\tpleasant\ttime.\tThe\ntrick,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tto\tget\tanger\tto\tcool\tto\tthe\tpoint\twhere\tsomeone\tcan\nhave\n\ta\tpleasant\ttime\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace.\nZillmann\u2019s\tanalysis\tof\tthe\tways\tanger\tescalates\tand\tde-escalates\nexplains\tmany\tof\tDiane\tTice\u2019s\tfindings\tabout\tthe\tstrategies\tpeople\ncommonly\tsay\tthey\tuse\tto\tease\tanger.\tOne\tsuch\tfairly\teffective\nstrategy\tis\tgoing\toff\tto\tbe\talone\twhile\tcooling\tdown.\tA\tlarge", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "98be9bd7126f-2", "page_content": "proportion\tof\tmen\ttranslate\tthis\tinto\tgoing\tfor\ta\tdrive\u2014a\tfinding\tthat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5312d39396fa-0", "page_content": "gives\tone\tpause\twhen\tdriving\t(and,\tTice\ttold\tme,\tinspired\ther\tto\tdrive\nmore\tdefensively).\tPerhaps\ta\tsafer\talternative\tis\tgoing\tfor\ta\tlong\twalk;\nactive\texercise\talso\thelps\twith\tanger.\tSo\tdo\trelaxation\tmethods\tsuch\nas\tdeep\tbreathing\tand\tmuscle\trelaxation,\tperhaps\tbecause\tthey\nchange\tthe\tbody\u2019s\tphysiology\tfrom\tthe\thigh\tarousal\tof\tanger\tto\ta\tlow-\narousal\tstate,\tand\tperhaps\ttoo\tbecause\tthey\tdistract\tfrom\twhatever\ntriggered\tthe\tanger.\tActive\texercise\tmay\tcool\tanger\tfor\tsomething\tof\nthe\tsame\treason:\tafter\thigh\tlevels\tof\tphysiological\tactivation\tduring\nthe\texercise,\tthe\tbody\trebounds\tto\ta\tlow\tlevel\tonce\tit\tstops.\nBut\ta\tcooling-down\tperiod\twill\tnot\twork\tif\tthat\ttime\tis\tused\tto\npursue\tthe\ttrain\tof\tanger-inducing\tthought,\tsince\teach\tsuch\tthought\tis\nin\titself\ta\tminor\ttrigger\tfor\tmore\tcascades\tof\tanger.\tThe\tpower\tof\ndistraction\tis\tthat\tit\tstops\tthat\tangry\ttrain\tof\tthought.\tIn\ther\tsurvey\tof\npeople\u2019s\tstrategies\tfor\thandling\tanger,\tTice\tfound\tthat\tdistractions\tby\nand\tlarge\thelp\tcalm\tanger:\tTV,\tmovies,\treading,\tand\tthe\tlike\tall\ninterfere\twith\tthe\tangry\tthoughts\tthat\tstoke\trage.\tBut,\t\nTice\tfound,\nindulging\tin\ttreats\tsuch\tas\tshopping\tfor\toneself\tand\teating\tdo\tnot", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5312d39396fa-1", "page_content": "have\tmuch\teffect;\tit\tis\tall\ttoo\teasy\tto\tcontinue\twith\tan\tindignant\ttrain\nof\tthought\twhile\tcruising\ta\tshopping\tmall\tor\tdevouring\ta\tpiece\tof\nchocolate\tcake.\nTo\tthese\tstrategies\tadd\tthose\tdeveloped\tby\tRedford\tWilliams,\ta\npsychiatrist\tat\tDuke\tUniversity\twho\tsought\tto\thelp\thostile\tpeople,\nwho\tare\tat\thigher\trisk\tfor\theart\tdisease,\tto\tcontrol\ttheir\tirritability.\n7\nOne\tof\this\trecommendations\tis\tto\tuse\tself-awareness\tto\tcatch\tcynical\nor\thostile\tthoughts\tas\tthey\tarise,\tand\twrite\tthem\tdown.\tOnce\tangry\nthoughts\tare\tcaptured\tthis\tway,\tthey\tcan\tbe\tchallenged\tand\nreappraised,\tthough,\tas\tZillmann\tfound,\tthis\tapproach\tworks\tbetter\nbefore\tanger\thas\tescalated\tto\trage.\nThe\tVentilation\tFallacy\nAs\tI\tsettle\tinto\ta\tNew\tYork\tCity\tcab,\ta\tyoung\tman\tcrossing\tthe\tstreet\nstops\tin\tfront\tof\tthe\tcab\tto\twait\tfor\ttraffic\tto\tclear.\tThe\tdriver,\nimpatient\tto\tstart,\thonks,\tmotioning\tfor\tthe\tyoung\tman\tto\tmove\tout\tof\nthe\tway.\tThe\treply\tis\ta\tscowl\tand\tan\tobscene\tgesture.\n\u201cYou\tson\tof\ta\tbitch!\u201d\tthe\tdriver\tyells,\tmaking\tthreatening\tlunges\nwith\tthe\tcab\tby\thitting\tthe\taccelerator\tand\tbrake\tat\tthe\tsame\ttime.\tAt\nthis\tlethal\tthreat,\tthe\tyoung\tman\tsullenly\tmoves\taside,\tbarely,\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5312d39396fa-2", "page_content": "smacks\this\tfist\tagainst\tthe\tcab\tas\tit\tinches\tby\tinto\ttraffic.\tAt\tthis,\tthe\ndriver\tshouts\ta\tfoul\tlitany\tof\texpletives\tat\tthe\tman.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b15151598aca-0", "page_content": "As\twe\tmove\talong\tthe\tdriver,\tstill\tvisibly\tagitated,\ttells\tme,\t\u201cYou\ncan\u2019t\ttake\tany\tshit\tfrom\tanyone.\tYou\tgotta\tyell\tback\u2014at\tleast\tit\tmakes\nyou\tfeel\tbetter!\u201d\nCatharsis\u2014giving\tvent\tto\trage\u2014is\tsometimes\textolled\tas\ta\tway\tof\nhandling\tanger.\tThe\tpopular\ttheory\tholds\tthat\t\u201cit\tmakes\tyou\tfeel\nbetter.\u201d\tBut,\tas\tZillmann\u2019s\tfindings\tsuggest,\tthere\tis\tan\targument\nagainst\tcatharsis.\tIt\thas\tbeen\tmade\tsince\tthe\t1950s,\twhen\npsychologists\tstarted\tto\ttest\tthe\teffects\tof\tcatharsis\texperimentally\nand,\ttime\tafter\ttime,\tfound\tthat\tgiving\tvent\tto\tanger\tdid\tlittle\tor\nnothing\tto\tdispel\tit\t(though,\tbecause\tof\tthe\tseductive\tnature\tof\tanger,\nit\tmay\t\nfeel\n\tsatisfying).\n8\n\tThere\tmay\tbe\tsome\tspecific\tconditions\tunder\nwhich\tlashing\tout\tin\tanger\tdoes\twork:\twhen\tit\tis\texpressed\tdirectly\tto\nthe\tperson\twho\tis\tits\ttarget,\twhen\tit\trestores\ta\tsense\tof\tcontrol\tor\nrights\tan\tinjustice,\tor\twhen\tit\tinflicts\t\u201cappropriate\tharm\u201d\ton\tthe\tother\nperson\tand\tgets\thim\tto\tchange\tsome\tgrievous\tactivity\twithout\nretaliating.\tBut\tbecause\tof\tthe\tincendiary\tnature\tof\tanger,\tthis\tmay\tbe\neasier\tto\tsay\tthan\tto\tdo.\n9\nTice\tfound\tthat\tventilating\tanger\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tworst\tways\tto\tcool", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b15151598aca-1", "page_content": "down:\toutbursts\tof\trage\ttypically\tpump\tup\tthe\temotional\tbrain\u2019s\narousal,\tleaving\t\npeople\tfeeling\tmore\tangry,\tnot\tless.\tTice\tfound\tthat\nwhen\tpeople\ttold\tof\ttimes\tthey\thad\ttaken\ttheir\trage\tout\ton\tthe\tperson\nwho\tprovoked\tit,\tthe\tnet\teffect\twas\tto\tprolong\tthe\tmood\trather\tthan\nend\tit.\tFar\tmore\teffective\twas\twhen\tpeople\tfirst\tcooled\tdown,\tand\nthen,\tin\ta\tmore\tconstructive\tor\tassertive\tmanner,\tconfronted\tthe\nperson\tto\tsettle\ttheir\tdispute.\tAs\tI\tonce\theard\tChogyam\tTrungpa,\ta\nTibetan\tteacher,\treply\twhen\tasked\thow\tbest\tto\thandle\tanger:\t\u201cDon\u2019t\nsuppress\tit.\tBut\tdon\u2019t\tact\ton\tit.\u201d\nSOOTHING\tANXIETY:\tWHAT,\tME\tWORRY?\nOh,\tno!\tThe\tmuffler\tsounds\tbad.\u2026\tWhat\tif\tI\thave\tto\ttake\tit\tto\tthe\tshop?\u2026\tI\tcan\u2019t\nafford\tthe\texpense.\u2026\tI\u2019d\thave\tto\tdraw\tthe\tmoney\tfrom\tJamie\u2019s\tcollege\tfund.\u2026\tWhat\tif\nI\tcan\u2019t\tafford\this\ttuition?\u2026\tThat\tbad\tschool\treport\tlast\tweek.\u2026\tWhat\tif\this\tgrades\tgo\ndown\tand\the\tcan\u2019t\tget\tinto\tcollege?\u2026\tMuffler\tsounds\tbad.\u2026\nAnd\tso\tthe\tworrying\tmind\tspins\ton\tin\tan\tendless\tloop\tof\tlow-grade\nmelodrama,\tone\tset\tof\tconcerns\tleading\ton\tto\tthe\tnext\tand\tback\tagain.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b15151598aca-2", "page_content": "The\tabove\tspecimen\tis\toffered\tby\tLizabeth\tRoemer\tand\tThomas\nBorkovec,\tPennsylvania\tState\tUniversity\tpsychologists,\twhose", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6afd2ceeeb76-0", "page_content": "research\ton\tworrying\u2014the\theart\tof\tall\tanxiety\u2014has\traised\tthe\ttopic\nfrom\tneurotic\u2019s\tart\tto\tscience.\n10\n\tThere\tis,\tof\tcourse,\tno\thitch\twhen\nworry\tworks;\tby\tmulling\tover\ta\tproblem\u2014that\tis,\temploying\nconstructive\treflection,\twhich\tcan\tlook\tlike\tworrying\u2014a\tsolution\tcan\nappear.\tIndeed,\tthe\treaction\tthat\tunderlies\tworry\tis\tthe\tvigilance\tfor\npotential\tdanger\tthat\thas,\tno\tdoubt,\tbeen\tessential\tfor\tsurvival\tover\nthe\tcourse\tof\tevolution.\tWhen\tfear\ttriggers\tthe\temotional\tbrain,\tpart\nof\tthe\tresulting\tanxiety\tfixates\tattention\ton\tthe\tthreat\tat\thand,\tforcing\nthe\tmind\tto\tobsess\tabout\thow\tto\thandle\tit\tand\tignore\tanything\telse\nfor\tthe\ttime\tbeing.\tWorry\tis,\tin\ta\tsense,\ta\trehearsal\tof\twhat\tmight\tgo\nwrong\tand\thow\tto\tdeal\twith\tit;\tthe\ttask\tof\tworrying\tis\tto\tcome\tup\nwith\tpositive\tsolutions\tfor\tlife\u2019s\tperils\tby\tanticipating\tdangers\tbefore\nthey\tarise.\nThe\tdifficulty\tis\twith\tchronic,\trepetitive\tworries,\tthe\tkind\tthat\nrecycle\ton\tand\ton\tand\tnever\tget\tany\tnearer\ta\tpositive\tsolution.\tA\nclose\tanalysis\tof\tchronic\tworry\tsuggests\tthat\tit\thas\tall\tthe\tattributes\tof\na\tlow-grade\temotional\thijacking:\tthe\tworries\tseem\tto\tcome\tfrom\nnowhere,\tare\tuncontrollable,\tgenerate\ta\tsteady\thum\tof\tanxiety,\tare", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6afd2ceeeb76-1", "page_content": "impervious\tto\treason,\tand\tlock\tthe\tworrier\tinto\ta\tsingle,\tinflexible\nview\tof\tthe\tworrisome\ttopic.\tWhen\tthis\tsame\tcycle\tof\tworry\nintensifies\tand\tpersists,\tit\tshades\tover\tthe\tline\tinto\tfull-blown\t\nneural\nhijackings,\tthe\tanxiety\tdisorders:\tphobias,\tobsessions\tand\ncompulsions,\tpanic\tattacks.\tIn\teach\tof\tthese\tdisorders\tworry\tfixates\tin\na\tdistinct\tfashion;\tfor\tthe\tphobic,\tanxieties\trivet\ton\tthe\tfeared\nsituation;\tfor\tthe\tobsessive,\tthey\tfixate\ton\tpreventing\tsome\tfeared\ncalamity;\tin\tpanic\tattacks,\tthe\tworries\tcan\tfocus\ton\ta\tfear\tof\tdying\tor\non\tthe\tprospect\tof\thaving\tthe\tattack\titself.\nIn\tall\tthese\tconditions\tthe\tcommon\tdenominator\tis\tworry\trun\tamok.\nFor\texample,\ta\twoman\tbeing\ttreated\tfor\tobsessive-compulsive\ndisorder\thad\ta\tseries\tof\trituals\tthat\ttook\tmost\tof\ther\twaking\thours:\nforty-five-minute\tshowers\tseveral\ttimes\tdaily,\twashing\ther\thands\tfor\nfive\tminutes\ttwenty\tor\tmore\ttimes\ta\tday.\tShe\twould\tnot\tsit\tdown\nunless\tshe\tfirst\tswabbed\tthe\tseat\twith\trubbing\talcohol\tto\tsterilize\tit.\nNor\twould\tshe\ttouch\ta\tchild\tor\tan\tanimal\u2014both\twere\t\u201ctoo\tdirty.\u201d\tAll\nthese\tcompulsions\twere\tstirred\tby\ther\tunderlying\tmorbid\tfear\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6afd2ceeeb76-2", "page_content": "germs;\tshe\tworried\tconstantly\tthat\twithout\ther\twashing\tand\nsterilizing\tshe\twould\tcatch\ta\tdisease\tand\tdie.\n11\nA\twoman\tbeing\ttreated\tfor\t\u201cgeneralized\tanxiety\tdisorder\u201d\u2014the\npsychiatric\tnomenclature\tfor\tbeing\ta\tconstant\tworrier\u2014responded\tto\nthe\trequest\tto\tworry\taloud\tfor\tone\tminute\tthis\tway:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "944f1570593d-0", "page_content": "I\tmight\tnot\tdo\tthis\tright.\tThis\tmay\tbe\tso\tartificial\tthat\tit\twon\u2019t\tbe\tan\tindication\tof\tthe\nreal\tthing\tand\twe\tneed\tto\tget\tat\tthe\treal\tthing.\u2026\tBecause\tif\twe\tdon\u2019t\tget\tat\tthe\treal\nthing,\tI\twon\u2019t\tget\twell.\tAnd\tif\tI\tdon\u2019t\tget\twell\tI\u2019ll\tnever\tbe\thappy.\n12\nIn\tthis\tvirtuoso\tdisplay\tof\tworrying\tabout\tworrying,\tthe\tvery\nrequest\tto\tworry\tfor\tone\tminute\thad,\twithin\ta\tfew\tshort\tseconds,\nescalated\tto\tcontemplation\tof\ta\tlifelong\tcatastrophe:\t\u201cI\u2019ll\tnever\tbe\nhappy.\u201d\tWorries\ttypically\tfollow\tsuch\tlines,\ta\tnarrative\tto\toneself\tthat\njumps\tfrom\tconcern\tto\tconcern\tand\tmore\toften\tthan\tnot\tincludes\ncatastrophizing,\timagining\tsome\tterrible\ttragedy.\tWorries\tare\talmost\nalways\texpressed\tin\tthe\tmind\u2019s\tear,\tnot\tits\teye\u2014that\tis,\tin\twords,\tnot\nimages\u2014a\tfact\tthat\thas\tsignificance\tfor\tcontrolling\tworry.\nBorkovec\tand\this\tcolleagues\tbegan\tto\tstudy\tworrying\tper\tse\twhen\nthey\twere\ttrying\tto\tcome\tup\twith\ta\ttreatment\tfor\tinsomnia.\tAnxiety,\nother\tresearchers\thave\tobserved,\tcomes\tin\ttwo\tforms:\t\ncognitive\n,\tor\nworrisome\tthoughts,\tand\t\nsomatic\n,\tthe\tphysiological\tsymptoms\tof\nanxiety,\tsuch\tas\tsweating,\ta\tracing\theart,\tor\tmuscle\ttension.\tThe\tmain", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "944f1570593d-1", "page_content": "trouble\twith\tinsomniacs,\tBorkovec\tfound,\twas\tnot\tthe\tsomatic\narousal.\tWhat\tkept\tthem\tup\twere\tintrusive\tthoughts.\tThey\twere\nchronic\tworriers,\tand\tcould\tnot\tstop\tworrying,\tno\tmatter\thow\tsleepy\nthey\twere.\tThe\tone\tthing\tthat\tworked\tin\thelping\tthem\t\nget\tto\tsleep\nwas\tgetting\ttheir\tminds\toff\ttheir\tworries,\tfocusing\tinstead\ton\tthe\nsensations\tproduced\tby\ta\trelaxation\tmethod.\tIn\tshort,\tthe\tworries\ncould\tbe\tstopped\tby\tshifting\tattention\taway.\nMost\tworriers,\thowever,\tcan\u2019t\tseem\tto\tdo\tthis.\tThe\treason,\tBorkovec\nbelieves,\thas\tto\tdo\twith\ta\tpartial\tpayoff\tfrom\tworrying\tthat\tis\thighly\nreinforcing\tto\tthe\thabit.\tThere\tis,\tit\tseems,\tsomething\tpositive\tin\nworries:\tworries\tare\tways\tto\tdeal\twith\tpotential\tthreats,\twith\tdangers\nthat\tmay\tcome\tone\u2019s\tway.\tThe\twork\tof\tworrying\u2014when\tit\tsucceeds\u2014\nis\tto\trehearse\twhat\tthose\tdangers\tare,\tand\tto\treflect\ton\tways\tto\tdeal\nwith\tthem.\tBut\tworry\tdoesn\u2019t\twork\tall\tthat\twell.\tNew\tsolutions\tand\nfresh\tways\tof\tseeing\ta\tproblem\tdo\tnot\ttypically\tcome\tfrom\tworrying,\nespecially\tchronic\tworry.\tInstead\tof\tcoming\tup\twith\tsolutions\tto\tthese\npotential\tproblems,\tworriers\ttypically\tsimply\truminate\ton\tthe\tdanger", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "944f1570593d-2", "page_content": "potential\tproblems,\tworriers\ttypically\tsimply\truminate\ton\tthe\tdanger\nitself,\timmersing\tthemselves\tin\ta\tlow-key\tway\tin\tthe\tdread\tassociated\nwith\tit\twhile\tstaying\tin\tthe\tsame\trut\tof\tthought.\tChronic\tworriers\nworry\tabout\ta\twide\trange\tof\tthings,\tmost\tof\twhich\thave\talmost\tno\nchance\tof\thappening;\tthey\tread\tdangers\tinto\tlife\u2019s\tjourney\tthat\tothers\nnever\tnotice.\nYet\tchronic\tworriers\ttell\tBorkovec\tthat\tworrying\thelps\tthem,\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "88cae3c3a453-0", "page_content": "that\ttheir\tworries\tare\tself-perpetuating,\tan\tendless\tloop\tof\tangst-\nridden\tthought.\tWhy\tshould\tworry\tbecome\twhat\tseems\tto\tamount\tto\ta\nmental\taddiction?\tOddly,\tas\tBorkovec\tpoints\tout,\tthe\tworry\thabit\tis\nreinforcing\tin\tthe\tsame\tsense\tthat\tsuperstitions\tare.\tSince\tpeople\nworry\tabout\tmany\tthings\tthat\thave\ta\tvery\tlow\tprobability\tof\tactually\noccurring\u2014a\tloved\tone\tdying\tin\ta\tplane\tcrash,\tgoing\tbankrupt,\tand\nthe\tlike\u2014there\tis,\tto\tthe\tprimitive\tlimbic\tbrain\tat\tleast,\tsomething\nmagical\tabout\tit.\tLike\tan\tamulet\tthat\twards\toff\tsome\tanticipated\tevil,\nthe\tworry\tpsychologically\tgets\tthe\tcredit\tfor\tpreventing\tthe\tdanger\tit\nobsesses\tabout.\nThe\tWork\tof\tWorrying\nShe\thad\tmoved\tto\tLos\tAngeles\tfrom\tthe\tMidwest,\tlured\tby\ta\tjob\twith\ta\tpublisher.\tBut\nthe\tpublisher\twas\tbought\tby\tanother\tsoon\tafter,\tand\tshe\twas\tleft\twithout\ta\tjob.\nTurning\tto\tfreelance\twriting,\tan\terratic\tmarketplace,\tshe\tfound\therself\teither\tswamped\nwith\twork\tor\tunable\tto\tpay\ther\trent.\tShe\toften\thad\tto\tration\tphone\tcalls,\tand\tfor\tthe\nfirst\ttime\twas\twithout\thealth\tinsurance.\tThis\tlack\tof\tcoverage\twas\tparticularly\ndistressing:\tshe\tfound\therself\tcatastrophizing\tabout\ther\thealth,\tsure\tevery\theadache", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "88cae3c3a453-1", "page_content": "signaled\ta\tbrain\ttumor,\tpicturing\therself\tin\tan\taccident\twhenever\tshe\thad\tto\tdrive\nsomewhere.\tShe\toften\tfound\therself\tlost\tin\ta\tlong\treverie\tof\tworry,\ta\tmedley\tof\ndistress.\tBut,\tshe\tsaid,\tshe\tfound\ther\tworries\talmost\taddictive.\nBorkovec\tdiscovered\tanother\tunexpected\tbenefit\tto\tworrying.\tWhile\npeople\tare\timmersed\tin\ttheir\tworried\tthoughts,\tthey\tdo\tnot\tseem\tto\nnotice\tthe\tsubjective\tsensations\tof\tthe\tanxiety\tthose\tworries\tstir\u2014the\nspeedy\theartbeat,\tthe\tbeads\tof\tsweat,\tthe\tshakiness\u2014and\tas\tthe\tworry\nproceeds\tit\tactually\tseems\tto\tsuppress\tsome\tof\tthat\tanxiety,\tat\tleast\tas\nreflected\tin\theart\trate.\tThe\tsequence\tpresumably\tgoes\tsomething\tlike\nthis:\tThe\tworrier\tnotices\tsomething\tthat\ttriggers\tthe\timage\tof\tsome\npotential\tthreat\tor\tdanger;\tthat\timagined\tcatastrophe\tin\tturn\ttriggers\na\tmild\tattack\tof\tanxiety.\tThe\tworrier\tthen\tplunges\tinto\ta\tlong\tseries\tof\ndistressed\tthoughts,\teach\tof\twhich\tprimes\tyet\tanother\ttopic\tfor\tworry;\nas\tattention\tcontinues\tto\tbe\tcarried\talong\tby\tthis\ttrain\tof\tworry,\nfocusing\ton\tthese\tvery\tthoughts\ttakes\tthe\tmind\toff\tthe\toriginal\ncatastrophic\timage\tthat\ttriggered\tthe\tanxiety.\tImages,\tBorkovec\nfound,\tare\tmore\tpowerful\ttriggers\tfor\tphysiological\tanxiety\tthan\tare", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "88cae3c3a453-2", "page_content": "thoughts,\tso\timmersion\tin\tthoughts,\tto\tthe\texclusion\tof\tcatastrophic\nimages,\tpartially\talleviates\tthe\texperience\tof\tbeing\tanxious.\tAnd,\tto\nthat\textent,\tthe\tworry\tis\talso\treinforced,\tas\ta\thalfway\tantidote\tto\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "51f739a94c82-0", "page_content": "very\tanxiety\tit\tevoked.\nBut\tchronic\tworries\tare\tself-defeating\ttoo\tin\tthat\tthey\ttake\tthe\tform\nof\tstereotyped,\trigid\tideas,\tnot\tcreative\tbreakthroughs\tthat\tactually\nmove\ttoward\tsolving\tthe\tproblem.\tThis\trigidity\tshows\tup\tnot\tjust\tin\nthe\tmanifest\tcontent\tof\tworried\tthought,\twhich\tsimply\trepeats\tmore\nor\tless\tthe\tsame\tideas\tover\tand\tover.\tBut\tat\ta\tneurological\tlevel\tthere\nseems\tto\tbe\ta\tcortical\trigidity,\ta\tdeficit\tin\tthe\temotional\tbrain\u2019s\tability\nto\trespond\tflexibly\tto\tchanging\tcircumstance.\tIn\tshort,\tchronic\tworry\nworks\tin\tsome\tways,\tbut\tnot\tin\tother,\tmore\tconsequential\tones:\tit\neases\tsome\tanxiety,\tbut\tnever\tsolves\tthe\tproblem.\nThe\tone\tthing\tthat\tchronic\tworriers\tcannot\tdo\tis\tfollow\tthe\tadvice\nthey\tare\tmost\toften\tgiven:\t\u201cJust\tstop\tworrying\u201d\t(or,\tworse,\t\u201cDon\u2019t\nworry\u2014be\thappy\u201d).\tSince\tchronic\tworries\tseem\tto\tbe\tlow-grade\namygdala\tepisodes,\tthey\tcome\tunbidden.\tAnd,\tby\ttheir\tvery\tnature,\nthey\tpersist\tonce\tthey\tarise\tin\tthe\tmind.\tBut\tafter\tmuch\nexperimentation,\tBorkovec\tdiscovered\tsome\tsimple\tsteps\tthat\tcan\thelp\neven\tthe\tmost\tchronic\tworrier\tcontrol\tthe\thabit.\nThe\tfirst\tstep\tis\tself-awareness,\tcatching\tthe\tworrisome\tepisodes\tas", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "51f739a94c82-1", "page_content": "The\tfirst\tstep\tis\tself-awareness,\tcatching\tthe\tworrisome\tepisodes\tas\nnear\ttheir\tbeginning\tas\tpossible\u2014ideally,\tas\tsoon\tas\tor\tjust\tafter\tthe\nfleeting\tcatastrophic\timage\ttriggers\tthe\tworry-anxiety\tcycle.\tBorkovec\ntrains\tpeople\tin\tthis\tapproach\tby\tfirst\tteaching\tthem\tto\tmonitor\tcues\nfor\tanxiety,\tespecially\tlearning\tto\tidentify\tsituations\tthat\ttrigger\nworry,\tor\tthe\tfleeting\tthoughts\tand\timages\tthat\tinitiate\tthe\tworry,\tas\nwell\tas\tthe\taccompanying\tsensations\tof\tanxiety\tin\tthe\tbody.\tWith\npractice,\tpeople\tcan\tidentify\tthe\tworries\tat\tan\tearlier\tand\tearlier\tpoint\nin\tthe\tanxiety\tspiral.\tPeople\talso\tlearn\trelaxation\t\nmethods\tthat\tthey\ncan\tapply\tat\tthe\tmoment\tthey\trecognize\tthe\tworry\tbeginning,\tand\npractice\tthe\trelaxation\tmethod\tdaily\tso\tthey\twill\tbe\table\tto\tuse\tit\ton\nthe\tspot,\twhen\tthey\tneed\tit\tthe\tmost.\nThe\trelaxation\tmethod,\tthough,\tis\tnot\tenough\tin\titself.\tWorriers\nalso\tneed\tto\tactively\tchallenge\tthe\tworrisome\tthoughts;\tfailing\tthis,\nthe\tworry\tspiral\twill\tkeep\tcoming\tback.\tSo\tthe\tnext\tstep\tis\tto\ttake\ta\ncritical\tstance\ttoward\ttheir\tassumptions:\tIs\tit\tvery\tprobable\tthat\tthe\ndreaded\tevent\twill\toccur?\tIs\tit\tnecessarily\tthe\tcase\tthat\tthere\tis\tonly\none\tor\tno\talternative\tto\tletting\tit\thappen?\tAre\tthere\tconstructive\tsteps", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "51f739a94c82-2", "page_content": "to\tbe\ttaken?\tDoes\tit\treally\thelp\tto\trun\tthrough\tthese\tsame\tanxious\nthoughts\tover\tand\tover?\nThis\tcombination\tof\tmindfulness\tand\thealthy\tskepticism\twould,\npresumably,\tact\tas\ta\tbrake\ton\tthe\tneural\tactivation\tthat\tunderlies\nlow-grade\tanxiety.\tActively\tgenerating\tsuch\tthoughts\tmay\tprime\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "494dd4ef0119-0", "page_content": "circuitry\tthat\tcan\tinhibit\tthe\tlimbic\tdriving\tof\tworry;\tat\tthe\tsame\ntime,\tactively\tinducing\ta\trelaxed\tstate\tcounters\tthe\tsignals\tfor\tanxiety\nthe\temotional\tbrain\tis\tsending\tthroughout\tthe\tbody.\nIndeed,\tBorkovec\tpoints\tout,\tthese\tstrategies\testablish\ta\ttrain\tof\nmental\tactivity\tthat\tis\tincompatible\twith\tworry.\tWhen\ta\tworry\tis\nallowed\tto\trepeat\tover\tand\tover\tunchallenged,\tit\tgains\tin\tpersuasive\npower;\tchallenging\tit\tby\tcontemplating\ta\trange\tof\tequally\tplausible\npoints\tof\tview\tkeeps\tthe\tone\tworried\tthought\tfrom\tbeing\tnaively\ntaken\tas\ttrue.\tEven\tsome\tpeople\twhose\tworrying\tis\tserious\tenough\tto\nqualify\tfor\ta\tpsychiatric\tdiagnosis\thave\tbeen\trelieved\tof\tthe\tworrying\nhabit\tthis\tway.\nOn\tthe\tother\thand,\tfor\tpeople\twith\tworries\tso\tsevere\tthey\thave\nflowered\tinto\tphobia,\tobsessive-compulsive\tdisorder,\tor\tpanic\ndisorder,\tit\tmay\tbe\tprudent\u2014indeed,\ta\tsign\tof\tself-awareness\u2014to\tturn\nto\tmedication\tto\tinterrupt\tthe\tcycle.\tA\tretraining\tof\tthe\temotional\ncircuitry\tthrough\ttherapy\tis\tstill\tcalled\tfor,\thowever,\tin\torder\tto\tlessen\nthe\tlikelihood\tthat\tanxiety\tdisorders\twill\trecur\twhen\tmedication\tis\nstopped.\n13\nMANAGING\tMELANCHOLY\nThe\tsingle\tmood\tpeople\tgenerally\tput\tmost\teffort\tinto\tshaking\tis\nsadness;\tDiane\tTice\tfound\tthat\tpeople\tare\tmost\tinventive\twhen\tit", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "494dd4ef0119-1", "page_content": "comes\tto\ttrying\tto\tescape\tthe\tblues.\tOf\tcourse,\tnot\tall\tsadness\tshould\nbe\tescaped;\tmelancholy,\tlike\tevery\tother\tmood,\thas\tits\tbenefits.\tThe\nsadness\tthat\ta\tloss\tbrings\thas\tcertain\tinvariable\teffects:\tit\tcloses\tdown\nour\tinterest\tin\tdiversions\tand\tpleasures,\tfixes\tattention\ton\twhat\thas\nbeen\tlost,\tand\tsaps\tour\tenergy\tfor\tstarting\t\nnew\tendeavors\u2014at\tleast\tfor\nthe\ttime\tbeing.\tIn\tshort,\tit\tenforces\ta\tkind\tof\treflective\tretreat\tfrom\nlife\u2019s\tbusy\tpursuits,\tand\tleaves\tus\tin\ta\tsuspended\tstate\tto\tmourn\tthe\nloss,\tmull\tover\tits\tmeaning,\tand,\tfinally,\tmake\tthe\tpsychological\nadjustments\tand\tnew\tplans\tthat\twill\tallow\tour\tlives\tto\tcontinue.\nBereavement\tis\tuseful;\tfull-blown\tdepression\tis\tnot.\tWilliam\tStyron\nrenders\tan\teloquent\tdescription\tof\t\u201cthe\tmany\tdreadful\tmanifestations\nof\tthe\tdisease,\u201d\tamong\tthem\tself-hatred,\ta\tsense\tof\tworthlessness,\ta\n\u201cdank\tjoylessness\u201d\twith\t\u201cgloom\tcrowding\tin\ton\tme,\ta\tsense\tof\tdread\nand\talienation\tand,\tabove\tall,\ta\tstifling\tanxiety.\u201d\n14\n\tThen\tthere\tare\tthe\nintellectual\tmarks:\t\u201cconfusion,\tfailure\tof\tmental\tfocus\tand\tlapse\tof\nmemories,\u201d\tand,\tat\ta\tlater\tstage,\this\tmind\t\u201cdominated\tby\tanarchic", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ce0bbdbbd43f-0", "page_content": "distortions,\u201d\tand\t\u201ca\tsense\tthat\tmy\tthought\tprocesses\twere\tengulfed\tby\na\ttoxic\tand\tunnameable\ttide\tthat\tobliterated\tany\tenjoyable\tresponse\nto\tthe\tliving\tworld.\u201d\tThere\tare\tthe\tphysical\teffects:\tsleeplessness,\nfeeling\tas\tlistless\tas\ta\tzombie,\t\u201ca\tkind\tof\tnumbness,\tan\tenervation,\tbut\nmore\tparticularly\tan\todd\tfragility,\u201d\talong\twith\ta\t\u201cfidgety\trestlessness.\u201d\nThen\tthere\tis\tthe\tloss\tof\tpleasure:\t\u201cFood,\tlike\teverything\telse\twithin\nthe\tscope\tof\tsensation,\twas\tutterly\twithout\tsavor.\u201d\tFinally,\tthere\twas\nthe\tvanishing\tof\thope\tas\tthe\t\u201cgray\tdrizzle\tof\thorror\u201d\ttook\ton\ta\tdespair\nso\tpalpable\tit\twas\tlike\tphysical\tpain,\ta\tpain\tso\tunendurable\tthat\nsuicide\tseemed\ta\tsolution.\nIn\tsuch\tmajor\tdepression,\tlife\tis\tparalyzed;\tno\tnew\tbeginnings\nemerge.\tThe\tvery\tsymptoms\tof\tdepression\tbespeak\ta\tlife\ton\thold.\tFor\nStyron,\tno\tmedication\tor\ttherapy\thelped;\tit\twas\tthe\tpassing\tof\ttime\nand\tthe\trefuge\tof\ta\thospital\tthat\tfinally\tcleared\taway\tthe\ndespondency.\tBut\tfor\tmost\tpeople,\tespecially\tthose\twith\tless\tsevere\ncases,\tpsychotherapy\tcan\thelp,\tas\tcan\tmedication\u2014Prozac\tis\tthe\ntreatment\tof\tthe\thour,\tbut\tthere\tare\tmore\tthan\ta\tdozen\tother\ncompounds\toffering\tsome\thelp,\tespecially\tfor\tmajor\tdepression.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ce0bbdbbd43f-1", "page_content": "compounds\toffering\tsome\thelp,\tespecially\tfor\tmajor\tdepression.\nMy\tfocus\there\tis\tthe\tfar\tmore\tcommon\tsadness\tthat\tat\tits\tupper\nlimits\tbecomes,\ttechnically\tspeaking,\ta\t\u201csubclinical\tdepression\u201d\u2014that\nis,\tordinary\tmelancholy.\tThis\tis\ta\trange\tof\tdespondency\tthat\tpeople\ncan\thandle\ton\ttheir\town,\tif\tthey\thave\tthe\tinternal\tresources.\nUnfortunately,\tsome\tof\tthe\tstrategies\tmost\toften\tresorted\tto\tcan\nbackfire,\tleaving\tpeople\tfeeling\tworse\tthan\tbefore.\tOne\tsuch\tstrategy\nis\tsimply\tstaying\talone,\twhich\tis\toften\tappealing\twhen\tpeople\tare\nfeeling\tdown;\tmore\toften\tthan\tnot,\thowever,\tit\tonly\tadds\ta\tsense\tof\nloneliness\tand\tisolation\tto\tthe\tsadness.\tThat\tmay\tpartly\texplain\twhy\nTice\tfound\tthe\tmost\tpopular\ttactic\tfor\tbattling\tdepression\tis\nsocializing\u2014going\tout\tto\teat,\tto\ta\tballgame\tor\tmovie;\tin\tshort,\tdoing\nsomething\twith\tfriends\tor\tfamily.\tThat\tworks\twell\tif\tthe\tnet\teffect\tis\nto\tget\tthe\tperson\u2019s\tmind\t\noff\this\tsadness.\tBut\tit\tsimply\tprolongs\tthe\nmood\tif\the\tuses\tthe\toccasion\tjust\tto\tmull\tover\twhat\tput\thim\tin\tthe\nfunk.\nIndeed,\tone\tof\tthe\tmain\tdeterminants\tof\twhether\ta\tdepressed\tmood\nwill\tpersist\tor\tlift\tis\tthe\tdegree\tto\twhich\tpeople\truminate.\tWorrying\nabout\twhat\u2019s\tdepressing\tus,\tit\tseems,\tmakes\tthe\tdepression\tall\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ce0bbdbbd43f-2", "page_content": "more\tintense\tand\tprolonged.\tIn\tdepression,\tworry\ttakes\tseveral\tforms,\nall\tfocusing\ton\tsome\taspect\tof\tthe\tdepression\titself\u2014how\ttired\twe\nfeel,\thow\tlittle\tenergy\tor\tmotivation\twe\thave,\tfor\tinstance,\tor\thow\nlittle\twork\twe\u2019re\tgetting\tdone.\tTypically\tnone\tof\tthis\treflection\tis", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c06211cfc540-0", "page_content": "accompanied\tby\tany\tconcrete\tcourse\tof\taction\tthat\tmight\talleviate\tthe\nproblem.\tOther\tcommon\tworries\tinclude\t\u201cisolating\tyourself\tand\nthinking\tabout\thow\tterrible\tyou\tfeel,\tworrying\tthat\tyour\tspouse\tmight\nreject\tyou\tbecause\tyou\tare\tdepressed,\tand\twondering\twhether\tyou\tare\ngoing\tto\thave\tanother\tsleepless\tnight,\u201d\tsays\tStanford\tpsychologist\nSusan\tNolen-Hoeksma,\twho\thas\tstudied\trumination\tin\tdepressed\npeople.\n15\nDepressed\tpeople\tsometimes\tjustify\tthis\tkind\tof\trumination\tby\nsaying\tthey\tare\ttrying\tto\t\u201cunderstand\tthemselves\tbetter\u201d;\tin\tfact,\tthey\nare\tpriming\tthe\tfeelings\tof\tsadness\twithout\ttaking\tany\tsteps\tthat\nmight\tactually\tlift\ttheir\tmood.\tThus\tin\ttherapy\tit\tmight\tbe\tperfectly\nhelpful\tto\treflect\tdeeply\ton\tthe\tcauses\tof\ta\tdepression,\tif\tthat\tleads\tto\ninsights\tor\tactions\tthat\twill\tchange\tthe\tconditions\tthat\tcause\tit.\tBut\ta\npassive\timmersion\tin\tthe\tsadness\tsimply\tmakes\tit\tworse.\nRumination\tcan\talso\tmake\tthe\tdepression\tstronger\tby\tcreating\nconditions\tthat\tare,\twell,\tmore\tdepressing.\tNolen-Hoeksma\tgives\tthe\nexample\tof\ta\tsaleswoman\twho\tgets\tdepressed\tand\tspends\tso\tmany\nhours\tworrying\tabout\tit\tthat\tshe\tdoesn\u2019t\tget\taround\tto\timportant\tsales\ncalls.\tHer\tsales\tthen\tdecline,\tmaking\ther\tfeel\tlike\ta\tfailure,\twhich", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c06211cfc540-1", "page_content": "feeds\ther\tdepression.\tBut\tif\tshe\treacted\tto\tdepression\tby\ttrying\tto\ndistract\therself,\tshe\tmight\twell\tplunge\tinto\tthe\tsales\tcalls\tas\ta\tway\tto\nget\ther\tmind\toff\tthe\tsadness.\tSales\twould\tbe\tless\tlikely\tto\tdecline,\tand\nthe\tvery\texperience\tof\tmaking\ta\tsale\tmight\tbolster\ther\tself-confidence,\nlessening\tthe\tdepression\tsomewhat.\nWomen,\tNolen-Hoeksma\tfinds,\tare\tfar\tmore\tprone\tto\truminate\nwhen\tthey\tare\tdepressed\tthan\tare\tmen.\tThis,\tshe\tproposes,\tmay\tat\nleast\tpartly\texplain\tthe\tfact\tthat\twomen\tare\tdiagnosed\twith\ndepression\ttwice\tas\toften\tas\tare\tmen.\tOf\tcourse,\tother\tfactors\tmay\ncome\tinto\tplay,\tsuch\tas\twomen\tbeing\tmore\topen\tto\tdisclosing\ttheir\ndistress\tor\thaving\tmore\tin\ttheir\tlives\tto\tbe\tdepressed\tabout.\tAnd\tmen\nmay\tdrown\ttheir\tdepression\tin\talcoholism,\tfor\twhich\ttheir\trate\tis\nabout\ttwice\tthat\tof\twomen.\nCognitive\ttherapy\taimed\tat\tchanging\tthese\tthought\tpatterns\thas\nbeen\tfound\tin\tsome\tstudies\tto\tbe\ton\ta\tpar\twith\tmedication\tfor\ttreating\nmild\tclinical\tdepression,\tand\tsuperior\tto\tmedication\tin\tpreventing\tthe\nreturn\tof\tmild\tdepression.\tTwo\tstrategies\tare\tparticularly\teffective\tin\nthe\tbattle.\n16\n\tOne\tis\tto\tlearn\tto\tchallenge\tthe\tthoughts\tat\tthe\tcenter\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c06211cfc540-2", "page_content": "16\n\tOne\tis\tto\tlearn\tto\tchallenge\tthe\tthoughts\tat\tthe\tcenter\tof\nrumination\u2014to\tquestion\ttheir\tvalidity\tand\tthink\tof\tmore\tpositive\nalternatives.\tThe\tother\tis\tto\tpurposely\tschedule\tpleasant,\tdistracting\nevents.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f33c7d563178-0", "page_content": "One\treason\tdistraction\tworks\tis\tthat\tdepressing\tthoughts\tare\nautomatic,\tintruding\ton\tone\u2019s\tstate\tof\tmind\tunbidden.\tEven\twhen\ndepressed\tpeople\ttry\tto\tsuppress\ttheir\tdepressing\tthoughts,\tthey\toften\ncannot\tcome\tup\twith\tbetter\talternatives;\tonce\tthe\tdepressive\ttide\tof\nthought\thas\tstarted,\tit\thas\ta\tpowerful\tmagnetic\teffect\ton\tthe\ttrain\tof\nassociation.\tFor\texample,\twhen\tdepressed\tpeople\twere\tasked\tto\nunscramble\tjumbled\tsix-word\tsentences,\tthey\twere\tmuch\tbetter\tat\nfiguring\tout\tthe\tdepressing\tmessages\t(\u201cThe\tfuture\tlooks\tvery\tdismal\u201d)\nthan\tthe\tupbeat\tones\t(\u201cThe\tfuture\tlooks\tvery\tbright\u201d).\n17\nThe\ttendency\tfor\tdepression\tto\tperpetuate\titself\tshades\teven\tthe\nkinds\tof\tdistractions\tpeople\tchoose.\tWhen\tdepressed\tpeople\twere\ngiven\ta\tlist\tof\tupbeat\tor\tponderous\tways\tto\tget\ttheir\tminds\toff\nsomething\tsad,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tfuneral\tof\ta\tfriend,\tthey\tpicked\tmore\tof\tthe\nmelancholy\tactivities.\tRichard\tWenzlaff,\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tTexas\npsychologist\twho\tdid\tthese\tstudies,\tconcludes\tthat\tpeople\twho\tare\nalready\tdepressed\tneed\tto\tmake\ta\tspecial\teffort\tto\tget\ttheir\tattention\non\tsomething\tthat\tis\tcompletely\tupbeat,\tbeing\tcareful\tnot\tto\ninadvertently\tchoose\tsomething\u2014a\ttearjerker\tmovie,\ta\ttragic\tnovel\u2014\nthat\twill\tdrag\ttheir\tmood\tdown\tagain.\nMood-lifters", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f33c7d563178-1", "page_content": "Mood-lifters\nImagine\tthat\tyou\u2019re\tdriving\ton\tan\tunfamiliar,\tsteep,\tand\twinding\troad\tthrough\tfog.\nSuddenly\ta\tcar\tpulls\tout\tof\ta\tdriveway\tonly\ta\tfew\tfeet\tin\tfront\tof\tyou,\ttoo\tclose\tfor\tyou\nto\tstop\tin\ttime.\tYour\tfoot\tslams\tthe\tbrake\tto\tthe\tfloor\tand\tyou\tgo\tinto\ta\tskid,\tyour\tcar\nsliding\tinto\tthe\tside\tof\tthe\tother\tone.\tYou\tsee\tthat\tthe\tcar\tis\tfull\tof\tyoungsters,\ta\ncarpool\ton\tthe\tway\tto\tpreschool\u2014just\tbefore\tthe\texplosion\tof\tglass\tshattering\tand\nmetal\tbending\tinto\tmetal.\tThen,\tout\tof\tthe\tsudden\tsilence\tafter\tthe\tcollision,\tyou\thear\na\tchorus\tof\tcrying.\tYou\tmanage\tto\trun\tto\tthe\tother\tcar,\tand\tsee\tthat\tone\tof\tthe\nchildren\tis\tlying\tmotionless.\tYou\tare\tflooded\twith\tremorse\tand\tsadness\tover\tthis\ntragedy.\u2026\nSuch\theart-wrenching\tscenarios\twere\tused\tto\tget\tvolunteers\tupset\nin\tone\tof\tWenzlaff\u2019s\texperiments.\tThe\tvolunteers\tthen\ttried\tto\tkeep\nthe\tscene\tout\tof\ttheir\tminds\twhile\tthey\tjotted\tnotes\tabout\tthe\tstream\nof\ttheir\tthoughts\tfor\tnine\t\nminutes.\tEach\ttime\tthe\tthought\tof\tthe\ndisturbing\tscene\tintruded\tinto\ttheir\tminds,\tthey\tmade\ta\tcheck\tmark\tas\nthey\twrote.\tWhile\tmost\tpeople\tthought\tabout\tthe\tupsetting\tscene\tless\nand\tless\tas\ttime\twent\ton,\tthose\tvolunteers\twho\twere\tmore\tdepressed", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f33c7d563178-2", "page_content": "actually\tshowed\ta\tpronounced\t\nincrease\n\tin\tintruding\tthoughts\tof\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bd0a612b327d-0", "page_content": "scene\tas\ttime\tpassed,\tand\teven\tmade\toblique\treferences\tto\tit\tin\tthe\nthoughts\tthat\twere\tsupposed\tto\tbe\tdistractions\tfrom\tit.\nWhat\u2019s\tmore,\tthe\tdepression-prone\tvolunteers\tused\tother\tdistressing\nthoughts\tto\tdistract\tthemselves.\tAs\tWenzlaff\ttold\tme,\t\u201cThoughts\tare\nassociated\tin\tthe\tmind\tnot\tjust\tby\tcontent,\tbut\tby\tmood.\tPeople\thave\nwhat\tamounts\tto\ta\tset\tof\tbad-mood\tthoughts\tthat\tcome\tto\tmind\tmore\nreadily\twhen\tthey\tare\tfeeling\tdown.\tPeople\twho\tget\tdepressed\teasily\ntend\tto\tcreate\tvery\tstrong\tnetworks\tof\tassociation\tbetween\tthese\nthoughts,\tso\tthat\tit\tis\tharder\tto\tsuppress\tthem\tonce\tsome\tkind\tof\tbad\nmood\tis\tevoked.\tIronically,\tdepressed\tpeople\tseem\tto\tuse\tone\ndepressing\ttopic\tto\tget\ttheir\tminds\toff\tanother,\twhich\tonly\tstirs\tmore\nnegative\temotions.\u201d\nCrying,\tone\ttheory\tholds,\tmay\tbe\tnature\u2019s\tway\tof\tlowering\tlevels\tof\nthe\tbrain\tchemicals\tthat\tprime\tdistress.\tWhile\tcrying\tcan\tsometimes\nbreak\ta\tspell\tof\tsadness,\tit\tcan\talso\tleave\tthe\tperson\tstill\tobsessing\nabout\tthe\treasons\tfor\tdespair.\tThe\tidea\tof\ta\t\u201cgood\tcry\u201d\tis\tmisleading:\ncrying\tthat\treinforces\trumination\tonly\tprolongs\tthe\tmisery.\nDistractions\tbreak\tthe\tchain\tof\tsadness-maintaining\tthinking;\tone\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bd0a612b327d-1", "page_content": "the\tleading\ttheories\tof\twhy\telectroconvulsive\ttherapy\tis\teffective\tfor\nthe\tmost\tsevere\tdepressions\tis\tthat\tit\tcauses\ta\tloss\tof\tshort-term\nmemory\u2014patients\tfeel\tbetter\tbecause\tthey\tcan\u2019t\tremember\twhy\tthey\nwere\tso\tsad.\tAt\tany\trate,\tto\tshake\tgarden-variety\tsadness,\tDiane\tTice\nfound,\tmany\tpeople\treported\tturning\tto\tdistractions\tsuch\tas\treading,\nTV\tand\tmovies,\tvideo\tgames\tand\tpuzzles,\tsleeping,\tand\tdaydreams\nsuch\tas\tplanning\ta\tfantasy\tvacation.\tWenzlaff\twould\tadd\tthat\tthe\tmost\neffective\tdistractions\tare\tones\tthat\twill\tshift\tyour\tmood\u2014an\texciting\nsporting\tevent,\ta\tfunny\tmovie,\tan\tuplifting\tbook.\t(A\tnote\tof\tcaution\nhere:\tSome\tdistractors\tin\tthemselves\tcan\tperpetuate\tdepression.\nStudies\tof\theavy\tTV\twatchers\thave\tfound\tthat,\tafter\twatching\tTV,\nthey\tare\tgenerally\tmore\tdepressed\tthan\tbefore\tthey\tstarted!)\nAerobic\texercise,\tTice\tfound,\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tmore\teffective\ttactics\tfor\nlifting\tmild\tdepression,\tas\twell\tas\tother\tbad\tmoods.\tBut\tthe\tcaveat\nhere\tis\tthat\tthe\tmood-lifting\tbenefits\tof\texercise\twork\tbest\tfor\tthe\nlazy,\tthose\twho\tusually\tdo\tnot\twork\tout\tvery\tmuch.\tFor\tthose\twith\ta\ndaily\texercise\troutine,\twhatever\tmood-changing\tbenefits\tit\toffers\twere\nprobably\tstrongest\twhen\tthey\tfirst\ttook\tup\tthe\texercise\thabit.\tIn\tfact,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bd0a612b327d-2", "page_content": "for\thabitual\texercisers\tthere\tis\ta\treverse\teffect\ton\tmood:\tthey\tstart\tto\nfeel\tbad\ton\tthose\tdays\twhen\tthey\tskip\ttheir\tworkout.\tExercise\tseems\nto\twork\twell\tbecause\tit\tchanges\tthe\tphysiological\t\nstate\tthe\tmood\nevokes:\tdepression\tis\ta\tlow-arousal\tstate,\tand\taerobics\tpitches\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4cd9de088c8d-0", "page_content": "body\tinto\thigh\tarousal.\tBy\tthe\tsame\ttoken,\trelaxation\ttechniques,\nwhich\tput\tthe\tbody\tinto\ta\tlow-arousal\tstate,\twork\twell\tfor\tanxiety,\ta\nhigh-arousal\tstate,\tbut\tnot\tso\twell\tfor\tdepression.\tEach\tof\tthese\napproaches\tseems\tto\twork\tto\tbreak\tthe\tcycle\tof\tdepression\tor\tanxiety\nbecause\tit\tpitches\tthe\tbrain\tinto\ta\tlevel\tof\tactivity\tincompatible\twith\nthe\temotional\tstate\tthat\thas\thad\tit\tin\tits\tgrip.\nCheering\toneself\tup\tthrough\ttreats\tand\tsensual\tpleasures\twas\nanother\tfairly\tpopular\tantidote\tto\tthe\tblues.\tCommon\tways\tpeople\nsoothed\tthemselves\twhen\tdepressed\tranged\tfrom\ttaking\thot\tbaths\tor\neating\tfavorite\tfoods,\tto\tlistening\tto\tmusic\tor\thaving\tsex.\tBuying\noneself\ta\tgift\tor\ttreat\tto\tget\tout\tof\ta\tbad\tmood\twas\tparticularly\npopular\tamong\twomen,\tas\twas\tshopping\tin\tgeneral,\teven\tif\tonly\nwindow-shopping.\tAmong\tthose\tin\tcollege,\tTice\tfound\tthat\teating\twas\nthree\ttimes\tas\tcommon\ta\tstrategy\tfor\tsoothing\tsadness\tamong\twomen\nthan\tmen;\tmen,\ton\tthe\tother\thand,\twere\tfive\ttimes\tas\tlikely\tto\tturn\tto\ndrinking\tor\tdrugs\twhen\tthey\tfelt\tdown.\tThe\ttrouble\twith\tovereating\nor\talcohol\tas\tantidotes,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tthat\tthey\tcan\teasily\tbackfire:\neating\tto\texcess\tbrings\tregret;\talcohol\tis\ta\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4cd9de088c8d-1", "page_content": "eating\tto\texcess\tbrings\tregret;\talcohol\tis\ta\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\ndepressant,\tand\tso\tonly\tadds\tto\tthe\teffects\tof\tdepression\titself.\nA\tmore\tconstructive\tapproach\tto\tmood-lifting,\tTice\treports,\tis\nengineering\ta\tsmall\ttriumph\tor\teasy\tsuccess:\ttackling\tsome\tlong-\ndelayed\tchore\taround\tthe\thouse\tor\tgetting\tto\tsome\tother\tduty\tthey\u2019ve\nbeen\twanting\tto\tclear\tup.\tBy\tthe\tsame\ttoken,\tlifts\tto\tself-image\talso\nwere\tcheering,\teven\tif\tonly\tin\tthe\tform\tof\tgetting\tdressed\tup\tor\nputting\ton\tmakeup.\nOne\tof\tthe\tmost\tpotent\u2014and,\toutside\ttherapy,\tlittle\tused\u2014antidotes\nto\tdepression\tis\tseeing\tthings\tdifferently,\tor\t\ncognitive\trefraining\n.\tIt\tis\nnatural\tto\tbemoan\tthe\tend\tof\ta\trelationship\tand\tto\twallow\tin\tself-\npitying\tthoughts\tsuch\tas\tthe\tconviction\tthat\t\u201cthis\tmeans\tI\u2019ll\talways\tbe\nalone,\u201d\tbut\tit\u2019s\tsure\tto\tthicken\tthe\tsense\tof\tdespair.\tHowever,\tstepping\nback\tand\tthinking\tabout\tthe\tways\tthe\trelationship\twasn\u2019t\tso\tgreat,\nand\tways\tyou\tand\tyour\tpartner\twere\tmismatched\u2014in\tother\twords,\nseeing\tthe\tloss\tdifferently,\tin\ta\tmore\tpositive\tlight\u2014is\tan\tantidote\tto\nthe\tsadness.\tBy\tthe\tsame\ttoken,\tcancer\tpatients,\tno\tmatter\thow\nserious\ttheir\tcondition,\twere\tin\tbetter\tmoods\tif\tthey\twere\table\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4cd9de088c8d-2", "page_content": "bring\tto\tmind\tanother\tpatient\twho\twas\tin\teven\tworse\tshape\t(\u201cI\u2019m\tnot\nso\tbad\toff\u2014at\tleast\tI\tcan\twalk\u201d);\tthose\twho\tcompared\tthemselves\tto\nhealthy\tpeople\twere\tthe\tmost\tdepressed.\n18\n\tSuch\tdownward\ncomparisons\tare\tsurprisingly\tcheering:\tsuddenly\twhat\thad\tseemed\nquite\tdispiriting\tdoesn\u2019t\tlook\tall\tthat\tbad.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fafcb0519fd0-0", "page_content": "Another\teffective\tdepression-lifter\tis\thelping\tothers\tin\tneed.\tSince\ndepression\t\nfeeds\ton\truminations\tand\tpreoccupations\twith\tthe\tself,\nhelping\tothers\tlifts\tus\tout\tof\tthose\tpreoccupations\tas\twe\tempathize\nwith\tpeople\tin\tpain\tof\ttheir\town.\tThrowing\toneself\tinto\tvolunteer\nwork\u2014coaching\tLittle\tLeague,\tbeing\ta\tBig\tBrother,\tfeeding\tthe\nhomeless\u2014was\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tpowerful\tmood-changers\tin\tTice\u2019s\nstudy.\tBut\tit\twas\talso\tone\tof\tthe\trarest.\nFinally,\tat\tleast\tsome\tpeople\tare\table\tto\tfind\trelief\tfrom\ttheir\nmelancholy\tin\tturning\tto\ta\ttranscendent\tpower.\tTice\ttold\tme,\n\u201cPraying,\tif\tyou\u2019re\tvery\treligious,\tworks\tfor\tall\tmoods,\tespecially\ndepression.\u201d\nREPRESSORS:\tUPBEAT\tDENIAL\n\u201cHe\tkicked\this\troommate\tin\tthe\tstomach\t\u2026\u201d\tthe\tsentence\tbegins.\tIt\nends,\t\u201c\u2026\tbut\the\tmeant\tto\tturn\ton\tthe\tlight.\u201d\nThat\ttransformation\tof\tan\tact\tof\taggression\tinto\tan\tinnocent,\tif\nslightly\timplausible,\tmistake\tis\trepression\tcaptured\t\nin\tvivo\n.\tIt\twas\ncomposed\tby\ta\tcollege\tstudent\twho\thad\tvolunteered\tfor\ta\tstudy\tof\nrepressors\n,\tpeople\twho\thabitually\tand\tautomatically\tseem\tto\tblot\nemotional\tdisturbance\tfrom\ttheir\tawareness.\tThe\tbeginning\tfragment\n\u201cHe\tkicked\this\troommate\tin\tthe\tstomach\t\u2026\u201d\twas\tgiven\tto\tthis\tstudent", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fafcb0519fd0-1", "page_content": "as\tpart\tof\ta\tsentence-completion\ttest.\tOther\ttests\tshowed\tthat\tthis\nsmall\tact\tof\tmental\tavoidance\twas\tpart\tof\ta\tlarger\tpattern\tin\this\tlife,\ta\npattern\tof\ttuning\tout\tmost\temotional\tupset.\n19\n\tWhile\tat\tfirst\nresearchers\tsaw\trepressors\tas\ta\tprime\texample\tof\tthe\tinability\tto\tfeel\nemotion\u2014cousins\tof\talexithymics,\tperhaps\u2014current\tthinking\tsees\nthem\tas\tquite\tproficient\tin\tregulating\temotion.\tThey\thave\tbecome\tso\nadept\tat\tbuffering\tthemselves\tagainst\tnegative\tfeelings,\tit\tseems,\tthat\nthey\tare\tnot\teven\taware\tof\tthe\tnegativity.\tRather\tthan\tcalling\tthem\nrepressors,\tas\thas\tbeen\tthe\tcustom\tamong\tresearchers,\ta\tmore\tapt\nterm\tmight\tbe\t\nunflappables\n.\nMuch\tof\tthis\tresearch,\tdone\tprincipally\tby\tDaniel\tWeinberger,\ta\npsychologist\tnow\tat\tCase\tWestern\tReserve\tUniversity,\tshows\tthat\nwhile\tsuch\tpeople\tmay\tseem\tcalm\tand\timperturbable,\tthey\tcan\nsometimes\tseethe\twith\tphysiological\tupsets\tthey\tare\toblivious\tto.\nDuring\tthe\tsentence-completion\ttest,\tvolunteers\twere\talso\tbeing\nmonitored\tfor\ttheir\tlevel\tof\tphysiological\tarousal.\tThe\trepressors\u2019\nveneer\tof\tcalm\twas\tbelied\tby\tthe\tagitation\tof\ttheir\tbodies:\twhen\tfaced", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5dd1e314cb7e-0", "page_content": "with\tthe\tsentence\tabout\tthe\tviolent\troommate\tand\tothers\tlike\tit,\tthey\ngave\tall\tthe\tsigns\tof\tanxiety,\tsuch\tas\ta\tracing\theart,\tsweating,\tand\nclimbing\tblood\tpressure.\tYet\twhen\tasked,\tthey\tsaid\tthey\tfelt\tperfectly\ncalm.\nThis\tcontinual\ttuning-out\tof\temotions\tsuch\tas\tanger\tand\tanxiety\tis\nnot\t\nuncommon:\tabout\tone\tperson\tin\tsix\tshows\tthe\tpattern,\taccording\nto\tWeinberger.\tIn\ttheory,\tchildren\tmight\tlearn\tto\tbecome\tunflappable\nin\tany\tof\tseveral\tways.\tOne\tmight\tbe\tas\ta\tstrategy\tfor\tsurviving\ta\ntroubling\tsituation\tsuch\tas\thaving\tan\talcoholic\tparent\tin\ta\tfamily\nwhere\tthe\tproblem\titself\tis\tdenied.\tAnother\tmight\tbe\thaving\ta\tparent\nor\tparents\twho\tare\tthemselves\trepressors\tand\tso\tpass\ton\tthe\texample\nof\tperennial\tcheerfulness\tor\ta\tstiff\tupper\tlip\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tdisturbing\nfeelings.\tOr\tthe\ttrait\tmay\tsimply\tbe\tinherited\ttemperament.\tWhile\tno\none\tcan\tsay\tas\tyet\tjust\thow\tsuch\ta\tpattern\tbegins\tin\tlife,\tby\tthe\ttime\nrepressors\treach\tadulthood\tthey\tare\tcool\tand\tcollected\tunder\tduress.\nThe\tquestion\tremains,\tof\tcourse,\tas\tto\tjust\thow\tcalm\tand\tcool\tthey\nactually\tare.\tCan\tthey\treally\tbe\tunaware\tof\tthe\tphysical\tsigns\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5dd1e314cb7e-1", "page_content": "distressing\temotions,\tor\tare\tthey\tsimply\tfeigning\tcalm?\tThe\tanswer\tto\nthat\thas\tcome\tfrom\tclever\tresearch\tby\tRichard\tDavidson,\ta\tUniversity\nof\tWisconsin\tpsychologist\tand\tan\tearly\tcollaborator\twith\tWeinberger.\nDavidson\thad\tpeople\twith\tthe\tunflappable\tpattern\tfree-associate\tto\ta\nlist\tof\twords,\tmost\tneutral,\tbut\tseveral\twith\thostile\tor\tsexual\nmeanings\tthat\tstir\tanxiety\tin\talmost\teveryone.\tAnd,\tas\ttheir\tbodily\nreactions\trevealed,\tthey\thad\tall\tthe\tphysiological\tsigns\tof\tdistress\tin\nresponse\tto\tthe\tloaded\twords,\teven\tthough\tthe\twords\tthey\tassociated\nto\talmost\talways\tshowed\tan\tattempt\tto\tsanitize\tthe\tupsetting\twords\nby\tlinking\tthem\tto\tan\tinnocent\tone.\tIf\tthe\tfirst\tword\twas\t\u201chate,\u201d\tthe\nresponse\tmight\tbe\t\u201clove.\u201d\nDavidson\u2019s\tstudy\ttook\tadvantage\tof\tthe\tfact\tthat\t(in\tright-handed\npeople)\ta\tkey\tcenter\tfor\tprocessing\tnegative\temotion\tis\tin\tthe\tright\nhalf\tof\tthe\tbrain,\twhile\tthe\tcenter\tfor\tspeaking\tis\tin\tthe\tleft.\tOnce\tthe\nright\themisphere\trecognizes\tthat\ta\tword\tis\tupsetting,\tit\ttransmits\tthat\ninformation\tacross\tthe\tcorpus\tcallosum,\tthe\tgreat\tdivide\tbetween\tthe\nbrain\u2019s\thalves,\tto\tthe\tspeech\tcenter,\tand\ta\tword\tis\tspoken\tin\tresponse.\nUsing\tan\tintricate\tarrangement\tof\tlenses,\tDavidson\twas\table\tto\tdisplay\na\tword\tso\tthat\tit\twas\tseen\tin\tonly\thalf\tof\tthe\tvisual\tfield.\tBecause\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5dd1e314cb7e-2", "page_content": "the\tneural\twiring\tof\tthe\tvisual\tsystem,\tif\tthe\tdisplay\twas\tto\tthe\tleft\nhalf\tof\tthe\tvisual\tfield,\tit\twas\trecognized\tfirst\tby\tthe\tright\thalf\tof\tthe\nbrain,\twith\tits\tsensitivity\tto\tdistress.\tIf\tthe\tdisplay\twas\tto\tthe\tright\nhalf\tof\tthe\tvisual\tfield,\tthe\tsignal\twent\tto\tthe\tleft\tside\tof\tthe\tbrain", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "11cff8a13d3e-0", "page_content": "without\tbeing\tassessed\tfor\tupset.\nWhen\tthe\twords\twere\tpresented\tto\tthe\tright\themisphere,\tthere\twas\na\tlag\tin\tthe\ttime\tit\ttook\tthe\tunflappables\tto\tutter\ta\tresponse\u2014but\tonly\nif\tthe\tword\tthey\twere\tresponding\tto\twas\tone\tof\tthe\tupsetting\tones.\nThey\thad\t\nno\n\ttime\tlag\tin\tthe\tspeed\tof\ttheir\tassociations\tto\t\nneutral\nwords.\tThe\tlag\tshowed\tup\t\nonly\n\twhen\tthe\twords\twere\tpresented\tto\tthe\nright\themisphere,\tnot\tto\tthe\tleft.\tIn\t\nshort,\ttheir\tunflappableness\tseems\ndue\tto\ta\tneural\tmechanism\tthat\tslows\tor\tinterferes\twith\tthe\ttransfer\tof\nupsetting\tinformation.\tThe\timplication\tis\tthat\tthey\tare\t\nnot\n\tfaking\ttheir\nlack\tof\tawareness\tabout\thow\tupset\tthey\tare;\ttheir\tbrain\tis\tkeeping\nthat\tinformation\tfrom\tthem.\tMore\tprecisely,\tthe\tlayer\tof\tmellow\nfeeling\tthat\tcovers\tover\tsuch\tdisturbing\tperceptions\tmay\twell\tbe\tdue\nto\tthe\tworkings\tof\tthe\tleft\tprefrontal\tlobe.\tTo\this\tsurprise,\twhen\nDavidson\tmeasured\tactivity\tlevels\tin\ttheir\tprefrontal\tlobes,\tthey\thad\ta\ndecided\tpredominance\tof\tactivity\ton\tthe\tleft\u2014the\tcenter\tfor\tgood\nfeeling\u2014and\tless\ton\tthe\tright,\tthe\tcenter\tfor\tnegativity.\nThese\tpeople\t\u201cpresent\tthemselves\tin\ta\tpositive\tlight,\twith\tan\tupbeat\nmood,\u201d\tDavidson\ttold\tme.\t\u201cThey\tdeny\tthat\tstress\tis\tupsetting\tthem", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "11cff8a13d3e-1", "page_content": "and\tshow\ta\tpattern\tof\tleft\tfrontal\tactivation\twhile\tjust\tsitting\tat\trest\nthat\tis\tassociated\twith\tpositive\tfeelings.\tThis\tbrain\tactivity\tmay\tbe\tthe\nkey\tto\ttheir\tpositive\tclaims,\tdespite\tthe\tunderlying\tphysiological\narousal\tthat\tlooks\tlike\tdistress.\u201d\tDavidson\u2019s\ttheory\tis\tthat,\tin\tterms\tof\nbrain\tactivity,\tit\tis\tenergy-demanding\twork\tto\texperience\tdistressing\nrealities\tin\ta\tpositive\tlight.\tThe\tincreased\tphysiological\tarousal\tmay\nbe\tdue\tto\tthe\tsustained\tattempt\tby\tthe\tneural\tcircuitry\tto\tmaintain\npositive\tfeelings\tor\tto\tsuppress\tor\tinhibit\tany\tnegative\tones.\nIn\tshort,\tunflappableness\tis\ta\tkind\tof\tupbeat\tdenial,\ta\tpositive\ndissociation\u2014and,\tpossibly,\ta\tclue\tto\tneural\tmechanisms\tat\tplay\tin\nthe\tmore\tsevere\tdissociative\tstates\tthat\tcan\toccur\tin,\tsay,\tpost-\ntraumatic\tstress\tdisorder.\tWhen\tit\tis\tsimply\tinvolved\tin\tequanimity,\nsays\tDavidson,\t\u201cit\tseems\tto\tbe\ta\tsuccessful\tstrategy\tfor\temotional\tself-\nregulation\u201d\tthough\twith\tan\tunknown\tcost\tto\tself-awareness.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3ae124ef119c-0", "page_content": "6\nThe\tMaster\tAptitude\nJust\tonce\tin\tmy\tlife\thave\tI\tbeen\tparalyzed\tby\tfear.\tThe\toccasion\twas\ta\tcalculus\texam\nduring\tmy\tfreshman\tyear\tin\tcollege\tfor\twhich\tI\tsomehow\thad\tmanaged\tnot\tto\tstudy.\tI\nstill\tremember\tthe\troom\tI\tmarched\tto\tthat\tspring\tmorning\twith\tfeelings\tof\tdoom\tand\nforeboding\theavy\tin\tmy\theart.\tI\thad\tbeen\tin\tthat\tlecture\thall\tfor\tmany\tclasses.\tThis\nmorning,\tthough,\tI\tnoticed\tnothing\tthrough\tthe\twindows\tand\tdid\tnot\tsee\tthe\thall\tat\nall.\tMy\tgaze\tshrank\tto\tthe\tpatch\tof\tfloor\tdirectly\tin\tfront\tof\tme\tas\tI\tmade\tmy\tway\tto\ta\nseat\tnear\tthe\tdoor.\tAs\tI\topened\tthe\tblue\tcover\tof\tmy\texam\tbook,\tthere\twas\tthe\tthump\nin\tmy\tears\tof\theartbeat,\tthere\twas\tthe\ttaste\tof\tanxiety\tin\tthe\tpit\tof\tmy\tstomach.\nI\tlooked\tat\tthe\texam\tquestions\tonce,\tquickly.\tHopeless.\tFor\tan\thour\tI\tstared\tat\tthat\npage,\tmy\tmind\tracing\tover\tthe\tconsequences\tI\twould\tsuffer.\tThe\tsame\tthoughts\nrepeated\tthemselves\tover\tand\tover,\ta\ttape\tloop\tof\tfear\tand\ttrembling.\tI\tsat\tmotionless,\nlike\tan\tanimal\tfrozen\tin\tmid-move\tby\tcurare.\tWhat\tstrikes\tme\tmost\tabout\tthat\tdreadful\nmoment\twas\thow\tconstricted\tmy\tmind\tbecame.\tI\tdid\tnot\tspend\tthe\thour\tin\ta\tdesperate", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3ae124ef119c-1", "page_content": "attempt\tto\tpatch\ttogether\tsome\tsemblance\tof\tanswers\tto\tthe\ttest.\tI\tdid\tnot\tdaydream.\tI\nsimply\tsat\tfixated\ton\tmy\tterror,\twaiting\tfor\tthe\tordeal\tto\tfinish.\n1\nThat\tnarrative\tof\tan\tordeal\tby\tterror\tis\tmy\town;\tit\tis\tto\tthis\tday\tfor\nme\tthe\tmost\tconvincing\tevidence\tof\tthe\tdevastating\timpact\tof\nemotional\tdistress\ton\tmental\tclarity.\tI\tnow\tsee\tthat\tmy\tordeal\twas\nmost\tlikely\ta\ttestament\tto\tthe\tpower\tof\tthe\temotional\tbrain\tto\noverpower,\teven\tparalyze,\tthe\tthinking\tbrain.\nThe\textent\tto\twhich\temotional\tupsets\tcan\tinterfere\twith\tmental\tlife\nis\tno\tnews\tto\tteachers.\tStudents\twho\tare\tanxious,\tangry,\tor\tdepressed\ndon\u2019t\tlearn;\tpeople\twho\tare\tcaught\tin\tthese\tstates\tdo\tnot\ttake\tin\ninformation\tefficiently\tor\tdeal\twith\tit\twell.\tAs\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t5\n,\npowerful\tnegative\temotions\ttwist\t\nattention\ttoward\ttheir\town\npreoccupations,\tinterfering\twith\tthe\tattempt\tto\tfocus\telsewhere.\nIndeed,\tone\tof\tthe\tsigns\tthat\tfeelings\thave\tveered\tover\tthe\tline\tinto\nthe\tpathological\tis\tthat\tthey\tare\tso\tintrusive\tthey\toverwhelm\tall\tother\nthought,\tcontinually\tsabotaging\tattempts\tto\tpay\tattention\tto\twhatever\nother\ttask\tis\tat\thand.\tFor\tthe\tperson\tgoing\tthrough\tan\tupsetting\ndivorce\u2014or\tthe\tchild\twhose\tparents\tare\u2014the\tmind\tdoes\tnot\tstay\tlong", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f727ceb6a71a-0", "page_content": "on\tthe\tcomparatively\ttrivial\troutines\tof\tthe\twork\tor\tschool\tday;\tfor\nthe\tclinically\tdepressed,\tthoughts\tof\tself-pity\tand\tdespair,\nhopelessness\tand\thelplessness,\toverride\tall\tothers.\nWhen\temotions\toverwhelm\tconcentration,\twhat\tis\tbeing\tswamped\nis\tthe\tmental\tcapacity\tcognitive\tscientists\tcall\t\u201cworking\tmemory,\u201d\tthe\nability\tto\thold\tin\tmind\tall\tinformation\trelevant\tto\tthe\ttask\tat\thand.\nWhat\toccupies\tworking\tmemory\tcan\tbe\tas\tmundane\tas\tthe\tdigits\tthat\ncompose\ta\ttelephone\tnumber\tor\tas\tcomplicated\tas\tthe\tintricate\tplot\nlines\ta\tnovelist\tis\ttrying\tto\tweave\ttogether.\tWorking\tmemory\tis\tan\nexecutive\tfunction\tpar\texcellence\tin\tmental\tlife,\tmaking\tpossible\tall\nother\tintellectual\tefforts,\tfrom\tspeaking\ta\tsentence\tto\ttackling\ta\nknotty\tlogical\tproposition.\n2\n\tThe\tprefrontal\tcortex\texecutes\tworking\nmemory\u2014and,\tremember,\tis\twhere\tfeelings\tand\temotions\tmeet.\n3\nWhen\tthe\tlimbic\tcircuitry\tthat\tconverges\ton\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tis\tin\nthe\tthrall\tof\temotional\tdistress,\tone\tcost\tis\tin\tthe\teffectiveness\tof\nworking\tmemory:\twe\tcan\u2019t\tthink\tstraight,\tas\tI\tdiscovered\tduring\tthat\ndread\tcalculus\texam.\nOn\tthe\tother\thand,\tconsider\tthe\trole\tof\tpositive\tmotivation\u2014the\nmarshaling\tof\tfeelings\tlike\tenthusiasm\tand\tconfidence\tto\tenhance\nachievement.\tStudies\tof\tOlympic\tathletes,\tworld-class\tmusicians,\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f727ceb6a71a-1", "page_content": "achievement.\tStudies\tof\tOlympic\tathletes,\tworld-class\tmusicians,\tand\nchess\tgrand\tmasters\tfind\ttheir\tunifying\ttrait\tis\tthe\tability\tto\tmotivate\nthemselves\tto\tpursue\trelentless\ttraining\troutines.\n4\n\tAnd,\twith\ta\tsteady\nrise\tin\tthe\tdegree\tof\texcellence\trequired\tto\tbe\ta\tworld-class\tperformer,\nthese\trigorous\ttraining\troutines\tnow\tincreasingly\tmust\tbegin\tin\nchildhood.\tAt\tthe\t1992\tOlympics,\ttwelve-year-old\tmembers\tof\tthe\nChinese\tdiving\tteam\thad\tput\tin\tas\tmany\ttotal\tlifetime\tpractice\tdives\nas\thad\tmembers\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tteam\tin\ttheir\tearly\ttwenties\u2014the\nChinese\tdivers\tstarted\ttheir\trigorous\ttraining\tat\tage\tfour.\tLikewise,\tthe\nbest\tviolin\tvirtuosos\tof\tthe\ttwentieth\tcentury\tbegan\tstudying\ttheir\ninstrument\tat\taround\tage\tfive;\tinternational\tchess\tchampions\tstarted\non\tthe\tgame\tat\tan\taverage\tage\tof\tseven,\twhile\tthose\twho\trose\tonly\tto\nnational\tprominence\tstarted\tat\tten.\tStarting\tearlier\toffers\ta\tlifetime\nedge:\tthe\ttop\tviolin\tstudents\tat\tthe\tbest\tmusic\tacademy\tin\tBerlin,\tall\nin\ttheir\tearly\ttwenties,\thad\tput\tin\tten\tthousand\ttotal\thours\u2019\tlifetime\npractice,\twhile\tthe\tsecond-tier\tstudents\taveraged\taround\tseventy-five\nhundred\thours.\nWhat\tseems\tto\tset\tapart\tthose\tat\tthe\tvery\ttop\tof\tcompetitive\npursuits\tfrom\tothers\tof\troughly\tequal\tability\tis\tthe\tdegree\tto\twhich,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f727ceb6a71a-2", "page_content": "beginning\tearly\tin\tlife,\tthey\tcan\tpursue\tan\tarduous\tpractice\troutine\nfor\tyears\tand\tyears.\tAnd\tthat\tdoggedness\tdepends\ton\temotional\ttraits", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fec281383221-0", "page_content": "\u2014enthusiasm\tand\tpersistence\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tsetbacks\u2014above\tall\telse.\nThe\tadded\tpayoff\tfor\tlife\tsuccess\tfrom\tmotivation,\tapart\tfrom\tother\ninnate\tabilities,\tcan\tbe\tseen\tin\tthe\tremarkable\tperformance\tof\tAsian\nstudents\tin\tAmerican\tschools\tand\tprofessions.\tOne\tthorough\treview\tof\nthe\tevidence\tsuggests\tthat\tAsian-American\tchildren\tmay\thave\tan\naverage\tIQ\tadvantage\tover\twhites\tof\tjust\ttwo\tor\tthree\tpoints.\n5\n\tYet\ton\nthe\tbasis\tof\tthe\tprofessions,\tsuch\tas\tlaw\tand\tmedicine,\tthat\tmany\nAsian-Americans\tend\tup\tin,\tas\ta\tgroup\tthey\tbehave\tas\tthough\ttheir\tIQ\nwere\tmuch\thigher\u2014the\tequivalent\tof\tan\tIQ\tof\t110\tfor\tJapanese-\nAmericans\tand\tof\t120\tfor\tChinese-Americans.\n6\n\tThe\treason\tseems\tto\tbe\nthat\tfrom\tthe\tearliest\tyears\tof\tschool,\tAsian\tchildren\twork\tharder\tthan\nwhites.\tSanford\tDorenbusch,\ta\tStanford\tsociologist\twho\tstudied\tmore\nthan\tten\tthousand\thigh-school\tstudents,\tfound\tthat\tAsian-Americans\nspent\t40\tpercent\tmore\ttime\tdoing\thomework\tthan\tdid\tother\tstudents.\n\u201cWhile\tmost\tAmerican\tparents\tare\twilling\tto\taccept\ta\tchild\u2019s\tweak\nareas\tand\temphasize\tthe\tstrengths,\tfor\tAsians,\tthe\tattitude\tis\tthat\tif\nyou\u2019re\tnot\tdoing\twell,\tthe\tanswer\tis\tto\tstudy\tlater\tat\tnight,\tand\tif\tyou\nstill\tdon\u2019t\tdo\twell,\tto\tget\tup\tand\tstudy\tearlier\tin\tthe\tmorning.\tThey", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fec281383221-1", "page_content": "believe\tthat\tanyone\tcan\tdo\twell\tin\tschool\twith\tthe\tright\teffort.\u201d\tIn\nshort,\ta\tstrong\tcultural\twork\tethic\ttranslates\tinto\thigher\tmotivation,\nzeal,\tand\tpersistence\u2014an\temotional\tedge.\nTo\tthe\tdegree\tthat\tour\temotions\tget\tin\tthe\tway\tof\tor\tenhance\tour\nability\tto\tthink\tand\tplan,\tto\tpursue\ttraining\tfor\ta\tdistant\tgoal,\tto\tsolve\nproblems\tand\tthe\tlike,\tthey\tdefine\tthe\tlimits\tof\tour\tcapacity\tto\tuse\tour\ninnate\tmental\tabilities,\tand\tso\tdetermine\thow\twe\tdo\tin\tlife.\tAnd\tto\nthe\tdegree\tto\twhich\twe\tare\tmotivated\tby\tfeelings\tof\tenthusiasm\tand\npleasure\tin\twhat\twe\tdo\u2014or\teven\tby\tan\toptimal\tdegree\tof\tanxiety\u2014\nthey\tpropel\tus\tto\taccomplishment.\tIt\tis\tin\tthis\tsense\tthat\temotional\nintelligence\tis\ta\tmaster\taptitude,\ta\tcapacity\tthat\tprofoundly\taffects\tall\nother\tabilities,\teither\tfacilitating\tor\tinterfering\twith\tthem.\nIMPULSE\tCONTROL:\tTHE\tMARSHMALLOW\tTEST\nJust\timagine\tyou\u2019re\tfour\tyears\told,\tand\tsomeone\tmakes\tthe\tfollowing\nproposal:\tIf\tyou\u2019ll\twait\tuntil\tafter\the\truns\tan\terrand,\tyou\tcan\thave\ttwo\nmarshmallows\t\nfor\ta\ttreat.\tIf\tyou\tcan\u2019t\twait\tuntil\tthen,\tyou\tcan\thave\nonly\tone\u2014but\tyou\tcan\thave\tit\tright\tnow.\tIt\tis\ta\tchallenge\tsure\tto\ttry\nthe\tsoul\tof\tany\tfour-year-old,\ta\tmicrocosm\tof\tthe\teternal\tbattle", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fec281383221-2", "page_content": "between\timpulse\tand\trestraint,\tid\tand\tego,\tdesire\tand\tself-control,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dcfc71ff2bfe-0", "page_content": "gratification\tand\tdelay.\tWhich\tof\tthese\tchoices\ta\tchild\tmakes\tis\ta\ntelling\ttest;\tit\toffers\ta\tquick\treading\tnot\tjust\tof\tcharacter,\tbut\tof\tthe\ntrajectory\tthat\tchild\twill\tprobably\ttake\tthrough\tlife.\nThere\tis\tperhaps\tno\tpsychological\tskill\tmore\tfundamental\tthan\nresisting\timpulse.\tIt\tis\tthe\troot\tof\tall\temotional\tself-control,\tsince\tall\nemotions,\tby\ttheir\tvery\tnature,\tlead\tto\tone\tor\tanother\timpulse\tto\tact.\nThe\troot\tmeaning\tof\tthe\tword\t\nemotion\n,\tremember,\tis\t\u201cto\tmove.\u201d\tThe\ncapacity\tto\tresist\tthat\timpulse\tto\tact,\tto\tsquelch\tthe\tincipient\nmovement,\tmost\tlikely\ttranslates\tat\tthe\tlevel\tof\tbrain\tfunction\tinto\ninhibition\tof\tlimbic\tsignals\tto\tthe\tmotor\tcortex,\tthough\tsuch\tan\ninterpretation\tmust\tremain\tspeculative\tfor\tnow.\nAt\tany\trate,\ta\tremarkable\tstudy\tin\twhich\tthe\tmarshmallow\nchallenge\twas\tposed\tto\tfour-year-olds\tshows\tjust\thow\tfundamental\tis\nthe\tability\tto\trestrain\tthe\temotions\tand\tso\tdelay\timpulse.\tBegun\tby\npsychologist\tWalter\tMischel\tduring\tthe\t1960s\tat\ta\tpreschool\ton\tthe\nStanford\tUniversity\tcampus\tand\tinvolving\tmainly\tchildren\tof\tStanford\nfaculty,\tgraduate\tstudents,\tand\tother\temployees,\tthe\tstudy\ttracked\ndown\tthe\tfour-year-olds\tas\tthey\twere\tgraduating\tfrom\thigh\tschool.\n7\nSome\tfour-year-olds\twere\table\tto\twait\twhat\tmust\tsurely\thave", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dcfc71ff2bfe-1", "page_content": "seemed\tan\tendless\tfifteen\tto\ttwenty\tminutes\tfor\tthe\texperimenter\tto\nreturn.\tTo\tsustain\tthemselves\tin\ttheir\tstruggle\tthey\tcovered\ttheir\teyes\nso\tthey\twouldn\u2019t\thave\tto\tstare\tat\ttemptation,\tor\trested\ttheir\theads\tin\ntheir\tarms,\ttalked\tto\tthemselves,\tsang,\tplayed\tgames\twith\ttheir\thands\nand\tfeet,\teven\ttried\tto\tgo\tto\tsleep.\tThese\tplucky\tpreschoolers\tgot\tthe\ntwo-marshmallow\treward.\tBut\tothers,\tmore\timpulsive,\tgrabbed\tthe\none\tmarshmallow,\talmost\talways\twithin\tseconds\tof\tthe\texperimenter\u2019s\nleaving\tthe\troom\ton\this\t\u201cerrand.\u201d\nThe\tdiagnostic\tpower\tof\thow\tthis\tmoment\tof\timpulse\twas\thandled\nbecame\tclear\tsome\ttwelve\tto\tfourteen\tyears\tlater,\twhen\tthese\tsame\nchildren\twere\ttracked\tdown\tas\tadolescents.\tThe\temotional\tand\tsocial\ndifference\tbetween\tthe\tgrab-the-marshmallow\tpreschoolers\tand\ttheir\ngratification-delaying\tpeers\twas\tdramatic.\tThose\twho\thad\tresisted\ntemptation\tat\tfour\twere\tnow,\tas\tadolescents,\tmore\tsocially\tcompetent:\npersonally\teffective,\tself-assertive,\tand\tbetter\table\tto\tcope\twith\tthe\nfrustrations\tof\tlife.\tThey\twere\tless\tlikely\tto\tgo\tto\tpieces,\tfreeze,\tor\nregress\tunder\tstress,\tor\tbecome\trattled\tand\tdisorganized\twhen\npressured;\tthey\tembraced\tchallenges\tand\tpursued\tthem\tinstead\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dcfc71ff2bfe-2", "page_content": "pressured;\tthey\tembraced\tchallenges\tand\tpursued\tthem\tinstead\tof\ngiving\tup\teven\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tdifficulties;\tthey\twere\tself-reliant\tand\nconfident,\ttrustworthy\tand\tdependable;\tand\tthey\ttook\tinitiative\tand\nplunged\t\ninto\tprojects.\tAnd,\tmore\tthan\ta\tdecade\tlater,\tthey\twere\tstill", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fff1c720d620-0", "page_content": "able\tto\tdelay\tgratification\tin\tpursuit\tof\ttheir\tgoals.\nThe\tthird\tor\tso\twho\tgrabbed\tfor\tthe\tmarshmallow,\thowever,\ttended\nto\thave\tfewer\tof\tthese\tqualities,\tand\tshared\tinstead\ta\trelatively\tmore\ntroubled\tpsychological\tportrait.\tIn\tadolescence\tthey\twere\tmore\tlikely\nto\tbe\tseen\tas\tshying\taway\tfrom\tsocial\tcontacts;\tto\tbe\tstubborn\tand\nindecisive;\tto\tbe\teasily\tupset\tby\tfrustrations;\tto\tthink\tof\tthemselves\tas\n\u201cbad\u201d\tor\tunworthy;\tto\tregress\tor\tbecome\timmobilized\tby\tstress;\tto\tbe\nmistrustful\tand\tresentful\tabout\tnot\t\u201cgetting\tenough\u201d;\tto\tbe\tprone\tto\njealousy\tand\tenvy;\tto\toverreact\tto\tirritations\twith\ta\tsharp\ttemper,\tso\nprovoking\targuments\tand\tfights.\tAnd,\tafter\tall\tthose\tyears,\tthey\tstill\nwere\tunable\tto\tput\toff\tgratification.\nWhat\tshows\tup\tin\ta\tsmall\tway\tearly\tin\tlife\tblossoms\tinto\ta\twide\nrange\tof\tsocial\tand\temotional\tcompetences\tas\tlife\tgoes\ton.\tThe\ncapacity\tto\timpose\ta\tdelay\ton\timpulse\tis\tat\tthe\troot\tof\ta\tplethora\tof\nefforts,\tfrom\tstaying\ton\ta\tdiet\tto\tpursuing\ta\tmedical\tdegree.\tSome\nchildren,\teven\tat\tfour,\thad\tmastered\tthe\tbasics:\tthey\twere\table\tto\tread\nthe\tsocial\tsituation\tas\tone\twhere\tdelay\twas\tbeneficial,\tto\tpry\ttheir", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fff1c720d620-1", "page_content": "attention\tfrom\tfocusing\ton\tthe\ttemptation\tat\thand,\tand\tto\tdistract\nthemselves\twhile\tmaintaining\tthe\tnecessary\tperseverance\ttoward\ttheir\ngoal\u2014the\ttwo\tmarshmallows.\nEven\tmore\tsurprising,\twhen\tthe\ttested\tchildren\twere\tevaluated\nagain\tas\tthey\twere\tfinishing\thigh\tschool,\tthose\twho\thad\twaited\npatiently\tat\tfour\twere\tfar\tsuperior\t\nas\tstudents\n\tto\tthose\twho\thad\tacted\non\twhim.\tAccording\tto\ttheir\tparents\u2019\tevaluations,\tthey\twere\tmore\nacademically\tcompetent:\tbetter\table\tto\tput\ttheir\tideas\tinto\twords,\tto\nuse\tand\trespond\tto\treason,\tto\tconcentrate,\tto\tmake\tplans\tand\tfollow\nthrough\ton\tthem,\tand\tmore\teager\tto\tlearn.\tMost\tastonishingly,\tthey\nhad\tdramatically\thigher\tscores\ton\ttheir\tSAT\ttests.\tThe\tthird\tof\nchildren\twho\tat\tfour\tgrabbed\tfor\tthe\tmarshmallow\tmost\teagerly\thad\nan\taverage\tverbal\tscore\tof\t524\tand\tquantitative\t(or\t\u201cmath\u201d)\tscore\tof\n528;\tthe\tthird\twho\twaited\tlongest\thad\taverage\tscores\tof\t610\tand\t652,\nrespectively\u2014a\t210-point\tdifference\tin\ttotal\tscore.\n8\nAt\tage\tfour,\thow\tchildren\tdo\ton\tthis\ttest\tof\tdelay\tof\tgratification\tis\ntwice\tas\tpowerful\ta\tpredictor\tof\twhat\ttheir\tSAT\tscores\twill\tbe\tas\tis\tIQ\nat\tage\tfour;\tIQ\tbecomes\ta\tstronger\tpredictor\tof\tSAT\tonly\tafter\nchildren\tlearn\tto\tread.\n9", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fff1c720d620-2", "page_content": "children\tlearn\tto\tread.\n9\n\tThis\tsuggests\tthat\tthe\tability\tto\tdelay\ngratification\tcontributes\tpowerfully\tto\tintellectual\tpotential\tquite\napart\tfrom\tIQ\titself.\t(Poor\timpulse\tcontrol\tin\tchildhood\tis\talso\ta\npowerful\tpredictor\tof\tlater\tdelinquency,\tagain\tmore\tso\tthan\tIQ.\n10\n)\tAs\nwe\tshall\tsee\tin\tPart\tFive,\twhile\tsome\targue\tthat\tIQ\tcannot\tbe\tchanged", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e02778da031b-0", "page_content": "and\tso\trepresents\tan\tunbendable\tlimitation\ton\ta\tchild\u2019s\tlife\tpotential,\nthere\tis\tample\tevidence\tthat\temotional\tskills\tsuch\tas\timpulse\tcontrol\nand\taccurately\treading\ta\tsocial\tsituation\t\ncan\n\tbe\tlearned.\nWhat\tWalter\tMischel,\twho\tdid\tthe\tstudy,\tdescribes\twith\tthe\trather\ninfelicitous\tphrase\t\u201cgoal-directed\tself-imposed\tdelay\tof\tgratification\u201d\nis\tperhaps\tthe\tessence\tof\temotional\tself-regulation:\tthe\tability\tto\tdeny\nimpulse\tin\tthe\tservice\tof\ta\tgoal,\twhether\tit\tbe\tbuilding\ta\tbusiness,\nsolving\tan\talgebraic\tequation,\tor\tpursuing\tthe\tStanley\tCup.\tHis\nfinding\tunderscores\tthe\trole\tof\temotional\tintelligence\tas\ta\tmeta-\nability,\tdetermining\thow\twell\tor\thow\tpoorly\tpeople\tare\table\tto\tuse\ntheir\tother\tmental\tcapacities.\nFOUL\tMOODS,\tFOULED\tTHINKING\nI\tworry\tabout\tmy\tson.\tHe\tjust\tstarted\tplaying\ton\tthe\tvarsity\tfootball\tteam,\tso\the\u2019s\nbound\tto\tget\tan\tinjury\tsometime.\tIt\u2019s\tso\tnerve-wracking\tto\twatch\thim\tplay\tthat\tI\u2019ve\nstopped\tgoing\tto\this\tgames.\tI\u2019m\tsure\tmy\tson\tmust\tbe\tdisappointed\tthat\tI\u2019m\tnot\nwatching\thim\tplay,\tbut\tit\u2019s\tsimply\ttoo\tmuch\tfor\tme\tto\ttake.\nThe\tspeaker\tis\tin\ttherapy\tfor\tanxiety;\tshe\trealizes\tthat\ther\tworry\tis\ninterfering\twith\tleading\tthe\tkind\tof\tlife\tshe\twould\tlike.\n11", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e02778da031b-1", "page_content": "11\n\tBut\twhen\tit\ncomes\ttime\tto\tmake\ta\tsimple\tdecision,\tsuch\tas\twhether\tto\twatch\ther\nson\tplay\tfootball,\ther\tmind\tfloods\twith\tthoughts\tof\tdisaster.\tShe\tis\tnot\nfree\tto\tchoose;\ther\tworries\toverwhelm\ther\treason.\nAs\twe\thave\tseen,\tworry\tis\tthe\tnub\tof\tanxiety\u2019s\tdamaging\teffect\ton\nmental\tperformance\tof\tall\tkind.\tWorry,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tin\tone\tsense\ta\nuseful\tresponse\tgone\tawry\u2014an\toverly\tzealous\tmental\tpreparation\tfor\nan\tanticipated\tthreat.\tBut\tsuch\tmental\trehearsal\tis\tdisastrous\ncognitive\tstatic\twhen\tit\tbecomes\ttrapped\tin\ta\tstale\troutine\tthat\ncaptures\tattention,\tintruding\ton\tall\tother\tattempts\tto\tfocus\telsewhere.\nAnxiety\tundermines\tthe\tintellect.\tIn\ta\tcomplex,\tintellectually\ndemanding,\tand\thigh-pressure\ttask\tsuch\tas\tthat\tof\tair\ttraffic\ncontrollers,\tfor\texample,\thaving\tchronically\thigh\tanxiety\tis\tan\talmost\nsure\tpredictor\tthat\ta\tperson\twill\teventually\tfail\tin\ttraining\tor\tin\tthe\nfield.\tThe\tanxious\tare\tmore\tlikely\tto\tfail\teven\tgiven\tsuperior\tscores\ton\nintelligence\ttests,\tas\ta\tstudy\tof\t1,790\tstudents\tin\ttraining\tfor\tair\ttraffic\ncontrol\tposts\tdiscovered.\n12\n\tAnxiety\talso\tsabotages\tacademic\nperformance\tof\tall\tkinds:\t126\tdifferent\tstudies\tof\tmore\tthan\t36,000\npeople\tfound\tthat\tthe\tmore\tprone\tto\tworries\ta\tperson\tis,\tthe\tpoorer", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6f1530d9ee4e-0", "page_content": "their\t\nacademic\tperformance,\tno\tmatter\thow\tmeasured\u2014grades\ton\ntests,\tgrade-point\taverage,\tor\tachievement\ttests.\n13\nWhen\tpeople\twho\tare\tprone\tto\tworry\tare\tasked\tto\tperform\ta\ncognitive\ttask\tsuch\tas\tsorting\tambiguous\tobjects\tinto\tone\tof\ttwo\ncategories,\tand\tnarrate\twhat\tis\tgoing\tthrough\ttheir\tmind\tas\tthey\tdo\nso,\tit\tis\tthe\tnegative\tthoughts\u2014\u201cI\twon\u2019t\tbe\table\tto\tdo\tthis,\u201d\t\u201cI\u2019m\tjust\nno\tgood\tat\tthis\tkind\tof\ttest,\u201d\tand\tthe\tlike\u2014that\tare\tfound\tto\tmost\ndirectly\tdisrupt\ttheir\tdecision-making.\tIndeed,\twhen\ta\tcomparison\ngroup\tof\tnonworriers\twas\tasked\tto\tworry\ton\tpurpose\tfor\tfifteen\nminutes,\ttheir\tability\tto\tdo\tthe\tsame\ttask\tdeteriorated\tsharply.\tAnd\nwhen\tthe\tworriers\twere\tgiven\ta\tfifteen-minute\trelaxation\tsession\u2014\nwhich\treduced\ttheir\tlevel\tof\tworrying\u2014before\ttrying\tthe\ttask,\tthey\nhad\tno\tproblem\twith\tit.\n14\nTest\tanxiety\twas\tfirst\tstudied\tscientifically\tin\tthe\t1960s\tby\tRichard\nAlpert,\twho\tconfessed\tto\tme\tthat\this\tinterest\twas\tpiqued\tbecause\tas\ta\nstudent\this\tnerves\toften\tmade\thim\tdo\tpoorly\ton\ttests,\twhile\this\ncolleague,\tRalph\tHaber,\tfound\tthat\tthe\tpressure\tbefore\tan\texam\nactually\thelped\thim\tto\tdo\tbetter.\n15\n\tTheir\tresearch,\tamong\tother\nstudies,\tshowed\tthat\tthere\tare\ttwo\tkinds\tof\tanxious\tstudents:\tthose", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6f1530d9ee4e-1", "page_content": "whose\tanxiety\tundoes\ttheir\tacademic\tperformance,\tand\tthose\twho\tare\nable\tto\tdo\twell\tdespite\tthe\tstress\u2014or,\tperhaps,\tbecause\tof\tit.\n16\n\tThe\nirony\tof\ttest\tanxiety\tis\tthat\tthe\tvery\tapprehension\tabout\tdoing\twell\ton\nthe\ttest\tthat,\tideally,\tcan\tmotivate\tstudents\tlike\tHaber\tto\tstudy\thard\nin\tpreparation\tand\tso\tdo\twell\tcan\tsabotage\tsuccess\tin\tothers.\tFor\npeople\twho\tare\ttoo\tanxious,\tlike\tAlpert,\tthe\tpretest\tapprehension\ninterferes\twith\tthe\tclear\tthinking\tand\tmemory\tnecessary\tto\tstudy\neffectively,\twhile\tduring\tthe\ttest\tit\tdisrupts\tthe\tmental\tclarity\nessential\tfor\tdoing\twell.\nThe\tnumber\tof\tworries\tthat\tpeople\treport\twhile\ttaking\ta\ttest\ndirectly\tpredicts\thow\tpoorly\tthey\twill\tdo\ton\tit.\n17\n\tThe\tmental\tresources\nexpended\ton\tone\tcognitive\ttask\u2014the\tworrying\u2014simply\tdetract\tfrom\nthe\tresources\tavailable\tfor\tprocessing\tother\tinformation;\tif\twe\tare\npreoccupied\tby\tworries\tthat\twe\u2019re\tgoing\tto\tflunk\tthe\ttest\twe\u2019re\ttaking,\nwe\thave\tthat\tmuch\tless\tattention\tto\texpend\ton\tfiguring\tout\tthe\nanswers.\tOur\tworries\tbecome\tself-fulfilling\tprophecies,\tpropelling\tus\ntoward\tthe\tvery\tdisaster\tthey\tpredict.\nPeople\twho\tare\tadept\tat\tharnessing\ttheir\temotions,\ton\tthe\tother\nhand,\tcan\tuse\tanticipatory\tanxiety\u2014about\tan\tupcoming\tspeech\tor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6f1530d9ee4e-2", "page_content": "hand,\tcan\tuse\tanticipatory\tanxiety\u2014about\tan\tupcoming\tspeech\tor\ntest,\tsay\u2014to\tmotivate\tthemselves\tto\tprepare\twell\tfor\tit,\tthereby\tdoing\nwell.\tThe\tclassical\tliterature\tin\tpsychology\tdescribes\tthe\trelationship", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dd3429bed375-0", "page_content": "between\tanxiety\tand\tperformance,\tincluding\tmental\tperformance,\tin\nterms\tof\tan\tupside-down\tU.\tAt\tthe\tpeak\tof\tthe\tinverted\tU\tis\tthe\noptimal\trelationship\tbetween\tanxiety\tand\t\nperformance,\twith\ta\nmodicum\tof\tnerves\tpropelling\toutstanding\tachievement.\tBut\ttoo\tlittle\nanxiety\u2014the\tfirst\tside\tof\tthe\tU\u2014brings\tabout\tapathy\tor\ttoo\tlittle\nmotivation\tto\ttry\thard\tenough\tto\tdo\twell,\twhile\ttoo\tmuch\tanxiety\u2014\nthe\tother\tside\tof\tthe\tU\u2014sabotages\tany\tattempt\tto\tdo\twell.\nA\tmildly\telated\tstate\u2014\nhypomania\n,\tas\tit\tis\ttechnically\tcalled\u2014seems\noptimal\tfor\twriters\tand\tothers\tin\tcreative\tcallings\tthat\tdemand\tfluidity\nand\timaginative\tdiversity\tof\tthought;\tit\tis\tsomewhere\ttoward\tthe\tpeak\nof\tthat\tinverted\tU.\tBut\tlet\tthat\teuphoria\tget\tout\tof\tcontrol\tto\tbecome\noutright\tmania,\tas\tin\tthe\tmood\tswings\tof\tmanic-depressives,\tand\tthe\nagitation\tundermines\tthe\tability\tto\tthink\tcohesively\tenough\tto\twrite\nwell,\teven\tthough\tideas\tflow\tfreely\u2014indeed,\tmuch\ttoo\tfreely\tto\npursue\tany\tone\tof\tthem\tfar\tenough\tto\tproduce\ta\tfinished\tproduct.\nGood\tmoods,\twhile\tthey\tlast,\tenhance\tthe\tability\tto\tthink\tflexibly\nand\twith\tmore\tcomplexity,\tthus\tmaking\tit\teasier\tto\tfind\tsolutions\tto\nproblems,\twhether\tintellectual\tor\tinterpersonal.\tThis\tsuggests\tthat\tone", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dd3429bed375-1", "page_content": "problems,\twhether\tintellectual\tor\tinterpersonal.\tThis\tsuggests\tthat\tone\nway\tto\thelp\tsomeone\tthink\tthrough\ta\tproblem\tis\tto\ttell\tthem\ta\tjoke.\nLaughing,\tlike\telation,\tseems\tto\thelp\tpeople\tthink\tmore\tbroadly\tand\nassociate\tmore\tfreely,\tnoticing\trelationships\tthat\tmight\thave\teluded\nthem\totherwise\u2014a\tmental\tskill\timportant\tnot\tjust\tin\tcreativity,\tbut\tin\nrecognizing\tcomplex\trelationships\tand\tforeseeing\tthe\tconsequences\tof\na\tgiven\tdecision.\nThe\tintellectual\tbenefits\tof\ta\tgood\tlaugh\tare\tmost\tstriking\twhen\tit\ncomes\tto\tsolving\ta\tproblem\tthat\tdemands\ta\tcreative\tsolution.\tOne\nstudy\tfound\tthat\tpeople\twho\thad\tjust\twatched\ta\tvideo\tof\ttelevision\nbloopers\twere\tbetter\tat\tsolving\ta\tpuzzle\tlong\tused\tby\tpsychologists\tto\ntest\tcreative\tthinking.\n18\n\tIn\tthe\ttest\tpeople\tare\tgiven\ta\tcandle,\tmatches,\nand\ta\tbox\tof\ttacks\tand\tasked\tto\tattach\tthe\tcandle\tto\ta\tcorkboard\twall\nso\tit\twill\tburn\twithout\tdripping\twax\ton\tthe\tfloor.\tMost\tpeople\tgiven\nthis\tproblem\tfall\tinto\t\u201cfunctional\tfixedness,\u201d\tthinking\tabout\tusing\tthe\nobjects\tin\tthe\tmost\tconventional\tways.\tBut\tthose\twho\thad\tjust\nwatched\tthe\tfunny\tfilm,\tcompared\tto\tothers\twho\thad\twatched\ta\tfilm\non\tmath\tor\twho\texercised,\twere\tmore\tlikely\tto\tsee\tan\talternative\tuse", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dd3429bed375-2", "page_content": "for\tthe\tbox\tholding\tthe\ttacks,\tand\tso\tcome\tup\twith\tthe\tcreative\nsolution:\ttack\tthe\tbox\tto\tthe\twall\tand\tuse\tit\tas\ta\tcandleholder.\nEven\tmild\tmood\tchanges\tcan\tsway\tthinking.\tIn\tmaking\tplans\tor\ndecisions\tpeople\tin\tgood\tmoods\thave\ta\tperceptual\tbias\tthat\tleads\nthem\tto\tbe\tmore\texpansive\tand\tpositive\tin\ttheir\tthinking.\tThis\tis", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "561119b6589e-0", "page_content": "partly\tbecause\tmemory\tis\tstate-specific,\tso\tthat\twhile\tin\ta\tgood\tmood\nwe\tremember\tmore\tpositive\tevents;\tas\twe\tthink\tover\tthe\tpros\tand\ncons\tof\ta\tcourse\tof\taction\twhile\tfeeling\tpleasant,\tmemory\tbiases\tour\nweighing\tof\tevidence\tin\ta\tpositive\tdirection,\tmaking\tus\tmore\tlikely\tto\ndo\tsomething\tslightly\tadventurous\tor\trisky,\tfor\texample.\nBy\tthe\tsame\ttoken,\tbeing\tin\ta\tfoul\tmood\tbiases\tmemory\tin\ta\nnegative\tdirection,\tmaking\tus\tmore\tlikely\tto\tcontract\tinto\ta\tfearful,\noverly\tcautious\tdecision.\tEmotions\tout\tof\tcontrol\timpede\tthe\tintellect.\nBut,\tas\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t5\n,\twe\tcan\tbring\tout-of-control\temotions\nback\tinto\tline;\tthis\temotional\tcompetence\tis\tthe\tmaster\taptitude,\nfacilitating\tall\tother\tkinds\tof\tintelligence.\tConsider\tsome\tcases\tin\npoint:\tthe\tbenefits\tof\thope\tand\toptimism,\tand\tthose\tsoaring\tmoments\nwhen\tpeople\toutdo\tthemselves.\nPANDORA\u2019S\tBOX\tAND\tPOLLYANNA:\tTHE\tPOWER\nOF\tPOSITIVE\tTHINKING\nCollege\tstudents\twere\tposed\tthe\tfollowing\thypothetical\tsituation:\nAlthough\tyou\tset\tyour\tgoal\tof\tgetting\ta\tB,\twhen\tyour\tfirst\texam\tscore,\tworth\t30%\tof\nyour\tfinal\tgrade\tis\treturned,\tyou\thave\treceived\ta\tD.\tIt\tis\tnow\tone\tweek\tafter\tyou\thave\nlearned\tabout\tthe\tD\tgrade.\tWhat\tdo\tyou\tdo?\n19", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "561119b6589e-1", "page_content": "learned\tabout\tthe\tD\tgrade.\tWhat\tdo\tyou\tdo?\n19\nHope\tmade\tall\tthe\tdifference.\tThe\tresponse\tby\tstudents\twith\thigh\nlevels\tof\thope\twas\tto\twork\tharder\tand\tthink\tof\ta\trange\tof\tthings\tthey\nmight\ttry\tthat\tcould\tbolster\ttheir\tfinal\tgrade.\tStudents\twith\tmoderate\nlevels\tof\thope\tthought\tof\tseveral\tways\tthey\tmight\tup\ttheir\tgrade,\tbut\nhad\tfar\tless\tdetermination\tto\tpursue\tthem.\tAnd,\tunderstandably,\nstudents\twith\tlow\tlevels\tof\thope\tgave\tup\ton\tboth\tcounts,\tdemoralized.\nThe\tquestion\tis\tnot\tjust\ttheoretical,\thowever.\tWhen\tC.\tR.\tSnyder,\nthe\tUniversity\tof\tKansas\tpsychologist\twho\tdid\tthis\tstudy,\tcompared\nthe\tactual\tacademic\tachievement\tof\tfreshman\tstudents\thigh\tand\tlow\non\thope,\the\tdiscovered\tthat\thope\twas\ta\tbetter\tpredictor\tof\ttheir\tfirst-\nsemester\tgrades\tthan\twere\ttheir\tscores\ton\tthe\tSAT,\ta\ttest\tsupposedly\nable\tto\tpredict\thow\tstudents\twill\tfare\tin\tcollege\t(and\thighly\tcorrelated\nwith\tIQ).\tAgain,\tgiven\troughly\tthe\tsame\trange\tof\tintellectual\tabilities,\nemotional\taptitudes\tmake\tthe\tcritical\tdifference.\nSnyder\u2019s\texplanation:\t\u201cStudents\twith\thigh\thope\tset\tthemselves\nhigher\tgoals\tand\tknow\thow\tto\twork\thard\tto\tattain\tthem.\tWhen\tyou", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f9476a571508-0", "page_content": "compare\tstudents\tof\tequivalent\tintellectual\taptitude\ton\ttheir\tacademic\nachievements,\twhat\tsets\tthem\tapart\tis\thope.\u201d\n20\nAs\tthe\tfamiliar\tlegend\thas\tit,\tPandora,\ta\tprincess\tof\tancient\tGreece,\nwas\tgiven\ta\tgift,\ta\tmysterious\tbox,\tby\tgods\tjealous\tof\ther\tbeauty.\tShe\nwas\ttold\tshe\tmust\tnever\topen\tthe\tgift.\tBut\tone\tday,\tovercome\tby\ncuriosity\tand\ttemptation,\t\nPandora\tlifted\tthe\tlid\tto\tpeek\tin,\tletting\nloose\tin\tthe\tworld\tthe\tgrand\tafflictions\u2014disease,\tmalaise,\tmadness.\nBut\ta\tcompassionate\tgod\tlet\ther\tclose\tthe\tbox\tjust\tin\ttime\tto\tcapture\nthe\tone\tantidote\tthat\tmakes\tlife\u2019s\tmisery\tbearable:\thope.\nHope,\tmodern\tresearchers\tare\tfinding,\tdoes\tmore\tthan\toffer\ta\tbit\tof\nsolace\tamid\taffliction;\tit\tplays\ta\tsurprisingly\tpotent\trole\tin\tlife,\noffering\tan\tadvantage\tin\trealms\tas\tdiverse\tas\tschool\tachievement\tand\nbearing\tup\tin\tonerous\tjobs.\tHope,\tin\ta\ttechnical\tsense,\tis\tmore\tthan\nthe\tsunny\tview\tthat\teverything\twill\tturn\tout\tall\tright.\tSnyder\tdefines\nit\twith\tmore\tspecificity\tas\t\u201cbelieving\tyou\thave\tboth\tthe\twill\tand\tthe\nway\tto\taccomplish\tyour\tgoals,\twhatever\tthey\tmay\tbe.\u201d\nPeople\ttend\tto\tdiffer\tin\tthe\tgeneral\tdegree\tto\twhich\tthey\thave\thope", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f9476a571508-1", "page_content": "in\tthis\tsense.\tSome\ttypically\tthink\tof\tthemselves\tas\table\tto\tget\tout\tof\ta\njam\tor\tfind\tways\tto\tsolve\tproblems,\twhile\tothers\tsimply\tdo\tnot\tsee\nthemselves\tas\thaving\tthe\tenergy,\tability,\tor\tmeans\tto\taccomplish\ttheir\ngoals.\tPeople\twith\thigh\tlevels\tof\thope,\tSnyder\tfinds,\tshare\tcertain\ntraits,\tamong\tthem\tbeing\table\tto\tmotivate\tthemselves,\tfeeling\nresourceful\tenough\tto\tfind\tways\tto\taccomplish\ttheir\tobjectives,\nreassuring\tthemselves\twhen\tin\ta\ttight\tspot\tthat\tthings\twill\tget\tbetter,\nbeing\tflexible\tenough\tto\tfind\tdifferent\tways\tto\tget\tto\ttheir\tgoals\tor\tto\nswitch\tgoals\tif\tone\tbecomes\timpossible,\tand\thaving\tthe\tsense\tto\tbreak\ndown\ta\tformidable\ttask\tinto\tsmaller,\tmanageable\tpieces.\nFrom\tthe\tperspective\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\thaving\thope\tmeans\nthat\tone\twill\tnot\tgive\tin\tto\toverwhelming\tanxiety,\ta\tdefeatist\tattitude,\nor\tdepression\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tdifficult\tchallenges\tor\tsetbacks.\tIndeed,\npeople\twho\tare\thopeful\tevidence\tless\tdepression\tthan\tothers\tas\tthey\nmaneuver\tthrough\tlife\tin\tpursuit\tof\ttheir\tgoals,\tare\tless\tanxious\tin\ngeneral,\tand\thave\tfewer\temotional\tdistresses.\nOPTIMISM:\tTHE\tGREAT\tMOTIVATOR\nAmericans\twho\tfollow\tswimming\thad\thigh\thopes\tfor\tMatt\tBiondi,\ta\nmember\tof\tthe\tU.S.\tOlympic\tTeam\tin\t1988.\tSome\tsportswriters\twere", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f9476a571508-2", "page_content": "touting\tBiondi\tas\tlikely\tto\tmatch\tMark\tSpitz\u2019s\t1972\tfeat\tof\ttaking", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c61397bd995d-0", "page_content": "seven\tgold\tmedals.\tBut\tBiondi\tfinished\ta\theartbreaking\tthird\tin\this\nfirst\tevent,\tthe\t200-meter\tfreestyle.\tIn\this\tnext\tevent,\tthe\t100-meter\nbutterfly,\tBiondi\twas\tinched\tout\tfor\tthe\tgold\tby\tanother\tswimmer\nwho\tmade\ta\tgreater\teffort\tin\tthe\tlast\tmeter.\nSportscasters\tspeculated\tthat\tthe\tdefeats\twould\tdispirit\tBiondi\tin\this\nsuccessive\tevents.\tBut\tBiondi\trebounded\tfrom\tdefeat\tand\ttook\ta\tgold\nmedal\tin\t\nhis\tnext\tfive\tevents.\tOne\tviewer\twho\twas\tnot\tsurprised\tby\nBiondi\u2019s\tcomeback\twas\tMartin\tSeligman,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tPennsylvania,\twho\thad\ttested\tBiondi\tfor\toptimism\nearlier\tthat\tyear.\tIn\tan\texperiment\tdone\twith\tSeligman,\tthe\tswimming\ncoach\ttold\tBiondi\tduring\ta\tspecial\tevent\tmeant\tto\tshowcase\tBiondi\u2019s\nbest\tperformance\tthat\the\thad\ta\tworse\ttime\tthan\twas\tactually\tthe\tcase.\nDespite\tthe\tdownbeat\tfeedback,\twhen\tBiondi\twas\tasked\tto\trest\tand\ttry\nagain,\this\tperformance\u2014actually\talready\tvery\tgood\u2014was\teven\tbetter.\nBut\twhen\tother\tteam\tmembers\twho\twere\tgiven\ta\tfalse\tbad\ttime\u2014and\nwhose\ttest\tscores\tshowed\tthey\twere\tpessimistic\u2014tried\tagain,\tthey\tdid\neven\tworse\tthe\tsecond\ttime.\n21\nOptimism,\tlike\thope,\tmeans\thaving\ta\tstrong\texpectation\tthat,\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c61397bd995d-1", "page_content": "general,\tthings\twill\tturn\tout\tall\tright\tin\tlife,\tdespite\tsetbacks\tand\nfrustrations.\tFrom\tthe\tstandpoint\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\toptimism\nis\tan\tattitude\tthat\tbuffers\tpeople\tagainst\tfalling\tinto\tapathy,\nhopelessness,\tor\tdepression\tin\tthe\tface\tof\ttough\tgoing.\tAnd,\tas\twith\nhope,\tits\tnear\tcousin,\toptimism\tpays\tdividends\tin\tlife\t(providing,\tof\ncourse,\tit\tis\ta\trealistic\toptimism;\ta\ttoo-naive\toptimism\tcan\tbe\ndisastrous).\n22\nSeligman\tdefines\toptimism\tin\tterms\tof\thow\tpeople\texplain\tto\nthemselves\ttheir\tsuccesses\tand\tfailures.\tPeople\twho\tare\toptimistic\tsee\na\tfailure\tas\tdue\tto\tsomething\tthat\tcan\tbe\tchanged\tso\tthat\tthey\tcan\nsucceed\tnext\ttime\taround,\twhile\tpessimists\ttake\tthe\tblame\tfor\tfailure,\nascribing\tit\tto\tsome\tlasting\tcharacteristic\tthey\tare\thelpless\tto\tchange.\nThese\tdiffering\texplanations\thave\tprofound\timplications\tfor\thow\npeople\trespond\tto\tlife.\tFor\texample,\tin\treaction\tto\ta\tdisappointment\nsuch\tas\tbeing\tturned\tdown\tfor\ta\tjob,\toptimists\ttend\tto\trespond\nactively\tand\thopefully,\tby\tformulating\ta\tplan\tof\taction,\tsay,\tor\nseeking\tout\thelp\tand\tadvice;\tthey\tsee\tthe\tsetback\tas\tsomething\tthat\ncan\tbe\tremedied.\tPessimists,\tby\tcontrast,\treact\tto\tsuch\tsetbacks\tby\nassuming\tthere\tis\tnothing\tthey\tcan\tdo\tto\tmake\tthings\tgo\tbetter\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c61397bd995d-2", "page_content": "assuming\tthere\tis\tnothing\tthey\tcan\tdo\tto\tmake\tthings\tgo\tbetter\tthe\nnext\ttime,\tand\tso\tdo\tnothing\tabout\tthe\tproblem;\tthey\tsee\tthe\tsetback\nas\tdue\tto\tsome\tpersonal\tdeficit\tthat\twill\talways\tplague\tthem.\nAs\twith\thope,\toptimism\tpredicts\tacademic\tsuccess.\tIn\ta\tstudy\tof\tfive", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "949655d7decf-0", "page_content": "hundred\tmembers\tof\tthe\tincoming\tfreshman\tclass\tof\t1984\tat\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tPennsylvania,\tthe\tstudents\u2019\tscores\ton\ta\ttest\tof\toptimism\nwere\ta\tbetter\tpredictor\tof\ttheir\tactual\tgrades\tfreshman\tyear\tthan\twere\ntheir\tSAT\tscores\tor\ttheir\thigh-school\tgrades.\tSaid\tSeligman,\twho\nstudied\tthem,\t\u201cCollege\tentrance\texams\tmeasure\ttalent,\twhile\nexplanatory\tstyle\ttells\tyou\twho\tgives\tup.\tIt\tis\tthe\tcombination\tof\nreasonable\ttalent\tand\tthe\tability\tto\tkeep\tgoing\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tdefeat\nthat\tleads\tto\tsuccess.\tWhat\u2019s\tmissing\tin\ttests\tof\tability\tis\tmotivation.\nWhat\tyou\tneed\tto\tknow\tabout\tsomeone\tis\twhether\tthey\twill\tkeep\ngoing\t\nwhen\tthings\tget\tfrustrating.\tMy\thunch\tis\tthat\tfor\ta\tgiven\tlevel\nof\tintelligence,\tyour\tactual\tachievement\tis\ta\tfunction\tnot\tjust\tof\ntalent,\tbut\talso\tof\tthe\tcapacity\tto\tstand\tdefeat.\u201d\n23\nOne\tof\tthe\tmost\ttelling\tdemonstrations\tof\tthe\tpower\tof\toptimism\tto\nmotivate\tpeople\tis\ta\tstudy\tSeligman\tdid\tof\tinsurance\tsalesmen\twith\nthe\tMetLife\tcompany.\tBeing\table\tto\ttake\ta\trejection\twith\tgrace\tis\nessential\tin\tsales\tof\tall\tkinds,\tespecially\twith\ta\tproduct\tlike\tinsurance,\nwhere\tthe\tratio\tof\tnoes\tto\tyeses\tcan\tbe\tso\tdiscouragingly\thigh.\tFor\nthis\treason,\tabout\tthree\tquarters\tof\tinsurance\tsalesmen\tquit\tin\ttheir", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "949655d7decf-1", "page_content": "first\tthree\tyears.\tSeligman\tfound\tthat\tnew\tsalesmen\twho\twere\tby\nnature\toptimists\tsold\t37\tpercent\tmore\tinsurance\tin\ttheir\tfirst\ttwo\nyears\ton\tthe\tjob\tthan\tdid\tpessimists.\tAnd\tduring\tthe\tfirst\tyear\tthe\npessimists\tquit\tat\ttwice\tthe\trate\tof\tthe\toptimists.\nWhat\u2019s\tmore,\tSeligman\tpersuaded\tMetLife\tto\thire\ta\tspecial\tgroup\tof\napplicants\twho\tscored\thigh\ton\ta\ttest\tfor\toptimism\tbut\tfailed\tthe\nnormal\tscreening\ttests\t(which\tcompared\ta\trange\tof\ttheir\tattitudes\tto\ta\nstandard\tprofile\tbased\ton\tanswers\tfrom\tagents\twho\thave\tbeen\nsuccessful).\tThis\tspecial\tgroup\toutsold\tthe\tpessimists\tby\t21\tpercent\tin\ntheir\tfirst\tyear,\tand\t57\tpercent\tin\tthe\tsecond.\nJust\twhy\toptimism\tmakes\tsuch\ta\tdifference\tin\tsales\tsuccess\tspeaks\nto\tthe\tsense\tin\twhich\tit\tis\tan\temotionally\tintelligent\tattitude.\tEach\tno\na\tsalesperson\tgets\tis\ta\tsmall\tdefeat.\tThe\temotional\treaction\tto\tthat\ndefeat\tis\tcrucial\tto\tthe\tability\tto\tmarshal\tenough\tmotivation\tto\ncontinue.\tAs\tthe\tnoes\tmount\tup,\tmorale\tcan\tdeteriorate,\tmaking\tit\nharder\tand\tharder\tto\tpick\tup\tthe\tphone\tfor\tthe\tnext\tcall.\tSuch\nrejection\tis\tespecially\thard\tto\ttake\tfor\ta\tpessimist,\twho\tinterprets\tit\tas\nmeaning,\t\u201cI\u2019m\ta\tfailure\tat\tthis;\tI\u2019ll\tnever\tmake\ta\tsale\u201d\u2014an\ninterpretation\tthat\tis\tsure\tto\ttrigger\tapathy\tand\tdefeatism,\tif\tnot", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "949655d7decf-2", "page_content": "interpretation\tthat\tis\tsure\tto\ttrigger\tapathy\tand\tdefeatism,\tif\tnot\ndepression.\tOptimists,\ton\tthe\tother\thand,\ttell\tthemselves,\t\u201cI\u2019m\tusing\nthe\twrong\tapproach,\u201d\tor\t\u201cThat\tlast\tperson\twas\tjust\tin\ta\tbad\tmood.\u201d\nBy\tseeing\tnot\tthemselves\tbut\tsomething\tin\tthe\tsituation\tas\tthe\treason", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "755622f4ca6b-0", "page_content": "for\ttheir\tfailure,\tthey\tcan\tchange\ttheir\tapproach\tin\tthe\tnext\tcall.\nWhile\tthe\tpessimist\u2019s\tmental\tset\tleads\tto\tdespair,\tthe\toptimist\u2019s\nspawns\thope.\nOne\tsource\tof\ta\tpositive\tor\tnegative\toutlook\tmay\twell\tbe\tinborn\ntemperament;\tsome\tpeople\tby\tnature\ttend\tone\tway\tor\tthe\tother.\tBut\nas\twe\tshall\talso\tsee\tin\t\nChapter\t14\n,\ttemperament\tcan\tbe\ttempered\tby\nexperience.\tOptimism\tand\thope\u2014like\thelplessness\tand\tdespair\u2014can\nbe\tlearned.\tUnderlying\tboth\tis\tan\toutlook\tpsychologists\tcall\t\nself-\nefficacy\n,\tthe\tbelief\tthat\tone\thas\tmastery\tover\tthe\tevents\tof\tone\u2019s\tlife\nand\tcan\tmeet\tchallenges\tas\tthey\tcome\tup.\tDeveloping\ta\tcompetency\nof\tany\tkind\tstrengthens\tthe\tsense\tof\tself-efficacy,\tmaking\ta\tperson\nmore\twilling\tto\ttake\trisks\tand\tseek\tout\tmore\tdemanding\t\nchallenges.\nAnd\tsurmounting\tthose\tchallenges\tin\tturn\tincreases\tthe\tsense\tof\tself-\nefficacy.\tThis\tattitude\tmakes\tpeople\tmore\tlikely\tto\tmake\tthe\tbest\tuse\nof\twhatever\tskills\tthey\tmay\thave\u2014or\tto\tdo\twhat\tit\ttakes\tto\tdevelop\nthem.\nAlbert\tBandura,\ta\tStanford\tpsychologist\twho\thas\tdone\tmuch\tof\tthe\nresearch\ton\tself-efficacy,\tsums\tit\tup\twell:\t\u201cPeople\u2019s\tbeliefs\tabout\ttheir\nabilities\thave\ta\tprofound\teffect\ton\tthose\tabilities.\tAbility\tis\tnot\ta\tfixed", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "755622f4ca6b-1", "page_content": "property;\tthere\tis\ta\thuge\tvariability\tin\thow\tyou\tperform.\tPeople\twho\nhave\ta\tsense\tof\tself-efficacy\tbounce\tback\tfrom\tfailures;\tthey\tapproach\nthings\tin\tterms\tof\thow\tto\thandle\tthem\trather\tthan\tworrying\tabout\nwhat\tcan\tgo\twrong.\u201d\n24\nFLOW:\tTHE\tNEUROBIOLOGY\tOF\tEXCELLENCE\nA\tcomposer\tdescribes\tthose\tmoments\twhen\this\twork\tis\tat\tits\tbest:\nYou\tyourself\tare\tin\tan\tecstatic\tstate\tto\tsuch\ta\tpoint\tthat\tyou\tfeel\tas\tthough\tyou\talmost\ndon\u2019t\texist.\tI\u2019ve\texperienced\tthis\ttime\tand\tagain.\tMy\thand\tseems\tdevoid\tof\tmyself,\tand\nI\thave\tnothing\tto\tdo\twith\twhat\tis\thappening.\tI\tjust\tsit\tthere\twatching\tin\ta\tstate\tof\tawe\nand\twonderment.\tAnd\tit\tjust\tflows\tout\tby\titself.\n25\nHis\tdescription\tis\tremarkably\tsimilar\tto\tthose\tof\thundreds\tof\tdiverse\nmen\tand\twomen\u2014rock\tclimbers,\tchess\tchampions,\tsurgeons,\nbasketball\tplayers,\tengineers,\tmanagers,\teven\tfiling\tclerks\u2014when\tthey\ntell\tof\ta\ttime\tthey\toutdid\tthemselves\tin\tsome\tfavored\tactivity.\tThe\nstate\tthey\tdescribe\tis\tcalled\t\u201cflow\u201d\tby\tMihaly\tCsikszentmihalyi,\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tChicago\tpsychologist\twho\thas\tcollected\tsuch\taccounts\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "80d52ee082b9-0", "page_content": "peak\tperformance\tduring\ttwo\tdecades\tof\tresearch.\n26\n\tAthletes\tknow\nthis\tstate\tof\tgrace\tas\t\u201cthe\tzone,\u201d\twhere\texcellence\tbecomes\teffortless,\ncrowd\tand\tcompetitors\tdisappearing\tinto\ta\tblissful,\tsteady\tabsorption\nin\tthe\tmoment.\tDiane\tRoffe-Steinrotter,\twho\tcaptured\ta\tgold\tmedal\tin\nskiing\tat\tthe\t1994\tWinter\tOlympics,\tsaid\tafter\tshe\tfinished\ther\tturn\tat\nski\tracing\tthat\tshe\tremembered\tnothing\tabout\tit\tbut\tbeing\timmersed\nin\trelaxation:\t\u201cI\tfelt\tlike\ta\twaterfall.\u201d\n27\nBeing\table\tto\tenter\tflow\tis\temotional\tintelligence\tat\tits\tbest;\tflow\nrepresents\tperhaps\tthe\tultimate\tin\tharnessing\tthe\temotions\tin\tthe\nservice\tof\tperformance\tand\tlearning.\tIn\tflow\tthe\temotions\tare\tnot\tjust\ncontained\tand\tchanneled,\tbut\tpositive,\tenergized,\tand\taligned\twith\nthe\ttask\tat\thand.\tTo\tbe\tcaught\tin\tthe\tennui\tof\tdepression\tor\tthe\nagitation\tof\tanxiety\tis\tto\tbe\tbarred\tfrom\tflow.\tYet\tflow\t(or\ta\tmilder\nmicroflow)\tis\tan\texperience\talmost\teveryone\t\nenters\tfrom\ttime\tto\ttime,\nparticularly\twhen\tperforming\tat\ttheir\tpeak\tor\tstretching\tbeyond\ttheir\nformer\tlimits.\tIt\tis\tperhaps\tbest\tcaptured\tby\tecstatic\tlovemaking,\tthe\nmerging\tof\ttwo\tinto\ta\tfluidly\tharmonious\tone.\nThat\texperience\tis\ta\tglorious\tone:\tthe\thallmark\tof\tflow\tis\ta\tfeeling", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "80d52ee082b9-1", "page_content": "of\tspontaneous\tjoy,\teven\trapture.\tBecause\tflow\tfeels\tso\tgood,\tit\tis\nintrinsically\trewarding.\tIt\tis\ta\tstate\tin\twhich\tpeople\tbecome\tutterly\nabsorbed\tin\twhat\tthey\tare\tdoing,\tpaying\tundivided\tattention\tto\tthe\ntask,\ttheir\tawareness\tmerged\twith\ttheir\tactions.\tIndeed,\tit\tinterrupts\nflow\tto\treflect\ttoo\tmuch\ton\twhat\tis\thappening\u2014the\tvery\tthought\t\u201cI\u2019m\ndoing\tthis\twonderfully\u201d\tcan\tbreak\tthe\tfeeling\tof\tflow.\tAttention\nbecomes\tso\tfocused\tthat\tpeople\tare\taware\tonly\tof\tthe\tnarrow\trange\tof\nperception\trelated\tto\tthe\timmediate\ttask,\tlosing\ttrack\tof\ttime\tand\nspace.\tA\tsurgeon,\tfor\texample,\trecalled\ta\tchallenging\toperation\tduring\nwhich\the\twas\tin\tflow;\twhen\the\tcompleted\tthe\tsurgery\the\tnoticed\nsome\trubble\ton\tthe\tfloor\tof\tthe\toperating\troom\tand\tasked\twhat\thad\nhappened.\tHe\twas\tamazed\tto\thear\tthat\twhile\the\twas\tso\tintent\ton\tthe\nsurgery\tpart\tof\tthe\tceiling\thad\tcaved\tin\u2014he\thadn\u2019t\tnoticed\tat\tall.\nFlow\tis\ta\tstate\tof\tself-forgetfulness,\tthe\topposite\tof\trumination\tand\nworry:\tinstead\tof\tbeing\tlost\tin\tnervous\tpreoccupation,\tpeople\tin\tflow\nare\tso\tabsorbed\tin\tthe\ttask\tat\thand\tthat\tthey\tlose\tall\tself-\nconsciousness,\tdropping\tthe\tsmall\tpreoccupations\u2014health,\tbills,\teven", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "80d52ee082b9-2", "page_content": "consciousness,\tdropping\tthe\tsmall\tpreoccupations\u2014health,\tbills,\teven\ndoing\twell\u2014of\tdaily\tlife.\tIn\tthis\tsense\tmoments\tof\tflow\tare\tegoless.\nParadoxically,\tpeople\tin\tflow\texhibit\ta\tmasterly\tcontrol\tof\twhat\tthey\nare\tdoing,\ttheir\tresponses\tperfectly\tattuned\tto\tthe\tchanging\tdemands\nof\tthe\ttask.\tAnd\talthough\tpeople\tperform\tat\ttheir\tpeak\twhile\tin\tflow,\nthey\tare\tunconcerned\twith\thow\tthey\tare\tdoing,\twith\tthoughts\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c161faa7c60e-0", "page_content": "success\tor\tfailure\u2014the\tsheer\tpleasure\tof\tthe\tact\titself\tis\twhat\nmotivates\tthem.\nThere\tare\tseveral\tways\tto\tenter\tflow.\tOne\tis\tto\tintentionally\tfocus\ta\nsharp\tattention\ton\tthe\ttask\tat\thand;\ta\thighly\tconcentrated\tstate\tis\tthe\nessence\tof\tflow.\tThere\tseems\tto\tbe\ta\tfeedback\tloop\tat\tthe\tgateway\tto\nthis\tzone:\tit\tcan\trequire\tconsiderable\teffort\tto\tget\tcalm\tand\tfocused\nenough\tto\tbegin\tthe\ttask\u2014this\tfirst\tstep\ttakes\tsome\tdiscipline.\tBut\nonce\tfocus\tstarts\tto\tlock\tin,\tit\ttakes\ton\ta\tforce\tof\tits\town,\tboth\toffering\nrelief\tfrom\temotional\tturbulence\tand\tmaking\tthe\ttask\teffortless.\nEntry\tto\tthis\tzone\tcan\talso\toccur\twhen\tpeople\tfind\ta\ttask\tthey\tare\nskilled\tat,\tand\tengage\tin\tit\tat\ta\tlevel\tthat\tslightly\ttaxes\ttheir\tability.\nAs\tCsikszentmihalyi\ttold\tme,\t\u201cPeople\tseem\tto\tconcentrate\tbest\twhen\nthe\tdemands\ton\tthem\tare\ta\tbit\tgreater\tthan\tusual,\tand\tthey\tare\table\tto\ngive\tmore\tthan\tusual.\tIf\tthere\tis\ttoo\tlittle\tdemand\ton\tthem,\tpeople\tare\nbored.\tIf\tthere\tis\ttoo\tmuch\tfor\tthem\tto\t\nhandle,\tthey\tget\tanxious.\tFlow\noccurs\tin\tthat\tdelicate\tzone\tbetween\tboredom\tand\tanxiety.\u201d\n28\nThe\tspontaneous\tpleasure,\tgrace,\tand\teffectiveness\tthat\tcharacterize\nflow\tare\tincompatible\twith\temotional\thijackings,\tin\twhich\tlimbic", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c161faa7c60e-1", "page_content": "flow\tare\tincompatible\twith\temotional\thijackings,\tin\twhich\tlimbic\nsurges\tcapture\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tbrain.\tThe\tquality\tof\tattention\tin\tflow\tis\nrelaxed\tyet\thighly\tfocused.\tIt\tis\ta\tconcentration\tvery\tdifferent\tfrom\nstraining\tto\tpay\tattention\twhen\twe\tare\ttired\tor\tbored,\tor\twhen\tour\nfocus\tis\tunder\tsiege\tfrom\tintrusive\tfeelings\tsuch\tas\tanxiety\tor\tanger.\nFlow\tis\ta\tstate\tdevoid\tof\temotional\tstatic,\tsave\tfor\ta\tcompelling,\nhighly\tmotivating\tfeeling\tof\tmild\tecstasy.\tThat\tecstasy\tseems\tto\tbe\ta\nby-product\tof\tthe\tattentional\tfocus\tthat\tis\ta\tprerequisite\tof\tflow.\nIndeed,\tthe\tclassic\tliterature\tof\tcontemplative\ttraditions\tdescribes\nstates\tof\tabsorption\tthat\tare\texperienced\tas\tpure\tbliss:\tflow\tinduced\nby\tnothing\tmore\tthan\tintense\tconcentration.\nWatching\tsomeone\tin\tflow\tgives\tthe\timpression\tthat\tthe\tdifficult\tis\neasy;\tpeak\tperformance\tappears\tnatural\tand\tordinary.\tThis\timpression\nparallels\twhat\tis\tgoing\ton\twithin\tthe\tbrain,\twhere\ta\tsimilar\tparadox\tis\nrepeated:\tthe\tmost\tchallenging\ttasks\tare\tdone\twith\ta\tminimum\nexpenditure\tof\tmental\tenergy.\tIn\tflow\tthe\tbrain\tis\tin\ta\t\u201ccool\u201d\tstate,\tits\narousal\tand\tinhibition\tof\tneural\tcircuitry\tattuned\tto\tthe\tdemand\tof\nthe\tmoment.\tWhen\tpeople\tare\tengaged\tin\tactivities\tthat\teffortlessly", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c161faa7c60e-2", "page_content": "capture\tand\thold\ttheir\tattention,\ttheir\tbrain\t\u201cquiets\tdown\u201d\tin\tthe\nsense\tthat\tthere\tis\ta\tlessening\tof\tcortical\tarousal.\n29\n\tThat\tdiscovery\tis\nremarkable,\tgiven\tthat\tflow\tallows\tpeople\tto\ttackle\tthe\tmost\nchallenging\ttasks\tin\ta\tgiven\tdomain,\twhether\tplaying\tagainst\ta\tchess\nmaster\tor\tsolving\ta\tcomplex\tmathematical\tproblem.\tThe\texpectation", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9295073f0fdd-0", "page_content": "would\tbe\tthat\tsuch\tchallenging\ttasks\twould\trequire\t\nmore\n\tcortical\nactivity,\tnot\tless.\tBut\ta\tkey\tto\tflow\tis\tthat\tit\toccurs\tonly\twithin\treach\nof\tthe\tsummit\tof\tability,\twhere\tskills\tare\twell-rehearsed\tand\tneural\ncircuits\tare\tmost\tefficient.\nA\tstrained\tconcentration\u2014a\tfocus\tfueled\tby\tworry\u2014produces\nincreased\tcortical\tactivation.\tBut\tthe\tzone\tof\tflow\tand\toptimal\nperformance\tseems\tto\tbe\tan\toasis\tof\tcortical\tefficiency,\twith\ta\tbare\nminimum\tof\tmental\tenergy\texpended.\tThat\tmakes\tsense,\tperhaps,\tin\nterms\tof\tthe\tskilled\tpractice\tthat\tallows\tpeople\tto\tget\tinto\tflow:\nhaving\tmastered\tthe\tmoves\tof\ta\ttask,\twhether\ta\tphysical\tone\tsuch\tas\nrock\tclimbing\tor\ta\tmental\tone\tsuch\tas\tcomputer\tprogramming,\tmeans\nthat\tthe\tbrain\tcan\tbe\tmore\tefficient\tin\tperforming\tthem.\tWell-\npracticed\tmoves\trequire\tmuch\tless\tbrain\teffort\tthan\tdo\tones\tjust\tbeing\nlearned,\tor\tthose\tthat\tare\tstill\ttoo\thard.\tLikewise,\twhen\tthe\tbrain\tis\nworking\tless\tefficiently\tbecause\tof\tfatigue\tor\tnervousness,\tas\thappens\nat\tthe\tend\tof\ta\tlong,\tstressful\tday,\tthere\tis\ta\tblurring\tof\tthe\tprecision\nof\tcortical\t\neffort,\twith\ttoo\tmany\tsuperfluous\tareas\tbeing\tactivated\u2014a\nneural\tstate\texperienced\tas\tbeing\thighly\tdistracted.\n30\n\tThe\tsame", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9295073f0fdd-1", "page_content": "30\n\tThe\tsame\nhappens\tin\tboredom.\tBut\twhen\tthe\tbrain\tis\toperating\tat\tpeak\nefficiency,\tas\tin\tflow,\tthere\tis\ta\tprecise\trelation\tbetween\tthe\tactive\nareas\tand\tthe\tdemands\tof\tthe\ttask.\tIn\tthis\tstate\teven\thard\twork\tcan\nseem\trefreshing\tor\treplenishing\trather\tthan\tdraining.\nLEARNING\tAND\tFLOW:\tA\tNEW\tMODEL\tFOR\tEDUCATION\nBecause\tflow\temerges\tin\tthe\tzone\tin\twhich\tan\tactivity\tchallenges\npeople\tto\tthe\tfullest\tof\ttheir\tcapacities,\tas\ttheir\tskills\tincrease\tit\ttakes\na\theightened\tchallenge\tto\tget\tinto\tflow.\tIf\ta\ttask\tis\ttoo\tsimple,\tit\tis\nboring;\tif\ttoo\tchallenging,\tthe\tresult\tis\tanxiety\trather\tthan\tflow.\tIt\tcan\nbe\targued\tthat\tmastery\tin\ta\tcraft\tor\tskill\tis\tspurred\ton\tby\tthe\nexperience\tof\tflow\u2014that\tthe\tmotivation\tto\tget\tbetter\tand\tbetter\tat\nsomething,\tbe\tit\tplaying\tthe\tviolin,\tdancing,\tor\tgene-splicing,\tis\tat\nleast\tin\tpart\tto\tstay\tin\tflow\twhile\tdoing\tit.\tIndeed,\tin\ta\tstudy\tof\ttwo\nhundred\tartists\teighteen\tyears\tafter\tthey\tleft\tart\tschool,\nCsikszentmihalyi\tfound\tthat\tit\twas\tthose\twho\tin\ttheir\tstudent\tdays\nhad\tsavored\tthe\tsheer\tjoy\tof\tpainting\titself\twho\thad\tbecome\tserious\npainters.\tThose\twho\thad\tbeen\tmotivated\tin\tart\tschool\tby\tdreams\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9295073f0fdd-2", "page_content": "fame\tand\twealth\tfor\tthe\tmost\tpart\tdrifted\taway\tfrom\tart\tafter\ngraduating.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "72690ac6a191-0", "page_content": "Csikszentmihalyi\tconcludes:\t\u201cPainters\tmust\twant\tto\tpaint\tabove\tall\nelse.\tIf\tthe\tartist\tin\tfront\tof\tthe\tcanvas\tbegins\tto\twonder\thow\tmuch\the\nwill\tsell\tit\tfor,\tor\twhat\tthe\tcritics\twill\tthink\tof\tit,\the\twon\u2019t\tbe\table\tto\npursue\toriginal\tavenues.\tCreative\tachievements\tdepend\ton\tsingle-\nminded\timmersion.\u201d\n31\nJust\tas\tflow\tis\ta\tprerequisite\tfor\tmastery\tin\ta\tcraft,\tprofession,\tor\nart,\tso\ttoo\twith\tlearning.\tStudents\twho\tget\tinto\tflow\tas\tthey\tstudy\tdo\nbetter,\tquite\tapart\tfrom\ttheir\tpotential\tas\tmeasured\tby\tachievement\ntests.\tStudents\tin\ta\tspecial\tChicago\thigh\tschool\tfor\tthe\tsciences\u2014all\tof\nwhom\thad\tscored\tin\tthe\ttop\t5\tpercent\ton\ta\ttest\tof\tmath\tproficiency\u2014\nwere\trated\tby\ttheir\tmath\tteachers\tas\thigh\tor\tlow\tachievers.\tThen\tthe\nway\tthese\tstudents\tspent\ttheir\ttime\twas\tmonitored,\teach\tstudent\ncarrying\ta\tbeeper\tthat\tsignaled\tthem\tat\trandom\ttimes\tduring\tthe\tday\nto\twrite\tdown\twhat\tthey\twere\tdoing\tand\twhat\ttheir\tmood\twas.\tNot\nsurprisingly,\tthe\tlow\tachievers\tspent\tonly\tabout\tfifteen\thours\ta\tweek\nstudying\tat\thome,\tmuch\tless\tthan\tthe\ttwenty-seven\thours\ta\tweek\tof\nhomework\tdone\tby\ttheir\thigh-achieving\tpeers.\tThe\tlow\tachievers", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "72690ac6a191-1", "page_content": "spent\tmost\tof\tthe\thours\tduring\twhich\tthey\twere\tnot\tstudying\tin\nsocializing,\thanging\tout\twith\tfriends\tand\tfamily.\nWhen\ttheir\tmoods\twere\tanalyzed,\ta\ttelling\tfinding\temerged.\tBoth\nthe\thigh\t\nand\tlow\tachievers\tspent\ta\tgreat\tdeal\tof\ttime\tduring\tthe\tweek\nbeing\tbored\tby\tactivities,\tsuch\tas\tTV\twatching,\tthat\tposed\tno\nchallenge\tto\ttheir\tabilities.\tSuch,\tafter\tall,\tis\tthe\tlot\tof\tteenagers.\tBut\nthe\tkey\tdifference\twas\tin\ttheir\texperience\tof\tstudying.\tFor\tthe\thigh\nachievers,\tstudying\tgave\tthem\tthe\tpleasing,\tabsorbing\tchallenge\tof\nflow\t40\tpercent\tof\tthe\thours\tthey\tspent\tat\tit.\tBut\tfor\tthe\tlow\nachievers,\tstudying\tproduced\tflow\tonly\t16\tpercent\tof\tthe\ttime;\tmore\noften\tthan\tnot,\tit\tyielded\tanxiety,\twith\tthe\tdemands\toutreaching\ttheir\nabilities.\tThe\tlow\tachievers\tfound\tpleasure\tand\tflow\tin\tsocializing,\tnot\nin\tstudying.\tIn\tshort,\tstudents\twho\tachieve\tup\tto\tthe\tlevel\tof\ttheir\nacademic\tpotential\tand\tbeyond\tare\tmore\toften\tdrawn\tto\tstudy\nbecause\tit\tputs\tthem\tin\tflow.\tSadly,\tthe\tlow\tachievers,\tby\tfailing\tto\nhone\tthe\tskills\tthat\twould\tget\tthem\tin\tflow,\tboth\tforfeit\tthe\tenjoyment\nof\tstudy\tand\trun\tthe\trisk\tof\tlimiting\tthe\tlevel\tof\tintellectual\ttasks\tthat\nwill\tbe\tenjoyable\tto\tthem\tin\tthe\tfuture.\n32", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "72690ac6a191-2", "page_content": "will\tbe\tenjoyable\tto\tthem\tin\tthe\tfuture.\n32\nHoward\tGardner,\tthe\tHarvard\tpsychologist\twho\tdeveloped\tthe\ntheory\tof\tmultiple\tintelligences,\tsees\tflow,\tand\tthe\tpositive\tstates\tthat\ntypify\tit,\tas\tpart\tof\tthe\thealthiest\tway\tto\tteach\tchildren,\tmotivating\nthem\tfrom\tinside\trather\tthan\tby\tthreat\tor\tpromise\tof\treward.\t\u201cWe\nshould\tuse\tkids\u2019\tpositive\tstates\tto\tdraw\tthem\tinto\tlearning\tin\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "522a56cf071c-0", "page_content": "domains\twhere\tthey\tcan\tdevelop\tcompetencies,\u201d\tGardner\tproposed\tto\nme.\t\u201cFlow\tis\tan\tinternal\tstate\tthat\tsignifies\ta\tkid\tis\tengaged\tin\ta\ttask\nthat\u2019s\tright.\tYou\thave\tto\tfind\tsomething\tyou\tlike\tand\tstick\tto\tit.\tIt\u2019s\nwhen\tkids\tget\tbored\tin\tschool\tthat\tthey\tfight\tand\tact\tup,\tand\twhen\nthey\u2019re\toverwhelmed\tby\ta\tchallenge\tthat\tthey\tget\tanxious\tabout\ttheir\nschoolwork.\tBut\tyou\tlearn\tat\tyour\tbest\twhen\tyou\thave\tsomething\tyou\ncare\tabout\tand\tyou\tcan\tget\tpleasure\tfrom\tbeing\tengaged\tin.\u201d\nThe\tstrategy\tused\tin\tmany\tof\tthe\tschools\tthat\tare\tputting\tGardner\u2019s\nmodel\tof\tmultiple\tintelligences\tinto\tpractice\trevolves\taround\nidentifying\ta\tchild\u2019s\tprofile\tof\tnatural\tcompetencies\tand\tplaying\tto\tthe\nstrengths\tas\twell\tas\ttrying\tto\tshore\tup\tthe\tweaknesses.\tA\tchild\twho\tis\nnaturally\ttalented\tin\tmusic\tor\tmovement,\tfor\texample,\twill\tenter\tflow\nmore\teasily\tin\tthat\tdomain\tthan\tin\tthose\twhere\tshe\tis\tless\table.\nKnowing\ta\tchild\u2019s\tprofile\tcan\thelp\ta\tteacher\tfine-tune\tthe\tway\ta\ttopic\nis\tpresented\tto\ta\tchild\tand\toffer\tlessons\tat\tthe\tlevel\u2014from\tremedial\tto\nhighly\tadvanced\u2014that\tis\tmost\tlikely\tto\tprovide\tan\toptimal\tchallenge.\nDoing\tthis\tmakes\tlearning\tmore\tpleasurable,\tneither\tfearsome\tnor\ta\nbore.\t\u201cThe\thope\tis\tthat\twhen\tkids\tgain\tflow\tfrom\tlearning,\tthey\twill", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "522a56cf071c-1", "page_content": "be\temboldened\tto\ttake\ton\tchallenges\tin\tnew\tareas,\u201d\tsays\tGardner,\nadding\tthat\texperience\tsuggests\tthis\tis\tthe\tcase.\nMore\tgenerally,\tthe\tflow\tmodel\tsuggests\tthat\tachieving\tmastery\tof\nany\tskill\tor\tbody\tof\tknowledge\tshould\tideally\thappen\tnaturally,\tas\tthe\nchild\tis\tdrawn\tto\tthe\tareas\tthat\tspontaneously\tengage\ther\u2014that,\tin\nessence,\tshe\tloves.\tThat\t\ninitial\tpassion\tcan\tbe\tthe\tseed\tfor\thigh\tlevels\nof\tattainment,\tas\tthe\tchild\tcomes\tto\trealize\tthat\tpursuing\tthe\tfield\u2014\nwhether\tit\tbe\tdance,\tmath,\tor\tmusic\u2014is\ta\tsource\tof\tthe\tjoy\tof\tflow.\nAnd\tsince\tit\ttakes\tpushing\tthe\tlimits\tof\tone\u2019s\tability\tto\tsustain\tflow,\nthat\tbecomes\ta\tprime\tmotivator\tfor\tgetting\tbetter\tand\tbetter;\tit\tmakes\nthe\tchild\thappy.\tThis,\tof\tcourse,\tis\ta\tmore\tpositive\tmodel\tof\tlearning\nand\teducation\tthan\tmost\tof\tus\tencountered\tin\tschool.\tWho\tdoes\tnot\nrecall\tschool\tat\tleast\tin\tpart\tas\tendless\tdreary\thours\tof\tboredom\npunctuated\tby\tmoments\tof\thigh\tanxiety?\tPursuing\tflow\tthrough\nlearning\tis\ta\tmore\thumane,\tnatural,\tand\tvery\tlikely\tmore\teffective\nway\tto\tmarshal\temotions\tin\tthe\tservice\tof\teducation.\nThat\tspeaks\tto\tthe\tmore\tgeneral\tsense\tin\twhich\tchanneling\nemotions\ttoward\ta\tproductive\tend\tis\ta\tmaster\taptitude.\tWhether\tit\tbe\nin\tcontrolling\timpulse\tand\tputting\toff\tgratification,\tregulating\tour", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "522a56cf071c-2", "page_content": "in\tcontrolling\timpulse\tand\tputting\toff\tgratification,\tregulating\tour\nmoods\tso\tthey\tfacilitate\trather\tthan\timpede\tthinking,\tmotivating\nourselves\tto\tpersist\tand\ttry,\ttry\tagain\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tsetbacks,\tor\nfinding\tways\tto\tenter\tflow\tand\tso\tperform\tmore\teffectively\u2014all", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "887f278e27a1-0", "page_content": "bespeak\tthe\tpower\tof\temotion\tto\tguide\teffective\teffort.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b4914ad3a88f-0", "page_content": "7\nThe\tRoots\tof\tEmpathy\nBack\tto\tGary,\tthe\tbrilliant\tbut\talexithymic\tsurgeon\twho\tso\tdistressed\nhis\tfianc\u00e9e,\tEllen,\tby\tbeing\toblivious\tnot\tonly\tto\this\town\tfeelings\tbut\nto\thers\tas\twell.\tLike\tmost\talexithymics,\the\tlacked\tempathy\tas\twell\tas\ninsight.\tIf\tEllen\tspoke\tof\tfeeling\tdown,\tGary\tfailed\tto\tsympathize;\tif\nshe\tspoke\tof\tlove,\the\tchanged\tthe\tsubject.\tGary\twould\tmake\t\u201chelpful\u201d\ncritiques\tof\tthings\tEllen\tdid,\tnot\trealizing\tthese\tcriticisms\tmade\ther\nfeel\tattacked,\tnot\thelped.\nEmpathy\tbuilds\ton\tself-awareness;\tthe\tmore\topen\twe\tare\tto\tour\nown\temotions,\tthe\tmore\tskilled\twe\twill\tbe\tin\treading\tfeelings.\n1\nAlexithymics\tlike\tGary,\twho\thave\tno\tidea\twhat\tthey\tfeel\tthemselves,\nare\tat\ta\tcomplete\tloss\twhen\tit\tcomes\tto\tknowing\twhat\tanyone\telse\naround\tthem\tis\tfeeling.\tThey\tare\temotionally\ttone-deaf.\tThe\nemotional\tnotes\tand\tchords\tthat\tweave\tthrough\tpeople\u2019s\twords\tand\nactions\u2014the\ttelling\ttone\tof\tvoice\tor\tshift\tin\tposture,\tthe\teloquent\nsilence\tor\ttelltale\ttremble\u2014go\tby\tunnoted.\nConfused\tabout\ttheir\town\tfeelings,\talexithymics\tare\tequally", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b4914ad3a88f-1", "page_content": "bewildered\twhen\tother\tpeople\texpress\ttheir\tfeelings\tto\tthem.\tThis\nfailure\tto\tregister\tanother\u2019s\tfeelings\tis\ta\tmajor\tdeficit\tin\temotional\nintelligence,\tand\ta\ttragic\tfailing\tin\twhat\tit\tmeans\tto\tbe\thuman.\tFor\tall\nrapport,\tthe\troot\tof\tcaring,\tstems\tfrom\temotional\tattunement,\tfrom\nthe\tcapacity\tfor\tempathy.\nThat\tcapacity\u2014the\tability\tto\tknow\thow\tanother\tfeels\u2014comes\tinto\nplay\tin\ta\tvast\tarray\tof\tlife\tarenas,\tfrom\tsales\tand\tmanagement\tto\nromance\tand\tparenting,\tto\tcompassion\tand\tpolitical\taction.\tThe\nabsence\tof\tempathy\tis\talso\ttelling.\tIts\tlack\tis\tseen\tin\tcriminal\npsychopaths,\trapists,\tand\tchild\tmolesters.\nPeople\u2019s\temotions\tare\trarely\tput\tinto\twords;\tfar\tmore\toften\tthey\tare\nexpressed\tthrough\tother\tcues.\tThe\tkey\tto\tintuiting\tanother\u2019s\tfeelings\tis\nin\tthe\tability\tto\tread\tnonverbal\tchannels:\ttone\tof\tvoice,\tgesture,\tfacial\nexpression,\tand\tthe\tlike.\tPerhaps\tthe\tlargest\tbody\tof\tresearch\ton\npeople\u2019s\tability\tto\tread\t\nsuch\tnonverbal\tmessages\tis\tby\tRobert\nRosenthal,\ta\tHarvard\tpsychologist,\tand\this\tstudents.\tRosenthal", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c4dc68309fc1-0", "page_content": "devised\ta\ttest\tof\tempathy,\tthe\tPONS\t(Profile\tof\tNonverbal\tSensitivity),\na\tseries\tof\tvideotapes\tof\ta\tyoung\twoman\texpressing\tfeelings\tranging\nfrom\tloathing\tto\tmotherly\tlove.\n2\n\tThe\tscenes\tspan\tthe\tspectrum\tfrom\ta\njealous\trage\tto\tasking\tforgiveness,\tfrom\ta\tshow\tof\tgratitude\tto\ta\nseduction.\tThe\tvideo\thas\tbeen\tedited\tso\tthat\tin\teach\tportrayal\tone\tor\nmore\tchannels\tof\tnonverbal\tcommunication\tare\tsystematically\nblanked\tout;\tin\taddition\tto\thaving\tthe\twords\tmuffled,\tfor\texample,\tin\nsome\tscenes\tall\tother\tcues\tbut\tthe\tfacial\texpression\tare\tblocked.\tIn\nothers,\tonly\tthe\tbody\tmovements\tare\tshown,\tand\tso\ton,\tthrough\tthe\nmain\tnonverbal\tchannels\tof\tcommunication,\tso\tthat\tviewers\thave\tto\ndetect\temotion\tfrom\tone\tor\tanother\tspecific\tnonverbal\tcue.\nIn\ttests\twith\tover\tseven\tthousand\tpeople\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tand\neighteen\tother\tcountries,\tthe\tbenefits\tof\tbeing\table\tto\tread\tfeelings\nfrom\tnonverbal\tcues\tincluded\tbeing\tbetter\tadjusted\temotionally,\tmore\npopular,\tmore\toutgoing,\tand\u2014perhaps\tnot\tsurprisingly\u2014more\nsensitive.\tIn\tgeneral,\twomen\tare\tbetter\tthan\tmen\tat\tthis\tkind\tof\nempathy.\tAnd\tpeople\twhose\tperformance\timproved\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\nthe\tforty-five-minute\ttest\u2014a\tsign\tthat\tthey\thave\ta\ttalent\tfor\tpicking\nup\tempathy\tskills\u2014also\thad\tbetter\trelationships\twith\tthe\topposite\tsex.