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Designing for Resiliency: Introducing Flexible Design into Our Built Environment There is a concept in architecture that continually speaks to me. I’ve seen its absence create constraints, added costs and sometimes an unnecessary plan for new construction or demolition. Its presence, on the other hand, reimagines the built environment as dynamic, easily and proficiently adapting to change. I’m talking about flexible architecture, which is often… The 2023 Economy: Taking a Look at the World, the Nation, and the Carolinas With 2023’s first month behind us and more 2022 data in hand, this is a good time to look closer at the year just ended and consider images now forming for the year ahead. An assessment of the world situation by the global consultancy PwC presented a few weeks ago at the Davos World Economic… Balfour Beatty Awarded $242.35 Million Design-Build Contract by North Carolina Department of Transportation North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) has awarded Balfour Beatty a $242.35 million design-build contract to deliver improvements to Interstate U.S. 70 between the Havelock Bypass and east of Thurman Road in Craven County. The project will upgrade the 6.4-mile section of U.S. 70 to improve mobility and military interconnectivity, support economic development and increase… Boom Supersonic Begins Construction on Overture Superfactory Boom is joined by North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper and Senate Leader Phil Berger at groundbreaking event in Greensboro, NC Boom Supersonic, the company building the world’s fastest airliner, kicked off construction of its Overture Superfactory today in Greensboro, North Carolina. The Overture Superfactory is a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility located on a 62-acre campus at the Piedmont Triad International Airport. This site will… Architecture Billings Continue to Decline Demand for design services from U.S. architecture firms continued to contract in December, according to a new report from the American Institute of Architects (AIA). The pace of decline during December slowed from November, posting an Architecture Billings Index (ABI) score of 47.5 from 46.6 (any score below 50 indicates a decline in firm billings)…. What Construction Firms Need to Know about ESG While the environmental, social and governance (ESG) movement started with institutions and financial firms, it has become increasingly relevant for the construction industry. Many project owners and financiers are now requiring construction companies to report on ESG measures because activities completed by contractors are considered part of the owner’s value chain and must therefore be… Business Facilities Names North Carolina ‘State of the Year’ North Carolina has been named 2022 State of the Year by Business Facilities for the state’s successful year in project announcements, capital investment and job creation. This is the second time North Carolina has been awarded this accolade since 2007 when the magazine’s highest state honor began. The state previously won in 2020. “A succinct… Tomorrow May Never Come None of us knows how much time we have, so don’t put off making the changes you need to make in your life. On January 6, my wife and I spent about an hour and a half in the office of our friend and insurance agent, Brant Barnes, talking about flying (he became a pilot… Harper General Contractors President David Wise on Building Trust in the Carolinas Grounded in a culture of trust and community and 73 years of experience, Harper General Contractors has grown into an almost 300-employee company, with offices spread across North and South Carolina. Harper is a full-service general contracting and construction management firm with a very distinct and enduring philosophy: “Do what you say you’re going to… What to Look for in a Building Automation System Dashboard My dream car is a ’69 Z/28 Camaro. The dashboard was a big reason. It had a big MPH dial on the left, a big RPM dial on the right and a clock stuck in the middle. Mounted below were alarm lights to show if something malfunctioned. Then there were 4 more gauges on the…

Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine Juanma Vaquerizas 10. August 2020 9. April 2021

rdaworld@groups.io RZ4Z/m 07/02/201 RDA CU-various ra3r On February 7, a one-day rally in the RDA regions of Chuvashia republic (UA4Y) by two crews will take place. The call sign RZ4Z/m will be used for operation. The machines are equipped with transceivers FT-857/897 and antennas ATAS-120. The route is planned for the following RDA areas of Chuvashia: CU-01, 23, 19, 26, 17, 09, 11, 13, 05, 13, 28, 21, 14 and back 21, 22, 18, 23, 06, 23, 01. Depending on weather and other conditions, the mileage route can be changed. info from RW4YD 73! RA3R Gösta Larsson QRG? ............................................................................. Stjärnsforsvägen 39 663 31 SKOGHALL Tel. 070 - 779 555 6 Den lör 30 jan. 2021 kl 05:54 skrev ra3r <rdaward@...>: On February 7, a one-day rally in the RDA regions of Chuvashia republic (UA4Y) by two crews will take place. The call sign RZ4Z/m will be used for operation. The machines are equipped with transceivers FT-857/897 and antennas ATAS-120. CU-01, 23, 19, 26, 17, 09, 11, 13, 05, 13, 28, 21, 14 and back 21, 22, Depending on weather and other conditions, the mileage route can be There is no information yet. 30.01.2021 14:20, Gösta Larsson пишет: Are you sure you wish to delete this message from the message archives of rdaworld@groups.io? This cannot be undone.

by Guitar.com #Artist#Punk Interview with Billy Martin—the Serendipitous Life This interview was first published in 2010. Good Charlotte came together in 1996, when five high school friends from Maryland picked up instruments for the first time and joined forces to form a band, while still learning how to play. Led by twin brothers Joel and Benji Madden serving as vocalist and guitarist, bassist Paul […] This interview was first published in 2010. Good Charlotte came together in 1996, when five high school friends from Maryland picked up instruments for the first time and joined forces to form a band, while still learning how to play. Led by twin brothers Joel and Benji Madden serving as vocalist and guitarist, bassist Paul Thomas, original drummer Aaron, and rounded out by guitarist Billy Martin, the group quickly rose in popularity by playing countless gigs within the Washington, D.C. area. By 2000, Good Charlotte had landed a deal with Epic records and scored its first hit with Little Things, which swiftly grew into an anthem among high school kids. However, the tune had already been gaining momentum long before the band was signed as a demo version made its way across East Coast local radio stations and began creating a buzz. Good Charlotte later expanded its audience through relentless touring and appearances on MTV. Guitar.com met with Good Charlottes guitarist Billy Martin at the tail end of the groups marathon tour supporting The Young And The Hopeless. Though he was evidently tired from the endless trek spanning the globe, Martin was quite eager to talk shop. He briefed us on his beginnings as a player, and described his role as Good Charlottes procurer of weird sounds, which he conveniently delivers via a collection of ordinary stompboxes. Martin explained the ways in which he uses creepy movie soundtracks as inspiration to craft unusual sounds and create effective parts that seamlessly slip from one mood into another. He also detailed his live rig and amp settings, and told us why he was drawn to the sounds of Paul Reed Smith guitars and Mesa/Boogie amps. Currently at work in the studio, Good Charlotte looks forward to delivering a new record later this year, and getting back onstage to rock! Guitar.com: Who were your main influences when you first started playing and what inspired you to play guitar? Martin: When I first started playing guitar, I was 15 and I was really into the grunge era. Nirvana was my favorite band around then, but Silverchair was the band that made me want to be in a band because they were so young, and like the same age as me. I thought that if Silverchair could do it at 15, then I could do it, too. That really pushed me to play a lot, and to start a band, rather than just playing guitar on my own. A lot of people start playing young, but I wanted to start a band right away. I had known a couple of kids at school who played guitar. One time we had to do a Spanish project in middle school. Everybody did some kind of poster, but one kid asked if he could write a song for it. The teacher said he could, so he came in and played his guitar in the class and started yelling stuff like tacos and burritos over the top of the guitar chords. It was pretty funny. Then the teacher said that as long as he brought the guitar in, he might as well play for a little bit. So we were asking him to play Nirvana, and the kid would play Nirvana. I thought it was so cool that this kid could play these other bands songs. Then it kind of clicked in my head that if I had a guitar, I could play these other bands songs. So that was sort of the first time I had the idea that I would want to try and play guitar. But the day I got a guitar, I said I was starting a band. I think Silverchair gave me the idea to really want to be in a band, but Id say the first time it really hit me was when that kid came into school and played guitar in the class. Guitar.com: Did you take lessons or teach yourself to play? Martin: I took lessons. My parents got me a guitar for Christmas. It was this $100 J.C. Penny guitar called the Terminator with a built-in speaker. My parents were so adamant about that if they were going to get this guitar for me, then I was going to have to take lessons. They really didn’t understand the point of teaching yourself, but I was trying to tell them that its not cool to take lessons. I wanted to teach myself, but they really wanted me to go for lessons. I ended up meeting this guitar teacher who was so awesome. He wouldn’t force me to learn theory and he would teach me songs. I would just go in and jam with him for a half an hour every week, so I got used to playing with other people. Then it ended up that they couldnt make me leave the lessons because I’d want someone else to play with. So it wasn’t really like your typical lessons. I really respected him as a guitar player and I definitely learned a lot from him. Guitar.com: Which player’s influenced you most as you were developing your style and tone? Martin: To me, its really strange, because were kind of in the midst of this punk-pop world and I grew up not listening to anything like that. As I got more into guitar, my favorite bands were the Deftones, the early Korn records, and Helmet. There were also a lot of bands like that who were really my big influences. I really wanted to get a Paul Reed Smith because Daniel Johns from Silverchair, Mike Einziger from Incubus, and Page Hamilton from Helmet used them. That was always my dream guitar, and I wanted Mesa/Boogie amps because that was what Korn used. I pretty much would just look at my favorite bands and just not even know what this gear sounded like, but I knew thats what I wanted because my favorite bands played them. Then as I learned more about the gear and what sounds I wanted, I still played Mesa/Boogie and Paul Reed Smith. Guitar.com: Which model Mesa/Boogie amps are you using? Martin: I use a Dual Rectifier. I have one Dual Rectifier head through four Dual Rectifier cabinets. I also use two Bad Cat combos. Im not sure exactly which models the Bad Cats are, but theyre two different ones, and I use one for clean and one for dirty. They had sent them to me at the beginning of the tour and said I could check them out. I mix the one Bad Cat with the Mesa/Boogie for my heavy sound, and I use just one Bad Cat combo by itself for the clean sound. Guitar.com: How do you typically dial in the controls on your amps? Martin: For the Mesa, I usually ride the mids and bass pretty full on. I put them up to about 8, and the treble back to about 6. I put the gain up pretty high, at about 8 or 9, and the presence is at about 6. I put the output right about in the middle, and I keep the master volume kind of low. On the Bad Cat, I have it set at about half gain a lot less distorted and with a little more treble. Everything is sort of back a couple of levels from the settings on the Mesa/Boogie. I lose a lot of the clarity on the Mesa when its really bassy and heavy, but I like that. So the Bad Cat is sort of my less gainy distortion sound to make up for clarity. The second Bad Cat is just for my clean tone and that one is set with bass on 6, mids at 6, treble at about 6 or 7, then volume at 3. Guitar.com: What effects do you have in your rig? Martin: I have quite a lot of effects. I love playing with effects. I know Im not this crazy shredder guitar player guy. I’m not a bad ass. I like being slightly innovative and I’d rather make a bunch of weird sounds. I have a lot of Boss stuff like the PH-2 Super Phaser, DD-5 Delay, and the RV-3 Reverb/Delay. I also have a Voodoo Lab Tremolo, Voodoo Lab Analog Chorus, Dunlop Crybaby wah wah pedal, Digitech Whammy pedal, and Digitech Overdrive. Guitar.com: How many guitars do you usually take out on tour? Martin: I usually bring three or four. I have a couple different PRS guitars. I have a Custom 24, a McCarty, a Singlecut, and a McCarty Hollowbody. Guitar.com: How do they differ in tone? What do you use each one of them for? Martin: The Custom 24 is sort of like my baby. I bought it when I was 17 and I had to make payments on it to afford it. That one was always my main guitar, but its getting so beat up right now that I’m going to retire it and take it home. I don’t want it to get all beat up. But the McCarty one is my new favorite. It’s pretty heavy sounding. I think the Singlecut is a lot more midrangey and a lot fuller sounding. It’s not as bassy as the McCarty. So I kind of just rotate between the Singlecut and the McCarty as my main guitars. Then when we do an acoustic part of the set, I use the Hollowbody for those quieter songs. Guitar.com: What kind of strings and picks do you use? Martin: I use DAddario XL strings. They’re really good strings. I believe I’m using .013s now, but Ive also used .012s for a while and kind of switch between them. I keep going up to a higher gauge. For picks, I have Dunlop Tortex. I have custom ones that are black with a little red bat on them, but they’re the same gauge as the yellow ones youd get in the store [.73 mm]. Guitar.com: How do you like your guitars set up? Do you prefer the action to be set higher or lower? Martin: I guess I like it sort of in the middle. I definitely like to be able to feel the strings pressing down on the neck. I don’t like it when they’re so close to the neck that you can barely tell youre pressing on it. But since I’m not a really fast guitar player, I can’t have it too high or its too hard to play. So I like it somewhere in the middle. But I do like to feel a little bit of tension. Guitar.com: Do you tune your guitars down from standard pitch? Martin: Yes. I tune a half-step down, and on a lot of songs I have a dropped-D. Guitar.com: What do you do to warm up for a gig? Martin: I’m really bad at warming up, although I know I should. Sometimes I will, but lately weve been demoing songs for the new record and I have a little Digidesign Mbox and Pro Tools set up, and I’ve been locking myself into a room every day and just recording demos all day long. So I guess I get a lot of practice that way, and also just playing guitar at soundchecks. So pretty much, thats been my warm up for this tour. But normally, I’d probably just go out there and play. Guitar.com: Do you practice much when you arent touring? Do you work on anything in particular? Martin: I don’t practice practice, but I play my guitar all the time. If I see a guitar, I just have to pick it up. I can’t not pick it up. If I’m cleaning my house and I see a guitar, I’ll pick it up and play it for a minute, then I’ll put it down. Then I’ll leave the room and I’ll see another guitar, and I’ll just want to pick it up and play it. So I’m just messing around all the time, but I don’t just sit and make myself do scales, like I should. But sometimes I do. Sometimes I’ll get in practice mode where I’ll buy a book of scales and sit and play them over and over while I watch TV. Guitar.com: What advice would you give to other players on developing their style and improving their tone? Martin: I think that, obviously, playing as much as you can is the only way that youre ever going to get good. I think that kids should try to be creative, right off the bat. I think that theory is a good thing to know, but you cant write a song on theory. You’ve got to be able to be creative and really play what you like to play. If there’s a band that you really like, learn how to play some of their songs. Learn what kind of style they play guitar in and it will definitely help you shape the way you play guitar. Because if all youre learning is theory, then you’re really not going to learn any style and technique. And by learning other bands songs I think it definitely helps you to gain a better understanding of how song structure is put together, and why certain notes sound right over other chords. You’ll get more out of it than someone telling you because you’re in this key and its this scale. That really doesn’t do anything for you. I really think it’s good to pick apart songs that you like and to play guitar all the time not practice, just play. Guitar.com: What do you listen to for inspiration? Martin: For inspiration, I try to listen to my favorite bands, but I like a lot of other stuff, too. Aside from just music, I like a lot of movie soundtracks. I really like Danny Elfman who does all the music for Tim Burton movies. I think that he is absolutely genius. A lot of times Ill try to figure out what scale hes using because he sometimes makes up his own scale where hell take a major scale and drop two of the notes, and then use that strange made-up scale over certain songs. I really like creepy movie soundtracks. But its really hard to incorporate that kind of notation on top of a Good Charlotte song because most of the time, Benji will come up with a guitar part for a song and it will be really melodic and catchy. But then I instantly want to play something evil over the top of it because thats just the kind of music that I like. So I like to hear music in movies and just listen to where a part will go from a happy part to a sad part in the movie, and hear the way that the song transitions. For some reason, I pay attention to that stuff in movies all the time. Thats my sort of non-music influence a lot of scary movie soundtracks. But I still listen to Silverchair. They’ve got a record that came out just over a year and a half ago that nobody seemed to know about, and its amazing. And I really like this band from the UK called Muse. They have a lot of pianos and its really dark sounding with a lot of fast tremolo guitar parts with reverb on them, so it sounds all orchestral, and has lots of really strange sounds like that. I also like Glassjaw a lot, and the Deftones, and a lot of bands that make these weird ambient guitar sounds. I’d rather make up a cool ear candy part than like shred over a song. Guitar.com: Describe Good Charlottes songwriting process. How do most of the songs come together and how do you develop your guitar parts? Martin: Most of the time, Benji, the other guitar player, and his brother Joel [Good Charlotte frontman] will come up with something on an acoustic guitar. They’ll come up with a melody and say Hey guys, do you like this? And they’ll play it for us. Then if everybody likes it, well jam on it at soundcheck and try to arrange it a little bit. I try never to play what Benjis playing. I always like to try and play a different guitar part. Sometimes its cool to play the same thing, but well just kind of sit around and say, Let’s go to this chord instead or Let’s do a break here. But it always starts with the two of them having some kind of melody and a guitar part, and then we just kind of jam on it for a while. If we like the way its going, then well keep going with it. And if its not going anywhere, then maybe it wasn’t going to work. Guitar.com: What were some of the highlights of the last tour? Martin: We had a show in San Jose that was really surprising. I didn’t know how good it was going to be until we went out and played, and the show was just awesome. I couldn’t believe it! A lot of the regular places we play like Minneapolis and Philadelphia are always good, and the one Canadian show we did was really good, too. Guitar.com: Does the band ever videotape its shows and later watch the footage to see whats working best? Martin: On the last tour, we had a videographer, so we taped all the shows, and we would watch them all the time. But this tour, we’ve rarely done any taping. Guitar.com: What do you consider to be the best part of touring? Martin: I’d say the best part of touring is just getting to hang out, especially when you get to bring bands on tour that are your friends. That’s the best. We’ve been pretty lucky in that we have never gone on tour with a band that we haven’t gotten along with. It’s pretty convenient to always be able to hang out with your friends all day long and know that the only thing you have to do at the end of the day is play a show. Guitar.com: What is the worst part about being out on the road? Martin: After a while, everything is just going to catch up to you. On this record cycle, we said were young and excited, let’s do this until we fall down. We thought we were indestructible and we just kind of kept going and going, and never took a break. Then it finally kind of hits you one day and you become exhausted. The hardest thing is when you’re sick or if you’re really tired and you go outside and see theres a hundred kids yelling at you, but you just walk on the bus and dont go over to hang out with them. They’re all saying, Oh, what a dick! But they don’t have a clue as to what kind of day you’ve had or what you have to do again the next day. It’s so hard sometimes to have to smile when youre not in the best mood. But if thats the worst part of it, its fine with me. Guitar.com: What are Good Charlottes plans for 2004? Martin: Were going to take eight weeks off, which we havent done in two years! Were going to take a break and then get excited for doing a new record. We’re going to be recording sometime in March and will hopefully have the new record out by the end of the summer or early fall.

The Rising Sun Inn Entertainment, Food and Drink The Rising Sun is a 17th century public house and restaurant with stunning views over the Tamar Valley, serving great food, great ales and cider, with regular live music. https://www.facebook.com/TheRisingSunGunnislake/ https://www.instagram.com/therisingsungunnislake/ beer garden, craft beer, local produce, open mic

Bus Route 68 or 69 See the Council Bus Route Map You can read an article about how this railway station was built and all the features of architecture and why it is considered a work of art You can read an article about it or order term papers at https://top-papers.com/buy-term-papers-online/ Leamington Spa railway station is situated on Old Warwick Road (CV1 3NS) towards the southern edge of the town centre. See National Rail Enquiries for details of the railway station Tachbrook Park Drive, Warwick, CV34 6RH The marked 'A' is the location of the Gurdwara Sahib. © - All Rights Reserved | Copyright Site designed by Selvi Ltd

Questions About Fresno 0% Loans? Few Answers Available. David Taub, Senior Reporter Exact details of Fresno’s zero-interest business loan program are still being worked out, according to City Hall. The city council unanimously approved the program for small businesses on March 25, but members are working with city staff to fill in the blanks. “There are no details on the loan program at this time. Council directed the administration to develop the program and then get back to them in one week,” city spokesman Mark Standriff wrote via email. Fresno Embroidery Business Eager for Answers JoAnn and Alex Gonzales of Agape Promotions (JoAnn Gonzales) JoAnn Gonzales operates Agape Promotions with her husband Alex out of their Fresno home. They produce promotional items, screen printing, and embroidery. Gonzales is one of many businesses that reached out to GV Wire wanting to know how the program works, where to apply and if they qualify for a loan from the city. She said her businesses would earn thousands a month. Fresno State is one Agape’s top clients. “We have no business,” Gonzales said. “There’s no school right now. So they don’t need any t-shirts. They don’t need any promotional products. So we’re pretty slow right now.” With Agape’s business slowed down, Gonzales started a new job today — data entry for Bitwise. While it is full-time, it is only a temporary assignment. Her husband already works full-time as well. County Resort Operator Hopes to Be Eligible Currently, only businesses within the city limits are allowed to receive the loans. Larry Ronneberg co-owns Mercey Hot Springs, a resort in western Fresno County. Before he had to shut his business down because of COVID-19, several of his customers came from the city of Fresno. He says that should make his business qualify for the loans. But, he understands he may have to look elsewhere for help. “Because we don’t qualify, it just means we have to go other place to get funding for this. We’re closed right now. So are many other businesses. It would help us immensely if we were qualified,” Ronneberg said. Federal Funds Available Soon Last week, Congress passed a $2 trillion economic aid package to help the country through the coronavirus pandemic. The rescue package provides for Small Business Administration loans to companies as well as to sole proprietors and freelancers. The loans can be used for payroll, mortgages, rent and utilities, with those amounts forgiven and payments deferred. It will also supply small loans that can, depending on an owner’s credit score, be approved quickly. Employers can receive tax credits for retaining workers, though not if they have obtained one of the SBA loans. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin has said the small loans would be available starting Friday, and in an interview with the Fox Business Network, Mnuchin said he hoped to release loan forms later Monday. Here is what is known so far, through the language establishing the program, and its funding source. Who is eligible to apply? — Businesses that are located within the city of Fresno with 25 or fewer employees. Twenty percent of the funds ($150,000) will go to businesses of five or fewer employees. How much is available? — $750,000 will come from city funds, and matched dollar-for-dollar with private contributions. Details of the matching program are not yet available. Does the business have to be impacted by COVID-19? — Yes. Businesses that closed or reduced hours because of the city’s emergency order are eligible if they “demonstrate a loss of 25% or more of revenue due to COVID-19.” What is the nature of the loan? — It will be a 0% interest loan, requiring the business owner to offer a personal guarantee. The city will forgive the loan after one year if the business is in continuous operation. Does the business have to be in good standing? — Yes. Businesses “must not have any unpaid judgments or tax liens”, and have a valid business license for one year prior to March 4, 2020 (the date Gov. Gavin Newsom declared a statewide COVID-19 emergency) and operate for one year prior to March 4 as well. Where is the money coming from? — Of the $750,000, $500,000 comes from funding reserved for a senior center, and $250,000 comes from the city attorney’s budget. Will other financial institutions be involved? — The ordinance calls for the city’s Economic Development Department to work with banks and other financial institutions “to create a microloan program for reasonable working capital expenses for small businesses impacted by COVID-19.” Answers Being Worked On Details still being worked out: — How the application process will work. — How much money each business could receive. — If there will be a priority list for businesses to receive loans. — How quickly the businesses will receive the money. — What happens if the business does not fulfill its loan obligations. — Whether businesses outside the city of Fresno will be eligible. — Whether nonprofits are eligible. — Whether small businesses with no employees other than the owner qualify. — The role of other agencies, such as the Small Business Administration. The ordinance gave city staff one week, which would be this Wednesday, for the answers. Related Topics:coronavirusCOVID-19Fresnosmall businesseszero-percent interest loans Fresno Unified Will Serve Meals During Spring Break After All Pastor Arrested for Violating Rules Amid Virus Outbreak Curiosity drives David Taub. The award-winning journalist might be shy, but feels mighty with a recorder in his hand. He doesn't see it his job to "hold public officials accountable," but does see it to provide readers (and voters) the information needed to make intelligent choices. Taub has been honored with several writing awards from the California News Publishers Association. He's just happy to have his stories read. Joining GV Wire in 2016, Taub covers politics, government and elections, mainly in the Fresno/Clovis area. He also writes columns about local eateries (Appetite for Fresno), pro wrestling (Off the Bottom Rope), and media (Media Man). Prior to joining the online news source, Taub worked as a radio producer for KMJ and PowerTalk 96.7 in Fresno. He also worked as an assignment editor for KCOY-TV in Santa Maria, California, and KSEE-TV in Fresno. He has also worked behind the scenes for several sports broadcasts, including the NCAA basketball tournament, and the Super Bowl. When not spending time with his family, Taub loves to officially score Fresno Grizzlies games. Growing up in the San Francisco Bay Area, Taub is a die-hard Giants and 49ers fan. He graduated from the University of Michigan with dual degrees in communications and political science. Go Blue! You can contact David at 559-492-4037 or at Send an Email Ambulances, Hospitals for Real Medical Emergencies Only, Fresno Officials Say COVID-19 Has Dramatically Lowered the Life Expectancy of Californians Behind on Your Mortgage Payment? The State Can Help

Las Vegas Based Sandwich Shop Will Make Fresno Debut in Spring Food Latest Lifestyle Local News Randy Reed, Operations Manager Las Vegas-based Capriotti’s Sandwich Shop announced Thursday it has signed a franchise agreement that will bring three new stores to Fresno. The first is expected to open in early spring in Fig Garden Village. Founded in 1976 in Delaware, Capriotti’s is known for slow-roasting whole turkeys in-house and hand-shredding them each morning to feature in a variety of subs. Their best seller is The Bobbie, featuring roasted turkey, cranberry sauce, stuffing and mayo on a soft roll. The stores will be operated by Javier Gomez, who owns 11 Rally’s and Checkers franchise locations across the Central Valley. “In 2018, I was looking for additional concepts to add to my portfolio and was introduced to Capriotti’s at a franchise convention in Las Vegas,” Gomez said in a news release. “I was offered a free sandwich and after my first bite of the famous Bobby sandwich, I was hooked. The loyal fanbase coupled with the incredible food made my choice to invest with this brand a no-brainer.” Gomez got his start in the restaurant business as a junior in high school, working at a KFC in Los Angeles. After graduation, he went on to work at Checkers and Rally’s, where he became a shift manager at 18. With plans to move up in the company, he uprooted his life and traveled 300 miles north to work in Fresno, later moving up to a district manager position before becoming a franchise owner. Award-Winning Sandwiches We could not be more excited to have Javier joining the Capriotti’s family, as his nearly three-decades of experience in the restaurant industry and a proven track record of growing businesses in new markets is unmatched,” said David Bloom, Capriotti’s Chief Development Officer. “The new Fresno locations will bring our award-winning sandwiches to Central Valley and we’re looking forward to seeing the reaction from our new lifelong fans.” Capriotti’s has won accolades including “Best Sandwich Shop” by the Las Vegas Weekly and “Best Sandwich/Sub Shop” by the Newark (NJ) Post, both in 2020. The locations of the other two Capriotti’s locations in Fresno have not yet been revealed. Mr. Potato Head Goes Gender Neutral in Modern Makeover Audit Criticizes State Air Board for ‘Overstating’ Greenhouse Gas Cuts Randy Reed is a writer and content producer for GV Wire. He has experience reporting for local radio stations and newspapers. In addition, he an extensive background in video production focused on news and documentary subjects. Reed is a proud graduate of California State University, Fresno with a degree in Mass Communications. In his free time, Reed enjoys digital photography as a hobby and loves to explore the scenic beauty of our Valley’s three spectacular National Parks. You can contact Randy at 559-705-2107 or Send an Email.

Inflation Ahead? Even a Top Economist Says It’s Complicated Inflation Ahead? Even a Top Economist Says It's Complicated WASHINGTON — Two months of sharply rising prices have raised concerns that record-high government financial aid and the Federal Reserve’s ultra-low interest rate policies — when the economy is already surging — have elevated the risk of accelerating inflation. In May, consumer prices rose 5% from a year earlier, the largest such year-over-year jump since 2008. Many economists see the recent spike as temporary. Others say they worry that higher consumer prices will persist. Jason Furman, a Harvard professor who was President Barack Obama’s top economic adviser, thinks the reality is more complicated. He does, however, lean toward the higher-inflation-will-persist camp. Furman notes that while most economists expect inflation to slow from its current quickened pace, not all think it will fall back to the Fed’s preferred level of 2% a year. The Associated Press spoke recently with Furman about why higher inflation might prove only temporary, why it might persist and whether a little more inflation is all that bad. The interview was edited for length and clarity. Q. What’s Driving Inflation Up, and Do You Think It Will Persist? A. There’s been a lot of very temporary inflation from a set of quirks related to the economy’s reopening. For example, used car prices have absolutely soared, and other prices are getting back to where they were pre-pandemic. I don’t think anyone thinks the recent rate of price increase is going to continue. The question is, how much does it slow down? Does it slow down all the way back to the 2% increase every year we used to see? Or does it slow down less than that, and we’re left with something more like a 3% increase every year? Q. How Bad Would 3% Inflation Be? Is it Something We Really Need to Avoid? A. I don’t actually think 3% inflation would be terrible, but it depends. If policymakers tried to lower inflation from 3% to 2%, (by raising interest rates), that could be pretty painful. If wages don’t keep up with prices, that would also be troubling. But if we want to operate the economy, year in and year out, at a higher inflation rate going forward, I don’t see that as a problem. But I do think it’s important to make policy based on the most realistic and accurate expectations for what’s happening in the future. Q. Beyond the Economy’s Reopening, What Might Drive a More Sustained Bout of Inflation? A. I think the four reasons why you might worry that inflation is going to be more persistent are, No. 1, there are some shoes that haven’t dropped yet. The biggest of them being the price of shelter — that’s rent. And then it’s something called owner’s equivalent rent, which is what it costs a homeowner to live in their home. (Both rents and home prices have risen sharply.) Second factor is some prices are sticky. That means they don’t adjust really quickly and right away. A lot of prices change once a year, and you’re going to see more of those price changes over time. Wages also tend to be sticky. A lot of employers might in September decide on new wages for January. The third factor is that it’s likely that demand continues to exceed supply through the rest of the year. People have a lot of money. They’re spending that money, but not everyone’s back to work, which means we can’t make everything that people want to buy. And finally, and most speculatively, expectations for inflation play a big role in the dynamics of inflation. Could expectations change? Could they become unanchored if people start to expect more inflation? It would be self-fulfilling. Q. How Does the Current Situation Compare With the Spiraling Inflation of the 1970s? A. There’s no danger of a repeat of the experience like the 1970s. The Fed learned that lesson. They’ll never let inflation get to 10%. The 1960s is the model for what we’re going through now. Inflation crept up from about 1.5% to about 5%. One of the troubling things in the 1960s was that wages didn’t keep up with prices, and so people saw their purchasing power, their real wages fall. I’m not saying that’s what’s going to happen now, but that is the scenario to be worried about. Q. Do You Think the Fed Has Properly Assessed the Risks? A. They shifted policy in the right direction at their latest meeting (on June 15-16). But I think they’re going to surprise themselves that they’re going to end up with a very strong recovery in jobs, that we’re going to end up with more inflation than we expect. And so they’re going to raise rates sooner than they think they’re going to. Q. Would That Slow the Economy or Potentially Cause a Recession? A. There’s two scenarios for the Fed. The most likely one is that our unemployment rate is quite low in 2022. Inflation is running above trend. And so the choice is very easy. They’ve achieved roughly their maximum employment mandate. They raise rates. The bad scenario for the Fed would be the unemployment rate remains elevated and inflation is running at 3% and then their dual mandate will be pulling them in different directions. And I’m not sure how they would resolve that. Fear Shakes Mexico Border City After Violence Leaves 18 Dead Iran’s Hard-Line President-Elect Says He Won’t Meet Biden

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Filters: Author is N. A. Frissell [Clear All Filters] N. A. Frissell, “Solar Eclipse QSO Party Wrap-Up”, National Contest Journal, vol. 47, 12 vol., no. 1, pp. 7-11, 2019. N. A. Frissell, Katz, J. D., Gunning, S. W., Vega, J. S., Gerrard, A. J., Earle, G. D., Moses, M. L., West, M. L., Huba, J. D., Erickson, P. J., Miller, E. S., Gerzoff, R. B., Liles, W., and Silver, H. W., “Modeling Amateur Radio Soundings of the Ionospheric Response to the 2017 Great American Eclipse”, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 45, 2018. N. A. Frissell, “What is HamSCI?”, in Dayton Hamvention, Xenia, OH, 2017. G. Perry, Erickson, P. J., Blain, B. D., Reif, R., and Frissell, N. A., “Update on the Golden Ears Project”, in HamSCI Workshop 2020, Scranton, PA, 2020. N. A. Frissell, “Overview of the Personal Space Weather Station and Project Update”, in HamSCI Workshop 2020, Scranton, PA, 2020. D. Sanchez, Frissell, N. A., Perry, G., Engelke, W. D., Coster, A., Erickson, P. J., Ruohoniemi, J. M., and Baker, J. B. H., “Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed using HamSCI Amateur Radio, SuperDARN, and GNSS TEC”, in HamSCI Workshop 2020, Scranton, PA, 2020. N. A. Frissell, Vega, J. S., Katz, J. D., Moses, M. L., Earle, G. D., Gunning, S. W., Gerrard, A. J., Miller, E. S., West, M. L., Ceglia, F., Pascoe, D., Sinanis, N., Smith, P., Williams, R., Shovkoplyas, A., and Silver, H. W., “Ionospheric Simulations of the 2017 Solar Eclipse QSO Party”, in NSF CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions), Keystone, CO, 2017. N. A. Frissell, Ackermann, J. R., Bern, D., Ceglia, F., Earle, G. D., Erickson, P. J., Gerrard, A. J., Gerzoff, R., Gladstone, P., Gunning, S. W., Huba, J. D., Katz, J. D., Miller, E. S., Moses, M. L., Reyer, S. E., Rose, S. W., Shovkoplyas, A., Silver, H. W., Smith, P., Vega, J. S., West, M. L., and Williams, R., “Initial Results of HamSCI Ham Radio 21 August 2017 Eclipse Ionospheric Experiments”, in American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Austin, TX, 2018. J. D. Katz, Engelke, W., and Frissell, N. A., “The H.A.R.C. Database and Visualization Utilities”, in ARRL and TAPR Digital Communications Conference, St. Louis, MO, 2017. N. A. Frissell, Ackermann, J. R., Dzekevich, J., Earle, G. D., Erickson, P. J., Gerrard, A. J., Gerzoff, R. B., Gunning, S. W., Hirsch, M., Katz, J. D., Kaeppler, S. R., McGwier, R. W., Miller, E. S., Moses, M. L., Perry, G., Reyer, S. E., Shovkoplyas, A., Silver, H. W., Vega, J. S., and Team, R. B. N., “HamSCI: The Ham Radio Science Citizen Investigation (Banquet Presentation)”, in NSF CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions), Keystone, CO, 2017. J. S. Vega, Frissell, N. A., Erickson, P. J., and Gerrard, A. J., “HamSCI Personal Space Weather Station: A New Tool for Citizen Science Geospace Research”, in USNC–URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Boulder, CO, 2019. N. A. Frissell, Joshi, D., Collins, K., Montare, A., Kazdan, D., Gibbons, J., Mandal, S., Engelke, W., Atkison, T., Kim, H., Gerrard, A. J., Vega, J. S., Cowling, S. H., McDermott, T. C., Ackermann, J., Witten, D., Silver, H. W., Liles, W., Cerwin, S., Erickson, P. J., and Miller, E. S., “HamSCI Distributed Array of Small Instruments Personal Space Weather Station (DASI-PSWS): Architecture and Current Status (Invited)”, in NSF CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions), Santa Fe, NM (Virtual), 2020. N. A. Frissell, Engelke, W., Katz, J. D., Gunning, S. W., and Vega, J. S., “HamSCI and the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse (First Results)”, in ARRL and TAPR Digital Communications Conference, St. Louis, MO, 2017. N. A. Frissell, Vega, J. S., Katz, J. D., Gunning, S. W., Gerrard, A. J., Moses, M. L., Earle, G. D., Miller, E. S., Huba, J. D., Hirsch, M., Silver, H. W., Reyer, S. E., Ackermann, J. R., Suhar, M. D., and Bern, D., “HamSCI and the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse (Experiment Description)”, in ARRL and TAPR Digital Communications Conference, St. Louis, MO, 2017. N. A. Frissell, Katz, J. D., Gunning, S. W., Vega, J. S., West, M. L., Earle, G. D., Moses, M. L., and Silver, H. W., “HamSCI and the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse”, in 2017 Annual Meeting of the APS Mid-Atlantic Section, Newark, NJ, 2017. N. A. Frissell, Katz, J. D., Gunning, S. W., Vega, J. S., Gerrard, A. J., Moses, M. L., Earle, G. D., West, M. L., Erickson, P. J., Miller, E. S., Gerzoff, R., and H. Silver, W., “HamSCI and the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse”, in American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 2017. N. A. Frissell, Engelke, W., Katz, J. D., and Vega, J. S., “HamSCI and the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse”, in HamSCI-UK, Milton Keynes, UK, 2017. N. A. Frissell, Ackermann, J. R., Earle, G. D., Erickson, P. J., Gerrard, A. J., Gerzoff, R. B., Gunning, S. W., Hirsch, M., Katz, J. D., Kaeppller, S. R., McGwier, R. W., Miller, E. S., Moses, M. L., Perry, G., Reyer, S. E., Shovkoplyas, A., Silver, H. W., Vega, J. S., and Team, R. B. N., “HamSCI and the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse”, in NSF CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions), Keystone, CO, 2017. J. D. Katz, Frissell, N. A., Vega, J. S., Gerrard, A. J., Gerzoff, R. B., Erickson, P. J., Miller, E. S., Moses, M. L., Ceglia, F., Pascoe, D., Sinanis, N., Smith, P., Williams, R., and Shovkoplyas, A., “Fitting Ionospheric Models Using Real-Time HF Amateur Radio Observations”, in NSF CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions), Keystone, CO, 2017. J. S. Vega, Frissell, N. A., Katz, J. D., and Huba, J. D., “Developing a Solar Eclipse Simulation for Greater Good”, in ARRL and TAPR Digital Communications Conference, St. Louis, MO, 2017. M. L. Moses, Burujupali, S., Brosie, K., Dixit, S., Earle, G. D., Kordella, L., Frissell, N. A., and Chitale, C., “Analysis of the August 2017 Eclipse’s Effect on Radio Wave Propagation Employing a Raytrace Algorithm”, in NSF CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions), Keystone, CO, 2017. N. A. Frissell, “2020 Solar Cycle Update and the HF Response to Ionospheric Storms and Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances”, in Contest University, Dayton, OH (Virtual), 2020.