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c4dc68309fc1-1", "page_content": "Empathy,\tit\tshould\tbe\tno\tsurprise\tto\tlearn,\thelps\twith\tromantic\tlife.\nIn\tkeeping\twith\tfindings\tabout\tother\telements\tof\temotional\nintelligence,\tthere\twas\tonly\tan\tincidental\trelationship\tbetween\tscores\non\tthis\tmeasure\tof\tempathic\tacuity\tand\tSAT\tor\tIQ\tscores\tor\tschool\nachievement\ttests.\tEmpathy\u2019s\tindependence\tfrom\tacademic\nintelligence\thas\tbeen\tfound\ttoo\tin\ttesting\twith\ta\tversion\tof\tthe\tPONS\ndesigned\tfor\tchildren.\tIn\ttests\twith\t1,011\tchildren,\tthose\twho\tshowed\nan\taptitude\tfor\treading\tfeelings\tnonverbally\twere\tamong\tthe\tmost\npopular\tin\ttheir\tschools,\tthe\tmost\temotionally\tstable.\n3\n\tThey\talso\tdid\nbetter\tin\tschool,\teven\tthough,\ton\taverage,\ttheir\tIQs\twere\tnot\thigher\nthan\tthose\tof\tchildren\twho\twere\tless\tskilled\tat\treading\tnonverbal\nmessages\u2014suggesting\tthat\tmastering\tthis\tempathic\tability\tsmooths\nthe\tway\tfor\tclassroom\teffectiveness\t(or\tsimply\tmakes\tteachers\tlike\nthem\tmore).\nJust\tas\tthe\tmode\tof\tthe\trational\tmind\tis\twords,\tthe\tmode\tof\tthe\nemotions\tis\tnonverbal.\tIndeed,\twhen\ta\tperson\u2019s\twords\tdisagree\twith\nwhat\tis\tconveyed\tvia\this\ttone\tof\tvoice,\tgesture,\tor\tother\tnonverbal\nchannel,\tthe\temotional\ttruth\tis\tin\t\nhow\n\the\tsays\tsomething\trather\tthan\nin\t\nwhat\n\the\tsays.\tOne\trule\tof\tthumb\tused\tin\tcommunications\tresearch", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c4dc68309fc1-2", "page_content": "he\tsays.\tOne\trule\tof\tthumb\tused\tin\tcommunications\tresearch\nis\tthat\t90\tpercent\tor\tmore\tof\tan\temotional\tmessage\tis\tnonverbal.\tAnd\nsuch\tmessages\u2014anxiety\tin\tsomeone\u2019s\ttone\tof\tvoice,\tirritation\tin\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6e74f3f0509a-0", "page_content": "quickness\tof\ta\tgesture\u2014are\talmost\talways\ttaken\tin\t\nunconsciously,\nwithout\tpaying\tspecific\tattention\tto\tthe\tnature\tof\tthe\tmessage,\tbut\nsimply\ttacitly\treceiving\tit\tand\tresponding.\tThe\tskills\tthat\tallow\tus\tto\ndo\tthis\twell\tor\tpoorly\tare\talso,\tfor\tthe\tmost\tpart,\tlearned\ttacitly.\nHOW\tEMPATHY\tUNFOLDS\nThe\tmoment\tHope,\tjust\tnine\tmonths\told,\tsaw\tanother\tbaby\tfall,\ttears\nwelled\tup\tin\ther\town\teyes\tand\tshe\tcrawled\toff\tto\tbe\tcomforted\tby\ther\nmother,\tas\tthough\tit\twere\tshe\twho\thad\tbeen\thurt.\tAnd\tfifteen-month-\nold\tMichael\twent\tto\tget\this\town\tteddy\tbear\tfor\this\tcrying\tfriend\tPaul;\nwhen\tPaul\tkept\tcrying,\tMichael\tretrieved\tPaul\u2019s\tsecurity\tblanket\tfor\nhim.\tBoth\tthese\tsmall\tacts\tof\tsympathy\tand\tcaring\twere\tobserved\tby\nmothers\ttrained\tto\trecord\tsuch\tincidents\tof\tempathy\tin\taction.\n4\n\tThe\nresults\tof\tthe\tstudy\tsuggest\tthat\tthe\troots\tof\tempathy\tcan\tbe\ttraced\tto\ninfancy.\tVirtually\tfrom\tthe\tday\tthey\tare\tborn\tinfants\tare\tupset\twhen\nthey\thear\tanother\tinfant\tcrying\u2014a\tresponse\tsome\tsee\tas\tthe\tearliest\nprecursor\tof\tempathy.\n5\nDevelopmental\tpsychologists\thave\tfound\tthat\tinfants\tfeel\nsympathetic\tdistress\teven\tbefore\tthey\tfully\trealize\tthat\tthey\texist", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6e74f3f0509a-1", "page_content": "apart\tfrom\tother\tpeople.\tEven\ta\tfew\tmonths\tafter\tbirth,\tinfants\treact\nto\ta\tdisturbance\tin\tthose\taround\tthem\tas\tthough\tit\twere\ttheir\town,\ncrying\twhen\tthey\tsee\tanother\tchild\u2019s\ttears.\tBy\tone\tyear\tor\tso,\tthey\nstart\tto\trealize\tthe\tmisery\tis\tnot\ttheir\town\tbut\tsomeone\telse\u2019s,\tthough\nthey\tstill\tseem\tconfused\tover\twhat\tto\tdo\tabout\tit.\tIn\tresearch\tby\nMartin\tL.\tHoffman\tat\tNew\tYork\tUniversity,\tfor\texample,\ta\tone-year-\nold\tbrought\this\town\tmother\tover\tto\tcomfort\ta\tcrying\tfriend,\tignoring\nthe\tfriend\u2019s\tmother,\twho\twas\talso\tin\tthe\troom.\tThis\tconfusion\tis\tseen\ntoo\twhen\tone-year-olds\timitate\tthe\tdistress\tof\tsomeone\telse,\tpossibly\nto\tbetter\tcomprehend\twhat\tthey\tare\tfeeling;\tfor\texample,\tif\tanother\nbaby\thurts\ther\tfingers,\ta\tone-year-old\tmight\tput\ther\town\tfingers\tin\nher\tmouth\tto\tsee\tif\tshe\thurts,\ttoo.\tOn\tseeing\this\tmother\tcry,\tone\tbaby\nwiped\this\town\teyes,\tthough\tthey\thad\tno\ttears.\nSuch\t\nmotor\tmimicry\n,\tas\tit\tis\tcalled,\tis\tthe\toriginal\ttechnical\tsense\tof\nthe\tword\t\nempathy\n\tas\tit\twas\tfirst\tused\tin\tthe\t1920s\tby\tE.\tB.\tTitchener,\nan\tAmerican\tpsychologist.\tThis\tsense\tis\tslightly\tdifferent\tfrom\tits", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6e74f3f0509a-2", "page_content": "an\tAmerican\tpsychologist.\tThis\tsense\tis\tslightly\tdifferent\tfrom\tits\noriginal\tintroduction\tinto\tEnglish\tfrom\tthe\tGreek\t\nempatheia\n,\t\u201cfeeling\ninto,\u201d\ta\tterm\tused\tinitially\tby\ttheoreticians\tof\taesthetics\tfor\tthe\tability\nto\tperceive\tthe\tsubjective\texperience\tof\tanother\tperson.\tTitchener\u2019s", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "686423caa45b-0", "page_content": "theory\twas\tthat\tempathy\tstemmed\tfrom\ta\tsort\tof\tphysical\timitation\tof\nthe\tdistress\tof\tanother,\twhich\tthen\tevokes\tthe\tsame\tfeelings\tin\noneself.\tHe\tsought\ta\tword\tthat\twould\tbe\tdistinct\tfrom\t\nsympathy\n,\nwhich\tcan\tbe\tfelt\tfor\tthe\tgeneral\tplight\tof\tanother\twith\tno\tsharing\nwhatever\tof\twhat\tthat\tother\tperson\tis\tfeeling.\nMotor\tmimicry\tfades\tfrom\ttoddlers\u2019\trepertoire\tat\taround\ttwo\tand\ta\nhalf\tyears,\tat\twhich\tpoint\tthey\trealize\tthat\tsomeone\telse\u2019s\tpain\tis\ndifferent\tfrom\ttheir\town,\tand\tare\tbetter\table\tto\tcomfort\tthem.\tA\ntypical\tincident,\tfrom\ta\tmother\u2019s\tdiary:\nA\tneighbor\u2019s\tbaby\tcries\t\u2026\tand\tJenny\tapproaches\tand\ttries\tto\tgive\thim\tsome\tcookies.\nShe\tfollows\thim\taround\tand\tbegins\tto\twhimper\tto\therself.\tShe\tthen\ttries\tto\tstroke\this\nhair,\tbut\the\tpulls\taway.\u2026\tHe\tcalms\tdown,\tbut\tJenny\tstill\tlooks\tworried.\tShe\tcontinues\nto\tbring\thim\ttoys\tand\tto\tpat\this\thead\tand\tshoulders.\n6\nAt\tthis\tpoint\tin\ttheir\tdevelopment\ttoddlers\tbegin\tto\tdiverge\tfrom\none\tanother\tin\ttheir\toverall\tsensitivity\tto\tother\tpeople\u2019s\temotional\nupsets,\twith\tsome,\tlike\tJenny,\tkeenly\taware\tand\tothers\ttuning\tout.\tA\nseries\tof\tstudies\tby\tMarian\tRadke-Yarrow\tand\tCarolyn\tZahn-Waxler\tat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "686423caa45b-1", "page_content": "the\tNational\tInstitute\tof\tMental\tHealth\tshowed\tthat\ta\tlarge\tpart\tof\nthis\tdifference\tin\tempathic\tconcern\thad\tto\tdo\twith\thow\tparents\ndisciplined\ttheir\tchildren.\tChildren,\tthey\tfound,\twere\tmore\tempathic\nwhen\tthe\tdiscipline\tincluded\tcalling\tstrong\tattention\tto\tthe\tdistress\ntheir\tmisbehavior\tcaused\tsomeone\telse:\t\u201cLook\thow\tsad\tyou\u2019ve\tmade\nher\tfeel\u201d\tinstead\tof\t\u201cThat\twas\tnaughty.\u201d\tThey\tfound\ttoo\tthat\nchildren\u2019s\tempathy\tis\talso\tshaped\tby\tseeing\thow\tothers\treact\twhen\nsomeone\telse\tis\tdistressed;\tby\timitating\twhat\tthey\tsee,\tchildren\ndevelop\ta\trepertoire\tof\tempathic\tresponse,\tespecially\tin\thelping\tother\npeople\twho\tare\tdistressed.\nTHE\tWELL-ATTUNED\tCHILD\nSarah\twas\ttwenty-five\twhen\tshe\tgave\tbirth\tto\ttwin\tboys,\tMark\tand\nFred.\tMark,\tshe\tfelt,\twas\tmore\tlike\therself;\tFred\twas\tmore\tlike\this\nfather.\tThat\tperception\tmay\thave\tbeen\tthe\tseed\tof\ta\ttelling\tbut\tsubtle\ndifference\tin\thow\tshe\ttreated\teach\tboy.\tWhen\tthe\tboys\twere\tjust\tthree\nmonths\told,\tSarah\twould\toften\ttry\tto\tcatch\tFred\u2019s\tgaze,\tand\twhen\the\nwould\tavert\this\tface,\tshe\twould\ttry\tto\tcatch\this\teye\tagain;\tFred\twould\nrespond\tby\tturning\taway\tmore\temphatically.\tOnce\tshe\twould\tlook", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a68fb0c99f47-0", "page_content": "away,\tFred\twould\tlook\tback\tat\ther,\tand\tthe\tcycle\tof\tpursuit\tand\naversion\twould\tbegin\tagain\u2014often\tleaving\tFred\tin\ttears.\tBut\twith\nMark,\tSarah\tvirtually\tnever\ttried\tto\timpose\teye\tcontact\tas\tshe\tdid\nwith\tFred.\tInstead\tMark\tcould\tbreak\toff\teye\tcontact\twhenever\the\nwanted,\tand\tshe\twould\tnot\tpursue.\nA\tsmall\tact,\tbut\ttelling.\tA\tyear\tlater,\tFred\twas\tnoticeably\tmore\nfearful\tand\tdependent\tthan\tMark;\tone\tway\the\tshowed\this\tfearfulness\nwas\tby\tbreaking\toff\teye\tcontact\twith\tother\tpeople,\tas\the\thad\tdone\nwith\this\tmother\tat\tthree\tmonths,\tturning\this\tface\tdown\tand\taway.\nMark,\ton\tthe\tother\thand,\tlooked\tpeople\tstraight\tin\tthe\teye;\twhen\the\nwanted\tto\tbreak\toff\tcontact,\the\u2019d\tturn\this\thead\tslightly\tupward\tand\tto\nthe\tside,\twith\ta\twinning\tsmile.\nThe\ttwins\tand\ttheir\tmother\twere\tobserved\tso\tminutely\twhen\tthey\ntook\tpart\tin\tresearch\tby\tDaniel\tStern,\ta\tpsychiatrist\tthen\tat\tCornell\nUniversity\tSchool\tof\tMedicine.\n7\n\tStern\tis\tfascinated\tby\tthe\tsmall,\nrepeated\texchanges\tthat\ttake\tplace\tbetween\tparent\tand\tchild;\the\nbelieves\tthat\tthe\tmost\tbasic\tlessons\tof\temotional\tlife\tare\tlaid\tdown\tin\nthese\tintimate\tmoments.\tOf\tall\tsuch\tmoments,\tthe\tmost\tcritical\tare", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a68fb0c99f47-1", "page_content": "those\tthat\tlet\tthe\tchild\tknow\ther\temotions\tare\tmet\twith\tempathy,\naccepted,\tand\treciprocated,\tin\ta\tprocess\tStern\tcalls\t\nattunement\n.\tThe\ntwins\u2019\tmother\twas\tattuned\twith\tMark,\tbut\tout\tof\temotional\tsynch\nwith\tFred.\tStern\tcontends\tthat\tthe\tcountlessly\trepeated\tmoments\tof\nattunement\tor\tmisattunement\tbetween\tparent\tand\tchild\tshape\tthe\nemotional\texpectations\tadults\tbring\tto\ttheir\tclose\trelationships\u2014\nperhaps\tfar\tmore\tthan\tthe\tmore\tdramatic\tevents\tof\tchildhood.\nAttunement\toccurs\ttacitly,\tas\tpart\tof\tthe\trhythm\tof\trelationship.\nStern\thas\tstudied\tit\twith\tmicroscopic\tprecision\tthrough\tvideotaping\nhours\tof\tmothers\twith\ttheir\tinfants.\tHe\tfinds\tthat\tthrough\tattunement\nmothers\tlet\ttheir\tinfants\tknow\tthey\thave\ta\tsense\tof\twhat\tthe\tinfant\tis\nfeeling.\tA\tbaby\tsqueals\twith\tdelight,\tfor\texample,\tand\tthe\tmother\naffirms\tthat\tdelight\tby\tgiving\tthe\tbaby\ta\tgentle\tshake,\tcooing,\tor\nmatching\tthe\tpitch\tof\ther\tvoice\tto\tthe\tbaby\u2019s\tsqueal.\tOr\ta\tbaby\tshakes\nhis\trattle,\tand\tshe\tgives\thim\ta\tquick\tshimmy\tin\tresponse.\tIn\tsuch\tan\ninteraction\tthe\taffirming\tmessage\tis\tin\tthe\tmother\tmore\tor\tless\nmatching\tthe\tbaby\u2019s\tlevel\tof\texcitement.\tSuch\tsmall\tattunements\tgive\nan\tinfant\tthe\treassuring\tfeeling\tof\tbeing\temotionally\tconnected,\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a68fb0c99f47-2", "page_content": "message\tthat\tStern\tfinds\tmothers\tsend\tabout\tonce\ta\tminute\twhen\tthey\ninteract\twith\ttheir\tbabies.\nAttunement\tis\tvery\tdifferent\tfrom\tsimple\timitation.\t\u201cIf\tyou\tjust\nimitate\ta\tbaby,\u201d\tStern\ttold\tme,\t\u201cthat\tonly\tshows\tyou\tknow\twhat\the", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "854ba8f7b400-0", "page_content": "did,\tnot\thow\the\tfelt.\tTo\tlet\thim\tknow\tyou\tsense\thow\the\tfeels,\tyou\nhave\tto\tplay\tback\this\tinner\tfeelings\tin\tanother\tway.\tThen\tthe\tbaby\nknows\the\tis\tunderstood.\u201d\nMaking\tlove\tis\tperhaps\tthe\tclosest\tapproximation\tin\tadult\tlife\tto\nthis\tintimate\tattunement\tbetween\tinfant\tand\tmother.\tLovemaking,\nStern\twrites,\t\u201cinvolves\tthe\texperience\tof\tsensing\tthe\tother\u2019s\tsubjective\nstate:\tshared\tdesire,\taligned\tintentions,\tand\tmutual\tstates\tof\nsimultaneously\tshifting\tarousal,\u201d\twith\tlovers\tresponding\tto\teach\tother\nin\ta\tsynchrony\tthat\tgives\tthe\ttacit\tsense\t\nof\tdeep\trapport.\n8\n\tLovemaking\nis,\tat\tits\tbest,\tan\tact\tof\tmutual\tempathy;\tat\tits\tworst\tit\tlacks\tany\tsuch\nemotional\tmutuality.\nTHE\tCOSTS\tOF\tMISATTUNEMENT\nStern\tholds\tthat\tfrom\trepeated\tattunements\tan\tinfant\tbegins\tto\ndevelop\ta\tsense\tthat\tother\tpeople\tcan\tand\twill\tshare\tin\ther\tfeelings.\nThis\tsense\tseems\tto\temerge\tat\taround\teight\tmonths,\twhen\tinfants\nbegin\tto\trealize\tthey\tare\tseparate\tfrom\tothers,\tand\tcontinues\tto\tbe\nshaped\tby\tintimate\trelationships\tthroughout\tlife.\tWhen\tparents\tare\nmisattuned\tto\ta\tchild\tit\tis\tdeeply\tupsetting.\tIn\tone\texperiment,\tStern", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "854ba8f7b400-1", "page_content": "had\tmothers\tdeliberately\tover-\tor\tunderrespond\tto\ttheir\tinfants,\nrather\tthan\tmatching\tthem\tin\tan\tattuned\tway;\tthe\tinfants\tresponded\nwith\timmediate\tdismay\tand\tdistress.\nProlonged\tabsence\tof\tattunement\tbetween\tparent\tand\tchild\ttakes\ta\ntremendous\temotional\ttoll\ton\tthe\tchild.\tWhen\ta\tparent\tconsistently\nfails\tto\tshow\tany\tempathy\twith\ta\tparticular\trange\tof\temotion\tin\tthe\nchild\u2014joys,\ttears,\tneeding\tto\tcuddle\u2014the\tchild\tbegins\tto\tavoid\nexpressing,\tand\tperhaps\teven\tfeeling,\tthose\tsame\temotions.\tIn\tthis\nway,\tpresumably,\tentire\tranges\tof\temotion\tcan\tbegin\tto\tbe\tobliterated\nfrom\tthe\trepertoire\tfor\tintimate\trelations,\tespecially\tif\tthrough\nchildhood\tthose\tfeelings\tcontinue\tto\tbe\tcovertly\tor\tovertly\ndiscouraged.\nBy\tthe\tsame\ttoken,\tchildren\tcan\tcome\tto\tfavor\tan\tunfortunate\trange\nof\temotion,\tdepending\ton\twhich\tmoods\tare\treciprocated.\tEven\tinfants\n\u201ccatch\u201d\tmoods:\tThree-month-old\tbabies\tof\tdepressed\tmothers,\tfor\nexample,\tmirrored\ttheir\tmothers\u2019\tmoods\twhile\tplaying\twith\tthem,\ndisplaying\tmore\tfeelings\tof\tanger\tand\tsadness,\tand\tmuch\tless\nspontaneous\tcuriosity\tand\tinterest,\tcompared\tto\tinfants\twhose\nmothers\twere\tnot\tdepressed.\n9", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5456bf4c8abb-0", "page_content": "One\tmother\tin\tStern\u2019s\tstudy\tconsistently\tunderreacted\tto\ther\tbaby\u2019s\nlevel\tof\tactivity;\teventually\ther\tbaby\tlearned\tto\tbe\tpassive.\t\u201cAn\tinfant\ntreated\tthat\tway\tlearns,\twhen\tI\tget\texcited\tI\tcan\u2019t\tget\tmy\tmother\tto\tbe\nequally\texcited,\tso\tI\tmay\tas\twell\tnot\ttry\tat\tall,\u201d\tStern\tcontends.\tBut\nthere\tis\thope\tin\t\u201creparative\u201d\trelationships:\t\u201cRelationships\tthroughout\nlife\u2014with\tfriends\tor\trelatives,\tfor\texample,\tor\tin\tpsychotherapy\u2014\ncontinually\treshape\tyour\tworking\tmodel\tof\trelationships.\tAn\nimbalance\tat\tone\tpoint\tcan\tbe\tcorrected\tlater;\tit\u2019s\tan\tongoing,\tlifelong\nprocess.\u201d\nIndeed,\tseveral\ttheories\tof\tpsychoanalysis\tsee\tthe\ttherapeutic\nrelationship\tas\tproviding\tjust\tsuch\tan\temotional\tcorrective,\ta\nreparative\texperience\tof\tattunement.\t\nMirroring\n\tis\tthe\tterm\tused\tby\nsome\tpsychoanalytic\tthinkers\tfor\t\nthe\ttherapist\u2019s\treflecting\tback\tto\tthe\nclient\tan\tunderstanding\tof\this\tinner\tstate,\tjust\tas\tan\tattuned\tmother\ndoes\twith\ther\tinfant.\tThe\temotional\tsynchrony\tis\tunstated\tand\toutside\nconscious\tawareness,\tthough\ta\tpatient\tmay\tbask\tin\tthe\tsense\tof\tbeing\ndeeply\tacknowledged\tand\tunderstood.\nThe\tlifetime\temotional\tcosts\tof\tlack\tof\tattunement\tin\tchildhood\tcan\nbe\tgreat\u2014and\tnot\tjust\tfor\tthe\tchild.\tA\tstudy\tof\tcriminals\twho", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5456bf4c8abb-1", "page_content": "committed\tthe\tcruelest\tand\tmost\tviolent\tcrimes\tfound\tthat\tthe\tone\ncharacteristic\tof\ttheir\tearly\tlives\tthat\tset\tthem\tapart\tfrom\tother\ncriminals\twas\tthat\tthey\thad\tbeen\tshuttled\tfrom\tfoster\thome\tto\tfoster\nhome,\tor\traised\tin\torphanages\u2014life\thistories\tthat\tsuggest\temotional\nneglect\tand\tlittle\topportunity\tfor\tattunement.\n10\nWhile\temotional\tneglect\tseems\tto\tdull\tempathy,\tthere\tis\ta\nparadoxical\tresult\tfrom\tintense,\tsustained\temotional\tabuse,\tincluding\ncruel,\tsadistic\tthreats,\thumiliations,\tand\tplain\tmeanness.\tChildren\nwho\tendure\tsuch\tabuse\tcan\tbecome\thyperalert\tto\tthe\temotions\tof\nthose\taround\tthem,\tin\twhat\tamounts\tto\ta\tpost-traumatic\tvigilance\tto\ncues\tthat\thave\tsignaled\tthreat.\tSuch\tan\tobsessive\tpreoccupation\twith\nthe\tfeelings\tof\tothers\tis\ttypical\tof\tpsychologically\tabused\tchildren\nwho\tin\tadulthood\tsuffer\tthe\tmercurial,\tintense\temotional\tups\tand\ndowns\tthat\tare\tsometimes\tdiagnosed\tas\t\u201cborderline\tpersonality\ndisorder.\u201d\tMany\tsuch\tpeople\tare\tgifted\tat\tsensing\twhat\tothers\taround\nthem\tare\tfeeling,\tand\tit\tis\tquite\tcommon\tfor\tthem\tto\treport\thaving\nsuffered\temotional\tabuse\tin\tchildhood.\n11\nTHE\tNEUROLOGY\tOF\tEMPATHY", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fc83e89bd7d5-0", "page_content": "As\tis\tso\toften\tthe\tcase\tin\tneurology,\treports\tof\tquirky\tand\tbizarre\ncases\twere\tamong\tthe\tearly\tclues\tto\tthe\tbrain\tbasis\tof\tempathy.\tA\n1975\treport,\tfor\tinstance,\treviewed\tseveral\tcases\tin\twhich\tpatients\nwith\tcertain\tlesions\tin\tthe\tright\tarea\tof\tthe\tfrontal\tlobes\thad\ta\tcurious\ndeficit:\tthey\twere\tunable\tto\tunderstand\tthe\temotional\tmessage\tin\npeople\u2019s\ttone\tof\tvoice,\tthough\tthey\twere\tperfectly\table\tto\tunderstand\ntheir\twords.\tA\tsarcastic\t\u201cThanks,\u201d\ta\tgrateful\t\u201cThanks,\u201d\tand\tan\tangry\n\u201cThanks\u201d\tall\thad\tthe\tsame\tneutral\tmeaning\tfor\tthem.\tBy\tcontrast,\ta\n1979\treport\tspoke\tof\tpatients\twith\tinjuries\tin\tother\tparts\tof\tthe\tright\nhemisphere\twho\thad\ta\tvery\tdifferent\tgap\tin\ttheir\temotional\nperception.\tThese\tpatients\twere\tunable\tto\texpress\ttheir\town\temotions\nthrough\ttheir\ttone\tof\tvoice\tor\tby\tgesture.\tThey\tknew\twhat\tthey\tfelt,\nbut\tthey\tsimply\tcould\tnot\tconvey\tit.\tAll\tthese\tcortical\tbrain\tregions,\nthe\tvarious\tauthors\tnoted,\thad\tstrong\tconnections\tto\tthe\tlimbic\nsystem.\nThese\tstudies\twere\treviewed\tas\tbackground\tto\ta\tseminal\tpaper\tby\nLeslie\t\nBrothers,\ta\tpsychiatrist\tat\tthe\tCalifornia\tInstitute\tof\nTechnology,\ton\tthe\tbiology\tof\tempathy.\n12\n\tReviewing\tboth", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fc83e89bd7d5-1", "page_content": "Technology,\ton\tthe\tbiology\tof\tempathy.\n12\n\tReviewing\tboth\nneurological\tfindings\tand\tcomparative\tstudies\twith\tanimals,\tBrothers\npoints\tto\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tits\tconnections\tto\tthe\tassociation\tarea\tof\nthe\tvisual\tcortex\tas\tpart\tof\tthe\tkey\tbrain\tcircuitry\tunderlying\nempathy.\nMuch\tof\tthe\trelevant\tneurological\tresearch\tis\tfrom\twork\twith\nanimals,\tespecially\tnonhuman\tprimates.\tThat\tsuch\tprimates\tdisplay\nempathy\u2014or\t\u201cemotional\tcommunication,\u201d\tas\tBrothers\tprefers\tto\tsay\u2014\nis\tclear\tnot\tjust\tfrom\tanecdotal\taccounts,\tbut\talso\tfrom\tstudies\tsuch\tas\nthe\tfollowing:\tRhesus\tmonkeys\twere\ttrained\tfirst\tto\tfear\ta\tcertain\ttone\nby\thearing\tit\twhile\tthey\treceived\tan\telectric\tshock.\tThen\tthey\tlearned\nto\tavoid\tthe\telectric\tshock\tby\tpushing\ta\tlever\twhenever\tthey\theard\nthe\ttone.\tNext,\tpairs\tof\tthese\tmonkeys\twere\tput\tin\tseparate\tcages,\ntheir\tonly\tcommunication\tbeing\tthrough\tclosed-circuit\tTV,\twhich\nallowed\tthem\tto\tsee\tpictures\tof\tthe\tface\tof\tthe\tother\tmonkey.\tThe\tfirst\nmonkey,\tbut\tnot\tthe\tsecond,\tthen\theard\tthe\tdreaded\ttone\tsound,\nwhich\tbrought\ta\tlook\tof\tfear\tto\tits\tface.\tAt\tthat\tmoment,\tthe\tsecond\nmonkey,\tseeing\tfear\ton\tthe\tface\tof\tthe\tfirst,\tpushed\tthe\tlever\tthat\nprevented\tthe\tshock\u2014an\tact\tof\tempathy,\tif\tnot\tof\taltruism.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fc83e89bd7d5-2", "page_content": "prevented\tthe\tshock\u2014an\tact\tof\tempathy,\tif\tnot\tof\taltruism.\nHaving\testablished\tthat\tnonhuman\tprimates\tdo\tindeed\tread\nemotions\tfrom\tthe\tfaces\tof\ttheir\tpeers,\tresearchers\tgently\tinserted\nlong,\tfine-tipped\telectrodes\tinto\tthe\tbrains\tof\tmonkeys.\tThese\nelectrodes\tallowed\tthe\trecording\tof\tactivity\tin\ta\tsingle\tneuron.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d0364d9cad51-0", "page_content": "Electrodes\ttapping\tneurons\tin\tthe\tvisual\tcortex\tand\tin\tthe\tamygdala\nshowed\tthat\twhen\tone\tmonkey\tsaw\tthe\tface\tof\tanother,\tthat\ninformation\tled\tto\ta\tneuron\tfiring\tfirst\tin\tthe\tvisual\tcortex,\tthen\tin\tthe\namygdala.\tThis\tpathway,\tof\tcourse,\tis\ta\tstandard\troute\tfor\tinformation\nthat\tis\temotionally\tarousing.\tBut\twhat\tis\tsurprising\tabout\tresults\tfrom\nsuch\tstudies\tis\tthat\tthey\thave\talso\tidentified\tneurons\tin\tthe\tvisual\ncortex\tthat\tseem\tto\tfire\t\nonly\n\tin\tresponse\tto\tspecific\tfacial\texpressions\nor\tgestures,\tsuch\tas\ta\tthreatening\topening\tof\tthe\tmouth,\ta\tfearful\ngrimace,\tor\ta\tdocile\tcrouch.\tThese\tneurons\tare\tdistinct\tfrom\tothers\tin\nthe\tsame\tregion\tthat\trecognize\tfamiliar\tfaces.\tThis\twould\tseem\tto\nmean\tthat\tthe\tbrain\tis\tdesigned\tfrom\tthe\tbeginning\tto\trespond\tto\nspecific\temotional\texpressions\u2014that\tis,\tempathy\tis\ta\tgiven\tof\tbiology.\nAnother\tline\tof\tevidence\tfor\tthe\tkey\trole\tof\tthe\tamygdala-cortical\npathway\tin\treading\tand\tresponding\tto\temotions,\tBrothers\tsuggests,\tis\nresearch\tin\twhich\tmonkeys\tin\tthe\twild\thad\tthe\tconnections\tto\tand\nfrom\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tcortex\tsevered.\tWhen\tthey\twere\treleased\tback\nto\ttheir\ttroops,\tthese\tmonkeys\twere\table\tto\tcontend\twith\tordinary\ntasks\tsuch\tas\tfeeding\tthemselves\tand\tclimbing\ttrees.\tBut\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d0364d9cad51-1", "page_content": "unfortunate\tmonkeys\thad\tlost\tall\tsense\tof\thow\tto\trespond\temotionally\nto\tother\tmonkeys\tin\ttheir\tband.\tEven\twhen\tone\t\nmade\ta\tfriendly\napproach,\tthey\twould\trun\taway,\tand\teventually\tlived\tas\tisolates,\nshunning\tcontact\twith\ttheir\town\ttroop.\nThe\tvery\tregions\tof\tthe\tcortex\twhere\tthe\temotion-specific\tneurons\nconcentrate\tare\talso,\tBrothers\tnotes,\tthose\twith\tthe\theaviest\nconnection\tto\tthe\tamygdala;\treading\temotion\tinvolves\tthe\tamygdala-\ncortical\tcircuitry,\twhich\thas\ta\tkey\trole\tin\torchestrating\tthe\nappropriate\tresponses.\t\u201cThe\tsurvival\tvalue\tof\tsuch\ta\tsystem\tis\nobvious\u201d\tfor\tnonhuman\tprimates,\tnotes\tBrothers.\t\u201cThe\tperception\tof\nanother\tindividual\u2019s\tapproach\tshould\tgive\trise\tto\ta\tspecific\tpattern\tof\n[physiological\tresponse]\u2014and\tvery\tquickly\u2014tailored\tto\twhether\tthe\nintent\tis\tto\tbite,\tto\thave\ta\tquiet\tgrooming\tsession,\tor\tto\tcopulate.\u201d\n13\nA\tsimilar\tphysiological\tbasis\tfor\tempathy\tin\tus\thumans\tis\tsuggested\nin\tresearch\tby\tRobert\tLevenson,\ta\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tBerkeley\npsychologist\twho\thas\tstudied\tmarried\tcouples\ttrying\tto\tguess\twhat\ntheir\tpartner\tis\tfeeling\tduring\ta\theated\tdiscussion.\n14\n\tHis\tmethod\tis\nsimple:\tthe\tcouple\tis\tvideotaped\tand\ttheir\tphysiological\tresponses", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d0364d9cad51-2", "page_content": "simple:\tthe\tcouple\tis\tvideotaped\tand\ttheir\tphysiological\tresponses\nmeasured\twhile\ttalking\tover\tsome\ttroubling\tissue\tin\ttheir\tmarriage\u2014\nhow\tto\tdiscipline\tthe\tkids,\tspending\thabits,\tand\tthe\tlike.\tEach\tpartner\nreviews\tthe\ttape\tand\tnarrates\twhat\the\tor\tshe\twas\tfeeling\tfrom\nmoment\tto\tmoment.\tThen\tthe\tpartner\treviews\tthe\ttape\ta\tsecond\ttime,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6ca093576f8c-0", "page_content": "now\ttrying\tto\tread\tthe\t\nother\u2019s\n\tfeelings.\nThe\tmost\tempathic\taccuracy\toccurred\tin\tthose\thusbands\tand\twives\nwhose\town\tphysiology\ttracked\tthat\tof\tthe\tspouse\n\tthey\twere\twatching.\nThat\tis,\twhen\ttheir\tpartner\thad\tan\televated\tsweat\tresponse,\tso\tdid\nthey;\twhen\ttheir\tpartner\thad\ta\tdrop\tin\theart\trate,\ttheir\theart\tslowed.\nIn\tshort,\ttheir\tbody\tmimicked\tthe\tsubtle,\tmoment-to-moment\tphysical\nreactions\tof\ttheir\tspouse.\tIf\tthe\tviewer\u2019s\tphysiological\tpatterns\tsimply\nrepeated\ttheir\town\tduring\tthe\toriginal\tinteraction,\tthey\twere\tvery\npoor\tat\tsurmising\twhat\ttheir\tpartner\twas\tfeeling.\tOnly\twhen\ttheir\nbodies\twere\tin\tsynch\twas\tthere\tempathy.\nThis\tsuggests\tthat\twhen\tthe\temotional\tbrain\tis\tdriving\tthe\tbody\nwith\ta\tstrong\treaction\u2014the\theat\tof\tanger,\tsay\u2014there\tcan\tbe\tlittle\tor\nno\tempathy.\tEmpathy\trequires\tenough\tcalm\tand\treceptivity\tso\tthat\nthe\tsubtle\tsignals\tof\tfeeling\tfrom\tanother\tperson\tcan\tbe\treceived\tand\nmimicked\tby\tone\u2019s\town\temotional\tbrain.\nEMPATHY\tAND\tETHICS:\tTHE\tROOTS\tOF\tALTRUISM\n\u201cNever\tsend\tto\tknow\tfor\twhom\tthe\tbell\ttolls;\tit\ttolls\tfor\tthee\u201d\tis\tone\tof\nthe\tmost\tfamous\tlines\tin\tEnglish\tliterature.\tJohn\tDonne\u2019s\tsentiment", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6ca093576f8c-1", "page_content": "speaks\tto\tthe\theart\tof\tthe\tlink\tbetween\tempathy\tand\tcaring:\tanother\u2019s\npain\tis\tone\u2019s\town.\tTo\t\nfeel\twith\tanother\tis\tto\tcare.\tIn\tthis\tsense,\tthe\nopposite\tof\t\nempathy\n\tis\t\nantipathy\n.\tThe\tempathic\tattitude\tis\tengaged\nagain\tand\tagain\tin\tmoral\tjudgments,\tfor\tmoral\tdilemmas\tinvolve\npotential\tvictims:\tShould\tyou\tlie\tto\tkeep\tfrom\thurting\ta\tfriend\u2019s\nfeelings?\tShould\tyou\tkeep\ta\tpromise\tto\tvisit\ta\tsick\tfriend\tor\taccept\ta\nlast-minute\tinvitation\tto\ta\tdinner\tparty\tinstead?\tWhen\tshould\ta\tlife-\nsupport\tsystem\tbe\tkept\tgoing\tfor\tsomeone\twho\twould\totherwise\tdie?\nThese\tmoral\tquestions\tare\tposed\tby\tthe\tempathy\tresearcher\tMartin\nHoffman,\twho\targues\tthat\tthe\troots\tof\tmorality\tare\tto\tbe\tfound\tin\nempathy,\tsince\tit\tis\tempathizing\twith\tthe\tpotential\tvictims\u2014someone\nin\tpain,\tdanger,\tor\tdeprivation,\tsay\u2014and\tso\tsharing\ttheir\tdistress\tthat\nmoves\tpeople\tto\tact\tto\thelp\tthem.\n15\n\tBeyond\tthis\timmediate\tlink\nbetween\tempathy\tand\taltruism\tin\tpersonal\tencounters,\tHoffman\nproposes\tthat\tthe\tsame\tcapacity\tfor\tempathic\taffect,\tfor\tputting\noneself\tin\tanother\u2019s\tplace,\tleads\tpeople\tto\tfollow\tcertain\tmoral\nprinciples.\nHoffman\tsees\ta\tnatural\tprogression\tin\tempathy\tfrom\tinfancy", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6ca093576f8c-2", "page_content": "Hoffman\tsees\ta\tnatural\tprogression\tin\tempathy\tfrom\tinfancy\nonward.\tAs\twe\thave\tseen,\tat\tone\tyear\tof\tage\ta\tchild\tfeels\tin\tdistress", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "70587728c016-0", "page_content": "herself\twhen\tshe\tsees\tanother\tfall\tand\tstart\tto\tcry;\ther\trapport\tis\tso\nstrong\tand\timmediate\tthat\tshe\tputs\ther\tthumb\tin\ther\tmouth\tand\nburies\ther\thead\tin\ther\tmother\u2019s\tlap,\tas\tif\tshe\therself\twere\thurt.\tAfter\nthe\tfirst\tyear,\twhen\tinfants\tbecome\tmore\taware\tthat\tthey\tare\tdistinct\nfrom\tothers,\tthey\tactively\ttry\tto\tsoothe\tanother\tcrying\tinfant,\toffering\nthem\ttheir\tteddy\tbears,\tfor\texample.\tAs\tearly\tas\tthe\tage\tof\ttwo,\nchildren\tbegin\tto\trealize\tthat\tsomeone\telse\u2019s\tfeelings\tdiffer\tfrom\ttheir\nown,\tand\tso\tthey\tbecome\tmore\tsensitive\tto\tcues\trevealing\twhat\nanother\tactually\tfeels;\tat\tthis\tpoint\tthey\tmight,\tfor\texample,\trecognize\nthat\tanother\tchild\u2019s\tpride\tmight\tmean\tthat\tthe\tbest\tway\tto\thelp\tthem\ndeal\twith\ttheir\ttears\tis\tnot\tto\tcall\tundue\tattention\tto\tthem.\nBy\tlate\tchildhood\tthe\tmost\tadvanced\tlevel\tof\tempathy\temerges,\tas\nchildren\tare\table\tto\tunderstand\tdistress\tbeyond\tthe\timmediate\nsituation,\tand\tto\tsee\tthat\tsomeone\u2019s\tcondition\tor\tstation\tin\tlife\tmay\tbe\na\tsource\tof\tchronic\tdistress.\tAt\tthis\tpoint\tthey\tcan\tfeel\tfor\tthe\tplight\nof\tan\tentire\tgroup,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tpoor,\tthe\toppressed,\tthe\toutcast.\tThat\nunderstanding,\tin\tadolescence,\tcan\tbuttress\tmoral\tconvictions", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "70587728c016-1", "page_content": "understanding,\tin\tadolescence,\tcan\tbuttress\tmoral\tconvictions\ncentered\ton\twanting\tto\talleviate\tmisfortune\tand\tinjustice.\nEmpathy\tunderlies\tmany\tfacets\tof\tmoral\tjudgment\tand\taction.\tOne\nis\t\u201cempathic\tanger,\u201d\twhich\tJohn\tStuart\tMill\tdescribed\tas\t\u201cthe\tnatural\nfeeling\tof\tretaliation\t\u2026\trendered\tby\tintellect\tand\tsympathy\tapplicable\nto\t\u2026\tthose\thurts\twhich\twound\tus\tthrough\twounding\tothers\u201d;\tMill\ndubbed\tthis\tthe\t\u201cguardian\tof\tjustice.\u201d\tAnother\tinstance\tin\twhich\nempathy\tleads\tto\tmoral\taction\tis\twhen\ta\tbystander\tis\tmoved\tto\nintervene\ton\tbehalf\tof\ta\tvictim;\tthe\t\nresearch\tshows\tthat\tthe\tmore\nempathy\ta\tbystander\tfeels\tfor\tthe\tvictim,\tthe\tmore\tlikely\tit\tis\tthat\tshe\nwill\tintervene.\tThere\tis\tsome\tevidence\tthat\tthe\tlevel\tof\tempathy\npeople\tfeel\tshades\ttheir\tmoral\tjudgments\tas\twell.\tFor\texample,\tstudies\nin\tGermany\tand\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tfound\tthat\tthe\tmore\tempathic\npeople\tare,\tthe\tmore\tthey\tfavor\tthe\tmoral\tprinciple\tthat\tresources\nshould\tbe\tallocated\taccording\tto\tpeople\u2019s\tneed.\n16\nLIFE\tWITHOUT\tEMPATHY:\tTHE\tMIND\tOF\tTHE\tMOLESTER,\tTHE\nMORALS\tOF\tTHE\tSOCIOPATH\nEric\tEckardt\twas\tinvolved\tin\tan\tinfamous\tcrime:\tthe\tbodyguard\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "70587728c016-2", "page_content": "skater\tTonya\tHarding,\tEckardt\thad\tarranged\tto\thave\tthugs\tattack\nNancy\tKerrigan,\tHarding\u2019s\tarchrival\tfor\tthe\t1994\twomen\u2019s\tOlympic\nfigure\tskating\tgold\tmedal.\tIn\tthe\tattack,\tKerrigan\u2019s\tknee\twas\tbattered,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7d1f208bcfaa-0", "page_content": "sidelining\ther\tduring\tcrucial\ttraining\tmonths.\tBut\twhen\tEckardt\tsaw\nthe\timage\tof\ta\tsobbing\tKerrigan\ton\ttelevision,\the\thad\ta\tsudden\trush\tof\nremorse,\tand\tsought\tout\ta\tfriend\tto\tbare\this\tsecret,\tbeginning\tthe\nsequence\tthat\tled\tto\tthe\tarrest\tof\tthe\tattackers.\tSuch\tis\tthe\tpower\tof\nempathy.\nBut\tit\tis\ttypically,\tand\ttragically,\tlacking\tin\tthose\twho\tcommit\tthe\nmost\tmean-spirited\tof\tcrimes.\tA\tpsychological\tfault\tline\tis\tcommon\tto\nrapists,\tchild\tmolesters,\tand\tmany\tperpetrators\tof\tfamily\tviolence\nalike:\tthey\tare\tincapable\tof\tempathy.\tThis\tinability\tto\tfeel\ttheir\nvictims\u2019\tpain\tallows\tthem\tto\ttell\tthemselves\tlies\tthat\tencourage\ttheir\ncrime.\tFor\trapists,\tthe\tlies\tinclude\t\u201cWomen\treally\twant\tto\tbe\traped\u201d\nor\t\u201cIf\tshe\tresists,\tshe\u2019s\tjust\tplaying\thard\tto\tget\u201d;\tfor\tmolesters,\t\u201cI\u2019m\nnot\thurting\tthe\tchild,\tjust\tshowing\tlove\u201d\tor\t\u201cThis\tis\tjust\tanother\tform\nof\taffection\u201d;\tfor\tphysically\tabusive\tparents,\t\u201cThis\tis\tjust\tgood\ndiscipline.\u201d\tThese\tself-justifications\tare\tall\tcollected\tfrom\twhat\tpeople\nbeing\ttreated\tfor\tthese\tproblems\tsay\tthey\thave\ttold\tthemselves\tas\tthey\nwere\tbrutalizing\ttheir\tvictims,\tor\tpreparing\tto\tdo\tso.\nThe\tblotting\tout\tof\tempathy\tas\tthese\tpeople\tinflict\tdamage\ton", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7d1f208bcfaa-1", "page_content": "The\tblotting\tout\tof\tempathy\tas\tthese\tpeople\tinflict\tdamage\ton\nvictims\tis\talmost\talways\tpart\tof\tan\temotional\tcycle\tthat\tprecipitates\ntheir\tcruel\tacts.\tWitness\tthe\temotional\tsequence\tthat\ttypically\tleads\tto\na\tsex\tcrime\tsuch\tas\tchild\tmolestation.\n17\n\tThe\tcycle\tbegins\twith\tthe\nmolester\tfeeling\tupset:\tangry,\tdepressed,\tlonely.\tThese\tsentiments\nmight\tbe\ttriggered\tby,\tsay,\twatching\thappy\tcouples\ton\tTV,\tand\tthen\nfeeling\tdepressed\tabout\tbeing\talone.\tThe\tmolester\tthen\tseeks\tsolace\tin\na\tfavored\tfantasy,\ttypically\tabout\ta\twarm\tfriendship\twith\ta\tchild;\tthe\nfantasy\tbecomes\tsexual\tand\tends\tin\tmasturbation.\tAfterward,\tthe\nmolester\tfeels\ta\ttemporary\trelief\tfrom\tthe\tsadness,\tbut\tthe\t\nrelief\tis\nshort-lived;\tthe\tdepression\tand\tloneliness\treturn\teven\tmore\tstrongly.\nThe\tmolester\tbegins\tto\tthink\tabout\tacting\tout\tthe\tfantasy,\ttelling\nhimself\tjustifications\tlike\t\u201cI\u2019m\tnot\tdoing\tany\treal\tharm\tif\tthe\tchild\tis\nnot\tphysically\thurt\u201d\tand\t\u201cIf\ta\tchild\treally\tdidn\u2019t\twant\tto\thave\tsex\twith\nme,\tshe\tcould\tstop\tit.\u201d\nAt\tthis\tpoint\tthe\tmolester\tis\tseeing\tthe\tchild\tthrough\tthe\tlens\tof\tthe\nperverted\tfantasy,\tnot\twith\tempathy\tfor\twhat\ta\treal\tchild\twould\tfeel\nin\tthe\tsituation.\tThat\temotional\tdetachment\tcharacterizes\teverything", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7d1f208bcfaa-2", "page_content": "in\tthe\tsituation.\tThat\temotional\tdetachment\tcharacterizes\teverything\nthat\tfollows,\tfrom\tthe\tensuing\tplan\tto\tget\ta\tchild\talone,\tto\tthe\tcareful\nrehearsal\tof\twhat\twill\thappen,\tand\tthen\tthe\texecution\tof\tthe\tplan.\tAll\nof\tit\tis\tpursued\tas\tthough\tthe\tchild\tinvolved\thad\tno\tfeelings\tof\ther\nown;\tinstead\tthe\tmolester\tprojects\ton\ther\tthe\tcooperative\tattitude\tof\nthe\tchild\tin\this\tfantasy.\tHer\tfeelings\u2014revulsion,\tfear,\tdisgust\u2014do\tnot", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7676e6549393-0", "page_content": "register.\tIf\tthey\tdid,\tit\twould\t\u201cruin\u201d\tthings\tfor\tthe\tmolester.\nThis\tutter\tlack\tof\tempathy\tfor\ttheir\tvictims\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tmain\nfocuses\tof\tnew\ttreatments\tbeing\tdevised\tfor\tchild\tmolesters\tand\tother\nsuch\toffenders.\tIn\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tpromising\ttreatment\tprograms,\tthe\noffenders\tread\theart-wrenching\taccounts\tof\tcrimes\tlike\ttheir\town,\ttold\nfrom\tthe\tvictim\u2019s\tperspective.\tThey\talso\twatch\tvideotapes\tof\tvictims\ntearfully\ttelling\twhat\tit\twas\tlike\tto\tbe\tmolested.\tThe\toffenders\tthen\nwrite\tabout\ttheir\town\toffense\tfrom\tthe\tvictim\u2019s\tpoint\tof\tview,\nimagining\twhat\tthe\tvictim\tfelt.\tThey\tread\tthis\taccount\tto\ta\ttherapy\ngroup,\tand\ttry\tto\tanswer\tquestions\tabout\tthe\tassault\tfrom\tthe\tvictim\u2019s\nperspective.\tFinally,\tthe\toffender\tgoes\tthrough\ta\tsimulated\nreenactment\tof\tthe\tcrime,\tthis\ttime\tplaying\tthe\trole\tof\tthe\tvictim.\nWilliam\tPithers,\tthe\tVermont\tprison\tpsychologist\twho\tdeveloped\nthis\tperspective-taking\ttherapy,\ttold\tme,\t\u201cEmpathy\twith\tthe\tvictim\nshifts\tperception\tso\tthat\tthe\tdenial\tof\tpain,\teven\tin\tone\u2019s\tfantasies,\tis\ndifficult\u201d\tand\tso\tstrengthens\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tmotivation\tto\tfight\ttheir\nperverse\tsexual\turges.\tSex\toffenders\twho\thave\tbeen\tthrough\tthe\nprogram\tin\tprison\thad\tonly\thalf\tthe\trate\tof\tsubsequent\toffenses\tafter", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7676e6549393-1", "page_content": "release\tcompared\tto\tthose\twho\thad\tno\tsuch\ttreatment.\tWithout\tthis\ninitial\tempathy-inspired\tmotivation,\tnone\tof\tthe\trest\tof\ttreatment\twill\nwork.\nWhile\tthere\tmay\tbe\tsome\tsmall\thope\tfor\tinstilling\ta\tsense\tof\nempathy\tin\toffenders\tsuch\tas\tchild\tmolesters,\tthere\tis\tmuch\tless\tfor\nanother\tcriminal\ttype,\tthe\tpsychopath\t(more\trecently\tcalled\tthe\nsociopath\n\tas\ta\tpsychiatric\tdiagnosis).\tPsychopaths\tare\tnotorious\tfor\nbeing\tboth\tcharming\tand\tcompletely\twithout\tremorse\tfor\teven\tthe\nmost\tcruel\tand\theartless\tacts.\tPsychopathy,\tthe\tincapacity\tto\tfeel\nempathy\tor\tcompassion\tof\tany\tsort,\tor\tthe\tleast\ttwinge\tof\tconscience,\nis\tone\tof\tthe\tmore\tperplexing\tof\temotional\tdefects.\tThe\theart\tof\tthe\npsychopath\u2019s\tcoldness\tseems\tto\tlie\tin\tan\tinability\tto\tmake\t\nanything\nmore\tthan\tthe\tshallowest\tof\temotional\tconnections.\tThe\tcruelest\tof\ncriminals,\tsuch\tas\tsadistic\tserial\tkillers\twho\tdelight\tin\tthe\tsuffering\tof\ntheir\tvictims\tbefore\tthey\tdie,\tare\tthe\tepitome\tof\tpsychopathy.\n18\nPsychopaths\tare\talso\tglib\tliars,\twilling\tto\tsay\tanything\tto\tget\twhat\nthey\twant,\tand\tthey\tmanipulate\ttheir\tvictims\u2019\temotions\twith\tthe\tsame\ncynicism.\tConsider\tthe\tperformance\tof\tFaro,\ta\tseventeen-year-old", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7676e6549393-2", "page_content": "cynicism.\tConsider\tthe\tperformance\tof\tFaro,\ta\tseventeen-year-old\nmember\tof\ta\tLos\tAngeles\tgang\twho\tcrippled\ta\tmother\tand\ther\tbaby\tin\na\tdrive-by\tshooting,\twhich\the\tdescribed\twith\tmore\tpride\tthan\nremorse.\tDriving\tin\ta\tcar\twith\tLeon\tBing,\twho\twas\twriting\ta\tbook\nabout\tthe\tLos\tAngeles\tgangs\tthe\tCrips\tand\tthe\tBloods,\tFaro\twants\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4fef1c964d82-0", "page_content": "show\toff.\tFaro\ttells\tBing\the\u2019s\t\u201cgonna\tlook\tcrazy\u201d\tat\tthe\t\u201ctwo\tdudes\u201d\tin\nthe\tnext\tcar.\tAs\tBing\trecounts\tthe\texchange:\nThe\tdriver,\tsensing\tthat\tsomeone\tis\tlooking\tat\thim,\tglances\tover\tat\tmy\tcar.\tHis\teyes\nconnect\twith\tFaro\u2019s,\twiden\tfor\tan\tinstant.\tThen\the\tbreaks\tthe\tcontact,\tlooks\tdown,\nlooks\taway.\tAnd\tthere\tis\tno\tmistaking\twhat\tI\tsaw\tthere\tin\this\teyes:\tIt\twas\tfear.\nFaro\tdemonstrates\tthe\tlook\the\tflashed\tat\tthe\tnext\tcar\tfor\tBing:\nHe\tlooks\tstraight\tat\tme\tand\teverything\tabout\this\tface\tshifts\tand\tchanges,\tas\tif\tby\tsome\ntrick\tof\ttime-lapse\tphotography.\tIt\tbecomes\ta\tnightmare\tface,\tand\tit\tis\ta\tscary\tthing\tto\nsee.\tIt\ttells\tyou\tthat\tif\tyou\treturn\this\tstare,\tif\tyou\tchallenge\tthis\tkid,\tyou\u2019d\tbetter\tbe\nable\tto\tstand\tyour\tground.\tHis\tlook\ttells\tyou\tthat\the\tdoesn\u2019t\tcare\tabout\tanything,\tnot\nyour\tlife\tand\tnot\this.\n19\nOf\tcourse,\tin\tbehavior\tas\tcomplex\tas\tcrime,\tthere\tare\tmany\nplausible\texplanations\tthat\tdo\tnot\tevoke\ta\tbiological\tbasis.\tOne\tmight\nbe\tthat\ta\tperverse\tkind\tof\temotional\tskill\u2014intimidating\tother\tpeople\n\u2014has\tsurvival\tvalue\tin\tviolent\tneighborhoods,\tas\tmight\tturning\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4fef1c964d82-1", "page_content": "crime;\tin\tthese\tcases\ttoo\tmuch\tempathy\tmight\tbe\tcounterproductive.\nIndeed,\tan\topportunistic\tlack\tof\tempathy\tmay\tbe\ta\t\u201cvirtue\u201d\tin\tmany\nroles\tin\tlife,\tfrom\t\u201cbad\tcop\u201d\tpolice\tinterrogator\tto\tcorporate\traider.\nMen\twho\thave\tbeen\ttorturers\tfor\tterrorist\tstates,\tfor\texample,\tdescribe\nhow\tthey\tlearned\tto\tdissociate\tfrom\tthe\tfeelings\tof\ttheir\tvictims\tin\norder\tto\tdo\ttheir\t\u201cjob.\u201d\tThere\tare\tmany\troutes\tto\tmanipulativeness.\nOne\tof\tthe\tmore\tominous\tways\tthis\tabsence\tof\tempathy\tmay\ndisplay\titself\twas\tdiscovered\tby\taccident\tin\ta\tstudy\tof\tthe\tmost\tvicious\nof\twife\tbatterers.\tThe\tresearch\trevealed\ta\tphysiological\tanomaly\namong\tmany\tof\tthe\tmost\tviolent\thusbands,\twho\tregularly\tbeat\tup\ntheir\twives\tor\tthreaten\tthem\twith\t\nknives\tor\tguns:\tthe\thusbands\tdo\tso\nin\ta\tcold,\tcalculating\tstate\trather\tthan\twhile\tbeing\tcarried\taway\tby\nthe\theat\tof\tfury.\n20\n\tAs\ttheir\tanger\tmounts,\tthe\tanomaly\temerges:\ttheir\nheart\trate\t\ndrops\n,\tinstead\tof\tclimbing\thigher,\tas\tis\tordinarily\tthe\tcase\nwith\tmounting\tfury.\tThis\tmeans\tthey\tare\tgrowing\tphysiologically\ncalmer,\teven\tas\tthey\tget\tmore\tbelligerent\tand\tabusive.\tTheir\tviolence", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4fef1c964d82-2", "page_content": "appears\tto\tbe\ta\tcalculated\tact\tof\tterrorism,\ta\tmethod\tfor\tcontrolling\ntheir\twives\tby\tinstilling\tfear.\nThese\tcoolly\tbrutal\thusbands\tare\ta\tbreed\tapart\tfrom\tmost\tother\nmen\twho\tbatter\ttheir\twives.\tFor\tone,\tthey\tare\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tto\tbe\nviolent\toutside\tthe\tmarriage\tas\twell,\tgetting\tinto\tbar\tfights\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "519102e976ea-0", "page_content": "battling\twith\tcoworkers\tand\tother\tfamily\tmembers.\tAnd\twhile\tmost\nmen\twho\tbecome\tviolent\twith\ttheir\twives\tdo\tso\timpulsively,\tout\tof\nrage\tafter\tfeeling\trejected\tor\tjealous,\tor\tout\tof\tfear\tof\tabandonment,\nthese\tcalculating\tbatterers\twill\tstrike\tout\tat\ttheir\twives\tseemingly\tfor\nno\treason\tat\tall\u2014and\tonce\tthey\tstart,\tnothing\tshe\tdoes,\tincluding\ntrying\tto\tleave,\tseems\tto\trestrain\ttheir\tviolence.\nSome\tresearchers\twho\tstudy\tcriminal\tpsychopaths\tsuspect\ttheir\ncold\tmanipulativeness,\tsuch\tabsence\tof\tempathy\tor\tcaring,\tcan\nsometimes\tstem\tfrom\ta\tneural\tdefect.\n*\n\tA\tpossible\tphysiological\tbasis\nof\theartless\tpsychopathy\thas\tbeen\tshown\tin\ttwo\tways,\tboth\tof\twhich\nsuggest\tthe\tinvolvement\tof\tneural\tpathways\tto\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain.\tIn\none,\tpeople\u2019s\tbrain\twaves\tare\tmeasured\tas\tthey\ttry\tto\tdecipher\twords\nthat\thave\tbeen\tscrambled.\tThe\twords\tare\tflashed\tvery\tquickly,\tfor\tjust\na\ttenth\tof\ta\tsecond\tor\tso.\tMost\tpeople\treact\tdifferently\tto\temotional\nwords\tsuch\tas\t\nkill\n\tthan\tto\tneutral\twords\tsuch\tas\t\nchair:\n\tthey\tcan\tdecide\nmore\tquickly\tif\tthe\temotional\tword\twas\tscrambled,\tand\ttheir\tbrains\nshow\ta\tdistinctive\twave\tpattern\tin\tresponse\tto\tthe\temotional\twords,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "519102e976ea-1", "page_content": "show\ta\tdistinctive\twave\tpattern\tin\tresponse\tto\tthe\temotional\twords,\nbut\tnot\tthe\tneutral\tones.\tBut\tpsychopaths\thave\tneither\tof\tthese\nresponses:\ttheir\tbrains\tdo\tnot\tshow\tthe\tdistinctive\tpattern\tin\tresponse\nto\tthe\temotional\twords,\tand\tthey\tdo\tnot\trespond\tmore\tquickly\tto\nthem,\tsuggesting\ta\tdisruption\tin\tcircuits\tbetween\tthe\tverbal\tcortex,\nwhich\trecognizes\tthe\tword,\tand\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain,\twhich\tattaches\nfeeling\tto\tit.\nRobert\tHare,\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia\tpsychologist\twho\nhas\tdone\tthis\tresearch,\tinterprets\tthese\tresults\tas\tmeaning\tthat\npsychopaths\thave\ta\tshallow\tunderstanding\tof\temotional\twords,\ta\nreflection\tof\ttheir\tmore\tgeneral\tshallowness\tin\tthe\taffective\trealm.\nThe\tcallousness\tof\tpsychopaths,\tHare\tbelieves,\tis\tbased\tin\tpart\ton\nanother\tphysiological\tpattern\the\tdiscovered\tin\tearlier\tresearch,\tone\nthat\talso\tsuggests\tan\tirregularity\tin\tthe\tworkings\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tand\nrelated\tcircuits:\tpsychopaths\tabout\tto\treceive\tan\telectrical\tshock\tshow\nno\tsign\tof\tthe\tfear\tresponse\tthat\tis\tnormal\tin\tpeople\tabout\tto\nexperience\tpain.\n21\n\tBecause\tthe\tprospect\tof\tpain\tdoes\tnot\ttrigger\ta\nsurge\tof\tanxiety,\tHare\tcontends\tthat\tpsychopaths\tlack\tconcern\tabout\nfuture\tpunishment\tfor\twhat\tthey\tdo.\tAnd\tbecause\tthey\tthemselves\tdo", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "519102e976ea-2", "page_content": "not\tfeel\tfear,\tthey\thave\tno\tempathy\u2014or\tcompassion\u2014for\tthe\tfear\tand\npain\tof\ttheir\tvictims.\n*\n\tA\tnote\tof\tcaution:\tIf\tthere\tare\tbiological\tpatterns\tat\tplay\tin\tsome\tkinds\tof\tcriminality\u2014such\nas\ta\tneural\tdefect\tin\tempathy\u2014that\tdoes\tnot\targue\tthat\tall\tcriminals\tare\tbiologically\tflawed,\nor\tthat\tthere\tis\tsome\tbiological\tmarker\tfor\tcrime.\tA\tcontroversy\thas\traged\ton\tthis\tissue,\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "178b3f01bac9-0", "page_content": "the\tbest\tconsensus\tis\tthat\tthere\tis\tno\tsuch\tbiological\tmarker,\tand\tcertainly\tno\t\u201ccriminal\ngene.\u201d\tEven\tif\tthere\tis\ta\tbiological\tbasis\tfor\ta\tlack\tof\tempathy\tin\tsome\tcases,\tthat\tdoes\tnot\nmean\tall\twho\thave\tit\twill\tdrift\tto\tcrime;\tmost\twill\tnot.\tA\tlack\tof\tempathy\tshould\tbe\tfactored\nin\twith\tall\tthe\tother\tpsychological,\teconomic,\tand\tsocial\tforces\tthat\tcontribute\tto\ta\tvector\ntoward\tcriminality.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "34c05ab8c08b-0", "page_content": "8\nThe\tSocial\tArts\nAs\tso\toften\thappens\tto\tfive-year-olds\twith\tyounger\tsiblings,\tLen\thas\nlost\tall\tpatience\twith\tJay,\this\ttwo-and-a-half-year-old\tbrother,\twho\tis\nmaking\ta\tmess\tof\tthe\tLego\tblocks\tthey\u2019ve\tbeen\tplaying\twith.\tCarried\naway\tby\ta\twave\tof\trage,\tLen\tbites\tJay,\twho\tbreaks\tinto\ttears.\tTheir\nmother,\thearing\tJay\u2019s\tpained\tyelp,\tbustles\tover\tand\tscolds\tLen,\nordering\thim\tto\tput\taway\tthose\tobjects\tof\tcontention,\tthe\tLego\tblocks.\nAt\tthis\u2014what\tsurely\tmust\tseem\ta\tgross\tmiscarriage\tof\tjustice\u2014Len\nbursts\tout\tcrying.\tStill\tpeeved,\this\tmother\trefuses\tto\tconsole\thim.\nBut\tLen\tis\tproffered\tcomfort\tfrom\tan\tunlikely\tsource:\tJay,\twho,\nalthough\tthe\toriginal\tinjured\tparty,\tis\tnow\tso\tconcerned\tby\this\tolder\nbrother\u2019s\ttears\tthat\the\tundertakes\ta\tcampaign\tto\tcalm\tLen\tdown.\tThe\nexchange\tgoes\tsomething\tlike\tthis:\n1\n\u201cLen,\tdon\u2019t,\u201d\tJay\timplores.\t\u201cStop\tcrying,\tmate.\tStop\tit\tcrying.\u201d\nBut\tLen\tstill\tcries.\tHis\tdirect\tplea\ta\tfailure,\tJay\tbeseeches\ttheir\nmother\ton\tLen\u2019s\tbehalf:\t\u201cLen\tcrying,\tMummy!\tLen\tcrying.\tLook.\tMe\nshow\tyou.\tLen\tcrying.\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "34c05ab8c08b-1", "page_content": "show\tyou.\tLen\tcrying.\u201d\nAnd\tthen,\tturning\tto\tLen,\tJay\tadopts\ta\tmothering\tmode,\tpatting\this\nweeping\tbrother\tas\the\treassures\thim\tin\tsoothing\ttones,\t\u201cLook,\tLen.\tNo\ngo\ton\tcrying.\u201d\nLen\u2019s\tsobs\tcontinue,\tdespite\tthe\tcomforting.\tSo\tJay\tturns\tto\tanother\ntactic,\tlending\ta\thelping\thand\tin\tputting\taway\tthe\tLego\tblocks\tin\ttheir\nbag,\twith\ta\tfriendly,\t\u201cAh,\tLen.\tI\tput\tit\tback\tfor\tLennie,\they?\u201d\nEven\tso,\tthe\ttears\tcontinue.\tThe\tever-ingenious\tJay\ttries\tyet\tanother\nstrategy,\tdistraction.\tShowing\this\tbrother\ta\ttoy\tcar,\tJay\ttries\tto\tdraw\nhis\tattention\taway\tfrom\tthe\tminor\ttragedy\tthat\thas\tjust\tbefallen\thim.\n\u201cThere\u2019s\tthis\tman\tin\there.\tWhat\u2019s\tthis,\tLen?\tWhat\u2019s\tthis,\tLen?\u201d\nLen\ttakes\tno\tinterest.\tHe\u2019s\tinconsolable;\this\ttears\tknow\tno\tend.\nLosing\ther\tpatience\twith\thim,\this\tmother\tresorts\tto\tthat\tclassic\nparental\tthreat,\t\u201cDo\tyou\twant\tme\tto\tsmack\tyou?\u201d\tto\twhich\tLen\nresponds\twith\ta\twavering,\t\u201cNo.\u201d\n\u201cThen\tjust\tstop\tit,\tplease,\u201d\tsays\this\tmother\tfirmly,\tif\ta\tbit\nexasperatedly.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a05238eb0aa0-0", "page_content": "Through\this\tsobs,\tLen\tmanages\ta\tpathetic,\tgasping,\t\u201cI\u2019m\ttrying\tto.\u201d\nWhich\tprompts\tJay\u2019s\tfinal\tstratagem:\tborrowing\this\tmother\u2019s\nfirmness\tand\tvoice\tof\tauthority,\the\tthreatens,\t\u201cStop\tcrying,\tLen.\nSmack\tyour\tbottom!\u201d\nThis\tmicrodrama\treveals\tthe\tremarkable\temotional\tsophistication\nthat\ta\ttoddler\tof\tjust\tthirty\tmonths\tcan\tbring\tto\tbear\tin\ttrying\tto\nmanage\tsomeone\telse\u2019s\temotions.\tIn\this\turgent\tattempts\tto\tsoothe\this\nbrother,\tJay\tis\table\tto\tdraw\ton\ta\tlarge\trepertoire\tof\ttactics,\tranging\nfrom\ta\tsimple\tplea,\tto\tseeking\tan\tally\tin\this\tmother\t(no\thelp,\tshe),\tto\nphysically\tcomforting\thim,\tto\tlending\ta\thelping\thand,\tto\tdistraction,\nthreats,\tand\tdirect\tcommands.\tNo\tdoubt\tJay\trelies\ton\tan\tarsenal\tthat\nhas\tbeen\ttried\twith\thim\tin\this\town\tmoments\tof\tdistress.\tNo\tmatter.\nWhat\tcounts\tis\tthat\the\tcan\treadily\tput\tthem\tto\tuse\tin\ta\tpinch\teven\tat\nthis\tvery\tyoung\tage.\nOf\tcourse,\tas\tevery\tparent\tof\tyoung\tchildren\tknows,\tJay\u2019s\tdisplay\tof\nempathy\tand\tsoothing\tis\tby\tno\tmeans\tuniversal.\tIt\tis\tperhaps\tas\tlikely\nthat\ta\tchild\this\tage\twill\tsee\ta\tsibling\u2019s\tupset\tas\ta\tchance\tfor\nvengeance,\tand\tso\tdo\twhatever\tit\ttakes\tto\tmake\tthe\tupset\teven\tworse.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a05238eb0aa0-1", "page_content": "The\tsame\tskills\tcan\tbe\tused\tto\ttease\tor\ttorment\ta\tsibling.\tBut\teven\nthat\tmean-spiritedness\tbespeaks\tthe\temergence\tof\ta\tcrucial\temotional\naptitude:\tthe\tability\tto\tknow\tanother\u2019s\tfeelings\tand\tto\tact\tin\ta\tway\nthat\tfurther\tshapes\tthose\tfeelings.\tBeing\table\tto\tmanage\temotions\tin\nsomeone\telse\tis\tthe\tcore\tof\tthe\tart\tof\thandling\trelationships.\nTo\tmanifest\tsuch\tinterpersonal\tpower,\ttoddlers\tmust\tfirst\treach\ta\nbenchmark\tof\tself-control,\tthe\tbeginnings\tof\tthe\tcapacity\tto\tdamp\ndown\ttheir\town\tanger\tand\tdistress,\ttheir\timpulses\tand\texcitement\u2014\neven\tif\tthat\tability\tusually\tfalters.\tAttunement\tto\tothers\tdemands\ta\nmodicum\tof\tcalm\tin\toneself.\tTentative\tsigns\tof\tthis\tability\tto\tmanage\ntheir\town\temotions\temerge\taround\tthis\tsame\tperiod:\ttoddlers\tbegin\tto\nbe\table\tto\twait\twithout\twailing,\tto\targue\tor\tcajole\tto\tget\ttheir\tway\nrather\tthan\tusing\tbrute\tforce\u2014even\tif\tthey\tdon\u2019t\talways\tchoose\tto\tuse\nthis\tability\tPatience\temerges\tas\tan\talternative\tto\ttantrums,\tat\tleast\noccasionally.\tAnd\tsigns\tof\tempathy\temerge\tby\tage\ttwo;\tit\twas\tJay\u2019s\nempathy,\tthe\troot\tof\tcompassion,\tthat\tdrove\thim\tto\ttry\tso\thard\tto\ncheer\tup\this\tsobbing\tbrother,\tLen.\tThus\thandling\temotions\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a05238eb0aa0-2", "page_content": "someone\telse\u2014the\tfine\tart\tof\trelationships\u2014requires\tthe\tripeness\tof\ntwo\tother\temotional\tskills,\tself-management\tand\tempathy.\nWith\tthis\tbase,\tthe\t\u201cpeople\tskills\u201d\tripen.\tThese\tare\tthe\tsocial\ncompetences\t\nthat\tmake\tfor\teffectiveness\tin\tdealings\twith\tothers;\ndeficits\there\tlead\tto\tineptness\tin\tthe\tsocial\tworld\tor\trepeated", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c9c785f5dee5-0", "page_content": "interpersonal\tdisasters.\tIndeed,\tit\tis\tprecisely\tthe\tlack\tof\tthese\tskills\nthat\tcan\tcause\teven\tthe\tintellectually\tbrightest\tto\tfounder\tin\ttheir\nrelationships,\tcoming\toff\tas\tarrogant,\tobnoxious,\tor\tinsensitive.\tThese\nsocial\tabilities\tallow\tone\tto\tshape\tan\tencounter,\tto\tmobilize\tand\ninspire\tothers,\tto\tthrive\tin\tintimate\trelationships,\tto\tpersuade\tand\ninfluence,\tto\tput\tothers\tat\tease.\nSHOW\tSOME\tEMOTION\nOne\tkey\tsocial\tcompetence\tis\thow\twell\tor\tpoorly\tpeople\texpress\ttheir\nown\tfeelings.\tPaul\tEkman\tuses\tthe\tterm\t\ndisplay\trules\n\tfor\tthe\tsocial\nconsensus\tabout\twhich\tfeelings\tcan\tbe\tproperly\tshown\twhen.\tCultures\nsometimes\tvary\ttremendously\tin\tthis\tregard.\tFor\texample,\tEkman\tand\ncolleagues\tin\tJapan\tstudied\tthe\tfacial\treactions\tof\tstudents\tto\ta\nhorrific\tfilm\tabout\tritual\tcircumcisions\tof\tteenage\tAborigines.\tWhen\nthe\tJapanese\tstudents\twatched\tthe\tfilm\twith\tan\tauthority\tfigure\npresent,\ttheir\tfaces\tshowed\tonly\tthe\tslightest\thints\tof\treaction.\tBut\nwhen\tthey\tthought\tthey\twere\talone\t(though\tthey\twere\tbeing\ttaped\tby\na\tsecret\tcamera)\ttheir\tfaces\ttwisted\tinto\tvivid\tmixes\tof\tanguished\ndistress,\tdread,\tand\tdisgust.\nThere\tare\tseveral\tbasic\tkinds\tof\tdisplay\trules.\n2\n\tOne\tis\t\nminimizing\n\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c9c785f5dee5-1", "page_content": "2\n\tOne\tis\t\nminimizing\n\tthe\nshow\tof\temotion\u2014this\tis\tthe\tJapanese\tnorm\tfor\tfeelings\tof\tdistress\tin\nthe\tpresence\tof\tsomeone\tin\tauthority,\twhich\tthe\tstudents\twere\nfollowing\twhen\tthey\tmasked\ttheir\tupset\twith\ta\tpoker\tface.\tAnother\tis\nexaggerating\n\twhat\tone\tfeels\tby\tmagnifying\tthe\temotional\texpression;\nthis\tis\tthe\tploy\tused\tby\tthe\tsix-year-old\twho\tdramatically\ttwists\ther\nface\tinto\ta\tpathetic\tfrown,\tlips\tquivering,\tas\tshe\truns\tto\tcomplain\tto\nher\tmother\tabout\tbeing\tteased\tby\ther\tolder\tbrother.\tA\tthird\tis\nsubstituting\n\tone\tfeeling\tfor\tanother;\tthis\tcomes\tinto\tplay\tin\tsome\tAsian\ncultures\twhere\tit\tis\timpolite\tto\tsay\tno,\tand\tpositive\t(but\tfalse)\nassurances\tare\tgiven\tinstead.\tHow\twell\tone\temploys\tthese\tstrategies,\nand\tknows\twhen\tto\tdo\tso,\tis\tone\tfactor\tin\temotional\tintelligence.\nWe\tlearn\tthese\tdisplay\trules\tvery\tearly,\tpartly\tby\texplicit\ninstruction.\tAn\teducation\tin\tdisplay\trules\tis\timparted\twhen\twe\ninstruct\ta\tchild\tnot\tto\tseem\tdisappointed,\tbut\tto\tsmile\tand\tsay\tthank\nyou\tinstead,\twhen\tGrandpa\thas\tgiven\ta\tdreadful\tbut\twell-meant\nbirthday\tpresent.\tThis\teducation\tin\tdisplay\trules,\tthough,\tis\tmore\noften\tthrough\tmodeling:\tchildren\tlearn\tto\tdo\twhat\tthey\tsee\tdone.\tIn", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c9c785f5dee5-2", "page_content": "educating\tthe\tsentiments,\temotions\tare\tboth\tthe\tmedium\tand\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "74505f626c7c-0", "page_content": "message.\tIf\ta\tchild\tis\ttold\tto\t\u201csmile\tand\tsay\tthank\tyou\u201d\tby\ta\tparent\nwho\tis,\t\nat\tthat\tmoment,\tharsh,\tdemanding,\tand\tcold\u2014who\thisses\tthe\nmessage\tinstead\tof\twarmly\twhispering\tit\u2014the\tchild\tis\tmore\tlikely\tto\nlearn\ta\tvery\tdifferent\tlesson,\tand\tin\tfact\trespond\tto\tGrandpa\twith\ta\nfrown\tand\ta\tcurt,\tflat\t\u201cThank\tyou.\u201d\tThe\teffect\ton\tGrandpa\tis\tvery\ndifferent:\tin\tthe\tfirst\tcase\the\u2019s\thappy\t(though\tmisled);\tin\tthe\tsecond\nhe\u2019s\thurt\tby\tthe\tmixed\tmessage.\nEmotional\tdisplays,\tof\tcourse,\thave\timmediate\tconsequences\tin\tthe\nimpact\tthey\tmake\ton\tthe\tperson\twho\treceives\tthem.\tThe\trule\tbeing\nlearned\tby\tthe\tchild\tis\tsomething\tlike,\t\u201cMask\tyour\treal\tfeelings\twhen\nthey\twill\thurt\tsomeone\tyou\tlove;\tsubstitute\ta\tphony,\tbut\tless\thurtful\nfeeling\tinstead.\u201d\tSuch\trules\tfor\texpressing\temotions\tare\tmore\tthan\npart\tof\tthe\tlexicon\tof\tsocial\tpropriety;\tthey\tdictate\thow\tour\town\nfeelings\timpact\ton\teveryone\telse.\tTo\tfollow\tthese\trules\twell\tis\tto\thave\noptimal\timpact;\tto\tdo\tso\tpoorly\tis\tto\tfoment\temotional\thavoc.\nActors,\tof\tcourse,\tare\tartists\tof\tthe\temotional\tdisplay;\ttheir\nexpressiveness\tis\twhat\tevokes\tresponse\tin\ttheir\taudience.\tAnd,\tno", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "74505f626c7c-1", "page_content": "expressiveness\tis\twhat\tevokes\tresponse\tin\ttheir\taudience.\tAnd,\tno\ndoubt,\tsome\tof\tus\tcome\tinto\tlife\tas\tnatural\tactors.\tBut\tpartly\tbecause\nthe\tlessons\twe\tlearn\tabout\tdisplay\trules\tvary\taccording\tto\tthe\tmodels\nwe\u2019ve\thad,\tpeople\tdiffer\tgreatly\tin\ttheir\tadeptness.\nEXPRESSIVENESS\tAND\tEMOTIONAL\tCONTAGION\nIt\twas\tearly\tin\tthe\tVietnam\tWar,\tand\tan\tAmerican\tplatoon\twas\nhunkered\tdown\tin\tsome\trice\tpaddies,\tin\tthe\theat\tof\ta\tfirefight\twith\nthe\tVietcong.\tSuddenly\ta\tline\tof\tsix\tmonks\tstarted\twalking\talong\tthe\nelevated\tberms\tthat\tseparated\tpaddy\tfrom\tpaddy.\tPerfectly\tcalm\tand\npoised,\tthe\tmonks\twalked\tdirectly\ttoward\tthe\tline\tof\tfire.\n\u201cThey\tdidn\u2019t\tlook\tright,\tthey\tdidn\u2019t\tlook\tleft.\tThey\twalked\tstraight\nthrough,\u201d\trecalls\tDavid\tBusch,\tone\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tsoldiers.\t\u201cIt\twas\nreally\tstrange,\tbecause\tnobody\tshot\tat\t\u2019em.\tAnd\tafter\tthey\twalked\nover\tthe\tberm,\tsuddenly\tall\tthe\tfight\twas\tout\tof\tme.\tIt\tjust\tdidn\u2019t\tfeel\nlike\tI\twanted\tto\tdo\tthis\tanymore,\tat\tleast\tnot\tthat\tday.\tIt\tmust\thave\nbeen\tthat\tway\tfor\teverybody,\tbecause\teverybody\tquit.\tWe\tjust\nstopped\tfighting.\u201d\n3\nThe\tpower\tof\tthe\tmonks\u2019\tquietly\tcourageous\tcalm\tto\tpacify\tsoldiers", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "74505f626c7c-2", "page_content": "in\tthe\theat\tof\tbattle\tillustrates\ta\tbasic\tprinciple\tof\tsocial\tlife:\tEmotions\nare\tcontagious.\tTo\tbe\tsure,\tthis\ttale\tmarks\tan\textreme.\tMost\nemotional\tcontagion\tis\tfar\tmore\tsubtle,\tpart\tof\ta\ttacit\texchange\tthat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3c7d21a105cf-0", "page_content": "happens\tin\tevery\tencounter.\tWe\ttransmit\tand\tcatch\tmoods\tfrom\teach\nother\tin\twhat\tamounts\tto\ta\tsubterranean\teconomy\tof\tthe\tpsyche\tin\nwhich\tsome\tencounters\tare\ttoxic,\tsome\tnourishing.\t\nThis\temotional\nexchange\tis\ttypically\tat\ta\tsubtle,\talmost\timperceptible\tlevel;\tthe\tway\ta\nsalesperson\tsays\tthank\tyou\tcan\tleave\tus\tfeeling\tignored,\tresented,\tor\ngenuinely\twelcomed\tand\tappreciated.\tWe\tcatch\tfeelings\tfrom\tone\nanother\tas\tthough\tthey\twere\tsome\tkind\tof\tsocial\tvirus.\nWe\tsend\temotional\tsignals\tin\tevery\tencounter,\tand\tthose\tsignals\naffect\tthose\twe\tare\twith.\tThe\tmore\tadroit\twe\tare\tsocially,\tthe\tbetter\nwe\tcontrol\tthe\tsignals\twe\tsend;\tthe\treserve\tof\tpolite\tsociety\tis,\tafter\nall,\tsimply\ta\tmeans\tto\tensure\tthat\tno\tdisturbing\temotional\tleakage\nwill\tunsettle\tthe\tencounter\t(a\tsocial\trule\tthat,\twhen\tbrought\tinto\tthe\ndomain\tof\tintimate\trelationships,\tis\tstifling).\tEmotional\tintelligence\nincludes\tmanaging\tthis\texchange;\t\u201cpopular\u201d\tand\t\u201ccharming\u201d\tare\tterms\nwe\tuse\tfor\tpeople\twhom\twe\tlike\tto\tbe\twith\tbecause\ttheir\temotional\nskills\tmake\tus\tfeel\tgood.\tPeople\twho\tare\table\tto\thelp\tothers\tsoothe\ntheir\tfeelings\thave\tan\tespecially\tvalued\tsocial\tcommodity;\tthey\tare\nthe\tsouls\tothers\tturn\tto\twhen\tin\tgreatest\temotional\tneed.\tWe\tare\tall", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3c7d21a105cf-1", "page_content": "part\tof\teach\tother\u2019s\ttool\tkit\tfor\temotional\tchange,\tfor\tbetter\tor\tfor\nworse.\nConsider\ta\tremarkable\tdemonstration\tof\tthe\tsubtlety\twith\twhich\nemotions\tpass\tfrom\tone\tperson\tto\tanother.\tIn\ta\tsimple\texperiment\ttwo\nvolunteers\tfilled\tout\ta\tchecklist\tabout\ttheir\tmoods\tat\tthe\tmoment,\nthen\tsimply\tsat\tfacing\teach\tother\tquietly\twhile\twaiting\tfor\tan\nexperimenter\tto\treturn\tto\tthe\troom.\tTwo\tminutes\tlater\tshe\tcame\tback\nand\tasked\tthem\tto\tfill\tout\ta\tmood\tchecklist\tagain.\tThe\tpairs\twere\npurposely\tcomposed\tof\tone\tpartner\twho\twas\thighly\texpressive\tof\nemotion\tand\tone\twho\twas\tdeadpan.\tInvariably\tthe\tmood\tof\tthe\tone\nwho\twas\tmore\texpressive\tof\temotions\thad\tbeen\ttransferred\tto\tthe\nmore\tpassive\tpartner.\n4\nHow\tdoes\tthis\tmagical\ttransmission\toccur?\tThe\tmost\tlikely\tanswer\nis\tthat\twe\tunconsciously\timitate\tthe\temotions\twe\tsee\tdisplayed\tby\nsomeone\telse,\tthrough\tan\tout-of-awareness\tmotor\tmimicry\tof\ttheir\nfacial\texpression,\tgestures,\ttone\tof\tvoice,\tand\tother\tnonverbal\tmarkers\nof\temotion.\tThrough\tthis\timitation\tpeople\tre-create\tin\tthemselves\tthe\nmood\tof\tthe\tother\tperson\u2014a\tlow-key\tversion\tof\tthe\tStanislavsky\nmethod,\tin\twhich\tactors\trecall\tgestures,\tmovements,\tand\tother\nexpressions\tof\tan\temotion\tthey\thave\tfelt\tstrongly\tin\tthe\tpast\tin\torder", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3c7d21a105cf-2", "page_content": "to\tevoke\tthose\tfeelings\tonce\tagain.\nThe\tday-to-day\timitation\tof\tfeeling\tis\tordinarily\tquite\tsubtle.\tUlf", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c5e24b69386c-0", "page_content": "Dimberg,\ta\tSwedish\tresearcher\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tUppsala,\tfound\nthat\twhen\tpeople\tview\ta\tsmiling\tor\tangry\tface,\ttheir\town\tfaces\tshow\nevidence\tof\tthat\tsame\tmood\tthrough\tslight\tchanges\tin\tthe\tfacial\nmuscles.\tThe\tchanges\tare\tevident\tthrough\telectronic\tsensors\tbut\tare\ntypically\tnot\tvisible\tto\tthe\tnaked\teye.\nWhen\ttwo\tpeople\tinteract,\tthe\tdirection\tof\tmood\ttransfer\tis\tfrom\nthe\tone\t\nwho\tis\tmore\tforceful\tin\texpressing\tfeelings\tto\tthe\tone\twho\tis\nmore\tpassive.\tBut\tsome\tpeople\tare\tparticularly\tsusceptible\tto\nemotional\tcontagion;\ttheir\tinnate\tsensitivity\tmakes\ttheir\tautonomic\nnervous\tsystem\t(a\tmarker\tof\temotional\tactivity)\tmore\teasily\ttriggered.\nThis\tlability\tseems\tto\tmake\tthem\tmore\timpressionable;\tsentimental\ncommercials\tcan\tmove\tthem\tto\ttears,\twhile\ta\tquick\tchat\twith\nsomeone\twho\tis\tfeeling\tcheerful\tcan\tbuoy\tthem\t(it\talso\tmay\tmake\nthem\tmore\tempathic,\tsince\tthey\tare\tmore\treadily\tmoved\tby\tsomeone\nelse\u2019s\tfeelings).\nJohn\tCacioppo,\tthe\tsocial\tpsychophysiologist\tat\tOhio\tState\nUniversity\twho\thas\tstudied\tthis\tsubtle\temotional\texchange,\tobserves,\n\u201cJust\tseeing\tsomeone\texpress\tan\temotion\tcan\tevoke\tthat\tmood,\nwhether\tyou\trealize\tyou\tmimic\tthe\tfacial\texpression\tor\tnot.\tThis", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c5e24b69386c-1", "page_content": "whether\tyou\trealize\tyou\tmimic\tthe\tfacial\texpression\tor\tnot.\tThis\nhappens\tto\tus\tall\tthe\ttime\u2014there\u2019s\ta\tdance,\ta\tsynchrony,\ta\ntransmission\tof\temotions.\tThis\tmood\tsynchrony\tdetermines\twhether\nyou\tfeel\tan\tinteraction\twent\twell\tor\tnot.\u201d\nThe\tdegree\tof\temotional\trapport\tpeople\tfeel\tin\tan\tencounter\tis\nmirrored\tby\thow\ttightly\torchestrated\ttheir\tphysical\tmovements\tare\tas\nthey\ttalk\u2014an\tindex\tof\tcloseness\tthat\tis\ttypically\tout\tof\tawareness.\nOne\tperson\tnods\tjust\tas\tthe\tother\tmakes\ta\tpoint,\tor\tboth\tshift\tin\ttheir\nchairs\tat\tthe\tsame\tmoment,\tor\tone\tleans\tforward\tas\tthe\tother\tmoves\nback.\tThe\torchestration\tcan\tbe\tas\tsubtle\tas\tboth\tpeople\trocking\tin\nswivel\tchairs\tat\tthe\tsame\trhythm.\tJust\tas\tDaniel\tStern\tfound\tin\nwatching\tthe\tsynchrony\tbetween\tattuned\tmothers\tand\ttheir\tinfants,\nthe\tsame\treciprocity\tlinks\tthe\tmovements\tof\tpeople\twho\tfeel\nemotional\trapport.\nThis\tsynchrony\tseems\tto\tfacilitate\tthe\tsending\tand\treceiving\tof\nmoods,\teven\tif\tthe\tmoods\tare\tnegative.\tFor\texample,\tin\tone\tstudy\tof\nphysical\tsynchrony,\twomen\twho\twere\tdepressed\tcame\tto\ta\tlaboratory\nwith\ttheir\tromantic\tpartners,\tand\tdiscussed\ta\tproblem\tin\ttheir\nrelationship.\tThe\tmore\tsynchrony\tbetween\tthe\tpartners\tat\tthe\nnonverbal\tlevel,\tthe\tworse\tthe\tdepressed\twomen\u2019s\tpartners\tfelt\tafter", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c5e24b69386c-2", "page_content": "the\tdiscussion\u2014they\thad\tcaught\ttheir\tgirlfriends\u2019\tbad\tmoods.\n5\n\tIn\nshort,\twhether\tpeople\tfeel\tupbeat\tor\tdown,\tthe\tmore\tphysically", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7955f0125403-0", "page_content": "attuned\ttheir\tencounter,\tthe\tmore\tsimilar\ttheir\tmoods\twill\tbecome.\nThe\tsynchrony\tbetween\tteachers\tand\tstudents\tindicates\thow\tmuch\nrapport\tthey\tfeel;\tstudies\tin\tclassrooms\tshow\tthat\tthe\tcloser\tthe\nmovement\tcoordination\tbetween\tteacher\tand\tstudent,\tthe\tmore\tthey\nfelt\tfriendly,\thappy,\tenthused,\tinterested,\tand\teasygoing\twhile\ninteracting.\tIn\tgeneral,\ta\thigh\tlevel\tof\tsynchrony\tin\tan\tinteraction\nmeans\tthe\tpeople\tinvolved\tlike\teach\tother.\tFrank\tBernieri,\tthe\tOregon\nState\tUniversity\tpsychologist\twho\tdid\tthese\tstudies,\ttold\tme,\t\u201cHow\nawkward\tor\tcomfortable\tyou\tfeel\twith\tsomeone\tis\tat\t\nsome\tlevel\nphysical.\tYou\tneed\tto\thave\tcompatible\ttiming,\tto\tcoordinate\tyour\nmovements,\tto\tfeel\tcomfortable.\tSynchrony\treflects\tthe\tdepth\tof\nengagement\tbetween\tthe\tpartners;\tif\tyou\u2019re\thighly\tengaged,\tyour\nmoods\tbegin\tto\tmesh,\twhether\tpositive\tor\tnegative.\u201d\nIn\tshort,\tcoordination\tof\tmoods\tis\tthe\tessence\tof\trapport,\tthe\tadult\nversion\tof\tthe\tattunement\ta\tmother\thas\twith\ther\tinfant.\tOne\ndeterminant\tof\tinterpersonal\teffectiveness,\tCacioppo\tproposes,\tis\thow\ndeftly\tpeople\tcarry\tout\tthis\temotional\tsynchrony.\tIf\tthey\tare\tadept\tat\nattuning\tto\tpeople\u2019s\tmoods,\tor\tcan\teasily\tbring\tothers\tunder\tthe\tsway\nof\ttheir\town,\tthen\ttheir\tinteractions\twill\tgo\tmore\tsmoothly\tat\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7955f0125403-1", "page_content": "emotional\tlevel.\tThe\tmark\tof\ta\tpowerful\tleader\tor\tperformer\tis\tbeing\nable\tto\tmove\tan\taudience\tof\tthousands\tin\tthis\tway.\tBy\tthe\tsame\ntoken,\tCacioppo\tpoints\tout\tthat\tpeople\twho\tare\tpoor\tat\treceiving\tand\nsending\temotions\tare\tprone\tto\tproblems\tin\ttheir\trelationships,\tsince\npeople\toften\tfeel\tuncomfortable\twith\tthem,\teven\tif\tthey\tcan\u2019t\narticulate\tjust\twhy\tthis\tis\tso.\nSetting\tthe\temotional\ttone\tof\tan\tinteraction\tis,\tin\ta\tsense,\ta\tsign\tof\ndominance\tat\ta\tdeep\tand\tintimate\tlevel:\tit\tmeans\tdriving\tthe\nemotional\tstate\tof\tthe\tother\tperson.\tThis\tpower\tto\tdetermine\temotion\nis\takin\tto\twhat\tis\tcalled\tin\tbiology\ta\t\nZeitgeber\n\t(literally,\t\u201ctime-\ngrabber\u201d),\ta\tprocess\t(such\tas\tthe\tday-night\tcycle\tor\tthe\tmonthly\nphases\tof\tthe\tmoon)\tthat\tentrains\tbiological\trhythms.\tFor\ta\tcouple\ndancing,\tthe\tmusic\tis\ta\tbodily\tzeitgeber.\tWhen\tit\tcomes\tto\tpersonal\nencounters,\tthe\tperson\twho\thas\tthe\tmore\tforceful\texpressivity\u2014or\tthe\nmost\tpower\u2014is\ttypically\tthe\tone\twhose\temotions\tentrain\tthe\tother.\nDominant\tpartners\ttalk\tmore,\twhile\tthe\tsubordinate\tpartner\twatches\nthe\tother\u2019s\tface\tmore\u2014a\tsetup\tfor\tthe\ttransmission\tof\taffect.\tBy\tthe\nsame\ttoken,\tthe\tforcefulness\tof\ta\tgood\tspeaker\u2014a\tpolitician\tor\tan\nevangelist,\tsay\u2014works\tto\tentrain\tthe\temotions\tof\tthe\taudience.\n6\n\tThat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7955f0125403-2", "page_content": "6\n\tThat\nis\twhat\twe\tmean\tby,\t\u201cHe\thad\tthem\tin\tthe\tpalm\tof\this\thand.\u201d\nEmotional\tentrainment\tis\tthe\theart\tof\tinfluence.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "60e729f10b38-0", "page_content": "THE\tRUDIMENTS\tOF\tSOCIAL\tINTELLIGENCE\nIt\u2019s\trecess\tat\ta\tpreschool,\tand\ta\tband\tof\tboys\tis\trunning\tacross\tthe\ngrass.\tReggie\ttrips,\thurts\this\tknee,\tand\tstarts\tcrying,\tbut\tthe\tother\nboys\tkeep\tright\ton\trunning\u2014save\tfor\tRoger,\twho\tstops.\tAs\tReggie\u2019s\nsobs\tsubside\tRoger\treaches\tdown\tand\trubs\this\town\tknee,\tcalling\tout,\n\u201cI\thurt\tmy\tknee,\ttoo!\u201d\nRoger\tis\tcited\tas\thaving\texemplary\tinterpersonal\tintelligence\tby\nThomas\tHatch,\ta\tcolleague\tof\tHoward\tGardner\tat\tSpectrum,\tthe\nschool\tbased\ton\tthe\tconcept\tof\tmultiple\tintelligences.\n7\n\tRoger,\tit\nseems,\tis\tunusually\tadept\tat\t\nrecognizing\tthe\tfeelings\tof\this\tplaymates\nand\tmaking\trapid,\tsmooth\tconnections\twith\tthem.\tIt\twas\tonly\tRoger\nwho\tnoticed\tReggie\u2019s\tplight\tand\tpain,\tand\tonly\tRoger\twho\ttried\tto\nprovide\tsome\tsolace,\teven\tif\tall\the\tcould\toffer\twas\trubbing\this\town\nknee.\tThis\tsmall\tgesture\tbespeaks\ta\ttalent\tfor\trapport,\tan\temotional\nskill\tessential\tfor\tthe\tpreservation\tof\tclose\trelationships,\twhether\tin\ta\nmarriage,\ta\tfriendship,\tor\ta\tbusiness\tpartnership.\tSuch\tskills\tin\npreschoolers\tare\tthe\tbuds\tof\ttalents\tthat\tripen\tthrough\tlife.\nRoger\u2019s\ttalent\trepresents\tone\tof\tfour\tseparate\tabilities\tthat\tHatch", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "60e729f10b38-1", "page_content": "Roger\u2019s\ttalent\trepresents\tone\tof\tfour\tseparate\tabilities\tthat\tHatch\nand\tGardner\tidentify\tas\tcomponents\tof\tinterpersonal\tintelligence:\n\u2022\t\nOrganizing\tgroups\n\u2014the\tessential\tskill\tof\tthe\tleader,\tthis\tinvolves\ninitiating\tand\tcoordinating\tthe\tefforts\tof\ta\tnetwork\tof\tpeople.\tThis\tis\nthe\ttalent\tseen\tin\ttheater\tdirectors\tor\tproducers,\tin\tmilitary\tofficers,\nand\tin\teffective\theads\tof\torganizations\tand\tunits\tof\tall\tkinds.\tOn\tthe\nplayground,\tthis\tis\tthe\tchild\twho\ttakes\tthe\tlead\tin\tdeciding\twhat\neveryone\twill\tplay,\tor\tbecomes\tteam\tcaptain.\n\u2022\t\nNegotiating\tsolutions\n\u2014the\ttalent\tof\tthe\tmediator,\tpreventing\nconflicts\tor\tresolving\tthose\tthat\tflare\tup.\tPeople\twho\thave\tthis\tability\nexcel\tin\tdeal-making,\tin\tarbitrating\tor\tmediating\tdisputes;\tthey\tmight\nhave\ta\tcareer\tin\tdiplomacy,\tin\tarbitration\tor\tlaw,\tor\tas\tmiddlemen\tor\nmanagers\tof\ttakeovers.\tThese\tare\tthe\tkids\twho\tsettle\targuments\ton\nthe\tplaying\tfield.\n\u2022\t\nPersonal\tconnection\n\u2014Roger\u2019s\ttalent,\tthat\tof\tempathy\tand\nconnecting.\tThis\tmakes\tit\teasy\tto\tenter\tinto\tan\tencounter\tor\tto\nrecognize\tand\trespond\tfittingly\tto\tpeople\u2019s\tfeelings\tand\tconcerns\u2014the\nart\tof\trelationship.\tSuch\tpeople\tmake\tgood\t\u201cteam\tplayers,\u201d\ndependable\tspouses,\tgood\tfriends\tor\tbusiness\tpartners;\tin\tthe\tbusiness", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "60e729f10b38-2", "page_content": "dependable\tspouses,\tgood\tfriends\tor\tbusiness\tpartners;\tin\tthe\tbusiness\nworld\tthey\tdo\twell\tas\tsalespeople\tor\tmanagers,\tor\tcan\tbe\texcellent\nteachers.\tChildren\tlike\tRoger\tget\talong\twell\twith\tvirtually\teveryone", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5c861c0b853a-0", "page_content": "else,\teasily\tenter\tinto\tplaying\twith\tthem,\tand\tare\thappy\tdoing\tso.\nThese\tchildren\ttend\tto\tbe\tbest\tat\treading\temotions\tfrom\tfacial\nexpressions\tand\tare\tmost\tliked\tby\ttheir\tclassmates.\n\u2022\t\nSocial\tanalysis\n\u2014being\table\tto\tdetect\tand\thave\tinsights\tabout\npeople\u2019s\tfeelings,\tmotives,\tand\tconcerns.\tThis\tknowledge\tof\thow\nothers\tfeel\tcan\tlead\tto\tan\teasy\tintimacy\tor\tsense\tof\trapport.\tAt\tits\nbest,\tthis\tability\tmakes\tone\ta\tcompetent\ttherapist\tor\tcounselor\u2014or,\tif\ncombined\twith\tsome\tliterary\ttalent,\ta\tgifted\tnovelist\tor\tdramatist.\nTaken\ttogether,\tthese\tskills\tare\tthe\tstuff\tof\tinterpersonal\tpolish,\tthe\nnecessary\tingredients\tfor\tcharm,\tsocial\tsuccess,\teven\tcharisma.\tThose\nwho\tare\tadept\tin\tsocial\tintelligence\tcan\tconnect\twith\tpeople\tquite\nsmoothly,\tbe\tastute\tin\treading\ttheir\treactions\tand\tfeelings,\tlead\tand\norganize,\tand\thandle\t\nthe\tdisputes\tthat\tare\tbound\tto\tflare\tup\tin\tany\nhuman\tactivity.\tThey\tare\tthe\tnatural\tleaders,\tthe\tpeople\twho\tcan\nexpress\tthe\tunspoken\tcollective\tsentiment\tand\tarticulate\tit\tso\tas\tto\nguide\ta\tgroup\ttoward\tits\tgoals.\tThey\tare\tthe\tkind\tof\tpeople\tothers\tlike\nto\tbe\twith\tbecause\tthey\tare\temotionally\tnourishing\u2014they\tleave\tother\npeople\tin\ta\tgood\tmood,\tand\tevoke\tthe\tcomment,\t\u201cWhat\ta\tpleasure\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5c861c0b853a-1", "page_content": "be\taround\tsomeone\tlike\tthat.\u201d\nThese\tinterpersonal\tabilities\tbuild\ton\tother\temotional\tintelligences.\nPeople\twho\tmake\tan\texcellent\tsocial\timpression,\tfor\texample,\tare\nadept\tat\tmonitoring\ttheir\town\texpression\tof\temotion,\tare\tkeenly\nattuned\tto\tthe\tways\tothers\tare\treacting,\tand\tso\tare\table\tto\tcontinually\nfine-tune\ttheir\tsocial\tperformance,\tadjusting\tit\tto\tmake\tsure\tthey\tare\nhaving\tthe\tdesired\teffect.\tIn\tthat\tsense,\tthey\tare\tlike\tskilled\tactors.\nHowever,\tif\tthese\tinterpersonal\tabilities\tare\tnot\tbalanced\tby\tan\nastute\tsense\tof\tone\u2019s\town\tneeds\tand\tfeelings\tand\thow\tto\tfulfill\tthem,\nthey\tcan\tlead\tto\ta\thollow\tsocial\tsuccess\u2014a\tpopularity\twon\tat\tthe\tcost\nof\tone\u2019s\ttrue\tsatisfaction.\tSuch\tis\tthe\targument\tof\tMark\tSnyder,\ta\nUniversity\tof\tMinnesota\tpsychologist\twho\thas\tstudied\tpeople\twhose\nsocial\tskills\tmake\tthem\tfirst-rate\tsocial\tchameleons,\tchampions\tat\nmaking\ta\tgood\timpression.\n8\n\tTheir\tpsychological\tcredo\tmight\twell\tbe\ta\nremark\tby\tW.\tH.\tAuden,\twho\tsaid\tthat\this\tprivate\timage\tof\thimself\t\u201cis\nvery\tdifferent\tfrom\tthe\timage\twhich\tI\ttry\tto\tcreate\tin\tthe\tminds\tof\nothers\tin\torder\tthat\tthey\tmay\tlove\tme.\u201d\tThat\ttrade-off\tcan\tbe\tmade\tif\nsocial\tskills\toutstrip\tthe\tability\tto\tknow\tand\thonor\tone\u2019s\town\tfeelings:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5c861c0b853a-2", "page_content": "in\torder\tto\tbe\tloved\u2014or\tat\tleast\tliked\u2014the\tsocial\tchameleon\twill\nseem\tto\tbe\twhatever\tthose\the\tis\twith\tseem\tto\twant.\tThe\tsign\tthat\nsomeone\tfalls\tinto\tthis\tpattern,\tSnyder\tfinds,\tis\tthat\tthey\tmake\tan", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1837be5ab222-0", "page_content": "excellent\timpression,\tyet\thave\tfew\tstable\tor\tsatisfying\tintimate\nrelationships.\tA\tmore\thealthy\tpattern,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tto\tbalance\tbeing\ntrue\tto\toneself\twith\tsocial\tskills,\tusing\tthem\twith\tintegrity.\nSocial\tchameleons,\tthough,\tdon\u2019t\tmind\tin\tthe\tleast\tsaying\tone\tthing\nand\tdoing\tanother,\tif\tthat\twill\twin\tthem\tsocial\tapproval.\tThey\tsimply\nlive\twith\tthe\tdiscrepancy\tbetween\ttheir\tpublic\tface\tand\ttheir\tprivate\nreality.\tHelena\tDeutsch,\ta\tpsychoanalyst,\tcalled\tsuch\tpeople\tthe\t\u201cas-if\npersonality,\u201d\tshifting\tpersonas\twith\tremarkable\tplasticity\tas\tthey\tpick\nup\tsignals\tfrom\tthose\taround\tthem.\t\u201cFor\tsome\tpeople,\u201d\tSnyder\ttold\nme,\t\u201cthe\tpublic\tand\tprivate\tperson\tmeshes\twell,\twhile\tfor\tothers\tthere\nseems\tto\tbe\tonly\ta\tkaleidoscope\tof\tchanging\tappearances.\tThey\tare\nlike\tWoody\tAllen\u2019s\tcharacter\tZelig,\tmadly\ttrying\tto\tfit\tin\twith\nwhomever\tthey\tare\twith.\u201d\nSuch\tpeople\ttry\tto\tscan\tsomeone\tfor\ta\thint\tas\tto\twhat\tis\twanted\nfrom\tthem\tbefore\tthey\tmake\ta\tresponse,\trather\tthan\tsimply\tsaying\nwhat\tthey\t\ntruly\tfeel.\tTo\tget\talong\tand\tbe\tliked,\tthey\tare\twilling\tto\nmake\tpeople\tthey\tdislike\tthink\tthey\tare\tfriendly\twith\tthem.\tAnd\tthey\nuse\ttheir\tsocial\tabilities\tto\tmold\ttheir\tactions\tas\tdisparate\tsocial", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1837be5ab222-1", "page_content": "use\ttheir\tsocial\tabilities\tto\tmold\ttheir\tactions\tas\tdisparate\tsocial\nsituations\tdemand,\tso\tthat\tthey\tmay\tact\tlike\tvery\tdifferent\tpeople\ndepending\ton\twhom\tthey\tare\twith,\tswinging\tfrom\tbubbly\tsociability,\nsay,\tto\treserved\twithdrawal.\tTo\tbe\tsure,\tto\tthe\textent\tthat\tthese\ttraits\nlead\tto\teffective\timpression\tmanagement,\tthey\tare\thighly\tprized\tin\ncertain\tprofessions,\tnotably\tacting,\ttrial\tlaw,\tsales,\tdiplomacy,\tand\npolitics.\nAnother,\tperhaps\tmore\tcrucial\tkind\tof\tself-monitoring\tseems\tto\nmake\tthe\tdifference\tbetween\tthose\twho\tend\tup\tas\tanchorless\tsocial\nchameleons,\ttrying\tto\timpress\teveryone,\tand\tthose\twho\tcan\tuse\ttheir\nsocial\tpolish\tmore\tin\tkeeping\twith\ttheir\ttrue\tfeelings.\tThat\tis\tthe\ncapacity\tto\tbe\ttrue,\tas\tthe\tsaying\thas\tit,\t\u201cto\tthine\town\tself,\u201d\twhich\nallows\tacting\tin\taccord\twith\tone\u2019s\tdeepest\tfeelings\tand\tvalues\tno\nmatter\twhat\tthe\tsocial\tconsequences.\tSuch\temotional\tintegrity\tcould\nwell\tlead\tto,\tsay,\tdeliberately\tprovoking\ta\tconfrontation\tin\torder\tto\ncut\tthrough\tduplicity\tor\tdenial\u2014a\tclearing\tof\tthe\tair\tthat\ta\tsocial\nchameleon\twould\tnever\tattempt.\nTHE\tMAKING\tOF\n\t\nA\tSOCIAL\tINCOMPETENT\nThere\twas\tno\tdoubt\tCecil\twas\tbright;\the\twas\ta\tcollege-trained\texpert", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1837be5ab222-2", "page_content": "in\tforeign\tlanguages,\tsuperb\tat\ttranslating.\tBut\tthere\twere\tcrucial", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "10f8f62d572a-0", "page_content": "ways\tin\twhich\the\twas\tcompletely\tinept.\tCecil\tseemed\tto\tlack\tthe\nsimplest\tsocial\tskills.\tHe\twould\tmuff\ta\tcasual\tconversation\tover\ncoffee,\tand\tfumble\twhen\thaving\tto\tpass\tthe\ttime\tof\tday;\tin\tshort,\the\nseemed\tincapable\tof\tthe\tmost\troutine\tsocial\texchange.\tBecause\this\nlack\tof\tsocial\tgrace\twas\tmost\tprofound\twhen\the\twas\taround\twomen,\nCecil\tcame\tto\ttherapy\twondering\tif\tperhaps\the\thad\t\u201chomosexual\ntendencies\tof\tan\tunderlying\tnature,\u201d\tas\the\tput\tit,\tthough\the\thad\tno\nsuch\tfantasies.\nThe\treal\tproblem,\tCecil\tconfided\tto\this\ttherapist,\twas\tthat\the\tfeared\nthat\tnothing\the\tcould\tsay\twould\tbe\tof\tany\tinterest\tto\tanybody.\tThis\nunderlying\tfear\tonly\tcompounded\ta\tprofound\tpaucity\tof\tsocial\tgraces.\nHis\tnervousness\tduring\tencounters\tled\thim\tto\tsnicker\tand\tlaugh\tat\tthe\nmost\tawkward\tmoments,\teven\tthough\the\tfailed\tto\tlaugh\twhen\nsomeone\tsaid\tsomething\tgenuinely\tfunny.\tCecil\u2019s\tawkwardness,\the\nconfided\tto\this\ttherapist,\twent\tback\tto\tchildhood;\tall\this\tlife\the\thad\nfelt\tsocially\tat\tease\tonly\twhen\the\twas\twith\this\tolder\tbrother,\twho\nsomehow\thelped\tease\tthings\tfor\thim.\tBut\tonce\the\tleft\thome,\this", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "10f8f62d572a-1", "page_content": "ineptitude\twas\toverwhelming;\the\twas\tsocially\tparalyzed.\nThe\ttale\tis\ttold\tby\tLakin\tPhillips,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tGeorge\nWashington\tUniversity,\twho\tproposes\tthat\tCecil\u2019s\tplight\tstems\tfrom\ta\nfailure\tto\tlearn\tin\tchildhood\tthe\tmost\telementary\tlessons\tof\tsocial\ninteraction:\nWhat\tcould\tCecil\thave\tbeen\ttaught\tearlier?\tTo\tspeak\tdirectly\tto\tothers\twhen\tspoken\tto;\nto\tinitiate\tsocial\tcontact,\tnot\talways\twait\tfor\tothers;\tto\tcarry\ton\ta\tconversation,\tnot\nsimply\tfall\tback\ton\tyes\tor\tno\tor\tother\tone-word\treplies;\tto\texpress\tgratitude\ttoward\nothers,\tto\tlet\tanother\tperson\twalk\tbefore\tone\tin\tpassing\tthrough\ta\tdoor;\tto\twait\tuntil\none\tis\tserved\tsomething\t\u2026\tto\tthank\tothers,\tto\tsay\t\u201cplease,\u201d\tto\tshare,\tand\tall\tthe\tother\nelementary\tinteractions\twe\tbegin\tto\tteach\tchildren\tfrom\tage\t2\tonward.\n9\nWhether\tCecil\u2019s\tdeficiency\twas\tdue\tto\tanother\u2019s\tfailure\tto\tteach\thim\nsuch\trudiments\tof\tsocial\tcivility\tor\tto\this\town\tinability\tto\tlearn\tis\nunclear.\tBut\twhatever\tits\troots,\tCecil\u2019s\tstory\tis\tinstructive\tbecause\tit\npoints\tup\tthe\tcrucial\tnature\tof\tthe\tcountless\tlessons\tchildren\tget\tin\ninteraction\tsynchrony\tand\tthe\tunspoken\trules\tof\tsocial\tharmony.\tThe\nnet\teffect\tof\tfailing\tto\tfollow\tthese\trules\tis\tto\tcreate\twaves,\tto\tmake", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "10f8f62d572a-2", "page_content": "those\taround\tus\tuncomfortable.\tThe\tfunction\tof\tthese\trules,\tof\tcourse,\nis\tto\tkeep\teveryone\tinvolved\tin\ta\tsocial\texchange\tat\tease;\nawkwardness\tspawns\tanxiety.\tPeople\twho\tlack\tthese\tskills\tare\tinept\nnot\tjust\tat\tsocial\tniceties,\tbut\tat\thandling\tthe\temotions\tof\tthose\tthey", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3908262cba21-0", "page_content": "encounter;\tthey\tinevitably\tleave\tdisturbance\tin\ttheir\twake.\nWe\tall\thave\tknown\tCecils,\tpeople\twith\tan\tannoying\tlack\tof\tsocial\ngraces\u2014people\twho\tdon\u2019t\tseem\tto\tknow\twhen\tto\tend\ta\tconversation\nor\tphone\tcall\tand\twho\tkeep\ton\ttalking,\toblivious\tto\tall\tcues\tand\thints\nto\tsay\tgood-bye;\tpeople\twhose\tconversation\tcenters\ton\tthemselves\tall\nthe\ttime,\twithout\tthe\tleast\tinterest\tin\tanyone\telse,\tand\twho\tignore\ntentative\tattempts\tto\trefocus\ton\tanother\ttopic;\tpeople\twho\tintrude\tor\nask\t\u201cnosy\u201d\tquestions.\tThese\tderailments\tof\ta\tsmooth\tsocial\ttrajectory\nall\tbespeak\ta\tdeficit\tin\tthe\trudimentary\tbuilding\tblocks\tof\tinteraction.\nPsychologists\thave\tcoined\tthe\tterm\t\ndyssemia\n\t(from\tthe\tGreek\t\ndys-\nfor\t\u201cdifficulty\u201d\tand\t\nsemes\n\tfor\t\u201csignal\u201d)\tfor\twhat\tamounts\tto\ta\tlearning\ndisability\tin\tthe\trealm\tof\tnonverbal\tmessages;\tabout\tone\tin\tten\nchildren\thas\tone\tor\tmore\tproblems\tin\tthis\trealm.\n10\n\tThe\tproblem\tcan\nbe\tin\ta\tpoor\tsense\tof\tpersonal\tspace,\tso\tthat\ta\tchild\tstands\ttoo\tclose\nwhile\ttalking\tor\tspreads\ttheir\tbelongings\tinto\tother\tpeople\u2019s\tterritory;\nin\tinterpreting\tor\tusing\tbody\tlanguage\tpoorly;\tin\tmisinterpreting\tor\nmisusing\tfacial\texpressions\tby,\tsay,\tfailing\tto\tmake\teye\tcontact;\tor\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3908262cba21-1", "page_content": "a\tpoor\tsense\tof\tprosody,\tthe\temotional\tquality\tof\tspeech,\tso\tthat\tthey\ntalk\ttoo\tshrilly\tor\tflatly.\nMuch\tresearch\thas\tfocused\ton\tspotting\tchildren\twho\tshow\tsigns\tof\nsocial\t\ndeficiency,\tchildren\twhose\tawkwardness\tmakes\tthem\tneglected\nor\trejected\tby\ttheir\tplaymates.\tApart\tfrom\tchildren\twho\tare\tspurned\nbecause\tthey\tare\tbullies,\tthose\twhom\tother\tchildren\tavoid\tare\ninvariably\tdeficient\tin\tthe\trudiments\tof\tface-to-face\tinteraction,\nparticularly\tthe\tunspoken\trules\tthat\tgovern\tencounters.\tIf\tchildren\tdo\npoorly\tin\tlanguage,\tpeople\tassume\tthey\tare\tnot\tvery\tbright\tor\tpoorly\neducated;\tbut\twhen\tthey\tdo\tpoorly\tin\tthe\tnonverbal\trules\tof\ninteraction,\tpeople\u2014especially\tplaymates\u2014see\tthem\tas\t\u201cstrange,\u201d\tand\navoid\tthem.\tThese\tare\tthe\tchildren\twho\tdon\u2019t\tknow\thow\tto\tjoin\ta\ngame\tgracefully,\twho\ttouch\tothers\tin\tways\tthat\tmake\tfor\tdiscomfort\nrather\tthan\tcamaraderie\u2014in\tshort,\twho\tare\t\u201coff.\u201d\tThey\tare\tchildren\nwho\thave\tfailed\tto\tmaster\tthe\tsilent\tlanguage\tof\temotion,\tand\twho\nunwittingly\tsend\tmessages\tthat\tcreate\tuneasiness.\nAs\tStephen\tNowicki,\tan\tEmory\tUniversity\tpsychologist\twho\tstudies\nchildren\u2019s\tnonverbal\tabilities,\tput\tit,\t\u201cChildren\twho\tcan\u2019t\tread\tor\nexpress\temotions\twell\tconstantly\tfeel\tfrustrated.\tIn\tessence,\tthey\tdon\u2019t", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3908262cba21-2", "page_content": "understand\twhat\u2019s\tgoing\ton.\tThis\tkind\tof\tcommunication\tis\ta\tconstant\nsubtext\tof\teverything\tyou\tdo;\tyou\tcan\u2019t\tstop\tshowing\tyour\tfacial\nexpression\tor\tposture,\tor\thide\tyour\ttone\tof\tvoice.\tIf\tyou\tmake\nmistakes\tin\twhat\temotional\tmessages\tyou\tsend,\tyou\tconstantly", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "91187db36ff5-0", "page_content": "experience\tthat\tpeople\treact\tto\tyou\tin\tfunny\tways\u2014you\tget\trebuffed\nand\tdon\u2019t\tknow\twhy.\tIf\tyou\u2019re\tthinking\tyou\u2019re\tacting\thappy\tbut\nactually\tseem\ttoo\thyper\tor\tangry,\tyou\tfind\tother\tkids\tgetting\tangry\tat\nyou\tin\tturn,\tand\tyou\tdon\u2019t\trealize\twhy.\tSuch\tkids\tend\tup\tfeeling\tno\nsense\tof\tcontrol\tover\thow\tother\tpeople\ttreat\tthem,\tthat\ttheir\tactions\nhave\tno\timpact\ton\twhat\thappens\tto\tthem.\tIt\tleaves\tthem\tfeeling\npowerless,\tdepressed,\tand\tapathetic.\u201d\nApart\tfrom\tbecoming\tsocial\tisolates,\tsuch\tchildren\talso\tsuffer\nacademically.\tThe\tclassroom,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tas\tmuch\ta\tsocial\tsituation\nas\tan\tacademic\tone;\tthe\tsocially\tawkward\tchild\tis\tas\tlikely\tto\tmisread\nand\tmisrespond\tto\ta\tteacher\tas\tto\tanother\tchild.\tThe\tresulting\tanxiety\nand\tbewilderment\tcan\tthemselves\tinterfere\twith\ttheir\tability\tto\tlearn\neffectively.\tIndeed,\tas\ttests\tof\tchildren\u2019s\tnonverbal\tsensitivity\thave\nshown,\tthose\twho\tmisread\temotional\tcues\ttend\tto\tdo\tpoorly\tin\tschool\ncompared\tto\ttheir\tacademic\tpotential\tas\treflected\tin\tIQ\ttests.\n11\n\u201cWE\tHATE\tYOU\u201d:\tAT\tTHE\tTHRESHOLD\nSocial\tineptitude\tis\tperhaps\tmost\tpainful\tand\texplicit\twhen\tit\tcomes\nto\tone\tof\tthe\tmore\tperilous\tmoments\tin\tthe\tlife\tof\ta\tyoung\tchild:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "91187db36ff5-1", "page_content": "being\ton\tthe\tedge\tof\ta\tgroup\tat\tplay\tyou\twant\tto\tjoin.\tIt\tis\ta\tmoment\nof\tperil,\tone\twhen\tbeing\tliked\t\nor\thated,\tbelonging\tor\tnot,\tis\tmade\tall\ntoo\tpublic.\tFor\tthat\treason\tthat\tcrucial\tmoment\thas\tbeen\tthe\tsubject\nof\tintense\tscrutiny\tby\tstudents\tof\tchild\tdevelopment,\trevealing\ta\tstark\ncontrast\tin\tapproach\tstrategies\tused\tby\tpopular\tchildren\tand\tby\tsocial\noutcasts.\tThe\tfindings\thighlight\tjust\thow\tcrucial\tit\tis\tfor\tsocial\ncompetence\tto\tnotice,\tinterpret,\tand\trespond\tto\temotional\tand\ninterpersonal\tcues.\tWhile\tit\tis\tpoignant\tto\tsee\ta\tchild\thover\ton\tthe\nedge\tof\tothers\tat\tplay,\twanting\tto\tjoin\tin\tbut\tbeing\tleft\tout,\tit\tis\ta\nuniversal\tpredicament.\tEven\tthe\tmost\tpopular\tchildren\tare\tsometimes\nrejected\u2014a\tstudy\tof\tsecond\tand\tthird\tgraders\tfound\tthat\t26\tpercent\tof\nthe\ttime\tthe\tmost\twell\tliked\tchildren\twere\trebuffed\twhen\tthey\ttried\tto\nenter\ta\tgroup\talready\tat\tplay.\nYoung\tchildren\tare\tbrutally\tcandid\tabout\tthe\temotional\tjudgment\nimplicit\tin\tsuch\trejections.\tWitness\tthe\tfollowing\tdialogue\tfrom\tfour-\nyear-olds\tin\ta\tpreschool.\n12\n\tLinda\twants\tto\tjoin\tBarbara,\tNancy,\tand\nBill,\twho\tare\tplaying\twith\ttoy\tanimals\tand\tbuilding\tblocks.\tShe\nwatches\tfor\ta\tminute,\tthen\tmakes\ther\tapproach,\tsitting\tnext\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "91187db36ff5-2", "page_content": "Barbara\tand\tstarting\tto\tplay\twith\tthe\tanimals.\tBarbara\tturns\tto\ther", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "41a53b4b65af-0", "page_content": "and\tsays,\t\u201cYou\tcan\u2019t\tplay!\u201d\n\u201cYes,\tI\tcan,\u201d\tLinda\tcounters.\t\u201cI\tcan\thave\tsome\tanimals,\ttoo.\u201d\n\u201cNo,\tyou\tcan\u2019t,\u201d\tBarbara\tsays\tbluntly.\t\u201cWe\tdon\u2019t\tlike\tyou\ttoday.\u201d\nWhen\tBill\tprotests\ton\tLinda\u2019s\tbehalf,\tNancy\tjoins\tthe\tattack:\t\u201cWe\nhate\ther\ttoday.\u201d\nBecause\tof\tthe\tdanger\tof\tbeing\ttold,\teither\texplicitly\tor\timplicitly,\n\u201cWe\thate\tyou,\u201d\tall\tchildren\tare\tunderstandably\tcautious\ton\tthe\nthreshold\tof\tapproaching\ta\tgroup.\tThat\tanxiety,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tprobably\nnot\tmuch\tdifferent\tfrom\tthat\tfelt\tby\ta\tgrown-up\tat\ta\tcocktail\tparty\nwith\tstrangers\twho\thangs\tback\tfrom\ta\thappily\tchatting\tgroup\twho\nseem\tto\tbe\tintimate\tfriends.\tBecause\tthis\tmoment\tat\tthe\tthreshold\tof\ta\ngroup\tis\tso\tmomentous\tfor\ta\tchild,\tit\tis\talso,\tas\tone\tresearcher\tput\tit,\n\u201chighly\tdiagnostic\t\u2026\tquickly\trevealing\tdifferences\tin\tsocial\nskillfulness.\u201d\n13\nTypically,\tnewcomers\tsimply\twatch\tfor\ta\ttime,\tthen\tjoin\tin\tvery\ntentatively\tat\tfirst,\tbeing\tmore\tassertive\tonly\tin\tvery\tcautious\tsteps.\nWhat\tmatters\tmost\tfor\twhether\ta\tchild\tis\taccepted\tor\tnot\tis\thow\twell\nhe\tor\tshe\tis\table\tto\tenter\tinto\tthe\tgroup\u2019s\tframe\tof\treference,\tsensing\nwhat\tkind\tof\tplay\tis\tin\tflow,\twhat\tout\tof\tplace.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "41a53b4b65af-1", "page_content": "what\tkind\tof\tplay\tis\tin\tflow,\twhat\tout\tof\tplace.\nThe\ttwo\tcardinal\tsins\tthat\talmost\talways\tlead\tto\trejection\tare\ttrying\nto\ttake\tthe\tlead\ttoo\tsoon\tand\tbeing\tout\tof\tsynch\twith\tthe\tframe\tof\nreference.\tBut\tthis\tis\texactly\twhat\tunpopular\tchildren\ttend\tto\tdo:\tthey\npush\ttheir\tway\tinto\ta\tgroup,\ttrying\tto\tchange\tthe\tsubject\ttoo\tabruptly\nor\ttoo\tsoon,\tor\toffering\ttheir\town\topinions,\tor\tsimply\tdisagreeing\twith\nthe\tothers\tright\taway\u2014all\tapparent\tattempts\tto\tdraw\tattention\tto\nthemselves.\tParadoxically,\tthis\tresults\tin\t\ntheir\tbeing\tignored\tor\nrejected.\tBy\tcontrast,\tpopular\tchildren\tspend\ttime\tobserving\tthe\tgroup\nto\tunderstand\twhat\u2019s\tgoing\ton\tbefore\tentering\tin,\tand\tthen\tdo\nsomething\tthat\tshows\tthey\taccept\tit;\tthey\twait\tto\thave\ttheir\tstatus\tin\nthe\tgroup\tconfirmed\tbefore\ttaking\tinitiative\tin\tsuggesting\twhat\tthe\ngroup\tshould\tdo.\nLet\u2019s\treturn\tto\tRoger,\tthe\tfour-year-old\twhom\tThomas\tHatch\nspotted\texhibiting\ta\thigh\tlevel\tof\tinterpersonal\tintelligence.\n14\n\tRoger\u2019s\ntactic\tfor\tentering\ta\tgroup\twas\tfirst\tto\tobserve,\tthen\tto\timitate\twhat\nanother\tchild\twas\tdoing,\tand\tfinally\tto\ttalk\tto\tthe\tchild\tand\tfully\tjoin\nthe\tactivity\u2014a\twinning\tstrategy.\tRoger\u2019s\tskill\twas\tshown,\tfor\ninstance,\twhen\the\tand\tWarren\twere\tplaying\tat\tputting\t\u201cbombs\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "41a53b4b65af-2", "page_content": "(actually\tpebbles)\tin\ttheir\tsocks.\tWarren\tasks\tRoger\tif\the\twants\tto\tbe\nin\ta\thelicopter\tor\tan\tairplane.\tRoger\tasks,\tbefore\tcommitting\thimself,\n\u201cAre\tyou\tin\ta\thelicopter?\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "233b310f7abc-0", "page_content": "This\tseemingly\tinnocuous\tmoment\treveals\tsensitivity\tto\tothers\u2019\nconcerns,\tand\tthe\tability\tto\tact\ton\tthat\tknowledge\tin\ta\tway\tthat\nmaintains\tthe\tconnection.\tHatch\tcomments\tabout\tRoger,\t\u201cHe\t\u2018checks\nin\u2019\twith\this\tplaymate\tso\tthat\tthey\tand\ttheir\tplay\tremain\tconnected.\tI\nhave\twatched\tmany\tother\tchildren\twho\tsimply\tget\tin\ttheir\town\nhelicopters\tor\tplanes\tand,\tliterally\tand\tfiguratively,\tfly\taway\tfrom\neach\tother.\u201d\nEMOTIONAL\tBRILLIANCE:\tA\tCASE\n\t\nREPORT\nIf\tthe\ttest\tof\tsocial\tskill\tis\tthe\tability\tto\tcalm\tdistressing\temotions\tin\nothers,\tthen\thandling\tsomeone\tat\tthe\tpeak\tof\trage\tis\tperhaps\tthe\nultimate\tmeasure\tof\tmastery.\tThe\tdata\ton\tself-regulation\tof\tanger\tand\nemotional\tcontagion\tsuggest\tthat\tone\teffective\tstrategy\tmight\tbe\tto\ndistract\tthe\tangry\tperson,\tempathize\twith\this\tfeelings\tand\tperspective,\nand\tthen\tdraw\thim\tinto\tan\talternative\tfocus,\tone\tthat\tattunes\thim\nwith\ta\tmore\tpositive\trange\tof\tfeeling\u2014a\tkind\tof\temotional\tjudo.\nSuch\trefined\tskill\tin\tthe\tfine\tart\tof\temotional\tinfluence\tis\tperhaps\nbest\texemplified\tby\ta\tstory\ttold\tby\tan\told\tfriend,\tthe\tlate\tTerry\nDobson,\twho\tin\tthe\t1950s\twas\tone\tof\tthe\tfirst\tAmericans\tever\tto\nstudy\tthe\tmartial\tart\taikido\tin\tJapan.\tOne\tafternoon\the\twas\triding", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "233b310f7abc-1", "page_content": "home\ton\ta\tsuburban\tTokyo\ttrain\twhen\ta\thuge,\tbellicose,\tand\tvery\ndrunk\tand\tbegrimed\tlaborer\tgot\ton.\tThe\tman,\tstaggering,\tbegan\nterrorizing\tthe\tpassengers:\tscreaming\tcurses,\the\ttook\ta\tswing\tat\ta\nwoman\tholding\ta\tbaby,\tsending\ther\tsprawling\tin\tthe\tlaps\tof\tan\telderly\ncouple,\twho\tthen\tjumped\tup\tand\tjoined\ta\tstampede\tto\tthe\tother\tend\nof\tthe\tcar.\tThe\tdrunk,\ttaking\ta\tfew\tother\tswings\t(and,\tin\this\trage,\nmissing),\t\ngrabbed\tthe\tmetal\tpole\tin\tthe\tmiddle\tof\tthe\tcar\twith\ta\troar\nand\ttried\tto\ttear\tit\tout\tof\tits\tsocket.\nAt\tthat\tpoint\tTerry,\twho\twas\tin\tpeak\tphysical\tcondition\tfrom\tdaily\neight-hour\taikido\tworkouts,\tfelt\tcalled\tupon\tto\tintervene,\tlest\nsomeone\tget\tseriously\thurt.\tBut\the\trecalled\tthe\twords\tof\this\tteacher:\n\u201cAikido\tis\tthe\tart\tof\treconciliation.\tWhoever\thas\tthe\tmind\tto\tfight\thas\nbroken\this\tconnection\twith\tthe\tuniverse.\tIf\tyou\ttry\tto\tdominate\npeople\tyou\tare\talready\tdefeated.\tWe\tstudy\thow\tto\tresolve\tconflict,\tnot\nhow\tto\tstart\tit.\u201d\nIndeed,\tTerry\thad\tagreed\tupon\tbeginning\tlessons\twith\this\tteacher\nnever\tto\tpick\ta\tfight,\tand\tto\tuse\this\tmartial-arts\tskills\tonly\tin\tdefense.\nNow,\tat\tlast,\the\tsaw\this\tchance\tto\ttest\this\taikido\tabilities\tin\treal\tlife,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7ef76c2703ac-0", "page_content": "in\twhat\twas\tclearly\ta\tlegitimate\topportunity.\tSo,\tas\tall\tthe\tother\npassengers\tsat\tfrozen\tin\ttheir\tseats,\tTerry\tstood\tup,\tslowly\tand\twith\ndeliberation.\nSeeing\thim,\tthe\tdrunk\troared,\t\u201cAha!\tA\tforeigner!\tYou\tneed\ta\tlesson\nin\tJapanese\tmanners!\u201d\tand\tbegan\tgathering\thimself\tto\ttake\ton\tTerry.\nBut\tjust\tas\tthe\tdrunk\twas\ton\tthe\tverge\tof\tmaking\this\tmove,\nsomeone\tgave\tan\tearsplitting,\toddly\tjoyous\tshout:\t\u201cHey!\u201d\nThe\tshout\thad\tthe\tcheery\ttone\tof\tsomeone\twho\thas\tsuddenly\tcome\nupon\ta\tfond\tfriend.\tThe\tdrunk,\tsurprised,\tspun\taround\tto\tsee\ta\ttiny\nJapanese\tman,\tprobably\tin\this\tseventies,\tsitting\tthere\tin\ta\tkimono.\nThe\told\tman\tbeamed\twith\tdelight\tat\tthe\tdrunk,\tand\tbeckoned\thim\nover\twith\ta\tlight\twave\tof\this\thand\tand\ta\tlilting\t\u201cC\u2019mere.\u201d\nThe\tdrunk\tstrode\tover\twith\ta\tbelligerent,\t\u201cWhy\tthe\thell\tshould\tI\ntalk\tto\tyou?\u201d\tMeanwhile,\tTerry\twas\tready\tto\tfell\tthe\tdrunk\tin\ta\nmoment\tif\the\tmade\tthe\tleast\tviolent\tmove.\n\u201cWhat\u2019cha\tbeen\tdrinking?\u201d\tthe\told\tman\tasked,\this\teyes\tbeaming\tat\nthe\tdrunken\tlaborer.\n\u201cI\tbeen\tdrinking\tsake,\tand\tit\u2019s\tnone\tof\tyour\tbusiness,\u201d\tthe\tdrunk\nbellowed.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7ef76c2703ac-1", "page_content": "bellowed.\n\u201cOh,\tthat\u2019s\twonderful,\tabsolutely\twonderful,\u201d\tthe\told\tman\treplied\nin\ta\twarm\ttone.\t\u201cYou\tsee,\tI\tlove\tsake,\ttoo.\tEvery\tnight,\tme\tand\tmy\nwife\t(she\u2019s\tseventy-six,\tyou\tknow),\twe\twarm\tup\ta\tlittle\tbottle\tof\tsake\nand\ttake\tit\tout\tinto\tthe\tgarden,\tand\twe\tsit\ton\tan\told\twooden\nbench\t\u2026\u201d\tHe\tcontinued\ton\tabout\tthe\tpersimmon\ttree\tin\this\tbackyard,\nthe\tfortunes\tof\this\tgarden,\tenjoying\tsake\tin\tthe\tevening.\nThe\tdrunk\u2019s\tface\tbegan\tto\tsoften\tas\the\tlistened\tto\tthe\told\tman;\this\nfists\tunclenched.\t\u201cYeah\t\u2026\tI\tlove\tpersimmons,\ttoo\t\u2026,\u201d\the\tsaid,\this\nvoice\ttrailing\toff.\n\u201cYes,\u201d\tthe\told\tman\treplied\tin\ta\tsprightly\tvoice,\t\u201cand\tI\u2019m\tsure\tyou\nhave\ta\twonderful\twife.\u201d\n\u201cNo,\u201d\tsaid\tthe\tlaborer.\t\u201cMy\twife\tdied.\u2026\u201d\tSobbing,\the\tlaunched\tinto\na\tsad\ttale\tof\tlosing\this\twife,\this\thome,\this\tjob,\tof\tbeing\tashamed\tof\nhimself.\nJust\tthen\tthe\ttrain\tcame\tto\tTerry\u2019s\tstop,\tand\tas\the\twas\tgetting\toff\nhe\tturned\tto\thear\tthe\told\tman\tinvite\tthe\tdrunk\tto\tjoin\thim\tand\ttell\nhim\tall\tabout\tit,\tand\tto\tsee\tthe\tdrunk\tsprawl\talong\tthe\tseat,\this\thead", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7ef76c2703ac-2", "page_content": "in\tthe\told\tman\u2019s\tlap.\nThat\tis\temotional\tbrilliance.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "de531c64316b-0", "page_content": "PART\tTHREE\nEMOTIONAL\nINTELLIGENCE\nAPPLIED", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "018e26b7a412-0", "page_content": "9\nIntimate\tEnemies\nTo\tlove\tand\tto\twork,\tSigmund\tFreud\tonce\tremarked\tto\this\tdisciple\nErik\tErikson,\tare\tthe\ttwin\tcapacities\tthat\tmark\tfull\tmaturity.\tIf\tthat\tis\nthe\tcase,\tthen\tmaturity\tmay\tbe\tan\tendangered\tway\tstation\tin\tlife\u2014\nand\tcurrent\ttrends\tin\tmarriage\tand\tdivorce\tmake\temotional\nintelligence\tmore\tcrucial\tthan\tever.\nConsider\tdivorce\trates.\tThe\trate\t\nper\tyear\n\tof\tdivorces\thas\tmore\tor\nless\tleveled\toff.\tBut\tthere\tis\tanother\tway\tof\tcalculating\tdivorce\trates,\none\tthat\tsuggests\ta\tperilous\tclimb:\tlooking\tat\tthe\todds\tthat\ta\tgiven\nnewly\tmarried\tcouple\twill\thave\ttheir\tmarriage\t\neventually\n\tend\tin\ndivorce.\tAlthough\tthe\toverall\trate\tof\tdivorce\thas\tstopped\tclimbing,\nthe\t\nrisk\n\tof\tdivorce\thas\tbeen\tshifting\tto\tnewlyweds.\nThe\tshift\tgets\tclearer\tin\tcomparing\tdivorce\trates\tfor\tcouples\twed\tin\na\tgiven\tyear.\tFor\tAmerican\tmarriages\tthat\tbegan\tin\t1890,\tabout\t10\npercent\tended\tin\tdivorce.\tFor\tthose\twed\tin\t1920,\tthe\trate\twas\tabout\n18\tpercent;\tfor\tcouples\tmarried\tin\t1950,\t30\tpercent.\tCouples\tthat\nwere\tnewly\twed\tin\t1970\thad\ta\tfifty-fifty\tchance\tof\tsplitting\tup\tor\nstaying\ttogether.\tAnd\tfor\tmarried\tcouples\tstarting\tout\tin\t1990,\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "018e26b7a412-1", "page_content": "likelihood\tthat\tthe\tmarriage\twould\tend\tin\tdivorce\twas\tprojected\tto\tbe\nclose\tto\ta\tstaggering\t67\tpercent!\n1\n\tIf\tthe\testimate\tholds,\tjust\tthree\tin\nten\tof\trecent\tnewlyweds\tcan\tcount\ton\tstaying\tmarried\tto\ttheir\tnew\npartner.\nIt\tcan\tbe\targued\tthat\tmuch\tof\tthis\trise\tis\tdue\tnot\tso\tmuch\tto\ta\ndecline\tin\temotional\tintelligence\tas\tto\tthe\tsteady\terosion\tof\tsocial\npressures\u2014the\tstigma\tsurrounding\tdivorce,\tor\tthe\teconomic\ndependence\tof\twives\ton\ttheir\thusbands\u2014that\tused\tto\tkeep\tcouples\ntogether\tin\teven\tthe\tmost\tmiserable\tof\tmatches.\tBut\tif\tsocial\tpressures\nare\tno\tlonger\tthe\tglue\tthat\tholds\ta\tmarriage\ttogether,\tthen\tthe\nemotional\tforces\tbetween\twife\tand\thusband\tare\tthat\tmuch\tmore\ncrucial\tif\ttheir\tunion\tis\tto\tsurvive.\nThese\tties\tbetween\thusband\tand\twife\u2014and\tthe\temotional\tfault\tlines\nthat\t\ncan\tbreak\tthem\tapart\u2014have\tbeen\tassayed\tin\trecent\tyears\twith\ta\nprecision\tnever\tseen\tbefore.\tPerhaps\tthe\tbiggest\tbreakthrough\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c3cbca906b76-0", "page_content": "understanding\twhat\tholds\ta\tmarriage\ttogether\tor\ttears\tit\tapart\thas\ncome\tfrom\tthe\tuse\tof\tsophisticated\tphysiological\tmeasures\tthat\tallow\nthe\tmoment-to-moment\ttracking\tof\tthe\temotional\tnuances\tof\ta\ncouple\u2019s\tencounter.\tScientists\tare\tnow\table\tto\tdetect\ta\thusband\u2019s\notherwise\tinvisible\tadrenaline\tsurges\tand\tjumps\tin\tblood\tpressure,\nand\tto\tobserve\tfleeting\tbut\ttelling\tmicroemotions\tas\tthey\tflit\tacross\ta\nwife\u2019s\tface.\tThese\tphysiological\tmeasures\treveal\ta\thidden\tbiological\nsubtext\tto\ta\tcouple\u2019s\tdifficulties,\ta\tcritical\tlevel\tof\temotional\treality\nthat\tis\ttypically\timperceptible\tto\tor\tdisregarded\tby\tthe\tcouple\nthemselves.\tThese\tmeasures\tlay\tbare\tthe\temotional\tforces\tthat\thold\ta\nrelationship\ttogether\tor\tdestroy\tit.\tThe\tfault\tlines\thave\ttheir\tearliest\nbeginnings\tin\tthe\tdifferences\tbetween\tthe\temotional\tworlds\tof\tgirls\nand\tboys.\nHIS\tMARRIAGE\tAND\tHERS:\tCHILDHOOD\tROOTS\nAs\tI\twas\tentering\ta\trestaurant\ton\ta\trecent\tevening,\ta\tyoung\tman\nstalked\tout\tthe\tdoor,\this\tface\tset\tin\tan\texpression\tboth\tstony\tand\nsullen.\tClose\ton\this\theels\ta\tyoung\twoman\tcame\trunning,\ther\tfists\ndesperately\tpummeling\this\tback\twhile\tshe\tyelled,\t\u201cGoddamn\tyou!\nCome\tback\there\tand\tbe\tnice\tto\tme!\u201d\tThat\tpoignant,\timpossibly\tself-", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c3cbca906b76-1", "page_content": "contradictory\tplea\taimed\tat\ta\tretreating\tback\tepitomizes\tthe\tpattern\nmost\tcommonly\tseen\tin\tcouples\twhose\trelationship\tis\tdistressed:\tShe\nseeks\tto\tengage,\the\twithdraws.\tMarital\ttherapists\thave\tlong\tnoted\tthat\nby\tthe\ttime\ta\tcouple\tfinds\ttheir\tway\tto\tthe\ttherapy\toffice\tthey\tare\tin\nthis\tpattern\tof\tengage-withdraw,\twith\this\tcomplaint\tabout\ther\n\u201cunreasonable\u201d\tdemands\tand\toutbursts,\tand\ther\tlamenting\this\nindifference\tto\twhat\tshe\tis\tsaying.\nThis\tmarital\tendgame\treflects\tthe\tfact\tthat\tthere\tare,\tin\teffect,\ttwo\nemotional\trealities\tin\ta\tcouple,\this\tand\thers.\tThe\troots\tof\tthese\nemotional\tdifferences,\twhile\tthey\tmay\tbe\tpartly\tbiological,\talso\tcan\tbe\ntraced\tback\tto\tchildhood,\tand\tto\tthe\tseparate\temotional\tworlds\tboys\nand\tgirls\tinhabit\twhile\tgrowing\tup.\tThere\tis\ta\tvast\tamount\tof\tresearch\non\tthese\tseparate\tworlds,\ttheir\tbarriers\treinforced\tnot\tjust\tby\tthe\ndifferent\tgames\tboys\tand\tgirls\tprefer,\tbut\tby\tyoung\tchildren\u2019s\tfear\tof\nbeing\tteased\tfor\thaving\ta\t\u201cgirlfriend\u201d\tor\t\u201cboyfriend.\u201d\n2\n\tOne\tstudy\tof\nchildren\u2019s\tfriendships\tfound\tthat\tthree-year-olds\tsay\tabout\thalf\ttheir\nfriends\tare\tof\tthe\topposite\tsex;\tfor\tfive-year-olds\tit\u2019s\tabout\t20\tpercent,\nand\tby\tage\tseven\talmost\tno\tboys\tor\tgirls\tsay\tthey\thave\ta\tbest\tfriend\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0c471eee4749-0", "page_content": "the\topposite\tsex.\n3\n\tThese\tseparate\tsocial\tuniverses\tintersect\tlittle\tuntil\nteenagers\tstart\tdating.\nMeanwhile,\tboys\tand\tgirls\tare\ttaught\tvery\tdifferent\tlessons\tabout\nhandling\temotions.\tParents,\tin\tgeneral,\tdiscuss\temotions\u2014with\tthe\nexception\tof\tanger\u2014more\twith\ttheir\tdaughters\tthan\ttheir\tsons.\n4\n\tGirls\nare\texposed\tto\tmore\tinformation\tabout\temotions\tthan\tare\tboys:\twhen\nparents\tmake\tup\tstories\tto\ttell\ttheir\tpreschool\tchildren,\tthey\tuse\tmore\nemotion\twords\twhen\ttalking\tto\tdaughters\tthan\tto\tsons;\twhen\tmothers\nplay\twith\ttheir\tinfants,\tthey\tdisplay\ta\twider\trange\tof\temotions\tto\ndaughters\tthan\tto\tsons;\twhen\tmothers\ttalk\tto\tdaughters\tabout\nfeelings,\tthey\tdiscuss\tin\tmore\tdetail\tthe\temotional\tstate\titself\tthan\nthey\tdo\twith\ttheir\tsons\u2014though\twith\tthe\tsons\tthey\tgo\tinto\tmore\ndetail\tabout\tthe\tcauses\tand\tconsequences\tof\temotions\tlike\tanger\n(probably\tas\ta\tcautionary\ttale).\nLeslie\tBrody\tand\tJudith\tHall,\twho\thave\tsummarized\tthe\tresearch\ton\ndifferences\tin\temotions\tbetween\tthe\tsexes,\tpropose\tthat\tbecause\tgirls\ndevelop\tfacility\twith\tlanguage\tmore\tquickly\tthan\tdo\tboys,\tthis\tleads\nthem\tto\tbe\tmore\texperienced\tat\tarticulating\ttheir\tfeelings\tand\tmore\nskilled\tthan\tboys\tat\tusing\twords\tto\texplore\tand\tsubstitute\tfor\nemotional\treactions\tsuch\tas\tphysical\tfights;\tin\tcontrast,\tthey\tnote,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0c471eee4749-1", "page_content": "\u201cboys,\tfor\twhom\tthe\tverbalization\tof\taffects\tis\tde-emphasized,\tmay\nbecome\tlargely\tunconscious\tof\ttheir\temotional\tstates,\tboth\tin\nthemselves\tand\tin\tothers.\u201d\n5\nAt\tage\tten,\troughly\tthe\tsame\tpercent\tof\tgirls\tas\tboys\tare\tovertly\naggressive,\tgiven\tto\topen\tconfrontation\twhen\tangered.\tBut\tby\tage\nthirteen,\ta\ttelling\tdifference\tbetween\tthe\tsexes\temerges:\tGirls\tbecome\nmore\tadept\tthan\tboys\tat\tartful\taggressive\ttactics\tlike\tostracism,\nvicious\tgossip,\tand\tindirect\tvendettas.\tBoys,\tby\tand\tlarge,\tsimply\ncontinue\tbeing\tconfrontational\twhen\tangered,\toblivious\tto\tthese\tmore\ncovert\tstrategies.\n6\n\tThis\tis\tjust\tone\tof\tmany\tways\tthat\tboys\u2014and\tlater,\nmen\u2014are\tless\tsophisticated\tthan\tthe\topposite\tsex\tin\tthe\tbyways\tof\nemotional\tlife.\nWhen\tgirls\tplay\ttogether,\tthey\tdo\tso\tin\tsmall,\tintimate\tgroups,\twith\nan\temphasis\ton\tminimizing\thostility\tand\tmaximizing\tcooperation,\nwhile\tboys\u2019\tgames\tare\tin\tlarger\tgroups,\twith\tan\temphasis\ton\ncompetition.\tOne\tkey\tdifference\tcan\tbe\tseen\tin\twhat\thappens\twhen\ngames\tboys\tor\tgirls\tare\tplaying\tget\tdisrupted\tby\tsomeone\tgetting\thurt.\nIf\ta\tboy\twho\thas\tgotten\thurt\tgets\tupset,\the\tis\texpected\tto\tget\tout\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0c471eee4749-2", "page_content": "the\tway\tand\tstop\tcrying\tso\tthe\tgame\tcan\tgo\ton.\tIf\tthe\tsame\thappens\namong\ta\tgroup\tof\tgirls\twho\tare\tplaying,\tthe\t\ngame\tstops\n\twhile\teveryone", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d594640ab9d6-0", "page_content": "gathers\taround\tto\thelp\tthe\tgirl\twho\tis\tcrying.\tThis\tdifference\tbetween\nboys\tand\tgirls\tat\tplay\tepitomizes\twhat\tHarvard\u2019s\tCarol\tGilligan\tpoints\nto\tas\ta\tkey\tdisparity\tbetween\tthe\tsexes:\tboys\ttake\tpride\tin\ta\tlone,\ntough-minded\tindependence\tand\tautonomy,\twhile\tgirls\tsee\tthemselves\nas\tpart\tof\ta\tweb\tof\tconnectedness.\tThus\tboys\tare\tthreatened\tby\nanything\tthat\tmight\tchallenge\ttheir\tindependence,\twhile\tgirls\tare\nmore\tthreatened\tby\ta\trupture\tin\ttheir\trelationships.\tAnd,\tas\tDeborah\nTannen\thas\tpointed\tout\tin\ther\tbook\t\nYou\tJust\tDon\u2019t\tUnderstand\n,\tthese\ndiffering\tperspectives\tmean\tthat\tmen\tand\twomen\twant\tand\texpect\nvery\tdifferent\tthings\tout\tof\ta\tconversation,\twith\tmen\tcontent\tto\ttalk\nabout\t\u201cthings,\u201d\twhile\twomen\tseek\temotional\tconnection.\nIn\tshort,\tthese\tcontrasts\tin\tschooling\tin\tthe\temotions\tfoster\tvery\ndifferent\tskills,\twith\tgirls\tbecoming\t\u201cadept\tat\treading\tboth\tverbal\tand\nnonverbal\temotional\tsignals,\tat\texpressing\tand\tcommunicating\ttheir\nfeelings,\u201d\tand\tboys\tbecoming\tadept\tat\t\u201cminimizing\temotions\thaving\nto\tdo\twith\tvulnerability,\tguilt,\tfear\tand\thurt\u201d.\n7\n\tEvidence\tfor\tthese\ndifferent\tstances\tis\tvery\tstrong\tin\tthe\tscientific\tliterature.\tHundreds\tof\nstudies\thave\tfound,\tfor\texample,\tthat\ton\taverage\twomen\tare\tmore", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d594640ab9d6-1", "page_content": "empathic\tthan\tmen,\tat\tleast\tas\tmeasured\tby\tthe\tability\tto\tread\nsomeone\telse\u2019s\tunstated\tfeelings\tfrom\tfacial\texpression,\ttone\tof\tvoice,\nand\tother\tnonverbal\tcues.\tLikewise,\tit\tis\tgenerally\teasier\tto\tread\nfeelings\tfrom\ta\twoman\u2019s\tface\tthan\ta\tman\u2019s;\twhile\tthere\tis\tno\ndifference\tin\tfacial\texpressiveness\tamong\tvery\tyoung\tboys\tand\tgirls,\nas\tthey\tgo\tthrough\tthe\telementary-school\tgrades\tboys\tbecome\tless\nexpressive,\tgirls\tmore\tso.\tThis\tmay\tpartly\treflect\tanother\tkey\ndifference:\twomen,\ton\taverage,\texperience\tthe\tentire\trange\tof\nemotions\twith\tgreater\tintensity\tand\tmore\tvolatility\tthan\tmen\u2014in\tthis\nsense,\twomen\t\nare\n\tmore\t\u201cemotional\u201d\tthan\tmen.\n8\nAll\tof\tthis\tmeans\tthat,\tin\tgeneral,\twomen\tcome\tinto\ta\tmarriage\ngroomed\tfor\tthe\trole\tof\temotional\tmanager,\twhile\tmen\tarrive\twith\nmuch\tless\tappreciation\tof\tthe\timportance\tof\tthis\ttask\tfor\thelping\ta\nrelationship\tsurvive.\tIndeed,\tthe\tmost\timportant\telement\tfor\twomen\u2014\nbut\tnot\tfor\tmen\u2014in\tsatisfaction\twith\ttheir\trelationship\treported\tin\ta\nstudy\tof\t264\tcouples\twas\tthe\tsense\tthat\tthe\tcouple\thas\t\u201cgood\ncommunication.\u201d\n9\n\tTed\tHuston,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\nTexas\twho\thas\tstudied\tcouples\tin\tdepth,\tobserves,\t\u201cFor\tthe\twives,\nintimacy\tmeans\ttalking\tthings\tover,\tespecially\ttalking\tabout\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d594640ab9d6-2", "page_content": "intimacy\tmeans\ttalking\tthings\tover,\tespecially\ttalking\tabout\tthe\nrelationship\titself.\tThe\tmen,\tby\tand\tlarge,\tdon\u2019t\tunderstand\twhat\tthe\nwives\twant\tfrom\tthem.\tThey\tsay,\t\u2018I\twant\tto\tdo\tthings\twith\ther,\tand\tall\nshe\twants\tto\tdo\tis\ttalk.\u2019\t\u201d\tDuring\tcourtship,\tHuston\tfound,\tmen\twere", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a04267ad1753-0", "page_content": "much\tmore\twilling\tto\tspend\ttime\ttalking\tin\tways\tthat\tsuited\tthe\twish\nfor\tintimacy\tof\ttheir\twives-to-be.\tBut\tonce\tmarried,\tas\ttime\twent\ton\nthe\tmen\u2014especially\tin\tmore\ttraditional\tcouples\u2014spent\tless\tand\tless\ntime\ttalking\tin\tthis\tway\twith\ttheir\twives,\tfinding\ta\tsense\tof\tcloseness\nsimply\tin\tdoing\tthings\tlike\tgardening\ttogether\trather\tthan\ttalking\nthings\tover.\nThis\tgrowing\tsilence\ton\tthe\tpart\tof\thusbands\tmay\tbe\tpartly\tdue\tto\nthe\tfact\tthat,\tif\tanything,\tmen\tare\ta\tbit\tPollyannaish\tabout\tthe\tstate\tof\ntheir\tmarriage,\t\nwhile\ttheir\twives\tare\tattuned\tto\tthe\ttrouble\tspots:\tin\none\tstudy\tof\tmarriages,\tmen\thad\ta\trosier\tview\tthan\ttheir\twives\tof\tjust\nabout\teverything\tin\ttheir\trelationship\u2014lovemaking,\tfinances,\tties\nwith\tin-laws,\thow\twell\tthey\tlistened\tto\teach\tother,\thow\tmuch\ttheir\nflaws\tmattered.\n10\n\tWives,\tin\tgeneral,\tare\tmore\tvocal\tabout\ttheir\ncomplaints\tthan\tare\ttheir\thusbands,\tparticularly\tamong\tunhappy\ncouples.\tCombine\tmen\u2019s\trosy\tview\tof\tmarriage\twith\ttheir\taversion\tto\nemotional\tconfrontations,\tand\tit\tis\tclear\twhy\twives\tso\toften\tcomplain\nthat\ttheir\thusbands\ttry\tto\twiggle\tout\tof\tdiscussing\tthe\ttroubling\tthings\nabout\ttheir\trelationship.\t(Of\tcourse\tthis\tgender\tdifference\tis\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a04267ad1753-1", "page_content": "about\ttheir\trelationship.\t(Of\tcourse\tthis\tgender\tdifference\tis\ta\ngeneralization,\tand\tis\tnot\ttrue\tin\tevery\tcase;\ta\tpsychiatrist\tfriend\ncomplained\tthat\tin\this\tmarriage\this\twife\tis\treluctant\tto\tdiscuss\nemotional\tmatters\tbetween\tthem,\tand\the\tis\tthe\tone\twho\tis\tleft\tto\nbring\tthem\tup.)\nThe\tslowness\tof\tmen\tto\tbring\tup\tproblems\tin\ta\trelationship\tis\tno\ndoubt\tcompounded\tby\ttheir\trelative\tlack\tof\tskill\twhen\tit\tcomes\tto\nreading\tfacial\texpressions\tof\temotions.\tWomen,\tfor\texample,\tare\tmore\nsensitive\tto\ta\tsad\texpression\ton\ta\tman\u2019s\tface\tthan\tare\tmen\tin\tdetecting\nsadness\tfrom\ta\twoman\u2019s\texpression.\n11\n\tThus\ta\twoman\thas\tto\tbe\tall\tthe\nsadder\tfor\ta\tman\tto\tnotice\ther\tfeelings\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace,\tlet\talone\tfor\nhim\tto\traise\tthe\tquestion\tof\twhat\tis\tmaking\ther\tso\tsad.\nConsider\tthe\timplications\tof\tthis\temotional\tgender\tgap\tfor\thow\ncouples\thandle\tthe\tgrievances\tand\tdisagreements\tthat\tany\tintimate\nrelationship\tinevitably\tspawns.\tIn\tfact,\tspecific\tissues\tsuch\tas\thow\noften\ta\tcouple\thas\tsex,\thow\tto\tdiscipline\tthe\tchildren,\tor\thow\tmuch\ndebt\tand\tsavings\ta\tcouple\tfeels\tcomfortable\twith\tare\tnot\twhat\tmake\nor\tbreak\ta\tmarriage.\tRather,\tit\tis\t\nhow\n\ta\tcouple\tdiscusses\tsuch\tsore\npoints\tthat\tmatters\tmore\tfor\tthe\tfate\tof\ttheir\tmarriage.\tSimply\thaving", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a04267ad1753-2", "page_content": "reached\tan\tagreement\tabout\t\nhow\tto\n\tdisagree\tis\tkey\tto\tmarital\tsurvival;\nmen\tand\twomen\thave\tto\tovercome\tthe\tinnate\tgender\tdifferences\tin\napproaching\trocky\temotions.\tFailing\tthis,\tcouples\tare\tvulnerable\tto\nemotional\trifts\tthat\teventually\tcan\ttear\ttheir\trelationship\tapart.\tAs\twe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "56a9da709186-0", "page_content": "shall\tsee,\tthese\trifts\tare\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tto\tdevelop\tif\tone\tor\tboth\npartners\thave\tcertain\tdeficits\tin\temotional\tintelligence.\nMARITAL\tFAULT\tLINE\nFred:\tDid\tyou\tpick\tup\tmy\tdry\tcleaning?\nIngrid:\t(In\ta\tmocking\ttone)\t\u201cDid\tyou\tpick\tup\tmy\tdry\tcleaning.\u201d\tPick\nup\tyour\town\tdamn\tdry\tcleaning.\tWhat\tam\tI,\tyour\tmaid?\nFred:\tHardly.\tIf\tyou\twere\ta\tmaid,\tat\tleast\tyou\u2019d\tknow\thow\tto\tclean.\nIf\tthis\twere\tdialogue\tfrom\ta\tsitcom,\tit\tmight\tbe\tamusing.\tBut\tthis\npainfully\tcaustic\tinterchange\twas\tbetween\ta\tcouple\twho\t(perhaps\tnot\nsurprisingly)\tdivorced\twithin\tthe\tnext\tfew\tyears.\n12\n\tTheir\tencounter\ntook\tplace\tin\ta\tlaboratory\trun\tby\tJohn\tGottman,\ta\tUniversity\tof\nWashington\tpsychologist\twho\thas\tdone\tperhaps\tthe\tmost\tdetailed\nanalysis\tever\tof\tthe\temotional\tglue\tthat\tbinds\tcouples\ttogether\tand\nthe\tcorrosive\tfeelings\tthat\tcan\tdestroy\tmarriages.\n13\n\tIn\this\tlaboratory,\ncouples\u2019\tconversations\tare\tvideotaped\tand\tthen\tsubjected\tto\thours\tof\nmicroanalysis\tdesigned\tto\treveal\tthe\tsubterranean\temotional\tcurrents\nat\tplay.\tThis\tmapping\tof\tthe\tfault\tlines\tthat\tmay\tlead\ta\tcouple\tto\ndivorce\tmakes\ta\tconvincing\tcase\tfor\tthe\tcrucial\trole\tof\temotional\nintelligence\tin\tthe\tsurvival\tof\ta\tmarriage.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "56a9da709186-1", "page_content": "intelligence\tin\tthe\tsurvival\tof\ta\tmarriage.\nDuring\tthe\tlast\ttwo\tdecades\tGottman\thas\ttracked\tthe\tups\tand\ndowns\tof\tmore\tthan\ttwo\thundred\tcouples,\tsome\tjust\tnewlyweds,\nothers\tmarried\tfor\tdecades.\tGottman\thas\tcharted\tthe\temotional\necology\tof\tmarriage\twith\tsuch\tprecision\tthat,\tin\tone\tstudy,\the\twas\nable\tto\tpredict\twhich\tcouples\tseen\tin\this\tlab\t(like\tFred\tand\tIngrid,\nwhose\tdiscussion\tof\tgetting\tthe\tdry\tcleaning\twas\tso\tacrimonious)\nwould\tdivorce\twithin\tthree\tyears\twith\t\n94\tpercent\taccuracy\n,\ta\tprecision\nunheard\tof\tin\tmarital\tstudies!\nThe\tpower\tof\tGottman\u2019s\tanalysis\tcomes\tfrom\this\tpainstaking\nmethod\tand\tthe\tthoroughness\tof\this\tprobes.\tWhile\tthe\tcouples\ttalk,\nsensors\trecord\tthe\tslightest\tflux\tin\ttheir\tphysiology;\ta\tsecond-by-\nsecond\tanalysis\tof\ttheir\tfacial\texpressions\t(using\tthe\tsystem\tfor\nreading\temotions\tdeveloped\tby\tPaul\tEkman)\tdetects\tthe\tmost\tfleeting\nand\tsubtle\tnuance\tof\tfeeling.\tAfter\ttheir\tsession,\teach\tpartner\tcomes\nseparately\tto\tthe\tlab\tand\twatches\ta\tvideotape\tof\tthe\tconversation,\tand\nnarrates\this\tor\ther\tsecret\tthoughts\tduring\tthe\theated\tmoments\tof\tthe\nexchange.\tThe\tresult\tis\takin\tto\tan\temotional\tX-ray\tof\tthe\tmarriage.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8814b046ac2f-0", "page_content": "An\tearly\twarning\tsignal\tthat\ta\tmarriage\tis\tin\tdanger,\tGottman\tfinds,\nis\tharsh\tcriticism.\tIn\ta\thealthy\tmarriage\thusband\tand\twife\tfeel\tfree\tto\nvoice\ta\tcomplaint.\tBut\ttoo\toften\tin\tthe\theat\tof\tanger\tcomplaints\tare\nexpressed\tin\ta\tdestructive\tfashion,\tas\tan\tattack\ton\tthe\tspouse\u2019s\ncharacter.\tFor\texample,\tPamela\tand\ther\tdaughter\twent\tshoe\tshopping\nwhile\ther\thusband,\tTom,\twent\tto\ta\tbookstore.\tThey\tagreed\tto\tmeet\tin\nfront\tof\tthe\tpost\toffice\tin\tan\thour,\tand\tthen\tgo\tto\ta\tmatinee.\tPamela\nwas\tprompt,\tbut\tthere\twas\tno\tsign\tof\tTom.\t\u201cWhere\tis\the?\tThe\tmovie\nstarts\tin\tten\tminutes,\u201d\tPamela\tcomplained\tto\ther\tdaughter.\t\u201cIf\tthere\u2019s\na\tway\tfor\tyour\tfather\tto\tscrew\tsomething\tup,\the\twill.\u201d\nWhen\tTom\tshowed\tup\tten\tminutes\tlater,\thappy\tabout\thaving\trun\ninto\ta\tfriend\tand\tapologizing\tfor\tbeing\tlate,\tPamela\tlashed\tout\twith\nsarcasm:\t\n\u201cThat\u2019s\tokay\u2014it\tgave\tus\ta\tchance\tto\tdiscuss\tyour\tamazing\nability\tto\tscrew\tup\tevery\tsingle\tplan\twe\tmake.\tYou\u2019re\tso\tthoughtless\nand\tself-centered!\u201d\nPamela\u2019s\tcomplaint\tis\tmore\tthan\tthat:\tit\tis\ta\tcharacter\tassassination,\na\tcritique\tof\tthe\tperson,\tnot\tthe\tdeed.\tIn\tfact,\tTom\thad\tapologized.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8814b046ac2f-1", "page_content": "But\tfor\tthis\tlapse\tPamela\tbrands\thim\tas\t\u201cthoughtless\tand\tself-\ncentered.\u201d\tMost\tcouples\thave\tmoments\tlike\tthis\tfrom\ttime\tto\ttime,\nwhere\ta\tcomplaint\tabout\tsomething\ta\tpartner\thas\tdone\tis\tvoiced\tas\tan\nattack\tagainst\tthe\tperson\trather\tthan\tthe\tdeed.\tBut\tthese\tharsh\npersonal\tcriticisms\thave\ta\tfar\tmore\tcorrosive\temotional\timpact\tthan\ndo\tmore\treasoned\tcomplaints.\tAnd\tsuch\tattacks,\tperhaps\nunderstandably,\tbecome\tmore\tlikely\tthe\tmore\ta\thusband\tor\twife\tfeels\ntheir\tcomplaints\tgo\tunheard\tor\tignored.\nThe\tdifferences\tbetween\tcomplaints\tand\tpersonal\tcriticisms\tare\nsimple.\tIn\ta\tcomplaint,\ta\twife\tstates\tspecifically\twhat\tis\tupsetting\ther,\nand\tcriticizes\ther\thusband\u2019s\t\naction\n,\tnot\ther\thusband,\tsaying\thow\tit\nmade\ther\tfeel:\t\u201cWhen\tyou\tforgot\tto\tpick\tup\tmy\tclothes\tat\tthe\tcleaner\u2019s\nit\tmade\tme\tfeel\tlike\tyou\tdon\u2019t\tcare\tabout\tme.\u201d\tIt\tis\tan\texpression\tof\nbasic\temotional\tintelligence:\tassertive,\tnot\tbelligerent\tor\tpassive.\tBut\nin\ta\tpersonal\tcriticism\tshe\tuses\tthe\tspecific\tgrievance\tto\tlaunch\ta\nglobal\tattack\ton\ther\thusband:\t\u201cYou\u2019re\talways\tso\tselfish\tand\tuncaring.\nIt\tjust\tproves\tI\tcan\u2019t\ttrust\tyou\tto\tdo\tanything\tright.\u201d\tThis\tkind\tof\ncriticism\tleaves\tthe\tperson\ton\tthe\treceiving\tend\tfeeling\tashamed,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8814b046ac2f-2", "page_content": "criticism\tleaves\tthe\tperson\ton\tthe\treceiving\tend\tfeeling\tashamed,\ndisliked,\tblamed,\tand\tdefective\u2014all\tof\twhich\tare\tmore\tlikely\tto\tlead\nto\ta\tdefensive\tresponse\tthan\tto\tsteps\tto\timprove\tthings.\nAll\tthe\tmore\tso\twhen\tthe\tcriticism\tcomes\tladen\twith\tcontempt,\ta\nparticularly\tdestructive\temotion.\tContempt\tcomes\teasily\twith\tanger;\tit\nis\tusually\texpressed\tnot\tjust\tin\tthe\twords\tused,\tbut\talso\tin\ta\ttone\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "95c88b1472a2-0", "page_content": "voice\tand\tan\tangry\texpression.\tIts\tmost\tobvious\tform,\tof\tcourse,\tis\nmockery\tor\tinsult\u2014\u201cjerk,\u201d\t\u201cbitch,\u201d\t\u201cwimp.\u201d\tBut\tjust\tas\thurtful\tis\tthe\nbody\tlanguage\tthat\tconveys\tcontempt,\tparticularly\tthe\tsneer\tor\tcurled\nlip\tthat\tare\tthe\tuniversal\tfacial\tsignals\tfor\tdisgust,\tor\ta\trolling\tof\tthe\neyes,\tas\tif\tto\tsay,\t\u201cOh,\tbrother!\u201d\nContempt\u2019s\tfacial\tsignature\tis\ta\tcontraction\tof\tthe\t\u201cdimpler,\u201d\tthe\nmuscle\tthat\tpulls\tthe\tcorners\tof\tthe\tmouth\tto\tthe\tside\t(usually\tthe\nleft)\twhile\tthe\teyes\troll\tupward.\tWhen\tone\tspouse\tflashes\tthis\nexpression,\tthe\tother,\tin\ta\ttacit\temotional\texchange,\tregisters\ta\tjump\nin\theart\trate\tof\ttwo\tor\tthree\tbeats\tper\tminute.\tThis\thidden\nconversation\ttakes\tits\ttoll;\tif\ta\thusband\tshows\tcontempt\tregularly,\nGottman\tfound,\this\twife\twill\tbe\tmore\tprone\tto\ta\trange\tof\thealth\nproblems,\tfrom\tfrequent\tcolds\tand\tflus\tto\tbladder\tand\tyeast\ninfections,\tas\twell\tas\tgastrointestinal\tsymptoms.\tAnd\twhen\ta\twife\u2019s\nface\tshows\tdisgust,\ta\tnear\tcousin\tof\tcontempt,\tfour\tor\tmore\ttimes\nwithin\ta\tfifteen-minute\tconversation,\tit\tis\ta\tsilent\tsign\tthat\tthe\tcouple\nis\tlikely\tto\tseparate\twithin\tfour\tyears.\nOf\tcourse,\tan\toccasional\tshow\tof\tcontempt\tor\tdisgust\twill\tnot\tundo", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "95c88b1472a2-1", "page_content": "a\tmarriage.\tRather,\tsuch\temotional\tvolleys\tare\takin\tto\tsmoking\tand\nhigh\tcholesterol\tas\trisk\tfactors\tfor\theart\tdisease\u2014the\tmore\tintense\nand\tprolonged,\tthe\tgreater\tthe\tdanger.\tOn\tthe\troad\tto\tdivorce,\tone\tof\nthese\tfactors\tpredicts\tthe\tnext,\tin\tan\tescalating\tscale\tof\tmisery.\nHabitual\tcriticism\tand\tcontempt\tor\tdisgust\tare\tdanger\tsigns\tbecause\nthey\tindicate\tthat\ta\thusband\tor\twife\thas\tmade\ta\tsilent\tjudgment\tfor\nthe\tworse\tabout\ttheir\tpartner.\tIn\this\tor\ther\tthoughts,\tthe\tspouse\tis\tthe\nsubject\tof\tconstant\tcondemnation.\tSuch\tnegative\tand\thostile\tthinking\nleads\tnaturally\tto\tattacks\tthat\tmake\tthe\tpartner\ton\tthe\treceiving\tend\ndefensive\u2014or\tready\tto\tcounterattack\tin\treturn.\nThe\ttwo\tarms\tof\tthe\tfight-or-flight\tresponse\teach\trepresent\tways\ta\nspouse\tcan\trespond\tto\tan\tattack.\tThe\tmost\tobvious\tis\tto\tfight\tback,\nlashing\tout\tin\tanger.\tThat\troute\ttypically\tends\tin\ta\tfruitless\tshouting\nmatch.\tBut\tthe\talternative\tresponse,\tfleeing,\tcan\tbe\tmore\tpernicious,\nparticularly\twhen\tthe\t\u201cflight\u201d\tis\ta\tretreat\tinto\tstony\tsilence.\nStonewalling\tis\tthe\tultimate\tdefense.\tThe\tstonewaller\tjust\tgoes\nblank,\tin\teffect\twithdrawing\tfrom\tthe\tconversation\tby\tresponding\nwith\ta\tstony\texpression\tand\tsilence.\tStonewalling\tsends\ta\tpowerful,\nunnerving\tmessage,\tsomething\tlike\ta\tcombination\tof\ticy\tdistance,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "95c88b1472a2-2", "page_content": "unnerving\tmessage,\tsomething\tlike\ta\tcombination\tof\ticy\tdistance,\nsuperiority,\tand\tdistaste.\tStonewalling\tshowed\tup\tmainly\tin\tmarriages\nthat\twere\theading\tfor\ttrouble;\tin\t85\tpercent\tof\tthese\tcases\tit\twas\tthe\nhusband\twho\tstonewalled\tin\tresponse\tto\ta\twife\twho\tattacked\twith", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d16ea231a5db-0", "page_content": "criticism\tand\tcontempt.\n14\n\tAs\ta\thabitual\tresponse\tstonewalling\tis\ndevastating\tto\tthe\thealth\tof\ta\trelationship:\tit\tcuts\toff\tall\tpossibility\tof\nworking\tout\tdisagreements.\nTOXIC\tTHOUGHTS\nThe\tchildren\tare\tbeing\trambunctious,\tand\tMartin,\ttheir\tfather,\tis\ngetting\tannoyed.\tHe\tturns\tto\this\twife,\tMelanie,\tand\tsays\tin\ta\tsharp\ntone,\t\u201cDear,\tdon\u2019t\tyou\tthink\tthe\tkids\tcould\tquiet\tdown?\u201d\nHis\tactual\tthought:\t\u201cShe\u2019s\ttoo\teasy\ton\tthe\tkids.\u201d\nMelanie,\tresponding\tto\this\tire,\tfeels\ta\tsurge\tof\tanger.\tHer\tface\ngrows\ttaut,\ther\tbrows\tknit\tin\ta\tfrown,\tand\tshe\treplies,\t\u201cThe\tkids\tare\nhaving\ta\tgood\ttime.\tAnyhow,\tthey\u2019ll\tbe\tgoing\tup\tto\tbed\tsoon.\u201d\nHer\tthought:\t\u201cThere\the\tgoes\tagain,\tcomplaining\tall\tthe\ttime.\u201d\nMartin\tnow\tis\tvisibly\tenraged.\tHe\tleans\tforward\tmenacingly,\this\nfists\tclenched,\tas\the\tsays\tin\tan\tannoyed\ttone,\t\u201cShould\tI\tput\tthem\tto\nbed\tnow?\u201d\nHis\tthought:\t\u201cShe\topposes\tme\tin\teverything.\tI\u2019d\tbetter\ttake\tover.\u201d\nMelanie,\tsuddenly\tfrightened\tby\tMartin\u2019s\twrath,\tsays\tmeekly,\t\u201cNo,\nI\u2019ll\tput\tthem\tto\tbed\tright\taway.\u201d\nHer\tthought:\t\u201cHe\u2019s\tgetting\tout\tof\tcontrol\u2014he\tcould\thurt\tthe\tkids.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d16ea231a5db-1", "page_content": "I\u2019d\tbetter\tgive\tin.\u201d\nThese\tparallel\tconversations\u2014the\tspoken\tand\tthe\tsilent\u2014are\nreported\tby\tAaron\tBeck,\tthe\tfounder\tof\tcognitive\ttherapy,\tas\tan\nexample\tof\tthe\tkinds\tof\tthinking\tthat\tcan\tpoison\ta\tmarriage.\n15\n\tThe\nreal\temotional\texchange\tbetween\tMelanie\tand\tMartin\tis\tshaped\tby\ntheir\tthoughts,\tand\tthose\tthoughts,\tin\tturn,\tare\tdetermined\tby\nanother,\tdeeper\tlayer,\twhich\tBeck\tcalls\t\u201cautomatic\tthoughts\u201d\u2014\nfleeting,\tbackground\tassumptions\tabout\toneself\tand\tthe\tpeople\tin\none\u2019s\tlife\tthat\treflect\tour\tdeepest\temotional\tattitudes.\tFor\tMelanie\tthe\nbackground\tthought\tis\tsomething\tlike,\t\u201cHe\u2019s\talways\tbullying\tme\twith\nhis\tanger.\u201d\tFor\tMartin,\tthe\tkey\tthought\tis,\t\u201cShe\thas\tno\tright\tto\ttreat\nme\tlike\tthis.\u201d\tMelanie\tfeels\tlike\tan\tinnocent\tvictim\tin\ttheir\tmarriage,\nand\tMartin\tfeels\trighteous\tindignation\tat\twhat\the\tfeels\tis\tunjust\ntreatment.\nThoughts\tof\tbeing\tan\tinnocent\tvictim\tor\tof\trighteous\tindignation\nare\ttypical\tof\tpartners\tin\ttroubled\tmarriages,\tcontinually\tfueling\tanger\nand\thurt.\n16\n\tOnce\tdistressing\tthoughts\tsuch\tas\trighteous\tindignation\nbecome\tautomatic,\tthey\tare\tself-confirming:\tthe\tpartner\twho\tfeels", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bec6e5661bad-0", "page_content": "victimized\tis\tconstantly\tscanning\teverything\this\tpartner\tdoes\tthat\nmight\tconfirm\tthe\tview\tthat\tshe\tis\tvictimizing\thim,\tignoring\tor\ndiscounting\tany\tacts\tof\tkindness\ton\ther\tpart\tthat\twould\tquestion\tor\ndisconfirm\tthat\tview.\nThese\tthoughts\tare\tpowerful;\tthey\ttrip\tthe\tneural\talarm\tsystem.\nOnce\tthe\thusband\u2019s\tthought\tof\tbeing\tvictimized\ttriggers\tan\temotional\nhijacking,\the\twill\tfor\tthe\ttime\tbeing\teasily\tcall\tto\tmind\tand\truminate\non\ta\tlist\tof\tgrievances\tthat\tremind\thim\tof\tthe\tways\tshe\tvictimizes\nhim,\twhile\tnot\trecalling\tanything\tshe\tmay\thave\tdone\tin\ttheir\tentire\nrelationship\tthat\twould\tdisconfirm\tthe\tview\tthat\the\tis\tan\tinnocent\nvictim.\tIt\tputs\this\tspouse\tin\ta\tno-win\tsituation:\teven\tthings\tshe\tdoes\nthat\tare\tintentionally\tkind\tcan\tbe\treinterpreted\twhen\tviewed\tthrough\nsuch\ta\tnegative\tlens\tand\tdismissed\tas\tfeeble\tattempts\tto\tdeny\tshe\tis\ta\nvictimizer.\nPartners\twho\tare\tfree\tof\tsuch\tdistress-triggering\tviews\tcan\tentertain\na\tmore\tbenign\tinterpretation\tof\twhat\tis\tgoing\ton\tin\tthe\tsame\nsituations,\tand\tso\tare\tless\tlikely\tto\thave\tsuch\ta\thijacking,\tor\tif\tthey\ndo,\ttend\tto\trecover\tfrom\tit\tmore\treadily.\tThe\tgeneral\ttemplate\tfor\nthoughts\tthat\tmaintain\tor\talleviate\tdistress\tfollows\tthe\tpattern\noutlined\tin\t\nChapter\t6\n\tby\tpsychologist\tMartin\tSeligman\tfor\tpessimistic", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bec6e5661bad-1", "page_content": "Chapter\t6\n\tby\tpsychologist\tMartin\tSeligman\tfor\tpessimistic\nand\toptimistic\toutlooks.\tThe\tpessimistic\tview\tis\tthat\tthe\tpartner\tis\ninherently\tflawed\tin\ta\tway\tthat\tcannot\tchange\tand\tthat\tguarantees\nmisery:\t\n\u201cHe\u2019s\tselfish\tand\tself-absorbed;\tthat\u2019s\tthe\tway\the\twas\tbrought\nup\tand\tthat\u2019s\tthe\tway\the\twill\talways\tbe;\the\texpects\tme\tto\twait\ton\thim\nhand\tand\tfoot\tand\the\tcouldn\u2019t\tcare\tless\tabout\thow\tI\tfeel.\u201d\tThe\ncontrasting\toptimistic\tview\twould\tbe\tsomething\tlike:\t\u201cHe\u2019s\tbeing\ndemanding\tnow,\tbut\the\u2019s\tbeen\tthoughtful\tin\tthe\tpast;\tmaybe\the\u2019s\tin\ta\nbad\tmood\u2014I\twonder\tif\tsomething\u2019s\tbothering\thim\tabout\this\twork.\u201d\nThis\tis\ta\tview\tthat\tdoes\tnot\twrite\toff\tthe\thusband\t(or\tthe\tmarriage)\tas\nirredeemably\tdamaged\tand\thopeless.\tInstead\tit\tsees\ta\tbad\tmoment\tas\ndue\tto\tcircumstances\tthat\tcan\tchange.\tThe\tfirst\tattitude\tbrings\ncontinual\tdistress;\tthe\tsecond\tsoothes.\nPartners\twho\ttake\tthe\tpessimistic\tstance\tare\textremely\tprone\tto\nemotional\thijackings;\tthey\tget\tangry,\thurt,\tor\totherwise\tdistressed\tby\nthings\ttheir\tspouses\tdo,\tand\tthey\tstay\tdisturbed\tonce\tthe\tepisode\nbegins.\tTheir\tinternal\tdistress\tand\tpessimistic\tattitude,\tof\tcourse,\nmakes\tit\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tthey\twill\tresort\tto\tcriticism\tand\tcontempt\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bec6e5661bad-2", "page_content": "confronting\tthe\tpartner,\twhich\tin\tturn\theightens\tthe\tlikelihood\tof\ndefensiveness\tand\tstonewalling.\nPerhaps\tthe\tmost\tvirulent\tof\tsuch\ttoxic\tthoughts\tare\tfound\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "af5a0e85790a-0", "page_content": "husbands\twho\tare\tphysically\tviolent\tto\ttheir\twives.\tA\tstudy\tof\tviolent\nhusbands\tby\tpsychologists\tat\tIndiana\tUniversity\tfound\tthat\tthese\tmen\nthink\tlike\tschoolyard\tbullies:\tthey\tread\thostile\tintent\tinto\teven\tneutral\nactions\tby\ttheir\twives,\tand\tuse\tthis\tmisreading\tto\tjustify\tto\tthemselves\ntheir\town\tviolence\t(men\twho\tare\tsexually\taggressive\twith\tdates\tdo\nsomething\tsimilar,\tviewing\tthe\twomen\twith\tsuspicion\tand\tso\ndisregarding\ttheir\tobjections).\n17\n\tAs\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t7\n,\tsuch\tmen\nare\tparticularly\tthreatened\tby\tperceived\tslights,\trejection,\tor\tpublic\nembarrassment\tby\ttheir\twives.\tA\ttypical\tscenario\tthat\ttriggers\nthoughts\t\u201cjustifying\u201d\tviolence\tin\twife-batterers:\t\u201cYou\tare\tat\ta\tsocial\ngathering\tand\tyou\tnotice\tthat\tfor\tthe\tpast\thalf\thour\tyour\twife\thas\nbeen\ttalking\tand\tlaughing\twith\tthe\tsame\tattractive\tman.\tHe\tseems\tto\nbe\tflirting\twith\ther.\u201d\tWhen\tthese\tmen\tperceive\ttheir\twives\tas\tdoing\nsomething\tsuggesting\trejection\tor\tabandonment,\ttheir\treactions\trun\tto\nindignation\tand\toutrage.\tPresumably,\tautomatic\tthoughts\tlike\t\u201cShe\u2019s\ngoing\tto\tleave\tme\u201d\tare\ttriggers\tfor\tan\temotional\thijacking\tin\twhich\nbattering\thusbands\trespond\timpulsively,\tas\tthe\tresearchers\tput\tit,\nwith\t\u201cincompetent\tbehavioral\tresponses\u201d\u2014they\tbecome\tviolent.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "af5a0e85790a-1", "page_content": "with\t\u201cincompetent\tbehavioral\tresponses\u201d\u2014they\tbecome\tviolent.\n18\nFLOODING\tTHE\tSWAMPING\tOF\tA\tMARRIAGE\nThe\tnet\teffect\tof\tthese\tdistressing\tattitudes\tis\tto\tcreate\tincessant\tcrisis,\nsince\tthey\ttrigger\temotional\thijackings\tmore\toften\tand\tmake\tit\tharder\nto\trecover\tfrom\tthe\tresulting\thurt\tand\trage.\tGottman\tuses\tthe\tapt\nterm\t\nflooding\n\tfor\tthis\t\nsusceptibility\tto\tfrequent\temotional\tdistress;\nflooded\thusbands\tor\twives\tare\tso\toverwhelmed\tby\ttheir\tpartner\u2019s\nnegativity\tand\ttheir\town\treaction\tto\tit\tthat\tthey\tare\tswamped\tby\ndreadful,\tout-of-control\tfeelings.\tPeople\twho\tare\tflooded\tcannot\thear\nwithout\tdistortion\tor\trespond\twith\tclear-headedness;\tthey\tfind\tit\thard\nto\torganize\ttheir\tthinking,\tand\tthey\tfall\tback\ton\tprimitive\treactions.\nThey\tjust\twant\tthings\tto\tstop,\tor\twant\tto\trun\tor,\tsometimes,\tto\tstrike\nback.\tFlooding\tis\ta\tself-perpetuating\temotional\thijacking.\nSome\tpeople\thave\thigh\tthresholds\tfor\tflooding,\teasily\tenduring\nanger\tand\tcontempt,\twhile\tothers\tmay\tbe\ttriggered\tthe\tmoment\ttheir\nspouse\tmakes\ta\tmild\tcriticism.\tThe\ttechnical\tdescription\tof\tflooding\tis\nin\tterms\tof\theart\trate\trise\tfrom\tcalm\tlevels.\n19\n\tAt\trest,\twomen\u2019s\theart\nrates\tare\tabout\t82\tbeats\tper\tminute,\tmen\u2019s\tabout\t72\t(the\tspecific", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "af5a0e85790a-2", "page_content": "heart\trate\tvaries\tmainly\taccording\tto\ta\tperson\u2019s\tbody\tsize).\tFlooding\nbegins\tat\tabout\t10\tbeats\tper\tminute\tabove\ta\tperson\u2019s\tresting\trate;\tif", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c8d39e7d9151-0", "page_content": "the\theart\trate\treaches\t100\tbeats\tper\tminute\t(as\tit\teasily\tcan\tdo\tduring\nmoments\tof\trage\tor\ttears),\tthen\tthe\tbody\tis\tpumping\tadrenaline\tand\nother\thormones\tthat\tkeep\tthe\tdistress\thigh\tfor\tsome\ttime.\tThe\nmoment\tof\temotional\thijacking\tis\tapparent\tfrom\tthe\theart\trate:\tit\tcan\njump\t10,\t20,\tor\teven\tas\tmany\tas\t30\tbeats\tper\tminute\twithin\tthe\tspace\nof\ta\tsingle\theartbeat.\tMuscles\ttense;\tit\tcan\tseem\thard\tto\tbreathe.\nThere\tis\ta\tswamp\tof\ttoxic\tfeelings,\tan\tunpleasant\twash\tof\tfear\tand\nanger\tthat\tseems\tinescapable\tand,\tsubjectively,\ttakes\t\u201cforever\u201d\tto\tget\nover.\tAt\tthis\tpoint\u2014full\thijacking\u2014a\tperson\u2019s\temotions\tare\tso\tintense,\ntheir\tperspective\tso\tnarrow,\tand\ttheir\tthinking\tso\tconfused\tthat\tthere\nis\tno\thope\tof\ttaking\tthe\tother\u2019s\tviewpoint\tor\tsettling\tthings\tin\ta\nreasonable\tway.\nOf\tcourse,\tmost\thusbands\tand\twives\thave\tsuch\tintense\tmoments\nfrom\ttime\tto\ttime\twhen\tthey\tfight\u2014it\u2019s\tonly\tnatural.\tThe\tproblem\tfor\na\tmarriage\tbegins\twhen\tone\tor\tanother\tspouse\tfeels\tflooded\talmost\ncontinually.\tThen\tthe\tpartner\tfeels\toverwhelmed\tby\tthe\tother\tpartner,\nis\talways\ton\tguard\tfor\tan\temotional\tassault\tor\tinjustice,\tbecomes\nhypervigilant\tfor\tany\tsign\tof\tattack,\tinsult,\tor\tgrievance,\tand\tis\tsure\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c8d39e7d9151-1", "page_content": "overreact\tto\teven\tthe\tleast\tsign.\tIf\ta\thusband\tis\tin\tsuch\ta\tstate,\this\nwife\tsaying,\t\u201cHoney,\twe\u2019ve\tgot\tto\ttalk,\u201d\tcan\telicit\tthe\treactive\nthought,\t\u201cShe\u2019s\tpicking\ta\tfight\tagain,\u201d\tand\tso\ttrigger\tflooding.\tIt\nbecomes\tharder\tand\tharder\tto\trecover\tfrom\tthe\tphysiological\tarousal,\nwhich\tin\tturn\tmakes\tit\teasier\tfor\tinnocuous\texchanges\tto\tbe\tseen\tin\ta\nsinister\tlight,\ttriggering\tflooding\tall\tover\tagain.\nThis\tis\tperhaps\tthe\tmost\tdangerous\tturning\tpoint\tfor\tmarriage,\ta\ncatastrophic\tshift\tin\tthe\trelationship.\tThe\tflooded\tpartner\thas\tcome\tto\nthink\tthe\tworst\tof\tthe\tspouse\tvirtually\tall\tthe\ttime,\treading\teverything\nshe\tdoes\tin\ta\tnegative\tlight.\tSmall\tissues\tbecome\tmajor\tbattles;\nfeelings\tare\thurt\tcontinually.\t\nWith\ttime,\tthe\tpartner\twho\tis\tbeing\nflooded\tstarts\tto\tsee\tany\tand\tall\tproblems\tin\tthe\tmarriage\tas\tsevere\nand\timpossible\tto\tfix,\tsince\tthe\tflooding\titself\tsabotages\tany\tattempt\nto\twork\tthings\tout.\tAs\tthis\tcontinues\tit\tbegins\tto\tseem\tuseless\tto\ttalk\nthings\tover,\tand\tthe\tpartners\ttry\tto\tsoothe\ttheir\ttroubled\tfeelings\ton\ntheir\town.\tThey\tstart\tleading\tparallel\tlives,\tessentially\tliving\tin\nisolation\tfrom\teach\tother,\tand\tfeel\talone\twithin\tthe\tmarriage.\tAll\ttoo", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c8d39e7d9151-2", "page_content": "often,\tGottman\tfinds,\tthe\tnext\tstep\tis\tdivorce.\nIn\tthis\ttrajectory\ttoward\tdivorce\tthe\ttragic\tconsequences\tof\tdeficits\nin\temotional\tcompetences\tare\tself-evident.\tAs\ta\tcouple\tgets\tcaught\tin\nthe\treverberating\tcycle\tof\tcriticism\tand\tcontempt,\tdefensiveness\tand\nstonewalling,\tdistressing\tthoughts\tand\temotional\tflooding,\tthe\tcycle", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5aa7e7fb516e-0", "page_content": "itself\treflects\ta\tdisintegration\tof\temotional\tself-awareness\tand\tself-\ncontrol,\tof\tempathy\tand\tthe\tabilities\tto\tsoothe\teach\tother\tand\toneself.\nMEN:\tTHE\tVULNERABLE\tSEX\nBack\tto\tgender\tdifferences\tin\temotional\tlife,\twhich\tprove\tto\tbe\ta\nhidden\tspur\tto\tmarital\tmeltdowns.\tConsider\tthis\tfinding:\tEven\tafter\nthirty-five\tor\tmore\tyears\tof\tmarriage,\tthere\tis\ta\tbasic\tdistinction\nbetween\thusbands\tand\twives\tin\thow\tthey\tregard\temotional\nencounters.\tWomen,\ton\taverage,\tdo\tnot\tmind\tplunging\tinto\tthe\nunpleasantness\tof\ta\tmarital\tsquabble\tnearly\tso\tmuch\tas\tdo\tthe\tmen\tin\ntheir\tlives.\tThat\tconclusion,\treached\tin\ta\tstudy\tby\tRobert\tLevenson\tat\nthe\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tBerkeley,\tis\tbased\ton\tthe\ttestimony\tof\n151\tcouples,\tall\tin\tlong-lasting\tmarriages.\tLevenson\tfound\tthat\nhusbands\tuniformly\tfound\tit\tunpleasant,\teven\taversive,\tto\tbecome\nupset\tduring\ta\tmarital\tdisagreement,\twhile\ttheir\twives\tdid\tnot\tmind\tit\nmuch.\n20\nHusbands\tare\tprone\tto\tflooding\tat\ta\tlower\tintensity\tof\tnegativity\nthan\tare\ttheir\twives;\tmore\tmen\tthan\twomen\treact\tto\ttheir\tspouse\u2019s\ncriticism\twith\tflooding.\tOnce\tflooded,\thusbands\tsecrete\tmore\nadrenaline\tinto\ttheir\tbloodstream,\tand\tthe\tadrenaline\tflow\tis\ttriggered", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5aa7e7fb516e-1", "page_content": "by\tlower\tlevels\tof\tnegativity\ton\ttheir\twife\u2019s\tpart;\tit\ttakes\thusbands\nlonger\tto\trecover\tphysiologically\tfrom\tflooding.\n21\n\tThis\tsuggests\tthe\npossibility\tthat\tthe\tstoic,\tClint\tEastwood\ttype\tof\tmale\timperturbability\nmay\trepresent\ta\tdefense\tagainst\tfeeling\temotionally\toverwhelmed.\nThe\treason\tmen\tare\tso\tlikely\tto\tstonewall,\tGottman\tproposes,\tis\tto\nprotect\tthemselves\tfrom\tflooding;\this\tresearch\tshowed\tthat\tonce\tthey\nbegan\tstonewalling,\ttheir\theart\trates\tdropped\tby\tabout\tten\tbeats\tper\nminute,\tbringing\ta\tsubjective\tsense\tof\trelief.\tBut\u2014and\there\u2019s\ta\nparadox\u2014once\tthe\tmen\tstarted\t\nstonewalling,\tit\twas\tthe\twives\twhose\nheart\trate\tshot\tup\tto\tlevels\tsignaling\thigh\tdistress.\tThis\tlimbic\ttango,\nwith\teach\tsex\tseeking\tcomfort\tin\topposing\tgambits,\tleads\tto\ta\tvery\ndifferent\tstance\ttoward\temotional\tconfrontations:\tmen\twant\tto\tavoid\nthem\tas\tfervently\tas\ttheir\twives\tfeel\tcompelled\tto\tseek\tthem.\nJust\tas\tmen\tare\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tto\tbe\tstonewallers,\tso\tthe\twomen\nare\tmore\tlikely\tto\tcriticize\ttheir\thusbands.\n22\n\tThis\tasymmetry\tarises\tas\na\tresult\tof\twives\tpursuing\ttheir\trole\tas\temotional\tmanagers.\tAs\tthey\ntry\tto\tbring\tup\tand\tresolve\tdisagreements\tand\tgrievances,\ttheir", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5aa7e7fb516e-2", "page_content": "try\tto\tbring\tup\tand\tresolve\tdisagreements\tand\tgrievances,\ttheir\nhusbands\tare\tmore\treluctant\tto\tengage\tin\twhat\tare\tbound\tto\tbe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "704a86efa362-0", "page_content": "heated\tdiscussions.\tAs\tthe\twife\tsees\ther\thusband\twithdraw\tfrom\nengagement,\tshe\tups\tthe\tvolume\tand\tintensity\tof\ther\tcomplaint,\nstarting\tto\tcriticize\thim.\tAs\the\tbecomes\tdefensive\tor\tstonewalls\tin\nreturn,\tshe\tfeels\tfrustrated\tand\tangry,\tand\tso\tadds\tcontempt\tto\nunderscore\tthe\tstrength\tof\ther\tfrustration.\tAs\ther\thusband\tfinds\nhimself\tthe\tobject\tof\this\twife\u2019s\tcriticism\tand\tcontempt,\the\tbegins\tto\nfall\tinto\tthe\tinnocent-victim\tor\trighteous-indignation\tthoughts\tthat\nmore\tand\tmore\teasily\ttrigger\tflooding.\tTo\tprotect\thimself\tfrom\nflooding,\the\tbecomes\tmore\tand\tmore\tdefensive\tor\tsimply\tstonewalls\naltogether.\tBut\twhen\thusbands\tstonewall,\tremember,\tit\ttriggers\nflooding\tin\ttheir\twives,\twho\tfeel\tcompletely\tstymied.\tAnd\tas\tthe\tcycle\nof\tmarital\tfights\tescalates\tit\tall\ttoo\teasily\tcan\tspin\tout\tof\tcontrol.\nHIS\tAND\tHERS:\tMARITAL\tADVICE\nGiven\tthe\tgrim\tpotential\toutcome\tof\tthe\tdifferences\tin\thow\tmen\tand\nwomen\tdeal\twith\tdistressing\tfeelings\tin\ttheir\trelationship,\twhat\tcan\ncouples\tdo\tto\tprotect\tthe\tlove\tand\taffection\tthey\tfeel\tfor\teach\tother\u2014\nin\tshort,\twhat\tprotects\ta\tmarriage?\tOn\tthe\tbasis\tof\twatching\ninteraction\tin\tthe\tcouples\twhose\tmarriages\thave\tcontinued\tto\tthrive", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "704a86efa362-1", "page_content": "interaction\tin\tthe\tcouples\twhose\tmarriages\thave\tcontinued\tto\tthrive\nover\tthe\tyears,\tmarital\tresearchers\toffer\tspecific\tadvice\tfor\tmen\tand\nfor\twomen,\tand\tsome\tgeneral\twords\tfor\tboth.\nMen\tand\twomen,\tin\tgeneral,\tneed\tdifferent\temotional\tfine-tuning.\nFor\tmen,\tthe\tadvice\tis\tnot\tto\tsidestep\tconflict,\tbut\tto\trealize\tthat\nwhen\ttheir\twife\tbrings\tup\tsome\tgrievance\tor\tdisagreement,\tshe\tmay\nbe\tdoing\tit\tas\tan\tact\tof\tlove,\ttrying\tto\tkeep\tthe\trelationship\thealthy\nand\ton\tcourse\t(although\tthere\tmay\twell\tbe\tother\tmotives\tfor\ta\twife\u2019s\nhostility).\tWhen\tgrievances\tsimmer,\tthey\tbuild\tand\tbuild\tin\tintensity\nuntil\tthere\u2019s\tan\texplosion;\twhen\tthey\tare\taired\tand\tworked\tout,\tit\ntakes\tthe\tpressure\toff.\tBut\thusbands\tneed\tto\trealize\tthat\tanger\tor\ndiscontent\tis\tnot\tsynonymous\twith\tpersonal\tattack\u2014their\twives\u2019\nemotions\tare\toften\tsimply\tunderliners,\temphasizing\tthe\tstrength\tof\nher\tfeelings\tabout\tthe\tmatter.\nMen\talso\tneed\tto\tbe\ton\tguard\tagainst\tshort-circuiting\tthe\tdiscussion\nby\toffering\ta\tpractical\tsolution\ttoo\tearly\ton\u2014it\u2019s\ttypically\tmore\nimportant\tto\ta\twife\tthat\tshe\tfeel\ther\thusband\thears\ther\tcomplaint\tand\nempathizes\twith\ther\t\nfeelings\n\tabout\tthe\tmatter\t(though\the\tneed\tnot", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "704a86efa362-2", "page_content": "feelings\n\tabout\tthe\tmatter\t(though\the\tneed\tnot\nagree\twith\ther).\tShe\tmay\thear\this\toffering\tadvice\tas\ta\tway\tof\ndismissing\ther\tfeelings\tas\tinconsequential.\tHusbands\twho\tare\table\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a8e92ba85e2b-0", "page_content": "stay\twith\ttheir\twives\tthrough\tthe\theat\tof\tanger,\trather\tthan\tdismissing\ntheir\tcomplaints\tas\tpetty,\thelp\ttheir\twives\tfeel\theard\tand\trespected.\nMost\tespecially,\twives\twant\tto\thave\ttheir\tfeelings\tacknowledged\tand\nrespected\tas\tvalid,\teven\tif\ttheir\thusbands\tdisagree.\tMore\toften\tthan\nnot,\twhen\ta\twife\tfeels\ther\tview\tis\theard\tand\ther\tfeelings\tregistered,\nshe\tcalms\tdown.\nAs\tfor\twomen,\tthe\tadvice\tis\tquite\tparallel.\tSince\ta\tmajor\tproblem\nfor\tmen\tis\tthat\ttheir\twives\tare\ttoo\tintense\tin\tvoicing\tcomplaints,\nwives\tneed\tto\tmake\ta\tpurposeful\teffort\tto\tbe\tcareful\tnot\tto\tattack\ntheir\thusbands\u2014to\tcomplain\tabout\twhat\tthey\tdid,\tbut\tnot\tcriticize\nthem\tas\ta\tperson\tor\texpress\tcontempt.\tComplaints\tare\tnot\tattacks\ton\ncharacter,\tbut\trather\ta\tclear\tstatement\tthat\ta\tparticular\taction\tis\ndistressing.\tAn\tangry\tpersonal\tattack\twill\talmost\tcertainly\tlead\tto\ta\nhusband\u2019s\tgetting\tdefensive\tor\tstonewalling,\twhich\twill\tbe\tall\tthe\nmore\tfrustrating,\tand\tonly\tescalate\tthe\tfight.\tIt\thelps,\ttoo,\tif\ta\twife\u2019s\ncomplaints\tare\tput\tin\tthe\tlarger\tcontext\tof\treassuring\ther\thusband\tof\nher\tlove\tfor\thim.\nTHE\tGOOD\tFIGHT\nThe\tmorning\tpaper\toffers\tan\tobject\tlesson\tin\thow\tnot\tto\tresolve\ndifferences\tin\ta\tmarriage.\tMarlene\tLenick\thad\ta\tdispute\twith\ther", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a8e92ba85e2b-1", "page_content": "husband,\tMichael:\the\twanted\tto\twatch\tthe\tDallas\tCowboys-\nPhiladelphia\tEagles\tgame,\tshe\twanted\tto\twatch\tthe\tnews.\tAs\the\nsettled\tdown\tto\twatch\tthe\tgame,\tMrs.\tLenick\ttold\thim\tthat\tshe\thad\n\u201chad\tenough\tof\tthat\tfootball,\u201d\twent\tinto\tthe\tbedroom\tto\tfetch\ta\t.38\ncaliber\thandgun,\tand\tshot\thim\ttwice\tas\the\tsat\twatching\tthe\tgame\tin\nthe\tden.\tMrs.\tLenick\twas\tcharged\twith\taggravated\tassault\tand\tfreed\non\ta\t$50,000\tbond;\tMr.\tLenick\twas\tlisted\tin\tgood\tcondition,\nrecovering\tfrom\tthe\tbullets\tthat\tgrazed\this\tabdomen\tand\ttunneled\nthrough\this\tleft\tshoulder\tblade\tand\tneck.\n23\nWhile\tfew\tmarital\tfights\tare\tthat\tviolent\u2014or\tthat\tcostly\u2014they\toffer\na\tprime\tchance\tto\tbring\temotional\tintelligence\tto\tmarriage.\tFor\nexample,\tcouples\tin\tmarriages\tthat\tlast\ttend\tto\tstick\tto\tone\ttopic,\tand\nto\tgive\teach\tpartner\tthe\t\nchance\tto\tstate\ttheir\tpoint\tof\tview\tat\tthe\noutset.\n24\n\tBut\tthese\tcouples\tgo\tone\timportant\tstep\tfurther:\tthey\tshow\neach\tother\tthat\tthey\tare\tbeing\tlistened\tto.\tSince\tfeeling\theard\tis\toften\nexactly\twhat\tthe\taggrieved\tpartner\treally\tis\tafter,\temotionally\tan\tact\nof\tempathy\tis\ta\tmasterly\ttension\treducer.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a1c5559473e3-0", "page_content": "Most\tnotably\tmissing\tin\tcouples\twho\teventually\tdivorce\tare\nattempts\tby\teither\tpartner\tin\tan\targument\tto\tde-escalate\tthe\ttension.\nThe\tpresence\tor\tabsence\tof\tways\tto\trepair\ta\trift\tis\ta\tcrucial\tdifference\nbetween\tthe\tfights\tof\tcouples\twho\thave\ta\thealthy\tmarriage\tand\tthose\nof\tcouples\twho\teventually\tend\tup\tdivorcing.\n25\n\tThe\trepair\tmechanisms\nthat\tkeep\tan\targument\tfrom\tescalating\tinto\ta\tdire\texplosion\tare\nsimple\tmoves\tsuch\tas\tkeeping\tthe\tdiscussion\ton\ttrack,\tempathizing,\nand\ttension\treduction.\tThese\tbasic\tmoves\tare\tlike\tan\temotional\nthermostat,\tpreventing\tthe\tfeelings\tbeing\texpressed\tfrom\tboiling\tover\nand\toverwhelming\tthe\tpartners\u2019\tability\tto\tfocus\ton\tthe\tissue\tat\thand.\nOne\toverall\tstrategy\tfor\tmaking\ta\tmarriage\twork\tis\tnot\tto\nconcentrate\ton\tthe\tspecific\tissues\u2014childrearing,\tsex,\tmoney,\nhousework\u2014that\tcouples\tfight\tabout,\tbut\trather\tto\tcultivate\ta\ncouple\u2019s\tshared\temotional\tintelligence,\tthereby\timproving\tthe\tchances\nof\tworking\tthings\tout.\tA\thandful\tof\temotional\tcompetences\u2014mainly\nbeing\table\tto\tcalm\tdown\t(and\tcalm\tyour\tpartner),\tempathy,\tand\nlistening\twell\u2014can\tmake\tit\tmore\tlikely\ta\tcouple\twill\tsettle\ttheir\ndisagreements\teffectively.\tThese\tmake\tpossible\thealthy\tdisagreements,\nthe\t\u201cgood\tfights\u201d\tthat\tallow\ta\tmarriage\tto\tflourish\tand\twhich", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a1c5559473e3-1", "page_content": "overcome\tthe\tnegativities\tthat,\tif\tleft\tto\tgrow,\tcan\tdestroy\ta\nmarriage.\n26\nOf\tcourse,\tnone\tof\tthese\temotional\thabits\tchanges\tovernight;\tit\ntakes\tpersistence\tand\tvigilance\tat\tthe\tvery\tleast.\tCouples\twill\tbe\table\nto\tmake\tthe\tkey\tchanges\tin\tdirect\tproportion\tto\thow\tmotivated\tthey\nare\tto\ttry.\tMany\tor\tmost\temotional\tresponses\ttriggered\tso\teasily\tin\nmarriage\thave\tbeen\tsculpted\tsince\tchildhood,\tfirst\tlearned\tin\tour\tmost\nintimate\trelationships\tor\tmodeled\tfor\tus\tby\tour\tparents,\tand\tthen\nbrought\tto\tmarriage\tfully\tformed.\tAnd\tso\twe\tare\tprimed\tfor\tcertain\nemotional\thabits\u2014overreacting\tto\tperceived\tslights,\tsay,\tor\tshutting\ndown\tat\tthe\tfirst\tsign\tof\ta\tconfrontation\u2014even\tthough\twe\tmay\thave\nsworn\tthat\twe\twould\tnot\tact\tlike\tour\tparents.\nCalming\tDown\nEvery\tstrong\temotion\thas\tat\tits\troot\tan\timpulse\tto\taction;\tmanaging\nthose\timpulses\tis\tbasic\tto\temotional\tintelligence.\tThis\tcan\tbe\nparticularly\tdifficult,\tthough,\tin\tlove\trelationships,\twhere\twe\thave\tso\nmuch\tat\tstake.\tThe\treactions\ttriggered\there\ttouch\ton\tsome\tof\tour\ndeepest\tneeds\u2014to\tbe\tloved\tand\tfeel\t\nrespected,\tfears\tof\tabandonment\nor\tof\tbeing\temotionally\tdeprived.\tSmall\twonder\twe\tcan\tact\tin\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0686ae00e99b-0", "page_content": "marital\tfight\tas\tthough\tour\tvery\tsurvival\twere\tat\tstake.\nEven\tso,\tnothing\tgets\tresolved\tpositively\twhen\thusband\tor\twife\tis\tin\nthe\tmidst\tof\tan\temotional\thijacking.\tOne\tkey\tmarital\tcompetence\tis\nfor\tpartners\tto\tlearn\tto\tsoothe\ttheir\town\tdistressed\tfeelings.\nEssentially,\tthis\tmeans\tmastering\tthe\tability\tto\trecover\tquickly\tfrom\nthe\tflooding\tcaused\tby\tan\temotional\thijacking.\tBecause\tthe\tability\tto\nhear,\tthink,\tand\tspeak\twith\tclarity\tdissolves\tduring\tsuch\tan\temotional\npeak,\tcalming\tdown\tis\tan\timmensely\tconstructive\tstep,\twithout\twhich\nthere\tcan\tbe\tno\tfurther\tprogress\tin\tsettling\twhat\u2019s\tat\tissue.\nAmbitious\tcouples\tcan\tlearn\tto\tmonitor\ttheir\tpulse\trates\tevery\tfive\nminutes\tor\tso\tduring\ta\ttroubling\tencounter,\tfeeling\tthe\tpulse\tat\tthe\ncarotid\tartery\ta\tfew\tinches\tbelow\tthe\tearlobe\tand\tjaw\t(people\twho\tdo\naerobic\tworkouts\tlearn\tto\tdo\tthis\teasily).\n27\n\tCounting\tthe\tpulse\tfor\nfifteen\tseconds\tand\tmultiplying\tby\tfour\tgives\tthe\tpulse\trate\tin\tbeats\nper\tminute.\tDoing\tso\twhile\tfeeling\tcalm\tgives\ta\tbaseline;\tif\tthe\tpulse\nrate\trises\tmore\tthan,\tsay,\tten\tbeats\tper\tminute\tabove\tthat\tlevel,\tit\nsignals\tthe\tbeginning\tof\tflooding.\tIf\tthe\tpulse\tclimbs\tthis\tmuch,\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0686ae00e99b-1", "page_content": "couple\tneeds\ta\ttwenty-minute\tbreak\tfrom\teach\tother\tto\tcool\tdown\nbefore\tresuming\tthe\tdiscussion.\tAlthough\ta\tfive-minute\tbreak\tmay\nfeel\tlong\tenough,\tthe\tactual\tphysiological\trecovery\ttime\tis\tmore\ngradual.\tAs\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t5\n,\tresidual\tanger\ttriggers\tmore\tanger;\nthe\tlonger\twait\tgives\tthe\tbody\tmore\ttime\tto\trecover\tfrom\tthe\tearlier\narousal.\nFor\tcouples\twho,\tunderstandably,\tfind\tit\tawkward\tto\tmonitor\theart\nrate\tduring\ta\tfight,\tit\tis\tsimpler\tto\thave\ta\tprestated\tagreement\tthat\nallows\tone\tor\tanother\tpartner\tto\tcall\tthe\ttime-out\tat\tthe\tfirst\tsigns\tof\nflooding\tin\teither\tpartner.\tDuring\tthat\ttime-out\tperiod,\tcooling\tdown\ncan\tbe\thelped\talong\tby\tengaging\tin\ta\trelaxation\ttechnique\tor\taerobic\nexercise\t(or\tany\tof\tthe\tother\tmethods\twe\texplored\tin\t\nChapter\t5\n)\tthat\nmight\thelp\tthe\tpartners\trecover\tfrom\tthe\temotional\thijacking.\nDetoxifying\tSelf-talk\nBecause\tflooding\tis\ttriggered\tby\tnegative\tthoughts\tabout\tthe\tpartner,\nit\thelps\tif\ta\thusband\tor\twife\twho\tis\tbeing\tupset\tby\tsuch\tharsh\njudgments\ttackles\tthem\thead-on.\tSentiments\tlike\t\u201cI\u2019m\tnot\tgoing\tto\ntake\tthis\tanymore\u201d\tor\t\u201cI\tdon\u2019t\tdeserve\tthis\tkind\tof\ttreatment\u201d\tare\ninnocent-victim\tor\trighteous-indignation\tslogans.\tAs\tcognitive", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0686ae00e99b-2", "page_content": "innocent-victim\tor\trighteous-indignation\tslogans.\tAs\tcognitive\ntherapist\tAaron\tBeck\tpoints\tout,\tby\tcatching\tthese\tthoughts\tand\nchallenging\tthem\u2014rather\tthan\tsimply\tbeing\tenraged\tor\thurt\tby\tthem", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cc3527987caa-0", "page_content": "\u2014a\thusband\tor\twife\tcan\tbegin\tto\tbecome\tfree\tof\ttheir\thold.\n28\nThis\trequires\tmonitoring\tsuch\tthoughts,\trealizing\tthat\tone\tdoes\tnot\nhave\tto\tbelieve\tthem,\tand\tmaking\tthe\tintentional\teffort\tto\tbring\tto\nmind\tevidence\tor\tperspectives\tthat\tput\tthem\tin\tquestion.\tFor\texample,\na\twife\twho\tfeels\tin\tthe\theat\tof\tthe\tmoment\tthat\t\u201che\tdoesn\u2019t\tcare\tabout\nmy\tneeds\u2014he\u2019s\talways\tso\tselfish\u201d\tmight\tchallenge\tthe\tthought\tby\nreminding\therself\tof\ta\tnumber\tof\tthings\ther\thusband\thas\tdone\tthat\nare,\tin\tfact,\tthoughtful.\tThis\tallows\ther\tto\treframe\tthe\tthought\tas:\n\u201cWell,\the\tdoes\tshow\the\tcares\tabout\tme\tsometimes,\teven\tthough\twhat\nhe\tjust\tdid\twas\tthoughtless\tand\tupsetting\tto\tme.\u201d\tThe\tlatter\nformulation\topens\tthe\tpossibility\tof\tchange\tand\ta\tpositive\tresolution;\nthe\tformer\tonly\tfoments\tanger\tand\thurt.\nNondefensive\tListening\tand\tSpeaking\nHe:\t\u201cYou\u2019re\tshouting!\u201d\nShe:\t\u201cOf\tcourse\tI\u2019m\tshouting\u2014you\thaven\u2019t\theard\ta\tword\tI\u2019m\tsaying.\nYou\tjust\tdon\u2019t\tlisten!\u201d\nListening\tis\ta\tskill\tthat\tkeeps\tcouples\ttogether.\tEven\tin\tthe\theat\tof\nan\targument,\twhen\tboth\tare\tseized\tby\temotional\thijackings,\tone\tor\nthe\tother,\tand\tsometimes\tboth,\tcan\tmanage\tto\tlisten\tpast\tthe\tanger,\nand\thear\tand\trespond\tto\ta\tpartner\u2019s\treparative\tgesture.\tCouples", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cc3527987caa-1", "page_content": "and\thear\tand\trespond\tto\ta\tpartner\u2019s\treparative\tgesture.\tCouples\nheaded\tfor\tdivorce,\tthough,\tget\tabsorbed\tin\tthe\tanger\tand\tfixated\ton\nthe\tspecifics\tof\tthe\tissue\tat\thand,\tnot\tmanaging\tto\thear\u2014let\talone\nreturn\u2014any\tpeace\tofferings\tthat\tmight\tbe\timplicit\tin\twhat\ttheir\npartner\tis\tsaying.\tDefensiveness\tin\ta\tlistener\ttakes\tthe\tform\tof\nignoring\tor\timmediately\trebutting\tthe\tspouse\u2019s\tcomplaint,\treacting\tto\nit\tas\tthough\tit\twere\tan\tattack\trather\tthan\tan\tattempt\tto\tchange\nbehavior.\tOf\tcourse,\tin\tan\targument\twhat\tone\tspouse\tsays\tis\toften\tin\nthe\tform\tof\tan\tattack,\tor\tis\tsaid\twith\tsuch\tstrong\tnegativity\tthat\tit\tis\nhard\tto\thear\tanything\tother\tthan\tan\tattack.\nEven\tin\tthe\tworst\tcase,\tit\u2019s\tpossible\tfor\ta\tcouple\tto\tpurposely\tedit\nwhat\tthey\thear,\tignoring\tthe\thostile\tand\tnegative\tparts\tof\tthe\nexchange\u2014the\tnasty\ttone,\tthe\tinsult,\tthe\tcontemptuous\tcriticism\u2014to\nhear\tthe\tmain\tmessage.\tFor\tthis\tfeat\tit\thelps\tif\tpartners\tcan\tremember\nto\tsee\teach\tother\u2019s\tnegativity\tas\tan\timplicit\tstatement\tof\thow\nimportant\tthe\tissue\tis\tto\tthem\u2014a\tdemand\tfor\tattention\tto\tbe\tpaid.\nThen\tif\tshe\tyells,\t\u201cWill\tyou\t\nstop\n\tinterrupting\tme,\tfor\tcrissake!\u201d\the\nmight\tbe\tmore\table\tto\tsay,\twithout\treacting\tovertly\tto\ther\thostility,\n\u201cOkay,\tgo\tahead\tand\tfinish.\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3ab056b9983d-0", "page_content": "The\tmost\tpowerful\tform\tof\tnondefensive\tlistening,\tof\tcourse,\tis\nempathy:\tactually\thearing\tthe\tfeelings\t\nbehind\n\twhat\tis\tbeing\tsaid.\tAs\nwe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t7\n,\tfor\tone\tpartner\tin\ta\tcouple\tto\ttruly\tempathize\nwith\tthe\tother\tdemands\tthat\t\nhis\town\temotional\treactions\tcalm\tdown\nto\tthe\tpoint\twhere\the\tis\treceptive\tenough\tfor\this\town\tphysiology\tto\nbe\table\tto\tmirror\tthe\tfeelings\tof\this\tpartner.\tWithout\tthis\nphysiological\tattunement,\ta\tpartner\u2019s\tsense\tof\twhat\tthe\tother\tis\nfeeling\tis\tlikely\tto\tbe\tentirely\toff\tbase.\tEmpathy\tdeteriorates\twhen\none\u2019s\town\tfeelings\tare\tso\tstrong\tthat\tthey\tallow\tno\tphysiological\nharmonizing,\tbut\tsimply\toverride\teverything\telse.\nOne\tmethod\tfor\teffective\temotional\tlistening,\tcalled\t\u201cmirroring,\u201d\tis\ncommonly\tused\tin\tmarital\ttherapy.\tWhen\tone\tpartner\tmakes\ta\ncomplaint,\tthe\tother\trepeats\tit\tback\tin\ther\town\twords,\ttrying\tto\ncapture\tnot\tjust\tthe\tthought,\tbut\talso\tthe\tfeelings\tthat\tgo\twith\tit.\tThe\npartner\tmirroring\tchecks\twith\tthe\tother\tto\tbe\tsure\tthe\trestatement\tis\non\ttarget,\tand\tif\tnot,\ttries\tagain\tuntil\tit\tis\tright\u2014something\tthat\nseems\tsimple,\tbut\tis\tsurprisingly\ttricky\tin\texecution.\n29\n\tThe\teffect\tof\nbeing\tmirrored\taccurately\tis\tnot\tjust\tfeeling\tunderstood,\tbut\thaving", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3ab056b9983d-1", "page_content": "the\tadded\tsense\tof\tbeing\tin\temotional\tattunement.\tThat\tin\titself\tcan\nsometimes\tdisarm\tan\timminent\tattack,\tand\tgoes\tfar\ttoward\tkeeping\ndiscussions\tof\tgrievances\tfrom\tescalating\tinto\tfights.\nThe\tart\tof\tnondefensive\tspeaking\tfor\tcouples\tcenters\taround\nkeeping\twhat\tis\tsaid\tto\ta\tspecific\tcomplaint\trather\tthan\tescalating\tto\ta\npersonal\tattack.\tPsychologist\tHaim\tGinott,\tthe\tgrandfather\tof\neffective-communication\tprograms,\trecommended\tthat\tthe\tbest\nformula\tfor\ta\tcomplaint\tis\t\u201cXYZ\u201d:\t\u201cWhen\tyou\tdid\tX,\tit\tmade\tme\tfeel\nY,\tand\tI\u2019d\trather\tyou\tdid\tZ\tinstead.\u201d\tFor\texample:\t\u201cWhen\tyou\tdidn\u2019t\ncall\tto\ttell\tme\tyou\twere\tgoing\tto\tbe\tlate\tfor\tour\tdinner\tappointment,\tI\nfelt\tunappreciated\tand\tangry.\tI\twish\tyou\u2019d\tcall\tto\tlet\tme\tknow\tyou\u2019ll\nbe\tlate\u201d\tinstead\tof\t\u201cYou\u2019re\ta\tthoughtless,\tself-centered\tbastard,\u201d\twhich\nis\thow\tthe\tissue\tis\tall\ttoo\toften\tput\tin\tcouples\u2019\tfights.\tIn\tshort,\topen\ncommunication\thas\tno\tbullying,\tthreats,\tor\tinsults.\tNor\tdoes\tit\tallow\nfor\tany\tof\tthe\tinnumerable\tforms\tof\tdefensiveness\u2014excuses,\tdenying\nresponsibility,\tcounterattacking\twith\ta\tcriticism,\tand\tthe\tlike.\tHere\nagain\tempathy\tis\ta\tpotent\ttool.\nFinally,\trespect\tand\tlove\tdisarm\thostility\tin\tmarriage,\tas\telsewhere", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3ab056b9983d-2", "page_content": "Finally,\trespect\tand\tlove\tdisarm\thostility\tin\tmarriage,\tas\telsewhere\nin\tlife.\tOne\tpowerful\tway\tto\tde-escalate\ta\tfight\tis\tto\tlet\tyour\tpartner\nknow\tthat\tyou\tcan\tsee\tthings\tfrom\tthe\tother\tperspective,\tand\tthat\tthis\npoint\tof\tview\tmay\thave\tvalidity,\teven\tif\tyou\tdo\tnot\tagree\twith\tit\nyourself.\tAnother\tis\tto\ttake\tresponsibility\tor\teven\tapologize\tif\tyou\tsee", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "26371e09efd5-0", "page_content": "you\tare\tin\tthe\twrong.\tAt\ta\tminimum,\tvalidation\tmeans\tat\tleast\nconveying\tthat\tyou\tare\tlistening,\tand\tcan\tacknowledge\tthe\temotions\nbeing\texpressed,\teven\tif\tyou\tcan\u2019t\tgo\talong\twith\tthe\targument:\t\u201cI\tsee\nyou\u2019re\tupset.\u201d\tAnd\tat\tother\ttimes,\twhen\tthere\tis\tno\tfight\tgoing\ton,\nvalidation\ttakes\tthe\tform\tof\tcompliments,\tfinding\tsomething\tyou\ngenuinely\tappreciate\tand\tvoicing\tsome\tpraise.\tValidation,\tof\tcourse,\tis\na\tway\t\nto\thelp\tsoothe\tyour\tspouse,\tor\tto\tbuild\tup\temotional\tcapital\tin\nthe\tform\tof\tpositive\tfeelings.\nPracticing\nBecause\tthese\tmaneuvers\tare\tto\tbe\tcalled\tupon\tduring\tthe\theat\tof\nconfrontation,\twhen\temotional\tarousal\tis\tsure\tto\tbe\thigh,\tthey\thave\tto\nbe\toverlearned\tif\tthey\tare\tto\tbe\taccessible\twhen\tneeded\tmost.\tThis\tis\nbecause\tthe\temotional\tbrain\tengages\tthose\tresponse\troutines\tthat\nwere\tlearned\tearliest\tin\tlife\tduring\trepeated\tmoments\tof\tanger\tand\nhurt,\tand\tso\tbecome\tdominant.\tMemory\tand\tresponse\tbeing\temotion-\nspecific,\tin\tsuch\tmoments\treactions\tassociated\twith\tcalmer\ttimes\tare\nless\teasy\tto\tremember\tand\tact\ton.\tIf\ta\tmore\tproductive\temotional\nresponse\tis\tunfamiliar\tor\tnot\twell\tpracticed,\tit\tis\textremely\tdifficult\tto\ntry\tit\twhile\tupset.\tBut\tif\ta\tresponse\tis\tpracticed\tso\tthat\tit\thas\tbecome\nautomatic,\tit\thas\ta\tbetter\tchance\tof\tfinding\texpression\tduring", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "26371e09efd5-1", "page_content": "automatic,\tit\thas\ta\tbetter\tchance\tof\tfinding\texpression\tduring\nemotional\tcrisis.\tFor\tthese\treasons,\tthe\tabove\tstrategies\tneed\tto\tbe\ntried\tout\tand\trehearsed\tduring\tencounters\tthat\tare\tnot\tstressful,\tas\nwell\tas\tin\tthe\theat\tof\tbattle,\tif\tthey\tare\tto\thave\ta\tchance\tto\tbecome\tan\nacquired\tfirst\tresponse\t(or\tat\tleast\ta\tnot-too-belated\tsecond\tresponse)\nin\tthe\trepertoire\tof\tthe\temotional\tcircuitry.\tIn\tessence,\tthese\tantidotes\nto\tmarital\tdisintegration\tare\ta\tsmall\tremedial\teducation\tin\temotional\nintelligence.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "de09fe0a1aee-0", "page_content": "10\nManaging\twith\tHeart\nMelburn\tMcBroom\twas\ta\tdomineering\tboss,\twith\ta\ttemper\tthat\nintimidated\tthose\twho\tworked\twith\thim.\tThat\tfact\tmight\thave\tpassed\nunremarked\thad\tMcBroom\tworked\tin\tan\toffice\tor\tfactory.\tBut\nMcBroom\twas\tan\tairline\tpilot.\nOne\tday\tin\t1978\tMcBroom\u2019s\tplane\twas\tapproaching\tPortland,\nOregon,\twhen\the\tnoticed\ta\tproblem\twith\tthe\tlanding\tgear.\tSo\nMcBroom\twent\tinto\ta\tholding\tpattern,\tcircling\tthe\tfield\tat\ta\thigh\naltitude\twhile\the\tfiddled\twith\tthe\tmechanism.\nAs\tMcBroom\tobsessed\tabout\tthe\tlanding\tgear,\tthe\tplane\u2019s\tfuel\ngauges\tsteadily\tapproached\tthe\tempty\tlevel.\tBut\this\tcopilots\twere\tso\nfearful\tof\tMcBroom\u2019s\twrath\tthat\tthey\tsaid\tnothing,\teven\tas\tdisaster\nloomed.\tThe\tplane\tcrashed,\tkilling\tten\tpeople.\nToday\tthe\tstory\tof\tthat\tcrash\tis\ttold\tas\ta\tcautionary\ttale\tin\tthe\nsafety\ttraining\tof\tairline\tpilots.\n1\n\tIn\t80\tpercent\tof\tairline\tcrashes,\tpilots\nmake\tmistakes\tthat\tcould\thave\tbeen\tprevented,\tparticularly\tif\tthe\ncrew\tworked\ttogether\tmore\tharmoniously.\tTeamwork,\topen\tlines\tof\ncommunication,\tcooperation,\tlistening,\tand\tspeaking\tone\u2019s\tmind\u2014\nrudiments\tof\tsocial\tintelligence\u2014are\tnow\temphasized\tin\ttraining\npilots,\talong\twith\ttechnical\tprowess.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "de09fe0a1aee-1", "page_content": "pilots,\talong\twith\ttechnical\tprowess.\nThe\tcockpit\tis\ta\tmicrocosm\tof\tany\tworking\torganization.\tBut\nlacking\tthe\tdramatic\treality\tcheck\tof\tan\tairplane\tcrash,\tthe\tdestructive\neffects\tof\tmiserable\tmorale,\tintimidated\tworkers,\tor\tarrogant\tbosses\u2014\nor\tany\tof\tthe\tdozens\tof\tother\tpermutations\tof\temotional\tdeficiencies\nin\tthe\tworkplace\u2014can\tgo\tlargely\tunnoticed\tby\tthose\toutside\tthe\nimmediate\tscene.\tBut\tthe\tcosts\tcan\tbe\tread\tin\tsigns\tsuch\tas\tdecreased\nproductivity,\tan\tincrease\tin\tmissed\tdeadlines,\tmistakes\tand\tmishaps,\nand\tan\texodus\tof\temployees\tto\tmore\tcongenial\tsettings.\tThere\tis,\ninevitably,\ta\tcost\tto\tthe\tbottom\tline\tfrom\tlow\tlevels\tof\temotional\nintelligence\ton\tthe\tjob.\tWhen\tit\tis\trampant,\tcompanies\tcan\tcrash\tand\nburn.\nThe\tcost-effectiveness\tof\temotional\tintelligence\tis\ta\trelatively\tnew\nidea\tfor\tbusiness,\tone\tsome\tmanagers\tmay\tfind\thard\tto\taccept.\tA", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fbd729b2c0df-0", "page_content": "study\tof\t250\texecutives\tfound\tthat\tmost\tfelt\ttheir\twork\tdemanded\n\u201ctheir\theads\tbut\tnot\ttheir\thearts.\u201d\tMany\tsaid\tthey\tfeared\tthat\tfeeling\nempathy\tor\tcompassion\tfor\tthose\tthey\tworked\twith\twould\tput\tthem\tin\nconflict\twith\ttheir\torganizational\tgoals.\tOne\tfelt\tthe\tidea\tof\tsensing\nthe\tfeelings\tof\tthose\twho\tworked\tfor\thim\twas\tabsurd\u2014it\twould,\the\nsaid,\t\u201cbe\timpossible\tto\tdeal\twith\tpeople.\u201d\tOthers\tprotested\tthat\tif\tthey\nwere\tnot\temotionally\taloof\tthey\twould\tbe\tunable\tto\tmake\tthe\t\u201chard\u201d\ndecisions\tthat\tbusiness\trequires\u2014although\tthe\tlikelihood\tis\tthat\tthey\nwould\tdeliver\tthose\tdecisions\tmore\thumanely.\n2\nThat\tstudy\twas\tdone\tin\tthe\t1970s,\twhen\tthe\tbusiness\tenvironment\nwas\tvery\tdifferent.\tMy\targument\tis\tthat\tsuch\tattitudes\tare\toutmoded,\na\tluxury\tof\ta\tformer\tday;\ta\tnew\tcompetitive\treality\tis\tputting\nemotional\tintelligence\tat\ta\tpremium\tin\tthe\tworkplace\tand\tin\tthe\nmarketplace.\tAs\tShoshona\tZuboff,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tHarvard\tBusiness\nSchool,\tpointed\tout\tto\tme,\t\u201ccorporations\thave\tgone\tthrough\ta\tradical\nrevolution\twithin\tthis\tcentury,\tand\twith\tthis\thas\tcome\ta\ncorresponding\ttransformation\tof\tthe\temotional\tlandscape.\tThere\twas\ta\nlong\tperiod\tof\tmanagerial\tdomination\tof\tthe\tcorporate\thierarchy\nwhen\tthe\tmanipulative,\tjungle-fighter\tboss\twas\trewarded.\tBut\tthat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fbd729b2c0df-1", "page_content": "rigid\thierarchy\tstarted\tbreaking\tdown\tin\tthe\t1980s\tunder\tthe\ttwin\npressures\tof\tglobalization\tand\tinformation\ttechnology.\tThe\tjungle\nfighter\tsymbolizes\twhere\tthe\tcorporation\thas\tbeen;\tthe\tvirtuoso\tin\ninterpersonal\tskills\tis\tthe\tcorporate\tfuture.\u201d\n3\nSome\tof\tthe\treasons\tare\tpatently\tobvious\u2014imagine\tthe\nconsequences\tfor\ta\tworking\tgroup\twhen\tsomeone\tis\tunable\tto\tkeep\nfrom\texploding\tin\tanger\tor\thas\tno\tsensitivity\tabout\twhat\tthe\tpeople\naround\thim\tare\tfeeling.\tAll\tthe\tdeleterious\teffects\tof\tagitation\ton\nthinking\treviewed\tin\t\nChapter\t6\n\toperate\tin\tthe\tworkplace\ttoo:\tWhen\nemotionally\tupset,\tpeople\tcannot\tremember,\tattend,\tlearn,\tor\tmake\ndecisions\tclearly.\tAs\tone\tmanagement\tconsultant\tput\tit,\t\u201cStress\tmakes\npeople\tstupid.\u201d\nOn\tthe\tpositive\tside,\timagine\tthe\tbenefits\tfor\twork\tof\tbeing\tskilled\nin\tthe\tbasic\temotional\tcompetences\u2014being\tattuned\tto\tthe\tfeelings\tof\nthose\twe\tdeal\twith,\tbeing\table\tto\thandle\tdisagreements\tso\tthey\tdo\tnot\nescalate,\thaving\tthe\tability\tto\tget\tinto\tflow\tstates\twhile\tdoing\tour\nwork.\tLeadership\tis\tnot\tdomination,\tbut\tthe\tart\tof\tpersuading\tpeople\nto\twork\ttoward\ta\tcommon\tgoal.\tAnd,\tin\tterms\tof\tmanaging\tour\town\ncareer,\tthere\tmay\tbe\tnothing\tmore\tessential\tthan\trecognizing\tour", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fbd729b2c0df-2", "page_content": "deepest\tfeelings\tabout\twhat\twe\tdo\u2014and\twhat\tchanges\tmight\tmake\tus\nmore\ttruly\tsatisfied\twith\tour\twork.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dc32a6ba074f-0", "page_content": "Some\tof\tthe\tless\tobvious\treasons\temotional\taptitudes\tare\tmoving\tto\nthe\t\nforefront\tof\tbusiness\tskills\treflect\tsweeping\tchanges\tin\tthe\nworkplace.\tLet\tme\tmake\tmy\tpoint\tby\ttracking\tthe\tdifference\tthree\napplications\tof\temotional\tintelligence\tmake:\tbeing\table\tto\tair\ngrievances\tas\thelpful\tcritiques,\tcreating\tan\tatmosphere\tin\twhich\ndiversity\tis\tvalued\trather\tthan\ta\tsource\tof\tfriction,\tand\tnetworking\neffectively.\nCRITICISM\tIS\tJOB\tONE\nHe\twas\ta\tseasoned\tengineer,\theading\ta\tsoftware\tdevelopment\tproject,\tpresenting\tthe\nresult\tof\tmonths\tof\twork\tby\this\tteam\tto\tthe\tcompany\u2019s\tvice\tpresident\tfor\tproduct\ndevelopment.\tThe\tmen\tand\twomen\twho\thad\tworked\tlong\tdays\tweek\tafter\tweek\twere\nthere\twith\thim,\tproud\tto\tpresent\tthe\tfruit\tof\ttheir\thard\tlabor.\tBut\tas\tthe\tengineer\nfinished\this\tpresentation,\tthe\tvice\tpresident\tturned\tto\thim\tand\tasked\tsarcastically,\n\u201cHow\tlong\thave\tyou\tbeen\tout\tof\tgraduate\tschool?\tThese\tspecifications\tare\tridiculous.\nThey\thave\tno\tchance\tof\tgetting\tpast\tmy\tdesk.\u201d\nThe\tengineer,\tutterly\tembarrassed\tand\tdeflated,\tsat\tglumly\tthrough\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\nmeeting,\treduced\tto\tsilence.\tThe\tmen\tand\twomen\ton\this\tteam\tmade\ta\tfew\tdesultory\u2014\nand\tsome\thostile\u2014remarks\tin\tdefense\tof\ttheir\teffort.\tThe\tvice\tpresident\twas\tthen", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dc32a6ba074f-1", "page_content": "called\taway\tand\tthe\tmeeting\tbroke\tup\tabruptly,\tleaving\ta\tresidue\tof\tbitterness\tand\nanger.\nFor\tthe\tnext\ttwo\tweeks\tthe\tengineer\twas\tobsessed\tby\tthe\tvice\tpresident\u2019s\tremarks.\nDispirited\tand\tdepressed,\the\twas\tconvinced\the\twould\tnever\tget\tanother\tassignment\tof\nimportance\tat\tthe\tcompany,\tand\twas\tthinking\tof\tleaving,\teven\tthough\the\tenjoyed\this\nwork\tthere.\nFinally\tthe\tengineer\twent\tto\tsee\tthe\tvice\tpresident,\treminding\thim\tof\tthe\tmeeting,\nhis\tcritical\tremarks,\tand\ttheir\tdemoralizing\teffect.\tThen\the\tmade\ta\tcarefully\tworded\ninquiry:\t\u201cI\u2019m\ta\tlittle\tconfused\tby\twhat\tyou\twere\ttrying\tto\taccomplish.\tI\tassume\tyou\nwere\tnot\tjust\ttrying\tto\tembarrass\tme\u2014did\tyou\thave\tsome\tother\tgoal\tin\tmind?\u201d\nThe\tvice\tpresident\twas\tastonished\u2014he\thad\tno\tidea\tthat\this\tremark,\twhich\the\tmeant\nas\ta\tthrowaway\tline,\thad\tbeen\tso\tdevastating.\tIn\tfact,\the\tthought\tthe\tsoftware\tplan\nwas\tpromising,\tbut\tneeded\tmore\twork\u2014he\thadn\u2019t\tmeant\tto\tdismiss\tit\tas\tutterly\nworthless\tat\tall.\tHe\tsimply\thad\tnot\trealized,\the\tsaid,\thow\tpoorly\the\thad\tput\this\nreaction,\tnor\tthat\the\thad\thurt\tanyone\u2019s\tfeelings.\tAnd,\tbelatedly,\the\tapologized.\n4", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dc32a6ba074f-2", "page_content": "4\nIt\u2019s\ta\tquestion\tof\tfeedback,\treally,\tof\tpeople\tgetting\tthe\tinformation\nessential\tto\tkeep\ttheir\tefforts\ton\ttrack.\tIn\tits\toriginal\tsense\tin\tsystems\ntheory,\t\nfeedback\n\tmeant\tthe\texchange\tof\tdata\tabout\thow\tone\tpart\tof\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "56f4f6baf04b-0", "page_content": "system\tis\tworking,\twith\tthe\tunderstanding\tthat\tone\tpart\taffects\tall\nothers\tin\tthe\tsystem,\t\nso\tthat\tany\tpart\theading\toff\tcourse\tcould\tbe\nchanged\tfor\tthe\tbetter.\tIn\ta\tcompany\teveryone\tis\tpart\tof\tthe\tsystem,\nand\tso\tfeedback\tis\tthe\tlifeblood\tof\tthe\torganization\u2014the\texchange\tof\ninformation\tthat\tlets\tpeople\tknow\tif\tthe\tjob\tthey\tare\tdoing\tis\tgoing\nwell\tor\tneeds\tto\tbe\tfine-tuned,\tupgraded,\tor\tredirected\tentirely.\nWithout\tfeedback\tpeople\tare\tin\tthe\tdark;\tthey\thave\tno\tidea\thow\tthey\nstand\twith\ttheir\tboss,\twith\ttheir\tpeers,\tor\tin\tterms\tof\twhat\tis\texpected\nof\tthem,\tand\tany\tproblems\twill\tonly\tget\tworse\tas\ttime\tpasses.\nIn\ta\tsense,\tcriticism\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\timportant\ttasks\ta\tmanager\nhas.\tYet\tit\u2019s\talso\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tdreaded\tand\tput\toff.\tAnd,\tlike\tthe\nsarcastic\tvice\tpresident,\ttoo\tmany\tmanagers\thave\tpoorly\tmastered\tthe\ncrucial\tart\tof\tfeedback.\tThis\tdeficiency\thas\ta\tgreat\tcost:\tjust\tas\tthe\nemotional\thealth\tof\ta\tcouple\tdepends\ton\thow\twell\tthey\tair\ttheir\ngrievances,\tso\tdo\tthe\teffectiveness,\tsatisfaction,\tand\tproductivity\tof\npeople\tat\twork\tdepend\ton\thow\tthey\tare\ttold\tabout\tnagging\tproblems.\nIndeed,\thow\tcriticisms\tare\tgiven\tand\treceived\tgoes\ta\tlong\tway\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "56f4f6baf04b-1", "page_content": "determining\thow\tsatisfied\tpeople\tare\twith\ttheir\twork,\twith\tthose\tthey\nwork\twith,\tand\twith\tthose\tto\twhom\tthey\tare\tresponsible.\nThe\tWorst\tWay\tto\tMotivate\tSomeone\nThe\temotional\tvicissitudes\tat\twork\tin\tmarriage\talso\toperate\tin\tthe\nworkplace,\twhere\tthey\ttake\tsimilar\tforms.\tCriticisms\tare\tvoiced\tas\npersonal\tattacks\trather\tthan\tcomplaints\tthat\tcan\tbe\tacted\tupon;\tthere\nare\tad\thominem\tcharges\twith\tdollops\tof\tdisgust,\tsarcasm,\tand\ncontempt;\tboth\tgive\trise\tto\tdefensiveness\tand\tdodging\tof\nresponsibility\tand,\tfinally,\tto\tstonewalling\tor\tthe\tembittered\tpassive\nresistance\tthat\tcomes\tfrom\tfeeling\tunfairly\ttreated.\tIndeed,\tone\tof\tthe\nmore\tcommon\tforms\tof\tdestructive\tcriticism\tin\tthe\tworkplace,\tsays\none\tbusiness\tconsultant,\tis\ta\tblanket,\tgeneralized\tstatement\tlike\n\u201cYou\u2019re\tscrewing\tup,\u201d\tdelivered\tin\ta\tharsh,\tsarcastic,\tangry\ttone,\nproviding\tneither\ta\tchance\tto\trespond\tnor\tany\tsuggestion\tof\thow\tto\ndo\tthings\tbetter.\tIt\tleaves\tthe\tperson\treceiving\tit\tfeeling\thelpless\tand\nangry.\tFrom\tthe\tvantage\tpoint\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\tsuch\ncriticism\tdisplays\tan\tignorance\tof\tthe\tfeelings\tit\twill\ttrigger\tin\tthose\nwho\treceive\tit,\tand\tthe\tdevastating\teffect\tthose\tfeelings\twill\thave\ton\ntheir\tmotivation,\tenergy,\tand\tconfidence\tin\tdoing\ttheir\twork.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "56f4f6baf04b-2", "page_content": "their\tmotivation,\tenergy,\tand\tconfidence\tin\tdoing\ttheir\twork.\nThis\tdestructive\tdynamic\tshowed\tup\tin\ta\tsurvey\tof\tmanagers\twho\nwere\tasked\tto\tthink\tback\tto\ttimes\tthey\tblew\tup\tat\temployees\tand,\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a65d6e4b3788-0", "page_content": "the\theat\tof\tthe\tmoment,\tmade\ta\tpersonal\tattack.\n5\n\tThe\tangry\tattacks\nhad\teffects\tmuch\tlike\tthey\twould\tin\ta\tmarried\tcouple:\tthe\temployees\nwho\treceived\tthem\treacted\tmost\toften\tby\tbecoming\tdefensive,\tmaking\nexcuses,\tor\tevading\tresponsibility.\tOr\tthey\tstonewalled\u2014that\tis,\ttried\nto\tavoid\tall\tcontact\twith\tthe\t\nmanager\twho\tblew\tup\tat\tthem.\tIf\tthey\nhad\tbeen\tsubjected\tto\tthe\tsame\temotional\tmicroscope\tthat\tJohn\nGottman\tused\twith\tmarried\tcouples,\tthese\tembittered\temployees\nwould\tno\tdoubt\thave\tbeen\tshown\tto\tbe\tthinking\tthe\tthoughts\tof\ninnocent\tvictimhood\tor\trighteous\tindignation\ttypical\tof\thusbands\tor\nwives\twho\tfeel\tunfairly\tattacked.\tIf\ttheir\tphysiology\twere\tmeasured,\nthey\twould\tprobably\talso\tdisplay\tthe\tflooding\tthat\treinforces\tsuch\nthoughts.\tAnd\tyet\tthe\tmanagers\twere\tonly\tfurther\tannoyed\tand\nprovoked\tby\tthese\tresponses,\tsuggesting\tthe\tbeginning\tof\ta\tcycle\tthat,\nin\tthe\tbusiness\tworld,\tends\tin\tthe\temployee\tquitting\tor\tbeing\tfired\u2014\nthe\tbusiness\tequivalent\tof\ta\tdivorce.\nIndeed,\tin\ta\tstudy\tof\t108\tmanagers\tand\twhite-collar\tworkers,\tinept\ncriticism\twas\tahead\tof\tmistrust,\tpersonality\tstruggles,\tand\tdisputes\nover\tpower\tand\tpay\tas\ta\treason\tfor\tconflict\ton\tthe\tjob.\n6\n\tAn", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a65d6e4b3788-1", "page_content": "6\n\tAn\nexperiment\tdone\tat\tRensselaer\tPolytechnic\tInstitute\tshows\tjust\thow\ndamaging\tto\tworking\trelationships\ta\tcutting\tcriticism\tcan\tbe.\tIn\ta\nsimulation,\tvolunteers\twere\tgiven\tthe\ttask\tof\tcreating\tan\tad\tfor\ta\tnew\nshampoo.\tAnother\tvolunteer\t(a\tconfederate)\tsupposedly\tjudged\tthe\nproposed\tads;\tvolunteers\tactually\treceived\tone\tof\ttwo\tprearranged\ncriticisms.\tOne\tcritique\twas\tconsiderate\tand\tspecific.\tBut\tthe\tother\nincluded\tthreats\tand\tblamed\tthe\tperson\u2019s\tinnate\tdeficiencies,\twith\nremarks\tlike,\t\u201cDidn\u2019t\teven\ttry;\tcan\u2019t\tseem\tto\tdo\tanything\tright\u201d\tand\n\u201cMaybe\tit\u2019s\tjust\tlack\tof\ttalent.\tI\u2019d\ttry\tto\tget\tsomeone\telse\tto\tdo\tit.\u201d\nUnderstandably,\tthose\twho\twere\tattacked\tbecame\ttense\tand\tangry\nand\tantagonistic,\tsaying\tthey\twould\trefuse\tto\tcollaborate\tor\tcooperate\non\tfuture\tprojects\twith\tthe\tperson\twho\tgave\tthe\tcriticism.\tMany\nindicated\tthey\twould\twant\tto\tavoid\tcontact\taltogether\u2014in\tother\nwords,\tthey\tfelt\tlike\tstonewalling.\tThe\tharsh\tcriticism\tmade\tthose\nwho\treceived\tit\tso\tdemoralized\tthat\tthey\tno\tlonger\ttried\tas\thard\tat\ntheir\twork\tand,\tperhaps\tmost\tdamaging,\tsaid\tthey\tno\tlonger\tfelt\ncapable\tof\tdoing\twell.\tThe\tpersonal\tattack\twas\tdevastating\tto\ttheir\nmorale.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a65d6e4b3788-2", "page_content": "morale.\nMany\tmanagers\tare\ttoo\twilling\tto\tcriticize,\tbut\tfrugal\twith\tpraise,\nleaving\ttheir\temployees\tfeeling\tthat\tthey\tonly\thear\tabout\thow\tthey\u2019re\ndoing\twhen\tthey\tmake\ta\tmistake.\tThis\tpropensity\tto\tcriticism\tis\ncompounded\tby\tmanagers\twho\tdelay\tgiving\tany\tfeedback\tat\tall\tfor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "db2c45864c20-0", "page_content": "long\tperiods.\t\u201cMost\tproblems\tin\tan\temployee\u2019s\tperformance\tare\tnot\nsudden;\tthey\tdevelop\tslowly\tover\ttime,\u201d\tJ.\tR.\tLarson,\ta\tUniversity\tof\nIllinois\tat\tUrbana\tpsychologist,\tnotes.\t\u201cWhen\tthe\tboss\tfails\tto\tlet\this\nfeelings\tbe\tknown\tpromptly,\tit\tleads\tto\this\tfrustration\tbuilding\tup\nslowly.\tThen,\tone\tday,\the\tblows\tup\tabout\tit.\tIf\tthe\tcriticism\thad\tbeen\ngiven\tearlier\ton,\tthe\temployee\twould\thave\tbeen\table\tto\tcorrect\tthe\nproblem.\tToo\toften\tpeople\tcriticize\tonly\twhen\tthings\tboil\tover,\t\nwhen\nthey\tget\ttoo\tangry\tto\tcontain\tthemselves.\tAnd\tthat\u2019s\twhen\tthey\tgive\nthe\tcriticism\tin\tthe\tworst\tway,\tin\ta\ttone\tof\tbiting\tsarcasm,\tcalling\tto\nmind\ta\tlong\tlist\tof\tgrievances\tthey\thad\tkept\tto\tthemselves,\tor\tmaking\nthreats.\tSuch\tattacks\tbackfire.\tThey\tare\treceived\tas\tan\taffront,\tso\tthe\nrecipient\tbecomes\tangry\tin\treturn.\tIt\u2019s\tthe\tworst\tway\tto\tmotivate\nsomeone.\u201d\nThe\tArtful\tCritique\nConsider\tthe\talternative.\nAn\tartful\tcritique\tcan\tbe\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\thelpful\tmessages\ta\nmanager\tcan\tsend.\tFor\texample,\twhat\tthe\tcontemptuous\tvice\npresident\tcould\thave\ttold\tthe\tsoftware\tengineer\u2014but\tdid\tnot\u2014was\nsomething\tlike:\t\u201cThe\tmain\tdifficulty\tat\tthis\tstage\tis\tthat\tyour\tplan\twill", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "db2c45864c20-1", "page_content": "take\ttoo\tlong\tand\tso\tescalate\tcosts.\tI\u2019d\tlike\tyou\tto\tthink\tmore\tabout\nyour\tproposal,\tespecially\tthe\tdesign\tspecifications\tfor\tsoftware\ndevelopment,\tto\tsee\tif\tyou\tcan\tfigure\tout\ta\tway\tto\tdo\tthe\tsame\tjob\nmore\tquickly.\u201d\tSuch\ta\tmessage\thas\tthe\topposite\timpact\tof\tdestructive\ncriticism:\tinstead\tof\tcreating\thelplessness,\tanger,\tand\trebellion,\tit\nholds\tout\tthe\thope\tof\tdoing\tbetter\tand\tsuggests\tthe\tbeginning\tof\ta\nplan\tfor\tdoing\tso.\nAn\tartful\tcritique\tfocuses\ton\twhat\ta\tperson\thas\tdone\tand\tcan\tdo\nrather\tthan\treading\ta\tmark\tof\tcharacter\tinto\ta\tjob\tpoorly\tdone.\tAs\nLarson\tobserves,\t\u201cA\tcharacter\tattack\u2014calling\tsomeone\tstupid\tor\nincompetent\u2014misses\tthe\tpoint.\tYou\timmediately\tput\thim\ton\tthe\ndefensive,\tso\tthat\the\u2019s\tno\tlonger\treceptive\tto\twhat\tyou\thave\tto\ttell\nhim\tabout\thow\tto\tdo\tthings\tbetter.\u201d\tThat\tadvice,\tof\tcourse,\tis\nprecisely\tthe\tsame\tas\tfor\tmarried\tcouples\tairing\ttheir\tgrievances.\nAnd,\tin\tterms\tof\tmotivation,\twhen\tpeople\tbelieve\tthat\ttheir\tfailures\nare\tdue\tto\tsome\tunchangeable\tdeficit\tin\tthemselves,\tthey\tlose\thope\nand\tstop\ttrying.\tThe\tbasic\tbelief\tthat\tleads\tto\toptimism,\tremember,\tis\nthat\tsetbacks\tor\tfailures\tare\tdue\tto\tcircumstances\tthat\twe\tcan\tdo\nsomething\tabout\tto\tchange\tthem\tfor\tthe\tbetter.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "55c0dac06b62-0", "page_content": "Harry\tLevinson,\ta\tpsychoanalyst\tturned\tcorporate\tconsultant,\tgives\nthe\tfollowing\tadvice\ton\tthe\tart\tof\tthe\tcritique,\twhich\tis\tintricately\nentwined\twith\tthe\tart\tof\tpraise:\n\u2022\t\nBe\tspecific\n.\tPick\ta\tsignificant\tincident,\tan\tevent\tthat\tillustrates\ta\nkey\tproblem\tthat\tneeds\tchanging\tor\ta\tpattern\tof\tdeficiency,\tsuch\tas\nthe\tinability\tto\tdo\tcertain\tparts\tof\ta\tjob\twell.\tIt\tdemoralizes\tpeople\njust\tto\thear\tthat\tthey\tare\tdoing\t\u201csomething\u201d\twrong\twithout\tknowing\nwhat\tthe\tspecifics\tare\tso\tthey\t\ncan\tchange.\tFocus\ton\tthe\tspecifics,\nsaying\twhat\tthe\tperson\tdid\twell,\twhat\twas\tdone\tpoorly,\tand\thow\tit\ncould\tbe\tchanged.\tDon\u2019t\tbeat\taround\tthe\tbush\tor\tbe\toblique\tor\nevasive;\tit\twill\tmuddy\tthe\treal\tmessage.\tThis,\tof\tcourse,\tis\takin\tto\tthe\nadvice\tto\tcouples\tabout\tthe\t\u201cXYZ\u201d\tstatement\tof\ta\tgrievance:\tsay\nexactly\twhat\tthe\tproblem\tis,\twhat\u2019s\twrong\twith\tit\tor\thow\tit\tmakes\nyou\tfeel,\tand\twhat\tcould\tbe\tchanged.\n\u201cSpecificity,\u201d\tLevinson\tpoints\tout,\t\u201cis\tjust\tas\timportant\tfor\tpraise\tas\nfor\tcriticism.\tI\twon\u2019t\tsay\tthat\tvague\tpraise\thas\tno\teffect\tat\tall,\tbut\tit\ndoesn\u2019t\thave\tmuch,\tand\tyou\tcan\u2019t\tlearn\tfrom\tit.\u201d\n7\n\u2022\t\nOffer\ta\tsolution", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "55c0dac06b62-1", "page_content": "7\n\u2022\t\nOffer\ta\tsolution\n.\tThe\tcritique,\tlike\tall\tuseful\tfeedback,\tshould\tpoint\nto\ta\tway\tto\tfix\tthe\tproblem.\tOtherwise\tit\tleaves\tthe\trecipient\nfrustrated,\tdemoralized,\tor\tdemotivated.\tThe\tcritique\tmay\topen\tthe\ndoor\tto\tpossibilities\tand\talternatives\tthat\tthe\tperson\tdid\tnot\trealize\nwere\tthere,\tor\tsimply\tsensitize\ther\tto\tdeficiencies\tthat\tneed\tattention\n\u2014but\tshould\tinclude\tsuggestions\tabout\thow\tto\ttake\tcare\tof\tthese\nproblems.\n\u2022\t\nBe\tpresent\n.\tCritiques,\tlike\tpraise,\tare\tmost\teffective\tface\tto\tface\tand\nin\tprivate.\tPeople\twho\tare\tuncomfortable\tgiving\ta\tcriticism\u2014or\noffering\tpraise\u2014are\tlikely\tto\tease\tthe\tburden\ton\tthemselves\tby\tdoing\nit\tat\ta\tdistance,\tsuch\tas\tin\ta\tmemo.\tBut\tthis\tmakes\tthe\tcommunication\ntoo\timpersonal,\tand\trobs\tthe\tperson\treceiving\tit\tof\tan\topportunity\tfor\na\tresponse\tor\tclarification.\n\u2022\t\nBe\tsensitive\n.\tThis\tis\ta\tcall\tfor\tempathy,\tfor\tbeing\tattuned\tto\tthe\nimpact\tof\twhat\tyou\tsay\tand\thow\tyou\tsay\tit\ton\tthe\tperson\tat\tthe\nreceiving\tend.\tManagers\twho\thave\tlittle\tempathy,\tLevinson\tpoints\nout,\tare\tmost\tprone\tto\tgiving\tfeedback\tin\ta\thurtful\tfashion,\tsuch\tas\nthe\twithering\tput-down.\tThe\tnet\teffect\tof\tsuch\tcriticism\tis\tdestructive:\ninstead\tof\topening\tthe\tway\tfor\ta\tcorrective,\tit\tcreates\tan\temotional", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "55c0dac06b62-2", "page_content": "instead\tof\topening\tthe\tway\tfor\ta\tcorrective,\tit\tcreates\tan\temotional\nbacklash\tof\tresentment,\tbitterness,\tdefensiveness,\tand\tdistance.\nLevinson\talso\toffers\tsome\temotional\tcounsel\tfor\tthose\tat\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "45341201e6ac-0", "page_content": "receiving\tend\tof\tcriticism.\tOne\tis\tto\tsee\tthe\tcriticism\tas\tvaluable\ninformation\tabout\thow\tto\tdo\tbetter,\tnot\tas\ta\tpersonal\tattack.\tAnother\nis\tto\twatch\tfor\tthe\timpulse\ttoward\tdefensiveness\tinstead\tof\ttaking\nresponsibility.\tAnd,\tif\tit\tgets\ttoo\tupsetting,\task\tto\tresume\tthe\tmeeting\nlater,\tafter\ta\tperiod\tto\tabsorb\tthe\tdifficult\tmessage\tand\tcool\tdown\ta\nbit.\tFinally,\the\tadvises\tpeople\tto\tsee\tcriticism\tas\tan\topportunity\tto\nwork\ttogether\twith\tthe\tcritic\tto\tsolve\tthe\tproblem,\tnot\tas\tan\nadversarial\tsituation.\tAll\tthis\tsage\tadvice,\tof\tcourse,\tdirectly\techoes\nsuggestions\tfor\tmarried\tcouples\ttrying\tto\thandle\ttheir\tcomplaints\nwithout\tdoing\tpermanent\tdamage\tto\ttheir\trelationship.\tAs\twith\nmarriage,\tso\twith\twork.\nDEALING\tWITH\tDIVERSITY\nSylvia\tSkeeter,\ta\tformer\tarmy\tcaptain\tin\ther\tthirties,\twas\ta\tshift\nmanager\tat\ta\tDenny\u2019s\trestaurant\tin\tColumbia,\tSouth\tCarolina.\tOne\nslow\tafternoon\ta\tgroup\tof\tblack\tcustomers\u2014a\tminister,\tan\tassistant\npastor,\tand\ttwo\tvisiting\tgospel\tsingers\u2014came\tin\tfor\ta\tmeal,\tand\tsat\nand\tsat\twhile\tthe\twaitresses\tignored\tthem.\tThe\twaitresses,\trecalls\nSkeeter,\t\u201cwould\tkind\tof\tglare,\twith\ttheir\thands\ton\ttheir\thips,\tand\tthen\nthey\u2019d\tgo\tback\tto\ttalking\tamong\tthemselves,\tlike\ta\tblack\tperson", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "45341201e6ac-1", "page_content": "they\u2019d\tgo\tback\tto\ttalking\tamong\tthemselves,\tlike\ta\tblack\tperson\nstanding\tfive\tfeet\taway\tdidn\u2019t\texist.\u201d\nSkeeter,\tindignant,\tconfronted\tthe\twaitresses,\tand\tcomplained\tto\nthe\tmanager,\twho\tshrugged\toff\ttheir\tactions,\tsaying,\t\u201cThat\u2019s\thow\tthey\nwere\traised,\tand\tthere\u2019s\tnothing\tI\tcan\tdo\tabout\tit.\u201d\tSkeeter\tquit\ton\tthe\nspot;\tshe\tis\tblack.\nIf\tthat\thad\tbeen\tan\tisolated\tincident,\tthis\tmoment\tof\tblatant\nprejudice\tmight\thave\tpassed\tunnoted.\tBut\tSylvia\tSkeeter\twas\tone\tof\nhundreds\tof\tpeople\twho\tcame\tforward\tto\ttestify\tto\ta\twidespread\npattern\tof\tantiblack\tprejudice\tthroughout\tthe\tDenny\u2019s\trestaurant\nchain,\ta\tpattern\tthat\tresulted\tin\ta\t$54\tmillion\tsettlement\tof\ta\tclass-\naction\tsuit\ton\tbehalf\tof\tthousands\tof\tblack\tcustomers\twho\thad\nsuffered\tsuch\tindignities.\nThe\tplaintiffs\tincluded\ta\tdetail\tof\tseven\tAfrican-American\tSecret\nService\tagents\twho\tsat\twaiting\tfor\tan\thour\tfor\ttheir\tbreakfast\twhile\ntheir\twhite\tcolleagues\tat\tthe\tnext\ttable\twere\tserved\tpromptly\u2014as\nthey\twere\tall\ton\ttheir\tway\tto\tprovide\tsecurity\tfor\ta\tvisit\tby\tPresident\nClinton\tto\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tNaval\tAcademy\tat\tAnnapolis.\tThey\talso\nincluded\ta\tblack\tgirl\twith\tparalyzed\tlegs\tin\tTampa,\tFlorida,\twho\tsat\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cd62fb2fce33-0", "page_content": "her\twheelchair\tfor\ttwo\thours\twaiting\tfor\ther\tfood\tlate\tone\tnight\tafter\na\tprom.\tThe\tpattern\tof\tdiscrimination,\tthe\tclass-action\tsuit\theld,\twas\ndue\tto\tthe\twidespread\tassumption\tthroughout\tthe\tDenny\u2019s\tchain\u2014\nparticularly\tat\tthe\tlevel\tof\tdistrict\tand\tbranch\tmanager\u2014that\tblack\ncustomers\twere\tbad\tfor\tbusiness.\tToday,\tlargely\tas\ta\tresult\tof\tthe\tsuit\nand\tpublicity\tsurrounding\tit,\tthe\tDenny\u2019s\tchain\tis\tmaking\tamends\tto\nthe\tblack\tcommunity.\tAnd\tevery\temployee,\tespecially\tmanagers,\tmust\nattend\tsessions\ton\tthe\tadvantages\tof\ta\tmultiracial\tclientele.\nSuch\tseminars\thave\tbecome\ta\tstaple\tof\tin-house\ttraining\tin\ncompanies\tthroughout\tAmerica,\twith\tthe\tgrowing\trealization\tby\nmanagers\tthat\teven\tif\tpeople\tbring\tprejudices\tto\twork\twith\tthem,\tthey\nmust\tlearn\tto\tact\tas\tthough\tthey\thave\tnone.\tThe\treasons,\tover\tand\nabove\thuman\tdecency,\tare\tpragmatic.\tOne\tis\tthe\tshifting\tface\tof\tthe\nworkforce,\tas\twhite\tmales,\twho\tused\tto\tbe\tthe\tdominant\tgroup,\tare\nbecoming\ta\tminority.\tA\tsurvey\tof\tseveral\thundred\tAmerican\ncompanies\tfound\tthat\tmore\tthan\tthree\tquarters\tof\tnew\temployees\nwere\tnonwhite\u2014a\tdemographic\tshift\tthat\tis\talso\treflected\tto\ta\tlarge\nextent\tin\t\nthe\tchanging\tpool\tof\tcustomers.\n8\n\tAnother\treason\tis\tthe\nincreasing\tneed\tfor\tinternational\tcompanies\tto\thave\temployees\twho", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cd62fb2fce33-1", "page_content": "increasing\tneed\tfor\tinternational\tcompanies\tto\thave\temployees\twho\nnot\tonly\tput\tany\tbias\taside\tto\tappreciate\tpeople\tfrom\tdiverse\tcultures\n(and\tmarkets)\tbut\talso\tturn\tthat\tappreciation\tto\tcompetitive\nadvantage.\tA\tthird\tmotivation\tis\tthe\tpotential\tfruit\tof\tdiversity,\tin\nterms\tof\theightened\tcollective\tcreativity\tand\tentrepreneurial\tenergy.\nAll\tthis\tmeans\tthe\tculture\tof\tan\torganization\tmust\tchange\tto\tfoster\ntolerance,\teven\tif\tindividual\tbiases\tremain.\tBut\thow\tcan\ta\tcompany\ndo\tthis?\tThe\tsad\tfact\tis\tthat\tthe\tpanoply\tof\tone-day,\tone-video,\tor\nsingle-weekend\t\u201cdiversity\ttraining\u201d\tcourses\tdo\tnot\treally\tseem\tto\nbudge\tthe\tbiases\tof\tthose\temployees\twho\tcome\tto\tthem\twith\tdeep\nprejudice\tagainst\tone\tor\tanother\tgroup,\twhether\tit\tbe\twhites\tbiased\nagainst\tblacks,\tblacks\tagainst\tAsians,\tor\tAsians\tresenting\tHispanics.\nIndeed,\tthe\tnet\teffect\tof\tinept\tdiversity\tcourses\u2014those\tthat\traise\tfalse\nexpectations\tby\tpromising\ttoo\tmuch,\tor\tsimply\tcreate\tan\tatmosphere\nof\tconfrontation\tinstead\tof\tunderstanding\u2014can\tbe\tto\theighten\tthe\ntensions\tthat\tdivide\tgroups\tin\tthe\tworkplace,\tcalling\teven\tgreater\nattention\tto\tthese\tdifferences.\tTo\tunderstand\twhat\t\ncan\n\tbe\tdone,\tit\nhelps\tto\tfirst\tunderstand\tthe\tnature\tof\tprejudice\titself.\nThe\tRoots\tof\tPrejudice", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cd62fb2fce33-2", "page_content": "The\tRoots\tof\tPrejudice\nDr.\tVamik\tVolkan\tis\ta\tpsychiatrist\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tVirginia\tnow,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bd4d6636fe58-0", "page_content": "but\the\tremembers\twhat\tit\twas\tlike\tgrowing\tup\tin\ta\tTurkish\tfamily\ton\nthe\tisland\tof\tCyprus,\tthen\tbitterly\tcontested\tbetween\tTurks\tand\nGreeks.\tAs\ta\tboy\tVolkan\theard\trumors\tthat\tthe\tlocal\tGreek\tpriest\u2019s\ncincture\thad\ta\tknot\tfor\teach\tTurkish\tchild\the\thad\tstrangled,\tand\nremembers\tthe\ttone\tof\tdismay\tin\twhich\the\twas\ttold\thow\this\tGreek\nneighbors\tate\tpigs,\twhose\tmeat\twas\tconsidered\ttoo\tfilthy\tto\teat\tin\this\nown\tTurkish\tculture.\tNow,\tas\ta\tstudent\tof\tethnic\tconflict,\tVolkan\npoints\tto\tsuch\tchildhood\tmemories\tto\tshow\thow\thatreds\tbetween\ngroups\tare\tkept\talive\tover\tthe\tyears,\tas\teach\tnew\tgeneration\tis\nsteeped\tin\thostile\tbiases\tlike\tthese.\n9\n\tThe\tpsychological\tprice\tof\tloyalty\nto\tone\u2019s\town\tgroup\tcan\tbe\tantipathy\ttoward\tanother,\tespecially\twhen\nthere\tis\ta\tlong\thistory\tof\tenmity\tbetween\tthe\tgroups.\nPrejudices\tare\ta\tkind\tof\temotional\tlearning\tthat\toccurs\tearly\tin\tlife,\nmaking\tthese\treactions\tespecially\thard\tto\teradicate\tentirely,\teven\tin\npeople\twho\tas\tadults\tfeel\tit\tis\twrong\tto\thold\tthem.\t\u201cThe\temotions\tof\nprejudice\tare\tformed\tin\tchildhood,\twhile\tthe\tbeliefs\tthat\tare\tused\tto\njustify\tit\tcome\tlater,\u201d\texplained\tThomas\tPettigrew,\ta\tsocial", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bd4d6636fe58-1", "page_content": "psychologist\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tSanta\tCruz,\twho\thas\nstudied\tprejudice\tfor\tdecades.\t\u201cLater\tin\tlife\tyou\tmay\t\nwant\tto\tchange\nyour\tprejudice,\tbut\tit\tis\tfar\teasier\tto\tchange\tyour\tintellectual\tbeliefs\nthan\tyour\tdeep\tfeelings.\tMany\tSoutherners\thave\tconfessed\tto\tme,\tfor\ninstance,\tthat\teven\tthough\tin\ttheir\tminds\tthey\tno\tlonger\tfeel\tprejudice\nagainst\tblacks,\tthey\tfeel\tsqueamish\twhen\tthey\tshake\thands\twith\ta\nblack.\tThe\tfeelings\tare\tleft\tover\tfrom\twhat\tthey\tlearned\tin\ttheir\nfamilies\tas\tchildren.\u201d\n10\nThe\tpower\tof\tthe\tstereotypes\tthat\tbuttress\tprejudice\tcomes\tin\tpart\nfrom\ta\tmore\tneutral\tdynamic\tin\tthe\tmind\tthat\tmakes\tstereotypes\tof\nall\tkinds\tself-confirming.\n11\n\tPeople\tremember\tmore\treadily\tinstances\nthat\tsupport\tthe\tstereotype\twhile\ttending\tto\tdiscount\tinstances\tthat\nchallenge\tit.\tOn\tmeeting\tat\ta\tparty\tan\temotionally\topen\tand\twarm\nEnglishman\twho\tdisconfirms\tthe\tstereotype\tof\tthe\tcold,\treserved\nBriton,\tfor\texample,\tpeople\tcan\ttell\tthemselves\tthat\the\u2019s\tjust\tunusual,\nor\t\u201che\u2019s\tbeen\tdrinking.\u201d\nThe\ttenacity\tof\tsubtle\tbiases\tmay\texplain\twhy,\twhile\tover\tthe\tlast\nforty\tyears\tor\tso\tracial\tattitudes\tof\tAmerican\twhites\ttoward\tblacks\nhave\tbecome\tincreasingly\tmore\ttolerant,\tmore\tsubtle\tforms\tof\tbias", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bd4d6636fe58-2", "page_content": "persist:\tpeople\tdisavow\tracist\tattitudes\twhile\tstill\tacting\twith\tcovert\nbias.\n12\n\tWhen\tasked,\tsuch\tpeople\tsay\tthey\tfeel\tno\tbigotry,\tbut\tin\nambiguous\tsituations\tstill\tact\tin\ta\tbiased\tway\u2014though\tthey\tgive\ta\nrationale\tother\tthan\tprejudice.\tSuch\tbias\tcan\ttake\tthe\tform,\tsay,\tof\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c7583ec65d13-0", "page_content": "white\tsenior\tmanager\u2014who\tbelieves\the\thas\tno\tprejudices\u2014rejecting\na\tblack\tjob\tapplicant,\tostensibly\tnot\tbecause\tof\this\trace\tbut\tbecause\nhis\teducation\tand\texperience\t\u201care\tnot\tquite\tright\u201d\tfor\tthe\tjob,\twhile\nhiring\ta\twhite\tapplicant\twith\tabout\tthe\tsame\tbackground.\tOr\tit\tmight\ntake\tthe\tform\tof\tgiving\ta\tbriefing\tand\thelpful\ttips\tto\ta\twhite\tsalesman\nabout\tto\tmake\ta\tcall,\tbut\tsomehow\tneglecting\tto\tdo\tthe\tsame\tfor\ta\nblack\tor\tHispanic\tsalesman.\nZero\tTolerance\tfor\tIntolerance\nIf\tpeople\u2019s\tlong-held\tbiases\tcannot\tbe\tso\teasily\tweeded\tout,\twhat\t\ncan\nbe\tchanged\tis\twhat\tthey\t\ndo\n\tabout\tthem.\tAt\tDenny\u2019s,\tfor\texample,\nwaitresses\tor\tbranch\tmanagers\twho\ttook\tit\tupon\tthemselves\tto\ndiscriminate\tagainst\tblacks\twere\tseldom,\tif\tever,\tchallenged.\tInstead,\nsome\tmanagers\tseem\tto\thave\tencouraged\tthem,\tat\tleast\ttacitly,\tto\ndiscriminate,\teven\tsuggesting\tpolicies\tsuch\tas\tdemanding\tpayment\tfor\nmeals\tin\tadvance\tfrom\tblack\tcustomers\tonly,\tdenying\tblacks\twidely\nadvertised\tfree\tbirthday\tmeals,\tor\tlocking\tthe\tdoors\tand\tclaiming\tto\nbe\tclosed\tif\ta\tgroup\tof\tblack\tcustomers\twas\tcoming.\tAs\tJohn\tP.\nRelman,\tan\tattorney\twho\tsued\tDenny\u2019s\ton\tbehalf\tof\tthe\tblack\tSecret", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c7583ec65d13-1", "page_content": "Service\tagents,\tput\tit,\t\u201cDenny\u2019s\tmanagement\tclosed\ttheir\teyes\tto\twhat\nthe\t\nfield\tstaff\twas\tdoing.\tThere\tmust\thave\tbeen\tsome\nmessage\t\u2026\twhich\tfreed\tup\tthe\tinhibitions\tof\tlocal\tmanagers\tto\tact\ton\ntheir\tracist\timpulses.\u201d\n13\nBut\teverything\twe\tknow\tabout\tthe\troots\tof\tprejudice\tand\thow\tto\nfight\tit\teffectively\tsuggests\tthat\tprecisely\tthis\tattitude\u2014turning\ta\nblind\teye\tto\tacts\tof\tbias\u2014allows\tdiscrimination\tto\tthrive.\tTo\tdo\nnothing,\tin\tthis\tcontext,\tis\tan\tact\tof\tconsequence\tin\titself,\tletting\tthe\nvirus\tof\tprejudice\tspread\tunopposed.\tMore\tto\tthe\tpoint\tthan\tdiversity\ntraining\tcourses\u2014or\tperhaps\tessential\tto\ttheir\thaving\tmuch\teffect\u2014is\nthat\tthe\tnorms\tof\ta\tgroup\tbe\tdecisively\tchanged\tby\ttaking\tan\tactive\nstance\tagainst\tany\tacts\tof\tdiscrimination,\tfrom\tthe\ttop\techelons\tof\nmanagement\ton\tdown.\tBiases\tmay\tnot\tbudge,\tbut\tacts\tof\tprejudice\ncan\tbe\tquashed,\tif\tthe\tclimate\tis\tchanged.\tAs\tan\tIBM\texecutive\tput\tit,\n\u201cWe\tdon\u2019t\ttolerate\tslights\tor\tinsults\tin\tany\tway;\trespect\tfor\tthe\nindividual\tis\tcentral\tto\tIBM\u2019s\tculture.\u201d\n14\nIf\tresearch\ton\tprejudice\thas\tany\tlesson\tfor\tmaking\ta\tcorporate\nculture\tmore\ttolerant,\tit\tis\tto\tencourage\tpeople\tto\tspeak\tout\tagainst\neven\tlow-key\tacts\tof\tdiscrimination\tor\tharassment\u2014offensive\tjokes,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c7583ec65d13-2", "page_content": "say,\tor\tthe\tposting\tof\tgirlie\tcalendars\tdemeaning\tto\twomen", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "da3800f28cd3-0", "page_content": "coworkers.\tOne\tstudy\tfound\tthat\twhen\tpeople\tin\ta\tgroup\theard\nsomeone\tmake\tethnic\tslurs,\tit\tled\tothers\tto\tdo\tthe\tsame.\tThe\tsimple\nact\tof\tnaming\tbias\tas\tsuch\tor\tobjecting\tto\tit\ton\tthe\tspot\testablishes\ta\nsocial\tatmosphere\tthat\tdiscourages\tit;\tsaying\tnothing\tserves\tto\ncondone\tit.\n15\n\tIn\tthis\tendeavor,\tthose\tin\tpositions\tof\tauthority\tplay\ta\npivotal\trole:\ttheir\tfailure\tto\tcondemn\tacts\tof\tbias\tsends\tthe\ttacit\nmessage\tthat\tsuch\tacts\tare\tokay.\tFollowing\tthrough\twith\taction\tsuch\nas\ta\treprimand\tsends\ta\tpowerful\tmessage\tthat\tbias\tis\tnot\ttrivial,\tbut\nhas\treal\u2014and\tnegative\u2014consequences.\nHere\ttoo\tthe\tskills\tof\temotional\tintelligence\tare\tan\tadvantage,\nespecially\tin\thaving\tthe\tsocial\tknack\tto\tknow\tnot\tjust\twhen\tbut\t\nhow\nto\tspeak\tup\tproductively\tagainst\tbias.\tSuch\tfeedback\tshould\tbe\ncouched\twith\tall\tthe\tfinesse\tof\tan\teffective\tcriticism,\tso\tit\tcan\tbe\nheard\twithout\tdefensiveness.\tIf\tmanagers\tand\tcoworkers\tdo\tthis\nnaturally,\tor\tlearn\tto\tdo\tso,\tbias\tincidents\tare\tmore\tlikely\tto\tfall\taway.\nThe\tmore\teffective\tdiversity\ttraining\tcourses\tset\ta\tnew,\norganizationwide,\texplicit\tground\trule\tthat\tmakes\tbias\tin\tany\tform\nout-of-bounds,\tand\tso\tencourages\tpeople\twho\thave\tbeen\tsilent\nwitnesses\tand\tbystanders\tto\tvoice\ttheir\tdiscomforts\tand\tobjections.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "da3800f28cd3-1", "page_content": "witnesses\tand\tbystanders\tto\tvoice\ttheir\tdiscomforts\tand\tobjections.\nAnother\tactive\tingredient\tin\tdiversity\tcourses\tis\tperspective-taking,\ta\nstance\tthat\tencourages\tempathy\tand\ttolerance.\tTo\tthe\tdegree\tthat\npeople\tcome\tto\tunderstand\tthe\tpain\tof\tthose\twho\tfeel\tdiscriminated\nagainst,\tthey\tare\tmore\tlikely\tto\tspeak\tout\tagainst\tit.\nIn\tshort,\tit\tis\tmore\tpractical\tto\ttry\tto\tsuppress\tthe\texpression\tof\tbias\nrather\tthan\ttrying\tto\teliminate\tthe\tattitude\titself;\tstereotypes\tchange\nvery\tslowly,\tif\tat\t\nall.\tSimply\tputting\tpeople\tof\tdifferent\tgroups\ntogether\tdoes\tlittle\tor\tnothing\tto\tlower\tintolerance,\tas\twitness\tcases\tof\nschool\tdesegregation\tin\twhich\tintergroup\thostility\trose\trather\tthan\ndecreased.\tFor\tthe\tplethora\tof\tdiversity\ttraining\tprograms\tthat\tare\nsweeping\tthrough\tthe\tcorporate\tworld,\tthis\tmeans\ta\trealistic\tgoal\tis\tto\nchange\tthe\t\nnorms\n\tof\ta\tgroup\tfor\tshowing\tprejudice\tor\tharassing;\tsuch\nprograms\tcan\tdo\tmuch\tto\traise\tinto\tthe\tcollective\tawareness\tthe\tidea\nthat\tbigotry\tor\tharassment\tare\tnot\tacceptable\tand\twill\tnot\tbe\ntolerated.\tBut\tto\texpect\tthat\tsuch\ta\tprogram\twill\tuproot\tdeeply\theld\nprejudices\tis\tunrealistic.\nStill,\tsince\tprejudices\tare\ta\tvariety\tof\temotional\tlearning,\trelearning\nis\n\tpossible\u2014though\tit\ttakes\ttime\tand\tshould\tnot\tbe\texpected\tas\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "da3800f28cd3-2", "page_content": "is\n\tpossible\u2014though\tit\ttakes\ttime\tand\tshould\tnot\tbe\texpected\tas\tthe\noutcome\tof\ta\tone-time\tdiversity\ttraining\tworkshop.\tWhat\tcan\tmake\ta\ndifference,\tthough,\tis\tsustained\tcamaraderie\tand\tdaily\tefforts\ttoward\ta\ncommon\tgoal\tby\tpeople\tof\tdifferent\tbackgrounds.\tThe\tlesson\there\tis", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2e48ea932b2b-0", "page_content": "from\tschool\tdesegregation:\twhen\tgroups\tfail\tto\tmix\tsocially,\tinstead\nforming\thostile\tcliques,\tthe\tnegative\tstereotypes\tintensify.\tBut\twhen\nstudents\thave\tworked\ttogether\tas\tequals\tto\tattain\ta\tcommon\tgoal,\tas\non\tsports\tteams\tor\tin\tbands,\ttheir\tstereotypes\tbreak\tdown\u2014as\tcan\nhappen\tnaturally\tin\tthe\tworkplace,\twhen\tpeople\twork\ttogether\tas\npeers\tover\tthe\tyears.\n16\nBut\tto\tstop\tat\tbattling\tprejudice\tin\tthe\tworkplace\tis\tto\tmiss\ta\ngreater\topportunity:\ttaking\tadvantage\tof\tthe\tcreative\tand\nentrepreneurial\tpossibilities\tthat\ta\tdiverse\tworkforce\tcan\toffer.\tAs\twe\nshall\tsee,\ta\tworking\tgroup\tof\tvaried\tstrengths\tand\tperspectives,\tif\tit\ncan\toperate\tin\tharmony,\tis\tlikely\tto\tcome\tto\tbetter,\tmore\tcreative,\tand\nmore\teffective\tsolutions\tthan\tthose\tsame\tpeople\tworking\tin\tisolation.\nORGANIZATIONAL\tSAVVY\tAND\tTHE\tGROUP\tIQ\nBy\tthe\tend\tof\tthe\tcentury,\ta\tthird\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tworkforce\twill\tbe\n\u201cknowledge\tworkers,\u201d\tpeople\twhose\tproductivity\tis\tmarked\tby\tadding\nvalue\tto\tinformation\u2014whether\tas\tmarket\tanalysts,\twriters,\tor\ncomputer\tprogrammers.\tPeter\tDrucker,\tthe\teminent\tbusiness\tmaven\nwho\tcoined\tthe\tterm\t\u201cknowledge\tworker,\u201d\tpoints\tout\tthat\tsuch\nworkers\u2019\texpertise\tis\thighly\tspecialized,\tand\tthat\ttheir\tproductivity\ndepends\ton\ttheir\tefforts\tbeing\tcoordinated\tas\tpart\tof\tan\torganizational", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2e48ea932b2b-1", "page_content": "depends\ton\ttheir\tefforts\tbeing\tcoordinated\tas\tpart\tof\tan\torganizational\nteam:\twriters\tare\tnot\tpublishers;\tcomputer\tprogrammers\tare\tnot\nsoftware\tdistributors.\tWhile\tpeople\thave\talways\tworked\tin\ttandem,\nnotes\tDrucker,\twith\tknowledge\twork,\t\u201cteams\tbecome\tthe\twork\tunit\nrather\tthan\tthe\tindividual\thimself.\u201d\n17\n\tAnd\tthat\tsuggests\twhy\nemotional\tintelligence,\tthe\tskills\tthat\thelp\tpeople\tharmonize,\tshould\nbecome\tincreasingly\tvalued\tas\ta\tworkplace\tasset\tin\tthe\tyears\tto\tcome.\nPerhaps\tthe\tmost\trudimentary\tform\tof\torganizational\tteamwork\tis\nthe\tmeeting,\tthat\tinescapable\tpart\tof\tan\texecutive\u2019s\tlot\u2014in\ta\nboardroom,\ton\ta\tconference\tcall,\tin\tsomeone\u2019s\toffice.\tMeetings\u2014\nbodies\tin\tthe\tsame\troom\u2014are\tbut\tthe\tmost\tobvious,\tand\ta\tsomewhat\nantiquated,\texample\tof\tthe\tsense\tin\twhich\twork\tis\tshared.\tElectronic\nnetworks,\te-mail,\tteleconferences,\twork\tteams,\tinformal\tnetworks,\nand\tthe\tlike\tare\temerging\tas\tnew\tfunctional\tentities\tin\torganizations.\nTo\tthe\tdegree\tthat\tthe\texplicit\thierarchy\tas\tmapped\ton\tan\norganizational\tchart\tis\tthe\tskeleton\tof\tan\torganization,\tthese\thuman\ntouchpoints\tare\tits\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem.\nWhenever\tpeople\tcome\ttogether\tto\tcollaborate,\twhether\tit\tbe\tin\tan", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c2d83cf43300-0", "page_content": "executive\tplanning\tmeeting\tor\tas\ta\tteam\tworking\ttoward\ta\tshared\nproduct,\tthere\tis\ta\tvery\treal\tsense\tin\twhich\tthey\thave\ta\tgroup\tIQ,\tthe\nsum\ttotal\tof\tthe\ttalents\tand\tskills\tof\tall\tthose\tinvolved.\tAnd\thow\twell\nthey\taccomplish\ttheir\ttask\twill\tbe\tdetermined\tby\thow\thigh\tthat\tIQ\tis.\nThe\tsingle\tmost\timportant\telement\tin\tgroup\tintelligence,\tit\tturns\tout,\nis\tnot\tthe\taverage\tIQ\tin\tthe\tacademic\tsense,\tbut\trather\tin\tterms\tof\nemotional\tintelligence.\tThe\tkey\tto\ta\thigh\tgroup\tIQ\tis\tsocial\tharmony.\nIt\tis\tthis\tability\tto\tharmonize\tthat,\tall\tother\tthings\tbeing\tequal,\twill\nmake\tone\tgroup\tespecially\ttalented,\tproductive,\tand\tsuccessful,\tand\nanother\u2014with\tmembers\twhose\ttalent\tand\tskill\tare\tequal\tin\tother\nregards\u2014do\tpoorly.\nThe\tidea\tthat\tthere\tis\ta\tgroup\tintelligence\tat\tall\tcomes\tfrom\tRobert\nSternberg,\tthe\tYale\tpsychologist,\tand\tWendy\tWilliams,\ta\tgraduate\nstudent,\twho\twere\tseeking\tto\tunderstand\twhy\tsome\tgroups\tare\tfar\nmore\teffective\tthan\tothers.\n18\n\tAfter\tall,\twhen\tpeople\tcome\ttogether\tto\nwork\tas\ta\tgroup,\teach\tbrings\tcertain\ttalents\u2014say,\ta\thigh\tverbal\nfluency,\tcreativity,\tempathy,\tor\ttechnical\texpertise.\tWhile\ta\tgroup\tcan\nbe\tno\t\u201csmarter\u201d\tthan\tthe\tsum\ttotal\tof\tall\tthese\tspecific\tstrengths,\tit", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c2d83cf43300-1", "page_content": "can\tbe\tmuch\tdumber\tif\tits\tinternal\tworkings\tdon\u2019t\tallow\tpeople\tto\nshare\ttheir\ttalents.\tThis\tmaxim\tbecame\tevident\twhen\tSternberg\tand\nWilliams\trecruited\tpeople\tto\ttake\tpart\tin\tgroups\tthat\twere\tgiven\tthe\ncreative\tchallenge\tof\tcoming\tup\twith\tan\teffective\tadvertising\ncampaign\tfor\ta\tfictitious\tsweetener\tthat\tshowed\tpromise\tas\ta\tsugar\nsubstitute.\nOne\tsurprise\twas\tthat\tpeople\twho\twere\t\ntoo\n\teager\tto\ttake\tpart\twere\na\tdrag\ton\tthe\tgroup,\tlowering\tits\toverall\tperformance;\tthese\teager\nbeavers\twere\ttoo\tcontrolling\tor\tdomineering.\tSuch\tpeople\tseemed\tto\nlack\ta\tbasic\telement\tof\tsocial\tintelligence,\tthe\tability\tto\trecognize\nwhat\tis\tapt\tand\twhat\tinappropriate\tin\tgive-and-take.\tAnother\tnegative\nwas\thaving\tdeadweight,\tmembers\twho\tdid\tnot\tparticipate.\nThe\tsingle\tmost\timportant\tfactor\tin\tmaximizing\tthe\texcellence\tof\ta\ngroup\u2019s\tproduct\twas\tthe\tdegree\tto\twhich\tthe\tmembers\twere\table\tto\ncreate\ta\tstate\tof\tinternal\tharmony,\twhich\tlets\tthem\ttake\tadvantage\tof\nthe\tfull\ttalent\tof\ttheir\tmembers.\tThe\toverall\tperformance\tof\nharmonious\tgroups\twas\thelped\tby\thaving\ta\tmember\twho\twas\nparticularly\ttalented;\tgroups\twith\tmore\tfriction\twere\tfar\tless\table\tto\ncapitalize\ton\thaving\tmembers\tof\tgreat\tability.\tIn\tgroups\twhere\tthere\nare\thigh\tlevels\tof\temotional\tand\tsocial\tstatic\u2014whether\tit\tbe\tfrom\tfear", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c2d83cf43300-2", "page_content": "are\thigh\tlevels\tof\temotional\tand\tsocial\tstatic\u2014whether\tit\tbe\tfrom\tfear\nor\tanger,\tfrom\trivalries\tor\tresentments\u2014people\tcannot\toffer\ttheir\nbest.\tBut\tharmony\tallows\ta\tgroup\tto\ttake\tmaximum\tadvantage\tof\tits", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0593b6cdc670-0", "page_content": "most\tcreative\tand\ttalented\tmembers\u2019\tabilities.\nWhile\tthe\tmoral\tof\tthis\ttale\tis\tquite\tclear\tfor,\tsay,\twork\tteams,\tit\nhas\ta\tmore\tgeneral\timplication\tfor\tanyone\twho\tworks\twithin\tan\norganization.\tMany\tthings\tpeople\tdo\tat\twork\tdepend\ton\ttheir\tability\nto\tcall\ton\ta\tloose\tnetwork\tof\tfellow\tworkers;\tdifferent\ttasks\tcan\tmean\ncalling\ton\tdifferent\tmembers\tof\tthe\tnetwork.\tIn\teffect,\tthis\tcreates\tthe\nchance\tfor\tad\thoc\tgroups,\teach\twith\ta\tmembership\ttailored\tto\toffer\tan\noptimal\tarray\tof\ttalents,\texpertise,\tand\tplacement.\tJust\thow\twell\npeople\tcan\t\u201cwork\u201d\ta\tnetwork\u2014in\teffect,\tmake\tit\tinto\ta\ttemporary,\tad\nhoc\tteam\u2014is\ta\tcrucial\tfactor\tin\ton-the-job\tsuccess.\nConsider,\tfor\texample,\ta\tstudy\tof\tstar\tperformers\tat\tBell\tLabs,\tthe\nworld-famous\tscientific\tthink\ttank\tnear\tPrinceton.\tThe\tlabs\tare\npeopled\tby\tengineers\tand\tscientists\twho\tare\tall\tat\tthe\ttop\ton\tacademic\nIQ\ttests.\tBut\twithin\tthis\tpool\tof\ttalent,\tsome\temerge\tas\tstars,\twhile\nothers\tare\tonly\taverage\tin\ttheir\toutput.\tWhat\tmakes\tthe\tdifference\nbetween\tstars\tand\tthe\tothers\tis\tnot\ttheir\tacademic\tIQ,\tbut\ttheir\nemotional\n\tIQ.\tThey\tare\tbetter\table\tto\tmotivate\tthemselves,\tand\tbetter\nable\tto\twork\ttheir\tinformal\tnetworks\tinto\tad\thoc\tteams.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0593b6cdc670-1", "page_content": "able\tto\twork\ttheir\tinformal\tnetworks\tinto\tad\thoc\tteams.\nThe\t\u201cstars\u201d\twere\tstudied\tin\tone\tdivision\tat\tthe\tlabs,\ta\tunit\tthat\ncreates\tand\tdesigns\tthe\telectronic\tswitches\tthat\tcontrol\ttelephone\nsystems\u2014a\thighly\tsophisticated\tand\tdemanding\tpiece\tof\telectronic\nengineering.\n19\n\tBecause\tthe\twork\tis\tbeyond\tthe\tcapacity\tof\tany\tone\nperson\tto\ttackle,\tit\tis\tdone\tin\tteams\tthat\tcan\trange\tfrom\tjust\t5\tor\tso\nengineers\tto\t150.\tNo\tsingle\tengineer\tknows\tenough\tto\tdo\tthe\tjob\nalone;\tgetting\tthings\tdone\tdemands\ttapping\tother\tpeople\u2019s\texpertise.\nTo\tfind\tout\twhat\tmade\tthe\tdifference\tbetween\tthose\twho\twere\thighly\nproductive\tand\tthose\twho\twere\tonly\taverage,\tRobert\tKelley\tand\tJanet\nCaplan\thad\tmanagers\tand\tpeers\tnominate\tthe\t10\tto\t15\tpercent\tof\nengineers\twho\tstood\tout\tas\tstars.\nWhen\tthey\tcompared\tthe\tstars\twith\teveryone\telse,\tthe\tmost\ndramatic\tfinding,\tat\tfirst,\twas\tthe\tpaucity\tof\tdifferences\tbetween\tthe\ntwo\tgroups.\t\u201cBased\ton\ta\twide\trange\tof\tcognitive\tand\tsocial\tmeasures,\nfrom\tstandard\ttests\t\nfor\tIQ\tto\tpersonality\tinventories,\tthere\u2019s\tlittle\nmeaningful\tdifference\tin\tinnate\tabilities,\u201d\tKelley\tand\tCaplan\twrote\tin\nthe\t\nHarvard\tBusiness\tReview\n.\t\u201cAs\tit\tdevelops,\tacademic\ttalent\twas\tnot", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0593b6cdc670-2", "page_content": ".\t\u201cAs\tit\tdevelops,\tacademic\ttalent\twas\tnot\na\tgood\tpredictor\tof\ton-the-job\tproductivity,\u201d\tnor\twas\tIQ.\nBut\tafter\tdetailed\tinterviews,\tthe\tcritical\tdifferences\temerged\tin\tthe\ninternal\tand\tinterpersonal\tstrategies\t\u201cstars\u201d\tused\tto\tget\ttheir\twork\ndone.\tOne\tof\tthe\tmost\timportant\tturned\tout\tto\tbe\ta\trapport\twith\ta\nnetwork\tof\tkey\tpeople.\tThings\tgo\tmore\tsmoothly\tfor\tthe\tstandouts", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "88deb141f646-0", "page_content": "because\tthey\tput\ttime\tinto\tcultivating\tgood\trelationships\twith\tpeople\nwhose\tservices\tmight\tbe\tneeded\tin\ta\tcrunch\tas\tpart\tof\tan\tinstant\tad\nhoc\tteam\tto\tsolve\ta\tproblem\tor\thandle\ta\tcrisis.\t\u201cA\tmiddle\tperformer\nat\tBell\tLabs\ttalked\tabout\tbeing\tstumped\tby\ta\ttechnical\tproblem,\u201d\nKelley\tand\tCaplan\tobserved.\t\u201cHe\tpainstakingly\tcalled\tvarious\ntechnical\tgurus\tand\tthen\twaited,\twasting\tvaluable\ttime\twhile\tcalls\nwent\tunreturned\tand\te-mail\tmessages\tunanswered.\tStar\tperformers,\nhowever,\trarely\tface\tsuch\tsituations\tbecause\tthey\tdo\tthe\twork\tof\nbuilding\treliable\tnetworks\tbefore\tthey\tactually\tneed\tthem.\tWhen\tthey\ncall\tsomeone\tfor\tadvice,\tstars\talmost\talways\tget\ta\tfaster\tanswer.\u201d\nInformal\tnetworks\tare\tespecially\tcritical\tfor\thandling\tunanticipated\nproblems.\t\u201cThe\tformal\torganization\tis\tset\tup\tto\thandle\teasily\nanticipated\tproblems,\u201d\tone\tstudy\tof\tthese\tnetworks\tobserves.\t\u201cBut\nwhen\tunexpected\tproblems\tarise,\tthe\tinformal\torganization\tkicks\tin.\nIts\tcomplex\tweb\tof\tsocial\tties\tform\tevery\ttime\tcolleagues\ncommunicate,\tand\tsolidify\tover\ttime\tinto\tsurprisingly\tstable\tnetworks.\nHighly\tadaptive,\tinformal\tnetworks\tmove\tdiagonally\tand\telliptically,\nskipping\tentire\tfunctions\tto\tget\tthings\tdone.\u201d\n20\nThe\tanalysis\tof\tinformal\tnetworks\tshows\tthat\tjust\tbecause\tpeople\nwork\ttogether\tday\tto\tday\tthey\twill\tnot\tnecessarily\ttrust\teach\tother", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "88deb141f646-1", "page_content": "work\ttogether\tday\tto\tday\tthey\twill\tnot\tnecessarily\ttrust\teach\tother\nwith\tsensitive\tinformation\t(such\tas\ta\tdesire\tto\tchange\tjobs,\tor\nresentment\tabout\thow\ta\tmanager\tor\tpeer\tbehaves),\tnor\tturn\tto\tthem\nin\tcrisis.\tIndeed,\ta\tmore\tsophisticated\tview\tof\tinformal\tnetworks\nshows\tthat\tthere\tare\tat\tleast\tthree\tvarieties:\tcommunications\twebs\u2014\nwho\ttalks\tto\twhom;\texpertise\tnetworks,\tbased\ton\twhich\tpeople\tare\nturned\tto\tfor\tadvice;\tand\ttrust\tnetworks.\tBeing\ta\tmain\tnode\tin\tthe\nexpertise\tnetwork\tmeans\tsomeone\twill\thave\ta\treputation\tfor\ttechnical\nexcellence,\twhich\toften\tleads\tto\ta\tpromotion.\tBut\tthere\tis\tvirtually\tno\nrelationship\tbetween\tbeing\tan\texpert\tand\tbeing\tseen\tas\tsomeone\npeople\tcan\ttrust\twith\ttheir\tsecrets,\tdoubts,\tand\tvulnerabilities.\tA\tpetty\noffice\ttyrant\tor\tmicromanager\tmay\tbe\thigh\ton\texpertise,\tbut\twill\tbe\nso\tlow\ton\ttrust\tthat\tit\twill\tundermine\ttheir\tability\tto\tmanage,\tand\neffectively\texclude\tthem\tfrom\tinformal\tnetworks.\tThe\tstars\tof\tan\norganization\tare\toften\tthose\twho\thave\tthick\tconnections\ton\tall\nnetworks,\twhether\tcommunications,\texpertise,\tor\ttrust.\nBeyond\ta\tmastery\tof\tthese\tessential\tnetworks,\tother\tforms\tof\norganizational\tsavvy\tthe\tBell\tLabs\tstars\thad\tmastered\tincluded", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "88deb141f646-2", "page_content": "organizational\tsavvy\tthe\tBell\tLabs\tstars\thad\tmastered\tincluded\neffectively\tcoordinating\ttheir\tefforts\tin\tteamwork;\tbeing\tleaders\tin\nbuilding\tconsensus;\tbeing\table\tto\tsee\tthings\tfrom\tthe\tperspective\tof\nothers,\tsuch\tas\tcustomers\tor\tothers\ton\ta\twork\tteam;\tpersuasiveness;", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bcf4f2d69452-0", "page_content": "and\tpromoting\tcooperation\twhile\tavoiding\tconflicts.\tWhile\tall\tof\tthese\nrely\ton\tsocial\tskills,\tthe\tstars\talso\tdisplayed\tanother\tkind\tof\tknack:\ntaking\tinitiative\u2014being\tself-motivated\tenough\tto\ttake\ton\nresponsibilities\tabove\tand\tbeyond\ttheir\tstated\tjob\u2014and\tself-\nmanagement\tin\tthe\tsense\tof\tregulating\ttheir\ttime\tand\twork\ncommitments\twell.\tAll\tsuch\tskills,\tof\tcourse,\tare\taspects\tof\temotional\nintelligence.\nThere\tare\tstrong\tsigns\tthat\twhat\tis\ttrue\tat\tBell\tLabs\taugurs\tfor\tthe\nfuture\tof\tall\tcorporate\tlife,\ta\ttomorrow\twhere\tthe\tbasic\tskills\tof\nemotional\tintelligence\twill\tbe\tever\tmore\timportant,\tin\tteamwork,\tin\ncooperation,\tin\thelping\tpeople\tlearn\ttogether\thow\tto\twork\tmore\neffectively.\tAs\tknowledge-based\tservices\tand\tintellectual\tcapital\nbecome\tmore\tcentral\tto\tcorporations,\timproving\tthe\tway\tpeople\twork\ntogether\twill\tbe\ta\tmajor\tway\tto\tleverage\tintellectual\tcapital,\tmaking\ta\ncritical\tcompetitive\tdifference.\tTo\tthrive,\tif\tnot\tsurvive,\tcorporations\nwould\tdo\twell\tto\tboost\ttheir\tcollective\temotional\tintelligence.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b4c7283c038c-0", "page_content": "11\nMind\tand\tMedicine\n\u201cWho\ttaught\tyou\tall\tthis,\tDoctor?\u201d\nThe\treply\tcame\tpromptly:\n\u201cSuffering.\u201d\n\u2014A\nLBERT\n\tC\nAMUS\n,\t\nThe\tPlague\nA\tvague\tache\tin\tmy\tgroin\tsent\tme\tto\tmy\tdoctor.\tNothing\tseemed\nunusual\tuntil\the\tlooked\tat\tthe\tresults\tof\ta\turine\ttest.\tI\thad\ttraces\tof\nblood\tin\tmy\turine.\n\u201cI\twant\tyou\tto\tgo\tto\tthe\thospital\tand\tget\tsome\ttests\t\u2026\tkidney\nfunction,\tcytology\t\u2026,\u201d\the\tsaid\tin\ta\tbusinesslike\ttone.\nI\tdon\u2019t\tknow\twhat\the\tsaid\tnext.\tMy\tmind\tseemed\tto\tfreeze\tat\tthe\nword\t\ncytology\n.\tCancer.\nI\thave\ta\tfoggy\tmemory\tof\this\texplaining\tto\tme\twhen\tand\twhere\tto\ngo\tfor\tdiagnostic\ttests.\tIt\twas\tthe\tsimplest\tinstruction,\tbut\tI\thad\tto\task\nhim\tto\trepeat\tit\tthree\tor\tfour\ttimes.\t\nCytology\n\u2014my\tmind\twould\tnot\nleave\tthe\tword.\tThat\tone\tword\tmade\tme\tfeel\tas\tthough\tI\thad\tjust\tbeen\nmugged\tat\tmy\town\tfront\tdoor.\nWhy\tshould\tI\thave\treacted\tso\tstrongly?\tMy\tdoctor\twas\tjust\tbeing\nthorough\tand\tcompetent,\tchecking\tthe\tlimbs\tin\ta\tdiagnostic\tdecision\ntree.\tThere\twas\ta\ttiny\tlikelihood\tthat\tcancer\twas\tthe\tproblem.\tBut\tthis\nrational\tanalysis\twas\tirrelevant\tat\tthat\tmoment.\tIn\tthe\tland\tof\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b4c7283c038c-1", "page_content": "sick,\temotions\treign\tsupreme;\tfear\tis\ta\tthought\taway.\tWe\tcan\tbe\tso\nemotionally\tfragile\twhile\twe\tare\tailing\tbecause\tour\tmental\twell-being\nis\tbased\tin\tpart\ton\tthe\tillusion\tof\tinvulnerability.\tSickness\u2014especially\na\tsevere\tillness\u2014bursts\tthat\tillusion,\tattacking\tthe\tpremise\tthat\tour\nprivate\tworld\tis\tsafe\tand\tsecure.\tSuddenly\twe\tfeel\tweak,\thelpless,\tand\nvulnerable.\nThe\tproblem\tis\twhen\tmedical\tpersonnel\tignore\thow\tpatients\tare\nreacting\t\nemotionally\n,\teven\twhile\tattending\tto\ttheir\tphysical\tcondition.\nThis\tinattention\tto\tthe\temotional\treality\tof\tillness\tneglects\ta\tgrowing\nbody\tof\tevidence\tshowing\tthat\tpeople\u2019s\temotional\tstates\tcan\tplay\ta\nsometimes\tsignificant\trole\tin\ttheir\tvulnerability\tto\tdisease\tand\tin\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1b844e9507f1-0", "page_content": "course\tof\ttheir\trecovery.\tModern\tmedical\tcare\ttoo\toften\tlacks\nemotional\tintelligence.\nFor\tthe\tpatient,\tany\tencounter\twith\ta\tnurse\tor\tphysician\tcan\tbe\ta\nchance\tfor\treassuring\tinformation,\tcomfort,\tand\tsolace\u2014or,\tif\thandled\nunfortunately,\tan\tinvitation\tto\tdespair.\tBut\ttoo\toften\tmedical\ncaregivers\tare\trushed\tor\tindifferent\tto\tpatients\u2019\tdistress.\tTo\tbe\tsure,\nthere\tare\tcompassionate\tnurses\tand\tphysicians\twho\ttake\tthe\ttime\tto\nreassure\tand\tinform\tas\twell\tas\tadminister\tmedically.\tBut\tthe\ttrend\tis\ntoward\ta\tprofessional\tuniverse\tin\twhich\tinstitutional\timperatives\tcan\nleave\tmedical\tstaff\toblivious\tto\tthe\tvulnerabilities\tof\tpatients,\tor\nfeeling\ttoo\tpressed\tto\tdo\tanything\tabout\tthem.\tWith\tthe\thard\trealities\nof\ta\tmedical\tsystem\tincreasingly\ttimed\tby\taccountants,\tthings\tseem\tto\nbe\tgetting\tworse.\nBeyond\tthe\thumanitarian\targument\tfor\tphysicians\tto\toffer\tcare\nalong\twith\tcure,\tthere\tare\tother\tcompelling\treasons\tto\tconsider\tthe\npsychological\tand\tsocial\treality\tof\tpatients\tas\tbeing\twithin\tthe\nmedical\trealm\trather\tthan\tseparate\tfrom\tit.\tBy\tnow\ta\tscientific\tcase\ncan\tbe\tmade\tthat\tthere\tis\ta\tmargin\tof\t\nmedical\n\teffectiveness,\tboth\tin\nprevention\tand\ttreatment,\tthat\tcan\tbe\tgained\tby\ttreating\tpeople\u2019s\nemotional\tstate\talong\twith\ttheir\tmedical\tcondition.\tNot\tin\tevery\tcase", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1b844e9507f1-1", "page_content": "emotional\tstate\talong\twith\ttheir\tmedical\tcondition.\tNot\tin\tevery\tcase\nor\tevery\tcondition,\tof\tcourse.\tBut\tlooking\tat\tdata\tfrom\thundreds\tand\nhundreds\tof\tcases,\tthere\tis\ton\taverage\tenough\tincrement\tof\tmedical\nbenefit\tto\tsuggest\tthat\tan\t\nemotional\n\tintervention\tshould\tbe\ta\tstandard\npart\tof\tmedical\tcare\tfor\tthe\trange\tof\tserious\tdisease.\nHistorically,\tmedicine\tin\tmodern\tsociety\thas\tdefined\tits\tmission\tin\nterms\tof\tcuring\t\ndisease\n\u2014the\tmedical\tdisorder\u2014while\toverlooking\nillness\n\u2014the\tpatient\u2019s\texperience\tof\tdisease.\tPatients,\tby\tgoing\talong\nwith\tthis\tview\tof\ttheir\tproblem,\tjoin\ta\tquiet\tconspiracy\tto\tignore\thow\nthey\tare\treacting\temotionally\tto\ttheir\tmedical\tproblems\u2014or\tto\ndismiss\tthose\treactions\tas\tirrelevant\tto\tthe\tcourse\tof\tthe\tproblem\nitself.\tThat\tattitude\tis\treinforced\tby\ta\tmedical\tmodel\tthat\tdismisses\nentirely\tthe\tidea\tthat\tmind\tinfluences\tbody\tin\tany\tconsequential\tway.\nYet\tthere\tis\tan\tequally\tunproductive\tideology\tin\tthe\tother\tdirection:\nthe\tnotion\tthat\tpeople\tcan\tcure\tthemselves\tof\teven\tthe\tmost\npernicious\tdisease\tsimply\tby\tmaking\tthemselves\thappy\tor\tthinking\npositive\tthoughts,\tor\tthat\tthey\tare\tsomehow\tto\tblame\tfor\thaving\ngotten\tsick\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace.\tThe\tresult\tof\tthis\tattitude-will-cure-all\nrhetoric\thas\tbeen\tto\tcreate\twidespread\tconfusion\t\nand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1b844e9507f1-2", "page_content": "rhetoric\thas\tbeen\tto\tcreate\twidespread\tconfusion\t\nand\nmisunderstanding\tabout\tthe\textent\tto\twhich\tillness\tcan\tbe\taffected\tby\nthe\tmind,\tand,\tperhaps\tworse,\tsometimes\tto\tmake\tpeople\tfeel\tguilty", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5ad84d5a2984-0", "page_content": "for\thaving\ta\tdisease,\tas\tthough\tit\twere\ta\tsign\tof\tsome\tmoral\tlapse\tor\nspiritual\tunworthiness.\nThe\ttruth\tlies\tsomewhere\tbetween\tthese\textremes.\tBy\tsorting\nthrough\tthe\tscientific\tdata,\tmy\taim\tis\tto\tclarify\tthe\tcontradictions\tand\nreplace\tthe\tnonsense\twith\ta\tclearer\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tdegree\tto\nwhich\tour\temotions\u2014and\temotional\tintelligence\u2014play\ta\tpart\tin\nhealth\tand\tdisease.\nTHE\tBODY\u2019S\tMIND:\tHOW\tEMOTIONS\tMATTER\n\tFOR\tHEALTH\nIn\t1974\ta\tfinding\tin\ta\tlaboratory\tat\tthe\tSchool\tof\tMedicine\tand\nDentistry,\tUniversity\tof\tRochester,\trewrote\tbiology\u2019s\tmap\tof\tthe\tbody:\nRobert\tAder,\ta\tpsychologist,\tdiscovered\tthat\tthe\timmune\tsystem,\tlike\nthe\tbrain,\tcould\tlearn.\tHis\tresult\twas\ta\tshock;\tthe\tprevailing\twisdom\nin\tmedicine\thad\tbeen\tthat\tonly\tthe\tbrain\tand\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\ncould\trespond\tto\texperience\tby\tchanging\thow\tthey\tbehaved.\tAder\u2019s\nfinding\tled\tto\tthe\tinvestigation\tof\twhat\tare\tturning\tout\tto\tbe\tmyriad\nways\tthe\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\tand\tthe\timmune\tsystem\ncommunicate\u2014biological\tpathways\tthat\tmake\tthe\tmind,\tthe\nemotions,\tand\tthe\tbody\tnot\tseparate,\tbut\tintimately\tentwined.\nIn\this\texperiment\twhite\trats\thad\tbeen\tgiven\ta\tmedication\tthat\nartificially\tsuppressed\tthe\tquantity\tof\tdisease-fighting\tT\tcells\ncirculating\tin\ttheir\tblood.\tEach\ttime\tthey\treceived\tthe\tmedication,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5ad84d5a2984-1", "page_content": "they\tate\tit\talong\twith\tsaccharin-laced\twater.\tBut\tAder\tdiscovered\tthat\ngiving\tthe\trats\tthe\tsaccharin-flavored\twater\talone,\twithout\tthe\nsuppressive\tmedication,\tstill\tresulted\tin\ta\tlowering\tof\tthe\tT-cell\tcount\n\u2014to\tthe\tpoint\tthat\tsome\tof\tthe\trats\twere\tgetting\tsick\tand\tdying.\tTheir\nimmune\tsystem\thad\tlearned\tto\tsuppress\tT\tcells\tin\tresponse\tto\tthe\nflavored\twater.\tThat\tjust\tshould\tnot\thave\thappened,\taccording\tto\tthe\nbest\tscientific\tunderstanding\tat\tthe\ttime.\nThe\timmune\tsystem\tis\tthe\t\u201cbody\u2019s\tbrain,\u201d\tas\tneuroscientist\nFrancisco\tVarela,\tat\tParis\u2019s\tEcole\tPolytechnique,\tputs\tit,\tdefining\tthe\nbody\u2019s\town\tsense\tof\tself\u2014of\twhat\tbelongs\twithin\tit\tand\twhat\tdoes\nnot.\n1\n\tImmune\tcells\ttravel\tin\tthe\tbloodstream\tthroughout\tthe\tentire\nbody,\tcontacting\tvirtually\tevery\tother\tcell.\tThose\tcells\tthey\trecognize,\nthey\tleave\talone;\tthose\tthey\tfail\tto\trecognize,\tthey\tattack.\tThe\tattack\neither\tdefends\tus\tagainst\tviruses,\tbacteria,\tand\tcancer\tor,\tif\tthe\nimmune\tcells\tmisidentify\tsome\tof\tthe\tbody\u2019s\town\tcells,\tcreates\tan\nautoimmune\tdisease\tsuch\tas\tallergy\tor\tlupus.\tUntil\tthe\tday\tAder\tmade", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "045ba0e8fa47-0", "page_content": "his\tserendipitous\tdiscovery,\tevery\tanatomist,\tevery\tphysician,\tand\nevery\tbiologist\t\nbelieved\tthat\tthe\tbrain\t(along\twith\tits\textensions\nthroughout\tthe\tbody\tvia\tthe\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem)\tand\tthe\timmune\nsystem\twere\tseparate\tentities,\tneither\table\tto\tinfluence\tthe\toperation\nof\tthe\tother.\tThere\twas\tno\tpathway\tthat\tcould\tconnect\tthe\tbrain\ncenters\tmonitoring\twhat\tthe\trat\ttasted\twith\tthe\tareas\tof\tbone\tmarrow\nthat\tmanufacture\tT\tcells.\tOr\tso\tit\thad\tbeen\tthought\tfor\ta\tcentury.\nOver\tthe\tyears\tsince\tthen,\tAder\u2019s\tmodest\tdiscovery\thas\tforced\ta\tnew\nlook\tat\tthe\tlinks\tbetween\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tand\tthe\tcentral\tnervous\nsystem.\tThe\tfield\tthat\tstudies\tthis,\tpsychoneuroimmunology,\tor\tPNI,\tis\nnow\ta\tleading-edge\tmedical\tscience.\tIts\tvery\tname\tacknowledges\tthe\nlinks:\t\npsycho\n,\tor\t\u201cmind\u201d;\t\nneuro\n,\tfor\tthe\tneuroendocrine\tsystem\t(which\nsubsumes\tthe\tnervous\tsystem\tand\thormone\tsystems);\tand\t\nimmunology\n,\nfor\tthe\timmune\tsystem.\nA\tnetwork\tof\tresearchers\tis\tfinding\tthat\tthe\tchemical\tmessengers\nthat\toperate\tmost\textensively\tin\tboth\tbrain\tand\timmune\tsystem\tare\nthose\tthat\tare\tmost\tdense\tin\tneural\tareas\tthat\tregulate\temotion.\n2\nSome\tof\tthe\tstrongest\tevidence\tfor\ta\tdirect\tphysical\tpathway\tallowing\nemotions\tto\timpact\tthe\timmune\tsystem\thas\tcome\tfrom\tDavid\tFelten,\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "045ba0e8fa47-1", "page_content": "colleague\tof\tAder\u2019s.\tFelten\tbegan\tby\tnoting\tthat\temotions\thave\ta\npowerful\teffect\ton\tthe\tautonomic\tnervous\tsystem,\twhich\tregulates\neverything\tfrom\thow\tmuch\tinsulin\tis\tsecreted\tto\tblood-pressure\tlevels.\nFelten,\tworking\twith\this\twife,\tSuzanne,\tand\tother\tcolleagues,\tthen\ndetected\ta\tmeeting\tpoint\twhere\tthe\tautonomic\tnervous\tsystem\ndirectly\ttalks\tto\tlymphocytes\tand\tmacrophages,\tcells\tof\tthe\timmune\nsystem.\n3\nIn\telectron-microscope\tstudies,\tthey\tfound\tsynapselike\tcontacts\nwhere\tthe\tnerve\tterminals\tof\tthe\tautonomic\tsystem\thave\tendings\tthat\ndirectly\tabut\tthese\timmune\tcells.\tThis\tphysical\tcontact\tpoint\tallows\nthe\tnerve\tcells\tto\trelease\tneurotransmitters\tto\tregulate\tthe\timmune\ncells;\tindeed,\tthey\tsignal\tback\tand\tforth.\tThe\tfinding\tis\trevolutionary.\nNo\tone\thad\tsuspected\tthat\timmune\tcells\tcould\tbe\ttargets\tof\tmessages\nfrom\tthe\tnerves.\nTo\ttest\thow\timportant\tthese\tnerve\tendings\twere\tin\tthe\tworkings\tof\nthe\timmune\tsystem,\tFelten\twent\ta\tstep\tfurther.\tIn\texperiments\twith\nanimals\the\tremoved\tsome\tnerves\tfrom\tlymph\tnodes\tand\tspleen\u2014\nwhere\timmune\tcells\tare\tstored\tor\tmade\u2014and\tthen\tused\tviruses\tto\nchallenge\tthe\timmune\tsystem.\tThe\tresult:\ta\thuge\tdrop\tin\timmune\nresponse\tto\tthe\tvirus.\tHis\tconclusion\tis\tthat\twithout\tthose\tnerve", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "045ba0e8fa47-2", "page_content": "response\tto\tthe\tvirus.\tHis\tconclusion\tis\tthat\twithout\tthose\tnerve\nendings\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tsimply\tdoes\tnot\trespond\tas\tit\tshould\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5b5adbfeea8d-0", "page_content": "the\tchallenge\tof\tan\tinvading\tvirus\tor\tbacterium.\tIn\tshort,\tthe\tnervous\nsystem\tnot\tonly\tconnects\tto\tthe\timmune\tsystem,\tbut\tis\tessential\tfor\nproper\timmune\tfunction.\nAnother\tkey\tpathway\tlinking\temotions\tand\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tis\nvia\tthe\t\ninfluence\tof\tthe\thormones\treleased\tunder\tstress.\tThe\ncatecholamines\t(epinephrine\tand\tnorepinephrine\u2014otherwise\tknown\nas\tadrenaline\tand\tnoradrenaline),\tcortisol\tand\tprolactin,\tand\tthe\nnatural\topiates\tbeta-endorphin\tand\tenkephalin\tare\tall\treleased\tduring\nstress\tarousal.\tEach\thas\ta\tstrong\timpact\ton\timmune\tcells.\tWhile\tthe\nrelationships\tare\tcomplex,\tthe\tmain\tinfluence\tis\tthat\twhile\tthese\nhormones\tsurge\tthrough\tthe\tbody,\tthe\timmune\tcells\tare\thampered\tin\ntheir\tfunction:\tstress\tsuppresses\timmune\tresistance,\tat\tleast\ntemporarily,\tpresumably\tin\ta\tconservation\tof\tenergy\tthat\tputs\ta\npriority\ton\tthe\tmore\timmediate\temergency,\twhich\tis\tmore\tpressing\nfor\tsurvival.