Hanoi Radio Television Hanoï (album) Hanoi (novel) Hanoi Radio Television (Vietnamese: Đài phát thanh và truyền hình Hà Nội) is the official radio and television network of Hanoi, Vietnam. Its headquarters is on Huỳnh Thúc Kháng Boulevard, and Đống Đa District represents its network logo. It currently owns 1 radio channel and 3 television channels: Hanoi Radio: the first broadcast channel of the network Hanoi1: Hanoi TV 1, previously Hanoi TV, originally the network's sole televised channel. It was modified as a news and social channel after the installment of Hanoi 2. Hanoi2: Hanoi TV 2, previously Ha Tay TV (HTV). It changed its name after the 2008 geographical merge of Hà Tây Province into Hanoi. It now serves as an entertainment and financial channel. Hanoi Cable Network Television (HCaTV), a premium channel. In October 14, 1954 launch Hanoi Radio. On January 6, 1978,Hanoi People's Committee decided the 41/QDTC to Hanoi Radio open the Television service.The television service launched on 1 January 1979 at 2PM (GMT+7). The old ident looks same with Bac Ninh Television (because Bac Ninh merge with Ha Tay to Ha Bac). Originally, it is the 45 minutes programmes block on VTV. Now the channel broadcast for 18 hours and 30 minutes per day. This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Hanoi_Radio_Television Coordinates: 21°01′42.5″N 105°51′15.0″E / 21.028472°N 105.854167°E / 21.028472; 105.854167 Hanoi (/hæˈnɔɪ/ or US /həˈnɔɪ/; Vietnamese: Hà Nội [ha˨˩ nɔj˩]) is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city. Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts and 7 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction. The number of population in 2015 was estimated at 7.7 million people. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế, the imperial capital of Vietnam during the Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1945), but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam, and it became the capital of a reunified Vietnam in 1976, after the North's victory in the Vietnam War. The city lies on the right bank of the Red River. Hanoi is 1,760 km (1,090 mi) north of Ho Chi Minh City and 120 km (75 mi) west of Hai Phong city. October 2010 officially marked 1000 years since the establishment of the city. The Hanoi Ceramic Mosaic Mural is a 4 km ceramic mosaic mural created to mark the occasion. This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Hanoi Hanoï is the sixth live album by French new wave band Indochine. It was released in February 2007. It is a recording of a performance that took place on 6 June 2006. The album takes its name from the location of the concert, Hanoi, Vietnam. Disc 1 - Hanoï Classique Le Péril Jaune - 3:30 Ceremonia - 4:39 Salômbo - 3:51 Justine - 4:24 Trois Nuits Par Semaine - 6:23 Sweet Dreams - 6:03 Pink Water - 5:53 J'Ai Demandé A La Lune - 4:21 Tes Yeux Noirs - 5:05 3e Sexe - 3:58 L'Aventurier - 6:33 Talulla - 4:21 Disc 2 - Hanoï Rock Les Portes Du Soir - 5:04 Alice & June - 4:57 Marilyn - 5:12 Adora - 4:32 Atomic Sky - 5:04 Gang Bang - 4:05 Lady Boy - 4:21 Starlight - 5:10 Detailed album information at www.indo-chine.org This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Hanoï_(album) Hanoi is the fifteenth novel in the long-running Nick Carter-Killmaster series of spy novels. Carter is a US secret agent, code-named N-3, with the rank of Killmaster. He works for AXE – a secret arm of the US intelligence services. The book was first published in 1966 (Number A182F) by Award Books part of the Beacon-Signal division of Universal Publishing and Distributing Corporation (New York, USA), part of the Conde Nast Publications Inc. The novel was written by Valerie Moolman. Copyright was registered on 1 February 1966. In the hot-spot capitol of North Vietnam, Killmaster is caught in the mesh of a deadly plan to dominate the world! Officers of the US Special Forces discover a secret camp in North Vietnam near Hanoi. The camp is guarded by Chinese soldiers and houses a group of German scientists, led by Ulric Krutch, who are working on a top secret rocket programme. A new rocket has been perfected that can deliver a payload into earth orbit. The team of scientists is waiting for Dr Erich Burgdorf to arrive from Buenos Aires with plans for a triggering device that will release a secondary component carrying a secret payload after the rocket has reached orbit. This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Hanoi_(novel) Pure Chillout Moods released: 2004 Raver's Night released: 1995 Pure Chillout Moods Grass Roots Horizon Bass Cadet A Million Miles Away Waves of the Sun Joy and Pain Raver's Night It's Gonna Be a Fine Night (Happy Hard remix) Toy Town Smoke Dizz One The No. 1 Contender Get on the Floor Words of God Who're You Fucking (with) All Get Down Let the Bass Be Louder (El Bruto Hard mix) More Hardcore (original mix) Edge of Panic DJ Ruffneck's Speedmix

Dr. Ralph Kuechle, Ph.D. Ralph G. Kuechle, Ph.D. is a Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychologist who specializes in treating children and their families who may be struggling with mood and behavioral issues. He received his doctorate from the California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) at the Los Angeles campus of Alliant International University in Alhambra, California in 2006 (APA Approved Clinical Ph.D. Program). Dr. Kuechle has extensive experience in crisis intervention, psychological assessments, and psychotherapy. His special area of expertise includes working with children and adolescents who exhibit severe behavioral disturbances such as verbal and physical aggression, destruction of property, resistance to authority (oppositional and defiant behaviors), and self-injurious behaviors. Dr. Kuechle takes a “family systems approach” and works in conjunction with the family while conceptualizing cases from a psychodynamic perspective. Treatment interventions include psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and family systems strategies. He has worked in residential and community-based programs as Therapeutic-Behavioral Services (TBS) Coach (2002-2007), Psychotherapist (2004-2010), Crisis Responder (2006-2010), and Program Director (2008-2011) for a contractor agency in Orange County, South Coast Community Services. TBS is a crisis intervention for Children and Youth Services (CYS) in Orange County as part of the Behavioral Health Services (BHS) at the Orange County Health Care Agency (OCHCA). Dr. Kuechle has completed a Practicum and 3 Internships (2 pre-doc and 1 post-doc) as Psychometrist and Psychotherapist with the Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) Program at Coastline Community College (CCC), Providence Community Services (PCS) Outpatient Clinics, and the Clinical Evaluation and Guidance Unit (CEGU), CYS, BHS, OCHCA, in Orange County. Dr. Kuechle is a co-facilitator of the courses on “Ecopsychology” and “Adventure Therapy” as part of the curriculum of both clinical doctorate programs (Psy.D. and Ph.D.) at the California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP) at Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA. Dr. Kuechle has published studies on exploratory and educationally based cognitive retraining programs in adults with brain injuries. He has also presented his work at the 26th Annual Conference of the National Academy of Neuro-psychology at the San Antonio Marriott Rivercenter in San Antonio, Texas, October 25-28, 2006. Dr. Kuechle is a member of the American Psychological Association (APA) and its Divisions 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology), 40 (National Academy of Neuropsychology), and 52 (International Psychology). He is also a member of APA’s California Psychological Association (CPA) and its local chapters Los Angeles County Psychological Association (LACPA) and Orange County Psychological Association (OCPA). Dr. Kuechle served on the OCPA Board of Directors as Treasurer during the 2012-2013 year and as President during the 2013-2014 year. He was holding the position of Past President during the 2014-2015 year and has remained a member of the OCPA Executive Committee as current Treasurer during the 2015-2020 years.

SixFoxWhiskey “We’ll play for free, we’ll play if no one’s listening, we just want to play,” says SixFoxWhiskey’s drummer, Tyler Davis. Thankfully for SixFoxWhiskey, people are listening, and it is their unique intersection of jazz, jam, funk, and rock that has propelled them into becoming one of the fastest growing bands in New England. SixFoxWhiskey has held featured spots at major festivals like Levitate Music & Arts Festival, Rhode Island Music & Arts Festival, and Strangecreek, and they’ve performed at venues like the Stone Pony, Toad’s Place, and Brighton Music Hall. They’ve shared the stage with national touring acts like Ripe, The Magic Beans, Kitchen Dwellers, Kung Fu, and The Elovaters. Arch Street Tavern Arch Street Tavern, Arch Street, Hartford, CT, USA https://www.archstreettavern.com/ Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad Bearly Dead Annie in the Water

Published: Oct 10, 2022 · Modified: Jan 3, 2023 Is Carnauba Wax Vegan? (2023) When you come across "carnauba wax" in an ingredients list, you might be wondering: Is carnauba wax vegan? Carnauba wax, known as the "queen of waxes", is a vegetable wax that gives products a glossy finish. While it is used in food products, it's also used in makeup, furniture polish, car wax and more. But is it vegan? Let's take a closer look. Where Does Carnauba Wax Come From? According to Carnauba Wax from Brittannica, "carnauba wax, also called Brazil wax or ceara wax, vegetable wax obtained from the fronds of the carnauba palm (Copernicia prunifera) of Brazil...The carnauba palm is a fan palm of the northeastern Brazilian savannas, where it is called the "tree of life" for its many useful products. After 50 years, the tree can attain a height of over 14 metres (45 feet). It has a dense, large crown of round, light green leaves. During the regular dry seasons in northern Brazil, the carnauba palm protects its metre-long (three-foot) fronds from loss of moisture by secreting a coat of carnauba wax on the upper and lower leaf surfaces. The leaves are cut from September to March and left in the sun to dry. The powdery wax is removed by beating the shriveled leaves, then melted, strained, and cooled. The final product is yellow or brownish green, depending on the age of the leaves and the quality of processing." The great news is that since it comes from carnauba trees, carnauba wax is a vegan product. Also, as only the leaves of the palm are used, there's no need to cut down the trees. This makes carnauba wax a sustainable natural product. What are the Uses of Carnauba Wax? Because of its high melting point, it is used in a variety of products. A high melting point means that it will not melt at lower temperatures and stay in the solid state it's meant to be in. These uses include: cosmetic products including lip balms shiny coating for some candies that prevents them from melting in your hand, including M&Ms protective coating for fruit like apples thickening agent for creams coating vitamins wax for surf boards environmentally friendly food wrap providing texture to snack foods such as fruit snacks Is Carnauba Wax Safe to Use in Food? Carnauba wax is a natural ingredient but is it safe to use in food? According to What is Carnauba Wax and Is It Safe to Eat by Vegan Liftz, the FDA currently lists carnauba wax as being safe for human consumption provided that it is used ins the proper manufacturing and feeding processes. One of the reasons why carnauba wax is so safe to eat is because its high melting point prevents it from breaking down in the body. Essentially, the carnauba wax passes right through your digestive system without leaving behind any of its components." So carnauba wax is safe to be included in a vegan diet. Is carnauba wax gluten-free? Yes, carnauba was is gluten-free. It is also hypoallergenic which is why it is commonly used in cosmetics. Can I buy carnauba wax flakes? Yes. You can buy them online on Amazon and other websites. Is carnauba wax one of the hardest natural waxes? Yes! It is actually the hardest natural wax and a great alternative to non-vegan waxes. When is carnauba wax not vegan? Sometimes, carnauba wax is mixed with other waxes, commonly beeswax which is not a vegan ingredient. If it is mixed with beeswax, it is no longer a vegan product. However, you can find 100% carnauba wax flakes. Is carnauba wax harvested in the United States? No. The carnauba trees are found in Brazil, not the US. Are there any health benefits of consuming carnauba wax? Not really. But at least it isn't harmful. What's the shelf life of carnauba wax? Products differ but it should be able to be stored for around 4 years. Carnauba wax is a plant-based wax that can be a good alternative to beeswax and petroleum-based waxes. This natural vegetable wax is used in many products including makeup, food, product polish and more. It is a common ingredient in vegan candies as it can replace waxes that come from an animal source to give the candy a shiny shell. It's higher melting point makes it extremely versatile in food and body care products. It can also give products a naturally waterproof coating. Since it's made from the palm fronds instead of the carnauba trees themselves, it's a great vegan option that doesn't require the trees to be cut down. Wondering if other food products are vegan? Check out: Are M&Ms Vegan? Is Boba Vegan?

Ervin Staub Teacher Training Raising Active Bystanders: A Teacher Training with Dr. Ervin Staub Thursday, September 13, 11am-1pm 826 Hazelwood Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15217 ACT 48 Credit Available REGISTER: https://jfedpgh.org/staub-training On Thursday, September 13, Dr. Ervin Staub will conduct a teacher training about how teachers can shape the school environment, leading a discussion on how we raise caring, non-violent, morally courageous children, in general and in schools. Dr. Staub is a psychologist who has dedicated his life to examining the roots of goodness (caring and helping) and the roots of violence, especially genocide and mass killing, and who applies his research to real world interventions. A bystander is defined as “one who is present but not taking part in what is occurring.” Traditional Holocaust education has made much of the idea that bystanders were key in the success of the Nazis and their collaborators in perpetrating the Holocaust. Dr. Staub has adopted a more nuanced approach to bystanders, splitting them into active and passive bystanders. His work is about encouraging people to be active bystanders, individuals who take steps to make a difference when they see an immoral act taking place. As Dr. Staub explains, “I was to be killed in the Holocaust, and there were important bystanders in my life who showed me that people don’t have to be passive in the face of evil.” Those people in his life included the Christian woman who risked her life to shelter Dr. Staub and his sister while 75 percent of Hungary’s 600,000 Jews were killed by the Nazis. Through this lens, Dr. Staub will discuss how students can become active bystanders who stop harmful behavior by others. This event is open to teachers of all disciplines at all stages of career. Price of the training is $10; With Act 48 credit, $25. Dr. Staub will also be holding a public talk in the evening. Learn more. About Ervin Staub: Dr. Ervin Staub is a professor of psychology, emeritus, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and the founding director of the doctoral program there on the psychology of peace and violence. His own experience as a Holocaust survivor has influenced his interest in studying the roots of violence between groups, especially mass killings, genocide, and terrorism. Dr. Staub has worked in the Netherlands to improve Dutch-Muslim relations; in Rwanda, Burundi and the Congo to promote healing and reconciliation after genocide; and developed a program for California police in the wake of the Rodney King incident in Los Angeles. He has served as an expert witness at the Abu Ghraib trials, and has written numerous books on the source of violence and how to prevent and heal from it.

Researchers Identify microRNA Targets in C. elegans Holiday Health Check UCSD's Gary Firestein Receives Jane Wyman Humanitarian Award Gary S. Firestein, MD, professor of medicine, dean and associate vice chancellor of Translational Medicine and director of the Clinical and Translational Research Institute at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, has been named the 2010 recipient of the prestigious Jane Wyman Humanitarian Award. This award recognizes Firestein’s “affiliation with the Arthritis Foundation and its mission, and his extraordinary leadership in rheumatology and philanthropy in the community. “ Gary S. Firestein The award will be presented at the foundation’s Commitment to a Cure Gala at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills on November 1. Past recipients of the Jane Wyman Humanitarian Award have included Victoria Principal; Sarah Purcell; Kathy Ireland; William Friedkin, Academy Award winning director of “The French Connection” and “The Exorcist;” Los Angeles Dodger Manager, Joe Torre; and Academy Award winning legend, Al Pacino. Firestein is considered leading expert in the field of rheumatoid arthritis, a disabling and chronic disease affecting some 2.1 million Americans. His research focuses on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and mechanisms of inflammation and his studies have played a pivotal role in the development of the highly effective drugs to treat this crippling disease. Media Contact: Debra Kain, ddkain@ucsd.edu, 619-543-6163

Home Care for Life-Supported Persons in England During the devastating worldwide polio epidemics of the 1940s and 1950s, a severe form of polio interrupted the lives of countless children and adults, often in their most productive years. In response to this crisis, modern devices for upper airway care and artificial breathing were developed, including the modern positive pressure ventilator. Mechanical ventilation with proper tracheostomy management resulted in a reduction of mortality from respiratory failure from 90 percent to 20 percent. In addition, the comprehensive medical needs of polio survivors required an interdisciplinary team of physicians and allied health personnel. A regional system of specialized health care centers evolved — the polio respiratory centers. One can trace the birth of modern critical care and rehabilitation medicine to these advances. The ‘‘polio story” did not end for many survivors with the finding of a vaccine. Some individuals still depended upon life-supportive technology. They required part-time or full-time mechanical aids for breathing, and they had to remain in institutions for an undetermined period of time. These polio survivors were the first ventilator-dependent children and adults. These people developed new approaches to their care and answers to their needs. Working with professionals, families, friends, and voluntary organizations, they created outreaches from the regional polio centers: home care and other community-based living alternatives and support services. At the present time in the United States, many survivors of critical care must remain needlessly in acute care institutional settings at enormous costs in economic and human terms. These individuals constitute a new population dependent upon life-supportive technology. Examples include patients with high spinal cord injury, severe muscular dystrophy, and a variety of other neurologic, muscular, and pulmonary diseases that previously resulted in early death. They cannot leave acute care institutions because their lives depend upon a machine, and they have no other options. Most rehabilitation centers are not equipped to take care of such patients. Nursing homes are reluctant to accept ventilator-dependent patients because of a lack of knowledge about ventilators, the involved risks, and reimbursement problems. In the majority of cases, potential institutional and community-oriented resources that might be available or adapted to meet their needs are unwilling or unable to do so. The English Solution—The “Responaut Program” In England, a responaut is a ventilator-dependent, severely physically disabled person living independently. The term was coined by the responauts themselves; like astronauts, they ventured out into the unknown. Responauts want to and do live as they choose in an appropriate community setting. The original responauts were polio survivors. In 1965, some were at home without any established systems of services, and some still lived in polio centers which were closing. At the same time, the acute intensive care unit just developed by Dr. G. Spencer at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London already had long-term ventilator-dependent patients. To serve both populations, the Phipps Respiratory Unit (PRU) at the South Western Hospital was created. From this location, the “Responaut Program” has evolved into an organized system of services available to anyone in England who depends upon prolonged mechanical ventilation or who has a respiratory disability that requires referral to Dr. Spencer. The establishment of this program was a collaborative effort among health care professionals, patients and families, hospital administrators, and government authorities. Organizational Components of the “Responaut Program” The “Responaut Program” consists of the following services: (1) comprehensive medical and rehabilitative care in the PRU; (2) planning for a safe discharge to home or to a variety of community alternatives; (3) home care, either provided by one of 17 PRU attendant staff who live in the home of responauts, or by community-based caregivers provided by a government agency and/or government fund; and (4) home maintenance service by medical technologists who respond to all technical and personal needs on a regular and emergency basis. The PRU hospital “base-unit” remains the central focus for the “Responaut Program” because this arrangement provides: security for the patients, professionals, and administrators; a guaranteed standard of care and quality assurance; the most coordinated operational system; a medicolegal basis for the protection of all involved parties. The PRU is a respiratory care unit where patients are first admitted for evaluation, stabilization, and eventual discharge. In 1968, the average length of stay was 568 days; some responauts remained there indefinitely. As a result of the “Responaut Study” initiated by responauts successful self-advocacy, all responauts were discharged. The hospital length of stay was reduced to 18 days (1975) and 11.9 days (1983). This permitted the PRU to function appropriately as a short-term unit for more acute illness, minor adjustments in prescriptions, and outpatient reassessments. Even though the responauts are home, all those concerned know that they are forever the charge of the PRU, no matter where they live. Readmission to the PRU can be initiated by professionals or the responauts. The physician, a clinical consultant, and educator, receives continuous feedback from home maintenance service technicians, nurses, and the social worker. The senior nurse, an educator, and administrator, supervises patient care on the PRU and nursing care at home. The physical therapist, a clinician, and educator, is in charge of coordinating and providing respiratory and physical therapies in the PRU and serves as a resource person for community-based therapists. The medical social worker meets the psychosocial and financial needs of PRU patients and the responauts at home. Since current health care and social legislation provides a complex reimbursement policy which is partly statutory and partly discretionary, the social worker must coordinate a financial program for each responaut from a variety of options. The medical technicians are experts in electronics and mechanics; they maintain and repair equipment in the hospital and home. The technicians also play significant medical and social roles and provide a vital communication linkage. Their home maintenance service results in both the security and satisfaction of all concerned parties. Regional Community Options and Services Not all responauts have families to go home to. Some responauts have temporary or permanent social, educational, and vocational needs that require other options and services to permit a reasonable degree of independent living in the community setting. This is possible by utilizing available resources and facilities which are used jointly with other members of the community. The following examples will illustrate how systems can develop meeting universal needs, as well as those of ventilator-dependent persons when there are linkages to a “base-unit” and its home maintenance service. Respite Care: The Netley Waterside House was built in partnership between government (Borough of Lambeth) and a voluntary organization (REFRESH)—a group of responauts, professionals, and concerned people. As a holiday home, Netley serves the respite care needs of four responauts and 26 persons who are disadvantaged or elderly. Education: Chailey Heritage Hospital and School, a long-established hospital, residential school, and recognized rehabilitation engineering center, serves 160 severely physically disabled children. Staff members have accepted the challenge of one 14-year-old spinal cord injured responaut, and he is provided with computer-based education and personal care. Group Living: Le Court Cheshire home is an independent living center which offers a community of disabled adults a group-living experience with shared services. Le Court is equipped to serve responauts who have chosen this alternative as appropriate for their unique social and financial circumstances. It is only one of several homes of the Cheshire Foundation meeting this need. Technical Aids: For all responauts living at home or elsewhere, more independence is possible because of electronic and computerized technical aids designed with the input of disabled persons. This is done by a not-for-profit organization controlled by charities (Possum). Assistive devices, which are bought with public funds, permit the physically-disabled person a greater degree of independence and a reduced need for personal care attendants. Information: The transition to home or to the community requires knowledge of the availability and functioning of technical aids that will permit independence. Ibe Disabled Living Foundation (DFL) provides two essential services for responauts to supplement their education and experience from the PRU. The Technical Aids Center is a permanent display of a comprehensive range of devices. Practical information is disseminated to health care professionals, social workers, educators, hospital administrators, architects, designers, students, and disabled persons. The devices are explained by professional occupational and physical therapists. The Information Service is a major documentation center for disabled persons and all those concerned about disability. As a registry of information, it offers subscriptions for bulletins and indexed information available or prepared upon request. Self-Help: The Phipps Respiratory Unit Patients Association (PRUPA) is a self-help group founded by responauts in 1978. The PRUPA has made improvements in the PRU, and it has made possible developments in care, services, and equipment. The PRUPA was co-founded and is chaired by Baroness Lane Fox, a quadriplegic polio survivor, who also endeavors to serve all disabled persons as a member of the House of Lords and the All-Party Disablement Group of Parliament. Advocacy and Documentation: As a small group, although organized, responauts cannot obtain all the advocacy, program research and development, political action, fundraising, and documentation they need. As this group has needs similar to other disabled persons, many voluntary organizations and concerned people have joined to form the Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation (RADAR). This organization sponsors important awareness activities, special projects, conferences, and documents of general concern to the disabled, and of vital concern to responauts. Since 1965, the “Responaut Program” has served 411 patients; neurologic cases comprise 318 (77 percent) of them. As of June 15, 1983, 225 patients were served by the PRU, and the home maintenance program was directly responsible for 176 of them. Approximately 75 patients were served at home monthly; the others were served every two to three months. Does home care save money? The “Responaut Study” reviews the complexity of cost analysis of home vs institutional care. The experience reveals how difficult it is to calculate real costs. To his best ability, Dr. Spencer provided an estimate of the annual costs of the “Responaut Program.” Currently, $1,125,000 is allocated by the National Health Service for the annual operation of the Phipps Respiratory Unit and the home maintenance service. The PRU cost of $230 per day is reduced by 58 percent ($86 per day) at Netley, and by 76 percent ($50 per day) at Le Court. The reason it is difficult to determine “true costs” of the Responaut Program” is because its financial foundation is so complex. It includes the following: (1) the involvement of the family member (active caretaker role, lost salary); (2) the original arrangement between St. Thomas’ Hospital and the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) providing for the PRU, the equipment, and the home maintenance service; (3) the “Responaut Study,” which provided the initial three years of personal care attendants, who now remain as hospital paid employees (funds from local National Health Service district); (4) both statutory and discretionary funding which makes reimbursement flexible and variable from case to case; and (5) supplemental funding from a variety of charities which is often not taken into account. What is the quality of survival for the responauts? The judgment of the quality of life is best left to the survivor. There are numerous documents discussing responauts who are living fully in the community with and without families. Because of appropriate support systems, many responauts are active professionals in politics, law, and business. Ten Elements of Success of the “Responaut” Program Certain unique political, social, economic and/or cultural realities in England may explain the nature of the “Responaut Program.” In this study, an attempt was made to analyze elements of success which might have applicability to the current national, regional, and local realities in the United States. Voluntary Organizations (Charities): Charities play a strong advocacy and political role. Charities initiate and develop new services and programs based on demonstrated needs. Government and charities work together from the start in the process of mutual cooperation. Charities often supplement costs not covered by public programs. The process of Evolution of Services: All programs began with a leader, a small group of concerned people, and private money. Each one had an initial success, which brought more attention from government leaders and consumers, who had been involved as advisors from the start. This initial government involvement led to support, commitment, and later government appropriations for the operation of the program, once it was proven essential and satisfactory to all concerned. Funding Support: Home care services are supported with public funds based upon legislation. Ventilators at home are prescribed by a physician and must be provided by law. Professional decisions do not depend upon the cost of care. However, healthcare and personal service expenditures are part of a finite allotment which must be divided among multiple competitive and worthwhile organizations. Hence, actual funding of programs can be variable and highly discretionary. Attitude Toward Disability; Role of Self Help: In England, there is a strong and favorable public concern about disability. This is due to adequate media coverage, parliamentary discussion (All-Party Disablement Group), and effective advocacy by charities (RADAR, DLF, PRUPA). Much success is due to the self-help efforts of the responauts who demonstrate their own abilities. The Regional Approach: The “Responaut Program” grew from local to national scope due to the expertise developed and the number of persons who required special services. The geographic size of England permitted the centralization of a program; decentralization is now an issue of debate. The “Base-Unit” A “base-unit” of excellence at a major healthcare institution provides a high standard of care. The “base-unit” also serves as a facility for the stabilization of patients; initial family education, training, and preparation for home; and for meeting the subsequent health care needs, such as readmission and reevaluation. The Home Maintenance Service: High-quality home care surveillance guarantees competent and reliable preventative maintenance, emergency repair service, and communication to all involved persons. This assures safety and decreases risk for the patient. The responaut feels and is medically secure at home. Equipment: Home ventilators (respirators) are simple and reliable. They do not have to meet rigid standards and governmental regulations. However, they are designed and improved by experts in home care who are health care professionals or disabled persons who use them. The “Responaut Program” provides excellent preventative maintenance and service to the home. Liability: Malpractice litigation is less likely. The “Responaut Program” provides a personal service; recipients are satisfied and committed. Adaptability of Other Services: In England, other available programs, not specifically designed for the ventilator-dependent person, serve as important resources by virtue of their mission: eg, documentation centers for the disabled. Some organizations have adapted to serve ventilator-dependent persons among their other constituencies. Application of the English Model in the United States The United States is larger geographically and more complex socially than England. The possibility for home care or alternatives for chronic respiratory disabled children and adults are limited to a few demonstrations. For adults, existing facilities include several respiratory rehabilitation centers: Howard A. Rusk Respiratory Rehabilitation Center, Goldwater Memorial Hospital, New York; Institute for Research and Rehabilitation, Houston; and Ranchos Los Amigos, Downey, C A. In addition, there are few creative approaches to chronic respiratory care units,® and scattered home care experiences. A significant problem exists that the total number of ventilator-dependent people and their location is unknown. A major need exists to document and register this information. The times of today are vastly different from the period of the polio epidemic.’ Many people find it difficult to meet expenses of routine health care, and they now oppose limitless health care costs. Hospitals, our major provider of care since the 1960s, now face an economic austerity which will limit new program development and expansion of services. At the same time, a gigantic private sector home care industry is preparing to serve the disabled. From 1970 to 1990, the growth of the home health care industry will be 20-fold: from $500 million to $10 billion. Major public policy decisions are about to be made concerning home health care. Up to now, private and public reimbursement authorities have not yet developed or adapted mechanisms to finance home care equipment and services. There are gross inequalities based on the financial resources of various social classes. All involved are concerned about issues such as a standard of care, quality assurance, and malpractice-liability, a major hidden cost of health care in the United States. Policy experts appropriately wonder if deinstitutionalization will lead to better health at less cost. As an example that this can be done in the United States, the State of Illinois has saved $4.3 million in medical charges after a four-year experience with home ventilator care for children (personal communication, G Bilotti). There are certain elements that make the observations in England applicable to the United States: (1) All good programs start privately through charitable or voluntary organizations. (2) All evolve with the patience and cooperation of multiple involved interests working together in partnership (government officials, disabled persons, organizations, professionals). (3) Although the reimbursement system for English programs is public, all reimbursement issues have similar conflicts. The same issues are within “government systems” (finite allotments) as are in a private/public system. (4) Effective programs must be initiated in small scope with a defined focus. They must demonstrate their worth before growth and government support. (5) Most programs can adapt to meet multiple needs and hence optimize available resources. Why Do People Choose Canadian Health&Care Mall? Canadian Health&Care Mall is an online pharmacy selling generic medications worldwide. Our company is very popular because it has many advantages. We will describe them in this article in detail. High-quality drugs We are proud to sell medical preparations produced by manufacturers from …

What do we really know about acupressure? Alex Macznik Acupressure is one of the Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) techniques. It is simple, safe and practical technique to manage symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, anxiety and pain. Let’s dive deeper into what acupressure is, where does it come from, how does...

Online therapy for babies and toddlers with delays often works well — but funding isn’t keeping up with the need Early childhood intervention services for babies and toddlers have gone online during the pandemic, but states are failing to serve many kids who could benefit and thousands of kids are still missing out by Jackie Mader March 16, 2021 February 9, 2022 Benny Delgado leads a telehealth developmental therapy session for Hana Abdel Mawgoud, 2, and her mother, Sara Abdelmoaty. Hana’s therapy sessions moved online due to the pandemic. Credit: Jackie Mader/The Hechinger Report Hana Abdel Mawgoud, 2, sat on a green blanket on the living room floor, propped up against her mother. On a cell phone in front of them was the face of Benny Delgado, Hana’s developmental therapist, who meets with the toddler once a week to help her reach important toddler milestones like standing and talking. This story also appeared in Mind/Shift “How have things been going for you?” Delgado asked Hana’s mother, Sara Abdelmoaty. He paused as a translator listening in to the video call repeated his question in Arabic. “She was saying she’s OK, she’s fine,” the translator responded a moment later, adding that recently the toddler has been using a special frame to stand up for 25 minutes at a time, an increase from previous weeks. “Yay Hana!” Delgado said enthusiastically. The toddler looked up and clapped her hands. Hana’s parents first took her to see a physical and occupational therapist in 2018 when she was an infant, after she experienced seizures and showed delays with motor skills, like rolling over and sitting up. Then the pandemic forced the therapies to move online in April 2020. On this particular Friday, Delgado was eager to see if Hana was making progress as she approached her third birthday. He asked Abdelmoaty a barrage of questions: Was Hana eating better? Was she having any stomach problems? How was her sleep? What skills did the family want to work on today? As Hana started to fuss, Abdelmoaty jumped up and grabbed a packet of graham crackers from the kitchen. She came back and handed one to Hana. “Cookie?” she asked. Hana eagerly reached for it. In the United States, an estimated 15 percent of children ages 3 to 17 have developmental delays or disabilities. Learning from Lockdown This story is a part of Learning from Lockdown, a series about education solutions in the pandemic, produced in partnership with the Education Labs at AL.com, the Dallas Morning News, Fresno Bee and Seattle Times partnered with The Christian Science Monitor, Hechinger Report and Solutions Journalism Network. Delgado seized the opportunity. “You did such a great job of giving it to her and saying ‘cookie’” he said. “Another thing you can do to focus on the ‘c’ sound is, ‘c-c-c-cookies’ Work on getting the ‘c’ so she can imitate the ‘c’ sound.” After the translator repeated the directions in Arabic, Abdelmoaty nodded and handed Hana another cookie. “C-c-c-cookies. You like it?” she asked her daughter. “Yeah, that’s perfect. She’s looking right at your face. She’s seeing what you’re doing with your mouth … the more we do it, the more likely she’ll imitate it,” Delgado said. In the United States, an estimated 15 percent of children ages 3 to 17 have developmental delays or disabilities; in children’s first years, some of these delays may be evident in late acquisition of skills like crawling, walking and talking. Research shows that early help from experts in the form of speech, physical or occupational therapy and support from pediatric specialists can have profound results for children and often help them meet the same milestones as their peers. In some cases, infants and toddlers who get early support make so much progress they no longer need services or qualify for special education when they start school. Now, the pandemic has forced in-person therapies for infants and toddlers online and onto devices, and that’s not necessarily a bad thing. Some experts say remote therapy for young children has returned early intervention to an important piece its original mission: training parents to be experts who can support their children’s development. Related: Preschool for children with disabilities works, but federal funding for it is plummeting “For the longest time, in early intervention, we’ve had this all wrong. We’ve thought that the main person we were there to serve is the child,” said Delgado. “And in reality, the main person we’re there to serve is the parent.” Delgado has seen this shift in his work with Hana. Abdelmoaty used to sit nearby and watch as Delgado modeled activities. Now that they are separated by a screen, Abdelmoaty gets more practice. Delgado said that teletherapy forced him to say, “‘I can’t do it for you. I can coach you and mentor you through it, but I can’t do it for you.’” He has already seen Abdelmoaty’s confidence increase as she works with her daughter during their sessions. “To be completely honest, I think it’s actually more beneficial than in-person therapy,” he said. Amelia Schurk’s father, Nick Schurk, said his daughter has made progress in key skills like walking and speech during online therapy sessions. Credit: Nick Shurk Boosting the skills of parents to support their young children was one of the goals of the Program for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities, also known as Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, when it was included in the reauthorization of the IDEA in 1986. Parents say the program can be life-changing for some children. Pennsylvania mom Kaitlyn Transue, whose son was diagnosed with a speech delay at 16 months, said her then-toddler made “astronomical” progress after the early intervention services he received were expanded to include occupational therapy when he was 2. “The difference was insane, unbelievable,” Transue said. By the time her son turned 3 and aged out of early intervention, he had caught up with his peers in his ability to use expressive language skills. The family stopped looking for a preschool for children with disabilities, as the toddler no longer qualified as having a delay. Transue credits her son’s transformation, in large part, to early intervention. “If I hadn’t pushed for it that early, we wouldn’t be where we are,” she said. Related: Home visiting is proven to help moms and babies—so why aren’t we investing in it more? But early childhood intervention services, which are funded in part by federal money, served about 3 percent of infants and toddlers in 2017, just a fraction of those who most likely would benefit from the services. Federal funding for the program, which was $470 million in fiscal year 2019, has increased since the program’s launch in 1987, but in recent years hasn’t kept up with inflation. In March, $250 million in supplemental funding was allocated to the program as part of President Joe Biden’s $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan, which advocates hope will bolster access to services. “We are grossly underserving children in early intervention. When we think about the opportunity to really do early detection and prevention in early intervention, we’re just not doing what we should be doing.” Karen Berman, director of Illinois Policy at Start Early Seventeen states said their funding for the program has been frozen or decreased in 2020-21, according to a survey by the IDEA Infant & Toddler Coordinators Association. One state is considering dropping out of the federally-funded program due to “state budget availability.” Even before the pandemic, Texas had drastically cut funding and services. Last year, federal officials ordered the state to boost its early intervention services after a report found the state cut funding by $18 million between fiscal years 2011 and 2019 and served fewer children compared to previous years, despite an increase in the total population of infants and toddlers. “We are grossly underserving children in early intervention,” said Karen Berman, director of Illinois Policy at Start Early, an early learning nonprofit. “When we think about the opportunity to really do early detection and prevention in early intervention, we’re just not doing what we should be doing.” The pandemic has made it harder for families to get these critical services during the short time when children are eligible and would most likely to benefit from added support. Children who are born premature or who are born with a diagnosed disability, such as Down syndrome, can be referred to services. They can also get an evaluation for therapy if a pediatrician notices delays or if parents reach out to their local early intervention program. In some states, like Illinois, lead exposure provides automatic eligibility for early intervention. But after the pandemic hit, many routes to help were cut off. A study by the nonprofit Advocates for Children of New York found that in New York City alone, there was an 82 percent decline in referrals to early intervention services during a four-week period beginning in March 2020. Between July and September 2020, the number of infants and toddlers in New York City receiving services was 15 percent lower than in the same period in 2019. Reaching all children eligible for early intervention services has always been a challenge. A 2018 study found states vary widely in screening children under the age of 3 for developmental delays. Although experts recommend children receive such screenings from a healthcare provider, nationwide only about a third of children under age 3 receive them. Many children could be slipping through the cracks. The requirements that must be met for a child to receive services also vary greatly from state to state. Arizona and Alaska only accept children with a delay of 50 percent or greater in one or more areas of development, while other states, like Colorado and Pennsylvania, set the benchmark at 25 percent. Some states ask parents who earn above a certain income level to help pay for the therapies, while others provide services at zero cost to all families. It’s also harder to access pediatric therapists in rural areas. In a recent survey of states, 41 out of 48 states that responded said they are experiencing shortages in qualified providers. “Even though it’s an entitlement, we have children on waiting lists,” said Berman of Start Early. There can also be societal challenges to enrolling eligible children in therapies. Young children develop at different speeds, so it can be hard to determine how far behind a child may be. Some parents may worry about the stigma of enrolling their child in therapy or second-guess perceived delays. “You hear other family members around you say, ‘Oh they’re fine! Oh boys do things late, or boys just have this typical behavior,’” said Bianca Sikes, a Texas mother of six whose youngest child qualified for early intervention speech therapy at age 2. But early childhood experts say time is of the essence when it comes to young children: the brain develops rapidly in the first few years of a child’s life. “You’re going to save money in the end if you’re helping kids before they get to school,” said Amanda Morin, the associate director of thought leadership and expertise at Understood, a nonprofit focused on learning and thinking differences. “You have all these years to make greater gains.” A therapist employed by Any Baby Can in Austin, Texas, leads a telehealth therapy session for a child receiving early intervention services. Credit: Any Baby Can Experts say the pandemic has created a unique Catch-22 for early intervention: While some children have missed out on therapies, the sessions are more accessible than ever. Some states made online therapy eligible through Medicaid and allowed therapists to move online for the first time. Illinois approved a policy allowing providers to offer therapy via telehealth just a few weeks into the pandemic. Delgado said he hopes the pandemic will also make the system easier for families long term, including actions like moving the referral process online and off of fax machines. Related: What do we invest in the country’s youngest? Little to nothing Still, pediatrician appointments have fallen by the wayside for many families, and many parents have stopped attending face-to-face meetings with community organizations, such as home visiting programs. That means the experts who often refer children to therapy aren’t seeing them nearly as frequently. Referrals to Any Baby Can, a nonprofit early intervention service provider in Austin, Texas, dropped from about 110 a month on average to around 40 in April 2020. Early childhood intervention services served about 3 percent of infants and toddlers in 2017, just a fraction of those who most likely would benefit from the services. Ramping up outreach has helped the nonprofit increase referrals, which now average nearly 160 a month. Remote therapies aren’t perfect: They are only available to families with access to devices and the internet. And experts say some therapies, like physical therapy, are harder than others to offer remotely. But after the pandemic ends, some families hope elements of the new system will continue, including the flexibility and the new parent-centric focus. Nick Schurk was able to move therapy for his 2-year-old daughter, Amelia, online, allowing her to continue physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as specialized skills training several times each month. Schurk said she hasn’t skipped a beat. “The past year has been amazing,” he said. “She started crawling, started walking, her vocabulary has gone through the roof.” Amelia’s speech therapist, Martha Levien, said it’s a testament to how hard her parents have worked to apply what they’ve learned. “She really has surpassed expectations for what we would hope for her development,” she said. This story about early childhood intervention was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the Hechinger newsletter. Tagged: Learning from Lockdown, Special education Jackie MaderMULTIMEDIA EDITOR & SENIOR REPORTER mader@hechingerreport.org More by Jackie Mader

Action not allowed alert while login in Geo POS Action not allowed alert while login in Geo POS alert appears when you try to access the application with a different URL, it is a security feature to prevent CSRF attacks. Your application is installed https://www.example.com but you are trying with https://example.com Your application is installed https://example.com but you are trying with https://www.example.com Your application is installed https://example.com but you are trying with http://example.com You have enabled hard caching on your server. Hard caching starts security token caching, the application does not allow to login with expired security tokens. A total of 48 / 96 users found this article useful.

MHG58894 - Drill Hall - Inverness DRILL HALL (20th Century - 1901 AD to 2000 AD) The Academy Street drill hall (actually situated up a narrow pend from Academy Street, now a street called Strothers Lane) was built between the surveying of the 2nd and 3rd edition 1:2500 maps. In 1914 it was the HQ for and base of 4th battalion Cameron Highlanders, and base for "A" and "C" Companies; it was also the base for the Highland Mounted Brigade Transport and Supply Column, Army Service Corps. It was also the HQ of the Highland Mounted Brigade. The building has been demolished. It was recorded as part of HS and RCAHMS' World War One Audit Project in 2013. <1> <2> GIS spatial data copied from data supplied from AKK from the RCAHMS World War One Survey Project. <3> --- Text/Publication/Volume: Osbourne, M. 2006. Always Ready: Drill Halls of Britain's Volunteer Forces. pp 281. <1> Interactive Resource/Online Database: RCAHMS. Canmore, online database of the Royal Commission for the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS). 331810. <2> Text/Report/Fieldwork Report: Barclay, G.J.. 2014. The Built Heritage of the First World War in Scotland: The report of a project commissioned by Historic Scotland & RCAHMS. Unaffiliated. Digital. pp 60, table 35. <3> Collection/Project Archive: Kilpatrick, A K. 2014. RCAHMS World War One Survey Project. Digital. No. 417. XY NH64NE INVERNESS AND BONA https://canmore.org.uk/site/331810/inverness-strothers-lane-drill-hall (Link to online HES Canmore record)

Now Reading:legalization | This Former Cop Became One of the Most Powerful Cannabis Activists Photo via Green Rush legalization | 01.01.2022 This Former Cop Became One of the Most Powerful Cannabis Activists He was raised in a conservative household by pro-life activists. Miroslav Tomoski If there were ever a poster boy for how cannabis changes attitudes, it would be former cop Nate Bradley. His upbringing in Redondo Beach, and later Sacramento, was far from typical for a man who would one day become one of the most influential cannabis activists in California. Or perhaps, it’s exactly what might be expected. Bradley was born the oldest of six children to a father who was a Pentecostal preacher. His parents, pro-life activists, often took him to meetings and rallies. “We were a very conservative household,” he told GreenRush. As leaders of a group called Operation Rescue, the young Bradley would help his parents block the doors to abortion clinics. But, alongside them, he learned lifelong skills he uses to lobby state politicians for cannabis reform in the halls of the Capitol. Today, Bradley is the Executive Director of the California Cannabis Industry Association (CCIA). The group, which he founded in 2012, includes members ranging from dispensaries to cannabis law firms. They’ve banded together under Bradley’s leadership because of his unique ability to communicate with people who disagree. His skills come from knowing both sides of the aisle, having been the arresting officer for drug offenders and the consultant against police raids for Northern California farmers. In its short history as an organization, the CCIA has played a key role in educating lawmakers on the needs of the cannabis community. In 2015, Bradley helped to negotiate a regulatory framework known as AB-266, which laid out the groundwork for California’s legal recreational market. But Bradley wasn’t always passionate about cannabis. The first time he began really considering the consequences of marijuana criminalization was when he was working as a cop. He went to bust an illegal grow site and the grower answered the door in a wheelchair. (Photo by Laura Lezza/Getty Images) “I remember going to my very first grow site as a police officer along with two narcotic agents,” he told GreenRush. “The guy answered the door in a wheelchair. He was missing a leg. He had sixteen plants in his backyard, and he stared at me and the two officers standing at his door and explained that those plants were for him. I specifically remember him saying ‘that shit helped me get off all the pills I have been taking.’ That really made a lightbulb go off in my head, and I started wondering why we made cannabis so hard to access when so many people find it extremely helpful.” Then, in 2009, Bradley developed post-traumatic stress disorder. He was on nine pills daily and, eventually, turned to alcohol too. In a desperate search for a solution, he considered medical marijuana. He claims that the minute he tried it, he felt relief instantaneously and decided to devote the rest of his life to advocacy. His first go at activism was with a local cannabis advocacy group that discovered his incredible knack for public speaking. Bradley quickly became the voice of cannabis activism in northern California and traveled from rally to rally promoting Proposition 19, the failed 2012 referendum to legalize a recreational market in California. Though the referendum failed, Bradley went on to start a group called Lawmen Protecting Patients and helped Yuba County farmers reach a deal with their local government. He then founded the CCIA to help take his activism across the state. Ultimately, Bradley’s work helped pave the way for a second shot at a recreational referendum—this time with total success. The recreational marijuana market opens in California today.