\tBut\tif\tstress\tis\tconstant\tand\tintense,\tthat\tsuppression\tmay\nbecome\tlong-lasting.\n4\nMicrobiologists\tand\tother\tscientists\tare\tfinding\tmore\tand\tmore\tsuch\nconnections\tbetween\tthe\tbrain\tand\tthe\tcardiovascular\tand\timmune\nsystems\u2014having\tfirst\thad\tto\taccept\tthe\tonce-radical\tnotion\tthat\tthey\nexist\tat\tall.\n5\nTOXIC\tEMOTIONS:\tTHE\tCLINICAL\tDATA\nDespite\tsuch\tevidence,\tmany\tor\tmost\tphysicians\tare\tstill\tskeptical\tthat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5b5adbfeea8d-1", "page_content": "emotions\tmatter\tclinically.\tOne\treason\tis\tthat\twhile\tmany\tstudies\nhave\tfound\tstress\tand\tnegative\temotions\tto\tweaken\tthe\teffectiveness\nof\tvarious\timmune\tcells,\tit\tis\tnot\talways\tclear\tthat\tthe\trange\tof\tthese\nchanges\tis\tgreat\tenough\tto\tmake\ta\t\nmedical\n\tdifference.\nEven\tso,\tan\tincreasing\tnumber\tof\tphysicians\tacknowledge\tthe\tplace\nof\temotions\tin\tmedicine.\tFor\tinstance,\tDr.\tCamran\tNezhat,\tan\teminent\ngynecological\tlaparoscopic\tsurgeon\tat\tStanford\tUniversity,\tsays,\t\u201cIf\nsomeone\tscheduled\tfor\tsurgery\ttells\tme\tshe\u2019s\tpanicked\tthat\tday\tand\ndoes\tnot\twant\tto\tgo\tthrough\twith\tit,\tI\tcancel\tthe\tsurgery.\u201d\tNezhat\nexplains,\t\u201cEvery\tsurgeon\tknows\tthat\tpeople\twho\tare\textremely\tscared\ndo\tterribly\tin\tsurgery.\tThey\tbleed\ttoo\tmuch,\tthey\thave\tmore\ninfections\tand\tcomplications.\tThey\thave\ta\tharder\ttime\trecovering.\tIt\u2019s\nmuch\tbetter\tif\tthey\tare\tcalm.\u201d\nThe\treason\tis\tstraightforward:\tpanic\tand\tanxiety\thike\tblood\npressure,\tand\tveins\tdistended\tby\tpressure\tbleed\tmore\tprofusely\twhen", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "91c261447dab-0", "page_content": "cut\tby\tthe\tsurgeon\u2019s\tknife.\tExcess\tbleeding\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\ntroublesome\tsurgical\tcomplications,\tone\tthat\tcan\tsometimes\tlead\tto\ndeath.\nBeyond\tsuch\tmedical\tanecdotes,\tevidence\tfor\tthe\t\nclinical\n\timportance\nof\temotions\thas\tbeen\tmounting\tsteadily.\tPerhaps\tthe\tmost\tcompelling\ndata\ton\tthe\tmedical\tsignificance\tof\temotion\tcome\tfrom\ta\tmass\nanalysis\tcombining\tresults\tfrom\t101\tsmaller\tstudies\tinto\ta\tsingle\nlarger\tone\tof\tseveral\tthousand\tmen\tand\twomen.\tThe\tstudy\tconfirms\nthat\tperturbing\temotions\tare\tbad\tfor\t\nhealth\u2014to\ta\tdegree.\n6\n\tPeople\nwho\texperienced\tchronic\tanxiety,\tlong\tperiods\tof\tsadness\tand\npessimism,\tunremitting\ttension\tor\tincessant\thostility,\trelentless\ncynicism\tor\tsuspiciousness,\twere\tfound\tto\thave\t\ndouble\n\tthe\trisk\tof\ndisease\u2014including\tasthma,\tarthritis,\theadaches,\tpeptic\tulcers,\tand\nheart\tdisease\t(each\trepresentative\tof\tmajor,\tbroad\tcategories\tof\ndisease).\tThis\torder\tof\tmagnitude\tmakes\tdistressing\temotions\tas\ttoxic\na\trisk\tfactor\tas,\tsay,\tsmoking\tor\thigh\tcholesterol\tare\tfor\theart\tdisease\n\u2014in\tother\twords,\ta\tmajor\tthreat\tto\thealth.\nTo\tbe\tsure,\tthis\tis\ta\tbroad\tstatistical\tlink,\tand\tby\tno\tmeans\tindicates\nthat\teveryone\twho\thas\tsuch\tchronic\tfeelings\twill\tthus\tmore\teasily\tfall", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "91c261447dab-1", "page_content": "prey\tto\ta\tdisease.\tBut\tthe\tevidence\tfor\ta\tpotent\trole\tfor\temotion\tin\ndisease\tis\tfar\tmore\textensive\tthan\tthis\tone\tstudy\tof\tstudies\tindicates.\nTaking\ta\tmore\tdetailed\tlook\tat\tthe\tdata\tfor\tspecific\temotions,\nespecially\tthe\tbig\tthree\u2014anger,\tanxiety,\tand\tdepression\u2014makes\nclearer\tsome\tspecific\tways\tthat\tfeelings\thave\tmedical\tsignificance,\neven\tif\tthe\tbiological\tmechanisms\tby\twhich\tsuch\temotions\thave\ttheir\neffect\tare\tyet\tto\tbe\tfully\tunderstood.\n7\nWhen\tAnger\tIs\tSuicidal\nA\twhile\tback,\tthe\tman\tsaid,\ta\tbump\ton\tthe\tside\tof\this\tcar\tled\tto\ta\tfruitless\tand\nfrustrating\tjourney.\tAfter\tendless\tinsurance\tcompany\tred\ttape\tand\tauto\tbody\tshops\nthat\tdid\tmore\tdamage,\the\tstill\towed\t$800.\tAnd\tit\twasn\u2019t\teven\this\tfault.\tHe\twas\tso\tfed\nup\tthat\twhenever\the\tgot\tinto\tthe\tcar\the\twas\tovercome\twith\tdisgust.\tHe\tfinally\tsold\tthe\ncar\tin\tfrustration.\tYears\tlater\tthe\tmemories\tstill\tmade\tthe\tman\tlivid\twith\toutrage.\nThis\tbitter\tmemory\twas\tbrought\tto\tmind\tpurposely,\tas\tpart\tof\ta\nstudy\tof\tanger\tin\theart\tpatients\tat\tStanford\tUniversity\tMedical\tSchool.\nAll\tthe\tpatients\tin\tthe\tstudy\thad,\tlike\tthis\tembittered\tman,\tsuffered\ta\nfirst\theart\tattack,\tand\tthe\tquestion\twas\twhether\tanger\tmight\thave\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "91c261447dab-2", "page_content": "significant\timpact\tof\tsome\tkind\ton\ttheir\theart\tfunction.\tThe\teffect\twas", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9f353acf44df-0", "page_content": "striking:\twhile\tthe\tpatients\trecounted\tincidents\tthat\tmade\tthem\tmad,\nthe\tpumping\tefficiency\tof\ttheir\thearts\tdropped\tby\tfive\tpercentage\npoints.\n8\n\tSome\tof\tthe\tpatients\tshowed\ta\tdrop\tin\tpumping\tefficiency\tof\n7\tpercent\tor\tgreater\u2014a\trange\tthat\tcardiologists\tregard\tas\ta\tsign\tof\ta\nmyocardial\tischemia,\ta\tdangerous\tdrop\tin\tblood\tflow\tto\tthe\theart\nitself.\nThe\tdrop\tin\tpumping\tefficiency\twas\tnot\tseen\twith\tother\tdistressing\nfeelings,\tsuch\tas\tanxiety,\tnor\tduring\tphysical\texertion;\tanger\tseems\tto\nbe\tthe\tone\temotion\tthat\tdoes\tmost\tharm\tto\tthe\theart.\tWhile\trecalling\nthe\tupsetting\tincident,\tthe\tpatients\tsaid\tthey\twere\tonly\tabout\thalf\tas\nmad\tas\tthey\thad\tbeen\t\nwhile\tit\twas\thappening,\tsuggesting\tthat\ttheir\nhearts\twould\thave\tbeen\teven\tmore\tgreatly\thampered\tduring\tan\tactual\nangry\tencounter.\nThis\tfinding\tis\tpart\tof\ta\tlarger\tnetwork\tof\tevidence\temerging\tfrom\ndozens\tof\tstudies\tpointing\tto\tthe\tpower\tof\tanger\tto\tdamage\tthe\theart.\n9\nThe\told\tidea\thas\tnot\theld\tup\tthat\ta\thurried,\thigh-pressure\tType-A\npersonality\tis\tat\tgreat\trisk\tfrom\theart\tdisease,\tbut\tfrom\tthat\tfailed\ntheory\thas\temerged\ta\tnew\tfinding:\tit\tis\thostility\tthat\tputs\tpeople\tat\nrisk.\nMuch\tof\tthe\tdata\ton\thostility\thas\tcome\tfrom\tresearch\tby\tDr.\nRedford\tWilliams\tat\tDuke\tUniversity.\n10", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9f353acf44df-1", "page_content": "Redford\tWilliams\tat\tDuke\tUniversity.\n10\n\tFor\texample,\tWilliams\tfound\nthat\tthose\tphysicians\twho\thad\thad\tthe\thighest\tscores\ton\ta\ttest\tof\nhostility\twhile\tstill\tin\tmedical\tschool\twere\tseven\ttimes\tas\tlikely\tto\nhave\tdied\tby\tthe\tage\tof\tfifty\tas\twere\tthose\twith\tlow\thostility\tscores\u2014\nbeing\tprone\tto\tanger\twas\ta\tstronger\tpredictor\tof\tdying\tyoung\tthan\nwere\tother\trisk\tfactors\tsuch\tas\tsmoking,\thigh\tblood\tpressure,\tand\thigh\ncholesterol.\tAnd\tfindings\tby\ta\tcolleague,\tDr.\tJohn\tBarefoot\tat\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tNorth\tCarolina,\tshow\tthat\tin\theart\tpatients\tundergoing\nangiography,\tin\twhich\ta\ttube\tis\tinserted\tinto\tthe\tcoronary\tartery\tto\nmeasure\tlesions,\tscores\ton\ta\ttest\tof\thostility\tcorrelate\twith\tthe\textent\nand\tseverity\tof\tcoronary\tartery\tdisease.\nOf\tcourse,\tno\tone\tis\tsaying\tthat\tanger\talone\tcauses\tcoronary\tartery\ndisease;\tit\tis\tone\tof\tseveral\tinteracting\tfactors.\tAs\tPeter\tKaufman,\nacting\tchief\tof\tthe\tBehavioral\tMedicine\tBranch\tof\tthe\tNational\tHeart,\nLung,\tand\tBlood\tInstitute,\texplained\tto\tme,\t\u201cWe\tcan\u2019t\tyet\tsort\tout\nwhether\tanger\tand\thostility\tplay\ta\tcausal\trole\tin\tthe\tearly\ndevelopment\tof\tcoronary\tartery\tdisease,\tor\twhether\tit\tintensifies\tthe\nproblem\tonce\theart\tdisease\thas\tbegun,\tor\tboth.\tBut\ttake\ta\ttwenty-", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9f353acf44df-2", "page_content": "year-old\twho\trepeatedly\tgets\tangry.\tEach\tepisode\tof\tanger\tadds\tan\nadditional\tstress\tto\tthe\theart\tby\tincreasing\this\theart\trate\tand\tblood", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c70383bd3807-0", "page_content": "pressure.\tWhen\tthat\tis\trepeated\tover\tand\tover\tagain,\tit\tcan\tdo\ndamage,\u201d\tespecially\tbecause\tthe\tturbulence\tof\tblood\tflowing\tthrough\nthe\tcoronary\tartery\twith\teach\theartbeat\t\u201ccan\tcause\tmicrotears\tin\tthe\nvessel,\twhere\tplaque\tdevelops.\tIf\tyour\theart\trate\tis\tfaster\tand\tblood\npressure\tis\thigher\tbecause\tyou\u2019re\thabitually\tangry,\tthen\tover\tthirty\nyears\tthat\tmay\tlead\tto\ta\tfaster\tbuildup\tof\tplaque,\tand\tso\tlead\tto\ncoronary\tartery\tdisease.\u201d\n11\nOnce\theart\tdisease\tdevelops,\tthe\tmechanisms\ttriggered\tby\tanger\naffect\tthe\tvery\tefficiency\tof\tthe\theart\tas\ta\tpump,\tas\twas\tshown\tin\tthe\nstudy\tof\tangry\tmemories\tin\theart\tpatients.\tThe\tnet\teffect\tis\tto\tmake\nanger\tparticularly\tlethal\tin\tthose\twho\talready\thave\theart\tdisease.\tFor\ninstance,\ta\tStanford\tUniversity\tMedical\tSchool\tstudy\tof\t1,012\tmen\nand\twomen\twho\tsuffered\tfrom\ta\tfirst\theart\tattack\tand\tthen\twere\nfollowed\tfor\tup\tto\teight\tyears\tshowed\tthat\tthose\tmen\twho\twere\tmost\naggressive\tand\thostile\tat\tthe\toutset\tsuffered\tthe\thighest\t\nrate\tof\tsecond\nheart\tattacks.\n12\n\tThere\twere\tsimilar\tresults\tin\ta\tYale\tSchool\tof\nMedicine\tstudy\tof\t929\tmen\twho\thad\tsurvived\theart\tattacks\tand\twere\ntracked\tfor\tup\tto\tten\tyears.\n13\n\tThose\twho\thad\tbeen\trated\tas\teasily", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c70383bd3807-1", "page_content": "13\n\tThose\twho\thad\tbeen\trated\tas\teasily\nroused\tto\tanger\twere\tthree\ttimes\tmore\tlikely\tto\tdie\tof\tcardiac\tarrest\nthan\tthose\twho\twere\tmore\teven-tempered.\tIf\tthey\talso\thad\thigh\ncholesterol\tlevels,\tthe\tadded\trisk\tfrom\tanger\twas\tfive\ttimes\thigher.\nThe\tYale\tresearchers\tpoint\tout\tthat\tit\tmay\tnot\tbe\tanger\talone\tthat\nheightens\tthe\trisk\tof\tdeath\tfrom\theart\tdisease,\tbut\trather\tintense\nnegative\temotionality\tof\tany\tkind\tthat\tregularly\tsends\tsurges\tof\tstress\nhormones\tthrough\tthe\tbody.\tBut\toverall,\tthe\tstrongest\tscientific\tlinks\nbetween\temotions\tand\theart\tdisease\tare\tto\tanger:\ta\tHarvard\tMedical\nSchool\tstudy\tasked\tmore\tthan\tfifteen\thundred\tmen\tand\twomen\twho\nhad\tsuffered\theart\tattacks\tto\tdescribe\ttheir\temotional\tstate\tin\tthe\nhours\tbefore\tthe\tattack.\tBeing\tangry\tmore\tthan\tdoubled\tthe\trisk\tof\ncardiac\tarrest\tin\tpeople\twho\talready\thad\theart\tdisease;\tthe\theightened\nrisk\tlasted\tfor\tabout\ttwo\thours\tafter\tthe\tanger\twas\taroused.\n14\nThese\tfindings\tdo\tnot\tmean\tthat\tpeople\tshould\ttry\tto\tsuppress\tanger\nwhen\tit\tis\tappropriate.\tIndeed,\tthere\tis\tevidence\tthat\ttrying\tto\ncompletely\tsuppress\tsuch\tfeelings\tin\tthe\theat\tof\tthe\tmoment\tactually\nresults\tin\tmagnifying\tthe\tbody\u2019s\tagitation\tand\tmay\traise\tblood\npressure.\n15", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c70383bd3807-2", "page_content": "pressure.\n15\n\tOn\tthe\tother\thand,\tas\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t5\n,\tthe\tnet\teffect\nof\tventilating\tanger\tevery\ttime\tit\tis\tfelt\tis\tsimply\tto\tfeed\tit,\tmaking\tit\na\tmore\tlikely\tresponse\tto\tany\tannoying\tsituation.\tWilliams\tresolves\nthis\tparadox\tby\tconcluding\tthat\twhether\tanger\tis\texpressed\tor\tnot\tis\nless\timportant\tthan\twhether\tit\tis\tchronic.\tAn\toccasional\tdisplay\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f9fc3289f9b7-0", "page_content": "hostility\tis\tnot\tdangerous\tto\thealth;\tthe\tproblem\tarises\twhen\thostility\nbecomes\tso\tconstant\tas\tto\tdefine\tan\tantagonistic\tpersonal\tstyle\u2014one\nmarked\tby\trepeated\tfeelings\tof\tmistrust\tand\tcynicism\tand\tthe\npropensity\tto\tsnide\tcomments\tand\tput-downs,\tas\twell\tas\tmore\tobvious\nbouts\tof\ttemper\tand\trage.\n16\nThe\thopeful\tnews\tis\tthat\tchronic\tanger\tneed\tnot\tbe\ta\tdeath\nsentence:\thostility\tis\ta\thabit\tthat\tcan\tchange.\tOne\tgroup\tof\theart-\nattack\tpatients\tat\tStanford\tUniversity\tMedical\tSchool\twas\tenrolled\tin\na\tprogram\tdesigned\tto\thelp\tthem\tsoften\tthe\tattitudes\tthat\tgave\tthem\ta\nshort\ttemper.\tThis\tanger-control\ttraining\tresulted\tin\ta\tsecond-heart-\nattack\trate\t44\tpercent\tlower\tthan\tfor\tthose\twho\thad\tnot\ttried\tto\nchange\ttheir\thostility.\n17\n\tA\tprogram\tdesigned\tby\tWilliams\thas\thad\nsimilar\tbeneficial\tresults.\n18\n\tLike\tthe\tStanford\tprogram,\tit\tteaches\tbasic\nelements\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\tparticularly\tmindfulness\tof\tanger\nas\tit\tbegins\tto\tstir,\tthe\tability\tto\tregulate\tit\tonce\tit\thas\tbegun,\tand\nempathy.\tPatients\tare\tasked\tto\tjot\tdown\tcynical\tor\thostile\tthoughts\tas\nthey\t\nnotice\tthem.\tIf\tthe\tthoughts\tpersist,\tthey\ttry\tto\tshort-circuit\tthem\nby\tsaying\t(or\tthinking),\t\u201cStop!\u201d\tAnd\tthey\tare\tencouraged\tto\tpurposely", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f9fc3289f9b7-1", "page_content": "substitute\treasonable\tthoughts\tfor\tcynical,\tmistrustful\tones\tduring\ntrying\tsituations\u2014for\tinstance,\tif\tan\televator\tis\tdelayed,\tto\tsearch\tfor\na\tbenign\treason\trather\tthan\tharbor\tanger\tagainst\tsome\timagined\nthoughtless\tperson\twho\tmay\tbe\tresponsible\tfor\tthe\tdelay.\tFor\nfrustrating\tencounters,\tthey\tlearn\tthe\tability\tto\tsee\tthings\tfrom\tthe\nother\tperson\u2019s\tperspective\u2014empathy\tis\ta\tbalm\tfor\tanger.\nAs\tWilliams\ttold\tme,\t\u201cThe\tantidote\tto\thostility\tis\tto\tdevelop\ta\tmore\ntrusting\theart.\tAll\tit\ttakes\tis\tthe\tright\tmotivation.\tWhen\tpeople\tsee\nthat\ttheir\thostility\tcan\tlead\tto\tan\tearly\tgrave,\tthey\tare\tready\tto\ttry.\u201d\nStress:\tAnxiety\tOut\tof\tProportion\tand\tOut\tof\tPlace\nI\tjust\tfeel\tanxious\tand\ttense\tall\tthe\ttime.\tIt\tall\tstarted\tin\thigh\tschool.\tI\twas\ta\tstraight-A\nstudent,\tand\tI\tworried\tconstantly\tabout\tmy\tgrades,\twhether\tthe\tother\tkids\tand\tthe\nteachers\tliked\tme,\tbeing\tprompt\tfor\tclasses\u2014things\tlike\tthat.\tThere\twas\ta\tlot\tof\npressure\tfrom\tmy\tparents\tto\tdo\twell\tin\tschool\tand\tto\tbe\ta\tgood\trole\tmodel.\u2026\tI\tguess\tI\njust\tcaved\tin\tto\tall\tthat\tpressure,\tbecause\tmy\tstomach\tproblems\tbegan\tin\tmy\nsophomore\tyear\tof\thigh\tschool.\tSince\tthat\ttime,\tI\u2019ve\thad\tto\tbe\treally\tcareful\tabout", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f9fc3289f9b7-2", "page_content": "drinking\tcaffeine\tand\teating\tspicy\tmeals.\tI\tnotice\tthat\twhen\tI\u2019m\tfeeling\tworried\tor\ntense\tmy\tstomach\twill\tflare\tup,\tand\tsince\tI\u2019m\tusually\tworried\tabout\tsomething,\tI\u2019m\nalways\tnauseous.\n19", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f4ab7c833c0e-0", "page_content": "Anxiety\u2014the\tdistress\tevoked\tby\tlife\u2019s\tpressures\u2014is\tperhaps\tthe\nemotion\twith\tthe\tgreatest\tweight\tof\tscientific\tevidence\tconnecting\tit\nto\tthe\tonset\tof\tsickness\tand\tcourse\tof\trecovery.\tWhen\tanxiety\thelps\tus\nprepare\tto\tdeal\twith\tsome\tdanger\t(a\tpresumed\tutility\tin\tevolution),\nthen\tit\thas\tserved\tus\twell.\tBut\tin\tmodern\tlife\tanxiety\tis\tmore\toften\tout\nof\tproportion\tand\tout\tof\tplace\u2014distress\tcomes\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tsituations\nthat\twe\tmust\tlive\twith\tor\tthat\tare\tconjured\tby\tthe\tmind,\tnot\treal\ndangers\twe\tneed\tto\tconfront.\tRepeated\tbouts\tof\tanxiety\tsignal\thigh\nlevels\tof\tstress.\tThe\twoman\twhose\tconstant\tworrying\tprimes\ther\ngastrointestinal\ttrouble\tis\ta\ttextbook\texample\tof\thow\tanxiety\tand\nstress\texacerbate\tmedical\tproblems.\nIn\ta\t1993\treview\tin\tthe\t\nArchives\tof\tInternal\tMedicine\n\tof\textensive\nresearch\ton\tthe\tstress-disease\tlink,\tYale\tpsychologist\tBruce\tMcEwen\nnoted\ta\tbroad\tspectrum\tof\teffects:\tcompromising\timmune\tfunction\tto\nthe\tpoint\tthat\tit\tcan\tspeed\tthe\tmetastasis\tof\tcancer;\tincreasing\nvulnerability\tto\tviral\tinfections;\texacerbating\tplaque\tformation\nleading\tto\tatherosclerosis\tand\tblood\tclotting\t\nleading\tto\tmyocardial\ninfarction;\taccelerating\tthe\tonset\tof\tType\tI\tdiabetes\tand\tthe\tcourse\tof\nType\tII\tdiabetes;\tand\tworsening\tor\ttriggering\tan\tasthma\tattack.\n20", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f4ab7c833c0e-1", "page_content": "20\nStress\tcan\talso\tlead\tto\tulceration\tof\tthe\tgastrointestinal\ttract,\ntriggering\tsymptoms\tin\tulcerative\tcolitis\tand\tin\tinflammatory\tbowel\ndisease.\tThe\tbrain\titself\tis\tsusceptible\tto\tthe\tlong-term\teffects\tof\nsustained\tstress,\tincluding\tdamage\tto\tthe\thippocampus,\tand\tso\tto\nmemory.\tIn\tgeneral,\tsays\tMcEwen,\t\u201cevidence\tis\tmounting\tthat\tthe\nnervous\tsystem\tis\tsubject\tto\t\u2018wear\tand\ttear\u2019\tas\ta\tresult\tof\tstressful\nexperiences.\u201d\n21\nParticularly\tcompelling\tevidence\tfor\tthe\tmedical\timpact\tfrom\ndistress\thas\tcome\tfrom\tstudies\twith\tinfectious\tdiseases\tsuch\tas\tcolds,\nthe\tflu,\tand\therpes.\tWe\tare\tcontinually\texposed\tto\tsuch\tviruses,\tbut\nordinarily\tour\timmune\tsystem\tfights\tthem\toff\u2014except\tthat\tunder\nemotional\tstress\tthose\tdefenses\tmore\toften\tfail.\tIn\texperiments\tin\nwhich\tthe\trobustness\tof\tthe\timmune\tsystem\thas\tbeen\tassayed\tdirectly,\nstress\tand\tanxiety\thave\tbeen\tfound\tto\tweaken\tit,\tbut\tin\tmost\tsuch\nresults\tit\tis\tunclear\twhether\tthe\trange\tof\timmune\tweakening\tis\tof\nclinical\tsignificance\u2014that\tis,\tgreat\tenough\tto\topen\tthe\tway\tto\ndisease.\n22\n\tFor\tthat\treason\tstronger\tscientific\tlinks\tof\tstress\tand\tanxiety\nto\tmedical\tvulnerability\tcome\tfrom\tprospective\tstudies:\tthose\tthat\nstart\twith\thealthy\tpeople\tand\tmonitor\tfirst\ta\theightening\tof\tdistress", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f4ab7c833c0e-2", "page_content": "start\twith\thealthy\tpeople\tand\tmonitor\tfirst\ta\theightening\tof\tdistress\nfollowed\tby\ta\tweakening\tof\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tand\tthe\tonset\tof\nillness.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "423b02687a6b-0", "page_content": "In\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tscientifically\tcompelling\tstudies,\tSheldon\tCohen,\na\tpsychologist\tat\tCarnegie-Mellon\tUniversity,\tworking\twith\tscientists\nat\ta\tspecialized\tcolds\tresearch\tunit\tin\tSheffield,\tEngland,\tcarefully\nassessed\thow\tmuch\tstress\tpeople\twere\tfeeling\tin\ttheir\tlives,\tand\tthen\nsystematically\texposed\tthem\tto\ta\tcold\tvirus.\tNot\teveryone\tso\texposed\nactually\tcomes\tdown\twith\ta\tcold;\ta\trobust\timmune\tsystem\tcan\u2014and\nconstantly\tdoes\u2014resist\tthe\tcold\tvirus.\tCohen\tfound\tthat\tthe\tmore\nstress\tin\ttheir\tlives,\tthe\tmore\tlikely\tpeople\twere\tto\tcatch\tcold.\tAmong\nthose\twith\tlittle\tstress,\t27\tpercent\tcame\tdown\twith\ta\tcold\tafter\tbeing\nexposed\tto\tthe\tvirus;\tamong\tthose\twith\tthe\tmost\tstressful\tlives,\t47\npercent\tgot\tthe\tcold\u2014direct\tevidence\tthat\tstress\titself\tweakens\tthe\nimmune\tsystem.\n23\n\t(While\tthis\tmay\tbe\tone\tof\tthose\tscientific\tresults\nthat\tconfirms\twhat\teveryone\thas\tobserved\tor\tsuspected\tall\talong,\tit\tis\nconsidered\ta\tlandmark\tfinding\tbecause\tof\tits\tscientific\trigor.)\nLikewise,\tmarried\tcouples\twho\tfor\tthree\tmonths\tkept\tdaily\nchecklists\tof\thassles\tand\tupsetting\tevents\tsuch\tas\tmarital\tfights\nshowed\ta\tstrong\tpattern:\tthree\tor\tfour\tdays\tafter\tan\tespecially\tintense\nbatch\tof\tupsets,\tthey\tcame\tdown\twith\ta\tcold\tor\tupper-respiratory", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "423b02687a6b-1", "page_content": "infection.\tThat\tlag\tperiod\tis\tprecisely\tthe\tincubation\ttime\tfor\tmany\ncommon\tcold\tviruses,\tsuggesting\tthat\tbeing\texposed\twhile\tthey\twere\nmost\tworried\tand\tupset\tmade\tthem\tespecially\tvulnerable.\n24\nThe\tsame\tstress-infection\tpattern\tholds\tfor\tthe\therpes\tvirus\u2014both\nthe\ttype\tthat\tcauses\tcold\tsores\ton\tthe\tlip\tand\tthe\ttype\tthat\tcauses\ngenital\tlesions.\tOnce\tpeople\thave\tbeen\texposed\tto\tthe\therpes\tvirus,\tit\nstays\tlatent\tin\tthe\tbody,\tflaring\tup\tfrom\ttime\tto\ttime.\tThe\tactivity\tof\nthe\therpes\tvirus\tcan\tbe\ttracked\tby\tlevels\tof\tantibodies\tto\tit\tin\tthe\nblood.\tUsing\tthis\tmeasure,\treactivation\tof\tthe\therpes\tvirus\thas\tbeen\nfound\tin\tmedical\tstudents\tundergoing\tyear-end\texams,\tin\trecently\nseparated\twomen,\tand\tamong\tpeople\tunder\tconstant\tpressure\tfrom\ncaring\tfor\ta\tfamily\tmember\twith\tAlzheimer\u2019s\tdisease.\n25\nThe\ttoll\tof\tanxiety\tis\tnot\tjust\tthat\tit\tlowers\tthe\timmune\tresponse;\nother\tresearch\tis\tshowing\tadverse\teffects\ton\tthe\tcardiovascular\nsystem.\tWhile\tchronic\thostility\tand\trepeated\tepisodes\tof\tanger\tseem\nto\tput\tmen\tat\tgreatest\trisk\tfor\theart\tdisease,\tthe\tmore\tdeadly\temotion\nin\twomen\tmay\tbe\tanxiety\tand\tfear.\tIn\tresearch\tat\tStanford\tUniversity\nSchool\tof\tMedicine\twith\tmore\tthan\ta\tthousand\tmen\tand\twomen\twho", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "423b02687a6b-2", "page_content": "School\tof\tMedicine\twith\tmore\tthan\ta\tthousand\tmen\tand\twomen\twho\nhad\tsuffered\ta\tfirst\theart\tattack,\tthose\twomen\twho\twent\ton\tto\tsuffer\ta\nsecond\theart\tattack\twere\tmarked\tby\thigh\tlevels\tof\tfearfulness\tand\nanxiety.\tIn\tmany\tcases\tthe\tfearfulness\ttook\tthe\tform\tof\tcrippling\nphobias:\tafter\ttheir\tfirst\theart\tattack\tthe\tpatients\tstopped\tdriving,\tquit", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8492cb55f9fc-0", "page_content": "their\tjobs,\tor\tavoided\tgoing\tout.\n26\nThe\tinsidious\tphysical\teffects\tof\tmental\tstress\tand\tanxiety\u2014the\tkind\nproduced\tby\thigh-pressure\tjobs,\tor\thigh-pressure\tlives\tsuch\tas\tthat\tof\na\tsingle\tmother\tjuggling\tday\tcare\tand\ta\tjob\u2014are\tbeing\tpinpointed\tat\nan\tanatomically\tfine-grained\tlevel.\tFor\texample,\tStephen\tManuck,\ta\nUniversity\tof\tPittsburgh\tpsychologist,\tput\tthirty\tvolunteers\tthrough\ta\nrigorous,\tanxiety-riddled\tordeal\tin\ta\tlaboratory\twhile\the\tmonitored\nthe\tmen\u2019s\tblood,\tassaying\ta\tsubstance\tsecreted\tby\tblood\tplatelets\ncalled\tadenosine\ttriphosphate,\tor\tATP,\twhich\tcan\ttrigger\tblood-vessel\nchanges\tthat\tmay\tlead\tto\theart\tattacks\tand\tstrokes.\tWhile\tthe\nvolunteers\twere\tunder\tthe\tintense\tstress,\ttheir\tATP\tlevels\trose\tsharply,\nas\tdid\ttheir\theart\trate\tand\tblood\tpressure.\nUnderstandably,\thealth\trisks\tseem\tgreatest\tfor\tthose\twhose\tjobs\tare\nhigh\tin\t\u201cstrain\u201d:\thaving\thigh-pressure\tperformance\tdemands\twhile\nhaving\tlittle\tor\tno\tcontrol\tover\thow\tto\tget\tthe\tjob\tdone\t(a\npredicament\tthat\tgives\tbus\tdrivers,\tfor\tinstance,\ta\thigh\trate\tof\nhypertension).\tFor\texample,\tin\ta\tstudy\tof\t569\tpatients\twith\tcolorectal\ncancer\tand\ta\tmatched\tcomparison\tgroup,\tthose\twho\tsaid\tthat\tin\tthe\nprevious\tten\tyears\tthey\thad\texperienced\tsevere\ton-the-job\taggravation", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8492cb55f9fc-1", "page_content": "were\tfive\tand\ta\thalf\ttimes\tmore\tlikely\tto\thave\tdeveloped\tthe\tcancer\ncompared\tto\tthose\twith\tno\tsuch\tstress\tin\ttheir\tlives.\n27\nBecause\tthe\tmedical\ttoll\tof\tdistress\tis\tso\tbroad,\trelaxation\ntechniques\u2014which\tdirectly\tcounter\tthe\tphysiological\tarousal\tof\tstress\n\u2014are\tbeing\tused\t\nclinically\tto\tease\tthe\tsymptoms\tof\ta\twide\tvariety\tof\nchronic\tillnesses.\tThese\tinclude\tcardiovascular\tdisease,\tsome\ttypes\tof\ndiabetes,\tarthritis,\tasthma,\tgastrointestinal\tdisorders,\tand\tchronic\npain,\tto\tname\ta\tfew.\tTo\tthe\tdegree\tany\tsymptoms\tare\tworsened\tby\nstress\tand\temotional\tdistress,\thelping\tpatients\tbecome\tmore\trelaxed\nand\table\tto\thandle\ttheir\tturbulent\tfeelings\tcan\toften\toffer\tsome\nreprieve.\n28\nThe\tMedical\tCosts\tof\tDepression\nShe\thad\tbeen\tdiagnosed\twith\tmetastatic\tbreast\tcancer,\ta\treturn\tand\tspread\tof\tthe\nmalignancy\tseveral\tyears\tafter\twhat\tshe\thad\tthought\twas\tsuccessful\tsurgery\tfor\tthe\ndisease.\tHer\tdoctor\tcould\tno\tlonger\ttalk\tof\ta\tcure,\tand\tthe\tchemotherapy,\tat\tbest,\nmight\toffer\tjust\ta\tfew\tmore\tmonths\tof\tlife.\tUnderstandably,\tshe\twas\tdepressed\u2014so\nmuch\tso\tthat\twhenever\tshe\twent\tto\ther\toncologist,\tshe\tfound\therself\tat\tsome\tpoint", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8492cb55f9fc-2", "page_content": "bursting\tout\tinto\ttears.\tHer\toncologist\u2019s\tresponse\teach\ttime:\tasking\ther\tto\tleave\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "870b72772619-0", "page_content": "office\timmediately.\nApart\tfrom\tthe\thurtfulness\tof\tthe\toncologist\u2019s\tcoldness,\tdid\tit\tmatter\nmedically\tthat\the\twould\tnot\tdeal\twith\this\tpatient\u2019s\tconstant\tsadness?\nBy\tthe\ttime\ta\tdisease\thas\tbecome\tso\tvirulent,\tit\twould\tbe\tunlikely\nthat\tany\temotion\twould\thave\tan\tappreciable\teffect\ton\tits\tprogress.\nWhile\tthe\twoman\u2019s\tdepression\tmost\tcertainly\tdimmed\tthe\tquality\tof\nher\tfinal\tmonths,\tthe\tmedical\tevidence\tthat\tmelancholy\tmight\taffect\nthe\tcourse\tof\tcancer\tis\tas\tyet\tmixed.\n29\n\tBut\tcancer\taside,\ta\tsmattering\nof\tstudies\tsuggest\ta\trole\tfor\tdepression\tin\tmany\tother\tmedical\nconditions,\tespecially\tin\tworsening\ta\tsickness\tonce\tit\thas\tbegun.\tThe\nevidence\tis\tmounting\tthat\tfor\tpatients\twith\tserious\tdisease\twho\tare\ndepressed,\tit\twould\tpay\tmedically\tto\ttreat\ttheir\tdepression\ttoo.\nOne\tcomplication\tin\ttreating\tdepression\tin\tmedical\tpatients\tis\tthat\nits\tsymptoms,\tincluding\tloss\tof\tappetite\tand\tlethargy,\tare\teasily\nmistaken\tfor\tsigns\tof\tother\tdiseases,\tparticularly\tby\tphysicians\twith\nlittle\ttraining\tin\tpsychiatric\tdiagnosis.\tThat\tinability\tto\tdiagnose\ndepression\tmay\titself\tadd\tto\tthe\tproblem,\tsince\tit\tmeans\tthat\ta\npatient\u2019s\tdepression\u2014like\tthat\tof\tthe\tweepy\tbreast-cancer\tpatient\u2014\ngoes\tunnoticed\tand\tuntreated.\tAnd\tthat\tfailure\tto\tdiagnose\tand\ttreat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "870b72772619-1", "page_content": "may\tadd\tto\tthe\trisk\tof\tdeath\tin\tsevere\tdisease.\nFor\tinstance,\tof\t100\tpatients\twho\treceived\tbone\tmarrow\ntransplants,\t12\tof\tthe\t13\twho\thad\tbeen\tdepressed\tdied\twithin\tthe\tfirst\nyear\tof\tthe\ttransplant,\twhile\t34\tof\tthe\tremaining\t87\twere\tstill\talive\ntwo\tyears\tlater.\n30\n\tAnd\tin\tpatients\twith\tchronic\tkidney\tfailure\twho\nwere\treceiving\tdialysis,\tthose\twho\twere\t\ndiagnosed\twith\tmajor\ndepression\twere\tmost\tlikely\tto\tdie\twithin\tthe\tfollowing\ttwo\tyears;\ndepression\twas\ta\tstronger\tpredictor\tof\tdeath\tthan\tany\tmedical\tsign.\n31\nHere\tthe\troute\tconnecting\temotion\tto\tmedical\tstatus\twas\tnot\nbiological\tbut\tattitudinal:\tThe\tdepressed\tpatients\twere\tmuch\tworse\nabout\tcomplying\twith\ttheir\tmedical\tregimens\u2014cheating\ton\ttheir\ndiets,\tfor\texample,\twhich\tput\tthem\tat\thigher\trisk.\nHeart\tdisease\ttoo\tseems\tto\tbe\texacerbated\tby\tdepression.\tIn\ta\tstudy\nof\t2,832\tmiddle-aged\tmen\tand\twomen\ttracked\tfor\ttwelve\tyears,\tthose\nwho\tfelt\ta\tsense\tof\tnagging\tdespair\tand\thopelessness\thad\ta\theightened\nrate\tof\tdeath\tfrom\theart\tdisease.\n32\n\tAnd\tfor\tthe\t3\tpercent\tor\tso\twho\nwere\tmost\tseverely\tdepressed,\tthe\tdeath\trate\tfrom\theart\tdisease,\ncompared\tto\tthe\trate\tfor\tthose\twith\tno\tfeelings\tof\tdepression,\twas\nfour\ttimes\tgreater.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "870b72772619-2", "page_content": "four\ttimes\tgreater.\nDepression\tseems\tto\tpose\ta\tparticularly\tgrave\tmedical\trisk\tfor\theart", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3b30e0c59d6a-0", "page_content": "attack\tsurvivors.\n33\n\tIn\ta\tstudy\tof\tpatients\tin\ta\tMontreal\thospital\twho\nwere\tdischarged\tafter\tbeing\ttreated\tfor\ta\tfirst\theart\tattack,\tdepressed\npatients\thad\ta\tsharply\thigher\trisk\tof\tdying\twithin\tthe\tfollowing\tsix\nmonths.\tAmong\tthe\tone\tin\teight\tpatients\twho\twere\tseriously\ndepressed,\tthe\tdeath\trate\twas\tfive\ttimes\thigher\tthan\tfor\tothers\twith\ncomparable\tdisease\u2014an\teffect\tas\tgreat\tas\tthat\tof\tmajor\tmedical\trisks\nfor\tcardiac\tdeath,\tsuch\tas\tleft\tventricular\tdysfunction\tor\ta\thistory\tof\nprevious\theart\tattacks.\tAmong\tthe\tpossible\tmechanisms\tthat\tmight\nexplain\twhy\tdepression\tso\tgreatly\tincreases\tthe\todds\tof\ta\tlater\theart\nattack\tare\tits\teffects\ton\theart\trate\tvariability,\tincreasing\tthe\trisk\tof\nfatal\tarrhythmias.\nDepression\thas\talso\tbeen\tfound\tto\tcomplicate\trecovery\tfrom\thip\nfracture.\tIn\ta\tstudy\tof\telderly\twomen\twith\thip\tfracture,\tseveral\nthousand\twere\tgiven\tpsychiatric\tevaluations\ton\ttheir\tadmission\tto\tthe\nhospital.\tThose\twho\twere\tdepressed\ton\tadmission\tstayed\tan\taverage\nof\teight\tdays\tlonger\tthan\tthose\twith\tcomparable\tinjury\tbut\tno\ndepression,\tand\twere\tonly\ta\tthird\tas\tlikely\tever\tto\twalk\tagain.\tBut\ndepressed\twomen\twho\thad\tpsychiatric\thelp\tfor\ttheir\tdepression\talong\nwith\tother\tmedical\tcare\tneeded\tless\tphysical\ttherapy\tto\twalk\tagain", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3b30e0c59d6a-1", "page_content": "and\thad\tfewer\trehospitalizations\tover\tthe\tthree\tmonths\tafter\ttheir\nreturn\thome\tfrom\tthe\thospital.\nLikewise,\tin\ta\tstudy\tof\tpatients\twhose\tcondition\twas\tso\tdire\tthat\nthey\twere\tamong\tthe\ttop\t10\tpercent\tof\tthose\tusing\tmedical\tservices\u2014\noften\tbecause\tof\thaving\tmultiple\tillnesses,\tsuch\tas\tboth\theart\tdisease\nand\tdiabetes\u2014about\tone\tin\tsix\thad\tserious\tdepression.\tWhen\tthese\npatients\twere\ttreated\tfor\tthe\tproblem,\tthe\tnumber\tof\tdays\tper\tyear\nthat\tthey\twere\tdisabled\tdropped\tfrom\t79\tto\t51\tfor\tthose\twho\thad\nmajor\tdepression,\tand\tfrom\t62\tdays\tper\tyear\tto\tjust\t18\tin\tthose\twho\nhad\tbeen\ttreated\tfor\tmild\tdepression.\n34\nTHE\tMEDICAL\tBENEFITS\tOF\n\t\nPOSITIVE\tFEELINGS\nThe\tcumulative\tevidence\tfor\tadverse\tmedical\teffects\tfrom\tanger,\nanxiety,\tand\tdepression,\tthen,\tis\tcompelling.\tBoth\tanger\tand\tanxiety,\nwhen\tchronic,\tcan\tmake\tpeople\tmore\tsusceptible\tto\ta\trange\tof\ndisease.\tAnd\twhile\tdepression\tmay\tnot\tmake\tpeople\tmore\tvulnerable\nto\tbecoming\till,\tit\tdoes\tseem\tto\timpede\tmedical\trecovery\tand\nheighten\tthe\trisk\tof\tdeath,\tespecially\twith\tmore\tfrail\tpatients\twith\nsevere\tconditions.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "07482dc046a7-0", "page_content": "But\tif\tchronic\temotional\tdistress\tin\tits\tmany\tforms\tis\ttoxic,\tthe\nopposite\trange\tof\temotion\tcan\tbe\ttonic\u2014to\ta\tdegree.\tThis\tby\tno\nmeans\tsays\tthat\tpositive\temotion\tis\tcurative,\tor\tthat\tlaughter\tor\nhappiness\talone\twill\tturn\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\tserious\tdisease.\tThe\tedge\npositive\temotions\toffer\tseems\tsubtle,\tbut,\tby\tusing\tstudies\twith\tlarge\nnumbers\tof\tpeople,\tcan\tbe\tteased\tout\tof\tthe\tmass\tof\tcomplex\tvariables\nthat\taffect\tthe\tcourse\tof\tdisease.\nThe\tPrice\tof\tPessimism\u2014and\tAdvantages\tof\tOptimism\nAs\twith\tdepression,\tthere\tare\tmedical\tcosts\tto\tpessimism\u2014and\ncorresponding\tbenefits\tfrom\toptimism.\tFor\texample,\t122\tmen\twho\nhad\ttheir\tfirst\theart\tattack\twere\tevaluated\ton\ttheir\tdegree\tof\toptimism\nor\tpessimism.\tEight\tyears\tlater,\tof\tthe\t25\tmost\tpessimistic\tmen,\t21\nhad\tdied;\tof\tthe\t25\tmost\toptimistic,\tjust\t6\thad\tdied.\tTheir\tmental\noutlook\tproved\ta\tbetter\tpredictor\tof\tsurvival\tthan\tany\tmedical\trisk\nfactor,\tincluding\tthe\tamount\tof\tdamage\tto\tthe\theart\tin\tthe\tfirst\tattack,\nartery\tblockage,\tcholesterol\tlevel,\tor\tblood\tpressure.\tAnd\tin\tother\nresearch,\tpatients\tgoing\tinto\tartery\tbypass\tsurgery\twho\twere\tmore\noptimistic\thad\ta\tmuch\tfaster\trecovery\tand\tfewer\tmedical\ncomplications\tduring\tand\tafter\tsurgery\tthan\tdid\tmore\tpessimistic", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "07482dc046a7-1", "page_content": "complications\tduring\tand\tafter\tsurgery\tthan\tdid\tmore\tpessimistic\npatients.\n35\nLike\tits\tnear\tcousin\toptimism,\thope\thas\thealing\tpower.\tPeople\twho\nhave\ta\tgreat\tdeal\tof\thopefulness\tare,\tunderstandably,\tbetter\table\tto\nbear\tup\tunder\ttrying\tcircumstances,\tincluding\tmedical\tdifficulties.\tIn\na\tstudy\tof\tpeople\tparalyzed\tfrom\tspinal\tinjuries,\tthose\twho\thad\tmore\nhope\twere\table\tto\tgain\tgreater\tlevels\tof\tphysical\tmobility\tcompared\tto\nother\tpatients\twith\tsimilar\tdegrees\tof\tinjury,\tbut\twho\tfelt\tless\thopeful.\nHope\tis\tespecially\ttelling\tin\tparalysis\tfrom\tspinal\tinjury,\tsince\tthis\nmedical\ttragedy\ttypically\tinvolves\ta\tman\twho\tis\tparalyzed\tin\this\ntwenties\tby\tan\taccident\tand\twill\tremain\tso\tfor\tthe\trest\tof\this\tlife.\tHow\nhe\treacts\temotionally\twill\thave\tbroad\tconsequences\tfor\tthe\tdegree\tto\nwhich\the\twill\tmake\tthe\tefforts\tthat\tmight\tbring\thim\tgreater\tphysical\nand\tsocial\tfunctioning.\n36\nJust\twhy\tan\toptimistic\tor\tpessimistic\toutlook\tshould\thave\thealth\nconsequences\tis\topen\tto\tany\tof\tseveral\texplanations.\tOne\ttheory\nproposes\tthat\tpessimism\tleads\tto\tdepression,\twhich\tin\tturn\tinterferes\nwith\tthe\tresistance\tof\tthe\timmune\tsystem\tto\ttumors\tand\tinfection\u2014an\nunproven\tspeculation\tat\tpresent.\tOr\tit\tmay\tbe\tthat\tpessimists\tneglect", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "07482dc046a7-2", "page_content": "themselves\u2014some\tstudies\thave\tfound\tthat\tpessimists\tsmoke\tand\tdrink", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0250c7293da3-0", "page_content": "more,\tand\texercise\tless,\tthan\toptimists,\tand\tare\tgenerally\tmuch\tmore\ncareless\tabout\ttheir\thealth\thabits.\tOr\tit\tmay\tone\tday\tturn\tout\tthat\tthe\nphysiology\tof\thopefulness\tis\titself\tsomehow\thelpful\tbiologically\tto\tthe\nbody\u2019s\tfight\tagainst\tdisease.\nWith\ta\tLittle\tHelp\tFrom\tMy\tFriends:\nThe\tMedical\tValue\tof\tRelationships\nAdd\tthe\tsounds\tof\tsilence\tto\tthe\tlist\tof\temotional\trisks\tto\thealth\u2014and\nclose\temotional\tties\tto\tthe\tlist\tof\tprotective\tfactors.\tStudies\tdone\tover\ntwo\tdecades\tinvolving\tmore\tthan\tthirty-seven\tthousand\tpeople\tshow\nthat\tsocial\tisolation\u2014the\tsense\tthat\tyou\thave\tnobody\twith\twhom\tyou\ncan\tshare\tyour\tprivate\tfeelings\tor\thave\tclose\tcontact\u2014doubles\tthe\nchances\tof\tsickness\tor\tdeath.\n37\n\tIsolation\titself,\ta\t1987\treport\tin\t\nScience\nconcluded,\t\u201cis\tas\tsignificant\tto\tmortality\trates\tas\tsmoking,\thigh\tblood\npressure,\thigh\tcholesterol,\tobesity,\tand\tlack\tof\tphysical\texercise.\u201d\nIndeed,\tsmoking\tincreases\tmortality\trisk\tby\ta\tfactor\tof\tjust\t1.6,\twhile\nsocial\tisolation\tdoes\tso\tby\ta\tfactor\tof\t2.0,\tmaking\tit\ta\tgreater\thealth\nrisk.\n38\nIsolation\tis\tharder\ton\tmen\tthan\ton\twomen.\tIsolated\tmen\twere\ttwo\nto\tthree\ttimes\tmore\tlikely\tto\tdie\tas\twere\tmen\twith\tclose\tsocial\tties;", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0250c7293da3-1", "page_content": "for\tisolated\twomen,\tthe\trisk\twas\tone\tand\ta\thalf\ttimes\tgreater\tthan\tfor\nmore\tsocially\tconnected\twomen.\tThe\tdifference\tbetween\tmen\tand\nwomen\tin\tthe\timpact\tof\tisolation\tmay\tbe\tbecause\twomen\u2019s\nrelationships\ttend\tto\tbe\temotionally\tcloser\tthan\tmen\u2019s;\ta\tfew\tstrands\nof\tsuch\tsocial\tties\tfor\ta\twoman\tmay\tbe\tmore\tcomforting\tthan\tthe\nsame\tsmall\tnumber\tof\tfriendships\tfor\ta\tman.\nOf\tcourse,\tsolitude\tis\tnot\tthe\tsame\tas\tisolation;\tmany\tpeople\twho\nlive\ton\ttheir\town\tor\tsee\tfew\tfriends\tare\tcontent\tand\thealthy.\tRather,\tit\nis\tthe\tsubjective\tsense\tof\tbeing\tcut\toff\tfrom\tpeople\tand\thaving\tno\tone\nto\tturn\tto\tthat\tis\tthe\tmedical\trisk.\tThis\tfinding\tis\tominous\tin\tlight\tof\nthe\tincreasing\tisolation\tbred\tby\tsolitary\tTV-watching\tand\tthe\tfalling\naway\tof\tsocial\thabits\tsuch\tas\tclubs\tand\tvisits\tin\tmodern\turban\nsocieties,\tand\tsuggests\tan\tadded\tvalue\tto\tself-help\tgroups\tsuch\tas\nAlcoholics\tAnonymous\tas\tsurrogate\tcommunities.\nThe\tpower\tof\tisolation\tas\ta\tmortality\trisk\tfactor\u2014and\tthe\thealing\npower\tof\tclose\tties\u2014can\tbe\tseen\tin\tthe\tstudy\tof\tone\thundred\tbone\nmarrow\ttransplant\tpatients.\n39\n\tAmong\tpatients\twho\tfelt\tthey\thad\nstrong\temotional\tsupport\tfrom\ttheir\tspouse,\tfamily,\tor\tfriends,\t54\npercent\tsurvived\tthe\ttransplants\tafter\ttwo\tyears,\tversus\tjust\t20", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "16857568a05b-0", "page_content": "percent\tamong\tthose\twho\treported\tlittle\tsuch\tsupport.\tSimilarly,\nelderly\tpeople\twho\tsuffer\theart\tattacks,\tbut\thave\ttwo\tor\tmore\tpeople\nin\ttheir\tlives\tthey\tcan\trely\ton\tfor\temotional\tsupport,\tare\tmore\tthan\ntwice\tas\tlikely\tto\tsurvive\tlonger\tthan\ta\tyear\tafter\tan\tattack\tthan\tare\nthose\tpeople\twith\tno\tsuch\tsupport.\n40\nPerhaps\tthe\tmost\ttelling\ttestimony\tto\tthe\thealing\tpotency\tof\nemotional\tties\tis\ta\tSwedish\tstudy\tpublished\tin\t1993.\n41\n\tAll\tthe\tmen\nliving\tin\tthe\tSwedish\tcity\tof\tG\u00f6teborg\twho\twere\tborn\tin\t1933\twere\noffered\ta\tfree\tmedical\texam;\tseven\tyears\tlater\tthe\t752\tmen\twho\thad\ncome\tfor\tthe\texam\twere\tcontacted\tagain.\tOf\tthese,\t41\thad\tdied\tin\tthe\nintervening\tyears.\nMen\twho\thad\toriginally\treported\tbeing\tunder\tintense\temotional\nstress\thad\ta\tdeath\trate\tthree\ttimes\tgreater\tthan\tthose\twho\tsaid\ttheir\nlives\twere\tcalm\tand\tplacid.\tThe\temotional\tdistress\twas\tdue\tto\tevents\nsuch\tas\tserious\tfinancial\ttrouble,\tfeeling\tinsecure\tat\twork\tor\tbeing\nforced\tout\tof\ta\tjob,\tbeing\tthe\tobject\tof\ta\tlegal\taction,\tor\tgoing\tthrough\na\tdivorce.\tHaving\thad\tthree\tor\tmore\tof\tthese\ttroubles\twithin\tthe\tyear\nbefore\tthe\texam\twas\ta\tstronger\tpredictor\tof\tdying\twithin\tthe\tensuing", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "16857568a05b-1", "page_content": "seven\tyears\tthan\twere\tmedical\tindicators\tsuch\tas\thigh\tblood\tpressure,\nhigh\tconcentrations\tof\tblood\ttriglycerides,\tor\thigh\tserum\tcholesterol\nlevels.\nYet\tamong\tmen\twho\tsaid\tthey\thad\ta\tdependable\tweb\tof\tintimacy\u2014\na\twife,\tclose\tfriends,\tand\tthe\tlike\u2014\nthere\twas\tno\trelationship\twhatever\nbetween\thigh\tstress\tlevels\tand\tdeath\trate.\tHaving\tpeople\tto\tturn\tto\nand\ttalk\twith,\tpeople\twho\tcould\toffer\tsolace,\thelp,\tand\tsuggestions,\nprotected\tthem\tfrom\tthe\tdeadly\timpact\tof\tlife\u2019s\trigors\tand\ttrauma.\nThe\tquality\tof\trelationships\tas\twell\tas\ttheir\tsheer\tnumber\tseems\tkey\nto\tbuffering\tstress.\tNegative\trelationships\ttake\ttheir\town\ttoll.\tMarital\narguments,\tfor\texample,\thave\ta\tnegative\timpact\ton\tthe\timmune\nsystem.\n42\n\tOne\tstudy\tof\tcollege\troommates\tfound\tthat\tthe\tmore\tthey\ndisliked\teach\tother,\tthe\tmore\tsusceptible\tthey\twere\tto\tcolds\tand\tthe\nflu,\tand\tthe\tmore\tfrequently\tthey\twent\tto\tdoctors.\tJohn\tCacioppo,\tthe\nOhio\tState\tUniversity\tpsychologist\twho\tdid\tthe\troommate\tstudy,\ttold\nme,\t\u201cIt\u2019s\tthe\tmost\timportant\trelationships\tin\tyour\tlife,\tthe\tpeople\tyou\nsee\tday\tin\tand\tday\tout,\tthat\tseem\tto\tbe\tcrucial\tfor\tyour\thealth.\tAnd\nthe\tmore\tsignificant\tthe\trelationship\tis\tin\tyour\tlife,\tthe\tmore\tit\nmatters\tfor\tyour\thealth.\u201d\n43", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "16857568a05b-2", "page_content": "matters\tfor\tyour\thealth.\u201d\n43\nThe\tHealing\tPower\tof\tEmotional\tSupport", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6aa48a1e96c5-0", "page_content": "In\t\nThe\tMerry\tAdventures\tof\tRobin\tHood\n,\tRobin\tadvises\ta\tyoung\nfollower:\t\u201cTell\tus\tthy\ttroubles\tand\tspeak\tfreely.\tA\tflow\tof\twords\tdoth\never\tease\tthe\theart\tof\tsorrows;\tit\tis\tlike\topening\tthe\twaste\twhere\tthe\nmill\tdam\tis\toverfull.\u201d\tThis\tbit\tof\tfolk\twisdom\thas\tgreat\tmerit;\nunburdening\ta\ttroubled\theart\tappears\tto\tbe\tgood\tmedicine.\tThe\nscientific\tcorroboration\tof\tRobin\u2019s\tadvice\tcomes\tfrom\tJames\nPennebaker,\ta\tSouthern\tMethodist\tUniversity\tpsychologist,\twho\thas\nshown\tin\ta\tseries\tof\texperiments\tthat\tgetting\tpeople\tto\ttalk\tabout\tthe\nthoughts\tthat\ttrouble\tthem\tmost\thas\ta\tbeneficial\tmedical\teffect.\n44\n\tHis\nmethod\tis\tremarkably\tsimple:\the\tasks\tpeople\tto\twrite,\tfor\tfifteen\tto\ntwenty\tminutes\ta\tday\tover\tfive\tor\tso\tdays,\tabout,\tfor\texample,\t\u201cthe\nmost\ttraumatic\texperience\tof\tyour\tentire\tlife,\u201d\tor\tsome\tpressing\tworry\nof\tthe\tmoment.\tWhat\tpeople\twrite\tcan\tbe\tkept\tentirely\tto\tthemselves\nif\tthey\tlike.\nThe\tnet\teffect\tof\tthis\tconfessional\tis\tstriking:\tenhanced\timmune\nfunction,\tsignificant\tdrops\tin\thealth-center\tvisits\tin\tthe\tfollowing\tsix\nmonths,\tfewer\tdays\tmissed\tfrom\twork,\tand\teven\timproved\tliver\nenzyme\tfunction.\tMoreover,\tthose\twhose\twriting\tshowed\tmost", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6aa48a1e96c5-1", "page_content": "enzyme\tfunction.\tMoreover,\tthose\twhose\twriting\tshowed\tmost\nevidence\tof\tturbulent\tfeelings\thad\tthe\tgreatest\timprovements\tin\ttheir\nimmune\tfunction.\tA\tspecific\tpattern\temerged\tas\tthe\t\u201chealthiest\u201d\tway\nto\tventilate\ttroubling\tfeelings:\tat\tfirst\texpressing\ta\thigh\tlevel\tof\nsadness,\tanxiety,\tanger\u2014whatever\ttroubling\tfeelings\tthe\ttopic\nbrought\tup;\tthen,\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\tthe\tnext\tseveral\tdays\tweaving\ta\nnarrative,\tfinding\tsome\tmeaning\tin\tthe\ttrauma\tor\ttravail.\nThat\tprocess,\tof\tcourse,\tseems\takin\tto\twhat\thappens\twhen\tpeople\nexplore\tsuch\ttroubles\tin\tpsychotherapy.\tIndeed,\tPennebaker\u2019s\tfindings\nsuggest\tone\treason\twhy\tother\tstudies\tshow\tmedical\tpatients\tgiven\npsychotherapy\tin\taddition\tto\tsurgery\tor\tmedical\ttreatment\toften\tfare\nbetter\t\nmedically\n\tthan\tdo\tthose\twho\treceive\tmedical\ttreatment\talone.\n45\nPerhaps\tthe\tmost\tpowerful\tdemonstration\tof\tthe\tclinical\tpower\tof\nemotional\tsupport\twas\tin\tgroups\tat\tStanford\tUniversity\tMedical\nSchool\tfor\twomen\twith\tadvanced\tmetastatic\tbreast\tcancer.\tAfter\tan\ninitial\ttreatment,\toften\tincluding\tsurgery,\tthese\twomen\u2019s\tcancer\thad\nreturned\tand\twas\tspreading\tthrough\ttheir\tbodies.\tIt\twas\tonly\ta\tmatter\nof\ttime,\tclinically\tspeaking,\tuntil\tthe\tspreading\tcancer\tkilled\tthem.\tDr.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6aa48a1e96c5-2", "page_content": "David\tSpiegel,\twho\tconducted\tthe\tstudy,\twas\thimself\tstunned\tby\tthe\nfindings,\tas\twas\tthe\tmedical\tcommunity:\twomen\twith\tadvanced\tbreast\ncancer\twho\twent\tto\tweekly\tmeetings\twith\tothers\tsurvived\t\ntwice\tas\nlong\n\tas\tdid\twomen\twith\tthe\tsame\tdisease\twho\tfaced\tit\ton\ttheir\town.\n46\nAll\tthe\twomen\treceived\tstandard\tmedical\tcare;\tthe\tonly\tdifference", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "87288aa1dde7-0", "page_content": "was\tthat\t\nsome\talso\twent\tto\tthe\tgroups,\twhere\tthey\twere\table\tto\nunburden\tthemselves\twith\tothers\twho\tunderstood\twhat\tthey\tfaced\nand\twere\twilling\tto\tlisten\tto\ttheir\tfears,\ttheir\tpain,\tand\ttheir\tanger.\nOften\tthis\twas\tthe\tonly\tplace\twhere\tthe\twomen\tcould\tbe\topen\tabout\nthese\temotions,\tbecause\tother\tpeople\tin\ttheir\tlives\tdreaded\ttalking\nwith\tthem\tabout\tthe\tcancer\tand\ttheir\timminent\tdeath.\tWomen\twho\nattended\tthe\tgroups\tlived\tfor\tthirty-seven\tadditional\tmonths,\ton\naverage,\twhile\tthose\twith\tthe\tdisease\twho\tdid\tnot\tgo\tto\tthe\tgroups\ndied,\ton\taverage,\tin\tnineteen\tmonths\u2014a\tgain\tin\tlife\texpectancy\tfor\nsuch\tpatients\tbeyond\tthe\treach\tof\tany\tmedication\tor\tother\tmedical\ntreatment.\tAs\tDr.\tJimmie\tHolland,\tthe\tchief\tpsychiatric\toncologist\tat\nSloan-Kettering\tMemorial\tHospital,\ta\tcancer\ttreatment\tcenter\tin\tNew\nYork\tCity,\tput\tit\tto\tme,\t\u201cEvery\tcancer\tpatient\tshould\tbe\tin\ta\tgroup\nlike\tthis.\u201d\tIndeed,\tif\tit\thad\tbeen\ta\tnew\tdrug\tthat\tproduced\tthe\nextended\tlife\texpectancy,\tpharmaceutical\tcompanies\twould\tbe\nbattling\tto\tproduce\tit.\nBRINGING\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\tTO\tMEDICAL\tCARE\nThe\tday\ta\troutine\tcheckup\tspotted\tsome\tblood\tin\tmy\turine,\tmy\tdoctor\nsent\tme\tfor\ta\tdiagnostic\ttest\tin\twhich\tI\twas\tinjected\twith\ta\tradioactive", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "87288aa1dde7-1", "page_content": "dye.\tI\tlay\ton\ta\ttable\twhile\tan\toverhead\tX-ray\tmachine\ttook\tsuccessive\nimages\tof\tthe\tdye\u2019s\tprogression\tthrough\tmy\tkidneys\tand\tbladder.\tI\nhad\tcompany\tfor\tthe\ttest:\ta\tclose\tfriend,\ta\tphysician\thimself,\nhappened\tto\tbe\tvisiting\tfor\ta\tfew\tdays\tand\toffered\tto\tcome\tto\tthe\nhospital\twith\tme.\tHe\tsat\tin\tthe\troom\twhile\tthe\tX-ray\tmachine,\ton\tan\nautomated\ttrack,\trotated\tfor\tnew\tcamera\tangles,\twhirred\tand\tclicked;\nrotated,\twhirred,\tclicked.\nThe\ttest\ttook\tan\thour\tand\ta\thalf.\tAt\tthe\tvery\tend\ta\tkidney\tspecialist\nhurried\tinto\tthe\troom,\tquickly\tintroduced\thimself,\tand\tdisappeared\tto\nscan\tthe\tX-rays.\tHe\tdidn\u2019t\treturn\tto\ttell\tme\twhat\tthey\tshowed.\nAs\twe\twere\tleaving\tthe\texam\troom\tmy\tfriend\tand\tI\tpassed\tthe\nnephrologist.\tFeeling\tshaken\tand\tsomewhat\tdazed\tby\tthe\ttest,\tI\tdid\nnot\thave\tthe\tpresence\tof\tmind\tto\task\tthe\tone\tquestion\tthat\thad\tbeen\non\tmy\tmind\tall\tmorning.\tBut\tmy\tcompanion,\tthe\tphysician,\tdid:\n\u201cDoctor,\u201d\the\tsaid,\t\u201cmy\tfriend\u2019s\tfather\tdied\tof\tbladder\tcancer.\tHe\u2019s\nanxious\tto\tknow\tif\tyou\tsaw\tany\tsigns\tof\tcancer\tin\tthe\tX-rays.\u201d\n\u201cNo\tabnormalities,\u201d\twas\tthe\tcurt\treply\tas\tthe\tnephrologist\thurried\non\tto\this\tnext\tappointment.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8700ae7a0b11-0", "page_content": "My\tinability\tto\task\tthe\tsingle\tquestion\tI\tcared\tabout\tmost\tis\nrepeated\ta\tthousand\ttimes\teach\tday\tin\thospitals\tand\tclinics\neverywhere.\tA\tstudy\tof\t\npatients\tin\tphysicians\u2019\twaiting\trooms\tfound\nthat\teach\thad\tan\taverage\tof\tthree\tor\tmore\tquestions\tin\tmind\tto\task\nthe\tphysician\tthey\twere\tabout\tto\tsee.\tBut\twhen\tthe\tpatients\tleft\tthe\nphysician\u2019s\toffice,\tan\taverage\tof\tonly\tone\tand\ta\thalf\tof\tthose\tquestions\nhad\tbeen\tanswered.\n47\n\tThis\tfinding\tspeaks\tto\tone\tof\tthe\tmany\tways\npatients\u2019\temotional\tneeds\tare\tunmet\tby\ttoday\u2019s\tmedicine.\tUnanswered\nquestions\tfeed\tuncertainty,\tfear,\tcatastrophizing.\tAnd\tthey\tlead\npatients\tto\tbalk\tat\tgoing\talong\twith\ttreatment\tregimes\tthey\tdon\u2019t\tfully\nunderstand.\nThere\tare\tmany\tways\tmedicine\tcan\texpand\tits\tview\tof\thealth\tto\ninclude\tthe\temotional\trealities\tof\tillness.\tFor\tone,\tpatients\tcould\nroutinely\tbe\toffered\tfuller\tinformation\tessential\tto\tthe\tdecisions\tthey\nmust\tmake\tabout\ttheir\town\tmedical\tcare;\tsome\tservices\tnow\toffer\tany\ncaller\ta\tstate-of-the-art\tcomputer\tsearch\tof\tthe\tmedical\tliterature\ton\nwhat\tails\tthem,\tso\tthat\tpatients\tcan\tbe\tmore\tequal\tpartners\twith\ttheir\nphysicians\tin\tmaking\tinformed\tdecisions.\n48\n\tAnother\tapproach\tis\nprograms\tthat,\tin\ta\tfew\tminutes\u2019\ttime,\tteach\tpatients\tto\tbe\teffective", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8700ae7a0b11-1", "page_content": "questioners\twith\ttheir\tphysicians,\tso\tthat\twhen\tthey\thave\tthree\nquestions\tin\tmind\tas\tthey\twait\tfor\tthe\tdoctor,\tthey\twill\tcome\tout\tof\nthe\toffice\twith\tthree\tanswers.\n49\nMoments\twhen\tpatients\tface\tsurgery\tor\tinvasive\tand\tpainful\ttests\nare\tfraught\twith\tanxiety\u2014and\tare\ta\tprime\topportunity\tto\tdeal\twith\nthe\temotional\tdimension.\tSome\thospitals\thave\tdeveloped\tpresurgery\ninstruction\tfor\tpatients\tthat\thelp\tthem\tassuage\ttheir\tfears\tand\thandle\ntheir\tdiscomforts\u2014for\texample,\tby\tteaching\tpatients\trelaxation\ntechniques,\tanswering\ttheir\tquestions\twell\tin\tadvance\tof\tsurgery,\tand\ntelling\tthem\tseveral\tdays\tahead\tof\tsurgery\tprecisely\twhat\tthey\tare\nlikely\tto\texperience\tduring\ttheir\trecovery.\tThe\tresult:\tpatients\trecover\nfrom\tsurgery\tan\taverage\tof\ttwo\tto\tthree\tdays\tsooner.\n50\nBeing\ta\thospital\tpatient\tcan\tbe\ta\ttremendously\tlonely,\thelpless\nexperience.\tBut\tsome\thospitals\thave\tbegun\tto\tdesign\trooms\tso\tthat\nfamily\tmembers\tcan\tstay\twith\tpatients,\tcooking\tand\tcaring\tfor\tthem\nas\tthey\twould\tat\thome\u2014a\tprogressive\tstep\tthat,\tironically,\tis\troutine\nthroughout\tthe\tThird\tWorld.\n51\nRelaxation\ttraining\tcan\thelp\tpatients\tdeal\twith\tsome\tof\tthe\tdistress\ntheir\tsymptoms\tbring,\tas\twell\tas\twith\tthe\temotions\tthat\tmay\tbe\ntriggering\tor\texacerbating\ttheir\tsymptoms.\tAn\texemplary\tmodel\tis\tJon", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8700ae7a0b11-2", "page_content": "Kabat-Zinn\u2019s\tStress\tReduction\tClinic\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "908be574807a-0", "page_content": "Massachusetts\tMedical\tCenter,\twhich\toffers\ta\tten-week\tcourse\tin\nmindfulness\tand\tyoga\tto\tpatients;\tthe\temphasis\tis\ton\tbeing\tmindful\tof\nemotional\tepisodes\tas\tthey\tare\thappening,\tand\ton\tcultivating\ta\tdaily\npractice\tthat\toffers\tdeep\trelaxation.\tHospitals\t\nhave\tmade\tinstructional\ntapes\tfrom\tthe\tcourse\tavailable\tover\tpatients\u2019\ttelevision\tsets\u2014a\tfar\nbetter\temotional\tdiet\tfor\tthe\tbedridden\tthan\tthe\tusual\tfare,\tsoap\noperas.\n52\nRelaxation\tand\tyoga\tare\talso\tat\tthe\tcore\tof\tthe\tinnovative\tprogram\nfor\ttreating\theart\tdisease\tdeveloped\tby\tDr.\tDean\tOrnish.\n53\n\tAfter\ta\nyear\tof\tthis\tprogram,\twhich\tincluded\ta\tlow-fat\tdiet,\tpatients\twhose\nheart\tdisease\twas\tsevere\tenough\tto\twarrant\ta\tcoronary\tbypass\nactually\treversed\tthe\tbuildup\tof\tartery-clogging\tplaque.\tOrnish\ttells\nme\tthat\trelaxation\ttraining\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\timportant\tparts\tof\tthe\nprogram.\tLike\tKabat-Zinn\u2019s,\tit\ttakes\tadvantage\tof\twhat\tDr.\tHerbert\nBenson\tcalls\tthe\t\u201crelaxation\tresponse,\u201d\tthe\tphysiological\topposite\tof\nthe\tstress\tarousal\tthat\tcontributes\tto\tsuch\ta\twide\tspectrum\tof\tmedical\nproblems.\nFinally,\tthere\tis\tthe\tadded\tmedical\tvalue\tof\tan\tempathic\tphysician\nor\tnurse,\tattuned\tto\tpatients,\table\tto\tlisten\tand\tbe\theard.\tThis\tmeans", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "908be574807a-1", "page_content": "fostering\t\u201crelationship-centered\tcare,\u201d\trecognizing\tthat\tthe\nrelationship\tbetween\tphysician\tand\tpatient\tis\titself\ta\tfactor\tof\nsignificance.\tSuch\trelationships\twould\tbe\tfostered\tmore\treadily\tif\nmedical\teducation\tincluded\tsome\tbasic\ttools\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\nespecially\tself-awareness\tand\tthe\tarts\tof\tempathy\tand\tlistening.\n54\nTOWARD\tA\tMEDICINE\tTHAT\tCARES\nSuch\tsteps\tare\ta\tbeginning.\tBut\tfor\tmedicine\tto\tenlarge\tits\tvision\tto\nembrace\tthe\timpact\tof\temotions,\ttwo\tlarge\timplications\tof\tthe\nscientific\tfindings\tmust\tbe\ttaken\tto\theart:\n1.\t\nHelping\tpeople\tbetter\tmanage\ttheir\tupsetting\tfeelings\u2014anger,\tanxiety,\ndepression,\tpessimism,\tand\tloneliness\u2014is\ta\tform\tof\tdisease\tprevention\n.\nSince\tthe\tdata\tshow\tthat\tthe\ttoxicity\tof\tthese\temotions,\twhen\tchronic,\nis\ton\ta\tpar\twith\tsmoking\tcigarettes,\thelping\tpeople\thandle\tthem\nbetter\tcould\tpotentially\thave\ta\tmedical\tpayoff\tas\tgreat\tas\tgetting\nheavy\tsmokers\tto\tquit.\tOne\tway\tto\tdo\tthis\tthat\tcould\thave\tbroad\npublic-health\teffects\twould\tbe\tto\timpart\tmost\tbasic\temotional\nintelligence\tskills\tto\tchildren,\tso\tthat\tthey\tbecome\tlifelong\thabits.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9911112e88bd-0", "page_content": "Another\thigh-payoff\tpreventive\tstrategy\twould\tbe\tto\tteach\temotion\nmanagement\tto\tpeople\treaching\tretirement\tage,\tsince\temotional\twell-\nbeing\tis\tone\tfactor\tthat\tdetermines\twhether\tan\tolder\tperson\tdeclines\nrapidly\tor\tthrives.\tA\tthird\ttarget\tgroup\tmight\tbe\tso-called\tat-risk\npopulations\u2014the\tvery\tpoor,\tsingle\tworking\tmothers,\tresidents\tof\nhigh-crime\t\nneighborhoods,\tand\tthe\tlike\u2014who\tlive\tunder\nextraordinary\tpressure\tday\tin\tand\tday\tout,\tand\tso\tmight\tdo\tbetter\nmedically\twith\thelp\tin\thandling\tthe\temotional\ttoll\tof\tthese\tstresses.\n2.\t\nMany\tpatients\tcan\tbenefit\tmeasurably\twhen\ttheir\tpsychological\tneeds\nare\tattended\tto\talong\twith\ttheir\tpurely\tmedical\tones\n.\tWhile\tit\tis\ta\tstep\ntoward\tmore\thumane\tcare\twhen\ta\tphysician\tor\tnurse\toffers\ta\ndistressed\tpatient\tcomfort\tand\tconsolation,\tmore\tcan\tbe\tdone.\tBut\nemotional\tcare\tis\tan\topportunity\ttoo\toften\tlost\tin\tthe\tway\tmedicine\tis\npracticed\ttoday;\tit\tis\ta\tblind\tspot\tfor\tmedicine.\tDespite\tmounting\tdata\non\tthe\tmedical\tusefulness\tof\tattending\tto\temotional\tneeds,\tas\twell\tas\nsupporting\tevidence\tfor\tconnections\tbetween\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\temotional\ncenter\tand\tthe\timmune\tsystem,\tmany\tphysicians\tremain\tskeptical\tthat\ntheir\tpatients\u2019\temotions\tmatter\tclinically,\tdismissing\tthe\tevidence\tfor\nthis\tas\ttrivial\tand\tanecdotal,\tas\t\u201cfringe,\u201d\tor,\tworse,\tas\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9911112e88bd-1", "page_content": "exaggerations\tof\ta\tself-promoting\tfew.\nThough\tmore\tand\tmore\tpatients\tseek\ta\tmore\thumane\tmedicine,\tit\tis\nbecoming\tendangered.\tOf\tcourse,\tthere\tremain\tdedicated\tnurses\tand\nphysicians\twho\tgive\ttheir\tpatients\ttender,\tsensitive\tcare.\tBut\tthe\nchanging\tculture\tof\tmedicine\titself,\tas\tit\tbecomes\tmore\tresponsive\tto\nthe\timperatives\tof\tbusiness,\tis\tmaking\tsuch\tcare\tincreasingly\tdifficult\nto\tfind.\nOn\tthe\tother\thand,\tthere\tmay\tbe\ta\tbusiness\tadvantage\tto\thumane\nmedicine:\ttreating\temotional\tdistress\tin\tpatients,\tearly\tevidence\nsuggests,\tcan\tsave\tmoney\u2014especially\tto\tthe\textent\tthat\tit\tprevents\tor\ndelays\tthe\tonset\tof\tsickness,\tor\thelps\tpatients\theal\tmore\tquickly.\tIn\ta\nstudy\tof\telderly\tpatients\twith\thip\tfracture\tat\tMt.\tSinai\tSchool\tof\nMedicine\tin\tNew\tYork\tCity\tand\tat\tNorthwestern\tUniversity,\tpatients\nwho\treceived\ttherapy\tfor\tdepression\tin\taddition\tto\tnormal\torthopedic\ncare\tleft\tthe\thospital\tan\taverage\tof\ttwo\tdays\tearlier;\ttotal\tsavings\tfor\nthe\thundred\tor\tso\tpatients\twas\t$97,361\tin\tmedical\tcosts.\n55\nSuch\tcare\talso\tmakes\tpatients\tmore\tsatisfied\twith\ttheir\tphysicians\nand\tmedical\ttreatment.\tIn\tthe\temerging\tmedical\tmarketplace,\twhere\npatients\toften\thave\tthe\toption\tto\tchoose\tbetween\tcompeting\thealth", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a9f5a1714e99-0", "page_content": "plans,\tsatisfaction\tlevels\twill\tno\tdoubt\tenter\tthe\tequation\tof\tthese\tvery\npersonal\tdecisions\u2014souring\texperiences\tcan\tlead\tpatients\tto\tgo\nelsewhere\tfor\tcare,\twhile\tpleasing\tones\ttranslate\tinto\tloyalty.\nFinally,\tmedical\tethics\tmay\tdemand\tsuch\tan\tapproach.\tAn\teditorial\nin\tthe\t\nJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tMedical\tAssociation\n,\tcommenting\ton\ta\nreport\tthat\tdepression\tincreases\tfivefold\tthe\tlikelihood\tof\tdying\tafter\nbeing\ttreated\tfor\ta\theart\tattack,\tnotes:\t\u201c[T]he\tclear\tdemonstration\nthat\tpsychological\tfactors\tlike\t\ndepression\tand\tsocial\tisolation\ndistinguish\tthe\tcoronary\theart\tdisease\tpatients\tat\thighest\trisk\tmeans\tit\nwould\tbe\tunethical\tnot\tto\tstart\ttrying\tto\ttreat\tthese\tfactors.\u201d\n56\nIf\tthe\tfindings\ton\temotions\tand\thealth\tmean\tanything,\tit\tis\tthat\nmedical\tcare\tthat\tneglects\thow\tpeople\t\nfeel\tas\n\tthey\tbattle\ta\tchronic\tor\nsevere\tdisease\tis\tno\tlonger\tadequate.\tIt\tis\ttime\tfor\tmedicine\tto\ttake\nmore\tmethodical\tadvantage\tof\tthe\tlink\tbetween\temotion\tand\thealth.\nWhat\tis\tnow\tthe\texception\tcould\u2014and\tshould\u2014be\tpart\tof\tthe\nmainstream,\tso\tthat\ta\tmore\tcaring\tmedicine\tis\tavailable\tto\tus\tall.\tAt\nthe\tleast\tit\twould\tmake\tmedicine\tmore\thumane.\tAnd,\tfor\tsome,\tit\ncould\tspeed\tthe\tcourse\tof\trecovery.\t\u201cCompassion,\u201d\tas\tone\tpatient\tput", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a9f5a1714e99-1", "page_content": "it\tin\tan\topen\tletter\tto\this\tsurgeon,\t\u201cis\tnot\tmere\thand\tholding.\tIt\tis\ngood\tmedicine.\u201d\n57", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a5ad81520e13-0", "page_content": "PART\tFOUR\nWINDOWS\nOF\nOPPORTUNITY", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "620e9c16cb45-0", "page_content": "12\nThe\tFamily\tCrucible\nIt\u2019s\ta\tlow-key\tfamily\ttragedy.\tCarl\tand\tAnn\tare\tshowing\ttheir\tdaughter\tLeslie,\tjust\tfive,\nhow\tto\tplay\ta\tbrand-new\tvideo\tgame.\tBut\tas\tLeslie\tstarts\tto\tplay,\ther\tparents\u2019\toverly\neager\tattempts\tto\t\u201chelp\u201d\ther\tjust\tseem\tto\tget\tin\tthe\tway.\tContradictory\torders\tfly\tin\nevery\tdirection.\n\u201cTo\tthe\tright,\tto\tthe\tright\u2014stop.\tStop.\tStop!\u201d\tAnn,\tthe\tmother,\turges,\ther\tvoice\ngrowing\tmore\tintent\tand\tanxious\tas\tLeslie,\tsucking\ton\ther\tlip\tand\tstaring\twide-eyed\tat\nthe\tvideo\tscreen,\tstruggles\tto\tfollow\tthese\tdirectives.\n\u201cSee,\tyou\u2019re\tnot\tlined\tup\t\u2026\tput\tit\tto\tthe\tleft!\tTo\tthe\tleft!\u201d\tCarl,\tthe\tgirl\u2019s\tfather,\nbrusquely\torders.\nMeanwhile\tAnn,\ther\teyes\trolling\tupward\tin\tfrustration,\tyells\tover\this\tadvice,\t\u201cStop!\nStop!\u201d\nLeslie,\tunable\tto\tplease\teither\ther\tfather\tor\ther\tmother,\tcontorts\ther\tjaw\tin\ttension\nand\tblinks\tas\ther\teyes\tfill\twith\ttears.\nHer\tparents\tstart\tbickering,\tignoring\tLeslie\u2019s\ttears.\t\u201cShe\u2019s\tnot\tmoving\tthe\tstick\t\nthat\nmuch!\u201d\tAnn\ttells\tCarl,\texasperated.\nAs\tthe\ttears\tstart\trolling\tdown\tLeslie\u2019s\tcheeks,\tneither\tparent\tmakes\tany\tmove\tthat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "620e9c16cb45-1", "page_content": "indicates\tthey\tnotice\tor\tcare.\tAs\tLeslie\traises\ther\thand\tto\twipe\ther\teyes,\ther\tfather\nsnaps,\t\u201cOkay,\tput\tyour\thand\tback\ton\tthe\tstick\t\u2026\tyou\twanna\tget\tready\tto\tshoot.\tOkay,\nput\tit\tover!\u201d\tAnd\ther\tmother\tbarks,\t\u201cOkay,\tmove\tit\tjust\ta\tteeny\tbit!\u201d\nBut\tby\tnow\tLeslie\tis\tsobbing\tsoftly,\talone\twith\ther\tanguish.\nAt\tsuch\tmoments\tchildren\tlearn\tdeep\tlessons.\tFor\tLeslie\tone\nconclusion\tfrom\tthis\tpainful\texchange\tmight\twell\tbe\tthat\tneither\ther\nparents,\tnor\tanyone\telse,\tfor\tthat\tmatter,\tcares\tabout\ther\tfeelings.\n1\nWhen\tsimilar\tmoments\tare\trepeated\tcountless\ttimes\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\nchildhood\tthey\timpart\tsome\tof\tthe\tmost\tfundamental\temotional\nmessages\tof\ta\tlifetime\u2014lessons\tthat\tcan\tdetermine\ta\tlife\tcourse.\nFamily\tlife\tis\tour\tfirst\tschool\tfor\temotional\tlearning;\tin\tthis\tintimate\ncauldron\twe\tlearn\thow\tto\tfeel\tabout\tourselves\tand\thow\t\nothers\twill\nreact\tto\tour\tfeelings;\thow\tto\tthink\tabout\tthese\tfeelings\tand\twhat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "194ba73162aa-0", "page_content": "choices\twe\thave\tin\treacting;\thow\tto\tread\tand\texpress\thopes\tand\tfears.\nThis\temotional\tschooling\toperates\tnot\tjust\tthrough\tthe\tthings\tthat\nparents\tsay\tand\tdo\tdirectly\tto\tchildren,\tbut\talso\tin\tthe\tmodels\tthey\noffer\tfor\thandling\ttheir\town\tfeelings\tand\tthose\tthat\tpass\tbetween\nhusband\tand\twife.\tSome\tparents\tare\tgifted\temotional\tteachers,\tothers\natrocious.\nThere\tare\thundreds\tof\tstudies\tshowing\tthat\thow\tparents\ttreat\ttheir\nchildren\u2014whether\twith\tharsh\tdiscipline\tor\tempathic\tunderstanding,\nwith\tindifference\tor\twarmth,\tand\tso\ton\u2014has\tdeep\tand\tlasting\nconsequences\tfor\tthe\tchild\u2019s\temotional\tlife.\tOnly\trecently,\tthough,\nhave\tthere\tbeen\thard\tdata\tshowing\tthat\thaving\temotionally\tintelligent\nparents\tis\titself\tof\tenormous\tbenefit\tto\ta\tchild.\tThe\tways\ta\tcouple\nhandles\tthe\tfeelings\tbetween\tthem\u2014in\taddition\tto\ttheir\tdirect\ndealings\twith\ta\tchild\u2014impart\tpowerful\tlessons\tto\ttheir\tchildren,\twho\nare\tastute\tlearners,\tattuned\tto\tthe\tsubtlest\temotional\texchanges\tin\tthe\nfamily.\tWhen\tresearch\tteams\tled\tby\tCarole\tHooven\tand\tJohn\tGottman\nat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tWashington\tdid\ta\tmicroanalysis\tof\tinteractions\tin\ncouples\ton\thow\tthe\tpartners\thandled\ttheir\tchildren,\tthey\tfound\tthat\nthose\tcouples\twho\twere\tmore\temotionally\tcompetent\tin\tthe\tmarriage\nwere\talso\tthe\tmost\teffective\tin\thelping\ttheir\tchildren\twith\ttheir", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "194ba73162aa-1", "page_content": "were\talso\tthe\tmost\teffective\tin\thelping\ttheir\tchildren\twith\ttheir\nemotional\tups\tand\tdowns.\n2\nThe\tfamilies\twere\tfirst\tseen\twhen\tone\tof\ttheir\tchildren\twas\tjust\tfive\nyears\told,\tand\tagain\twhen\tthe\tchild\thad\treached\tnine.\tIn\taddition\tto\nobserving\tthe\tparents\ttalk\twith\teach\tother,\tthe\tresearch\tteam\talso\nwatched\tfamilies\t(including\tLeslie\u2019s)\tas\tthe\tfather\tor\tmother\ttried\tto\nshow\ttheir\tyoung\tchild\thow\tto\toperate\ta\tnew\tvideo\tgame\u2014a\nseemingly\tinnocuous\tinteraction,\tbut\tquite\ttelling\tabout\tthe\temotional\ncurrents\tthat\trun\tbetween\tparent\tand\tchild.\nSome\tmothers\tand\tfathers\twere\tlike\tAnn\tand\tCarl:\toverbearing,\nlosing\tpatience\twith\ttheir\tchild\u2019s\tineptness,\traising\ttheir\tvoices\tin\ndisgust\tor\texasperation,\tsome\teven\tputting\ttheir\tchild\tdown\tas\n\u201cstupid\u201d\u2014in\tshort,\tfalling\tprey\tto\tthe\tsame\ttendencies\ttoward\ncontempt\tand\tdisgust\tthat\teat\taway\tat\ta\tmarriage.\tOthers,\thowever,\nwere\tpatient\twith\ttheir\tchild\u2019s\terrors,\thelping\tthe\tchild\tfigure\tthe\ngame\tout\tin\this\tor\ther\town\tway\trather\tthan\timposing\tthe\tparents\u2019\nwill.\tThe\tvideo\tgame\tsession\twas\ta\tsurprisingly\tpowerful\tbarometer\tof\nthe\tparents\u2019\temotional\tstyle.\nThe\tthree\tmost\tcommon\temotionally\tinept\tparenting\tstyles\tproved\nto\tbe:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4a69add2d053-0", "page_content": "\u2022\tIgnoring\tfeelings\taltogether\n.\tSuch\tparents\ttreat\ta\tchild\u2019s\temotional\nupset\tas\ttrivial\tor\ta\tbother,\tsomething\tthey\tshould\twait\tto\tblow\tover.\nThey\tfail\tto\tuse\temotional\tmoments\tas\ta\tchance\tto\tget\tcloser\tto\tthe\nchild\tor\tto\thelp\tthe\tchild\tlearn\tlessons\tin\temotional\tcompetence.\n\u2022\t\nBeing\ttoo\tlaissez-faire\n.\tThese\tparents\tnotice\thow\ta\tchild\tfeels,\tbut\nhold\tthat\thowever\ta\tchild\thandles\tthe\temotional\tstorm\tis\tfine\u2014even,\nsay,\thitting.\tLike\tthose\twho\tignore\ta\tchild\u2019s\tfeelings,\tthese\tparents\nrarely\tstep\tin\tto\ttry\tto\tshow\ttheir\tchild\tan\talternative\temotional\nresponse.\tThey\ttry\tto\tsoothe\tall\tupsets,\tand\twill,\tfor\tinstance,\tuse\nbargaining\tand\tbribes\tto\tget\ttheir\tchild\tto\tstop\tbeing\tsad\tor\tangry.\n\u2022\t\nBeing\tcontemptuous,\tshowing\tno\trespect\tfor\thow\tthe\tchild\tfeels\n.\tSuch\nparents\tare\ttypically\tdisapproving,\tharsh\tin\tboth\ttheir\tcriticisms\tand\ntheir\tpunishments.\tThey\tmight,\tfor\tinstance,\tforbid\tany\tdisplay\tof\tthe\nchild\u2019s\tanger\tat\tall,\tand\tbecome\tpunitive\tat\tthe\tleast\tsign\tof\nirritability.\tThese\tare\tthe\tparents\twho\tangrily\tyell\tat\ta\tchild\twho\tis\ntrying\tto\ttell\this\tside\tof\tthe\tstory,\t\u201cDon\u2019t\tyou\ttalk\tback\tto\tme!\u201d\nFinally,\tthere\tare\tparents\twho\tseize\tthe\topportunity\tof\ta\tchild\u2019s", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4a69add2d053-1", "page_content": "Finally,\tthere\tare\tparents\twho\tseize\tthe\topportunity\tof\ta\tchild\u2019s\nupset\tto\tact\tas\twhat\tamounts\tto\tan\temotional\tcoach\tor\tmentor.\tThey\ntake\ttheir\tchild\u2019s\tfeelings\tseriously\tenough\tto\ttry\tto\tunderstand\nexactly\twhat\tis\tupsetting\tthem\t(\u201cAre\tyou\tangry\tbecause\tTommy\thurt\nyour\tfeelings?\u201d)\tand\tto\thelp\tthe\tchild\tfind\tpositive\tways\tto\tsoothe\ntheir\tfeelings\t(\u201cInstead\tof\thitting\thim,\twhy\tdon\u2019t\tyou\tfind\ta\ttoy\tto\nplay\twith\ton\tyour\town\tuntil\tyou\tfeel\tlike\tplaying\twith\thim\tagain?\u201d).\nIn\torder\tfor\tparents\tto\tbe\teffective\tcoaches\tin\tthis\tway,\tthey\tmust\nhave\ta\tfairly\tgood\tgrasp\tof\tthe\trudiments\tof\temotional\tintelligence\nthemselves.\tOne\tof\tthe\tbasic\temotional\tlessons\tfor\ta\tchild,\tfor\nexample,\tis\thow\tto\tdistinguish\tamong\tfeelings;\ta\tfather\twho\tis\ttoo\ntuned\tout\tof,\tsay,\this\town\tsadness\tcannot\thelp\this\tson\tunderstand\tthe\ndifference\tbetween\tgrieving\tover\ta\tloss,\tfeeling\tsad\tin\ta\tsad\tmovie,\nand\tthe\tsadness\tthat\tarises\twhen\tsomething\tbad\thappens\tto\tsomeone\nthe\tchild\tcares\tabout.\tBeyond\tthis\tdistinction,\tthere\tare\tmore\nsophisticated\tinsights,\tsuch\tas\tthat\tanger\tis\tso\toften\tprompted\tby\tfirst\nfeeling\thurt.\nAs\tchildren\tgrow\tthe\tspecific\temotional\tlessons\tthey\tare\tready\tfor\u2014", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4a69add2d053-2", "page_content": "As\tchildren\tgrow\tthe\tspecific\temotional\tlessons\tthey\tare\tready\tfor\u2014\nand\tin\tneed\tof\u2014shift.\tAs\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t7\n\tthe\tlessons\tin\tempathy\nbegin\tin\tinfancy,\twith\tparents\twho\tattune\tto\ttheir\tbaby\u2019s\tfeelings.\nThough\tsome\temotional\tskills\tare\thoned\twith\tfriends\tthrough\tthe\nyears,\temotionally\tadept\tparents\tcan\tdo\tmuch\tto\thelp\ttheir\tchildren", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eb293266aaae-0", "page_content": "with\teach\tof\tthe\tbasics\tof\temotional\tintelligence:\tlearning\thow\tto\nrecognize,\tmanage,\tand\tharness\ttheir\tfeelings;\tempathizing;\tand\nhandling\tthe\tfeelings\tthat\tarise\tin\ttheir\trelationships.\nThe\timpact\ton\tchildren\tof\tsuch\tparenting\tis\textraordinarily\nsweeping.\n3\n\tThe\tUniversity\tof\tWashington\tteam\tfound\tthat\twhen\nparents\tare\temotionally\t\nadept,\tcompared\tto\tthose\twho\thandle\tfeelings\npoorly,\ttheir\tchildren\u2014understandably\u2014get\talong\tbetter\twith,\tshow\nmore\taffection\ttoward,\tand\thave\tless\ttension\taround\ttheir\tparents.\tBut\nbeyond\tthat,\tthese\tchildren\talso\tare\tbetter\tat\thandling\ttheir\town\nemotions,\tare\tmore\teffective\tat\tsoothing\tthemselves\twhen\tupset,\tand\nget\tupset\tless\toften.\tThe\tchildren\tare\talso\tmore\trelaxed\t\nbiologically\n,\nwith\tlower\tlevels\tof\tstress\thormones\tand\tother\tphysiological\nindicators\tof\temotional\tarousal\t(a\tpattern\tthat,\tif\tsustained\tthrough\nlife,\tmight\twell\taugur\tbetter\tphysical\thealth,\tas\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\n11\n).\tOther\tadvantages\tare\tsocial:\tthese\tchildren\tare\tmore\tpopular\nwith\tand\tare\tbetter-liked\tby\ttheir\tpeers,\tand\tare\tseen\tby\ttheir\tteachers\nas\tmore\tsocially\tskilled.\tTheir\tparents\tand\tteachers\talike\trate\tthese\nchildren\tas\thaving\tfewer\tbehavioral\tproblems\tsuch\tas\trudeness\tor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eb293266aaae-1", "page_content": "children\tas\thaving\tfewer\tbehavioral\tproblems\tsuch\tas\trudeness\tor\naggressiveness.\tFinally,\tthe\tbenefits\tare\tcognitive;\tthese\tchildren\tcan\npay\tattention\tbetter,\tand\tso\tare\tmore\teffective\tlearners.\tHolding\tIQ\nconstant,\tthe\tfive-year-olds\twhose\tparents\twere\tgood\tcoaches\thad\nhigher\tachievement\tscores\tin\tmath\tand\treading\twhen\tthey\treached\nthird\tgrade\t(a\tpowerful\targument\tfor\tteaching\temotional\tskills\tto\thelp\nprepare\tchildren\tfor\tlearning\tas\twell\tas\tlife).\tThus\tthe\tpayoff\tfor\nchildren\twhose\tparents\tare\temotionally\tadept\tis\ta\tsurprising\u2014almost\nastounding\u2014range\tof\tadvantages\tacross,\tand\tbeyond,\tthe\tspectrum\tof\nemotional\tintelligence.\nHEART\tSTART\nThe\timpact\tof\tparenting\ton\temotional\tcompetence\tstarts\tin\tthe\tcradle.\nDr.\tT.\tBerry\tBrazelton,\tthe\teminent\tHarvard\tpediatrician,\thas\ta\tsimple\ndiagnostic\ttest\tof\ta\tbaby\u2019s\tbasic\toutlook\ttoward\tlife.\tHe\toffers\ttwo\nblocks\tto\tan\teight-month-old,\tand\tthen\tshows\tthe\tbaby\thow\the\twants\nher\tto\tput\tthe\ttwo\tblocks\ttogether.\tA\tbaby\twho\tis\thopeful\tabout\tlife,\nwho\thas\tconfidence\tin\ther\town\tabilities,\tsays\tBrazelton,\nwill\tpick\tup\tone\tblock,\tmouth\tit,\trub\tit\tin\ther\thair,\tdrop\tit\tover\tthe\tside\tof\tthe\ttable,\nwatching\tto\tsee\twhether\tyou\twill\tretrieve\tit\tfor\ther.\tWhen\tyou\tdo,\tshe\tfinally", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5dd30bf7ea42-0", "page_content": "completes\tthe\trequested\ttask\u2014place\tthe\ttwo\tblocks\ttogether.\tThen\tshe\tlooks\tup\tat\tyou\nwith\ta\tbright-eyed\tlook\tof\texpectancy\tthat\tsays,\t\u201cTell\tme\thow\tgreat\tI\tam!\u201d\n4\nBabies\tlike\tthese\thave\tgotten\ta\tgoodly\tdose\tof\tapproval\tand\nencouragement\tfrom\tthe\tadults\tin\ttheir\tlives;\tthey\texpect\tto\tsucceed\nin\tlife\u2019s\tlittle\tchallenges.\tBy\tcontrast,\tbabies\twho\tcome\tfrom\thomes\ntoo\tbleak,\tchaotic,\tor\t\nneglectful\tgo\tabout\tthe\tsame\tsmall\ttask\tin\ta\tway\nthat\tsignals\tthey\talready\texpect\tto\tfail.\tIt\tis\tnot\tthat\tthese\tbabies\tfail\nto\tbring\tthe\tblocks\ttogether;\tthey\tunderstand\tthe\tinstruction\tand\thave\nthe\tcoordination\tto\tcomply.\tBut\teven\twhen\tthey\tdo,\treports\tBrazelton,\ntheir\tdemeanor\tis\t\u201changdog,\u201d\ta\tlook\tthat\tsays,\t\u201cI\u2019m\tno\tgood.\tSee,\tI\u2019ve\nfailed.\u201d\tSuch\tchildren\tare\tlikely\tto\tgo\tthrough\tlife\twith\ta\tdefeatist\noutlook,\texpecting\tno\tencouragement\tor\tinterest\tfrom\tteachers,\nfinding\tschool\tjoyless,\tperhaps\teventually\tdropping\tout.\nThe\tdifference\tbetween\tthe\ttwo\toutlooks\u2014children\twho\tare\nconfident\tand\toptimistic\tversus\tthose\twho\texpect\tto\tfail\u2014starts\tto\ntake\tshape\tin\tthe\tfirst\tfew\tyears\tof\tlife.\tParents,\tsays\tBrazelton,\t\u201cneed\nto\tunderstand\thow\ttheir\tactions\tcan\thelp\tgenerate\tthe\tconfidence,\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5dd30bf7ea42-1", "page_content": "to\tunderstand\thow\ttheir\tactions\tcan\thelp\tgenerate\tthe\tconfidence,\tthe\ncuriosity,\tthe\tpleasure\tin\tlearning\tand\tthe\tunderstanding\tof\tlimits\u201d\nthat\thelp\tchildren\tsucceed\tin\tlife.\tHis\tadvice\tis\tinformed\tby\ta\tgrowing\nbody\tof\tevidence\tshowing\tthat\tsuccess\tin\tschool\tdepends\tto\ta\nsurprising\textent\ton\temotional\tcharacteristics\tformed\tin\tthe\tyears\nbefore\ta\tchild\tenters\tschool.\tAs\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t6\n,\tfor\texample,\tthe\nability\tof\tfour-year-olds\tto\tcontrol\tthe\timpulse\tto\tgrab\tfor\ta\nmarshmallow\tpredicted\ta\t210-point\tadvantage\tin\ttheir\tSAT\tscores\nfourteen\tyears\tlater.\nThe\tfirst\topportunity\tfor\tshaping\tthe\tingredients\tof\temotional\nintelligence\tis\tin\tthe\tearliest\tyears,\tthough\tthese\tcapacities\tcontinue\tto\nform\tthroughout\tthe\tschool\tyears.\tThe\temotional\tabilities\tchildren\nacquire\tin\tlater\tlife\tbuild\ton\tthose\tof\tthe\tearliest\tyears.\tAnd\tthese\nabilities,\tas\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t6\n,\tare\tthe\tessential\tfoundation\tfor\tall\nlearning.\tA\treport\tfrom\tthe\tNational\tCenter\tfor\tClinical\tInfant\nPrograms\tmakes\tthe\tpoint\tthat\tschool\tsuccess\tis\tnot\tpredicted\tby\ta\nchild\u2019s\tfund\tof\tfacts\tor\ta\tprecocious\tability\tto\tread\tso\tmuch\tas\tby\nemotional\tand\tsocial\tmeasures:\tbeing\tself-assured\tand\tinterested;\nknowing\twhat\tkind\tof\tbehavior\tis\texpected\tand\thow\tto\trein\tin\tthe\nimpulse\tto\tmisbehave;\tbeing\table\tto\twait,\tto\tfollow\tdirections,\tand\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5dd30bf7ea42-2", "page_content": "turn\tto\tteachers\tfor\thelp;\tand\texpressing\tneeds\twhile\tgetting\talong\nwith\tother\tchildren.\n5\nAlmost\tall\tstudents\twho\tdo\tpoorly\tin\tschool,\tsays\tthe\treport,\tlack", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e58d54c7e5cc-0", "page_content": "one\tor\tmore\tof\tthese\telements\tof\temotional\tintelligence\t(regardless\tof\nwhether\tthey\talso\thave\tcognitive\tdifficulties\tsuch\tas\tlearning\ndisabilities).\tThe\tmagnitude\tof\tthe\tproblem\tis\tnot\tminor;\tin\tsome\nstates\tclose\tto\tone\tin\tfive\tchildren\thave\tto\trepeat\tfirst\tgrade,\tand\tthen\nas\tthe\tyears\tgo\ton\tfall\tfurther\tbehind\ttheir\tpeers,\tbecoming\nincreasingly\tdiscouraged,\tresentful,\tand\tdisruptive.\nA\tchild\u2019s\treadiness\tfor\tschool\tdepends\ton\tthe\tmost\tbasic\tof\tall\nknowledge,\t\nhow\n\tto\tlearn.\tThe\treport\tlists\tthe\tseven\tkey\tingredients\tof\nthis\tcrucial\tcapacity\u2014all\trelated\tto\temotional\tintelligence:\n6\n1.\t\nConfidence\n.\tA\tsense\tof\tcontrol\tand\tmastery\tof\tone\u2019s\tbody,\nbehavior,\tand\tworld;\tthe\tchild\u2019s\tsense\tthat\the\tis\tmore\tlikely\tthan\tnot\nto\tsucceed\tat\twhat\the\tundertakes,\tand\tthat\tadults\twill\tbe\thelpful.\n2.\t\nCuriosity\n.\tThe\tsense\tthat\tfinding\tout\tabout\tthings\tis\tpositive\tand\nleads\tto\tpleasure.\n3.\t\nIntentionality\n.\tThe\twish\tand\tcapacity\tto\thave\tan\timpact,\tand\tto\nact\tupon\tthat\twith\tpersistence.\tThis\tis\trelated\tto\ta\tsense\tof\ncompetence,\tof\tbeing\teffective.\n4.\t\nSelf-control\n.\tThe\tability\tto\tmodulate\tand\tcontrol\tone\u2019s\town\nactions\tin\tage-appropriate\tways;\ta\tsense\tof\tinner\tcontrol.\n5.\t\nRelatedness\n.\tThe\tability\tto\tengage\twith\tothers\tbased\ton\tthe\tsense", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e58d54c7e5cc-1", "page_content": "Relatedness\n.\tThe\tability\tto\tengage\twith\tothers\tbased\ton\tthe\tsense\nof\tbeing\tunderstood\tby\tand\tunderstanding\tothers.\n6.\t\nCapacity\tto\tcommunicate\n.\tThe\twish\tand\tability\tto\tverbally\nexchange\tideas,\tfeelings,\tand\tconcepts\twith\tothers.\tThis\tis\trelated\tto\ta\nsense\tof\ttrust\tin\tothers\tand\tof\tpleasure\tin\tengaging\twith\tothers,\nincluding\tadults.\n7.\t\nCooperativeness\n.\tThe\tability\tto\tbalance\tone\u2019s\town\tneeds\twith\nthose\tof\tothers\tin\tgroup\tactivity.\nWhether\tor\tnot\ta\tchild\tarrives\tat\tschool\ton\tthe\tfirst\tday\tof\nkindergarten\twith\tthese\tcapabilities\tdepends\tgreatly\ton\thow\tmuch\ther\nparents\u2014and\tpreschool\tteachers\u2014have\tgiven\ther\tthe\tkind\tof\tcare\tthat\namounts\tto\ta\t\u201cHeart\tStart,\u201d\tthe\temotional\tequivalent\tof\tthe\tHead\tStart\nprograms.\nGETTING\tTHE\tEMOTIONAL\tBASICS\nSay\ta\ttwo-month-old\tbaby\twakes\tup\tat\t3\t\nA.M\n.\tand\tstarts\tcrying.\tHer\nmother\tcomes\tin\tand,\tfor\tthe\tnext\thalf\thour,\tthe\tbaby\tcontentedly", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b15b9709a752-0", "page_content": "nurses\tin\ther\tmother\u2019s\tarms\twhile\ther\tmother\tgazes\tat\ther\naffectionately,\ttelling\ther\tthat\tshe\u2019s\thappy\tto\tsee\ther,\teven\tin\tthe\nmiddle\tof\tthe\tnight.\tThe\tbaby,\tcontent\tin\ther\tmother\u2019s\tlove,\tdrifts\nback\tto\tsleep.\nNow\tsay\tanother\ttwo-month-old\tbaby,\twho\talso\tawoke\tcrying\tin\nthe\twee\thours,\tis\tmet\tinstead\tby\ta\tmother\twho\tis\ttense\tand\tirritable,\nhaving\tfallen\tasleep\tjust\tan\thour\tbefore\tafter\ta\tfight\twith\ther\nhusband.\tThe\tbaby\tstarts\tto\ttense\tup\tthe\tmoment\this\tmother\tabruptly\npicks\thim\tup,\ttelling\thim,\t\u201cJust\tbe\tquiet\u2014I\tcan\u2019t\tstand\tone\tmore\nthing!\tCome\ton,\tlet\u2019s\tget\tit\tover\twith.\u201d\tAs\tthe\tbaby\tnurses\this\tmother\nstares\tstonily\tahead,\tnot\tlooking\tat\thim,\treviewing\ther\tfight\twith\this\nfather,\tgetting\tmore\tagitated\therself\tas\tshe\tmulls\tit\tover.\tThe\tbaby,\nsensing\ther\ttension,\tsquirms,\tstiffens,\tand\tstops\tnursing.\t\u201cThat\u2019s\tall\nyou\t\nwant?\u201d\this\tmother\tsays.\t\u201cThen\tdon\u2019t\teat.\u201d\tWith\tthe\tsame\nabruptness\tshe\tputs\thim\tback\tin\this\tcrib\tand\tstalks\tout,\tletting\thim\ncry\tuntil\the\tfalls\tback\tto\tsleep,\texhausted.\nThe\ttwo\tscenarios\tare\tpresented\tby\tthe\treport\tfrom\tthe\tNational", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b15b9709a752-1", "page_content": "The\ttwo\tscenarios\tare\tpresented\tby\tthe\treport\tfrom\tthe\tNational\nCenter\tfor\tClinical\tInfant\tPrograms\tas\texamples\tof\tthe\tkinds\tof\ninteraction\tthat,\tif\trepeated\tover\tand\tover,\tinstill\tvery\tdifferent\nfeelings\tin\ta\ttoddler\tabout\thimself\tand\this\tclosest\trelationships.\n7\n\tThe\nfirst\tbaby\tis\tlearning\tthat\tpeople\tcan\tbe\ttrusted\tto\tnotice\ther\tneeds\nand\tcounted\ton\tto\thelp,\tand\tthat\tshe\tcan\tbe\teffective\tin\tgetting\thelp;\nthe\tsecond\tis\tfinding\tthat\tno\tone\treally\tcares,\tthat\tpeople\tcan\u2019t\tbe\ncounted\ton,\tand\tthat\this\tefforts\tto\tget\tsolace\twill\tmeet\twith\tfailure.\tOf\ncourse,\tmost\tbabies\tget\tat\tleast\ta\ttaste\tof\tboth\tkinds\tof\tinteraction.\nBut\tto\tthe\tdegree\tthat\tone\tor\tthe\tother\tis\ttypical\tof\thow\tparents\ttreat\na\tchild\tover\tthe\tyears,\tbasic\temotional\tlessons\twill\tbe\timparted\tabout\nhow\tsecure\ta\tchild\tis\tin\tthe\tworld,\thow\teffective\the\tfeels,\tand\thow\ndependable\tothers\tare.\tErik\tErikson\tput\tit\tin\tterms\tof\twhether\ta\tchild\ncomes\tto\tfeel\ta\t\u201cbasic\ttrust\u201d\tor\ta\tbasic\tmistrust.\nSuch\temotional\tlearning\tbegins\tin\tlife\u2019s\tearliest\tmoments,\tand\ncontinues\tthroughout\tchildhood.\tAll\tthe\tsmall\texchanges\tbetween\nparent\tand\tchild\thave\tan\temotional\tsubtext,\tand\tin\tthe\trepetition\tof\nthese\tmessages\tover\tthe\tyears\tchildren\tform\tthe\tcore\tof\ttheir", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b15b9709a752-2", "page_content": "these\tmessages\tover\tthe\tyears\tchildren\tform\tthe\tcore\tof\ttheir\nemotional\toutlook\tand\tcapabilities.\tA\tlittle\tgirl\twho\tfinds\ta\tpuzzle\nfrustrating\tand\tasks\ther\tbusy\tmother\tto\thelp\tgets\tone\tmessage\tif\tthe\nreply\tis\tthe\tmother\u2019s\tclear\tpleasure\tat\tthe\trequest,\tand\tquite\tanother\tif\nit\u2019s\ta\tcurt\t\u201cDon\u2019t\tbother\tme\u2014I\u2019ve\tgot\timportant\twork\tto\tdo.\u201d\tWhen\nsuch\tencounters\tbecome\ttypical\tof\tchild\tand\tparent,\tthey\tmold\tthe\nchild\u2019s\temotional\texpectations\tabout\trelationships,\toutlooks\tthat\twill", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7ef56290d267-0", "page_content": "flavor\ther\tfunctioning\tin\tall\trealms\tof\tlife,\tfor\tbetter\tor\tworse.\nThe\trisks\tare\tgreatest\tfor\tthose\tchildren\twhose\tparents\tare\tgrossly\ninept\u2014immature,\tabusing\tdrugs,\tdepressed\tor\tchronically\tangry,\tor\nsimply\taimless\tand\tliving\tchaotic\tlives.\tSuch\tparents\tare\tfar\tless\tlikely\nto\tgive\tadequate\tcare,\tlet\talone\tattune\tto\ttheir\ttoddler\u2019s\temotional\nneeds.\tSimple\tneglect,\tstudies\tfind,\tcan\tbe\tmore\tdamaging\tthan\noutright\tabuse.\n8\n\tA\tsurvey\tof\tmaltreated\tchildren\tfound\tthe\tneglected\nyoungsters\tdoing\tthe\tworst\tof\tall:\tthey\twere\tthe\tmost\tanxious,\ninattentive,\tand\tapathetic,\talternately\taggressive\tand\twithdrawn.\tThe\nrate\tfor\thaving\tto\trepeat\tfirst\tgrade\tamong\tthem\twas\t65\tpercent.\nThe\tfirst\tthree\tor\tfour\tyears\tof\tlife\tare\ta\tperiod\twhen\tthe\ttoddler\u2019s\nbrain\tgrows\tto\tabout\ttwo\tthirds\tits\tfull\tsize,\tand\tevolves\tin\tcomplexity\nat\ta\tgreater\trate\tthan\tit\tever\twill\tagain.\tDuring\tthis\tperiod\tkey\tkinds\nof\tlearning\ttake\tplace\tmore\treadily\tthan\tlater\tin\tlife\u2014emotional\nlearning\tforemost\tamong\tthem.\t\nDuring\tthis\ttime\tsevere\tstress\tcan\nimpair\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\tlearning\tcenters\t(and\tso\tbe\tdamaging\tto\tthe\nintellect).\tThough\tas\twe\tshall\tsee,\tthis\tcan\tbe\tremedied\tto\tsome\textent", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7ef56290d267-1", "page_content": "by\texperiences\tlater\tin\tlife,\tthe\timpact\tof\tthis\tearly\tlearning\tis\nprofound.\tAs\tone\treport\tsums\tup\tthe\tkey\temotional\tlesson\tof\tlife\u2019s\nfirst\tfour\tyears,\tthe\tlasting\tconsequences\tare\tgreat:\nA\tchild\twho\tcannot\tfocus\this\tattention,\twho\tis\tsuspicious\trather\tthan\ttrusting,\tsad\tor\nangry\trather\tthan\toptimistic,\tdestructive\trather\tthan\trespectful\tand\tone\twho\tis\novercome\twith\tanxiety,\tpreoccupied\twith\tfrightening\tfantasy\tand\tfeels\tgenerally\nunhappy\tabout\thimself\u2014such\ta\tchild\thas\tlittle\topportunity\tat\tall,\tlet\talone\tequal\nopportunity,\tto\tclaim\tthe\tpossibilities\tof\tthe\tworld\tas\this\town.\n9\nHOW\tTO\tRAISE\tA\tBULLY\nMuch\tcan\tbe\tlearned\tabout\tthe\tlifelong\teffects\tof\temotionally\tinept\nparenting\u2014particularly\tits\trole\tin\tmaking\tchildren\taggressive\u2014from\nlongitudinal\tstudies\tsuch\tas\tone\tof\t870\tchildren\tfrom\tupstate\tNew\nYork\twho\twere\tfollowed\tfrom\tthe\ttime\tthey\twere\teight\tuntil\tthey\nwere\tthirty.\n10\n\tThe\tmost\tbelligerent\tamong\tthe\tchildren\u2014those\nquickest\tto\tstart\tfights\tand\twho\thabitually\tused\tforce\tto\tget\ttheir\tway\n\u2014were\tthe\tmost\tlikely\tto\thave\tdropped\tout\tof\tschool\tand,\tby\tage\nthirty,\tto\thave\ta\trecord\tfor\tcrimes\tof\tviolence.\tThey\talso\tseemed\tto\tbe\nhanding\tdown\ttheir\tpropensity\tto\tviolence:\ttheir\tchildren\twere,\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7ef56290d267-2", "page_content": "grade\tschool,\tjust\tlike\tthe\ttroublemakers\ttheir\tdelinquent\tparent\thad", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e012b6ea3f5a-0", "page_content": "been.\nThere\tis\ta\tlesson\tin\thow\taggressiveness\tis\tpassed\tfrom\tgeneration\tto\ngeneration.\tAny\tinherited\tpropensities\taside,\tthe\ttroublemakers\tas\ngrownups\tacted\tin\ta\tway\tthat\tmade\tfamily\tlife\ta\tschool\tfor\taggression.\nAs\tchildren,\tthe\ttroublemakers\thad\tparents\twho\tdisciplined\tthem\twith\narbitrary,\trelentless\tseverity;\tas\tparents\tthey\trepeated\tthe\tpattern.\nThis\twas\ttrue\twhether\tit\thad\tbeen\tthe\tfather\tor\tthe\tmother\twho\thad\nbeen\tidentified\tin\tchildhood\tas\thighly\taggressive.\tAggressive\tlittle\ngirls\tgrew\tup\tto\tbe\tjust\tas\tarbitrary\tand\tharshly\tpunitive\twhen\tthey\nbecame\tmothers\tas\tthe\taggressive\tboys\twere\tas\tfathers.\tAnd\twhile\nthey\tpunished\ttheir\tchildren\twith\tspecial\tseverity,\tthey\totherwise\ttook\nlittle\tinterest\tin\ttheir\tchildren\u2019s\tlives,\tin\teffect\tignoring\tthem\tmuch\tof\nthe\ttime.\tAt\tthe\tsame\ttime\tthe\tparents\toffered\tthese\tchildren\ta\tvivid\u2014\nand\tviolent\u2014example\tof\taggressiveness,\ta\tmodel\tthe\tchildren\ttook\nwith\tthem\tto\tschool\tand\tto\tthe\tplayground,\tand\tfollowed\tthroughout\nlife.\tThe\tparents\twere\tnot\tnecessarily\tmean-spirited,\tnor\tdid\tthey\tfail\nto\twish\tthe\tbest\t\nfor\ttheir\tchildren;\trather,\tthey\tseemed\tto\tbe\tsimply\nrepeating\tthe\tstyle\tof\tparenting\tthat\thad\tbeen\tmodeled\tfor\tthem\tby\ntheir\town\tparents.\nIn\tthis\tmodel\tfor\tviolence,\tthese\tchildren\twere\tdisciplined", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e012b6ea3f5a-1", "page_content": "In\tthis\tmodel\tfor\tviolence,\tthese\tchildren\twere\tdisciplined\ncapriciously:\tif\ttheir\tparents\twere\tin\ta\tbad\tmood,\tthey\twould\tbe\nseverely\tpunished;\tif\ttheir\tparents\twere\tin\ta\tgood\tmood,\tthey\tcould\nget\taway\twith\tmayhem\tat\thome.\tThus\tpunishment\tcame\tnot\tso\tmuch\nbecause\tof\twhat\tthe\tchild\thad\tdone,\tbut\tby\tvirtue\tof\thow\tthe\tparent\nfelt.\tThis\tis\ta\trecipe\tfor\tfeelings\tof\tworthlessness\tand\thelplessness,\tand\nfor\tthe\tsense\tthat\tthreats\tare\teverywhere\tand\tmay\tstrike\tat\tany\ttime.\nSeen\tin\tlight\tof\tthe\thome\tlife\tthat\tspawns\tit,\tsuch\tchildren\u2019s\ncombative\tand\tdefiant\tposture\ttoward\tthe\tworld\tat\tlarge\tmakes\ta\ncertain\tsense,\tunfortunate\tthough\tit\tremains.\tWhat\tis\tdisheartening\tis\nhow\tearly\tthese\tdispiriting\tlessons\tcan\tbe\tlearned,\tand\thow\tgrim\tthe\ncosts\tfor\ta\tchild\u2019s\temotional\tlife\tcan\tbe.\nABUSE:\tTHE\tEXTINCTION\tOF\tEMPATHY\nIn\tthe\trough-and-tumble\tplay\tof\tthe\tday-care\tcenter,\tMartin,\tjust\ttwo\tand\ta\thalf,\nbrushed\tup\tagainst\ta\tlittle\tgirl,\twho,\tinexplicably,\tbroke\tout\tcrying.\tMartin\treached\tfor\nher\thand,\tbut\tas\tthe\tsobbing\tgirl\tmoved\taway,\tMartin\tslapped\ther\ton\tthe\tarm.\nAs\ther\ttears\tcontinued\tMartin\tlooked\taway\tand\tyelled,\t\u201cCut\tit\tout!\t\nCut\tit\tout!\u201d\n\tover", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e012b6ea3f5a-2", "page_content": "Cut\tit\tout!\u201d\n\tover\nand\tover,\teach\ttime\tfaster\tand\tlouder.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "09b091b19d84-0", "page_content": "When\tMartin\tthen\tmade\tanother\tattempt\tto\tpat\ther,\tagain\tshe\tresisted.\tThis\ttime\nMartin\tbared\this\tteeth\tlike\ta\tsnarling\tdog,\thissing\tat\tthe\tsobbing\tgirl.\nOnce\tmore\tMartin\tstarted\tpatting\tthe\tcrying\tgirl,\tbut\tthe\tpats\ton\tthe\tback\tquickly\nturned\tinto\tpounding,\tand\tMartin\twent\ton\thitting\tand\thitting\tthe\tpoor\tlittle\tgirl\ndespite\ther\tscreams.\nThat\tdisturbing\tencounter\ttestifies\tto\thow\tabuse\u2014being\tbeaten\nrepeatedly,\tat\tthe\twhim\tof\ta\tparent\u2019s\tmoods\u2014warps\ta\tchild\u2019s\tnatural\nbent\ttoward\tempathy.\n11\n\tMartin\u2019s\tbizarre,\talmost\tbrutal\tresponse\tto\this\nplaymate\u2019s\tdistress\tis\ttypical\tof\tchildren\tlike\thim,\twho\thave\nthemselves\tbeen\tthe\tvictims\tof\tbeatings\tand\tother\tphysical\tabuse\nsince\ttheir\tinfancy.\tThe\tresponse\tstands\tin\tstark\tcontrast\tto\ttoddlers\u2019\nusual\tsympathetic\tentreaties\tand\tattempts\tto\tconsole\ta\tcrying\nplaymate,\treviewed\tin\t\nChapter\t7\n.\tMartin\u2019s\tviolent\tresponse\tto\tdistress\nat\tthe\tday-care\tcenter\tmay\twell\tmirror\tthe\tlessons\the\tlearned\tat\thome\nabout\ttears\tand\tanguish:\tcrying\tis\tmet\tat\tfirst\twith\ta\tperemptory\nconsoling\tgesture,\tbut\tif\tit\tcontinues,\tthe\tprogression\tis\tfrom\tnasty\nlooks\tand\tshouts,\tto\t\nhitting,\tto\toutright\tbeating.\tPerhaps\tmost", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "09b091b19d84-1", "page_content": "hitting,\tto\toutright\tbeating.\tPerhaps\tmost\ntroubling,\tMartin\talready\tseems\tto\tlack\tthe\tmost\tprimitive\tsort\tof\nempathy,\tthe\tinstinct\tto\tstop\taggression\tagainst\tsomeone\twho\tis\thurt.\nAt\ttwo\tand\ta\thalf\the\tdisplays\tthe\tbudding\tmoral\timpulses\tof\ta\tcruel\nand\tsadistic\tbrute.\nMartin\u2019s\tmeanness\tin\tplace\tof\tempathy\tis\ttypical\tof\tother\tchildren\nlike\thim\twho\tare\talready,\tat\ttheir\ttender\tage,\tscarred\tby\tsevere\nphysical\tand\temotional\tabuse\tat\thome.\tMartin\twas\tpart\tof\ta\tgroup\tof\nnine\tsuch\ttoddlers,\tages\tone\tto\tthree,\twitnessed\tin\ta\ttwo-hour\nobservation\tat\this\tday-care\tcenter.\tThe\tabused\ttoddlers\twere\ncompared\twith\tnine\tothers\tat\tthe\tday-care\tcenter\tfrom\tequally\nimpoverished,\thigh-stress\thomes,\tbut\twho\twere\tnot\tphysically\tabused.\nThe\tdifferences\tin\thow\tthe\ttwo\tgroups\tof\ttoddlers\treacted\twhen\nanother\tchild\twas\thurt\tor\tupset\twere\tstark.\tOf\ttwenty-three\tsuch\nincidents,\tfive\tof\tthe\tnine\tnonabused\ttoddlers\tresponded\tto\tthe\ndistress\tof\ta\tchild\tnearby\twith\tconcern,\tsadness,\tor\tempathy.\tBut\tin\nthe\ttwenty-seven\tinstances\twhere\tthe\tabused\tchildren\tcould\thave\ndone\tso,\tnot\tone\tshowed\tthe\tleast\tconcern;\tinstead\tthey\treacted\tto\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "09b091b19d84-2", "page_content": "crying\tchild\twith\texpressions\tof\tfear,\tanger,\tor,\tlike\tMartin,\ta\tphysical\nattack.\nOne\tabused\tlittle\tgirl,\tfor\tinstance,\tmade\ta\tferocious,\tthreatening\nface\tat\tanother\twho\thad\tbroken\tout\tinto\ttears.\tOne-year-old\tThomas,\nanother\tof\tthe\tabused\tchildren,\tfroze\tin\tterror\twhen\the\theard\ta\tchild", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7e05c6d76841-0", "page_content": "crying\tacross\tthe\troom;\the\tsat\tcompletely\tstill,\this\tface\tfull\tof\tfear,\nback\tstiffly\tstraight,\this\ttension\tincreasing\tas\tthe\tcrying\tcontinued\u2014as\nthough\tbracing\tfor\tan\tattack\thimself.\tAnd\ttwenty-eight-month-old\nKate,\talso\tabused,\twas\talmost\tsadistic:\tpicking\ton\tJoey,\ta\tsmaller\ninfant,\tshe\tknocked\thim\tto\tthe\tground\twith\ther\tfeet,\tand\tas\the\tlay\nthere\tlooked\ttenderly\tat\thim\tand\tbegan\tpatting\thim\tgently\ton\tthe\nback\u2014only\tto\tintensify\tthe\tpats\tinto\thitting\thim\tharder\tand\tharder,\nignoring\this\tmisery.\tShe\tkept\tswinging\taway\tat\thim,\tleaning\tin\tto\tslug\nhim\tsix\tor\tseven\ttimes\tmore,\tuntil\the\tcrawled\taway.\nThese\tchildren,\tof\tcourse,\ttreat\tothers\tas\tthey\tthemselves\thave\tbeen\ntreated.\tAnd\tthe\tcallousness\tof\tthese\tabused\tchildren\tis\tsimply\ta\tmore\nextreme\tversion\tof\tthat\tseen\tin\tchildren\twhose\tparents\tare\tcritical,\nthreatening,\tand\tharsh\tin\ttheir\tpunishments.\tSuch\tchildren\talso\ttend\nto\tlack\tconcern\twhen\tplaymates\tget\thurt\tor\tcry;\tthey\tseem\tto\nrepresent\tone\tend\tof\ta\tcontinuum\tof\tcoldness\tthat\tpeaks\twith\tthe\nbrutality\tof\tthe\tabused\tchildren.\tAs\tthey\tgo\ton\tthrough\tlife,\tthey\tare,\nas\ta\tgroup,\tmore\tlikely\tto\thave\tcognitive\tdifficulties\tin\tlearning,\tmore", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7e05c6d76841-1", "page_content": "likely\tto\tbe\taggressive\tand\tunpopular\twith\ttheir\tpeers\t(small\twonder,\nif\ttheir\tpreschool\ttoughness\tis\ta\tharbinger\tof\tthe\tfuture),\tmore\tprone\nto\tdepression,\tand,\tas\tadults,\tmore\tlikely\tto\tget\tinto\ttrouble\twith\tthe\nlaw\tand\tcommit\tmore\tcrimes\tof\tviolence.\n12\nThis\tfailure\tof\tempathy\tis\tsometimes,\tif\tnot\toften,\trepeated\tover\ngenerations,\twith\tbrutal\tparents\thaving\tthemselves\tbeen\tbrutalized\tby\ntheir\town\tparents\tin\tchildhood.\n13\n\tIt\tstands\tin\tdramatic\tcontrast\tto\tthe\nempathy\tordinarily\tdisplayed\tby\tchildren\tof\tparents\twho\tare\nnurturing,\tencouraging\ttheir\ttoddlers\tto\tshow\tconcern\tfor\tothers\tand\nto\tunderstand\thow\tmeanness\tmakes\tother\tchildren\tfeel.\tLacking\tsuch\nlessons\tin\tempathy,\tthese\tchildren\tseem\tnot\tto\tlearn\tit\tat\tall.\nWhat\tis\tperhaps\tmost\ttroubling\tabout\tthe\tabused\ttoddlers\tis\thow\nearly\tthey\tseem\tto\thave\tlearned\tto\trespond\tlike\tminiature\tversions\tof\ntheir\town\tabusive\tparents.\tBut\tgiven\tthe\tphysical\tbeatings\tthey\nreceived\tas\ta\tsometimes\tdaily\tdiet,\tthe\temotional\tlessons\tare\tall\ttoo\nclear.\tRemember\tthat\tit\tis\tin\tmoments\twhen\tpassions\trun\thigh\tor\ta\ncrisis\tis\tupon\tus\tthat\tthe\tprimitive\tproclivities\tof\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\tlimbic\ncenters\ttake\ton\ta\tmore\tdominant\trole.\tAt\tsuch\tmoments\tthe\thabits\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7e05c6d76841-2", "page_content": "emotional\tbrain\thas\tlearned\tover\tand\tover\twill\tdominate,\tfor\tbetter\tor\nworse.\nSeeing\thow\tthe\tbrain\titself\tis\tshaped\tby\tbrutality\u2014or\tby\tlove\u2014\nsuggests\tthat\tchildhood\trepresents\ta\tspecial\twindow\tof\topportunity\nfor\temotional\tlessons.\tThese\tbattered\tchildren\thave\thad\tan\tearly\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6d68a001b1ef-0", "page_content": "steady\tdiet\tof\ttrauma.\tPerhaps\tthe\tmost\tinstructive\tparadigm\tfor\nunderstanding\tthe\temotional\tlearning\tsuch\tabused\tchildren\thave\nundergone\tis\tin\tseeing\thow\ttrauma\tcan\tleave\ta\tlasting\timprint\ton\tthe\nbrain\u2014and\thow\teven\tthese\tsavage\timprints\tcan\tbe\tmended.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6420e158dfd7-0", "page_content": "13\nTrauma\tand\tEmotional\tRelearning\nSom\tChit,\ta\tCambodian\trefugee,\tbalked\twhen\ther\tthree\tsons\tasked\ther\nto\tbuy\tthem\ttoy\tAK-47\tmachine\tguns.\tHer\tsons\u2014ages\tsix,\tnine,\tand\neleven\u2014wanted\tthe\ttoy\tguns\tto\tplay\tthe\tgame\tsome\tof\tthe\tkids\tat\ntheir\tschool\tcalled\tPurdy.\tIn\tthe\tgame,\tPurdy,\tthe\tvillain,\tuses\ta\nsubmachine\tgun\tto\tmassacre\ta\tgroup\tof\tchildren,\tthen\tturns\tit\ton\nhimself.\tSometimes,\tthough,\tthe\tchildren\thave\tit\tend\tdifferently:\tit\tis\nthey\twho\tkill\tPurdy.\nPurdy\twas\tthe\tmacabre\treenactment\tby\tsome\tof\tthe\tsurvivors\tof\tthe\ncatastrophic\tevents\tof\tFebruary\t17,\t1989,\tat\tCleveland\tElementary\nSchool\tin\tStockton,\tCalifornia.\tThere,\tduring\tthe\tschool\u2019s\tlate-morning\nrecess\tfor\tfirst,\tsecond,\tand\tthird\tgraders,\tPatrick\tPurdy\u2014who\thad\nhimself\tattended\tthose\tgrades\tat\tCleveland\tElementary\tsome\ttwenty\nyears\tearlier\u2014stood\tat\tthe\tplayground\u2019s\tedge\tand\tfired\twave\tafter\nwave\tof\t7.22\tmm\tbullets\tat\tthe\thundreds\tof\tchildren\tat\tplay.\tFor\nseven\tminutes\tPurdy\tsprayed\tbullets\ttoward\tthe\tplayground,\tthen\tput\na\tpistol\tto\this\thead\tand\tshot\thimself.\tWhen\tthe\tpolice\tarrived\tthey\nfound\tfive\tchildren\tdying,\ttwenty-nine\twounded.\nIn\tensuing\tmonths,\tthe\tPurdy\tgame\tspontaneously\tappeared\tin\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6420e158dfd7-1", "page_content": "In\tensuing\tmonths,\tthe\tPurdy\tgame\tspontaneously\tappeared\tin\tthe\nplay\tof\tboys\tand\tgirls\tat\tCleveland\tElementary,\tone\tof\tmany\tsigns\tthat\nthose\tseven\tminutes\tand\ttheir\taftermath\twere\tseared\tinto\tthe\nchildren\u2019s\tmemory.\tWhen\tI\tvisited\tthe\tschool,\tjust\ta\tshort\tbike\tride\nfrom\tthe\tneighborhood\tnear\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tthe\tPacific\twhere\tI\nmyself\thad\tgrown\tup,\tit\twas\tfive\tmonths\tafter\tPurdy\thad\tturned\tthat\nrecess\tinto\ta\tnightmare.\tHis\tpresence\twas\tstill\tpalpable,\teven\tthough\nthe\tmost\thorrific\tof\tthe\tgrisly\tremnants\tof\tthe\tshooting\u2014swarms\tof\nbullet\tholes,\tpools\tof\tblood,\tbits\tof\tflesh,\tskin,\tand\tscalp\u2014were\tgone\nby\tthe\tmorning\tafter\tthe\tshooting,\twashed\taway\tand\tpainted\tover.\nBy\tthen\tthe\tdeepest\tscars\tat\tCleveland\tElementary\twere\tnot\tto\tthe\nbuilding\tbut\tto\tthe\tpsyches\tof\tthe\tchildren\tand\tstaff\tthere,\twho\twere\ntrying\tto\tcarry\ton\twith\tlife\tas\tusual.\n1\n\tPerhaps\tmost\tstriking\twas\thow\nthe\tmemory\tof\tthose\tfew\tminutes\twas\trevived\tagain\tand\tagain\tby\tany\nsmall\tdetail\tthat\twas\tsimilar\tin\tthe\tleast.\tA\tteacher\ttold\tme,\tfor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4d0c1c7617e0-0", "page_content": "example,\tthat\ta\twave\tof\tfright\tswept\tthrough\tthe\tschool\twith\tthe\nannouncement\tthat\tSt.\tPatrick\u2019s\tDay\twas\tcoming;\ta\tnumber\tof\tthe\nchildren\tsomehow\tgot\tthe\tidea\tthat\tthe\tday\twas\tto\thonor\tthe\tkiller,\nPatrick\tPurdy.\n\u201cWhenever\twe\thear\tan\tambulance\ton\tits\tway\tto\tthe\trest\thome\tdown\nthe\tstreet,\teverything\thalts,\u201d\tanother\tteacher\ttold\tme.\t\u201cThe\tkids\tall\nlisten\tto\tsee\tif\tit\twill\tstop\there\tor\tgo\ton.\u201d\tFor\tseveral\tweeks\tmany\nchildren\twere\tterrified\tof\tthe\tmirrors\tin\tthe\trestrooms;\ta\trumor\tswept\nthe\tschool\tthat\t\u201cBloody\tVirgin\tMary,\u201d\tsome\tkind\tof\tfantasied\tmonster,\nlurked\tthere.\tWeeks\tafter\tthe\tshooting\ta\tfrantic\tgirl\tcame\trunning\tup\nto\tthe\tschool\u2019s\tprincipal,\tPat\tBusher,\tyelling,\t\u201cI\thear\tshots!\tI\thear\nshots!\u201d\tThe\tsound\twas\tfrom\tthe\tswinging\tchain\ton\ta\ttetherball\tpole.\nMany\tchildren\tbecame\thypervigilant,\tas\tthough\tcontinually\ton\nguard\tagainst\ta\trepetition\tof\tthe\tterror;\tsome\tboys\tand\tgirls\twould\nhover\tat\trecess\tnext\tto\tthe\tclassroom\tdoors,\tnot\tdaring\tto\tventure\tout\nto\tthe\tplayground\twhere\tthe\tkillings\thad\toccurred.\tOthers\twould\tonly\nplay\tin\tsmall\tgroups,\tposting\ta\tdesignated\tchild\tas\tlookout.\tMany\ncontinued\tfor\tmonths\tto\tavoid\tthe\t\u201cevil\u201d\tareas,\twhere\tchildren\thad\ndied.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4d0c1c7617e0-1", "page_content": "died.\nThe\tmemories\tlived\ton,\ttoo,\tas\tdisturbing\tdreams,\tintruding\tinto\nthe\tchildren\u2019s\tunguarded\tminds\tas\tthey\tslept.\tApart\tfrom\tnightmares\nrepeating\tthe\tshooting\titself\tin\tsome\tway,\tchildren\twere\tflooded\twith\nanxiety\tdreams\tthat\tleft\tthem\tapprehensive\tthat\tthey\ttoo\twould\tdie\nsoon.\tSome\tchildren\ttried\tto\tsleep\twith\ttheir\teyes\topen\tso\tthey\nwouldn\u2019t\tdream.\nAll\tof\tthese\treactions\tare\twell\tknown\tto\tpsychiatrists\tas\tamong\tthe\nkey\tsymptoms\tof\tpost-traumatic\tstress\tdisorder,\tor\tPTSD.\tAt\tthe\tcore\nof\tsuch\ttrauma,\tsays\tDr.\tSpencer\tEth,\ta\tchild\tpsychiatrist\twho\nspecializes\tin\tPTSD\tin\tchildren,\tis\t\u201cthe\tintrusive\tmemory\tof\tthe\ncentral\tviolent\taction:\tthe\tfinal\tblow\twith\ta\tfist,\tthe\tplunge\tof\ta\tknife,\nthe\tblast\tof\ta\tshotgun.\tThe\tmemories\tare\tintense\tperceptual\nexperiences\u2014the\tsight,\tsound,\tand\tsmell\tof\tgunfire;\tthe\tscreams\tor\nsudden\tsilence\tof\tthe\tvictim;\tthe\tsplash\tof\tblood;\tthe\tpolice\tsirens.\u201d\nThese\tvivid,\tterrifying\tmoments,\tneuroscientists\tnow\tsay,\tbecome\nmemories\temblazoned\tin\tthe\temotional\tcircuitry.\tThe\tsymptoms\tare,\nin\teffect,\tsigns\tof\tan\toveraroused\tamygdala\timpelling\tthe\tvivid\nmemories\tof\ta\ttraumatic\tmoment\tto\tcontinue\tto\tintrude\ton\tawareness.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4d0c1c7617e0-2", "page_content": "As\tsuch,\tthe\ttraumatic\tmemories\t\nbecome\tmental\thair\ttriggers,\tready\nto\tsound\tan\talarm\tat\tthe\tleast\thint\tthat\tthe\tdread\tmoment\tis\tabout\tto\nhappen\tonce\tagain.\tThis\thair-trigger\tphenomenon\tis\ta\thallmark\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "86d0bf560d46-0", "page_content": "emotional\ttrauma\tof\tall\tkinds,\tincluding\tsuffering\trepeated\tphysical\nabuse\tin\tchildhood.\nAny\ttraumatizing\tevent\tcan\timplant\tsuch\ttrigger\tmemories\tin\tthe\namygdala:\ta\tfire\tor\tan\tauto\taccident,\tbeing\tin\ta\tnatural\tcatastrophe\nsuch\tas\tan\tearthquake\tor\ta\thurricane,\tbeing\traped\tor\tmugged.\nHundreds\tof\tthousands\tof\tpeople\teach\tyear\tendure\tsuch\tdisasters,\tand\nmany\tor\tmost\tcome\taway\twith\tthe\tkind\tof\temotional\twounding\tthat\nleaves\tits\timprint\ton\tthe\tbrain.\nViolent\tacts\tare\tmore\tpernicious\tthan\tnatural\tcatastrophes\tsuch\tas\ta\nhurricane\tbecause,\tunlike\tvictims\tof\ta\tnatural\tdisaster,\tvictims\tof\nviolence\tfeel\tthemselves\tto\thave\tbeen\tintentionally\tselected\tas\tthe\ntarget\tof\tmalevolence.\tThat\tfact\tshatters\tassumptions\tabout\tthe\ntrustworthiness\tof\tpeople\tand\tthe\tsafety\tof\tthe\tinterpersonal\tworld,\tan\nassumption\tnatural\tcatastrophes\tleave\tuntouched.\tWithin\tan\tinstant,\nthe\tsocial\tworld\tbecomes\ta\tdangerous\tplace,\tone\tin\twhich\tpeople\tare\npotential\tthreats\tto\tyour\tsafety.\nHuman\tcruelties\tstamp\ttheir\tvictims\u2019\tmemories\twith\ta\ttemplate\tthat\nregards\twith\tfear\tanything\tvaguely\tsimilar\tto\tthe\tassault\titself.\tA\tman\nwho\twas\tstruck\ton\tthe\tback\tof\this\thead,\tnever\tseeing\this\tattacker,\twas\nso\tfrightened\tafterward\tthat\the\twould\ttry\tto\twalk\tdown\tthe\tstreet", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "86d0bf560d46-1", "page_content": "directly\tin\tfront\tof\tan\told\tlady\tto\tfeel\tsafe\tfrom\tbeing\thit\ton\tthe\thead\nagain.\n2\n\tA\twoman\twho\twas\tmugged\tby\ta\tman\twho\tgot\ton\tan\televator\nwith\ther\tand\tforced\ther\tout\tat\tknifepoint\tto\tan\tunoccupied\tfloor\twas\nfearful\tfor\tweeks\tof\tgoing\tinto\tnot\tjust\televators,\tbut\talso\tthe\tsubway\nor\tany\tother\tenclosed\tspace\twhere\tshe\tmight\tfeel\ttrapped;\tshe\tran\nfrom\ther\tbank\twhen\tshe\tsaw\ta\tman\tput\this\thand\tin\this\tjacket\tas\tthe\nmugger\thad\tdone.\nThe\timprint\tof\thorror\tin\tmemory\u2014and\tthe\tresulting\thypervigilance\n\u2014can\tlast\ta\tlifetime,\tas\ta\tstudy\tof\tHolocaust\tsurvivors\tfound.\tClose\tto\nfifty\tyears\tafter\tthey\thad\tendured\tsemistarvation,\tthe\tslaughter\tof\ntheir\tloved\tones,\tand\tconstant\tterror\tin\tNazi\tdeath\tcamps,\tthe\nhaunting\tmemories\twere\tstill\talive.\tA\tthird\tsaid\tthey\tfelt\tgenerally\nfearful.\tNearly\tthree\tquarters\tsaid\tthey\tstill\tbecame\tanxious\tat\nreminders\tof\tthe\tNazi\tpersecution,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tsight\tof\ta\tuniform,\ta\nknock\tat\tthe\tdoor,\tdogs\tbarking,\tor\tsmoke\trising\tfrom\ta\tchimney.\nAbout\t60\tpercent\tsaid\tthey\tthought\tabout\tthe\tHolocaust\talmost\tdaily,\neven\tafter\ta\thalf\tcentury;\tof\tthose\twith\tactive\tsymptoms,\tas\tmany\tas", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "86d0bf560d46-2", "page_content": "eight\tin\tten\tstill\tsuffered\tfrom\trepeated\tnightmares.\tAs\tone\tsurvivor\nsaid,\t\u201cIf\tyou\u2019ve\tbeen\tthrough\tAuschwitz\tand\tyou\tdon\u2019t\thave\nnightmares,\tthen\tyou\u2019re\tnot\tnormal.\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "03523a91fa88-0", "page_content": "HORROR\tFROZEN\tIN\tMEMORY\nThe\twords\tof\ta\tforty-eight-year-old\tVietnam\tvet,\tsome\ttwenty-four\nyears\tafter\tenduring\ta\thorrifying\tmoment\tin\ta\tfaraway\tland:\nI\tcan\u2019t\tget\tthe\tmemories\tout\tof\tmy\tmind!\tThe\timages\tcome\tflooding\tback\tin\tvivid\ndetail,\ttriggered\tby\tthe\tmost\tinconsequential\tthings,\tlike\ta\tdoor\tslamming,\tthe\tsight\tof\nan\tOriental\twoman,\tthe\ttouch\tof\ta\tbamboo\tmat,\tor\tthe\tsmell\tof\tstir-fried\tpork.\tLast\nnight\tI\twent\tto\tbed,\twas\thaving\ta\tgood\tsleep\tfor\ta\tchange.\tThen\tin\tthe\tearly\tmorning\ta\nstorm\tfront\tpassed\tthrough\tand\tthere\twas\ta\tbolt\tof\tcrackling\tthunder.\tI\tawoke\ninstantly,\tfrozen\tin\tfear.\tI\tam\tright\tback\tin\tVietnam,\tin\tthe\tmiddle\tof\tthe\tmonsoon\nseason\tat\tmy\tguard\tpost.\tI\tam\tsure\tI\u2019ll\tget\thit\tin\tthe\tnext\tvolley\tand\tconvinced\tI\twill\ndie.\tMy\thands\tare\tfreezing,\tyet\tsweat\tpours\tfrom\tmy\tentire\tbody.\tI\tfeel\teach\thair\ton\nthe\tback\tof\tmy\tneck\tstanding\ton\tend.\tI\tcan\u2019t\tcatch\tmy\tbreath\tand\tmy\theart\tis\npounding.\tI\tsmell\ta\tdamp\tsulfur\tsmell.\tSuddenly\tI\tsee\twhat\u2019s\tleft\tof\tmy\tbuddy\nTroy\t\u2026\ton\ta\tbamboo\tplatter,\tsent\tback\tto\tour\tcamp\tby\tthe\tVietcong.\u2026\tThe\tnext\tbolt", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "03523a91fa88-1", "page_content": "of\tlightning\tand\tclap\tof\tthunder\tmakes\tme\tjump\tso\tmuch\tthat\tI\tfall\tto\tthe\tfloor.\n3\nThis\thorrible\tmemory,\tvividly\tfresh\tand\tdetailed\tthough\tmore\tthan\ntwo\tdecades\told,\tstill\tholds\tthe\tpower\tto\tinduce\tthe\tsame\tfear\tin\tthis\nex-soldier\tthat\the\tfelt\ton\tthat\tfateful\tday.\tPTSD\trepresents\ta\tperilous\nlowering\tof\tthe\tneural\tsetpoint\tfor\talarm,\tleaving\tthe\tperson\tto\treact\nto\tlife\u2019s\tordinary\tmoments\tas\tthough\tthey\twere\temergencies.\tThe\nhijacking\tcircuit\tdiscussed\tin\t\nChapter\t2\n\tseems\tcritical\tin\tleaving\tsuch\na\tpowerful\tbrand\ton\tmemory:\tthe\tmore\tbrutal,\tshocking,\tand\nhorrendous\tthe\tevents\tthat\ttrigger\tthe\tamygdala\thijacking,\tthe\tmore\nindelible\tthe\tmemory.\tThe\tneural\tbasis\tfor\tthese\tmemories\tappears\tto\nbe\ta\tsweeping\talteration\tin\tthe\tchemistry\tof\tthe\tbrain\tset\tin\tmotion\tby\na\tsingle\tinstance\tof\toverwhelming\tterror.\n4\n\tWhile\tthe\tPTSD\tfindings\nare\ttypically\tbased\ton\tthe\timpact\tof\ta\tsingle\tepisode,\tsimilar\tresults\ncan\tcome\tfrom\tcruelties\tinflicted\tover\ta\tperiod\tof\tyears,\tas\tis\tthe\tcase\nwith\tchildren\twho\tare\tsexually,\tphysically,\tor\temotionally\tabused.\nThe\tmost\tdetailed\twork\ton\tthese\tbrain\tchanges\tis\tbeing\tdone\tat\tthe\nNational\tCenter\tfor\tPost-Traumatic\tStress\tDisorder,\ta\tnetwork\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "03523a91fa88-2", "page_content": "research\tsites\tbased\tat\tVeterans\u2019\tAdministration\thospitals\twhere\tthere\nare\tlarge\tpools\tof\tthose\twho\tsuffer\tfrom\tPTSD\tamong\tthe\tveterans\tof\nVietnam\tand\tother\twars.\tIt\tis\tfrom\tstudies\ton\tvets\tsuch\tas\tthese\tthat\nmost\tof\tour\tknowledge\tof\tPTSD\thas\tcome.\tBut\tthese\tinsights\tapply\tas\nwell\tto\tchildren\twho\thave\tsuffered\tsevere\temotional\ttrauma,\tsuch\tas\nthose\tat\tCleveland\tElementary.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bfc2dacba938-0", "page_content": "\u201cVictims\tof\ta\tdevastating\ttrauma\tmay\tnever\tbe\tthe\tsame\nbiologically,\u201d\tDr.\tDennis\tCharney\ttold\tme.\n5\n\tA\tYale\tpsychiatrist,\nCharney\tis\tdirector\tof\tclinical\tneuroscience\tat\tthe\tNational\tCenter.\t\u201cIt\ndoes\tnot\tmatter\tif\tit\twas\tthe\tincessant\tterror\tof\tcombat,\ttorture,\tor\nrepeated\tabuse\tin\tchildhood,\tor\ta\tone-time\texperience,\tlike\tbeing\ntrapped\tin\ta\thurricane\tor\tnearly\tdying\tin\tan\tauto\taccident.\tAll\nuncontrollable\tstress\tcan\thave\tthe\tsame\tbiological\timpact.\u201d\nThe\toperative\tword\tis\t\nuncontrollable\n.\tIf\tpeople\tfeel\tthere\tis\nsomething\tthey\tcan\tdo\tin\ta\tcatastrophic\tsituation,\tsome\tcontrol\tthey\ncan\texert,\tno\tmatter\thow\tminor,\tthey\tfare\tfar\tbetter\temotionally\tthan\ndo\tthose\twho\tfeel\tutterly\thelpless.\tThe\telement\tof\thelplessness\tis\twhat\nmakes\ta\tgiven\tevent\t\nsubjectively\n\toverwhelming.\tAs\tDr.\tJohn\tKrystal,\ndirector\tof\tthe\tcenter\u2019s\tLaboratory\tof\tClinical\tPsychopharmacology,\ntold\tme,\t\u201cSay\tsomeone\tbeing\tattacked\twith\ta\tknife\tknows\thow\tto\ndefend\thimself\tand\ttakes\taction,\twhile\tanother\tperson\tin\tthe\tsame\npredicament\tthinks,\t\u2018I\u2019m\tdead.\u2019\tThe\thelpless\tperson\tis\tthe\tone\tmore\nsusceptible\tto\tPTSD\tafterward.\tIt\u2019s\tthe\tfeeling\tthat\tyour\tlife\tis\tin\ndanger", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bfc2dacba938-1", "page_content": "danger\t\nand\tthere\u2019s\tnothing\tyou\tcan\tdo\tto\tescape\tit\n\u2014that\u2019s\tthe\tmoment\nthe\tbrain\tchange\tbegins.\u201d\nHelplessness\tas\tthe\twild\tcard\tin\ttriggering\tPTSD\thas\tbeen\tshown\tin\ndozens\tof\tstudies\ton\tpairs\tof\tlaboratory\trats,\teach\tin\ta\tdifferent\tcage,\neach\tbeing\tgiven\tmild\u2014but,\tto\ta\trat,\tvery\tstressful\u2014electric\tshocks\tof\nidentical\tseverity.\tOnly\tone\trat\thas\ta\tlever\tin\tits\tcage;\twhen\tthe\trat\npushes\tthe\tlever,\tthe\tshock\tstops\tfor\tboth\tcages.\tOver\tdays\tand\tweeks,\nboth\trats\tget\tprecisely\tthe\tsame\tamount\tof\tshock.\tBut\tthe\trat\twith\tthe\npower\tto\tturn\tthe\tshocks\toff\tcomes\tthrough\twithout\tlasting\tsigns\tof\nstress.\tIt\tis\tonly\tin\tthe\thelpless\tone\tof\tthe\tpair\tthat\tthe\tstress-induced\nbrain\tchanges\toccur.\n6\n\tFor\ta\tchild\tbeing\tshot\tat\ton\ta\tplayground,\nseeing\this\tplaymates\tbleeding\tand\tdying\u2014or\tfor\ta\tteacher\tthere,\nunable\tto\tstop\tthe\tcarnage\u2014that\thelplessness\tmust\thave\tbeen\npalpable.\nPTSD\tAS\tA\n\t\nLIMBIC\tDISORDER\nIt\thad\tbeen\tmonths\tsince\ta\thuge\tearthquake\tshook\ther\tout\tof\tbed\tand\nsent\ther\tyelling\tin\tpanic\tthrough\tthe\tdarkened\thouse\tto\tfind\ther\tfour-\nyear-old\tson.\tThey\thuddled\tfor\thours\tin\tthe\tLos\tAngeles\tnight\tcold", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bfc2dacba938-2", "page_content": "under\ta\tprotective\tdoorway,\tpinned\tthere\twithout\tfood,\twater,\tor\nlight\twhile\twave\tafter\twave\tof\taftershocks\ttumbled\tthe\tground", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "aa55c011283c-0", "page_content": "beneath\tthem.\tNow,\tmonths\tlater,\tshe\thad\tlargely\trecovered\tfrom\tthe\nready\tpanic\tthat\tgripped\ther\tfor\tthe\tfirst\tfew\tdays\tafterward,\twhen\ta\ndoor\tslamming\tcould\tstart\ther\tshivering\twith\tfear.\tThe\tone\t\nlingering\nsymptom\twas\ther\tinability\tto\tsleep,\ta\tproblem\tthat\tstruck\tonly\ton\nthose\tnights\ther\thusband\twas\taway\u2014as\the\thad\tbeen\tthe\tnight\tof\tthe\nquake.\nThe\tmain\tsymptoms\tof\tsuch\tlearned\tfearfulness\u2014including\tthe\tmost\nintense\tkind,\tPTSD\u2014can\tbe\taccounted\tfor\tby\tchanges\tin\tthe\tlimbic\ncircuitry\tfocusing\ton\tthe\tamygdala.\n7\n\tSome\tof\tthe\tkey\tchanges\tare\tin\nthe\tlocus\tceruleus,\ta\tstructure\tthat\tregulates\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\tsecretion\tof\ntwo\tsubstances\tcalled\t\ncatecholamines:\n\tadrenaline\tand\tnoradrenaline.\nThese\tneurochemicals\tmobilize\tthe\tbody\tfor\tan\temergency;\tthe\tsame\ncatecholamine\tsurge\tstamps\tmemories\twith\tspecial\tstrength.\tIn\tPTSD\nthis\tsystem\tbecomes\thyperreactive,\tsecreting\textra-large\tdoses\tof\nthese\tbrain\tchemicals\tin\tresponse\tto\tsituations\tthat\thold\tlittle\tor\tno\nthreat\tbut\tsomehow\tare\treminders\tof\tthe\toriginal\ttrauma,\tlike\tthe\nchildren\tat\tCleveland\tElementary\tSchool\twho\tpanicked\twhen\tthey\nheard\tan\tambulance\tsiren\tsimilar\tto\tthose\tthey\thad\theard\tat\ttheir\nschool\tafter\tthe\tshooting.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "aa55c011283c-1", "page_content": "school\tafter\tthe\tshooting.\nThe\tlocus\tceruleus\tand\tthe\tamygdala\tare\tclosely\tlinked,\talong\twith\nother\tlimbic\tstructures\tsuch\tas\tthe\thippocampus\tand\thypothalamus;\nthe\tcircuitry\tfor\tthe\tcatecholamines\textends\tinto\tthe\tcortex.\tChanges\nin\tthese\tcircuits\tare\tthought\tto\tunderlie\tPTSD\tsymptoms,\twhich\ninclude\tanxiety,\tfear,\thypervigilance,\tbeing\teasily\tupset\tand\taroused,\nreadiness\tfor\tfight\tor\tflight,\tand\tthe\tindelible\tencoding\tof\tintense\nemotional\tmemories.\n8\n\tVietnam\tvets\twith\tPTSD,\tone\tstudy\tfound,\thad\n40\tpercent\tfewer\tcatecholamine-stopping\treceptors\tthan\tdid\tmen\nwithout\tthe\tsymptoms\u2014suggesting\tthat\ttheir\tbrains\thad\tundergone\ta\nlasting\tchange,\twith\ttheir\tcatecholamine\tsecretion\tpoorly\tcontrolled.\n9\nOther\tchanges\toccur\tin\tthe\tcircuit\tlinking\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain\twith\tthe\npituitary\tgland,\twhich\tregulates\trelease\tof\tCRF,\tthe\tmain\tstress\nhormone\tthe\tbody\tsecretes\tto\tmobilize\tthe\temergency\tfight-or-flight\nresponse.\tThe\tchanges\tlead\tthis\thormone\tto\tbe\toversecreted\u2014\nparticularly\tin\tthe\tamygdala,\thippocampus,\tand\tlocus\tceruleus\u2014\nalerting\tthe\tbody\tfor\tan\temergency\tthat\tis\tnot\tthere\tin\treality.\n10\nAs\tDr.\tCharles\tNemeroff,\ta\tDuke\tUniversity\tpsychiatrist,\ttold\tme,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "aa55c011283c-2", "page_content": "\u201cToo\tmuch\tCRF\tmakes\tyou\toverreact.\tFor\texample,\tif\tyou\u2019re\ta\nVietnam\tvet\twith\tPTSD\tand\ta\tcar\tbackfires\tat\tthe\tmall\tparking\tlot,\tit\nis\tthe\ttriggering\tof\tCRF\tthat\tfloods\tyou\twith\tthe\tsame\tfeelings\tas\tin\nthe\toriginal\ttrauma:\tyou\tstart\tsweating,\tyou\u2019re\tscared,\tyou\thave\tchills", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "090908d6719c-0", "page_content": "and\tthe\tshakes,\tyou\tmay\thave\tflashbacks.\tIn\tpeople\twho\thypersecrete\nCRF,\tthe\tstartle\tresponse\tis\toveractive.\tFor\texample,\tif\tyou\tsneak\tup\nbehind\tmost\tpeople\tand\tsuddenly\tclap\tyour\thands,\tyou\u2019ll\tsee\ta\nstartled\tjump\tthe\tfirst\ttime,\tbut\tnot\tby\tthe\tthird\tor\tfourth\trepetition.\nBut\tpeople\twith\ttoo\tmuch\tCRF\tdon\u2019t\thabituate:\tthey\u2019ll\trespond\tas\nmuch\tto\tthe\tfourth\tclap\tas\tto\tthe\tfirst.\u201d\n11\nA\tthird\tset\tof\tchanges\toccurs\tin\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\topioid\tsystem,\twhich\nsecretes\tendorphins\tto\tblunt\tthe\tfeeling\tof\tpain.\tIt\talso\tbecomes\nhyperactive.\tThis\tneural\tcircuit\tagain\tinvolves\tthe\tamygdala,\tthis\ttime\nin\tconcert\twith\ta\tregion\tin\tthe\tcerebral\tcortex.\tThe\topioids\tare\tbrain\nchemicals\tthat\tare\tpowerful\tnumbing\tagents,\tlike\topium\tand\tother\nnarcotics\tthat\tare\tchemical\tcousins.\tWhen\texperiencing\thigh\tlevels\tof\nopioids\t(\u201cthe\tbrain\u2019s\town\tmorphine\u201d),\tpeople\thave\ta\theightened\ntolerance\tfor\tpain\u2014an\teffect\tthat\thas\tbeen\tnoted\tby\tbattlefield\nsurgeons,\twho\tfound\tseverely\twounded\tsoldiers\tneeded\tlower\tdoses\tof\nnarcotics\tto\thandle\ttheir\tpain\tthan\tdid\tcivilians\twith\tfar\tless\tserious\ninjuries.\nSomething\tsimilar\tseems\tto\toccur\tin\tPTSD.\n12\n\tEndorphin\tchanges", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "090908d6719c-1", "page_content": "12\n\tEndorphin\tchanges\nadd\ta\tnew\tdimension\tto\tthe\tneural\tmix\ttriggered\tby\treexposure\tto\ntrauma:\ta\t\nnumbing\n\tof\tcertain\tfeelings.\tThis\tappears\tto\texplain\ta\tset\tof\n\u201cnegative\u201d\tpsychological\tsymptoms\tlong\tnoted\tin\tPTSD:\tanhedonia\n(the\tinability\tto\tfeel\tpleasure)\tand\ta\tgeneral\temotional\tnumbness,\ta\nsense\tof\tbeing\tcut\toff\tfrom\tlife\tor\tfrom\tconcern\tabout\tothers\u2019\tfeelings.\nThose\tclose\tto\tsuch\tpeople\tmay\texperience\tthis\tindifference\tas\ta\tlack\nof\tempathy.\tAnother\tpossible\teffect\tmay\tbe\tdissociation,\tincluding\tthe\ninability\tto\tremember\tcrucial\tminutes,\thours,\tor\teven\tdays\tof\tthe\ntraumatic\tevent.\nThe\tneural\tchanges\tof\tPTSD\talso\tseem\tto\tmake\ta\tperson\tmore\nsusceptible\tto\tfurther\ttraumatizing.\tA\tnumber\tof\tstudies\twith\tanimals\nhave\tfound\tthat\twhen\tthey\twere\texposed\teven\tto\t\nmild\n\tstress\twhen\nyoung,\tthey\twere\tfar\tmore\tvulnerable\tthan\tunstressed\tanimals\tto\ntrauma-induced\tbrain\tchanges\tlater\tin\tlife\t(suggesting\tthe\turgent\tneed\nto\ttreat\tchildren\twith\tPTSD).\tThis\tseems\ta\treason\tthat,\texposed\tto\tthe\nsame\tcatastrophe,\tone\tperson\tgoes\ton\tto\tdevelop\tPTSD\tand\tanother\ndoes\tnot:\tthe\tamygdala\tis\tprimed\tto\tfind\tdanger,\tand\twhen\tlife\npresents\tit\tonce\tagain\twith\treal\tdanger,\tits\talarm\trises\tto\ta\thigher\npitch.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "090908d6719c-2", "page_content": "pitch.\nAll\tthese\tneural\tchanges\toffer\tshort-term\tadvantages\tfor\tdealing\nwith\tthe\tgrim\tand\tdire\temergencies\tthat\tprompt\tthem.\tUnder\tduress,\nit\tis\tadaptive\tto\tbe\thighly\tvigilant,\taroused,\tready\tfor\tanything,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b0886a10f587-0", "page_content": "impervious\tto\tpain,\tthe\tbody\tprimed\tfor\tsustained\tphysical\tdemands,\nand\u2014for\tthe\tmoment\u2014indifferent\tto\twhat\tmight\totherwise\tbe\nintensely\tdisturbing\tevents.\tThese\tshort-term\tadvantages,\thowever,\nbecome\tlasting\tproblems\twhen\tthe\tbrain\tchanges\tso\tthat\tthey\tbecome\npredispositions,\tlike\ta\tcar\tstuck\tin\tperpetual\thigh\tgear.\tWhen\tthe\namygdala\tand\tits\tconnected\tbrain\tregions\ttake\ton\ta\tnew\tsetpoint\nduring\ta\tmoment\tof\tintense\ttrauma,\tthis\tchange\tin\texcitability\u2014this\nheightened\treadiness\tto\ttrigger\ta\tneural\thijacking\u2014means\tall\tof\tlife\tis\non\tthe\tverge\t\nof\tbecoming\tan\temergency,\tand\teven\tan\tinnocent\nmoment\tis\tsusceptible\tto\tan\texplosion\tof\tfear\trun\tamok.\nEMOTIONAL\tRELEARNING\nSuch\ttraumatic\tmemories\tseem\tto\tremain\tas\tfixtures\tin\tbrain\tfunction\nbecause\tthey\tinterfere\twith\tsubsequent\tlearning\u2014specifically,\twith\nrelearning\ta\tmore\tnormal\tresponse\tto\tthose\ttraumatizing\tevents.\tIn\nacquired\tfear\tsuch\tas\tPTSD,\tthe\tmechanisms\tof\tlearning\tand\tmemory\nhave\tgone\tawry;\tagain,\tit\tis\tthe\tamygdala\tthat\tis\tkey\tamong\tthe\tbrain\nregions\tinvolved.\tBut\tin\tovercoming\tthe\tlearned\tfear,\tthe\tneocortex\tis\ncritical.\nFear\tconditioning\n\tis\tthe\tname\tpsychologists\tuse\tfor\tthe\tprocess\nwhereby\tsomething\tthat\tis\tnot\tin\tthe\tleast\tthreatening\tbecomes\ndreaded\tas\tit\tis\tassociated\tin\tsomeone\u2019s\tmind\twith\tsomething", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b0886a10f587-1", "page_content": "dreaded\tas\tit\tis\tassociated\tin\tsomeone\u2019s\tmind\twith\tsomething\nfrightening.\tWhen\tsuch\tfrights\tare\tinduced\tin\tlaboratory\tanimals,\nCharney\tnotes,\tthe\tfears\tcan\tlast\tfor\tyears.\n13\n\tThe\tkey\tregion\tof\tthe\nbrain\tthat\tlearns,\tretains,\tand\tacts\ton\tthis\tfearful\tresponse\tis\tthe\ncircuit\tbetween\tthe\tthalamus,\tamygdala,\tand\tprefrontal\tlobe\u2014the\npathway\tof\tneural\thijacking.\nOrdinarily,\twhen\tsomeone\tlearns\tto\tbe\tfrightened\tby\tsomething\nthrough\tfear\tconditioning,\tthe\tfear\tsubsides\twith\ttime.\tThis\tseems\tto\nhappen\tthrough\ta\tnatural\trelearning,\tas\tthe\tfeared\tobject\tis\nencountered\tagain\tin\tthe\tabsence\tof\tanything\ttruly\tscary.\tThus\ta\tchild\nwho\tacquires\ta\tfear\tof\tdogs\tbecause\tof\tbeing\tchased\tby\ta\tsnarling\nGerman\tshepherd\tgradually\tand\tnaturally\tloses\tthat\tfear\tif,\tsay,\tshe\nmoves\tnext\tdoor\tto\tsomeone\twho\towns\ta\tfriendly\tshepherd,\tand\nspends\ttime\tplaying\twith\tthe\tdog.\nIn\tPTSD\tspontaneous\trelearning\tfails\tto\toccur.\tCharney\tproposes\nthat\tthis\tmay\tbe\tdue\tto\tthe\tbrain\tchanges\tof\tPTSD,\twhich\tare\tso\nstrong\tthat,\tin\teffect,\tthe\tamygdala\thijacking\toccurs\tevery\ttime", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0236bace67fa-0", "page_content": "something\teven\tvaguely\treminiscent\tof\tthe\toriginal\ttrauma\tcomes\nalong,\tstrengthening\tthe\tfear\tpathway.\tThis\tmeans\tthat\tthere\tis\tnever\na\ttime\twhen\twhat\tis\tfeared\tis\tpaired\twith\ta\tfeeling\tof\tcalm\u2014the\namygdala\tnever\trelearns\ta\tmore\tmild\treaction.\t\u201cExtinction\u201d\tof\tthe\nfear,\the\tobserves,\t\u201cappears\tto\tinvolve\tan\tactive\tlearning\tprocess,\u201d\nwhich\tis\titself\timpaired\tin\tpeople\twith\tPTSD,\t\u201cleading\tto\tthe\nabnormal\tpersistence\tof\temotional\tmemories.\u201d\n14\nBut\tgiven\tthe\tright\texperiences,\teven\tPTSD\tcan\tlift;\tstrong\nemotional\tmemories,\tand\tthe\tpatterns\tof\tthought\tand\treaction\tthat\nthey\ttrigger,\t\ncan\n\tchange\twith\ttime.\tThis\trelearning,\tCharney\tproposes,\nis\tcortical.\tThe\toriginal\t\nfear\tingrained\tin\tthe\tamygdala\tdoes\tnot\tgo\naway\tcompletely;\trather,\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tactively\tsuppresses\tthe\namygdala\u2019s\tcommand\tto\tthe\trest\tof\tthe\tbrain\tto\trespond\twith\tfear.\n\u201cThe\tquestion\tis,\thow\tquickly\tdo\tyou\tlet\tgo\tof\tlearned\tfear?\u201d\tasks\nRichard\tDavidson,\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tWisconsin\tpsychologist\twho\ndiscovered\tthe\trole\tof\tthe\tleft\tprefrontal\tcortex\tas\ta\tdamper\ton\ndistress.\tIn\ta\tlaboratory\texperiment\tin\twhich\tpeople\tfirst\tlearned\tan\naversion\tto\ta\tloud\tnoise\u2014a\tparadigm\tfor\tlearned\tfear,\tand\ta\tlower-", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0236bace67fa-1", "page_content": "key\tparallel\tof\tPTSD\u2014Davidson\tfound\tthat\tpeople\twho\thad\tmore\nactivity\tin\tthe\tleft\tprefrontal\tcortex\tgot\tover\tthe\tacquired\tfear\tmore\nquickly,\tagain\tsuggesting\ta\tcortical\trole\tin\tletting\tgo\tof\tlearned\ndistress.\n15\nREEDUCATING\tTHE\tEMOTIONAL\tBRAIN\nOne\tof\tthe\tmore\tencouraging\tfindings\tabout\tPTSD\tcame\tfrom\ta\tstudy\nof\tHolocaust\tsurvivors,\tabout\tthree\tquarters\tof\twhom\twere\tfound\tto\nhave\tactive\tPTSD\tsymptoms\teven\ta\thalf\tcentury\tlater.\tThe\tpositive\nfinding\twas\tthat\ta\tquarter\tof\tthe\tsurvivors\twho\tonce\thad\tbeen\ntroubled\tby\tsuch\tsymptoms\tno\tlonger\thad\tthem;\tsomehow\tthe\tnatural\nevents\tof\ttheir\tlives\thad\tcounteracted\tthe\tproblem.\tThose\twho\tstill\nhad\tthe\tsymptoms\tshowed\tevidence\tof\tthe\tcatecholamine-related\nbrain\tchanges\ttypical\tof\tPTSD\u2014but\tthose\twho\thad\trecovered\thad\tno\nsuch\tchanges.\n16\n\tThis\tfinding,\tand\tothers\tlike\tit,\thold\tout\tthe\tpromise\nthat\tthe\tbrain\tchanges\tin\tPTSD\tare\tnot\tindelible,\tand\tthat\tpeople\tcan\nrecover\tfrom\teven\tthe\tmost\tdire\temotional\timprinting\u2014in\tshort,\tthat\nthe\temotional\tcircuitry\tcan\tbe\treeducated.\tThe\tgood\tnews,\tthen,\tis\nthat\ttraumas\tas\tprofound\tas\tthose\tcausing\tPTSD\tcan\theal,\tand\tthat\tthe\nroute\tto\tsuch\thealing\tis\tthrough\trelearning.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5fbc8a11fb1c-0", "page_content": "One\tway\tthis\temotional\thealing\tseems\tto\toccur\tspontaneously\u2014at\nleast\tin\tchildren\u2014is\tthrough\tsuch\tgames\tas\tPurdy.\tThese\tgames,\nplayed\tover\tand\tover\tagain,\tlet\tchildren\trelive\ta\ttrauma\tsafely,\tas\nplay.\tThis\tallows\ttwo\tavenues\tfor\thealing:\ton\tthe\tone\thand,\tthe\nmemory\trepeats\tin\ta\tcontext\tof\tlow\tanxiety,\tdesensitizing\tit\tand\nallowing\ta\tnontraumatized\tset\tof\tresponses\tto\tbecome\tassociated\twith\nit.\tAnother\troute\tto\thealing\tis\tthat,\tin\ttheir\tminds,\tchildren\tcan\nmagically\tgive\tthe\ttragedy\tanother,\tbetter\toutcome:\tsometimes\tin\nplaying\tPurdy,\tthe\tchildren\tkill\thim,\tboosting\ttheir\tsense\tof\tmastery\nover\tthat\ttraumatic\tmoment\tof\thelplessness.\nGames\tlike\tPurdy\tare\tpredictable\tin\tyounger\tchildren\twho\thave\nbeen\tthrough\tsuch\toverwhelming\tviolence.\tThese\tmacabre\tgames\tin\ntraumatized\t\nchildren\twere\tfirst\tnoted\tby\tDr.\tLenore\tTerr,\ta\tchild\npsychiatrist\tin\tSan\tFrancisco.\n17\n\tShe\tfound\tsuch\tgames\tamong\tchildren\nin\tChowchilla,\tCalifornia\u2014just\ta\tlittle\tover\tan\thour\tdown\tthe\tCentral\nValley\tfrom\tStockton,\twhere\tPurdy\twreaked\tsuch\thavoc\u2014who\tin\n1973\thad\tbeen\tkidnapped\tas\tthey\trode\ta\tbus\thome\tfrom\ta\tsummer\nday\tcamp.\tThe\tkidnappers\tburied\tthe\tbus,\tchildren\tand\tall,\tin\tan\nordeal\tthat\tlasted\ttwenty-seven\thours.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5fbc8a11fb1c-1", "page_content": "ordeal\tthat\tlasted\ttwenty-seven\thours.\nFive\tyears\tlater\tTerr\tfound\tthe\tkidnapping\tstill\tbeing\treenacted\tin\nthe\tvictims\u2019\tgames.\tGirls,\tfor\texample,\tplayed\tsymbolic\tkidnapping\ngames\twith\ttheir\tBarbie\tdolls.\tOne\tgirl,\twho\thad\thated\tthe\tfeeling\tof\nother\tchildren\u2019s\turine\ton\ther\tskin\tas\tthey\tlay\thuddled\ttogether\tin\nterror,\twashed\ther\tBarbie\tover\tand\tover\tagain.\tAnother\tplayed\nTraveling\tBarbie,\tin\twhich\tBarbie\ttravels\tsomewhere\u2014it\tdoesn\u2019t\nmatter\twhere\u2014and\treturns\tsafely,\twhich\tis\tthe\tpoint\tof\tthe\tgame.\tA\nthird\tgirl\u2019s\tfavorite\twas\ta\tscenario\tin\twhich\tthe\tdoll\tis\tstuck\tin\ta\thole\nand\tsuffocates.\nWhile\tadults\twho\thave\tbeen\tthrough\toverwhelming\ttrauma\tcan\nsuffer\ta\tpsychic\tnumbing,\tblocking\tout\tmemory\tof\tor\tfeeling\tabout\nthe\tcatastrophe,\tchildren\u2019s\tpsyches\toften\thandle\tit\tdifferently.\tThey\nless\toften\tbecome\tnumb\tto\tthe\ttrauma,\tTerr\tbelieves,\tbecause\tthey\tuse\nfantasy,\tplay,\tand\tdaydreams\tto\trecall\tand\trethink\ttheir\tordeals.\tSuch\nvoluntary\treplays\tof\ttrauma\tseem\tto\thead\toff\tthe\tneed\tfor\tdamming\nthem\tup\tin\tpotent\tmemories\tthat\tcan\tlater\tburst\tthrough\tas\nflashbacks.\tIf\tthe\ttrauma\tis\tminor,\tsuch\tas\tgoing\tto\tthe\tdentist\tfor\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5fbc8a11fb1c-2", "page_content": "filling,\tjust\tonce\tor\ttwice\tmay\tbe\tenough.\tBut\tif\tit\u2019s\toverwhelming,\ta\nchild\tneeds\tendless\trepetitions,\treplaying\tthe\ttrauma\tover\tand\tover\nagain\tin\ta\tgrim,\tmonotonous\tritual.\nOne\tway\tto\tget\tat\tthe\tpicture\tfrozen\tin\tthe\tamygdala\tis\tthrough\tart,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1fb55b840167-0", "page_content": "which\titself\tis\ta\tmedium\tof\tthe\tunconscious.\tThe\temotional\tbrain\tis\nhighly\tattuned\tto\tsymbolic\tmeanings\tand\tto\tthe\tmode\tFreud\tcalled\nthe\t\u201cprimary\tprocess\u201d:\tthe\tmessages\tof\tmetaphor,\tstory,\tmyth,\tthe\narts.\tThis\tavenue\tis\toften\tused\tin\ttreating\ttraumatized\tchildren.\nSometimes\tart\tcan\topen\tthe\tway\tfor\tchildren\tto\ttalk\tabout\ta\tmoment\nof\thorror\tthat\tthey\twould\tnot\tdare\tspeak\tof\totherwise.\nSpencer\tEth,\tthe\tLos\tAngeles\tchild\tpsychiatrist\twho\tspecializes\tin\ntreating\tsuch\tchildren,\ttells\tof\ta\tfive-year-old\tboy\twho\thad\tbeen\nkidnapped\twith\this\tmother\tby\ther\tex-lover.\tThe\tman\tbrought\tthem\tto\na\tmotel\troom,\twhere\the\tordered\tthe\tboy\tto\thide\tunder\ta\tblanket\twhile\nhe\tbeat\tthe\tmother\tto\tdeath.\tThe\tboy\twas,\tunderstandably,\treluctant\nto\ttalk\twith\tEth\tabout\tthe\tmayhem\the\thad\theard\tand\tseen\twhile\nunderneath\tthe\tblanket.\tSo\tEth\tasked\thim\tto\tdraw\ta\tpicture\u2014any\npicture.\nThe\tdrawing\twas\tof\ta\trace-car\tdriver\twho\thad\ta\tstrikingly\tlarge\tpair\nof\t\neyes,\tEth\trecalls.\tThe\thuge\teyes\tEth\ttook\tto\trefer\tto\tthe\tboy\u2019s\town\ndaring\tin\tpeeking\tat\tthe\tkiller.\tSuch\thidden\treferences\tto\tthe\ntraumatic\tscene\talmost\talways\tappear\tin\tthe\tartwork\tof\ttraumatized", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1fb55b840167-1", "page_content": "traumatic\tscene\talmost\talways\tappear\tin\tthe\tartwork\tof\ttraumatized\nchildren;\tEth\thas\tmade\thaving\tsuch\tchildren\tdraw\ta\tpicture\tthe\nopening\tgambit\tin\ttherapy.\tThe\tpotent\tmemories\tthat\tpreoccupy\tthem\nintrude\tin\ttheir\tart\tjust\tas\tin\ttheir\tthoughts.\tBeyond\tthat,\tthe\tact\tof\ndrawing\tis\titself\ttherapeutic,\tbeginning\tthe\tprocess\tof\tmastering\tthe\ntrauma.\nEMOTIONAL\tRELEARNING\tAND\tRECOVERY\tFROM\tTRAUMA\nIrene\thad\tgone\ton\ta\tdate\tthat\tended\tin\tattempted\trape.\tThough\tshe\thad\tfought\toff\tthe\nattacker,\the\tcontinued\tto\tplague\ther:\tharassing\ther\twith\tobscene\tphone\tcalls,\tmaking\nthreats\tof\tviolence,\tcalling\tin\tthe\tmiddle\tof\tthe\tnight,\tstalking\ther\tand\twatching\ther\nevery\tmove.\tOnce,\twhen\tshe\ttried\tto\tget\tthe\tpolice\tto\thelp,\tthey\tdismissed\ther\tproblem\nas\ttrivial,\tsince\t\u201cnothing\thad\treally\thappened.\u201d\tBy\tthe\ttime\tshe\tcame\tfor\ttherapy\tIrene\nhad\tsymptoms\tof\tPTSD,\thad\tgiven\tup\tsocializing\tat\tall,\tand\tfelt\ta\tprisoner\tin\ther\town\nhouse.\nIrene\u2019s\tcase\tis\tcited\tby\tDr.\tJudith\tLewis\tHerman,\ta\tHarvard\npsychiatrist\twhose\tgroundbreaking\twork\toutlines\tthe\tsteps\tto\trecovery\nfrom\ttrauma.\tHerman\tsees\tthree\tstages:\tattaining\ta\tsense\tof\tsafety,\nremembering\tthe\tdetails\tof\tthe\ttrauma\tand\tmourning\tthe\tloss\tit\thas", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1fb55b840167-2", "page_content": "remembering\tthe\tdetails\tof\tthe\ttrauma\tand\tmourning\tthe\tloss\tit\thas\nbrought,\tand\tfinally\treestablishing\ta\tnormal\tlife.\tThere\tis\ta\tbiological", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a0f30c856aa5-0", "page_content": "logic\tto\tthe\tordering\tof\tthese\tsteps,\tas\twe\tshall\tsee:\tthis\tsequence\nseems\tto\treflect\thow\tthe\temotional\tbrain\tlearns\tonce\tagain\tthat\tlife\nneed\tnot\tbe\tregarded\tas\tan\temergency\tabout\tto\thappen.\nThe\tfirst\tstep,\tregaining\ta\tsense\tof\tsafety,\tpresumably\ttranslates\tto\nfinding\tways\tto\tcalm\tthe\ttoo-fearful,\ttoo\teasily\ttriggered\temotional\ncircuits\tenough\tto\tallow\trelearning.\n18\n\tOften\tthis\tbegins\twith\thelping\npatients\tunderstand\tthat\ttheir\tjumpiness\tand\tnightmares,\nhypervigilance\tand\tpanics,\tare\tpart\tof\tthe\tsymptoms\tof\tPTSD.\tThis\nunderstanding\tmakes\tthe\tsymptoms\tthemselves\tless\tfrightening.\nAnother\tearly\tstep\tis\tto\thelp\tpatients\tregain\tsome\tsense\tof\tcontrol\nover\twhat\tis\thappening\tto\tthem,\ta\tdirect\tunlearning\tof\tthe\tlesson\tof\nhelplessness\tthat\tthe\ttrauma\titself\timparted.\tIrene,\tfor\texample,\nmobilized\ther\tfriends\tand\tfamily\tto\tform\ta\tbuffer\tbetween\ther\tand\ther\nstalker,\tand\twas\table\tto\tget\tthe\tpolice\tto\tintervene.\nThe\tsense\tin\twhich\tPTSD\tpatients\tfeel\t\u201cunsafe\u201d\tgoes\tbeyond\tfears\nthat\t\ndangers\tlurk\taround\tthem;\ttheir\tinsecurity\tbegins\tmore\nintimately,\tin\tthe\tfeeling\tthat\tthey\thave\tno\tcontrol\tover\twhat\tis\nhappening\tin\ttheir\tbody\tand\tto\ttheir\temotions.\tThis\tis\tunderstandable,\ngiven\tthe\thair\ttrigger\tfor\temotional\thijacking\tthat\tPTSD\tcreates\tby", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a0f30c856aa5-1", "page_content": "given\tthe\thair\ttrigger\tfor\temotional\thijacking\tthat\tPTSD\tcreates\tby\nhypersensitizing\tthe\tamygdala\tcircuitry.\nMedication\toffers\tone\tway\tto\trestore\tpatients\u2019\tsense\tthat\tthey\tneed\nnot\tbe\tso\tat\tthe\tmercy\tof\tthe\temotional\talarms\tthat\tflood\tthem\twith\ninexplicable\tanxiety,\tkeep\tthem\tsleepless,\tor\tpepper\ttheir\tsleep\twith\nnightmares.\tPharmacologists\tare\thoping\tone\tday\tto\ttailor\tmedications\nthat\twill\ttarget\tprecisely\tthe\teffects\tof\tPTSD\ton\tthe\tamygdala\tand\nconnected\tneurotransmitter\tcircuits.\tFor\tnow,\tthough,\tthere\tare\nmedications\tthat\tcounter\tonly\tsome\tof\tthese\tchanges,\tnotably\tthe\nantidepressants\tthat\tact\ton\tthe\tserotonin\tsystem,\tand\tbeta-blockers\nlike\tpropranolol,\twhich\tblock\tthe\tactivation\tof\tthe\tsympathetic\nnervous\tsystem.\tPatients\talso\tmay\tlearn\trelaxation\ttechniques\tthat\ngive\tthem\tthe\tability\tto\tcounter\ttheir\tedginess\tand\tnervousness.\tA\nphysiological\tcalm\topens\ta\twindow\tfor\thelping\tthe\tbrutalized\nemotional\tcircuitry\trediscover\tthat\tlife\tis\tnot\ta\tthreat\tand\tfor\tgiving\nback\tto\tpatients\tsome\tof\tthe\tsense\tof\tsecurity\tthey\thad\tin\ttheir\tlives\nbefore\tthe\ttrauma\thappened.\nAnother\tstep\tin\thealing\tinvolves\tretelling\tand\treconstructing\tthe\nstory\tof\tthe\ttrauma\tin\tthe\tharbor\tof\tthat\tsafety,\tallowing\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a0f30c856aa5-2", "page_content": "emotional\tcircuitry\tto\tacquire\ta\tnew,\tmore\trealistic\tunderstanding\tof\nand\tresponse\tto\tthe\ttraumatic\tmemory\tand\tits\ttriggers.\tAs\tpatients\nretell\tthe\thorrific\tdetails\tof\tthe\ttrauma,\tthe\tmemory\tstarts\tto\tbe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ee8fdbdf2fb2-0", "page_content": "transformed,\tboth\tin\tits\temotional\tmeaning\tand\tin\tits\teffects\ton\tthe\nemotional\tbrain.\tThe\tpace\tof\tthis\tretelling\tis\tdelicate;\tideally\tit\nmimics\tthe\tpace\tthat\toccurs\tnaturally\tin\tthose\tpeople\twho\tare\table\tto\nrecover\tfrom\ttrauma\twithout\tsuffering\tPTSD.\tIn\tthese\tcases\tthere\noften\tseems\tto\tbe\tan\tinner\tclock\tthat\t\u201cdoses\u201d\tpeople\twith\tintrusive\nmemories\tthat\trelive\tthe\ttrauma,\tintercut\twith\tweeks\tor\tmonths\twhen\nthey\tremember\thardly\tanything\tof\tthe\thorrible\tevents.\n19\nThis\talternation\tof\treimmersion\tand\trespite\tseems\tto\tallow\tfor\ta\nspontaneous\treview\tof\tthe\ttrauma\tand\trelearning\tof\temotional\nresponse\tto\tit.\tFor\tthose\twhose\tPTSD\tis\tmore\tintractable,\tsays\nHerman,\tretelling\ttheir\ttale\tcan\tsometimes\ttrigger\toverwhelming\nfears,\tin\twhich\tcase\tthe\ttherapist\tshould\tease\tthe\tpace\tto\tkeep\tthe\npatient\u2019s\treactions\twithin\ta\tbearable\trange,\tone\tthat\twill\tnot\tdisrupt\nthe\trelearning.\nThe\ttherapist\tencourages\tthe\tpatient\tto\tretell\tthe\ttraumatic\tevents\nas\tvividly\tas\tpossible,\tlike\ta\thorror\thome\tvideo,\tretrieving\tevery\nsordid\tdetail.\tThis\tincludes\tnot\tjust\tthe\tspecifics\tof\twhat\tthey\tsaw,\nheard,\tsmelled,\tand\tfelt,\tbut\talso\ttheir\treactions\u2014the\tdread,\tdisgust,\nnausea.\tThe\tgoal\there\tis\tto\tput\tthe\tentire\tmemory\tinto\twords,\twhich", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ee8fdbdf2fb2-1", "page_content": "means\tcapturing\tparts\tof\tthe\tmemory\t\nthat\tmay\thave\tbeen\tdissociated\nand\tso\tare\tabsent\tfrom\tconscious\trecall.\tBy\tputting\tsensory\tdetails\tand\nfeelings\tinto\twords,\tpresumably\tmemories\tare\tbrought\tmore\tunder\ncontrol\tof\tthe\tneocortex,\twhere\tthe\treactions\tthey\tkindle\tcan\tbe\nrendered\tmore\tunderstandable\tand\tso\tmore\tmanageable.\tThe\nemotional\trelearning\tat\tthis\tpoint\tis\tlargely\taccomplished\tthrough\nreliving\tthe\tevents\tand\ttheir\temotions,\tbut\tthis\ttime\tin\tsurroundings\nof\tsafety\tand\tsecurity,\tin\tthe\tcompany\tof\ta\ttrusted\ttherapist.\tThis\nbegins\tto\timpart\ta\ttelling\tlesson\tto\tthe\temotional\tcircuitry\u2014that\nsecurity,\trather\tthan\tunremitting\tterror,\tcan\tbe\texperienced\tin\ttandem\nwith\tthe\ttrauma\tmemories.\nThe\tfive-year-old\twho\tdrew\tthe\tpicture\tof\tthe\tgiant\teyes\tafter\the\nwitnessed\tthe\tgrisly\tmurder\tof\this\tmother\tdid\tnot\tmake\tany\tmore\ndrawings\tafter\tthat\tfirst\tone;\tinstead\the\tand\this\ttherapist,\tSpencer\tEth,\nplayed\tgames,\tcreating\ta\tbond\tof\trapport.\tOnly\tslowly\tdid\the\tbegin\tto\nretell\tthe\tstory\tof\tthe\tmurder,\tat\tfirst\tin\ta\tstereotyped\tway,\treciting\neach\tdetail\texactly\tthe\tsame\tin\teach\ttelling.\tGradually,\tthough,\this\nnarrative\tbecame\tmore\topen\tand\tfree-flowing,\this\tbody\tless\ttense\tas", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ee8fdbdf2fb2-2", "page_content": "he\ttold\tit.\tAt\tthe\tsame\ttime\this\tnightmares\tof\tthe\tscene\tcame\tless\noften,\tan\tindication,\tsays\tEth,\tof\tsome\t\u201ctrauma\tmastery.\u201d\tGradually\ntheir\ttalk\tmoved\taway\tfrom\tthe\tfears\tleft\tby\tthe\ttrauma\tto\tmore\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "928f51804733-0", "page_content": "what\twas\thappening\tin\tthe\tboy\u2019s\tday-to-day\tlife\tas\the\tadjusted\tto\ta\nnew\thome\twith\this\tfather.\tAnd\tfinally\tthe\tboy\twas\table\tto\ttalk\tjust\nabout\this\tdaily\tlife\tas\tthe\thold\tof\tthe\ttrauma\tfaded.\nFinally,\tHerman\tfinds\tthat\tpatients\tneed\tto\tmourn\tthe\tloss\tthe\ntrauma\tbrought\u2014whether\tan\tinjury,\tthe\tdeath\tof\ta\tloved\tone\tor\ta\nrupture\tin\ta\trelationship,\tregret\tover\tsome\tstep\tnot\ttaken\tto\tsave\nsomeone,\tor\tjust\tthe\tshattering\tof\tconfidence\tthat\tpeople\tcan\tbe\ntrusted.\tThe\tmourning\tthat\tensues\twhile\tretelling\tsuch\tpainful\tevents\nserves\ta\tcrucial\tpurpose:\tit\tmarks\tthe\tability\tto\tlet\tgo\tof\tthe\ttrauma\nitself\tto\tsome\tdegree.\tIt\tmeans\tthat\tinstead\tof\tbeing\tperpetually\ncaptured\tby\tthis\tmoment\tin\tthe\tpast,\tpatients\tcan\tstart\tto\tlook\tahead,\neven\tto\thope,\tand\tto\trebuild\ta\tnew\tlife\tfree\tof\tthe\ttrauma\u2019s\tgrip.\tIt\tis\nas\tif\tthe\tconstant\trecycling\tand\treliving\tof\tthe\ttrauma\u2019s\tterror\tby\tthe\nemotional\tcircuitry\twere\ta\tspell\tthat\tcould\tfinally\tbe\tlifted.\tEvery\nsiren\tneed\tnot\tbring\ta\tflood\tof\tfear;\tevery\tsound\tin\tthe\tnight\tneed\tnot\ncompel\ta\tflashback\tto\tterror.\nAftereffects\tor\toccasional\trecurrences\tof\tsymptoms\toften\tpersist,\nsays\tHerman,\tbut\tthere\tare\tspecific\tsigns\tthat\tthe\ttrauma\thas\tlargely", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "928f51804733-1", "page_content": "been\tovercome.\tThese\tinclude\treducing\tthe\tphysiological\tsymptoms\tto\na\tmanageable\tlevel,\tand\tbeing\table\tto\tbear\tthe\tfeelings\tassociated\nwith\tmemories\tof\tthe\ttrauma.\tEspecially\tsignificant\tis\tno\tlonger\nhaving\ttrauma\tmemories\terupt\tat\tuncontrollable\tmoments,\tbut\trather\nbeing\table\tto\trevisit\tthem\tvoluntarily,\t\nlike\tany\tother\tmemory\u2014and,\nperhaps\tmore\timportant,\tto\tput\tthem\taside\tlike\tany\tother\tmemory.\nFinally,\tit\tmeans\trebuilding\ta\tnew\tlife,\twith\tstrong,\ttrusting\nrelationships\tand\ta\tbelief\tsystem\tthat\tfinds\tmeaning\teven\tin\ta\tworld\nwhere\tsuch\tinjustice\tcan\thappen.\n20\n\tAll\tof\tthese\ttogether\tare\tmarkers\nof\tsuccess\tin\treeducating\tthe\temotional\tbrain.\nPSYCHOTHERAPY\tAS\tAN\tEMOTIONAL\tTUTORIAL\nFortunately,\tthe\tcatastrophic\tmoments\tin\twhich\ttraumatic\tmemories\nare\temblazoned\tare\trare\tduring\tthe\tcourse\tof\tlife\tfor\tmost\tof\tus.\tBut\nthe\tsame\tcircuitry\tthat\tcan\tbe\tseen\tso\tboldly\timprinting\ttraumatic\nmemories\tis\tpresumably\tat\twork\tin\tlife\u2019s\tquieter\tmoments,\ttoo.\tThe\nmore\tordinary\ttravails\tof\tchildhood,\tsuch\tas\tbeing\tchronically\tignored\nand\tdeprived\tof\tattention\tor\ttenderness\tby\tone\u2019s\tparents,\nabandonment\tor\tloss,\tor\tsocial\trejection\tmay\tnever\treach\tthe\tfever\npitch\tof\ttrauma,\tbut\tthey\tsurely\tleave\ttheir\timprint\ton\tthe\temotional", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6d53a1468cec-0", "page_content": "brain,\tcreating\tdistortions\u2014and\ttears\tand\trages\u2014in\tintimate\nrelationships\tlater\tin\tlife.\tIf\tPTSD\tcan\tbe\thealed,\tso\tcan\tthe\tmore\nmuted\temotional\tscars\tthat\tso\tmany\tof\tus\tbear;\tthat\tis\tthe\ttask\tof\npsychotherapy.\tAnd,\tin\tgeneral,\tit\tis\tin\tlearning\tto\tdeal\tskillfully\twith\nthese\tloaded\treactions\tthat\temotional\tintelligence\tcomes\tinto\tplay.\nThe\tdynamic\tbetween\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tthe\tmore\tfully\tinformed\nreactions\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tmay\toffer\ta\tneuroanatomical\tmodel\nfor\thow\tpsychotherapy\treshapes\tdeep,\tmaladaptive\temotional\npatterns.\tAs\tJoseph\tLeDoux,\tthe\tneuroscientist\twho\tdiscovered\tthe\namygdala\u2019s\thair-trigger\trole\tin\temotional\toutbursts,\tconjectures,\n\u201cOnce\tyour\temotional\tsystem\tlearns\tsomething,\tit\tseems\tyou\tnever\tlet\nit\tgo.\tWhat\ttherapy\tdoes\tis\tteach\tyou\tto\tcontrol\tit\u2014it\tteaches\tyour\nneocortex\thow\tto\tinhibit\tyour\tamygdala.\tThe\tpropensity\tto\tact\tis\nsuppressed,\twhile\tyour\tbasic\temotion\tabout\tit\tremains\tin\ta\tsubdued\nform.\u201d\nGiven\tthe\tbrain\tarchitecture\tthat\tunderlies\temotional\trelearning,\nwhat\tseems\tto\tremain,\teven\tafter\tsuccessful\tpsychotherapy,\tis\ta\nvestigial\treaction,\ta\tremnant\tof\tthe\toriginal\tsensitivity\tor\tfear\tat\tthe\nroot\tof\ta\ttroubling\temotional\tpattern.\n21\n\tThe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tcan", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6d53a1468cec-1", "page_content": "21\n\tThe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tcan\nrefine\tor\tput\tthe\tbrakes\ton\tthe\tamygdala\u2019s\timpulse\tto\trampage,\tbut\ncannot\tkeep\tit\tfrom\treacting\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace.\tThus\twhile\twe\tcannot\ndecide\t\nwhen\n\twe\thave\tour\temotional\toutbursts,\twe\thave\tmore\tcontrol\nover\t\nhow\tlong\n\tthey\tlast.\tA\tquicker\trecovery\ttime\tfrom\tsuch\toutbursts\nmay\twell\tbe\tone\tmark\tof\temotional\tmaturity.\nOver\tthe\tcourse\tof\ttherapy,\twhat\tseems\tto\tchange\tin\tthe\tmain\tare\nthe\t\nresponses\n\tthat\tpeople\tmake\tonce\tan\temotional\treaction\tis\ttriggered\n\u2014but\tthe\ttendency\tfor\tthe\treaction\tto\tbe\ttriggered\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace\ndoes\tnot\tdisappear\tentirely.\tEvidence\tfor\tthis\tcomes\tfrom\ta\tseries\tof\nstudies\tof\tpsychotherapy\tconducted\tby\tLester\tLuborsky\tand\this\ncolleagues\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tPennsylvania.\n22\n\tThey\tanalyzed\tthe\nmain\trelationship\tconflicts\tthat\tbrought\tdozens\tof\tpatients\tinto\npsychotherapy\u2014issues\tsuch\tas\ta\tdeep\tcraving\tto\tbe\taccepted\tor\tfind\nintimacy,\tor\ta\tfear\tof\tbeing\ta\tfailure\tor\tbeing\toverly\tdependent.\tThey\nthen\tcarefully\tanalyzed\tthe\ttypical\t(always\tself-defeating)\tresponses\nthe\tpatients\tmade\twhen\tthese\twishes\tand\tfears\twere\tactivated\tin\ttheir\nrelationships\u2014responses\tsuch\tas\tbeing\ttoo\tdemanding,\twhich\tcreated\na\tbacklash\tof\tanger\tor\tcoldness\tin\tthe\tother\tperson,\tor\twithdrawing\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6d53a1468cec-2", "page_content": "self-defense\tfrom\tan\tanticipated\tslight,\tleaving\tthe\tother\tperson\nmiffed\tby\tthe\tseeming\trebuff.\tDuring\tsuch\till-fated\tencounters,\tthe\npatients,\tunderstandably,\tfelt\tflooded\tby\tupsetting\tfeelings\u2014", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f6110385e67f-0", "page_content": "hopelessness\tand\tsadness,\tresentment\tand\tanger,\ttension\tand\tfear,\nguilt\tand\tself-blame,\tand\tso\ton.\tWhatever\tthe\tspecific\tpattern\tof\tthe\npatient,\tit\tseemed\tto\tshow\tup\tin\tmost\tevery\timportant\trelationship,\nwhether\twith\ta\tspouse\tor\tlover,\ta\tchild\tor\tparent,\tor\tpeers\tand\tbosses\nat\twork.\nOver\tthe\tcourse\tof\tlong-term\ttherapy,\thowever,\tthese\tpatients\tmade\ntwo\tkinds\tof\tchanges:\ttheir\temotional\treaction\tto\tthe\ttriggering\tevents\nbecame\tless\tdistressing,\teven\tcalm\tor\tbemused,\tand\ttheir\tovert\nresponses\tbecame\tmore\teffective\tin\tgetting\twhat\tthey\ttruly\twanted\nfrom\tthe\trelationship.\tWhat\tdid\tnot\tchange,\thowever,\twas\ttheir\nunderlying\twish\tor\tfear,\tand\tthe\tinitial\ttwinge\tof\tfeeling.\tBy\tthe\ttime\nthe\tpatients\thad\tbut\ta\tfew\tsessions\tleft\tin\ttherapy,\tthe\tencounters\tthey\ntold\tabout\tshowed\tthey\thad\tonly\thalf\tas\tmany\tnegative\temotional\nreactions\tcompared\tto\twhen\tthey\tfirst\tstarted\ttherapy,\tand\twere\ttwice\nas\tlikely\tto\tget\tthe\tpositive\tresponse\tthey\tdeeply\tdesired\tfrom\tthe\nother\tperson.\tBut\twhat\tdid\tnot\tchange\tat\tall\twas\tthe\tparticular\nsensitivity\tat\tthe\troot\tof\tthese\tneeds.\nIn\tbrain\tterms,\twe\tcan\tspeculate,\tthe\tlimbic\tcircuitry\twould\tsend\nalarm\tsignals\tin\tresponse\tto\tcues\tof\ta\tfeared\tevent,\tbut\tthe\tprefrontal", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f6110385e67f-1", "page_content": "cortex\tand\trelated\tzones\twould\thave\tlearned\ta\tnew,\tmore\thealthy\nresponse.\tIn\tshort,\temotional\tlessons\u2014even\tthe\tmost\tdeeply\nimplanted\thabits\tof\tthe\theart\tlearned\tin\tchildhood\u2014can\tbe\treshaped.\nEmotional\tlearning\tis\tlifelong.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9119ba38101e-0", "page_content": "14\nTemperament\tIs\tNot\tDestiny\nSo\tmuch\tfor\taltering\temotional\tpatterns\tthat\thave\tbeen\tlearned.\tBut\nwhat\tabout\tthose\tresponses\tthat\tare\tgivens\tof\tour\tgenetic\tendowment\n\u2014what\tof\tchanging\tthe\thabitual\treactions\tof\tpeople\twho\tby\tnature\nare,\tsay,\thighly\tvolatile,\tor\tpainfully\tshy?\tThis\trange\tof\tthe\temotional\ncompass\tfalls\tunder\tthe\tsweep\tof\ttemperament,\tthe\tbackground\nmurmur\tof\tfeelings\tthat\tmark\tour\tbasic\tdisposition.\tTemperament\tcan\nbe\tdefined\tin\tterms\tof\tthe\tmoods\tthat\ttypify\tour\temotional\tlife.\tTo\nsome\tdegree\twe\teach\thave\tsuch\ta\tfavored\temotional\trange;\ntemperament\tis\ta\tgiven\tat\tbirth,\tpart\tof\tthe\tgenetic\tlottery\tthat\thas\ncompelling\tforce\tin\tthe\tunfolding\tof\tlife.\tEvery\tparent\thas\tseen\tthis:\nfrom\tbirth\ta\tchild\twill\tbe\tcalm\tand\tplacid\tor\ttesty\tand\tdifficult.\tThe\nquestion\tis\twhether\tsuch\ta\tbiologically\tdetermined\temotional\tset\tcan\nbe\tchanged\tby\texperience.\tDoes\tour\tbiology\tfix\tour\temotional\tdestiny,\nor\tcan\teven\tan\tinnately\tshy\tchild\tgrow\tinto\ta\tmore\tconfident\tadult?\nThe\tclearest\tanswer\tto\tthis\tquestion\tcomes\tfrom\tthe\twork\tof\tJerome\nKagan,\tthe\teminent\tdevelopmental\tpsychologist\tat\tHarvard\nUniversity.\n1\n\tKagan\tposits\tthat\tthere\tare\tat\tleast\tfour\ttemperamental", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9119ba38101e-1", "page_content": "Kagan\tposits\tthat\tthere\tare\tat\tleast\tfour\ttemperamental\ntypes\u2014timid,\tbold,\tupbeat,\tand\tmelancholy\u2014and\tthat\teach\tis\tdue\tto\ta\ndifferent\tpattern\tof\tbrain\tactivity.\tThere\tare\tlikely\tinnumerable\ndifferences\tin\ttemperamental\tendowment,\teach\tbased\tin\tinnate\ndifferences\tin\temotional\tcircuitry;\tfor\tany\tgiven\temotion\tpeople\tcan\ndiffer\tin\thow\teasily\tit\ttriggers,\thow\tlong\tit\tlasts,\thow\tintense\tit\nbecomes.\tKagan\u2019s\twork\tconcentrates\ton\tone\tof\tthese\tpatterns:\tthe\ndimension\tof\ttemperament\tthat\truns\tfrom\tboldness\tto\ttimidity.\nFor\tdecades\tmothers\thave\tbeen\tbringing\ttheir\tinfants\tand\ttoddlers\nto\tKagan\u2019s\tLaboratory\tfor\tChild\tDevelopment\ton\tthe\tfourteenth\tfloor\nof\t\nHarvard\u2019s\tWilliam\tJames\tHall\tto\ttake\tpart\tin\this\tstudies\tof\tchild\ndevelopment.\tIt\twas\tthere\tthat\tKagan\tand\this\tcoresearchers\tnoticed\nearly\tsigns\tof\tshyness\tin\ta\tgroup\tof\ttwenty-one-month-old\ttoddlers\nbrought\tfor\texperimental\tobservations.\tIn\tfree\tplay\twith\tother\ntoddlers,\tsome\twere\tbubbly\tand\tspontaneous,\tplaying\twith\tother\nbabies\twithout\tthe\tleast\thesitation.\tOthers,\tthough,\twere\tuncertain", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9f687ca5dba6-0", "page_content": "and\thesitant,\thanging\tback,\tclinging\tto\ttheir\tmothers,\tquietly\nwatching\tthe\tothers\tat\tplay.\tAlmost\tfour\tyears\tlater,\twhen\tthese\tsame\nchildren\twere\tin\tkindergarten,\tKagan\u2019s\tgroup\tobserved\tthem\tagain.\nOver\tthe\tintervening\tyears\tnone\tof\tthe\toutgoing\tchildren\thad\tbecome\ntimid,\twhile\ttwo\tthirds\tof\tthe\ttimid\tones\twere\tstill\treticent.\nKagan\tfinds\tthat\tchildren\twho\tare\toverly\tsensitive\tand\tfearful\tgrow\ninto\tshy\tand\ttimorous\tadults;\tfrom\tbirth\tabout\t15\tto\t20\tpercent\tof\nchildren\tare\t\u201cbehaviorally\tinhibited,\u201d\tas\the\tcalls\tthem.\tAs\tinfants,\nthese\tchildren\tare\ttimid\tabout\tanything\tunfamiliar.\tThis\tmakes\tthem\nfinicky\tabout\teating\tnew\tfoods,\treluctant\tto\tapproach\tnew\tanimals\tor\nplaces,\tand\tshy\taround\tstrangers.\tIt\talso\trenders\tthem\tsensitive\tin\nother\tways\u2014for\texample,\tprone\tto\tguilt\tand\tself-reproach.\tThese\tare\nthe\tchildren\twho\tbecome\tparalyzingly\tanxious\tin\tsocial\tsituations:\tin\nclass\tand\ton\tthe\tplayground,\twhen\tmeeting\tnew\tpeople,\twhenever\tthe\nsocial\tspotlight\tshines\ton\tthem.\tAs\tadults,\tthey\tare\tprone\tto\tbe\nwallflowers,\tand\tmorbidly\tafraid\tof\thaving\tto\tgive\ta\tspeech\tor\nperform\tin\tpublic.\nTom,\tone\tof\tthe\tboys\tin\tKagan\u2019s\tstudy,\tis\ttypical\tof\tthe\tshy\ttype.\tAt", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9f687ca5dba6-1", "page_content": "every\tmeasurement\tthrough\tchildhood\u2014two,\tfive,\tand\tseven\tyears\tof\nage\u2014Tom\twas\tamong\tthe\tmost\ttimid\tchildren.\tWhen\tinterviewed\tat\nthirteen,\tTom\twas\ttense\tand\tstiff,\tbiting\this\tlip\tand\twringing\this\nhands,\this\tface\timpassive,\tbreaking\tinto\ta\ttight\tsmile\tonly\twhen\ntalking\tabout\this\tgirlfriend;\this\tanswers\twere\tshort,\this\tmanner\nsubdued.\n2\n\tThroughout\tthe\tmiddle\tyears\tof\tchildhood,\tuntil\tabout\tage\neleven,\tTom\tremembers\tbeing\tpainfully\tshy,\tbreaking\tinto\ta\tsweat\nwhenever\the\thad\tto\tapproach\tplaymates.\tHe\twas\talso\ttroubled\tby\nintense\tfears:\tof\this\thouse\tburning\tdown,\tof\tdiving\tinto\ta\tswimming\npool,\tof\tbeing\talone\tin\tthe\tdark.\tIn\tfrequent\tnightmares,\the\twas\nattacked\tby\tmonsters.\tThough\the\thas\tfelt\tless\tshy\tin\tthe\tlast\ttwo\tyears\nor\tso,\the\tstill\tfeels\tsome\tanxiety\taround\tother\tchildren,\tand\this\nworries\tnow\tcenter\ton\tdoing\twell\tat\tschool,\teven\tthough\the\tis\tin\tthe\ntop\t5\tpercent\tof\this\tclass.\tThe\tson\tof\ta\tscientist,\tTom\tfinds\ta\tcareer\tin\nthat\tfield\tappealing,\tsince\tits\trelative\tsolitude\tfits\this\tintroverted\ninclinations.\nBy\tcontrast,\tRalph\twas\tone\tof\tthe\tboldest\tand\tmost\toutgoing", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9f687ca5dba6-2", "page_content": "children\tat\tevery\tage.\tAlways\trelaxed\tand\ttalkative,\tat\tthirteen\the\tsat\nback\tat\tease\tin\this\t\nchair,\thad\tno\tnervous\tmannerisms,\tand\tspoke\tin\ta\nconfident,\tfriendly\ttone,\tas\tthough\tthe\tinterviewer\twere\ta\tpeer\u2014\nthough\tthe\tdifference\tin\ttheir\tages\twas\ttwenty-five\tyears.\tDuring\nchildhood\the\thad\tonly\ttwo\tshort-lived\tfears\u2014one\tof\tdogs,\tafter\ta\tbig", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "839d5f9912af-0", "page_content": "dog\tjumped\ton\thim\tat\tage\tthree,\tand\tanother\tof\tflying,\twhen\the\theard\nabout\tplane\tcrashes\tat\tage\tseven.\tSociable\tand\tpopular,\tRalph\thas\nnever\tthought\tof\thimself\tas\tshy.\nThe\ttimid\tchildren\tseem\tto\tcome\tinto\tlife\twith\ta\tneural\tcircuitry\nthat\tmakes\tthem\tmore\treactive\tto\teven\tmild\tstress\u2014from\tbirth,\ttheir\nhearts\tbeat\tfaster\tthan\tother\tinfants\u2019\tin\tresponse\tto\tstrange\tor\tnovel\nsituations.\tAt\ttwenty-one\tmonths,\twhen\tthe\treticent\ttoddlers\twere\nholding\tback\tfrom\tplaying,\theart\trate\tmonitors\tshowed\tthat\ttheir\nhearts\twere\tracing\twith\tanxiety.\tThat\teasily\taroused\tanxiety\tseems\tto\nunderlie\ttheir\tlifelong\ttimidity:\tthey\ttreat\tany\tnew\tperson\tor\tsituation\nas\tthough\tit\twere\ta\tpotential\tthreat.\tPerhaps\tas\ta\tresult,\tmiddle-aged\nwomen\twho\tremember\thaving\tbeen\tespecially\tshy\tin\tchildhood,\twhen\ncompared\twith\ttheir\tmore\toutgoing\tpeers,\ttend\tto\tgo\tthrough\tlife\twith\nmore\tfears,\tworries,\tand\tguilt,\tand\tto\tsuffer\tmore\tfrom\tstress-related\nproblems\tsuch\tas\tmigraine\theadaches,\tirritable\tbowel,\tand\tother\nstomach\tproblems.\n3\nTHE\tNEUROCHEMISTRY\tOF\tTIMIDITY\nThe\tdifference\tbetween\tcautious\tTom\tand\tbold\tRalph,\tKagan\tbelieves,\nlies\tin\tthe\texcitability\tof\ta\tneural\tcircuit\tcentered\ton\tthe\tamygdala.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "839d5f9912af-1", "page_content": "Kagan\tproposes\tthat\tpeople\tlike\tTom,\twho\tare\tprone\tto\tfearfulness,\nare\tborn\twith\ta\tneurochemistry\tthat\tmakes\tthis\tcircuit\teasily\taroused,\nand\tso\tthey\tavoid\tthe\tunfamiliar,\tshy\taway\tfrom\tuncertainty,\tand\nsuffer\tanxiety.\tThose\twho,\tlike\tRalph,\thave\ta\tnervous\tsystem\ncalibrated\twith\ta\tmuch\thigher\tthreshold\tfor\tamygdala\tarousal,\tare\nless\teasily\tfrightened,\tmore\tnaturally\toutgoing,\tand\teager\tto\texplore\nnew\tplaces\tand\tmeet\tnew\tpeople.\nAn\tearly\tclue\tto\twhich\tpattern\ta\tchild\thas\tinherited\tis\thow\tdifficult\nand\tirritable\tshe\tis\tas\tan\tinfant,\tand\thow\tdistressed\tshe\tbecomes\twhen\nconfronted\twith\tsomething\tor\tsomeone\tunfamiliar.\tWhile\tabout\tone\tin\nfive\tinfants\tfalls\tinto\tthe\ttimid\tcategory,\tabout\ttwo\tin\tfive\thave\tthe\nbold\ttemperament\u2014at\tleast\tat\tbirth.\nPart\tof\tKagan\u2019s\tevidence\tcomes\tfrom\tobservations\tof\tcats\tthat\tare\nunusually\ttimid.\tAbout\tone\tin\tseven\thousecats\thas\ta\tpattern\tof\nfearfulness\takin\tto\tthe\ttimid\tchildren\u2019s:\tthey\tdraw\taway\tfrom\tnovelty\n(instead\tof\texhibiting\ta\tcat\u2019s\tlegendary\tcuriosity),\tthey\tare\treluctant\tto\nexplore\tnew\tterritory,\tand\t\nthey\tattack\tonly\tthe\tsmallest\trodents,\tbeing\ntoo\ttimid\tto\ttake\ton\tlarger\tones\tthat\ttheir\tmore\tcourageous\tfeline", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2e87b78a52c7-0", "page_content": "peers\twould\tpursue\twith\tgusto.\tDirect\tbrain\tprobes\thave\tfound\tthat\nportions\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tare\tunusually\texcitable\tin\tthese\ttimid\tcats,\nespecially\twhen,\tfor\tinstance,\tthey\thear\ta\tthreatening\thowl\tfrom\nanother\tcat.\nThe\tcats\u2019\ttimidity\tblossoms\tat\tabout\tone\tmonth\tof\tage,\twhich\tis\tthe\npoint\twhen\ttheir\tamygdala\tmatures\tenough\tto\ttake\tcontrol\tof\tthe\nbrain\tcircuitry\tto\tapproach\tor\tavoid.\tOne\tmonth\tin\tkitten\tbrain\nmaturation\tis\takin\tto\teight\tmonths\tin\ta\thuman\tinfant;\tit\tis\tat\teight\tor\nnine\tmonths,\tKagan\tnotes,\tthat\t\u201cstranger\u201d\tfear\tappears\tin\tbabies\u2014if\nthe\tbaby\u2019s\tmother\tleaves\ta\troom\tand\tthere\tis\ta\tstranger\tpresent,\tthe\nresult\tis\ttears.\tTimid\tchildren,\tKagan\tpostulates,\tmay\thave\tinherited\nchronically\thigh\tlevels\tof\tnorepinephrine\tor\tother\tbrain\tchemicals\nthat\tactivate\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tso\tcreate\ta\tlow\tthreshold\tof\nexcitability,\tmaking\tthe\tamygdala\tmore\teasily\ttriggered.\nOne\tsign\tof\tthis\theightened\tsensitivity\tis\tthat,\tfor\texample,\twhen\nyoung\tmen\tand\twomen\twho\twere\tquite\tshy\tin\tchildhood\tare\nmeasured\tin\ta\tlaboratory\twhile\texposed\tto\tstresses\tsuch\tas\tharsh\nsmells,\ttheir\theart\trate\tstays\televated\tmuch\tlonger\tthan\tfor\ttheir\tmore\noutgoing\tpeers\u2014a\tsign\tthat\tsurging\tnorepinephrine\tis\tkeeping\ttheir", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2e87b78a52c7-1", "page_content": "amygdala\texcited\tand,\tthrough\tconnected\tneural\tcircuits,\ttheir\nsympathetic\tnervous\tsystem\taroused.\n4\n\tKagan\tfinds\tthat\ttimid\tchildren\nhave\thigher\tlevels\tof\treactivity\tacross\tthe\trange\tof\tsympathetic\nnervous\tsystem\tindices,\tfrom\thigher\tresting\tblood\tpressure\tand\ngreater\tdilation\tof\tthe\tpupils,\tto\thigher\tlevels\tof\tnorepinephrine\nmarkers\tin\ttheir\turine.\nSilence\tis\tanother\tbarometer\tof\ttimidity.\tWhenever\tKagan\u2019s\tteam\nobserved\tshy\tand\tbold\tchildren\tin\ta\tnatural\tsetting\u2014in\ttheir\nkindergarten\tclasses,\twith\tother\tchildren\tthey\tdid\tnot\tknow,\tor\ttalking\nwith\tan\tinterviewer\u2014the\ttimid\tchildren\ttalked\tless.\tOne\ttimid\nkindergartener\twould\tsay\tnothing\twhen\tother\tchildren\tspoke\tto\ther,\nand\tspent\tmost\tof\ther\tday\tjust\twatching\tthe\tothers\tplay.\tKagan\nspeculates\tthat\ta\ttimid\tsilence\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tnovelty\tor\ta\tperceived\nthreat\tis\ta\tsign\tof\tthe\tactivity\tof\ta\tneural\tcircuit\trunning\tbetween\tthe\nforebrain,\tthe\tamygdala,\tand\tnearby\tlimbic\tstructures\tthat\tcontrol\tthe\nability\tto\tvocalize\t(these\tsame\tcircuits\tmake\tus\t\u201cchoke\tup\u201d\tunder\nstress).\nThese\tsensitive\tchildren\tare\tat\thigh\trisk\tfor\tdeveloping\tan\tanxiety\ndisorder\tsuch\tas\tpanic\tattacks,\tstarting\tas\tearly\tas\tsixth\tor\tseventh\ngrade.\tIn\tone\tstudy\tof\t754\tboys\tand\tgirls\tin\tthose\tgrades,\t44\twere", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2e87b78a52c7-2", "page_content": "found\tto\thave\talready\tsuffered\tat\tleast\tone\tepisode\tof\tpanic,\tor\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ba6da820e779-0", "page_content": "have\thad\tseveral\tpreliminary\tsymptoms.\tThese\tanxiety\tepisodes\twere\nusually\ttriggered\tby\tthe\tordinary\talarms\tof\tearly\tadolescence,\tsuch\tas\na\tfirst\tdate\tor\ta\tbig\texam\u2014alarms\tthat\tmost\tchildren\t\nhandle\twithout\ndeveloping\tmore\tserious\tproblems.\tBut\tteenagers\twho\twere\ttimid\tby\ntemperament\tand\twho\thad\tbeen\tunusually\tfrightened\tby\tnew\nsituations\tgot\tpanic\tsymptoms\tsuch\tas\theart\tpalpitations,\tshortness\tof\nbreath,\tor\ta\tchoking\tfeeling,\talong\twith\tthe\tfeeling\tthat\tsomething\nhorrible\twas\tgoing\tto\thappen\tto\tthem,\tlike\tgoing\tcrazy\tor\tdying.\tThe\nresearchers\tbelieve\tthat\twhile\tthe\tepisodes\twere\tnot\tsignificant\nenough\tto\trate\tthe\tpsychiatric\tdiagnosis\t\u201cpanic\tdisorder,\u201d\tthey\tsignal\nthat\tthese\tteenagers\twould\tbe\tat\tgreater\trisk\tfor\tdeveloping\tthe\ndisorder\tas\tthe\tyears\twent\ton;\tmany\tadults\twho\tsuffer\tpanic\tattacks\nsay\tthe\tattacks\tbegan\tduring\ttheir\tteen\tyears.\n5\nThe\tonset\tof\tthe\tanxiety\tattacks\twas\tclosely\ttied\tto\tpuberty.\tGirls\nwith\tfew\tsigns\tof\tpuberty\treponed\tno\tsuch\tattacks,\tbut\tof\tthose\twho\nhad\tgone\tthrough\tpuberty\tabout\t8\tpercent\tsaid\tthey\thad\texperienced\npanic.\tOnce\tthey\thave\thad\tsuch\tan\tattack,\tthey\tare\tprone\tto\ndeveloping\tthe\tdread\tof\ta\trecurrence\tthat\tleads\tpeople\twith\tpanic\ndisorder\tto\tshrink\tfrom\tlife.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ba6da820e779-1", "page_content": "disorder\tto\tshrink\tfrom\tlife.\nNOTHING\tBOTHERS\tME:\tTHE\tCHEERFUL\tTEMPERAMENT\nIn\tthe\t1920s,\tas\ta\tyoung\twoman,\tmy\taunt\tJune\tleft\ther\thome\tin\nKansas\tCity\tand\tventured\ton\ther\town\tto\tShanghai\u2014a\tdangerous\njourney\tfor\ta\tsolitary\twoman\tin\tthose\tyears.\tThere\tJune\tmet\tand\nmarried\ta\tBritish\tdetective\tin\tthe\tcolonial\tpolice\tforce\tof\tthat\ninternational\tcenter\tof\tcommerce\tand\tintrigue.\tWhen\tthe\tJapanese\ncaptured\tShanghai\tat\tthe\toutset\tof\tWorld\tWar\tII,\tmy\taunt\tand\ther\nhusband\twere\tinterned\tin\tthe\tprison\tcamp\tdepicted\tin\tthe\tbook\tand\nmovie\t\nEmpire\tof\tthe\tSun\n.\tAfter\tsurviving\tfive\thorrific\tyears\tin\tthe\nprison\tcamp,\tshe\tand\ther\thusband\thad,\tliterally,\tlost\teverything.\nPenniless,\tthey\twere\trepatriated\tto\tBritish\tColumbia.\nI\tremember\tas\ta\tchild\tfirst\tmeeting\tJune,\tan\tebullient\telderly\nwoman\twhose\tlife\thad\tfollowed\ta\tremarkable\tcourse.\tIn\ther\tlater\nyears\tshe\tsuffered\ta\tstroke\tthat\tleft\ther\tpartly\tparalyzed;\tafter\ta\tslow\nand\tarduous\trecovery\tshe\twas\table\tto\twalk\tagain,\tbut\twith\ta\tlimp.\tIn\nthose\tyears\tI\tremember\tgoing\tfor\tan\touting\twith\tJune,\tthen\tin\ther\nseventies.\tSomehow\tshe\twandered\toff,\tand\tafter\tseveral\tminutes\tI", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ba6da820e779-2", "page_content": "heard\ta\tfeeble\tyell\u2014June\tcrying\tfor\thelp.\tShe\thad\tfallen\tand\tcould", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b17ed3ebeba5-0", "page_content": "not\tget\tup\ton\ther\town.\tI\trushed\tto\thelp\ther\tup,\tand\tas\tI\tdid\tso,\tinstead\nof\tcomplaining\tor\tlamenting\tshe\tlaughed\tat\ther\tpredicament.\tHer\tonly\ncomment\twas\ta\tlighthearted\t\u201cWell,\tat\tleast\tI\tcan\twalk\tagain.\u201d\nBy\tnature,\tsome\tpeople\u2019s\temotions\tseem,\tlike\tmy\taunt\u2019s,\tto\tgravitate\ntoward\tthe\tpositive\tpole;\tthese\tpeople\tare\tnaturally\tupbeat\tand\neasygoing,\twhile\tothers\tare\tdour\tand\tmelancholy.\tThis\tdimension\tof\ntemperament\u2014ebullience\t\nat\tone\tend,\tmelancholy\tat\tthe\tother\u2014seems\nlinked\tto\tthe\trelative\tactivity\tof\tthe\tright\tand\tleft\tprefrontal\tareas,\tthe\nupper\tpoles\tof\tthe\temotional\tbrain.\tThat\tinsight\thas\temerged\tlargely\nfrom\tthe\twork\tof\tRichard\tDavidson,\ta\tUniversity\tof\tWisconsin\npsychologist.\tHe\tdiscovered\tthat\tpeople\twho\thave\tgreater\tactivity\tin\nthe\tleft\tfrontal\tlobe,\tcompared\tto\tthe\tright,\tare\tby\ttemperament\ncheerful;\tthey\ttypically\ttake\tdelight\tin\tpeople\tand\tin\twhat\tlife\npresents\tthem\twith,\tbouncing\tback\tfrom\tsetbacks\tas\tmy\taunt\tJune\ndid.\tBut\tthose\twith\trelatively\tgreater\tactivity\ton\tthe\tright\tside\tare\ngiven\tto\tnegativity\tand\tsour\tmoods,\tand\tare\teasily\tfazed\tby\tlife\u2019s\ndifficulties;\tin\ta\tsense,\tthey\tseem\tto\tsuffer\tbecause\tthey\tcannot\tturn\noff\ttheir\tworries\tand\tdepressions.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b17ed3ebeba5-1", "page_content": "off\ttheir\tworries\tand\tdepressions.\nIn\tone\tof\tDavidson\u2019s\texperiments\tvolunteers\twith\tthe\tmost\npronounced\tactivity\tin\tthe\tleft\tfrontal\tareas\twere\tcompared\twith\tthe\nfifteen\twho\tshowed\tmost\tactivity\ton\tthe\tright.\tThose\twith\tmarked\nright\tfrontal\tactivity\tshowed\ta\tdistinctive\tpattern\tof\tnegativity\ton\ta\npersonality\ttest:\tthey\tfit\tthe\tcaricature\tportrayed\tby\tWoody\tAllen\u2019s\ncomedy\troles,\tthe\talarmist\twho\tsees\tcatastrophe\tin\tthe\tsmallest\tthing\n\u2014prone\tto\tfunks\tand\tmoodiness,\tand\tsuspicious\tof\ta\tworld\tthey\tsaw\nas\tfraught\twith\toverwhelming\tdifficulties\tand\tlurking\tdangers.\tBy\ncontrast\tto\ttheir\tmelancholy\tcounterparts,\tthose\twith\tstronger\tleft\nfrontal\tactivity\tsaw\tthe\tworld\tvery\tdifferently.\tSociable\tand\tcheerful,\nthey\ttypically\tfelt\ta\tsense\tof\tenjoyment,\twere\tfrequently\tin\tgood\nmoods,\thad\ta\tstrong\tsense\tof\tself-confidence,\tand\tfelt\trewardingly\nengaged\tin\tlife.\tTheir\tscores\ton\tpsychological\ttests\tsuggested\ta\tlower\nlifetime\trisk\tfor\tdepression\tand\tother\temotional\tdisorders.\n6\nPeople\twho\thave\ta\thistory\tof\tclinical\tdepression,\tDavidson\tfound,\nhad\tlower\tlevels\tof\tbrain\tactivity\tin\tthe\tleft\tfrontal\tlobe,\tand\tmore\ton\nthe\tright,\tthan\tdid\tpeople\twho\thad\tnever\tbeen\tdepressed.\tHe\tfound\nthe\tsame\tpattern\tin\tpatients\tnewly\tdiagnosed\twith\tdepression.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b17ed3ebeba5-2", "page_content": "the\tsame\tpattern\tin\tpatients\tnewly\tdiagnosed\twith\tdepression.\nDavidson\tspeculates\tthat\tpeople\twho\tovercome\tdepression\thave\nlearned\tto\tincrease\tthe\tlevel\tof\tactivity\tin\ttheir\tleft\tprefrontal\tlobe\u2014a\nspeculation\tawaiting\texperimental\ttesting.\nThough\this\tresearch\tis\ton\tthe\t30\tpercent\tor\tso\tof\tpeople\tat\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bbfec6b77dce-0", "page_content": "extremes,\tjust\tabout\tanyone\tcan\tbe\tclassified\tby\ttheir\tbrain\twave\npatterns\tas\ttending\ttoward\tone\tor\tthe\tother\ttype,\tsays\tDavidson.\tThe\ncontrast\tin\ttemperament\tbetween\tthe\tmorose\tand\tthe\tcheerful\tshows\nup\tin\tmany\tways,\tlarge\tand\tsmall.\tFor\texample,\tin\tone\texperiment\nvolunteers\twatched\tshort\tfilm\tclips.\tSome\twere\tamusing\u2014a\tgorilla\ntaking\ta\tbath,\ta\tpuppy\tat\tplay.\tOthers,\tlike\tan\tinstructional\tfilm\tfor\nnurses\tfeaturing\tgrisly\tdetails\tof\tsurgery,\twere\tquite\tdistressing.\tThe\nright-hemisphere,\tsomber\tfolks\tfound\tthe\thappy\tmovies\tonly\tmildly\namusing,\tbut\tthey\tfelt\textreme\tfear\tand\tdisgust\tin\treaction\tto\tthe\nsurgical\tblood\tand\tgore.\tThe\tcheerful\tgroup\thad\tminimal\treactions\tto\nthe\t\nsurgery;\ttheir\tstrongest\treactions\twere\tof\tdelight\twhen\tthey\tsaw\nthe\tupbeat\tfilms.\nThus\twe\tseem\tby\ttemperament\tprimed\tto\trespond\tto\tlife\tin\teither\ta\nnegative\tor\ta\tpositive\temotional\tregister.\tThe\ttendency\ttoward\ta\nmelancholy\tor\tupbeat\ttemperament\u2014like\tthat\ttoward\ttimidity\tor\nboldness\u2014emerges\twithin\tthe\tfirst\tyear\tof\tlife,\ta\tfact\tthat\tstrongly\nsuggests\tit\ttoo\tis\tgenetically\tdetermined.\tLike\tmost\tof\tthe\tbrain,\tthe\nfrontal\tlobes\tare\tstill\tmaturing\tin\tthe\tfirst\tfew\tmonths\tof\tlife,\tand\tso", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bbfec6b77dce-1", "page_content": "their\tactivity\tcannot\tbe\treliably\tmeasured\tuntil\tthe\tage\tof\tten\tmonths\nor\tso.\tBut\tin\tinfants\tthat\tyoung,\tDavidson\tfound\tthat\tthe\tactivity\tlevel\nof\tthe\tfrontal\tlobes\tpredicted\twhether\tthey\twould\tcry\twhen\ttheir\nmothers\tleft\tthe\troom.\tThe\tcorrelation\twas\tvirtually\t100\tpercent:\tof\ndozens\tof\tinfants\ttested\tthis\tway,\tevery\tinfant\twho\tcried\thad\tmore\nbrain\tactivity\ton\tthe\tright\tside,\twhile\tthose\twho\tdid\tnot\thad\tmore\nactivity\ton\tthe\tleft.\nStill,\teven\tif\tthis\tbasic\tdimension\tof\ttemperament\tis\tlaid\tdown\tfrom\nbirth,\tor\tvery\tnearly\tfrom\tbirth,\tthose\tof\tus\twho\thave\tthe\tmorose\npattern\tare\tnot\tnecessarily\tdoomed\tto\tgo\tthrough\tlife\tbrooding\tand\ncrotchety.\tThe\temotional\tlessons\tof\tchildhood\tcan\thave\ta\tprofound\nimpact\ton\ttemperament,\teither\tamplifying\tor\tmuting\tan\tinnate\npredisposition.\tThe\tgreat\tplasticity\tof\tthe\tbrain\tin\tchildhood\tmeans\nthat\texperiences\tduring\tthose\tyears\tcan\thave\ta\tlasting\timpact\ton\tthe\nsculpting\tof\tneural\tpathways\tfor\tthe\trest\tof\tlife.\tPerhaps\tthe\tbest\nillustration\tof\tthe\tkinds\tof\texperiences\tthat\tcan\talter\ttemperament\tfor\nthe\tbetter\tis\tin\tan\tobservation\tthat\temerged\tfrom\tKagan\u2019s\tresearch\nwith\ttimid\tchildren.\nTAMING\tTHE\tOVEREXCITABLE\tAMYGDALA", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d7cd972aac67-0", "page_content": "The\tencouraging\tnews\tfrom\tKagan\u2019s\tstudies\tis\tthat\tnot\tall\tfearful\ninfants\tgrow\tup\thanging\tback\tfrom\tlife\u2014temperament\tis\tnot\tdestiny.\nThe\toverexcitable\tamygdala\tcan\tbe\ttamed,\twith\tthe\tright\texperiences.\nWhat\tmakes\tthe\tdifference\tare\tthe\temotional\tlessons\tand\tresponses\nchildren\tlearn\tas\tthey\tgrow.\tFor\tthe\ttimid\tchild,\twhat\tmatters\tat\tthe\noutset\tis\thow\tthey\tare\ttreated\tby\ttheir\tparents,\tand\tso\thow\tthey\tlearn\nto\thandle\ttheir\tnatural\ttimidness.\tThose\tparents\twho\tengineer\tgradual\nemboldening\texperiences\tfor\ttheir\tchildren\toffer\tthem\twhat\tmay\tbe\ta\nlifelong\tcorrective\tto\ttheir\tfearfulness.\nAbout\tone\tin\tthree\tinfants\twho\tcome\tinto\tthe\tworld\twith\tall\tthe\nsigns\tof\tan\toverexcitable\tamygdala\thave\tlost\ttheir\ttimidness\tby\tthe\ntime\tthey\treach\tkindergarten.\n7\n\tFrom\tobservations\tof\tthese\tonce-\nfearful\tchildren\tat\thome,\tit\tis\t\nclear\tthat\tparents,\tand\tespecially\nmothers,\tplay\ta\tmajor\trole\tin\twhether\tan\tinnately\ttimid\tchild\tgrows\nbolder\twith\ttime\tor\tcontinues\tto\tshy\taway\tfrom\tnovelty\tand\tbecome\nupset\tby\tchallenge.\tKagan\u2019s\tresearch\tteam\tfound\tthat\tsome\tof\tthe\nmothers\theld\tto\tthe\tphilosophy\tthat\tthey\tshould\tprotect\ttheir\ttimid\ntoddlers\tfrom\twhatever\twas\tupsetting;\tothers\tfelt\tthat\tit\twas\tmore", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d7cd972aac67-1", "page_content": "important\tto\thelp\ttheir\ttimid\tchild\tlearn\thow\tto\tcope\twith\tthese\nupsetting\tmoments,\tand\tso\tadapt\tto\tlife\u2019s\tsmall\tstruggles.\tThe\nprotective\tbelief\tseems\tto\thave\tabetted\tthe\tfearfulness,\tprobably\tby\ndepriving\tthe\tyoungsters\tof\topportunities\tfor\tlearning\thow\tto\novercome\ttheir\tfears.\tThe\t\u201clearn\tto\tadapt\u201d\tphilosophy\tof\tchildrearing\nseems\tto\thave\thelped\tfearful\tchildren\tbecome\tbraver.\nObservations\tin\tthe\thomes\twhen\tthe\tbabies\twere\tabout\tsix\tmonths\nold\tfound\tthat\tthe\tprotective\tmothers,\ttrying\tto\tsoothe\ttheir\tinfants,\npicked\tthem\tup\tand\theld\tthem\twhen\tthey\tfretted\tor\tcried,\tand\tdid\tso\nlonger\tthan\tthose\tmothers\twho\ttried\tto\thelp\ttheir\tinfants\tlearn\tto\nmaster\tthese\tmoments\tof\tupset.\tThe\tratio\tof\ttimes\tthe\tinfants\twere\nheld\twhen\tcalm\tand\twhen\tupset\tshowed\tthat\tthe\tprotective\tmothers\nheld\ttheir\tinfants\tmuch\tlonger\tduring\tthe\tupsets\tthan\tthe\tcalm\nperiods.\nAnother\tdifference\temerged\twhen\tthe\tinfants\twere\taround\tone\tyear\nold:\tthe\tprotective\tmothers\twere\tmore\tlenient\tand\tindirect\tin\tsetting\nlimits\tfor\ttheir\ttoddlers\twhen\tthey\twere\tdoing\tsomething\tthat\tmight\nbe\tharmful,\tsuch\tas\tmouthing\tan\tobject\tthey\tmight\tswallow.\tThe\nother\tmothers,\tby\tcontrast,\twere\temphatic,\tsetting\tfirm\tlimits,\tgiving", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d7cd972aac67-2", "page_content": "direct\tcommands,\tblocking\tthe\tchild\u2019s\tactions,\tinsisting\ton\tobedience.\nWhy\tshould\tfirmness\tlead\tto\ta\treduction\tin\tfearfulness?\tKagan\nspeculates\tthat\tthere\tis\tsomething\tlearned\twhen\ta\tbaby\thas\this\tsteady", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2148f1513232-0", "page_content": "crawl\ttoward\twhat\tseems\tto\thim\tan\tintriguing\tobject\t(but\tto\this\nmother\ta\tdangerous\tone)\tinterrupted\tby\ther\twarning,\t\u201cGet\taway\tfrom\nthat!\u201d\tThe\tinfant\tis\tsuddenly\tforced\tto\tdeal\twith\ta\tmild\tuncertainty.\nThe\trepetition\tof\tthis\tchallenge\thundreds\tand\thundreds\tof\ttimes\nduring\tthe\tfirst\tyear\tof\tlife\tgives\tthe\tinfant\tcontinual\trehearsals,\tin\nsmall\tdoses,\tof\tmeeting\tthe\tunexpected\tin\tlife.\tFor\tfearful\tchildren\nthat\tis\tprecisely\tthe\tencounter\tthat\thas\tto\tbe\tmastered,\tand\nmanageable\tdoses\tare\tjust\tright\tfor\tlearning\tthe\tlesson.\tWhen\tthe\nencounter\ttakes\tplace\twith\tparents\twho,\tthough\tloving,\tdo\tnot\trush\tto\npick\tup\tand\tsoothe\tthe\ttoddler\tover\tevery\tlittle\tupset,\the\tgradually\nlearns\tto\tmanage\tsuch\tmoments\ton\this\town.\tBy\tage\ttwo,\twhen\tthese\nformerly\tfearful\ttoddlers\tare\tbrought\tback\tto\tKagan\u2019s\tlaboratory,\tthey\nare\tfar\tless\tlikely\tto\tbreak\tout\tinto\ttears\twhen\ta\tstranger\tfrowns\tat\nthem,\tor\tan\texperimenter\tputs\ta\tblood-pressure\tcuff\taround\ttheir\tarm.\nKagan\u2019s\tconclusion:\t\u201cIt\tappears\tthat\tmothers\twho\tprotect\ttheir\nhigh[ly]\treactive\tinfants\tfrom\tfrustration\tand\tanxiety\tin\tthe\thope\tof\neffecting\ta\tbenevolent\toutcome\tseem\tto\texacerbate\tthe\tinfant\u2019s\nuncertainty\tand\tproduce\tthe\topposite\teffect.\u201d\n8", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2148f1513232-1", "page_content": "uncertainty\tand\tproduce\tthe\topposite\teffect.\u201d\n8\n\tIn\tother\twords,\tthe\nprotective\tstrategy\tbackfires\tby\tdepriving\ttimid\ttoddlers\tof\tthe\tvery\nopportunity\tto\tlearn\tto\tcalm\tthemselves\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tthe\tunfamiliar,\nand\tso\tgain\tsome\tsmall\tmastery\tof\ttheir\tfears.\tAt\tthe\tneurological\nlevel,\tpresumably,\tthis\tmeans\ttheir\tprefrontal\tcircuits\tmissed\tthe\nchance\tto\tlearn\talternate\tresponses\tto\tknee-jerk\tfear;\tinstead,\ttheir\ntendency\tfor\tunbridled\tfearfulness\tmay\thave\tbeen\tstrengthened\nsimply\tthrough\trepetition.\nIn\tcontrast,\tas\tKagan\ttold\tme,\t\u201cThose\tchildren\twho\thad\tbecome\tless\ntimid\tby\tkindergarten\tseem\tto\thave\thad\tparents\twho\tput\tgentle\npressure\ton\tthem\tto\tbe\tmore\toutgoing.\tAlthough\tthis\ttemperamental\ntrait\tseems\tslightly\tharder\tthan\tothers\tto\tchange\u2014probably\tbecause\tof\nits\tphysiological\tbasis\u2014no\thuman\tquality\tis\tbeyond\tchange.\u201d\nThroughout\tchildhood\tsome\ttimid\tchildren\tgrow\tbolder\tas\nexperience\tcontinues\tto\tmold\tthe\tkey\tneural\tcircuitry.\tOne\tof\tthe\nsigns\tthat\ta\ttimid\tchild\twill\tbe\tmore\tlikely\tto\tovercome\tthis\tnatural\ninhibition\tis\thaving\ta\thigher\tlevel\tof\tsocial\tcompetence:\tbeing\ncooperative\tand\tgetting\talong\twith\tother\tchildren;\tbeing\tempathic,\nprone\tto\tgiving\tand\tsharing,\tand\tconsiderate;\tand\tbeing\table\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2148f1513232-2", "page_content": "develop\tclose\tfriendships.\tThese\ttraits\tmarked\ta\tgroup\tof\tchildren\tfirst\nidentified\tas\thaving\ta\ttimid\ttemperament\tat\tage\tfour,\twho\tshook\tit\toff\nby\tthe\ttime\tthey\twere\tten\tyears\told.\n9\nBy\tcontrast,\tthose\ttimid\tfour-year-olds\twhose\ttemperament\tchanged", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7ecd555c6934-0", "page_content": "little\tover\tthe\tsame\tsix\tyears\ttended\tto\tbe\tless\table\temotionally:\ncrying\tand\tfalling\tapart\tunder\tstress\tmore\teasily;\tbeing\temotionally\ninappropriate;\tbeing\tfearful,\tsulky,\tor\twhiny;\toverreacting\tto\tminor\nfrustration\twith\tanger;\thaving\ttrouble\tdelaying\tgratification;\tbeing\noverly\tsensitive\tto\tcriticism,\tor\tmistrustful.\tThese\temotional\tlapses\nare,\tof\tcourse,\tlikely\tto\tmean\ttheir\trelationships\twith\tother\tchildren\nwill\tbe\ttroubled,\tshould\tthey\tbe\table\tto\tovercome\ttheir\tinitial\nreluctance\tto\tengage.\nBy\tcontrast,\tit\tis\teasy\tto\tsee\twhy\tthe\tmore\temotionally\tcompetent\u2014\nthough\tshy\tby\ttemperament\u2014children\tspontaneously\toutgrew\ttheir\ntimidity.\tBeing\tmore\tsocially\tskilled,\tthey\twere\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tto\thave\na\tsuccession\tof\tpositive\texperiences\twith\tother\tchildren.\tEven\tif\tthey\nwere\ttentative\tabout,\tsay,\tspeaking\tto\ta\tnew\tplaymate,\tonce\tthe\tice\nwas\tbroken\tthey\twere\table\tto\tshine\tsocially.\tThe\tregular\trepetition\tof\nsuch\tsocial\tsuccess\tover\tmany\tyears\twould\tnaturally\ttend\tto\tmake\tthe\ntimid\tmore\tsure\tof\tthemselves.\nThese\tadvances\ttoward\tboldness\tare\tencouraging;\tthey\tsuggest\tthat\neven\t\ninnate\temotional\tpatterns\tcan\tchange\tto\tsome\tdegree.\tA\tchild\nwho\tcomes\tinto\tthe\tworld\teasily\tfrightened\tcan\tlearn\tto\tbe\tcalmer,\tor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "7ecd555c6934-1", "page_content": "even\toutgoing,\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tthe\tunfamiliar.\tFearfulness\u2014or\tany\tother\ntemperament\u2014may\tbe\tpart\tof\tthe\tbiological\tgivens\tof\tour\temotional\nlives,\tbut\twe\tare\tnot\tnecessarily\tlimited\tto\ta\tspecific\temotional\tmenu\nby\tour\tinherited\ttraits.\tThere\tis\ta\trange\tof\tpossibility\teven\twithin\ngenetic\tconstraints.\tAs\tbehavioral\tgeneticists\tobserve,\tgenes\talone\tdo\nnot\tdetermine\tbehavior;\tour\tenvironment,\tespecially\twhat\twe\nexperience\tand\tlearn\tas\twe\tgrow,\tshapes\thow\ta\ttemperamental\npredisposition\texpresses\titself\tas\tlife\tunfolds.\tOur\temotional\tcapacities\nare\tnot\ta\tgiven;\twith\tthe\tright\tlearning,\tthey\tcan\tbe\timproved.\tThe\nreasons\tfor\tthis\tlie\tin\thow\tthe\thuman\tbrain\tmatures.\nCHILDHOOD:\tA\n\t\nWINDOW\tOF\tOPPORTUNITY\nThe\thuman\tbrain\tis\tby\tno\tmeans\tfully\tformed\tat\tbirth.\tIt\tcontinues\tto\nshape\titself\tthrough\tlife,\twith\tthe\tmost\tintense\tgrowth\toccurring\nduring\tchildhood.\tChildren\tare\tborn\twith\tmany\tmore\tneurons\tthan\ntheir\tmature\tbrain\twill\tretain;\tthrough\ta\tprocess\tknown\tas\t\u201cpruning\u201d\nthe\tbrain\tactually\tloses\tthe\tneuronal\tconnections\tthat\tare\tless\tused,\nand\tforms\tstrong\tconnections\tin\tthose\tsynaptic\tcircuits\tthat\thave\tbeen\nutilized\tthe\tmost.\tPruning,\tby\tdoing\taway\twith\textraneous\tsynapses,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a23b0d9d1e75-0", "page_content": "improves\tthe\tsignal-to-noise\tratio\tin\tthe\tbrain\tby\tremoving\tthe\tcause\nof\tthe\t\u201cnoise.\u201d\tThis\tprocess\tis\tconstant\tand\tquick;\tsynaptic\nconnections\tcan\tform\tin\ta\tmatter\tof\thours\tor\tdays.\tExperience,\nparticularly\tin\tchildhood,\tsculpts\tthe\tbrain.\nThe\tclassic\tdemonstration\tof\tthe\timpact\tof\texperience\ton\tbrain\ngrowth\twas\tby\tNobel\tPrize-winners\tThorsten\tWiesel\tand\tDavid\tHubel,\nboth\tneuroscientists.\n10\n\tThey\tshowed\tthat\tin\tcats\tand\tmonkeys,\tthere\nwas\ta\tcritical\tperiod\tduring\tthe\tfirst\tfew\tmonths\tof\tlife\tfor\tthe\ndevelopment\tof\tthe\tsynapses\tthat\tcarry\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\teye\tto\tthe\nvisual\tcortex,\twhere\tthose\tsignals\tare\tinterpreted.\tIf\tone\teye\twas\tkept\nclosed\tduring\tthat\tperiod,\tthe\tnumber\tof\tsynapses\tfrom\tthat\teye\tto\tthe\nvisual\tcortex\tdwindled\taway,\twhile\tthose\tfrom\tthe\topen\teye\nmultiplied.\tIf\tafter\tthe\tcritical\tperiod\tended\tthe\tclosed\teye\twas\nreopened,\tthe\tanimal\twas\tfunctionally\tblind\tin\tthat\teye.\tAlthough\nnothing\twas\twrong\twith\tthe\teye\titself,\tthere\twere\ttoo\tfew\tcircuits\tto\nthe\tvisual\tcortex\tfor\tsignals\tfrom\tthat\teye\tto\tbe\tinterpreted.\nIn\thumans\tthe\tcorresponding\tcritical\tperiod\tfor\tvision\tlasts\tfor\tthe\nfirst\tsix\tyears\tof\tlife.\tDuring\tthis\ttime\tnormal\tseeing\tstimulates\tthe\nformation\tof\tincreasingly\tcomplex\tneural\tcircuitry\tfor\tvision\tthat\nbegins\tin\tthe\teye\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a23b0d9d1e75-1", "page_content": "begins\tin\tthe\teye\tand\t\nends\tin\tthe\tvisual\tcortex.\tIf\ta\tchild\u2019s\teye\tis\ttaped\nclosed\tfor\teven\ta\tfew\tweeks,\tit\tcan\tproduce\ta\tmeasurable\tdeficit\tin\nthe\tvisual\tcapacity\tof\tthat\teye.\tIf\ta\tchild\thas\thad\tone\teye\tclosed\tfor\nseveral\tmonths\tduring\tthis\tperiod,\tand\tlater\thas\tit\trestored,\tthat\teye\u2019s\nvision\tfor\tdetail\twill\tbe\timpaired.\nA\tvivid\tdemonstration\tof\tthe\timpact\tof\texperience\ton\tthe\ndeveloping\tbrain\tis\tin\tstudies\tof\t\u201crich\u201d\tand\t\u201cpoor\u201d\trats.\n11\n\tThe\t\u201crich\u201d\nrats\tlived\tin\tsmall\tgroups\tin\tcages\twith\tplenty\tof\trat\tdiversions\tsuch\nas\tladders\tand\ttreadmills.\tThe\t\u201cpoor\u201d\trats\tlived\tin\tcages\tthat\twere\nsimilar\tbut\tbarren\tand\tlacking\tdiversions.\tOver\ta\tperiod\tof\tmonths\tthe\nneocortices\tof\tthe\trich\trats\tdeveloped\tfar\tmore\tcomplex\tnetworks\tof\nsynaptic\tcircuits\tinterconnecting\tthe\tneurons;\tthe\tpoor\trats\u2019\tneuronal\ncircuitry\twas\tsparse\tby\tcomparison.\tThe\tdifference\twas\tso\tgreat\tthat\nthe\trich\trats\u2019\tbrains\twere\theavier,\tand,\tperhaps\tnot\tsurprisingly,\tthey\nwere\tfar\tsmarter\tat\tsolving\tmazes\tthan\tthe\tpoor\trats.\tSimilar\nexperiments\twith\tmonkeys\tshow\tthese\tdifferences\tbetween\tthose\n\u201crich\u201d\tand\t\u201cpoor\u201d\tin\texperience,\tand\tthe\tsame\teffect\tis\tsure\tto\toccur\nin\thumans.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a23b0d9d1e75-2", "page_content": "in\thumans.\nPsychotherapy\u2014that\tis,\tsystematic\temotional\trelearning\u2014stands\tas\na\tcase\tin\tpoint\tfor\tthe\tway\texperience\tcan\tboth\tchange\temotional\npatterns\tand\tshape\tthe\tbrain.\tThe\tmost\tdramatic\tdemonstration\tcomes", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e64b98b28ed2-0", "page_content": "from\ta\tstudy\tof\tpeople\tbeing\ttreated\tfor\tobsessive-compulsive\ndisorder.\n12\n\tOne\tof\tthe\tmore\tcommon\tcompulsions\tis\thand\twashing,\nwhich\tcan\tbe\tdone\tso\toften,\teven\thundreds\tof\ttimes\tin\ta\tday,\tthat\tthe\nperson\u2019s\tskin\tcracks.\tPET\tscan\tstudies\tshow\tthat\tobsessive-\ncompulsives\thave\tgreater\tthan\tnormal\tactivity\tin\tthe\tprefrontal\nlobes.\n13\nHalf\tof\tthe\tpatients\tin\tthe\tstudy\treceived\tthe\tstandard\tdrug\ntreatment,\tfluoxetine\t(better\tknown\tby\tthe\tbrand\tname\tProzac),\tand\nhalf\tgot\tbehavior\ttherapy.\tDuring\tthe\ttherapy\tthey\twere\nsystematically\texposed\tto\tthe\tobject\tof\ttheir\tobsession\tor\tcompulsion\nwithout\tperforming\tit;\tpatients\twith\thand-washing\tcompulsions\twere\nput\tat\ta\tsink,\tbut\tnot\tallowed\tto\twash.\tAt\tthe\tsame\ttime\tthey\tlearned\nto\tquestion\tthe\tfears\tand\tdreads\tthat\tspurred\tthem\ton\u2014for\texample,\nthat\tfailure\tto\twash\twould\tmean\tthey\twould\tget\ta\tdisease\tand\tdie.\nGradually,\tthrough\tmonths\tof\tsuch\tsessions,\tthe\tcompulsions\tfaded,\njust\tas\tthey\tdid\twith\tthe\tmedication.\nThe\tremarkable\tfinding,\tthough,\twas\ta\tPET\tscan\ttest\tshowing\tthat\nthe\tbehavior\ttherapy\tpatients\thad\tas\tsignificant\ta\tdecrease\tin\tthe\nactivity\tof\ta\tkey\tpart\tof\tthe\temotional\tbrain,\tthe\tcaudate\tnucleus,\tas\ndid\tthe\tpatients\tsuccessfully\ttreated\twith\tthe\tdrug\tfluoxetine.\tTheir", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e64b98b28ed2-1", "page_content": "did\tthe\tpatients\tsuccessfully\ttreated\twith\tthe\tdrug\tfluoxetine.\tTheir\nexperience\thad\tchanged\tbrain\tfunction\u2014and\trelieved\tsymptoms\u2014as\neffectively\tas\tthe\tmedication!\nCRUCIAL\tWINDOWS\nOf\tall\tspecies\twe\thumans\ttake\tthe\tlongest\tfor\tour\tbrains\tto\tfully\nmature.\tWhile\teach\tarea\tof\tthe\tbrain\tdevelops\tat\ta\tdifferent\trate\nduring\tchildhood,\tthe\tonset\tof\tpuberty\tmarks\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\nsweeping\tperiods\tof\tpruning\tthroughout\tthe\tbrain.\tSeveral\tbrain\tareas\ncritical\tfor\temotional\tlife\tare\tamong\tthe\tslowest\tto\tmature.\tWhile\tthe\nsensory\tareas\tmature\tduring\tearly\tchildhood,\tand\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\nby\tpuberty,\tthe\tfrontal\tlobes\u2014seat\tof\temotional\tself-control,\nunderstanding,\tand\tartful\tresponse\u2014continue\tto\tdevelop\tinto\tlate\nadolescence,\tuntil\tsomewhere\tbetween\tsixteen\tand\teighteen\tyears\tof\nage.\n14\nThe\thabits\tof\temotional\tmanagement\tthat\tare\trepeated\tover\tand\nover\tagain\tduring\tchildhood\tand\tthe\tteenage\tyears\twill\tthemselves\nhelp\tmold\tthis\tcircuitry.\tThis\tmakes\tchildhood\ta\tcrucial\twindow\tof\nopportunity\tfor\tshaping\tlifelong\temotional\tpropensities;\thabits", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "61264a145e41-0", "page_content": "acquired\tin\tchildhood\tbecome\tset\tin\tthe\tbasic\tsynaptic\twiring\tof\nneural\tarchitecture,\tand\tare\tharder\tto\tchange\tlater\tin\tlife.\tGiven\tthe\nimportance\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tfor\tmanaging\temotion,\tthe\tvery\nlong\twindow\tfor\tsynaptic\tsculpting\tin\tthis\tbrain\tregion\tmay\twell\nmean\tthat,\tin\tthe\tgrand\tdesign\tof\tthe\tbrain,\ta\tchild\u2019s\texperiences\tover\nthe\tyears\tcan\tmold\tlasting\tconnections\tin\tthe\tregulatory\tcircuitry\tof\nthe\temotional\tbrain.\tAs\twe\thave\tseen,\tcritical\texperiences\tinclude\nhow\tdependable\tand\tresponsive\tto\tthe\tchild\u2019s\tneeds\tparents\tare,\tthe\nopportunities\tand\tguidance\ta\tchild\thas\tin\tlearning\tto\thandle\ther\town\ndistress\tand\tcontrol\timpulse,\tand\tpractice\tin\tempathy.\tBy\tthe\tsame\ntoken,\tneglect\tor\tabuse,\tthe\tmisattunement\tof\ta\tself-absorbed\tor\nindifferent\tparent,\tor\tbrutal\tdiscipline\tcan\tleave\ttheir\timprint\ton\tthe\nemotional\tcircuitry.\n15\nOne\tof\tthe\tmost\tessential\temotional\tlessons,\tfirst\tlearned\tin\tinfancy\nand\trefined\tthroughout\tchildhood,\tis\thow\tto\tsoothe\toneself\twhen\nupset.\tFor\tvery\tyoung\tinfants,\tsoothing\tcomes\tfrom\tcaretakers:\ta\nmother\thears\ther\tinfant\tcrying,\tpicks\thim\tup,\tholds\tand\trocks\thim\nuntil\the\tcalms\tdown.\tThis\tbiological\tattunement,\tsome\ttheorists\npropose,\thelps\tthe\tchild\tbegin\tto\tlearn\thow\tto\tdo\tthe\tsame\tfor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "61264a145e41-1", "page_content": "propose,\thelps\tthe\tchild\tbegin\tto\tlearn\thow\tto\tdo\tthe\tsame\tfor\nhimself.\n16\n\tDuring\ta\tcritical\tperiod\tbetween\tten\tand\teighteen\tmonths,\nthe\torbitofrontal\tarea\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tis\trapidly\tforming\tthe\nconnections\twith\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain\tthat\twill\tmake\tit\ta\tkey\ton/off\nswitch\tfor\tdistress.\tThe\tinfant\twho\tthrough\tcountless\tepisodes\tof\nbeing\tsoothed\tis\thelped\talong\tin\tlearning\thow\tto\tcalm\tdown,\tthe\nspeculation\tgoes,\twill\thave\tstronger\tconnections\tin\tthis\tcircuit\tfor\ncontrolling\tdistress,\tand\tso\tthroughout\tlife\twill\tbe\tbetter\tat\tsoothing\nhimself\twhen\tupset.\nTo\tbe\tsure,\tthe\tart\tof\tsoothing\toneself\tis\tmastered\tover\tmany\tyears,\nand\t\nwith\tnew\tmeans,\tas\tbrain\tmaturation\toffers\ta\tchild\tprogressively\nmore\tsophisticated\temotional\ttools.\tRemember,\tthe\tfrontal\tlobes,\tso\nimportant\tfor\tregulating\tlimbic\timpulse,\tmature\tinto\tadolescence.\n17\nAnother\tkey\tcircuit\tthat\tcontinues\tto\tshape\titself\tthrough\tchildhood\ncenters\ton\tthe\tvagus\tnerve,\twhich\tat\tone\tend\tregulates\tthe\theart\tand\nother\tparts\tof\tthe\tbody,\tand\tat\tthe\tother\tsends\tsignals\tto\tthe\tamygdala\nvia\tother\tcircuits,\tprompting\tit\tto\tsecrete\tthe\tcatecholamines,\twhich\nprime\tthe\tfight-or-flight\tresponse.\tA\tUniversity\tof\tWashington\tteam\nthat\tassessed\tthe\timpact\tof\tchildrearing\tdiscovered\tthat\temotionally", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "61264a145e41-2", "page_content": "that\tassessed\tthe\timpact\tof\tchildrearing\tdiscovered\tthat\temotionally\nadept\tparenting\tled\tto\ta\tchange\tfor\tthe\tbetter\tin\tvagus-nerve\tfunction.\nAs\tJohn\tGottman,\tthe\tpsychologist\twho\tled\tthe\tresearch,\texplained,\n\u201cParents\tmodify\ttheir\tchildren\u2019s\tvagal\ttone\u201d\u2014a\tmeasure\tof\thow\teasily", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "627e81660480-0", "page_content": "triggered\tthe\tvagus\tnerve\tis\u2014\u201cby\tcoaching\tthem\temotionally:\ttalking\nto\tchildren\tabout\ttheir\tfeelings\tand\thow\tto\tunderstand\tthem,\tnot\nbeing\tcritical\tand\tjudgmental,\tproblem-solving\tabout\temotional\npredicaments,\tcoaching\tthem\ton\twhat\tto\tdo,\tlike\talternatives\tto\nhitting,\tor\tto\twithdrawing\twhen\tyou\u2019re\tsad.\u201d\tWhen\tparents\tdid\tthis\nwell,\tchildren\twere\tbetter\table\tto\tsuppress\tthe\tvagal\tactivity\tthat\nkeeps\tthe\tamygdala\tpriming\tthe\tbody\twith\tfight-or-flight\thormones\u2014\nand\tso\twere\tbetter\tbehaved.\nIt\tstands\tto\treason\tthat\tthe\tkey\tskills\tof\temotional\tintelligence\teach\nhave\tcritical\tperiods\textending\tover\tseveral\tyears\tin\tchildhood.\tEach\nperiod\trepresents\ta\twindow\tfor\thelping\tthat\tchild\tinstill\tbeneficial\nemotional\thabits\tor,\tif\tmissed,\tto\tmake\tit\tthat\tmuch\tharder\tto\toffer\ncorrective\tlessons\tlater\tin\tlife.\tThe\tmassive\tsculpting\tand\tpruning\tof\nneural\tcircuits\tin\tchildhood\tmay\tbe\tan\tunderlying\treason\twhy\tearly\nemotional\thardships\tand\ttrauma\thave\tsuch\tenduring\tand\tpervasive\neffects\tin\tadulthood.\tIt\tmay\texplain,\ttoo,\twhy\tpsychotherapy\tcan\toften\ntake\tso\tlong\tto\taffect\tsome\tof\tthese\tpatterns\u2014and\twhy,\tas\twe\u2019ve\tseen,\neven\tafter\ttherapy\tthose\tpatterns\ttend\tto\tremain\tas\tunderlying\npropensities,\tthough\twith\tan\toverlay\tof\tnew\tinsights\tand\trelearned\nresponses.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "627e81660480-1", "page_content": "responses.\nTo\tbe\tsure,\tthe\tbrain\tremains\tplastic\tthroughout\tlife,\tthough\tnot\tto\nthe\tspectacular\textent\tseen\tin\tchildhood.\tAll\tlearning\timplies\ta\tchange\nin\tthe\tbrain,\ta\tstrengthening\tof\tsynaptic\tconnection.\tThe\tbrain\nchanges\tin\tthe\tpatients\twith\tobsessive-compulsive\tdisorder\tshow\tthat\nemotional\thabits\tare\tmalleable\tthroughout\tlife,\twith\tsome\tsustained\neffort,\teven\tat\tthe\tneural\tlevel.\tWhat\thappens\twith\tthe\tbrain\tin\tPTSD\n(or\tin\ttherapy,\tfor\tthat\tmatter)\tis\tan\tanalog\tof\tthe\teffects\tall\trepeated\nor\tintense\temotional\texperiences\tbring,\tfor\tbetter\tor\tfor\tworse.\nSome\tof\tthe\tmost\ttelling\tof\tsuch\tlessons\tcome\tfrom\tparent\tto\tchild.\nThere\t\nare\tvery\tdifferent\temotional\thabits\tinstilled\tby\tparents\twhose\nattunement\tmeans\tan\tinfant\u2019s\temotional\tneeds\tare\tacknowledged\tand\nmet\tor\twhose\tdiscipline\tincludes\tempathy,\ton\tthe\tone\thand,\tor\tself-\nabsorbed\tparents\twho\tignore\ta\tchild\u2019s\tdistress\tor\twho\tdiscipline\ncapriciously\tby\tyelling\tand\thitting.\tMuch\tpsychotherapy\tis,\tin\ta\tsense,\na\tremedial\ttutorial\tfor\twhat\twas\tskewed\tor\tmissed\tcompletely\tearlier\nin\tlife.\tBut\twhy\tnot\tdo\twhat\twe\tcan\tto\tprevent\tthat\tneed,\tby\tgiving\nchildren\tthe\tnurturing\tand\tguidance\tthat\tcultivates\tthe\tessential\nemotional\tskills\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace?", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c9fd68664843-0", "page_content": "PART\tFIVE\nEMOTIONAL\nLITERACY", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "598c9f500728-0", "page_content": "15\nThe\tCost\tof\tEmotional\tIlliteracy\nIt\tbegan\tas\ta\tsmall\tdispute,\tbut\thad\tescalated.\tIan\tMoore,\ta\tsenior\tat\nThomas\tJefferson\tHigh\tSchool\tin\tBrooklyn,\tand\tTyrone\tSinkler,\ta\njunior,\thad\thad\ta\tfalling-out\twith\ta\tbuddy,\tfifteen-year-old\tKhalil\nSumpter.\tThen\tthey\thad\tstarted\tpicking\ton\thim\tand\tmaking\tthreats.\nNow\tit\texploded.\nKhalil,\tscared\tthat\tIan\tand\tTyrone\twere\tgoing\tto\tbeat\thim\tup,\nbrought\ta\t.38\tcaliber\tpistol\tto\tschool\tone\tmorning,\tand,\tfifteen\tfeet\nfrom\ta\tschool\tguard,\tshot\tboth\tboys\tto\tdeath\tat\tpoint-blank\trange\tin\nthe\tschool\u2019s\thallway.\nThe\tincident,\tchilling\tas\tit\tis,\tcan\tbe\tread\tas\tyet\tanother\tsign\tof\ta\ndesperate\tneed\tfor\tlessons\tin\thandling\temotions,\tsettling\ndisagreements\tpeaceably,\tand\tjust\tplain\tgetting\talong.\tEducators,\tlong\ndisturbed\tby\tschoolchildren\u2019s\tlagging\tscores\tin\tmath\tand\treading,\tare\nrealizing\tthere\tis\ta\tdifferent\tand\tmore\talarming\tdeficiency:\temotional\nilliteracy.\n1\n\tAnd\twhile\tlaudable\tefforts\tare\tbeing\tmade\tto\traise\nacademic\tstandards,\tthis\tnew\tand\ttroubling\tdeficiency\tis\tnot\tbeing\naddressed\tin\tthe\tstandard\tschool\tcurriculum.\tAs\tone\tBrooklyn\tteacher\nput\tit,\tthe\tpresent\temphasis\tin\tschools\tsuggests\tthat\t\u201cwe\tcare\tmore", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "598c9f500728-1", "page_content": "about\thow\twell\tschoolchildren\tcan\tread\tand\twrite\tthan\twhether\nthey\u2019ll\tbe\talive\tnext\tweek.\u201d\nSigns\tof\tthe\tdeficiency\tcan\tbe\tseen\tin\tviolent\tincidents\tsuch\tas\tthe\nshooting\tof\tIan\tand\tTyrone,\tgrowing\tever\tmore\tcommon\tin\tAmerican\nschools.\tBut\tthese\tare\tmore\tthan\tisolated\tevents;\tthe\theightening\tof\nthe\tturmoil\tof\tadolescence\tand\ttroubles\tof\tchildhood\tcan\tbe\tread\tfor\nthe\tUnited\tStates\u2014a\tbellwether\tof\tworld\ttrends\u2014in\tstatistics\tsuch\tas\nthese:\n2\nIn\t1990,\tcompared\tto\tthe\tprevious\ttwo\tdecades,\tthe\tUnited\tStates\nsaw\tthe\thighest\tjuvenile\tarrest\trate\tfor\tviolent\tcrimes\tever;\tteen\narrests\tfor\tforcible\trape\thad\tdoubled;\tteen\tmurder\trates\tquadrupled,\nmostly\tdue\tto\tan\tincrease\t\nin\tshootings.\n3\n\tDuring\tthose\tsame\ttwo\ndecades,\tthe\tsuicide\trate\tfor\tteenagers\ttripled,\tas\tdid\tthe\tnumber\tof\nchildren\tunder\tfourteen\twho\tare\tmurder\tvictims.\n4", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0a79662a5ea9-0", "page_content": "More,\tand\tyounger,\tteenage\tgirls\tare\tgetting\tpregnant.\tAs\tof\t1993\nthe\tbirthrate\tamong\tgirls\tten\tto\tfourteen\thas\trisen\tsteadily\tfor\tfive\nyears\tin\ta\trow\u2014some\tcall\tit\t\u201cbabies\thaving\tbabies\u201d\u2014as\thas\tthe\nproportion\tof\tunwanted\tteen\tpregnancies\tand\tpeer\tpressure\tto\thave\nsex.\tRates\tof\tvenereal\tdisease\tamong\tteenagers\thave\ttripled\tover\tthe\nlast\tthree\tdecades.\n5\nWhile\tthese\tfigures\tare\tdiscouraging,\tif\tthe\tfocus\tis\ton\tAfrican-\nAmerican\tyouth,\tespecially\tin\tthe\tinner\tcity,\tthey\tare\tutterly\tbleak\u2014\nall\tthe\trates\tare\thigher\tby\tfar,\tsometimes\tdoubled,\tsometimes\ttripled\nor\thigher.\tFor\texample,\theroin\tand\tcocaine\tuse\tamong\twhite\tyouth\nclimbed\tabout\t300\tpercent\tover\tthe\ttwo\tdecades\tbefore\tthe\t1990s;\tfor\nAfrican-American\tyouth\tit\tjumped\tto\ta\tstaggering\t\n13\ttimes\n\tthe\trate\tof\ntwenty\tyears\tbefore.\n6\nThe\tmost\tcommon\tcause\tof\tdisability\tamong\tteenagers\tis\tmental\nillness.\tSymptoms\tof\tdepression,\twhether\tmajor\tor\tminor,\taffect\tup\tto\none\tthird\tof\tteenagers;\tfor\tgirls,\tthe\tincidence\tof\tdepression\tdoubles\tat\npuberty.\tThe\tfrequency\tof\teating\tdisorders\tin\tteenage\tgirls\thas\nskyrocketed.\n7\nFinally,\tunless\tthings\tchange,\tthe\tlong-term\tprospects\tfor\ttoday\u2019s", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0a79662a5ea9-1", "page_content": "Finally,\tunless\tthings\tchange,\tthe\tlong-term\tprospects\tfor\ttoday\u2019s\nchildren\tmarrying\tand\thaving\ta\tfruitful,\tstable\tlife\ttogether\tare\ngrowing\tmore\tdismal\twith\teach\tgeneration.\tAs\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t9\n,\nwhile\tduring\tthe\t1970s\tand\t1980s\tthe\tdivorce\trate\twas\taround\t50\npercent,\tas\twe\tentered\tthe\t1990s\tthe\trate\tamong\tnewlyweds\tpredicted\nthat\ttwo\tout\tof\tthree\tmarriages\tof\tyoung\tpeople\twould\tend\tin\tdivorce.\nAN\tEMOTIONAL\tMALAISE\nThese\talarming\tstatistics\tare\tlike\tthe\tcanary\tin\tthe\tcoal\tminer\u2019s\ttunnel\nwhose\tdeath\twarns\tof\ttoo\tlittle\toxygen.\tBeyond\tsuch\tsobering\nnumbers,\tthe\tplight\tof\ttoday\u2019s\tchildren\tcan\tbe\tseen\tat\tmore\tsubtle\nlevels,\tin\tday-to-day\tproblems\tthat\thave\tnot\tyet\tblossomed\tinto\noutright\tcrises.\tPerhaps\tthe\tmost\ttelling\tdata\tof\tall\u2014a\tdirect\nbarometer\tof\tdropping\tlevels\tof\temotional\tcompetence\u2014are\tfrom\ta\nnational\tsample\tof\tAmerican\tchildren,\tages\tseven\tto\tsixteen,\ncomparing\ttheir\temotional\tcondition\tin\tthe\tmid-1970s\tand\tat\tthe\tend\nof\tthe\t1980s.\n8\n\tBased\ton\tparents\u2019\tand\tteachers\u2019\tassessments,\tthere\twas\na\tsteady\tworsening.\tNo\tone\tproblem\tstood\tout;\tall\tindicators\tsimply\ncrept\tsteadily\tin\tthe\twrong\tdirection.\tChildren,\ton\taverage,\twere", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "0a79662a5ea9-2", "page_content": "doing\tmore\tpoorly\tin\tthese\tspecific\tways:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5e031e846328-0", "page_content": "\u2022\t\nWithdrawal\tor\tsocial\tproblems:\n\tpreferring\tto\tbe\talone;\tbeing\nsecretive;\tsulking\ta\tlot;\tlacking\tenergy;\tfeeling\tunhappy;\tbeing\toverly\ndependent\n\u2022\t\nAnxious\tand\tdepressed:\n\tbeing\tlonely;\thaving\tmany\tfears\tand\nworries;\tneeding\tto\tbe\tperfect;\tfeeling\tunloved;\tfeeling\tnervous\tor\tsad\nand\tdepressed\n\u2022\t\nAttention\tor\tthinking\tproblems:\n\tunable\tto\tpay\tattention\tor\tsit\tstill;\ndaydreaming;\tacting\twithout\tthinking;\tbeing\ttoo\tnervous\tto\nconcentrate;\tdoing\tpoorly\ton\tschoolwork;\tunable\tto\tget\tmind\toff\nthoughts\n\u2022\t\nDelinquent\tor\taggressive:\n\thanging\taround\tkids\twho\tget\tin\ttrouble;\nlying\tand\tcheating;\targuing\ta\tlot;\tbeing\tmean\tto\tother\tpeople;\ndemanding\tattention;\tdestroying\tother\tpeople\u2019s\tthings;\tdisobeying\tat\nhome\tand\tat\tschool;\tbeing\tstubborn\tand\tmoody;\ttalking\ttoo\tmuch;\nteasing\ta\tlot;\thaving\ta\thot\ttemper\nWhile\tany\tof\tthese\tproblems\tin\tisolation\traises\tno\teyebrows,\ttaken\nas\ta\tgroup\tthey\tare\tbarometers\tof\ta\tsea\tchange,\ta\tnew\tkind\tof\ttoxicity\nseeping\tinto\tand\tpoisoning\tthe\tvery\texperience\tof\tchildhood,\nsignifying\tsweeping\tdeficits\tin\temotional\tcompetences.\tThis\temotional\nmalaise\tseems\tto\tbe\ta\tuniversal\tprice\tof\tmodern\tlife\tfor\tchildren.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5e031e846328-1", "page_content": "malaise\tseems\tto\tbe\ta\tuniversal\tprice\tof\tmodern\tlife\tfor\tchildren.\nWhile\tAmericans\toften\tdecry\ttheir\tproblems\tas\tparticularly\tbad\ncompared\tto\tother\tcultures\u2019,\tstudies\taround\tthe\tworld\thave\tfound\nrates\ton\ta\tpar\twith\tor\tworse\tthan\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates.\tFor\texample,\tin\nthe\t1980s\tteachers\tand\tparents\tin\tthe\tNetherlands,\tChina,\tand\nGermany\trated\tchildren\tat\tabout\tthe\tsame\tlevel\tof\tproblems\tas\twere\nfound\tfor\tAmerican\tchildren\tin\t1976.\tAnd\tsome\tcountries\thad\nchildren\tin\tworse\tshape\tthan\tcurrent\tU.S.\tlevels,\tincluding\tAustralia,\nFrance,\tand\tThailand.\tBut\tthis\tmay\tnot\tremain\ttrue\tfor\tlong.\tThe\nlarger\tforces\tthat\tpropel\tthe\tdownward\tspiral\tin\temotional\ncompetence\tseem\tto\tbe\tpicking\tup\tspeed\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\trelative\nto\tmany\tother\tdeveloped\tnations.\n9\nNo\tchildren,\trich\tor\tpoor,\tare\texempt\tfrom\trisk;\tthese\tproblems\tare\nuniversal,\toccurring\tin\tall\tethnic,\tracial,\tand\tincome\tgroups.\tThus\nwhile\tchildren\tin\tpoverty\thave\tthe\tworst\trecord\ton\tindices\tof\nemotional\tskills,\ttheir\t\nrate\n\tof\tdeterioration\tover\tthe\tdecades\twas\tno\nworse\tthan\tfor\tmiddle-class\tchildren\tor\tfor\twealthy\tchildren:\tall\tshow\nthe\tsame\tsteady\tslide.\tThere\thas\talso\tbeen\ta\tcorresponding\tthreefold\nrise\tin\tthe\tnumber\tof\tchildren\twho\thave\tgotten\tpsychological\thelp", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ae8d828c18ec-0", "page_content": "(perhaps\ta\tgood\tsign,\tsignaling\tthat\thelp\tis\tmore\tavailable),\tas\twell\tas\na\tnear\tdoubling\tof\tthe\tnumber\tof\tchildren\twho\thave\tenough\nemotional\tproblems\tthat\tthey\t\nshould\n\tget\tsuch\thelp\tbut\thave\tnot\t(a\tbad\nsign)\u2014from\tabout\t9\tpercent\tin\t1976\tto\t18\tpercent\tin\t1989.\nUrie\tBronfenbrenner,\tthe\teminent\tCornell\tUniversity\tdevelopmental\npsychologist\twho\tdid\tan\tinternational\tcomparison\tof\tchildren\u2019s\twell-\nbeing,\tsays:\t\n\u201cIn\tthe\tabsence\tof\tgood\tsupport\tsystems,\texternal\tstresses\nhave\tbecome\tso\tgreat\tthat\teven\tstrong\tfamilies\tare\tfalling\tapart.\tThe\nhecticness,\tinstability,\tand\tinconsistency\tof\tdaily\tfamily\tlife\tare\nrampant\tin\tall\tsegments\tof\tour\tsociety,\tincluding\tthe\twell-educated\nand\twell-to-do.\tWhat\tis\tat\tstake\tis\tnothing\tless\tthan\tthe\tnext\ngeneration,\tparticularly\tmales,\twho\tin\tgrowing\tup\tare\tespecially\nvulnerable\tto\tsuch\tdisruptive\tforces\tas\tthe\tdevastating\teffects\tof\ndivorce,\tpoverty,\tand\tunemployment.\tThe\tstatus\tof\tAmerican\tchildren\nand\tfamilies\tis\tas\tdesperate\tas\tever.\u2026\tWe\tare\tdepriving\tmillions\tof\nchildren\tof\ttheir\tcompetence\tand\tmoral\tcharacter.\u201d\n10\nThis\tis\tnot\tjust\tan\tAmerican\tphenomenon\tbut\ta\tglobal\tone,\twith\nworldwide\tcompetition\tto\tdrive\tdown\tlabor\tcosts\tcreating\teconomic\nforces\tthat\tpress\ton\tthe\tfamily.\tThese\tare\ttimes\tof\tfinancially\tbesieged", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ae8d828c18ec-1", "page_content": "families\tin\twhich\tboth\tparents\twork\tlong\thours,\tso\tthat\tchildren\tare\nleft\tto\ttheir\town\tdevices\tor\tthe\tTV\tbaby-sits;\twhen\tmore\tchildren\tthan\never\tgrow\tup\tin\tpoverty;\twhen\tthe\tone-parent\tfamily\tis\tbecoming\tever\nmore\tcommonplace;\twhen\tmore\tinfants\tand\ttoddlers\tare\tleft\tin\tday\ncare\tso\tpoorly\trun\tthat\tit\tamounts\tto\tneglect.\tAll\tthis\tmeans,\teven\tfor\nwell-intentioned\tparents,\tthe\terosion\tof\tthe\tcountless\tsmall,\nnourishing\texchanges\tbetween\tparent\tand\tchild\tthat\tbuild\temotional\ncompetences.\nIf\tfamilies\tno\tlonger\tfunction\teffectively\tto\tput\tall\tour\tchildren\ton\ta\nfirm\tfooting\tfor\tlife,\twhat\tare\twe\tto\tdo?\tA\tmore\tcareful\tlook\tat\tthe\nmechanics\tof\tspecific\tproblems\tsuggests\thow\tgiven\tdeficits\tin\nemotional\tor\tsocial\tcompetences\tlay\tthe\tfoundation\tfor\tgrave\nproblems\u2014and\thow\twell-aimed\tcorrectives\tor\tpreventives\tcould\tkeep\nmore\tchildren\ton\ttrack.\nTAMING\tAGGRESSION\nIn\tmy\telementary\tschool\tthe\ttough\tkid\twas\tJimmy,\ta\tfourth\tgrader\nwhen\tI\twas\tin\tfirst\tgrade.\tHe\twas\tthe\tkid\twho\twould\tsteal\tyour\tlunch\nmoney,\ttake\tyour\tbike,\tslug\tyou\tas\tsoon\tas\ttalk\tto\tyou.\tJimmy\twas\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4b3f77dfb414-0", "page_content": "classic\tbully,\tstarting\tfights\twith\tthe\tleast\tprovocation,\tor\tnone\tat\tall.\nWe\tall\tstood\tin\tawe\tof\tJimmy\u2014and\twe\tall\tstood\tat\ta\tdistance.\nEveryone\thated\tand\tfeared\tJimmy;\tno\tone\twould\tplay\twith\thim.\tIt\nwas\tas\tthough\teverywhere\the\twent\ton\tthe\tplayground\tan\tinvisible\nbodyguard\tcleared\tkids\tout\tof\this\tway.\nKids\tlike\tJimmy\tare\tclearly\ttroubled.\tBut\twhat\tmay\tbe\tless\tobvious\nis\tthat\tbeing\tso\tflagrantly\taggressive\tin\tchildhood\tis\ta\tmark\tof\nemotional\tand\tother\ttroubles\tto\tcome.\tJimmy\twas\tin\tjail\tfor\tassault\nby\tthe\ttime\the\treached\tsixteen.\nThe\tlifelong\tlegacy\tof\tchildhood\taggressiveness\tin\tkids\tlike\tJimmy\nhas\t\nemerged\tfrom\tmany\tstudies.\n11\n\tAs\twe\thave\tseen,\tthe\tfamily\tlife\tof\nsuch\taggressive\tchildren\ttypically\tincludes\tparents\twho\talternate\nneglect\twith\tharsh\tand\tcapricious\tpunishments,\ta\tpattern\tthat,\nperhaps\tunderstandably,\tmakes\tthe\tchildren\ta\tbit\tparanoid\tor\ncombative.\nNot\tall\tangry\tchildren\tare\tbullies;\tsome\tare\twithdrawn\tsocial\noutcasts\twho\toverreact\tto\tbeing\tteased\tor\tto\twhat\tthey\tperceive\tas\nslights\tor\tunfairness.\tBut\tthe\tone\tperceptual\tflaw\tthat\tunites\tsuch\nchildren\tis\tthat\tthey\tperceive\tslights\twhere\tnone\twere\tintended,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4b3f77dfb414-1", "page_content": "children\tis\tthat\tthey\tperceive\tslights\twhere\tnone\twere\tintended,\nimagining\ttheir\tpeers\tto\tbe\tmore\thostile\ttoward\tthem\tthan\tthey\nactually\tare.\tThis\tleads\tthem\tto\tmisperceive\tneutral\tacts\tas\nthreatening\tones\u2014an\tinnocent\tbump\tis\tseen\tas\ta\tvendetta\u2014and\tto\nattack\tin\treturn.\tThat,\tof\tcourse,\tleads\tother\tchildren\tto\tshun\tthem,\nisolating\tthem\tfurther.\tSuch\tangry,\tisolated\tchildren\tare\thighly\nsensitive\tto\tinjustices\tand\tbeing\ttreated\tunfairly.\tThey\ttypically\tsee\nthemselves\tas\tvictims\tand\tcan\trecite\ta\tlist\tof\tinstances\twhen,\tsay,\nteachers\tblamed\tthem\tfor\tdoing\tsomething\twhen\tin\tfact\tthey\twere\ninnocent.\tAnother\ttrait\tof\tsuch\tchildren\tis\tthat\tonce\tthey\tare\tin\tthe\nheat\tof\tanger\tthey\tcan\tthink\tof\tonly\tone\tway\tto\treact:\tby\tlashing\tout.\nThese\tperceptual\tbiases\tcan\tbe\tseen\tat\twork\tin\tan\texperiment\tin\nwhich\tbullies\tare\tpaired\twith\ta\tmore\tpeaceable\tchild\tto\twatch\tvideos.\nIn\tone\tvideo,\ta\tboy\tdrops\this\tbooks\twhen\tanother\tknocks\tinto\thim,\nand\tchildren\tstanding\tnearby\tlaugh;\tthe\tboy\twho\tdropped\tthe\tbooks\ngets\tangry\tand\ttries\tto\thit\tone\tof\tthose\twho\tlaughed.\tWhen\tthe\tboys\nwho\twatched\tthe\tvideo\ttalk\tabout\tit\tafterward,\tthe\tbully\talways\tsees", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4b3f77dfb414-2", "page_content": "the\tboy\twho\tstruck\tout\tas\tjustified.\tEven\tmore\ttelling,\twhen\tthey\nhave\tto\trate\thow\taggressive\tthe\tboys\twere\tduring\ttheir\tdiscussion\tof\nthe\tvideo,\tthe\tbullies\tsee\tthe\tboy\twho\tknocked\tinto\tthe\tother\tas\tmore\ncombative,\tand\tthe\tanger\tof\tthe\tboy\twho\tstruck\tout\tas\tjustified.\n12\nThis\tjump\tto\tjudgment\ttestifies\tto\ta\tdeep\tperceptual\tbias\tin\tpeople", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8b5029237dbe-0", "page_content": "who\tare\tunusually\taggressive:\tthey\tact\ton\tthe\tbasis\tof\tthe\tassumption\nof\thostility\tor\tthreat,\tpaying\ttoo\tlittle\tattention\tto\twhat\tis\tactually\ngoing\ton.\tOnce\tthey\tassume\tthreat,\tthey\tleapfrog\tto\taction.\tFor\ninstance,\tif\tan\taggressive\tboy\tis\tplaying\tcheckers\twith\tanother\twho\nmoves\ta\tpiece\tout\tof\tturn,\the\u2019ll\tinterpret\tthe\tmove\tas\t\u201ccheating\u201d\nwithout\tpausing\tto\tfind\tout\tif\tit\thad\tbeen\tan\tinnocent\tmistake.\tHis\npresumption\tis\tof\tmalevolence\trather\tthan\tinnocence;\this\treaction\tis\nautomatic\thostility.\tAlong\twith\tthe\tknee-jerk\tperception\tof\ta\thostile\nact\tis\tentwined\tan\tequally\tautomatic\taggression;\tinstead\tof,\tsay,\npointing\tout\tto\tthe\tother\tboy\tthat\the\tmade\ta\tmistake,\the\twill\tjump\tto\naccusation,\tyelling,\thitting.\tAnd\tthe\tmore\tsuch\tchildren\tdo\tthis,\tthe\nmore\tautomatic\taggression\tbecomes\tfor\tthem,\tand\tthe\tmore\tthe\nrepertoire\tof\talternatives\u2014politeness,\tjoking\u2014shrinks.\nSuch\tchildren\tare\temotionally\tvulnerable\tin\tthe\tsense\tthat\tthey\nhave\ta\tlow\t\nthreshold\tfor\tupset,\tgetting\tpeeved\tmore\toften\tby\tmore\nthings;\tonce\tupset,\ttheir\tthinking\tis\tmuddled,\tso\tthat\tthey\tsee\tbenign\nacts\tas\thostile\tand\tfall\tback\ton\ttheir\toverlearned\thabit\tof\tstriking\nout.\n13", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8b5029237dbe-1", "page_content": "out.\n13\nThese\tperceptual\tbiases\ttoward\thostility\tare\talready\tin\tplace\tby\tthe\nearly\tgrades.\tWhile\tmost\tchildren,\tand\tespecially\tboys,\tare\nrambunctious\tin\tkindergarten\tand\tfirst\tgrade,\tthe\tmore\taggressive\nchildren\tfail\tto\tlearn\ta\tmodicum\tof\tself-control\tby\tsecond\tgrade.\nWhere\tother\tchildren\thave\tstarted\tto\tlearn\tnegotiation\tand\ncompromise\tfor\tplayground\tdisagreements,\tthe\tbullies\trely\tmore\tand\nmore\ton\tforce\tand\tbluster.\tThey\tpay\ta\tsocial\tprice:\twithin\ttwo\tor\nthree\thours\tof\ta\tfirst\tplayground\tcontact\twith\ta\tbully,\tother\tchildren\nalready\tsay\tthey\tdislike\thim.\n14\nBut\tstudies\tthat\thave\tfollowed\tchildren\tfrom\tthe\tpreschool\tyears\ninto\tthe\tteenage\tones\tfind\tthat\tup\tto\thalf\tof\tfirst\tgraders\twho\tare\ndisruptive,\tunable\tto\tget\talong\twith\tother\tkids,\tdisobedient\twith\ttheir\nparents,\tand\tresistant\twith\tteachers\twill\tbecome\tdelinquents\tin\ttheir\nteen\tyears.\n15\n\tOf\tcourse,\tnot\tall\tsuch\taggressive\tchildren\tare\ton\tthe\ntrajectory\tthat\tleads\tto\tviolence\tand\tcriminality\tin\tlater\tlife.\tBut\tof\tall\nchildren,\tthese\tare\tthe\tones\tmost\tat\trisk\tfor\teventually\tcommitting\nviolent\tcrimes.\nThe\tdrift\ttoward\tcrime\tshows\tup\tsurprisingly\tearly\tin\tthese\nchildren\u2019s\tlives.\tWhen\tchildren\tin\ta\tMontreal\tkindergarten\twere\trated\nfor\thostility\tand\ttroublemaking,\tthose\thighest\tat\tage\tfive\talready\thad", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8b5029237dbe-2", "page_content": "far\tgreater\tevidence\tof\tdelinquency\tjust\tfive\tto\teight\tyears\tlater,\tin\ntheir\tearly\tteens.\tThey\twere\tabout\tthree\ttimes\tas\tlikely\tas\tother", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3b6e0ea0fec3-0", "page_content": "children\tto\tadmit\tthey\thad\tbeaten\tup\tsomeone\twho\thad\tnot\tdone\nanything\tto\tthem,\tto\thave\tshoplifted,\tto\thave\tused\ta\tweapon\tin\ta\nfight,\tto\thave\tbroken\tinto\tor\tstolen\tparts\tfrom\ta\tcar,\tand\tto\thave\tbeen\ndrunk\u2014and\tall\tthis\tbefore\tthey\treached\tfourteen\tyears\tof\tage.\n16\nThe\tprototypical\tpathway\tto\tviolence\tand\tcriminality\tstarts\twith\nchildren\twho\tare\taggressive\tand\thard\tto\thandle\tin\tfirst\tand\tsecond\ngrade.\n17\n\tTypically,\tfrom\tthe\tearliest\tschool\tyears\ttheir\tpoor\timpulse\ncontrol\talso\tcontributes\tto\ttheir\tbeing\tpoor\tstudents,\tseen\tas,\tand\nseeing\tthemselves\tas,\t\u201cdumb\u201d\u2014a\tjudgment\tconfirmed\tby\ttheir\tbeing\nshunted\tto\tspecial-education\tclasses\t(and\tthough\tsuch\tchildren\tmay\nhave\ta\thigher\trate\tof\t\u201chyperactivity\u201d\tor\tlearning\tdisorders,\tby\tno\nmeans\tall\tdo).\tChildren\twho\ton\tentering\tschool\talready\thave\tlearned\nin\ttheir\thomes\ta\t\u201ccoercive\u201d\tstyle\u2014that\tis,\tbullying\u2014are\talso\twritten\noff\tby\ttheir\tteachers,\twho\thave\tto\tspend\ttoo\tmuch\ttime\tkeeping\tthe\nchildren\tin\tline.\tThe\tdefiance\tof\tclassroom\trules\tthat\tcomes\tnaturally\nto\tthese\tchildren\tmeans\tthat\tthey\twaste\ttime\tthat\twould\totherwise\tbe\nused\tin\tlearning;\ttheir\tdestined\tacademic\tfailure\tis\tusually\tobvious\tby\nabout\tthird\tgrade.\tWhile\tboys\ton\ta\ttrajectory\ttoward\tdelinquency", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3b6e0ea0fec3-1", "page_content": "tend\tto\thave\tlower\tIQ\tscores\t\nthan\ttheir\tpeers,\ttheir\timpulsivity\tis\nmore\tdirectly\tat\tcause:\timpulsivity\tin\tten-year-old\tboys\tis\talmost\tthree\ntimes\tas\tpowerful\ta\tpredictor\tof\ttheir\tlater\tdelinquency\tas\tis\ttheir\nIQ.\n18\nBy\tfourth\tor\tfifth\tgrade\tthese\tkids\u2014by\tnow\tseen\tas\tbullies\tor\tjust\n\u201cdifficult\u201d\u2014are\trejected\tby\ttheir\tpeers\tand\tare\tunable\tto\tmake\tfriends\neasily,\tif\tat\tall,\tand\thave\tbecome\tacademic\tfailures.\tFeeling\nthemselves\tfriendless,\tthey\tgravitate\tto\tother\tsocial\toutcasts.\tBetween\ngrade\tfour\tand\tgrade\tnine\tthey\tcommit\tthemselves\tto\ttheir\toutcast\ngroup\tand\ta\tlife\tof\tdefying\tthe\tlaw:\tthey\tshow\ta\tfivefold\tincrease\tin\ntheir\ttruancy,\tdrinking,\tand\tdrug\ttaking,\twith\tthe\tbiggest\tboost\nbetween\tseventh\tand\teighth\tgrade.\tBy\tthe\tmiddle-school\tyears,\tthey\nare\tjoined\tby\tanother\ttype\tof\t\u201clate\tstarters,\u201d\twho\tare\tattracted\tto\ttheir\ndefiant\tstyle;\tthese\tlate\tstarters\tare\toften\tyoungsters\twho\tare\ncompletely\tunsupervised\tat\thome\tand\thave\tstarted\troaming\tthe\tstreets\non\ttheir\town\tin\tgrade\tschool.\tIn\tthe\thigh-school\tyears\tthis\toutcast\ngroup\ttypically\tdrops\tout\tof\tschool\tin\ta\tdrift\ttoward\tdelinquency,\nengaging\tin\tpetty\tcrimes\tsuch\tas\tshoplifting,\ttheft,\tand\tdrug\tdealing.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3b6e0ea0fec3-2", "page_content": "(A\ttelling\tdifference\temerges\tin\tthis\ttrajectory\tbetween\tboys\tand\ngirls.\tA\tstudy\tof\tfourth-grade\tgirls\twho\twere\t\u201cbad\u201d\u2014getting\tin\ttrouble\nwith\tteachers\tand\tbreaking\trules,\tbut\tnot\tunpopular\twith\ttheir\tpeers\n\u2014found\tthat\t40\tpercent\thad\ta\tchild\tby\tthe\ttime\tthey\tfinished\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1946b9f011ce-0", "page_content": "high-school\tyears.\n19\n\tThat\twas\tthree\ttimes\tthe\taverage\tpregnancy\trate\nfor\tgirls\tin\ttheir\tschools.\tIn\tother\twords,\tantisocial\tteenage\tgirls\tdon\u2019t\nget\tviolent\u2014they\tget\tpregnant.)\nThere\tis,\tof\tcourse,\tno\tsingle\tpathway\tto\tviolence\tand\tcriminality,\nand\tmany\tother\tfactors\tcan\tput\ta\tchild\tat\trisk:\tbeing\tborn\tin\ta\thigh-\ncrime\tneighborhood\twhere\tthey\tare\texposed\tto\tmore\ttemptations\tto\ncrime\tand\tviolence,\tcoming\tfrom\ta\tfamily\tunder\thigh\tlevels\tof\tstress,\nor\tliving\tin\tpoverty.\tBut\tnone\tof\tthese\tfactors\tmakes\ta\tlife\tof\tviolent\ncrime\tinevitable.\tAll\tthings\tbeing\tequal,\tthe\tpsychological\tforces\tat\nwork\tin\taggressive\tchildren\tgreatly\tintensify\tthe\tlikelihood\tof\ttheir\nending\tup\tas\tviolent\tcriminals.\tAs\tGerald\tPatterson,\ta\tpsychologist\nwho\thas\tclosely\tfollowed\tthe\tcareers\tof\thundreds\tof\tboys\tinto\tyoung\nadulthood,\tputs\tit,\t\u201cthe\tanti-social\tacts\tof\ta\tfive-year-old\tmay\tbe\nprototypic\tof\tthe\tacts\tof\tthe\tdelinquent\tadolescent.\u201d\n20\nSCHOOL\tFOR\tBULLIES\nThe\tbent\tof\tmind\tthat\taggressive\tchildren\ttake\twith\tthem\tthrough\tlife\nis\tone\tthat\talmost\tensures\tthey\twill\tend\tup\tin\ttrouble.\tA\tstudy\tof\njuvenile\toffenders\tconvicted\tof\tviolent\tcrimes\tand\tof\taggressive\thigh-\nschool\tstudents\tfound\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "1946b9f011ce-1", "page_content": "school\tstudents\tfound\ta\t\ncommon\tmind-set:\tWhen\tthey\thave\ndifficulties\twith\tsomeone,\tthey\timmediately\tsee\tthe\tother\tperson\tin\tan\nantagonistic\tway,\tjumping\tto\tconclusions\tabout\tthe\tother\tperson\u2019s\nhostility\ttoward\tthem\twithout\tseeking\tany\tfurther\tinformation\tor\ntrying\tto\tthink\tof\ta\tpeaceful\tway\tto\tsettle\ttheir\tdifferences.\tAt\tthe\nsame\ttime,\tthe\tnegative\tconsequence\tof\ta\tviolent\tsolution\u2014a\tfight,\ntypically\u2014never\tcrosses\ttheir\tmind.\tTheir\taggressive\tbent\tis\tjustified\nin\ttheir\tmind\tby\tbeliefs\tlike,\t\u201cIt\u2019s\tokay\tto\thit\tsomeone\tif\tyou\tjust\tgo\ncrazy\tfrom\tanger\u201d;\t\u201cIf\tyou\tback\tdown\tfrom\ta\tfight\teveryone\twill\tthink\nyou\u2019re\ta\tcoward\u201d;\tand\t\u201cPeople\twho\tget\tbeaten\tup\tbadly\tdon\u2019t\treally\nsuffer\tthat\tmuch.\u201d\n21\nBut\ttimely\thelp\tcan\tchange\tthese\tattitudes\tand\tstop\ta\tchild\u2019s\ntrajectory\ttoward\tdelinquency;\tseveral\texperimental\tprograms\thave\nhad\tsome\tsuccess\tin\thelping\tsuch\taggressive\tkids\tlearn\tto\tcontrol\ttheir\nantisocial\tbent\tbefore\tit\tleads\tto\tmore\tserious\ttrouble.\tOne,\tat\tDuke\nUniversity,\tworked\twith\tanger-ridden\tgrade-school\ttroublemakers\tin\ntraining\tsessions\tfor\tforty\tminutes\ttwice\ta\tweek\tfor\tsix\tto\ttwelve\nweeks.\tThe\tboys\twere\ttaught,\tfor\texample,\tto\tsee\thow\tsome\tof\tthe\nsocial\tcues\tthey\tinterpreted\tas\thostile\twere\tin\tfact\tneutral\tor\tfriendly.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c4c7eabd3f34-0", "page_content": "They\tlearned\tto\ttake\tthe\tperspective\tof\tother\tchildren,\tto\tget\ta\tsense\nof\thow\tthey\twere\tbeing\tseen\tand\tof\twhat\tother\tchildren\tmight\tbe\nthinking\tand\tfeeling\tin\tthe\tencounters\tthat\thad\tgotten\tthem\tso\tangry.\nThey\talso\tgot\tdirect\ttraining\tin\tanger\tcontrol\tthrough\tenacting\tscenes,\nsuch\tas\tbeing\tteased,\tthat\tmight\tlead\tthem\tto\tlose\ttheir\ttemper.\tOne\nof\tthe\tkey\tskills\tfor\tanger\tcontrol\twas\tmonitoring\ttheir\tfeelings\u2014\nbecoming\taware\tof\ttheir\tbody\u2019s\tsensations,\tsuch\tas\tflushing\tor\tmuscle\ntensing,\tas\tthey\twere\tgetting\tangry,\tand\tto\ttake\tthose\tfeelings\tas\ta\tcue\nto\tstop\tand\tconsider\twhat\tto\tdo\tnext\trather\tthan\tstrike\tout\nimpulsively.\nJohn\tLochman,\ta\tDuke\tUniversity\tpsychologist\twho\twas\tone\tof\tthe\ndesigners\tof\tthe\tprogram,\ttold\tme,\t\u201cThey\u2019ll\tdiscuss\tsituations\tthey\u2019ve\nbeen\tin\trecently,\tlike\tbeing\tbumped\tin\tthe\thallway\twhen\tthey\tthink\tit\nwas\ton\tpurpose.\tThe\tkids\twill\ttalk\tabout\thow\tthey\tmight\thave\nhandled\tit.\tOne\tkid\tsaid,\tfor\texample,\tthat\the\tjust\tstared\tat\tthe\tboy\nwho\tbumped\thim\tand\ttold\thim\tnot\tto\tdo\tit\tagain,\tand\twalked\taway.\nThat\tput\thim\tin\tthe\tposition\tof\texerting\tsome\tcontrol\tand\tkeeping\this\nself-esteem,\twithout\tstarting\ta\tfight.\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c4c7eabd3f34-1", "page_content": "self-esteem,\twithout\tstarting\ta\tfight.\u201d\nThis\tappeals;\tmany\tsuch\taggressive\tboys\tare\tunhappy\tthat\tthey\tlose\ntheir\ttemper\tso\teasily,\tand\tso\tare\treceptive\tto\tlearning\tto\tcontrol\tit.\tIn\nthe\theat\tof\tthe\tmoment,\tof\tcourse,\tsuch\tcool-headed\tresponses\tas\nwalking\taway\tor\tcounting\tto\tten\tso\tthe\timpulse\tto\thit\twill\tpass\tbefore\nreacting\tare\tnot\tautomatic;\tthe\tboys\tpractice\tsuch\talternatives\tin\trole-\nplaying\tscenes\tsuch\tas\tgetting\ton\ta\tbus\twhere\tother\tkids\tare\ttaunting\nthem.\tThat\tway\tthey\tcan\ttry\t\nout\tfriendly\tresponses\tthat\tpreserve\ttheir\ndignity\twhile\tgiving\tthem\tan\talternative\tto\thitting,\tcrying,\tor\trunning\naway\tin\tshame.\nThree\tyears\tafter\tthe\tboys\thad\tbeen\tthrough\tthe\ttraining,\tLochman\ncompared\tthese\tboys\twith\tothers\twho\thad\tbeen\tjust\tas\taggressive,\tbut\ndid\tnot\thave\tthe\tbenefit\tof\tthe\tanger-control\tsessions.\tHe\tfound\tthat,\nin\tadolescence,\tthe\tboys\twho\tgraduated\tfrom\tthe\tprogram\twere\tmuch\nless\tdisruptive\tin\tclass,\thad\tmore\tpositive\tfeelings\tabout\tthemselves,\nand\twere\tless\tlikely\tto\tdrink\tor\ttake\tdrugs.\tAnd\tthe\tlonger\tthey\thad\nbeen\tin\tthe\tprogram,\tthe\tless\taggressive\tthey\twere\tas\tteenagers.\nPREVENTING\tDEPRESSION", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c4c7eabd3f34-2", "page_content": "PREVENTING\tDEPRESSION\nDana,\tsixteen,\thad\talways\tseemed\tto\tget\talong.\tBut\tnow,\tsuddenly,\tshe\tjust\tcould\tnot\nrelate\twith\tother\tgirls,\tand,\tmore\ttroubling\tfor\ther,\tshe\tcould\tnot\tfind\ta\tway\tto\thold\ton", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3a37f3cb79fa-0", "page_content": "to\tboyfriends,\teven\tthough\tshe\tslept\twith\tthem.\tMorose\tand\tconstantly\tfatigued,\tDana\nlost\tinterest\tin\teating,\tin\thaving\tfun\tof\tany\tkind;\tshe\tsaid\tshe\tfelt\thopeless\tand\thelpless\nto\tdo\tanything\tto\tescape\ther\tmood,\tand\twas\tthinking\tof\tsuicide.\nThe\tdrop\tinto\tdepression\thad\tbeen\ttriggered\tby\ther\tmost\trecent\tbreakup.\tShe\tsaid\nshe\tdidn\u2019t\tknow\thow\tto\tgo\tout\twith\ta\tboy\twithout\tgetting\tsexually\tinvolved\tright\taway\n\u2014even\tif\tshe\twas\tuncomfortable\tabout\tit\u2014and\tthat\tshe\tdid\tnot\tknow\thow\tto\tend\ta\nrelationship\teven\tif\tit\twas\tunsatisfying.\tShe\twent\tto\tbed\twith\tboys,\tshe\tsaid,\twhen\tall\nshe\treally\twanted\tto\tdo\twas\tget\tto\tknow\tthem\tbetter.\nShe\thad\tjust\tmoved\tto\ta\tnew\tschool,\tand\tfelt\tshy\tand\tanxious\tabout\tmaking\tfriends\nwith\tgirls\tthere.\tFor\tinstance,\tshe\theld\tback\tfrom\tstarting\tconversations,\tonly\ttalking\nonce\tsomeone\tspoke\tto\ther.\tShe\tfelt\tunable\tto\tlet\tthem\tknow\twhat\tshe\twas\tlike,\tand\ndidn\u2019t\teven\tfeel\tshe\tknew\twhat\tto\tsay\tafter\t\u201cHello,\thow\tare\tyou?\u201d\n22\nDana\twent\tfor\ttherapy\tto\tan\texperimental\tprogram\tfor\tdepressed\nadolescents\tat\tColumbia\tUniversity.\tHer\ttreatment\tfocused\ton\thelping\nher\tlearn\thow\tto\thandle\ther\trelationships\tbetter:\thow\tto\tdevelop\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3a37f3cb79fa-1", "page_content": "friendship,\thow\tto\tfeel\tmore\tconfident\twith\tother\tteens,\thow\tto\tassert\nlimits\ton\tsexual\tcloseness,\thow\tto\tbe\tintimate,\thow\tto\texpress\ther\nfeelings.\tIn\tessence,\tit\twas\ta\tremedial\ttutorial\tin\tsome\tof\tthe\tmost\nbasic\temotional\tskills.\tAnd\tit\tworked;\ther\tdepression\tlifted.\nParticularly\tin\tyoung\tpeople,\tproblems\tin\trelationships\tare\ta\ttrigger\nfor\tdepression.\tThe\tdifficulty\tis\tas\toften\tin\tchildren\u2019s\trelationships\nwith\ttheir\tparents\tas\tit\tis\twith\ttheir\tpeers.\tDepressed\tchildren\tand\nteenagers\tare\t\nfrequently\tunable\tor\tunwilling\tto\ttalk\tabout\ttheir\nsadness.\tThey\tseem\tunable\tto\tlabel\ttheir\tfeelings\taccurately,\tshowing\ninstead\ta\tsullen\tirritability,\timpatience,\tcrankiness,\tand\tanger\u2014\nespecially\ttoward\ttheir\tparents.\tThis,\tin\tturn,\tmakes\tit\tharder\tfor\ttheir\nparents\tto\toffer\tthe\temotional\tsupport\tand\tguidance\tthe\tdepressed\nchild\tactually\tneeds,\tsetting\tin\tmotion\ta\tdownward\tspiral\tthat\ntypically\tends\tin\tconstant\targuments\tand\talienation.\nA\tnew\tlook\tat\tthe\tcauses\tof\tdepression\tin\tthe\tyoung\tpinpoints\ndeficits\tin\ttwo\tareas\tof\temotional\tcompetence:\trelationship\tskills,\ton\nthe\tone\thand,\tand\ta\tdepression-promoting\tway\tof\tinterpreting\nsetbacks,\ton\tthe\tother.\tWhile\tsome\tof\tthe\ttendency\tto\tdepression\nalmost\tcertainly\tis\tdue\tto\tgenetic\tdestiny,\tsome\tof\tthat\ttendency", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3a37f3cb79fa-2", "page_content": "almost\tcertainly\tis\tdue\tto\tgenetic\tdestiny,\tsome\tof\tthat\ttendency\nseems\tdue\tto\treversible,\tpessimistic\thabits\tof\tthought\tthat\tpredispose\nchildren\tto\treact\tto\tlife\u2019s\tsmall\tdefeats\u2014a\tbad\tgrade,\targuments\twith\nparents,\ta\tsocial\trejection\u2014by\tbecoming\tdepressed.\tAnd\tthere\tis\nevidence\tto\tsuggest\tthat\tthe\tpredisposition\tto\tdepression,\twhatever\tits\nbasis,\tis\tbecoming\tever\tmore\twidespread\tamong\tthe\tyoung.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ef323bf9715f-0", "page_content": "A\n\t\nCOST\tOF\n\t\nMODERNITY:\tRISING\tRATES\tOF\n\t\nDEPRESSION\nThese\tmillennial\tyears\tare\tushering\tin\tan\tAge\tof\tMelancholy,\tjust\tas\nthe\ttwentieth\tcentury\tbecame\tan\tAge\tof\tAnxiety.\tInternational\tdata\nshow\twhat\tseems\tto\tbe\ta\tmodern\tepidemic\tof\tdepression,\tone\tthat\tis\nspreading\tside\tby\tside\twith\tthe\tadoption\tthroughout\tthe\tworld\tof\nmodern\tways.\tEach\tsuccessive\tgeneration\tworldwide\tsince\tthe\nopening\tof\tthe\tcentury\thas\tlived\twith\ta\thigher\trisk\tthan\ttheir\tparents\nof\tsuffering\ta\tmajor\tdepression\u2014not\tjust\tsadness,\tbut\ta\tparalyzing\nlistlessness,\tdejection,\tand\tself-pity,\tand\tan\toverwhelming\nhopelessness\u2014over\tthe\tcourse\tof\tlife.\n23\n\tAnd\tthose\tepisodes\tare\nbeginning\tat\tearlier\tand\tearlier\tages.\tChildhood\tdepression,\tonce\nvirtually\tunknown\t(or,\tat\tleast,\tunrecognized)\tis\temerging\tas\ta\tfixture\nof\tthe\tmodern\tscene.\nAlthough\tthe\tlikelihood\tof\tbecoming\tdepressed\trises\twith\tage,\tthe\ngreatest\tincreases\tare\tamong\tyoung\tpeople.\tFor\tthose\tborn\tafter\t1955\nthe\tlikelihood\tthey\twill\tsuffer\ta\tmajor\tdepression\tat\tsome\tpoint\tin\tlife\nis,\tin\tmany\tcountries,\tthree\ttimes\tor\tmore\tgreater\tthan\tfor\ttheir\ngrandparents.\tAmong\tAmericans\tborn\tbefore\t1905,\tthe\trate\tof\tthose", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ef323bf9715f-1", "page_content": "having\ta\tmajor\tdepression\tover\ta\tlifetime\twas\tjust\t1\tpercent;\tfor\tthose\nborn\tsince\t1955,\tby\tage\ttwenty-four\tabout\t6\tpercent\thad\tbecome\ndepressed.\tFor\tthose\tborn\tbetween\t1945\tand\t1954,\tthe\tchances\tof\nhaving\thad\ta\tmajor\tdepression\tbefore\tage\tthirty-four\tare\tten\ttimes\ngreater\tthan\tfor\tthose\tborn\tbetween\t1905\tand\t1914.\n24\n\tAnd\tfor\teach\ngeneration\t\nthe\tonset\tof\ta\tperson\u2019s\tfirst\tepisode\tof\tdepression\thas\ntended\tto\toccur\tat\tan\tever-earlier\tage.\nA\tworldwide\tstudy\tof\tmore\tthan\tthirty-nine\tthousand\tpeople\tfound\nthe\tsame\ttrend\tin\tPuerto\tRico,\tCanada,\tItaly,\tGermany,\tFrance,\nTaiwan,\tLebanon,\tand\tNew\tZealand.\tIn\tBeirut,\tthe\trise\tof\tdepression\ntracked\tpolitical\tevents\tclosely,\tthe\tupward\ttrends\trocketing\tduring\nperiods\tof\tcivil\twar.\tIn\tGermany,\tfor\tthose\tborn\tbefore\t1914\tthe\trate\nof\tdepression\tby\tage\tthirty-five\tis\t4\tpercent;\tfor\tthose\tborn\tin\tthe\ndecade\tbefore\t1944\tit\tis\t14\tpercent\tat\tage\tthirty-five.\tWorldwide,\ngenerations\tthat\tcame\tof\tage\tduring\tpolitically\ttroubled\ttimes\thad\nhigher\trates\tof\tdepression,\tthough\tthe\toverall\tupward\ttrend\tholds\napart\tfrom\tany\tpolitical\tevents.\nThe\tlowering\tinto\tchildhood\tof\tthe\tage\twhen\tpeople\tfirst\texperience", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ef323bf9715f-2", "page_content": "The\tlowering\tinto\tchildhood\tof\tthe\tage\twhen\tpeople\tfirst\texperience\ndepression\talso\tseems\tto\thold\tworldwide.\tWhen\tI\tasked\texperts\tto\nhazard\ta\tguess\tas\tto\twhy,\tthere\twere\tseveral\ttheories.\nDr.\tFrederick\tGoodwin,\tthen\tdirector\tof\tthe\tNational\tInstitute\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b205b0c670c9-0", "page_content": "Mental\tHealth,\tspeculated,\t\u201cThere\u2019s\tbeen\ta\ttremendous\terosion\tof\tthe\nnuclear\tfamily\u2014a\tdoubling\tof\tthe\tdivorce\trate,\ta\tdrop\tin\tparents\u2019\ttime\navailable\tto\tchildren,\tand\tan\tincrease\tin\tmobility.\tYou\tdon\u2019t\tgrow\tup\nknowing\tyour\textended\tfamily\tmuch\tanymore.\tThe\tlosses\tof\tthese\nstable\tsources\tof\tself-identification\tmean\ta\tgreater\tsusceptibility\tto\ndepression.\u201d\nDr.\tDavid\tKupfer,\tchairman\tof\tpsychiatry\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\nPittsburgh\tmedical\tschool,\tpointed\tto\tanother\ttrend:\t\u201cWith\tthe\tspread\nof\tindustrialization\tafter\tWorld\tWar\tII,\tin\ta\tsense\tnobody\twas\thome\nanymore.\tIn\tmore\tand\tmore\tfamilies\tthere\thas\tbeen\tgrowing\tparental\nindifference\tto\tchildren\u2019s\tneeds\tas\tthey\tgrow\tup.\tThis\tis\tnot\ta\tdirect\ncause\tof\tdepression,\tbut\tit\tsets\tup\ta\tvulnerability.\tEarly\temotional\nstressors\tmay\taffect\tneuron\tdevelopment,\twhich\tcan\tlead\tto\ta\ndepression\twhen\tyou\tare\tunder\tgreat\tstress\teven\tdecades\tlater.\u201d\nMartin\tSeligman,\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tPennsylvania\tpsychologist,\nproposed:\t\u201cFor\tthe\tlast\tthirty\tor\tforty\tyears\twe\u2019ve\tseen\tthe\tascendance\nof\tindividualism\tand\ta\twaning\tof\tlarger\tbeliefs\tin\treligion,\tand\tin\nsupports\tfrom\tthe\tcommunity\tand\textended\tfamily.\tThat\tmeans\ta\tloss\nof\tresources\tthat\tcan\tbuffer\tyou\tagainst\tsetbacks\tand\tfailures.\tTo\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b205b0c670c9-1", "page_content": "of\tresources\tthat\tcan\tbuffer\tyou\tagainst\tsetbacks\tand\tfailures.\tTo\tthe\nextent\tyou\tsee\ta\tfailure\tas\tsomething\tthat\tis\tlasting\tand\twhich\tyou\nmagnify\tto\ttaint\teverything\tin\tyour\tlife,\tyou\tare\tprone\tto\tlet\ta\nmomentary\tdefeat\tbecome\ta\tlasting\tsource\tof\thopelessness.\tBut\tif\tyou\nhave\ta\tlarger\tperspective,\tlike\ta\tbelief\tin\tGod\tand\tan\tafterlife,\tand\tyou\nlose\tyour\tjob,\tit\u2019s\tjust\ta\ttemporary\tdefeat.\u201d\nWhatever\tthe\tcause,\tdepression\tin\tthe\tyoung\tis\ta\tpressing\tproblem.\nIn\tthe\tUnited\tStates,\testimates\tvary\twidely\tfor\thow\tmany\tchildren\tand\nteens\tare\t\ndepressed\tin\tany\tgiven\tyear,\tas\topposed\tto\tvulnerability\nover\ttheir\tlifetime.\tSome\tepidemiological\tstudies\tusing\tstrict\tcriteria\n\u2014the\tofficial\tdiagnostic\tsymptoms\tfor\tdepression\u2014have\tfound\tthat\nfor\tboys\tand\tgirls\tbetween\tten\tand\tthirteen\tthe\trate\tof\tmajor\ndepression\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\tyear\tis\tas\thigh\tas\t8\tor\t9\tpercent,\nthough\tother\tstudies\tplace\tit\tat\tabout\thalf\tthat\trate\t(and\tsome\tas\tlow\nas\tabout\t2\tpercent).\tAt\tpuberty,\tsome\tdata\tsuggest,\tthe\trate\tnearly\ndoubles\tfor\tgirls;\tup\tto\t16\tpercent\tof\tgirls\tbetween\tfourteen\tand\nsixteen\tsuffer\ta\tbout\tof\tdepression,\twhile\tthe\trate\tis\tunchanged\tfor\nboys.\n25\nTHE\tCOURSE\tOF\n\t\nDEPRESSION\tIN\tTHE\tYOUNG", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dd199888dd9a-0", "page_content": "That\tdepression\tshould\tnot\tjust\tbe\ttreated,\tbut\t\nprevented\n,\tin\tchildren\tis\nclear\tfrom\tan\talarming\tdiscovery:\tEven\tmild\tepisodes\tof\tdepression\tin\na\tchild\tcan\taugur\tmore\tsevere\tepisodes\tlater\tin\tlife.