« A Creative Use of Plastic Bottles Reading, Writing and Revelation » 9 Interviews with Creative Visionaries We can chart our future clearly and wisely only when we know the path which has led to the present. — Adlai E. Stevenson “I love a good interview. To me, there’s nothing so useful for demystifying the creative process as hearing an artist or entrepreneur speak from a very personal perspective about how, and why, they do what they do. This weekend, I combed through my archive of epic and inspiring interviews and came up with this shortlist. Straight talk from Ernest Hemingway, Dieter Rams, Patti Smith, Steve Jobs, Ansel Adams, Tina Brown, Chuck Close and more.” http://www.dailygood.org/more.php?n=4672 Apply visionary thinking today, to circumstances ordinary and otherwise. On balancing vision and routine: http://www.dailygood.org/more.php?n=4672a This entry was posted on July 13, 2011 at 6:45 am and is filed under Uncategorized. You can subscribe via RSS 2.0 feed to this post's comments. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.

Liam Drake Allentown Central Catholic Boys Lacrosse Class: Junior 2021-2022 28 13 Career Totals: 36 19 Ground Balls 03/26/2021 vs. Saucon Valley W 17-3 1 — — — — — 04/01/2021 vs. Freedom W 12-5 1 — — — — — 04/13/2021 @ Nazareth W 17-1 2 — — — — — 04/19/2021 @ Shipley School W 14-3 1 — — — — — 04/20/2021 @ Pleasant Valley W 23-1 1 — — — — — 04/29/2021 @ Northwestern Lehigh W 15-5 — 1 — — — — 05/04/2021 vs. Spring-Ford W 14-3 1 — — — — — 05/05/2021 @ Bethlehem Catholic W 19-3 — 1 — — — — 05/13/2021 @ Emmaus W 12-4 1 — — — — — 06/01/2021 vs. Devon Prep W 20-4 — 1 — — — — 06/05/2021 @ Penncrest W 15-3 — 1 — — — — 06/08/2021 @ Crestwood W 16-6 — 1 — — — — 06/12/2021 @ Mars W 14-5 — 1 — — — — Season Totals: 8 6 — — — —

Thought of the Day Aug. 14, 2021 A Thought for Today Hillview participated in something amazing last Friday, August 13. We are hosting the Ordination Service for our part of the Oregon-Idaho Annual Conference. Ordination Services do not usually happen in churches our size. I was ordained a Deacon thirty years ago at the Cathedral of the Rockies. I was ordained an Elder three years later at the Cathedral of the Rockies. These kinds of services are nothing new for the largest churches in our conference, but they feel like an honor in smaller churches like Hillview. An ordination service is a big deal. The Bishop will lay her hands on the Ordinand, and that person, who has already done so much work and preparation to reach this point, will have their life changed in that moment. It is the Church acknowledging that person’s call to ministry and conferring the honor of a lifetime commitment of doing God’s work. I am excited for every person who is ordained. I am also concerned for every person who is ordained. I do not know a single minister who has not faced angry and rude and mean-spirited church members at some point in their career. I have heard from many ministers who have post-traumatic stress disorders and other anxiety disorders from serving in ministry. Ministry is not for the weak. It is not for those who cannot face rejection. It is not for those who have a desire to be loved by everyone. When I first realized that church people are not always on good behavior, I was disillusioned. I was naïve. Any group of people will include those with anger issues, control issues, lack of healthy communication issues, and other issues. We are all human. The difference is that we expect more from church people. We expect church members to follow the teachings of Jesus, which are largely about how we treat one another. We expect people in a church to forgive, to love, to express hurt feelings and anger in an open and healthy manner, not to carry grudges, and to be humble and open to being wrong. We do not expect anonymous notes, ugly texts, backbiting, rude comments, and vicious emails. But they happen. And pastors and church leaders are not equipped to handle them. We usually end up enabling the people in their ugliness, rather than helping them to change. Will this behavior change in the church for those who are being ordained this year? No. This behavior existed toward Jesus! There were people who considered his teachings to be too difficult and they stopped following him. There were disciples and others who spoke behind his back, and who were surprised when he knew what they were thinking and saying. There was even one disciple who betrayed him to the authorities, and the rest who denied having known him. We pastors are not Jesus. If Jesus was treated this way, do we really think that we will be treated differently? What can we do? We can pray for the new ordinands. We can look at ourselves and our own behavior. We can talk with our own leaders about no longer enabling bad behavior. Maggie Thompson, a minister of education and visitation at Hillview when I was first appointed here, used to tell a story about a friend who wanted to receive an autographed picture of a famous celebrity. The friend harassed the celebrity until the celebrity finally mailed a picture to her. The celebrity had written, “Rude is just rude.” When I face people who are abusive in the church, that phrase runs through my mind. Let’s not be rude.

Lady Rapier Lady Rapier was founded by Biatrichi Canzoniere and Delphina de Champeaux in the early 90s to support women in SCA fencing. Biatrichi says this about its founding: "We came home from a tournament that was really frustrating for both of us as fighters. Despite the great achievements of Dona Gwenno, Dona Gwenneth, and other women in fencing, we felt that we did not have the same access to equipment and training for women in all groups of the kingdom. Instead of whining about it, we decided to do something. We came up with an idea in my apartment living room in Houston to set up a Yahoo Group called Lady Rapier. This would be a place for us to get in touch with other women fighters and discuss what we needed to do to stay focused, and on track towards our goals. Being Don Etienne du Montagu's cadet (now Etienne du Montagu, MOD), she primarily ran the list for many years and it grew to include members from all over the SCA. Once Yahoo decided to shut down its forums, and other ways to communicate became more popular, it died an organic death. There were many more women fighting and all equipment had taken a huge technological leap. Plus, neither Delphina nor I were fighting anymore. Her reason was health, and mine was having a toddler underfoot. What we didn't know until many years later was that there was a tournament at Pennsic, for women rapier fighters, run by former members of the group. The Lady Rapier tournament was created to showcase fighters, build community, and allow those that had only met online to cross swords. This tournament still exists and has also expanded to include Gulf Wars." Delphina and Biatrichi are now both members of the Valkyrie Company, and support its expanded role to help gender minority fighters, in all the martial disciplines, work together towards better access, training, and equipment. Retrieved from "https://historian.ansteorra.org/wiki/index.php?title=Lady_Rapier&oldid=20143"

1860 Australia - Johnson ALVIN JEWETT JOHNSON Johnson's Australia Compiled, Drawn and Engraved under the supervision of J. H. Colton and A. J. Johnson. Despite being advertised at steel engravings, the maps in the 1860 version of Johnson's Family Atlas were in fact hand colored stone lithographs. Lithograph, Hand Colored Sheet Size 14 x 17.8 inches Publisher: Johnson and Browning, Richmond VG condition with age toning, spotting to image area, stainging to margin Continent: Oceania Region: Oceania Alvin Jewett Johnson (1827-1884). Starting out at a door to door salesman for book subscriptions, he turned his attention to publishing maps, atlases and books early in his life. Moving to New York City in 1857, he began to support J.H. Colton in the publishing of his atlases. Eventually, Johnson began to publish his own Atlases, becoming a competator to Colton and S. Augustus Mitchell. Alvin Jewett Johnson (1827-1884). Starting out at a door to door salesman for book subscriptions, he turned his attention to publishing maps, atlases and books early in his life. Moving to New York City in 1857, he began to support J.H. Colton in the publishing of his atlases. Eventually, Johnson began to publish his own Atlases, becoming a competitor to Colton and S. Augustus Mitchell. From Johnson's New Illustrated Family Atlas, 1860. From Johnson's New Illustrated Family Atlas, 1860. Published from 1860 to 1887, these atlases are fascinating because they document the growth of the United States, showing the development of new states and the expansion of railroad lines. Collections: Maps, Maps - Oceania, Products Category: 1800s, Alvin Jewett Johnson, Australia, Joseph Colton, Maps, Oceania

You are here: Home » Structures » Carmarthenshire » Carmarthen: Castle remains Carmarthen Castle remains This castle was besieged, defended and captured many times in the medieval period, before it was partially demolished in the 17th century to prevent its use in the Civil War. In the 15th century Edmund Tudor, father of King Henry VII, died soon after being imprisoned here by Yorkists. The castle evolved from a motte and bailey defence on the site, built in 1109. The stone castle had probably been built by the time it was captured by Llywelyn Fawr, the first Prince of Wales, in 1215. He held it until 1223, when it reverted to the English crown. From 1280 it was the official headquarters of the government of South Wales. The rebel forces of Owain Glyndŵr took the castle in 1405. In 1456 King Henry VI sent his half-brother Edmund Tudor to restore royal authority in South Wales. Having secured Carmarthen Castle and been made its custodian, Edmund was imprisoned by Sir William Herbert and others loyal to Richard of York, who saw himself as heir to the throne and was nominally the castle’s constable. Edmund died in Carmarthen on 3 November 1456, aged 25, possibly a result of general poor health, disease or maltreatment in custody. He was buried at Greyfriars’ Priory in the town, and later moved to St Davids Cathedral. His wife Margaret Beaufort was pregnant with their son Henry, who founded the Tudor dynasty. Henry was born on 28 January 1457 and spent most of his childhood as a ward of Sir William Herbert, growing up with the Herbert children at Raglan Castle. Later he went into exile in France with Jasper, Edmund’s brother. During the subsequent Wars of the Roses, Carmarthen Castle was controlled by Sir Rhys ap Thomas, chief justice of South Wales. His support was decisive in Henry Tudor’s victory over King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. In the 18th century a new jail was built inside the castle, by then in ruins. The jail was later enlarged to occupy most of the castle site. The picture above of the castle and town (courtesy of the National Library of Wales) was included in Thomas Pennant’s books about Wales in the late 18th century. The jail site was partially reused in the 1930s for the new County Hall, headquarters of Carmarthenshire County Council. Castle House, now a tourist information centre, stands inside the castle remains and contains Victorian custody cells. Postcode: SA31 1JP View Location Map Website of Castle House A medical probe into the paranormal Mar 12, 2012 Ghost experts warned the occupants of Conwy's Compton House never to open ... [More] Tarantula alert in Llandudno Junction Mar 2, 2012 Today the old banana warehouse in Llandudno Junction is full of antiques, but in the olden days scary spiders were... [More] Our oldest HiPoint yet, 450 million years ago Feb 22, 2012 HiPoints normally relate to the last few centuries, but now we've added one for a site that dates back 450 million ... [More]

President’s Advisory Commission on Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders Meeting By Web26 TV May 12, 2022 On May 12, 2022, the President’s Advisory Commission on Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, authorized under President Biden’s Executive Order 14031, met to discuss full and draft recommendations by the Commission’s Subcommittees. These Subcommittees are: Belonging, Inclusion, Anti-Asian Hate, Anti-Discrimination; Data Disaggregation; Language Access; Economic Equity; Health Equity; and Immigration and Citizenship Status. Study – Covid: Pfizer’s mRNA Vaccine Goes Into Liver Cells and Is Converted to DNA May 12th, 2022: Statements by Donald J. Trump, 45th President of the United States of America

Experience the Vibrant Festivals of Jammu Jammu, also known as the “City of Temples,” is the winter capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. The city is known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse festivals, which are celebrated with great enthusiasm and zeal by its people. Let’s take a closer look at some of the major festivals of Jammu. Baisakhi Shivratri Bahu Mela Jhiri Mela Basohli Festival Urs Festival Lohri is a popular festival celebrated in Jammu to mark the end of the winter season. It is celebrated with bonfires, dancing, and feasting on traditional delicacies like makki ki roti and sarson ka saag. Baisakhi is a major festival celebrated in Jammu to mark the beginning of the new year according to the Sikh calendar. On this day, people take a dip in the holy rivers and visit gurudwaras to offer prayers. Navratri is a nine-day festival celebrated in Jammu to honor the goddess Durga. It is marked by fasting, praying, and performing Garba and Dandiya dances. Shivratri is a major festival celebrated in Jammu in honor of Lord Shiva. People visit the famous Shivkhori Cave to offer prayers to Lord Shiva. Bahu Mela is a popular fair held in Jammu during Navratri. It is marked by stalls selling handicrafts and traditional food items, along with cultural programs and performances. Jhiri Mela is a popular festival celebrated in Jammu to honor the farmer saint Baba Jitto. The festival is marked by a large fair and cultural programs. Diwali is a major festival celebrated in Jammu with great enthusiasm. It is marked by lighting diyas and candles, bursting firecrackers, and feasting on traditional delicacies. Basohli Festival is a cultural festival celebrated in Jammu to promote the art and culture of the region. It is marked by performances of traditional music and dance, along with exhibitions of local handicrafts. Urs Festival is celebrated in memory of the Sufi saint Baba Chamliyal. The festival is marked by a large fair and a procession to the shrine of Baba Chamliyal. Holi is also celebrated in Jammu, just like the rest of India, with great enthusiasm and fervor. People gather to play with colors, exchange sweets, and enjoy traditional delicacies. Holi is a celebration of the victory of good over evil and the arrival of spring, and is a popular festival celebrated in Jammu as well. Special Note: Holidays Hunt is a leading tour operator that offers a wide range of tour packages to Jammu and Kashmir. Whether you are looking to explore the beautiful valleys of Kashmir or immerse yourself in the rich cultural heritage of Jammu, Holidays Hunt has a tour package that will meet your needs. Their tour packages are designed to offer a comfortable and hassle-free travel experience, and include accommodation, transportation, and sightseeing activities. With a team of experienced and knowledgeable tour guides, Holidays Hunt ensures that you have a memorable and enjoyable trip to Jammu and Kashmir. Whether you are a solo traveler or traveling with family and friends, Holidays Hunt’s Jammu and Kashmir tour packages are the perfect way to experience the beauty and culture of this enchanting region. Check Our Jammu and Kashmir Tour Packages

Pregnant Survivor Breast cancer patient fights cancer while pregnant, raises awareness for research and prevention Jennifer Wilson Ratanya Manigault found out she had triple-negative breast cancer when she was pregnant with her second child. Now she's helping to raise awareness. Photo by Emma Vought At 20 weeks pregnant, Ratanya Manigault discovered she was expecting her second baby girl. One week later in April, she discovered she had stage 2 triple-negative breast cancer. “I felt like somebody punched me. I didn’t know what to do,” Manigault says. Fast-forward to October, and Manigault now is enjoying time with her second daughter, Serenity Anwar Manigault, who was born August 21 at 6 pounds, 13 ounces. “Perfect” is the only word her mother has to describe her. A miracle is what others might say. Manigault, who was referred to Hollings Cancer Center at the Medical University of South Carolina, had a little over two weeks to recover from her planned C-section before she underwent a bilateral mastectomy. This surgery was a success, with good news that no cancer was found in her lymph nodes. She is now in recovery and plans to have reconstructive surgery somewhere between six months and a year. It’s been a long journey to get here. In early April, the 33-year-old mother of a 4-year-old was blissfully preparing her nursery for her second child. Married for five years, she was beyond excited for the new addition to her family. Luckily, expecting another girl meant she didn’t need to buy all new clothes; she also planned on using the same crib that her first daughter slept in years ago. Late one night, though, while putting on pajamas to get ready for bed, she felt a lump in her left breast. Since she already had an appointment scheduled with her OB-GYN the following week, she decided to bring it up then. At the end of her appointment the next week, she casually brought up the lump, and her doctor reassured her that it’s normal for breasts to change during pregnancy. To be on the safe side, she recommended she go in for an ultrasound — she also included a biopsy on the order, just in case it was determined necessary. Two days later, Manigault arrived for her appointment. The radiology technician performed the ultrasound but wasn’t sure what she was looking at. She told Manigault she’d need a biopsy, and it would be about two to three weeks before she could schedule her for one. Knowing the importance of self-advocacy, Manigault immediately spoke up and said a biopsy was already included for her appointment that day. The technician went to double-check and, sure enough, it was included. “She told me she was so glad I spoke up because it could’ve been almost a month before I would’ve been able to come back.” The biopsy was done that day. Manigault went home to wait on her results. As a patient services coordinator at Amedisys Home Health and Hospice Care, she knew how critical these situations could be. “I work in health care, and I know that when we do lab work on patients, if it’s critical, we call right away, even on the weekend. So, in my mind, I’m thinking, if it’s critical, they’ll call this weekend.” She went about her weekend, spending time with her husband and daughter, trying not to think about the call that could change her whole life. No one called. She started to relax. “First thing Monday morning, I got the call that I had abnormal cells. Cancer,” she says. “I was lost – initially. Nobody wants to hear that, and I wasn’t expecting to hear that so young in my life. I had to let it all process, and it got better over time.” After her worst fears were confirmed, everything moved at lightning speed for her. She got referred to MUSC Hollings Cancer Center and around noon the next day, she was already getting calls from Denise Kepecs, a breast nurse navigator, to schedule her appointments with Young Lee, M.D., an oncologist, and Christopher Goodier, M.D., an OB-GYN in Maternal Fetal Medicine. Manigault confesses she was not excited to be a patient at Hollings initially. She was worried about being treated at such a large organization and getting lost in the shuffle. Those fears were quickly quashed by meeting with her team: Lee, Goodier and Mark Lockett, M.D., a surgical oncologist. “They were so proactive. When I would leave one appointment with Dr. Lee, she would immediately call Dr. Goodier. Being pregnant, it’s so important that they coordinate and talk because just because something may be right for me, we also have to think about my baby. They commit their time, their care and they show great compassion. They treat you like they are gonna beat this, they are gonna fight this with you. Like you’re not in it by yourself,” she says. The other advantage of being at MUSC Hollings Cancer Center is that it is a National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, one of 71 such centers in the nation and the only one in the state. That means it has researchers looking for treatments to cure cancer, particularly ones like what she has since triple negative breast cancer can be more aggressive and difficult to treat. Because Manigault was only 32 at the time she was diagnosed with breast cancer, she was tested and discovered to have a mutation in the BRCA2 gene. Women who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation have an increased risk of breast cancer and are at a higher risk for developing triple-negative breast cancer, which she has. Hollings Cancer Center researcher and oncologist Antonio Giordano, M.D., Ph.D., is currently conducting three promising research projects on triple-negative breast cancer. There are three main receptors in breast cancer: ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; and HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor two. Triple negative means that the three receptors are all negative. When all of the three receptors are negative, the subtype is called triple negative. It affects 20% of all the breast cancer patients seen in the United States and has fewer treatment options compared to other subtypes. It’s also more likely to affect younger people, African Americans and Hispanics. “It's important to offer additional treatment options to our patients. Triple negative is such an aggressive type of cancer that has such a poor prognosis,” says Giordano. “The three projects have the potential to offer progress in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. The common theme among these three specific aims is overcoming resistance. We aim to find novel treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer and hopefully offer better treatment options to such a critical population of breast cancer patients.” While Manigault wasn’t happy to discover that she had a predisposition to being diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer, it did help her understand why she was dealing with a cancer diagnosis at such a young age. “It was already in my makeup. Before they tested me, they told me they suspected I might have it. It made sense,” she says. Manigault completed as many chemotherapy treatments as possible – four rounds – while she was pregnant. Lee explained to her that the goal was to be done with chemo by week 35, as it takes about three to four weeks for chemotherapy to “get out of the system” in time for the delivery of the baby. For now, the plan is to continue chemotherapy – four rounds every three weeks. After her chemotherapy treatments are complete, Manigault will work with radiation oncologist Jennifer Harper, M.D. As Manigault looks forward to the holidays with her daughters, she wants to share that women can be pregnant, have cancer, receive chemotherapy and give birth to a healthy baby. “Just like any medications, there are risks and side effects, but medicine and technology have evolved so much. If you are diagnosed while pregnant, you don’t have to terminate. You can still bring a beautiful life into the world. Some people think that you can’t fight cancer while pregnant. People brought up termination to me all the time, but it was never a thought in my mind. Never a possibility. And my doctors never brought it up as something I needed to think about.” Her hope is to hear these words one day: “‘Mrs. Manigault, we did all the scans, looked at everything, and you are cancer free.’ That thought runs through my mind multiple times every day. And then we are over it. We are done. We are good.” In the meantime, she’s thankful for research that’s being done that makes that vision more of a reality. She is focused on beating cancer and being there for her family. “I have people to live for. I have people that need me.” Triple Negative Hollings Cancer Center clinical scholar researches novel triple-negative breast cancer treatments. Hidden Scar surgery provides a woman the opportunity to preserve the natural look of her breast without a visible scars. Hollings Cancer Center will roll out new mind-body class for patients and survivors to enhance health. Development Communications Manager Categories: Cancer, Pediatrics, Research

T-Cell Therapy Novel adoptive cell transfer method shortens timeline for T-cell manufacture Caroline Wallace Hannah Knochelmann’s research discovered a way to speed up T-cell therapy that makes this potent treatment broadly accessible for cancer patients. Photo provided Adoptively transferred T-cells can prolong survival and sometimes cure patients with advanced solid tumors. While promising, it can take months to generate the necessary T-cells to help these patients. Such slow speed makes this therapy impractical for most patients who need immediate treatment. In the September issue of Cancer Research, Hannah Knochelmann, a student in the Medical Scientist Training Program at the Medical University of South Carolina and researcher in Chrystal Paulos’ laboratory, teamed up with investigators at three NCI-designated cancer centers — MUSC Hollings Cancer Center, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University and The James at The Ohio State University — to report a new approach to generate T-cells faster for patients in the near future. The human immune system contains two main types of T-cells: CD4 and CD8. This team cut down the time needed to manufacture T-cells from several months to less than one week by using a remarkably potent CD4 T-cell subset, called Th17 cells. “In fact,” Knochelmann explained, “very few Th17 cells were needed to eradicate multiple different types of tumors effectively. This new milestone could widen inclusion criteria to promote access to T-cell therapy for more patients with metastatic disease.” Adoptive T-cell transfer therapy, which is the transfer of therapeutic T-cells into a patient, is used in only a handful of institutions around the world. This makes a potent therapy inaccessible for the general population. These protocols often use billions of CD8 T-cells, which have cytotoxic properties that allow them to kill cancerous cells. However, it takes weeks of growth in cell culture to grow enough CD8 T-cells to be used in a single treatment. Paulos, who is Knochelmann’s mentor and director of Translational Research for Cutaneous Malignancies at Emory University, said, “What is most remarkable about this finding is that we can build on this platform to bring T-cells to patients all over the world.” A subset of CD4 T-cells, Th17 cells, are most effective at killing tumor cells when they are grown in cell culture for only four days. Figure provided The best effector Th17 cells are grown in cell culture for only four days before being infused into the host. Any shorter or any longer in culture reduced the efficacy of the treatment. While the team could generate more Th17 cells over several weeks, more cells were actually equally or less effective compared with fewer Th17 cells expanded only four days. This finding highlights the potential that T-cell therapy can be administered to patients sooner, a discovery that has immediate clinical implications. Another limitation of conventional T-cell therapy is that patients can relapse — cancer can return even after seemingly successful treatment. Therefore, Knochelmann and the team sought to develop a therapy that was long-lived while understanding factors that can prevent relapse. They found that day-four Th17 cell therapy provides a long-lasting response. Interestingly, IL-6 was a key cytokine in fueling these T-cells to prevent relapse after treatment. This cytokine destabilized the regulatory T-cells, the brakes of the immune system, which empowered the Th17 cells to kill cancer cells. Paulos said the researchers want this data to inspire physicians with a new way of thinking about immunotherapy. “This treatment has the potential to be very versatile. If the tumor can be targeted, meaning that a unique identifier for the tumor is known, this treatment can be effective. Thus, this therapy can be used to treat patients with either liquid or solid tumors.” Knochelmann said the core facilities and research environment at MUSC were a critical piece for the success of this work. “Many colleagues gave me key advice on this discovery. In fact, this work is a great example of what can be accomplished when different minds come together. It has been inspiring and rewarding to work on improving medicine for the future.” This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Melanoma Research Foundation, as independent grants were awarded to both Knochelmann and Paulos. The research team is now collaborating with surgeons and medical oncologists to develop their findings into applicable treatments for patients. “Our vision is that T-cell products will be generated for patients within a few days,” Knochelmann said, “so these therapies can help all patients in need, especially those needing treatment quickly.” Immunotherapy Grants Hollings Cancer Center researcher Jessica Thaxton, Ph.D., received two grants to further her work on the stress that immune cells face when fighting tumors. T-Cell Treatment Researchers at Hollings are developing a clinical trial involving the use of T-cells, normally a part of cancer treatment, to fight COVID-19. Aggressive Cancers Breakthrough discovery finds that T cells with a protein called CD26 on their surface have the best cancer-fighting potential. Categories: Cancer, Research

Category Archives: Cannes Film Festival Cannes, Cannes Film Festival, Festival Poster, television The Official Poster of the 75th Festival de Cannes The red carpet that leads up the steps to the hope of being in the limelight. A poetic celebration of the insuperable quest for expression and freedom. An upward journey to contemplate the past and move ahead towards the promise of a revival. From Tuesday, May 17 to Saturday, May 28, the Festival de Cannes will hold its 75th edition, and here is its poster. Just as the unforgettable Truman embodied by the one-and-only Jim Carrey whose fingers brush his horizon, the Festival de Cannes takes the extreme nature of the world in its stride in order to grasp it again. The climate crisis, humanitarian disasters, and armed conflicts… the reasons for concerns are numerous. As in 1939 and in 1946, the Festival is once again asserting its strong conviction that art and cinema are where contemplation and the renewal of society unravel. And yet it remains faithful to its founding commitment enshrined in article 1 of its rules: “The purpose of the Festival International du Film, in a spirit of friendship and universal cooperation, is to reveal and showcase quality films in the interest of the evolution of the art of cinematography.” Peter Weir and Andrew Niccol’s The Truman Show(1998) is a modern reflection of Plato’s cave and the decisive scene urges viewers to not only experience the border between reality and its representation but to ponder the power of fiction, between manipulation and catharsis. Just as Truman escapes falsehood as he rises, the Festival, with its famous ascending red carpet, offers viewers the truth of the artists when they enter the theater. Cannes, Cannes Film Festival, Feature Film, Featured, Festival de Cannes History of the Cannes Film Festival – Part IX the 2010s During the 2010s, the Awards continued to highlight the exacting artistry of international filmmakers at the Cannes Film Festival, from Apichatpong Weerasethakul (Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives) to Bong Joon-ho (Parasite). In 2013, a personal favorite, Blue is the Warmest Color, took home the Palm D’Or. In 2015, another personal favorite took home the Palm D’Or, Dheepan. Kalieaswari Srinivasan, Jacques Audiard, Jesuthasan Antonythasa – Palme d’Or – Dheepan (Image Credit : AFP / Valery Hache) In 2017 industry leaders and businesses, the public, and around 100 artists, all gathered for an extraordinary festival, and to celebrate the 70th Cannes Film Festival. In 2018 the festival had its first all-female presentation team led by Kate Blanchett and Agnes Varda. Cate Blanchett – President of the Feature Films Jury (Image Credit : François Silvestre De Sacy /FDC) By 2020, a “Special Session” was in order as the coronavirus was rampaging the global community. A unique selection of 56 feature films and 28 short films were distributed around the planet under the banner: Cannes 2020. The solidarity achieved over the years between the Cannes Film Festival and major film events allowed for a continuance. Stay tuned as the countdown to the 75th Festival de Cannes is on! Agnès VardaKate Blanchett Cannes, Cannes Film Festival, Documentary Who Are the Marcuses? April 7, 2022 HollywoodGlee Leave a comment Who Are The Marcuses? is a soon-to-be-released documentary feature about a mysterious couple whose more than half a billion-dollar gift to Ben Gurion University of the Negev ignites a re-imagining of conflict resolution in the Middle East and peace through the Earth’s most precious resource: water. Currently, the film has an eye on festival play starting in late summer through the fall of 2022. Ben Gurion University of the NegevConflict ResolutionpeaceThe Middle East Cannes, Cannes Film Festival Baz Luhrmann’s Elvis Making World Premiere at the 75th Cannes Film Festival Australian director, screenwriter, and producer Baz Luhrmann will be at the Cannes Film Festival to present the world premiere of his latest film, Elvis, along with Austin Butler, Tom Hanks, and Olivia DeJonge. Elvis will be released in North America on June 24, 2022, and worldwide from June 22, 2022. Elvis focuses on the life and work of Elvis Presley (Austin Butler), through the prism of his complex relationship with his mysterious manager, Colonel Tom Parker (Tom Hanks). AUSTIN BUTLER as Elvis and TOM HANKS as Col. Tom Parker in Warner Bros. Drama “ELVIS” Pictures, a film distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. Photo courtesy of Warner Bros. Pictures The story delves into the complex dynamic between Presley and Parker over more than 20 years, from Presley’s rise to stardom to his unprecedented stardom, as America experiences major socio-cultural upheaval and loses its innocence. At the heart of this journey is one of the most important and influential people in Elvis’ life, Priscilla Presley (Olivia DeJonge). A flamboyant filmmaker, Baz Luhrman is the only director to present two feature films at the opening of the Cannes Film Festival with Moulin Rouge! in 2001, selected in Competition, and Gatsby the Magnificent in 2013. In 1992, he caused a sensation at the 45th edition of the Festival with his first film Ballroom Dancing, screened in the Un Certain Regard section. Baz Luhrmann’s Elvis is being produced by Bazmark and The Jackal Group and will be distributed by Warner Bros. Picture worldwide. Austin ButlerBaz LuhrmannElvisElvis PresleyOlivia DeJongeTom HanksWarner Bros. Cannes, Cannes Film Festival, Film Festival, World Cinema History at the Cannes Film Festival – Part VII the 1990’s The 1990s ushered in a time of significant change globally and that change was reflected at the Cannes Film Festival. “Promotion” became the driving new buzzword. Hardly anyone was more creative than Madonna. After Italian politician, La Cicciolina, answered the age-old question of how to dress at Cannes, the former porn actress wore an outfit that seemed more appropriate for the bedroom than the red carpet, Madonna walked the steps and red carpet with her La Cicciolina-inspired outfit. True to say cinema had broken loose and perpetual change was underway. In 1990, Federico Fellini presented The Voice of the Moon at the Cannes Film Festival. Fellini had once declared that “Cannes is like a natural harbor for a film to moor in”. Despite having once said that he didn’t like ceremonies, this was his tenth film presented on La Croisette, after films such as The Nights of Cabiria in 1957, La Dolce Vita in 1960, Amarcord in 1974, and City of Women in 1980. The Festival paid tribute to him by presenting effigies of his characters on the Festival’s Louis Lumière theater stage curtain. The Voice of the Moon would be the last film by the legendary director who died in 1994. Federico Fellini (Cr.Cannes_Festival) In 1991, the award winners chosen under the presidency of Roman Polanski stirred up less debate but nevertheless set a precedent. The members of the jury, swept up by their enthusiasm, attributed all the major awards to the film Barton Fink. The Coen brothers won the Palme d’Or and the award for Best Director and the award for Best Actor went to its star John Turturro. From then on the Festival forbade future juries from attributing all the major awards to one film. In 1993, the Palme d’Or was jointly awarded to Farewell, My Concubine by Chen Kaige, and to a woman, the director Jane Campion for The Piano. With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the first ‘Cinema & Liberty’ conference was held and attracted a hundred plus directors from all around the world. Tellingly, prizes were awarded to representatives from around the world: Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Eastern European countries. The Festival also surpassed 20000 participants. In 1995, American Sharon Stone was all the rage as she was on full display making a name for herself with controversial scenes in the neo-noir erotic thriller, Basic Instinct. The following year Quintin Tarantino premiered his Palme d’Or-winning, cult-classic, Pulp Fiction. Quintin Tarantino (Cr. Cannes_Festival) But, 1995 seemed to be a pivotal year in capturing the spirit of the time with new film genres utilizing the camera as a witness to history and capturing socio-cultural issues of the day such as the phenomenon of suburban slums with Matthieu Kassovitz’s film La Haine (Hate), which took the Best Director’s prize, or the fight against racism with the film Jungle Fever by the renowned Spike Lee. These new contemporary genres and accompanying film work created a buzz in public opinion as well as a source of controversy. Undeniably, the recurrent reproach had been that the Festival rewards cinema d’auteur and not what the public wants to watch. The nineties largely proved this wrong. The decade saw the Palme d’Or going to The Piano, Quentin Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction, Secrets and Lies by Mike Leigh, and other prizes going to Hate by Mathieu Kassovitz and The Eighth Day by Jaco van Dormael, all of which were big box office successes. In certain cases, the Cannes Festival has even helped a film to find its public. Cinema Paradiso initially met with very poor reception in Italy. In 1989, its director Giuseppe Tornatore shortened it by half an hour before presenting it at Cannes. It won the Jury Grand Prix and went on to be an international success. With its worldwide reputation, the Festival continued to grow throughout the 1990s and left an indelible mark with such iconic moments as the Italian actor-director Roberto Benigni’s satisfaction, on his knees under the spotlights, after winning for his film Life is Beautiful at the end of the 90s. These films left their mark on the history of worldwide cinema, contributing to the democratization of various social phenomena such as homosexuality with the film Happy Together by Wong Kar-Wai. 50 years of promoting cinema Growing over the years, the Cannes Film Festival celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1997. 1,289 films from all around the world had been part of the official selection since the first Festival in 1946, through 50 years of cinema that has captured the evolution of our societies. Stay tuned for new awareness and the new millennium! Federico FelliniLa CicciolinaMadonnaWong Kar-Wai Cannes, Cannes Film Festival, Festival de Cannes, Film Festival History of the Cannes Film Festival – Part VI the 1980s The Cannes Film Festival, until 2003 called the International Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world and is widely considered the most important festival in the world in terms of impact as it draws attention to and raises profiles of films contributing to the development of cinema, globally boosts the industry and celebrates film at an international level, As such, a ten-part series on the Cannes Film Festival is underway with the publishing of the History of the Cannes Film Festival – Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. As the scandals of the 1960s subsided and the advent and sprouting of the Directors Fortnight during the 1970s, the decade of the 1980s promised hope and witnessed the emergence of foreign cinemas that theretofore had been forbidden to be exported, were now being screened. While the diplomatic barriers were being shaken, the festival’s reputation as a filmmakers’ forum emerged. Cannes had proven its commitment to defending the filmmaker’s freedom of expression. In 1983, the choice of winners was sharply criticized, with the jury giving out additional Jury’s Grand Prix and a Grand Prix for art films at the last minute. The choice of films presented largely stressed committed cinema that never gives in to government pressure. This was also the decade that gave rise to socially aware young directors. The Tin Dum Françoise Sagan, the president of the jury of the Cannes Film Festival in 1979, sparked off a major scandal in Cannes by declaring: “It is true that I tried to put pressure on the jury. I did so simply because the day before, Mr. Favre le Bret completely stepped out of his role by trying to do the exact same thing.” Françoise Sagan was in favor of awarding the Palme d’Or to Volker Schlöndorff’s film The Tin Drum, while a number of jury members preferred Apocalypse Now. At the last minute, both films were awarded the Palme d’Or, the highest prize awarded at the Cannes Film Festival. In 1983, Robert Favre le Bret, after witnessing the birth and evolution of the festival, stepped down as President of the Cannes Film Festival passing the torch to Pierre Viot. Viot teamed up with the 1978 appointed Delegate General (Director of the Festival), Gilles Jacob. Jacob had created the Caméra d’Or prize for the best first film which could be awarded to a film from any one of the three parallel events (the Official Cannes Selection, the Directors’ Fortnight, and Critics’ Week). He also grouped together the non-competitive categories in a selection called Un Certain Regard. In addition, the town decided the Palais de la Croisette had become too small for the event and ordered the construction of the Palais des Congrès. The municipality’s initial idea for expanding the Palais Croisette was not viable and, given the Festival’s growing success, there was a need to go big and build a new one. Palais des Festivals et des Congrès 1983 Its time had come and in 1983 the new Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was ready. The stakes were high as the structure would host numerous events throughout the year. Upon opening, many complained the architecture was too boxy and many described it as “a hideous concrete blockhouse.” Yet, the bunker style was accepted though it wasn’t a perfect fit for the festival. Nevertheless, the famous twenty-four steps decorated with the red carpet has welcomed tens of thousands of festival-goers, and hundreds of screenings, and helped maintain the ongoing popularity of the Film Market. Palais des Festivals et des Congrès In 1986 the 39th Cannes Festival was declared open by 14-year-old Charlotte Gainsbourg and 94-year-old Charles Vanel, hand in hand symbolizing the tradition of the past and the emerging talent of the present day. Charlotte Gainsbourg and Charles Vanel (Image cr. AFP) The duo of Viot and Jacob formed a well-balanced team, between boldness and tradition. The Festival continued its efforts to protect freedom of expression and promote cinema as a whole, but it also became committed to defending thematically the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Say tuned for the barrier-breaking 1990s! Rights of Man and of the Citizen. History of the Cannes Film Festival – Part V Directors Fortnight and the 1970s The Cannes Film Festival, until 2003 called the International Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world and is widely considered the most important festival in the world in terms of impact as it draws attention to and raises profiles of films contributing to the development of cinema, globally boosts the industry and celebrates film at an international level, As such, a ten-part series on the Cannes Film Festival is underway with the publishing of the History of the Cannes Film Festival – Parts I, II, III, and IV. Following the crisis of May 18, 1968, the Cannes festival needed a breath of fresh air and the Directors Fortnight (La Quinzaine des Réalisateurs) of 1969 oxygenated the release of ideological constraints, opening the way for new ideas and cinema representation propagated on May 18th. Directors Fortnight 1969 The Fortnight, initiated by the French Directors Guild, was a major evolution for independent cinema at the Festival, providing new directors an opportunity to make their work known. This new change quickly became the talk of the town, with the audience increasing exponentially from 4,000 filmgoers in 1970 to 72,000 in 1990. Starting in 1999 Fortnight programming was overseen by an artistic director. The current artistic director is Paolo Moretti who has programmed Director’s Fortnight since 2018. In 1972 Robert Favre Le Bret’s successor as the Cannes Film Festival’s Delegate General, Maurice Bessy, quickly understood the importance of parallel selections. He opened the Festival up to a wide range of films, such as the Studies and Documents section, the section dedicated to news films, and the section dedicated to compilation films and news archives. Stay tuned for the advent of new media in the 1980s decade at the Cannes Film Festival! artistic directorDirectors FortnightFrench Directors GuildLa Quinzaine des RéalisateursWorld Cinema History of the Cannes Film Festival – Part IV the 1960’s March 31, 2022 HollywoodGlee Leave a comment The Cannes Film Festival, until 2003 called the International Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world and is widely considered the most important festival in the world in terms of impact as it draws attention to and raises profiles of films contributing to the development of cinema, globally boosts the industry and celebrates film at an international level, As such, a nine-part series on the Cannes Film Festival is underway with the publishing of the History of the Cannes Film Festival – Part I, Part II, and Part III. As Cannes became a world-class film festival during the 1950s and through the advent of the Cold War, the Cannes Film Festival, still known as the International Film Festival, was attracting hundreds of journalists and celebrities alike. The end of WWII brought about renewed agreements, and exchanges. Numerous international cinematographic events were organized and put forth. Most filmmaking countries attended one another’s events as a sign of respect and friendship. But, in 1958, France entered into a constitutional crisis resulting in the demise of the 4th Republic and a needed transition to a new constitution and thereby, a new republic, the 5th Republic, on October 4th, 1958, led by Charles De Gaulle, who in turn became the first French president elected under the new republic in December of 1958. Meanwhile, André Malraux became the International Film Festival’s organizer. He was also the Minister of Cultural Affairs. He gave a new dimension to the competition and let the younger generations express themselves. Malraux’s selections were not always uncontroversial, but he imposed a film that led to one of the biggest French scandals of the decade, Jacques Rivette’s La Religieuse (The Nun). In 1959, André Malraux, in agreement with Robert Favre Le Bret (the Festival’s Delegate General), formalized the Film Market. This market moved into the Palais, asserting its role in developing the film industry. The International Film Market has grown each year and today is the largest event in the film industry worldwide. Critics’ Week comes to Cannes The film market did not make everyone happy, notably, those who judge films (cinema critics). In 1961, the Association Française de la Critique du Cinéma (French Syndicate of Cinema Critics) was founded, with Georges Sadoul as President. In 1962, the Association of Film Critics created Critics’ Week, a parallel event held outside the Palais that presented filmmakers’ first or second films. The public was particularly impressed by Bertrand Blier’s first feature film shown at this event, Hitler, connais pas . Hitler, connais pas The Cannes Film Festival gradually opened up to the International film world. Films from countries such as China, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Brazil began to feature amongst the award winners, and Japan was particularly in vogue with its Samurai films winning four Special Jury Prizes between 1960 and 1965. Since its creation, the Cannes Film Festival has seen quite a few scandals due to the choice of film selected, for various reasons. For example, in 1960, Federico Fellini’s La Dolce Vita, was considered pornographic by some people. This film was controversial at the Vatican, which threatened to excommunicate anyone who saw it. Viridiana And, there was also Luis Buñuel’s film Viridiana, which criticized religion and its deviations. Franco’s Spain tried to censor it, but the director sent the film anyway, which led to his being forbidden from returning to his country. In 1964, for the first time, the president of the jury was not an academic but a director named Fritz Lang. Since the festival’s very beginnings, the jury had always been led by writers such as André Maurois, Marcel Achard, Marcel Pagnol, Maurice Genevoix, Jean Giono. Up until this time, the film world had been qualified as a minor art form, but it would be legitimized by respected intellectual and cultural institutions such as the Académie Française. From then on, the 7th Art combining the six previous arts of architecture, sculpture, painting, music, poetry, dance, became more and more liberated and the members of the jury were increasingly chosen from the film world. In 1965, the actress Olivia de Havilland, pictured above, was the first woman president of the jury, followed the year after by Sofia Loren. Deep Social Malaise In May of 1968, France was overcome by a deep social malaise. The demonstrations started in and around Paris, and clashes with the police grew more intense. The crackdown was reinforced in the night of 10 to 11 May, leading to the country’s total paralysis. Despite the shockwaves that submerged the country, the Cannes Film Festival began on 11 May and was supposed to continue to 25 May. A much-awaited restored version of the famous Gone with the Wind was scheduled to be shown. In the following days, Eddie Barclay’s amazing parties provided a bit of light-heartedness amidst the national crisis. The atmosphere in Cannes was electric, and feelings were running especially high amongst the younger generation of filmmakers. François Truffaut at the turbulent 1968 Cannes Film Festival François Truffaut made the announcement, “Everything with any sort of dignity or importance in France has come to a stop. I propose that we bring Cannes to a halt to organize a debate about the future of French cinema!” The jury members pulled out one after the other, first Louis Malle, then Monica Vitti, and Roman Polanski. Peppermint Frappé The debates and the strike action that paralyzed the Palais du Festival became increasingly bitter. On the 18th of May, at the height of the troubles, Carlos Saura and Geraldine Chaplin prevented the showing of their film Peppermint Frappé by hanging onto the stage curtains. Directors and producers called for the Festival to be shut down to prevent things from degenerating any further. After negotiations and incidents, they got their way on 19 May 1968 at noon – the president of the Festival Robert Favre Le Bret decided to cancel the festival to prevent things from degenerating any further. The Palais immediately emptied out. Top Gun: Maverick To Hit Theaters May 27th! After more than thirty years of service as one of the Navy’s top aviators, Pete “Maverick” Mitchell (Tom Cruise) is where he belongs, pushing the envelope as a courageous test pilot and dodging the advancement in rank that would ground him. When he finds himself training a detachment of TOPGUN graduates for a specialized mission the likes of which no living pilot has ever seen, Maverick encounters Lt. Bradley Bradshaw (Miles Teller), call sign: “Rooster,” the son of Maverick’s late friend and Radar Intercept Officer Lt. Nick Bradshaw, aka “Goose.” Tom Cruise plays Capt. Pete “Maverick” Mitchell in Top Gun: Maverick from Paramount Pictures, Skydance and Jerry Bruckheimer Films. Credit: Scott Garfield. © 2019 Paramount Pictures Corporation. All rights reserved. Facing an uncertain future and confronting the ghosts of his past, Maverick is drawn into a confrontation with his own deepest fears, culminating in a mission that demands the ultimate sacrifice from those who will be chosen to fly it. Featurette: Check it out! IN THEATRES, DOLBY CINEMA, AND IMAX MAY 27, 2022 Ehren Kruger and Eric Warren Singer and Christopher McQuarrie Peter Craig and Justin Marks BASED ON CHARACTERS CREATED BY Jim Cash & Jack Epps, Jr. Jerry Bruckheimer, Tom Cruise, Christopher McQuarrie, David Ellison EXECUTIVE PRODUCED BY Tommy Harper, Dana Goldberg, Don Granger, Chad Oman, Mike Stenson Tom Cruise, Miles Teller, Jennifer Connelly, Jon Hamm, Glen Powell, Lewis Pullman, Charles Parnell, Bashir Salahuddin, Monica Barbaro, Jay Ellis, Danny Ramirez, Greg Tarzan Davis with Ed Harris and Val Kilmer Monica Barbaro and Tom Cruise on the set of Top Gun: Maverick from Paramount Pictures, Skydance and Jerry Bruckheimer Films. Scott Garfield © 2019 Paramount Pictures Corporation. All rights reserved. Bashir SalahuddinCharles ParnellDanny RamirezEd HarrisGlen PowellGooseGreg Tarzan DavisJay EllisJennifer ConnellyJon HammLewis PullmanMaverickMiles TellerMonica BarbaroRadar Intercept Officer Lt. Nick BradshawTom CruiseTOPGUNVal Kilmer History of the Cannes Film Festival – Part III The Cannes Film Festival, until 2003 called the International Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world and is widely considered the most important festival in the world in terms of impact as it draws attention to and raises profiles of films contributing to the development of cinema, globally boosts the industry and celebrates film at an international level, As such, a five-part series on the Cannes Film Festival is underway with the publishing of the History of the Cannes Film Festival – Part I, and History of the Cannes Film Festival – Part II. Cannes Becomes a World-Class Festival During the 1950s and through the advent of the Cold War, the Cannes Film Festival, still known as the International Film Festival, was attracting hundreds of journalists and celebrities alike. The end of WWII brought about renewed agreements, and exchanges. Numerous international cinematographic events were organized and put forth. Most filmmaking countries attended one another’s events as a sign of respect and friendship. The post-war international harmony soon gave way to a new crisis as the East and West were at odds at just about everything and the situation deteriorated very quickly during the various festivals. The Americans were thanked for their financial assistance and received special treatment, which was not to the liking of other countries, notably those of the Eastern Bloc. Cannes needed to step to the forefront and make a name for itself. To avoid problems in choosing the selections, an article allowed films to be withdrawn under certain conditions. But this measure, designed to smooth things over, quickly became another divisive issue. In 1956, the decision was taken to eliminate censorship, and a new era dawned for the Cannes Film Festival. All the foreign delegations complied with the customs of Cannes: after watching the films, they attended parties that sought to outdo each other in terms of their originality. Those organized by Unifrance Film left their mark on everyone’s memories. It was at this time that the Palais set up a stand with photos of actors and directors. In 1954, the first scandals erupted with the affair of the young British actress Simone Silva, who was photographed topless with Robert Mitchum at a picnic on the Lérins Islands. Brigitte Bardot, who quickly became a role model, was discovered at Cannes, also amplifying the Cannes phenomenon. The films selected met with unequaled commercial success.

The emotionally and physically charged lives of three people; a college professor, an ex-con and a young mother with a reckless past - collide unexpectedly in this gripping suspense thriller. Fate brought them together. Now vengeance will take them to the heights of love, the depths of revenge and the promise of redemption.

Fill The Void A young Hasidic woman is pressurised by her family to take as a husband the widower of her recently deceased sister in Rama Burshtein’s exploration of life within an ultra-orthodox Jewish community. This makes for a fascinating drama, as she maps out the culture and societal structures that dictate life, whilst never losing perspective of Shira’s predicament. Newcomer Hadas Yaron gives an impressive performance as the young bride-to-be.

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All About Tool Tool Review 3 Reasons Why Craftsman Battery Charger Is Blinking Green January 10, 2023 November 28, 2022 by Mike Stanton craftsman battery charger blinking green Craftsman is the brand name that you go for if you are looking for something that would fit your needs perfectly, and you can enjoy a smoother experience with all the sorts of tasks or jobs you might have at hand for it. They are also manufacturing some of the latest and best possible equipment when it comes to the tools, such as cordless tools that are battery-operated. So you don’t have to worry about a single thing while you are working on any sort of project where you don’t want to deal with the mess of cords or you would simply like to have a more portable experience. Craftsman also offers battery chargers that are specifically designed to work with their battery packs, and if it has a green light blinking on it, here is what it would mean: Craftsman Battery Charger Is Blinking Green Blinking Steadily The green light that has been blinking steadily on your craftsman battery charger is an indicator that the battery pack is connected to the charger properly and that it is being charged optimally as well. That means you don’t have to worry about a single thing, and you can just let the charger get its job done. The green light will be blinking for some time, and after the battery has been fully charged, it will turn steady green. That is the indicator that your battery is properly charged now, and you can take it off the charger to be installed on any equipment that you might want. Blinking Green For Too Long The green light on the charger will keep on blinking for as long as the battery is being charged and will only get stable once the battery is completely charged. So, it depends on how much charge your battery already has most of the time. And if your battery was deeply discharged, it might take a bit longer than normal to have it charged. Yet, if it is taking more than 5-6 hours and the light is still blinking green, that might be a signal that your battery is unable to store the charging. You will need to get it checked in order to make sure that you are not facing any such problems later on while using the battery with any of your cordless tools or other equipment. There are certainly some other indicators that you will need to know about the status of your battery and charger, and these are certainly a plus to have on any charger to know if something is not right. Yet, you don’t have to worry about them if you are getting the green light on your Craftsman battery charger since there are other colors, such as red, for warning indicators. If there is some major issue either with the charger or the battery, you will not be getting a green indicator. Instead, it will show you a red light that might be blinking or solid. On the other hand, if your charger is not in the best shape, now might be a good time to go through some basic fixes. There is no need to keep the battery hooked up to the charger when you can’t seem to get a response. Here are some more specifics on the issue. Check the Temperature Checking the temperature is one of the best methods to get more perspective on the situation. It is the most common cause behind the system not working. You will also be dealing with similar issues when the environmental conditions are a bit extreme in your condition. Extensive use in hotter temperatures will not only hold you back, but you will also struggle with the lifespan of the battery in some conditions. So, instead of using the battery for hours at a time, you should take 10-minute breaks after every 40 minutes of uptime. That will ensure that the battery pack doesn’t heat up and you are able to charge it properly. If you also find that the battery pack is hot to the touch and it won’t charge in the Craftsman charger even though it is blinking green, then you need to let it cool down. All that you need to do is to leave the battery out to charge for about 20 minutes and then plug that back into the charger. The same can be true if the battery is too cold. If you don’t have proper storage and the battery is stored outside in some conditions, then you will have to let it warm up. This doesn’t mean that you should try heating up the pack. Instead, you should let it warm up at room temperature and then try hooking it up with the charger. Hopefully, you will not have to deal with more errors down the road as you try to adjust the battery pack. Inspect Power Supply Sometimes, all that you need to do here is to inspect the power supply from the main source. It is not always the charger or the battery pack that is to blame here. So, you need to check up on the power supply to isolate these issues. All your focus should be on streamlining the power from the source. If the outlet is in poor shape, then you will have no luck with getting the battery to charge. So, to avoid that outcome, you can either hook up a multimeter with the power connections or hire an expert. We suggest that you go with the latter option as you will put yourself at risk if you’re inexperienced. Fixing the power connections might not seem that complicated, but it is simply too common for owners to electrocute themselves while trying to fix the power connections. So, you should hire an expert to avoid this possibility. He will not only help you get through the issue more efficiently, but you will not have to deal with the same problem for months to come. From there, you can schedule maintenance once every six months to keep everything working perfectly. A Quick Cleaning Cycle Will Help If you didn’t find any issues with the power source, then you will have to service the charger here. The green light blinking on the Craftsman charger will usually point toward normal operations, but issues with the gunk collected on the terminals can create issues here. So, you need to check the connection points on the charger as well as the battery pack itself to figure out the situation. There are no extensive steps involved here, and a quick cleaning cycle will help you get through these issues. Most of the time, you can just blast canned air on the charger and well as the battery pack to get ahead here. However, you will have to wipe away the gunk with a rust cleaner if the charger seems to be in poor shape. It all comes down to the current situation of the charger, and you need to make sure that the power can flow easily from the charger into the battery pack. There are no other steps involved, and your only focus should be on fixing the power connections. Try Using A Different Battery Pack At this point, you need to look at the battery pack to figure out the situation. If you’re sure that the hardware of the charger is in perfect shape, the cable is in good condition, and the terminals are optimal, then the battery is to blame. You will have to check up on the basic condition of the battery pack and then try using a different pack with the charger to get a better understanding of the issue. If the blinking green light does charge the battery pack, then you will be sure that the battery pack is to blame here. The only thing that can be done here is to dispose of the old battery according to the instructions mentioned in the manual and then get a new one. There are no methods that will help you get the desired performance from a faulty battery pack. For this reason, you should just proceed with the new battery, and you will be able to avoid a ton of pitfalls along the way. Claim The Warranty Lastly, if you find that none of these fixes fit your situation, then your charger is simply defective. There is no debate about it, and you will have to claim the warranty on the charger. Craftsman is one of the most robust brands on the market. You will not have to go through much hassle to get a new unit. So, all that you need to do is to forward a claim to the dealer and provide him with relevant proof. He will take a while to verify your claim, and you will have the new unit within the same week. While the green light blinking on the Craftsman charger shows that the battery is charging properly, that is not always the case. The fixes mentioned above should help you get through the station where the charger won’t work with the battery pack. So, be sure to test them out. 7 Approaches To Solve Schumacher Battery Charger Blinking Green Light Battery Tender Jr Blinking Green Light – 4 Signals and Its Meaning 5 Reasons Why Dremel Battery Charger Blinking Green 6 Troubleshooting Fixes When Craftsman Battery Charger Blinking Red 6 Ways To Get Rid Of Kobalt Battery Charger Blinking Green Issue Categories Troubleshoot How To Sharpen A Mattock (My 2 Go-To Methods) March 15, 2023 How To Use A Mattock? (Everything To Know) March 15, 2023 What Is A Mattock Used For? March 15, 2023 Difference Between Mattock And Pickaxe- Fully Explained March 15, 2023 How To Keep Tools from Rusting in A Shed? Try This Easy Guide! March 10, 2023 How To Use A Precision Screwdriver? (5 Easy Steps) March 10, 2023 What Is A Precision Screwdriver? March 10, 2023 How To Cut Wires Without Wire Cutter? March 10, 2023 How To Sharpen Wire Cutters? 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REPORT: Shaheen Holloway to St. Peter’s Shaheen Holloway has agreed to become the head basketball coach at St. Peter’s according to a report by Adam Zagoria. He would replace John Dunne who became the head coach at Marist back on April 3rd. HoopDirt.com mentioned Holloway’s involvement here back on 4/6 (Daily Dirt). Holloway, had been the associate head coach at Seton Hall for the past eight seasons. He also worked with Pirates head coach Kevin Willard at Iona where he spent three seasons. Holloway played his high school basketball at New Jersey’s St. Patrick HS, and then starred at Seton Hall. A press conference is scheduled for 12:00 tomorrow to make the announcement. Tagged with: MAAC Seton Hall Shaheen Holloway St. Peter's

Beautiful Vintage RARE Rocking Horse Grey Foal Beswick LOOK Here I have for sale a Beautiful &####128159; Vintage Beswick Rare Rocking Horse Grey Foal. Would make a perfect vintage gift. Items are always superbly wrapped. I only sell quality vintage and antique pieces. The item "Beautiful Vintage RARE Rocking Horse Grey Foal Beswick LOOK" is in sale since Saturday, February 6, 2021. This item is in the category "Collectables\Animal Collectables\Farm & Countryside Animals\Horses". The seller is "rhgr-1890" and is located in Cwmbran. This item can be shipped to United Kingdom, Antigua and barbuda, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Australia, United States, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, China, Israel, Hong Kong, Norway, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Bangladesh, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Barbados, Brunei darussalam, Cayman islands, Dominica, Egypt, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Guadeloupe, Grenada, French guiana, Iceland, Jersey, Jordan, Cambodia, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Liechtenstein, Sri lanka, Macao, Monaco, Maldives, Montserrat, Martinique, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Turks and caicos islands, Aruba, Saudi arabia, South africa, United arab emirates, Ukraine, Chile, Bahamas, Colombia, Costa rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Kuwait, Panama, Philippines, Qatar, Trinidad and tobago, Uruguay. Brand: Beswick Manufacturer: Beswick Mounted/ Unmounted: Unmounted Animal Class: Horse Material: Ceramic/ Pottery Item Type: Ornament/ Figurine

Chavín de Huantar Last updated: 16th April, 2019 Experience the very beginnings of Peruvian culture as we know it. Chavín de Huantar holds the secrets to modern Peruvian art, religion and society. Arrival at the site may at first seem similar to any other archaeological spot, but wait until you get inside the temple. Find your way around the complex underground maze, as a historian explains exactly why these stones built the societies that we know today. HOW TO PERU TRAVEL TIP: Save money and stay safe when going to/from Lima Airport by using the Official Bus service inside the Airport called Airport Express Lima The ruins of Chavín de Huantar hold one of the first displays of art in all of Peru. Andean art has been forever influenced by the people who lived and worshiped on this sacred land. The temple here also shows the first signs of many artistic and architectural themes that become dominant in Andean cultures later in Peru. (The first being Caral: near to the coast). Chavín de Huantar has a plaza that held up to 1500 people in the center of its architectural layout. Located in a valley nestled in the mountains, this is a place to truly appreciate Peruvian history. Explore the artworks and the complex buildings, marvel at the history, and, in the rainy season, listen to the noise of the jaguar roaring through the drainage system of the underground temple, which forms a complex maze in an amazing feat of engineering. A great alternative to Machu Picchu, don’t miss Chavín off your list of things to do in Peru. The site was discovered by the father of Peruvian archaeology, Julio C. Tello. Tello theorized that Chavín represented the common root of larger Andean societies after smaller groups descended from the jungle in order to find more hospitable living conditions. History of Chavín de Huantar The site of Chavín de Huantar is unique; close to two rivers and a mountain valley, it is assumed to be situated where it is because of the ease of growing potatoes in the higher lands, and quinoa in the lower lands. Research suggests that this is what the majority of the diet of those who resided there was made up of. The site was active from around 900 BCE, with few residents or visiting worshipers, to around the third century CE. AroThe height of the cult’s influence was around 500 BCE, which is when ‘the new temple’ was built, allowing more space for followers. Reasons for the abandonment of the site are unclear, but it is assumed that several years of earthquakes and drought caused social upheaval and the eventual abandonment of the religious site. The people of Chavín had no official form of writing, and since the site was abandoned until the Spanish happened across the ruins in 1616, very little is known for sure about it. It is a registered UNESCO world heritage site, and has been listed as such since 1985, after being recognized as a dividing line between basic monuments and complex structures and worldviews that would later arrive to major civilizations in Peru. The Religion of Chavín de Huantar The archaeological site is most definitely a site of religious importance, but as the people had no writings, we can only derive so much. Because of this, the name of the religious cult is not known. Consequently it has been named as ‘Chavín’ after the land it rests on. It is known that the site was the main culture point for the early horizon period in the highlands of Peru. It was recognized for the intense religious cult, the improvement of farming (as opposed to hunter/gatherer), and its pivotal art and ceramic work. The religion of Chavín holds interest not only for its age and artistic influence, but also as it shows signs of religious pilgrimages. This is an incredible feat for such early times; signs of pilgrimages have been found from as early as 500 BCE. The writer Vasquez de Espinoza offered this assessment of the cultural site: “It was a huaca or sanctuary, one of the most famous of the gentiles, like Rome or Jerusalem among us; a place where the Indians came to make offerings and sacrifices, because the demon in this place declared many oracles to them, and so they attended from throughout the kingdom”. Monkey bones (from the jungle) have been found alongside conch shells (from the coast) within the ruins. The conch shells had holes drilled into them and were likely used as trumpets to create music during ceremonies. Along with singers chanting and incense being burnt, this paints a magnificent picture of the sort of sensory stimulation that occurred during ceremonial events. Secret staircases have been found to different levels of the temple from the platform, allowing Shaman to disappear and seemingly appear at different heights and levels of the temple during ceremonies. This is not the only architectural feat the would have contributed to the energy of the temple and ceremonies. Thanks to its position in the highlands, the rainy season would have had the potential to affect religious life in a negative way. However, the Chavín temple had a very advanced drainage system, and an advanced understanding of acoustics. As a consequence, the drainage system running under the temple created a noise similar to a jaguar’s roar while the rains fell. All of these different experienced played into the illusion of magic during the services. Artwork found at the site suggests heavy and regular usage of psychoactive plants, most notably the mescaline cactus, San Pedro. The religion was led by an elite group of Shaman, who regularly drank the psychoactive substance from the plant, or other similar psychoactive materials, in order to enter a psychoactive trance. While in this trance, they would seemingly connect with the gods. The religious ceremonies of the Chavín cult were multi-sensory events, with the music, the illusions of magic, and often blood offerings and sacrificial rituals. These would be performed either inside the temple (in a private ceremony) or above it, and viewed from the grand plaza. It is highly suspected that the only people allowed inside the temple would have been the Shamans in charge. This is understood by the increasing complexity of the carvings and the artwork inside the temple (see Artistic Influence section). Made up of a series of long underground tunnels, the eventual total length of these channels is over two kilometers. Right at the center of this maze you will find the lazón. The lazón, named after the Spanish word for lance (after its shape), is a deity carved into a 4.5 meter tall granite pillar. When sketched flat it shows an impressive yet intimidating face. It is thought that worshipers would be led through the pitch black tunnels after taking the psychoactive plant, before eventually coming across the huge intimidating face bathed in light. Further Influence of the Chavín Religion Chavín de Huantar represents a paradigm shift in Peruvian life. Until this point, more complex societies lived on the coast. With Chavín, this shifted daily life to the highlands. With more fertile land and better access to fresh water, life in highland Peru became the norm. The beliefs and even the structure of the Chavín religion were passed on through generations, influencing even until today: a hierarchy, an elite class specifically for priests, and followers who relied on the elite to contact the gods on their behalf. All of this originated with Chavín, and spread not only through the Andean cultures, but back to the coastal area as well, eventually becoming the norm of Peru. Artistic Influence Much of the art of the Chavín has religious and sacred significance. The notable iconography of the cult was based off Andean artwork, and influenced artwork all over Peru. Similar emblems have been found in many religious societies since, in both coastal and in Andean societies. The artwork here was pivotal to the future of Andean art. The complexity of the work, and the use of it to tell stories and keep notes is in abstract form, intentionally difficult to understand. This is so that the high priests, or shaman, are the only ones who may understand the sacred designs. The most common figures of this artwork are jaguars and eagles, unusual for the location as neither of these animals are native to the area. A major part of the artistic influence of Chavín is in the stonework in the temple. Giant stone heads protrude from the walls, with human and jaguar features, stone carvings decorating the interior of the temple. The people of Chavín also showed a great deal of expertise in metalwork. There is gold that has been worked in an advanced way, and even evidence of soldering (using heated metal to fuse other metals together). Getting to Chavín de Huantar The access point to get to Chavín de Huantar is from the town of Huaraz. To get to Huaraz from Lima, you simply need to catch a bus from any of the larger bus stations, either in Plaza Norte, or in La Victoria. Once you are in Huaraz, you have two options for getting to Chavín de Huantar. For viewing this site, it is advisable to take a tour so as to fully understand and appreciate the significance of each section of the site, and for the transport there. It is a three hour drive from Huaraz to the town next to Chavín. From there you will walk to the ruins. A tour will cost you roughly $15 booked from Huaraz, and includes the entrance fee and guide. It is also possible to include this site on a three day Inca trail segment between Olleros in Southern Huaraz and the town of Chavín. To do this it is absolutely necessary for you to hire a local guide. Perhaps the reason why Chavín was so influential was that it was in the center of trading routes between the Andes and the coast. This could also be why the technology they used was so advanced: its location allowed it to soak up information from all over Peru. At its peak influence, evidence has been found to reach as far as Paracas on the coast and Pukara in the southern highlands. This is a site that marks a pivotal change in everything that is understood about Andean life, Andean art and architecture. Every site that you visit of Peru’s rich history has roots in these grounds. If you wish to truly understand something, you must start at the very beginning. Chavín de Huantar is that beginning.

Inequality Tightens Its Grip on the Most Vulnerable By Baher Kamal MADRID, May 13 2022 (IPS)* – Please do not say you were not aware that the world produces enough food to feed all human beings on Earth, while nearly double the combined European Union’s population go to bed hungry… every single night. Every year, 570 million tons of food are wasted at the household level people. Global food waste accounts for 8–10% of greenhouse gas emissions. Credit: Claudia Ciobanu/IPS

Jonah Greenfeld Jonah Greenfeld ’27 is a first year Spectrum reporter. He enjoys journalism because it provides a medium to share news and ideas with others and shed light on important issues that people may not be informed about. Greenfeld is specifically passionate about opinion pieces and pieces regarding athletics. He has never been a part of a magazine or newspaper before, and is looking forward to being able to start writing and publishing articles. All content by Jonah Greenfeld Jonah Greenfeld, Reporter

Lake Chelan Project HRC or member-contributed Hydropower Reform Coalition Case StudiesPublished 6/1/2009 Lake Chelan is a freshwater fjord, a lake carved by ancient glaciers. At 1,500 feet deep and 55 miles long, it is the third deepest lake in the United States, and the longest and deepest lake in the state of Washington. The Chelan River, the lake’s outlet, flows four miles into the Columbia River. Over a century ago, the Chelan River’s flows varied by a factor of ten: from 640 cfs in the winter to 6,400 cfs in late spring freshets. Beginning in 1892, companies began to build dams at the outlet to raise and control Lake Chelan. The first dam, intended for water supply, failed in its first spring season. The next dam was built in 1893 and collapsed in its second spring season. In 1899, a hydropower dam began its construction at the site and successfully provided electricity to the town of Chelan in 1903. In 1926 and 1927, the Lake Chelan hydroelectric project as we know it today was designed, authorized, and constructed. The 40-foot tall, 490-foot wide Lake Chelan Dam holds back Lake Chelan, with a storage capacity of 15.8 million acre-feet. The dam diverts water through a 2.2 mile tunnel to the powerhouse, dropping 400 vertical feet on its way. After generating power, the powerhouse releases its water into a “tailrace,” a 0.3-mile excavated channel that returns water back into the Chelan River just before it enters the Columbia River. Under the old hydropower licenses, the Chelan River became an overflow canal from the dam to the tailrace and received no water purposefully. Unless the dam spilled water into the river in high spring flows, when it could not hold back or generate power from all the water, the Chelan River was regularly dry for decades. No permanent fish habitat existed in the river. The hydropower operating license for the Lake Chelan project expired in 2004. In preparation, project owner Chelan PUD convened negotiations and submitted a settlement agreement in 2003 to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). FERC approved almost all elements of the agreement and issued a new license in 2006 for the maximum duration of 50 years. Today, Lake Chelan’s lake levels reflect a balance between many objectives. Near the dam, the town of Chelan needs stable, high levels in the summer to foster recreation and successful tourism. Throughout Lake Chelan, healthy fisheries need predictable, quality habitat and the ability to travel between the lake and tributary streams, without sediment barriers or stranding. At the upper end of the lake, levels are designed to stop extreme erosion and seasonally dust- heavy winds from the Stehekin Flats when the lake is drawn down in winter and spring, and to control its effect on encroaching vegetation and wood debris in the lake. The Lake Chelan license created a forum under which resource agencies can cooperate and plan together. Under the new license, new minimum flows of at least 80 cfs must be released into the Chelan River. Up to 320 cfs may be released, depending on the season and whether the year is a dry, wet, or normal one. These flows were approved by the State of Washington and FERC, and are intended to maximize habitat in the river for westslope cutthroat trout. However, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation refused to sign the final settlement and appealed the minimum flows, arguing that they did not ensure that water quality standards such as temperature and dissolved oxygen – important for fish health – would be met. The state appeal board allowed the flow requirements to stand, acknowledging that while water quality standards would not be met, the result was properly balanced for overall benefit. This fundamental disagreement in the application of water quality standards created a breach within the interested parties that remains unresolved to the satisfaction of all parties. Related hydro projects WAChelan P-637 More from our resource librarySee all Case Studies › Recommended reading › Tribal Resources 2/2/2022 Native American Tribes and Dam Removal: Restoring the Ottaway, Penobscot and Elwha Rivers

Safety information for the content of piping systems and tanks — Part 1: Piping systems This document specifies safety information for overground piping systems related to the content of the piping system and associated hazards for the purpose of accident prevention, reducing risks to health and providing information for use in case of an emergency. This document does not cover piping that is buried. Safety signing of the hazards in an area is not part of this document. This document can also be used for marine structures and ships.

Income of Gig Work vs. Previous Job in Pakistan 30 August 2022 ~ Richard Heeks ~ 3 Comments Richard Heeks, Iftikhar Ahmad, Shanza Sohail, Sidra Nizamuddin, Athar Jameel, Seemab Haider Aziz, Zoya Waheed, Sehrish Irfan, Ayesha Kiran & Shabana Malik Does the transition to gig work improve incomes in Pakistan? Many workers join gig work platforms in the belief that their incomes will improve, but is this borne out in practice? To investigate, the Centre for Labour Research interviewed 94 workers based on six platforms across three sectors: ride-hailing, food delivery, and personal care. Of these, 51 were able to tell us what their previous monthly income had been in their most-recent employment prior to joining the platform[1]. Stated income varied from the equivalent of US$60 per month up to U$1,200 per month, and averaged US$220 per month[2]. After moving into gig work, average gross income was slightly higher, at US$240 per month but, as the graph below shows, there was a much more differentiated picture behind the average, with around 40% of respondents earning less gross income (red-bordered blue columns) than they had done previously. However, as the graph also shows, things looked worse when comparing net income (orange columns). For the great majority of prior jobs, work-related costs were small (only work-to-home transport, which we calculated based on typical commuting journeys in Pakistan to be just under US$18 per month; i.e. less than 10% of average gross income). But for gig work – much of which relies on journeys by vehicle and continuous internet connectivity – the costs of petrol, maintenance and data eat heavily into gross income. In addition, for some (only a few in our Pakistan sample) there are costs of renting their vehicle.[3] These costs represented, on average, 65% of gross income and knocked average net income for gig workers down to just US$85 per month. When we compare before-and-after for net income, then, we found more than 70% of our sample were earning less than in their previous job, and 45% earned over US$100 per month less. This was especially an issue for ride-hailing drivers and it does reflect the particular circumstances during our interview period of late 2021 to early 2022: a drop-off in demand for travel due to Covid, and a steep rise in petrol prices. Indeed, so bad was the problem that just over a fifth – 21 of the 94 – were reporting negative income. That is, they were effectively paying to go to work as their costs exceeded their gross income; something to which the platforms responded in May 2022 by dropping the commission taken from drivers to 0%. While recognising the challenging period for gig workers covered by our fieldwork, nonetheless, this does suggest that – by and large – gig work is not delivering the income boost that workers often hope for. They may, for example, be lured by gross income figures, not realising how much lower net income will be. Gig work does provide a livelihood – 40% of our sample were unemployed in the immediate period prior to joining – but it is not really fulfilling its promise. It also falls far from decent work standards: five-sixths of those we interviewed took home less than a living wage. If you’d like to know more, please refer to the 2022 Fairwork Report on Pakistan’s gig economy. Follow @CDDManchester [1] Those who stated what their prior employment had been gave the following job descriptions: BPO operator, Teacher (2), Housekeeper, Shopkeeper, Gas company worker (2), Safety officer, Business person, Tanker driver, Ride-hailing driver with another platform (3), Traditional taxi driver (3), Farmer, Builder, Computer operator, Cook, Technician, Shop assistant, Domestic worker, Government worker [2] This average is some way above the overall average earnings of US$140 per month but well below formal sector average monthly salary of US$480. [3] For further detail, see this discussion of the breakdown of ride-hailing passenger payments. Digital public goods platforms for development 24 August 2022 ~ nicholsonbrian ~ Leave a comment Nicholson, B. Nielsen, P. Sahay, S. Saebo, J. Digital public goods platforms for development: The challenge of scaling The Information Society available open access at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01972243.2022.2105999 Recently there has been an explosion of research into digital platforms. To provide an indication of the size of the output, a quick search on Google Scholar provided 3270000 “hits”, 39900 in 2022 alone to date with publications across diverse disciplines including management, information systems, economics and more. In the realm of ICT4D, discourse has focused on how platforms may enable socio-economic development (Nicholson et al 2021) however there is a paucity of examples of empirical research on how this may be realised. Digital platforms are defined according to their principal purpose and identifies two broad categories: transaction platforms and innovation platforms. Transaction platforms refer to a two or multi sided marketplace mediated by the platform. Innovation platforms act as “foundations upon which other firms can build complementary products, services or technologies” (Gawer, 2009, p. 54). Most prior empirical research on digital platforms involves commercial, for-profit platforms situated in the regulative institutions of the Global North. Inherent in this prior work is an assumption of “monetisation” and the capitalist market forces, and little is known about platforms that are donor supported and aimed at socio economic development. A forthcoming paper attempts to address the knowledge gap by conceptualising innovation platforms as public goods and asking: How can innovation platforms be public goods? A goal of the article is to identify the challenges of simultaneously scaling up digital platforms and developing them into public goods. Empirically, the focus is on health, specifically the empirical example is the District Health Information System (DHIS2). The relevance of public goods in development is well-established in the domain of health. Initiatives driven by global health organisations such as the World Bank and World Health Organization aim to promote digital public goods. Digital Square, a marketplace initiative in digital health, has developed a Global Goods Guidebook and a Global Goods Maturity Model. Before and during the pandemic, open-source systems have been launched to support outbreak management, such as the Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System (SORMAS). SORMAS intuitively displays features of a public good: it is free of charge, open source, independent from tech companies, and interoperable with other platforms such as DHIS2. Turning to theory of public goods leads us to the economics discipline and centres on two main principles: non-rivalry and non-exclusion. “Goods” such as crime control, flood defences etc. are provided because of failure of the market mechanism. Government thus intervenes either financially, through such mechanisms as taxation or licensing, or with direct provision. Public goods are non-rivalrous, implying that one individual’s consumption of the good does not influence what is available for others. They are also non-excludable, in the sense that no one can be excluded from consumption of a public good. Consider a lighthouse where one navigator’s use of the light does not prevent other navigators from doing the same. Many potential public goods exhibit only one of these properties resulting in the tragedy of the commons which can be illustrated with the example of a village pasture. Unrestricted access (non-exclusion) to the commons – pasture belonging to the village as a whole – leads to its degradation (rivalry). However, some scholars question the inevitability of depletion of common pool resources when they are managed in a bottom-up, cooperative way by those most dependant on them. Under certain conditions, individuals govern themselves collectively, and without market pressures or government regulation, to obtain benefits, even if the temptation to freeride is present. Global public goods are goods whose benefits cross borders and are global in scope for example eradication of infectious diseases where it is impossible to exclude any country from benefiting and each country will benefit without preventing another. The district health information system or DHIS2 supports decentralized routine health management. The architecture is designed with a generic core that enables local innovation and anyone with internet access can at any time download the most recent version of DHIS2, the source code, as well as required libraries and third-party products (such as Chrome or Firefox browsers). DHIS2 also comes with a set of bundled apps, developed by University of Oslo or through its partners in the Global South (such as HISP Tanzania, an independent entity with close collaboration with Oslo) available in an “app store.” It is similar in concept to Apple App Store or Google Play and some DHIS2 apps are also available on these platforms too. The platform architecture allows local innovation as apps, increasing its potential relevance globally. Due to its openness and flexibility, it is impossible to know the exact number of DHIS2 implementations. It is known that ministries of health and other organizations in more than 100 developing countries use DHIS2, together covering an estimated population of 2.4 billion people. In November 2020, the ministries of health in 73 countries (primarily developing countries) used DHIS2, out of which 60 were nationwide implementations, and 13 were in the pilot stage. In addition, 22 Indian states used DHIS2. There is also a range of other organizations using DHIS2 independently for reporting in the countries they are operating, including PEPFAR, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), International Medical Corps, Population Services International (PSI), and Save the Children. We can explore the “qualification” of DHIS2 as a public good by considering some of the challenges experienced by developers in Oslo and other implementation sites examined as tensions and paradoxes. In a seminal paper on paradoxes and theory building, Poole and van de Ven (1989) identify a paradox as “concerned with tensions and oppositions between well-founded, well-reasoned, and well-supported alternative explanations of the same phenomenon” (565). Consider the story of the product lead of the DHIS2 analytics team response to the challenge of prioritizing requests by developing a roadmap prioritization matrix. Most use-cases need analytics functionality, and a wide variety of requests are directed to this team. The product lead estimates that the analytics team can only accommodate about half the requests at any stage of the product development cycle. The question facing this individual is: “which requests should be prioritized, coming from whom, and in which release cycle?” The primary implementations of DHIS2 are users from governments in low- and middle-income countries, according to the product lead, who tend to not actively voice their requests for changes in functionality. These groups are constrained by physical separation often across great distance, limiting ability to meet in person and develop social relationships. By contrast, users from donor organizations and other users in the West, tend to have closer proximity and resources to visit Oslo and “make their voices heard,” resulting in greater influence over the DHIS2 functionality development. This mismatch led the product manager to develop this “objective” prioritization methodology. From the perspective of public goods, the dynamics of donors’ activity affects the rivalry / excludability conditions as their greater influence means that other users are relatively excluded, and access is rivalrous depending on this influence. There are also paradoxical consequences of scaling at the macro and micro levels. While the Oslo development team add in their releases of new features for strengthening outputs and analysis towards a generic global platform, the typical user in a district of a developing country requires basic functionalities, and the new features often detract instead of increasing the software’s value for the users. At the macro-level, the development team are seeking to cater to the universe of users, including district users, researchers, and data analytic experts in multiple country contexts. This requires them to continuously add new features, often for increasingly sophisticated use. This process went counter to the needs at the micro-level of the users in district offices, who want specific and easy to use functionalities for their everyday use. Thinking again from a theoretical standpoint, the malleability of a digital good compared to the oft cited example of a static lighthouse is clearly evident. The drive towards generic global features at the macro level causes rivalry and excludes some users at the local more micro level. Overall, the more macro interests of the donors and drive towards a global generic platform appear incompatible with the smaller players who become increasingly marginalized. Furthermore, their capacity for collective action is limited by structural factors. This challenges DHIS2’s status as a public good as we can see rivalry and exclusion creeping in. The problem is not insurmountable, collective action and subsidiarity offer helpful mechanisms of governance. Two main subsidiarity conditions are known to be helpful related to effectiveness and necessity: that action should be taken at the level where it is most effective and that action at the higher level should be taken when lower levels cannot achieve the set goals by themselves. This is in line with ongoing efforts by Oslo to build South-South community-based networks and thereby decentralization into the Health Information System Programme (HISP) network. Gawer, A. (2009). Platform dynamics and strategies: from products to services. Platforms, markets and innovation, 45, 57. Nicholson, B., Nielsen, P., & Sæbø, J. (2021). Digital platforms for development. Inf. Syst. J., 31(6), 863-868.