\n26\n\tThis\tchallenges\nthe\told\tassumption\tthat\tdepression\tin\tchildhood\tdoes\tnot\tmatter\tin\nthe\tlong\trun,\tsince\tchildren\tsupposedly\t\u201cgrow\tout\tof\tit.\u201d\tOf\tcourse,\nevery\tchild\tgets\tsad\tfrom\ttime\tto\ttime;\tchildhood\tand\tadolescence\tare,\nlike\tadulthood,\ttimes\tof\toccasional\tdisappointments\tand\tlosses\tlarge\nand\tsmall\twith\tthe\tattendant\tgrief.\tThe\tneed\tfor\tprevention\tis\tnot\tfor\nthese\ttimes,\tbut\tfor\tthose\tchildren\tfor\twhom\tsadness\tspirals\ndownward\tinto\ta\tgloom\tthat\tleaves\tthem\tdespairing,\tirritable,\tand\nwithdrawn\u2014a\tfar\tmore\tsevere\tmelancholy.\nAmong\tchildren\twhose\tdepression\twas\tsevere\tenough\tthat\tthey\nwere\treferred\tfor\ttreatment,\tthree\tquarters\thad\ta\tsubsequent\tepisode\nof\tsevere\tdepression,\taccording\tto\tdata\tcollected\tby\tMaria\tKovacs,\ta\npsychologist\tat\tWestern\tPsychiatric\tInstitute\tand\tClinic\tin\nPittsburgh.\n27\n\tKovacs\tstudied\tchildren\tdiagnosed\twith\tdepression\twhen\nthey\twere\tas\tyoung\tas\teight\tyears\told,\tassessing\tthem\tevery\tfew\tyears\nuntil\tsome\twere\tas\told\tas\ttwenty-four.\nThe\tchildren\twith\tmajor\tdepression\thad\tepisodes\tlasting\tabout", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dd199888dd9a-1", "page_content": "The\tchildren\twith\tmajor\tdepression\thad\tepisodes\tlasting\tabout\neleven\tmonths\ton\taverage,\tthough\tin\tone\tin\tsix\tof\tthem\tit\tpersisted\nfor\tas\tlong\tas\teighteen\tmonths.\tMild\tdepression,\twhich\tbegan\tas\tearly\nas\tage\tfive\tin\tsome\tchildren,\twas\tless\tincapacitating\tbut\tlasted\tfar\nlonger\u2014an\taverage\tof\tabout\tfour\tyears.\tAnd,\tKovacs\tfound,\tchildren\nwho\thave\ta\tminor\tdepression\tare\tmore\tlikely\tto\thave\tit\tintensify\tinto\nmajor\tdepression\u2014a\tso-called\tdouble\tdepression.\tThose\twho\tdevelop\ndouble\tdepression\tare\tmuch\tmore\tprone\tto\tsuffer\trecurring\tepisodes\nas\tthe\tyears\tgo\ton.\tAs\tchildren\twho\thad\tan\tepisode\tof\tdepression\tgrew\ninto\tadolescence\tand\tearly\tadulthood,\tthey\tsuffered\tfrom\tdepression\nor\tmanic-depressive\tdisorder,\ton\taverage,\tone\tyear\tin\tthree.\nThe\tcost\tto\tchildren\tgoes\tbeyond\tthe\tsuffering\tcaused\tby\tdepression\nitself.\tKovacs\ttold\tme,\t\u201cKids\tlearn\tsocial\tskills\tin\ttheir\tpeer\trelations\u2014\nfor\texample,\twhat\tto\tdo\tif\tyou\twant\tsomething\tand\taren\u2019t\tgetting\tit,\nseeing\thow\tother\tchildren\thandle\tthe\tsituation\tand\tthen\ttrying\tit\nyourself.\tBut\tdepressed\tkids\tare\tlikely\tto\tbe\tamong\tthe\tneglected\nchildren\tin\ta\tschool,\tthe\tones\tother\tkids\tdon\u2019t\tplay\twith\tmuch.\u201d\n28\nThe\tsullenness\tor\tsadness\tsuch\tchildren\tfeel\tleads\tthem\tto\tavoid", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dd199888dd9a-2", "page_content": "initiating\tsocial\tcontacts,\tor\tto\tlook\taway\twhen\tanother\tchild\tis\ttrying\nto\tengage\tthem\u2014a\tsocial\tsignal\tthe\tother\tchild\tonly\ttakes\tas\ta\trebuff;\nthe\tend\tresult\tis\tthat\tdepressed\tchildren\tend\tup\trejected\tor\tneglected\non\tthe\tplayground.\tThis\tlacuna\tin\ttheir\tinterpersonal\texperience", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f9962f1556da-0", "page_content": "means\tthey\tmiss\tout\ton\twhat\tthey\twould\tnormally\tlearn\tin\tthe\trough-\nand-tumble\tof\tplay,\tand\tso\tcan\tleave\tthem\tsocial\tand\temotional\nlaggards,\twith\tmuch\tcatching\tup\tto\tdo\tafter\tthe\tdepression\tlifts.\n29\nIndeed,\twhen\tdepressed\tchildren\thave\tbeen\tcompared\tto\tthose\nwithout\tdepression,\tthey\thave\tbeen\tfound\tto\tbe\tmore\tsocially\tinept,\tto\nhave\tfewer\tfriends,\tto\tbe\tless\tpreferred\tthan\tothers\tas\tplaymates,\tto\tbe\nless\tliked,\tand\tto\thave\tmore\ttroubled\trelationships\twith\tother\nchildren.\nAnother\tcost\tto\tthese\tchildren\tis\tdoing\tpoorly\tin\tschool;\tdepression\ninterferes\twith\ttheir\tmemory\tand\tconcentration,\tmaking\tit\tharder\tto\npay\tattention\tin\tclass\tand\tretain\twhat\tis\ttaught.\tA\tchild\twho\tfeels\tno\njoy\tin\tanything\twill\tfind\tit\thard\tto\tmarshal\tthe\tenergy\tto\tmaster\nchallenging\tlessons,\tlet\talone\texperience\tflow\tin\tlearning.\nUnderstandably,\tthe\tlonger\tchildren\tin\tKovacs\u2019s\tstudy\twere\tdepressed,\nthe\tmore\ttheir\tgrades\tdropped\tand\tthe\tpoorer\tthey\tdid\ton\nachievement\ttests,\tso\tthat\tthey\twere\tmore\tlikely\tto\tbe\theld\tback\tin\nschool.\tIn\tfact,\tthere\twas\ta\tdirect\tcorrelation\tbetween\tthe\tlength\tof\ntime\ta\tchild\thad\tbeen\tdepressed\tand\this\tgrade-point\taverage,\twith\ta\nsteady\tplummet\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\tthe\tepisode.\tAll\tof\tthis\tacademic", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f9962f1556da-1", "page_content": "rough\tgoing,\tof\tcourse,\tcompounds\tthe\tdepression.\tAs\tKovacs\nobserves,\t\u201cImagine\tyou\u2019re\talready\tfeeling\tdepressed,\tand\tyou\tstart\nflunking\tout\tof\tschool,\tand\tyou\tsit\thome\tby\tyourself\tinstead\tof\nplaying\twith\tother\tkids.\u201d\nDEPRESSIONOGENIC\tWAYS\tOF\tTHOUGHT\nJust\tas\twith\tadults,\tpessimistic\tways\tof\tinterpreting\tlife\u2019s\tdefeats\tseem\nto\tfeed\tthe\tsense\tof\thelplessness\tand\thopelessness\tat\tthe\theart\tof\nchildren\u2019s\tdepression.\tThat\tpeople\twho\tare\t\nalready\n\tdepressed\tthink\tin\nthese\tways\thas\tlong\tbeen\tknown.\tWhat\thas\tonly\trecently\temerged,\nthough,\tis\tthat\tchildren\twho\tare\tmost\tprone\tto\tmelancholy\ttend\ntoward\tthis\tpessimistic\toutlook\t\nbefore\n\t\nthey\tbecome\tdepressed.\tThis\ninsight\tsuggests\ta\twindow\tof\topportunity\tfor\tinoculating\tthem\tagainst\ndepression\tbefore\tit\tstrikes.\nOne\tline\tof\tevidence\tcomes\tfrom\tstudies\tof\tchildren\u2019s\tbeliefs\tabout\ntheir\town\tability\tto\tcontrol\twhat\thappens\tin\ttheir\tlives\u2014for\texample,\nbeing\table\tto\tchange\tthings\tfor\tthe\tbetter.\tThis\tis\tassessed\tby\nchildren\u2019s\tratings\tof\tthemselves\tin\tsuch\tterms\tas\t\u201cWhen\tI\thave\nproblems\tat\thome\tI\u2019m\tbetter\tthan\tmost\tkids\tat\thelping\tto\tsolve\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eee705ceac6f-0", "page_content": "problems\u201d\tand\t\u201cWhen\tI\twork\thard\tI\tget\tgood\tgrades.\u201d\tChildren\twho\nsay\tnone\tof\tthese\tpositive\tdescriptions\tfits\tthem\thave\tlittle\tsense\tthat\nthey\tcan\tdo\tanything\tto\tchange\tthings;\tthis\tsense\tof\thelplessness\tis\nhighest\tin\tthose\tchildren\twho\tare\tmost\tdepressed.\n30\nA\ttelling\tstudy\tlooked\tat\tfifth\tand\tsixth\tgraders\tin\tthe\tfew\tdays\tafter\nthey\treceived\treport\tcards.\tAs\twe\tall\tremember,\treport\tcards\tare\tone\nof\tthe\tgreatest\tsources\tof\telation\tand\tdespair\tin\tchildhood.\tBut\nresearchers\tfind\ta\tmarked\tconsequence\tin\thow\tchildren\tassess\ttheir\nrole\twhen\tthey\tget\ta\tworse\tgrade\tthan\tthey\texpected.\tThose\twho\tsee\ta\nbad\tgrade\tas\tdue\tto\tsome\tpersonal\tflaw\t(\u201cI\u2019m\tstupid\u201d)\tfeel\tmore\ndepressed\tthan\tthose\twho\texplain\tit\taway\tin\tterms\tof\tsomething\tthey\ncould\tchange\t(\u201cIf\tI\twork\tharder\ton\tmy\tmath\thomework\tI\u2019ll\tget\ta\nbetter\tgrade\u201d).\n31\nResearchers\tidentified\ta\tgroup\tof\tthird,\tfourth,\tand\tfifth\tgraders\nwhom\tclassmates\thad\trejected,\tand\ttracked\twhich\tones\tcontinued\tto\nbe\tsocial\toutcasts\tin\ttheir\tnew\tclasses\tthe\tfollowing\tyear.\tHow\tthe\nchildren\texplained\tthe\trejection\tto\tthemselves\tseemed\tcrucial\tto\nwhether\tthey\tbecame\tdepressed.\tThose\twho\tsaw\ttheir\trejection\tas\tdue\nto\tsome\tflaw\tin\tthemselves\tgrew\tmore\tdepressed.\tBut\tthe\toptimists,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eee705ceac6f-1", "page_content": "who\tfelt\tthat\tthey\tcould\tdo\tsomething\tto\tchange\tthings\tfor\tthe\tbetter,\nwere\tnot\tespecially\tdepressed\tdespite\tthe\tcontinuing\trejection.\n32\n\tAnd\nin\ta\tstudy\tof\tchildren\tmaking\tthe\tnotoriously\tstressful\ttransition\tto\nseventh\tgrade,\tthose\twho\thad\tthe\tpessimistic\tattitude\tresponded\tto\nhigh\tlevels\tof\thassles\tat\tschool\tand\tto\tany\tadditional\tstress\tat\thome\tby\nbecoming\tdepressed.\n33\nThe\tmost\tdirect\tevidence\tthat\ta\tpessimistic\toutlook\tmakes\tchildren\nhighly\tsusceptible\tto\tdepression\tcomes\tfrom\ta\tfive-year\tstudy\tof\nchildren\tbeginning\twhen\tthey\twere\tin\tthird\tgrade.\n34\n\tAmong\tthe\nyounger\tchildren,\tthe\tstrongest\tpredictor\tthat\tthey\twould\tbecome\ndepressed\twas\ta\tpessimistic\toutlook\tcoupled\twith\ta\tmajor\tblow\tsuch\nas\tparents\tdivorcing\tor\ta\tdeath\tin\tthe\tfamily,\twhich\tleft\tthe\tchild\nupset,\tunsettled,\tand,\tpresumably,\twith\tparents\tless\table\tto\toffer\ta\nnurturing\tbuffer.\tAs\tthe\tchildren\tgrew\tthrough\tthe\telementary-school\nyears,\tthere\twas\ta\ttelling\tshift\tin\ttheir\tthinking\tabout\tthe\tgood\tand\nbad\tevents\tof\ttheir\tlives,\twith\tthe\tchildren\tincreasingly\tascribing\tthem\nto\ttheir\town\ttraits:\t\u201cI\u2019m\tgetting\tgood\tgrades\tbecause\tI\u2019m\tsmart\u201d;\t\u201cI\ndon\u2019t\thave\tmany\t\nfriends\tbecause\tI\u2019m\tno\tfun.\u201d\tThis\tshift\tseems\tto\tset\tin\ngradually\tover\tthe\tthird\tto\tfifth\tgrades.\tAs\tthis\thappens\tthose\tchildren", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eee705ceac6f-2", "page_content": "who\tdevelop\ta\tpessimistic\toutlook\u2014attributing\tthe\tsetbacks\tin\ttheir\nlives\tto\tsome\tdire\tflaw\tin\tthemselves\u2014begin\tto\tfall\tprey\tto\tdepressed", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "31c7863311a5-0", "page_content": "moods\tin\treaction\tto\tsetbacks.\tWhat\u2019s\tmore,\tthe\texperience\tof\ndepression\titself\tseems\tto\treinforce\tthese\tpessimistic\tways\tof\tthinking,\nso\tthat\teven\tafter\tthe\tdepression\tlifts,\tthe\tchild\tis\tleft\twith\twhat\namounts\tto\tan\temotional\tscar,\ta\tset\tof\tconvictions\tfed\tby\tthe\ndepression\tand\tsolidified\tin\tthe\tmind:\tthat\the\tcan\u2019t\tdo\twell\tin\tschool,\nis\tunlikable,\tand\tcan\tdo\tnothing\tto\tescape\this\town\tbrooding\tmoods.\nThese\tfixed\tideas\tcan\tmake\tthe\tchild\tall\tthe\tmore\tvulnerable\tto\nanother\tdepression\tdown\tthe\troad.\nSHORT-CIRCUITING\tDEPRESSION\nThe\tgood\tnews:\tthere\tis\tevery\tsign\tthat\tteaching\tchildren\tmore\nproductive\tways\tof\tlooking\tat\ttheir\tdifficulties\tlowers\ttheir\trisk\tof\ndepression.\n*\n\tIn\ta\tstudy\tof\tone\tOregon\thigh\tschool,\tabout\tone\tin\tfour\nstudents\thad\twhat\tpsychologists\tcall\ta\t\u201clow-level\tdepression,\u201d\tnot\nsevere\tenough\tto\tsay\tit\twas\tbeyond\tordinary\tunhappiness\tas\tyet.\n35\nSome\tmay\thave\tbeen\tin\tthe\tearly\tweeks\tor\tmonths\tof\twhat\twas\tto\nbecome\ta\tdepression.\nIn\ta\tspecial\tafter-school\tclass\tseventy-five\tof\tthe\tmildly\tdepressed\nstudents\tlearned\tto\tchallenge\tthe\tthinking\tpatterns\tassociated\twith\ndepression,\tto\tbecome\tmore\tadept\tat\tmaking\tfriends,\tto\tget\talong\nbetter\twith\ttheir\tparents,\tand\tto\tengage\tin\tmore\tsocial\tactivities\tthey", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "31c7863311a5-1", "page_content": "found\tpleasant.\tBy\tthe\tend\tof\tthe\teight-week\tprogram,\t55\tpercent\tof\nthe\tstudents\thad\trecovered\tfrom\ttheir\tmild\tdepression,\twhile\tonly\nabout\ta\tquarter\tof\tequally\tdepressed\tstudents\twho\twere\tnot\tin\tthe\nprogram\thad\tbegun\tto\tpull\tout\tof\ttheir\tdepression.\tA\tyear\tlater\ta\nquarter\tof\tthose\tin\tthe\tcomparison\tgroup\thad\tgone\ton\tto\tfall\tinto\ta\nmajor\tdepression,\tas\topposed\tto\tonly\t14\tpercent\tof\tstudents\tin\tthe\ndepression-prevention\tprogram.\tThough\tthey\tlasted\tjust\teight\nsessions,\tthe\tclasses\tseemed\tto\thave\tcut\tthe\trisk\tof\tdepression\tin\nhalf.\n36\nSimilarly\tpromising\tfindings\tcame\tfrom\ta\tspecial\tonce-a-week\tclass\ngiven\tto\tten-\tto\tthirteen-year-old\tyoungsters\tat\todds\twith\ttheir\tparents\nand\tshowing\tsome\tsigns\tof\tdepression.\tIn\tafter-school\tsessions\tthey\nlearned\tsome\tbasic\temotional\tskills,\tincluding\thandling\ndisagreements,\tthinking\tbefore\tacting,\tand,\tperhaps\tmost\timportant,\nchallenging\tthe\tpessimistic\tbeliefs\tassociated\twith\tdepression\u2014for\nexample,\tresolving\tto\tstudy\tharder\tafter\tdoing\tpoorly\ton\tan\texam\ninstead\tof\tthinking,\t\u201cI\u2019m\tjust\tnot\tsmart\tenough.\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "00d7ea739089-0", "page_content": "\u201cWhat\ta\tchild\tlearns\tin\tthese\tclasses\tis\tthat\tmoods\tlike\tanxiety,\nsadness,\tand\tanger\tdon\u2019t\tjust\tdescend\ton\tyou\twithout\tyour\thaving\tany\ncontrol\tover\tthem,\tbut\tthat\tyou\tcan\tchange\tthe\tway\tyou\tfeel\tby\twhat\nyou\tthink,\u201d\tpoints\tout\tpsychologist\tMartin\tSeligman,\tone\tof\tthe\ndevelopers\tof\tthe\ttwelve-week\tprogram.\tBecause\tdisputing\tthe\ndepressing\tthoughts\tvanquishes\tthe\tgathering\tmood\tof\tgloom,\nSeligman\tadded,\t\u201cit\u2019s\tan\tinstant\treinforcer\tthat\tbecomes\ta\thabit.\u201d\nAgain\tthe\tspecial\tsessions\tlowered\tdepression\trates\tby\tone\thalf\u2014\nand\tdid\tso\tas\tlong\tas\ttwo\tyears\tlater.\tA\tyear\tafter\tthe\tclasses\tended,\njust\t8\tpercent\tof\tthose\twho\tparticipated\tscored\tat\ta\tmoderate-to-\nsevere\tlevel\ton\ta\ttest\tof\tdepression,\tversus\t29\tpercent\tof\tchildren\tin\ta\ncomparison\tgroup.\tAnd\tafter\ttwo\tyears,\tabout\t20\tpercent\tof\tthose\tin\nthe\tcourse\twere\tshowing\tsome\tsigns\tof\tat\tleast\tmild\tdepression,\ncompared\tto\t44\tpercent\tof\tthose\tin\tthe\tcomparison\tgroup.\nLearning\tthese\temotional\tskills\tat\tthe\tcusp\tof\tadolescence\tmay\tbe\nespecially\thelpful,\tSeligman\tobserves,\t\u201cThese\tkids\tseem\tto\tbe\tbetter\tat\nhandling\tthe\troutine\tteenage\tagonies\tof\trejection.\tThey\tseem\tto\thave\nlearned\tthis\tat\ta\tcrucial\twindow\tfor\trisk\tof\tdepression,\tjust\tas\tthey", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "00d7ea739089-1", "page_content": "enter\tthe\tteen\tyears.\tAnd\tthe\tlesson\tseems\tto\tpersist\tand\tgrow\ta\tbit\nstronger\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\tthe\tyears\tafter\tthey\tlearn\tit,\tsuggesting\tthe\nkids\tare\tactually\tusing\tit\tin\ttheir\tday-to-day\tlives.\u201d\nOther\texperts\ton\tchildhood\tdepression\tapplaud\tthe\tnew\tprograms.\n\u201cIf\tyou\twant\tto\tmake\ta\treal\tdifference\tfor\tpsychiatric\tillness\tlike\ndepression,\tyou\thave\tto\tdo\tsomething\tbefore\tthe\tkids\tget\tsick\tin\tthe\nfirst\tplace,\u201d\tKovacs\tcommented.\t\u201cThe\treal\tsolution\tis\ta\tpsychological\ninoculation.\u201d\nEATING\tDISORDERS\nDuring\tmy\tdays\tas\ta\tgraduate\tstudent\tin\tclinical\tpsychology\tin\tthe\nlate\t1960s,\tI\tknew\ttwo\twomen\twho\tsuffered\tfrom\teating\tdisorders,\nthough\tI\trealized\tthis\tonly\tafter\tmany\tyears\thad\tpassed.\tOne\twas\ta\nbrilliant\tgraduate\tstudent\tin\t\nmathematics\tat\tHarvard,\ta\tfriend\tfrom\nmy\tundergraduate\tdays;\tthe\tother\twas\ton\tthe\tstaff\tat\tM.I.T.\tThe\nmathematician,\tthough\tskeletally\tthin,\tsimply\tcould\tnot\tbring\therself\nto\teat;\tfood,\tshe\tsaid,\trepulsed\ther.\tThe\tlibrarian\thad\tan\tample\tfigure\nand\twas\tgiven\tto\tbingeing\ton\tice\tcream,\tSara\tLee\tcarrot\tcake,\tand\nother\tdesserts;\tthen\u2014as\tshe\tonce\tconfided\twith\tsome\tembarrassment\n\u2014she\twould\tsecretly\tgo\toff\tto\tthe\tbathroom\tand\tmake\therself\tvomit.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d5a66ff0b356-0", "page_content": "Today\tthe\tmathematician\twould\tbe\tdiagnosed\twith\tanorexia\tnervosa,\nthe\tlibrarian\twith\tbulimia.\nIn\tthose\tyears\tthere\twere\tno\tsuch\tlabels.\tClinicians\twere\tjust\nbeginning\tto\tcomment\ton\tthe\tproblem;\tHilda\tBruch,\tthe\tpioneer\tin\nthis\tmovement,\tpublished\ther\tseminal\tarticle\ton\teating\tdisorders\tin\n1969.\n37\n\tBruch,\tpuzzled\tby\twomen\twho\twere\tstarving\tthemselves\tto\ndeath,\tproposed\tthat\tone\tof\tthe\tseveral\tunderlying\tcauses\tlay\tin\tan\ninability\tto\tlabel\tand\trespond\tappropriately\tto\tbodily\turges\u2014notably,\nof\tcourse,\thunger.\tSince\tthen\tthe\tclinical\tliterature\ton\teating\tdisorders\nhas\tmushroomed,\twith\ta\tmultitude\tof\thypotheses\tabout\tthe\tcauses,\nranging\tfrom\tever-younger\tgirls\tfeeling\tcompelled\tto\tcompete\twith\nunattainably\thigh\tstandards\tof\tfemale\tbeauty,\tto\tintrusive\tmothers\nwho\tenmesh\ttheir\tdaughters\tin\ta\tcontrolling\tweb\tof\tguilt\tand\tblame.\nMost\tof\tthese\thypotheses\tsuffered\tfrom\tone\tgreat\tdrawback:\tthey\nwere\textrapolations\tfrom\tobservations\tmade\tduring\ttherapy.\tFar\tmore\ndesirable,\tfrom\ta\tscientific\tviewpoint,\tare\tstudies\tof\tlarge\tgroups\tof\npeople\tover\ta\tperiod\tof\tseveral\tyears,\tto\tsee\twho\tamong\tthem\neventually\tcomes\tdown\twith\tthe\tproblem.\tThat\tkind\tof\tstudy\tallows\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d5a66ff0b356-1", "page_content": "clean\tcomparison\tthat\tcan\ttell,\tfor\texample,\tif\thaving\tcontrolling\nparents\tpredisposes\ta\tgirl\tto\teating\tdisorders.\tBeyond\tthat,\tit\tcan\nidentify\tthe\tcluster\tof\tconditions\tthat\tleads\tto\tthe\tproblem,\tand\ndistinguish\tthem\tfrom\tconditions\tthat\tmight\tseem\tto\tbe\ta\tcause,\tbut\nwhich\tactually\tare\tfound\tas\toften\tin\tpeople\twithout\tthe\tproblem\tas\tin\nthose\twho\tcome\tfor\ttreatment.\nWhen\tjust\tsuch\ta\tstudy\twas\tdone\twith\tmore\tthan\tnine\thundred\tgirls\nin\tthe\tseventh\tthrough\ttenth\tgrades,\temotional\tdeficits\u2014particularly\ta\nfailure\tto\ttell\tdistressing\tfeelings\tfrom\tone\tanother\tand\tto\tcontrol\nthem\u2014were\tfound\tto\tbe\tkey\tamong\tthe\tfactors\tleading\tto\teating\ndisorders.\n38\n\tEven\tby\ttenth\tgrade,\tthere\twere\tsixty-one\tgirls\tin\tthis\naffluent,\tsuburban\tMinneapolis\thigh\tschool\twho\talready\thad\tserious\nsymptoms\tof\tanorexia\tor\tbulimia.\tThe\tgreater\tthe\tproblem,\tthe\tmore\nthe\tgirls\treacted\tto\tsetbacks,\tdifficulties,\tand\tminor\tannoyances\twith\nintense\tnegative\tfeelings\tthat\tthey\tcould\tnot\tsoothe,\tand\tthe\tless\ttheir\nawareness\tof\twhat,\texactly,\tthey\twere\tfeeling.\tWhen\tthese\ttwo\nemotional\ttendencies\twere\tcoupled\twith\tbeing\thighly\tdissatisfied\twith\ntheir\tbody,\tthen\tthe\toutcome\twas\tanorexia\tor\tbulimia.\tOverly\ncontrolling\tparents\t\nwere\tfound\tnot\tto\tplay\ta\tprime\trole\tin\tcausing", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d5a66ff0b356-2", "page_content": "were\tfound\tnot\tto\tplay\ta\tprime\trole\tin\tcausing\neating\tdisorders.\t(As\tBruch\therself\thad\twarned,\ttheories\tbased\ton\nhindsight\twere\tunlikely\tto\tbe\taccurate;\tfor\texample,\tparents\tcan\teasily\nbecome\tintensely\tcontrolling\t\nin\tresponse\n\tto\ttheir\tdaughter\u2019s\teating", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b6a0cc5b636a-0", "page_content": "disorder,\tout\tof\tdesperation\tto\thelp\ther.)\tAlso\tjudged\tirrelevant\twere\nsuch\tpopular\texplanations\tas\tfear\tof\tsexuality,\tearly\tonset\tof\tpuberty,\nand\tlow\tself-esteem.\nInstead,\tthe\tcausal\tchain\tthis\tprospective\tstudy\trevealed\tbegan\twith\nthe\teffects\ton\tyoung\tgirls\tof\tgrowing\tup\tin\ta\tsociety\tpreoccupied\twith\nunnatural\tthinness\tas\ta\tsign\tof\tfemale\tbeauty.\tWell\tin\tadvance\tof\nadolescence,\tgirls\tare\talready\tself-conscious\tabout\ttheir\tweight.\tOne\nsix-year-old,\tfor\texample,\tbroke\tinto\ttears\twhen\ther\tmother\tasked\ther\nto\tgo\tfor\ta\tswim,\tsaying\tshe\u2019d\tlook\tfat\tin\ta\tswimsuit.\tIn\tfact,\tsays\ther\npediatrician,\twho\ttells\tthe\tstory,\ther\tweight\twas\tnormal\tfor\ther\nheight.\n39\n\tIn\tone\tstudy\tof\t271\tyoung\tteenagers,\thalf\tthe\tgirls\tthought\nthey\twere\ttoo\tfat,\teven\tthough\tthe\tvast\tmajority\tof\tthem\twere\tnormal\nin\tweight.\tBut\tthe\tMinneapolis\tstudy\tshowed\tthat\tan\tobsession\twith\nbeing\toverweight\tis\tnot\tin\tand\tof\titself\tsufficient\tto\texplain\twhy\tsome\ngirls\tgo\ton\tto\tdevelop\teating\tdisorders.\nSome\tobese\tpeople\tare\tunable\tto\ttell\tthe\tdifference\tbetween\tbeing\nscared,\tangry,\tand\thungry,\tand\tso\tlump\tall\tthose\tfeelings\ttogether\tas\nsignifying\thunger,\twhich\tleads\tthem\tto\tovereat\twhenever\tthey\tfeel", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b6a0cc5b636a-1", "page_content": "upset.\n40\n\tSomething\tsimilar\tseems\tto\tbe\thappening\tin\tthese\tgirls.\nGloria\tLeon,\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tMinnesota\tpsychologist\twho\tdid\tthe\nstudy\tof\tyoung\tgirls\tand\teating\tdisorders,\tobserved\tthat\tthese\tgirls\n\u201chave\tpoor\tawareness\tof\ttheir\tfeelings\tand\tbody\tsignals;\tthat\twas\tthe\nstrongest\tsingle\tpredictor\tthat\tthey\twould\tgo\ton\tto\tdevelop\tan\teating\ndisorder\twithin\tthe\tnext\ttwo\tyears.\tMost\tchildren\tlearn\tto\tdistinguish\namong\ttheir\tsensations,\tto\ttell\tif\tthey\u2019re\tfeeling\tbored,\tangry,\ndepressed,\tor\thungry\u2014it\u2019s\ta\tbasic\tpart\tof\temotional\tlearning.\tBut\nthese\tgirls\thave\ttrouble\tdistinguishing\tamong\ttheir\tmost\tbasic\nfeelings.\tThey\tmay\thave\ta\tproblem\twith\ttheir\tboyfriend,\tand\tnot\tbe\nsure\twhether\tthey\u2019re\tangry,\tor\tanxious,\tor\tdepressed\u2014they\tjust\nexperience\ta\tdiffuse\temotional\tstorm\tthat\tthey\tdo\tnot\tknow\thow\tto\ndeal\twith\teffectively.\tInstead\tthey\tlearn\tto\tmake\tthemselves\tfeel\nbetter\tby\teating;\tthat\tcan\tbecome\ta\tstrongly\tentrenched\temotional\nhabit.\u201d\nBut\twhen\tthis\thabit\tfor\tsoothing\tthemselves\tinteracts\twith\tthe\npressures\tgirls\tfeel\tto\tstay\tthin,\tthe\tway\tis\tpaved\tfor\teating\tdisorders\nto\tdevelop.\t\u201cAt\tfirst\tshe\tmight\tstart\twith\tbinge\teating,\u201d\tLeon\tobserves.\n\u201cBut\tto\tstay\tthin\tshe\tmay\tturn\tto\tvomiting\tor\tlaxatives,\tor\tintense", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b6a0cc5b636a-2", "page_content": "physical\texertion\tto\tundo\tthe\tweight\tgain\tfrom\tovereating.\tAnother\navenue\tthis\tstruggle\tto\thandle\temotional\t\nconfusion\tcan\ttake\tis\tfor\tthe\ngirl\tnot\tto\teat\tat\tall\u2014it\tcan\tbe\ta\tway\tto\tfeel\tyou\thave\tat\tleast\tsome", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a79339280a05-0", "page_content": "control\tover\tthese\toverwhelming\tfeelings.\u201d\nThe\tcombination\tof\tpoor\tinner\tawareness\tand\tweak\tsocial\tskills\nmeans\tthat\tthese\tgirls,\twhen\tupset\tby\tfriends\tor\tparents,\tfail\tto\tact\neffectively\tto\tsoothe\teither\tthe\trelationship\tor\ttheir\town\tdistress.\nInstead\ttheir\tupset\ttriggers\tthe\teating\tdisorder,\twhether\tit\tbe\tthat\tof\nbulimia\tor\tanorexia,\tor\tsimply\tbinge\teating.\tEffective\ttreatments\tfor\nsuch\tgirls,\tLeon\tbelieves,\tneed\tto\tinclude\tsome\tremedial\tinstruction\tin\nthe\temotional\tskills\tthey\tlack.\t\u201cClinicians\tfind,\u201d\tshe\ttold\tme,\t\u201cthat\tif\nyou\taddress\tthe\tdeficits\ttherapy\tworks\tbetter.\tThese\tgirls\tneed\tto\nlearn\tto\tidentify\ttheir\tfeelings\tand\tlearn\tways\tto\tsoothe\tthemselves\tor\nhandle\ttheir\trelationships\tbetter,\twithout\tturning\tto\ttheir\tmaladaptive\neating\thabits\tto\tdo\tthe\tjob.\u201d\nONLY\tTHE\tLONELY:\tDROPOUTS\nIt\u2019s\ta\tgrade-school\tdrama:\tBen,\ta\tfourth\tgrader\twith\tfew\tfriends,\thas\njust\theard\tfrom\this\tone\tbuddy,\tJason,\tthat\tthey\taren\u2019t\tgoing\tto\tplay\ntogether\tthis\tlunch\tperiod\u2014Jason\twants\tto\tplay\twith\tanother\tboy,\nChad,\tinstead.\tBen,\tcrushed,\thangs\this\thead\tand\tcries.\tAfter\this\tsobs\nsubside,\tBen\tgoes\tover\tto\tthe\tlunch\ttable\twhere\tJason\tand\tChad\tare\neating.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a79339280a05-1", "page_content": "eating.\n\u201cI\thate\tyour\tguts!\u201d\tBen\tyells\tat\tJason.\n\u201cWhy?\u201d\tJason\tasks.\n\u201cBecause\tyou\tlied,\u201d\tBen\tsays,\this\ttone\taccusatory.\t\u201cYou\tsaid\tthis\nwhole\tweek\tthat\tyou\twere\tgonna\tplay\twith\tme\tand\tyou\tlied.\u201d\nBen\tthen\tstalks\toff\tto\this\tempty\ttable,\tcrying\tquietly.\tJason\tand\nChad\tgo\tover\tto\thim\tand\ttry\tto\ttalk\tto\thim,\tbut\tBen\tputs\this\tfingers\tin\nhis\tears,\tdeterminedly\tignoring\tthem,\tand\truns\tout\tof\tthe\tlunchroom\nto\thide\tbehind\tthe\tschool\tDumpster.\tA\tgroup\tof\tgirls\twho\thave\nwitnessed\tthe\texchange\ttry\tto\tplay\ta\tpeacemaker\trole,\tfinding\tBen\nand\ttelling\thim\tthat\tJason\tis\twilling\tto\tplay\twith\thim\ttoo.\tBut\tBen\nwill\thave\tnone\tof\tit,\tand\ttells\tthem\tto\tleave\thim\talone.\tHe\tnurses\this\nwounds,\tsulking\tand\tsobbing,\tdefiantly\talone.\n41\nA\tpoignant\tmoment,\tto\tbe\tsure;\tthe\tfeeling\tof\tbeing\trejected\tand\nfriendless\tis\tone\tmost\teveryone\tgoes\tthrough\tat\tsome\tpoint\tin\nchildhood\tor\tadolescence.\tBut\twhat\tis\tmost\ttelling\tabout\tBen\u2019s\nreaction\tis\this\tfailure\tto\trespond\tto\tJason\u2019s\tefforts\tto\trepair\ttheir\nfriendship,\ta\tstance\tthat\textends\this\tplight\twhen\tit\tmight\thave\tended.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a79339280a05-2", "page_content": "Such\tan\tinability\tto\tseize\tkey\tcues\tis\ttypical\tof\tchildren\twho\tare", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "185d6146ee4a-0", "page_content": "unpopular;\tas\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t8\n,\tsocially\trejected\tchildren\t\ntypically\nare\tpoor\tat\treading\temotional\tand\tsocial\tsignals;\teven\twhen\tthey\tdo\nread\tsuch\tsignals,\tthey\tmay\thave\tlimited\trepertoires\tfor\tresponse.\nDropping\tout\tof\tschool\tis\ta\tparticular\trisk\tfor\tchildren\twho\tare\nsocial\trejects.\tThe\tdropout\trate\tfor\tchildren\twho\tare\trejected\tby\ttheir\npeers\tis\tbetween\ttwo\tand\teight\ttimes\tgreater\tthan\tfor\tchildren\twho\nhave\tfriends.\tOne\tstudy\tfound,\tfor\texample,\tthat\tabout\t25\tpercent\tof\nchildren\twho\twere\tunpopular\tin\telementary\tschool\thad\tdropped\tout\nbefore\tcompleting\thigh\tschool,\tcompared\tto\ta\tgeneral\trate\tof\t8\npercent.\n42\n\tSmall\twonder:\timagine\tspending\tthirty\thours\ta\tweek\tin\ta\nplace\twhere\tno\tone\tlikes\tyou.\nTwo\tkinds\tof\temotional\tproclivities\tlead\tchildren\tto\tend\tup\tas\tsocial\noutcasts.\tAs\twe\thave\tseen,\tone\tis\tthe\tpropensity\tto\tangry\toutbursts\nand\tto\tperceive\thostility\teven\twhere\tnone\tis\tintended.\tThe\tsecond\tis\nbeing\ttimid,\tanxious,\tand\tsocially\tshy.\tBut\tover\tand\tabove\tthese\ntemperamental\tfactors,\tit\tis\tchildren\twho\tare\t\u201coff\u201d\u2014whose\nawkwardness\trepeatedly\tmakes\tpeople\tuncomfortable\u2014who\ttend\tto\nbe\tshunted\taside.\nOne\tway\tthese\tchildren\tare\t\u201coff\u201d\tis\tin\tthe\temotional\tsignals\tthey", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "185d6146ee4a-1", "page_content": "send.\tWhen\tgrade\tschoolers\twith\tfew\tfriends\twere\tasked\tto\tmatch\tan\nemotion\tsuch\tas\tdisgust\tor\tanger\twith\tfaces\tthat\tdisplayed\ta\trange\tof\nemotions,\tthey\tmade\tfar\tmore\tmismatches\tthan\tdid\tchildren\twho\nwere\tpopular.\tWhen\tkindergarteners\twere\tasked\tto\texplain\tways\tthey\nmight\tmake\tfriends\twith\tsomeone\tor\tkeep\tfrom\thaving\ta\tfight,\tit\twas\nthe\tunpopular\tchildren\u2014the\tones\tothers\tshied\taway\tfrom\tplaying\nwith\u2014who\tcame\tup\twith\tself-defeating\tanswers\t(\u201cPunch\thim\u201d\tfor\nwhat\tto\tdo\twhen\tboth\tchildren\twanted\tthe\tsame\ttoy,\tfor\texample),\tor\nvague\tappeals\tfor\thelp\tfrom\ta\tgrown-up.\tAnd\twhen\tteenagers\twere\nasked\tto\trole-play\tbeing\tsad,\tangry,\tor\tmischievous,\tthe\tmore\nunpopular\tamong\tthem\tgave\tthe\tleast\tconvincing\tperformances.\tIt\tis\nperhaps\tno\tsurprise\tthat\tsuch\tchildren\tcome\tto\tfeel\tthat\tthey\tare\nhelpless\tto\tdo\tany\tbetter\tat\tmaking\tfriends;\ttheir\tsocial\tincompetence\nbecomes\ta\tself-fulfilling\tprophecy.\tInstead\tof\tlearning\tnew\tapproaches\nto\tmaking\tfriends,\tthey\tsimply\tkeep\tdoing\tthe\tsame\tthings\tthat\thave\nnot\tworked\tfor\tthem\tin\tthe\tpast,\tor\tcome\tup\twith\teven\tmore\tinept\nresponses.\n43\nIn\tthe\tlottery\tof\tliking,\tthese\tchildren\tfall\tshort\ton\tkey\temotional", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "185d6146ee4a-2", "page_content": "criteria:\tthey\tare\tnot\tseen\tas\tfun\tto\tbe\twith,\tand\tthey\tdon\u2019t\tknow\thow\nto\tmake\tanother\tchild\tfeel\tgood.\tObservations\tof\tunpopular\tchildren\nat\tplay\tshow,\tfor\texample,\tthat\tthey\tare\tmuch\tmore\tlikely\tthan\tothers", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b2f931d05c88-0", "page_content": "to\tcheat,\tsulk,\tquit\twhen\tlosing,\tor\tshow\toff\tand\tbrag\tabout\twinning.\nOf\tcourse,\tmost\tchildren\twant\tto\twin\tat\ta\tgame\u2014but\twin\tor\tlose,\nmost\tchildren\tare\table\tto\tcontain\ttheir\temotional\treaction\tso\tthat\tit\ndoes\tnot\tundermine\tthe\trelationship\twith\tthe\tfriend\tthey\tplay\tgames\nwith.\nWhile\tchildren\twho\tare\tsocially\ttone-deaf\u2014who\tcontinually\thave\ntrouble\treading\tand\tresponding\tto\temotions\u2014end\tup\tas\tsocial\nisolates,\tthis\tdoes\tnot\tapply,\tof\tcourse,\tto\tchildren\twho\tgo\tthrough\ta\ntemporary\tperiod\tof\tfeeling\tleft\tout.\tBut\tfor\tthose\twho\tare\tcontinually\nexcluded\tand\trejected,\ttheir\tpainful\toutcast\tstatus\tclings\tto\tthem\tas\nthey\tcontinue\ttheir\tschool\tyears.\tThe\tconsequences\tof\tending\tup\tat\nthe\tsocial\tmargins\tare\tpotentially\tgreat\tas\ta\tchild\tcontinues\ton\tinto\nadulthood.\tFor\tone,\tit\tis\tin\tthe\tcauldron\tof\tclose\tfriendships\tand\tthe\ntumult\tof\tplay\tthat\tchildren\trefine\tthe\tsocial\tand\temotional\tskills\tthat\nthey\twill\tbring\tto\trelationships\tlater\tin\tlife.\tChildren\twho\tare\nexcluded\tfrom\tthis\trealm\tof\tlearning\tare,\tinevitably,\tdisadvantaged.\nUnderstandably,\tthose\twho\tare\trejected\treport\tgreat\tanxiety\tand\nmany\tworries,\tas\twell\tas\tbeing\tdepressed\tand\tlonely.\tIn\tfact,\thow\npopular\ta\tchild\twas\tin\tthird\tgrade\thas\tbeen\tshown\tto\tbe\ta\tbetter", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b2f931d05c88-1", "page_content": "predictor\tof\tmental-health\tproblems\tat\tage\teighteen\tthan\tanything\nelse\u2014teachers\u2019\tand\tnurses\u2019\tratings,\tschool\tperformance\tand\tIQ,\teven\nscores\ton\tpsychological\ttests.\n44\n\tAnd,\tas\twe\thave\tseen,\tin\tlater\tstages\nof\tlife\tpeople\twho\thave\tfew\tfriends\tand\tare\tchronically\tlonely\tare\tat\ngreater\trisk\tfor\tmedical\tdiseases\tand\tan\tearly\tdeath.\nAs\tpsychoanalyst\tHarry\tStack\tSullivan\tpointed\tout,\twe\tlearn\thow\tto\nnegotiate\tintimate\trelations\u2014to\twork\tout\tdifferences\tand\tshare\tour\ndeepest\tfeelings\u2014in\tour\tfirst\tclose\tfriendships\twith\tsame-sex\tchums.\nBut\tchildren\twho\tare\tsocially\trejected\tare\tonly\thalf\tas\tlikely\tas\ttheir\npeers\tto\thave\ta\tbest\tfriend\tduring\tthe\tcrucial\tyears\tof\telementary\nschool,\tand\tso\tmiss\tout\ton\tone\tof\tthe\tessential\tchances\tfor\temotional\ngrowth.\n45\n\tOne\tfriend\tcan\tmake\tthe\tdifference\u2014even\twhen\tall\tothers\nturn\ttheir\tbacks\t(and\teven\twhen\tthat\tfriendship\tis\tnot\tall\tthat\tsolid).\nCOACHING\tFOR\tFRIENDSHIP\nThere\tis\thope\tfor\trejected\tchildren,\tdespite\ttheir\tineptness.\tSteven\nAsher,\ta\tUniversity\tof\tIllinois\tpsychologist,\thas\tdesigned\ta\tseries\tof\n\u201cfriendship\tcoaching\u201d\tsessions\tfor\tunpopular\tchildren\tthat\thas\tshown\nsome\tsuccess.\n46\n\tIdentifying\tthird\tand\tfourth\tgraders\twho\twere\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bab18a28eef2-0", "page_content": "least\tliked\tin\ttheir\tclasses,\tAsher\tgave\tthem\tsix\tsessions\tin\thow\tto\n\u201cmake\tplaying\tgames\tmore\tfun\u201d\tthrough\tbeing\t\u201cfriendly,\tfun,\tand\nnice.\u201d\tTo\tavoid\tstigma,\tthe\tchildren\twere\ttold\tthat\tthey\twere\tacting\tas\n\u201cconsultants\u201d\tto\tthe\tcoach,\twho\twas\ttrying\tto\tlearn\twhat\tkinds\tof\nthings\tmake\tit\tmore\tenjoyable\tto\tplay\tgames.\nThe\tchildren\twere\tcoached\tto\tact\tin\tways\tAsher\thad\tfound\ttypical\nof\tmore\tpopular\tchildren.\tFor\texample,\tthey\twere\tencouraged\tto\tthink\nof\talternative\t\nsuggestions\tand\tcompromises\t(rather\tthan\tfighting)\tif\nthey\tdisagree\tabout\tthe\trules;\tto\tremember\tto\ttalk\twith\tand\task\nquestions\tabout\tthe\tother\tchild\twhile\tthey\tplay;\tto\tlisten\tand\tlook\tat\nthe\tother\tchild\tto\tsee\thow\the\u2019s\tdoing;\tto\tsay\tsomething\tnice\twhen\tthe\nother\tperson\tdoes\twell;\tto\tsmile\tand\toffer\thelp\tor\tsuggestions\tand\nencouragement.\tThe\tchildren\talso\ttried\tout\tthese\tbasic\tsocial\namenities\twhile\tplaying\tgames\tsuch\tas\tPick-up\tSticks\twith\ta\nclassmate,\tand\twere\tcoached\tafterward\ton\thow\twell\tthey\tdid.\tThis\nminicourse\tin\tgetting\talong\thad\ta\tremarkable\teffect:\ta\tyear\tlater\tthe\nchildren\twho\twere\tcoached\u2014all\tof\twhom\twere\tselected\tbecause\tthey\nwere\tthe\tleast-liked\tin\ttheir\tclass\u2014were\tnow\tsolidly\tin\tthe\tmiddle\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "bab18a28eef2-1", "page_content": "classroom\tpopularity.\tNone\twere\tsocial\tstars,\tbut\tnone\twere\trejects.\nSimilar\tresults\thave\tbeen\tfound\tby\tStephen\tNowicki,\tan\tEmory\nUniversity\tpsychologist.\n47\n\tHis\tprogram\ttrains\tsocial\toutcasts\tto\thone\ntheir\tability\tto\tread\tand\trespond\tappropriately\tto\tother\tchildren\u2019s\nfeelings.\tThe\tchildren,\tfor\texample,\tare\tvideotaped\twhile\tpracticing\nexpression\tof\tfeelings\tsuch\tas\thappiness\tand\tsadness,\tand\tare\tcoached\nto\timprove\ttheir\temotional\texpressiveness.\tThey\tthen\ttry\tout\ttheir\nnewly\thoned\tskills\twith\ta\tchild\tthey\twant\tto\tmake\tfriends\twith.\nSuch\tprograms\thave\treported\ta\t50\tto\t60\tpercent\tsuccess\trate\tin\nraising\tthe\tpopularity\tof\trejected\tchildren.\tThese\tprograms\t(at\tleast\tas\npresently\tdesigned)\tseem\tto\twork\tbest\tfor\tthird\tand\tfourth\tgraders\nrather\tthan\tchildren\tin\thigher\tgrades,\tand\tto\tbe\tmore\thelpful\tfor\nsocially\tinept\tchildren\tthan\tfor\thighly\taggressive\tones.\tBut\tthat\tis\tall\ta\nmatter\tfor\tfine-tuning;\tthe\thopeful\tsign\tis\tthat\tmany\tor\tmost\trejected\nchildren\tcan\tbe\tbrought\tinto\tthe\tcircle\tof\tfriendship\twith\tsome\tbasic\nemotional\tcoaching.\nDRINKING\tAND\tDRUGS:\tADDICTION\tAS\tSELF-MEDICATION\nStudents\tat\tthe\tlocal\tcampus\tcall\tit\t\ndrinking\tto\tblack\n\u2014bingeing\ton\tbeer\nto\tthe\tpoint\tof\tpassing\tout.\tOne\tof\tthe\ttechniques:\tattach\ta\tfunnel\tto\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "45c5d6803f50-0", "page_content": "garden\those,\tso\tthat\ta\tcan\tof\tbeer\tcan\tbe\tdowned\tin\tabout\tten\nseconds.\tThe\tmethod\tis\tnot\tan\tisolated\toddity.\tOne\tsurvey\tfound\tthat\ntwo\tfifths\tof\tmale\tcollege\tstudents\tdown\tseven\tor\tmore\tdrinks\tat\ta\ntime,\twhile\t11\tpercent\tcall\tthemselves\t\u201cheavy\tdrinkers.\u201d\tAnother\nterm,\tof\tcourse,\tmight\tbe\t\u201calcoholics.\u201d\n48\n\tAbout\thalf\tof\tcollege\tmen\nand\talmost\t40\tpercent\tof\twomen\thave\tat\tleast\ttwo\tbinge-drinking\nepisodes\tin\ta\tmonth.\n49\nWhile\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tuse\tof\tmost\tdrugs\tamong\tyoung\tpeople\ngenerally\ttapered\toff\tin\tthe\t1980s,\tthere\tis\ta\tsteady\ttrend\ttoward\nmore\talcohol\tuse\t\nat\tever-younger\tages.\tA\t1993\tsurvey\tfound\tthat\t35\npercent\tof\tcollege\twomen\tsaid\tthey\tdrank\tto\tget\tdrunk,\twhile\tjust\t10\npercent\tdid\tso\tin\t1977;\toverall,\tone\tin\tthree\tstudents\tdrinks\tto\tget\ndrunk.\tThat\tposes\tother\trisks:\t90\tpercent\tof\tall\trapes\treported\ton\ncollege\tcampuses\thappened\twhen\teither\tthe\tassailant\tor\tthe\tvictim\u2014\nor\tboth\u2014had\tbeen\tdrinking.\n50\n\tAlcohol-related\taccidents\tare\tthe\nleading\tcause\tof\tdeath\tamong\tyoung\tpeople\tbetween\tfifteen\tand\ntwenty-four.\n51\nExperimentation\twith\tdrugs\tand\talcohol\tmight\tseem\ta\trite\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "45c5d6803f50-1", "page_content": "51\nExperimentation\twith\tdrugs\tand\talcohol\tmight\tseem\ta\trite\tof\npassage\tfor\tadolescents,\tbut\tthis\tfirst\ttaste\tcan\thave\tlong-lasting\nresults\tfor\tsome.\tFor\tmost\talcoholics\tand\tdrug\tabusers,\tthe\tbeginnings\nof\taddiction\tcan\tbe\ttraced\tto\ttheir\tteen\tyears,\tthough\tfew\tof\tthose\nwho\tso\texperiment\tend\tup\tas\talcoholics\tor\tdrug\tabusers.\tBy\tthe\ttime\nstudents\tleave\thigh\tschool,\tover\t90\tpercent\thave\ttried\talcohol,\tyet\nonly\tabout\t14\tpercent\teventually\tbecome\talcoholics;\tof\tthe\tmillions\tof\nAmericans\twho\texperimented\twith\tcocaine,\tfewer\tthan\t5\tpercent\nbecame\taddicted.\n52\n\tWhat\tmakes\tthe\tdifference?\nTo\tbe\tsure,\tthose\tliving\tin\thigh-crime\tneighborhoods,\twhere\tcrack\nis\tsold\ton\tthe\tcorner\tand\tthe\tdrug\tdealer\tis\tthe\tmost\tprominent\tlocal\nmodel\tof\teconomic\tsuccess,\tare\tmost\tat\trisk\tfor\tsubstance\tabuse.\tSome\nmay\tend\tup\taddicted\tthrough\tbecoming\tsmall-time\tdealers\nthemselves,\tothers\tsimply\tbecause\tof\tthe\teasy\taccess\tor\ta\tpeer\tculture\nthat\tglamorizes\tdrugs\u2014a\tfactor\tthat\theightens\tthe\trisk\tof\tdrug\tuse\tin\nany\tneighborhood,\teven\t(and\tperhaps\tespecially)\tthe\tmost\twell-off.\nBut\tstill\tthe\tquestion\tremains,\tof\tthe\tpool\tof\tthose\texposed\tto\tthese\nlures\tand\tpressures,\tand\twho\tgo\ton\tto\texperiment,\twhich\tones\tare", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "45c5d6803f50-2", "page_content": "most\tlikely\tto\tend\tup\twith\ta\tlasting\thabit?\nOne\tcurrent\tscientific\ttheory\tis\tthat\tthose\twho\tstay\twith\tthe\thabit,\nbecoming\tincreasingly\tdependent\ton\talcohol\tor\tdrugs,\tare\tusing\tthese\nsubstances\tas\ta\tmedication\tof\tsorts,\ta\tway\tto\tsoothe\tfeelings\tof\nanxiety,\tanger,\tor\tdepression.\tThrough\ttheir\tearly\texperimentation", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d02583b50253-0", "page_content": "they\thit\tupon\ta\tchemical\tfix,\ta\tway\tto\tcalm\tthe\tfeelings\tof\tanxiety\tor\nmelancholy\tthat\thave\ttormented\tthem.\tThus\tof\tseveral\thundred\nseventh-\tand\teighth-grade\tstudents\ttracked\tfor\ttwo\tyears,\tit\twas\tthose\nwho\treported\thigher\tlevels\tof\temotional\tdistress\twho\tsubsequently\nwent\ton\tto\thave\tthe\thighest\trates\tof\tsubstance\tabuse.\n53\n\tThis\tmay\nexplain\twhy\tso\tmany\tyoung\tpeople\tare\table\tto\texperiment\twith\tdrugs\nand\tdrinking\twithout\tbecoming\taddicted,\twhile\tothers\tbecome\ndependent\talmost\tfrom\tthe\tstart:\tthose\tmost\tvulnerable\tto\taddiction\nseem\tto\tfind\tin\tthe\tdrug\tor\talcohol\tan\tinstant\tway\tto\tsoothe\temotions\nthat\thave\tdistressed\tthem\tfor\tyears.\nAs\tRalph\tTarter,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe\tWestern\tPsychiatric\tInstitute\nand\tClinic\tin\tPittsburgh,\tput\tit,\t\u201cFor\tpeople\twho\tare\tbiologically\npredisposed,\tthe\t\nfirst\tdrink\tor\tdose\tof\ta\tdrug\tis\timmensely\treinforcing,\nin\ta\tway\tothers\tjust\tdon\u2019t\texperience.\tMany\trecovering\tdrug\tabusers\ntell\tme,\t\u2018The\tmoment\tI\ttook\tmy\tfirst\tdrug,\tI\tfelt\tnormal\tfor\tthe\tfirst\ntime.\u2019\tIt\tstabilizes\tthem\tphysiologically,\tat\tleast\tin\tthe\tshort\tterm.\u201d\n54\nThat,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tthe\tdevil\u2019s\tbargain\tof\taddiction:\ta\tshort-term\tgood\nfeeling\tin\texchange\tfor\tthe\tsteady\tmeltdown\tof\tone\u2019s\tlife.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d02583b50253-1", "page_content": "Certain\temotional\tpatterns\tseem\tto\tmake\tpeople\tmore\tlikely\tto\tfind\nemotional\trelief\tin\tone\tsubstance\trather\tthan\tanother.\tFor\texample,\nthere\tare\ttwo\temotional\tpathways\tto\talcoholism.\tOne\tstarts\twith\nsomeone\twho\twas\thigh-strung\tand\tanxious\tin\tchildhood,\twho\ntypically\tdiscovers\tas\ta\tteenager\tthat\talcohol\twill\tcalm\tthe\tanxiety.\nVery\toften\tthey\tare\tchildren\u2014usually\tsons\u2014of\talcoholics\twho\nthemselves\thave\tturned\tto\talcohol\tto\tsoothe\ttheir\tnerves.\tOne\nbiological\tmarker\tfor\tthis\tpattern\tis\tundersecretion\tof\tGABA,\ta\nneurotransmitter\tthat\tregulates\tanxiety\u2014too\tlittle\tGABA\tis\nexperienced\tas\ta\thigh\tlevel\tof\ttension.\tOne\tstudy\tfound\tthat\tsons\tof\nalcoholic\tfathers\thad\tlow\tlevels\tof\tGABA\tand\twere\thighly\tanxious,\tbut\nwhen\tthey\tdrank\talcohol,\ttheir\tGABA\tlevels\trose\tas\ttheir\tanxiety\nfell.\n55\n\tThese\tsons\tof\talcoholics\tdrink\tto\tease\ttheir\ttension,\tfinding\tin\nalcohol\ta\trelaxation\tthat\tthey\tcould\tnot\tseem\tto\tget\totherwise.\tSuch\npeople\tmay\tbe\tvulnerable\tto\tabusing\tsedatives\tas\twell\tas\talcohol\tfor\nthe\tsame\tanxiety-reduction\teffect.\nA\tneuropsychological\tstudy\tof\tsons\tof\talcoholics\twho\tat\tage\ttwelve\nshowed\tsigns\tof\tanxiety\tsuch\tas\ta\theightened\theart\trate\tin\tresponse\tto\nstress,\tas\twell\tas\timpulsivity,\tfound\tthe\tboys\talso\thad\tpoor\tfrontal", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d02583b50253-2", "page_content": "lobe\tfunctioning.\n56\n\tThus\tthe\tbrain\tareas\tthat\tmight\thave\thelped\tease\ntheir\tanxiety\tor\tcontrol\ttheir\timpulsiveness\tbrought\tthem\tless\thelp\nthan\tin\tother\tboys.\tAnd\tsince\tthe\tpre-frontal\tlobes\talso\thandle", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "733eba3b8903-0", "page_content": "working\tmemory\u2014which\tholds\tin\tmind\tthe\tconsequences\tof\tvarious\nroutes\tof\taction\twhile\tmaking\ta\tdecision\u2014their\tdeficit\tcould\tsupport\ta\nslide\tinto\talcoholism\tby\thelping\tthem\tignore\tthe\tlong-term\tdrawbacks\nof\tdrinking,\teven\tas\tthey\tfound\tan\timmediate\tsedation\tfrom\tanxiety\nthrough\talcohol.\nThis\tcraving\tfor\tcalm\tseems\tto\tbe\tan\temotional\tmarker\tof\ta\tgenetic\nsusceptibility\tto\talcoholism.\tA\tstudy\tof\tthirteen\thundred\trelatives\tof\nalcoholics\tfound\tthat\tthe\tchildren\tof\talcoholics\twho\twere\tmost\tat\trisk\nfor\tbecoming\talcoholics\tthemselves\twere\tthose\twho\treported\thaving\nchronically\thigh\tlevels\tof\tanxiety.\tIndeed,\tthe\tresearchers\tconcluded\nthat\talcoholism\tdevelops\tin\tsuch\tpeople\tas\t\u201cself-medication\tof\tanxiety\nsymptoms.\u201d\n57\nA\tsecond\temotional\tpathway\tto\talcoholism\tcomes\tfrom\ta\thigh\tlevel\nof\tagitation,\timpulsivity,\tand\tboredom.\tThis\tpattern\tshows\tup\tin\ninfancy\tas\t\nbeing\trestless,\tcranky,\tand\thard\tto\thandle,\tin\tgrade\tschool\nas\thaving\tthe\t\u201cfidgets,\u201d\thyperactivity,\tand\tgetting\tinto\ttrouble,\ta\npropensity\tthat,\tas\twe\thave\tseen,\tcan\tpush\tsuch\tchildren\tto\tseek\tout\nfriends\ton\tthe\tfringe\u2014sometimes\tleading\tto\ta\tcriminal\tcareer\tor\tthe\ndiagnosis\tof\t\u201cantisocial\tpersonality\tdisorder.\u201d\tSuch\tpeople\t(and\tthey\nare\tmainly\tmen)\thave\tas\ttheir\tmain\temotional\tcomplaint\tagitation;", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "733eba3b8903-1", "page_content": "their\tmain\tweakness\tis\tunrestrained\timpulsivity;\ttheir\tusual\treaction\nto\tboredom\u2014which\tthey\toften\tfeel\u2014is\tan\timpulsive\tsearch\tfor\trisk\nand\texcitement.\tAs\tadults,\tpeople\twith\tthis\tpattern\t(which\tmay\tbe\ntied\tto\tdeficiencies\tin\ttwo\tother\tneurotransmitters,\tserotonin\tand\nMAO)\tfind\tthat\talcohol\tcan\tsoothe\ttheir\tagitation.\tAnd\tthe\tfact\tthat\nthey\tcan\u2019t\tstand\tmonotony\tmakes\tthem\tready\tto\ttry\tanything;\tcoupled\nwith\ttheir\tgeneral\timpulsivity,\tit\tmakes\tthem\tprone\tto\tabusing\tan\nalmost\trandom\tlist\tof\tdrugs\tbesides\talcohol.\n58\nWhile\tdepression\tcan\tdrive\tsome\tto\tdrink,\tthe\tmetabolic\teffects\tof\nalcohol\toften\tsimply\tworsen\tthe\tdepression\tafter\ta\tshort\tlift.\tPeople\nwho\tturn\tto\talcohol\tas\tan\temotional\tpalliative\tdo\tso\tmuch\tmore\toften\nto\tcalm\tanxiety\tthan\tfor\tdepression;\tan\tentirely\tdifferent\tclass\tof\ndrugs\tsoothes\tthe\tfeelings\tof\tpeople\twho\tare\tdepressed\u2014at\tleast\ntemporarily.\tFeeling\tchronically\tunhappy\tputs\tpeople\tat\tgreater\trisk\nfor\taddiction\tto\tstimulants\tsuch\tas\tcocaine,\twhich\tprovide\ta\tdirect\nantidote\tto\tfeeling\tdepressed.\tOne\tstudy\tfound\tthat\tmore\tthan\thalf\tthe\npatients\tbeing\ttreated\tat\ta\tclinic\tfor\tcocaine\taddiction\twould\thave\nbeen\tdiagnosed\twith\tsevere\tdepression\tbefore\tthey\tstarted\ttheir\thabit,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "733eba3b8903-2", "page_content": "and\tthe\tdeeper\tthe\tpreceding\tdepression,\tthe\tstronger\tthe\thabit.\n59\nChronic\tanger\tmay\tlead\tto\tstill\tanother\tkind\tof\tsusceptibility.\tIn\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e9f791c430cb-0", "page_content": "study\tof\tfour\thundred\tpatients\tbeing\ttreated\tfor\taddiction\tto\theroin\nand\tother\topioids,\tthe\tmost\tstriking\temotional\tpattern\twas\ta\tlifelong\ndifficulty\thandling\tanger\tand\ta\tquickness\tto\trage.\tSome\tof\tthe\tpatients\nthemselves\tsaid\tthat\twith\topiates\tthey\tfinally\tfelt\tnormal\tand\nrelaxed.\n60\nThough\tthe\tpredisposition\tto\tsubstance\tabuse\tmay,\tin\tmany\tcases,\nbe\tbrain-based,\tthe\tfeelings\tthat\tdrive\tpeople\tto\t\u201cself-medicate\u201d\nthemselves\tthrough\tdrink\tor\tdrugs\tcan\tbe\thandled\twithout\trecourse\tto\nmedication,\tas\tAlcoholics\tAnonymous\tand\tother\trecovery\tprograms\nhave\tdemonstrated\tfor\tdecades.\tAcquiring\tthe\tability\tto\thandle\tthose\nfeelings\u2014soothing\tanxiety,\tlifting\tdepression,\tcalming\trage\u2014removes\nthe\timpetus\tto\tuse\tdrugs\tor\talcohol\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace.\tThese\tbasic\nemotional\tskills\tare\ttaught\tremedially\tin\ttreatment\tprograms\tfor\tdrug\nand\talcohol\tabuse.\tIt\twould\tbe\tfar\tbetter,\tof\tcourse,\tif\tthey\twere\nlearned\tearly\tin\tlife,\twell\tbefore\tthe\thabit\tbecame\testablished.\nNO\tMORE\tWARS:\tA\tFINAL\tCOMMON\tPREVENTIVE\tPATHWAY\nOver\tthe\tlast\tdecade\tor\tso\t\u201cwars\u201d\thave\tbeen\tproclaimed,\tin\tturn,\ton\nteen\tpregnancy,\tdropping\tout,\tdrugs,\tand\tmost\trecently\tviolence.\tThe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e9f791c430cb-1", "page_content": "trouble\twith\tsuch\tcampaigns,\tthough,\tis\tthat\tthey\tcome\ttoo\tlate,\tafter\nthe\ttargeted\tproblem\thas\treached\tepidemic\tproportions\tand\ttaken\nfirm\troot\tin\tthe\tlives\tof\tthe\tyoung.\tThey\tare\tcrisis\tintervention,\tthe\nequivalent\tof\tsolving\ta\tproblem\tby\tsending\tan\tambulance\tto\tthe\nrescue\trather\tthan\tgiving\tan\tinoculation\tthat\twould\tward\toff\tthe\ndisease\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace.\tInstead\tof\tmore\tsuch\t\u201cwars,\u201d\twhat\twe\tneed\nis\tto\tfollow\tthe\tlogic\tof\tprevention,\toffering\tour\tchildren\tthe\tskills\tfor\nfacing\tlife\tthat\twill\tincrease\ttheir\tchances\tof\tavoiding\tany\tand\tall\tof\nthese\tfates.\n61\nMy\tfocus\ton\tthe\tplace\tof\temotional\tand\tsocial\tdeficits\tis\tnot\tto\tdeny\nthe\trole\tof\tother\trisk\tfactors,\tsuch\tas\tgrowing\tup\tin\ta\tfragmented,\nabusive,\tor\tchaotic\tfamily,\tor\tin\tan\timpoverished,\tcrime-\tand\tdrug-\nridden\tneighborhood.\tPoverty\titself\tdelivers\temotional\tblows\tto\nchildren:\tpoorer\tchildren\tat\tage\tfive\tare\talready\tmore\tfearful,\tanxious,\nand\tsad\tthan\ttheir\tbetter-off\tpeers,\tand\thave\tmore\tbehavior\tproblems\nsuch\tas\tfrequent\ttantrums\tand\tdestroying\tthings,\ta\ttrend\tthat\ncontinues\tthrough\tthe\tteen\tyears.\tThe\tpress\tof\tpoverty\tcorrodes\tfamily\nlife\ttoo:\tthere\ttend\tto\tbe\tfewer\texpressions\tof\tparental\twarmth,\tmore", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e9f791c430cb-2", "page_content": "depression\tin\tmothers\t(who\tare\toften\tsingle\tand\tjobless),\tand\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "22e541b23367-0", "page_content": "greater\treliance\ton\tharsh\tpunishments\tsuch\tas\tyelling,\thitting,\tand\nphysical\tthreats.\n62\nBut\tthere\tis\ta\trole\tthat\temotional\tcompetence\tplays\tover\tand\tabove\nfamily\tand\teconomic\tforces\u2014it\tmay\tbe\tdecisive\tin\tdetermining\tthe\nextent\tto\twhich\tany\tgiven\tchild\tor\tteenager\tis\tundone\tby\tthese\nhardships\tor\tfinds\ta\tcore\tof\tresilience\tto\tsurvive\tthem.\tLong-term\nstudies\tof\thundreds\tof\tchildren\tbrought\tup\tin\tpoverty,\tin\tabusive\nfamilies,\tor\tby\ta\tparent\twith\tsevere\tmental\tillness\tshow\tthat\tthose\nwho\tare\tresilient\teven\tin\tthe\tface\tof\tthe\tmost\tgrinding\thardships\ttend\nto\tshare\tkey\temotional\tskills.\n63\n\tThese\tinclude\ta\twinning\tsociability\nthat\tdraws\tpeople\tto\tthem,\tself-confidence,\tan\toptimistic\tpersistence\nin\tthe\tface\tof\tfailure\tand\tfrustration,\tthe\tability\tto\trecover\tquickly\nfrom\tupsets,\tand\tan\teasygoing\tnature.\nBut\tthe\tvast\tmajority\tof\tchildren\tface\tsuch\tdifficulties\twithout\tthese\nadvantages.\tOf\tcourse,\tmany\tof\tthese\tskills\tare\tinnate,\tthe\tluck\tof\ngenes\u2014but\teven\tqualities\tof\ttemperament\tcan\tchange\tfor\tthe\tbetter,\nas\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t14\n.\tOne\tline\tof\tintervention,\tof\tcourse,\tis\npolitical\tand\teconomic,\talleviating\tthe\tpoverty\tand\tother\tsocial\nconditions\tthat\tbreed\tthese\tproblems.\tBut\tapart\tfrom\tthese\ttactics", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "22e541b23367-1", "page_content": "conditions\tthat\tbreed\tthese\tproblems.\tBut\tapart\tfrom\tthese\ttactics\n(which\tseem\tto\tmove\tever\tlower\ton\tthe\tsocial\tagenda)\t\nthere\tis\tmuch\nthat\tcan\tbe\toffered\tto\tchildren\tto\thelp\tthem\tgrapple\tbetter\twith\tsuch\ndebilitating\thardships.\nTake\tthe\tcase\tof\temotional\tdisorders,\tafflictions\tthat\tabout\tone\tin\ntwo\tAmericans\texperiences\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\tlife.\tA\tstudy\tof\ta\nrepresentative\tsample\tof\t8,098\tAmericans\tfound\tthat\t48\tpercent\nsuffered\tfrom\tat\tleast\tone\tpsychiatric\tproblem\tduring\ttheir\tlifetime.\n64\nMost\tseverely\taffected\twere\tthe\t14\tpercent\tof\tpeople\twho\tdeveloped\nthree\tor\tmore\tpsychiatric\tproblems\tat\tonce.\tThis\tgroup\twas\tthe\tmost\ntroubled,\taccounting\tfor\t60\tpercent\tof\tall\tpsychiatric\tdisorders\noccurring\tat\tany\tone\ttime,\tand\t90\tpercent\tof\tthe\tmost\tsevere\tand\ndisabling\tones.\tWhile\tthey\tneed\tintensive\tcare\tnow,\tthe\toptimal\napproach\twould\tbe,\twherever\tpossible,\tto\tprevent\tthese\tproblems\tin\nthe\tfirst\tplace.\tTo\tbe\tsure,\tnot\tevery\tmental\tdisorder\tcan\tbe\tprevented\n\u2014but\tthere\tare\tsome,\tand\tperhaps\tmany,\tthat\tcan.\tRonald\tKessler,\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tMichigan\tsociologist\twho\tdid\tthe\tstudy,\ttold\tme,\t\u201cWe\nneed\tto\tintervene\tearly\tin\tlife.\tTake\ta\tyoung\tgirl\twho\thas\ta\tsocial\nphobia\tin\tthe\tsixth\tgrade,\tand\tstarts\tdrinking\tin\tjunior\thigh\tschool\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "22e541b23367-2", "page_content": "handle\ther\tsocial\tanxieties.\tBy\ther\tlate\ttwenties,\twhen\tshe\tshows\tup\nin\tour\tstudy,\tshe\u2019s\tstill\tfearful,\thas\tbecome\tboth\tan\talcohol\tand\tdrug\nabuser,\tand\tis\tdepressed\tbecause\ther\tlife\tis\tso\tmessed\tup.\tThe\tbig", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8477867062e3-0", "page_content": "question\tis,\twhat\tcould\twe\thave\tdone\tearly\tin\ther\tlife\tto\thave\theaded\noff\tthe\twhole\tdownward\tspiral?\u201d\nThe\tsame\tholds,\tof\tcourse,\tfor\tdropping\tout\tor\tviolence,\tor\tmost\tof\nthe\tlitany\tof\tperils\tfaced\tby\tyoung\tpeople\ttoday.\tEducational\nprograms\tto\tprevent\tone\tor\tanother\tspecific\tproblem\tsuch\tas\tdrug\tuse\nand\tviolence\thave\tproliferated\twildly\tin\tthe\tlast\tdecade\tor\tso,\tcreating\na\tmini-industry\twithin\tthe\teducation\tmarketplace.\tBut\tmany\tof\tthem\n\u2014including\tmany\tof\tthe\tmost\tslickly\tmarketed\tand\tmost\twidely\tused\n\u2014have\tproven\tto\tbe\tineffective.\tA\tfew,\tto\tthe\tchagrin\tof\teducators,\neven\tseemed\tto\tincrease\tthe\tlikelihood\tof\tthe\tproblems\tthey\twere\nmeant\tto\thead\toff,\tparticularly\tdrug\tabuse\tand\tteen\tsex.\nInformation\tIs\tNot\tEnough\nAn\tinstructive\tcase\tin\tpoint\tis\tsexual\tabuse\tof\tchildren.\tAs\tof\t1993,\nabout\ttwo\thundred\tthousand\tsubstantiated\tcases\twere\treported\nannually\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates,\twith\tthat\tnumber\tgrowing\tby\tabout\t10\npercent\tper\tyear.\tAnd\twhile\testimates\tvary\twidely,\tmost\texperts\tagree\nthat\tbetween\t20\tand\t30\tpercent\tof\tgirls\tand\tabout\thalf\tthat\tnumber\tof\nboys\tare\tvictims\tof\tsome\tform\tof\tsexual\tabuse\tby\tage\tseventeen\t(the", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8477867062e3-1", "page_content": "figures\trise\tor\tfall\tdepending\ton\thow\tsexual\tabuse\tis\tdefined,\tamong\nother\tfactors).\n65\n\tThere\tis\tno\tsingle\tprofile\tof\ta\tchild\t\nwho\tis\nparticularly\tvulnerable\tto\tsexual\tabuse,\tbut\tmost\tfeel\tunprotected,\nunable\tto\tresist\ton\ttheir\town,\tand\tisolated\tby\twhat\thas\thappened\tto\nthem.\nWith\tthese\trisks\tin\tmind,\tmany\tschools\thave\tbegun\tto\toffer\nprograms\tto\tprevent\tsexual\tabuse.\tMost\tsuch\tprograms\tare\ttightly\nfocused\ton\tbasic\tinformation\tabout\tsexual\tabuse,\tteaching\tkids,\tfor\nexample,\tto\tknow\tthe\tdifference\tbetween\t\u201cgood\u201d\tand\t\u201cbad\u201d\ttouching,\nalerting\tthem\tto\tthe\tdangers,\tand\tencouraging\tthem\tto\ttell\tan\tadult\tif\nanything\tuntoward\thappens\tto\tthem.\tBut\ta\tnational\tsurvey\tof\ttwo\nthousand\tchildren\tfound\tthat\tthis\tbasic\ttraining\twas\tlittle\tbetter\tthan\nnothing\u2014or\tactually\tworse\tthan\tnothing\u2014in\thelping\tchildren\tdo\nsomething\tto\tprevent\tbeing\tvictimized,\twhether\tby\ta\tschool\tbully\tor\ta\npotential\tchild\tmolester.\n66\n\tWorse,\tthe\tchildren\twho\thad\tonly\tsuch\nbasic\tprograms\tand\twho\thad\tsubsequently\tbecome\tvictims\tof\tsexual\nassault\twere\tactually\t\nhalf\n\tas\tlikely\tto\treport\tit\tafterward\tthan\twere\nchildren\twho\thad\thad\tno\tprograms\tat\tall.\nBy\tcontrast,\tchildren\tgiven\tmore\tcomprehensive\ttraining\u2014\nincluding\trelated\temotional\tand\tsocial\tcompetences\u2014were\tbetter\table", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e205e6b00563-0", "page_content": "to\tprotect\tthemselves\tagainst\tthe\tthreat\tof\tbeing\tvictimized:\tthey\twere\nfar\tmore\tlikely\tto\tdemand\tto\tbe\tleft\talone,\tto\tyell\tor\tfight\tback,\tto\nthreaten\tto\ttell,\tand\tto\tactually\ttell\tif\tsomething\tbad\tdid\thappen\tto\nthem.\tThis\tlast\tbenefit\u2014reporting\tthe\tabuse\u2014is\tpreventive\tin\ta\ttelling\nsense:\tmany\tchild\tmolesters\tvictimize\thundreds\tof\tchildren.\tA\tstudy\tof\nchild\tmolesters\tin\ttheir\tforties\tfound\tthat,\ton\taverage,\tthey\thad\tone\nvictim\ta\tmonth\tsince\ttheir\tteenage\tyears.\tA\treport\ton\ta\tbus\tdriver\tand\na\thigh-school\tcomputer\tteacher\treveals\tthey\tmolested\tabout\tthree\nhundred\tchildren\teach\tyear\tbetween\tthem\u2014yet\tnot\tone\tof\tthe\nchildren\treported\tthe\tsexual\tabuse;\tthe\tabuse\tcame\tto\tlight\tonly\tafter\none\tof\tthe\tboys\twho\thad\tbeen\tabused\tby\tthe\tteacher\tstarted\tto\nsexually\tabuse\this\tsister.\n67\nThose\tchildren\twho\tgot\tthe\tmore\tcomprehensive\tprograms\twere\nthree\ttimes\tmore\tlikely\tthan\tthose\tin\tminimal\tprograms\tto\treport\nabuse.\tWhat\tworked\tso\twell?\tThese\tprograms\twere\tnot\tone-shot\ntopics,\tbut\twere\tgiven\tat\tdifferent\tlevels\tseveral\ttimes\tover\tthe\tcourse\nof\ta\tchild\u2019s\tschool\tcareer,\tas\tpart\tof\thealth\tor\tsex\teducation.\tThey\nenlisted\tparents\tto\tdeliver\tthe\tmessage\tto\tthe\tchild\talong\twith\twhat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e205e6b00563-1", "page_content": "enlisted\tparents\tto\tdeliver\tthe\tmessage\tto\tthe\tchild\talong\twith\twhat\nwas\ttaught\tin\tschool\t(children\twhose\tparents\tdid\tthis\twere\tthe\tvery\nbest\tat\tresisting\tthreats\tof\tsexual\tabuse).\nBeyond\tthat,\tsocial\tand\temotional\tcompetences\tmade\tthe\ndifference.\tIt\tis\tnot\tenough\tfor\ta\tchild\tsimply\tto\tknow\tabout\t\u201cgood\u201d\nand\t\u201cbad\u201d\ttouching;\tchildren\tneed\tthe\tself-awareness\tto\tknow\twhen\ta\nsituation\t\nfeels\n\twrong\tor\tdistressing\tlong\tbefore\tthe\ttouching\tbegins.\nThis\tentails\tnot\tjust\tself-awareness,\tbut\talso\tenough\tself-confidence\nand\tassertiveness\tto\ttrust\tand\tact\ton\tthose\tfeelings\tof\tdistress,\teven\tin\nthe\tface\tof\tan\tadult\twho\tmay\tbe\ttrying\tto\t\nreassure\ther\tthat\t\u201cit\u2019s\tokay.\u201d\nAnd\tthen\ta\tchild\tneeds\ta\trepertoire\tof\tways\tto\tdisrupt\twhat\tis\tabout\nto\thappen\u2014everything\tfrom\trunning\taway\tto\tthreatening\tto\ttell.\tFor\nthese\treasons,\tthe\tbetter\tprograms\tteach\tchildren\tto\tstand\tup\tfor\twhat\nthey\twant,\tto\tassert\ttheir\trights\trather\tthan\tbe\tpassive,\tto\tknow\twhat\ntheir\tboundaries\tare\tand\tdefend\tthem.\nThe\tmost\teffective\tprograms,\tthen,\tsupplemented\tthe\tbasic\tsexual-\nabuse\tinformation\twith\tessential\temotional\tand\tsocial\tskills.\tThese\nprograms\ttaught\tchildren\tto\tfind\tways\tto\tsolve\tinterpersonal\tconflicts\nmore\tpositively,\tto\thave\tmore\tself-confidence,\tnot\tto\tblame", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e205e6b00563-2", "page_content": "more\tpositively,\tto\thave\tmore\tself-confidence,\tnot\tto\tblame\nthemselves\tif\tsomething\thappened,\tand\tto\tfeel\tthey\thad\ta\tnetwork\tof\nsupport\tin\tteachers\tand\tparents\twhom\tthey\tcould\tturn\tto.\tAnd\tif\nsomething\tbad\tdid\thappen\tto\tthem,\tthey\twere\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tto\ttell.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "87d8f5c6d179-0", "page_content": "The\tActive\tIngredients\nSuch\tfindings\thave\tled\tto\ta\treenvisioning\tof\twhat\tthe\tingredients\tof\nan\toptimal\tprevention\tprogram\tshould\tbe,\tbased\ton\tthose\tthat\nimpartial\tevaluations\tshowed\tto\tbe\ttruly\teffective.\tIn\ta\tfive-year\nproject\tsponsored\tby\tthe\tW.\tT.\tGrant\tFoundation,\ta\tconsortium\tof\nresearchers\tstudied\tthis\tlandscape\tand\tdistilled\tthe\tactive\tingredients\nthat\tseemed\tcrucial\tto\tthe\tsuccess\tof\tthose\tprograms\tthat\tworked.\n68\nThe\tlist\tof\tkey\tskills\tthe\tconsortium\tconcluded\tshould\tbe\tcovered,\tno\nmatter\twhat\tspecific\tproblem\tit\tis\tdesigned\tto\tprevent,\treads\tlike\tthe\ningredients\tof\temotional\tintelligence\t(see\t\nAppendix\tD\n\tfor\tthe\tfull\nlist).\n69\nThe\temotional\tskills\tinclude\tself-awareness;\tidentifying,\texpressing,\nand\tmanaging\tfeelings;\timpulse\tcontrol\tand\tdelaying\tgratification;\nand\thandling\tstress\tand\tanxiety.\tA\tkey\tability\tin\timpulse\tcontrol\tis\nknowing\tthe\tdifference\tbetween\tfeelings\tand\tactions,\tand\tlearning\tto\nmake\tbetter\temotional\tdecisions\tby\tfirst\tcontrolling\tthe\timpulse\tto\nact,\tthen\tidentifying\talternative\tactions\tand\ttheir\tconsequences\tbefore\nacting.\tMany\tcompetences\tare\tinterpersonal:\treading\tsocial\tand\nemotional\tcues,\tlistening,\tbeing\table\tto\tresist\tnegative\tinfluences,\ntaking\tothers\u2019\tperspectives,\tand\tunderstanding\twhat\tbehavior\tis\nacceptable\tin\ta\tsituation.\nThese\tare\tamong\tthe\tcore\temotional\tand\tsocial\tskills\tfor\tlife,\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "87d8f5c6d179-1", "page_content": "These\tare\tamong\tthe\tcore\temotional\tand\tsocial\tskills\tfor\tlife,\tand\ninclude\tat\tleast\tpartial\tremedies\tfor\tmost,\tif\tnot\tall,\tof\tthe\tdifficulties\tI\nhave\tdiscussed\tin\tthis\tchapter.\tThe\tchoice\tof\tspecific\tproblems\tthese\nskills\tmight\tinoculate\tagainst\tis\tnearly\tarbitrary\u2014similar\tcases\tfor\tthe\nrole\tof\temotional\tand\tsocial\tcompetences\tcould\thave\tbeen\tmade\tfor,\nsay,\tunwanted\tteen\tpregnancy\tor\tteen\tsuicide.\nTo\tbe\tsure,\tthe\tcauses\tof\tall\tsuch\tproblems\tare\tcomplex,\ninterweaving\tdiffering\tratios\tof\tbiological\tdestiny,\tfamily\tdynamics,\nthe\tpolitics\tof\tpoverty,\tand\tthe\tculture\tof\tthe\tstreets.\tNo\tsingle\tkind\tof\nintervention,\tincluding\tone\ttargeting\temotions,\tcan\tclaim\tto\tdo\tthe\nwhole\tjob.\tBut\tto\tthe\tdegree\temotional\tdeficits\tadd\tto\ta\tchild\u2019s\trisk\u2014\nand\twe\thave\tseen\tthat\tthey\tadd\ta\tgreat\tdeal\u2014attention\tmust\tbe\tpaid\nto\temotional\tremedies,\tnot\tto\tthe\texclusion\tof\tother\tanswers,\tbut\nalong\twith\tthem.\tThe\tnext\tquestion\tis,\twhat\twould\tan\teducation\tin\nthe\temotions\tlook\tlike?\n*\n\tIn\tchildren,\tunlike\tadults,\tmedication\tis\tnot\ta\tclear\talternative\tto\ttherapy\tor\tpreventive\neducation\tfor\ttreating\tdepression;\tchildren\tmetabolize\tmedications\tdifferently\tthan\tdo\tadults.\nTricyclic\tantidepressants,\toften\tsuccessful\twith\tadults,\thave\tfailed\tin\tcontrolled\tstudies\twith", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f9592621cbd9-0", "page_content": "children\tto\tprove\tbetter\tthan\tan\tinactive\tplacebo\tdrug.\tNewer\tdepression\tmedications,\nincluding\tProzac,\tare\tas\tyet\tuntested\tfor\tuse\tin\tchildren.\tAnd\tdesipramine,\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\ncommon\t(and\tsafest)\ttricyclics\tused\twith\tadults,\thas,\tat\tthis\twriting,\tbecome\tthe\tfocus\tof\tFDA\nscrutiny\tas\ta\tpossible\tcause\tof\tdeath\tin\tchildren.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2b071f974684-0", "page_content": "16\nSchooling\tthe\tEmotions\nThe\tmain\thope\tof\ta\tnation\tlies\tin\tthe\tproper\teducation\tof\tits\tyouth\n.\n\u2014E\nRASMUS\nIt\u2019s\ta\tstrange\troll\tcall,\tgoing\taround\tthe\tcircle\tof\tfifteen\tfifth\tgraders\nsitting\tIndian-style\ton\tthe\tfloor.\tAs\ta\tteacher\tcalls\ttheir\tnames\tthe\nstudents\trespond\tnot\twith\tthe\tvacant\t\u201cHere\u201d\tstandard\tin\tschools,\tbut\ninstead\tcall\tout\ta\tnumber\tthat\tindicates\thow\tthey\tfeel;\tone\tmeans\tlow\nspirits,\tten\thigh\tenergy.\nToday\tspirits\tare\thigh:\n\u201cJessica.\u201d\n\u201cTen:\tI\u2019m\tjazzed,\tit\u2019s\tFriday.\u201d\n\u201cPatrick.\u201d\n\u201cNine:\texcited,\ta\tlittle\tnervous.\u201d\n\u201cNicole.\u201d\n\u201cTen:\tpeaceful,\thappy\t\u2026\u201d\nIt\u2019s\ta\tclass\tin\tSelf\tScience\tat\tthe\tNueva\tSchool,\ta\tschool\tretrofitted\ninto\twhat\tused\tto\tbe\tthe\tgrand\tmanse\tof\tthe\tCrocker\tfamily,\tthe\ndynasty\tthat\tfounded\tone\tof\tSan\tFrancisco\u2019s\tbiggest\tbanks.\tNow\tthe\nbuilding,\twhich\tresembles\ta\tminiature\tversion\tof\tthe\tSan\tFrancisco\nOpera\tHouse,\thouses\ta\tprivate\tschool\tthat\toffers\twhat\tmay\tbe\ta\tmodel\ncourse\tin\temotional\tintelligence.\nThe\tsubject\tin\tSelf\tScience\tis\tfeelings\u2014your\town\tand\tthose\tthat\nerupt\tin\trelationships.\tThe\ttopic,\tby\tits\tvery\tnature,\tdemands\tthat\nteachers\tand\tstudents\tfocus\ton\tthe\temotional\tfabric\tof\ta\tchild\u2019s\tlife\u2014a", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2b071f974684-1", "page_content": "teachers\tand\tstudents\tfocus\ton\tthe\temotional\tfabric\tof\ta\tchild\u2019s\tlife\u2014a\nfocus\tthat\tis\tdeterminedly\tignored\tin\talmost\tevery\tother\tclassroom\tin\nAmerica.\tThe\tstrategy\t\nhere\tincludes\tusing\tthe\ttensions\tand\ttraumas\tof\nchildren\u2019s\tlives\tas\tthe\ttopic\tof\tthe\tday.\tTeachers\tspeak\tto\treal\tissues\u2014\nhurt\tover\tbeing\tleft\tout,\tenvy,\tdisagreements\tthat\tcould\tescalate\tinto\ta\nschoolyard\tbattle.\tAs\tKaren\tStone\tMcCown,\tdeveloper\tof\tthe\tSelf\nScience\tCurriculum\tand\tfounder\tof\tNueva,\tput\tit,\t\u201cLearning\tdoesn\u2019t\ntake\tplace\tin\tisolation\tfrom\tkids\u2019\tfeelings.\tBeing\temotionally\tliterate\tis\nas\timportant\tfor\tlearning\tas\tinstruction\tin\tmath\tand\treading.\u201d\n1", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "864620c3ed55-0", "page_content": "Self\tScience\tis\ta\tpioneer,\tan\tearly\tharbinger\tof\tan\tidea\tthat\tis\nspreading\tto\tschools\tcoast\tto\tcoast.\n*\n\tNames\tfor\tthese\tclasses\trange\nfrom\t\u201csocial\tdevelopment\u201d\tto\t\u201clife\tskills\u201d\tto\t\u201csocial\tand\temotional\nlearning.\u201d\tSome,\treferring\tto\tHoward\tGardner\u2019s\tidea\tof\tmultiple\nintelligences,\tuse\tthe\tterm\t\u201cpersonal\tintelligences.\u201d\tThe\tcommon\nthread\tis\tthe\tgoal\tof\traising\tthe\tlevel\tof\tsocial\tand\temotional\ncompetence\tin\tchildren\tas\ta\tpart\tof\ttheir\tregular\teducation\u2014not\tjust\nsomething\ttaught\tremedially\tto\tchildren\twho\tare\tfaltering\tand\nidentified\tas\t\u201ctroubled,\u201d\tbut\ta\tset\tof\tskills\tand\tunderstandings\nessential\tfor\tevery\tchild.\nThe\temotional-literacy\tcourses\thave\tsome\tremote\troots\tin\tthe\naffective-education\tmovement\tof\tthe\t1960s.\tThe\tthinking\tthen\twas\nthat\tpsychological\tand\tmotivational\tlessons\twere\tmore\tdeeply\tlearned\nif\tthey\tinvolved\tan\timmediate\texperience\tof\twhat\twas\tbeing\ttaught\nconceptually.\tThe\temotional-literacy\tmovement,\tthough,\tturns\tthe\nterm\t\naffective\teducation\n\tinside\tout\u2014instead\tof\tusing\taffect\tto\teducate,\nit\teducates\taffect\titself.\nMore\timmediately,\tmany\tof\tthese\tcourses\tand\tthe\tmomentum\tfor\ntheir\tspread\tcome\tfrom\tan\tongoing\tseries\tof\tschool-based\tprevention\nprograms,\teach\ttargeting\ta\tspecific\tproblem:\tteen\tsmoking,\tdrug", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "864620c3ed55-1", "page_content": "programs,\teach\ttargeting\ta\tspecific\tproblem:\tteen\tsmoking,\tdrug\nabuse,\tpregnancy,\tdropping\tout,\tand\tmost\trecently\tviolence.\tAs\twe\nsaw\tin\tthe\tlast\tchapter,\tthe\tW.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium\u2019s\tstudy\tof\nprevention\tprograms\tfound\tthey\tare\tfar\tmore\teffective\twhen\tthey\nteach\ta\tcore\tof\temotional\tand\tsocial\tcompetences,\tsuch\tas\timpulse\ncontrol,\tmanaging\tanger,\tand\tfinding\tcreative\tsolutions\tto\tsocial\npredicaments.\tFrom\tthis\tprinciple\ta\tnew\tgeneration\tof\tinterventions\nhas\temerged.\nAs\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t15\n,\tinterventions\tdesigned\tto\ttarget\tthe\nspecific\tdeficits\tin\temotional\tand\tsocial\tskills\tthat\tundergird\tproblems\nsuch\tas\taggression\tor\tdepression\tcan\tbe\thighly\teffective\tas\tbuffers\tfor\nchildren.\tBut\tthose\twell-designed\tinterventions,\tin\tthe\tmain,\thave\nbeen\trun\tby\tresearch\tpsychologists\t\nas\texperiments.\tThe\tnext\tstep\tis\tto\ntake\tthe\tlessons\tlearned\tfrom\tsuch\thighly\tfocused\tprograms\tand\ngeneralize\tthem\tas\ta\tpreventive\tmeasure\tfor\tthe\tentire\tschool\npopulation,\ttaught\tby\tordinary\tteachers.\nThis\tmore\tsophisticated\tand\tmore\teffective\tapproach\tto\tprevention\nincludes\tinformation\tabout\tproblems\tsuch\tas\tAIDS,\tdrugs,\tand\tthe\nlike,\tat\tthe\tpoints\tin\tyoungsters\u2019\tlives\twhen\tthey\tare\tbeginning\tto\tface\nthem.\tBut\tits\tmain,\tongoing\tsubject\tis\tthe\tcore\tcompetence\tthat\tis", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "864620c3ed55-2", "page_content": "brought\tto\tbear\ton\tany\tof\tthese\tspecific\tdilemmas:\temotional", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "34d544495db6-0", "page_content": "intelligence.\nThis\tnew\tdeparture\tin\tbringing\temotional\tliteracy\tinto\tschools\nmakes\temotions\tand\tsocial\tlife\tthemselves\ttopics,\trather\tthan\ttreating\nthese\tmost\tcompelling\tfacets\tof\ta\tchild\u2019s\tday\tas\tirrelevant\tintrusions\nor,\twhen\tthey\tlead\tto\teruptions,\trelegating\tthem\tto\toccasional\ndisciplinary\ttrips\tto\tthe\tguidance\tcounselor\tor\tthe\tprincipal\u2019s\toffice.\nThe\tclasses\tthemselves\tmay\tat\tfirst\tglance\tseem\tuneventful,\tmuch\nless\ta\tsolution\tto\tthe\tdramatic\tproblems\tthey\taddress.\tBut\tthat\tis\nlargely\tbecause,\tlike\tgood\tchildrearing\tat\thome,\tthe\tlessons\timparted\nare\tsmall\tbut\ttelling,\tdelivered\tregularly\tand\tover\ta\tsustained\tperiod\nof\tyears.\tThat\tis\thow\temotional\tlearning\tbecomes\tingrained;\tas\nexperiences\tare\trepeated\tover\tand\tover,\tthe\tbrain\treflects\tthem\tas\nstrengthened\tpathways,\tneural\thabits\tto\tapply\tin\ttimes\tof\tduress,\nfrustration,\thurt.\tAnd\twhile\tthe\teveryday\tsubstance\tof\temotional\nliteracy\tclasses\tmay\tlook\tmundane,\tthe\toutcome\u2014decent\thuman\nbeings\u2014is\tmore\tcritical\tto\tour\tfuture\tthan\tever.\nA\tLESSON\tIN\tCOOPERATION\nCompare\ta\tmoment\tfrom\ta\tclass\tin\tSelf\tScience\twith\tthe\tclassroom\nexperiences\tyou\tcan\trecall.\nA\tfifth-grade\tgroup\tis\tabout\tto\tplay\tthe\tCooperation\tSquares\tgame,\nin\twhich\tthe\tstudents\tteam\tup\tto\tput\ttogether\ta\tseries\tof\tsquare-", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "34d544495db6-1", "page_content": "shaped\tjigsaw\tpuzzles.\tThe\tcatch:\ttheir\tteamwork\tis\tall\tin\tsilence,\nwith\tno\tgesturing\tallowed.\nThe\tteacher,\tJo-An\tVargo,\tdivides\tthe\tclass\tinto\tthree\tgroups,\teach\nassigned\tto\ta\tdifferent\ttable.\tThree\tobservers,\teach\tfamiliar\twith\tthe\ngame,\tget\tan\tevaluation\tsheet\tto\tassess,\tfor\texample,\twho\tin\tthe\tgroup\ntakes\tthe\tlead\tin\torganizing,\twho\tis\ta\tclown,\twho\tdisrupts.\nThe\tstudents\tdump\tthe\tpieces\tof\tthe\tpuzzles\ton\tthe\ttable\tand\tgo\tto\nwork.\tWithin\ta\tminute\tor\tso\tit\u2019s\tclear\tthat\tone\tgroup\tis\tsurprisingly\nefficient\tas\ta\tteam;\tthey\tfinish\tin\tjust\ta\tfew\tminutes.\tA\tsecond\tgroup\nof\tfour\tis\tengaged\tin\t\nsolitary,\tparallel\tefforts,\teach\tworking\tseparately\non\ttheir\town\tpuzzle,\tbut\tgetting\tnowhere.\tThen\tthey\tslowly\tstart\tto\nwork\tcollectively\tto\tassemble\ttheir\tfirst\tsquare,\tand\tcontinue\tto\twork\nas\ta\tunit\tuntil\tall\tthe\tpuzzles\tare\tsolved.\nBut\tthe\tthird\tgroup\tstill\tstruggles,\twith\tonly\tone\tpuzzle\tnearing\ncompletion,\tand\teven\tthat\tlooking\tmore\tlike\ta\ttrapezoid\tthan\ta\nsquare.\tSean,\tFairlie,\tand\tRahman\thave\tyet\tto\tfind\tthe\tsmooth", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4ac1fd768607-0", "page_content": "coordination\tthat\tthe\tother\ttwo\tgroups\tfell\tinto.\tThey\tare\tclearly\nfrustrated,\tfrantically\tscanning\tthe\tpieces\ton\tthe\ttable,\tseizing\ton\nlikely\tpossibilities\tand\tputting\tthem\tnear\tthe\tpartly\tfinished\tsquares,\nonly\tto\tbe\tdisappointed\tby\tthe\tlack\tof\tfit.\nThe\ttension\tbreaks\ta\tbit\twhen\tRahman\ttakes\ttwo\tof\tthe\tpieces\tand\nputs\tthem\tin\tfront\tof\this\teyes\tlike\ta\tmask;\this\tpartners\tgiggle.\tThis\nwill\tprove\tto\tbe\ta\tpivotal\tmoment\tin\tthe\tday\u2019s\tlesson.\nJo-An\tVargo,\tthe\tteacher,\toffers\tsome\tencouragement:\t\u201cThose\tof\nyou\twho\thave\tfinished\tcan\tgive\tone\tspecific\thint\tto\tthose\twho\tare\tstill\nworking.\u201d\nDagan\tmoseys\tover\tto\tthe\tstill-struggling\tgroup,\tpoints\tto\ttwo\npieces\tthat\tjut\tout\tfrom\tthe\tsquare,\tand\tsuggests,\t\u201cYou\u2019ve\tgot\tto\tmove\nthose\ttwo\tpieces\taround.\u201d\tSuddenly\tRahman,\this\twide\tface\tfurrowed\nin\tconcentration,\tgrasps\tthe\tnew\tgestalt,\tand\tthe\tpieces\tquickly\tfall\ninto\tplace\ton\tthe\tfirst\tpuzzle,\tthen\tthe\tothers.\tThere\u2019s\tspontaneous\napplause\tas\tthe\tlast\tpiece\tfalls\tinto\tplace\ton\tthe\tthird\tgroup\u2019s\tfinal\npuzzle.\nA\tPOINT\tOF\tCONTENTION\nBut\tas\tthe\tclass\tgoes\ton\tto\tmull\tover\tthe\tobject\tlessons\tin\tteamwork\nthey\u2019ve\treceived,\tthere\tis\tanother,\tmore\tintense\tinterchange.\tRahman,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4ac1fd768607-1", "page_content": "tall\tand\twith\ta\tshock\tof\tbushy\tblack\thair\tcut\tinto\ta\tlongish\tcrew\tcut,\nand\tTucker,\tthe\tgroup\u2019s\tobserver,\tare\tlocked\tin\tcontentious\tdiscussion\nover\tthe\trule\tthat\tyou\tcan\u2019t\tgesture.\tTucker,\this\tblond\thair\tneatly\ncombed\texcept\tfor\ta\tcowlick,\twears\ta\tbaggy\tblue\tT-shirt\temblazoned\nwith\tthe\tmotto\t\u201cBe\tResponsible,\u201d\twhich\tsomehow\tunderscores\this\nofficial\trole.\n\u201cYou\tcan\t\ntoo\n\toffer\ta\tpiece\u2014that\u2019s\tnot\tgesturing,\u201d\tTucker\tsays\tto\nRahman\tin\tan\temphatic,\targumentative\ttone.\n\u201cBut\tthat\t\nis\n\tgesturing,\u201d\tRahman\tinsists,\tvehement.\nVargo\tnotices\tthe\theightened\tvolume\tand\tincreasingly\taggressive\nstaccato\tof\tthe\texchange,\tand\tgravitates\tto\ttheir\ttable.\tThis\tis\ta\tcritical\nincident,\ta\tspontaneous\texchange\tof\theated\tfeeling;\tit\tis\tin\tmoments\nsuch\tas\tthis\tthat\tthe\tlessons\talready\tlearned\twill\tpay\toff,\tand\tnew\nones\tcan\tbe\ttaught\tmost\t\nprofitably.\tAnd,\tas\tevery\tgood\tteacher\nknows,\tthe\tlessons\tapplied\tin\tsuch\telectric\tmoments\twill\tlast\tin\nstudents\u2019\tmemories.\n\u201cThis\tisn\u2019t\ta\tcriticism\u2014you\tcooperated\tvery\twell\u2014but\tTucker,\ttry", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e58f1503e81a-0", "page_content": "to\tsay\twhat\tyou\tmean\tin\ta\ttone\tof\tvoice\tthat\tdoesn\u2019t\tsound\tso\ncritical,\u201d\tVargo\tcoaches.\nTucker,\this\tvoice\tcalmer\tnow,\tsays\tto\tRahman,\t\u201cYou\tcan\tjust\tput\ta\npiece\twhere\tyou\tthink\tit\tgoes,\tgive\tsomeone\twhat\tyou\tthink\tthey\nneed,\twithout\tgesturing.\tJust\toffering.\u201d\nRahman\tresponds\tin\tan\tangry\ttone,\t\u201cYou\tcould\thave\tjust\tgone\tlike\nthis\u201d\u2014he\tscratches\this\thead\tto\tillustrate\tan\tinnocent\tmovement\n\u2014\u201cand\the\u2019d\tsay\t\u2018No\tgesturing!\u2019\t\u201d\nThere\tis\tclearly\tmore\tto\tRahman\u2019s\tire\tthan\tthis\tdispute\tabout\twhat\ndoes\tor\tdoes\tnot\tconstitute\ta\tgesture.\tHis\teyes\tconstantly\tgo\tto\tthe\nevaluation\tsheet\tTucker\thas\tfilled\tout,\twhich\u2014though\tit\thas\tnot\tyet\nbeen\tmentioned\u2014has\tactually\tprovoked\tthe\ttension\tbetween\tTucker\nand\tRahman.\tOn\tthe\tevaluation\tsheet\tTucker\thas\tlisted\tRahman\u2019s\nname\tin\tthe\tblank\tfor\t\u201cWho\tis\tdisruptive?\u201d\nVargo,\tnoticing\tRahman\tlooking\tat\tthe\toffending\tform,\thazards\ta\nguess,\tsaying\tto\tTucker,\t\u201cHe\u2019s\tfeeling\tthat\tyou\tused\ta\tnegative\tword\n\u2014\ndisruptive\n\u2014about\thim.\tWhat\tdid\tyou\tmean?\u201d\n\u201cI\tdidn\u2019t\tmean\tit\twas\ta\t\nbad\n\tkind\tof\tdisruption,\u201d\tsays\tTucker,\tnow\nconciliatory.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e58f1503e81a-1", "page_content": "bad\n\tkind\tof\tdisruption,\u201d\tsays\tTucker,\tnow\nconciliatory.\nRahman\tisn\u2019t\tbuying\tit,\tbut\this\tvoice\tis\tcalmer,\ttoo:\t\u201cThat\u2019s\ta\tlittle\nfarfetched,\tif\tyou\task\tme.\u201d\nVargo\temphasizes\ta\tpositive\tway\tof\tseeing\tit.\t\u201cTucker\tis\ttrying\tto\nsay\tthat\twhat\tcould\tbe\tconsidered\tdisruptive\tcould\talso\tbe\tpart\tof\nlightening\tthings\tup\tduring\ta\tfrustrating\ttime.\u201d\n\u201cBut,\u201d\tRahman\tprotests,\tnow\tmore\tmatter-of-fact,\t\n\u201cdisruptive\tis\n\tlike\nwhen\twe\u2019re\tall\tconcentrating\thard\ton\tsomething\tand\tif\tI\twent\tlike\nthis\u201d\u2014he\tmakes\ta\tridiculous,\tclowning\texpression,\this\teyes\tbulging,\ncheeks\tpuffed\tout\u2014\u201cthat\twould\tbe\tdisruptive.\u201d\nVargo\ttries\tmore\temotional\tcoaching,\ttelling\tTucker,\t\u201cIn\ttrying\tto\nhelp,\tyou\tdidn\u2019t\tmean\the\twas\tdisruptive\tin\ta\tbad\tway.\tBut\tyou\tsend\ta\ndifferent\tmessage\tin\thow\tyou\u2019re\ttalking\tabout\tit.\tRahman\tis\tneeding\nyou\tto\thear\tand\taccept\this\tfeelings.\tRahman\twas\tsaying\tthat\thaving\nnegative\twords\tlike\t\ndisruptive\tfeels\n\tunfair.\tHe\tdoesn\u2019t\tlike\tbeing\tcalled\nthat.\u201d\nThen,\tto\tRahman,\tshe\tadds,\t\u201cI\tappreciate\tthe\tway\tyou\u2019re\tbeing\nassertive\tin\ttalking\twith\tTucker.\tYou\u2019re\tnot\tattacking.\tBut\tit\u2019s\tnot", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e58f1503e81a-2", "page_content": "pleasant\tto\thave\ta\tlabel\t\nlike\t\ndisruptive\n\tput\ton\tyou.\tWhen\tyou\tput\tthose\npieces\tup\tto\tyour\teyes\tit\tseems\tlike\tyou\twere\tfeeling\tfrustrated\tand\nwanted\tto\tlighten\tthings\tup.\tBut\tTucker\tcalled\tit\tdisruptive\tbecause\nhe\tdidn\u2019t\tunderstand\tyour\tintent.\tIs\tthat\tright?\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6e28b7e9acca-0", "page_content": "Both\tboys\tnod\tassent\tas\tthe\tother\tstudents\tfinish\tclearing\taway\tthe\npuzzles.\tThis\tsmall\tclassroom\tmelodrama\tis\treaching\tits\tfinale.\t\u201cDo\nyou\tfeel\tbetter?\u201d\tVargo\tasks.\t\u201cOr\tis\tthis\tstill\tdistressing?\u201d\n\u201cYeah,\tI\tfeel\tokay,\u201d\tsays\tRahman,\this\tvoice\tsofter\tnow\tthat\the\tfeels\nheard\tand\tunderstood.\tTucker\tnods,\ttoo,\tsmiling.\tThe\tboys,\tnoticing\nthat\teveryone\telse\thas\talready\tleft\tfor\tthe\tnext\tclass,\tturn\tin\tunison\nand\tdash\tout\ttogether.\nPOSTMORTEM:\tA\tFIGHT\tTHAT\tDID\tNOT\tBREAK\tOUT\nAs\ta\tnew\tgroup\tstarts\tto\tfind\ttheir\tchairs,\tVargo\tdissects\twhat\thas\tjust\ntranspired.\tThe\theated\texchange\tand\tits\tcooling-down\tdraw\ton\twhat\nthe\tboys\thave\tbeen\tlearning\tabout\tconflict\tresolution.\tWhat\ttypically\nescalates\tto\tconflict\tbegins,\tas\tVargo\tputs\tit,\twith\t\u201cnot\ncommunicating,\tmaking\tassumptions,\tand\tjumping\tto\tconclusions,\nsending\ta\t\u2018hard\u2019\tmessage\tin\tways\tthat\tmake\tit\ttough\tfor\tpeople\tto\nhear\twhat\tyou\u2019re\tsaying.\u201d\nStudents\tin\tSelf\tScience\tlearn\tthat\tthe\tpoint\tis\tnot\tto\tavoid\tconflict\ncompletely,\tbut\tto\tresolve\tdisagreement\tand\tresentment\tbefore\tit\nspirals\tinto\tan\tout-and-out\tfight.\tThere\tare\tsigns\tof\tthese\tearlier\nlessons\tin\thow\tTucker\tand\tRahman\thandled\tthe\tdispute.\tBoth,\tfor", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6e28b7e9acca-1", "page_content": "example,\tmade\tsome\teffort\tto\texpress\ttheir\tpoint\tof\tview\tin\ta\tway\nthat\twould\tnot\taccelerate\tthe\tconflict.\tThis\tassertiveness\t(as\tdistinct\nfrom\taggression\tor\tpassivity)\tis\ttaught\tat\tNueva\tfrom\tthird\tgrade\ton.\nIt\temphasizes\texpressing\tfeelings\tforthrightly,\tbut\tin\ta\tway\tthat\twill\nnot\tspiral\tinto\taggression.\tWhile\tat\tthe\tbeginning\tof\ttheir\tdispute\nneither\tboy\twas\tlooking\tat\tthe\tother,\tas\tit\twent\ton\tthey\tbegan\tto\nshow\tsigns\tof\t\u201cactive\tlistening,\u201d\tfacing\teach\tother,\tmaking\teye\ncontact,\tand\tsending\tthe\tsilent\tcues\tthat\tlet\ta\tspeaker\tknow\tthat\the\tis\nbeing\theard.\nBy\tputting\tthese\ttools\tinto\taction,\thelped\talong\tby\tsome\tcoaching,\n\u201cassertiveness\u201d\tand\t\u201cactive\tlistening\u201d\tfor\tthese\tboys\tbecome\tmore\nthan\tjust\tempty\tphrases\ton\ta\tquiz\u2014they\tbecome\tways\tof\treacting\tthe\nboys\tcan\tdraw\ton\tat\tthose\tmoments\twhen\tthey\tneed\tthem\tmost\nurgently.\nMastery\tin\tthe\temotional\tdomain\tis\tespecially\tdifficult\tbecause\nskills\tneed\tto\tbe\tacquired\twhen\tpeople\tare\tusually\tleast\table\tto\ttake\tin\nnew\tinformation\tand\tlearn\tnew\thabits\tof\tresponse\u2014when\tthey\tare\nupset.\tCoaching\tin\tthese\tmoments\thelps.\t\u201cAnyone,\tadult\tor\tfifth", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "02643696a767-0", "page_content": "grader,\tneeds\tsome\thelp\tbeing\ta\tself-observer\t\nwhen\tthey\u2019re\tso\tupset,\u201d\nVargo\tpoints\tout.\t\u201cYour\theart\tis\tpounding,\tyour\thands\tare\tsweaty,\nyou\u2019re\tjittery,\tand\tyou\u2019re\ttrying\tto\tlisten\tclearly\twhile\tkeeping\tyour\nown\tself-control\tto\tget\tthrough\tit\twithout\tscreaming,\tblaming,\tor\nclamming\tup\tin\tdefensiveness.\u201d\nFor\tanyone\tfamiliar\twith\tthe\trough-and-tumble\tof\tfifth-grade\tboys,\nwhat\tmay\tbe\tmost\tremarkable\tis\tthat\tboth\tTucker\tand\tRahman\ttried\nto\tassert\ttheir\tviews\twithout\tresorting\tto\tblaming,\tname-calling,\tor\nyelling.\tNeither\tlet\ttheir\tfeelings\tescalate\tto\ta\tcontemptuous\t\u201cf\u2014\u2014\nyou!\u201d\tor\ta\tfistfight,\tnor\tcut\toff\tthe\tother\tby\tstalking\tout\tof\tthe\troom.\nWhat\tcould\thave\tbeen\tthe\tseed\tof\ta\tfull-fledged\tbattle\tinstead\nheightened\tthe\tboys\u2019\tmastery\tof\tthe\tnuances\tof\tconflict\tresolution.\nHow\tdifferently\tit\tall\tcould\thave\tgone\tin\tother\tcircumstances.\nYoungsters\tdaily\tcome\tto\tblows\u2014and\teven\tworse\u2014over\tless.\nCONCERNS\tOF\tTHE\tDAY\nAt\tthe\ttraditional\tcircle\tthat\topens\teach\tclass\tin\tSelf\tScience,\tthe\nnumbers\tare\tnot\talways\tso\thigh\tas\tthey\twere\ttoday.\tWhen\tthey\tare\nlow\u2014the\tones,\ttwos,\tor\tthrees\tthat\tindicate\tfeeling\tterrible\u2014it\topens", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "02643696a767-1", "page_content": "the\tway\tfor\tsomeone\tto\task,\t\u201cDo\tyou\twant\tto\ttalk\tabout\twhy\tyou\tfeel\nthat\tway?\u201d\tAnd,\tif\tthe\tstudent\twants\t(no\tone\tis\tpressured\tto\ttalk\nabout\tthings\tthey\tdon\u2019t\twant\tto),\tit\tallows\tthe\tairing\tof\twhatever\tis\tso\ntroubling\u2014and\tthe\tchance\tto\tconsider\tcreative\toptions\tfor\thandling\tit.\nThe\ttroubles\tthat\temerge\tvary\twith\tthe\tgrade\tlevel.\tIn\tthe\tlower\ngrades\ttypical\tones\tare\tteasing,\tfeeling\tleft\tout,\tfears.\tAround\tsixth\ngrade\ta\tnew\tset\tof\tconcerns\temerges\u2014hurt\tfeelings\tabout\tnot\tbeing\nasked\ton\ta\tdate,\tor\tbeing\tleft\tout;\tfriends\twho\tare\timmature;\tthe\npainful\tpredicaments\tof\tthe\tyoung\t(\u201cBig\tkids\tare\tpicking\ton\tme\u201d;\t\u201cMy\nfriends\tare\tsmoking,\tand\tthey\u2019re\talways\ttrying\tto\tget\tme\tto\ttry,\ttoo\u201d).\nThese\tare\tthe\ttopics\tof\tgripping\timport\tin\ta\tchild\u2019s\tlife,\twhich\tare\naired\ton\tthe\tperiphery\tof\tschool\u2014at\tlunch,\ton\tthe\tbus\tto\tschool,\tat\ta\nfriend\u2019s\thouse\u2014if\tat\tall.\tMore\toften\tthan\tnot,\tthese\tare\tthe\ttroubles\nthat\tchildren\tkeep\tto\tthemselves,\tobsessing\tabout\tthem\talone\tat\tnight,\nhaving\tno\tone\tto\tmull\tthem\tover\twith.\tIn\tSelf\tScience\tthey\tcan\nbecome\ttopics\tof\tthe\tday.\nEach\tof\tthese\tdiscussions\tis\tpotential\tgrist\tfor\tthe\texplicit\tgoal\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "02643696a767-2", "page_content": "Each\tof\tthese\tdiscussions\tis\tpotential\tgrist\tfor\tthe\texplicit\tgoal\tof\nSelf\tScience,\twhich\tis\tilluminating\tthe\tchild\u2019s\tsense\tof\tself\tand\nrelationships\twith\tothers.\tWhile\tthe\tcourse\thas\ta\tlesson\tplan,\tit\tis", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d2d89a94db47-0", "page_content": "flexible\tso\tthat\twhen\tmoments\tsuch\tas\tthe\tconflict\tbetween\tRahman\nand\tTucker\toccur\tthey\tcan\tbe\tcapitalized\ton.\tThe\tissues\tthat\tstudents\nbring\tup\tprovide\tthe\tliving\texamples\tto\t\nwhich\tstudents\tand\tteachers\nalike\tcan\tapply\tthe\tskills\tthey\tare\tlearning,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tconflict-\nresolution\tmethods\tthat\tcooled\tdown\tthe\theat\tbetween\tthe\ttwo\tboys.\nTHE\tABC\u2019S\tOF\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\nIn\tuse\tfor\tclose\tto\ttwenty\tyears,\tthe\tSelf\tScience\tcurriculum\tstands\tas\na\tmodel\tfor\tthe\tteaching\tof\temotional\tintelligence.\tThe\tlessons\nsometimes\tare\tsurprisingly\tsophisticated;\tas\tNueva\u2019s\tdirector,\tKaren\nStone\tMcCown,\ttold\tme,\t\u201cWhen\twe\tteach\tabout\tanger,\twe\thelp\tkids\nunderstand\tthat\tit\tis\talmost\talways\ta\tsecondary\treaction\tand\tto\tlook\nfor\twhat\u2019s\tunderneath\u2014are\tyou\thurt?\tjealous?\tOur\tkids\tlearn\tthat\tyou\nalways\thave\tchoices\tabout\thow\tyou\trespond\tto\temotion,\tand\tthe\tmore\nways\tyou\tknow\tto\trespond\tto\tan\temotion,\tthe\tricher\tyour\tlife\tcan\tbe.\u201d\nA\tlist\tof\tthe\tcontents\tof\tSelf\tScience\tis\tan\talmost\tpoint-for-point\nmatch\twith\tthe\tingredients\tof\temotional\tintelligence\u2014and\twith\tthe\ncore\tskills\trecommended\tas\tprimary\tprevention\tfor\tthe\trange\tof\npitfalls\tthreatening\tchildren\t(see\t\nAppendix\tE\n\tfor\tthe\tfull\tlist).\n2\n\tThe\ntopics\ttaught\tinclude\tself-awareness,\tin\tthe\tsense\tof\trecognizing", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d2d89a94db47-1", "page_content": "The\ntopics\ttaught\tinclude\tself-awareness,\tin\tthe\tsense\tof\trecognizing\nfeelings\tand\tbuilding\ta\tvocabulary\tfor\tthem,\tand\tseeing\tthe\tlinks\nbetween\tthoughts,\tfeelings,\tand\treactions;\tknowing\tif\tthoughts\tor\nfeelings\tare\truling\ta\tdecision;\tseeing\tthe\tconsequences\tof\talternative\nchoices;\tand\tapplying\tthese\tinsights\tto\tdecisions\tabout\tsuch\tissues\tas\ndrugs,\tsmoking,\tand\tsex.\tSelf-awareness\talso\ttakes\tthe\tform\tof\nrecognizing\tyour\tstrengths\tand\tweaknesses,\tand\tseeing\tyourself\tin\ta\npositive\tbut\trealistic\tlight\t(and\tso\tavoiding\ta\tcommon\tpitfall\tof\tthe\nself-esteem\tmovement).\nAnother\temphasis\tis\tmanaging\temotions:\trealizing\twhat\tis\tbehind\ta\nfeeling\t(for\texample,\tthe\thurt\tthat\ttriggers\tanger),\tand\tlearning\tways\nto\thandle\tanxieties,\tanger,\tand\tsadness.\tStill\tanother\temphasis\tis\ton\ntaking\tresponsibility\tfor\tdecisions\tand\tactions,\tand\tfollowing\tthrough\non\tcommitments.\nA\tkey\tsocial\tability\tis\tempathy,\tunderstanding\tothers\u2019\tfeelings\tand\ntaking\ttheir\tperspective,\tand\trespecting\tdifferences\tin\thow\tpeople\tfeel\nabout\tthings.\tRelationships\tare\ta\tmajor\tfocus,\tincluding\tlearning\tto\tbe\na\tgood\tlistener\tand\tquestion-asker;\tdistinguishing\tbetween\twhat\nsomeone\tsays\tor\tdoes\tand\tyour\town\treactions\tand\tjudgments;\tbeing", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fa5d15d09fc5-0", "page_content": "assertive\trather\tthan\tangry\tor\tpassive;\tand\tlearning\tthe\tarts\tof\ncooperation,\tconflict\tresolution,\tand\tnegotiating\tcompromise.\nThere\tare\tno\tgrades\tgiven\tin\tSelf\tScience;\tlife\titself\tis\tthe\tfinal\nexam.\tBut\tat\tthe\tend\tof\tthe\teighth\tgrade,\tas\tstudents\tare\tabout\tto\nleave\tNueva\tfor\thigh\t\nschool,\teach\tis\tgiven\ta\tSocratic\texamination,\tan\noral\ttest\tin\tSelf\tScience.\tOne\tquestion\tfrom\ta\trecent\tfinal:\t\u201cDescribe\nan\tappropriate\tresponse\tto\thelp\ta\tfriend\tsolve\ta\tconflict\tover\tsomeone\npressuring\tthem\tto\ttry\tdrugs,\tor\tover\ta\tfriend\twho\tlikes\tto\ttease.\u201d\tOr,\n\u201cWhat\tare\tsome\thealthy\tways\tto\tdeal\twith\tstress,\tanger,\tand\tfear?\u201d\nWere\the\talive\ttoday,\tAristotle,\tso\tconcerned\twith\temotional\nskillfulness,\tmight\twell\tapprove.\nEMOTIONAL\tLITERACY\tIN\tTHE\tINNER\tCITY\nSkeptics\tunderstandably\twill\task\tif\ta\tcourse\tlike\tSelf\tScience\tcould\nwork\tin\ta\tless\tprivileged\tsetting,\tor\tif\tit\tis\tonly\tpossible\tin\ta\tsmall\nprivate\tschool\tlike\tNueva,\twhere\tevery\tchild\tis,\tin\tsome\trespect,\ngifted.\tIn\tshort,\tcan\temotional\tcompetence\tbe\ttaught\twhere\tit\tmay\tbe\nmost\turgently\tneeded,\tin\tthe\tgritty\tchaos\tof\tan\tinner-city\tpublic\nschool?\tOne\tanswer\tis\tto\tvisit\tthe\tAugusta\tLewis\tTroup\tMiddle\tSchool\nin\tNew\tHaven,\twhich\tis\tas\tfar\tfrom\tthe\tNueva\tSchool\tsocially\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fa5d15d09fc5-1", "page_content": "economically\tas\tit\tis\tgeographically.\nTo\tbe\tsure,\tthe\tatmosphere\tat\tTroup\thas\tmuch\tof\tthe\tsame\nexcitement\tabout\tlearning\u2014the\tschool\tis\talso\tknown\tas\tthe\tTroup\nMagnet\tAcademy\tof\tScience\tand\tis\tone\tof\ttwo\tsuch\tschools\tin\tthe\ndistrict\tthat\tare\tdesigned\tto\tdraw\tfifth-\tto\teighth-grade\tstudents\tfrom\nall\tover\tNew\tHaven\tto\tan\tenriched\tscience\tcurriculum.\tStudents\tthere\ncan\task\tquestions\tabout\tthe\tphysics\tof\touter\tspace\tthrough\ta\tsatellite-\ndish\thookup\tto\tastronauts\tin\tHouston\tor\tprogram\ttheir\tcomputers\tto\nplay\tmusic.\tBut\tdespite\tthese\tacademic\tamenities,\tas\tin\tmany\tcities,\nwhite\tflight\tto\tthe\tNew\tHaven\tsuburbs\tand\tto\tprivate\tschools\thas\tleft\nTroup\u2019s\tenrollment\tabout\t95\tpercent\tblack\tand\tHispanic.\nJust\ta\tfew\tshort\tblocks\tfrom\tthe\tYale\tcampus\u2014and\tagain\ta\tdistant\nuniverse\u2014Troup\tis\tin\ta\tdecaying\tworking-class\tneighborhood\tthat,\tin\nthe\t1950s,\thad\ttwenty\tthousand\tpeople\temployed\tin\tnearby\tfactories,\nfrom\tOlin\tBrass\tMills\tto\tWinchester\tArms.\tToday\tthat\tjob\tbase\thas\nshrunk\tto\tunder\tthree\tthousand,\tshrinking\twith\tit\tthe\teconomic\nhorizons\tof\tthe\tfamilies\twho\tlive\tthere.\tNew\tHaven,\tlike\tso\tmany\nother\tNew\tEngland\tmanufacturing\tcities,\thas\tsunk\tinto\ta\tpit\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b42cecbec9a5-0", "page_content": "poverty,\tdrugs,\tand\tviolence.\nIt\twas\tin\tresponse\tto\tthe\turgencies\tof\tthis\turban\tnightmare\tthat\tin\nthe\t1980s\ta\tgroup\tof\tYale\tpsychologists\tand\teducators\tdesigned\tthe\nSocial\tCompetence\tProgram,\ta\tset\tof\tcourses\tthat\tcovers\tvirtually\tthe\nsame\tterrain\tas\tthe\tNueva\tSchool\u2019s\tSelf\tScience\tcurriculum.\tBut\tat\nTroup\tthe\tconnection\tto\tthe\ttopics\tis\toften\tmore\tdirect\tand\traw.\tIt\tis\nno\tmere\tacademic\texercise\twhen,\tin\t\nthe\teighth-grade\tsex\teducation\nclass,\tstudents\tlearn\thow\tpersonal\tdecision-making\tcan\thelp\tthem\navoid\tdiseases\tsuch\tas\tAIDS.\tNew\tHaven\thas\tthe\thighest\tproportion\tof\nwomen\twith\tAIDS\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates;\ta\tnumber\tof\tthe\tmothers\twho\nsend\ttheir\tchildren\tto\tTroup\thave\tthe\tdisease\u2014and\tso\tdo\tsome\tof\tthe\nstudents\tthere.\tDespite\tthe\tenriched\tcurriculum,\tstudents\tat\tTroup\nstruggle\twith\tall\tthe\tproblems\tof\tthe\tinner\tcity;\tmany\tchildren\thave\nhome\tsituations\tso\tchaotic,\tif\tnot\thorrific,\tthey\tjust\tcannot\tmanage\tto\nget\tto\tschool\tsome\tdays.\nAs\tin\tall\tNew\tHaven\tschools,\tthe\tmost\tprominent\tsign\tthat\tgreets\ta\nvisitor\tis\tin\tthe\tfamiliar\tform\tof\ta\tyellow\tdiamond-shaped\ttraffic\tsign,\nbut\treads\t\u201cDrug-Free\tZone.\u201d\tAt\tthe\tdoor\tis\tMary\tEllen\tCollins,\tthe\nschool\u2019s\tfacilitator\u2014an\tall-purpose\tombudsman\twho\tsees\tto\tspecial", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b42cecbec9a5-1", "page_content": "problems\tas\tthey\tsurface,\tand\twhose\trole\tincludes\thelping\tteachers\nwith\tthe\tdemands\tof\tthe\tsocial\tcompetence\tcurriculum.\tIf\ta\tteacher\tis\nunsure\tof\thow\tto\tteach\ta\tlesson,\tCollins\twill\tcome\tto\tthe\tclass\tto\tshow\nhow.\n\u201cI\ttaught\tin\tthis\tschool\tfor\ttwenty\tyears,\u201d\tCollins\tsays,\tgreeting\tme.\n\u201cLook\tat\tthis\tneighborhood\u2014I\tcan\u2019t\tsee\tonly\tteaching\tacademic\tskills\nanymore,\twith\tthe\tproblems\tthese\tkids\tface\tjust\tin\tliving.\tTake\tthe\nkids\there\twho\tare\tstruggling\tbecause\tthey\thave\tAIDS\tthemselves\tor\nit\u2019s\tin\ttheir\thomes\u2014I\u2019m\tnot\tsure\tthey\u2019d\tsay\tit\tduring\tthe\tdiscussion\ton\nAIDS,\tbut\tonce\ta\tkid\tknows\ta\tteacher\twill\tlisten\tto\tan\temotional\nproblem,\tnot\tjust\tacademic\tones,\tthe\tavenue\tis\topen\tto\thave\tthat\nconversation.\u201d\nOn\tthe\tthird\tfloor\tof\tthe\told\tbrick\tschool\tJoyce\tAndrews\tis\tleading\nher\tfifth\tgraders\tthrough\tthe\tsocial\tcompetence\tclass\tthey\tget\tthree\ntimes\ta\tweek.\tAndrews,\tlike\tall\tthe\tother\tfifth-grade\tteachers,\twent\tto\na\tspecial\tsummer\tcourse\tin\thow\tto\tteach\tit,\tbut\ther\texuberance\nsuggests\tthe\ttopics\tin\tsocial\tcompetence\tcome\tnaturally\tto\ther.\nToday\u2019s\tlesson\tis\ton\tidentifying\tfeelings;\tbeing\table\tto\tname\nfeelings,\tand\tso\tbetter\tdistinguish\tbetween\tthem,\tis\ta\tkey\temotional", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b42cecbec9a5-2", "page_content": "skill.\tLast\tnight\u2019s\tassignment\twas\tto\tbring\tin\tpictures\tof\ta\tperson\u2019s\nface\tfrom\ta\tmagazine,\tname\twhich\temotion\tthe\tface\tdisplays,\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "22a4e48238f7-0", "page_content": "explain\thow\tto\ttell\tthe\tperson\thas\tthose\tfeelings.\tAfter\tcollecting\tthe\nassignment,\tAndrews\tlists\tthe\tfeelings\ton\tthe\tboard\u2014sadness,\tworry,\nexcitement,\thappiness,\tand\tso\ton\u2014and\tlaunches\tinto\ta\tfast-paced\nrepartee\twith\tthe\teighteen\tstudents\twho\tmanaged\tto\tget\tto\tschool\tthat\nday.\tSitting\tin\tfour-desk\tclusters,\tthe\tstudents\texcitedly\traise\ttheir\nhands\thigh,\tstraining\tto\tcatch\ther\teye\tso\tthey\tcan\tgive\ttheir\tanswer.\nAs\tshe\tadds\t\nfrustrated\n\tto\tthe\tlist\ton\tthe\tboard,\tAndrews\tasks,\t\u201cHow\nmany\tpeople\tever\tfelt\tfrustrated?\u201d\tEvery\thand\tgoes\tup.\n\u201cHow\tdo\tyou\tfeel\twhen\tyou\u2019re\tfrustrated?\u201d\nThe\tanswers\tcome\tin\ta\tcascade:\t\u201cTired.\u201d\t\u201cConfused.\u201d\t\u201cYou\tcan\u2019t\nthink\tright.\u201d\t\u201cAnxious.\u201d\nAs\t\naggravated\n\tis\tadded\tto\tthe\tlist,\tJoyce\tsays,\t\u201cI\tknow\tthat\tone\u2014\nwhen\tdoes\ta\tteacher\tfeel\taggravated?\u201d\n\u201cWhen\teveryone\tis\ttalking,\u201d\ta\tgirl\toffers,\tsmiling.\nWithout\tmissing\ta\tbeat,\tAndrews\tpasses\tout\ta\tmimeographed\nworksheet.\tIn\tone\tcolumn\tare\tfaces\tof\tboys\tand\tgirls,\teach\tdisplaying\none\tof\tthe\tsix\tbasic\temotions\u2014happy,\tsad,\tangry,\tsurprised,\tafraid,\ndisgusted\u2014and\ta\tdescription\tof\tthe\tfacial\tmuscle\tactivity\tunderlying\neach,\tfor\texample:\nA\nFRAID:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "22a4e48238f7-1", "page_content": "each,\tfor\texample:\nA\nFRAID:\n\u2022\tThe\tmouth\tis\topen\tand\tdrawn\tback.\n\u2022\tThe\teyes\tare\topen\tand\tthe\tinner\tcorners\tgo\tup.\n\u2022\tThe\teyebrows\tare\traised\tand\tdrawn\ttogether.\n\u2022\tThere\tare\twrinkles\tin\tthe\tmiddle\tof\tthe\tforehead.\n3\nWhile\tthey\tread\tthrough\tthe\tsheet,\texpressions\tof\tfear,\tanger,\nsurprise,\tor\tdisgust\tfloat\tover\tthe\tfaces\tof\tthe\tkids\tin\tAndrews\u2019s\tclass\nas\tthey\timitate\tthe\tpictures\tand\tfollow\tthe\tfacial-muscle\trecipes\tfor\neach\temotion.\tThis\tlesson\tcomes\tstraight\tfrom\tPaul\tEkman\u2019s\tresearch\non\tfacial\texpression;\tas\tsuch,\tit\tis\ttaught\tin\tmost\tevery\tcollege\nintroductory\tpsychology\tcourse\u2014and\trarely,\tif\tever,\tin\tgrade\tschool.\nThis\telementary\tlesson\tin\tconnecting\ta\tname\twith\ta\tfeeling,\tand\tthe\nfeeling\twith\tthe\tfacial\texpression\tthat\tmatches\tit,\tmight\tseem\tso\nobvious\tthat\tit\tneed\tnot\tbe\ttaught\tat\tall.\tYet\tit\tmay\tserve\tas\tan\nantidote\tto\tsurprisingly\tcommon\tlapses\tin\temotional\tliteracy.\nSchoolyard\tbullies,\tremember,\toften\tstrike\tout\tin\tanger\tbecause\tthey\nmisinterpret\tneutral\tmessages\tand\texpressions\tas\thostile,\tand\tgirls", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "938f1679c49d-0", "page_content": "who\tdevelop\teating\tdisorders\tfail\tto\tdistinguish\tanger\tfrom\tanxiety\nfrom\thunger.\nEMOTIONAL\tLITERACY\tIN\tDISGUISE\nWith\tthe\tcurriculum\talready\tbesieged\tby\ta\tproliferation\tof\tnew\ttopics\nand\tagendas,\tsome\tteachers\twho\tunderstandably\tfeel\toverburdened\nresist\ttaking\textra\ttime\tfrom\tthe\tbasics\tfor\tyet\tanother\tcourse.\tSo\tan\nemerging\tstrategy\tin\temotional\teducation\tis\tnot\tto\tcreate\ta\tnew\tclass,\nbut\tto\tblend\tlessons\ton\tfeelings\tand\trelationships\twith\tother\ttopics\nalready\ttaught.\tEmotional\tlessons\tcan\tmerge\tnaturally\tinto\treading\nand\twriting,\thealth,\tscience,\tsocial\tstudies,\t\nand\tother\tstandard\tcourses\nas\twell.\tWhile\tin\tthe\tNew\tHaven\tschools\tLife\tSkills\tis\ta\tseparate\ttopic\nin\tsome\tgrades,\tin\tother\tyears\tthe\tsocial\tdevelopment\tcurriculum\nblends\tinto\tcourses\tsuch\tas\treading\tor\thealth.\tSome\tof\tthe\tlessons\tare\neven\ttaught\tas\tpart\tof\tmath\tclass\u2014notably\tbasic\tstudy\tskills\tsuch\tas\nhow\tto\tput\taside\tdistractions,\tmotivate\tyourself\tto\tstudy,\tand\tmanage\nyour\timpulses\tso\tyou\tcan\tattend\tto\tlearning.\nSome\tprograms\tin\temotional\tand\tsocial\tskills\ttake\tno\tcurriculum\tor\nclass\ttime\tas\ta\tseparate\tsubject\tat\tall,\tbut\tinstead\tinfiltrate\ttheir\nlessons\tinto\tthe\tvery\tfabric\tof\tschool\tlife.\tOne\tmodel\tfor\tthis\tapproach\n\u2014essentially,\tan\tinvisible\temotional\tand\tsocial\tcompetence\tcourse\u2014is", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "938f1679c49d-1", "page_content": "\u2014essentially,\tan\tinvisible\temotional\tand\tsocial\tcompetence\tcourse\u2014is\nthe\tChild\tDevelopment\tProject,\tcreated\tby\ta\tteam\tdirected\tby\npsychologist\tEric\tSchaps.\tThe\tproject,\tbased\tin\tOakland,\tCalifornia,\tis\ncurrently\tbeing\ttried\tin\ta\thandful\tof\tschools\tacross\tthe\tnation,\tmost\tin\nneighborhoods\tthat\tshare\tmany\tof\tthe\ttroubles\tof\tNew\tHaven\u2019s\ndecaying\tcore.\n4\nThe\tproject\toffers\ta\tprepackaged\tset\tof\tmaterials\tthat\tfit\tinto\nexisting\tcourses.\tThus\tfirst\tgraders\tin\ttheir\treading\tclass\tget\ta\tstory,\n\u201cFrog\tand\tToad\tAre\tFriends,\u201d\tin\twhich\tFrog,\teager\tto\tplay\twith\this\nhibernating\tfriend\tToad,\tplays\ta\ttrick\ton\thim\tto\tget\thim\tup\tearly.\tThe\nstory\tis\tused\tas\ta\tplatform\tfor\ta\tclass\tdiscussion\tabout\tfriendship,\tand\nissues\tsuch\tas\thow\tpeople\tfeel\twhen\tsomeone\tplays\ta\ttrick\ton\tthem.\tA\nsuccession\tof\tadventures\tbrings\tup\ttopics\tsuch\tas\tself-consciousness,\nbeing\taware\tof\ta\tfriend\u2019s\tneeds,\twhat\tit\tfeels\tlike\tto\tbe\tteased,\tand\nsharing\tfeelings\twith\tfriends.\tA\tset\tcurriculum\tplan\toffers\tincreasingly\nsophisticated\tstories\tas\tchildren\tgo\tthrough\tthe\telementary\tand\nmiddle-school\tgrades,\tgiving\tteachers\tentry\tpoints\tto\tdiscuss\ttopics\nsuch\tas\tempathy,\tperspective-taking,\tand\tcaring.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8af6d2594c41-0", "page_content": "Another\tway\temotional\tlessons\tare\twoven\tinto\tthe\tfabric\tof\texisting\nschool\tlife\tis\tthrough\thelping\tteachers\trethink\thow\tto\tdiscipline\nstudents\twho\tmisbehave.\tThe\tassumption\tin\tthe\tChild\tDevelopment\nprogram\tis\tthat\tsuch\tmoments\tare\tripe\topportunities\tto\tteach\tchildren\nskills\tthat\tare\tlacking\u2014impulse\tcontrol,\texplaining\ttheir\tfeelings,\nresolving\tconflicts\u2014and\tthat\tthere\tare\tbetter\tways\tto\tdiscipline\tthan\ncoercion.\tA\tteacher\tseeing\tthree\tfirst\tgraders\tpushing\tto\tbe\tthe\tfirst\tin\nthe\tlunchroom\tline\tmight\tsuggest\tthat\tthey\teach\tguess\ta\tnumber,\tand\nlet\tthe\twinner\tgo\tfirst.\tThe\timmediate\tlesson\tis\tthat\tthere\tare\nimpartial,\tfair\tways\tto\tsettle\tsuch\tpint-size\tdisputes,\twhile\tthe\tdeeper\nteaching\tis\tthat\tdisputes\tcan\tbe\tnegotiated.\tAnd\tsince\tthat\tis\tan\napproach\tthose\tchildren\tcan\ttake\twith\tthem\tto\tsettle\tother\tsimilar\ndisputes\t(\u201cMe\tfirst!\u201d\tis,\tafter\tall,\tepidemic\tin\tlower\tgrades\u2014if\tnot\nthrough\tmuch\tof\tlife,\tin\tone\tform\tor\tanother)\tit\thas\ta\tmore\tpositive\nmessage\tthan\tthe\tubiquitous,\tauthoritarian\t\u201cStop\tthat!\u201d\nTHE\tEMOTIONAL\tTIMETABLE\n\u201cMy\tfriends\tAlice\tand\tLynn\twon\u2019t\tplay\twith\tme.\u201d\nThat\tpoignant\tgrievance\tis\tfrom\ta\tthird-grade\tgirl\tat\tJohn\tMuir\nElementary\tSchool\tin\tSeattle.\tThe\tanonymous\tsender\tput\tit\tin\tthe\n\u201cmailbox\u201d\tin\ther\tclassroom\u2014actually\ta\tspecially\tpainted\tcardboard", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8af6d2594c41-1", "page_content": "\u201cmailbox\u201d\tin\ther\tclassroom\u2014actually\ta\tspecially\tpainted\tcardboard\nbox\u2014where\tshe\tand\ther\tclassmates\tare\tencouraged\tto\twrite\tin\ttheir\ncomplaints\tand\tproblems\tso\tthe\twhole\tclass\tcan\ttalk\tabout\tthem\tand\ntry\tto\tthink\tof\tways\tto\tdeal\twith\tthem.\tThe\tdiscussion\twill\tnot\nmention\tthe\tnames\tof\tthose\tinvolved;\tinstead\tthe\tteacher\tpoints\tout\nthat\tall\tchildren\tshare\tsuch\tproblems\tfrom\ttime\tto\ttime,\tand\tthey\tall\nneed\tto\tlearn\thow\tto\thandle\tthem.\tAs\tthey\ttalk\tabout\thow\tit\tfeels\tto\nbe\tleft\tout,\tor\twhat\tthey\tmight\tdo\tto\tbe\tincluded,\tthey\thave\tthe\nchance\tto\ttry\tout\tnew\tsolutions\tto\tthese\tquandaries\u2014a\tcorrective\tfor\nthe\tone-track\tthinking\tthat\tsees\tconflict\tas\tthe\tonly\troute\tto\tsolving\ndisagreements.\nThe\tmailbox\tallows\tflexibility\tas\tto\texactly\twhich\tcrises\tand\tissues\nwill\tbecome\tthe\tsubject\tof\tthe\tclass,\tfor\ta\ttoo-rigid\tagenda\tcan\tbe\tout\nof\tstep\twith\tthe\tfluid\trealities\tof\tchildhood.\tAs\tchildren\tchange\tand\ngrow\tthe\tpreoccupation\tof\tthe\thour\tchanges\taccordingly.\tTo\tbe\tmost\neffective,\temotional\tlessons\tmust\tbe\tpegged\tto\tthe\tdevelopment\tof\tthe\nchild,\tand\trepeated\tat\tdifferent\tages\tin\tways\tthat\tfit\ta\tchild\u2019s\tchanging\nunderstanding\tand\tchallenges.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c80f64d1fd0d-0", "page_content": "One\tquestion\tis\thow\tearly\tto\tbegin.\tSome\tsay\tthe\tfirst\tfew\tyears\tof\nlife\tare\tnone\ttoo\tsoon.\tThe\tHarvard\tpediatrician\tT.\tBerry\tBrazelton\nproposes\tthat\tmany\tparents\tcan\tbenefit\tfrom\tbeing\tcoached\tas\nemotional\tmentors\tto\ttheir\tinfants\tand\ttoddlers,\tas\tsome\thome-visit\nprograms\tdo.\tA\tstrong\targument\tcan\tbe\tmade\tfor\temphasizing\tsocial\nand\temotional\tskills\tmore\tsystematically\tin\tpreschool\tprograms\tsuch\nas\tHead\tStart;\tas\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t12\n,\tchildren\u2019s\treadiness\tto\tlearn\ndepends\tto\ta\tlarge\textent\ton\tacquiring\tsome\tof\tthese\tbasic\temotional\nskills.\tThe\tpreschool\tyears\tare\tcrucial\tones\tfor\tlaying\tfoundation\nskills,\tand\tthere\tis\tsome\tevidence\tthat\tHead\tStart,\twhen\trun\twell\t(an\nimportant\tcaveat),\tcan\thave\tbeneficial\tlong-term\temotional\tand\tsocial\neffects\ton\tthe\tlives\tof\tits\tgraduates\teven\tinto\ttheir\tearly\tadult\tyears\u2014\nfewer\tdrug\tproblems\tand\tarrests,\tbetter\tmarriages,\tgreater\tearning\npower.\n5\nSuch\tinterventions\twork\tbest\twhen\tthey\ttrack\tthe\temotional\ntimetable\tof\tdevelopment.\n6\n\tAs\tthe\twail\tof\tnewborns\ttestifies,\tbabies\nhave\tintense\tfeelings\tfrom\tthe\tmoment\tthey\tare\tborn.\tBut\tthe\nnewborn\u2019s\tbrain\tis\tfar\tfrom\tfully\tmature;\tas\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t15\n,\nonly\tas\tits\tnervous\tsystem\treaches\tfinal\tdevelopment\u2014a\tprocess\tthat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c80f64d1fd0d-1", "page_content": ",\nonly\tas\tits\tnervous\tsystem\treaches\tfinal\tdevelopment\u2014a\tprocess\tthat\nunfolds\taccording\tto\tan\tinnate\tbiological\tclock\tover\tthe\tentire\tcourse\nof\tchildhood\tand\tinto\tearly\tadolescence\u2014will\tthe\tchild\u2019s\temotions\nripen\tcompletely.\tThe\tnewborn\u2019s\trepertoire\tof\tfeeling\tis\t\nprimitive\ncompared\tto\tthe\temotional\trange\tof\ta\tfive-year-old,\twhich,\tin\tturn,\tis\nlacking\twhen\tmeasured\tagainst\tthe\tfullness\tof\tfeelings\tof\ta\tteenager.\nIndeed,\tadults\tall\ttoo\treadily\tfall\tinto\tthe\ttrap\tof\texpecting\tchildren\tto\nhave\treached\ta\tmaturity\tfar\tbeyond\ttheir\tyears,\tforgetting\tthat\teach\nemotion\thas\tits\tpreprogrammed\tmoment\tof\tappearance\tin\ta\tchild\u2019s\ngrowth.\tA\tfour-year-old\u2019s\tbraggadocio,\tfor\texample,\tmight\tbring\ta\nparent\u2019s\treprimand\u2014and\tyet\tthe\tself-consciousness\tthat\tcan\tbreed\nhumility\ttypically\tdoes\tnot\temerge\tuntil\tage\tfive\tor\tso.\nThe\ttimetable\tfor\temotional\tgrowth\tis\tintertwined\twith\tallied\tlines\nof\tdevelopment,\tparticularly\tfor\tcognition,\ton\tthe\tone\thand,\tand\tbrain\nand\tbiological\tmaturation,\ton\tthe\tother.\tAs\twe\thave\tseen,\temotional\ncapacities\tsuch\tas\tempathy\tand\temotional\tself-regulation\tstart\tto\tbuild\nvirtually\tfrom\tinfancy.\tThe\tkindergarten\tyear\tmarks\ta\tpeak\tripening\nof\tthe\t\u201csocial\temotions\u201d\u2014feelings\tsuch\tas\tinsecurity\tand\thumility,\njealousy\tand\tenvy,\tpride\tand\tconfidence\u2014all\tof\twhich\trequire\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c80f64d1fd0d-2", "page_content": "jealousy\tand\tenvy,\tpride\tand\tconfidence\u2014all\tof\twhich\trequire\tthe\ncapacity\tfor\tcomparing\toneself\twith\tothers.\tThe\tfive-year-old,\ton\nentering\tthe\twider\tsocial\tworld\tof\tschool,\tenters\ttoo\tthe\tworld\tof\nsocial\tcomparison.\tIt\tis\tnot\tjust\tthe\texternal\tshift\tthat\telicits\tthese", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "44fda67c7a81-0", "page_content": "comparisons,\tbut\talso\tthe\temergence\tof\ta\tcognitive\tskill:\tbeing\table\tto\ncompare\toneself\tto\tothers\ton\tparticular\tqualities,\twhether\tpopularity,\nattractiveness,\tor\tskateboarding\ttalents.\tThis\tis\tthe\tage\twhen,\tfor\nexample,\thaving\tan\tolder\tsister\twho\tgets\tstraight\tA\u2019s\tcan\tmake\tthe\nyounger\tsister\tstart\tto\tthink\tof\therself\tas\t\u201cdumb\u201d\tby\tcomparison.\nDr.\tDavid\tHamburg,\ta\tpsychiatrist\tand\tpresident\tof\tthe\tCarnegie\nCorporation,\twhich\thas\tevaluated\tsome\tpioneering\temotional-\neducation\tprograms,\tsees\tthe\tyears\tof\ttransition\tinto\tgrade\tschool\tand\nthen\tagain\tinto\tjunior\thigh\tor\tmiddle\tschool\tas\tmarking\ttwo\tcrucial\npoints\tin\ta\tchild\u2019s\tadjustment.\n7\n\tFrom\tages\tsix\tto\televen,\tsays\nHamburg,\t\u201cschool\tis\ta\tcrucible\tand\ta\tdefining\texperience\tthat\twill\nheavily\tinfluence\tchildren\u2019s\tadolescence\tand\tbeyond.\tA\tchild\u2019s\tsense\nof\tself-worth\tdepends\tsubstantially\ton\this\tor\ther\tability\tto\tachieve\tin\nschool.\tA\tchild\twho\tfails\tin\tschool\tsets\tin\tmotion\tthe\tself-defeating\nattitudes\tthat\tcan\tdim\tprospects\tfor\tan\tentire\tlifespan.\u201d\tAmong\tthe\nessentials\tfor\tprofiting\tfrom\tschool,\tHamburg\tnotes,\tare\tan\tability\t\u201cto\npostpone\tgratification,\tto\tbe\tsocially\tresponsible\tin\tappropriate\tways,\nto\tmaintain\tcontrol\tover\ttheir\temotions,\tand\tto\thave\tan\toptimistic", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "44fda67c7a81-1", "page_content": "outlook\u201d\u2014in\tother\twords,\temotional\tintelligence.\n8\nPuberty\u2014because\tit\tis\ta\ttime\tof\textraordinary\tchange\tin\tthe\tchild\u2019s\nbiology,\tthinking\tcapacities,\tand\tbrain\tfunctioning\u2014is\talso\ta\tcrucial\ntime\tfor\temotional\tand\tsocial\tlessons.\tAs\tfor\tthe\tteen\tyears,\tHamburg\nobserves\tthat\t\n\u201cmost\tadolescents\tare\tten\tto\tfifteen\tyears\told\twhen\tthey\nare\texposed\tto\tsexuality,\talcohol\tand\tdrugs,\tsmoking,\u201d\tand\tother\ntemptations.\n9\nThe\ttransition\tto\tmiddle\tschool\tor\tjunior\thigh\tmarks\tan\tend\tto\nchildhood,\tand\tis\titself\ta\tformidable\temotional\tchallenge.\tAll\tother\nproblems\taside,\tas\tthey\tenter\tthis\tnew\tschool\tarrangement\tvirtually\nall\tstudents\thave\ta\tdip\tin\tself-confidence\tand\ta\tjump\tin\tself-\nconsciousness;\ttheir\tvery\tnotions\tof\tthemselves\tare\trocky\tand\tin\ntumult.\tOne\tof\tthe\tgreatest\tspecific\tblows\tis\tin\t\u201csocial\tself-esteem\u201d\u2014\nstudents\u2019\tconfidence\tthat\tthey\tcan\tmake\tand\tkeep\tfriends.\tIt\tis\tat\tthis\njuncture,\tHamburg\tpoints\tout,\tthat\tit\thelps\timmensely\tto\tbuttress\nboys\u2019\tand\tgirls\u2019\tabilities\tto\tbuild\tclose\trelationships\tand\tnavigate\ncrises\tin\tfriendships,\tand\tto\tnurture\ttheir\tself-confidence.\nHamburg\tnotes\tthat\tas\tstudents\tare\tentering\tmiddle\tschool,\tjust\ton\nthe\tcusp\tof\tadolescence,\tthere\tis\tsomething\tdifferent\tabout\tthose\twho\nhave\thad\temotional\tliteracy\tclasses:\tthey\tfind\tthe\tnew\tpressures\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "44fda67c7a81-2", "page_content": "peer\tpolitics,\tthe\tupping\tof\tacademic\tdemands,\tand\tthe\ttemptations\tto\nsmoke\tand\tuse\tdrugs\tless\ttroubling\tthan\tdo\ttheir\tpeers.\tThey\thave", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ebf4a443a79c-0", "page_content": "mastered\temotional\tabilities\tthat,\tat\tleast\tfor\tthe\tshort\tterm,\tinoculate\nthem\tagainst\tthe\tturmoil\tand\tpressures\tthey\tare\tabout\tto\tface.\nTIMING\tIS\tALL\nAs\tdevelopmental\tpsychologists\tand\tothers\tmap\tthe\tgrowth\tof\nemotions,\tthey\tare\table\tto\tbe\tmore\tspecific\tabout\tjust\twhat\tlessons\nchildren\tshould\tbe\tlearning\tat\teach\tpoint\tin\tthe\tunfolding\tof\nemotional\tintelligence,\twhat\tthe\tlasting\tdeficits\tare\tlikely\tto\tbe\tfor\nthose\twho\tfail\tto\tmaster\tthe\tright\tcompetences\tat\tthe\tappointed\ttime,\nand\twhat\tremedial\texperiences\tmight\tmake\tup\tfor\twhat\twas\tmissed.\nIn\tthe\tNew\tHaven\tprogram,\tfor\texample,\tchildren\tin\tthe\tyoungest\ngrades\tget\tbasic\tlessons\tin\tself-awareness,\trelationships,\tand\tdecision-\nmaking.\tIn\tfirst\tgrade\tstudents\tsit\tin\ta\tcircle\tand\troll\tthe\t\u201cfeelings\ncube,\u201d\twhich\thas\twords\tsuch\tas\t\nsad\n\tor\t\nexcited\n\ton\teach\tside.\tAt\ttheir\nturn,\tthey\tdescribe\ta\ttime\tthey\thad\tthat\tfeeling,\tan\texercise\tthat\tgives\nthem\tmore\tcertainty\tin\ttying\tfeelings\tto\twords\tand\thelps\twith\nempathy\tas\tthey\thear\tothers\thaving\tthe\tsame\tfeelings\tas\tthemselves.\nBy\tfourth\tand\tfifth\tgrade,\tas\tpeer\trelationships\ttake\ton\tan\timmense\nimportance\tin\ttheir\tlives,\tthey\tget\tlessons\tthat\thelp\ttheir\tfriendships\nwork\tbetter:\tempathy,\timpulse\tcontrol,\tand\tanger\tmanagement.\tThe\nLife\tSkills\tclass\ton", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ebf4a443a79c-1", "page_content": "Life\tSkills\tclass\ton\t\nreading\temotions\tfrom\tfacial\texpressions\tthat\tthe\nTroup\tschool\tfifth\tgraders\twere\ttrying,\tfor\texample,\tis\tessentially\nabout\tempathizing.\tFor\timpulse\tcontrol,\tthere\tis\ta\t\u201cstoplight\u201d\tposter\ndisplayed\tprominently,\twith\tsix\tsteps:\nRed\tlight\n1.\tStop,\tcalm\tdown,\tand\tthink\tbefore\tyou\tact.\nYellow\tlight\t\t\t\t\t\t\n2.\tSay\tthe\tproblem\tand\thow\tyou\tfeel.\n\t\n3.\tSet\ta\tpositive\tgoal.\n\t\n4.\tThink\tof\tlots\tof\tsolutions.\n\t\n5.\tThink\tahead\tto\tthe\tconsequences.\nGreen\tLight\n6.\tGo\tahead\tand\ttry\tthe\tbest\tplan.\nThe\tstoplight\tnotion\tis\tregularly\tinvoked\twhen\ta\tchild,\tfor\texample,\nis\tabout\tto\tstrike\tout\tin\tanger,\tor\twithdraw\tinto\ta\thuff\tat\tsome\tslight,\nor\tburst\tinto\ttears\tat\tbeing\tteased,\tand\toffers\ta\tconcrete\tset\tof\tsteps", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f297232a6229-0", "page_content": "for\tdealing\twith\tthese\tloaded\tmoments\tin\ta\tmore\tmeasured\tway.\nBeyond\tthe\tmanagement\tof\tfeelings,\tit\tpoints\ta\tway\tto\tmore\teffective\naction.\tAnd,\tas\ta\thabitual\tway\tof\thandling\tthe\tunruly\temotional\nimpulse\u2014to\tthink\tbefore\tacting\tfrom\tfeelings\u2014it\tcan\tevolve\tinto\ta\nbasic\tstrategy\tfor\tdealing\twith\tthe\trisks\tof\tadolescence\tand\tbeyond.\nIn\tsixth\tgrade\tthe\tlessons\trelate\tmore\tdirectly\tto\tthe\ttemptations\nand\tpressures\tfor\tsex,\tdrugs,\tor\tdrinking\tthat\tbegin\tto\tenter\tchildren\u2019s\nlives.\tBy\tninth\tgrade,\tas\tteenagers\tare\tconfronted\twith\tmore\nambiguous\tsocial\trealities,\tthe\tability\tto\ttake\tmultiple\tperspectives\u2014\nyour\town\tas\twell\tas\tthose\tof\tothers\tinvolved\u2014is\temphasized.\t\u201cIf\ta\tkid\nis\tmad\tbecause\the\tsaw\this\tgirlfriend\ttalking\twith\tanother\tguy,\u201d\tsays\none\tof\tthe\tNew\tHaven\tteachers,\t\u201che\u2019d\tbe\tencouraged\tto\tconsider\twhat\nmight\tbe\tgoing\ton\tfrom\ttheir\tpoint\tof\tview,\ttoo,\trather\tthan\tjust\nplunge\tinto\ta\tconfrontation.\u201d\nEMOTIONAL\tLITERACY\tAS\tPREVENTION\nSome\tof\tthe\tmost\teffective\tprograms\tin\temotional\tliteracy\twere\ndeveloped\tas\ta\tresponse\tto\ta\tspecific\tproblem,\tnotably\tviolence.\tOne\nof\tthe\tfastest-growing\tof\tthese\tprevention-inspired\temotional\tliteracy\ncourses\tis\tthe\tResolving\tConflict\tCreatively\tProgram,\tin\tseveral", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f297232a6229-1", "page_content": "courses\tis\tthe\tResolving\tConflict\tCreatively\tProgram,\tin\tseveral\nhundred\tNew\tYork\tCity\tpublic\tschools\tand\tschools\tacross\tthe\tcountry.\nThe\tconflict-resolution\tcourse\tfocuses\ton\thow\tto\tsettle\tschoolyard\narguments\tthat\tcan\tescalate\tinto\tincidents\tlike\tthe\thallway\tshooting\tof\nIan\tMoore\tand\tTyrone\tSinkler\tby\ttheir\tclassmate\tat\tJefferson\tHigh\nSchool.\nLinda\tLantieri,\tthe\tfounder\tof\tthe\tResolving\tConflict\tCreatively\nProgram\tand\tdirector\tof\tthe\tManhattan-based\tnational\tcenter\tfor\tthe\napproach,\tsees\tit\tas\thaving\ta\tmission\tfar\tbeyond\tjust\tpreventing\nfights.\tShe\tsays,\t\u201cThe\tprogram\tshows\tstudents\tthat\tthey\thave\tmany\nchoices\tfor\tdealing\twith\tconflict\tbesides\tpassivity\tor\taggression.\tWe\nshow\tthem\tthe\tfutility\tof\tviolence\twhile\treplacing\tit\twith\tconcrete\nskills.\tKids\tlearn\tto\tstand\tup\tfor\ttheir\trights\twithout\tresorting\tto\nviolence.\tThese\tare\tlifelong\tskills,\tnot\tjust\tfor\tthose\tmost\tprone\tto\nviolence.\u201d\n10\nIn\tone\texercise,\tstudents\tthink\tof\ta\tsingle\trealistic\tstep,\tno\tmatter\nhow\tsmall,\tthat\tmight\thave\thelped\tsettle\tsome\tconflict\tthey\thave\thad.\nIn\tanother\tstudents\tenact\ta\tscene\tin\twhich\ta\tbig\tsister\ttrying\tto\tdo\ther\nhomework\tgets\tfed\tup\twith\ther\tyounger\tsister\u2019s\tloud\trap\ttape.