Home › Architecture and interior 2023 Hydro House - Home for a comfortable life in the desert by Rael San Fratello Architects House project Hydro Housedesigned by an American architectural studio Rael San Fratello Architects, represents a new type of housing for deserted and dehydrated regions. These innovative apartments are designed to create a favorable microclimate and regulate indoor temperatures. The building provides for a sophisticated integrated system for collecting, storing, transporting and cooling water. An artificial pond integrated into the roof structure and a pond located in the courtyard are the main sources of water, providing conditions for a comfortable life for the inhabitants "/> It is in the thick walls of the building that the rainwater collected by the roof is stored, cooling the building's body, as a buffer, "inhibiting" the effects of bright sunlight and softening the internal temperature. The light "shell" of the house also helps in reflecting unwanted daytime warmth. The triangular pool is located in the courtyard of the building, surrounded by private rooms and common space. All rooms have a view of this artificial pond. A lighting system is installed on the roof and walls, distributing light evenly throughout the courtyard and around the building. The project also provides for a natural ventilation system. You can learn more about this and other works of the authors of the project by visiting the official website of their architectural studio:

forgiveness, Indulgences, lent, Penance A New Lenten Practice? Perusing the Catholic blogosphere leading up to Lent one finds list after list of the things you can do “to get the most of this Lent.” Most of the lists are the same with small variations. Each list hopes to inspire us to adopt a lasting spiritual practice that will draw us nearer to God. Rather than adding to the list of lists, I am going to suggest one thing and one thing only. It is unlikely that this one thing will be found on any of those lists even though it has been traditionally an important piece of penitential practice. The one thing? Win all the Indulgences you can this Lent and beyond. To even mention the word Indulgence invokes images of the medieval Church and its battle against their abuses. The Church was able to corral the abuses, but much of the damage was done. The abuse led to complete disuse, so much so that most Catholics no longer know anything about them. They remain an untapped source of sanctification. In his 1967 Apostolic Constitution, Indulgentiarum doctrina¸ Blessed Paul VI invited the Church to “ponder and meditate well on how the use of indulgences benefits their lives and indeed all Christian society.” Lent seems an excellent time to accept the Blessed Pontiff’s invitation. Pondering and Meditating Indulgences “Pondering and meditating” begins with a proper understanding of why this great gift is even useful. “Pondering and meditating” foundationally begins with a discussion of sin. All sin carries with it two effects, guilt and punishment (c.f. Ps 51:3). In order to be set right (justified), both the removal of the guilt (forgiveness) and the punishment (satisfaction) must occur. This punishment can be both eternal and temporal (c.f. 2Cor 2:6). Of course we must also make sure that we have a proper understanding of what it was that Christ did when He died for us. Christ, the New Adam, acted as the representative for all mankind on the Cross when He made reparation for the sins of the world. A representative sacrifice, as opposed to a substitutionary one, requires that we must participate to gain a share in its fruit. What this means practically speaking is that His sacrifice was both necessary and sufficient to remove our guilt and pay the debt of our eternal punishment. His sacrifice is also necessary to remove the debt of temporal punishment for sin, but it is not sufficient. As St. Paul tells the Colossians (1:24), there is something lacking in the sacrifice of Christ (Col 1:24) and that thing is his (and our) participation. It is through our participation in the Cross that we are given the currency by which we are able to pay to Divine Justice our temporal debts. When Christ died on the Cross, His death exceeded the debt of sin. This created a treasury of merit that was deposited in the Church. The Church, as the Body of Christ, is now the dispenser of the means of salvation (but not its cause). It is from this treasury that all sources of sanctification flow, including the remission of the temporal punishment for sin. From this, the Church gets her understanding of the doctrine of Indulgences. What Are Indulgences and How Do They Work? Most of us know an indulgence has something to do with the temporal punishment for sin, but what is it exactly? Returning to Blessed Paul VI’s Apostolic Constitution, we find that an indulgence is defined as “the remission before God of the temporal punishment due sins already forgiven as far as their guilt is concerned, which the follower of Christ with the proper dispositions and under certain determined conditions acquires through the intervention of the Church which, as minister of the Redemption, authoritatively dispenses and applies the treasury of the satisfaction won by Christ and the saints.” Put simply, an indulgence is the Church’s application of Christ’s merits toward the debt of temporal punishment we owe God for sins already forgiven. St. Thomas with his usual clarity says that the one who gains an indulgence is not excused from paying the debt of punishment but is given the means to pay it. Understanding the doctrine of Indulgences may help motivate us to make use of them, but many of us do not know how to do so. First, by way of reiterating what Paul VI said, Indulgences are not a get out of hell free card. They only remove the temporal punishment for sin that has already been forgiven. The debt of guilt must first be paid before the debt of punishment can be. Second, there is the distinction between plenary and partial indulgences. “An indulgence is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due sin” (Indulgentiarum doctrina n. 2). To obtain a partial indulgence there are four conditions: be in the state of grace have the intention to obtain the indulgence perform the works or prayers prescribed correctly For a plenary indulgence all the conditions of a partial indulgence apply (so that if we fail to obtain the plenary we might still obtain the partial) plus not be excommunicated have no affection for sin, even venial receive the Sacrament of Reconciliation and Communion (in the prescribed period of time) offer prayers for the pope’s intentions (in the prescribed period of time) While we must have the intention to gain a particular indulgence, this can be done by occasionally renewing our intention to gain every indulgence attached to the works we are to do throughout the day. One of the ways to do this is by adding this as an intention to the Morning Offering—“ In great sorrow for those sins which You have forgiven, I wish to obtain the indulgences attached to the good works I will do throughout this day.” Some Specific Indulgences All Catholics should make themselves familiar with the Handbook of Indulgences to learn about the specific indulged acts. One quickly realizes that the acts listed are objectively good acts that will lead us to holiness even if they did not have indulgences attached to them. In other words, they offer us a spiritual program that should animate our lives, especially during Lent. There are a few that are worth pointing out. The first set is the “Three General Grants” at the beginning of the Handbook. These represent a class of partial indulgences that are given so that “Christ’s faithful might, as it were, weave their daily life with the Christian spirit and, according to their state, grow in the perfection of charity.” Specifically, a partial indulgence is granted to any of Christ’s faithful, who: in the performance of his duties and bearing the trials of life, raises his mind to God in humble confidence and adds, even mentally, some pious invocation in a spirit of faith and mercy give of themselves or of their goods to serve their brothers in need in a spirit of penance voluntarily deprive themselves of what is licit and pleasing to them There are also the Indulgences attached to a specific practice during Lent called the “Friday Indulgence.” When the “Look down upon me, good and gentle Jesus” prayer is recited on a Friday in Lent and Passiontide after Communion before an image of Christ crucified, a plenary indulgence is available. On any other day the indulgence is partial. In a retreat leading up to his priestly ordination, St. Maximilian Kolbe plotted out his spiritual strategy that included: trying to… “…gain as many indulgences as possible, and you will become a saint.” As we dive deeply into our Lenten practices, may we imitate this great saint and take advantage of the hidden gem within the Church’s storehouse of Indulgences. Bringing to light the truth of the teachings of the Catholic Church and igniting in all hearts a love for the Faith. Jesus Christ founded the Catholic Church to give His Grace to all people. We continue His Mission to spread the Good News of God’s Love. Our hope is that through this conference, more people will see the beauty of the great treasure that God has given to the world in the Catholic Faith. Ignited By Truth, Inc. is a North Carolina non-profit, 501(c)(3) corporation.

International Journal of Business and Social Science ISSN 2219-1933 (Print), 2219-6021 (Online) DOI: 10.30845/ijbss International Journal of Business and Social Science (IJBSS) is a monthly peer reviewed journal Recruitment of Reviewers Reviewer's name and affiliation will be listed in the printed journal and on the journal's webpage. The New Structure of Foreign Policy after Establishing the United Nations Bader I. Alabdulkarim This research studies the role of the United Nations in international relations based on realism and liberalism theories. Realismshows that the United Nations was created and works to support the great states to obtain more powers. For instance, the veto wright gave these states more power than other states. Furthermore, the United Nations decreases the cost of battles because of sharing the cost with other states in the United Nations. On the other hand, liberalism looks to the United Nations as a tool to make peace in the world by the incentive of an open communication between states. Best Paper Award Declared Recruitment of Editor IJBSS is now indexed with DRJI This Month 86500 World wide visitor's Copyright 2014 - 2023: www.ijbssnet.com | All Rights Reserved.

Tag: Work Options for People Who Want to do Good Do Well By Doing Good: Perfect Careers For Those Who Want To Help People There are few things worse than feeling like you’re stuck in a rut working a job that you simply don’t care about, and that doesn’t offer you any real satisfaction. Sadly this is the case for more people than it should be. Every single day people are getting up and going to work doing things that they simply aren’t interested in, feeling as though the work they do every day makes no real difference in the world. Well, what if you wanted to change that? What if you wanted to do something a little bit more impactful with your time? Well, if that’s the case for you, you’re in luck. There are plenty of career options out there for people who want to find a way to make the world a better place and help those around you. With that in mind, here are just a few career options for anyone who wants to do well by doing good. https://pixabay.com/en/first-aid-supply-nurse-rescue-3082670/ When they think about helping people, most people’s minds jump pretty quickly to those working in the medical field. After all, what could be more worthwhile than saving lives every single day? And that’s absolutely true! However, a lot of people tend to make the mistake of assuming that becoming a doctor is the only way to make a difference in the medical professions and that simply isn’t the case. Sure, becoming a doctor is incredibly rewarding but it’s also something that requires a huge time investment and a pretty serious financial one too. If you’re prepared to go through the near decade’s worth of training involved, then that’s great! But it’s not the only option. There are careers in nursing that can be incredibly rewarding for those who want to work alongside patients. Or perhaps something in a more administrative capacity would be right for you? If that’s the case then getting a healthcare administration MBA and working that kind of role in a hospital can be incredibly fulfilling. No matter what role you take on in the medical field, you can be sure that you’re doing something worthwhile with your time. Sometimes doing good involves saving lives, other times it involves helping young lives develop and thrive. There are few careers more satisfying and fulfilling than being able to help the next generation learn and prepare for what comes next. There are so many options for working in education that a lot of people tend to forget. Of course, the obvious one is working as a teacher, but that’s far from the only option available to you. There’s also working as a teaching assistant, administrative roles, even private tuition. No matter where your skills lie if you’re interested in helping to support and nurture the minds of the next generation, there’s something out there for you. https://pixabay.com/en/volunteer-charity-cloud-community-1326758/ There are hundreds, maybe even thousands of non-profit organizations out there and most of them are seriously understaffed. Now, no-one is telling you that in order to be fulfilled in life you have to start volunteering and give up your income. However, there are plenty of paid roles within non-profit organizations that allow you do some incredible work helping people both locally and all over the world. The kind of charity organizations that you want to work with is going to be an incredibly personal decision, but you can be sure that no matter what kind of charity you work with, you’re going to be doing something that really helps people. Sure, the work can often be tough and thankless with long hours, but the fact that you’re doing something to really improve people’s lives can often be reward enough to make all of that worth it. If there’s one thing that almost every western society could, and should, be doing better, it’s looking after older people. It’s a genuine tragedy that people who have dedicated their lives to working hard and serving society end up getting abandoned and forgotten about in their later years. That’s why home care assistants are so important. They help to provide the kind of care and support that many older people need without taking away their sense of independence. You can help older people stay in their home while making their lives much simpler and easier on a daily basis. Not only that but you often end up forming some incredibly strong bonds with the people that you care for since you’ll be spending a huge amount of time working one-on-one with them. https://pixabay.com/en/child-children-girl-happy-people-817369/ There is a great deal of injustice in the world and if you’re the kind of person who simply cannot sit by and watch someone else suffer or be mistreated then social work might just be your calling. Being able to work with people and families to make sure that no one is treated unfairly and that people’s, particularly young people’s human rights are being respected at all times. In this kind of career, you’ll often see some truly shocking and upsetting things, but if that’s something that you think you can handle, it can be an incredibly satisfying and fulfilling career path for anyone who wants to be able to help others in a very direct way. Now, there’s no reason why you need to work a career that is built around helping people. After all, many of these career options are seriously challenging and aren’t necessarily the kinds of things that anyone or everyone can do. However, there really is nothing like the satisfaction of going home at the end of the day knowing that the work you did that day has genuinely helped to make the world a slightly better place. If you spend your life feeling as though the time that you spend at work is little more than wasted hours you could be doing something else with, one of these career options might well be perfect for you. Remember that it’s never too late to decide to do something just a little bit more meaningful with your life. Posted in LifestyleTagged Career, Career Options, Different Careers, Lifestyle, Lifestyle Blog, Lifestyle Blogger, Noble Career Options, Noble Careers, Work and Career, Work Options, Work Options for People Who Want to do Good

June 17, 2015 By Adrien Paczosa Foods to Reduce Inflammation Inflammation is a part of your body’s immune response. It helps your body heal, but can cause great damage when it gets out of control. Foods that are high in saturated fat, trans fat, sugar (aspartame), refined carbohydrate, MSG, and alcohol can lead to inflammation. Here are some anti-inflammatory foods you can choose from to […] Filed Under: Nutrition Tips Tagged With: anti-inflammatory, fish, fruit, healthy fats, herbs and spices, lean protein, tea, vegetables, whole grain

Zone report Read the report: Machine Learning Zone Report – November 2019 [PDF] The Machine Learning Zone was supported by the University of Oxford. In this activity, students connected with University of Oxford researchers working on things like how to make sure robots don’t crash into each other when they can’t talk to each other, why human brains are so good at learning, the ethical issues of robots working in hospitals and health care, and making computers that can learn to spot patterns in genetic data. This zone saw an increase in students logged in and questions asked than the previous I’m a Researcher activity, Curiosity Carnival, in 2017. Students had lots of questions about careers and education in particular, including questions about studying and working at the University of Oxford. Students from schools across England connected with nine researchers at the University of Oxford: Yee Whye Teh, who won this zone, … Continue reading → Posted on January 15, 2020 by modjen in Evaluation, News, Zone report | Comments Off on Machine Learning Zone Report The Curiosity Zone was the first zone of I’m a Researcher, Get me out of here. It was funded by the European Commission under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions, which is an EU funding programme to support research careers. The Zone ran for three weeks, connecting secondary school students in Oxfordshire with 22 researchers from the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University. The aim was to engage students with the wide variety of local researchers and to encourage students to attend to the live final at the Curiosity Carnival on 29th September. In total, researchers from different disciplines answered 133 approved questions sent in by students in ASK and, there were 14 live chats with classes. The majority of the students who took part were in Science classes. There were also Geography and Psychology classes who contributed 30% of the total questions in ASK. The majority of the activity took … Continue reading → Posted on November 9, 2017 by modmichaela in Evaluation, News, Zone report | Comments Off on Curiosity Zone Report

Immigration Courts Are Ordering Unrepresented Children Deported Posted by Wendy Feliz | Mar 10, 2015 | Enforcement The Los Angeles Times recently reported that since 2013, more than 7,000 immigrant children have been ordered deported after missing a hearing in immigration court, according to government data. Immigration advocates and attorneys have raised the alarm that many children who never received notice of their hearings nonetheless are ordered deported for failing to appear in court. Yet, so far, many immigration judges have moved forward with their orders of deportation, often without determining the underlying reasons for the children’s absence in court. One judge in San Francisco who serves as head of the National Association of Immigration Judges describes one of the notification issues she observed: “In one case, a notice was sent to a rural address where the child lived, instead of the P.O. box where the child’s family received mail, said Dana Leigh Marks, president of the National Assn. of Immigration Judges.” Other examples include: “One teenage girl never received her notice in the mail. She was instructed by her post-release social service provider to call the hotline every day. The girl, however, was using the Alien number of her son—not realizing that her number corresponded to a separate case. Each time she called there was no hearing scheduled. The post-release service provider then called on her behalf two weeks later and discovered that the girl and her son both had received removal orders in absentia.” These notification problems are likely stemming from and compounded by the government’s rush to deport children who arrived at the southern border in the last year. The Times reports: “Last summer, Obama instructed courts to realign their dockets so underage immigrants would appear before a judge within 21 days of ICE officials filing a deportation case against them. Previously they would wait months or more than a year for their initial hearing.” Following the President’s lead, many immigration courts set up “rocket dockets” that move children through the courts so quickly that errors seem all but inevitable. The Times story also finds that “more than 94% of the unaccompanied minors ordered removed without appearing in court during the last six months of last year did not have an attorney.” This statistic squares with historical data on the rate of children appearing in court when they have legal representation. TRAC data released last summer examined 101,850 immigration court proceedings begun while a child was under 18, from Fiscal Year 2005 through June 2014. The data shows that 92.5% of children with legal representation appeared for their court proceedings. Moreover the rates of appearance for represented children have never fallen below 89% since FY 2005. Last year, immigration and civil rights groups, including the American Immigration Council, filed a suit against the Obama Administration in JEFM v. Holder, making the case that children must not be forced to navigate a complex legal immigration system alone. The large numbers of children being deported after missing their court date is just the latest evidence of a court system that prioritizes expediency over the needs of vulnerable children. Photo by Josh Clayton. FILED UNDER: Children, F.L.B. v. Lynch, featured, immigration courts, immigration judges PreviousHow Immigrant Women Contribute to the U.S. Economy NextHow Small Business Immigrant Entrepreneurship Can Boost Economic Growth Wendy Feliz Wendy Feliz is the founding Director of the Center for Inclusion and Belonging at the American Immigration Council. The Center houses the signature, culture and narrative change programs of the Council. The Center also convenes institutions and individuals nationwide who share the common goal of building a more cohesive America where all people are welcomed and included. Wendy has been with the Council since 2008 and has two decades of experience in public policy/advocacy communications. She also serves as an adjunct communications professor at Georgetown University. Wendy holds an M.A. in Public Communication from the American University, a B.A. in Liberal Arts from the New School University, and an A.A. from East Los Angeles Community College.

Fiction Read 2017 [Review] Anne of Avonlea by L. M. Montgomery November 16, 2021 / Annette / Leave a comment Publisher and Publication Date: Sourcebooks Fire. First published in 1909. This edition 2014. Genre: Fiction. Young adult. Format: Paperback. Source: Library. Audience: L. M. Montgomery readers. Rating: Good. Link @ Amazon. Link @ Barnes and Noble. L. M. Montgomery’s Goodread’s author page. Anne is 16. She is a teacher for a year at the local school. Marilla takes in twins who are relatives. They are age six. Anne’s best friend, Diana, and a best friend who is a boy, Gilbert, are sources of comfort and encouragement. In book two, Anne transitions from school attendee to teacher. During her process, she develops into a mature young woman ready for life beyond Avonlea. I am reading Marilla of Green Gables by Sarah McCoy; and as a compliment book to it, I chose to read Anne of Avonlea which is book two in the Anne of Green Gable’s series. When I was in middle school I read Anne of Green Gables. I do not remember if I read it again in high school or older. This is the first time to read Anne of Avonlea. I love the second paragraph in the first chapter. “But an August afternoon, with blue hazes scarfing the harvest slopes, little winds whispering elfishly in the poplars, and a dancing splendor of red poppies outflaming against the dark coppice of young firs in a corner of the cherry orchard, was fitter for dreams than dead languages.” Page 1. The first reason I enjoyed reading this book is the crisp details of Avonlea. I love descriptions of what the characters in stories see. I want to see what they see and at least feel to an extent what they are feeling. It helps me become invested and swept up in the story. A second reason why I enjoyed reading this story is the personality of Anne. She is likable. She is real. She is not presented as perfect. She is a person who has strengths and weaknesses. I love the fleshing out of who she is at 16. Dreamy and innocent. She has her whole life ahead of her and she is beginning to envision a life beyond Avonlea. In addition, I love her “Anneish philosophy.” See page 106. In one of the final conversations in the book, Anne and her best friend contemplate what it will be like to be engaged and married. This is a common conversation for young women. The sighing and dreaminess of being in love and getting married makes me remember those days of my youth when I thought about the same thing. I love the transformation of Anne’s awareness about life. In the brief year of this book’s timeline, I see a maturing Anne. (Review) The Address by Fiona Davis December 12, 2017 December 11, 2017 / Annette / 1 Comment Publisher and Publication Date: Dutton Books. August 1, 2017. Genre: Fiction. Mystery. Two stories from two different time periods. Both of the stories will connect. 1884. The story begins in London, England, and Sara Smythe, age 30, is given an opportunity to move to New York City. She will work as a lady managerette at a new apartment building, the Dakota. The architect of the Dakota is Theodore Camden. He and his wife have three small children. However, Theo and Sara build a relationship. 100 years later, 1985. Bailey Camden is an interior designer. She has just finished rehab and is looking to restart her career. Her nasty behavior while on drugs and alcohol has caused a bad reputation. Her cousin, Melinda, hires her to decorate the Dakota. Melinda is the direct heir of the Camden fortune. Bailey and her dad are not close. Their relationship is cool and hangs by a thread. Bailey’s mother died when she was 18. I knew from the synopsis of the story on the inside book flap, somehow Sara and Bailey were connected, but did not know the details of the connection. The story is a mystery about the Camden family, but I didn’t find it too mysterious. I figured the storyline out early. I consider The Address to be a family saga with a small amount of mystery. Sara and Bailey are women who have gumption. They are resilient and long-suffering. Bailey is mouthy, but her time period allows this. Sara’s time period is the constrained Victorian age. Bailey’s new friend, Renzo, is an additional character she meets at the Dakota. He is an asset. He is a dependable character. An aspect of the story that is not “enjoyable” but is interesting, is the history (in the 1800s) of the insane asylum. How people were treated and disposed of in this place. It is a horrifying aspect of The Address. I love history. The Dakota is a famous apartment building in New York City. John Lennon was murdered outside the building (south entrance.) This is all I knew. Even though The Address is fiction, there are historical facts about the building weaved in the story. I enjoyed this aspect of the book. The Dakota in 1890. (Review) The Unquiet Grave December 11, 2017 December 10, 2017 / Annette / Leave a comment Publisher and Publication Date: Atria Books. September 12, 2017. Genre: Fiction. The Unquiet Grave is three key people who share the same history. The setting is West Virginia. The two years of history are 1897 and 1930. In 1897, a head-strong young woman named Zona Hester marries a blacksmith. Never mind he has been married before and those marriages ended strangely. Zona wants to marry a handsome man who will shower her with love. Mary Jane is Zona’s mother. Mary Jane is suspicious by nature. She and her husband have fretted over Zona’s behavior for years. They love their willful and defiant daughter, but never knew how to best manage Zona. After Zona marries, Mary Jane hears Zona has died. Mary Jane believes her son-in-law killed Zona. She tells the county prosecutor that the ghost of Zona visited her and told her she’d been murdered. The third key character of the book is the defense attorney, a black man named James P. D. Gardner. When he begins telling his story the year is 1930. No, I did not plan to read two ghost stories in a row. I like this story more than the previous story read: Grief Cottage. Several points led me to give The Unquiet Grave a very good rating. • The story of a black attorney at the turn of the twentieth century appealed to me. He had perseverance and fortitude to attend higher education to become an attorney in an age when blacks were severely oppressed. • Mary Jane is a woman and mother with tenacity. She does not let things go. When she believes in something she finds a way to make “it” happen. She is a keen problem solver. She has had a life time to solve the after affects of Zona’s behavior. Mary Jane’s husband is meek. Mary Jane is the opposite. • Zona is a mess. She leaves a wake of large waves behind her. After she marries, the household of her childhood home is quiet. After marriage, the spark of her personality is gone. She is a waif of her former self. • The Unquiet Grave is a descriptive story. Whether it is the scenery or a character’s face. • I love the background for the writing of this story. It is a mix of folklore, based on the Greenbrier Ghost. (Review) Grief Cottage by Gail Godwin December 10, 2017 / Annette / Leave a comment Publisher and Publication Date: Bloomsbury. June 6, 2017. Marcus Harshaw, after the death of his mother, moves in with his Aunt Charlotte. She has a small house on an island off the coast of South Carolina. Aunt Charlotte is a painter. She is a loner. Marcus is 11 years old. At the beginning of the story, the first sentence of chapter two: Whenever I try to crawl back into the skin of that boy Aunt Charlotte suddenly found invading her precious solitude, a boy who was neither a charming child nor a promising young man, I am surprised that after living alone by choice for so long she was able to tolerate my company as well as she did. Page 6. Marcus is telling us his story as an adult, he is reflecting back on this period in life. He is the narrator. —-Don’t forget this point as I will refer to it in the “My Thoughts” section. It is early summer when Marcus begins living with Aunt Charlotte. She is kind to him but with an awkwardness. She never had children, and he has never met her before, he has only “heard” stories about the reclusive Aunt Charlotte. Aunt Charlotte tells Marcus about a battered old cottage “at the south end of the beach.” It has been nicknamed “grief cottage.” Aunt Charlotte has painted this cottage several times. She encourages Marcus to go have a look. Marcus’s visits to the cottage become his primary focus; and he meets a ghostly friend who may or may not be a good influence. One of the points I do not like about the book is whether Marcus is telling us his story from the perspective of an 11 year old or from the perspective of an adult? If the perspective is age 11, Marcus is an old soul, very old soul. He is not the typical boy of 11. He spends a great deal of time thinking (obsessing) about people. People from his past or present. He is also a loner. He does not mention sadness, but his actions show sadness, anger, and a mental instability. He does not seek out kids his own age to hang around. He often thinks of the one friend he had and their violent ending. This point about the perspective leads me to believe this is not a believable story. I feel this is fiction a bit too far. A second point about the story is whether the ghost is really a ghost or is this a fixation for Marcus? Marcus is grieving the death of his mother. He has no other family but Aunt Charlotte. He has lived a difficult life. Is this a ghost or is it all in Marcus’s mind? Marcus has a history of violence. This is apart of the story but not in a way that helps him, it is another aspect of who he is. The story is slow. It has few characters. The spotlight holds bright on Marcus. What kept me reading till the end is I felt sorry for Marcus. I wanted to know what became of this strange and sad boy. (Review) Christy by Catherine Marshall December 3, 2017 May 16, 2018 / Annette / 1 Comment Publisher and Publication Date: Evergreen Farm. October 17, 2017. Originally published 1967. Source: Complimentary hardcover copy from Evergreen Farm and Litfuse Publicity Group. I was not required to leave a positive review. Litfuse Publicity Group is closed and any links will be broken. Some stories are evergreen, their themes and lessons standing the test of time and connecting with readers generation after generation. Reconnect with Catherine Marshall’s beloved Christy as it celebrates its 50th anniversary with a new edition! As nineteen-year-old teacher Christy struggles to find acceptance in her new home of Cutter Gap, some see her-and her one-room school-as a threat to their way of life. Her faith is challenged and her heart is torn between two strong men with conflicting views about how to care for the families of the Cove. Yearning to make a difference, will Christy’s determination and devotion be enough? Celebrate the new 50th anniversary edition of Christy by entering to win one of TWO $50 Visa cash cards (details below) and by attending a Facebook Live party on December 5! TWO grand prize winners will receive: One copy of Christy One $50 Visa Cash Card Enter today by clicking the icon below. But hurry, the giveaway ends on December 5. The winner will be announced at the Christy Facebook Live Party. RSVP for a chance to connect with authors who’ve been impacted by Christy and other readers, as well as for a chance to win other prizes! RSVP today and spread the word-tell your friends about the giveaway and Facebook Live party via social media and increase your chances of winning. Hope to see you on the 5th! Catherine Marshall (1914-1983), The New York Times best-selling author of 30 books, is best known for her novel Christy. Based on the life of her mother, Christy captured the hearts of millions and became a popular CBS television series. Around the kitchen table at Evergreen Farm, as her mother reminisced, Catherine probed for details and insights into the rugged lives of these Appalachian highlanders. Catherine shared the story of her husband, Dr. Peter Marshall, Chaplain of the United States Senate, in A Man Called Peter. A decade after Dr. Marshall’s untimely death, Catherine married Leonard LeSourd, Executive Editor of Guideposts, forging a dynamic writer-editor partnership. A beloved inspirational writer and speaker, Catherine’s enduring career spanned four decades and reached over 30 million readers. Find out more about Catherine at http://gileadpublishing.com/christy/. Litfuse Publicity Group is closed. They ended their business and any links will be broken. I first read Christy as a teenage girl. Although we had books in my childhood home, nonfiction were usually the books on the shelf. My mother had been given a copy of Christy to read. Then, she passed the book on to me. It is a book I quickly became attached to. And, it is a book that became memorable. In 1912, Christy Huddleston, left her home in Asheville, Tennessee, at age 19, and traveled by train to rural eastern Tennessee to be a teacher. Several things I love about Christy’s character: steadfastness, perseverance, wanted to make a difference, adventurous, stoic, strong-willed, unselfish, patient, ambitious, a born leader, level-headed, a deep thinker, intelligent, honest, and loyal. There are moments in the story where I saw her positive traits, and there are moments when I saw her negative traits. She is a heroine but not an over-the-top type heroine. She is a young woman who has a strong character and a boldness many women her age do not possess. She is a character I admired many years ago and still admire. She left the security of home and family, and traveled to a strange place and culture. She had to learn to adapt to the people of Cutter Gap, Tennessee. This last aspect is something all people should learn. We may not agree with another culture group. We may not like how the other culture group lives. But it is a very good thing to listen and not judge. Just to clarify. If the other culture group wants to abuse, break the law or incite a war-I’m not referring to them. I am referring to people of race, religion, economic status, education level, and political views. There is a big difference between disagreeing and hate. Christy’s character and her story is the main aspect of why I love this book. 2. A second aspect of why I love this story is something that can easily be missed. I have read many books where the story tries too hard to make an impression. Christy is a fluid story. It reminds me of a river. The water moves but not always fast, sometimes it turns at a bend, and sometimes it moves rapid. The story takes its time to reveal itself and at different paces. For example, Christy makes a point to visit in the homes of the people who live in Cutter Gap. She is an observant girl. Some of the observations will pop-up in secondary stories. Christy gets an education in how the people live, their superstitions, and their isolated existence; and she is shown an innocence of the people yet they can also be violent. 3. Another aspect of why I love this story is the descriptions of eastern Tennessee. All the seasons are described in vividness. The homes of where the people live are described in such detail I felt I too was there. 4. The women of Cutter Gap. A reference is made of the women having an intuition about some things. These women depend on one another. They understand the culture of men and women and what is expected. They live a hard life, and not just a life of toil, but of living with heart-wrenching secrets. 5. Secondary characters. Fairlight Spencer is ethereal. She is like a character in a poem. She does not seem to be apart of this earth but of heavenly origin. Christy taught Fairlight to read. They have a strong and immediate bond. Fairlight is an interesting secondary character because she is “different.” Another character is Alice. She has a strong perception of people. She is wise, observant, and patient. She has a way of saying a few words that causes Christy to ponder. Dr. MacNeil is the country doctor who understands the people. He is a large man and yet he has a gentle quality. He is a person who hold many thoughts and secrets behind his curious hazel eyes. Several quotes I love: So many people never pause long enough to make up their minds about basic issues of life and death. It’s quiet possible to go through your whole life, making the mechanical motions of living, adopting as your own sets of ideas you’ve picked up some place or other, and die-never having come to any conclusion for yourself as you what life is all about. Page 314. …I saw for the first time that we have to accept people the way they are and not be shocked about anything. In my idealism, that had been hard for me. Page 382. The words were like understanding hands reaching out for me across the centuries. Their cry and mind, those others whom I had never known in the flesh, was the cry of the vulnerable human heart. There was comfort in the knowledge of our common humanity. Page 436. And the last line in the book, which I will not share, is one of the most beautiful last lines in fiction. Although religion is discussed in Christy. I do not consider this story to be a genre of Christian fiction. There are characters who are believers in Jesus. There are characters who take a bit of this and a bit of that. There are characters who do not believe in Jesus. The book has a romantic element but this is not strong until the end. The strength of the story is the character Christy, the people of Cutter Gap, the Great Smoky Mountains, and the wisdom and love that is learned.

Tag: think You can lead a horse’s ass to wonder, but you can’t make him think This tiny video, by Gracie Cunningham, is a beautifully subtle example of how to make people laugh, then think. The twitter comment about it, by Alex Turner, is a good example of how you can lead a horse’s ass to wonder, but you can’t make him think. https://twitter.com/i/status/1298372968838508546 Gracie Cunningham was bombarded, on Twitter, with […] Arts and Sciencelaugh, math, real, think Know what? Professor Hopp Tells How-to-Think All of human knowledge is summed up, possibly, in the opening words from this study: “How to Think about Nonconceptual Content,” Walter Hopp, New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy, vol. 10, 2010, pp. 1-24. Professor Hopp explains: “The current debate over nonconceptual content is of fundamental importance for both phenomenology and the theory of knowledge. […] Arts and Sciencenonconceptual, phenomenology, think

Book > Major Work > Development Economics Five Volume Set Mehmet Odekon - Skidmore College, USA Development Economics | Social Problems September 2015 | 2 560 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc Download flyer Recommend to Library Author(s) / Editor(s) The SAGE Encyclopedia of World Poverty, Second Edition addresses the persistence of poverty across the globe while updating and expanding the landmark first edition, originally published in 2006 prior to the economic calamities of 2008. For instance, while continued high rates of income inequality might be unsurprising in developing countries such as Mexico, the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reported in May 2013 even countries with historically low levels of income inequality have experienced significant increases over the past decade, including Denmark, Sweden, and Germany. The UN and the World Bank also emphasize the persistent nature of the problem. It is not all bad news. In March 2013, the Guardian newspaper reported, “Some of the poorest people in the world are becoming significantly less poor, according to a groundbreaking academic study which has taken a new approach to measuring deprivation. The report, by Oxford University’s poverty and human development initiative, predicts that countries among the most impoverished in the world could see acute poverty eradicated within 20 years if they continue at present rates.” On the other hand, the UN says environmental threats from climate change could push billions more into extreme poverty in coming decades. All of these points lead to the need for a revised, updated, and expanded edition of the Encyclopedia of World Poverty, Second Edition. "This Encyclopedia is substantially larger than the earlier edition which reflects the economic turmoil of the Great Recession of 2007-2008 and the ensuing global financial crisis... The SAGE Encyclopedia of World Poverty is a solid taxonomy which addresses the tenacity of poverty around the globe. This research source will be useful in academic libraries and will benefit college students and researchers. Recommended." J. Minshull "The authors' succinct entries, which include recommended readings and cross-references, thoroughly explore ways in which poverty is experienced, perpetuated, and combated around the globe. Recommended for all libraries that do not already own the first edition, and worth considering as an update for those that do... Summing up: Recommended. All libraries. All levels." S. E. Fancher “This is substantially larger than the previous edition, likely reflecting the rising level of economic crisis. The new volumes display the same attention to quality “encyclopedia craft” as the first, with 175 new articles and an increase to about 900 articles overall… Libraries that purchased the first edition should seriously consider updating in print or electronic format.” D. Hoover Mehmet A. Odekon Mehmet Odekon is Professor of Economics and Tisch Family Distinguished Professor at Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. He received his undergraduate degree in economics from Bogazici University (formerly Robert College) in Istanbul, Turkey. He won a Turkish government scholarship to pursue graduate work in the United States and earned his Ph.D. in economics at the State University of New York, Albany. After working at Bogazici University and at the European Institute of Business Administration (INSEAD) in Fontainebleau, France, he joined Skidmore in 1982.Dr. Odekon’s research interests include the political economy of... More About Author Buy from SAGE

← The Coen Brother’s Micro-Budget Short Film: World Cinema IFH 416: Acting in the Age of Coronavirus with Joseph Reitman → IFH 415: The American Film Market in the Times of COVID-19 with Jonathan Wolf November 6, 2020 | Indie Film Hustle The pandemic has upended the film industries in a way we will be feeling for years to come. Not only are film festivals in limbo and scrambling to figure out how to move forward but film markets like Cannes and Berlin are as well. Today on the show we welcome back to the show Jonathan Wolf, Executive Vice President of the Independent Film & Television Alliance (IFTA®) and Managing Director of the American Film Market (AFM). The American Film Market is the most efficient film acquisition, development, and networking event in the world. Unlike a film festival, AFM is a marketplace where production and distribution deals are closed. More than US$1 billion in deals are sealed every year — on both completed films and those in every stage of development and production. Over 7,000 industry professionals from more than 70 countries converge in Santa Monica every November. They include acquisition and development executives, agents, attorneys, directors, distributors, festival directors, financiers, film commissioners, producers, writers, the world’s press, and all those who provide services to the motion picture industry. At AFM, participants can discover the entire global catalog of available films and projects, attend 50+ world-class conferences, roundtables, and presentations, and connect with the independent film community’s decision-makers, all in one convenient location without the distraction of a film festival. The American Film Market 2020 will go on during this crazy time but not how you might think. AFM will be conducted completely online. Industry offices – Connect with over 300 sales and production companies, and industry organizations from around the world. LocationEXPO – Meet Film Commissions with billions of dollars in production incentives that can quickly get films moving, and connect with facilities, service companies, and institutions. On-Demand Theatre – Discover hundreds of films from the world’s best producers – all on demand for convenient viewing. Stage 1 & Stage 2 – Over 200 speakers will participate in more than 70 live sessions – Conferences, Panels, Workshops, Conversations, and Presentations – all with on-demand replays. Networking Pavilion – AFM’s most interactive experience for attendees to meet. Over 50 video discussions, every hour offers endless opportunities to join small groups that share your vision, passion, and goals. MyAFM – The place to create a profile, discover other participants, send messages, and have Zoom meetings from inside the platform. I’ll also be speaking at this year’s AFM with my good friend and film financing expert Franco Sama on November 10, 2021, at 2 pm PST. Jonathan and I discuss how the distribution landscape will change in the coming months and years, how the theatrical exhibition business will bounce back, the explosion of streaming services, and how the AFM will look in the future. Enjoy my conversation with Johnathan Wolf from the American Film Market. Today on the show we have the head honcho of the American Film market Jonathan Wolf, and Jonathan has been a guest on the show many times before. But this was an extra special interview because when COVID hit I was really curious on how not only the Cannes Film market, but the AFM is going to kind of continue because obviously, a film market a convention, if you will, traditionally needs to be in person. And I was wondering how Jonathan and the team over at AFM was going to be able to handle this new reality that we all live in, which is COVID-19. And they've come up with a really interesting way of moving forward with its which is basically American film market online or AFM online, where they're trying to emulate emulate the exact same experience would have been better in some instances, experience you have at the AFM and we talk deep about what they're doing, how they're doing it, if it's going to work, let's see. But I also really wanted to pick Jonathan's brain about what is going on in our business what is going on on the film distribution side of the business, where he sees things moving forward because he has been in the film distribution space for decades now. And I was really interested to hear his thoughts about the theatrical experience, what's going to happen theatrically where the studio is going, where independents are going, how they're going to be able to make money, how distributors in general are reacting about what's going on in the business and so on. So this is a very lively and informative episode. So without any further ado, please enjoy my conversation with Jonathan Wolf. I like to welcome back to the show returning champion Jonathan Wolf, how you doing Jonathan? Jonathan Wolf 4:08 Good Good to see ya Alex. Good man. I'm good. So anything happening Have you heard anything What's going on? You know, sitting in the backyard having a margarita now and then just you know running out of chips That's the worst thing that's going on as your chips are running out. Right? Oh, God. It is, was this last week spoken. The world has changed in a in a once in a generation kind of way which we all know about, which is the the COVID pandemic that is happening and ravaging not only the world, but our small, little corner of the world, which is the film industry. And I know when it hit last year, excuse me, I kind of feel like it's last year when I hit earlier this year. It feels like more than a year. I feel like we've been I swear to God, I feel like this is like we've been doing this forever, but talk about fatigue Jesus. And I mean, I don't know how much more things could happen in 2020. I mean, I said the mall people haven't risen up yet. Atlantis hasn't come out of the ocean. The aliens haven't landed yet. And the meteor technically hasn't hit yet. So there's still that. Well, there's turmoil on Washington, the hottest year on record in the planet. You know, we'll we'll make the trifecta I mean, there's there's so much I mean, there's just so many things you can't even comprehend but but this has been a very trying year, not only for, for in our industry for film filmmakers and from production, but from distribution has been thrown upside down. And of course, you you know, you running AFM has been have seen, basically have a front line, front row seat to what's going on, because you see what's happening. Yeah, with all of your other vendors and companies and things like that. So before we even get started, just for people who don't know who you are, can you just give a little quick update on who you are, sir. Sure, Jonathan Wolk, Managing Director of the American Film market, which is run by the Independent Film and Television Alliance. And we're a trade group for Motion Picture and Television distributors, basically, the independence version of the Motion Picture Association, the MBA, we look after the interests globally, of film and television companies that that operate outside the studio is the independence. And of course, we have the American Film market, which is an usually an annual event in Santa Monica, not this year. But an annual event. That is the bookend camp, where the industries in Canada do business in the spring, it comes to Santa Monica and in Hollywood's backyard, essentially, to do business in the fall. And that's that's where we sit, we watch what the industry is going we try and serve them where we can either with research or advocacy or creating a film market where they can do business efficiently. So So this thing called COVID, Sir, how has it affected the AFM this year, because normally, I would be getting ready to take my Uber down to Let's see, you said we only have three hours, right. It's it's really been a sort of a double whammy, if you will. COVID has affected the film industry, in terms of the ability to to shoot the problem with insurance, the problem getting bonding, and all of this and at the same time, it's affected the event industry. hotels are closed, you can't go to sporting events. And of course, you can't go to markets and trade shows. So now we find ourselves operating a business that's affected by COVID trying to serve clients who are uniquely affected by cloth. Here's the auto industry, they're still making cars. They found they found a way to do that. But being on the set, the closeness of those who are working together code is has been devastating. And there there are companies that are making it work, but it's challenging and expensive. So where are we found ourselves serving? We have our own challenges and serving an industry that's facing its own challenges. So So AFM like you said, Normally we'd be going to Santa Monica like it's been from now since I don't know since Chaplin. I don't know when it started. At one and the market got moved to Santa Monica 91 right. It's been 30 years. So it's been a It's been a while it's been a while that it's been going on. God I could only imagine what AFM would have been like in 1981 or 82,83 There must have been Oh,God 81 I wasn't there but in 81 they used what is now the W Hotel in Westwood. It was closed for what was back then a nine day get. And so, you know, industry evolves over what's almost half a century Jeezuuz. So okay, so now obviously we're not going to to the lows this year, the hotel. So how are you bringing AFM to the marketplace? Because I know I know you were keenly watching can when when Ken was going on because cam got pretty much buzzsaw by this because they were they were first up. So they were the guinea pig of a major market having to deal with not having a major market having to do a virtual version of it. And I've heard mixed reviews on the virtual on their end. So I want to know what you guys are doing and how do you see it playing out? Well, first we're really grateful that can went first we learn from what they did, we saw what they did that we liked. We saw what they did that we thought we might want to do different and and so like I said, I'm grateful and and I would not have wanted to be in their shoes, because in addition to going first they were actually facing a moving target. They didn't know if they would go and then would they go in June then would June be on site or would it be digital then would the fit if the festival wasn't happening to the festival want to market to happen without a festival so within their stakeholders and their governance, if you will, they were constantly facing a moving target. That that made it even more difficult. For us. We made the decision in the first week of July, that we were going online. And so it gave us four months of planning. But it also gave the industry certainty as to what they would be doing and where they would be doing it. Because part of the frustration that can probably suffered from was all of the stakeholders who were waiting to decide what it is they were supposed to do, are they going to can they're not going to camp, what kind of on what's the date, there was just there was so much going on moving. And not that we're in a stable place in any of us in this world. But at least being able to establish our dates and what we were doing four months out, let everybody including us plan a bit. So that's that's the good news. Of course, the bad news is we're now online. And we're we serve a diverse audience. We have production and distribution companies that are looking for territorial buyers, of course, we have those buyers from all over the world, we have the production community producers and writers who have packages are looking looking to either connect with other creatives or connect with those who might be able to bring those films for we have production services, who come in Film Commission studio facilities, of course, the lawyers, the bankers, agents. And and so it's it's a really, it's a diverse group. And when they come usually to Santa Monica, they're all doing different things. Some are in session, some are in screening summer in meetings, somewhere in the lobby, connecting with others, trying to writers looking for producers, things like this. And we then looked and said, How do we put all of this together online, if we were a furniture trade show, it'd be real easy. Here's pictures of the couches, who wants to place an order, there's the company you go to, it's a very, it's a most trade shows or trade events are limited audiences are much more complex. And so it took us a lot of time, sort of to put those those pieces together. And I can walk you through sort of what we've done. Yeah, I'd love to, I'd love to hear I'm fascinated Jonathan Wolf 12:04 With the pieces. The first thing we found we look for platforms, as you mentioned, can they use beyond sananda, they used other platforms that they licensed or modified from third parties. And none of us can create this stuff from scratch, we don't have the economics or the time to do that. So we looked a lot of platforms. And the first thing we saw on almost every platform, including the ones can use is you're navigating a website with with navigation bars and sub menus and drop downs. And as we would go through each one, it was sort of like being in a theater and someone turned on the lights, you the experience was really not there you are more aware of your surroundings than being engulfed in your experience. And so this really sent us on a path to make sure that we could do as much as possible to have the event engaging and not have you feel like you're sitting there with clicks and everything else and dropped down to menus and discovering how this website work. So the only way to do this for us was to bring in multiple different technology providers that that each were specialists in their areas. And then to build out ourselves where where that wasn't available. We're just taking off the pieces very briefly. And then you can let me know where you want to maybe dive into. For the companies who usually have space at the market. We created pages for them, where they could display their films where they could show videos, they could show their their team. And they could also say how they wanted to be contacted. Now one thing we learned from can was most of the buyers and sellers did not want to use the cam platform to communicate. They didn't want to click on and use that video discussion. They were okay in Skype, they were okay in zoom. They were okay in some other third party apps that are maybe specifically the film industry that they liked. But they didn't want to yet learn another platform. And so on going forward, we made the decision that for buyers and sellers we weren't going to put for the video platform that they would have their own way of connecting and meaning. So the first thing we've done is we've developed a series of pages where where the exhibitors can be found, you click on a logo of the company, you see everything that the company is doing. And we also did the same for the film Commission's and production facilities. But what we did was and and we'll get you an image that maybe you'll be able to put up on the screen later, we created a map, essentially a city map with eight buildings on it. And each of those buildings are interactive. So when you arrive at the AFM, you see a map with a buildings, you click on the industry offices and you're immediately in an environment where you're seeing all of the sales companies who are there and you can navigate through just by clicking on icons, seeing what they're doing and seeing how they want to be contacted. And it's the same thing for the film Commission's we set up a separate building called location Expo, click on that image and there you are Seeing seeing them as well. The only piece I'd say is somewhat traditional from a website standpoint, we created another building called my AFM. This is where participants come in and establish their profile, upload their image, talk about what they're doing, or their writers, their producers, directors, packages they may be bringing to the market, their social media links. This is where there's a little bit of a traditional, here's who I am. And I want the world to be able to discover me. And there they can if they want send messages, and have zoom meetings within that platform and invitations that that's it for you will be, quote, traditional online piece of this. But then what we we really started to focus on was how do we create the serendipity of a live event, where you're in an elevator and you bump into somebody, you would have not have sent a message to, you're sitting at a bar talking to someone, you're at a conference and the people sitting on either side of you that you haven't met before you open up a conversation, if what I've learned from participants of the AFM is beyond the education beyond the transactions, if they walk away having met three or four people, that they will continue to work within their meaningful relationships that will impact their career projects, the event was a success, it's all about face to face. And so we went looking for how to create a platform or to find a platform that would do this. And we're really excited about what we're doing. And another one of our buildings, which is called the networking building. When you arrive in this building, you see a floor plan plan of about 15 tables with chairs around each table, you can click on any table and actually have a seat at that table, you can mouse over the other tables, see who's sitting there and have a little pop up and you see their names and and who they are and their titles or what they're doing the object being to be able to have face to face meetings. But to do them in a way that is not appointment based, like you might see with zoom. And in this building this networking building, which has eight or nine floors, 15 tables or so on every floor, you click on a floor like an elevator and you're taken up to the next floor. All of these tables are labeled in terms of topics. So let's say on the eighth floor and table four, we have two topics for horror micro budget. And we've scheduled those tables to be horror micro budget at two, four and six in the afternoon. And we put that out on our schedule. So if if horror micro budget is something that interests you, and you don't know who else at the market has an interest in that as well, you can just drop in at that table is limited to only six people. And you can meet people who are interested in that topic. So we will have dozens and dozens between 50 and 60 tables with topics changing every hour. topics will be based on genre, some will be based on geography, you know, meetups, from from people coming from Russia, well doesn't mean that everybody from Russia knows each other, where we're from Germany, or everybody from Australia. So we'll You know, they're almost like scheduled meetups. So we have topics on genre, we have topics based on geography topics of producers looking for other producers to work with writers and producers looking to connect. And so you can constantly jump into these tables. And you know, if the conversation doesn't work, you jump off to to another table. There are also some private tables. So if you see your room is six, and you realize that you and one other person, maybe you just want to jump off to a different table, you can. And we're also allowing the participants to reserve or name their own table, which means during the market, let's say the Atlanta Producers Association wants to have a meet up the next day for in the afternoon. Sure, we'll reserve a table, it's like having a reserved table in a restaurant or a bar, the sign is up there, it's reserved. And they can jump into that table. Whenever whenever they like, this technology comes to us from a company called film operasi. It's it's new, it's only been used probably about eight or nine times, we're taking a little bit of a risk. It's well out of beta. But there's still things that are that need to be worked on. But the whole idea here is to drop into the networking building and seek out those that you want to meet. I guess the best analogy Alex would be if you were if you were walking into a networking party, and there were 500 people and their discussions going everywhere and you didn't know a single person. You could go from group to group, introduce yourself and spend two hours and never meet anybody that actually was right for you to connect with. Now imagine walking into that party. And magically there's a little bubble over every conversation right? what they're talking about. And you can go Prince documentary, not not for me. I'm going over there. They're talking about what I want to talk about. That's what these tables do. People drop in conversations are pre labeled, you know which ones to drop in on and who to meet. And everybody coming to a market wants to meet people, it isn't that you're you're dropping in and interrupting Sure, there's gonna be a conversation, just like standing walking into a group, party, you know, you just don't interrupt and blurt out, you know, you work your way into a discussion, it's going to be the same here. We're really excited about that the two other buildings that have our sessions, we're going to be running two screens, two stages, excuse me simultaneously. So we'll have about 70 or 74, sessions, running, you know, changing over every 90 minutes, they are in buildings that are similar to that networking building. So while you're sitting at a table waiting for a session to start, you're still able to meet the people who happened to be randomly placed next to you. But of course, once the session starts, then your screen is wiped. And you're seeing the speakers. So there's a little bit of that serendipity there, like walking into a ballroom and just just grabbing a seat, the same thing. Same thing will happen there. It sounds it sounds almost, I mean, almost heavenly. I mean, in all honesty, it sounds I mean, if everything gets pulled off correctly, I mean, this, this sounds wonderful, because it cuts through a lot of the time wasted in the physical kind of scenario. And I know you don't want to like hey, you know, we still want to do the physical eventually. We want to get back to that. But this is which which originally the next question, do you see a virtual component from this point on at AFM? Yes. And let me back up to one thing you said, which was, we looked at the technology and said, How can we make it better than face to face as we know, there's certain things just as consumers we do where the technology is making things better? Are there other things that aren't as good, I'll give you an example. And the inside the lowest if you're a producer with a script, inside the lowest, you can go door to door, walking in to sales companies now some will turn you away, they're busy. Others, you may catch a moment have a meeting, that transaction based piece of the FM really isn't present for producers online. Because while you might get turned away, and an office, you've actually walked into the office, and you've had a chat with someone who said no, we're busy online, it's an email that may not be answered. Right. And so we had to turn our focus away from transaction and towards face to face. Even at Santa Monica, we find when we do post show surveys, those who come in with a very narrow transaction purpose are usually the ones that are the most unhappy. They only keep for one person, if somebody isn't interested in buying whatever they have their script, their production investing, they just go on to the next person. That's all they're there for. They're usually the ones who are most unhappy. Those who get the most out of the market realize they're there to learn and to connect and build relationships. Eventually, hopefully one leads to to whatever their you know, their primary goal is with their project or career. So we've looked at technology, one other piece, and then I'll come back to next year. There's also an on demand theater. You click on theater. Again, it's another building it says theater, you click on the theater, and you're taken off to our screening room, which presents I think we're up to about 180 or probably around 220 230 films. We're just like on Netflix, you're seeing the the the image of each film, and you're clicking on the films you want to see. And immediately starting the screening. One of the things candidate was they decided to have their films, screening based on appointment, meaning there is a defined time if it was 10am in London, who's gonna pay attention in London at 10am in New York, that 10am in LA, and you had put it on your schedule, it was appointment based screenings. And in talking to a lot of the sales companies, we found that the benefit of technology was I didn't have to be someplace at that moment. It's like it's versus Netflix versus old school terrestrial NBC. And we know one of the one of the problems when you screen in Santa Monica, we have 29 auditoriums that every two hours are playing a different film, and sometimes only screen once. So you have 28 other films competing with you, plus the ability to meet with 400 companies in their offices. Our average screening at a market it's similar to Cannes and their physical market is about 28 to 30 people because everybody has so much to do. Now imagine that film being available in a theater in Santa Monica non stop in its own auditorium for five or six days, you know that everybody who wanted to see it would eventually so we didn't go to appointment based we went to on demand. And it's it's a different way to you know, it's using the technology we hope to to make the event better, but you're looking to you're asked about 2021 Now, we'll have to see is a 21 or 20 to 25. Who knows going on, I'd prefer you know, three quarters full and we're going to be optimistic. What what we know people will find from the online experience that they're having over the last six months, part of the next six is certain things they used to do outside of their home or office, they now can do inside. Whether it's ISIS consumers or people in business, less business travel more conversations like you and I are having now. There are a lot of participants at film markets, we have people from between 75 and 80 countries, but a lot of participants who can't go to every market every year, it's just not viable. You look at our buyer from let's say, a small country like Chile, the economics of going to Cannes, Berlin and AFM every year don't make sense. Now a buyer coming from, let's say the UK, where they're buying for a much bigger economy. So they're spending a lot more the travel is not that big a piece of their overall company budget. So we sometimes see at the AFM certain countries have only a once every two or three year visibility, or certain companies I should say from from smaller places, we also see something else, which is those who know they aren't coming. They aren't the most important participants, let's say your most important participants are big producers, or big buyers from Japan and the UK and Germany, they're going to give their meetings in the first two or three days. Those who who may be I don't want to say less important, but but don't tell your buyer from Greece again, or not as high profile, let's say Right, not as high profile we find in Santa Monica, they may arrive a couple days later, we even tell our producers don't arrive to the fourth day. You know, most of the companies with offices, they're too busy with preset meetings don't come the first three days you're more relevant later. Well, what we're going to find is a lot of those companies are going to say great, not only will I not come late, I'm just not going to come at all, because the AFM is going to give me an online way to participate. The week after the film market is in Santa Monica. What we don't believe works is what people call hybrid events. Some are participating online at the same time, some are participating physically, that can work for a conference, you point the camera, some people in the audience and some people watching a TV, talk. That's all all talk shows operate. That part's easy. But when you look at the interaction, there isn't a company with an office, inside the Lowe's in Santa Monica, that's going to interrupt a meeting with someone standing in front of them for someone who just decided to randomly click and say let's talk on a computer. And vice verse. So what we're really looking at is that the market will continue. But some of those companies who couldn't participate at all, they could only travel once every two or three years, now we'll have an opportunity to continue to travel to participate in what would be a second week where all of the companies who have offices who came to the market, who were in the conferences, then back home, are able to log in, see additional sessions, as well as see all of the companies who are now back at their home office and ready to have follow up meetings with the companies who didn't travel in an organized way by the market with defined dates and defined hours. And now we're 14 months away from that 13 months, the world may change. But that's a that's we view this as really sequential rather than concurrent. That makes Actually Actually it makes a lot a lot of sense to do that. I mean, obviously this year will be completely virtual. So it's it's a completely kind of, I'm gonna interrupt you one there apologize for this. No one on our team is allowed to use the word virtual, what's the word we use? We use the word online. Virtual look it up means almost not quite. There. We are an online market we are virtual is coming really more I understand virtual reality, but I got to figure it out. So Potato, potato, Potato, potato, Potato, potato, I get it. So it makes all the sense in the world to now open yourself up to an online component which this is where wizards would go. We were we all knew this is what this was gonna go. I mean AFM you know lash I mean, last year we I mean, I think this year was going to be less less actual days. Correct. we shorten the market by two days. Right? Right. So that is exactly and can as well and all major markets. We all knew this was coming. This is not a big surprise. COVID has just ramped everything up and sped everything up so fast. That now we're forced to do something that I didn't I don't think you had in your plans and online component this year. Did you pre COVID No, sir. Exactly, it wasn't something that was even in your mind. So I'm really interested to see how it works out for you guys how it works out for you personally AFM as on a business standpoint, because of there's a substantial I'm not sure. And I don't want to get into your economics but the cost differences between running a physical event versus running an online event, and, and what the ROI is, and all of that stuff. I know there will always be a physical component and I agree with you, I want to go to a film festival, I want to I don't want to go to Sundance online, like I want to go to Park City and enjoy that time I want to go to AFM and oh, I just bumped into somebody. And there's only so much you could do online to create that kind of serendipity that happens at an event like AFM. But I agree with you 100% that that because you have this online component. And even moving forward having the second week being an online only situation, we'll open up the AFM to a monstrous amount of of people that want to attend filmmakers buyers from around the world that would just could not afford to fly in. Because it didn't make financial sense to do so. Yeah, that's how we feel that that will we'll engage an audience that couldn't otherwise participate and and hopefully grow into a new audience, that that could never, they could never go there. And so this is really a test for us. It's not only filling the void, that the that that would be there if we weren't doing a market this fall. But it's also understanding what pieces can work well in tandem with a physical market. Next, you Now, how do you see traditional film markets playing a part in film distribution moving forward? Because I mean, again, the game has changed so dramatically since 81. So when when AFM was born, to now I mean, even in the short time that I've been going over the last four or five years, I, I've seen a change in me. Can you imagine 2015 versus 2020? How much has the business changed in just those five years? So What part do you see for markets in general, but then at the AFM, you know, in the whole ecosystem of film distribution? You know, that's one of those questions, you take a deep breath before, before you answer I think the first most important thing is, is fill markets provide an opportunity for exchanging information. And I just don't mean a producer sitting in a conference, but we will see buyers and sellers right refer to buyers. And you be clear, we're talking about territorial distributors, sometimes people producers will think of buyer as someone who's going to buy their script. When we talk about buyers in a film market. We're talking about territorial distributors that have online platforms, they have television networks, they have, you know, there's shooting to theaters, or even in shrink wrap and blu ray. We will have buyers and sellers participate solely for the purpose of marketplace intelligence, the company that isn't doesn't have a film ready at the moment will still have an office and still take a meeting with 100 buyers just to understand what's the marketplace like in Japan? What's working? How are the windows going? What because when they're deciding what to make or what what to invest in? That's a film that may not hit the marketplace for 18 months. They've got a guess. Right. And, you know, we talk you talk about the acceleration of change right now. That's the scary part. You know, you go back, you know, 2025 years ago, the world wasn't changing that much from one year together. Well, sci fi went up a little bit or went down a little bit. What are these VHS is what are these things? Yeah. When I worked in distribution, we were able to forecast the value of second cycle syndication in Italy, we would go out that far as serious Wow, it's awesome. For me the ultimate value of a film would have because you could just see it all play out. And you know, most of that long tail has has melted completely, and that it's changing so quickly that companies need to be there. And if we're talking about senior executives, at platforms and distribution companies all over the world needing to travel for marketplace intelligence, you can imagine what producers and writers need to do to keep up with that to know what kind of content they should be pursuing that's going to you know, resonate in the marketplace. And so markets and trade fairs really in any industry, that it's so important, but in our industry, where the the pace of change is just going faster and faster. That's going to be the most important piece. People This is still a face to face business. When a director has a vision for a film, and you're a buyer and you're deciding whether to take a risk on that. territory by territory, you sometimes want to look that director in there in the eye, and really understand and ask questions, and you can do a point online. But there's something about being face to face. And, and developing that trust, that trust when when the salesperson says the film will be good is that trust factor, and that's done. That's best done face, face to face. So the markets, I see the markets continuing, just like they are, again, when we look at the film industry, litter, film marketing, we're very unique We are the product we have is very unique, the way we sell it is unique. The way it's financed, isn't unlike any other business in the world. But the fact is, there are trade fairs in 1000s of industries, from from CES, you know, to restaurants, to furniture, whatever it is, they all have a reason to get together. And so we also study what is going on in the trade fair world to see what best practices work and what the changes are there as well. So not only our own industry, but we have to layer in what what goes on in the event industry. Shorter market. Yes, an online component. Yes, but people are still getting, I can't wait for that. That online furniture market Got me? How do you how do you make that work? Like? Have you sit on a couch and see. Exactly how do you sit on a couch and see how. So I wanted to ask you Well, first of all, I wanted to ask you a question, do you If I would have told you in February, if you and I would just have had an coffee in Santa Monica, talking about AFM coming up this year and was Hey, hey, Jonathan, you know what, but I think the entire theatrical side of the business is gonna shut down worldwide. And we're not going to have a blockbuster summer season for the first time since jaws was released in the 70s. You would have looked at me like I was absolutely insane. And walk the other way. Well, there are people that you're this flat, so. So, you know, so that the the theatrical side of our business has been devastated. It is. I mean, the studios are still trying to figure out what to do. Let alone the independence. I mean, I mean, you've got movies like Tennant, Wonder Woman, Black Widow, big Marvel sued is Milan, these kind of big tentpole films who are just trying to figure out what to do, let alone us, us, you know, small fries in the business. How do you I just want to hear your opinion, do you think that the magical experience is I don't I personally think it's dead. But it is on life support, and it will take a moment for it to come back to even remotely close. And I don't think we'll ever get back to where it was pre, pre COVID. Because there's just going to be less screens, there's going to be less everything because companies are going to go under and so on. What's your opinion on the whole theatrical side of our business? Well, we all know that most businesses will come back in some form, it's not a matter of if but to what degree and what and what gets lost by this, you know, there's there are deferred things and there are things that are just lost forever. The business, the theatrical business will be better or less to use the right word, the exhibition business will return. You know, we've we've always you know, we're a communal species. We want to laugh and scream and cry together. I suppose you could go back to the cavemen sitting around a fire and somebody jumping up and telling something, everybody else laughing. You know, it's, it's, we want to do this as a group. The question is, when it comes back, I think your first question is, will there be as many screens we already saw, you know, independence, and I talked about independent exhibitors around the country being challenged as the business models have evolved. And a lot of the lower budget films, were just not seeking theatrical releases. And the studios were bypassing a lot of these independents to go straight to the big chains. This may accelerate some of that and, and hurt some of those smaller, smaller change. Setting aside because I don't know the economics of AMC and regal and, you know, will they keep all their locations and leases and things like that? We're taking assumption that most of their screens are still open and viable as we come out of the pandemic. Sure. We're gonna see everyone back in theaters, we're going to they're going to be watching films, I believe in crowded theaters now, whether it's eight months from now, or 18 months from now we'll have to see. The question is what is it that are they seeing and has this accelerated the move towards tentpoles? Where you only have really, you know, it's AMC the use of a phrase called the film buyer. The film buyer was with someone if we look back before the evolution of multiplexes. So going back from the 1920s So probably the early 80s, a film buyer would see a film and would make a decision on how long they were going to play and commit to a certain number of weeks. And if they were wrong, that theater was just empty. And they made a horrible decision, the biggest risk of exhibition was booking a film and then having the film tank. And so film buyers were really experts. Today, a lot of the exhibitors refer to their film buyers, as programmers, they're no longer in the buying business. They have screens to program the way Disney has multiple channels to program. I've got that film coming in, I'm going to drop it in the five screens gonna program in five screens, we'll see how it does, I'll pull it down to three after a few days. It doesn't do well. They're all programmers. And this is how they operate. And they operate best when they're programming, mega hits or giant blockbuster films, when you bring them a film that might fill the screen twice a day, it's a small film, and it probably won't, won't play well, except on the weekends. He has some try and squeeze it in to be good to the industry or to try to, you know, segment the community they might not otherwise reach. But but for the most part, they're going to ignore them more and more. And that's going to be a challenge. And this is where I hope when we look at exhibitors like Lemley that they come out of this. Okay, yeah. Because these kinds of companies that let you know for those who aren't in Southern California Lemley theaters, to terrific chain and people who really believe in film and and the creative process, Will those exhibitors still be there, because I don't have the faith that the larger chains will continue to serve the smaller films and so eventually, your multiplex will be just another version of Netflix, you'll see, you know, which which three or four big films happened to be on there. And so that's, that's my worry. But I think it'll be back. I think it'll be crowded, the popcorn business won't lie. Yeah, I agree with you. I think they will come back eventually, when that that moment will be I could be like you said eight months, 18 months or or longer? with it. But but this is on a business standpoint, is there a business model? That makes sense for a 300 million plus dollar film, including marketing PNA or $400 million dollars, which a lot of these temples like 200 million and make it 200 billion to market it? Is there a business model that makes sense without a theatrical? Like, because I know a lot of released on Disney plus, from what I understand it did. It did fairly well for it was a temple but it wasn't like, you know, it wasn't it wasn't wonderwoman It wasn't a Marvel movie. It wasn't James Bond. It wasn't something monsters, it was just, you know, a big a big Disney movie. You know, is there moving forward? I mean, you saw that article with Disney. Right? That they said they're restructuring their entire company for at&t Warner and following the others, right. So that's pretty much a huge shot across the bow of the theatrical business. Okay, we're gonna still do you guys. But we got Disney Plus, I mean, what I had a 60 million 70 million subscribers in less than a year. sanity? Well, the film business has never been viewed by business people as a business. Television has been viewed as a business. Most businesses, you make a product, if it works, you just make more of the same product TV series. That's what that's been been like. Now, when I was growing up, ABC had movies of the week, Mo W. Well, they do this for 678 years. I don't know how long was and they stopped. They stopped. Why? Because they had to have a brand new marketing campaign every seven days for one of those films. They didn't have to do that for series, the series takes off you market that market the first few weeks, if the characters and storylines resonate, now you just have something that's now in orbit. And so the business world could relate to the television industry know you're going to go to film markets. You see, you see people in jeans, and you know, and leather jackets you go to you go to TV markets, and coat and tie. It's a totally, totally different vibe. And so what's happened is the film companies have become smaller and smaller pieces of these giant corporations that are businesses. These the film business has always been about two guys. Oh, it's the lady regime over at Fox. That means it's just one guy who's picking films. Or maybe it may be somebody else in a different studio. It's always been at the end of the day. Yes, you can say there's a committee and a few people look at the end of the day, most film studios have been about one or two people and their decisions. And if you ask Wall Street or the business world, is that a business to say no, I'm investing to people. And so so that that's the challenge of the film industry has always always Phase. And now these, these film companies are just small divisions with bottom line responsibility just like the guy running the other TV network, and I'm running the film stuff. So the way they make their decisions are totally different. Now, you mentioned very expensive Films on Demand. We need to separate that discussion between tvod where they're paying for something for each viewer, and svod. We'll be right back after a word from our sponsor. And now back to the show. You mentioned one film I'm sorry, the Disney film so so like, so like Milan, Milan was a p VOD, which is a new thing that is Looking at Netflix with the Irishman. And right, and you compare the two, Two different business models. Yes. And the subscription model is is really interesting, because the Netflix new were discovered what magazine publishers have known for a century, right? That there are one or two sections of the book that you like, you will maintain your subscription. And so what Netflix did in its growing years was made sure it had something for everyone. They had documentaries, they had lower budget they had, you know, every comedian, you could think of whatever it was, they had a little bit of everything, including a blockbuster, one, one that goes through four years ago, they went to Sundance and I think they spent 16 $17 million on a film. And the whole industry was writing articles, there's no chance that Netflix buying this film is going to get $17 million. And then four weeks later is an article that the amount of media coverage that Netflix got on mainstream media outside of the entertainment industry was valued at about $50 million, because they had spent so much and Netflix looks at this. And it's just like doing a premiere party, your primary purpose is just to get media coverage, they spent 17 on the film, and they got 50 million in coverage. Their goal was not for that film to break even or to have any kind of certain value in terms of eyeballs and downloads, it was to make sure that they are building their subscription business. And that's why you'll see them have an Irishman whether it's every few months, or wherever it is often enough that you say I can't miss Netflix, they're four or five and it because it'll never be on another platform. There. I'd be missing three or four blockbusters a year How could I do that more now, one a month now, there is my $9. And that is different than Milan, where they were looking and saying we're our Disney plus model is not ready to just drop this in is a value of a subscription. We need to do this on a transaction basis to pull in some revenue first. And so, you know, smarter people than me are struggling to see which model is going to work out what kind of films where does the consumer you know going to gravitate towards and it may be the kids films that all of a sudden the family instead of all the expenses going to the theater, you know, you can have six kids and have a have a movie afternoon and you're willing to pay $29 to have it at home and and do everything they're there. Well, I don't mean to interrupt you. But I just saw that I just saw a trailer for the new Pixar movie soul that's being released on Disney plus, on Christmas part of the subscription, not as PVOD. And they did the same thing with the last movie they the last Pixar movie they did. So I'm starting to see a pattern where like some of the bigger animated films make sense for the Disney plus because those don't they cost 100 million 100 million change generally to make one of those Pixar films. But Mulan like I'm curious to see one that I know Warner Brothers just said that Wonder Woman is going to be released on virtually on p VOD. And I know I think they're still talking about Black Widow which is the next big Marvel movie. Poor bond bond is just being bumped around. I mean, poor bond is just MGM wanted to really sell itself somewhere. I was hoping to use this as you know, just some excitement. They can't like poor bonds just sitting on a shelf somewhere and it just like, okay, maybe next summer or maybe a lot of things are being pushed till next summer. But there's also so much real estate. Like there's only so many movies you can release on a day during the summer. So it's it's just an insane time but you made some very good points I hadn't really thought about before about the business models of television. The way you look at it as on a business standpoint, it makes all the sense in the world. I personally think that P VOD. I think that the model that Milan set up if you've got a Disney plus so we're talking universal that has peacock and Warner's who has HBO Max, I know Paramount's trying to do something who knows what will happen with that Sunday with whether the Paramount plus for CBS or something and they'll they'll get, They'll get they'll they'll have some sort of avenue for it. Then the P VOD business model does make a lot of sense for like a Milan where they said they said they sold 9 million tickets at $30 a pop, well, they keep 100% of that. So we're talking 200. And whatever $70 million plus for opening weekend, it's not too shabby would they have made a billion worldwide. And they're still going theatrically overseas and they're still in, they're still selling it other other places as well. So it's just like, we're in the unknown. This is so unprecedented that nobody, like you said, people are much smarter than you and me, are having trouble figuring this all out. And now they have, you know, when we're talking about the studio is not the independence. But then even when the world sort of settles down or back some sense of normalcy, they're still going to have choices. If you made a $300 million film or $200 million film 10 years ago, you are going out to the theaters, there was no chance you were going to what was called an unfairly an ancillary market to drop that film first, right. But now, when the film is done, you might look and say that, given the marketing cost of going out theatrically, and you're not quite as, as thrilled with maybe the results the film might get, that is going to play to a narrower core audience that really wants that particular thing. You can pivot, this is going to allow pivots both to tvod and svod. Well, we inside the industry might know, oh, we know why we're there moving here or there, the rest of world doesn't pay attention to that, you know, the rest of the world just sees this is where the film's available. And this is a benefit, I get either of my subscription or be able to buy it as a transaction. So they'll they'll be able to monetize each of these films more efficiently. And that's, again, 10 years ago, and I just use this as comparison, the average theatrical film only returned from the box office, about 60% of its marketing costs, the most theatrical films, theatrical was viewed as a loss leader to set up video and blu ray. And the other answer's no, I'm not talking about big blockbusters. But that middle middle range budget films, the average one just never covered their marketing costs. And so the fact that you hear Disney going out and getting what 30 times 9 million? Yeah. Somebody smiling over there. I mean, and that was first weekend. So I'm assuming it's still generating revenue. And they don't have to split that with the with the theater. So it's 100%. There's, I mean, the business model is sound. And I could, I mean, could an Avengers style film, go to P VOD, and make a billion dollars over the weekend? I mean, you know, the old mike tyson boxing matches used to pull in 250 $350 million in one night, if you remember. But I look at someone and we're all different when we go to school, or when someone tells me there's a $300 million action? I want to see it in the theater. Yeah, I want to I'm paying $15 to see a $300 million piece of art. I will do that. Yes. And so so there's, it's it depends on just the environment you want to want to see it in? No, absolutely. And do you? Do you personally think that there is an option? Because I've been saying this a lot. And I think this is going to happen within the next 12 to 18 months, that one of these, these four companies is just going to come in and buy an AMC or regal or arclight and just put it under their banner and change their business model, which is Amazon, Facebook, Google or Apple who are so cash flush, that they can come in and buy. I don't think so again, okay, This guy's opinion. But why take the risk, if any one of them came and basically said, we're going to do an exclusive for you. We're going to lease your theatres. For a while we're going to put everything yet the I hate to say this, the theater owners have never really been in the film business for the last 30 or 40 years. They get more revenue from the popcorn and everything else, if they can rent those theaters, at a better price than taking the risk of playing films. I think if you were an apple or something like that, and you want to see it just come and start leasing. You could just take over screens, own screens, you know, again, there was a time in the earlier part of our industry where certain studios only played certain exhibitors when I was in. You know, I grew up around Westwood Village where all the premieres were and and, you know, it's Orion as it as it grew. And this is in the late 70s, early 80s. I was yard, they actually had to convince United Artists to go build their their theaters to build a new multiplex, so that they could have a place to play their films, because each of the screens in Westwood was controlled solely by one studio. That screen will only play that studio most of the time. And so it's easy to come back to you know, the consent decree is gone. It's easy for the exhibitors to really cut the kinds of deals with studios. If the studio wants that there's just no reason to get into this, this world of, you know, minimum wage, ticket takers, leases and shopping malls. You know, they've got a lot of issues in the exhibition business that the studios may not want, including the people who are cleaning the theaters. And there's lots of stories about about how workers are sort of underpaid in this world. And it's just not what it's just not what the studios I don't see any of them wanting to get in this exhibition business interesting. owner and being being stuck with 30 year leases, they want to be nimble, Right? Yeah. When you have something like a p VOD situation like Milan, you're like, I just made a cool 300 million and I just click the button. Don't need it's just it's just too easy for them to go and, you know, write a check and control something for a while. Okay, that's, that's an interesting point of view. I like that. I appreciate that. Now, is there a business model moving forward, that filmmakers can use? Like how can a filmmakers package their films? So it's more appetizing for international buyers? Because I know that's a big question I get asked all the time. I'm the the key thing about we talked about the the topic of pre sales. And I know you've you've probably talked about this many, many times, and those listening, I hope we should know you know a lot about what pre sale means, which is the buyers around the world of buying the film before it's made, and that the the producer distributor can then take those promises those contracts and go use it with a bank to finance the film, when you're buying a film that hasn't been made, you're taking two risks. One, of course, is is you know, with the film work in my country, for the price that I'm paying is the right value. But the other is, will the film be good. And if the film's finished, you can make your own determination film has been made, you're taking that secondary risk. And so the buyers internationally still today, and this has been true for 3040 years, the buyers still today, if they're looking at pre buying, they're going to pre be more apt to buy pre buy genres that are not dependent on a good execution. Now, what do I mean by a good execution? If you're making Expendables 44, you just sort of know what you're going to get if you're making the greenbook. Fabulous film, but when you read the script, it's all based on the skill of the director, and actors and the writer. And the writers. And you're looking at this and say it could it could be great broke Brokeback Mountain, I could go back aways. But But there, there are lots of films that when you look at the script, he said, this is dependent on execution. Well, john, was there less dependent on execution, action, adventure, comedy that's not about about the words, but more about the site, the site gags, horror, thriller, erotic, they're very, very genres, they're less dependent on execution. And so if a producer and writer if their goal is to sell something, you know, you look at artists, and some artists will say, Well, I paint for myself, I paint the same Lake every week, and I give it to my to my grandkids, that's, well, if you're an artist, and you're making it for yourself, then you don't need to listen to anything I'm talking about. But if the purpose is to sell something, you want to head towards genres, that there's less risk and execution, and that the marketplace seems to be interested in. Now, right now, the marketplace is less interested in horror, horror is taking a little bit of a dip. Why? Because there's so many just frightening things that are going on around our lives right now, on television, and everywhere else, that romantic comedies are doing much better a day. And if you look, you looked in the 1930s, the height of the depression, this is where we see all these films about the ultra rich, and there are problems. And many of them are romantic comedies. And it's somewhat similar right now, Hallmark is doing swell with all these types of films. So if you're a filmmaker looking to sell something, you want to look to sell something that buyers have, and production companies have less fear about, about the execution. And that at least that's one piece that helps obviously, you want to have a story that fits that people want to know how it ends. Right, exactly. And then of course, if you have if you have cast that is bankable, depending overseas who they are, that always helps anytime you can have cast Cast or any type of embedded IP, whether the IP is is could be a true story based story based on someone else's life. Whatever that is. The cast is when you talk about paying, you know certain cast more than others it's usually not because they're a better actor or actress. It's because their name recognition gives you marketing value, and I You can do the same thing. It's what? What's that one, one book, one of the things that that that independence can do is to write a script that has one huge terrific role for a man or a woman, that if you look at a sharlee, stirone, and monster, this is a film that, that while its budget keeps going up, it was better for you know, as time goes on, it's about a $4 million film. But she looked at the script, and this had a rule of a lifetime. in it. ensembles are the toughest things to do, because you don't have the budget to get anybody writing a film, that's got one absolutely terrific role, you've got a good chance, if it's a great story of finding someone that says, Yeah, I'll take a risk on that film. It just it's a role of a lifetime, being single roles. The last thing you want to do is ensemble coming of age stories about small town us. And this is the one problem with writers, writers, those who teach writing, say write about what you know. And then all we see is high school and college, you know, Midwest coming of age stories with an ensemble cast, that are are tough to make an even tougher to say, don't focus on ensemble try and stay within a specific genre. Those would that that is less dependent on on execution, those would be two pieces of advice. That's a great, great pieces of advice. And I have to ask you, how many COVID Films do you think are going to be at AFM this? And how many of them will be promptly rejected? Jonathan Wolf 1:01:39 You know, people watch some of these films about diseases and things like that in March. And they were saying, you know, but people run from them again, like they're running from or now, the real question is, is films before the camera? What year is the film taking place in? Are we going to be shooting 2019 for the next three years? Because we're surely not shooting 2020 and most films, you're not going to see people walking around with masks on, they're not going to date the film as being in this 12 or 18 month bubble. So we have to look and see what What year are they shooting? And we may be living in 2019 for the next three years. Yeah, that's a great point. It's a grip. Yeah. Like I was just watching the show that came back on and they are hitting COVID. Like straight on there. Like you know, it's taking place now. Our characters are going through it. There's masks, they're making jokes of it. A series a sitcom. Yeah, it's a sitcom series. Yeah, not a movie, a sitcom series. And that's, I want to stay topical, you want to stay current? And of course, we all see this. But when you get into features, and you want that feature to have a long life Yeah, you can't make it like, it's like a 911 movie or Vietnam movie like those. They are specific about a certain thing. Like I was always I tell people as well, like, how many 911 movies were there. And it didn't happen while 911 like a month after 911? Like it took a while Vietnam films didn't happen in in the 70s. Generally, I mean, late 70s. With no Deer Hunter was probably the earliest one. But But it took until the A took a while before people got comfortable to even start talking about it again. I don't know. If you see a feature film with people with masks on, it means that part of the storyline has to do with COVID. Otherwise, they're shooting 2019. Right, exactly. And I've had so many filmmakers like, Hey, I'm going to be the first one to make a COVID horror movie. I'm like, don't do that. Nobody wants that. We have no, please. Nobody wants to watch that. I don't care if it's amazing. You'll never get anyone to see it. So please, anyone listening don't don't make a COVID based film, make a film that has a story that might have some people wearing masks and dealing with it. That's fine. But even then I like you're right, it gets stuck in this bubble. I do expect someone to do love in the time of COVID. I was waiting for that. I think we're all waiting. We're all waiting for that. But yes. And last question I have for you, Jonathan, where do you see film district? How do you see the film distribution landscape changing in the next 12 months? 12 to 18 months? Because it's changing almost on a monthly basis at this point? It you know we've almost covered it. It's It's when we talk about film distribution. We just talked about all the channels from exhibition to all of the VOD transactions subscription audience based if it was advertising based, if if I see any bubble that sort of is under the radar. It's an A VOD advertising, supported VOD, where there's a lot more going on. And we're finding a lot of independent films are getting traction on a VOD platforms that are doing a good job of programming based on certain genres and what what you might they're just not taking one of everything like a Netflix. They're very specific. They're most of them are free. And so I think there's a growth sort of, because it's almost coming back to traditional advertising supported television, but it's on demand. And so, for independent film, I see a VOD as I should say lower budget independent film, a VOD is an interesting area. But from a studio standpoint, we're just going to see more of it looking at as programming. The one, the one piece that I struggle with a little bit, you know, we've been an organization that has always supported the entrepreneur. And when we look at production right now, if you're an actor, a set designer, a director or a writer, this is really a terrific time. There's more being shot right now, in hours of television, setting aside COVID. For a minute, we're just having more of an impact on features and anything else because of the insurance issue. But what we have in this country 475 narrative TV series, I mean, the amount of filmed entertainment is huge. But what is happening is we've gone away from the entrepreneur producer, who would work hard on their own, find a writer, put something together, and then have an ownership piece in that film. And if it was successful, something to live on to the next film. writers and directors and actors have residuals, they have an ongoing piece of what goes on with their film. But now more and more, we've seen first Netflix, it's a straight buyout, and the producer has given a check, and they're done forever. Now, we've seen Disney going the same way with Yes, there are a few bonuses you get into a festival, if you hit a certain number, we'll give you a bonus but but you have no right to see any of the economics, there's no such thing as profit and loss and studio accounting anymore. And so what this is chipping away at is it's chipping away at the entrepreneur, the risk taker who saw a project and champion or all the way through, we're now back to corporate people who are looking to see what they're going to write the check for. And so when we talk about what's the future distribution, we got to go back to say, what is it that they're distributing, because the content may determine what's going out. And part of my worry a little bit what we want to watch for and support are the entrepreneurs, the companies that are bubbling up that that are still providing rewards to those who can bring great stories forward. That's a that's a great great analysis. I mean, it is changing so rapidly, the the the economics for being a filmmaker has before you like the days I was telling people the other day, like the days of friends, and the residual checks or Seinfeld that's gone like that. That is that that is gone. Those you know that they make $20 million a year still off of friends, you know, every year is not going to be a thing. Post Big Bang Theory, like it's any new shows today, especially if you go to a streaming platform, who is not going to keep has there? I mean, I don't even know if there's I mean, Netflix is oldest show is maybe six seasons. They don't they don't keep it around that long. They don't need to because they found out to maintain the subscriptions. It's all about what's new. And and so Netflix if you produce for them a first season, if you want the second season, they usually bring it in house. And then they look and say Do they really need a third season? If they drop it, they won't lose any subscriptions. But something quote new will bring in new subscriptions. It's just a different way of it's just a different business model. It's I think the biggest problem filmmakers have and producers have is a lot of them are producing content based off of early 2000s, mid 90s information that like what we just talked about is the new world. That is what what the world is today. But I just talked to filmmakers. I'm sure you do too. And producers who still think that they're like, you know, they're still a DVD market. They're still like a monster like that the game has changed and it's and it seems to be changing now so rapidly. Like last year, this time, the game was broken, put COVID aside. He was still different like a bond would I remember last year when we you guys had I think your first a VOD panel or one of the first a VOD panels up there. And like you know this Eva thing is gonna pick and that was that that was the key word the year before that was Ott was everyone was talking about before that was like s VOD. Like every year there's this new catchphrase this year is obviously COVID. Technology the pace of change is accelerating COVID has accelerated that that technology change but when I look and I see that I've got an Alexa and I can ask Alexa. What time is it? This is like somebody driving a Model T Ford 100 years ago are saying Look at this radio. Let's see if I can tune it move the antenna. We're just, we're just at the very beginning, we we think with our iPhones, we're all we're all cool and stuff like this look, well, you literally, the iPhones like 10 years old, can you imagine 10 years after a car was invented? Were 1915. You know? And so this is this, we're in 1950. And from a technology standpoint, from an entertainment standpoint, and what what I'm really curious about is, is this, what new art forms are actually going to come forward? Motion Picture is an art form came after the technology was developed, records, long play records, 33, LP only came forward, or sorry, the art form started making a 440 minute or 15 minute album only came for when you could get 40 or 50 minutes on a vinyl record. And so each of these televisions same thing, the technology came first. And then artists determine how to use that technology to entertain us and then create business. And what I'm really curious about, here we are in 1929 2020, where's this technology taking us? What are these art forms that we can't even imagine? Today? We're seeing everybody struggle with the business side of change. But somewhere behind this, you know, it's too bad that QB didn't work. But I give them props for trying, you know, and what's that next art form? How are we going to entertain next? We're a belly where's all that content going? Like they had full blown shows like someone's gonna have to buy that right? All those 10 minute segments, put them back together, and they're gonna have some films. You know what, when I read it, too, is they're they're out now peddling the content and seeing where it'll end. It's going to be piece by piece problem. Yeah, me because they have major stars in major shows that they had a fire as far as kwibi. So, yeah, quip is a whole other conversation. That's a whole other thing. But, Jonathan, I want to thank you so much for being on the show. And and I love talking to you every every time we sit down and talk it's it's great because it's your wealth of information. And for anybody who's interested in signing up for the AFM, the online that virtual, the online AFM 2020, where to where do they go? Americanfilmmarket.com. Thank you. Thank you again, Jonathan, so much for, thanks, my friend. I want to thank Jonathan for coming on the show and dropping the knowledge bombs that he did on the tribe today. Thank you so much, Jonathan, if you want to be a part of the AFM this year, and possibly the first time because if you're around the world, you now don't have to travel to Los Angeles to Santa Monica. To be at the AFM. You can do it anywhere in the world who you are. And if you're interested in heading over there, all you got to do is go to the show notes at indiefilmhustle.com/415. And you'll get links to everything we spoke about in this episode, including how to register for the AFM which is coming up next week. Thank you again for listening guys. I am hope I hope you enjoyed your extra episode that I posted for you this week yesterday's about Mandalorian technology that is going to be a game changer for independent filmmakers. If you've not checked that out. You got to listen to that episode at indie film hustle.com four slash 414. Thanks so much for listening, guys. As always, keep that hustle going. Keep that dream alive. Stay safe out there. And I'll talk to you soon. AFM2020.Online Attending AFM 2020 How to Work with AFM How to Sell Your Film at the AFM (American Film Market) Workshop Film Distribution Crash Course By Alex Ferrari In this crash course film distribution expert Alex Ferrari shows you the top 5 distribution agreements and pitfalls to avoid, what a standard deal looks like, and much more. Film Distribution Survival Guide (How to Actually Make Money) IFH 471: The Complete Guide to NFT in Independent Film (and How to Make Money) IFH 413: How a Predatory Film Distributor Screwed Over a Filmmaker with Terminal Cancer IFH 407: Million Dollar Filmtrepreneur Self Distribution Experiment with Mark Toia IFH 403: Making Money & Cracking the Amazon Code for Self Distribution IFH 397: Predatory Film Distributors – The Netflix Guarantee Scam

North America’s Only Indoor Snow Ski Centre Re-opens Posted on May 25, 2022 by indoorsnownewsuk The Big Snow indoor snow centre in New Jersey has re-opened after eight-months of closure following fire damage last September. “We are excited to reopen Big SNOW to guests this Memorial Day Weekend,” said Trish McLeod, Director of Resorts Marketing & Sales, SNOW Partners. “We thank our visitors and team for their patience as we’ve worked diligently to resume the full operation of the facility. We are appreciative of all the hard work that has gone towards this reopening and look forward to welcoming guests back to our slope where we offer endless winter fun right here in New Jersey.” The blaze, which happened in the middle of the night, it believed to have been caused by an electrical fault. The damage initially seemed minor, from the impression given by the centre that reopening could be quite quick, although pictures showed flames emerging from a crack in the roof. In the event closure lasted through the autumn, winter and much of spring, the delays blamed on the process of dealing with insurance companies and sourcing specialist parts. Big SNOW has had a troubled history although appears highly successful when able to operate. It was originally completed in 2008 but lay unused for more than a decade due to delayed in completing the surrounding huge mall complex resulting from the worldwide economic crash of that year. During its long closure period its roof was damaged at by weight of natural snow build up one winter. It finally opened in December 2019 but was closed three months later by the global pandemic. It the operated sporadically as permitted through the pandemic before the fire closure. The 2022 ski season is due to get underway in the southern hemisphere in the first few weeks of June sand for the first time since 2019 it’s looking a little more like a normal one …in terms of ease of access to the slopes, rules in resort and limits on the numbers of people on the slopes. Closer to normal but not yet quite back to normal. While Brits and some other nationalities can now travel to New Zealand if they meet all the criteria, for example, the country is not yet letting in citizens of all countries. For Lesotho, home of Afriski, it’s a similar story with a PCR test required for unvaccinated arrivals aged over one year old.