\tIn", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "805fa54e0a02-0", "page_content": "frustration\tthe\tolder\tsister\tturns\toff\tthe\ttape\tdespite\tthe\tyounger\tone\u2019s\nprotests.\tThe\tclass\tbrainstorms\tways\tthey\tmight\twork\tout\tthe\tproblem\nthat\twould\tsatisfy\tboth\tsisters.\nOne\tkey\tto\tthe\tsuccess\tof\tthe\tconflict-resolution\tprogram\tis\nextending\tit\tbeyond\tthe\tclassroom\tto\tthe\tplayground\tand\tcafeteria,\nwhere\ttempers\tare\tmore\tlikely\tto\texplode.\tTo\tthat\tend,\tsome\tstudents\nare\ttrained\tas\tmediators,\ta\trole\tthat\tcan\tbegin\tin\tthe\tlatter\tyears\tof\nelementary\tschool.\tWhen\ttension\terupts,\tstudents\tcan\tseek\tout\ta\nmediator\tto\thelp\tthem\tsettle\tit.\tThe\tschoolyard\tmediators\tlearn\tto\nhandle\tfights,\ttaunts\tand\tthreats,\tinterracial\tincidents,\tand\tthe\tother\npotentially\tincendiary\tincidents\tof\tschool\tlife.\nThe\tmediators\tlearn\tto\tphrase\ttheir\tstatements\tin\tways\tthat\tmake\nboth\tparties\tfeel\tthe\tmediator\tis\timpartial.\tTheir\ttactics\tinclude\tsitting\ndown\twith\tthose\tinvolved\tand\tgetting\tthem\tto\tlisten\tto\tthe\tother\nperson\twithout\tinterruptions\tor\tinsults.\tThey\thave\teach\tparty\tcalm\ndown\tand\tstate\ttheir\tposition,\tthen\thave\teach\tparaphrase\twhat\u2019s\tbeen\nsaid\tso\tit\u2019s\tclear\tthey\u2019ve\treally\theard.\tThen\tthey\tall\ttry\tto\tthink\tof\nsolutions\tthat\tboth\tsides\tcan\tlive\twith;\tthe\tsettlements\tare\toften\tin\tthe\nform\tof\ta\tsigned\tagreement.\nBeyond\tthe\tmediation\tof\ta\tgiven\tdispute,\tthe\tprogram\tteaches", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "805fa54e0a02-1", "page_content": "Beyond\tthe\tmediation\tof\ta\tgiven\tdispute,\tthe\tprogram\tteaches\nstudents\tto\tthink\tdifferently\tabout\tdisagreements\tin\tthe\tfirst\tplace.\tAs\nAngel\tPerez,\ttrained\tas\ta\tmediator\twhile\tin\tgrade\tschool,\tput\tit,\tthe\nprogram\t\u201cchanged\tmy\tway\tof\tthinking.\tI\tused\tto\tthink,\they,\tif\nsomebody\tpicks\ton\tme,\tif\tsomebody\tdoes\tsomething\tto\tme,\tthe\tonly\nthing\twas\tto\tfight,\tdo\tsomething\tto\tget\tback\tat\tthem.\tSince\tI\thad\tthis\nprogram,\tI\u2019ve\thad\ta\tmore\tpositive\tway\tof\tthinking.\tIf\tsomething\u2019s\ndone\tnegative\tto\tme,\tI\tdon\u2019t\ttry\tto\tdo\tthe\tnegative\tthing\tback\u2014I\ttry\nto\tsolve\tthe\tproblem.\u201d\tAnd\the\thas\tfound\thimself\tspreading\tthe\napproach\tin\this\tcommunity.\nWhile\tthe\tfocus\tof\tResolving\tConflict\tCreatively\tis\ton\tpreventing\nviolence,\tLantieri\tsees\tit\tas\thaving\ta\twider\tmission.\tHer\tview\tis\tthat\nthe\tskills\tneeded\tto\t\nhead\toff\tviolence\tcannot\tbe\tseparated\tfrom\tthe\nfull\tspectrum\tof\temotional\tcompetence\u2014that,\tfor\texample,\tknowing\nwhat\tyou\tare\tfeeling\tor\thow\tto\thandle\timpulse\tor\tgrief\tis\tas\timportant\nfor\tviolence\tprevention\tas\tis\tmanaging\tanger.\tMuch\tof\tthe\ttraining\nhas\tto\tdo\twith\temotional\tbasics\tsuch\tas\trecognizing\tan\texpanded\nrange\tof\tfeelings\tand\tbeing\table\tto\tput\tnames\tto\tthem,\tand\nempathizing.\tWhen\tshe\tdescribes\tthe\tevaluation\tresults\tof\ther", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "805fa54e0a02-2", "page_content": "empathizing.\tWhen\tshe\tdescribes\tthe\tevaluation\tresults\tof\ther\nprogram\u2019s\teffects,\tLantieri\tpoints\twith\tas\tmuch\tpride\tto\tthe\tincrease\tin\n\u201ccaring\tamong\tthe\tkids\u201d\tas\tto\tthe\tdrops\tin\tfights,\tput-downs,\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "266267ee5fb7-0", "page_content": "name-calling.\nA\tsimilar\tconvergence\ton\temotional\tliteracy\toccurred\twith\ta\nconsortium\tof\tpsychologists\ttrying\tto\tfind\tways\tto\thelp\tyoungsters\ton\na\ttrajectory\ttoward\ta\tlife\tmarked\tby\tcrime\tand\tviolence.\tDozens\tof\nstudies\tof\tsuch\tboys\u2014as\twe\tsaw\tin\t\nChapter\t15\n\u2014yielded\ta\tclear\tsense\nof\tthe\tpath\tmost\ttake,\tstarting\tfrom\timpulsiveness\tand\ta\tquickness\tto\nanger\tin\ttheir\tearliest\tschool\tyears,\tthrough\tbecoming\tsocial\trejects\tby\nthe\tend\tof\tgrade\tschool,\tto\tbonding\twith\ta\tcircle\tof\tothers\tlike\nthemselves\tand\tbeginning\tcrime\tsprees\tin\tthe\tmiddle-school\tyears.\tBy\nearly\tadulthood,\ta\tlarge\tportion\tof\tthese\tboys\thave\tacquired\tpolice\nrecords\tand\ta\treadiness\tfor\tviolence.\nWhen\tit\tcame\tto\tdesigning\tinterventions\tthat\tmight\thelp\tsuch\tboys\nget\toff\tthis\troad\tto\tviolence\tand\tcrime,\tthe\tresult\twas,\tonce\tagain,\tan\nemotional-literacy\tprogram.\n11\n\tOne\tof\tthese,\tdeveloped\tby\tCarol\nKusche\talong\twith\tMark\tGreenberg\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tWashington,\tis\nthe\tPATHS\tcurriculum\t(PATHS\tis\tthe\tacronym\tfor\tPromoting\nAlternative\tThinking\tStrategies).\tWhile\tthose\tat\trisk\tfor\ta\ttrajectory\ntoward\tcrime\tand\tviolence\tare\tmost\tin\tneed\tof\tthese\tlessons,\tthe\ncourse\tis\tgiven\tto\tall\tthose\tin\ta\tclass,\tavoiding\tany\tstigmatizing\tof\ta\nmore\ttroubled\tsubgroup.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "266267ee5fb7-1", "page_content": "more\ttroubled\tsubgroup.\nStill,\tthe\tlessons\tare\tuseful\tfor\tall\tchildren.\tThese\tinclude,\tfor\nexample,\tlearning\tin\tthe\tearliest\tschool\tyears\tto\tcontrol\ttheir\nimpulses;\tlacking\tthis\tability,\tchildren\thave\tspecial\ttrouble\tpaying\nattention\tto\twhat\tis\tbeing\ttaught\tand\tso\tfall\tbehind\tin\ttheir\tlearning\nand\tgrades.\tAnother\tis\trecognizing\ttheir\tfeelings;\tthe\tPATHS\ncurriculum\thas\tfifty\tlessons\ton\tdifferent\temotions,\tteaching\tthe\tmost\nbasic,\tsuch\tas\thappiness\tand\tanger,\tto\tthe\tyoungest\tchildren,\tand\tlater\ntouching\ton\tmore\tcomplicated\tfeelings\tsuch\tas\tjealousy,\tpride,\tand\nguilt.\tThe\temotional-awareness\tlessons\tinclude\thow\tto\tmonitor\twhat\nthey\tand\tthose\taround\tthem\tare\tfeeling,\tand\u2014most\timportant\tfor\nthose\tprone\tto\taggression\u2014how\tto\trecognize\twhen\tsomeone\tis\nactually\thostile,\tas\topposed\tto\twhen\tthe\tattribution\tof\thostility\tcomes\nfrom\toneself.\nOne\tof\tthe\tmost\timportant\tlessons,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tanger\tmanagement.\nThe\tbasic\tpremise\tchildren\tlearn\tabout\tanger\t(and\tall\tother\temotions\nas\twell)\tis\t\nthat\t\u201call\tfeelings\tare\tokay\tto\thave,\u201d\tbut\tsome\treactions\tare\nokay\tand\tothers\tnot.\tHere\tone\tof\tthe\ttools\tfor\tteaching\tself-control\tis\nthe\tsame\t\u201cstoplight\u201d\texercise\tused\tin\tthe\tNew\tHaven\tcourse.\tOther\nunits\thelp\tchildren\twith\ttheir\tfriendships,\ta\tcounter\tto\tthe\tsocial", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "266267ee5fb7-2", "page_content": "units\thelp\tchildren\twith\ttheir\tfriendships,\ta\tcounter\tto\tthe\tsocial\nrejections\tthat\tcan\thelp\tpropel\ta\tchild\ttoward\tdelinquency.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "960876217152-0", "page_content": "RETHINKING\tSCHOOLS:\tTEACHING\tBY\tBEING,\tCOMMUNITIES\nTHAT\tCARE\nAs\tfamily\tlife\tno\tlonger\toffers\tgrowing\tnumbers\tof\tchildren\ta\tsure\nfooting\tin\tlife,\tschools\tare\tleft\tas\tthe\tone\tplace\tcommunities\tcan\tturn\nto\tfor\tcorrectives\tto\tchildren\u2019s\tdeficiencies\tin\temotional\tand\tsocial\ncompetence.\tThat\tis\tnot\tto\tsay\tthat\tschools\talone\tcan\tstand\tin\tfor\tall\nthe\tsocial\tinstitutions\tthat\ttoo\toften\tare\tin\tor\tnearing\tcollapse.\tBut\nsince\tvirtually\tevery\tchild\tgoes\tto\tschool\t(at\tleast\tat\tthe\toutset),\tit\noffers\ta\tplace\tto\treach\tchildren\twith\tbasic\tlessons\tfor\tliving\tthat\tthey\nmay\tnever\tget\totherwise.\tEmotional\tliteracy\timplies\tan\texpanded\nmandate\tfor\tschools,\ttaking\tup\tthe\tslack\tfor\tfailing\tfamilies\tin\nsocializing\tchildren.\tThis\tdaunting\ttask\trequires\ttwo\tmajor\tchanges:\nthat\tteachers\tgo\tbeyond\ttheir\ttraditional\tmission\tand\tthat\tpeople\tin\nthe\tcommunity\tbecome\tmore\tinvolved\twith\tschools.\nWhether\tor\tnot\tthere\tis\ta\tclass\texplicitly\tdevoted\tto\temotional\nliteracy\tmay\tmatter\tfar\tless\tthan\t\nhow\n\tthese\tlessons\tare\ttaught.\tThere\tis\nperhaps\tno\tsubject\twhere\tthe\tquality\tof\tthe\tteacher\tmatters\tso\tmuch,\nsince\thow\ta\tteacher\thandles\ther\tclass\tis\tin\titself\ta\tmodel,\ta\tde\tfacto\nlesson\tin\temotional\tcompetence\u2014or\tthe\tlack\tthereof.\tWhenever\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "960876217152-1", "page_content": "lesson\tin\temotional\tcompetence\u2014or\tthe\tlack\tthereof.\tWhenever\ta\nteacher\tresponds\tto\tone\tstudent,\ttwenty\tor\tthirty\tothers\tlearn\ta\tlesson.\nThere\tis\ta\tself-selection\tin\tthe\tkind\tof\tteacher\twho\tgravitates\tto\ncourses\tsuch\tas\tthese,\tbecause\tnot\teveryone\tis\tsuited\tby\ttemperament.\nTo\tbegin\twith,\tteachers\tneed\tto\tbe\tcomfortable\ttalking\tabout\tfeelings;\nnot\tevery\tteacher\tis\tat\tease\tdoing\tso\tor\twants\tto\tbe.\tThere\tis\tlittle\tor\nnothing\tin\tthe\tstandard\teducation\tof\tteachers\tthat\tprepares\tthem\tfor\nthis\tkind\tof\tteaching.\tFor\tthese\treasons,\temotional\tliteracy\tprograms\ntypically\tgive\tprospective\tteachers\tseveral\tweeks\tof\tspecial\ttraining\tin\nthe\tapproach.\nWhile\tmany\tteachers\tmay\tbe\treluctant\tat\tthe\toutset\tto\ttackle\ta\ttopic\nthat\tseems\tso\tforeign\tto\ttheir\ttraining\tand\troutines,\tthere\tis\tevidence\nthat\tonce\tthey\tare\twilling\tto\ttry\tit,\tmost\twill\tbe\tpleased\trather\tthan\nput\toff.\tIn\tthe\tNew\tHaven\tschools,\twhen\tteachers\tfirst\tlearned\tthat\nthey\twould\tbe\ttrained\tto\tteach\tthe\tnew\temotional\tliteracy\tcourses,\t31\npercent\tsaid\tthey\twere\t\nreluctant\tto\tdo\tso.\tAfter\ta\tyear\tof\tteaching\tthe\ncourses,\tmore\tthan\t90\tpercent\tsaid\tthey\twere\tpleased\tby\tthem,\tand\nwanted\tto\tteach\tthem\tagain\tthe\tfollowing\tyear.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "960876217152-2", "page_content": "wanted\tto\tteach\tthem\tagain\tthe\tfollowing\tyear.\nAN\tEXPANDED\tMISSION\tFOR\tSCHOOLS", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3dc038dd1669-0", "page_content": "Beyond\tteacher\ttraining,\temotional\tliteracy\texpands\tour\tvision\tof\tthe\ntask\tof\tschools\tthemselves,\tmaking\tthem\tmore\texplicitly\tsociety\u2019s\nagent\tfor\tseeing\tthat\tchildren\tlearn\tthese\tessential\tlessons\tfor\tlife\u2014a\nreturn\tto\ta\tclassic\trole\tfor\teducation.\tThis\tlarger\tdesign\trequires,\tapart\nfrom\tany\tspecifics\tof\tcurriculum,\tusing\topportunities\tin\tand\tout\tof\nclass\tto\thelp\tstudents\tturn\tmoments\tof\tpersonal\tcrisis\tinto\tlessons\tin\nemotional\tcompetence.\tIt\talso\tworks\tbest\twhen\tthe\tlessons\tat\tschool\nare\tcoordinated\twith\twhat\tgoes\ton\tin\tchildren\u2019s\thomes.\tMany\nemotional\tliteracy\tprograms\tinclude\tspecial\tclasses\tfor\tparents\tto\nteach\tthem\tabout\twhat\ttheir\tchildren\tare\tlearning,\tnot\tjust\tto\ncomplement\twhat\tis\timparted\tat\tschool,\tbut\tto\thelp\tparents\twho\tfeel\nthe\tneed\tto\tdeal\tmore\teffectively\twith\ttheir\tchildren\u2019s\temotional\tlife.\nThat\tway,\tchildren\tget\tconsistent\tmessages\tabout\temotional\ncompetence\tin\tall\tparts\tof\ttheir\tlives.\tIn\tthe\tNew\tHaven\tschools,\tsays\nTim\tShriver,\tdirector\tof\tthe\tSocial\tCompetence\tProgram,\t\u201cif\tkids\tget\ninto\ta\tbeef\tin\tthe\tcafeteria,\tthey\u2019ll\tbe\tsent\tto\ta\tpeer\tmediator,\twho\tsits\ndown\twith\tthem\tand\tworks\tthrough\ttheir\tconflict\twith\tthe\tsame\nperspective-taking\ttechnique\tthey\tlearned\tin\tclass.\tCoaches\twill\tuse\nthe\ttechnique\tto\thandle\tconflicts\ton\tthe\tplaying\tfield.\tWe\thold\tclasses", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3dc038dd1669-1", "page_content": "for\tparents\tin\tusing\tthese\tmethods\twith\tkids\tat\thome.\u201d\nSuch\tparallel\tlines\tof\treinforcement\tof\tthese\temotional\tlessons\u2014not\njust\tin\tthe\tclassroom,\tbut\talso\ton\tthe\tplayground;\tnot\tjust\tin\tthe\nschool,\tbut\talso\tin\tthe\thome\u2014is\toptimal.\tThat\tmeans\tweaving\tthe\nschool,\tthe\tparents,\tand\tthe\tcommunity\ttogether\tmore\ttightly.\tIt\nincreases\tthe\tlikelihood\tthat\twhat\tchildren\tlearned\tin\temotional\nliteracy\tclasses\twill\tnot\tstay\tbehind\tat\tschool,\tbut\twill\tbe\ttested,\npracticed,\tand\tsharpened\tin\tthe\tactual\tchallenges\tof\tlife.\nAnother\tway\tin\twhich\tthis\tfocus\treshapes\tschools\tis\tin\tbuilding\ta\ncampus\tculture\tthat\tmakes\tit\ta\t\u201ccaring\tcommunity,\u201d\ta\tplace\twhere\nstudents\tfeel\trespected,\tcared\tabout,\tand\tbonded\tto\tclassmates,\nteachers,\tand\tthe\tschool\titself.\n12\n\tFor\texample,\tschools\tin\tareas\tsuch\tas\nNew\tHaven,\twhere\tfamilies\tare\tdisintegrating\tat\ta\thigh\trate,\toffer\ta\nrange\tof\tprograms\tthat\trecruit\tcaring\tpeople\tin\tthe\tcommunity\tto\tget\nengaged\twith\tstudents\twhose\thome\tlife\tis\tshaky\tat\tbest.\tIn\tthe\tNew\nHaven\tschools,\tresponsible\tadults\tvolunteer\tas\t\nmentors,\tregular\ncompanions\tfor\tstudents\twho\tare\tfoundering\tand\twho\thave\tfew,\tif\nany,\tstable\tand\tnurturing\tadults\tin\ttheir\thome\tlife.\nIn\tshort,\tthe\toptimal\tdesign\tof\temotional\tliteracy\tprograms\tis\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3dc038dd1669-2", "page_content": "In\tshort,\tthe\toptimal\tdesign\tof\temotional\tliteracy\tprograms\tis\tto\nbegin\tearly,\tbe\tage-appropriate,\trun\tthroughout\tthe\tschool\tyears,\tand\nintertwine\tefforts\tat\tschool,\tat\thome,\tand\tin\tthe\tcommunity.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "57fca79460f2-0", "page_content": "Even\tthough\tmuch\tof\tthis\tfits\tneatly\tinto\texisting\tparts\tof\tthe\tschool\nday,\tthese\tprograms\tare\ta\tmajor\tchange\tin\tany\tcurriculum.\tIt\twould\nbe\tnaive\tnot\tto\tanticipate\thurdles\tin\tgetting\tsuch\tprograms\tinto\nschools.\tMany\tparents\tmay\tfeel\tthat\tthe\ttopic\titself\tis\ttoo\tpersonal\ta\ndomain\tfor\tthe\tschools,\tthat\tsuch\tthings\tare\tbest\tleft\tto\tparents\t(an\nargument\tthat\tgains\tcredibility\tto\tthe\textent\tthat\tparents\tactually\t\ndo\naddress\tthese\ttopics\u2014and\tis\tless\tconvincing\twhen\tthey\tfail\tto).\nTeachers\tmay\tbe\treluctant\tto\tyield\tyet\tanother\tpart\tof\tthe\tschool\tday\nto\ttopics\tthat\tseem\tso\tunrelated\tto\tthe\tacademic\tbasics;\tsome\tteachers\nmay\tbe\ttoo\tuncomfortable\twith\tthe\ttopics\tto\tteach\tthem,\tand\tall\twill\nneed\tspecial\ttraining\tto\tdo\tso.\tSome\tchildren,\ttoo,\twill\tresist,\nespecially\tto\tthe\textent\tthat\tthese\tclasses\tare\tout\tof\tsynch\twith\ttheir\nactual\tconcerns,\tor\tfeel\tlike\tintrusive\timpositions\ton\ttheir\tprivacy.\nAnd\tthen\tthere\tis\tthe\tdilemma\tof\tmaintaining\thigh\tquality,\tand\nensuring\tthat\tslick\teducation\tmarketers\tdo\tnot\tpeddle\tineptly\ndesigned\temotional-competence\tprograms\tthat\trepeat\tthe\tdisasters\tof,\nsay,\till-conceived\tcourses\ton\tdrugs\tor\tteen\tpregnancy.\nGiven\tall\tthis,\twhy\tshould\twe\tbother\tto\ttry?\nDOES\tEMOTIONAL\tLITERACY\tMAKE\tA\tDIFFERENCE?", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "57fca79460f2-1", "page_content": "DOES\tEMOTIONAL\tLITERACY\tMAKE\tA\tDIFFERENCE?\nIt\u2019s\tevery\tteacher\u2019s\tnightmare:\tone\tday\tTim\tShriver\topened\tthe\tlocal\npaper\tto\tread\tthat\tLamont,\tone\tof\this\tfavorite\tformer\tstudents,\thad\nbeen\tshot\tnine\ttimes\ton\ta\tNew\tHaven\tstreet,\tand\twas\tin\tcritical\ncondition.\t\u201cLamont\thad\tbeen\tone\tof\tthe\tschool\tleaders,\ta\thuge\u2014six\nfoot\ttwo\u2014and\thugely\tpopular\tlinebacker,\talways\tsmiling,\u201d\trecalls\nShriver.\t\u201cBack\tthen\tLamont\thad\tenjoyed\tcoming\tto\ta\tleadership\tclub\tI\nled,\twhere\twe\twould\ttoss\taround\tideas\tin\ta\tproblem-solving\tmodel\nknown\tas\tSOCS.\u201d\nThe\tacronym\tis\tfor\tSituation,\tOptions,\tConsequence,\tSolutions\u2014a\nfour-step\tmethod:\tsay\twhat\tthe\tsituation\tis\tand\thow\tit\tmakes\tyou\tfeel;\nthink\tabout\tyour\toptions\tfor\tsolving\tthe\tproblem\tand\twhat\ttheir\nconsequences\tmight\tbe;\tpick\ta\tsolution\tand\texecute\tit\u2014a\tgrown-up\nversion\tof\tthe\tstoplight\tmethod.\tLamont,\tShriver\tadded,\tloved\nbrainstorming\timaginative\tbut\tpotentially\teffective\tways\tto\thandle\tthe\npressing\tdilemmas\tof\thigh-school\tlife,\tsuch\tas\tproblems\twith\ngirlfriends\tand\thow\tto\tavoid\tfights.\nBut\tthose\tfew\tlessons\tseemed\tto\thave\tfailed\thim\tafter\thigh\tschool.\nDrifting\ton\tthe\tstreets\tin\ta\tsea\tof\tpoverty,\tdrugs,\tand\tguns,\tLamont\tat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3349a94e5e94-0", "page_content": "twenty-six\tlay\tin\ta\thospital\tbed,\tshrouded\tin\tbandages,\this\tbody\nriddled\twith\tbullet\tholes.\tRushing\tto\tthe\thospital,\tShriver\tfound\nLamont\tbarely\table\tto\ttalk,\this\tmother\tand\tgirlfriend\thuddled\tover\nhim.\tSeeing\this\tformer\tteacher,\tLamont\tmotioned\thim\tto\tthe\tbedside,\nand\tas\tShriver\tleaned\tover\tto\thear,\twhispered,\t\u201cShrive,\twhen\tI\tget\tout\nof\there,\tI\u2019m\tgonna\tuse\tthe\tSOCS\tmethod.\u201d\nLamont\twent\tthrough\tHillhouse\tHigh\tin\tthe\tyears\tbefore\tthe\tsocial-\ndevelopment\tcourse\twas\tgiven\tthere.\tWould\this\tlife\thave\tturned\tout\ndifferently\thad\the\tbenefited\tfrom\tsuch\tan\teducation\tthroughout\this\nschool\tyears,\tas\tchildren\tin\tNew\tHaven\tpublic\tschools\tdo\tnow?\tThe\nsigns\tpoint\tto\ta\tpossible\tyes,\tthough\tno\tone\tcan\tever\tsay\tfor\tsure.\nAs\tTim\tShriver\tput\tit,\t\u201cOne\tthing\tis\tclear:\tthe\tproving\tground\tfor\nsocial\tproblem-solving\tis\tnot\tjust\tthe\tclassroom,\tbut\tthe\tcafeteria,\tthe\nstreets,\thome.\u201d\tConsider\ttestimony\tfrom\tteachers\tin\tthe\tNew\tHaven\nprogram.\tOne\trecounts\thow\ta\tformer\tstudent,\tstill\tsingle,\tvisited\tand\nsaid\tthat\tshe\talmost\tcertainly\twould\thave\tbeen\tan\tunwed\tmother\tby\nnow\t\u201cif\tshe\thadn\u2019t\tlearned\tto\tstand\tup\tfor\ther\trights\tduring\tour\tSocial\nDevelopment\tclasses.\u201d\n13", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3349a94e5e94-1", "page_content": "Development\tclasses.\u201d\n13\n\tAnother\tteacher\trecalls\thow\ta\tstudent\u2019s\nrelationship\twith\ther\tmother\twas\tso\tpoor\tthat\ttheir\ttalks\tcontinually\nended\tup\tas\tscreaming\tmatches;\tafter\tthe\tgirl\tlearned\tabout\tcalming\ndown\tand\tthinking\tbefore\treacting,\tthe\tmother\ttold\ther\tteacher\tthat\nthey\tcould\tnow\ttalk\twithout\tgoing\t\u201coff\tthe\tdeep\tend.\u201d\tAt\tthe\tTroup\nschool,\ta\tsixth\tgrader\tpassed\ta\tnote\tto\tthe\tteacher\tof\ther\tSocial\nDevelopment\tclass;\ther\tbest\tfriend,\tthe\tnote\tsaid,\twas\tpregnant,\thad\nno\tone\tto\ttalk\tto\tabout\twhat\tto\tdo,\tand\twas\tplanning\tsuicide\u2014but\tshe\nknew\tthe\tteacher\twould\tcare.\nA\trevealing\tmoment\tcame\twhen\tI\twas\tobserving\ta\tseventh-grade\nclass\tin\tsocial\tdevelopment\tin\tthe\tNew\tHaven\tSchools,\tand\tthe\nteacher\tasked\tfor\t\u201csomeone\tto\ttell\tme\tabout\ta\tdisagreement\tthey\u2019ve\nhad\trecently\tthat\tended\tin\ta\tgood\tway.\u201d\nA\tplumpish\ttwelve-year-old\tgirl\tshot\tup\ther\thand:\t\u201cThis\tgirl\twas\nsupposed\tto\tbe\tmy\tfriend\tand\tsomeone\tsaid\tshe\twanted\tto\tfight\tme.\nThey\ttold\tme\tshe\twas\tgoing\tto\tget\tme\tin\ta\tcorner\tafter\tschool.\u201d\nBut\tinstead\tof\tconfronting\tthe\tother\tgirl\tin\tanger,\tshe\tapplied\tan\napproach\tencouraged\tin\tthe\tclass\u2014finding\tout\twhat\tis\tgoing\ton", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3349a94e5e94-2", "page_content": "approach\tencouraged\tin\tthe\tclass\u2014finding\tout\twhat\tis\tgoing\ton\nbefore\tjumping\tto\tconclusions:\t\u201cSo\tI\twent\tto\tthe\tgirl\tand\tI\tasked\twhy\nshe\tsaid\tthat\tstuff.\tAnd\tshe\tsaid\tshe\tnever\tdid.\tSo\twe\tnever\thad\ta\nfight.\u201d\nThe\tstory\tseems\tinnocuous\tenough.\tExcept\tthat\tthe\tgirl\twho\ttells\nthe\ttale\thad\talready\tbeen\texpelled\tfrom\tanother\tschool\tfor\tfighting.\tIn", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dadf567bb6b3-0", "page_content": "the\tpast\tshe\t\nattacked\tfirst,\tasked\tquestions\tlater\u2014or\tnot\tat\tall.\tFor\ther\nto\tengage\ta\tseeming\tadversary\tin\ta\tconstructive\tway\trather\tthan\nimmediately\twading\tinto\tan\tangry\tconfrontal\tis\ta\tsmall\tbut\treal\nvictory.\nPerhaps\tthe\tmost\ttelling\tsign\tof\tthe\timpact\tof\tsuch\temotional\nliteracy\tclasses\tare\tthe\tdata\tshared\twith\tme\tby\tthe\tprincipal\tof\tthis\ntwelve-year-old\u2019s\tschool.\tAn\tunbendable\trule\tthere\tis\tthat\tchildren\ncaught\tfighting\tare\tsuspended.\tBut\tas\tthe\temotional\tliteracy\tclasses\nhave\tbeen\tphased\tin\tover\tthe\tyears\tthere\thas\tbeen\ta\tsteady\tdrop\tin\nthe\tnumber\tof\tsuspensions.\t\u201cLast\tyear,\u201d\tsays\tthe\tprincipal,\t\u201cthere\twere\n106\tsuspensions.\tSo\tfar\tthis\tyear\u2014we\u2019re\tup\tto\tMarch\u2013there\thave\tbeen\nonly\t26.\u201d\nThese\tare\tconcrete\tbenefits.\tBut\tapart\tfrom\tsuch\tanecdotes\tof\tlives\nbettered\tor\tsaved,\tthere\tis\tthe\tempirical\tquestion\tof\thow\tmuch\nemotional\tliteracy\tclasses\treally\tmatter\tto\tthose\twho\tgo\tthrough\tthem.\nThe\tdata\tsuggest\tthat\talthough\tsuch\tcourses\tdo\tnot\tchange\tanyone\novernight,\tas\tchildren\tadvance\tthrough\tthe\tcurriculum\tfrom\tgrade\tto\ngrade,\tthere\tare\tdiscernible\timprovements\tin\tthe\ttone\tof\ta\tschool\tand\nthe\toutlook\u2014and\tlevel\tof\temotional\tcompetence\u2014of\tthe\tgirls\tand\nboys\twho\ttake\tthem.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dadf567bb6b3-1", "page_content": "boys\twho\ttake\tthem.\nThere\thave\tbeen\ta\thandful\tof\tobjective\tevaluations,\tthe\tbest\tof\nwhich\tcompare\tstudents\tin\tthese\tcourses\twith\tequivalent\tstudents\tnot\ntaking\tthem,\twith\tindependent\tobservers\trating\tthe\tchildren\u2019s\nbehavior.\tAnother\tmethod\tis\tto\ttrack\tchanges\tin\tthe\tsame\tstudents\nbefore\tand\tafter\tthe\tcourses\tbased\ton\tobjective\tmeasures\tof\ttheir\nbehavior,\tsuch\tas\tthe\tnumber\tof\tschoolyard\tfights\tor\tsuspensions.\nPooling\tsuch\tassessments\treveals\ta\twidespread\tbenefit\tfor\tchildren\u2019s\nemotional\tand\tsocial\tcompetence,\tfor\ttheir\tbehavior\tin\tand\tout\tof\tthe\nclassroom,\tand\tfor\ttheir\tability\tto\tlearn\t(see\t\nAppendix\tF\n\tfor\tdetails):\nE\nMOTIONAL\tSELF-AWARENESS\n\u2022\tImprovement\tin\trecognizing\tand\tnaming\town\temotions\n\u2022\tBetter\table\tto\tunderstand\tthe\tcauses\tof\tfeelings\n\u2022\tRecognizing\tthe\tdifference\tbetween\tfeelings\tand\tactions\nM\nANAGING\tEMOTIONS\n\u2022\tBetter\tfrustration\ttolerance\tand\tanger\tmanagement", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9c61b458d187-0", "page_content": "\u2022\tFewer\tverbal\tput-downs,\tfights,\tand\tclassroom\tdisruptions\n\u2022\tBetter\table\tto\texpress\tanger\tappropriately,\twithout\tfighting\n\u2022\tFewer\tsuspensions\tand\texpulsions\n\u2022\tLess\taggressive\tor\tself-destructive\tbehavior\n\u2022\tMore\tpositive\tfeelings\tabout\tself,\tschool,\tand\tfamily\n\u2022\tBetter\tat\thandling\tstress\n\u2022\tLess\tloneliness\tand\tsocial\tanxiety\nH\nARNESSING\tEMOTIONS\tPRODUCTIVELY\n\u2022\tMore\tresponsible\n\u2022\tBetter\table\tto\tfocus\ton\tthe\ttask\tat\thand\tand\tpay\tattention\n\u2022\tLess\timpulsive;\tmore\tself-control\n\u2022\tImproved\tscores\ton\tachievement\ttests\nE\nMPATHY:\tREADING\tEMOTIONS\n\u2022\tBetter\table\tto\ttake\tanother\tperson\u2019s\tperspective\n\u2022\tImproved\tempathy\tand\tsensitivity\tto\tothers\u2019\tfeelings\n\u2022\tBetter\tat\tlistening\tto\tothers\nH\nANDLING\tRELATIONSHIPS\n\u2022\tIncreased\tability\tto\tanalyze\tand\tunderstand\trelationships\n\u2022\tBetter\tat\tresolving\tconflicts\tand\tnegotiating\tdisagreements\n\u2022\tBetter\tat\tsolving\tproblems\tin\trelationships\n\u2022\tMore\tassertive\tand\tskilled\tat\tcommunicating\n\u2022\tMore\tpopular\tand\toutgoing;\tfriendly\tand\tinvolved\twith\tpeers\n\u2022\tMore\tsought\tout\tby\tpeers\n\u2022\tMore\tconcerned\tand\tconsiderate\n\u2022\tMore\t\u201cpro-social\u201d\tand\tharmonious\tin\tgroups\n\u2022\tMore\tsharing,\tcooperation,\tand\thelpfulness\n\u2022\tMore\tdemocratic\tin\tdealing\twith\tothers\nOne\titem\ton\tthis\tlist\tdemands\tspecial\tattention:\temotional\tliteracy", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9c61b458d187-1", "page_content": "One\titem\ton\tthis\tlist\tdemands\tspecial\tattention:\temotional\tliteracy\nprograms\timprove\tchildren\u2019s\t\nacademic\n\tachievement\tscores\tand\tschool", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f3ef09469407-0", "page_content": "performance.\tThis\tis\tnot\tan\tisolated\tfinding;\tit\trecurs\tagain\tand\tagain\nin\tsuch\tstudies.\tIn\ta\ttime\twhen\ttoo\tmany\tchildren\tlack\tthe\tcapacity\tto\nhandle\ttheir\tupsets,\tto\tlisten\tor\tfocus,\tto\trein\tin\timpulse,\tto\tfeel\nresponsible\tfor\ttheir\twork\tor\tcare\tabout\tlearning,\tanything\tthat\twill\nbuttress\tthese\tskills\twill\thelp\tin\ttheir\teducation.\tIn\tthis\tsense,\nemotional\tliteracy\tenhances\tschools\u2019\tability\tto\tteach.\tEven\tin\ta\ttime\tof\nback-to-basics\tand\tbudget\tcuts,\tthere\tis\tan\targument\tto\tbe\tmade\tthat\nthese\tprograms\thelp\treverse\ta\ttide\tof\teducational\tdecline\tand\nstrengthen\tschools\tin\taccomplishing\ttheir\tmain\tmission,\tand\tso\tare\nwell\tworth\tthe\tinvestment.\nBeyond\tthese\teducational\tadvantages,\tthe\tcourses\tseem\tto\thelp\nchildren\tbetter\tfulfill\ttheir\troles\tin\tlife,\tbecoming\tbetter\tfriends,\nstudents,\tsons\tand\tdaughters\u2014and\tin\tthe\tfuture\tare\tmore\tlikely\tto\tbe\nbetter\thusbands\tand\twives,\tworkers\tand\tbosses,\tparents,\tand\tcitizens.\nWhile\tnot\tevery\tboy\tand\tgirl\twill\tacquire\tthese\tskills\twith\tequal\nsureness,\tto\tthe\tdegree\tthey\tdo\twe\tare\tall\tthe\tbetter\tfor\tit.\t\u201cA\trising\ntide\tlifts\tall\tboats,\u201d\tas\tTim\tShriver\tput\tit.\t\u201cIt\u2019s\tnot\tjust\tthe\tkids\twith\nproblems,\tbut\tall\tkids\twho\tcan\tbenefit\tfrom\tthese\tskills;\tthese\tare\tan\ninoculation\tfor\tlife.\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f3ef09469407-1", "page_content": "inoculation\tfor\tlife.\u201d\nCHARACTER,\tMORALITY,\tAMD\tTHE\tARTS\tOf\tDEMOCRACY\nThere\tis\tan\told-fashioned\tword\tfor\tthe\tbody\tof\tskills\tthat\temotional\nintelligence\trepresents:\t\ncharacter\n.\tCharacter,\twrites\tAmitai\tEtzioni,\tthe\nGeorge\tWashington\tUniversity\tsocial\ttheorist,\tis\t\u201cthe\tpsychological\nmuscle\tthat\tmoral\tconduct\trequires.\u201d\n14\n\tAnd\tphilosopher\tJohn\tDewey\nsaw\tthat\ta\tmoral\teducation\tis\tmost\tpotent\twhen\tlessons\tare\ttaught\tto\nchildren\tin\tthe\tcourse\tof\treal\tevents,\tnot\tjust\tas\tabstract\tlessons\u2014the\nmode\tof\temotional\tliteracy.\n15\nIf\tcharacter\tdevelopment\tis\ta\tfoundation\tof\tdemocratic\tsocieties,\nconsider\tsome\tof\tthe\tways\temotional\tintelligence\tbuttresses\tthis\nfoundation.\tThe\tbedrock\tof\tcharacter\tis\tself-discipline;\tthe\tvirtuous\nlife,\tas\tphilosophers\tsince\tAristotle\thave\tobserved,\tis\tbased\ton\tself-\ncontrol.\tA\trelated\tkeystone\tof\tcharacter\tis\tbeing\table\tto\tmotivate\tand\nguide\toneself,\twhether\tin\tdoing\thomework,\tfinishing\ta\tjob,\tor\tgetting\nup\tin\tthe\tmorning.\tAnd,\tas\twe\thave\tseen,\tthe\tability\tto\tdefer\ngratification\tand\tto\tcontrol\tand\tchannel\tone\u2019s\turges\tto\tact\tis\ta\tbasic\nemotional\tskill,\tone\tthat\tin\ta\tformer\tday\twas\tcalled\twill.\t\u201cWe\tneed\tto\nbe\tin\tcontrol\tof\tourselves\u2014our\tappetites,\tour\tpassions\u2014to\tdo\tright\tby", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d4e88793d05b-0", "page_content": "others,\u201d\tnotes\tThomas\tLickona,\twriting\tabout\tcharacter\teducation.\n16\n\u201cIt\ttakes\twill\tto\tkeep\temotion\tunder\tthe\tcontrol\tof\treason.\u201d\nBeing\table\tto\tput\taside\tone\u2019s\tself-centered\tfocus\tand\timpulses\thas\nsocial\tbenefits:\tit\topens\tthe\tway\tto\tempathy,\tto\treal\tlistening,\tto\ntaking\tanother\tperson\u2019s\tperspective.\tEmpathy,\tas\twe\thave\tseen,\tleads\nto\tcaring,\taltruism,\tand\tcompassion.\tSeeing\tthings\tfrom\tanother\u2019s\nperspective\tbreaks\tdown\tbiased\tstereotypes,\tand\tso\tbreeds\ttolerance\nand\tacceptance\tof\tdifferences.\tThese\tcapacities\tare\tever\tmore\tcalled\non\tin\tour\tincreasingly\tpluralistic\tsociety,\tallowing\tpeople\tto\tlive\ntogether\tin\tmutual\trespect\tand\tcreating\tthe\tpossibility\tof\tproductive\npublic\tdiscourse.\tThese\tare\tbasic\tarts\tof\tdemocracy.\n17\nSchools,\tnotes\tEtzioni,\thave\ta\tcentral\trole\tin\tcultivating\tcharacter\nby\t\ninculcating\tself-discipline\tand\tempathy,\twhich\tin\tturn\tenable\ttrue\ncommitment\tto\tcivic\tand\tmoral\tvalues.\n18\n\tIn\tdoing\tso,\tit\tis\tnot\tenough\nto\tlecture\tchildren\tabout\tvalues:\tthey\tneed\tto\tpractice\tthem,\twhich\nhappens\tas\tchildren\tbuild\tthe\tessential\temotional\tand\tsocial\tskills.\tIn\nthis\tsense,\temotional\tliteracy\tgoes\thand\tin\thand\twith\teducation\tfor\ncharacter,\tfor\tmoral\tdevelopment,\tand\tfor\tcitizenship.\nA\tLAST\tWORD", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d4e88793d05b-1", "page_content": "A\tLAST\tWORD\nAs\tI\tcomplete\tthis\tbook\tsome\ttroubling\tnewspaper\titems\tcatch\tmy\neye.\tOne\tannounces\tthat\tguns\thave\tbecome\tthe\tnumber-one\tcause\tof\ndeath\tin\tAmerica,\tedging\tout\tauto\taccidents.\tThe\tsecond\tsays\tthat\tlast\nyear\tmurder\trates\trose\tby\t3\tpercent.\n19\n\tParticularly\tdisturbing\tis\tthe\nprediction\tin\tthat\tsecond\tarticle,\tby\ta\tcriminologist,\tthat\twe\tare\tin\ta\nlull\tbefore\ta\t\u201ccrime\tstorm\u201d\tto\tcome\tin\tthe\tnext\tdecade.\tThe\treason\the\ngives\tis\tthat\tmurders\tby\tteenagers\tas\tyoung\tas\tfourteen\tand\tfifteen\tare\non\tthe\trise,\tand\tthat\tage\tgroup\trepresents\tthe\tcrest\tof\ta\tmini\tbaby\nboom.\tIn\tthe\tnext\tdecade\tthis\tgroup\twill\tbecome\teighteen-\tto\ttwenty-\nfour-year-olds,\tthe\tage\tat\twhich\tviolent\tcrimes\tpeak\tin\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\ncriminal\tcareer.\tThe\tharbingers\tare\ton\tthe\thorizon:\tA\tthird\tarticle\tsays\nthat\tin\tthe\tfour\tyears\tbetween\t1988\tand\t1992\tJustice\tDepartment\nfigures\tshow\ta\t68\tpercent\tjump\tin\tthe\tnumber\tof\tjuveniles\tcharged\nwith\tmurder,\taggravated\tassault,\trobbery,\tand\tforcible\trape,\twith\naggravated\tassault\talone\tup\t80\tpercent.\n20\nThese\tteenagers\tare\tthe\tfirst\tgeneration\tto\thave\tnot\tjust\tguns\tbut\nautomatic\tweaponry\teasily\tavailable\tto\tthem,\tjust\tas\ttheir\tparents\u2019", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d4e88793d05b-2", "page_content": "generation\twas\tthe\tfirst\tto\thave\twide\taccess\tto\tdrugs.\tThe\ttoting\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ea2f27f568aa-0", "page_content": "guns\tby\tteenagers\tmeans\tthat\tdisagreements\tthat\tin\ta\tformer\tday\nwould\thave\tled\tto\tfistfights\tcan\treadily\tlead\tto\tshootings\tinstead.\tAnd,\nas\tanother\texpert\tpoints\tout,\tthese\tteenagers\t\u201cjust\taren\u2019t\tvery\tgood\tat\navoiding\tdisputes.\u201d\nOne\treason\tthey\tare\tso\tpoor\tat\tthis\tbasic\tlife\tskill,\tof\tcourse,\tis\tthat\nas\ta\tsociety\twe\thave\tnot\tbothered\tto\tmake\tsure\tevery\tchild\tis\ttaught\nthe\tessentials\tof\thandling\tanger\tor\tresolving\tconflicts\tpositively\u2014nor\nhave\twe\tbothered\tto\tteach\tempathy,\timpulse\tcontrol,\tor\tany\tof\tthe\nother\tfundamentals\tof\temotional\tcompetence.\tBy\tleaving\tthe\nemotional\tlessons\tchildren\tlearn\tto\tchance,\twe\trisk\tlargely\twasting\nthe\twindow\tof\topportunity\tpresented\tby\tthe\tslow\tmaturation\tof\tthe\nbrain\tto\thelp\tchildren\tcultivate\ta\thealthy\temotional\trepertoire.\nDespite\thigh\tinterest\tin\temotional\tliteracy\tamong\tsome\teducators,\nthese\t\ncourses\tare\tas\tyet\trare;\tmost\tteachers,\tprincipals,\tand\tparents\nsimply\tdo\tnot\tknow\tthey\texist.\tThe\tbest\tmodels\tare\tlargely\toutside\tthe\neducation\tmainstream,\tin\ta\thandful\tof\tprivate\tschools\tand\ta\tfew\nhundred\tpublic\tschools.\tOf\tcourse\tno\tprogram,\tincluding\tthis\tone,\tis\nan\tanswer\tto\tevery\tproblem.\tBut\tgiven\tthe\tcrises\twe\tfind\tourselves", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ea2f27f568aa-1", "page_content": "and\tour\tchildren\tfacing,\tand\tgiven\tthe\tquantum\tof\thope\theld\tout\tby\ncourses\tin\temotional\tliteracy,\twe\tmust\task\tourselves:\tShouldn\u2019t\twe\tbe\nteaching\tthese\tmost\tessential\tskills\tfor\tlife\tto\tevery\tchild\u2014now\tmore\nthan\tever?\nAnd\tif\tnot\tnow,\twhen?\n*\n\tFor\tmore\tinformation\ton\temotional\tliteracy\tcourses:\tThe\tCollaborative\tfor\tthe\tAdvancement\nof\tSocial\tand\tEmotional\tLearning\t(CASEL,\tDepartment\tof\tPsychology\t(M/C\t285),\tUniversity\nof\tIllinois\tat\tChicago,\t1007\tWest\tHarrison\tSt.,\tChicago,\tIL\t60606-7137.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a62d60c544d3-0", "page_content": "APPENDIX\tA\nWhat\tIs\tEmotion?\nA\tword\tabout\twhat\tI\trefer\tto\tunder\tthe\trubric\t\nemotion\n,\ta\tterm\twhose\nprecise\tmeaning\tpsychologists\tand\tphilosophers\thave\tquibbled\tover\nfor\tmore\tthan\ta\tcentury.\tIn\tits\tmost\tliteral\tsense,\tthe\t\nOxford\tEnglish\nDictionary\n\tdefines\t\nemotion\n\tas\t\u201cany\tagitation\tor\tdisturbance\tof\tmind,\nfeeling,\tpassion;\tany\tvehement\tor\texcited\tmental\tstate.\u201d\tI\ttake\t\nemotion\nto\trefer\tto\ta\tfeeling\tand\tits\tdistinctive\tthoughts,\tpsychological\tand\nbiological\tstates,\tand\trange\tof\tpropensities\tto\tact.\tThere\tare\thundreds\nof\temotions,\talong\twith\ttheir\tblends,\tvariations,\tmutations,\tand\nnuances.\tIndeed,\tthere\tare\tmany\tmore\tsubtleties\tof\temotion\tthan\twe\nhave\twords\tfor.\nResearchers\tcontinue\tto\targue\tover\tprecisely\twhich\temotions\tcan\tbe\nconsidered\tprimary\u2014the\tblue,\tred,\tand\tyellow\tof\tfeeling\tfrom\twhich\nall\tblends\tcome\u2014or\teven\tif\tthere\tare\tsuch\tprimary\temotions\tat\tall.\nSome\ttheorists\tpropose\tbasic\tfamilies,\tthough\tnot\tall\tagree\ton\tthem.\nThe\tmain\tcandidates\tand\tsome\tof\tthe\tmembers\tof\ttheir\tfamilies:\n\u2022\t\nAnger:\n\tfury,\toutrage,\tresentment,\twrath,\texasperation,\tindignation,\nvexation,\tacrimony,\tanimosity,\tannoyance,\tirritability,\thostility,\tand,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a62d60c544d3-1", "page_content": "perhaps\tat\tthe\textreme,\tpathological\thatred\tand\tviolence\n\u2022\t\nSadness:\n\tgrief,\tsorrow,\tcheerlessness,\tgloom,\tmelancholy,\tself-pity,\nloneliness,\tdejection,\tdespair,\tand,\twhen\tpathological,\tsevere\ndepression\n\u2022\t\nFear:\n\tanxiety,\tapprehension,\tnervousness,\tconcern,\tconsternation,\nmisgiving,\twariness,\tqualm,\tedginess,\tdread,\tfright,\tterror;\tas\ta\npsychopathology,\tphobia\tand\tpanic\n\u2022\t\nEnjoyment:\n\thappiness,\tjoy,\trelief,\tcontentment,\tbliss,\tdelight,\namusement,\tpride,\tsensual\tpleasure,\tthrill,\trapture,\tgratification,\nsatisfaction,\teuphoria,\twhimsy,\tecstasy,\tand\tat\tthe\tfar\tedge,\tmania\n\u2022\t\nLove:\n\tacceptance,\tfriendliness,\ttrust,\tkindness,\taffinity,\tdevotion,\nadoration,\tinfatuation,\t\nagape\n\u2022\t\nSurprise:\n\tshock,\tastonishment,\tamazement,\twonder\n\u2022\t\nDisgust:\n\tcontempt,\tdisdain,\tscorn,\tabhorrence,\taversion,\tdistaste,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dd3c54cc2536-0", "page_content": "revulsion\n\u2022\t\nShame:\n\tguilt,\tembarrassment,\tchagrin,\tremorse,\thumiliation,\nregret,\tmortification,\tand\tcontrition\nTo\tbe\tsure,\tthis\tlist\tdoes\tnot\tresolve\tevery\tquestion\tabout\thow\tto\ncategorize\temotion.\tFor\texample,\twhat\tabout\tblends\tsuch\tas\tjealousy,\na\tvariant\tof\tanger\tthat\talso\tmelds\tsadness\tand\tfear?\tAnd\twhat\tof\tthe\nvirtues,\tsuch\tas\thope\tand\tfaith,\tcourage\tand\tforgiveness,\tcertainty\tand\nequanimity?\tOr\tsome\tof\tthe\tclassic\tvices,\tfeelings\tsuch\tas\tdoubt,\ncomplacency,\tsloth,\tand\ttorpor\u2014or\tboredom?\tThere\tare\tno\tclear\nanswers;\tthe\tscientific\tdebate\ton\thow\tto\tclassify\temotions\tcontinues.\nThe\targument\tfor\tthere\tbeing\ta\thandful\tof\tcore\temotions\thinges\tto\nsome\textent\ton\tthe\tdiscovery\tby\tPaul\tEkman,\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\nCalifornia\tat\tSan\tFrancisco,\tthat\tspecific\tfacial\texpressions\tfor\tfour\tof\nthem\t(fear,\tanger,\tsadness,\tenjoyment)\tare\trecognized\tby\tpeople\tin\ncultures\taround\tthe\tworld,\tincluding\tpreliterate\tpeoples\tpresumably\nuntainted\tby\texposure\tto\tcinema\tor\ttelevision\u2014suggesting\ttheir\nuniversality.\tEkman\tshowed\tfacial\tphotos\tportraying\texpressions\twith\ntechnical\tprecision\tto\tpeople\tin\tcultures\tas\tremote\tas\tthe\tFore\tof\tNew\nGuinea,\tan\tisolated\tStone\tAge\ttribe\tin\tthe\tremote\thighlands,\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dd3c54cc2536-1", "page_content": "found\tpeople\teverywhere\trecognized\tthe\tsame\tbasic\temotions.\tThis\nuniversality\tof\tfacial\texpressions\tfor\temotion\twas\tprobably\tfirst\tnoted\nby\tDarwin,\twho\tsaw\tit\tas\tevidence\tthe\tforces\tof\tevolution\thad\nstamped\tthese\tsignals\tin\tour\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem.\nIn\tseeking\tbasic\tprinciples,\tI\tfollow\tEkman\tand\tothers\tin\tthinking\tof\nemotions\tin\tterms\tof\tfamilies\tor\tdimensions,\ttaking\tthe\tmain\tfamilies\n\u2014anger,\tsadness,\tfear,\tenjoyment,\tlove,\tshame,\tand\tso\ton\u2014as\tcases\tin\npoint\tfor\tthe\tendless\tnuances\tof\tour\temotional\tlife.\tEach\tof\tthese\nfamilies\thas\ta\tbasic\temotional\tnucleus\tat\tits\tcore,\twith\tits\trelatives\nrippling\tout\tfrom\tthere\tin\tcountless\tmutations.\tIn\tthe\touter\tripples\tare\nmoods\n,\twhich,\ttechnically\tspeaking,\tare\tmore\tmuted\tand\tlast\tfar\nlonger\tthan\tan\temotion\t(while\tit\u2019s\trelatively\trare\tto\tbe\tin\tthe\tfull\theat\nof\tanger\tall\tday,\tfor\texample,\tit\tis\tnot\tthat\trare\tto\tbe\tin\ta\tgrumpy,\nirritable\tmood,\tin\twhich\tshorter\tbouts\tof\tanger\tare\teasily\ttriggered).\nBeyond\tmoods\tare\t\ntemperaments\n,\tthe\treadiness\tto\tevoke\ta\tgiven\nemotion\tor\tmood\tthat\tmakes\tpeople\tmelancholy,\ttimid,\tor\tcheery.\nAnd\tstill\tbeyond\tsuch\temotional\tdispositions\tare\tthe\toutright\t\ndisorders\nof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dd3c54cc2536-2", "page_content": "disorders\nof\n\temotion\tsuch\tas\tclinical\tdepression\tor\tunremitting\tanxiety,\tin\nwhich\tsomeone\tfeels\tperpetually\ttrapped\tin\ta\ttoxic\tstate.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b9fb570bcffb-0", "page_content": "APPENDIX\tB\nHallmarks\tof\tthe\tEmotional\tMind\nOnly\tin\trecent\tyears\thas\tthere\temerged\ta\tscientific\tmodel\tof\tthe\nemotional\tmind\tthat\texplains\thow\tso\tmuch\tof\twhat\twe\tdo\tcan\tbe\nemotionally\tdriven\u2014how\twe\tcan\tbe\tso\treasonable\tat\tone\tmoment\tand\nso\tirrational\tthe\tnext\u2014and\tthe\tsense\tin\twhich\temotions\thave\ttheir\nown\treasons\tand\ttheir\town\tlogic.\tPerhaps\tthe\ttwo\tbest\tassessments\tof\nthe\temotional\tmind\tare\toffered\tindependently\tby\tPaul\tEkman,\thead\tof\nthe\tHuman\tInteraction\tLaboratory\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia,\tSan\nFrancisco,\tand\tby\tSeymour\tEpstein,\ta\tclinical\tpsychologist\tat\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tMassachusetts.\n1\n\tWhile\tEkman\tand\tEpstein\thave\teach\nweighed\tdifferent\tscientific\tevidence,\ttogether\tthey\toffer\ta\tbasic\tlist\tof\nthe\tqualities\tthat\tdistinguish\temotions\tfrom\tthe\trest\tof\tmental\tlife.\n2\nA\tQuick\tbut\tSloppy\tResponse\nThe\temotional\tmind\tis\tfar\tquicker\tthan\tthe\trational\tmind,\tspringing\ninto\taction\twithout\tpausing\teven\ta\tmoment\tto\tconsider\twhat\tit\tis\ndoing.\tIts\tquickness\tprecludes\tthe\tdeliberate,\tanalytic\treflection\tthat\tis\nthe\thallmark\tof\tthe\tthinking\tmind.\tIn\tevolution\tthis\tquickness\tmost\nlikely\trevolved\taround\tthat\tmost\tbasic\tdecision,\twhat\tto\tpay\tattention\nto,\tand,\tonce\tvigilant\twhile,\tsay,\tconfronting\tanother\tanimal,\tmaking", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b9fb570bcffb-1", "page_content": "split-second\tdecisions\tlike,\tDo\tI\teat\tthis,\tor\tdoes\tit\teat\tme?\tThose\norganisms\tthat\thad\tto\tpause\ttoo\tlong\tto\treflect\ton\tthese\tanswers\twere\nunlikely\tto\thave\tmany\tprogeny\tto\tpass\ton\ttheir\tslower-acting\tgenes.\nActions\tthat\tspring\tfrom\tthe\temotional\tmind\tcarry\ta\tparticularly\nstrong\tsense\tof\tcertainty,\ta\tby-product\tof\ta\tstreamlined,\tsimplified\nway\tof\tlooking\tat\tthings\tthat\tcan\tbe\tabsolutely\tbewildering\tto\tthe\nrational\tmind.\tWhen\tthe\tdust\tsettles,\tor\teven\tin\tmid-response,\twe\tfind\nourselves\tthinking,\t\u201cWhat\tdid\tI\tdo\t\nthat\tfor?\u201d\u2014a\tsign\tthat\tthe\trational\nmind\tis\tawakening\tto\tthe\tmoment,\tbut\tnot\twith\tthe\trapidity\tof\tthe\nemotional\tmind.\nSince\tthe\tinterval\tbetween\twhat\ttriggers\tan\temotion\tand\tits\neruption\tcan\tbe\tvirtually\tinstantaneous,\tthe\tmechanism\tthat\tappraises", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f7c4dae4f17c-0", "page_content": "perception\tmust\tbe\tcapable\tof\tgreat\tspeed,\teven\tin\tbrain\ttime,\twhich\nis\treckoned\tin\tthousandths\tof\ta\tsecond.\tThis\tappraisal\tof\tthe\tneed\tto\nact\tneeds\tto\tbe\tautomatic,\tso\trapid\tthat\tit\tnever\tenters\tconscious\nawareness.\n3\n\tThis\tquick-and-dirty\tvariety\tof\temotional\tresponse\tsweeps\nover\tus\tvirtually\tbefore\twe\tquite\tknow\twhat\tis\thappening.\nThis\trapid\tmode\tof\tperception\tsacrifices\taccuracy\tfor\tspeed,\trelying\non\tfirst\timpressions,\treacting\tto\tthe\toverall\tpicture\tor\tthe\tmost\nstriking\taspects.\tIt\ttakes\tthings\tin\tat\tonce,\tas\ta\twhole,\treacting\nwithout\ttaking\tthe\ttime\tfor\tthoughtful\tanalysis.\tVivid\telements\tcan\ndetermine\tthat\timpression,\toutweighing\ta\tcareful\tevaluation\tof\tthe\ndetails.\tThe\tgreat\tadvantage\tis\tthat\tthe\temotional\tmind\tcan\tread\tan\nemotional\treality\t(he\u2019s\tangry\twith\tme;\tshe\u2019s\tlying;\tthis\tis\tmaking\thim\nsad)\tin\tan\tinstant,\tmaking\tthe\tintuitive\tsnap\tjudgments\tthat\ttell\tus\nwho\tto\tbe\twary\tof,\twho\tto\ttrust,\twho\u2019s\tin\tdistress.\tThe\temotional\nmind\tis\tour\tradar\tfor\tdanger;\tif\twe\t(or\tour\tforebears\tin\tevolution)\nwaited\tfor\tthe\trational\tmind\tto\tmake\tsome\tof\tthese\tjudgments,\twe\nmight\tnot\tonly\tbe\twrong\u2014we\tmight\tbe\tdead.\tThe\tdrawback\tis\tthat\nthese\timpressions\tand\tintuitive\tjudgments,\tbecause\tthey\tare\tmade\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f7c4dae4f17c-1", "page_content": "these\timpressions\tand\tintuitive\tjudgments,\tbecause\tthey\tare\tmade\tin\nthe\tsnap\tof\ta\tfinger,\tmay\tbe\tmistaken\tor\tmisguided.\nPaul\tEkman\tproposes\tthat\tthis\tquickness,\tin\twhich\temotions\tcan\novertake\tus\tbefore\twe\tare\tquite\taware\tthey\thave\tstarted,\tis\tessential\nto\ttheir\tbeing\tso\thighly\tadaptive:\tthey\tmobilize\tus\tto\trespond\tto\nurgent\tevents\twithout\twasting\ttime\tpondering\twhether\tto\treact\tor\nhow\tto\trespond.\tUsing\tthe\tsystem\the\tdeveloped\tfor\tdetecting\nemotions\tfrom\tsubtle\tchanges\tin\tfacial\texpression,\tEkman\tcan\ttrack\nmicroemotions\tthat\tflit\tacross\tthe\tface\tin\tless\tthan\ta\thalf\tsecond.\nEkman\tand\this\tcollaborators\thave\tdiscovered\tthat\temotional\nexpressions\tbegin\tto\tshow\tup\tin\tchanges\tin\tfacial\tmusculature\twithin\na\tfew\tthousandths\tof\ta\tsecond\tafter\tthe\tevent\tthat\ttriggers\tthe\nreaction,\tand\tthat\tthe\tphysiological\tchanges\ttypical\tof\ta\tgiven\nemotion\u2014like\tshunting\tblood\tflow\tand\tincreasing\theart\trate\u2014also\ntake\tonly\tfractions\tof\ta\tsecond\tto\tbegin.\tThis\tswiftness\tis\tparticularly\ntrue\tof\tintense\temotion,\tlike\tfear\tof\ta\tsudden\tthreat.\nEkman\targues\tthat,\ttechnically\tspeaking,\tthe\tfull\theat\tof\temotion\tis\nvery\tbrief,\tlasting\tjust\tseconds\trather\tthan\tminutes,\thours,\tor\tdays.\nHis\treasoning\tis\tthat\tit\twould\tbe\tmaladaptive\tfor\tan\temotion\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "f7c4dae4f17c-2", "page_content": "His\treasoning\tis\tthat\tit\twould\tbe\tmaladaptive\tfor\tan\temotion\tto\ncapture\tthe\tbrain\tand\tbody\tfor\ta\tlong\ttime\tregardless\tof\tchanging\ncircumstance.\tIf\tthe\temotions\t\ncaused\tby\ta\tsingle\tevent\tinvariably\ncontinued\tto\tdominate\tus\tafter\tit\thad\tpassed,\tand\tregardless\tof\twhat\nelse\twas\thappening\taround\tus,\tthen\tour\tfeelings\twould\tbe\tpoor\tguides", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "430919bb3c63-0", "page_content": "to\taction.\tFor\temotions\tto\tlast\tlonger\tthe\ttrigger\tmust\tbe\tsustained,\tin\neffect\tcontinually\tevoking\tthe\temotion,\tas\twhen\tthe\tloss\tof\ta\tloved\none\tkeeps\tus\tmourning.\tWhen\tfeelings\tpersist\tfor\thours,\tit\tis\tusually\nas\tmoods,\ta\tmuted\tform.\tMoods\tset\tan\taffective\ttone,\tbut\tthey\tare\tnot\nsuch\tstrong\tshapers\tof\thow\twe\tperceive\tand\tact\tas\tis\tthe\thigh\theat\tof\nfull\temotion.\nFirst\tFeelings,\tSecond\tThoughts\nBecause\tit\ttakes\tthe\trational\tmind\ta\tmoment\tor\ttwo\tlonger\tto\nregister\tand\trespond\tthan\tit\tdoes\tthe\temotional\tmind,\tthe\t\u201cfirst\nimpulse\u201d\tin\tan\temotional\tsituation\tis\tthe\theart\u2019s,\tnot\tthe\thead\u2019s.\tThere\nis\talso\ta\tsecond\tkind\tof\temotional\treaction,\tslower\tthan\tthe\tquick-\nresponse,\twhich\tsimmers\tand\tbrews\tfirst\tin\tour\tthoughts\tbefore\tit\nleads\tto\tfeeling.\tThis\tsecond\tpathway\tto\ttriggering\temotions\tis\tmore\ndeliberate,\tand\twe\tare\ttypically\tquite\taware\tof\tthe\tthoughts\tthat\tlead\nto\tit.\tIn\tthis\tkind\tof\temotional\treaction\tthere\tis\ta\tmore\textended\nappraisal;\tour\tthoughts\u2014cognition\u2014play\tthe\tkey\trole\tin\tdetermining\nwhat\temotions\twill\tbe\troused.\tOnce\twe\tmake\tan\tappraisal\u2014\u201cthat\ttaxi\ndriver\tis\tcheating\tme\u201d\tor\t\u201cthis\tbaby\tis\tadorable,\u201d\ta\tfitting\temotional\nresponse\tfollows.\tIn\tthis\tslower\tsequence,\tmore\tfully\tarticulated", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "430919bb3c63-1", "page_content": "response\tfollows.\tIn\tthis\tslower\tsequence,\tmore\tfully\tarticulated\nthought\tprecedes\tfeeling.\tMore\tcomplicated\temotions,\tlike\nembarrassment\tor\tapprehension\tover\tan\tupcoming\texam,\tfollow\tthis\nslower\troute,\ttaking\tseconds\tor\tminutes\tto\tunfold\u2014these\tare\temotions\nthat\tfollow\tfrom\tthoughts.\nBy\tcontrast,\tin\tthe\tfast-response\tsequence\tfeeling\tseems\tto\tprecede\nor\tbe\tsimultaneous\twith\tthought.\tThis\trapid-fire\temotional\treaction\ntakes\tover\tin\tsituations\tthat\thave\tthe\turgency\tof\tprimal\tsurvival.\tThis\nis\tthe\tpower\tof\tsuch\trapid\tdecisions:\tthey\tmobilize\tus\tin\tan\tinstant\tto\nrise\tto\tan\temergency.\tOur\tmost\tintense\tfeelings\tare\tinvoluntary\nreactions;\twe\tcannot\tdecide\twhen\tthey\twill\terupt.\t\u201cLove,\u201d\twrote\nStendhal,\t\u201cis\tlike\ta\tfever\tthat\tcomes\tand\tgoes\tindependently\tof\tthe\nwill.\u201d\tNot\tjust\tlove,\tbut\tour\tangers\tand\tfears,\tas\twell,\tsweep\tover\tus,\nseeming\tto\thappen\ttous\trather\tthan\tbeing\tour\tchoice.\tFor\tthat\treason\nthey\tcan\toffer\tan\talibi:\t\u201cIt\tis\tthe\tfact\tthat\t\nwe\tcannot\tchoose\tthe\temotions\nwhich\twe\thave\n,\u201d\tnotes\tEkman,\tthat\tallows\tpeople\tto\texplain\taway\ttheir\nactions\tby\tsaying\tthey\twere\tin\tthe\tgrip\tof\temotion.\n4\nJust\tas\tthere\tare\tquick\tand\tslow\tpaths\tto\temotion\u2014one\tthrough", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "430919bb3c63-2", "page_content": "Just\tas\tthere\tare\tquick\tand\tslow\tpaths\tto\temotion\u2014one\tthrough\nimmediate\tperception\tand\tthe\tother\tthrough\treflective\tthought\u2014there\nare\talso\temotions\twhich\tcome\tbidden.\tOne\texample\tis\tintentionally", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "145794682729-0", "page_content": "manipulated\t\nfeeling,\tthe\tactors\u2019\tstock-in-trade,\tlike\tthe\ttears\tthat\ncome\twhen\tsad\tmemories\tare\tintentionally\tmilked\tfor\ttheir\teffect.\tBut\nactors\tare\tsimply\tmore\tskilled\tthan\tthe\trest\tof\tus\tat\tthe\tintentional\tuse\nof\tthe\tsecond\tpathway\tto\temotion,\tfeeling\tvia\tthinking.\tWhile\twe\ncannot\teasily\tchange\twhat\tspecific\temotions\ta\tcertain\tkind\tof\tthought\nwill\ttrigger,\twe\tvery\toften\tcan,\tand\tdo,\tchoose\twhat\tto\tthink\tabout.\nJust\tas\ta\tsexual\tfantasy\tcan\tlead\tto\tsexual\tfeelings,\tso\tcan\thappy\nmemories\tcheer\tus\tup,\tor\tmelancholy\tthoughts\tmake\tus\treflective.\nBut\tthe\trational\tmind\tusually\tdoes\tnot\tdecide\twhat\temotions\twe\n\u201cshould\u201d\thave.\tInstead,\tour\tfeelings\ttypically\tcome\tto\tus\tas\ta\tfait\naccompli.\tWhat\tthe\trational\tmind\tcan\tordinarily\tcontrol\tis\tthe\t\ncourse\nof\tthose\treactions.\tA\tfew\texceptions\taside,\twe\tdo\tnot\tdecide\t\nwhen\n\tto\nbe\tmad,\tsad,\tand\tso\ton.\nA\tSymbolic,\tChildlike\tReality\nThe\tlogic\tof\tthe\temotional\tmind\tis\t\nassociative;\n\tit\ttakes\telements\tthat\nsymbolize\ta\treality,\tor\ttrigger\ta\tmemory\tof\tit,\tto\tbe\tthe\tsame\tas\tthat\nreality.\tThat\tis\twhy\tsimiles,\tmetaphors,\tand\timages\tspeak\tdirectly\tto", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "145794682729-1", "page_content": "the\temotional\tmind,\tas\tdo\tthe\tarts\u2014novels,\tfilm,\tpoetry,\tsong,\ntheater,\topera.\tGreat\tspiritual\tteachers,\tlike\tBuddha\tand\tJesus,\thave\ntouched\ttheir\tdisciples\u2019\thearts\tby\tspeaking\tin\tthe\tlanguage\tof\temotion,\nteaching\tin\tparables,\tfables,\tand\tstories.\tIndeed,\treligious\tsymbol\tand\nritual\tmakes\tlittle\tsense\tfrom\tthe\trational\tpoint\tof\tview;\tit\tis\tcouched\nin\tthe\tvernacular\tof\tthe\theart.\nThis\tlogic\tof\tthe\theart\u2014of\tthe\temotional\tmind\u2014is\twell-described\nby\tFreud\tin\this\tconcept\tof\t\u201cprimary\tprocess\u201d\tthought;\tit\tis\tthe\tlogic\tof\nreligion\tand\tpoetry,\tpsychosis\tand\tchildren,\tdream\tand\tmyth\t(as\nJoseph\tCampbell\tput\tit,\t\u201cDreams\tare\tprivate\tmyths;\tmyths\tare\tshared\ndreams\u201d).\tThe\tprimary\tprocess\tis\tthe\tkey\tthat\tunlocks\tthe\tmeanings\tof\nworks\tlike\tJames\tJoyce\u2019s\t\nUlysses:\n\tIn\tprimary\tprocess\tthought,\tloose\nassociations\tdetermine\tthe\tflow\tof\ta\tnarrative;\tone\tobject\tsymbolizes\nanother;\tone\tfeeling\tdisplaces\tanother\tand\tstands\tfor\tit;\twholes\tare\ncondensed\tinto\tparts.\tThere\tis\tno\ttime,\tno\tlaws\tof\tcause-and-effect.\nIndeed,\tthere\tis\tno\tsuch\tthing\tas\t\u201cNo\u201d\tin\tthe\tprimary\tprocess;\nanything\tis\tpossible.\tThe\tpsychoanalytic\tmethod\tis\tin\tpart\tthe\tart\tof\ndeciphering\tand\tunraveling\tthese\tsubstitutions\tin\tmeaning.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "145794682729-2", "page_content": "deciphering\tand\tunraveling\tthese\tsubstitutions\tin\tmeaning.\nIf\tthe\temotional\tmind\tfollows\tthis\tlogic\tand\tits\trules,\twith\tone\nelement\tstanding\tfor\tanother,\tthings\tneed\tnot\tnecessarily\tbe\tdefined\nby\ttheir\tobjective\tidentity:\twhat\tmatters\tis\thow\tthey\tare\t\nperceived;", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "44a5b2cc813e-0", "page_content": "things\tare\tas\tthey\tseem.\tWhat\tsomething\treminds\tus\tof\tcan\tbe\tfar\nmore\timportant\tthan\twhat\tit\t\u201cis.\u201d\tIndeed,\tin\temotional\tlife,\tidentities\ncan\tbe\tlike\ta\thologram\tin\tthe\tsense\tthat\ta\tsingle\tpart\tevokes\ta\twhole.\nAs\tSeymour\tEpstein\tpoints\tout,\twhile\tthe\trational\t\nmind\tmakes\tlogical\nconnections\tbetween\tcauses\tand\teffects,\tthe\temotional\tmind\tis\nindiscriminate,\tconnecting\tthings\tthat\tmerely\thave\tsimilar\tstriking\nfeatures.\n5\nThere\tare\tmany\tways\tin\twhich\tthe\temotional\tmind\tis\tchildlike,\tthe\nmore\tso\tthe\tstronger\tthe\temotion\tgrows.\tOne\tway\tis\t\ncategorical\nthinking,\twhere\teverything\tis\tin\tblack\tand\twhite,\twith\tno\tshades\tof\ngray;\tsomeone\twho\tis\tmortified\tabout\ta\tfaux\tpas\tmight\thave\tthe\nimmediate\tthought,\t\u201cI\t\nalways\n\tsay\tthe\twrong\tthing.\u201d\tAnother\tsign\tof\nthis\tchildlike\tmode\tis\t\npersonalized\n\tthinking,\twith\tevents\tperceived\nwith\ta\tbias\tcentering\ton\toneself,\tlike\tthe\tdriver\twho,\tafter\tan\naccident,\texplained\tthat\t\u201cthe\ttelephone\tpole\tcame\tstraight\tat\tme.\u201d\nThis\tchildlike\tmode\tis\t\nself-confirming\n,\tsuppressing\tor\tignoring\nmemories\tor\tfacts\tthat\twould\tundermine\tits\tbeliefs\tand\tseizing\ton\nthose\tthat\tsupport\tit.\tThe\tbeliefs\tof\tthe\trational\tmind\tare\ttentative;\nnew\tevidence\tcan\tdisconfirm\tone\tbelief\tand\treplace\tit\twith\ta\tnew\tone", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "44a5b2cc813e-1", "page_content": "\u2014it\treasons\tby\tobjective\tevidence.\tThe\temotional\tmind,\thowever,\ntakes\tits\tbeliefs\tto\tbe\tabsolutely\ttrue,\tand\tso\tdiscounts\tany\tevidence\tto\nthe\tcontrary.\tThat\tis\twhy\tit\tis\tso\thard\tto\treason\twith\tsomeone\twho\tis\nemotionally\tupset:\tno\tmatter\tthe\tsoundness\tof\tyour\targument\tfrom\ta\nlogical\tpoint\tof\tview,\tit\tcarries\tno\tweight\tif\tit\tis\tout\tof\tkeeping\twith\nthe\temotional\tconviction\tof\tthe\tmoment.\tFeelings\tare\tself-justifying,\nwith\ta\tset\tof\tperceptions\tand\t\u201cproofs\u201d\tall\ttheir\town.\nThe\tPast\tImposed\ton\tthe\tPresent\nWhen\tsome\tfeature\tof\tan\tevent\tseems\tsimilar\tto\tan\temotionally\ncharged\tmemory\tfrom\tthe\tpast,\tthe\temotional\tmind\tresponds\tby\ntriggering\tthe\tfeelings\tthat\twent\twith\tthe\tremembered\tevent.\tThe\nemotional\tmind\treacts\tto\tthe\tpresent\t\nas\tthough\tit\twere\tthe\tpast\n.\n6\n\tThe\ntrouble\tis\tthat,\tespecially\twhen\tthe\tappraisal\tis\tfast\tand\tautomatic,\twe\nmay\tnot\trealize\tthat\twhat\twas\tonce\tthe\tcase\tis\tno\tlonger\tso.\tSomeone\nwho\thas\tlearned,\tthrough\tpainful\tchildhood\tbeatings,\tto\treact\tto\tan\nangry\tscowl\twith\tintense\tfear\tand\tloathing\twill\thave\tthat\treaction\tto\nsome\tdegree\teven\tas\tan\tadult,\twhen\tthe\tscowl\tcarries\tno\tsuch\tthreat.\nIf\tthe\tfeelings\tare\tstrong,\tthen\tthe\treaction\tthat\tis\ttriggered\tis", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "44a5b2cc813e-2", "page_content": "If\tthe\tfeelings\tare\tstrong,\tthen\tthe\treaction\tthat\tis\ttriggered\tis\nobvious.\tBut\tif\tthe\tfeelings\tare\tvague\tor\tsubtle,\twe\tmay\tnot\tquite", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "63cf831bb77b-0", "page_content": "realize\tthe\temotional\treaction\twe\tare\thaving,\teven\tthough\tit\tis\tsubtly\ncoloring\thow\twe\treact\tto\tthe\tmoment.\tThoughts\tand\treactions\tat\tthis\nmoment\twill\ttake\ton\tthe\tcoloration\tof\tthoughts\tand\treactions\tthen,\neven\tthough\tit\tmay\tseem\tthat\tthe\treaction\tis\tdue\tsolely\tto\tthe\ncircumstance\tof\tthe\tmoment.\tOur\temotional\tmind\twill\tharness\tthe\nrational\tmind\tto\tits\tpurposes,\tso\twe\tcome\tup\twith\texplanations\t\nfor\nour\tfeelings\tand\treactions\u2014rationalizations\u2014justifying\tthem\tin\tterms\nof\tthe\tpresent\tmoment,\twithout\trealizing\tthe\tinfluence\tof\tthe\nemotional\tmemory.\tIn\tthat\tsense,\twe\tcan\thave\tno\tidea\tof\twhat\tis\nactually\tgoing\ton,\tthough\twe\tmay\thave\tthe\tconviction\tof\tcertainty\nthat\twe\tknow\texactly\twhat\tis\thappening.\tAt\tsuch\tmoments\tthe\nemotional\tmind\thas\tentrained\tthe\trational\tmind,\tputting\tit\tto\tits\town\nuses.\nState-specific\tReality\nThe\tworking\tof\tthe\temotional\tmind\tis\tto\ta\tlarge\tdegree\t\nstate-specific\n,\ndictated\tby\tthe\tparticular\tfeeling\tascendant\tat\ta\tgiven\tmoment.\tHow\nwe\tthink\tand\tact\twhen\twe\tare\tfeeling\tromantic\tis\tentirely\tdifferent\nfrom\thow\twe\tbehave\twhen\tenraged\tor\tdejected;\tin\tthe\tmechanics\tof\nemotion,\teach\tfeeling\thas\tits\town\tdistinct\trepertoire\tof\tthought,\nreactions,\teven\tmemories.\tThese\tstate-specific\trepertoires\tbecome", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "63cf831bb77b-1", "page_content": "reactions,\teven\tmemories.\tThese\tstate-specific\trepertoires\tbecome\nmost\tpredominant\tin\tmoments\tof\tintense\temotion.\nOne\tsign\tthat\tsuch\ta\trepertoire\tis\tactive\tis\tselective\tmemory.\tPart\tof\nthe\tmind\u2019s\tresponse\tto\tan\temotional\tsituation\tis\tto\treshuffle\tmemory\nand\toptions\tfor\taction\tso\tthat\tthose\tmost\trelevant\tare\tat\tthe\ttop\tof\tthe\nhierarchy\tand\tso\tmore\treadily\tenacted.\tAnd,\tas\twe\thave\tseen,\teach\nmajor\temotion\thas\tits\thallmark\tbiological\tsignature,\ta\tpattern\tof\nsweeping\tchanges\tthat\tentrain\tthe\tbody\tas\tthat\temotion\tbecomes\nascendant,\tand\ta\tunique\tset\tof\tcues\tthe\tbody\tautomatically\tsends\tout\nwhen\tin\tits\tgrip.\n7", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "08a22e08845c-0", "page_content": "APPENDIX\tC\nThe\tNeural\tCircuitry\tof\tFear\nThe\tamygdala\tis\tcentral\tto\tfear.\tWhen\ta\trare\tbrain\tdisease\tdestroyed\nthe\tamygdala\t(but\tno\tother\tbrain\tstructures)\tin\tthe\tpatient\nneurologists\tcall\t\u201cS.M.,\u201d\tfear\tdisappeared\tfrom\ther\tmental\trepertoire.\nShe\tbecame\tunable\tto\tidentify\tlooks\tof\tfear\ton\tother\tpeople\u2019s\tfaces,\nnor\tto\tmake\tsuch\tan\texpression\therself.\tAs\ther\tneurologist\tput\tit,\t\u201cIf\nsomeone\tput\ta\tgun\tto\tS.M.\u2019s\thead,\tshe\twould\tknow\tintellectually\tto\tbe\nafraid\tbut\tshe\twould\tnot\tfeel\tafraid\tas\tyou\tor\tI\twould.\u201d\nNeuroscientists\thave\tmapped\tthe\tcircuitry\tfor\tfear\tin\tperhaps\tfinest\ndetail,\tthough\tat\tthe\tpresent\tstate\tof\tthis\tart\tthe\tfull\tcircuitry\tfor\tnone\nof\tthe\temotions\tis\tcompletely\tsurveyed.\tFear\tis\tan\tapt\tcase\tin\tpoint\tfor\nunderstanding\tthe\tneural\tdynamics\tof\temotion.\tFear,\tin\tevolution,\thas\na\tspecial\tprominence:\tperhaps\tmore\tthan\tany\tother\temotion\tit\tis\ncrucial\tfor\tsurvival.\tOf\tcourse\tin\tmodern\ttimes\tmisplaced\tfears\tare\tthe\nbane\tof\tdaily\tlife,\tleaving\tus\tsuffering\tfrom\tfrets,\tangst,\tand\tgarden\nvariety\tworries\u2014or\tat\tpathological\textreme,\tfrom\tpanic\tattacks,\nphobias,\tor\tobsessive-compulsive\tdisorder.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "08a22e08845c-1", "page_content": "phobias,\tor\tobsessive-compulsive\tdisorder.\nSay\tyou\u2019re\talone\tone\tnight\tat\thome,\treading\ta\tbook,\twhen\tsuddenly\nyou\thear\ta\tcrash\tin\tanother\troom.\tWhat\thappens\tin\tyour\tbrain\tover\nthe\tnext\tmoments\toffers\ta\twindow\tinto\tthe\tneural\tcircuitry\tof\tfear,\nand\tthe\trole\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tas\tan\talarm\tsystem.\tThe\tfirst\tbrain\ncircuit\tinvolved\tsimply\ttakes\tin\tthat\tsound\tas\traw\tphysical\twaves\tand\ntransforms\tthem\tinto\tthe\tlanguage\tof\tthe\tbrain\tto\tstartle\tyou\tinto\nalertness.\tThis\tcircuit\tgoes\tfrom\tthe\tear\tto\tthe\tbrainstem\tand\tthen\tto\nthe\tthalamus.\tFrom\tthere\ttwo\tbranches\tseparate:\ta\tsmaller\tbundle\tof\nprojections\tleads\tto\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tthe\tnearby\thippocampus;\tthe\nother,\tlarger\tpathway\tleads\tto\tthe\tauditory\tcortex\tin\tthe\ttemporal\nlobe,\twhere\tsounds\tare\tsorted\tout\tand\tcomprehended.\nThe\thippocampus,\ta\tkey\tstorage\tsite\tfor\tmemory,\tquickly\tsorts\tthat\n\u201ccrash\u201d\tagainst\tother\tsimilar\tsounds\tyou\u2019ve\theard,\tto\tsee\tif\tit\tis\nfamiliar\u2014is\tthis\t\u201ccrash\u201d\tone\tthat\tyou\timmediately\trecognize?\nMeanwhile\tthe\tauditory\tcortex\t\nis\tdoing\ta\tmore\tsophisticated\tanalysis\nof\tthe\tsound\tto\ttry\tto\tunderstand\tits\tsource\u2014is\tit\tthe\tcat?\tA\tshutter", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5c0b4827460f-0", "page_content": "banging\tin\tthe\twind?\tA\tprowler?\tThe\tauditory\tcortex\tcomes\tup\twith\nits\thypothesis\u2014it\tmight\tbe\tthe\tcat\tknocking\ta\tlamp\toff\tthe\ttable,\tsay,\nbut\tit\tmight\talso\tbe\ta\tprowler\u2014and\tsends\tthat\tmessage\tto\tthe\namygdala\tand\thippocampus,\twhich\tquickly\tcompare\tit\tto\tsimilar\nmemories.\nIf\tthe\tconclusion\tis\treassuring\t(it\u2019s\tonly\tthe\tshutter\tthat\tbangs\nwhenever\tit\tgets\ttoo\twindy)\tthen\tthe\tgeneral\talert\tdoes\tnot\tescalate\tto\nthe\tnext\tlevel.\tBut\tif\tyou\tare\tstill\tunsure,\tanother\tcoil\tof\tcircuitry\nreverberating\tbetween\tamygdala,\thippocampus,\tand\tthe\tprefrontal\ncortex\tfurther\theightens\tyour\tuncertainty\tand\tfixates\tyour\tattention,\nmaking\tyou\teven\tmore\tconcerned\tabout\tidentifying\tthe\tsource\tof\tthe\nsound.\tIf\tno\tsatisfying\tanswer\tcomes\tfrom\tthis\tfurther\tkeen\tanalysis,\nthe\tamygdala\ttriggers\tan\talarm,\tits\tcentral\tarea\tactivating\tthe\nhypothalamus,\tthe\tbrainstem,\tand\tthe\tautonomic\tnervous\tsystem.\nThe\tsuperb\tarchitecture\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tas\ta\tcentral\talarm\tsystem\nfor\tthe\tbrain\tbecomes\tevident\tin\tthis\tmoment\tof\tapprehension\tand\nsubliminal\tanxiety.\tThe\tseveral\tbundles\tof\tneurons\tin\tthe\tamygdala\neach\thave\ta\tdistinct\tset\tof\tprojections\twith\treceptors\tprimed\tfor\ndifferent\tneurotransmitters,\tsomething\tlike\tthose\thome\talarm", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5c0b4827460f-1", "page_content": "different\tneurotransmitters,\tsomething\tlike\tthose\thome\talarm\ncompanies\twhere\toperators\tstand\tat\tthe\tready\tto\tsend\tout\tcalls\tto\tthe\nlocal\tfire\tdepartment,\tpolice,\tand\ta\tneighbor\twhenever\ta\thome\nsecurity\tsystem\tsignals\ttrouble.\nDifferent\tparts\tof\tthe\tamygdala\treceive\tdiffering\tinformation.\tTo\tthe\namygdala\u2019s\tlateral\tnucleus\tcome\tprojections\tfrom\tthe\tthalamus\tand\nauditory\tand\tvisual\tcortices.\tSmells,\tvia\tthe\tolfactory\tbulb,\tcome\tto\nthe\tcorticomedial\tarea\tof\tthe\tamygdala,\tand\ttastes\tand\tmessages\tfrom\nthe\tviscera\tgo\tto\tthe\tcentral\tarea.\tThese\tincoming\tsignals\tmake\tthe\namygdala\ta\tcontinual\tsentinel,\tscrutinizing\tevery\tsensory\texperience.\nFrom\tthe\tamygdala\tprojections\textend\tout\tto\tevery\tmajor\tpart\tof\nthe\tbrain.\tFrom\tthe\tcentral\tand\tmedial\tareas\ta\tbranch\tgoes\tto\tthe\nareas\tof\tthe\thypothalamus\tthat\tsecrete\tthe\tbody\u2019s\temergency-response\nsubstance,\tcorticotropin-releasing\thormone\t(CRH),\twhich\tmobilizes\nthe\tfight-or-flight\treaction\tvia\ta\tcascade\tof\tother\thormones.\tThe\namygdala\u2019s\tbasal\tarea\tsends\tout\tbranches\tto\tthe\tcorpus\tstriatum,\nlinking\tinto\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\tsystem\tfor\tmovement.\tAnd,\tvia\tthe\tnearby\ncentral\tnucleus,\tthe\tamygdala\tsends\tsignals\tto\tthe\tautonomic\tnervous\nsystem\tvia\tthe\tmedulla,\tactivating\ta\twide\trange\tof\tfar-flung\tresponses", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "5c0b4827460f-2", "page_content": "in\tthe\tcardiovascular\tsystem,\tthe\tmuscles,\tand\tthe\tgut.\nFrom\tthe\tamygdala\u2019s\tbasolateral\tarea,\tarms\tgo\tto\tthe\tcingulate\ncortex\tand\t\nto\tthe\tfibers\tknown\tas\tthe\t\u201ccentral\tgray,\u201d\tcells\tthat", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "187c6d2c2525-0", "page_content": "regulate\tthe\tlarge\tmuscles\tof\tthe\tskeleton.\tIt\tis\tthese\tcells\tthat\tmake\ta\ndog\tsnarl\tor\tthat\tarch\tthe\tback\tof\ta\tcat\tthreatening\tan\tinterloper\ton\nits\tterritory.\tIn\thumans\tthese\tsame\tcircuits\ttighten\tthe\tmuscles\tof\tthe\nvocal\tcords,\tcreating\tthe\thigh-pitched\tvoice\tof\tfright.\nStill\tanother\tpathway\tfrom\tthe\tamygdala\tleads\tto\tthe\tlocus\tceruleus\nin\tthe\tbrainstem,\twhich\tin\tturn\tmanufactures\tnorepinephrine\t(also\ncalled\t\u201cnoradrenaline\u201d)\tand\tdisperses\tit\tthroughout\tthe\tbrain.\tThe\tnet\neffect\tof\tnorepinephrine\tis\tto\theighten\tthe\toverall\treactivity\tof\tthe\nbrain\tareas\tthat\treceive\tit,\tmaking\tthe\tsensory\tcircuits\tmore\tsensitive.\nNorepinephrine\tsuffuses\tthe\tcortex,\tthe\tbrainstem,\tand\tthe\tlimbic\nsystem\titself,\tin\tessence\tsetting\tthe\tbrain\ton\tedge.\tNow\teven\tthe\nordinary\tcreaking\tof\tthe\thouse\tcan\tsend\ta\ttremor\tof\tfear\tcoursing\nthrough\tyou.\tMost\tof\tthese\tchanges\tgo\ton\toutside\tawareness,\tso\tthat\nyou\tare\tnot\tyet\taware\tyou\tfeel\tfear.\nBut\tas\tyou\tbegin\tto\tactually\tfeel\tfear\u2014that\tis,\tas\tthe\tanxiety\tthat\nhad\tbeen\tunconscious\tpierces\tawareness\u2014the\tamygdala\tseamlessly\ncommands\ta\twide-ranging\tresponse.\tIt\tsignals\tcells\tin\tthe\tbrainstem\tto\nput\ta\tfearful\texpression\ton\tyour\tface,\tmake\tyou\tedgy\tand\teasily", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "187c6d2c2525-1", "page_content": "startled,\tfreeze\tunrelated\tmovements\tyour\tmuscles\thad\tunderway,\nspeed\tyour\theart\trate\tand\traise\tyour\tblood\tpressure,\tand\tslow\tyour\nbreathing\t(you\tmay\tnotice\tyourself\tsuddenly\tholding\tyour\tbreath\nwhen\tyou\tfirst\tfeel\tfearful,\tall\tthe\tbetter\tto\thear\tmore\tclearly\twhat\tit\nis\tyou\tare\tfearful\tof).\tThat\tis\tonly\tone\tpart\tof\ta\twide,\tcarefully\ncoordinated\tarray\tof\tchanges\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tconnected\tareas\norchestrate\tas\tthey\tcommandeer\tthe\tbrain\tin\ta\tcrisis.\nMeanwhile\tthe\tamygdala,\talong\twith\tthe\tinterconnected\nhippocampus,\tdirects\tthe\tcells\tthat\tsend\tkey\tneurotransmitters,\tfor\nexample,\tto\ttrigger\treleases\tof\tdopamine\tthat\tlead\tto\tthe\triveting\tof\nattention\ton\tthe\tsource\tof\tyour\tfear\u2014the\tstrange\tsounds\u2014and\tput\nyour\tmuscles\tat\treadiness\tto\treact\taccordingly.\tAt\tthe\tsame\ttime\tthe\namygdala\tsignals\tsensory\tareas\tfor\tvision\tand\tattention,\tmaking\tsure\nthat\tthe\teyes\tseek\tout\twhatever\tis\tmost\trelevant\tto\tthe\temergency\tat\nhand.\tSimultaneously\tcortical\tmemory\tsystems\tare\treshuffled\tso\tthat\nknowledge\tand\tmemories\tmost\trelevant\tto\tthe\tparticular\temotional\nurgency\twill\tbe\tmost\treadily\trecalled,\ttaking\tprecedence\tover\tother\nless\trelevant\tstrands\tof\tthought.\nOnce\tthese\tsignals\thave\tbeen\tsent,\tyou\tare\tpitched\tinto\tfull-fledged", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "187c6d2c2525-2", "page_content": "fear:\tyou\tbecome\taware\tof\tthe\tcharacteristic\ttightness\tin\tyour\tgut,\nyour\tspeeding\theart,\tthe\ttightening\tof\tthe\tmuscles\taround\tyour\tneck\nand\tshoulders\tor\tthe\ttrembling\tof\tyour\tlimbs;\tyour\tbody\tfreezes\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "aa588e954c50-0", "page_content": "place\tas\tyou\tstrain\tyour\t\nattention\tto\thear\tany\tfurther\tsounds,\tand\nyour\tmind\traces\twith\tpossible\tlurking\tdangers\tand\tways\tto\trespond.\nThis\tentire\tsequence\u2014from\tsurprise\tto\tuncertainty\tto\tapprehension\tto\nfear\u2014can\tbe\ttelescoped\twithin\ta\tsecond\tor\tso.\t(For\tmore\tinformation,\nsee\tJerome\tKagan,\t\nGalen\u2019s\tProphecy\n.\tNew\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1994.)", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "ab1d9c20738b-0", "page_content": "APPENDIX\tD\nW.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium:\tActive\tIngredients\tof\nPrevention\tPrograms\nKey\tingredients\tof\teffective\tprograms\tinclude:\nE\nMOTIONAL\n\tS\nKILLS\n\u2022\tIdentifying\tand\tlabeling\tfeelings\n\u2022\tExpressing\tfeelings\n\u2022\tAssessing\tthe\tintensity\tof\tfeelings\n\u2022\tManaging\tfeelings\n\u2022\tDelaying\tgratification\n\u2022\tControlling\timpulses\n\u2022\tReducing\tstress\n\u2022\tKnowing\tthe\tdifference\tbetween\tfeelings\tand\tactions\nC\nOGNITIVE\n\tS\nKILLS\n\u2022\tSelf-talk\u2014conducting\tan\t\u201cinner\tdialogue\u201d\tas\ta\tway\tto\tcope\twith\ta\ntopic\tor\tchallenge\tor\treinforce\tone\u2019s\town\tbehavior\n\u2022\tReading\tand\tinterpreting\tsocial\tcues\u2014for\texample,\trecognizing\nsocial\tinfluences\ton\tbehavior\tand\tseeing\toneself\tin\tthe\tperspective\nof\tthe\tlarger\tcommunity\n\u2022\tUsing\tsteps\tfor\tproblem-solving\tand\tdecision-making\u2014for\tinstance,\ncontrolling\timpulses,\tsetting\tgoals,\tidentifying\talternative\tactions,\nanticipating\tconsequences\t\n\u2022\tUnderstanding\tthe\tperspective\tof\tothers\n\u2022\tUnderstanding\tbehavioral\tnorms\t(what\tis\tand\tis\tnot\tacceptable\nbehavior)\n\u2022\tA\tpositive\tattitude\ttoward\tlife\n\u2022\tSelf-awareness\u2014for\texample,\tdeveloping\trealistic\texpectations\tabout\noneself", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "921549f4fafd-0", "page_content": "B\nEHAVIORAL\n\tS\nKILLS\n\u2022\tNonverbal\u2014communicating\tthrough\teye\tcontact,\tfacial\nexpressiveness,\ttone\tof\tvoice,\tgestures,\tand\tso\ton\n\u2022\tVerbal\u2014making\tclear\trequests,\tresponding\teffectively\tto\tcriticism,\nresisting\tnegative\tinfluences,\tlistening\tto\tothers,\thelping\tothers,\nparticipating\tin\tpositive\tpeer\tgroups\nS\nOURCE\n:\tW.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium\ton\tthe\tSchool-Based\tPromotion\tof\nSocial\tCompetence,\t\u201cDrug\tand\tAlcohol\tPrevention\tCurricula,\u201d\tin\tJ.\nDavid\tHawkins\tet\tal.,\t\nCommunities\tThat\tCare\n\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey-\nBass,\t1992).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3f12cc4fd036-0", "page_content": "APPENDIX\tE\nThe\tSelf\tScience\tCurriculum\nMain\tcomponents:\n\u2022\t\nSelf-awareness:\n\tobserving\tyourself\tand\trecognizing\tyour\tfeelings;\nbuilding\ta\tvocabulary\tfor\tfeelings;\tknowing\tthe\trelationship\tbetween\nthoughts,\tfeelings,\tand\treactions\n\u2022\t\nPersonal\tdecision-making:\n\texamining\tyour\tactions\tand\tknowing\ntheir\tconsequences;\tknowing\tif\tthought\tor\tfeeling\tis\truling\ta\tdecision;\napplying\tthese\tinsights\tto\tissues\tsuch\tas\tsex\tand\tdrugs\n\u2022\t\nManaging\tfeelings:\n\tmonitoring\t\u201cself-talk\u201d\tto\tcatch\tnegative\nmessages\tsuch\tas\tinternal\tput-downs;\trealizing\twhat\tis\tbehind\ta\nfeeling\t(e.g.,\tthe\thurt\tthat\tunderlies\tanger);\tfinding\tways\tto\thandle\nfears\tand\tanxieties,\tanger,\tand\tsadness\n\u2022\t\nHandling\tstress:\n\tlearning\tthe\tvalue\tof\texercise,\tguided\timagery,\nrelaxation\tmethods\n\u2022\t\nEmpathy:\n\tunderstanding\tothers\u2019\tfeelings\tand\tconcerns\tand\ttaking\ntheir\tperspective;\tappreciating\tthe\tdifferences\tin\thow\tpeople\tfeel\nabout\tthings\n\u2022\t\nCommunications:\n\ttalking\tabout\tfeelings\teffectively:\tbecoming\ta\ngood\tlistener\tand\tquestion-asker;\tdistinguishing\tbetween\twhat\nsomeone\tdoes\tor\tsays\tand\tyour\town\treactions\tor\tjudgments\tabout\tit;\nsending\t\u201cI\u201d\tmessages\tinstead\tof\tblame\n\u2022\t\nSelf-disclosure:\n\tvaluing\topenness\tand\tbuilding\ttrust\tin\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3f12cc4fd036-1", "page_content": "\u2022\t\nSelf-disclosure:\n\tvaluing\topenness\tand\tbuilding\ttrust\tin\ta\nrelationship;\tknowing\twhen\tit\u2019s\tsafe\tto\trisk\ttalking\tabout\tyour\tprivate\nfeelings\n\u2022\t\nInsight:\n\tidentifying\tpatterns\tin\tyour\temotional\tlife\tand\treactions;\nrecognizing\tsimilar\tpatterns\tin\tothers\n\u2022\t\nSelf-acceptance:\n\tfeeling\tpride\tand\tseeing\tyourself\tin\ta\tpositive\tlight;\nrecognizing\tyour\tstrengths\tand\tweaknesses;\tbeing\table\tto\tlaugh\tat\nyourself\n\u2022\t\nPersonal\tresponsibility:\n\ttaking\tresponsibility;\trecognizing\tthe\nconsequences\tof\tyour\tdecisions\tand\tactions,\taccepting\tyour\tfeelings\nand\tmoods,\tfollowing\tthrough\ton\tcommitments\t(e.g.,\tto\tstudying)", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "945cbe929820-0", "page_content": "\u2022\t\nAssertiveness:\n\tstating\tyour\tconcerns\tand\tfeelings\twithout\tanger\tor\npassivity\n\u2022\t\nGroup\tdynamics:\n\tcooperation;\tknowing\twhen\tand\thow\tto\tlead,\nwhen\tto\tfollow\n\u2022\t\nConflict\tresolution:\n\thow\tto\tfight\tfair\twith\tother\tkids,\twith\tparents,\nwith\tteachers;\tthe\twin/win\tmodel\tfor\tnegotiating\tcompromise\nS\nOURCE\n:\tKaren\tF.\tStone\tand\tHarold\tQ.\tDillehunt,\t\nSelf\tScience:\tThe\nSubject\tIs\tMe\n\t(Santa\tMonica:\tGoodyear\tPublishing\tCo.,\t1978).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e73ed44b0523-0", "page_content": "APPENDIX\tF\nSocial\tand\tEmotional\tLearning:\tResults\nChild\tDevelopment\tProject\nEric\tSchaps,\tDevelopment\tStudies\tCenter,\tOakland,\tCalifornia.\nEvaluation\tin\tschools\tin\tNorthern\tCalifornia,\tgrades\tK-6;\trating\tby\nindependent\tobservers,\tcomparing\twith\tcontrol\tschools.\nR\nESULTS:\n\u2022\tmore\tresponsible\n\u2022\tmore\tassertive\n\u2022\tmore\tpopular\tand\toutgoing\n\u2022\tmore\tpro-social\tand\thelpful\n\u2022\tbetter\tunderstanding\tof\tothers\n\u2022\tmore\tconsiderate,\tconcerned\n\u2022\tmore\tpro-social\tstrategies\tfor\tinterpersonal\tproblem-solving\n\u2022\tmore\tharmonious\n\u2022\tmore\t\u201cdemocratic\u201d\n\u2022\tbetter\tconflict-resolution\tskills\nS\nOURCES\n:\tE.\tSchaps\tand\tV.\tBattistich,\t\u201cPromoting\tHealth\tDevelopment\nThrough\tSchool-Based\tPrevention:\tNew\tApproaches,\u201d\t\nOSAP\tPrevention\nMonograph,\tno.\t8:\tPreventing\tAdolescent\tDrug\tUse:\tFrom\tTheory\tto\nPractice\n.\tEric\tGopelrud\t(ed.),\tRockville,\tMD:\tOffice\tof\tSubstance\tAbuse\nPrevention,\tU.S.\tDept.\tof\tHealth\tand\tHuman\tServices,\t1991.\nD.\tSolomon,\tM.\tWatson,\tV.\tBattistich,\tE.\tSchaps,\tand\tK.\tDelucchi,\n\u201cCreating\ta\tCaring\tCommunity:\tEducational\tPractices\tThat\tPromote\nChildren\u2019s\tProsocial\tDevelopment,\u201d\tin\tF.\tK.\tOser,\tA.\tDick,\tand\tJ.-L.\nPatry,\teds.,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e73ed44b0523-1", "page_content": "Patry,\teds.,\t\nEffective\tand\tResponsible\tTeaching:\tThe\tNew\tSynthesis\n\t(San\nFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1992).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4784a2265e77-0", "page_content": "Paths\nMark\tGreenberg,\tFast\tTrack\tProject,\tUniversity\tof\tWashington.\nEvaluated\tin\tschools\tin\tSeattle,\tgrades\t1\u20135;\tratings\tby\tteachers,\ncomparing\tmatched\tcontrol\tstudents\tamong\t1)\tregular\tstudents,\t2)\ndeaf\tstudents,\t3)\tspecial-education\tstudents.\nR\nESULTS:\n\u2022\tImprovement\tin\tsocial\tcognitive\tskills\n\u2022\tImprovement\tin\temotion,\trecognition,\tand\tunderstanding\n\u2022\tBetter\tself-control\n\u2022\tBetter\tplanning\tfor\tsolving\tcognitive\ttasks\n\u2022\tMore\tthinking\tbefore\tacting\n\u2022\tMore\teffective\tconflict\tresolution\n\u2022\tMore\tpositive\tclassroom\tatmosphere\nS\nPECIAL-NEEDS\tSTUDENTS:\nImproved\tclassroom\tbehavior\ton:\n\u2022\tFrustration\ttolerance\n\u2022\tAssertive\tsocial\tskills\n\u2022\tTask\torientation\n\u2022\tPeer\tskills\n\u2022\tSharing\n\u2022\tSociability\n\u2022\tSelf-control\nI\nMPROVED\tEMOTIONAL\tUNDERSTANDING:\n\u2022\tRecognition\n\u2022\tLabeling\n\u2022\tDecreases\tin\tself-reports\tof\tsadness\tand\tdepression\n\u2022\tDecrease\tin\tanxiety\tand\twithdrawal\nS\nOURCES\n:\tConduct\tProblems\tResearch\tGroup,\t\u201cA\tDevelopmental\tand\nClinical\tModel\tfor\tthe\tPrevention\tof\tConduct\tDisorder:\tThe\tFast\tTrack", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "baad555e346f-0", "page_content": "Program,\u201d\t\nDevelopment\tand\tPsychopathology\n\t4\t(1992).\nM.\tT.\tGreenberg\tand\tC.\tA.\tKusche,\t\nPromoting\tSocial\tand\tEmotional\nDevelopment\tin\tDeaf\tChildren:\tThe\tPATHS\tProject\n\t(Seattle:\tUniversity\tof\nWashington\tPress,\t1993).\nM.\tT.\tGreenberg,\tC.\tA.\tKusche,\tE.\tT.\tCook,\tand\tJ.\tP.\tQuamma,\n\u201cPromoting\tEmotional\tCompetence\tin\tSchool-Aged\tChildren:\tThe\nEffects\tof\tthe\tPATHS\tCurriculum,\u201d\t\nDevelopment\tand\tPsychopathology\t7\n(1995).\nSeattle\tSocial\tDevelopment\tProject\nJ.\tDavid\tHawkins,\tSocial\tDevelopment\tResearch\tGroup,\tUniversity\tof\nWashington\nEvaluated\tin\tSeattle\telementary\tand\tmiddle\tschools\tby\tindependent\ntesting\tand\tobjective\tstandards,\tin\tcomparison\tto\tnonprogram\tschools.\nR\nESULTS:\n\u2022\tMore\tpositive\tattachment\tto\tfamily\tand\tschool\n\u2022\tBoys\tless\taggressive,\tgirls\tless\tself-destructive\n\u2022\tFewer\tsuspensions\tand\texpulsions\tamong\tlow-achieving\tstudents\n\u2022\tLess\tdrug-use\tinitiation\n\u2022\tLess\tdelinquency\n\u2022\tBetter\tscores\ton\tstandardized\tachievement\ttests\nS\nOURCES\n:\tE.\tSchaps\tand\tV.\tBattistich,\t\u201cPromoting\tHealth\tDevelopment\nThrough\tSchool-Based\tPrevention:\tNew\tApproaches,\u201d\t\nOSAP\tPrevention\nMonograph,\tno.\t8:\tPreventing\tAdolescent\tDrug\tUse:\tFrom\tTheory\tto\nPractice", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "baad555e346f-1", "page_content": "Practice\n.\tEric\tGopelrud\t(ed.),\tRockville,\tMD:\tOffice\tof\tSubstance\tAbuse\nPrevention,\tU.S.\tDept.\tof\tHealth\tand\tHuman\tServices,\t1991.\nJ.\tD.\tHawkins\tet\tal.,\t\u201cThe\tSeattle\tSocial\tDevelopment\tProject,\u201d\tin\tJ.\nMcCord\tand\tR.\tTremblay,\teds.,\t\nThe\tPrevention\tof\tAntisocial\tBehavior\tin\nChildren\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford,\t1992).\nJ.\tD.\tHawkins,\tE.\tVon\tCleve,\tand\tR.\tF.\tCatalano,\t\u201cReducing\tEarly\nChildhood\tAggression:\tResults\tof\ta\tPrimary\tPrevention\t\nProgram\n,\u201d\nJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tPsychiatry\n\t30,\n2\t(1991),\tpp.\t208\u201317.\nJ.\tA.\tO\u2019Donnell,\tJ.\tD.\tHawkins,\tR.\tF.\tCatalano,\tR.\tD.\tAbbott,\tand\tL.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b421cedadfef-0", "page_content": "E.\tDay,\t\u201cPreventing\tSchool\tFailure,\tDrug\tUse,\tand\tDelinquency\nAmong\tLow-Income\tChildren:\tEffects\tof\ta\tLong-Term\tPrevention\nProject\tin\tElementary\tSchools,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tJournal\tof\tOrthopsychiatry\t65\n(1994).\nYale-New\tHaven\tSocial\tCompetence\tPromotion\tProgram\nRoger\tWeissberg,\tUniversity\tof\tIllinois\tat\tChicago\nEvaluated\tin\tNew\tHaven\tPublic\tSchools,\tgrades\t5\u20138,\tby\nindependent\tobservations\tand\tstudent\tand\tteacher\treports,\tcompared\nwith\tcontrol\tgroup.\nR\nESULTS:\n\u2022\tImproved\tproblem-solving\tskills\n\u2022\tMore\tinvolvement\twith\tpeers\n\u2022\tBetter\timpulse\tcontrol\n\u2022\tImproved\tbehavior\n\u2022\tImproved\tinterpersonal\teffectiveness\tand\tpopularity\n\u2022\tEnhanced\tcoping\tskills\n\u2022\tMore\tskill\tin\thandling\tinterpersonal\tproblems\n\u2022\tBetter\tcoping\twith\tanxiety\n\u2022\tLess\tdelinquent\tbehaviors\n\u2022\tBetter\tconflict-resolution\tskills\nS\nOURCES\n:\tM.\tJ.\tElias\tand\tR.\tP.\tWeissberg,\t\u201cSchool-Based\tSocial\nCompetence\tPromotion\tas\ta\tPrimary\tPrevention\tStrategy:\tA\tTale\tof\nTwo\tProjects,\u201d\t\nPrevention\tin\tHuman\tServices\t7\n,\t1\t(1990),\tpp.\t177\u2013200.\nM.\tCaplan,\tR.\tP.\tWeissberg,\tJ.\tS.\tGrober,\tP.\tJ.\tSivo,\tK.\tGrady,\tand\tC.\nJacoby,\t\u201cSocial\tCompetence\tPromotion\twith\tInner-City\tand\tSuburban", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b421cedadfef-1", "page_content": "Young\tAdolescents:\tEffects\tof\tSocial\tAdjustment\tand\tAlcohol\tUse,\u201d\nJournal\tof\tConsulting\tand\tClinical\tPsychology\n\t60,\t1\t(1992),\tpp.\t56\u201363.\nResolving\tConflict\tCreatively\tProgram\nLinda\tLantieri,\tNational\tCenter\tfor\tResolving\tConflict\tCreatively\nProgram\t(an\tinitiative\tof\tEducators\tfor\tSocial\tResponsibility),\tNew\nYork\tCity", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dff621630f17-0", "page_content": "Evaluated\tin\tNew\tYork\tCity\tschools,\tgrades\tK-12,\tby\tteachers\u2019\nratings,\tpre-\tand\tpost-program.\nR\nESULTS:\n\u2022\tLess\tviolence\tin\tclass\n\u2022\tFewer\tverbal\tput-downs\tin\tclass\n\u2022\tMore-caring\tatmosphere\n\u2022\tMore\twillingness\tto\tcooperate\n\u2022\tMore\tempathy\n\u2022\tImproved\tcommunication\tskills\nS\nOURCE\n:\tMetis\tAssociates,\tInc.,\t\nThe\tResolving\tConflict\tCreatively\tProgram:\n1988\u20131989.\tSummary\tof\tSignificant\tFindings\tof\tRCCP\tNew\tYork\tSite\n(New\tYork:\tMetis\tAssociates,\tMay\t1990).\nThe\tImproving\tSocial\tAwareness-Social\tProblem\tSolving\tProject\nMaurice\tElias,\tRutgers\tUniversity\nEvaluated\tin\tNew\tJersey\tschools,\tgrades\tK-6,\tby\tteacher\tratings,\npeer\tassessments,\tand\tschool\trecords,\tcompared\tto\tnonparticipants.\nR\nESULTS:\n\u2022\tMore\tsensitive\tto\tothers\u2019\tfeelings\n\u2022\tBetter\tunderstanding\tof\tthe\tconsequences\tof\ttheir\tbehavior\n\u2022\tIncreased\tability\tto\t\u201csize\tup\u201d\tinterpersonal\tsituations\tand\tplan\nappropriate\tactions\n\u2022\tHigher\tself-esteem\n\u2022\tMore\tprosocial\tbehavior\n\u2022\tSought\tout\tby\tpeers\tfor\thelp\n\u2022\tBetter\thandled\tthe\ttransition\tto\tmiddle\tschool\n\u2022\tLess\tantisocial,\tself-destructive,\tand\tsocially\tdisordered\tbehavior,\neven\twhen\tfollowed\tup\tinto\thigh\tschool\n\u2022\tImproved\tlearning-to-learn\tskills", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dff621630f17-1", "page_content": "\u2022\tImproved\tlearning-to-learn\tskills\n\u2022\tBetter\tself-control,\tsocial\tawareness,\tand\tsocial\tdecision-making\tin\nand\tout\tof\tthe\tclassroom", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b921a6d89de9-0", "page_content": "S\nOURCES\n:\tM.\tJ.\tElias,\tM.\tA.\tGara,\tT.\tF.\tSchuyler,\tL.\tR.\tBranden-Muller,\nand\tM.\tA.\tSayette,\t\u201cThe\tPromotion\tof\tSocial\tCompetence:\nLongitudinal\tStudy\tof\ta\tPreventive\tSchool-Based\tProgram,\u201d\t\nAmerican\nJournal\tof\tOrthopsychiatry\n\t61\t(1991),\tpp.\t409\u201317.\nM.\tJ.\tElias\tand\tJ.\tClabby,\t\nBuilding\tSocial\tProblem\tSolving\tSkills:\nGuidelines\tFrom\ta\tSchool-Based\tProgram\n\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\n1992).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "242ead924862-0", "page_content": "Resources\nThe\tfirst\tedition\tof\tthis\tbook\tcould\tnot\thave\thad\ta\tpage\tlike\tthis\ndirecting\treaders\twho\twant\tmore\tinformation\tto\tthe\tbest\tresources\u2014\nin\t1995\tthere\twere\tvirtually\tno\tresources\tanywhere\ton\temotional\nintelligence,\twhile\ttoday\tthey\tseem\tto\tbe\tproliferating\twildly.\tThe\nmere\texistence\tof\tthis\tpage\tin\titself\tsignifies\thow\tmuch\tthis\tfield\thas\nadvanced.\tFor\tmore\tin-depth\taccess\tto\ttools\tand\tresearch\tfindings,\npractical\tresources,\tand\tkey\tpeople\tin\tthis\tfield,\tI\trecommend\tthe\nfollowing\torganizations,\twebsites,\tand\tbooks.\t(I\u2019ve\ttried\tto\tinclude\nonly\tbooks\tI\u2019m\tfamiliar\twith\tthat\tare\tbased\ton\tsound\tresearch,\tbut\tmy\nfailure\tto\tinclude\ta\tbook\tdoes\tnot\tmean\tit\tcannot\tbe\thelpful\tor\tmay\nnot\tbe\tsound.)\nEDUCATION\nThe\tCollaborative\tfor\tAcademic,\tSocial,\tand\tEmotional\tLearning\n(CASEL),\tbased\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tIllinois\tat\tChicago,\tseeks\tto\nenhance\tchildren\u2019s\tsuccess\tin\tschool\tand\tlife\tby\tpromoting\tevidence-\nbased\tsocial,\temotional,\tand\tacademic\tlearning\tas\tan\tessential\tpart\tof\neducation\tfrom\tpreschool\tthrough\thigh\tschool.\tWebsite:\nwww.casel.org\n.\nThe\tCenter\tfor\tSocial\tand\tEmotional\tEducation\t(CSEE),\tat\tTeachers\nCollege,\tColumbia\tUniversity,\tis\tan\teducational\tand\tprofessional\ndevelopment\torganization\tdedicated\tto\tsupporting\teffective\tsocial\nemotional\tlearning,\tteaching,\tand\tleadership\tin\tschools.\tWebsite:\nwww.CSEE.net\n.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "242ead924862-1", "page_content": "www.CSEE.net\n.\nSome\tModel\tSEL\tPrograms\nResponsive\tClassroom:\t\nhttp://responsiveclassroom.org/\nDevelopmental\tStudies\tCenter:\t\nhttp://www.devstu.org/\nEducators\tfor\tSocial\tResponsibility:\n\t\t\t\nhttp://www.esrnational.org/home.htm\nSearch\tInstitute:\t\nhttp://www.search-institute.org/\nSocial\tDevelopment\tResearch\tGroup:\n\t\t\t\nhttp://depts.washington.edu/sdrg/index.html", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9ae123d4bbb6-0", "page_content": "Learning\tStandards\n.\tFor\ta\tmodel\tstatewide\tpolicy\tsetting\tdetailed\neducational\tstandards\tin\tsocial\tand\temotional\tlearning,\tsee\tthe\twork\nof\tthe\tIllinois\tState\tBoard\tof\tEducation.\tThis\tstate-of-the-art,\ndevelopmentally\tappropriate\tformulation\tcould\tbe\tadopted\tby\tany\neducational\tsystem\tseeking\tto\toffer\tSEL\tto\tits\tchildren.\tWebsite:\nwww.isbe.net/ils/social_emotional/standards.htm\n.\nRecommended\tBooks\nBar-On,\tReuven,\tJ.\tG.\tMaree,\tand\tM.\tJ.\tElias,\teds.\t\nEducating\tPeople\tto\nBe\tEmotionally\tIntelligent\n.\tPortsmouth,\tNH:\tHeinemann\tEducational\nPublishers,\t2005.\nCohen,\tJonathan,\ted.\t\nEducating\tMinds\tand\tHearts:\tSocial\tEmotional\nLearning\tand\tthe\tPassage\tinto\tAdolescence\n.\tNew\tYork:\tTeachers\tCollege\nPress,\t1999.\nCollaborative\tfor\tAcademic,\tSocial,\tand\tEmotional\tLearning.\t\nSafe\tand\nSound:\tAn\tEducational\tLeader\u2019s\tGuide\tto\tEvidence-based\tSocial\tand\nEmotional\tLearning\tPrograms\n.\tChicago:\tCollaborative\tfor\tAcademic,\nSocial,\tand\tEmotional\tLearning,\t2003.\nElias,\tMaurice\tJ.,\tA.\tArnold,\tand\tC.\tS.\tHussey,\teds.\t\nEQ\t+\tIQ\t=\tBest\nLeadership\tPractices\tfor\tCaring\tand\tSuccessful\tSchools\n.\tThousand\tOaks,\nCA:\tCorwin\tPress,\t2003.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9ae123d4bbb6-1", "page_content": "CA:\tCorwin\tPress,\t2003.\nElias,\tMaurice,\tet\tal.\t\nPromoting\tSocial\tand\tEmotional\tLearning:\nGuidelines\tfor\tEducators\n.\tAlexandria,\tVA:\tAssociation\tfor\tSupervision\nand\tCurriculum\tDevelopment,\t1997.\nHaynes,\tNorris,\tMichael\tBen-Avie,\tand\tJacque\tEnsign.\t\nHow\tSocial\tand\nEmotional\tDevelopment\tAdd\tUp:\tGetting\tResults\tin\tMath\tand\tScience\nEducation\n.\tNew\tYork:\tTeachers\tCollege\tPress,\t2003.\nLantieri,\tLinda,\tand\tJanet\tPatti.\t\nWaging\tPeace\tin\tOur\tSchools\n.\tBoston:\nBeacon\tPress,\t1996.\nNovick,\tB.,\tJ.\tS.\tKress,\tand\tMaurice\tElias.\t\nBuilding\tLearning\nCommunities\twith\tCharacter:\tHow\tto\tIntegrate\tAcademic,\tSocial,\tand\nEmotional\tLearning\n.\tAlexandria,\tVA:\tAssociation\tfor\tSupervision\tand\nCurriculum\tDevelopment,\t2002.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "458df63abecd-0", "page_content": "Patti,\tJanet,\tand\tJ.\tTobin.\t\nSmart\tSchool\tLeaders:\tLeading\twith\tEmotional\nIntelligence\n.\tDubuque,\tIA:\tKendall\tHunt,\t2003.\nSalovey,\tPeter,\tand\tDavid\tSluyter,\teds.\t\nEmotional\tDevelopment\tand\nEmotional\tIntelligence:\tEducational\tImplications\n.\tNew\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\n1997.\nZins,\tJoseph,\tRoger\tWeissberg,\tMargaret\tWang,\tand\tHerbert\tWalberg.\nBuilding\tAcademic\tSuccess\ton\tSocial\tand\tEmotional\tLearning:\tWhat\tDoes\nthe\tResearch\tSay?\n\tNew\tYork:\tTeachers\tCollege\tPress,\t2004.\nORGANIZATIONAL\tLIFE\nThe\tConsortium\tfor\tResearch\ton\tEmotional\tIntelligence\tin\nOrganizations\tis\tbased\tin\tthe\tGraduate\tSchool\tof\tApplied\tand\nProfessional\tPsychology,\tRutgers\tUniversity.\tDirector:\tCary\tCherniss.\nWebsite:\t\nwww.eiconsortium.org\n.\nRecommended\tBooks\nAshkanasy,\tNeal,\tWilfred\tZerbe,\tand\tCharmine\tHartel.\t\nManaging\nEmotions\tin\tthe\tWorkplace\n.\tArmonk,\tNY:\tM.\tE.\tSharpe,\t2002.\nBoyatzis,\tRichard,\tand\tAnnie\tMcKee.\t\nResonant\tLeadership:\tInspiring\nYourself\tand\tOthers\tThrough\tMindfulness,\tHope,\tand\tCompassion\n.\nBoston:\tHarvard\tBusiness\tSchool\tPress,\t2005.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "458df63abecd-1", "page_content": ".\nBoston:\tHarvard\tBusiness\tSchool\tPress,\t2005.\nCaruso,\tDavid\tR.,\tand\tPeter\tSalovey.\t\nThe\tEmotionally\tIntelligent\nManager:\tHow\tto\tDevelop\tthe\tFour\tKey\tSkills\tof\tLeadership\n.\tSan\nFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t2004.\nCherniss,\tCary,\tand\tDaniel\tGoleman,\teds.\t\nThe\tEmotionally\tIntelligent\nWorkplace:\tHow\tto\tSelect\tFor,\tMeasure,\tand\tImprove\tEmotional\nIntelligence\tin\tIndividuals,\tGroups,\tand\tOrganizations\n.\tSan\tFrancisco:\nJossey-Bass,\t2001.\nDruskat,\tVanessa,\tFabio\tSala,\tand\tGerald\tMount,\teds.\t\nlinking\tEmotional\nIntelligence\tand\tPerformance\tat\tWork:\tCurrent\tResearch\tEvidence\n.\nMahwah,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum,\t2005.\nFineman,\tStephen,\ted.\t\nEmotion\tin\tOrganizations\n,\t2nd\ted.\tLondon:\tSage", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3ef24c4af663-0", "page_content": "Publications,\t2000.\nFrost,\tPeter\tJ.,\t\nToxic\tEmotions\tat\tWork:\tHow\tCompassionate\tManagers\nHandle\tPain\tand\tConflict\n.\tBoston:\tHarvard\tBusiness\tSchool\tPress,\t2003.\nRiggio,\tRonald,\tSusan\tE.\tMurphy,\tand\tFrancis\tPirozzolo.\t\nMultiple\nIntelligences\tand\tLeadership\n.\tMahwah,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum,\t2002.\nPARENTING\nRecommended\tBooks\nElias,\tMaurice,\tSteven\tE.\tTobias,\tand\tBrian\tS.\tFriedlander,\t\nEmotionally\nIntelligent\tParenting:\tHow\tto\tRaise\ta\tSelf-disciplined,\tResponsible,\tSocially\nSkilled\tChild\n.\tNew\tYork:\tHarmony\tBooks,\t1999.\nElias,\tMaurice,\tSteven\tE.\tTobias,\tand\tBrian\tS.\tFriedlander.\t\nRaising\nEmotionally\tIntelligent\tTeenagers\n.\tNew\tYork:\tHarmony\tBooks,\t2000.\nGottman,\tJohn.\t\nRaising\tan\tEmotionally\tIntelligent\tChild\n.\tNew\tYork:\nSimon\tand\tSchuster,\t1998.\nSchure,\tMyrna.\t\nRaising\ta\tThinking\tChild\n.\tNew\tYork:\tPocket\tBooks,\n1994.\nGENERAL\n6\tSeconds\tis\ta\tnonprofit\torganization\tthat\tsupports\temotional\nintelligence\tin\tschools,\tbusinesses,\tand\tfamilies,\twith\tan\tinternational\nscope.\tIt\tis\tan\texcellent\tsource\tfor\tinformation\ton\tresources,\tarticles,\nand\tconferences.\tWebsite:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "3ef24c4af663-1", "page_content": "and\tconferences.\tWebsite:\t\nwww.6seconds.org\n.\nRecommended\tBooks\nBar-On,\tReuven,\tand\tParker,\tJames\tD.\tA.,\teds.\t\nHandbook\tof\tEmotional\nIntelligence\n.\tSan\tFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t2000.\nBarrett,\tLisa\tFeldman,\tand\tPeter\tSalovey.\t\nThe\tWisdom\tof\tFeeling:\nPsychological\tProcesses\tin\tEmotional\tIntelligence\n.\tNew\tYork:\tGuilford\nPress,\t2002.\nGeher,\tG.,\ted.\t\nMeasuring\tEmotional\tIntelligence:\tCommon\tGround\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "585284580a2b-0", "page_content": "Controversy\n.\tHauppauge,\tNY:\tNova\tScience\tPublishers,\t2004.\nSalovey,\tPeter,\tMarc\tA.\tBrackett,\tand\tJohn\tD.\tMayer.\t\nEmotional\nIntelligence:\tKey\tReadings\ton\tthe\tMayer\tand\tSalovey\tModel\n.\tPort\tChester,\nNY:\tDUDE\tPublishing,\t2004.\nWilliams,\tVirginia,\tand\tRedford\tWilliams.\t\nLifeskills\n.\tNew\tYork:\tTimes\nBooks,\t1997.\nA\tThoughtful\tCritique:\nMatthews,\tGerald,\tMoshe\tZeidner,\tand\tRichard\tD.\tRoberts.\t\nEmotional\nIntelligence:\tScience\tand\tMyth\n.\tCambridge:\tMIT\tPress,\t2002.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "fad22f5aa2d4-0", "page_content": "For\tTara,\twellspring\tof\temotional\twisdom", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "39cb1c638962-0", "page_content": "Acknowledgments\nMy\twife,\tTara\tBennett-Goleman,\ta\tpsychotherapist,\twas\ta\tfull\tcreative\npartner\tin\tthe\tearliest\tstages\tof\tthinking\tthat\tled\tto\tthis\tbook.\tHer\nattunement\tto\tthe\temotional\tcurrents\tthat\tmove\tbeneath\tthe\tsurface\nof\tour\tthoughts\tand\tinteractions\topened\ta\tworld\tto\tme.\nI\tfirst\theard\tthe\tphrase\t\u201cemotional\tliteracy\u201d\tfrom\tEileen\tRockefeller\nGrowald,\tthen\tthe\tfounder\tand\tpresident\tof\tthe\tInstitute\tfor\tthe\nAdvancement\tof\tHealth.\tIt\twas\tthis\tcasual\tconversation\tthat\tpiqued\nmy\tinterest\tand\tframed\tthe\tinvestigations\tthat\tfinally\tbecame\tthis\nbook.\nSupport\tfrom\tthe\tFetzer\tInstitute\thas\tallowed\tme\tthe\tluxury\tof\ttime\nto\texplore\tmore\tfully\twhat\t\u201cemotional\tliteracy\u201d\tmight\tmean,\tand\tI\tam\ngrateful\tfor\tthe\tcrucial\tearly\tencouragement\tof\tRob\tLehman,\tpresident\nof\tthe\tInstitute,\tand\tan\tongoing\tcollaboration\twith\tDavid\tSluyter,\nprogram\tdirector\tthere.\tIt\twas\tRob\tLehman\twho,\tearly\ton\tin\tmy\nexplorations,\turged\tme\tto\twrite\ta\tbook\tabout\temotional\tliteracy.\nAmong\tmy\tmost\tprofound\tdebts\tis\tto\tthe\thundreds\tof\tresearchers\nwho\tover\tthe\tyears\thave\tshared\ttheir\tfindings\twith\tme,\tand\twhose\nefforts\tare\treviewed\tand\tsynthesized\there.\tTo\tPeter\tSalovey\tat\tYale\tI\nowe\tthe\tconcept\tof\t\u201cemotional\tintelligence.\u201d\tI\thave\talso\tgained\tmuch", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "39cb1c638962-1", "page_content": "from\tbeing\tprivy\tto\tthe\tongoing\twork\tof\tmany\teducators\tand\npractitioners\tof\tthe\tart\tof\tprimary\tprevention,\twho\tare\tat\tthe\tforefront\nof\tthe\tnascent\tmovement\tin\temotional\tliteracy.\tTheir\thands-on\tefforts\nto\tbring\theightened\tsocial\tand\temotional\tskills\tto\tchildren,\tand\tto\tre-\ncreate\tschools\tas\tmore\thumane\tenvironments,\thave\tbeen\tinspiring.\nAmong\tthem\tare\tMark\tGreenberg\tand\tDavid\tHawkins\tat\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tWashington;\tEric\tSchaps\tand\tCatherine\tLewis\tat\tthe\nDevelopmental\tStudies\tCenter\tin\tOakland,\tCalifornia;\tTim\tShriver\tat\nthe\tYale\tChild\tStudies\tCenter;\tRoger\tWeissberg\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\nIllinois\tat\tChicago;\tMaurice\tElias\tat\tRutgers;\tShelly\tKessler\tof\tthe\nGoddard\tInstitute\ton\tTeaching\tand\tLearning\tin\tBoulder,\tColorado;\nChevy\tMartin\tand\tKaren\tStone\tMcCown\tat\tthe\tNueva\tSchool\tin\nHillsborough,\tCalifornia;\tLinda\tLantieri,\tdirector\tof\tthe\tNational\nCenter\tfor\tResolving\tConflict\tCreatively\tin\tNew\tYork\tCity;\tand\tCarol\nA.\tKusche,\tDevelopmental\tResearch\tand\tPrograms,\tSeattle.\nI\thave\ta\tspecial\tdebt\tto\tthose\twho\treviewed\tand\tcommented\ton", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "caa3d0446e2d-0", "page_content": "parts\tof\tthis\tmanuscript:\tHoward\tGardner\tof\tthe\tGraduate\tSchool\tof\nEducation\tat\tHarvard\tUniversity;\tPeter\tSalovey,\tof\tthe\tpsychology\ndepartment\tat\tYale\tUniversity;\tPaul\tEkman,\tdirector\tof\tthe\tHuman\nInteraction\tLaboratory\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tSan\tFrancisco;\nMichael\tLerner,\tdirector\tof\tCommonweal\tin\tBolinas,\tCalifornia;\tDenis\nPrager,\tthen\tdirector\tof\tthe\thealth\tprogram\tat\tthe\tJohn\tD.\tand\nCatherine\tT.\tMacArthur\tFoundation;\tMark\tGerzon,\tdirector\tof\nCommon\tEnterprise,\tBoulder,\tColorado;\tMary\tSchwab-Stone,\tMD,\nChild\tStudies\tCenter,\tYale\tUniversity\tSchool\tof\tMedicine;\tDavid\nSpiegel,\tMD,\tDepartment\tof\tPsychiatry,\tStanford\tUniversity\tMedical\nSchool;\tMark\tGreenberg,\tdirector\tof\tthe\tFast\tTrack\tProgram,\nUniversity\tof\tWashington;\tShoshona\tZuboff,\tHarvard\tSchool\tof\nBusiness;\tJoseph\tLeDoux,\tCenter\tfor\tNeural\tScience,\tNew\tYork\nUniversity;\tRichard\tDavidson,\tdirector\tof\tthe\tPsychophysiology\nLaboratory,\tUniversity\tof\tWisconsin;\tPaul\tKaufman,\tMind\tand\tMedia,\nPoint\tReyes,\tCalifornia;\tJessica\tBrackman,\tNaomi\tWolf,\tand,\nespecially,\tFay\tGoleman.\nHelpful\tscholarly\tconsultations\tcame\tfrom\tPage\tDuBois,\ta\tGreek\nscholar\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tSouthern\tCalifornia;\tMatthew\tKapstein,\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "caa3d0446e2d-1", "page_content": "philosopher\tof\tethics\tand\treligion\tat\tColumbia\tUniversity;\tand\tSteven\nRockefeller,\tintellectual\tbiographer\tof\tJohn\tDewey,\tat\tMiddlebury\nCollege.\tJoy\tNolan\tgathered\tvignettes\tof\temotional\tepisodes;\tMargaret\nHowe\tand\tAnnette\tSpychalla\tprepared\tthe\tappendix\ton\tthe\teffects\tof\nemotional\tliteracy\tcurricula.\tSam\tand\tSusan\tHarris\tprovided\tessential\nequipment.\nMy\teditors\tat\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\tover\tthe\tlast\tdecade\thave\tbeen\nmarvelously\tsupportive\tof\tmy\tmany\tenquiries\tinto\tnew\tfindings\ton\nthe\temotions,\twhich\tfirst\tappeared\tin\tthe\tpages\tof\tthat\tpaper\tand\nwhich\tinform\tmuch\tof\tthis\tbook.\nToni\tBurbank,\tmy\teditor\tat\tBantam\tBooks,\toffered\tthe\teditorial\nenthusiasm\tand\tacuity\tthat\tsharpened\tmy\tresolve\tand\tthinking.\nAnd\tTara\tprovided\tthe\tcocoon\tof\twarmth,\tlove,\tand\tintelligence\nthat\tnurtured\tthis\tproject\talong.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "976b85674aab-0", "page_content": "Notes\nIntroduction\n\t\t\t1.\n\tJ.\tA.\tDurlak\tand\tR.\tP.\tWeissberg,\t\u201cA\tMajor\tMeta-analysis\tof\tPositive\tYouth\tDevelopment\nPrograms,\u201d\tpresentation\tat\tthe\tannual\tmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tAssociation,\nWashington,\tDC,\tAugust\t2005.\tSee\talso\tR.\tP.\tWeissberg,\t\u201cSocial\tand\tEmotional\tLearning\nfor\tSchool\tand\tLife\tSuccess,\u201d\taddress\tto\tthe\tSociety\tfor\tCommunity\tResearch\tand\tAction\n(APA\tDivision\t27),\tDistinguished\tContribution\tto\tTheory\tand\tResearch\tAward,\tat\tthe\nannual\tmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tAssociation,\tWashington,\tD.C.,\tAugust\n2005.\n\t\t\t2.\n\tN.\tR.\tRiggs,\tM.\tT.\tGreenberg,\tC.\tA.\tKusche,\tand\tM.\tA.\tPentz,\t\u201cThe\tRole\tof\tNeurocognitive\nChange\tin\tthe\tBehavioral\tOutcomes\tof\ta\tSocial-Emotional\tPrevention\tProgram\tin\nElementary\tSchool\tStudents:\tEffects\tof\tthe\tPATHS\tCurriculum,\u201d\t2005,\tunder\treview.\n\t\t\t3.\n\tThe\tEI\tmodel\tseems\tto\tbe\temerging\tas\tan\tinfluential\tframework\twithin\tpsychology.\tThe\nspan\tof\tpsychological\tfields\tthat\tnow\tare\tinformed\tby\t(and\tinform)\tthe\tEI\tmodel\trange\nfrom\tneuroscience\tto\thealth\tpsychology.\tThe\tareas\twith\tstrongest\tconnections\tto\tEI\ninclude:\tdevelopment,\teducation,\tclinical\tand\tcounseling,\tsocial,\tand\nindustrial/organizational\tpsychology,\tamong\tothers.\tIndeed,\tsegments\ton\tEI\tare\tnow", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "976b85674aab-1", "page_content": "routinely\tincluded\tin\tmany\tcollege-level\tand\tgraduate\tcourses\tin\tthese\tsubjects.\n\t\t\t4.\n\tJ.\tD.\tMayer,\tP.\tSalovey,\tand\tD.\tR.\tCaruso,\t\u201cModels\tof\tEmotional\tIntelligence,\u201d\tin\tR.\tJ.\nSternberg,\ted.,\t\nHandbook\tof\tIntelligence\n,\tCambridge,\tEng.:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\n2000.\n\t\t\t5.\n\tChildren\trated\tin\t1999:\tThomas\tM.\tAchenbach\tet\tal.,\t\u201cAre\tAmerican\tChildren\u2019s\tProblems\nStill\tGetting\tWorse?\tA\t23-year\tComparison,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tChild\tPsychology\n,\t31\n(2003):\t1\u201311.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d3c7ba01cd7d-0", "page_content": "PART\tONE:\tTHE\tEMOTIONAL\tBRAIN\nChapter\t1.\tWhat\tAre\tEmotions\tFor?\n\t\t\t1.\n\tAssociated\tPress,\tSeptember\t15,\t1993.\n\t\t\t2.\n\tThe\ttimelessness\tof\tthis\ttheme\tof\tselfless\tlove\tis\tsuggested\tby\thow\tpervasive\tit\tis\tin\tworld\nmyth:\tThe\tJataka\ttales,\ttold\tthroughout\tmuch\tof\tAsia\tfor\tmillennia,\tall\tnarrate\tvariations\non\tsuch\tparables\tof\tself-sacrifice.\n\t\t\t3.\n\tAltruistic\tlove\tand\thuman\tsurvival:\tThe\tevolutionary\ttheories\tthat\tposit\tthe\tadaptive\nadvantages\tof\taltruism\tare\twell-summarized\tin\tMalcolm\tSlavin\tand\tDaniel\tKriegman,\t\nThe\nAdaptive\tDesign\tof\tthe\tHuman\tPsyche\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1992).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tMuch\tof\tthis\tdiscussion\tis\tbased\ton\tPaul\tEkman\u2019s\tkey\tessay,\t\u201cAn\tArgument\tfor\tBasic\nEmotions,\u201d\t\nCognition\tand\tEmotion\n,\t6,\t1992,\tpp.\t169\u2013200.\tThis\tpoint\tis\tfrom\tP.\tN.\tJohnson-\nLaird\tand\tK.\tOatley\u2019s\tessay\tin\tthe\tsame\tissue\tof\tthe\tjournal.\n\t\t\t5.\n\tThe\tshooting\tof\tMatilda\tCrabtree:\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n,\tNov.\t11,\t1994.\n\t\t\t6.\n\tOnly\tin\tadults:\tAn\tobservation\tby\tPaul\tEkman,\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tSan\tFrancisco.\n\t\t\t7.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d3c7ba01cd7d-1", "page_content": "7.\n\tBody\tchanges\tin\temotions\tand\ttheir\tevolutionary\treasons:\tSome\tof\tthe\tchanges\tare\ndocumented\tin\tRobert\tW.\tLevenson,\tPaul\tEkman,\tand\tWallace\tV.\tFriesen,\t\u201cVoluntary\nFacial\tAction\tGenerates\tEmotion-Specific\tAutonomous\tNervous\tSystem\tActivity,\u201d\nPsychophysiology\n,\t\n27,\t1990.\tThis\tlist\tis\tculled\tfrom\tthere\tand\tother\tsources.\tAt\tthis\tpoint\nsuch\ta\tlist\tremains\tspeculative\tto\ta\tdegree;\tthere\tis\tscientific\tdebate\tover\tthe\tprecise\nbiological\tsignature\tof\teach\temotion,\twith\tsome\tresearchers\ttaking\tthe\tposition\tthat\tthere\nis\tfar\tmore\toverlap\tthan\tdifference\tamong\temotions,\tor\tthat\tour\tpresent\tability\tto\tmeasure\nthe\tbiological\tcorrelates\tof\temotion\tis\ttoo\timmature\tto\tdistinguish\tamong\tthem\treliably.\nFor\tthis\tdebate\tsee:\tPaul\tEkman\tand\tRichard\tDavidson,\teds.,\t\nFundamental\tQuestions\tAbout\nEmotions\n\t(New\tYork:\tOxford\tUniversity\tPress,\t1994).\n\t\t\t8.\n\tAs\tPaul\tEkman\tputs\tit,\t\u201cAnger\tis\tthe\tmost\tdangerous\temotion;\tsome\tof\tthe\tmain\tproblems\ndestroying\tsociety\tthese\tdays\tinvolve\tanger\trun\tamok.\tIt\u2019s\tthe\tleast\tadaptive\temotion\tnow\nbecause\tit\tmobilizes\tus\tto\tfight.\tOur\temotions\tevolved\twhen\twe\tdidn\u2019t\thave\tthe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d3c7ba01cd7d-2", "page_content": "technology\tto\tact\tso\tpowerfully\ton\tthem.\tIn\tprehistoric\ttimes,\twhen\tyou\thad\tan\ninstantaneous\trage\tand\tfor\ta\tsecond\twanted\tto\tkill\tsomeone,\tyou\tcouldn\u2019t\tdo\tit\tvery\teasily\n\u2014but\tnow\tyou\tcan.\u201d\n\t\t\t9.\n\tErasmus\tof\tRotterdam,\t\nIn\tPraise\tof\tFolly\n,\ttrans.\tEddie\tRadice\t(London:\tPenguin,\t1971),\tp.\n87.\n10.\n\tSuch\tbasic\tresponses\tdefined\twhat\tmight\tpass\tfor\tthe\t\u201cemotional\tlife\u201d\u2014more\taptly,\tan\n\u201cinstinct\tlife\u201d\u2014of\tthese\tspecies.\tMore\timportant\tin\tevolutionary\tterms,\tthese\tare\tthe\ndecisions\tcrucial\tto\tsurvival;\tthose\tanimals\tthat\tcould\tdo\tthem\twell,\tor\twell\tenough,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "adc4cacff0a2-0", "page_content": "survived\tto\tpass\ton\ttheir\tgenes.\tIn\tthese\tearly\ttimes,\tmental\tlife\twas\tbrutish:\tthe\tsenses\nand\ta\tsimple\trepertoire\tof\treactions\tto\tthe\tstimuli\tthey\treceived\tgot\ta\tlizard,\tfrog,\tbird,\tor\nfish\u2014and,\tperhaps,\ta\tbrontosaurus\u2014through\tthe\tday.\tBut\tthis\trunt\tbrain\tdid\tnot\tyet\tallow\nfor\twhat\twe\tthink\tof\tas\tan\temotion.\n11.\n\tThe\tlimbic\tsystem\tand\temotions:\tR.\tJoseph,\t\nThe\tNaked\tNeuron:\tEvolution\tand\tthe\tLanguages\nof\tthe\tBrain\tand\tBody\n\t(New\tYork:\tPlenum\tPublishing,\t1993);\tPaul\tD.\tMacLean,\t\nThe\tTriune\nBrain\tin\tEvolution\n\t(New\tYork:\tPlenum,\t1990).\n12.\n\tRhesus\tinfants\tand\tadaptability:\t\u201cAspects\tof\temotion\tconserved\tacross\tspecies,\u201d\tNed\tKalin,\nM.D.,\tDepartments\tof\tPsychology\tand\tPsychiatry,\tUniversity\tof\tWisconsin,\tprepared\tfor\nthe\tMacArthur\tAffective\tNeuroscience\tMeeting,\tNov.,\t1992.\nChapter\t2.\tAnatomy\tof\tan\tEmotional\tHijacking\n\t\t\t1.\n\tThe\tcase\tof\tthe\tman\twith\tno\tfeelings\twas\tdescribed\tby\tR.\tJoseph,\top.\tcit.\tp.\t83.\tOn\tthe\nother\thand,\tthere\tmay\tbe\tsome\tvestiges\tof\tfeeling\tin\tpeople\twho\tlack\tan\tamygdala\t(see\nPaul\tEkman\tand\tRichard\tDavidson,\teds.,\t\nQuestions\tAbout\tEmotion", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "adc4cacff0a2-1", "page_content": "Questions\tAbout\tEmotion\n.\tNew\tYork:\tOxford\nUniversity\tPress,\t1994).\tThe\tdifferent\tfindings\tmay\thinge\ton\texactly\twhich\tparts\tof\tthe\namygdala\tand\trelated\tcircuits\twere\tmissing;\tthe\tlast\tword\ton\tthe\tdetailed\tneurology\tof\nemotion\tis\tfar\tfrom\tin.\n\t\t\t2.\n\tLike\tmany\tneuroscientists,\tLeDoux\tworks\tat\tseveral\tlevels,\tstudying,\tfor\tinstance,\thow\nspecific\tlesions\tin\ta\trat\u2019s\tbrain\tchange\tits\tbehavior;\tpainstakingly\ttracing\tthe\tpath\tof\tsingle\nneurons;\tsetting\tup\telaborate\texperiments\tto\tcondition\tfear\tin\trats\twhose\tbrains\thave\tbeen\nsurgically\taltered.\tHis\tfindings,\tand\tothers\treviewed\there,\tare\tat\tthe\tfrontier\tof\texploration\nin\tneuroscience,\tand\tso\tremain\tsomewhat\tspeculative\u2014particularly\tthe\timplications\tthat\nseem\tto\tflow\tfrom\tthe\traw\tdata\tto\tan\tunderstanding\tof\tour\temotional\tlife.\tBut\tLeDoux\u2019s\nwork\tis\tsupported\tby\ta\tgrowing\tbody\tof\tconverging\tevidence\tfrom\ta\tvariety\tof\nneuroscientists\twho\tare\tsteadily\tlaying\tbare\tthe\tneural\tunderpinnings\tof\temotions.\tSee,\tfor\nexample,\tJoseph\tLeDoux,\t\u201cSensory\tSystems\tand\tEmotion,\u201d\t\nIntegrative\tPsychiatry\n,\t4,\t1986;\nJoseph\tLeDoux,\t\u201cEmotion\tand\tthe\tLimbic\tSystem\tConcept,\u201d\t\nConcepts\tin\tNeuroscience,\t2\n,\n1992.\n\t\t\t3.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "adc4cacff0a2-2", "page_content": ",\n1992.\n\t\t\t3.\n\tThe\tidea\tof\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\tas\tthe\tbrain\u2019s\temotional\tcenter\twas\tintroduced\tby\nneurologist\tPaul\tMacLean\tmore\tthan\tforty\tyears\tago.\tIn\trecent\tyears\tdiscoveries\tlike\nLeDoux\u2019s\thave\trefined\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\tconcept,\tshowing\tthat\tsome\tof\tits\tcentral\nstructures\tlike\tthe\thippocampus\tare\tless\tdirectly\tinvolved\tin\temotions,\twhile\tcircuits\nlinking\tother\tparts\t\nof\tthe\tbrain\u2014particularly\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\u2014to\tthe\tamygdala\tare\nmore\tcentral.\tBeyond\tthat,\tthere\tis\ta\tgrowing\trecognition\tthat\teach\temotion\tmay\tcall\ton\ndistinct\tbrain\tareas.\tThe\tmost\tcurrent\tthinking\tis\tthat\tthere\tis\tnot\ta\tneatly\tdefined\tsingle\n\u201cemotional\tbrain,\u201d\tbut\trather\tseveral\tsystems\tof\tcircuits\tthat\tdisperse\tthe\tregulation\tof\ta\ngiven\temotion\tto\tfarflung,\tbut\tcoordinated,\tparts\tof\tthe\tbrain.\tNeuroscientists\tspeculate\nthat\twhen\tthe\tfull\tbrain\tmapping\tof\tthe\temotions\tis\taccomplished,\teach\tmajor\temotion", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c72c4aef7530-0", "page_content": "will\thave\tits\town\ttopography,\ta\tdistinct\tmap\tof\tneuronal\tpathways\tdetermining\tits\tunique\nqualities,\tthough\tmany\tor\tmost\tof\tthese\tcircuits\tare\tlikely\tto\tbe\tinterlinked\tat\tkey\njunctures\tin\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem,\tlike\tthe\tamygdala,\tand\tprefrontal\tcortex.\tSee\tJoseph\nLeDoux,\t\u201cEmotional\tMemory\tSystems\tin\tthe\tBrain,\u201d\t\nBehavioral\tand\tBrain\tResearch\n,\t58,\n1993.\n\t\t\t4.\n\tBrain\tcircuitry\tof\tdifferent\tlevels\tof\tfear:\tThis\tanalysis\tis\tbased\ton\tthe\texcellent\tsynthesis\nin\tJerome\tKagan,\t\nGalen\u2019s\tProphecy\n\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1994).\n\t\t\t5.\n\tI\twrote\tabout\tJoseph\tLeDoux\u2019s\tresearch\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\ton\tAugust\t15,\t1989.\tThe\ndiscussion\tin\tthis\tchapter\tis\tbased\ton\tinterviews\twith\thim,\tand\tseveral\tof\this\tarticles,\nincluding\tJoseph\tLeDoux,\t\u201cEmotional\tMemory\tSystems\tin\tthe\tBrain,\u201d\t\nBehavioural\tBrain\nResearch\n,\t58,\t1993:\tJoseph\tLeDoux,\t\u201cEmotion,\tMemory\tand\tthe\tBrain,\u201d\t\nScientific\tAmerican\n,\nJune,\t1994;\tJoseph\tLeDoux,\t\u201cEmotion\tand\tthe\tLimbic\tSystem\tConcept,\u201d\t\nConcepts\tin\nNeuroscience,\t2\n,\t1992.\n\t\t\t6.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c72c4aef7530-1", "page_content": "Neuroscience,\t2\n,\t1992.\n\t\t\t6.\n\tUnconscious\tpreferences:\tWilliam\tRaft\tKunst-Wilson\tand\tR.\tB.\tZajonc,\t\u201cAffective\nDiscrimination\tof\tStimuli\tThat\tCannot\tBe\tRecognized,\u201d\t\nScience\n\t(Feb.\t1,\t1980).\n\t\t\t7.\n\tUnconscious\topinion:\tJohn\tA.\tBargh,\t\u201cFirst\tSecond:\tThe\tPreconscious\tin\tSocial\nInteractions,\u201d\tpresented\tat\tthe\tmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tSociety,\nWashington,\tDC\t(June\t1994).\n\t\t\t8.\n\tEmotional\tmemory:\tLarry\tCahill\tet\tal.,\t\u201cBeta-adrenergic\tactivation\tand\tmemory\tfor\nemotional\tevents,\u201d\t\nNature\n\t(Oct.\t20,\t1994).\n\t\t\t9.\n\tPsychoanalytic\ttheory\tand\tbrain\tmaturation:\tthe\tmost\tdetailed\tdiscussion\tof\tthe\tearly\nyears\tand\tthe\temotional\tconsequences\tof\tbrain\tdevelopment\tis\tAllan\tSchore,\t\nAffect\nRegulation\tand\tthe\tOrigin\tof\tSelf\n\t(Hillsdale,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum\tAssociates,\t1994).\n10.\n\tDangerous,\teven\tif\tyou\tdon\u2019t\tknow\twhat\tit\tis:\tLeDoux,\tquoted\tin\t\u201cHow\tScary\tThings\tGet\nThat\tWay,\u201d\t\nScience\n\t(Nov.\t6,\t1992),\tp.\t887.\n11.\n\tMuch\tof\tthis\tspeculation\tabout\tthe\tfine-tuning\tof\temotional\tresponse\tby\tthe\tneocortex\ncomes\tfrom\tNed\tKalin,\top.\tcit.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c72c4aef7530-2", "page_content": "comes\tfrom\tNed\tKalin,\top.\tcit.\n12.\n\tA\tcloser\tlook\tat\tthe\tneuroanatomy\tshows\thow\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tact\tas\temotional\nmanagers.\tMuch\tevidence\tpoints\tto\tpart\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tas\ta\tsite\twhere\tmost\tor\tall\ncortical\tcircuits\tinvolved\tin\tan\temotional\treaction\tcome\ttogether.\tIn\thumans,\tthe\tstrongest\nconnections\tbetween\tneocortex\tand\tamygdala\trun\tto\tthe\tleft\tprefrontal\tlobe\tand\tthe\ntemporal\tlobe\tbelow\tand\tto\tthe\tside\tof\tthe\tfrontal\tlobe\t(the\ttemporal\tlobe\tis\tcritical\tin\nidentifying\twhat\tan\tobject\tis).\tBoth\tthese\tconnections\tare\tmade\tin\ta\tsingle\tprojection,\nsuggesting\ta\trapid\tand\tpowerful\tpathway,\ta\tvirtual\tneural\thighway.\tThe\tsingle-neuron\nprojection\tbetween\tthe\tamygdala\tand\tprefrontal\tcortex\truns\tto\tan\tarea\tcalled\tthe\norbitofrontal\tcortex\n.\tThis\tis\tthe\tarea\tthat\tseems\tmost\tcritical\tfor\tassessing\temotional\nresponses\tas\twe\tare\tin\tthe\tmidst\tof\tthem\tand\tmaking\tmid-course\tcorrections.\n\t\t\t\tThe\torbitofrontal\tcortex\tboth\treceives\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\tamygdala\tand\thas\tits\town", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "30cbdd6e8385-0", "page_content": "intricate,\textensive\tweb\tof\tprojections\tthroughout\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain.\tThrough\tthis\tweb\tit\nplays\ta\trole\tin\tregulating\temotional\tresponses\u2014including\tinhibiting\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\nlimbic\tbrain\tas\tthey\treach\tother\tareas\tof\tthe\tcortex,\tthus\ttoning\tdown\tthe\tneural\turgency\nof\tthose\tsignals.\tThe\torbitofrontal\tcortex\u2019s\tconnections\tto\tthe\tlimbic\tbrain\tare\tso\textensive\nthat\tsome\tneuroanatomists\thave\tcalled\tit\ta\tkind\tof\t\u201climbic\tcortex\u201d\u2014the\tthinking\tpart\tof\nthe\temotional\tbrain.\tSee\tNed\tKalin,\tDepartments\tof\tPsychology\tand\tPsychiatry,\tUniversity\nof\tWisconsin,\t\u201cAspects\tof\tEmotion\tConserved\tAcross\tSpecies,\u201d\tan\tunpublished\tmanuscript\nprepared\tfor\tthe\tMacArthur\tAffective\tNeuroscience\tMeeting.\tNovember,\t1992;\tand\tAllan\nSchore,\t\nAffect\tRegulation\tand\tthe\tOrigin\tof\tSelf\n\t(Hillsdale,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum\tAssociates,\n1994).\n\t\t\t\tThere\tis\tnot\tonly\ta\tstructural\tbridge\tbetween\tamygdala\tand\tprefrontal\tcortex,\tbut,\tas\nalways,\ta\tbiochemical\tone:\tboth\tthe\tventromedial\tsection\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex\tand\tthe\namygdala\tare\tespecially\thigh\tin\tconcentrations\tof\tchemical\treceptors\tfor\tthe\nneurotransmitter\tserotonin.\tThis\tbrain\tchemical\tseems,\tamong\tother\tthings,\tto\tprime", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "30cbdd6e8385-1", "page_content": "cooperation:\tmonkeys\twith\textremely\thigh\tdensity\tof\treceptors\tfor\tserotonin\tin\tthe\tpre-\nfrontal-amygdala\tcircuit\tare\t\u201csocially\twell-tuned,\u201d\twhile\tthose\twith\tlow\tconcentrations\tare\nhostile\tand\tantagonistic.\tSee\tAntonio\tDamosio,\t\nDescartes\u2019\tError\n\t(New\tYork:\nGrosset/Putnam,\t1994).\n13.\n\tAnimal\tstudies\tshow\tthat\twhen\tareas\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tare\tlesioned,\tso\tthat\tthey\tno\nlonger\tmodulate\temotional\tsignals\tfrom\tthe\tlimbic\tarea,\tthe\tanimals\tbecome\terratic,\nimpulsively\tand\tunpredictably\texploding\tin\trage\tor\tcringing\tin\tfear.\tA.\tR.\tLuria,\tthe\nbrilliant\tRussian\tneuropsychologist,\tproposed\tas\tlong\tago\tas\tthe\t1930s\tthat\tthe\tprefrontal\ncortex\twas\tkey\tfor\tself-control\tand\tconstraining\temotional\toutbursts;\tpatients\twho\thad\ndamage\tto\tthis\tarea,\the\tnoted,\twere\timpulsive\tand\tprone\tto\tflareups\tof\tfear\tand\tanger.