Home » News » So, what do you do for a living? Let's spread the word. So, what do you do for a living? Let's spread the word. December 28, 2007 by Doug Black Jobs come and go, and I’ve had several in HPC. But my enthusiasm for the profession remains. One thing I’ve noticed that we (as a community) are not very good at is telling people what we do for a living in a way that doesn’t cause them to run away screaming or ask if we can help with their mail merge in WordPerfect (seriously, and sadly, that last one happens to me routinely). In fact, I even wrote about this for HPCwire once. I’d like to use insideHPC to help change that. A very basic thing that I think might be helpful is a stock presentation, maybe 10-15 slides, that answers the questions “What is HPC, and why do you care?” The “you” in this sense is up for debate, but I think it would be most useful to target a person who is inquisitive (and so mildly motivated to learn the answer) and knows what a computer is, but is otherwise non-technical. For example, a 9th grader, my mom, your wife, or the new employees in publishing who are forced to spend 5 minutes in your center as part of orientation. My plan has been to put a draft together and get your feedback and edits. That’s still my plan, but I’m procrastinating. So, let me ask you for help. Do you have part of this presentation already: a few really great examples, or some good introductory slides? If so, please send them to me. Between my Mac and my PC I can probably read anything you throw at me, from Keynote to LaTeX and, yes, even PowerPoint. I’ll start by putting everything together, add some of my own perspective, and get it back out to you all for comment through the site. Once we’re happy with it, I’ll make it available in native form so you can give it as is, or just use it as a starting point for your own presentation. Then, if you modify it to create a version for a specific audience and want to share it back with the community, I’ll host it at the site. Everyone wins. Here’s hoping you can help move me off the dime. Systems Software Development at D. E. Shaw Research: Supercomputer for Computational Biochemistry Systems Administrators in Pittsburgh: Servers, Clusters and Supercomputers for Computational Biochemistry

Home » Posts tagged patriotic Entertaining Lifestyle The Ultimate Labor Day Beach Party Tutorial – How To Host a Vintage Inspired Patriotic Party Since Labor Day weekend is always a fun time to gather with friends and family, it’s a perfect occasion to throw a Labor Day beach party. To help you host a smashing Labor Day beach party, today’s entertaining guide features all the must-have tools, supplies, decorations, and food & beverages you’ll need for a Continue Reading Happy 4th of July – A Yankee Doodle Dandy Celebration Happy 4th of July everyone! Today’s not only ‎America’s Birthday, it’s also my Birthday! In celebration of this happy occasion, I wanted to share a little background about my family and me. Since before I was born, my family had been promoting patriotism and positive, wholesome values to the American Continue Reading The world will be watching as the 2012 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad, commences with its opening ceremony in London, England. The program includes 26 sports, ranging from aquatics to gymnastics, and everything in between. “Over 10,000 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) are expected to Continue Reading

Jun 26, 2017 Brian D. Lawenda, M.D.

Wu Xiaobo Posted: 1 Wu Xiaobo is a financial writer and a publisher. He is best known for his book, ‘Storming 30 Years: 1978—2008 Chinese Enterprises.’ Frequent Keywords bike sharing China Shanghai Mobike Ofo Year Year 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 Month Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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Investingoals.com is on a mission to help people around the world to become financially strong and capable. 💪 Sadly, schools and colleges don’t teach their students to become financially independent. They just teach what they have been teaching since the beginning. Learning about Math, Science, Geography, Biology, etc. is really good if you want to make your career in that particular subject and learning all that will surely help you get a high-paying job. But learning to earn more money, managing your wealth, and growing it 2x, 4x, 8x times is not at all taught at schools. And we believe it is one of the most important knowledge an individual can acquire and utilize in real life. According to World Vision, around 9.2% of people (that’s 689 Million people) around the world survive on less than $1.90 a day. This is extremely sad to hear. In contrast, Statista statistics suggest that there are only 1.1% of people worldwide who are worth more than $1 million dollars. Knowing all this is really disheartening, and that’s where Investingoals comes in to help people realize the importance of money and how it can actually bring significant change in one’s life. Founder & Content Writer Prashant Choudhary had a vision of sharing his financial knowledge with the world. Being a founder and a writer his main goal is to tell people the importance of investing along with helping people become self-sufficient to make the world a better place for everyone. Harsh Srivastava is one of the founders and a content writer here at Investingoals.com. He started his journey of earning money online as a kid and now he has over 12 years of experience in earning, managing, and investing money. Posts might contain affiliate links. If you use these links to buy something, we may earn a commission. It helps support the blog. Thanks! 😊 Get the latest financial news, investing tips, and more straight into your inbox! 📩 Copyright © 2023 Investingoals.com

Events and Webcasts Historical Stock Price Anika Therapeutics to Present at the LD Micro Conference on December 8 BEDFORD, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Nov. 30, 2011-- Anika Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: ANIK) a leader in products for tissue protection, healing and repair, based on hyaluronic acid (“HA”) technology, today announced that Chief Operating Officer Frank Luppino will present at the LD Micro Conference in Los Angeles. The live presentation will be webcast at 3:30 p.m. PT/6:30 p.m. ET on Thursday, December 8, 2011 and may be accessed via the “Investors” section of Anika’s website at www.anikatherapeutics.com. An archive of the presentation also will be available on the website. About Anika Therapeutics, Inc. Headquartered in Bedford, Mass., Anika Therapeutics, Inc. develops, manufactures and commercializes therapeutic products for tissue protection, healing, and repair. These products are based on hyaluronic acid (HA), a naturally occurring, biocompatible polymer found throughout the body. Anika’s products range from orthopedic/joint health solutions led by Orthovisc®, a treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee; to surgical aids in the ophthalmic and anti-adhesion fields. The company also offers aesthetic dermal fillers for the correction of facial wrinkles. Anika’s Italian subsidiary, Anika Therapeutics, S.r.l, provides complementary HA products in orthopedic/joint health and anti-adhesion, as well as therapeutics in new areas such as advanced wound treatment and ear, nose and throat care. Its regenerative tissue technology advances Anika’s vision to offer therapeutic products that go beyond pain relief to protect and restore damaged tissue. Source: Anika Therapeutics, Inc. Anika Therapeutics, Inc. Charles H. Sherwood, Ph.D., 781-457-9000 Kevin W. Quinlan, 781-457-9000