\nAnd\ta\tstudy\tof\ttwo\tdozen\tmen\tand\twomen\twho\thad\tbeen\tconvicted\tof\timpulsive,\theat-of-\npassion\tmurders\tfound,\tusing\tPET\tscans\tfor\tbrain\timaging,\tthat\tthey\thad\ta\tmuch\tlower\nthan\tusual\tlevel\tof\tactivity\tin\tthese\tsame\tsections\tof\tthe\tprefrontal\tcortex.\n14.\n\tSome\tof\tthe\tmain\twork\ton\tlesioned\tlobes\tin\trats\twas\tdone\tby\tVictor\tDennenberg,\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "30cbdd6e8385-2", "page_content": "psychologist\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tConnecticut.\n15.\n\tLeft\themisphere\tlesions\tand\tjoviality:\tG.\tGianotti,\t\u201cEmotional\tbehavior\tand\themispheric\nside\tof\tlesion,\u201d\t\nCortex\n,\t8.\t1972.\n16.\n\tThe\tcase\tof\tthe\thappier\tstroke\tpatient\twas\treported\tby\tMary\tK.\tMorris,\tof\tthe\tDepartment\nof\tNeurology\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tFlorida,\tat\tthe\tInternational\tNeurophysiological\tSociety\nMeeting,\tFebruary\t13\n\u201316\n,\t1991,\tin\tSan\tAntonio.\n17.\n\tPrefrontal\tcortex\tand\tworking\tmemory:\tLynn\tD.\tSelemon\tet\tal,\t\u201cPrefrontal\tCortex,\u201d\nAmerican\tJournal\tof\tPsychiatry\n,\t152,\t1995.\n18.\n\tFaulty\tfrontal\tlobes:\tPhilip\tHarden\tand\tRobert\tPihl,\t\u201cCognitive\tFunction,\tCardiovascular\nReactivity,\tand\tBehavior\tin\tBoys\tat\tHigh\tRisk\tfor\tAlcoholism,\u201d\tJ\nournal\tof\tAbnormal\nPsychology\n,\t104,\t1995.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e570889033ab-0", "page_content": "19.\n\tPrefrontal\tcortex:\tAntonio\tDamasio,\t\nDescartes\u2019\tError:\tEmotion,\tReason\tand\tthe\tHuman\tBrain\n(New\tYork:\tGrosset/Putnam,\t1994).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e7c31bbb9a92-0", "page_content": "PART\tTWO:\tTHE\tNATURE\tOF\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\nChapter\t3.\tWhen\tSmart\tIs\tDumb\n\t\t\t1.\n\tJason\tH.\u2019s\tstory\twas\treported\tin\t\u201cWarning\tby\ta\tValedictorian\tWho\tFaced\tPrison,\u201d\tin\t\nThe\nNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(June\t23,\t1992).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tOne\tobserver\tnotes:\tHoward\tGardner,\t\u201cCracking\tOpen\tthe\tIQ\tBox,\u201d\t\nThe\tAmerican\tProspect\n,\nWinter\t1995.\n\t\t\t3.\n\tRichard\tHerrnstein\tand\tCharles\tMurray,\t\nThe\tBell\tCurve:\tIntelligence\tand\tClass\tStructure\tin\nAmerican\tLife\n\t(New\tYork:\tFree\tPress,\t1994),\tp.\t66.\n\t\t\t4.\n\tGeorge\tVaillant,\t\nAdaptation\tto\tLife\n\t(Boston:\tLittle,\tBrown,\t1977).\tThe\taverage\tSAT\tscore\tof\nthe\tHarvard\tgroup\twas\t584,\ton\ta\tscale\twhere\t800\tis\ttops.\tDr.\tVaillant,\tnow\tat\tHarvard\nUniversity\tMedical\tSchool,\ttold\tme\tabout\tthe\trelatively\tpoor\tpredictive\tvalue\tof\ttest\tscores\nfor\tlife\tsuccess\tin\tthis\tgroup\tof\tadvantaged\tmen.\n\t\t\t5.\n\t\nJ.\tK.\tFelsman\tand\tG.\tE.\tVaillant,\t\u201cResilient\tChildren\tas\tAdults:\tA\t40-Year\tStudy,\u201d\tin\tE.\tJ.\nAnderson\tand\tB.\tJ.\tCohler,\teds,.\t\nThe\tInvulnerable\tChild\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1987).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e7c31bbb9a92-1", "page_content": "(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1987).\n\t\t\t6.\n\tKaren\tArnold,\twho\tdid\tthe\tstudy\tof\tvaledictorians\twith\tTerry\tDenny\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\nIllinois,\twas\tquoted\tin\t\nThe\tChicago\tTribune\n\t(May\t29,\t1992).\n\t\t\t7.\n\tProject\tSpectrum:\tPrincipal\tcolleagues\tof\tGardner\tin\tdeveloping\tProject\tSpectrum\twere\nMara\tKrechevsky\tand\tDavid\tFeldman.\n\t\t\t8.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tHoward\tGardner\tabout\this\ttheory\tof\tmultiple\tintelligences\tin\t\u201cRethinking\nthe\tValue\tof\tIntelligence\tTests,\u201d\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\tEducation\tSupplement\n\t(Nov.\t3,\n1986)\tand\tseveral\ttimes\tsince.\n\t\t\t9.\n\tThe\tcomparison\tof\tIQ\ttests\tand\tSpectrum\tabilities\tis\treported\tin\ta\tchapter,\tcoauthored\nwith\tMara\tKrechevsky,\tin\tHoward\tGardner,\t\nMultiple\tIntelligences:\tThe\tTheory\tin\tPractice\n(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1993).\n10.\n\tThe\tnutshell\tsummary\tis\tfrom\tHoward\tGardner,\t\nMultiple\tIntelligences\n,\tp.\t9.\n11.\n\tHoward\tGardner\tand\tThomas\tHatch,\t\u201cMultiple\tIntelligences\tGo\tto\tSchool,\u201d\t\nEducational\nResearcher\n\t18,\t8\t(1989).\n12.\n\tThe\tmodel\tof\temotional\tintelligence\twas\tfirst\tproposed\tin\tPeter\tSalovey\tand\tJohn\tD.\nMayer,\t\u201cEmotional\tintelligence,\u201d", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e7c31bbb9a92-2", "page_content": "Mayer,\t\u201cEmotional\tintelligence,\u201d\t\nImagination,\tCognition,\tand\tPersonality\n\t9\t(1990),\tpp.\t185\u2013\n211.\n13.\n\tPractical\tintelligence\tand\tpeople\tskills:\tRobert\tJ.\tSternberg,\t\nBeyond\tI.Q\n.\t(New\tYork:\nCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1985).\n14.\n\tThe\tbasic\tdefinition\tof\t\u201cemotional\tintelligence\u201d\tis\tin\tSalovey\tand\tMayer,\t\u201cEmotional\nIntelligence,\u201d\tp.\t189.\tAnother\tearly\tmodel\tof\temotional\tintelligence\tis\tin\tReuven\tBar-On,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "16e07faaac9b-0", "page_content": "\u201cThe\tDevelopment\tof\ta\tConcept\tof\tPsychological\tWeil-Being,\u201d\tPh.D.\tdissertation,\tRhodes\nUniversity,\tSouth\tAfrica,\t1988.\n15.\n\tIQ\tvs.\temotional\tintelligence:\tJack\tBlock,\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tBerkeley,\tunpublished\nmanuscript,\tFebruary,\t1995.\tBlock\tuses\tthe\tconcept\t\u201cego\tresilience\u201d\trather\tthan\temotional\nintelligence,\tbut\tnotes\tthat\tits\tmain\tcomponents\tinclude\temotional\tself-regulation,\tan\nadaptive\timpulse\tcontrol,\ta\tsense\tof\tself-efficacy,\tand\tsocial\tintelligence.\tSince\tthese\tare\nmain\telements\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\tego\tresilience\tcan\tbe\tseen\tas\ta\tsurrogate\tmeasure\nfor\temotional\tintelligence,\tmuch\tlike\tSAT\tscores\tare\tfor\tIQ.\tBlock\tanalyzed\tdata\tfrom\ta\nlongitudinal\tstudy\tof\tabout\ta\thundred\tmen\tand\twomen\tin\ttheir\tteen\tyears\tand\tearly\ntwenties,\tand\tused\tstatistical\tmethods\tto\tassess\tthe\tpersonality\tand\tbehavioral\tcorrelates\nof\thigh\tIQ\tindependent\tof\temotional\tintelligence,\tand\temotional\tintelligence\tapart\tfrom\nIQ.\tThere\tis,\the\tfinds,\ta\tmodest\tcorrelation\tbetween\tIQ\tand\tego\tresilience,\tbut\tthe\ttwo\tare\nindependent\tconstructs.\nChapter\t4.\tKnow\tThyself\n\t\t\t1.\n\tMy\tusage\tof\t\nself-awareness\n\trefers\tto\ta\tself-reflexive,\tintrospective\tattention\tto\tone\u2019s\town\nexperience,\tsometimes\tcalled\t\nmindfulness\n.\n\t\t\t2.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "16e07faaac9b-1", "page_content": "experience,\tsometimes\tcalled\t\nmindfulness\n.\n\t\t\t2.\n\tSee\talso:\tJon\tKabat-Zinn.\tWh\nerever\tYou\tGo,\tThere\tYou\tAre\n\t(New\tYork:\tHyperion,\t1994).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tThe\tobserving\tego:\tAn\tinsightful\tcomparison\tof\tthe\tpsychoanalyst\u2019s\tattentional\tstance\tand\nself-awareness\tappears\tin\tMark\tEpstein\u2019s\t\nThoughts\tWithout\ta\tThinker\n\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\nBooks,\t1995).\tEpstein\tnotes\tthat\tif\tthis\tability\tis\tcultivated\tdeeply,\tit\tcan\tdrop\tthe\tself-\nconsciousness\tof\tthe\tobserver\tand\tbecome\ta\t\u201cmore\tflexible\tand\tbraver\t\u2018developed\tego,\u2019\ncapable\tof\tembracing\tall\tof\tlife.\u201d\n\t\t\t4.\n\tWilliam\tStyron,\t\nDarkness\tVisible:\tA\tMemoir\tof\tMadness\n\t(New\tYork:\tRandom\tHouse,\t1990),\np.\t64.\n\t\t\t5.\n\t\nJohn\tD.\tMayer\tand\tAlexander\tStevens,\t\u201cAn\tEmerging\tUnderstanding\tof\tthe\tReflective\n(Meta)\tExperience\tof\tMood,\u201d\tunpublished\tmanuscript\t(1993).\n\t\t\t6.\n\tMayer\tand\tStevens,\t\u201cAn\tEmerging\tUnderstanding.\u201d\tSome\tof\tthe\tterms\tfor\tthese\temotional\nself-awareness\tstyles\tare\tmy\town\tadaptations\tof\ttheir\tcategories.\n\t\t\t7.\n\tThe\tintensity\tof\temotions:\tMuch\tof\tthis\twork\twas\tdone\tby\tor\twith\tRandy\tLarsen,\ta\tformer", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "16e07faaac9b-2", "page_content": "graduate\tstudent\tof\tDiener\u2019s\tnow\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tMichigan.\n\t\t\t8.\n\tGary,\tthe\temotionally\tbland\tsurgeon,\tis\tdescribed\tin\tHillel\tI.\tSwiller,\t\u201cAlexithymia:\nTreatment\tUtilizing\tCombined\tIndividual\tand\tGroup\tPsychotherapy,\u201d\t\nInternational\tJournal\nfor\tGroup\tPsychotherapy\n\t38,\t1\t(1988),\tpp.\t47\u201361.\n\t\t\t9.\n\t\nEmotional\tilliterate\n\twas\tthe\tterm\tused\tby\tM.\tB.\tFreedman\tand\tB.\tS.\tSweet,\t\u201cSome\tSpecific\nFeatures\tof\tGroup\tPsychotherapy,\u201d\t\nInternational\tJournal\tfor\tGroup\tPsychotherapy\n\t4\t(1954),\npp.\t335\u201368.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4af7e341a689-0", "page_content": "10.\n\tThe\tclinical\tfeatures\tof\talexithymia\tare\tdescribed\tin\tGraeme\tJ.\tTaylor,\t\u201cAlexithymia:\nHistory\tof\tthe\tConcept,\u201d\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tannual\tmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\nPsychiatric\tAssociation\tin\tWashington,\tDC\t(May\t1986).\n11.\n\tThe\tdescription\tof\talexithymia\tis\tfrom\tPeter\tSifneos,\t\u201cAffect,\tEmotional\tConflict,\tand\nDeficit:\tAn\tOverview,\u201d\t\nPsychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics\n\t56\t(1991),\tpp.\t116\u201322.\n12.\n\tThe\twoman\twho\tdid\tnot\tknow\twhy\tshe\twas\tcrying\tis\treported\tin\tH.\tWarnes,\t\u201cAlexithymia,\nClinical\tand\tTherapeutic\tAspects,\u201d\t\nPsychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics\n\t46\t(1986),\tpp.\t96\u2013\n104.\n13.\n\tRole\tof\temotions\tin\treasoning:\tDamasio,\t\nDescartes\u2019\tError\n.\n14.\n\tUnconscious\tfear:\tThe\tsnake\tstudies\tare\tdescribed\tin\tKagan,\t\nGalen\u2019s\tProphecy\n.\nChapter\t5.\tPassion\u2019s\tSlaves\n\t\t\t1.\n\tFor\tdetails\ton\tthe\tratio\tof\tpositive\tto\tnegative\tfeelings\tand\twell-being,\tsee\tEd\tDiener\tand\nRandy\tJ.\tLarsen,\t\u201cThe\tExperience\tof\tEmotional\tWell-Being,\u201d\tin\tMichael\tLewis\tand\nJeannette\tHaviland,\teds.,\t\nHandbook\tof\tEmotions\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993).\n\t\t\t2.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4af7e341a689-1", "page_content": "2.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tDiane\tTice\tabout\ther\tresearch\ton\thow\twell\tpeople\tshake\toff\tbad\tmoods\tin\nDecember\t1992.\tShe\tpublished\ther\tfindings\ton\tanger\tin\ta\tchapter\tshe\twrote\twith\ther\nhusband,\tRoy\tBaumeister,\tin\tDaniel\tWegner\tand\tJames\tPennebaker,\teds.,\t\nHandbook\tof\nMental\tControls:\t5\n\t(Englewood\tCliffs,\tNJ:\tPrentice-Hall,\t1993).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tBill\tcollectors:\talso\tdescribed\tin\tArlie\tHochschild,\t\nThe\tManaged\tHeart\n\t(New\tYork:\tFree\nPress,\t1980).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tThe\tcase\tagainst\tanger,\tand\tfor\tself-control,\tis\tbased\tlargely\ton\tDiane\tTice\tand\tRoy\tF.\nBaumeister,\t\u201cControlling\tAnger:\tSelf-Induced\tEmotion\tChange,\u201d\tin\tWegner\tand\nPennebaker,\t\nHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl\n.\tBut\tsee\talso\tCarol\tTavris,\t\nAnger:\tThe\nMisunderstood\tEmotion\n\t(New\tYork:\tTouchstone,\t1989).\n\t\t\t5.\n\tThe\tresearch\ton\trage\tis\tdescribed\tin\tDolf\tZillmann,\t\u201cMental\tControl\tof\tAngry\tAggression,\u201d\nin\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\t\nHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl\n.\n\t\t\t6.\n\tThe\tsoothing\twalk:\tquoted\tin\tTavris,\t\nAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion\n,\tp.\t135.\n\t\t\t7.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4af7e341a689-2", "page_content": ",\tp.\t135.\n\t\t\t7.\n\tRedford\tWilliams\u2019s\tstrategies\tfor\tcontrolling\thostility\tare\tdetailed\tin\tRedford\tWilliams\tand\nVirginia\tWilliams,\t\nAnger\tKills\n\t(New\tYork:\tTimes\tBooks,\t1993).\n\t\t\t8.\n\tVenting\tanger\tdoes\tnot\tdispel\tit:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tS.\tK.\tMallick\tand\tB.\tR.\tMcCandless,\t\u201cA\nStudy\tof\tCatharsis\tAggression,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n\t\n4\t(1966).\tFor\ta\nsummary\tof\tthis\tresearch,\tsee\tTavris,\t\nAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion\n.\n\t\t\t9.\n\tWhen\tlashing\tout\tin\tanger\tis\teffective:\tTavris,\t\nAnger:\tThe\tMisunderstood\tEmotion\n.\n10.\n\tThe\twork\tof\tworrying:\tLizabeth\tRoemer\tand\tThomas\tBorkovec,\t\u201cWorry:\tUnwanted\nCognitive\tActivity\tThat\tControls\tUnwanted\tSomatic\tExperience,\u201d\tin\tWegner\tand\nPennebaker,\t\nHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl\n.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c9dc83f4e59f-0", "page_content": "11.\n\tFear\tof\tgerms:\tDavid\tRiggs\tand\tEdna\tFoa,\t\u201cObsessive-Compulsive\tDisorder,\u201d\tin\tDavid\nBarlow,\ted.,\t\nClinical\tHandbook\tof\tPsychological\tDisorders\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993).\n12.\n\tThe\tworried\tpatient\twas\tquoted\tin\tRoemer\tand\tBorkovec,\t\u201cWorry,\u201d\tp.\t221.\n13.\n\tTherapies\tfor\tanxiety\tdisorder:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tDavid\tH.\tBarlow,\ted.,\t\nClinical\tHandbook\tof\nPsychological\tDisorders\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993).\n14.\n\tStyron\u2019s\tdepression:\tWilliam\tStyron,\t\nDarkness\tVisible:\tA\tMemoir\tof\tMadness\n\t(New\tYork:\nRandom\tHouse,\t1990).\n15.\n\tThe\tworries\tof\tthe\tdepressed\tare\treported\tin\tSusan\tNolen-Hoeksma,\t\u201cSex\tDifferences\tin\nControl\tof\tDepression,\u201d\tin\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\t\nHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl\n,\tp.\t307.\n16.\n\tTherapy\tfor\tdepression:\tK.\tS.\tDobson,\t\u201cA\tMeta-analysis\tof\tthe\tEfficacy\tof\tCognitive\nTherapy\tfor\tDepression,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tConsulting\tand\tClinical\tPsychology\n\t57\t(1989).\n17.\n\tThe\tstudy\tof\tdepressed\tpeople\u2019s\tthought\tpatterns\tis\treported\tin\tRichard\tWenzlaff,\t\u201cThe", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c9dc83f4e59f-1", "page_content": "Mental\tControl\tof\tDepression,\u201d\tin\tWegner\tand\tPennebaker,\t\nHandbook\tof\tMental\tControl\n.\n18.\n\tShelley\tTaylor\tet\tal,\t\u201cMaintaining\tPositive\tIllusions\tin\tthe\tFace\tof\tNegative\tInformation,\u201d\nJournal\tof\tClinical\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n\t8\t(1989).\n19.\n\tThe\trepressing\tcollege\tstudent\tis\tfrom\tDaniel\tA.\tWeinberger,\t\u201cThe\tConstruct\tValidity\tof\nthe\tRepressive\tCoping\tStyle,\u201d\tin\tJ.\tL.\tSinger,\ted.,\t\nRepression\tand\tDissociation\n\t(Chicago:\nUniversity\tof\tChicago\tPress,\t1990).\tWeinberger,\twho\tdeveloped\tthe\tconcept\tof\trepressors\nin\tearly\tstudies\twith\tGary\tF.\tSchwartz\tand\tRichard\tDavidson,\thas\tbecome\tthe\tleading\nresearcher\ton\tthe\ttopic.\nChapter\t6.\tThe\tMaster\tAptitude\n\t\t\t1.\n\tThe\tterror\tof\tthe\texam:\tDaniel\tGoleman,\t\nVital\tLies,\tSimple\tTruths:\tThe\tPsychology\tof\tSelf-\nDeception\n\t(New\tYork:\tSimon\tand\tSchuster,\t1985).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tWorking\tmemory:\tAlan\tBaddeley,\t\nWorking\tMemory\t(Oxford:\n\tClarendon\tPress,\t1986).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tPrefrontal\tcortex\tand\tworking\tmemory:\tPatricia\tGoldman-Rakic,\t\u201cCellular\tand\tCircuit\nBasis\tof\tWorking\tMemory\tin\tPrefrontal\tCortex\tof\tNonhuman\tPrimates,\u201d\t\nProgress\tin\tBrain\nResearch", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c9dc83f4e59f-2", "page_content": "Progress\tin\tBrain\nResearch\n,\t85,\t1990;\tDaniel\tWeinberger,\t\u201cA\tConnectionist\tApproach\tto\tthe\tPrefrontal\nCortex,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tNeuropsychiatry\n\t5\t(1993).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tMotivation\tand\telite\tperformance:\tAnders\tEricsson,\t\u201cExpert\tPerformance:\tIts\tStructure\nand\tAcquisition,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tPsychologist\n\t(Aug.\t1994).\n\t\t\t5.\n\tAsian\tIQ\tadvantage:\tHerrnstein\tand\tMurray,\t\nThe\tBell\tCurve\n.\n\t\t\t6.\n\tIQ\tand\toccupation\tof\tAsian-Americans:\tJames\tFlynn,\t\nAsian-American\tAchievement\tBeyond\nIQ\n\t(New\tJersey:\tLawrence\tErlbaum,\t1991).\n\t\t\t7.\n\t\nThe\tstudy\tof\tdelay\tof\tgratification\tin\tfour-year-olds\twas\treported\tin\tYuichi\tShoda,\tWalter\nMischel,\tand\tPhilip\tK.\tPeake,\t\u201cPredicting\tAdolescent\tCognitive\tand\tSelf-regulatory\nCompetencies\tFrom\tPreschool\tDelay\tof\tGratification,\u201d\t\nDevelopmental\tPsychology\n,\t26,\t6", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "390e693b899f-0", "page_content": "(1990),\tpp.\t978\u201386.\n\t\t\t8.\n\tSAT\tscores\tof\timpulsive\tand\tself-controlled\tchildren:\tThe\tanalysis\tof\tSAT\tdata\twas\tdone\nby\tPhil\tPeake,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tSmith\tCollege.\n\t\t\t9.\n\tIQ\tvs.\tdelay\tas\tpredictors\tof\tSAT\tscores:\tpersonal\tcommunication\tfrom\tPhil\tPeake,\npsychologist\tat\tSmith\tCollege,\twho\tanalyzed\tthe\tSAT\tdata\tin\tWalter\tMischel\u2019s\tstudy\tof\ndelay\tof\tgratification.\n10.\n\tImpulsivity\tand\tdelinquency:\tSee\tthe\tdiscussion\tin:\tJack\tBlock,\t\u201cOn\tthe\tRelation\tBetween\nIQ,\tImpulsivity,\tand\tDelinquency,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n\t104\t(1995).\n11.\n\tThe\tworried\tmother:\tTimothy\tA.\tBrown\tet\tal.,\t\u201cGeneralized\tAnxiety\tDisorder,\u201d\tin\tDavid\tH.\nBarlow,\ted.,\t\nClinical\tHandbook\tof\tPsychological\tDisorders\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993).\n12.\n\tAir\ttraffic\tcontrollers\tand\tanxiety:\tW.\tE.\tCollins\tet\tal.,\t\u201cRelationships\tof\tAnxiety\tScores\tto\nAcademy\tand\tField\tTraining\tPerformance\tof\tAir\tTraffic\tControl\tSpecialists,\u201d\t\nFAA\tOffice\tof\nAviation\tMedicine\tReports\n\t(May\t1989).\n13.\n\tAnxiety\tand\tacademic\tperformance:\tBettina\tSeipp,\t\u201cAnxiety\tand\tAcademic\tPerformance:\tA\nMeta-analysis,\u201d\t\nAnxiety\tResearch", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "390e693b899f-1", "page_content": "Meta-analysis,\u201d\t\nAnxiety\tResearch\n\t4,\t1\t(1991).\n14.\n\tWorriers:\tRichard\tMetzger\tet\tal.,\t\u201cWorry\tChanges\tDecision-making:\tThe\tEffects\tof\nNegative\tThoughts\ton\tCognitive\tProcessing,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tClinical\tPsychology\n\t(Jan.\t1990).\n15.\n\tRalph\tHaber\tand\tRichard\tAlpert,\t\u201cTest\tAnxiety,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n13\t(1958).\n16.\n\tAnxious\tstudents:\tTheodore\tChapin,\t\u201cThe\tRelationship\tof\tTrait\tAnxiety\tand\tAcademic\nPerformance\tto\tAchievement\tAnxiety,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tCollege\tStudent\tDevelopment\n\t(May\t1989).\n17.\n\tNegative\tthoughts\tand\ttest\tscores:\tJohn\tHunsley,\t\u201cInternal\tDialogue\tDuring\tAcademic\nExaminations,\u201d\t\nCognitive\tTherapy\tand\tResearch\n\t(Dec.\t1987).\n18.\n\tThe\tinternists\tgiven\ta\tgift\tof\tcandy:\tAlice\tIsen\tet\tal.,\t\u201cThe\tInfluence\tof\tPositive\tAffect\ton\nClinical\tProblem\tSolving,\u201d\t\nMedical\tDecision\tMaking\n\t(July-Sept.\t1991).\n19.\n\tHope\tand\ta\tbad\tgrade:\tC.\tR.\tSnyder\tet\tal.,\t\u201cThe\tWill\tand\tthe\tWays:\tDevelopment\tand\nValidation\tof\tan\tIndividual-Differences\tMeasure\tof\tHope,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\nPsychology\n\t60,\t4\t(1991),\tp.\t579.\n20.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tC.\tR.\tSnyder\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "390e693b899f-2", "page_content": "20.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tC.\tR.\tSnyder\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Dec.\t24,\t1991).\n21.\n\tOptimistic\tswimmers:\tMartin\tSeligman,\t\nLearned\tOptimism\n\t(New\tYork:\tKnopf,\t1991).\n22.\n\tA\trealistic\tvs.\tnaive\toptimism:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tCarol\tWhalen\tet\tal.,\t\u201cOptimism\tin\nChildren\u2019s\tJudgments\tof\tHealth\tand\tEnvironmental\tRisks,\u201d\t\nHealth\tPsychology\n\t13\t(1994).\n23.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tMartin\tSeligman\tabout\toptimism\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Feb.\t3,\t1987).\n24.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tAlbert\tBandura\tabout\tself-efficacy\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(May\t8,\t1988).\n25.\n\tMihaly\tCsikszentmihalyi,\t\u201cPlay\tand\tIntrinsic\tRewards,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tHumanistic\tPsychology\n15,\t3\t(1975).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dbabcab8fe6e-0", "page_content": "26.\n\t\nMihaly\tCsikszentmihalyi,\t\nFlow:\tThe\tPsychology\tof\tOptimal\tExperience\n,\t1st\ted.\t(New\tYork:\nHarper\tand\tRow,\t1990).\n27.\n\t\u201cLike\ta\twaterfall\u201d:\t\nNewsweek\n\t(Feb.\t28,\t1994).\n28.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tCsikszentmihalyi\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Mar.\t4,\t1986).\n29.\n\tThe\tbrain\tin\tflow:\tJean\tHamilton\tet\tal.,\t\u201cIntrinsic\tEnjoyment\tand\tBoredom\tCoping\tScales:\nValidation\tWith\tPersonality,\tEvoked\tPotential\tand\tAttention\tMeasures,\u201d\t\nPersonality\tand\nIndividual\tDifferences\n\t5,\t2\t(1984).\n30.\n\tCortical\tactivation\tand\tfatigue:\tErnest\tHartmann,\t\nThe\tFunctions\tof\tSleep\n\t(New\tHaven:\tYale\nUniversity\tPress,\t1973).\n31.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tCsikszentmihalyi\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\n\tTimes\t(Mar.\t22,\t1992).\n32.\n\tThe\tstudy\tof\tflow\tand\tmath\tstudents:\tJeanne\tNakamura,\t\u201cOptimal\tExperience\tand\tthe\nUses\tof\tTalent,\u201d\tin\tMihaly\tCsikszentmihalyi\tand\tIsabella\tCsikszentmihalyi,\t\nOptimal\nExperience:\tPsychological\tStudies\tof\tFlow\tin\tConsciousness\n\t(Cambridge:\tCambridge\tUniversity\nPress,\t1988).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dbabcab8fe6e-1", "page_content": "(Cambridge:\tCambridge\tUniversity\nPress,\t1988).\nChapter\t7.\tThe\tRoots\tof\tEmpathy\n\t\t\t1.\n\tSelf-awareness\tand\tempathy:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tJohn\tMayer\tand\tMelissa\tKirkpatrick,\t\u201cHot\nInformation-Processing\tBecomes\tMore\tAccurate\tWith\tOpen\tEmotional\tExperience,\u201d\nUniversity\tof\tNew\tHampshire,\tunpublished\tmanuscript\t(Oct.\t1994);\tRandy\tLarsen\tet\tal.,\n\u201cCognitive\tOperations\tAssociated\tWith\tIndividual\tDifferences\tin\tAffect\tIntensity,\u201d\t\nJournal\nof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n\t53\t(1987).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tRobert\tRosenthal\tet\tal.,\t\u201cThe\tPONS\tTest:\tMeasuring\tSensitivity\tto\tNonverbal\tCues,\u201d\tin\tP.\nMcReynolds,\ted.,\t\nAdvances\tin\tPsychological\tAssessment\n\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1977).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tStephen\tNowicki\tand\tMarshall\tDuke,\t\u201cA\tMeasure\tof\tNonverbal\tSocial\tProcessing\tAbility\nin\tChildren\tBetween\tthe\tAges\tof\t6\tand\t10,\u201d\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\nSociety\tmeeting\t(1989).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tThe\tmothers\twho\tacted\tas\tresearchers\twere\ttrained\tby\tMarian\tRadke-Yarrow\tand\tCarolyn\nZahn-Waxler\tat\tthe\tLaboratory\tof\tDevelopmental\tPsychology,\tNational\tInstitute\tof\tMental\nHealth.\n\t\t\t5.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "dbabcab8fe6e-2", "page_content": "Health.\n\t\t\t5.\n\tI\twrote\tabout\tempathy,\tits\tdevelopmental\troots,\tand\tits\tneurology\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n(Mar\n.\t28,\t1989).\n\t\t\t6.\n\tInstilling\tempathy\tin\tchildren:\tMarian\tRadke-Yarrow\tand\tCarolyn\tZahn-Waxler,\t\u201cRoots,\nMotives\tand\tPatterns\tin\tChildren\u2019s\tProsocial\tBehavior,\u201d\tin\tErvin\tStaub\tet\tal.,\teds.,\nDevelopment\tand\tMaintenance\tof\tProsocial\tBehavior\n\t(New\tYork:\tPlenum,\t1984).\n\t\t\t7.\n\tDaniel\tStern,\t\nThe\tInterpersonal\tWorld\tof\tthe\tInfant\t(New\n\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1987),\tp.\t30.\n\t\t\t8.\n\tStern,\top.\tcit.\n\t\t\t9.\n\tThe\tdepressed\tinfants\tare\tdescribed\tin\tJeffrey\tPickens\tand\tTiffany\tField,\t\u201cFacial", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "aa438c0de388-0", "page_content": "Expressivity\tin\tInfants\tof\tDepressed\tMothers,\u201d\t\nDevelopmental\tPsychology\n\t29,\t6\t(1993).\n10.\n\t\nThe\tstudy\tof\tviolent\trapists\u2019\tchildhoods\twas\tdone\tby\tRobert\tPrentky,\ta\tpsychologist\tin\nPhiladelphia.\n11.\n\tEmpathy\tin\tborderline\tpatients:\tLee\tC.\tPark\tet\tal.,\t\u201cGiftedness\tand\tPsychological\tAbuse\tin\nBorderline\tPersonality\tDisorder:\tTheir\tRelevance\tto\tGenesis\tand\tTreatment,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\nPersonality\tDisorders\n\t6\t(1992).\n12.\n\tLeslie\tBrothers,\t\u201cA\tBiological\tPerspective\ton\tEmpathy,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tJournal\tof\tPsychiatry\n\t146,\n1\t(1989).\n13.\n\tBrothers,\t\u201cA\tBiological\tPerspective,\u201d\tp.\t16.\n14.\n\tPhysiology\tof\tempathy:\tRobert\tLevenson\tand\tAnna\tRuef,\t\u201cEmpathy:\tA\tPhysiological\nSubstrate,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n\t63,\t2\t(1992).\n15.\n\tMartin\tL.\tHoffman,\t\u201cEmpathy,\tSocial\tCognition,\tand\tMoral\tAction,\u201d\tin\tW.\tKurtines\tand\tJ.\nGerwitz,\teds.,\t\nMoral\tBehavior\tand\tDevelopment:\tAdvances\tin\tTheory,\tResearch,\tand\nApplications\n\t(New\tYork:\tJohn\tWiley\tand\tSons,\t1984).\n16.\n\tStudies\tof\tthe\tlink\tbetween\tempathy\tand\tethics\tare\tin\tHoffman,\t\u201cEmpathy,\tSocial", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "aa438c0de388-1", "page_content": "Cognition,\tand\tMoral\tAction.\u201d\n17.\n\tI\twrote\tabout\tthe\temotional\tcycle\tthat\tculminates\tin\tsex\tcrimes\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n(Apr.\t14,\t1992).\tThe\tsource\tis\tWilliam\tPithers,\ta\tpsychologist\twith\tthe\tVermont\nDepartment\tof\tCorrections.\n18.\n\tThe\tnature\tof\tpsychopathy\tis\tdescribed\tin\tmore\tdetail\tin\tan\tarticle\tI\twrote\tin\t\nThe\tNew\nYork\n\tTimes\ton\tJuly\t7,\t1987.\tMuch\tof\twhat\tI\twrite\there\tcomes\tfrom\tthe\twork\tof\tRobert\nHare,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tBritish\tColumbia,\tan\texpert\ton\tpsychopaths.\n19.\n\tLeon\tBing,\t\nDo\tor\tDie\n\t(New\tYork:\tHarperCollins,\t1991).\n20.\n\tWife\tbatterers:\tNeil\tS.\tJacobson\tet\tal.,\t\u201cAffect,\tVerbal\tContent,\tand\tPsychophysiology\tin\nthe\tArguments\tof\tCouples\tWith\ta\tViolent\tHusband,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tClinical\tand\tConsulting\nPsychology\n\t(July\t1994).\n21.\n\tPsychopaths\thave\tno\tfear\u2014the\teffect\tis\tseen\tas\tcriminal\tpsychopaths\tare\tabout\tto\treceive\na\tshock:\tOne\tof\tthe\tmore\trecent\treplications\tof\tthe\teffect\tis\tChristopher\tPatrick\tet\tal.,\n\u201cEmotion\tin\tthe\tCriminal\tPsychopath:\tFear\tImage\tProcessing,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\nPsychology\n\t103\t(1994).\nChapter\t8.\tThe\tSocial\tArts\n\t\t\t1.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "aa438c0de388-2", "page_content": "Chapter\t8.\tThe\tSocial\tArts\n\t\t\t1.\n\tThe\texchange\tbetween\tJay\tand\tLen\twas\treported\tby\tJudy\tDunn\tand\tJane\tBrown\tin\n\u201cRelationships,\tTalk\tAbout\tFeelings,\tand\tthe\tDevelopment\tof\tAffect\tRegulation\tin\tEarly\nChildhood,\u201d\tJudy\tGarber\tand\tKenneth\tA.\tDodge,\teds.,\t\nThe\tDevelopment\tof\tEmotion\nRegulation\tand\tDysregulation\n\t(Cambridge:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991).\tThe\tdramatic\nflourishes\tare\tmy\town.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4b771a904e6f-0", "page_content": "2.\n\tThe\tdisplay\trules\tare\tin\tPaul\tEkman\tand\tWallace\tFriesen,\t\nUnmasking\tthe\tFace\n\t(Englewood\nCliffs,\tNJ:\tPrentice\tHall,\t1975).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tMonks\tin\tthe\theat\tof\tbattle:\tthe\tstory\tis\ttold\tby\tDavid\tBusch\tin\t\u201cCulture\tCul-de-Sac,\u201d\nArizona\tState\tUniversity\tResearch\n\t(Spring/Summer\t1994).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tThe\tstudy\tof\tmood\ttransfer\twas\treported\tby\tEllen\tSullins\tin\tthe\tApril\t1991\tissue\tof\tthe\nPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\tBulletin\n.\n\t\t\t5.\n\tThe\tstudies\tof\tmood\ttransmission\tand\tsynchrony\tare\tby\tFrank\tBernieri,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\nOregon\tState\tUniversity;\tI\twrote\tabout\this\twork\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n.\tMuch\t\nof\this\nresearch\tis\treported\tin\tBernieri\tand\tRobert\tRosenthal,\t\u201cInterpersonal\tCoordination,\nBehavior\tMatching,\tand\tInterpersonal\tSynchrony,\u201d\tin\tRobert\tFeldman\tand\tBernard\tRime,\neds.,\t\nFundamentals\tof\tNonverbal\tBehavior\n\t(Cambridge:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991).\n\t\t\t6.\n\tThe\tentrainment\ttheory\tis\tproposed\tby\tBernieri\tand\tRosenthal,\t\nFundamentals\tof\tNonverbal\nBehavior\n.\n\t\t\t7.\n\tThomas\tHatch,\t\u201cSocial\tIntelligence\tin\tYoung\tChildren,\u201d\tpaper\tdelivered\tat\tthe\tannual\nmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tAssociation\t(1990).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4b771a904e6f-1", "page_content": "meeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tAssociation\t(1990).\n\t\t\t8.\n\tSocial\tchameleons:\tMark\tSnyder,\t\u201cImpression\tManagement:\tThe\tSelf\tin\tSocial\nInteraction,\u201d\tin\tL.\tS.\tWrightsman\tand\tK.\tDeaux,\t\nSocial\tPsychology\tin\tthe\t\u201980s\n\t(Monterey,\nCA:\tBrooks/Cole,\t1981).\n\t\t\t9.\n\tE.\tLakin\tPhillips,\t\nThe\tSocial\tSkills\tBasis\tof\tPsychopathology\n\t(New\tYork:\tGrune\tand\tStratton,\n1978),\tp.\t140.\n10.\n\tNonverbal\tlearning\tdisorders:\tStephen\tNowicki\tand\tMarshall\tDuke,\t\nHelping\tthe\tChild\tWho\nDoesn\u2019t\tFit\tIn\n\t(Atlanta:\tPeachtree\tPublishers,\t1992).\tSee\talso\tByron\tRourke,\t\nNonverbal\nLearning\tDisabilities\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1989).\n11.\n\tNowicki\tand\tDuke,\t\nHelping\tthe\tChild\tWho\tDoesn\u2019t\tFit\tIn\n.\n12.\n\tThis\tvignette,\tand\tthe\treview\tof\tresearch\ton\tentering\ta\tgroup,\tis\tfrom\tMartha\tPutallaz\tand\nAviva\tWasserman,\t\u201cChildren\u2019s\tEntry\tBehavior,\u201d\tin\tSteven\tAsher\tand\tJohn\tCoie,\teds.,\t\nPeer\nRejection\tin\tChildhood\n\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1990).\n13.\n\tPutallaz\tand\tWasserman,\t\u201cChildren\u2019s\tEntry\tBehavior.\u201d\n14.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "4b771a904e6f-2", "page_content": "14.\n\tHatch,\t\u201cSocial\tIntelligence\tin\tYoung\tChildren.\u201d\n15.\tTerry\tDobson\u2019s\ttale\tof\tthe\tJapanese\tdrunk\tand\tthe\told\tman\tis\tused\tby\tpermission\tof\nDobson\u2019s\testate.\tIt\tis\talso\tretold\tby\tRam\tDass\tand\tPaul\tGorman,\t\nHow\tCan\tI\tHelp?\n\t(New\nYork:\tAlfred\tA.\tKnopf,\t1985),\tpp.\t167\u201371.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e6387a3e50a8-0", "page_content": "PART\tTHREE:\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\tAPPLIED\nChapter\t9.\tIntimate\tEnemies\n\t\t\t1.\n\tThere\tare\tmany\tways\tto\tcalculate\tthe\tdivorce\trate,\tand\tthe\tstatistical\tmeans\tused\twill\ndetermine\tthe\toutcome.\tSome\tmethods\tshow\tthe\tdivorce\trate\tpeaking\tat\taround\t50\npercent\tand\tthen\tdipping\ta\tbit.\tWhen\tdivorces\tare\tcalculated\tby\tthe\ttotal\tnumber\tin\ta\ngiven\tyear,\tthe\trate\tappears\tto\thave\tpeaked\tin\tthe\t1980s.\tBut\tthe\tstatistics\tI\tcite\there\ncalculate\tnot\tthe\tnumber\tof\tdivorces\tthat\toccur\tin\ta\tgiven\tyear,\tbut\trather\tthe\todds\tthat\ta\ncouple\tmarrying\tin\ta\tgiven\tyear\twill\teventually\thave\ttheir\tmarriage\tend\tin\tdivorce.\tThat\nstatistic\tshows\ta\tclimbing\trate\tof\tdivorce\tover\tthe\tlast\tcentury.\tFor\tmore\tdetail:\tJohn\nGottman,\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce:\tThe\tRelationship\tBetween\tMarital\tProcesses\tand\tMarital\nOutcomes\n\t(Hillsdale,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum\tAssociates,\tInc.,\t1993).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tThe\tseparate\tworlds\tof\tboys\tand\tgirls:\tEleanor\tMaccoby\tand\tC.\tN.\tJacklin,\t\u201cGender\nSegregation\tin\tChildhood,\u201d\tin\tH.\tReese,\ted.,\t\nAdvances\tin\tChild\tDevelopment\tand\tBehavior\n(New\n\tYork:\tAcademic\tPress,\t1987).\n\t\t\t3.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e6387a3e50a8-1", "page_content": "York:\tAcademic\tPress,\t1987).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tSame-sex\tplaymates:\tJohn\tGottman,\t\u201cSame\tand\tCross\tSex\tFriendship\tin\tYoung\tChildren,\u201d\nin\tJ.\tGottman\tand\tJ.\tParker,\teds.,\t\nConversation\tof\tFriends\n\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\nPress,\t1986).\n\t\t\t4.\n\t\nThis\tand\tthe\tfollowing\tsummary\tof\tsex\tdifferences\tin\tsocialization\tof\temotions\tare\tbased\non\tthe\texcellent\treview\tin\tLeslie\tR.\tBrody\tand\tJudith\tA.\tHall,\t\u201cGender\tand\tEmotion,\u201d\tin\nMichael\tLewis\tand\tJeannette\tHaviland,\teds.,\t\nHandbook\tof\tEmotions\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\nPress,\t1993).\n\t\t\t5.\n\tBrody\tand\tHall,\t\u201cGender\tand\tEmotion,\u201d\tp.\t456.\n\t\t\t6.\n\tGirls\tand\tthe\tarts\tof\taggression:\tRobert\tB.\tCairns\tand\tBeverley\tD.\tCairns,\t\nLifelines\tand\nRisks\n\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1994).\n\t\t\t7.\n\tBrody\tand\tHall,\t\u201cGender\tand\tEmotion,\u201d\tp.\t454.\n\t\t\t8.\n\tThe\tfindings\tabout\tgender\tdifferences\tin\temotion\tare\treviewed\tin\tBrody\tand\tHall,\n\u201cGender\tand\tEmotion.\u201d\n\t\t\t9.\n\tThe\timportance\tof\tgood\tcommunication\tfor\twomen\twas\treported\tin\tMark\tH.\tDavis\tand\tH.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e6387a3e50a8-2", "page_content": "Alan\tOathout,\t\u201cMaintenance\tof\tSatisfaction\tin\tRomantic\tRelationships:\tEmpathy\tand\nRelational\tCompetence,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n\t53,\t2\t(1987),\tpp.\n397\u2013410.\n10.\n\tThe\tstudy\tof\thusbands\u2019\tand\twives\u2019\tcomplaints:\tRobert\tJ.\tSternberg,\t\u201cTriangulating\tLove,\u201d\nin\tRobert\tSternberg\tand\tMichael\tBarnes,\teds.,\t\nThe\tPsychology\tof\tLove\n\t(New\tHaven:\tYale\nUniversity\tPress,\t1988).\n11.\n\tReading\tsad\tfaces:\tThe\tresearch\tis\tby\tDr.\tRuben\tC.\tGur\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tPennsylvania", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b11e5edf230b-0", "page_content": "School\tof\tMedicine.\n12.\n\tThe\texchange\tbetween\tFred\tand\tIngrid\tis\tfrom\tGottman,\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce\n,\tp.\t84.\n13.\n\tThe\tmarital\tresearch\tby\tJohn\tGottman\tand\tcolleagues\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tWashington\tis\ndescribed\tin\tmore\tdetail\tin\ttwo\tbooks:\tJohn\tGottman,\t\nWhy\tMarriages\tSucceed\tor\tFail\n\t(New\nYork:\tSimon\tand\tSchuster,\t1994),\tand\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce\n.\n14.\n\tStonewalling:\tGottman,\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce\n.\n15.\n\tPoisonous\tthoughts:\tAaron\tBeck,\t\nLove\tIs\tNever\tEnough\n\t(New\tYork:\tHarper\tand\tRow,\t1988),\npp.\t145\u201346.\n16.\n\tThoughts\tin\ttroubled\tmarriages:\tGottman,\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce\n.\n17.\n\tThe\tdistorted\tthinking\tof\tviolent\thusbands\tis\tdescribed\tin\tAmy\tHoltzworth-Munroe\tand\nGlenn\tHutchinson,\t\u201cAttributing\tNegative\tIntent\tto\tWife\tBehavior:\tThe\tAttributions\tof\nMaritally\tViolent\tVersus\tNonviolent\tMen,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n\t102,\t2\t(1993),\npp.\t206\u201311.\tThe\tsuspiciousness\tof\tsexually\taggressive\tmen:\tNeil\tMalamuth\tand\tLisa\nBrown,\t\u201cSexually\tAggressive\tMen\u2019s\tPerceptions\tof\tWomen\u2019s\tCommunications,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\nPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b11e5edf230b-1", "page_content": "Journal\tof\nPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n\t67\t(1994).\n18.\n\tBattering\thusbands:\tThere\tare\tthree\tkinds\tof\thusbands\twho\tbecome\tviolent:\tthose\twho\nrarely\tdo,\tthose\twho\tdo\tso\timpulsively\twhen\tthey\tget\tangered,\tand\tthose\twho\tdo\tso\tin\ta\ncool,\tcalculated\tmanner.\tTherapy\tseems\thelpful\tonly\twith\tthe\tfirst\ttwo\tkinds.\tSee\tNeil\nJacobson\tet\tal.,\t\nClinical\tHandbook\tof\tMarital\tTherapy\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1994).\n19.\n\tFlooding:\tGottman,\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce\n.\n20.\n\tHusbands\tdislike\tsquabbles:\tRobert\tLevenson\tet\tal.,\t\u201cThe\tInfluence\tof\tAge\tand\tGender\ton\nAffect,\tPhysiology,\tand\tTheir\tInterrelations:\tA\tStudy\tof\tLong-term\tMarriages,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\nPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n\t67\t(1994).\n21.\n\tFlooding\tin\thusbands:\tGottman,\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce\n.\n22.\n\tMen\tstonewall,\twomen\tcriticize:\tGottman,\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce\n.\n23.\n\t\n\u201cWife\tCharged\twith\tShooting\tHusband\tOver\tFootball\ton\tTV,\u201d\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Nov.\t3,\n1993).\n24.\n\tProductive\tmarital\tfights:\tGottman,\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce\n.\n25.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "b11e5edf230b-2", "page_content": "What\tPredicts\tDivorce\n.\n25.\n\tLack\tof\trepair\tabilities\tin\tcouples:\tGottman,\t\nWhat\tPredicts\tDivorce\n.\n26.\n\tThe\tfour\tsteps\tthat\tlead\tto\t\u201cgood\tfights\u201d\tare\tfrom\tGottman,\t\nWhy\tMarriages\tSucceed\tor\tFail\n.\n27.\n\tMonitoring\tpulse\trate:\tGottman,\tIbid.\n28.\n\tCatching\tautomatic\tthoughts:\tBeck,\t\nLove\tIs\tNever\tEnough\n.\n29.\n\tMirroring:\tHarville\tHendrix,\t\nGetting\tthe\tLove\tYou\tWant\n\t(New\tYork:\tHenry\tHolt,\t1988).\nChapter\t10.\tManaging\tWith\tHeart\n\t\t\t1.\n\tThe\tcrash\tof\tthe\tintimidating\tpilot:\tCarl\tLavin,\t\u201cWhen\tMoods\tAffect\tSafety:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2ab674f37971-0", "page_content": "Communications\tin\ta\tCockpit\tMean\ta\tLot\ta\tFew\tMiles\tUp,\u201d\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(June\t26,\n1994).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tThe\tsurvey\tof\t250\texecutives:\tMichael\tMaccoby,\t\u201cThe\tCorporate\tClimber\tHas\tto\tFind\tHis\nHeart,\u201d\t\nFortune\n\t(Dec.\t1976).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tZuboff:\tin\tconversation,\tJune\t1994.\tFor\tthe\timpact\tof\tinformation\ttechnologies,\tsee\ther\nbook\t\nIn\tthe\tAge\tof\tthe\tSmart\tMachine\t(New\n\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1991).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tThe\tstory\tof\tthe\tsarcastic\tvice\tpresident\twas\ttold\tto\tme\tby\tHendrie\tWeisinger,\ta\npsychologist\tat\tthe\tUCLA\tGraduate\tSchool\tof\tBusiness.\tHis\tbook\tis\t\nThe\tCritical\tEdge:\tHow\nto\tCriticize\tUp\tand\tDown\tthe\tOrganization\tand\tMake\tIt\tPay\tOff\n(Boston:\tLittle,\tBrown,\t1989).\n\t\t\t5.\n\tThe\tsurvey\tof\ttimes\tmanagers\tblew\tup\twas\tdone\tby\tRobert\tBaron,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\nRensselaer\tPolytechnic\tInstitute,\twhom\tI\tinterviewed\tfor\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Sept.\t11,\n1990).\n\t\t\t6.\n\tCriticism\tas\ta\tcause\tof\tconflict:\tRobert\tBaron,\t\u201cCountering\tthe\tEffects\tof\tDestructive\nCriticism:\tThe\tRelative\tEfficacy\tof\tFour\tInterventions,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tApplied\tPsychology", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2ab674f37971-1", "page_content": "Journal\tof\tApplied\tPsychology\n\t75,\t3\n(1990).\n\t\t\t7.\n\tSpecific\tand\tvague\tcriticism:\tHarry\tLevinson,\t\u201cFeedback\tto\tSubordinates\u201d\t\nAddendum\tto\tthe\nLevinson\tLetter\n,\tLevinson\tInstitute,\tWaltham,\tMA\t(1992).\n\t\t\t8.\n\tChanging\tface\tof\tworkforce:\tA\tsurvey\tof\t645\tnational\tcompanies\tby\tTowers\tPerrin\nmanagement\tconsultants\tin\tManhattan,\treported\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Aug.\t26,\t1990).\n\t\t\t9.\n\tThe\troots\tof\thatred:\tVamik\tVolkan,\t\nThe\tNeed\tto\tHave\tEnemies\tand\tAllies\n\t(Northvale,\tNJ:\nJason\tAronson,\t1988).\n10.\n\tThomas\tPettigrew:\tI\tinterviewed\tPettigrew\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(May\t12,\t1987).\n11.\n\tStereotypes\tand\tsubtle\tbias:\tSamuel\tGaertner\tand\tJohn\tDavidio,\t\nPrejudice,\tDiscrimination,\nand\tRacism\n\t(New\tYork:\tAcademic\tPress,\t1987).\n12.\n\tSubtle\tbias:\tGaertner\tand\tDavidio,\t\nPrejudice,\tDiscrimination,\tand\tRacism\n.\n13.\n\tRelman:\tquoted\tin\tHoward\tKohn,\t\u201cService\tWith\ta\tSneer,\u201d\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\tSunday\nMagazine\n\t(Nov.\t11,\t1994).\n14.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2ab674f37971-2", "page_content": "Magazine\n\t(Nov.\t11,\t1994).\n14.\n\t\nIBM:\t\u201cResponding\tto\ta\tDiverse\tWork\tForce,\u201d\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Aug.\t26,\t1990).\n15.\n\tPower\tof\tspeaking\tout:\tFletcher\tBlanchard,\t\u201cReducing\tthe\tExpression\tof\tRacial\tPrejudice,\u201d\nPsychological\tScience\n\t(vol.\t2,\t1991).\n16.\n\tStereotypes\tbreak\tdown:\tGaertner\tand\tDavidio,\t\nPrejudice,\tDiscrimination,\tand\tRacism\n.\n17.\n\tTeams:\tPeter\tDrucker,\t\u201cThe\tAge\tof\tSocial\tTransformation,\u201d\t\nThe\tAtlantic\tMonthly\n\t(Nov.\n1994).\n18.\n\tThe\tconcept\tof\tgroup\tintelligence\tis\tset\tforth\tin\tWendy\tWilliams\tand\tRobert\tSternberg,\n\u201cGroup\tIntelligence:\tWhy\tSome\tGroups\tAre\tBetter\tThan\tOthers,\u201d\t\nIntelligence\n\t(1988).\n19.\n\tThe\tstudy\tof\tthe\tstars\tat\tBell\tLabs\twas\treported\tin\tRobert\tKelley\tand\tJanet\tCaplan,\t\u201cHow\nBell\tLabs\tCreates\tStar\tPerformers,\u201d\t\nHarvard\tBusiness\tReview\n\t(July-Aug.\t1993).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eaa4448a9965-0", "page_content": "20.\n\tThe\tusefulness\tof\tinformal\tnetworks\tis\tnoted\tby\tDavid\tKrackhardt\tand\tJeffrey\tR.\tHanson,\n\u201cInformal\tNetworks:\tThe\tCompany\tBehind\tthe\tChart,\u201d\t\nHarvard\tBusiness\tReview\n\t(July-Aug.\n1993),\tp.\t104.\nChapter\t11.\tMind\tand\tMedicine\n\t\t\t1.\n\tImmune\tsystem\tas\tthe\tbody\u2019s\tbrain:\tFrancisco\tVarela\tat\tthe\tThird\tMind\tand\tLife\tmeeting,\nDharamsala,\tIndia\t(Dec.\t1990).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tChemical\tmessengers\tbetween\tbrain\tand\timmune\tsystem:\tsee\tRobert\tAder\tet\tal.,\nPsychoneuroimmunology\n,\t2nd\tedition\t(San\tDiego:\tAcademic\tPress,\t1990).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tContact\tbetween\tnerves\tand\timmune\tcells:\tDavid\tFelten\tet\tal.,\t\u201cNoradrenergic\nSympathetic\tInnervation\tof\tLymphoid\tTissue,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tImmunology\n\t135\t(1985).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tHormones\tand\timmune\tfunction:\tB.\tS.\tRabin\tet\tal.,\t\u201cBidirectional\tInteraction\tBetween\tthe\nCentral\tNervous\tSystem\tand\tthe\tImmune\tSystem,\u201d\t\nCritical\tReviews\tin\tImmunology\n\t9\t(4),\n(1989),\tpp.\t279\u2013312.\n\t\t\t5.\n\tConnections\tbetween\tbrain\tand\timmune\tsystem:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tSteven\tB.\tMaier\tet\tal.,\n\u201cPsychoneuroimmunology,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tPsychologist\n\t(Dec.\t1994).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eaa4448a9965-1", "page_content": "American\tPsychologist\n\t(Dec.\t1994).\n\t\t\t6.\n\tToxic\temotions:\tHoward\tFriedman\tand\tS.\tBoothby-Kewley,\t\u201cThe\tDisease-Prone\nPersonality:\tA\tMeta-Analytic\tView,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tPsychologist\n\t42\t(1987).\tThis\tbroad\tanalysis\nof\tstudies\tused\t\u201cmeta-analysis,\u201d\tin\twhich\tresults\tfrom\tmany\tsmaller\tstudies\tcan\tbe\ncombined\tstatistically\tinto\tone\timmense\tstudy.\tThis\tallows\teffects\tthat\tmight\tnot\tshow\tup\nin\tany\tgiven\tstudy\tto\tbe\tdetected\tmore\teasily\tbecause\tof\tthe\tmuch\tlarger\ttotal\tnumber\tof\npeople\tbeing\tstudied.\n\t\t\t7.\n\tSkeptics\targue\tthat\tthe\temotional\tpicture\tlinked\tto\thigher\trates\tof\tdisease\tis\tthe\tprofile\tof\nthe\tquintessential\tneurotic\u2014an\tanxious,\tdepressed,\tand\tangry\temotional\twreck\u2014and\tthat\nthe\thigher\trates\tof\tdisease\tthey\treport\tare\tdue\tnot\tso\tmuch\tto\ta\tmedical\tfact\tas\tto\ta\npropensity\tto\twhine\tand\tcomplain\tabout\thealth\tproblems,\texaggerating\ttheir\tseriousness.\nBut\tFriedman\tand\tothers\targue\tthat\tthe\tweight\tof\tevidence\tfor\tthe\temotion-disease\tlink\tis\nborne\tby\tresearch\tin\twhich\tit\tis\tphysicians\u2019\tevaluations\tof\tobservable\tsigns\tof\tillness\tand\nmedical\ttests,\tnot\tpatients\u2019\tcomplaints,\tthat\tdetermine\tthe\tlevel\tof\tsickness\u2014a\tmore\nobjective\tbasis.\tOf\tcourse,\tthere\tis\tthe\tpossibility\tthat\tincreased\tdistress\tis\tthe\tresult\tof\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "eaa4448a9965-2", "page_content": "medical\tcondition,\tas\twell\tas\tprecipitating\tit;\tfor\tthat\treason\tthe\tmost\tconvincing\tdata\ncome\tfrom\tprospective\tstudies\tin\twhich\temotional\tstates\tare\tevaluated\tprior\tto\tthe\tonset\nof\tdisease.\n\t\t\t8.\n\t\nGail\tIronson\tet\tal.,\t\u201cEffects\tof\tAnger\ton\tLeft\tVentricular\tEjection\tFraction\tin\tCoronary\nArtery\tDisease,\u201d\t\nThe\tAmerican\tJournal\tof\tCardiology\n\t70\t1992.\tPumping\tefficiency,\nsometimes\treferred\tto\tas\tthe\t\u201cejection\tfraction,\u201d\tquantifies\tthe\theart\u2019s\tability\tto\tpump\nblood\tout\tof\tthe\tleft\tventricle\tinto\tthe\tarteries;\tit\tmeasures\tthe\tpercentage\tof\tblood\npumped\tout\tof\tthe\tventricles\twith\teach\tbeat\tof\tthe\theart.\tIn\theart\tdisease\tthe\tdrop\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a8873b6220c2-0", "page_content": "pumping\tefficiency\tmeans\ta\tweakening\tof\tthe\theart\tmuscle.\n\t\t\t9.\n\tOf\tthe\tdozen\tor\tso\tstudies\tof\thostility\tand\tdeath\tfrom\theart\tdisease,\tsome\thave\tfailed\tto\nfind\ta\tlink.\tBut\tthat\tfailure\tmay\tbe\tdue\tto\tdifferences\tin\tmethod,\tsuch\tas\tusing\ta\tpoor\nmeasure\tof\thostility,\tand\tto\tthe\trelative\tsubtlety\tof\tthe\teffect.\tFor\tinstance,\tthe\tgreatest\nnumber\tof\tdeaths\tfrom\tthe\thostility\teffect\tseem\tto\toccur\tin\tmidlife.\tIf\ta\tstudy\tfails\tto\ttrack\ndown\tthe\tcauses\tof\tdeath\tfor\tpeople\tduring\tthis\tperiod,\tit\tmisses\tthe\teffect.\n10.\n\tHostility\tand\theart\tdisease:\tRedford\tWilliams,\t\nThe\tTrusting\tHeart\n\t(New\tYork:\tTimes\nBooks/Random\tHouse,\t1989).\n11.\n\tPeter\tKaufman:\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tKaufman\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Sept.\t1,\t1992).\n12.\n\tStanford\tstudy\tof\tanger\tand\tsecond\theart\tattacks:\tCarl\tThoreson,\tpresented\tat\tthe\nInternational\tCongress\tof\tBehavioral\tMedicine,\tUppsala,\tSweden\t(July\t1990).\n13.\n\tLynda\tH.\tPowell,\tEmotional\tArousal\tas\ta\tPredictor\tof\tLong-Term\tMortality\tand\tMorbidity\nin\tPost\tM.I.\tMen,\u201d\t\nCirculation\n,\tvol.\t82,\tno.\t4,\tSupplement\tIII,\tOct.\t1990.\n14.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a8873b6220c2-1", "page_content": "14.\n\tMurray\tA.\tMittleman,\t\u201cTriggering\tof\tMyocardial\tInfarction\tOnset\tby\tEpisodes\tof\tAnger,\u201d\nCirculation\n,\tvol.\t89,\tno.\t2\t(1994).\n15.\n\tSuppressing\tanger\traises\tblood\tpressure:\tRobert\tLevenson,\t\u201cCan\tWe\tControl\tOur\tEmotions,\nand\tHow\tDoes\tSuch\tControl\tChange\tan\tEmotional\tEpisode?\u201d\tin\tRichard\tDavidson\tand\nPaul\tEkman,\teds.,\t\nFundamental\tQuestions\tAbout\tEmotions\n\t(New\tYork:\tOxford\tUniversity\nPress,\t1995).\n16.\n\tThe\tangry\tpersonal\tstyle:\tI\twrote\tabout\tRedford\tWilliams\u2019s\tresearch\ton\tanger\tand\tthe\nheart\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\tGood\tHealth\tMagazine\n\t(Apr.\t16,\t1989).\n17.\n\tA\t44\tpercent\treduction\tin\tsecond\theart\tattacks:\tThoreson,\top.\tcit.\n18.\n\tDr.\tWilliams\u2019s\tprogram\tfor\tanger\tcontrol:\tWilliams,\t\nThe\tTrusting\tHeart\n.\n19.\n\tThe\tworried\twoman:\tTimothy\tBrown\tet\tal.,\t\u201cGeneralized\tAnxiety\tDisorder,\u201d\tin\tDavid\tH.\nBarlow,\ted.,\t\nClinical\tHandbook\tof\tPsychological\tDisorders\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993).\n20.\n\tStress\tand\tmetastasis:\tBruce\tMcEwen\tand\tEliot\tStellar,\t\u201cStress\tand\tthe\tIndividual:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a8873b6220c2-2", "page_content": "Mechanisms\tLeading\tto\tDisease,\u201d\t\nArchives\tof\tInternal\tMedicine\n\t153\t(Sept.\t27,\t1993).\tThe\nstudy\tthey\tare\tdescribing\tis\tM.\tRobertson\tand\tJ.\tRitz,\t\u201cBiology\tand\tClinical\tRelevance\tof\nHuman\tNatural\tKiller\tCells,\u201d\t\nBlood\t76\n\t(1990).\n21.\n\tThere\tmay\tbe\tmultiple\treasons\twhy\tpeople\tunder\tstress\tare\tmore\tvulnerable\tto\tsickness,\napart\tfrom\tbiological\tpathways.\tOne\tmight\tbe\tthat\tthe\tways\tpeople\ttry\tto\tsoothe\ttheir\nanxiety\u2014for\texample,\tsmoking,\tdrinking,\tor\tbingeing\ton\tfatty\tfoods\u2014are\tin\tthemselves\nunhealthy.\tStill\tanother\tis\tthat\tconstant\tworry\tand\tanxiety\tcan\tmake\tpeople\tlose\tsleep\tor\nforget\tto\tcomply\twith\tmedical\tregimens\u2014such\tas\ttaking\tmedications\u2014and\tso\tprolong\nillnesses\tthey\talready\thave.\tMost\tlikely,\tall\tof\tthese\twork\tin\ttandem\tto\tlink\tstress\tand\ndisease.\n22.\n\tStress\tweakens\tthe\timmune\tsystem:\tFor\tinstance,\tin\tthe\tstudy\tof\tmedical\tstudents\tfacing", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "468f2ceddeb0-0", "page_content": "exam\tstress,\tthe\tstudents\thad\tnot\tonly\ta\tlowered\timmune\tcontrol\tof\tthe\therpes\tvirus,\tbut\nalso\ta\tdecline\tin\tthe\tability\tof\ttheir\twhite\tblood\tcells\tto\tkill\tinfected\tcells,\tas\twell\tas\tan\nincrease\tin\tlevels\tof\ta\tchemical\tassociated\twith\tsuppression\tof\timmune\t\nabilities\tin\nlymphocytes,\tthe\twhite\tblood\tcells\tcentral\tto\tthe\timmune\tresponse.\tSee\tRonald\tGlaser\tand\nJanice\tKiecolt-Glaser,\t\u201cStress-Associated\tDepression\tin\tCellular\tImmunity,\u201d\t\nBrain,\nBehavior,\tand\tImmunity\n\t1\t(1987).\tBut\tin\tmost\tsuch\tstudies\tshowing\ta\tweakening\tof\nimmune\tdefenses\twith\tstress,\tit\thas\tnot\tbeen\tclear\tthat\tthese\tlevels\twere\tlow\tenough\tto\nlead\tto\tmedical\trisk.\n23.\n\tStress\tand\tcolds:\tSheldon\tCohen\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPsychological\tStress\tand\tSusceptibility\tto\tthe\nCommon\tCold,\u201d\t\nNew\tEngland\tJournal\tof\tMedicine\n\t325\t(1991).\n24.\n\tDaily\tupsets\tand\tinfection:\tArthur\tStone\tet\tal.,\t\u201cSecretory\tIgA\tas\ta\tMeasure\tof\nImmunocompetence,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tHuman\tStress\n\t13\t(1987).\tIn\tanother\tstudy,\t246\thusbands,\nwives,\tand\tchildren\tkept\tdaily\tlogs\tof\tstresses\tin\ttheir\tfamily\u2019s\tlife\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\tthe\nflu\tseason.\tThose\twho\thad\tthe\tmost\tfamily\tcrises\talso\thad\tthe\thighest\trate\tof\tflu,\tas", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "468f2ceddeb0-1", "page_content": "measured\tboth\tby\tdays\twith\tfever\tand\tflu\tantibody\tlevels.\tSee\tR.\tD.\tClover\tet\tal.,\t\u201cFamily\nFunctioning\tand\tStress\tas\tPredictors\tof\tInfluenza\tB\tInfection,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tFamily\tPractice\n\t28\n(May\t1989).\n25.\n\tHerpes\tvirus\tflare-up\tand\tstress:\ta\tseries\tof\tstudies\tby\tRonald\tGlaser\tand\tJanice\tKiecolt-\nGlaser\u2014e.g.,\t\u201cPsychological\tInfluences\ton\tImmunity,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tPsychologist\n\t43\t(1988).\nThe\trelationship\tbetween\tstress\tand\therpes\tactivity\tis\tso\tstrong\tthat\tit\thas\tbeen\ndemonstrated\tin\ta\tstudy\tof\tonly\tten\tpatients,\tusing\tthe\tactual\tbreaking-out\tof\therpes\tsores\nas\ta\tmeasure;\tthe\tmore\tanxiety,\thassles,\tand\tstress\treported\tby\tthe\tpatients,\tthe\tmore\nlikely\tthey\twere\tto\thave\therpes\toutbreaks\tin\tthe\tfollowing\tweeks;\tplacid\tperiods\tin\ttheir\nlives\tled\tto\tdormancy\tof\tthe\therpes.\tSee\tH.\tE.\tSchmidt\tet\tal.,\t\u201cStress\tas\ta\tPrecipitating\nFactor\tin\tSubjects\tWith\tRecurrent\tHerpes\tLabialis,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tFamily\tPractice\n,\t20\t(1985).\n26.\n\tAnxiety\tin\twomen\tand\theart\tdisease:\tCarl\tThoreson,\tpresented\tat\tthe\tInternational\nCongress\tof\tBehavioral\tMedicine,\tUppsala,\tSweden\t(July\t1990).\tAnxiety\tmay\talso\tplay\ta", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "468f2ceddeb0-2", "page_content": "role\tin\tmaking\tsome\tmen\tmore\tvulnerable\tto\theart\tdisease.\tIn\ta\tstudy\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\nAlabama\tmedical\tschool,\t1,123\tmen\tand\twomen\tbetween\tthe\tages\tof\tforty-five\tand\nseventy-seven\twere\tassessed\ton\ttheir\temotional\tprofiles.\tThose\tmen\tmost\tprone\tto\tanxiety\nand\tworry\tin\tmiddle\tage\twere\tfar\tmore\tlikely\tthan\tothers\tto\thave\thypertension\twhen\ntracked\tdown\ttwenty\tyears\tlater.\tSee\tAbraham\tMarkowitz\tet\tal\n.,\tJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\nMedical\tAssociation\n\t(Nov.\t14,\t1993).\n27.\n\tStress\tand\tcolorectal\tcancer:\tJoseph\tC.\tCourtney\tet\tal.,\t\u201cStressful\tLife\tEvents\tand\tthe\tRisk\nof\tColorectal\tCancer,\u201d\t\nEpidemiology\t(Sept\n.\t1993),\t4(5).\n28.\n\tRelaxation\tto\tcounter\tstress-based\tsymptoms:\tSee,\tfor\texample,\tDaniel\tGoleman\tand\tJoel\nGurin,\t\nMind\tBody\tMedicine\n\t(New\tYork:\tConsumer\tReports\tBooks/St.\tMartin\u2019s\tPress,\t1993).\n29.\n\tDepression\tand\tdisease:\tsee,\te.g.,\tSeymour\tReichlin,\t\u201cNeuroendocrine-Immune\nInteractions,\u201d\t\nNew\tEngland\tJournal\tof\tMedicine\n\t(Oct.\t21,\t1993).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a3b2af189229-0", "page_content": "30.\n\tBone\tmarrow\ttransplant:\tcited\tin\tJames\tStrain,\t\u201cCost\tOffset\tFrom\ta\tPsychiatric\nConsultation-Liaison\tIntervention\tWith\tElderly\tHip\tFracture\tPatients,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tJournal\tof\nPsychiatry\n\t148\t(1991).\n31.\n\tHoward\tBurton\tet\tal.,\t\u201cThe\tRelationship\tof\tDepression\tto\tSurvival\tin\tChronic\tRenal\nFailure,\u201d\t\nPsychosomatic\tMedicine\n\t(March\t1986).\n32.\n\tHopelessness\tand\tdeath\tfrom\theart\tdisease:\tRobert\tAnda\tet\tal.,\t\u201cDepressed\tAffect,\nHopelessness,\tand\tthe\tRisk\tof\tIschemic\tHeart\tDisease\tin\ta\tCohort\tof\tU.S.\tAdults,\u201d\nEpidemiology\n\t(July\t1993).\n33.\n\t\nDepression\tand\theart\tattack:\tNancy\tFrasure-Smith\tet\tal.,\t\u201cDepression\tFollowing\nMyocardial\tInfarction,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tMedical\tAssociation\n\t(Oct.\t20,\t1993).\n34.\n\tDepression\tin\tmultiple\tillness:\tDr.\tMichael\tvon\tKorff,\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tWashington\npsychiatrist\twho\tdid\tthe\tstudy,\tpointed\tout\tto\tme\tthat\twith\tsuch\tpatients,\twho\tface\ntremendous\tchallenges\tjust\tin\tliving\tfrom\tday\tto\tday,\t\u201cIf\tyou\ttreat\ta\tpatient\u2019s\tdepression,\nyou\tsee\timprovements\tover\tand\tabove\tany\tchanges\tin\ttheir\tmedical\tcondition.\tIf\tyou\u2019re", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a3b2af189229-1", "page_content": "depressed,\tyour\tsymptoms\tseem\tworse\tto\tyou.\tHaving\ta\tchronic\tphysical\tdisease\tis\ta\nmajor\tadaptive\tchallenge.\tIf\tyou\u2019re\tdepressed,\tyou\u2019re\tless\table\tto\tlearn\tto\ttake\tcare\tof\tyour\nillness.\tEven\twith\tphysical\timpairment,\tif\tyou\u2019re\tmotivated\tand\thave\tenergy\tand\tfeelings\nof\tself-worth\u2014all\tof\twhich\tare\tat\trisk\tin\tdepression\u2014then\tpeople\tcan\tadapt\tremarkably\neven\tto\tsevere\timpairments.\u201d\n35.\n\tOptimism\tand\tbypass\tsurgery:\tChris\tPeterson\tet\tal.,\t\nLearned\tHelplessness:\tA\tTheory\tfor\tthe\nAge\tof\tPersonal\tControl\n\t(New\tYork:\tOxford\tUniversity\tPress,\t1993).\n36.\n\tSpinal\tinjury\tand\thope:\tTimothy\tElliott\tet\tal.,\t\u201cNegotiating\tReality\tAfter\tPhysical\tLoss:\nHope,\tDepression,\tand\tDisability,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n\t61,\t4\n(1991).\n37.\n\tMedical\trisk\tof\tsocial\tisolation:\tJames\tHouse\tet\tal.,\t\u201cSocial\tRelationships\tand\tHealth,\u201d\nScience\t(July\n\t29,\t1988).\tBut\talso\tsee\ta\tmixed\tfinding:\tCarol\tSmith\tet\tal.,\t\u201cMeta-Analysis\tof\nthe\tAssociations\tBetween\tSocial\tSupport\tand\tHealth\tOutcomes,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tBehavioral\nMedicine\n\t(1994).\n38.\n\tIsolation\tand\tmortality\trisk:\tOther\tstudies\tsuggest\ta\tbiological\tmechanism\tat\twork.\tThese", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "a3b2af189229-2", "page_content": "findings,\tcited\tin\tHouse,\t\u201cSocial\tRelationships\tand\tHealth,\u201d\thave\tfound\tthat\tthe\tsimple\npresence\tof\tanother\tperson\tcan\treduce\tanxiety\tand\tlessen\tphysiological\tdistress\tin\tpeople\nin\tintensive-care\tunits.\tThe\tcomforting\teffect\tof\tanother\tperson\u2019s\tpresence\thas\tbeen\tfound\nto\tlower\tnot\tjust\theart\trate\tand\tblood\tpressure,\tbut\talso\tthe\tsecretion\tof\tfatty\tacids\tthat\ncan\tblock\tarteries.\tOne\ttheory\tput\tforward\tto\texplain\tthe\thealing\teffects\tof\tsocial\tcontact\nsuggests\ta\tbrain\tmechanism\tat\twork.\tThis\ttheory\tpoints\tto\tanimal\tdata\tshowing\ta\tcalming\neffect\ton\tthe\tposterior\thypothalamic\tzone,\tan\tarea\tof\tthe\tlimbic\tsystem\twith\trich\nconnections\tto\tthe\tamygdala.\tThe\tcomforting\tpresence\tof\tanother\tperson,\tthis\tview\tholds,\ninhibits\tlimbic\tactivity,\tlowering\tthe\trate\tof\tsecretion\tof\tacetylcholine,\tcortisol,\tand", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c6071c2f8933-0", "page_content": "catecholamines,\tall\tneurochemicals\tthat\ttrigger\tmore\trapid\tbreathing,\ta\tquickened\nheartbeat,\tand\tother\tphysiological\tsigns\tof\tstress.\n39.\n\tStrain,\t\u201cCost\tOffset.\u201d\n40.\n\tHeart\tattack\tsurvival\tand\temotional\tsupport:\tLisa\tBerkman\tet\tal.,\t\u201cEmotional\tSupport\tand\nSurvival\tAfter\tMyocardial\tInfarction,\tA\tProspective\tPopulation\tBased\tStudy\tof\tthe\nElderly,\u201d\t\nAnnals\tof\tInternal\tMedicine\n\t(Dec.\t15,\t1992).\n41.\n\tThe\tSwedish\tstudy:\tAnnika\tRosengren\tet\tal.,\t\u201cStressful\tLife\tEvents,\tSocial\tSupport,\tand\nMortality\tin\tMen\tBorn\tin\t1933,\u201d\t\nBritish\tMedical\tJournal\n\t(Oct.\t19,\t1993).\n42.\n\tMarital\targuments\tand\timmune\tsystem:\tJanice\tKiecolt-Glaser\tet\tal.,\t\u201cMarital\tQuality,\nMarital\tDisruption,\tand\tImmune\tFunction,\u201d\t\nPsychosomatic\tMedicine\n\t49\t(1987).\n43.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tJohn\tCacioppo\tfor\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Dec.\t15,\t1992).\n44.\n\tTalking\tabout\ttroubling\tthoughts:\tJames\tPennebaker,\t\u201cPutting\tStress\tInto\tWords:\tHealth,\nLinguistic\tand\tTherapeutic\tImplications,\u201d\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\nAssociation\tmeeting,\tWashington,\tDC\t(1992).\n45.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c6071c2f8933-1", "page_content": "Association\tmeeting,\tWashington,\tDC\t(1992).\n45.\n\tPsychotherapy\tand\tmedical\timprovements:\tLester\tLuborsky\tet\tal.,\t\u201cIs\tPsychotherapy\t\nGood\nfor\tYour\tHealth?\u201d\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tAssociation\tmeeting,\nWashington,\tDC\t(1993).\n46.\n\tCancer\tsupport\tgroups:\tDavid\tSpiegel\tet\tal.,\t\u201cEffect\tof\tPsychosocial\tTreatment\ton\tSurvival\nof\tPatients\twith\tMetastatic\tBreast\tCancer,\u201d\t\nLancet\n\tNo.\t8668,\tii\t(1989).\n47.\n\tPatients\u2019\tquestions:\tThe\tfinding\twas\tcited\tby\tDr.\tSteven\tCohen-Cole,\ta\tpsychiatrist\tat\nEmory\tUniversity,\twhen\tI\tinterviewed\thim\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Nov.\t13,\t1991).\n48.\n\tFull\tinformation:\tFor\texample,\tthe\tPlanetree\tprogram\tat\tPacific\tPresbyterian\tHospital\tin\nSan\tFrancisco\twill\tdo\tsearches\tof\tmedical\tand\tlay\tresearch\ton\tany\tmedical\ttopic\tfor\nanyone\twho\trequests\tit.\n49.\n\tMaking\tpatients\teffective:\tOne\tprogram\thas\tbeen\tdeveloped\tby\tDr.\tMack\tLipkin,\tJr.,\tat\nNew\tYork\tUniversity\tMedical\tSchool.\n50.\n\tEmotional\tpreparation\tfor\tsurgery:\tI\twrote\tabout\tthis\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\n\tTimes\t(Dec.\t10,\n1987).\n51.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "c6071c2f8933-2", "page_content": "Times\t(Dec.\t10,\n1987).\n51.\n\tFamily\tcare\tin\tthe\thospital:\tAgain,\tPlanetree\tis\ta\tmodel,\tas\tare\tthe\tRonald\tMcDonald\nhouses\tthat\tallow\tparents\tto\tstay\tnext\tdoor\tto\thospitals\twhere\ttheir\tchildren\tare\tpatients.\n52.\n\tMindfulness\tand\tmedicine:\tSee\tJon\tKabat-Zinn,\t\nFull\tCatastrophe\tLiving\n\t(New\tYork:\nDelacorte,\t1991).\n53.\n\tProgram\tfor\treversing\theart\tdisease:\tSee\tDean\tOrnish,\t\nDr.\tDean\tOrnish\u2019s\tProgram\tfor\nReversing\tHeart\tDisease\n\t(New\tYork:\tBallantine,\t1991).\n54.\n\tRelationship-centered\tmedicine:\t\nHealth\tProfessions\tEducation\tand\tRelationship-Centered\nCare\n.\tReport\tof\tthe\tPew-Fetzer\tTask\tForce\ton\tAdvancing\tPsychosocial\tHealth\tEducation,\nPew\tHealth\tProfessions\tCommission\tand\tFetzer\tInstitute\tat\tThe\tCenter\tof\tHealth", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "057c9466ab94-0", "page_content": "Professions,\tUniversity\tof\tCalifornia\tat\tSan\tFrancisco,\tSan\tFrancisco\t(Aug.\t1994).\n55.\n\tLeft\tthe\thospital\tearly:\tStrain,\t\u201cCost\tOffset.\u201d\n56.\n\tUnethical\tnot\tto\ttreat\tdepression\tin\theart\tdisease\tpatients:\tRedford\tWilliams\tand\tMargaret\nChesney,\t\u201cPsychosocial\tFactors\tand\tPrognosis\tin\tEstablished\tCoronary\tHeart\tDisease,\u201d\nJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tMedical\tAssociation\n\t(Oct.\t20,\t1993).\n57.\n\tAn\topen\tletter\tto\ta\tsurgeon:\tA.\tStanley\tKramer,\t\u201cA\tPrescription\tfor\tHealing,\u201d\t\nNewsweek\n(June\t7,\t1993).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6af0ed99b8a7-0", "page_content": "PART\tFOUR:\tWINDOWS\tOF\tOPPORTUNITY\nChapter\t12.\tThe\tFamily\tCrucible\n\t\t\t1.\n\tLeslie\tand\tthe\tvideo\tgame:\tBeverly\tWilson\tand\tJohn\tGottman,\t\u201cMarital\tConflict\tand\nParenting:\tThe\tRole\tof\tNegativity\tin\tFamilies,\u201d\tin\tM.\tH.\tBornstein,\ted.,\t\nHandbook\tof\nParenting\n,\tvol.\t4\t(Hillsdale,\tNJ:\tLawrence\tErlbaum,\t1994).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tThe\tresearch\ton\temotions\tin\tthe\tfamily\twas\tan\textension\tof\tJohn\tGottman\u2019s\tmarital\nstudies\treviewed\tin\tChapter\t9.\tSee\tCarole\tHooven,\tLynn\tKatz,\tand\tJohn\tGottman,\t\u201cThe\nFamily\tas\ta\tMeta-emotion\tCulture,\u201d\t\nCognition\tand\tEmotion\n\t(Spring\t1994).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tThe\tbenefits\tfor\tchildren\tof\thaving\temotionally\tadept\tparents:\tHooven,\tKatz,\tand\nGottman,\t\u201cThe\tFamily\tas\ta\tMeta-emotion\tCulture.\u201d\n\t\t\t4.\n\t\nOptimistic\tinfants:\tT.\tBerry\tBrazelton,\tin\tthe\tpreface\tto\t\nHeart\tStart:\tThe\tEmotional\nFoundations\tof\tSchool\tReadiness\n\t(Arlington,\tVA:\tNational\tCenter\tfor\tClinical\tInfant\nPrograms,\t1992).\n\t\t\t5.\n\tEmotional\tpredictors\tof\tschool\tsuccess:\t\nHeart\tStart\n.\n\t\t\t6.\n\tElements\tof\tschool\treadiness:\t\nHeart\tStart\n,\tp.\t7.\n\t\t\t7.\n\tInfants\tand\tmothers:", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6af0ed99b8a7-1", "page_content": "7.\n\tInfants\tand\tmothers:\t\nHeart\tStart\n,\tp.\t9.\n\t\t\t8.\n\tDamage\tfrom\tneglect:\tM.\tErickson\tet\tal.,\t\u201cThe\tRelationship\tBetween\tQuality\tof\nAttachment\tand\tBehavior\tProblems\tin\tPreschool\tin\ta\tHigh-Risk\tSample,\u201d\tin\tI.\tBetherton\nand\tE.\tWaters,\teds.,\t\nMonographs\tof\tthe\tSociety\tof\tResearch\tin\tChild\tDevelopment\n\t50,\tseries\nno.\t209.\n\t\t\t9.\n\tLasting\tlessons\tof\tfirst\tfour\tyears:\t\nHeart\tStart\n,\tp.\t13.\n10.\n\tThe\tfollow-up\tof\taggressive\tchildren:\tL.\tR.\tHuesman,\tLeonard\tEron,\tand\tPatty\tWarnicke-\nYarmel,\t\u201cIntellectual\tFunction\tand\tAggression,\u201d\t\nThe\tJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\nPsychology\n\t(Jan.\t1987).\tSimilar\tfindings\twere\treported\tby\tAlexander\tThomas\tand\tStella\nChess,\tin\tthe\tSeptember\t1988\tissue\tof\t\nChild\tDevelopment\n,\tin\ttheir\tstudy\tof\tseventy-five\nchildren\twho\twere\tassessed\tat\tregular\tintervals\tsince\t1956,\twhen\tthey\twere\tbetween\nseven\tand\ttwelve\tyears\told.\tAlexander\tThomas\tet\tal.,\t\u201cLongitudinal\tStudy\tof\tNegative\nEmotional\tStates\tand\tAdjustments\tFrom\tEarly\tChildhood\tThrough\tAdolescence,\u201d\t\nChild\nDevelopment\n\t59\t(1988).\tA\tdecade\tlater\tthe\tchildren\twho\tparents\tand\tteachers\thad\tsaid", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6af0ed99b8a7-2", "page_content": "were\tthe\tmost\taggressive\tin\tgrade\tschool\twere\thaving\tthe\tmost\temotional\tturmoil\tin\tlate\nadolescence.\tThese\twere\tchildren\t(about\ttwice\tas\tmany\tboys\tas\tgirls)\twho\tnot\tonly\ncontinually\tpicked\tfights,\tbut\twho\talso\twere\tbelittling\tor\topenly\thostile\ttoward\tother\nchildren,\tand\teven\ttoward\ttheir\tfamilies\tand\tteachers.\tTheir\thostility\twas\tunchanged\tover\nthe\tyears;\tas\tadolescents\tthey\twere\thaving\ttrouble\tgetting\talong\twith\tclassmates\tand\twith\ntheir\tfamilies,\tand\twere\tin\ttrouble\tat\tschool.\tAnd,\twhen\tcontacted\tas\tadults,\ttheir", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "162aa2fc16ab-0", "page_content": "difficulties\tranged\tfrom\ttangles\twith\tthe\tlaw\tto\tanxiety\tproblems\tand\tdepression.\n11.\n\tLack\tof\tempathy\tin\tabused\tchildren:\tThe\tday-care\tobservations\tand\tfindings\tare\treported\nin\tMary\tMain\tand\tCarol\tGeorge,\t\u201cResponses\tof\tAbused\tand\tDisadvantaged\tToddlers\tto\nDistress\tin\tAgemates:\tA\tStudy\tin\tthe\tDay-Care\tSetting,\u201d\t\nDevelopmental\tPsychology\n\t21,\t3\n(1985).\tThe\tfindings\thave\tbeen\trepeated\twith\tpreschoolers\tas\twell:\tBonnie\tKlimes-Dougan\nand\tJanet\tKistner,\t\u201cPhysically\tAbused\tPreschoolers\u2019\tResponses\tto\tPeers\u2019\tDistress,\u201d\nDevelopmental\tPsychology\n\t26\t(1990).\n12.\n\tDifficulties\tof\tabused\tchildren:\tRobert\tEmery,\t\u201cFamily\tViolence,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tPsychologist\n(Feb.\t1989).\n13.\n\tAbuse\tover\tgenerations:\tWhether\tabused\tchildren\tgrow\tup\tto\tbe\tabusing\tparents\tis\ta\tpoint\nof\tscientific\tdebate.\tSee,\tfor\texample,\tCathy\tSpatz\tWidom,\t\u201cChild\tAbuse,\tNeglect\tand\nAdult\tBehavior,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tJournal\tof\tOrthopsychiatry\n\t(July\t1989).\nChapter\t13.\tTrauma\tand\tEmotional\tRelearning\n\t\t\t1.\n\tI\twrote\tabout\tthe\tlasting\ttrauma\tof\tthe\tkillings\tat\tCleveland\tElementary\tSchool\tin\t\nThe\nNew\tYork\tTimes", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "162aa2fc16ab-1", "page_content": "The\nNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t\u201cEducation\tLife\u201d\tsection\t(Jan.\t7,\t1990).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tThe\texamples\tof\tPTSD\tin\tcrime\tvictims\twere\toffered\tby\tDr.\tShelly\tNiederbach,\ta\npsychologist\tat\tthe\tVictims\u2019\tCounseling\tService,\tBrooklyn.\n\t\t\t3.\n\t\nThe\tVietnam\tmemory\tis\tfrom\tM.\tDavis,\t\u201cAnalysis\tof\tAversive\tMemories\tUsing\tthe\tFear-\nPotentiated\tStartle\tParadigm,\u201d\tin\tN.\tButters\tand\tL.\tR\tSquire,\teds.,\t\nThe\tNeuropsychology\tof\nMemory\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1992).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tLeDoux\tmakes\tthe\tscientific\tcase\tfor\tthese\tmemories\tbeing\tespecially\tenduring\tin\n\u201cIndelibility\tof\tSubcortical\tEmotional\tMemories,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tCognitive\tNeuroscience\n\t(1989),\nvol.\t1,\t238\u201343.\n\t\t\t5.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tCharney\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(June\t12,\t1990).\n\t\t\t6.\n\tThe\texperiments\twith\tpaired\tlaboratory\tanimals\twere\tdescribed\tto\tme\tby\tDr.\tJohn\nKrystal,\tand\thave\tbeen\trepeated\tat\tseveral\tscientific\tlaboratories.\tThe\tmajor\tstudies\twere\ndone\tby\tDr.\tJay\tWeiss\tat\tDuke\tUniversity.\n\t\t\t7.\n\tThe\tbest\taccount\tof\tthe\tbrain\tchanges\tunderlying\tPTSD,\tand\tthe\trole\tof\tthe\tamygdala\tin", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "162aa2fc16ab-2", "page_content": "them,\tis\tin\tDennis\tCharney\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPsychobiologic\tMechanisms\tof\tPosttraumatic\tStress\nDisorder,\u201d\t\nArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\n\t50\t(April\t1993),\t294\u2013305.\n\t\t\t8.\n\tSome\tof\tthe\tevidence\tfor\ttrauma-induced\tchanges\tin\tthis\tbrain\tnetwork\tcomes\tfrom\nexperiments\tin\twhich\tVietnam\tvets\twith\tPTSD\twere\tinjected\twith\tyohimbine,\ta\tdrug\tused\non\tthe\ttips\tof\tarrows\tby\tSouth\tAmerican\tIndians\tto\trender\ttheir\tprey\thelpless.\tIn\ttiny\ndoses\tyohimbine\tblocks\tthe\taction\tof\ta\tspecific\treceptor\t(the\tpoint\ton\ta\tneuron\tthat\nreceives\ta\tneurotransmitter)\tthat\tordinarily\tacts\tas\ta\tbrake\ton\tthe\tcatecholamines.\nYohimbine\ttakes\tthe\tbrakes\toff,\tkeeping\tthese\treceptors\tfrom\tsensing\tthe\tsecretion\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d8e9acc31885-0", "page_content": "catecholamines;\tthe\tresult\tis\tincreasing\tcatecholamine\tlevels.\tWith\tthe\tneural\tbrakes\ton\nanxiety\tdisarmed\tby\tthe\tdrug\tinjections,\tthe\tyohimbine\ttriggered\tpanic\tin\t9\tof\t15\tPTSD\npatients,\tand\tlifelike\tflashbacks\tin\t6.\tOne\tvet\thad\ta\thallucination\tof\ta\thelicopter\tbeing\nshot\tdown\tin\ta\ttrail\tof\tsmoke\tand\ta\tbright\tflash;\tanother\tsaw\tthe\texplosion\tby\ta\tland\tmine\nof\ta\tJeep\twith\this\tbuddies\tin\tit\u2014the\tsame\tscene\tthat\thad\thaunted\this\tnightmares\tand\nappeared\tas\tflashbacks\tfor\tmore\tthan\t20\tyears.\tThe\tyohimbine\tstudy\twas\tconducted\tby\nDr.\tJohn\tKrystal,\tdirector\tof\tthe\tLaboratory\tof\tClinical\tPsychopharmacology\tat\tthe\nNational\tCenter\tfor\tPTSD\tat\tthe\tWest\tHaven,\tConn.,\tVA\tHospital.\n\t\t\t9.\n\tFewer\talpha-2\treceptors\tin\tmen\twith\tPTSD:\tsee\tCharney,\t\u201cPsychobiologic\tMechanisms.\u201d\n10.\n\tThe\tbrain,\ttrying\tto\tlower\tthe\trate\tof\tCRF\tsecretion,\tcompensates\tby\tdecreasing\tthe\nnumber\tof\treceptors\tthat\trelease\tit.\tOne\ttelltale\tsign\tthat\tthis\tis\twhat\thappens\tin\tpeople\nwith\tPTSD\tcomes\tfrom\ta\tstudy\tin\twhich\teight\tpatients\tbeing\ttreated\tfor\tthe\tproblem\twere\ninjected\twith\tCRF.\tOrdinarily,\tan\tinjection\tof\tCRF\ttriggers\ta\tflood\tof\tACTH,\tthe\thormone", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d8e9acc31885-1", "page_content": "that\tstreams\tthrough\tthe\tbody\tto\ttrigger\tcatecholamines.\tBut\tin\tthe\tPTSD\tpatients,\tunlike\na\tcomparison\tgroup\tof\tpeople\twithout\tPTSD,\tthere\twas\tno\tdiscernible\tchange\tin\tlevels\tof\nACTH\u2014a\tsign\tthat\ttheir\tbrains\thad\tcut\tback\ton\tCRF\treceptors\tbecause\tthey\talready\twere\noverloaded\twith\tthe\tstress\thormone.\tThe\tresearch\twas\tdescribed\tto\tme\tby\tCharles\nNemeroff,\ta\tDuke\tUniversity\tpsychiatrist.\n11.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tDr.\tNemeroff\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(June\t12,\t1990).\n12.\n\tSomething\tsimilar\tseems\tto\toccur\tin\tPTSD:\tFor\tinstance,\tin\tone\texperiment\tVietnam\tvets\nwith\ta\tPTSD\tdiagnosis\twere\tshown\ta\tspecially\tedited\t15-minute\tfilm\tof\tgraphic\tcombat\nscenes\tfrom\tthe\tmovie\t\nPlatoon\n.\tIn\tone\tgroup,\tthe\tvets\twere\tinjected\twith\tnaloxone,\ta\nsubstance\tthat\tblocks\tendorphins;\tafter\twatching\tthe\tmovie,\tthese\tvets\tshowed\tno\tchange\nin\ttheir\tsensitivity\tto\tpain.\tBut\tin\tthe\tgroup\twithout\tthe\tendorphin\tblocker,\tthe\tmen\u2019s\tpain\nsensitivity\tdecreased\t30\tpercent,\tindicating\tan\tincrease\tin\tendorphin\tsecretion.\tThe\tsame\nscene\thad\tno\tsuch\teffect\ton\tveterans\twho\tdid\tnot\thave\tPTSD,\tsuggesting\tthat\tin\tthe\tPTSD\nvictims\tthe\tnerve\tpathways\tthat\tregulate\tendorphins\twere\toverly\tsensitive\tor\thyperactive", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d8e9acc31885-2", "page_content": "\u2014an\teffect\tthat\tbecame\tapparent\t\nonly\twhen\tthey\twere\treexposed\tto\tsomething\nreminiscent\tof\tthe\toriginal\ttrauma.\tIn\tthis\tsequence\tthe\tamygdala\tfirst\tevaluates\tthe\nemotional\timportance\tof\twhat\twe\tsee.\tThe\tstudy\twas\tdone\tby\tDr.\tRoger\tPitman,\ta\nHarvard\tpsychiatrist.\tAs\twith\tother\tsymptoms\tof\tPTSD,\tthis\tbrain\tchange\tis\tnot\tonly\nlearned\tunder\tduress,\tbut\tcan\tbe\ttriggered\tonce\tagain\tif\tthere\tis\tsomething\treminiscent\tof\nthe\toriginal\tterrible\tevent.\tFor\texample,\tPitman\tfound\tthat\twhen\tlaboratory\trats\twere\nshocked\tin\ta\tcage,\tthey\tdeveloped\tthe\tsame\tendorphin-based\tanalgesia\tfound\tin\tthe\nVietnam\tvets\tshown\t\nPlatoon\n.\tWeeks\tlater,\twhen\tthe\trats\twere\tput\tinto\tthe\tcages\twhere\nthey\thad\tbeen\tshocked\u2014but\twithout\tany\tcurrent\tbeing\tturned\ton\u2014they\tonce\tagain\nbecame\tinsensitive\tto\tpain,\tas\tthey\toriginally\thad\tbeen\twhen\tshocked.\tSee\tRoger\tPitman,\n\u201cNaloxone-Reversible\tAnalgesic\tResponse\tto\tCombat-Related\tStimuli\tin\tPosttraumatic\nStress\tDisorder,\u201d\t\nArchives\tof\tGeneral\tMedicine\n\t(June\t1990).\tSee\talso\tHillel\tGlover,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2566386b451f-0", "page_content": "\u201cEmotional\tNumbing:\tA\tPossible\tEndorphin-Mediated\tPhenomenon\tAssociated\twith\tPost-\nTraumatic\tStress\tDisorders\tand\tOther\tAllied\tPsychopathologic\tStates,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\nTraumatic\tStress\n\t5,\t4\t(1992).\n13.\n\tThe\tbrain\tevidence\treviewed\tin\tthis\tsection\tis\tbased\ton\tDennis\tCharney\u2019s\texcellent\tarticle,\n\u201cPsychobiologic\tMechanisms.\u201d\n14.\n\tCharney,\t\u201cPsychobiologic\tMechanisms,\u201d\t300.\n15.\n\tRole\tof\tprefrontal\tcortex\tin\tunlearning\tfear:\tIn\tRichard\tDavidson\u2019s\tstudy,\tvolunteers\thad\ntheir\tsweat\tresponse\tmeasured\t(a\tbarometer\tof\tanxiety)\twhile\tthey\theard\ta\ttone\tfollowed\nby\ta\tloud,\tobnoxious\tnoise.\tThe\tloud\tnoise\ttriggered\ta\trise\tin\tsweat.\tAfter\ta\ttime,\tthe\ttone\nalone\twas\tenough\tto\ttrigger\tthe\tsame\trise,\tshowing\tthat\tthe\tvolunteers\thad\tlearned\tan\naversion\tto\tthe\ttone.\tAs\tthey\tcontinued\tto\thear\tthe\ttone\twithout\tthe\tobnoxious\tnoise,\tthe\nlearned\taversion\tfaded\taway\u2014the\ttone\tsounded\twithout\tany\tincrease\tin\tsweat.\tThe\tmore\nactive\tthe\tvolunteers\u2019\tleft\tprefrontal\tcortex,\tthe\tmore\tquickly\tthey\tlost\tthe\tlearned\tfear.\n\t\t\t\tIn\tanother\texperiment\tshowing\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\u2019\trole\tin\tgetting\tover\ta\tfear,\tlab\trats", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2566386b451f-1", "page_content": "\u2014as\tis\tso\toften\tthe\tcase\tin\tthese\tstudies\u2014learned\tto\tfear\ta\ttone\tpaired\twith\tan\telectric\nshock.\tThe\trats\tthen\thad\twhat\tamounts\tto\ta\tlobotomy,\ta\tsurgical\tlesion\tin\ttheir\tbrain\tthat\ncut\toff\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tfrom\tthe\tamygdala.\tFor\tthe\tnext\tseveral\tdays\tthe\trats\theard\tthe\ntone\twithout\tgetting\tan\telectric\tshock.\tSlowly,\tover\ta\tperiod\tof\tdays,\trats\twho\thave\tonce\nlearned\tto\tfear\ta\ttone\twill\tgradually\tlose\ttheir\tfear.\tBut\tfor\tthe\trats\twith\tthe\tdisconnected\nprefrontal\tlobes,\tit\ttook\tnearly\ttwice\tas\tlong\tto\tunlearn\tthe\tfear\u2014suggesting\ta\tcrucial\trole\nfor\tthe\tprefrontal\tlobes\tin\tmanaging\tfear\tand,\tmore\tgenerally,\tin\tmastering\temotional\nlessons.\tThis\texperiment\twas\tdone\tby\tMaria\tMorgan,\ta\tgraduate\tstudent\tof\tJoseph\nLeDoux\u2019s\tat\tthe\tCenter\tfor\tNeural\tScience,\tNew\tYork\tUniversity.\n16.\n\tRecovery\tfrom\tPTSD:\tI\twas\ttold\tabout\tthis\tstudy\tby\tRachel\tYehuda,\ta\tneurochemist\tand\ndirector\tof\tthe\tTraumatic\tStress\tStudies\tProgram\tat\tthe\tMt.\tSinai\tSchool\tof\tMedicine\tin\nManhattan.\tI\treported\ton\tthe\tresults\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Oct.\t6,\t1992).\n17.\n\tChildhood\ttrauma:\tLenore\tTerr,\t\nToo\tScared\tto\tCry", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2566386b451f-2", "page_content": "Too\tScared\tto\tCry\n\t(New\tYork:\tHarperCollins,\t1990).\n18.\n\tPathway\tto\trecovery\tfrom\ttrauma:\tJudith\tLewis\tHerman,\t\nTrauma\tand\tRecovery\n\t(New\tYork:\nBasic\tBooks,\t1992).\n19.\n\t\u201cDosing\u201d\tof\ttrauma:\tMardi\tHorowitz,\t\nStress\tResponse\tSyndromes\n\t(Northvale,\tNJ:\tJason\nAronson,\t1986).\n20.\n\tAnother\tlevel\tat\twhich\trelearning\tgoes\ton,\tat\tleast\tfor\tadults,\tis\tphilosophical.\tThe\teternal\nquestion\tof\tthe\tvictim\u2014\u201cWhy\tme?\u201d\u2014needs\tto\tbe\taddressed.\tBeing\tthe\tvictim\tof\ttrauma\nshatters\ta\tperson\u2019s\tfaith\tthat\tthe\tworld\tis\ta\tplace\tthat\tcan\tbe\ttrusted,\tand\tthat\twhat\nhappens\tto\tus\tin\tlife\tis\tjust\u2014that\tis,\tthat\twe\tcan\thave\tcontrol\tover\tour\tdestiny\tby\t\nliving\ta\nrighteous\tlife.\tThe\tanswers\tto\tthe\tvictim\u2019s\tconundrum,\tof\tcourse,\tneed\tnot\tbe\nphilosophical\tor\treligious;\tthe\ttask\tis\tto\trebuild\ta\tsystem\tof\tbelief\tor\tfaith\tthat\tallows\nliving\tonce\tagain\tas\tthough\tthe\tworld\tand\tthe\tpeople\tin\tit\tcan\tbe\ttrusted.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e9be10760946-0", "page_content": "21.\n\tThat\tthe\toriginal\tfear\tpersists,\teven\tif\tsubdued,\thas\tbeen\tshown\tin\tstudies\twhere\tlab\trats\nwere\tconditioned\tto\tfear\ta\tsound,\tsuch\tas\ta\tbell,\twhen\tit\twas\tpaired\twith\tan\telectric\nshock.\tAfterward,\twhen\tthey\theard\tthe\tbell\tthey\treacted\twith\tfear,\teven\tthough\tno\tshock\naccompanied\tit.\tGradually,\tover\tthe\tcourse\tof\ta\tyear\t(a\tvery\tlong\ttime\tfor\ta\trat\u2014about\ta\nthird\tof\tits\tlife),\tthe\trats\tlost\ttheir\tfearfulness\tof\tthe\tbell.\tBut\tthe\tfear\twas\trestored\tin\tfull\nforce\twhen\tthe\tsound\tof\tthe\tbell\twas\tonce\tagain\tpaired\twith\ta\tshock.\tThe\tfear\tcame\tback\nin\ta\tsingle\tinstant\u2014but\ttook\tmonths\tand\tmonths\tto\tsubside.\tThe\tparallel\tin\thumans,\tof\ncourse,\tis\twhen\ta\ttraumatic\tfear\tfrom\tlong\tago,\tdormant\tfor\tyears,\tfloods\tback\tin\tfull\tforce\nwith\tsome\treminder\tof\tthe\toriginal\ttrauma.\n22.\n\tLuborsky\u2019s\ttherapy\tresearch\tis\tdetailed\tin\tLester\tLuborsky\tand\tPaul\tCrits-Christoph,\nUnderstanding\tTransference:\tThe\tCCRT\tMethod\n\t(New\tYork:\tBasic\tBooks,\t1990).\nChapter\t14.\tTemperament\tIs\tNot\tDestiny\n\t\t\t1.\n\tSee,\tfor\texample,\tJerome\tKagan\tet\tal.,\t\u201cInitial\tReactions\tto\tUnfamiliarity,\u201d\t\nCurrent\nDirections\tin\tPsychological\tScience\n\t(Dec.\t1992).\tThe\tfullest\tdescription\tof\tthe\tbiology\tof", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e9be10760946-1", "page_content": "(Dec.\t1992).\tThe\tfullest\tdescription\tof\tthe\tbiology\tof\ntemperament\tis\tin\tKagan,\t\nGalen\u2019s\tProphecy\n.\n\t\t\t2.\n\tTom\tand\tRalph,\tarchetypically\ttimid\tand\tbold\ttypes,\tare\tdescribed\tin\tKagan,\t\nGalen\u2019s\nProphecy\n,\tpp.\t155\u201357.\n\t\t\t3.\n\tLifelong\tproblems\tof\tthe\tshy\tchild:\tIris\tBell,\t\u201cIncreased\tPrevalence\tof\tStress-related\nSymptoms\tin\tMiddle-aged\tWomen\tWho\tReport\tChildhood\tShyness,\u201d\t\nAnnals\tof\tBehavior\nMedicine\n\t16\t(1994).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tThe\theightened\theart\trate:\tIris\tR.\tBell\tet\tal.,\t\u201cFailure\tof\tHeart\tRate\tHabituation\tDuring\nCognitive\tand\tOlfactory\tLaboratory\tStressors\tin\tYoung\tAdults\tWith\tChildhood\tShyness,\u201d\nAnnals\tof\tBehavior\tMedicine\n\t16\t(1994).\n\t\t\t5.\n\tPanic\tin\tteenagers:\tChris\tHayward\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPubertal\tStage\tand\tPanic\tAttack\tHistory\tin\nSixth-\tand\tSeventh-grade\tGirls,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tJournal\tof\tPsychiatry\n\tvol.\t149(9)\t(Sept.\t1992),\npp.\t1239\u201343;\tJerold\tRosenbaum\tet\tal.,\t\u201cBehavioral\tInhibition\tin\tChildhood:\tA\tRisk\tFactor\nfor\tAnxiety\tDisorders,\u201d\t\nHarvard\tReview\tof\tPsychiatry\n\t(May\t1993).\n\t\t\t6.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "e9be10760946-2", "page_content": "(May\t1993).\n\t\t\t6.\n\tThe\tresearch\ton\tpersonality\tand\themispheric\tdifferences\twas\tdone\tby\tDr.\tRichard\nDavidson\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tWisconsin,\tand\tby\tDr.\tAndrew\tTomarken,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\nVanderbilt\tUniversity:\tsee\tAndrew\tTomarken\tand\tRichard\tDavidson,\t\u201cFrontal\tBrain\nActivation\tin\tRepressors\tand\tNonrepressors,\u201d\tJournal\t\nof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n\t103\t(1994).\n\t\t\t7.\n\tThe\tobservations\tof\thow\tmothers\tcan\thelp\ttimid\tinfants\tbecome\tbolder\twere\tdone\twith\nDoreen\tArcus.\tDetails\tare\tin\tKagan,\t\nGalen\u2019s\tProphecy\n.\n\t\t\t8.\n\tKagan,\t\nGalen\u2019s\tProphecy\n,\tpp.\t194\u201395.\n\t\t\t9.\n\tGrowing\tless\tshy:\tJens\tAsendorpf,\t\u201cThe\tMalleability\tof\tBehavioral\tInhibition:\tA\tStudy\tof\nIndividual\tDevelopmental\tFunctions,\u201d\t\nDevelopmental\tPsychology\n\t30,\t6\t(1994).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d45369fb7171-0", "page_content": "10.\n\tHubel\tand\tWiesel:\tDavid\tH.\tHubel,\tThorsten\tWiesel,\tand\tS.\tLevay,\t\u201cPlasticity\tof\tOcular\nColumns\tin\tMonkey\tStriate\tCortex,\u201d\t\nPhilosophical\tTransactions\tof\tthe\tRoyal\tSociety\tof\nLondon\n\t278\t(1977).\n11.\n\t\nExperience\tand\tthe\trat\u2019s\tbrain:\tThe\twork\tof\tMarian\tDiamond\tand\tothers\tis\tdescribed\tin\nRichard\tThompson,\t\nThe\tBrain\n\t(San\tFrancisco:\tW.\tH.\tFreeman,\t1985).\n12.\n\tBrain\tchanges\tin\ttreating\tobsessive-compulsive\tdisorder:\tL.\tR.\tBaxter\tet\tal.,\t\u201cCaudate\nGlucose\tMetabolism\tRate\tChanges\tWith\tBoth\tDrug\tand\tBehavior\tTherapy\tfor\tObsessive-\nCompulsive\tDisorder,\u201d\t\nArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\n\t49\t(1992).\n13.\n\tIncreased\tactivity\tin\tprefrontal\tlobes:\tL.\tR.\tBaxter\tet\tal.,\t\u201cLocal\tCerebral\tGlucose\tMetabolic\nRates\tin\tObsessive-Compulsive\tDisorder,\u201d\t\nArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\n\t44\t(1987).\n14.\n\tPrefrontal\tlobes\tmaturity:\tBryan\tKolb,\t\u201cBrain\tDevelopment,\tPlasticity,\tand\tBehavior,\u201d\nAmerican\tPsychologist\t44\n\t(1989).\n15.\n\tChildhood\texperience\tand\tprefrontal\tpruning:\tRichard\tDavidson,\t\u201cAsymmetric\tBrain", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "d45369fb7171-1", "page_content": "Function,\tAffective\tStyle\tand\tPsychopathology:\tThe\tRole\tof\tEarly\tExperience\tand\nPlasticity,\u201d\t\nDevelopment\tand\tPsychopathology\n\tvol.\t6\t(1994),\tpp.\t741\u201358.\n16.\n\tBiological\tattunement\tand\tbrain\tgrowth:\tSchore,\t\nAffect\tRegulation\n.\n17.\n\tM.\tE.\tPhelps\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPET:\tA\tBiochemical\tImage\tof\tthe\tBrain\tat\tWork,\u201d\tin\tN.\tA.\tLassen\tet\nal.,\t\nBrain\tWork\tand\tMental\tActivity:\tQuantitative\tStudies\twith\tRadioactive\tTracers\n(Copenhagen:\tMunksgaard,\t1991).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cd5416911e5a-0", "page_content": "PART\tFIVE:\tEMOTIONAL\tLITERACY\nChapter\t15.\tThe\tCost\tof\tEmotional\tIlliteracy\n\t\t\t1.\n\tEmotional\tliteracy:\tI\twrote\tabout\tsuch\tcourses\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(March\t3,\t1992).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tThe\tstatistics\ton\tteen\tcrime\trates\tare\tfrom\tthe\tUniform\tCrime\tReports,\t\nCrime\tin\tthe\tU.S.,\n1991\n,\tpublished\tby\tthe\tDepartment\tof\tJustice.\n\t\t\t3.\n\tViolent\tcrimes\tin\tteenagers:\tIn\t1990\tthe\tjuvenile\tarrest\trate\tfor\tviolent\tcrimes\tclimbed\tto\n430\tper\t100,000,\ta\t27\tpercent\tjump\tover\tthe\t1980\trate.\tTeen\tarrest\trates\tfor\tforcible\trape\nrose\tfrom\t10.9\tper\t100,000\tin\t1965\tto\t21.9\tper\t100,000\tin\t1990.\tTeen\tmurder\trates\tmore\nthan\tquadrupled\tfrom\t1965\tto\t1990,\tfrom\t2.8\tper\t100,000\tto\t12.1;\tby\t1990\tthree\tof\tfour\nteenage\tmurders\twere\twith\tguns,\ta\t79\tpercent\tincrease\tover\tthe\tdecade.\tAggravated\nassault\tby\tteenagers\tjumped\tby\t64\tpercent\tfrom\t1980\tto\t1990.\u00a1\tSee,\te.g.,\tRuby\tTakanashi,\n\u201cThe\tOpportunities\tof\tAdolescence,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tPsychologist\n\t(Feb.\t1993).\n\t\t\t4.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cd5416911e5a-1", "page_content": "American\tPsychologist\n\t(Feb.\t1993).\n\t\t\t4.\n\tIn\t1950\tthe\tsuicide\trate\tfor\tthose\t15\tto\t24\twas\t4.5\tper\t100,000.\tBy\t1989\tit\twas\tthree\ntimes\thigher,\t13.3.\tSuicide\trates\tfor\tchildren\t10\tto\t14\talmost\ttripled\tbetween\t1968\tand\n1985.\tFigures\ton\tsuicide,\thomicide\tvictims,\tand\tpregnancies\tare\tfrom\t\nHealth,\t1991\n,\tU.S.\nDepartment\tof\tHealth\tand\tHuman\tServices,\tand\tChildren\u2019s\tSafety\tNetwork,\t\nA\tData\tBook\tof\nChild\tand\tAdolescent\tInjury\n\t(Washington,\tDC:\tNational\tCenter\tfor\tEducation\tin\tMaternal\nand\tChild\tHealth,\t1991).\n\t\t\t5.\n\tOver\tthe\tthree\tdecades\tsince\t1960,\trates\tof\tgonorrhea\tjumped\tto\ta\tlevel\tfour\ttimes\thigher\namong\tchildren\t10\tto\t14,\tand\tthree\ttimes\thigher\tamong\tthose\t15\tto\t19.\tBy\t1990,\t20\npercent\tof\tAIDS\tpatients\twere\tin\ttheir\ttwenties,\tmany\thaving\tbecome\tinfected\tduring\ttheir\nteen\tyears.\tPressure\tto\thave\tsex\tearly\tis\tgetting\tstronger.\tA\tsurvey\tin\tthe\t1990s\tfound\tthat\nmore\tthan\ta\tthird\tof\tyounger\twomen\tsay\tthat\tpressure\tfrom\tpeers\tmade\tthem\tdecide\tto\nhave\tsex\tthe\tfirst\ttime;\ta\tgeneration\tearlier\tjust\t13\t\npercent\tof\twomen\tsaid\tso.\tSee\tRuby", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "cd5416911e5a-2", "page_content": "percent\tof\twomen\tsaid\tso.\tSee\tRuby\nTakanashi,\t\u201cThe\tOpportunities\tof\tAdolescence,\u201d\tand\tChildren\u2019s\tSafety\tNetwork,\t\nA\tData\nBook\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tInjury\n.\n\t\t\t6.\n\tHeroin\tand\tcocaine\tuse\tfor\twhites\trose\tfrom\t18\tper\t100,000\tin\t1970\tto\ta\trate\tof\t68\tin\n1990\u2014about\tthree\ttimes\thigher.\tBut\tover\tthe\tsame\ttwo\tdecades\tamong\tblacks,\tthe\trise\nwas\tfrom\ta\t1970\trate\tof\t53\tper\t100,000\tto\ta\tstaggering\t766\tin\t1990\u2014close\tto\t\n13\ttimes\n\tthe\nrate\t20\tyears\tbefore.\tDrug\tuse\trates\tare\tfrom\t\nCrime\tin\tthe\tU.S.,\t1991\n,\tU.S.\tDepartment\tof\nJustice.\n\t\t\t7.\n\tAs\tmany\tas\tone\tin\tfive\tchildren\thave\tpsychological\tdifficulties\tthat\timpair\ttheir\tlives\tin\nsome\tway,\taccording\tto\tsurveys\tdone\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates,\tNew\tZealand,\tCanada,\tand\nPuerto\tRico.\tAnxiety\tis\tthe\tmost\tcommon\tproblem\tin\tchildren\tunder\t11,\tafflicting\t10\npercent\twith\tphobias\tsevere\tenough\tto\tinterfere\twith\tnormal\tlife,\tanother\t5\tpercent\twith\ngeneralized\tanxiety\tand\tconstant\tworry,\tand\tanother\t4\tpercent\twith\tintense\tanxiety\tabout", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6beac59ceee6-0", "page_content": "being\tseparated\tfrom\ttheir\tparents.\tBinge\tdrinking\tclimbs\tduring\tthe\tteenage\tyears\tamong\nboys\tto\ta\trate\tof\tabout\t20\tpercent\tby\tage\t20.\tI\treported\tmuch\tof\tthis\tdata\ton\temotional\ndisorders\tin\tchildren\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Jan.\t10,\t1989).\n\t\t\t8.\n\tThe\tnational\tstudy\tof\tchildren\u2019s\temotional\tproblems,\tand\tcomparison\twith\tother\ncountries:\tThomas\tAchenbach\tand\tCatherine\tHowell,\t\u201cAre\tAmerica\u2019s\tChildren\u2019s\tProblems\nGetting\tWorse?\tA\t13-Year\tComparison,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\nAdolescent\tPsychiatry\n\t(Nov.\t1989).\n\t\t\t9.\n\tThe\tcomparison\tacross\tnations\twas\tby\tUrie\tBronfenbrenner,\tin\tMichael\tLamb\tand\nKathleen\tSternberg,\t\nChild\tCare\tin\tContext:\tCross-Cultural\tPerspectives\n\t(Englewood,\tNJ:\nLawrence\tErlbaum,\t1992).\n10.\n\tUrie\tBronfenbrenner\twas\tspeaking\tat\ta\tsymposium\tat\tCornell\tUniversity\t(Sept.\t24,\t1993).\n11.\n\tLongitudinal\tstudies\tof\taggressive\tand\tdelinquent\tchildren:\tsee,\tfor\texample,\tAlexander\nThomas\tet\tal.,\t\u201cLongitudinal\tStudy\tof\tNegative\tEmotional\tStates\tand\tAdjustments\tfrom\nEarly\tChildhood\tThrough\tAdolescence,\u201d\t\nChild\tDevelopment\n,\tvol.\t59\t(Sept.\t1988).\n12.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6beac59ceee6-1", "page_content": ",\tvol.\t59\t(Sept.\t1988).\n12.\n\tThe\tbully\texperiment:\tJohn\tLochman,\t\u201cSocial-Cognitive\tProcesses\tof\tSeverely\tViolent,\nModerately\tAggressive,\tand\tNonaggressive\tBoys,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tClinical\tand\tConsulting\nPsychology\n,\t1994.\n13.\n\tThe\taggressive\tboys\tresearch:\tKenneth\tA.\tDodge,\t\u201cEmotion\tand\tSocial\tInformation\nProcessing,\u201d\tin\tJ.\tGarber\tand\tK.\tDodge,\t\nThe\tDevelopment\tof\tEmotion\tRegulation\tand\nDysregulation\n\t(New\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991).\n14.\n\tDislike\tfor\tbullies\twithin\thours:\tJ.\tD.\tCoie\tand\tJ.\tB.\tKupersmidt,\t\u201cA\tBehavioral\tAnalysis\tof\nEmerging\tSocial\tStatus\tin\tBoys\u2019\tGroups,\u201d\t\nChild\tDevelopment\n\t54\t(1983).\n15.\n\tUp\tto\thalf\tof\tunruly\tchildren:\tSee,\tfor\texample,\tDan\tOfford\tet\tal.,\t\u201cOutcome,\tPrognosis,\nand\tRisk\tin\ta\tLongitudinal\tFollow-up\tStudy,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\nAdolescent\tPsychiatry\n\t31\t(1992).\n16.\n\tAggressive\tchildren\tand\tcrime:\tRichard\tTremblay\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPredicting\tEarly\tOnset\tof\tMale\nAntisocial\tBehavior\tfrom\tPreschool\tBehavior,\u201d\t\nArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\n\t(Sept.\t1994).\n17.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6beac59ceee6-2", "page_content": "(Sept.\t1994).\n17.\n\tWhat\thappens\tin\ta\tchild\u2019s\tfamily\tbefore\tthe\tchild\treaches\tschool\tis,\tof\tcourse,\tcrucial\tin\ncreating\ta\tpredisposition\tto\taggression.\tOne\tstudy,\tfor\texample,\tshowed\tthat\tchildren\nwhose\tmothers\trejected\tthem\tat\tage\t1,\tand\twhose\tbirth\twas\tmore\tcomplicated,\twere\tfour\ntimes\tas\tlikely\tas\tothers\tto\tcommit\ta\tviolent\tcrime\tby\tage\t18.\tAdriane\t\nRaines\tet\tal.,\t\u201cBirth\nComplications\tCombined\twith\tEarly\tMaternal\tRejection\tat\tAge\tOne\tPredispose\tto\tViolent\nCrime\tat\tAge\t18\tYears,\u201d\t\nArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\n\t(Dec.\t1994).\n18.\n\tWhile\tlow\tverbal\tIQ\thas\tappeared\tto\tpredict\tdelinquency\t(one\tstudy\tfound\tan\teight-point\ndifference\tin\tthese\tscores\tbetween\tdelinquents\tand\tnondelinquents),\tthere\tis\tevidence\tthat\nimpulsivity\tis\tmore\tdirectly\tand\tpowerfully\tat\tcause\tfor\tboth\tthe\tlow\tIQ\tscores\tand\ndelinquency.\tAs\tfor\tthe\tlow\tscores,\timpulsive\tchildren\tdon\u2019t\tpay\tattention\twell\tenough\tto\nlearn\tthe\tlanguage\tand\treasoning\tskills\ton\twhich\tverbal\tIQ\tscores\tare\tbased,\tand\tso", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "99f795690d2a-0", "page_content": "impulsivity\tlowers\tthose\tscores.\tIn\tthe\tPittsburgh\tYouth\tStudy,\ta\twell-designed\nlongitudinal\tproject\twhere\tboth\tIQ\tand\timpulsivity\twere\tassessed\tin\tten-\tto\ttwelve-year-\nolds,\timpulsivity\twas\talmost\tthree\ttimes\tmore\tpowerful\tthan\tverbal\tIQ\tin\tpredicting\ndelinquency.\tSee\tthe\tdiscussion\tin:\tJack\tBlock,\t\u201cOn\tthe\tRelation\tBetween\tIQ,\tImpulsivity,\nand\tDelinquency,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n\t104\t(1995).\n19.\n\t\u201cBad\u201d\tgirls\tand\tpregnancy:\tMarion\tUnderwood\tand\tMelinda\tAlbert,\t\u201cFourth-Grade\tPeer\nStatus\tas\ta\tPredictor\tof\tAdolescent\tPregnancy,\u201d\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tmeeting\tof\tthe\nSociety\tfor\tResearch\ton\tChild\tDevelopment,\tKansas\tCity,\tMissouri\t(Apr.\t1989).\n20.\n\tThe\ttrajectory\tto\tdelinquency:\tGerald\tR.\tPatterson,\t\u201cOrderly\tChange\tin\ta\tStable\tWorld:\nThe\tAntisocial\tTrait\tas\tChimera,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tClinical\tand\tConsulting\tPsychology\n\t62\t(1993).\n21.\n\tMind-set\tof\taggression:\tRonald\tSlaby\tand\tNancy\tGuerra,\t\u201cCognitive\tMediators\tof\nAggression\tin\tAdolescent\tOffenders,\u201d\t\nDevelopmental\tPsychology\n\t24\t(1988).\n22.\n\tThe\tcase\tof\tDana:\tfrom\tLaura\tMufson\tet\tal.,\t\nInterpersonal\tPsychotherapy\tfor\tDepressed", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "99f795690d2a-1", "page_content": "Interpersonal\tPsychotherapy\tfor\tDepressed\nAdolescents\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1993).\n23.\n\tRising\trates\tof\tdepression\tworldwide:\tCross-National\tCollaborative\tGroup,\t\u201cThe\tChanging\nRate\tof\tMajor\tDepression:\tCross-National\tComparisons,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tMedical\nAssociation\n\t(Dec.\t2,\t1992).\n24.\n\tTen\ttimes\tgreater\tchance\tof\tdepression:\tPeter\tLewinsohn\tet\tal.,\t\u201cAge-Cohort\tChanges\tin\nthe\tLifetime\tOccurrence\tof\tDepression\tand\tOther\tMental\tDisorders,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\nPsychology\n\t102\t(1993).\n25.\n\tEpidemiology\tof\tdepression:\tPatricia\tCohen\tet\tal.,\tNew\tYork\tPsychiatric\tInstitute,\t1988;\nPeter\tLewinsohn\tet\tal.,\t\u201cAdolescent\tPsychopathology:\tI.\tPrevalence\tand\tIncidence\tof\nDepression\tin\tHigh\tSchool\tStudents,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n\t102\t(1993).\tSee\talso\nMufson\tet\tal.,\t\nInterpersonal\tPsychotherapy\n.\tFor\ta\treview\tof\tlower\testimates:\tE.\tCostello,\n\u201cDevelopments\tin\tChild\tPsychiatric\tEpidemiology,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tthe\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\nAdolescent\tPsychiatry\n\t28\t(1989).\n26.\n\tPatterns\tof\tdepression\tin\tyouth:\tMaria\tKovacs\tand\tLeo\tBastiaens,\t\u201cThe\tPsychotherapeutic", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "99f795690d2a-2", "page_content": "Management\tof\tMajor\tDepressive\tand\tDysthymic\tDisorders\tin\tChildhood\tand\tAdolescence:\nIssues\tand\tProspects,\u201d\tin\tI.\tM.\tGoodyer,\ted.,\t\nMood\tDisorders\tin\tChildhood\tand\tAdolescence\n(New\n\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\t1994).\n27.\n\tDepression\tin\tchildren:\tKovacs,\top.\tcit.\n28.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tMaria\tKovacs\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Jan.\t11,\t1994).\n29.\n\tSocial\tand\temotional\tlag\tin\tdepressed\tchildren:\tMaria\tKovacs\tand\tDavid\tGoldston,\n\u201cCognitive\tand\tSocial\tDevelopment\tof\tDepressed\tChildren\tand\tAdolescents,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tthe\nAmerican\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tPsychiatry\n\t(May\t1991).\n30.\n\tHelplessness\tand\tdepression:\tJohn\tWeiss\tet\tal.,\t\u201cControl-related\tBeliefs\tand\tSelf-reported\nDepressive\tSymptoms\tin\tLate\tChildhood\u201d,\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n\t102\t(1993).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "183f981b70f6-0", "page_content": "31.\n\t\nPessimism\tand\tdepression\tin\tchildren:\tJudy\tGarber,\tVanderbilt\tUniversity.\tSee,\te.g.,\tRuth\nHilsman\tand\tJudy\tGarber,\t\u201cA\tTest\tof\tthe\tCognitive\tDiathesis\tModel\tof\tDepression\tin\nChildren:\tAcademic\tStressors,\tAttributional\tStyle,\tPerceived\tCompetence\tand\tControl,\u201d\nJournal\tof\tPersonality\tand\tSocial\tPsychology\n\t67\t(1994);\tJudith\tGarber,\t\u201cCognitions,\nDepressive\tSymptoms,\tand\tDevelopment\tin\tAdolescents,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n102\t(1993).\n32.\n\tGarber,\t\u201cCognitions.\u201d\n33.\n\tGarber,\t\u201cCognitions.\u201d\n34.\n\tSusan\tNolen-Hoeksema\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPredictors\tand\tConsequences\tof\tChildhood\tDepressive\nSymptoms:\tA\tFive-Year\tLongitudinal\tStudy,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n\t101\t(1992).\n35.\n\tDepression\trate\thalved:\tGregory\tClarke,\tUniversity\tof\tOregon\tHealth\tSciences\tCenter,\n\u201cPrevention\tof\tDepression\tin\tAt-Risk\tHigh\tSchool\tAdolescents,\u201d\tpaper\tdelivered\tat\tthe\nAmerican\tAcademy\tof\tChild\tand\tAdolescent\tPsychiatry\t(Oct.\t1993).\n36.\n\tGarber,\t\u201cCognitions.\u201d\n37.\n\tHilda\tBruch,\t\u201cHunger\tand\tInstinct,\u201d\t\nJournal\tof\tNervous\tand\tMental\tDisease\n\t149\t(1969).\tHer\nseminal\tbook,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "183f981b70f6-1", "page_content": "149\t(1969).\tHer\nseminal\tbook,\t\nThe\tGolden\tCage:\tThe\tEnigma\tof\tAnorexia\tNervosa\n\t(Cambridge,\tMA:\tHarvard\nUniversity\tPress)\twas\tnot\tpublished\tuntil\t1978.\n38.\n\tThe\tstudy\tof\teating\tdisorders:\tGloria\tR.\tLeon\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPersonality\tand\tBehavioral\nVulnerabilities\tAssociated\twith\tRisk\tStatus\tfor\tEating\tDisorders\tin\tAdolescent\tGirls,\u201d\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n\t102\t(1993).\n39.\n\tThe\tsix-year-old\twho\tfelt\tfat\twas\ta\tpatient\tof\tDr.\tWilliam\tFeldman,\ta\tpediatrician\tat\tthe\nUniversity\tof\tOttawa.\n40.\n\tNoted\tby\tSifneos,\t\u201cAffect,\tEmotional\tConflict,\tand\tDeficit.\u201d\n41.\n\tThe\tvignette\tof\tBen\u2019s\trebuff\tis\tfrom\tSteven\tAsher\tand\tSonda\tGabriel,\t\u201cThe\tSocial\tWorld\tof\nPeer-Rejected\tChildren,\u201d\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tannual\tmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\nEducational\tResearch\tAssociation,\tSan\tFrancisco\t(Mar.\t1989).\n42.\n\tThe\tdropout\trate\tamong\tsocially\trejected\tchildren:\tAsher\tand\tGabriel,\t\u201cThe\tSocial\tWorld\nof\tPeer-Rejected\tChildren.\u201d\n43.\n\tThe\tfindings\ton\tthe\tpoor\temotional\tcompetence\tof\tunpopular\tchildren\tare\tfrom\tKenneth\nDodge\tand\tEsther\tFeldman,\t\u201cSocial\tCognition\tand\tSociometric\tStatus,\u201d\tin\tSteven\tAsher\nand\tJohn\tCoie,\teds.,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "183f981b70f6-2", "page_content": "and\tJohn\tCoie,\teds.,\t\nPeer\tRejection\tin\tChildhood\t(New\n\tYork:\tCambridge\tUniversity\tPress,\n1990).\n44.\n\tEmory\tCowen\tet\tal.,\t\u201cLongterm\tFollow-up\tof\tEarly\tDetected\tVulnerable\tChildren,\u201d\t\nJournal\nof\tClinical\tand\tConsulting\tPsychology\n\t41\t(1973).\n45.\n\tBest\tfriends\tand\tthe\trejected:\tJeffrey\tParker\tand\tSteven\tAsher,\t\u201cFriendship\tAdjustment,\nGroup\tAcceptance\tand\tSocial\tDissatisfaction\tin\tChildhood,\u201d\tpaper\tpresented\tat\tthe\tannual\nmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\tEducational\tResearch\tAssociation,\tBoston\t(1990).", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8b6bcafacfcc-0", "page_content": "46.\n\tThe\tcoaching\tfor\tsocially\trejected\tchildren:\tSteven\tAsher\tand\tGladys\tWilliams,\t\u201cHelping\nChildren\tWithout\tFriends\tin\tHome\tand\tSchool\tContexts,\u201d\tin\t\nChildren\u2019s\tSocial\tDevelopment:\nInformation\tfor\tParents\tand\tTeachers\n(Urbana\tand\tChampaign:\tUniversity\tof\tIllinois\tPress,\n1987).\n47.\n\tSimilar\tresults:\tStephen\tNowicki,\t\u201cA\tRemediation\tProcedure\tfor\tNonverbal\tProcessing\nDeficits,\u201d\tunpublished\tmanuscript,\tDuke\tUniversity\t(1989).\n48.\n\t\nTwo\tfifths\tare\theavy\tdrinkers:\ta\tsurvey\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tMassachusetts\tby\tProject\tPulse,\nreported\tin\t\nThe\tDaily\tHampshire\tGazette\t(Nov\n.\t13,\t1993).\n49.\n\tBinge\tdrinking:\tFigures\tare\tfrom\tHarvey\tWechsler,\tdirector\tof\tCollege\tAlcohol\tStudies\tat\nthe\tHarvard\tSchool\tof\tPublic\tHealth\t(Aug.\t1994).\n50.\n\tMore\twomen\tdrink\tto\tget\tdrunk,\tand\trisk\tof\trape:\treport\tby\tthe\tColumbia\tUniversity\nCenter\ton\tAddiction\tand\tSubstance\tAbuse\t(May\t1993).\n51.\n\tLeading\tcause\tof\tdeath:\tAlan\tMarlatt,\treport\tat\tthe\tannual\tmeeting\tof\tthe\tAmerican\nPsychological\tAssociation\t(Aug.\t1994).\n52.\n\tData\ton\talcoholism\tand\tcocaine\taddiction\tare\tfrom\tMeyer\tGlantz,\tacting\tchief\tof\tthe\nEtiology\tResearch\tSection\tof\tthe\tNational\tInstitute\tfor\tDrug\tand\tAlcohol\tAbuse.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8b6bcafacfcc-1", "page_content": "53.\n\tDistress\tand\tabuse:\tJeanne\tTschann,\t\u201cInitiation\tof\tSubstance\tAbuse\tin\tEarly\tAdolescence,\u201d\nHealth\tPsychology\n\t4\t(1994).\n54.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tRalph\tTarter\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\t(Apr\n.\t26,\t1990).\n55.\n\tTension\tlevels\tin\tsons\tof\talcoholics:\tHoward\tMoss\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPlasma\tGABA-like\tActivity\tin\nResponse\tto\tEthanol\tChallenge\tin\tMen\tat\tHigh\tRisk\tfor\tAlcoholism\u201d\t\nBiological\tPsychiatry\n27(6)\t(Mar.\t1990).\n56.\n\tFrontal\tlobe\tdeficit\tin\tsons\tof\talcoholics:\tPhilip\tHarden\tand\tRobert\tPihl,\t\u201cCognitive\nFunction,\tCardiovascular\tReactivity,\tand\tBehavior\tin\tBoys\tat\tHigh\tRisk\tfor\tAlcoholism,\u201d\nJournal\tof\tAbnormal\tPsychology\n\t104\t(1995).\n57.\n\tKathleen\tMerikangas\tet\tal.,\t\u201cFamilial\tTransmission\tof\tDepression\tand\tAlcoholism,\u201d\nArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\t(Apr\n.\t1985).\n58.\n\tThe\trestless\tand\timpulsive\talcoholic:\tMoss\tet\tal.\n59.\n\tCocaine\tand\tdepression:\tEdward\tKhantzian,\t\u201cPsychiatric\tand\tPsychodynamic\tFactors\tin\nCocaine\tAddiction,\u201d\tin\tArnold\tWashton\tand\tMark\tGold,\teds.,\t\nCocaine:\tA\tClinician\u2019s\nHandbook", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "8b6bcafacfcc-2", "page_content": "Cocaine:\tA\tClinician\u2019s\nHandbook\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\tPress,\t1987).\n60.\n\tHeroin\taddiction\tand\tanger:\tEdward\tKhantzian,\tHarvard\tMedical\tSchool,\tin\tconversation,\nbased\ton\tover\t200\tpatients\the\thas\ttreated\twho\twere\taddicted\tto\theroin.\n61.\n\tNo\tmore\twars:\tThe\tphrase\twas\tsuggested\tto\tme\tby\tTim\tShriver\tof\tthe\tCollaborative\tfor\tthe\nAdvancement\tof\tSocial\tand\tEmotional\tLearning\tat\tthe\tYale\tChild\tStudies\tCenter.\n62.\n\tEmotional\timpact\tof\tpoverty:\t\u201cEconomic\tDeprivation\tand\tEarly\tChildhood\tDevelopment\u201d\nand\t\u201cPoverty\tExperiences\tof\tYoung\tChildren\tand\tthe\tQuality\tof\tTheir\tHome", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6845623ad0ec-0", "page_content": "Environments.\u201d\tGreg\tDuncan\tand\tPatricia\tGarrett\teach\tdescribed\ttheir\tresearch\tfindings\tin\nseparate\tarticles\tin\t\nChild\tDevelopment\n\t(Apr.\t1994).\n63.\n\tTraits\tof\tresilient\tchildren:\tNorman\tGarmezy,\t\nThe\tInvulnerable\tChild\n\t(New\tYork:\tGuilford\nPress,\t1987).\tI\twrote\tabout\tchildren\twho\tthrive\tdespite\thardship\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n(Oct.\t13,\t1987).\n64.\n\tPrevalence\tof\tmental\tdisorders:\tRonald\tC.\tKessler\tet\tal.,\t\u201cLifetime\tand\t12-month\nPrevalence\tof\tDSM-III-R\tPsychiatric\tDisorders\tin\tthe\tU.S.,\u201d\t\nArchives\tof\tGeneral\tPsychiatry\n(Jan.\t1994).\n65.\n\tThe\tfigure\tfor\tboys\tand\tgirls\treporting\tsexual\tabuse\tin\tthe\tUnited\tStates\tare\tfrom\tMalcolm\nBrown\tof\tthe\tViolence\tand\tTraumatic\tStress\tBranch\tof\tthe\tNational\tInstitute\tof\tMental\nHealth;\tthe\tnumber\tof\tsubstantiated\tcases\tis\tfrom\tthe\tNational\tCommittee\tfor\tthe\nPrevention\tof\tChild\tAbuse\tand\tNeglect.\tA\tnational\tsurvey\tof\tchildren\tfound\tthe\t\nrates\tto\tbe\n3.2\tpercent\tfor\tgirls\tand\t0.6\tpercent\tfor\tboys\tin\ta\tgiven\tyear:\tDavid\tFinkelhor\tand\tJennifer\nDziuba-Leatherman,\t\u201cChildren\tas\tVictims\tof\tViolence:\tA\tNational\tSurvey,\u201d\t\nPediatrics\n\t(Oct.\n1984).\n66.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6845623ad0ec-1", "page_content": "Pediatrics\n\t(Oct.\n1984).\n66.\n\tThe\tnational\tsurvey\tof\tchildren\tabout\tsexual\tabuse\tprevention\tprograms\twas\tdone\tby\nDavid\tFinkelhor,\ta\tsociologist\tat\tthe\tUniversity\tof\tNew\tHampshire.\n67.\n\tThe\tfigures\ton\thow\tmany\tvictims\tchild\tmolesters\thave\tare\tfrom\tan\tinterview\twith\nMalcolm\tGordon,\ta\tpsychologist\tat\tthe\tViolence\tand\tTraumatic\tStress\tBranch\tof\tthe\nNational\tInstitute\tof\tMental\tHealth.\n68.\n\tW.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium\ton\tthe\tSchool-Based\tPromotion\tof\tSocial\tCompetence,\t\u201cDrug\tand\nAlcohol\tPrevention\tCurricula,\u201d\tin\tJ.\tDavid\tHawkins\tet\tal.,\t\nCommunities\tThat\tCare\n\t(San\nFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1992).\n69.\n\tW.\tT.\tGrant\tConsortium,\t\u201cDrug\tand\tAlcohol\tPrevention\tCurricula,\u201d\tp.\t136.\nChapter\t16.\tSchooling\tthe\tEmotions\n\t\t\t1.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tKaren\tStone\tMcCown\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Nov.\t7,\t1993).\n\t\t\t2.\n\tKaren\tF.\tStone\tand\tHarold\tQ.\tDillehunt,\t\nSelf\tScience:\tThe\tSubject\tIs\tMe\n\t(Santa\tMonica:\nGoodyear\tPublishing\tCo.,\t1978).\n\t\t\t3.\n\tCommittee\tfor\tChildren,\t\u201cGuide\tto\tFeelings,\u201d\t\nSecond\tStep\n\t4\u20135(1992),\tp.\t84.\n\t\t\t4.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "6845623ad0ec-2", "page_content": "4\u20135(1992),\tp.\t84.\n\t\t\t4.\n\tThe\tChild\tDevelopment\tProject:\tSee,\te.g.,\tDaniel\tSolomon\tet\tal.,\t\u201cEnhancing\tChildren\u2019s\nProsocial\tBehavior\tin\tthe\tClassroom,\u201d\t\nAmerican\tEducational\tResearch\tJournal\n(Winter\n1988).\n\t\t\t5.\n\tBenefits\tfrom\tHead\tStart:\tReport\tby\tHigh/Scope\tEducational\tResearch\tFoundation,\nYpsilanti,\tMichigan\t(Apr.\t1993).\n\t\t\t6.\n\tThe\temotional\ttimetable:\tCarolyn\tSaarni,\t\u201cEmotional\tCompetence:\tHow\tEmotions\tand\nRelationships\tBecome\tIntegrated,\u201d\tin\tR.\tA.\tThompson,\ted.,\t\nSocioemotional", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "76324aaba752-0", "page_content": "Development/Nebraska\tSymposium\ton\tMotivation\n\t36\t(1990).\n\t\t\t7.\n\tThe\ttransition\tto\tgrade\tschool\tand\tmiddle\tschool:\tDavid\tHamburg,\t\nToday\u2019s\tChildren:\nCreating\ta\tFuture\tfor\ta\tGeneration\tin\tCrisis\n\t(New\tYork:\tTimes\tBooks,\t1992).\n\t\t\t8.\n\tHamburg,\t\nToday\u2019s\tChildren\n,\tpp.\t171\u201372.\n\t\t\t9.\n\tHamburg,\t\nToday\u2019s\tChildren\n,\tp.\t182.\n10.\n\tI\tinterviewed\tLinda\tLantieri\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(Mar.\t3,\t1992).\n11.\n\tEmotional-literacy\tprograms\tas\tprimary\tprevention:\tHawkins\tet\tal.,\t\nCommunities\tThat\tCare\n.\n12.\n\tSchools\tas\tcaring\tcommunities:\tHawkins\tet\tal.,\t\nCommunities\tThat\tCare\n.\n13.\n\tThe\tstory\tof\tthe\tgirl\twho\twas\tnot\tpregnant:\tRoger\tP.\tWeisberg\tet\tal.,\t\u201cPromoting\tPositive\nSocial\tDevelopment\tand\tHealth\tPractice\tin\tYoung\tUrban\tAdolescents,\u201d\tin\tM.\tJ.\tElias,\ted.,\nSocial\tDecision-making\tin\tthe\tMiddle\tSchool\n\t(Gaithersburg,\tMD:\tAspen\tPublishers,\t1992).\n14.\n\tCharacter-building\tand\tmoral\tconduct:\tAmitai\tEtzioni,\t\nThe\tSpirit\tof\tCommunity\t(New\n\tYork:\nCrown,\t1993).\n15.\n\tMoral\tlessons:\tSteven\tC.\tRockefeller,", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "76324aaba752-1", "page_content": "15.\n\tMoral\tlessons:\tSteven\tC.\tRockefeller,\t\nJohn\tDewey:\tReligious\tFaith\tand\tDemocratic\tHumanism\n(New\tYork:\tColumbia\tUniversity\tPress,\t1991).\n16.\n\t\nDoing\tright\tby\tothers:\tThomas\tLickona,\t\nEducating\tfor\tCharacter\n\t(New\tYork:\tBantam,\t1991).\n17.\n\tThe\tarts\tof\tdemocracy:\tFrancis\tMoore\tLappe\tand\tPaul\tMartin\tDuBois,\t\nThe\tQuickening\tof\nAmerica\n\t(San\tFrancisco:\tJossey-Bass,\t1994).\n18.\n\tCultivating\tcharacter:\tAmitai\tEtzioni\tet\tal.,\t\nCharacter\tBuilding\tfor\ta\tDemocratic,\tCivil\tSociety\n(Washington,\tDC:\tThe\tCommunitarian\tNetwork,\t1994).\n19.\n\tThree\tpercent\trise\tin\tmurder\trates:\t\u201cMurders\tAcross\tNation\tRise\tby\t3\tPercent,\tbut\tOverall\nViolent\tCrime\tIs\tDown,\u201d\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n\t(May\t2,\t1994).\n20.\n\tJump\tin\tjuvenile\tcrime:\t\u201cSerious\tCrimes\tby\tJuveniles\tSoar,\u201d\tAssociated\tPress\t(July\t25,\n1994).\nAppendix\tB.\tHallmarks\tof\tthe\tEmotional\tMind\n\t\t\t1.\n\tI\thave\twritten\tabout\tSeymour\tEpstein\u2019s\tmodel\tof\tthe\t\u201cexperiential\tunconscious\u201d\ton\nseveral\toccasions\tin\t\nThe\tNew\tYork\tTimes\n,\tand\tmuch\tof\tthis\tsummary\tof\tit\tis\tbased\ton", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "76324aaba752-2", "page_content": ",\tand\tmuch\tof\tthis\tsummary\tof\tit\tis\tbased\ton\nconversations\twith\thim,\tletters\tto\tme,\this\tarticle,\t\u201cIntegration\tof\tthe\tCognitive\tand\nPsychodynamic\tUnconscious\u201d\t\n(American\tPsychologist\n\t44\t(1994),\tand\this\tbook\twith\tArchie\nBrodsky,\t\nYou\u2019re\tSmarter\tThan\tYou\tThink\n\t(New\tYork:\tSimon\t&\tSchuster,\t1993).\tWhile\this\nmodel\tof\tthe\texperiential\tmind\tinforms\tmy\town\tabout\tthe\t\u201cemotional\tmind,\u201d\tI\thave\tmade\nmy\town\tinterpretation.\n\t\t\t2.\n\tPaul\tEkman,\t\u201cAn\tArgument\tfor\tthe\tBasic\tEmotions,\u201d\t\nCognition\tand\tEmotion\n,\t6,\t1992,\tp.\n175.\tThe\tlist\tof\ttraits\tthat\tdistinguish\temotions\tis\ta\tbit\tlonger,\tbut\tthese\tare\tthe\ttraits\tthat\nwill\tconcern\tus\there.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "01de08722ac3-0", "page_content": "3.\n\tEkman,\top\tcit.,\tp.\t187.\n\t\t\t4.\n\tEkman,\top\tcit.,\tp.\t189.\n\t\t\t5.\n\tEpstein,\t1993,\tp.\t55.\n\t\t\t6.\n\tJ.\tToobey\tand\tL.\tCosmides,\t\u201cThe\tPast\tExplains\tthe\tPresent:\tEmotional\tAdaptations\tand\nthe\tStructure\tof\tAncestral\tEnvironments,\u201d\t\nEthology\tand\tSociobiology\n,\t11,\tpp.\t418\u201319.\n\t\t\t7.\n\tWhile\tit\tmay\tseem\tself-evident\tthat\teach\temotion\thas\tits\town\tbiological\tpattern,\tit\thas\tnot\nbeen\tso\tfor\tthose\tstudying\tthe\tpsychophysiology\tof\temotion.\tA\thighly\ttechnical\tdebate\ncontinues\tover\twhether\temotional\tarousal\tis\tbasically\tthe\tsame\tfor\tall\temotions,\tor\nwhether\tunique\tpatterns\tcan\tbe\tteased\tout.\tWithout\tgoing\tinto\tthe\tdetails\tof\tthe\tdebate,\tI\nhave\tpresented\tthe\tcase\tfor\tthose\twho\thold\tto\tunique\tbiological\tprofiles\tfor\teach\tmajor\nemotion.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "2d54ad376492-0", "page_content": "Also\tby\tDaniel\tGoleman\nTHE\tMEDITATIVE\tMIND\nVITAL\tLIES,\tSIMPLE\tTRUTHS\nWORKING\tWITH\tEMOTIONAL\tINTELLIGENCE\nPRIMAL\tLEADERSHIP\t(COAUTHOR)\nDESTRUCTIVE\tEMOTIONS\t(NARRATOR)\nSOCIAL\tINTELLIGENCE", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "da5d8d16e193-0", "page_content": "About\tthe\tAuthor\nDANIEL\tGOLEMAN,\tPh.D.,\tis\talso\tthe\tauthor\tof\t\nSocial\tIntelligence\n\tand\nthe\tbestseller\t\nWorking\twith\tEmotional\tIntelligence\n\tand\ta\tcoauthor\tof\nPrimal\tLeadership\n.\tHe\treceived\this\tPh.D.\tfrom\tHarvard\tand\treported\ton\nthe\tbrain\tand\tbehavioral\tsciences\tfor\tthe\t\nNew\tYork\tTimes\n\tfor\ttwelve\nyears.\tHe\twas\tawarded\tthe\tAmerican\tPsychological\tAssociation\u2019s\nLifetime\tAchievement\tAward\tand\tis\ta\tFellow\tof\tthe\tAmerican\nAssociation\tfor\tthe\tAdvancement\tof\tScience.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}
{"id": "9bbabb7f7bf4-0", "page_content": "What\u2019s\tnext\ton\nyour\treading\tlist?\nDiscover\tyour\tnext\ngreat\tread!\nGet\tpersonalized\tbook\tpicks\tand\tup-to-date\tnews\tabout\tthis\tauthor.\nSign\tup\tnow.", "source": "emotional_intelligence.pdf"}