tm2220654-3_s3 - none - 7.4062057s As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 12, 2022 Registration No. 333-    ​ Delaware​ incorporation or organization)​ 350 Fifth Avenue, 72nd Floor, Suite 7240 (Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code of registrant’s principal executive offices) Joern Aldag Robert E. Puopolo, Esq. Siavosh Salimi, Esq Goodwin Procter LLP From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement (Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public) If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ☐ If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. ☒ If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐ If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐ If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐ If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☒ The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine. This registration statement contains: a base prospectus which covers the offering, issuance and sale by the registrant of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $200,000,000 of the registrant’s common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and/or units; and a sales agreement prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale by the registrant of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $50,000,000 of the registrant’s common stock that may be issued and sold from time to time under a sales agreement with SVB Securities LLC. The base prospectus immediately follows this explanatory note. The specific terms of any securities to be offered pursuant to the base prospectus will be specified in a prospectus supplement to the base prospectus. The sales agreement prospectus immediately follows the base prospectus. The $50,000,000 of common stock that may be offered, issued and sold by the registrant under the sales agreement prospectus is included in the $200,000,000 of securities that may be offered, issued and sold by the registrant under the base prospectus. The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities or accept an offer to buy these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, and it is not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any state where such offer or sale is not permitted. SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JULY 12, 2022 From time to time, we may offer up to $200,000,000 of any combination of the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings. We may also offer securities as may be issuable upon conversion, redemption, repurchase, exchange or exercise of any securities registered hereunder, including any applicable anti-dilution provisions. This prospectus provides a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we offer securities, we will provide specific terms of the securities offered in a supplement to this prospectus. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, as well as any documents incorporated by reference, before you invest in any of the securities being offered. This prospectus may not be used to consummate a sale of any securities unless accompanied by a prospectus supplement. Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “HOOK.” On July 11, 2022, the last reported sale price of our common stock was $1.84 per share. The applicable prospectus supplement will contain information, where applicable, as to any other listing on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or any securities market or other exchange of the securities, if any, covered by the prospectus supplement. We may sell these securities directly to investors, through agents designated from time to time, or to or through underwriters or dealers, on a continuous or delayed basis. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus. If any agents or underwriters are involved in the sale of any securities with respect to which this prospectus is being delivered, the names of such agents or underwriters and any applicable fees, commissions, discounts or over-allotment options will be set forth in a prospectus supplement. The price to the public of such securities and the net proceeds we expect to receive from such sale will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement. Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus as described on page 4 of this prospectus. NEITHER THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED OF THESE SECURITIES OR DETERMINED IF THIS PROSPECTUS IS TRUTHFUL OR COMPLETE. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE. The date of this prospectus is                , 2022. TABLE OF CONTENTS​ ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS ​ ​ ​ ​ 1 ​ ​ DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES ​ ​ ​ ​ 12 ​ ​ DESCRIPTION OF UNITS PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE This prospectus is a part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, utilizing a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may sell any combination of the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings up to a total aggregate offering price of $200,000,000. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we sell securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that offering. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus or in any documents that we have incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should read this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, together with the information incorporated herein by reference as described under the heading “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference,” before investing in any of the securities offered. THIS PROSPECTUS MAY NOT BE USED TO CONSUMMATE A SALE OF SECURITIES UNLESS IT IS ACCOMPANIED BY A PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT. Neither we, nor any agent, underwriter or dealer has authorized any person to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. This prospectus, any applicable supplement to this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor do this prospectus, any applicable supplement to this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of the document or that any information we have incorporated by reference is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference, even though this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus is delivered, or securities are sold, on a later date. This prospectus and the information incorporated herein by reference contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information.” This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you need to consider in making your investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should also carefully read the information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, including our financial statements, and the exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Unless the context indicates otherwise, as used in this prospectus, the terms “HOOKIPA Pharma,” “HOOKIPA,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to HOOKIPA Pharma Inc. and our consolidated subsidiaries. We use HOOKIPA and the HOOKIPA logo as trademarks in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks or trade names referred to in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing a new class of immunotherapeutics based on our proprietary arenavirus platform that is designed to target and amplify T cell immune responses to disease. We believe that our technologies can meaningfully leverage the human immune system for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes by inducing CD8+ T cell response levels previously not achieved by other immunotherapy approaches. We are building a proprietary immuno-oncology pipeline by targeting oncoviral cancer antigens, self-antigens and next-generation antigens. Our oncology portfolio includes three disclosed programs, HB-200, HB-300, and HB-700, which all use our replicating technology. HB-200 is in clinical development for the treatment of Human Papillomavirus 16-positive cancers, or HPV16+, in an ongoing Phase 1/2 clinical trial. HB-300 is in development for the treatment of prostate cancer and expected to move into the clinic after our planned third quarter 2022 filing of an investigational new drug application filing. HB-700 is our newest asset in preclinical development for treatment of KRAS mutated cancers, including, lung, colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Our HB-200 program is comprised of HB-201 single vector therapy and HB-201/HB-202 two vector therapy. Both therapies have been evaluated in Phase 1 portion of the study, and Phase 2 is ongoing, evaluating HB-202/HB-201 alone in the post standard of care setting and in combination with pembrolizumab in 1st line and 2nd plus line settings. In November 2021, we announced interim data from our Phase 1 portion of the study, showing promising anti-tumor activity against advanced/metastatic HPV16+ cancers and favorable tolerability. In June 2022, we announced Phase 1 results, showing superior immune response generated by alternating two-vector therapy. Data demonstrated responses and stable disease in head and neck cancer patients who failed prior standard of care therapy. In September 2021, we entered into a clinical collaboration with Merck & Co., Inc. to evaluate the combination of HB-200 and Merck & Co., Inc’s anti-PD-1 therapy, KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) in a separate randomized Phase 2 trial. In January 2022, we dosed the first patient with a combination of HB-201 and pembrolizumab for the treatment of first line advanced/metastatic HPV16+ HNSCC in the Phase 2 expansion portion of the ongoing Phase 1/2 trial. Our non-replicating prophylactic Cytomegalovirus, or CMV, vaccine candidate, HB-101, is a potential first in-class compound in a Phase 2 clinical trial for patients awaiting kidney transplantation. In November 2021, we reported safety, immunogenicity and efficacy data, whereby the three-dose schedule of HB-101 pre-transplantation showed a trend of reducing incidence of CMV viremia and antiviral use. The trial will continue to follow patients currently on-study with final top-line data readout in the first half of 2023. We have decided to pursue HB-101 further only if we are able to partner the program with a collaborator, thereby enabling greater strategic focus on the immuno-oncology programs. We entered into a collaboration and licensing agreement with Gilead Sciences, Inc., or Gilead, in June 2018 to research arenavirus functional cures for HIV and chronic Hepatitis B infections. In February 2022, we signed an amended and restated collaboration and licensing agreement which revised the terms only for the HIV program, whereby we will take on development responsibilities for the HIV program candidate through a Phase 1b clinical trial. We were originally incorporated as Hookipa Biotech AG under the laws of Austria in 2011. In February 2017, we reorganized to become a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware as Hookipa Biotech, Inc., which was a fully-owned subsidiary of Hookipa Biotech AG. In June 2018, Hookipa Biotech, Inc. changed its name to HOOKIPA Pharma Inc. and acquired all of the shares of Hookipa Biotech AG, now Hookipa Biotech GmbH. Our principal executive offices are located at 350 Fifth Avenue, 72nd Floor, Suite 7240, New York, New York 10118 and our telephone number is +43 1 890 63 60. Our website address is www.hookipapharma.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus and, therefore, is not part of this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus supplement. Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Smaller Reporting Company We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, enacted in April 2012. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on certain exemptions from various public company reporting requirements, including not being required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In particular, in this prospectus, we have not included or incorporated by reference all of the executive compensation-related information that would be required if we were not an emerging growth company. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier to occur of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following April 18, 2024, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenues of at least $1.07 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer,” under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of our equity securities that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This provision allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of some accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of delayed adoption of new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same requirements to adopt new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. We are also a “smaller reporting company” meaning that the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million and our annual revenue was less than $100 million during our most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million or (ii) our annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million. If we are a smaller reporting company at the time we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. For so long as we remain a smaller reporting company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure and other requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not smaller reporting companies. Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully review the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, as updated by our annual, quarterly and other reports and documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus, before deciding whether to purchase any of the securities being registered pursuant to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Each of the risk factors could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our securities, and the occurrence of any of these risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. This prospectus, including the documents that we incorporate by reference, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Any statements about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance are not historical facts and may be forward-looking. These statements are often, but are not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “projects,” “potential,” “continue,” and similar expressions, or the negative of these terms, or similar expressions. Accordingly, these statements involve estimates, assumptions, risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in them. Any forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the factors discussed throughout this prospectus, and in particular those factors referenced in the section “Risk Factors.” This prospectus, including the documents that we incorporate by reference, contain forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s belief and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about: the success, cost and timing of our product development activities and clinical trials; the timing, scope or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals, including timing of Investigational New Drug Application and Biological Licensing Application filings for our current and future product candidates, and final FDA, European Medicines Agency or other foreign regulatory authority approval of our current and future product candidates; our ability to develop and advance our current product candidates and programs into, and successfully complete, clinical studies; our manufacturing, commercialization and marketing capabilities and strategy; the potential benefits of and our ability to maintain our collaboration with Gilead, and establish or maintain future collaborations or strategic relationships or obtain additional funding; the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of our current and future product candidates; our intellectual property position, including the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our non-replicating and replicating technologies and the product candidates based on these technologies, the validity of intellectual property rights held by third parties, and our ability not to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate any third-party intellectual property rights; our ability to successfully identify and enter into collaborations to advance the breadth of our programs, and the commercial success of any such collaboration; future agreements with third parties in connection with the commercialization of our product candidates and any other approved product; regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries; the effects of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic on business and operations; competitive companies, technologies and our industry and the success of competing therapies that are or may become available; our ability to attract and retain key scientific or management personnel; our ability to obtain funding for our operations, including funding necessary to complete further development and commercialization of our product candidates; the accuracy of our estimates of our annual total addressable market, future revenue, expenses, capital requirements and needs for additional financing; our expectations about market trends; and our expectations regarding the period during which we qualify as an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended. This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference also contain estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain diseases, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets, and the incidence and prevalence of certain medical conditions. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we incorporate by reference in this prospectus completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. The forward-looking statements in this prospectus and the documents we incorporate by reference herein represent our views as of their respective dates. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this prospectus. We intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of any securities offered under this prospectus for general corporate purposes unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement. General corporate purposes may include, but are not limited to, research and development costs, including the conduct of one or more clinical trials and process development and manufacturing of our product candidates, potential strategic acquisitions of complementary businesses, services or technologies, expansion of our technology infrastructure and capabilities, working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. We may temporarily invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation instruments, including investment grade, interest bearing instruments and U.S. government securities, until they are used for their stated purpose. We have not determined the amount of net proceeds to be used specifically for such purposes. As a result, management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of net proceeds. The following descriptions are summaries of the material terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws. We refer in this section to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation as our certificate of incorporation, and we refer to our amended and restated bylaws as our bylaws. Our authorized capital stock consists of two hundred million (200,000,000) shares of common stock, three million nine hundred thousand (3,900,000) shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share and ten million (10,000,000) shares of undesignated preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. We have two classes of common stock: common stock and Class A common stock. The common stock is voting common stock and the Class A common stock is non-voting common stock. The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders. The holders of our common stock do not have any cumulative voting rights. Holders of both classes of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably any dividends declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available for that purpose, subject to any preferential dividend rights of any outstanding preferred stock or that we may designate or issue in the future. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, holders of our common stock will be entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of all debts and other liabilities and any liquidation preference of any outstanding preferred stock. The shares to be issued by us in this offering will be, when issued and paid for, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. Voting Common Stock As of March 31, 2022, 50,872,734 shares of our common stock were outstanding and held by 5 stockholders of record. In addition, as of March 31, 2022, we had outstanding options to purchase 4,298,946 shares of our common stock under our 2018 Stock Option and Grant Plan and our 2019 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, at a weighted average exercise price of $8.96 per share, 2,682,044 of which were exercisable. All common stock is fully paid and non-assessable. Our common stock has no preemptive rights, conversion rights, or other subscription rights or redemption or sinking fund provisions. Non-Voting Class A Common Stock As of March 31, 2022, 3,819,732 shares of our Class A common stock were outstanding and held by two stockholders of record. Each holder of Class A common stock may elect to convert any portion of its Class A common stock into voting common stock at any time, unless, as a result of such conversion, the holder and its affiliates would own more than 4.99% of the combined voting power of our outstanding share capital. A holder of Class A common stock may increase, decrease or waive this limitation on ownership by providing us with 61-days’ notice. Our Class A common stock has no preemptive rights or other subscription rights or redemption or sinking fund provisions. Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our stockholders, to issue up to ten million (10,000,000) shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions thereof. These rights, preferences and privileges could include dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences, sinking fund terms and the number of shares constituting, or the designation of, such series, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of common stock. The issuance of our preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of common stock and the likelihood that such holders will receive dividend payments and payments upon our liquidation. In addition, the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our company or other corporate action. We have designated 2,978 of the 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock as non-voting Series A convertible preferred stock and 15,800 of the 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock as non-voting Series A-1 convertible preferred stock. As of March 31, 2022, we had 1,697 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock and 15,800 shares of Series A-1 convertible preferred stock outstanding and issued. Pursuant to the terms of our shareholders’ agreement, dated as of February 15, 2019, certain of our stockholders are entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act. Demand Registration Rights. Pursuant to the terms of our shareholders’ agreement, certain holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to demand registration rights. Short-Form Registration Rights. Pursuant to the terms of our shareholders’ agreement, certain holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to short-form registration rights. If we are eligible to file a registration statement on Form S-3, upon the written request of a majority of our stockholders to sell securities at an anticipated aggregate price of at least $10.0 million, we will be required to use commercially reasonable efforts to effect a registration of such shares. Piggyback Registration Rights. Pursuant to the terms of our shareholders’ agreement, certain holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to piggyback registration rights. If we register any of our securities either for our own account or for the account of other security holders, the holders of these shares are entitled to include their shares in the registration. Expiration of Registration Rights. The demand registration rights and short form registration rights will terminate as to a given stockholder at such time as Rule 144 or another similar exemption under the Securities Act is available for the sale of all of such stockholder’s shares without limitation during a three-month period without registration. Anti-Takeover Effects of our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and Delaware Law Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include a number of provisions that may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing another party from acquiring control of us and encouraging persons considering unsolicited tender offers or other unilateral takeover proposals to negotiate with our board of directors rather than pursue non-negotiated takeover attempts. These provisions include the items described below. Board Composition and Filling Vacancies Our certificate of incorporation provides for the division of our board of directors into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, with one class being elected each year. Our certificate of incorporation also provides that directors may be removed only for cause and then only by the affirmative vote of the holders of two thirds (2/3) or more of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors. Further, any vacancy on our board of directors, however occurring, including a vacancy resulting from an increase in the size of our board, may only be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of our directors then in office even if less than a quorum. The classification of directors, together with the limitations on removal of directors and treatment of vacancies, has the effect of making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of directors. No Written Consent of Stockholders Our certificate of incorporation provides that all stockholder actions are required to be taken by a vote of the stockholders at an annual or special meeting, and that stockholders may not take any action by written consent in lieu of a meeting. This limit may lengthen the amount of time required to take stockholder actions and would prevent the amendment of our bylaws or removal of directors by our stockholders without holding a meeting of stockholders. Meetings of Stockholders Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide that only a majority of the members of our board of directors then in office may call special meetings of stockholders and only those matters set forth in the notice of the special meeting may be considered or acted upon at a special meeting of stockholders. Our bylaws limit the business that may be conducted at an annual meeting of stockholders to those matters properly brought before the meeting. Advance Notice Requirements Our bylaws establish advance notice procedures with regard to stockholder proposals relating to the nomination of candidates for election as directors or new business to be brought before meetings of our stockholders. These procedures provide that notice of stockholder proposals must be timely given in writing to our corporate secretary prior to the meeting at which the action is to be taken. Generally, to be timely, notice must be received at our principal executive offices not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the first anniversary date of the annual meeting for the preceding year. Our bylaws specify the requirements as to form and content of all stockholders’ notices. These requirements may preclude stockholders from bringing matters before the stockholders at an annual or special meeting. Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws Any amendment of our certificate of incorporation must first be approved by a majority of our board of directors, and if required by law or our certificate of incorporation, must thereafter be approved by a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment and a majority of the outstanding shares of each class entitled to vote thereon as a class, except that the amendment of the provisions relating to stockholder action, board composition, limitation of liability and the amendment of our bylaws and certificate of incorporation must be approved by not less than two thirds (2/3) of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment, and not less than two thirds (2/3) of the outstanding shares of each class entitled to vote thereon as a class. Our bylaws may be amended by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office, subject to any limitations set forth in the bylaws; and may also be amended by the affirmative vote of at least two thirds (2/3) of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment, or, if our board of directors recommends that the stockholders approve the amendment, by the affirmative vote of the majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment, in each case voting together as a single class. Undesignated Preferred Stock Our certificate of incorporation provides for 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock may enable our board of directors to discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise. For example, if in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, our board of directors were to determine that a takeover proposal is not in the best interests of our stockholders, our board of directors could cause shares of preferred stock to be issued without stockholder approval in one or more private offerings or other transactions that might dilute the voting or other rights of the proposed acquirer or insurgent stockholder or stockholder group. In this regard, our certificate of incorporation grants our board of directors broad power to establish the rights and preferences of authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock. The issuance of shares of preferred stock could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of shares of common stock. The issuance may also adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of these holders and may have the effect of delaying, deterring, or preventing a change in control of us. Exclusive Jurisdiction for Certain Actions Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for state law claims for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers, or other employees to the Company or our stockholders, (3) any action asserting a claim arising against the Company or any of our current or former directors, officers, or other employees pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, (4) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of Incorporation or bylaws, or (5) any action asserting a claim against the Company or any of our current or former directors, officers, or other employees that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. In addition, our bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provisions. This choice of forum provision does not apply to claims or causes of action brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a three-year period following the time that this stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Under Section 203, a business combination between a corporation and an interested stockholder is prohibited unless it satisfies one of the following conditions: before the stockholder became interested, our board of directors approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers, and employee stock plans, in some instances, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder; or at or after the time the stockholder became interested, the business combination was approved by our board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder. Section 203 defines a business combination to include: any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder; any sale, transfer, lease, pledge or other disposition involving the interested stockholder of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation; subject to exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder; subject to exceptions, any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock of any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; and the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation. In general, Section 203 defines an interested stockholder as any entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation and any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by the entity or person. Exchange Listing Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the trading symbol “HOOK.” Transfer Agent and Registrar The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC. The transfer agent and registrar’s address is 6201 15th Ave, Brooklyn, New York 11219. This section describes the general terms and provisions of our debt securities that we may issue from time to time. We may issue debt securities, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any future debt securities we may offer under this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will describe the specific terms of any debt securities offered through that prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. The terms of any debt securities we offer under a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus may differ from the terms we describe below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the “indentures,” we are also referring to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities. We will issue any senior debt securities under the senior indenture that we will enter into with the trustee named in the senior indenture. We will issue any subordinated debt securities under the subordinated indenture that we will enter into with the trustee named in the subordinated indenture. We have filed forms of these documents as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC. The indentures will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, or the Trust Indenture Act. We use the term “trustee” to refer to either the trustee under the senior indenture or the trustee under the subordinated indenture, as applicable. The following summaries of material provisions of the senior debt securities, the subordinated debt securities and the indentures are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus and any related free writing prospectuses related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete applicable indenture that contains the terms of the debt securities. Except as we may otherwise indicate, the terms of the senior indenture and the subordinated indenture are identical. We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus the terms of the series of debt securities being offered, including: the title; the principal amount being offered, and if a series, the total amount authorized and the total amount outstanding; any limit on the amount that may be issued; whether or not we will issue the series of debt securities in global form, and, if so, the terms and who the depository will be; the maturity date; whether and under what circumstances, if any, we will pay additional amounts on any debt securities held by a person who is not a United States person for tax purposes, and whether we can redeem the debt securities if we have to pay such additional amounts; the annual interest rate, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates; whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt; the terms of the subordination of any series of subordinated debt; the place where payments will be payable; restrictions on transfer, sale or other assignment, if any; our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period; the date, if any, after which, the conditions upon which, and the price at which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions; the date, if any, on which, and the price at which we are obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder’s option, to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable; whether the indenture will restrict our ability or the ability of our subsidiaries, if any at such time, to: incur additional indebtedness; issue additional securities; create liens; pay dividends or make distributions in respect of our capital stock or the capital stock of our subsidiaries; redeem capital stock; place restrictions on our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets; make investments or other restricted payments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; engage in transactions with stockholders or affiliates; issue or sell stock of our subsidiaries; or effect a consolidation or merger; whether the indenture will require us to maintain any interest coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based, asset-based or other financial ratios; a discussion of certain material or special United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the debt securities; information describing any book-entry features; provisions for a sinking fund purchase or other analogous fund, if any; the applicability of the provisions in the indenture on discharge; whether the debt securities are to be offered at a price such that they will be deemed to be offered at an “original issue discount” as defined in paragraph (a) of Section 1273 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended; the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof; the currency of payment of debt securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars; and any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, including any additional events of default or covenants provided with respect to the debt securities, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of the debt securities. Conversion or Exchange Rights We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus the terms on which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock, our preferred stock or other securities (including securities of a third-party). We will include provisions as to whether conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of our common stock, our preferred stock or other securities (including securities of a third-party) that the holders of the series of debt securities receive would be subject to adjustment. Consolidation, Merger or Sale Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indentures will not contain any covenant that restricts our ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets must assume all of our obligations under the indentures or the debt securities, as appropriate. If the debt securities are convertible into or exchangeable for other securities of ours or securities of other entities, the person with whom we consolidate or merge or to whom we sell all of our property must make provisions for the conversion of the debt securities into securities that the holders of the debt securities would have received if they had converted the debt securities before the consolidation, merger or sale. Events of Default Under the Indenture Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the indentures with respect to any series of debt securities that we may issue: if we fail to pay interest when due and payable and our failure continues for 90 days and the time for payment has not been extended; if we fail to pay the principal, premium or sinking fund payment, if any, when due and payable at maturity, upon redemption or repurchase or otherwise, and the time for payment has not been extended; if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant contained in the debt securities or the indentures, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and our failure continues for 90 days after we receive notice from the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur. We will describe in each applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus any additional events of default relating to the relevant series of debt securities. If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet point above, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, due and payable immediately. If an event of default specified in the last bullet point above occurs with respect to us, the unpaid principal, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, of each issue of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action on the part of the trustee or any holder. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series and its consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default. Subject to the terms of the indentures, if an event of default under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities, unless such holders have offered the trustee reasonable indemnity or security satisfactory to it against any loss, liability or expense. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that: the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable indenture; and subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not involved in the proceeding. A holder of the debt securities of any series will have the right to institute a proceeding under the indentures or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies if: the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a continuing event of default with respect to that series; the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made written request, and such holders have offered reasonable indemnity to the trustee or security satisfactory to it against any loss, liability or expense or to be incurred in compliance with instituting the proceeding as trustee; and the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer. These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities, or other defaults that may be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. We will periodically file statements with the trustee regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indentures. Modification of Indenture; Waiver Subject to the terms of the indenture for any series of debt securities that we may issue, we and the trustee may change an indenture without the consent of any holders with respect to the following specific matters: to fix any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture; to comply with the provisions described above under “— Consolidation, Merger or Sale;” to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust Indenture Act; to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set forth in the indenture; to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the debt securities of any series as provided under “Description of Our Debt Securities — General,” to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or any series of debt securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities; to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee; to provide for uncertificated debt securities and to make all appropriate changes for such purpose; to add to our covenants such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the benefit of the holders, to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default or to surrender any right or power conferred to us in the indenture; or to change anything that does not materially adversely affect the interests of any holder of debt securities of any series. In addition, under the indentures, the rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However, subject to the terms of the indenture for any series of debt securities that we may issue or as otherwise provided in the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we and the trustee may make the following changes only with the consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected: extending the stated maturity of the series of debt securities; reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any premium payable upon the redemption or repurchase of any debt securities; or reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment, supplement, modification or waiver. Each indenture provides that, subject to the terms of the indenture and any limitation otherwise provided in the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except for specified obligations, including obligations to: register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the series; replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series; maintain paying agencies; hold monies for payment in trust; recover excess money held by the trustee; compensate and indemnify the trustee; and appoint any successor trustee. In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must deposit with the trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, any premium and interest on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due. Form, Exchange and Transfer We will issue the debt securities of each series only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indentures provide that we may issue debt securities of a series in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository Trust Company or another depository named by us and identified in a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus with respect to that series. At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the indentures and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, the holder of the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount. Subject to the terms of the indentures and the limitations applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, holders of the debt securities may present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we will make no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges. We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus the security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each series. If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will not be required to: issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part. Information Concerning the Trustee The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth in the applicable indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to this provision, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the indentures at the request of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur. Payment and Paying Agents Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record date for the interest. We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the holder or by wire transfer to certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, we will designate the corporate trust office of the trustee as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each series. We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series. All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee for the payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt security thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof. The indentures and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable. Ranking of Debt Securities The subordinated debt securities will be subordinate and junior in priority of payment to certain of our other indebtedness to the extent described in a prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. The subordinated indenture does not limit the amount of subordinated debt securities that we may issue. It also does not limit us from issuing any other secured or unsecured debt. The senior debt securities will rank equally in right of payment to all our other senior unsecured debt. The senior indenture does not limit the amount of senior debt securities that we may issue. It also does not limit us from issuing any other secured or unsecured debt. The following description, together with the additional information we may include in any applicable prospectus supplements, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer under this prospectus and the related warrant agreements and warrant certificates. While the terms summarized below will apply generally to any warrants that we may offer, we will describe the particular terms of any series of warrants in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. If we indicate in the prospectus supplement, the terms of any warrants offered under that prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Specific warrant agreements will contain additional important terms and provisions and will be incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement, which includes this prospectus. We may issue warrants for the purchase of common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities in one or more series. We may issue warrants independently or together with common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities, and the warrants may be attached to or separate from these securities. We will evidence each series of warrants by warrant certificates that we will issue under a separate warrant agreement. We will enter into the warrant agreement with a warrant agent. We will indicate the name and address of the warrant agent in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of warrants. We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of warrants, including: the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered; the currency for which the warrants may be purchased; if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security; if applicable, the date on and after which the warrants and the related securities will be separately transferable; in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the price at, and currency in which, this principal amount of debt securities may be purchased upon such exercise; in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as the case may be, purchasable upon the exercise of one warrant and the price at which these shares may be purchased upon such exercise; the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreement and the warrants; the terms of any rights to redeem or call the warrants; any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants; the periods during which, and places at which, the warrants are exercisable; the manner of exercise; the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and expire; the manner in which the warrant agreement and warrants may be modified; federal income tax consequences of holding or exercising the warrants; the terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants; and any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of or restrictions on the warrants. We may issue units comprised of shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, debt securities and warrants in any combination. We may issue units in such amounts and in as many distinct series as we wish. This section outlines certain provisions of the units that we may issue. If we issue units, they will be issued under one or more unit agreements to be entered into between us and a bank or other financial institution, as unit agent. The information described in this section may not be complete in all respects and is qualified entirely by reference to the unit agreement with respect to the units of any particular series. The specific terms of any series of units offered will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. If so described in a particular supplement, the specific terms of any series of units may differ from the general description of terms presented below. We urge you to read any prospectus supplement related to any series of units we may offer, as well as the complete unit agreement and unit certificate that contain the terms of the units. If we issue units, forms of unit agreements and unit certificates relating to such units will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement, which includes this prospectus. Each unit that we may issue will be issued so that the holder of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each included security. The unit agreement under which a unit is issued may provide that the securities included in the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified date. The applicable prospectus supplement may describe: the designation and terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately; any provisions of the governing unit agreement; the price or prices at which such units will be issued; the applicable United States federal income tax considerations relating to the units; any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or of the securities comprising the units; and any other terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units. The provisions described in this section, as well as those described under “Description of Capital Stock,” “Description of Debt Securities” and “Description of Warrants” will apply to the securities included in each unit, to the extent relevant and as may be updated in any prospectus supplements. Issuance in Series We may issue units in such amounts and in as many distinct series as we wish. This section summarizes terms of the units that apply generally to all series. Most of the financial and other specific terms of a particular series of units will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. Unit Agreements We will issue the units under one or more unit agreements to be entered into between us and a bank or other financial institution, as unit agent. We may add, replace or terminate unit agents from time to time. We will identify the unit agreement under which each series of units will be issued and the unit agent under that agreement in the applicable prospectus supplement. The following provisions will generally apply to all unit agreements unless otherwise stated in the applicable prospectus supplement: Modification without Consent We and the applicable unit agent may amend any unit or unit agreement without the consent of any holder: to cure any ambiguity; any provisions of the governing unit agreement that differ from those described below; to correct or supplement any defective or inconsistent provision; or to make any other change that we believe is necessary or desirable and will not adversely affect the interests of the affected holders in any material respect. We do not need any approval to make changes that affect only units to be issued after the changes take effect. We may also make changes that do not adversely affect a particular unit in any material respect, even if they adversely affect other units in a material respect. In those cases, we do not need to obtain the approval of the holder of the unaffected unit; we need only obtain any required approvals from the holders of the affected units. Modification with Consent We may not amend any particular unit or a unit agreement with respect to any particular unit unless we obtain the consent of the holder of that unit, if the amendment would: impair any right of the holder to exercise or enforce any right under a security included in the unit if the terms of that security require the consent of the holder to any changes that would impair the exercise or enforcement of that right; or reduce the percentage of outstanding units or any series or class the consent of whose holders is required to amend that series or class, or the applicable unit agreement with respect to that series or class, as described below. Any other change to a particular unit agreement and the units issued under that agreement would require the following approval: If the change affects only the units of a particular series issued under that agreement, the change must be approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding units of that series; or If the change affects the units of more than one series issued under that agreement, it must be approved by the holders of a majority of all outstanding units of all series affected by the change, with the units of all the affected series voting together as one class for this purpose. These provisions regarding changes with majority approval also apply to changes affecting any securities issued under a unit agreement, as the governing document. In each case, the required approval must be given by written consent. Unit Agreements Will not be Qualified under Trust Indenture Act No unit agreement will be qualified as an indenture, and no unit agent will be required to qualify as a trustee, under the Trust Indenture Act. Therefore, holders of units issued under unit agreements will not have the protections of the Trust Indenture Act with respect to their units. Mergers and Similar Transactions Permitted; No Restrictive Covenants or Events of Default The unit agreements will not restrict our ability to merge or consolidate with, or sell our assets to, another corporation or other entity or to engage in any other transactions. If at any time we merge or consolidate with, or sell our assets substantially as an entirety to, another corporation or other entity, the successor entity will succeed to and assume our obligations under the unit agreements. We will then be relieved of any further obligation under these agreements. The unit agreements will not include any restrictions on our ability to put liens on our assets, nor will they restrict our ability to sell our assets. The unit agreements also will not provide for any events of default or remedies upon the occurrence of any events of default. The unit agreements and the units will be governed by Delaware law. We will issue each unit in global — i.e., book-entry — form only. Units in book-entry form will be represented by a global security registered in the name of a depositary, which will be the holder of all the units represented by the global security. Those who own beneficial interests in a unit will do so through participants in the depositary’s system, and the rights of these indirect owners will be governed solely by the applicable procedures of the depositary and its participants. We will describe book-entry securities, and other terms regarding the issuance and registration of the units in the applicable prospectus supplement. Each unit and all securities comprising the unit will be issued in the same form. If we issue any units in registered, non-global form, the following will apply to them. The units will be issued in the denominations stated in the applicable prospectus supplement. Holders may exchange their units for units of smaller denominations or combined into fewer units of larger denominations, as long as the total amount is not changed. Holders may exchange or transfer their units at the office of the unit agent. Holders may also replace lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated units at that office. We may appoint another entity to perform these functions or perform them ourselves. Holders will not be required to pay a service charge to transfer or exchange their units, but they may be required to pay for any tax or other governmental charge associated with the transfer or exchange. The transfer or exchange, and any replacement, will be made only if our transfer agent is satisfied with the holder’s proof of legal ownership. The transfer agent may also require an indemnity before replacing any units. If we have the right to redeem, accelerate or settle any units before their maturity, and we exercise our right as to less than all those units or other securities, we may block the exchange or transfer of those units during the period beginning 15 days before the day we mail the notice of exercise and ending on the day of that mailing, in order to freeze the list of holders to prepare the mailing. We may also refuse to register transfers of or exchange any unit selected for early settlement, except that we will continue to permit transfers and exchanges of the unsettled portion of any unit being partially settled. We may also block the transfer or exchange of any unit in this manner if the unit includes securities that are or may be selected for early settlement. Only the depositary will be entitled to transfer or exchange a unit in global form, since it will be the sole holder of the unit. Payments and Notices In making payments and giving notices with respect to our units, we will follow the procedures as described in the applicable prospectus supplement. We may sell securities: through underwriters; through dealers; through agents; directly to purchasers; or through a combination of any of these methods or any other method permitted by law. In addition, we may issue the securities as a dividend or distribution or in a subscription rights offering to our existing security holders. We may also sell equity securities covered by this registration statement in an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. Such offering may be made into an existing trading market for such securities in transactions at other than a fixed price, either: on or through the facilities of the Nasdaq Global Market or any other securities exchange or quotation or trading service on which such securities may be listed, quoted or traded at the time of sale; and/or to or through a market maker other than on the Nasdaq Global Market or such other securities exchanges or quotation or trading services. Such at-the-market offerings, if any, may be conducted by underwriters acting as principal or agent. We may directly solicit offers to purchase securities, or agents may be designated to solicit such offers. In the prospectus supplement relating to such offering, we will name any agent that could be viewed as an underwriter under the Securities Act and describe any commissions that we must pay to any such agent. Any such agent will be acting on a best efforts basis for the period of its appointment or, if indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, on a firm commitment basis. This prospectus may be used in connection with any offering of our securities through any of these methods or other methods described in the applicable prospectus supplement. The distribution of the securities may be effected from time to time in one or more transactions: at a fixed price, or prices, which may be changed from time to time; at market prices prevailing at the time of sale; at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or at negotiated prices. Each prospectus supplement will describe the method of distribution of the securities and any applicable restrictions. The prospectus supplement with respect to the securities of a particular series will describe the terms of the offering of the securities, including the following: the name of the agent or any underwriters; the public offering or purchase price; any discounts and commissions to be allowed or paid to the agent or underwriters; all other items constituting underwriting compensation; any discounts and commissions to be allowed or paid to dealers; and any exchanges on which the securities will be listed. If any underwriters or agents are used in the sale of the securities in respect of which this prospectus is delivered, we will enter into an underwriting agreement, sales agreement or other agreement with them at the time of sale to them, and we will set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to such offering the names of the underwriters or agents and the terms of the related agreement with them. In connection with the offering of securities, we may grant to the underwriters an option to purchase additional securities with an additional underwriting commission, as may be set forth in the accompanying prospectus supplement. If we grant any such option, the terms of such option will be set forth in the prospectus supplement for such securities. If a dealer is used in the sale of the securities in respect of which the prospectus is delivered, we will sell such securities to the dealer, as principal. The dealer, who may be deemed to be an “underwriter” as that term is defined in the Securities Act, may then resell such securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by such dealer at the time of resale. If we offer securities in a subscription rights offering to our existing security holders, we may enter into a standby underwriting agreement with dealers, acting as standby underwriters. We may pay the standby underwriters a commitment fee for the securities they commit to purchase on a standby basis. If we do not enter into a standby underwriting arrangement, we may retain a dealer-manager to manage a subscription rights offering for us. Agents, underwriters, dealers and other persons may be entitled under agreements which they may enter into with us to indemnification by us against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and may be customers of, engage in transactions with or perform services for us in the ordinary course of business. If so indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will authorize underwriters or other persons acting as our agents to solicit offers by certain institutions to purchase securities from us pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on the date stated in the prospectus supplement. Each contract will be for an amount not less than, and the aggregate amount of securities sold pursuant to such contracts shall not be less nor more than, the respective amounts stated in the prospectus supplement. Institutions with whom the contracts, when authorized, may be made include commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, educational and charitable institutions and other institutions, but shall in all cases be subject to our approval. Delayed delivery contracts will not be subject to any conditions except that: the purchase by an institution of the securities covered under that contract shall not at the time of delivery be prohibited under the laws of the jurisdiction to which that institution is subject; and if the securities are also being sold to underwriters acting as principals for their own account, the underwriters shall have purchased such securities not sold for delayed delivery. The underwriters and other persons acting as our agents will not have any responsibility in respect of the validity or performance of delayed delivery contracts. Offered securities may also be offered and sold, if so indicated in the prospectus supplement, in connection with a remarketing upon their purchase, in accordance with a redemption or repayment pursuant to their terms, or otherwise, by one or more remarketing firms, acting as principals for their own accounts or as agents for us. Any remarketing firm will be identified and the terms of its agreement, if any, with us and its compensation will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. Remarketing firms may be deemed to be underwriters in connection with their remarketing of offered securities. Certain agents, underwriters and dealers, and their associates and affiliates, may be customers of, have borrowing relationships with, engage in other transactions with, or perform services, including investment banking services, for us or one or more of our respective affiliates in the ordinary course of business. In order to facilitate the offering of the securities, any underwriters may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the securities or any other securities the prices of which may be used to determine payments on such securities. Specifically, any underwriters may overallot in connection with the offering, creating a short position for their own accounts. In addition, to cover overallotments or to stabilize the price of the securities or of any such other securities, the underwriters may bid for, and purchase, the securities or any such other securities in the open market. Finally, in any offering of the securities through a syndicate of underwriters, the underwriting syndicate may reclaim selling concessions allowed to an underwriter or a dealer for distributing the securities in the offering if the syndicate repurchases previously distributed securities in transactions to cover syndicate short positions, in stabilization transactions or otherwise. Any of these activities may stabilize or maintain the market price of the securities above independent market levels. Any such underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time. We may engage in at-the-market offerings into an existing trading market in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. In addition, we may enter into derivative transactions with third parties, or sell securities not covered by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions. If the applicable prospectus supplement so indicates, in connection with those derivatives, the third parties may sell securities covered by this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, including in short sale transactions. If so, the third party may use securities pledged by us or borrowed from us or others to settle those sales or to close out any related open borrowings of stock, and may use securities received from us in settlement of those derivatives to close out any related open borrowings of stock. The third party in such sale transactions will be an underwriter and, if not identified in this prospectus, will be named in the applicable prospectus supplement (or a post-effective amendment). In addition, we may otherwise loan or pledge securities to a financial institution or other third party that in turn may sell the securities short using this prospectus and an applicable prospectus supplement. Such financial institution or other third party may transfer its economic short position to investors in our securities or in connection with a concurrent offering of other securities. Under Rule 15c6-1 of the Exchange Act, trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle in two business days, unless the parties to any such trade expressly agree otherwise. The applicable prospectus supplement may provide that the original issue date for your securities may be more than two scheduled business days after the trade date for your securities. Accordingly, in such a case, if you wish to trade securities on any date prior to the second business day before the original issue date for your securities, you will be required, by virtue of the fact that your securities initially are expected to settle in more than two scheduled business days after the trade date for your securities, to make alternative settlement arrangements to prevent a failed settlement. The securities may be new issues of securities and may have no established trading market. The securities may or may not be listed on a national securities exchange. We can make no assurance as to the liquidity of or the existence of trading markets for any of the securities. The specific terms of any lock-up provisions in respect of any given offering will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. The underwriters, dealers and agents may engage in transactions with us, or perform services for us, in the ordinary course of business for which they receive compensation. The anticipated date of delivery of offered securities will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to each offer. TABLE OF CONTENTS​​​ Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Goodwin Procter LLP, Boston, Massachusetts. Any underwriters will also be advised about the validity of the securities and other legal matters by their own counsel, which will be named in the prospectus supplement. The financial statements incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report (which contains an emphasis of matter paragraph relating to the Company’s requirement for additional financing to fund future operations as described in Note 2 to the financial statements) of PwC Wirtschaftsprufung GmbH, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. PwC Wirtschaftsprufung GmbH is a member of the Austrian Chamber of Tax Advisors and Public Accountants (Kammer der Steuerberater und Wirtschaftsprufer). This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and the exhibits to the registration statement. For further information with respect to us and the securities we are offering under this prospectus, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules filed as a part of the registration statement. You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference. We have not authorized anyone else to provide you with different information. We are not making an offer of these securities in any state where the offer is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front page of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of the securities offered by this prospectus. We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including HOOKIPA Pharma Inc. The address of the SEC website is www.sec.gov. We maintain a website at www.hookipapharma.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus and, therefore, is not part of this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus supplement The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference much of the information we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those publicly available documents. The information that we incorporate by reference in this prospectus is considered to be part of this prospectus. Because we are incorporating by reference future filings with the SEC, this prospectus is continually updated and those future filings may modify or supersede some of the information included or incorporated in this prospectus. This means that you must look at all of the SEC filings that we incorporate by reference to determine if any of the statements in this prospectus or in any document previously incorporated by reference have been modified or superseded. This prospectus incorporates by reference the documents listed below and any future filings we make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (in each case, other than those documents or the portions of those documents not deemed to be filed) between the date of the initial registration statement and the effectiveness of the registration statement and following the effectiveness of the registration statement until the offering of the securities under the registration statement is terminated or completed: our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on March 24, 2022 as amended by our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022; our Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC on May 16, 2022, to the extent the information therein is filed and not furnished; our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on May 16, 2022; our Current Reports on Form 8-K and Form 8-K/A filed with the SEC on February 1, 2022, February 15, 2022, March 1, 2022 (both filings), March 3, 2022, April 20, 2022, May 2, 2022, June 6, 2022, June 22, 2022 and July 1, 2022; and the description of our common stock contained in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the SEC on April 15, 2019, and any further amendment or report filed hereafter for the purpose of updating such description pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act. We also incorporate by reference into this prospectus all documents (other than current reports furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and exhibits filed on such form that are related to such items) that are filed by us with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (i) after the date of the initial filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and prior to effectiveness of the registration statement, and (ii) after the date of this prospectus but prior to the termination of the offering. These documents include, without limitation, Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as proxy statements. We will provide to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, without charge upon written or oral request, a copy of any or all of the information that has been incorporated by reference into this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus, including exhibits that are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents. You should direct any requests for such information to: The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. Up to $50,000,000 We have entered into a sales agreement, or the sales agreement, with SVB Securities LLC, or SVB Securities, relating to shares of our common stock offered by this prospectus. In accordance with the terms of the sales agreement, we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000,000 from time to time through or to SVB Securities, as sales agent or principal. Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, or the Exchange, under the symbol “HOOK.” On July 11, 2022, the last reported sale price of our common stock was $1.84 per share. Sales of our common stock, if any, under this prospectus will be made in sales deemed to be “at the market offerings” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. SVB Securities is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of securities, but will act as a sales agent using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, on mutually agreed terms between SVB Securities and us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement. The compensation to SVB Securities for sales of common stock sold pursuant to the sales agreement will be an amount equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any shares of common stock sold under the sales agreement. In connection with the sale of the common stock on our behalf, SVB Securities will be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation of SVB Securities will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have also agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to SVB Securities with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. Our business and an investment in our common stock involve significant risks. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” on page 6 of this prospectus and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Neither the securities and exchange commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus are truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. SVB Securities PROSPECTUS SUMMARY This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, utilizing a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may offer any combination of our securities described in our base prospectus included in the shelf registration statement in one or more offerings up to a total aggregate offering price of $200,000,000. The $50,000,000 of common stock that may be offered, issued and sold under this prospectus is included in the $200,000,000 of securities that may be offered, issued and sold by us pursuant to our shelf registration statement. This prospectus relates to the offering of our common stock. Before buying any of the common stock that we are offering, we urge you to carefully read this prospectus, together with the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and any free writing prospectus or prospectus supplement that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering when making your investment decision. You should also read and consider the information in the documents we have referred you to under the headings “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.” These documents contain important information that you should consider when making your investment decision. This prospectus describes the terms of this offering of common stock and also adds to and updates information contained in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus, on the one hand, and the information contained in any document incorporated by reference into this prospectus that was filed with the SEC before the date of this prospectus, on the other hand, you should rely on the information in this prospectus. If any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date — for example, a document incorporated by reference into this prospectus — the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement. You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and any free writing prospectus or prospectus supplement that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering. We have not, and the sales agent has not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not, and the sales agent is not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and any free writing prospectus or prospectus supplement that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, is accurate only as of the date of those respective documents. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. You should read this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and any free writing prospectus or prospectus supplement that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, in their entirety before making an investment decision. Unless otherwise mentioned or unless the context requires otherwise, all references in this prospectus to “HOOKIPA Pharma,” “HOOKIPA,” “company,” “we,” “us” and “our” or similar references refer to HOOKIPA Pharma Inc. and, where appropriate, our subsidiary. This prospectus and the information incorporated by reference herein include trademarks, service marks and trade names owned by us or other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names included or incorporated by reference into this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. This summary highlights certain information about us, this offering and selected information contained elsewhere in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. For a more complete understanding of our company and this offering, we encourage you to read and consider carefully the more detailed information in this prospectus, including the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and the information included in any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, including the information under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus on page 6 and under similar headings in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We entered into a collaboration and licensing agreement with Gilead Sciences, Inc., or Gilead, in June 2018 to research arenavirus functional cures for HIV and chronic Hepatitis B infections. In February 2022, we signed an amended and restated collaboration and licensing agreement which revised the terms only for the HIV program, whereby we will take on development responsibilities for the HIV program candidate through a Phase 1b clinical trial. We are leveraging our modular arenavirus platform to develop the following product candidates for multiple infectious diseases and cancers: Common stock offered by us Shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000,000. Common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering Up to 81,866,379 shares, assuming sales of 27,173,913 shares of our common stock in this offering at an offering price of $1.84 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on July 11, 2022. The actual number of shares issued will vary depending on the sales price under this offering Manner of offering “At the market offering” that may be made from time to time through or to SVB Securities LLC, or SVB Securities, as sales agent or principal. See “Plan of Distribution” on page 10 of this prospectus. We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily for general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” on page 9 of this prospectus. Investing in our common stock involves significant risks. See “Risk Factors” on page 6 of this prospectus, and under similar headings in other documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus. Nasdaq Global Select Market Symbol The number of shares of common stock shown above to be outstanding after this offering is based on 50,872,734 shares of common stock and 3,819,732 shares of Class A common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2022, and excludes as of that date: 4,298,946 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options outstanding as of March 31, 2022, at a weighted-average exercise price of $8.96 per share; 1,327,634 shares of common stock that are available for future issuance under our 2019 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as of March 31, 2022; 828,497 shares of our common stock available for future issuance as of March 31, 2022 under our 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan; 1,697,000 shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of 1,697 shares of our Series A convertible preferred stock outstanding as of March 31, 2022; and 15,800,000 shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of 15,800 shares of our Series A-1 preferred stock outstanding as of March 31, 2022. Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully review the risks and uncertainties described below and under the section titled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, as updated by our annual, quarterly and other reports and documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any free writing prospectus with respect to this offering filed by us with the SEC, before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. Each of the risk factors could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our securities, and the occurrence of any of these risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. Please also read carefully the section below titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Additional Risks Related to This Offering You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings. To raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share in this offering. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by investors in this offering. Our management might apply the net proceeds from this offering in ways with which you do not agree and in ways that may impair the value of your investment. Our management will have broad discretion over the use of net proceeds from this offering, if any. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, if any, for general corporate purposes, which may include, but are not limited to, research and development costs, including the conduct of one or more clinical trials and process development and manufacturing of our product candidates, potential strategic acquisitions of complementary businesses, services or technologies, expansion of our technology infrastructure and capabilities, working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. Our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds, if any, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. The net proceeds, if any, may be used for corporate purposes that do not increase our operating results or enhance the value of our common stock. The common stock offered hereby will be sold in “at-the-market” offerings, and investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices. Investors who purchase shares in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices, and so may experience different outcomes in their investment results. We will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices, and numbers of shares sold, and there is no minimum or maximum sales price. Investors may experience a decline in the value of their shares as a result of share sales made at prices lower than the prices they paid. The actual number of shares we will issue under the sales agreement, at any one time or in total, is uncertain. Subject to certain limitations in the sales agreement and compliance with applicable law, we have the discretion to deliver placement notices to SVB Securities at any time throughout the term of the sales agreement. The number of shares that are sold by SVB Securities after delivering a placement notice will fluctuate based on the market price of the common stock during the sales period and limits we set with SVB Securities. Because the price per share of each share sold will fluctuate based on the market price of our common stock during the sales period, it is not possible at this stage to predict the number of shares that will be ultimately issued. We may issue and sell shares of our common stock having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $50,000,000 from time to time. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to close this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. There can be no assurance that we will sell any shares under or fully utilize the sales agreement with SVB Securities as a source of financing. Our management will have broad discretion over the use of net proceeds from this offering, if any. We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily for general corporate purposes, which may include, but are not limited to, research and development costs, including the conduct of one or more clinical trials and process development and manufacturing of our product candidates, potential strategic acquisitions of complementary businesses, services or technologies, expansion of our technology infrastructure and capabilities, working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. We have entered into a sales agreement with SVB Securities under which we may issue and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $50,000,000 of shares of our common stock through SVB Securities, acting as sales agent or principal. Sales of the shares to which this prospectus relates, if any, will be made by any method deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act. As our sales agent, SVB Securities will not engage in any transactions that stabilize our common stock. SVB Securities will offer the shares of our common stock subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement on a daily basis or as otherwise agreed upon by us and SVB Securities. We will designate the maximum number of shares or dollar value of common stock to be sold through SVB Securities on a daily basis or otherwise determine such maximum number together with SVB Securities. Subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement, SVB Securities will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell on our behalf all of the shares of common stock so designated or determined. We may instruct SVB Securities not to sell shares of common stock if the sales cannot be effected at or above the price designated by us in any such instruction. We or SVB Securities may suspend the offering of shares of common stock being made through SVB Securities under the sales agreement upon proper notice to the other party. For its service as sales agent in connection with the sale of shares of our common stock that may be offered hereby, we will pay SVB Securities an amount equal to 3.0% of the aggregate sales price received by SVB Securities from each sale of shares sold through it acting as our sales agent. The remaining sales proceeds, after deducting any expenses payable by us and any transaction fees imposed by any governmental, regulatory, or self-regulatory organization in connection with the sales, will equal our net proceeds for the sale of such shares. We have also agreed to reimburse SVB Securities for certain specified expenses, including the fees and disbursements of its legal counsel in an amount not to exceed $50,000, payable upon execution of the sales agreement, plus certain ongoing fees of its legal counsel, as provided in the sales agreement. SVB Securities will provide written confirmation to us following the close of trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market each day in which shares of common stock are sold by it for us under the sales agreement. Each confirmation will include the number of shares sold on that day, the gross sales price per share, the compensation payable by us to SVB Securities and the proceeds to us net of such compensation. Settlement for sales of common stock will occur, unless the parties agree otherwise, on the second business day following the date on which any sales were made in return for payment of the proceeds to us net of compensation paid by us to SVB Securities. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, trust or similar arrangement. We will deliver to the Nasdaq Global Select Market copies of this prospectus pursuant to the rules of the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Unless otherwise required, we will report at least quarterly the number of shares of common stock sold through SVB Securities under the sales agreement, the net proceeds to us and the compensation paid by us to SVB Securities in connection with the sales of common stock. In connection with the sale of the common stock on our behalf, SVB Securities will be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation paid to SVB Securities will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have agreed in the sales agreement to provide indemnification and contribution to SVB Securities against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. In the ordinary course of their business, SVB Securities and/or its affiliates may perform, investment banking, broker dealer, lending, financial advisory or other services for us for which they have received, or may receive, separate fees. We estimate that the total expenses of the offering payable by us, excluding discounts and commissions payable to SVB Securities under the sales agreement, will be approximately $0.7 million. The offering of common stock pursuant to the sales agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (1) the sale of all of our shares of common stock provided for in the sales agreement or (2) the termination of the sales agreement, pursuant to its terms, by either SVB Securities or us. The validity of the common stock offered by this prospectus will be passed upon by Goodwin Procter LLP, Boston, Massachusetts. SVB Securities LLC is being represented in connection with this offering by Duane Morris LLP, New York, New York. We maintain a website at www.hookipapharma.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus and, therefore, is not part of this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus supplement. INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN THE PROSPECTUS Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution The following table sets forth the estimated costs and expenses, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by us in connection with the offering of the securities being registered. All the amounts shown are estimates, except for the SEC registration fee and FINRA filing fee. SEC registration fee ​ ​ ​ $ 14,455.08 ​ ​ FINRA filing fee ​ ​ ​ ​ 30,500 ​ ​ Accounting fees and expenses (1)​ Legal fees and expenses Transfer agent fees and expenses Trustee fees and expenses Printing and miscellaneous expenses $   (1) These fees are calculated based on the securities offered and the number of issuances and, accordingly, cannot be estimated at this time. Item 15. Indemnification of Officers and Directors Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, authorizes a corporation to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities arising out of actions, suits and proceedings to which they are made or threatened to be made a party by reason of the fact that they have served or are currently serving as a director or officer to a corporation. The indemnity may cover expenses (including attorneys’ fees) judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the director or officer in connection with any such action, suit or proceeding if the director or officer acted in good faith and in a manner the director or officer reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe the director or officer’s conduct was unlawful. Section 145 permits corporations to pay expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by directors and officers in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that such director or officer is not entitled to be indemnified by the corporation as authorized in Section 145. In addition, Section 145 provides that a corporation has the power to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of its directors and officers against any liability asserted against them and incurred by them in their capacity as a director or officer, or arising out of their status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify the director or officer against such liability under Section 145. We have adopted provisions in both our certificate of incorporation and bylaws that limit or eliminate the personal liability of our directors to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as it now exists or may in the future be amended. Consequently, a director is not personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages or breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability for: any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to us or our stockholders; any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; any unlawful payments related to dividends or unlawful stock purchases, redemptions or other distributions; or any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. These limitations of liability do not alter director liability under the federal securities laws and do not affect the availability of equitable remedies such as an injunction or rescission. II-1 In addition, our bylaws provide that: we will indemnify our directors, officers and, in the discretion of our board of directors, certain employees to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as it now exists or may in the future be amended; and we will advance reasonable expenses, including attorneys’ fees, to our directors and, in the discretion of our board of directors, to our officers and certain employees, in connection with legal proceedings relating to their service for or on behalf of us, subject to limited exceptions. We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. These agreements provide that we will indemnify each of our directors, certain of our executive officers and, at times, their affiliates to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. We will advance expenses, including attorneys’ fees (but excluding judgments, fines and settlement amounts), to each indemnified director, executive officer or affiliate in connection with any proceeding in which indemnification is available and we will indemnify our directors and officers for any action or proceeding arising out of that person’s services as a director or officer brought on behalf of us or in furtherance of our rights. Additionally, certain of our directors or officers may have certain rights to indemnification, advancement of expenses or insurance provided by their affiliates or other third parties, which indemnification relates to and might apply to the same proceedings arising out of such director’s or officer’s services as a director referenced herein. Nonetheless, we have agreed in the indemnification agreements that our obligations to those same directors or officers are primary and any obligation of such affiliates or other third parties to advance expenses or to provide indemnification for the expenses or liabilities incurred by those directors are secondary. We also maintain general liability insurance which covers certain liabilities of our directors and officers arising out of claims based on acts or omissions in their capacities as directors or officers, including liabilities under the Securities Act. Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules ​ 1.1* ​ ​ Form of Underwriting Agreement ​ ​ 1.2 ​ ​ Sales Agreement, dated as of July 12, 2022, by and between the Company and SVB Securities LLC ​ 3.1 ​ ​ Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 24, 2022 (File No. 001-38869) and incorporated herein by reference) ​ ​ 3.2 ​ ​ Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 1, 2022 (File No. 001-38869) and incorporated herein by reference) ​ ​ 3.3 ​ ​ Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 23, 2019 (File No. 001-38869) and incorporated herein by reference) ​ ​ 4.1 ​ ​ Specimen Common Stock Certificate (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on April 8, 2019 (File No. 333-230451) and incorporated herein by reference) ​ Form of indenture for subordinated debt securities and the related form of subordinated debt security Form of indenture for senior debt securities and the related form of senior debt security ​ 4.4* ​ ​ Form of Certificate of Designations ​ ​ 4.5* ​ ​ Form of Warrant Agreement ​ ​ 4.6* ​ ​ Form of Unit Certificate ​ ​ 4.7* ​ ​ Form of Unit Agreement ​ ​ 4.8* ​ ​ Form of Preferred Stock Certificate ​ ​ 4.9 ​ ​ Shareholders Agreement among HOOKIPA Pharma Inc. and certain of its shareholders, dated February 15, 2019 (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 23, 2019 (File No. 001-38869) and incorporated herein by reference) ​ Opinion of Goodwin Procter LLP Opinion of Goodwin Procter LLP relating to the sales agreement prospectus ​ 23.1 ​ ​ Consent of PwC Wirtschaftsprüfung GmbH, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ​ ​ 23.2 ​ ​ Consent of Goodwin Procter LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1 hereto) Power of Attorney (included on the signature pages to this registration statement) ​ 25.1** ​ ​ Form T-1 Statement of Eligibility of Trustee for Senior Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 ​ ​ 25.2** ​ ​ Form T-1 Statement of Eligibility of Trustee for Subordinated Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 ​ ​ 107 ​ ​ Filing Fee Table To be filed, if necessary, by amendment or as an exhibit to a document to be incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this registration statement, including a Current Report on Form 8-K. To be filed pursuant to Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. Item 17. Undertakings The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes: (1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement: (i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act; (ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and (iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement; provided, however, that the undertakings set forth in paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) of this section do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are incorporated by reference in this registration statement or are contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of this registration statement. (2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. (3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering. (4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser: (i) Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and (ii) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date. (5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: (i) any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; (ii) any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant; (iii) the portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and (iv) any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser. (6) That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. (7) To file an application for the purpose of determining the eligibility of the trustee to act under subsection (a) of Section 310 of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the SEC under Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of New York, State of New York, on July 12, 2022. /s/ Joern Aldag Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Power of Attorney and Signatures Each individual whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints each of Joern Aldag, Reinhard Kandera and Daniel Courtney as such person’s true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for such person in such person’s name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this Registration Statement (or any Registration Statement for the same offering that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission granting unto each said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as such person might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that any said attorney-in-fact and agent, or any substitute or substitutes of any of them, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Registration Statement and Power of Attorney has been signed by the following person in the capacities and on the date indicated. /s/ Reinhard Kandera Reinhard Kandera Chief Financial Officer and Director /s/ Jan van de Winkel Jan van de Winkel, Ph.D. /s/ Michael A. Kelly Michael A. Kelly /s/ David Kaufman David Kaufman, M.D., Ph.D. /s/ Julie O’Neill Julie O’Neill /s/ Timothy Reilly Timothy Reilly, Ph.D. Shares of Common Stock ($0.0001 par value per share) SVB SECURITIES LLC HOOKIPA Pharma Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), confirms its agreement (this “Agreement”) with SVB Securities LLC (the “Agent”), as follows: 1. Issuance and Sale of Shares. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through the Agent up to $50,000,000 of shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of the Company (the “Common Stock”), subject to the limitations set forth in Section 5(c) (the “Placement Shares”). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitation set forth in this Section 1 on the aggregate gross sales price of Placement Shares that may be issued and sold under this Agreement from time to time shall be the sole responsibility of the Company, and that the Agent shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance. The issuance and sale of Placement Shares through the Agent will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below) to be filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) and to be declared effective by the Commission, although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to issue any Placement Shares. The Company has prepared and will file, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Securities Act”), with the Commission a registration statement on Form S-3, including (a) a base prospectus, relating to certain securities, including the Common Stock, to be issued from time to time by the Company, and which incorporates by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the “Exchange Act”), and (b) an “at-the-market” prospectus specifically relating to the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time pursuant to this Agreement (the “ATM Prospectus”) included as part of such registration statement. The Company will furnish to the Agent, for use by the Agent, copies of the base prospectus and ATM Prospectus included as part of such registration statement at the time it becomes effective. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement, including all documents filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below) subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule 430B or Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, is herein called the “Registration Statement.” The ATM Prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference, included in the Registration Statement, in the form in which such prospectus has most recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, together with any “issuer free writing prospectus” (as used herein, as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act (“Rule 433”)), relating to the Placement Shares that (i) is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company or (ii) is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i), in each case, in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company’s records pursuant to Rule 433(g), is herein called the “Prospectus.” Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the ATM Prospectus, the Prospectus or any issuer free writing prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents, if any, that are or are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein (the “Incorporated Documents”), including, unless the context otherwise requires, the documents, if any, filed as exhibits to such Incorporated Documents. Any reference herein to the terms “amend,” “amendment” or “supplement” with respect to the Registration Statement, the ATM Prospectus, the Prospectus or any issuer free writing prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing of any document under the Exchange Act on or after the most-recent effective date of the Registration Statement, or the respective dates of the ATM Prospectus, Prospectus or such issuer free writing prospectus, as the case may be, and incorporated therein by reference. For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to include the most recent copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval system or, if applicable, the Interactive Data Electronic Application system when used by the Commission (collectively, “EDGAR”). 2. Placements. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell any Placement Shares through the Agent hereunder (each, a “Placement”), it will notify the Agent by email notice (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the parties) (each such notice, a “Placement Notice”) containing the parameters in accordance with which it desires such Placement Shares to be sold, which at a minimum shall include the maximum number or amount of Placement Shares to be sold, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number or amount of Placement Shares that may be sold in any one Trading Day (as defined in Section 3) and any minimum price below which sales may not be made, a form of which containing such minimum sales parameters is attached hereto as Schedule 1. The Placement Notice must originate from one of the individuals authorized to act on behalf of the Company and set forth on Schedule 2 (with a copy to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such Schedule 2), and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from the Agent set forth on Schedule 2, as such Schedule 2 may be updated by either party from time to time by sending a written notice containing a revised Schedule 2 to the other party in the manner provided in Section 12 (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the Company set forth on Schedule 2, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply). The Placement Notice shall be effective upon receipt by the Agent unless and until (i) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 4, the Agent declines in writing, by any means provided for under Section 12, to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, within two Trading Days of the date the Agent receives the Placement Notice, (ii) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 4, the Agent suspends sales under the Placement Notice for any reason in its sole discretion, (iii) the entire amount of the Placement Shares has been sold pursuant to this Agreement, (iv) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 4, the Company suspends sales under or terminates the Placement Notice for any reason in its sole discretion, (v) the Company issues a subsequent Placement Notice and explicitly indicates that its parameters supersede those contained in the earlier dated Placement Notice or (vi) this Agreement has been terminated pursuant to the provisions of Section 11. The amount of any discount, commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to the Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares effected through the Agent shall be calculated in accordance with the terms set forth in Schedule 3. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor the Agent will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to the Agent and the Agent does not decline such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control with respect to the matters covered thereby. 3. Sale of Placement Shares by the Agent. On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, including Section 5(c), upon the Agent’s acceptance of the terms of a Placement Notice as provided in Section 2, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares described therein has been declined, suspended or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) to sell such Placement Shares up to the number or amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Agent will provide written confirmation to the Company (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the Company set forth on Schedule 2, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number or amount of Placement Shares sold on such Trading Day, the volume-weighted average price of the Placement Shares sold and the Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable to the Company, with an itemization of the deductions made by the Agent (as set forth in Section 5(a))) from the gross proceeds that it receives from such sales. Subject to the terms of this Agreement and unless otherwise specified by the Company in a Placement Notice, the Agent may sell Placement Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, including sales made directly on or through Nasdaq, on or through any other existing trading market for the Common Stock or to or through a market maker. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 6(ss), except as may be otherwise agreed by the Company and the Agent, the Agent shall not purchase Placement Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement unless the Company and the Agent enter into a separate written agreement setting forth the terms of such sale. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance that the Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares, (ii) the Agent will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by the Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of Nasdaq to sell such Placement Shares as required under this Agreement and (iii) the Agent shall be under no obligation to purchase Placement Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement unless the Company and the Agent enter into a separate written agreement setting forth the terms of such sale. For the purposes hereof, “Trading Day” means any day on which the Common Stock is purchased and sold on Nasdaq. 4. Suspension of Sales. (a) The Company or the Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 2, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 2), suspend any sale of Placement Shares; provided, however, that such suspension shall not affect or impair either party’s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this Section 4 shall be effective against the other party unless notice is sent by one of the individuals named on Schedule 2 hereto to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on Schedule 2, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply). (b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, during any period in which the Company is in possession of material non-public information , the Company and the Agent agree that (i) no sale of Placement Shares will take place, (ii) the Company shall not request the sale of any Placement Shares and shall cancel any effective Placement Notices instructing the Agent to make any sales and (iii) the Agent shall not be obligated to sell or offer to sell any Placement Shares. 5. Settlement and Delivery of the Placement Shares. (a) Settlement of Placement Shares. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement Shares will occur on the second Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice or as is required for regular-way trading) following the date on which such sales are made (each, a “Settlement Date”). The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the “Net Proceeds”) will be equal to the aggregate gross sales price received by the Agent at which such Placement Shares were sold, after deduction of (i) the Agent’s commission, discount or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to Section 2 hereof, (ii) any other amounts due and payable by the Company to the Agent hereunder pursuant to Section 7(g) hereof and (iii) any transaction fees imposed by any governmental or self-regulatory organization in respect of such sales. (b) Delivery of Placement Shares. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will issue the Placement Shares being sold on such date and will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer such Placement Shares by crediting the Agent’s or its designee’s account (provided the Agent shall have given the Company written notice of such designee at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System (“DWAC”) or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto, which in all cases shall be duly authorized, freely tradeable, transferable, registered shares of Common Stock in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company on or prior to the Settlement Date. The Agent shall be responsible for providing DWAC instructions or other instructions for delivery by other means with regard to the transfer of the Placement Shares being sold. In addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in Section 9(a) hereto, the Company agrees that if the Company or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver duly authorized, freely tradeable, transferable, registered Placement Shares in good deliverable form by 2:30 P.M., New York City time, on a Settlement Date (other than as a result of a failure by the Agent to provide instructions for delivery), the Company will (i) take all necessary action to cause the full amount of any Net Proceeds that were delivered to the Company’s account with respect to such settlement, together with any costs incurred by the Agent and/or its clearing firm in connection with recovering such Net Proceeds, to be immediately returned to the Agent or its clearing firm no later than 5:00 P.M., New York City time, on such Settlement Date, by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account designated by the Agent or its clearing firm, (ii) indemnify and hold the Agent and its clearing firm harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or expense (including reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company or its transfer agent (if applicable) and (iii) pay to the Agent any commission, discount or other compensation to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent such default. Certificates for the Placement Shares, if any, shall be in such denominations and registered in such names as the Agent may request in writing one Business Day (as defined below) before the applicable Settlement Date. Certificates for the Placement Shares, if any, will be made available by the Company for examination and packaging by the Agent in New York City not later than 12:00 P.M., New York City time, on the Business Day prior to the applicable Settlement Date. (c) Limitations on Offering Size. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares if, after giving effect to the sale of such Placement Shares, the aggregate number or gross sales proceeds of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the lesser of: (i) the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock registered pursuant to, and available for offer and sale under, the Registration Statement pursuant to which the offering of Placement Shares is being made, (ii) the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock of the Company (less shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of any outstanding securities of the Company or otherwise reserved from the Company’s authorized capital stock), (iii) the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock permitted to be offered and sold by the Company under Form S-3 (including General Instruction I.B.6. thereof, if such instruction is applicable), (iv) the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock that the Company’s board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof is authorized to issue and sell from time to time, and notified to the Agent in writing, or (v) the dollar amount of shares of Common Stock for which the Company has filed the ATM Prospectus. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company’s board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof, and notified to the Agent in writing. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto acknowledge and agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this Section 5(c) on the number or dollar amount of Placement Shares that may be issued and sold under this Agreement from time to time shall be the sole responsibility of the Company, and that the Agent shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance. 6. Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with, the Agent that as of the date of this Agreement, and as of (i) each Representation Date (as defined in Section 7(m)), (ii) the date and time of each sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement and (iv) each Settlement Date (each such time or date referred to in clauses (i) through (iv), an “Applicable Time”): (a) Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement meet the requirements for and comply with the conditions for the use of Form S-3 (including General Instructions I.A and I.B.1.) under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement has been or will be filed with the Commission and will be declared effective by the Commission under the Securities Act prior to the issuance of any Placement Notices by the Company. At the time the Registration Statement originally became effective and at the time the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, was filed with the Commission, the Company met the then-applicable requirements for use of Form S-3 (including General Instructions I.A and I.B.1.) under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement meets, and the offering and sale of Placement Shares as contemplated hereby comply with, the requirements of Rule 415(a)(1)(x) under the Securities Act. The Agent is named as the agent engaged by the Company in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” in the ATM Prospectus. The Company has not received, and has no notice from the Commission of, any notice pursuant to Rule 401(g)(1) under the Securities Act objecting to the use of the shelf registration statement form. No stop order of the Commission preventing or suspending the use of the base prospectus, the ATM Prospectus or the Prospectus, or the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, has been issued, and no proceedings for such purpose are pending before or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened by the Commission. At the time of the initial filing of the Registration Statement, the Company paid the required Commission filing fees relating to the securities covered by the Registration Statement, including the Shares that may be sold pursuant to this Agreement, in accordance with Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act. Copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any such amendments or supplements to any of the foregoing and all Incorporated Documents that were filed with the Commission on or prior to the date of this Agreement have been delivered, or are available through EDGAR, to the Agent and its counsel. (b) No Misstatement or Omission. Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time it became or becomes effective, at each deemed effective date with respect to the Agent pursuant to Rule 430B(f)(2) under the Securities Act and as of each Applicable Time, complied, complies and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and did not, does not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, except that the representations and warranties set forth in this sentence do not apply to Agent’s Information (as defined below). The Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto, when so filed with the Commission under Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, complied, complies and as of each Applicable Time will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act, and each ATM Prospectus, Prospectus or issuer free writing prospectus (or any amendments or supplements to any of the foregoing) furnished to the Agent for use in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares was identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation S-T. Neither the Prospectus nor any amendment or supplement thereto, as of its date and as of each Applicable Time, included, includes or will include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted, omits or will omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, except that the representations and warranties set forth in this sentence do not apply to Agent’s Information. Each Incorporated Document heretofore filed, when it was filed (or, if any amendment with respect to any such document was filed, when such amendment was filed), conformed in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act and were filed on a timely basis with the Commission, and any further Incorporated Documents so filed and incorporated after the date of this Agreement will be filed on a timely basis and, when so filed, will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act; no such Incorporated Document when it was filed (or, if an amendment with respect to any such document was filed, when such amendment was filed), contained an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; and no such Incorporated Document, when it is filed, will contain an untrue statement of a material fact or will omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. (c) Company Not Ineligible Issuer (i) At the time of filing the Registration Statement and (ii) at the time of the execution of this Agreement (with such date being used as the determination date for purposes of this clause (ii)), the Company was not and is not an “ineligible issuer” (as defined in Rule 405), without taking account of any determination by the Commission pursuant to Rule 405 that it is not necessary that the Company be considered an ineligible issuer. (d) Emerging Growth Company Status. From the time of the initial filing of the Company’s first registration statement with the Commission through the date hereof, the Company has been and is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act (an “Emerging Growth Company”). (e) Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses. Each issuer free writing prospectus, as of its issue date and as of each Applicable Time, did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any Incorporated Document deemed to be a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified. Each issuer free writing prospectus that the Company has filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule 433 or that was prepared by or on behalf of or used by the Company complies or will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. (f) Distribution of Offering Material by the Company. The Company has not distributed and, prior to the later to occur of each Settlement Date and completion of the Agent’s distribution of the Placement Shares under this Agreement, will not distribute any offering material in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares other than the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below). (g) Extensible Business Reporting Language. The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission’s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. (h) Independent Accountants. The accountants who certified the financial statements and supporting schedules included in the Registration Statement, and the Prospectus are independent public accountants as required by the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”). (i) Financial Statements. The financial statements included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, together with the related schedules and notes, present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries (as defined below) at the dates indicated and the statement of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries for the periods specified; said financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved. The supporting schedules, if any, present fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with GAAP the information required to be stated therein. The selected financial data and the summary financial information included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus present fairly the information shown therein and have been compiled on a basis consistent with that of the audited financial statements included therein. Except as included therein, no historical or pro forma financial statements or supporting schedules are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus under the Securities Act. (j) No Material Adverse Change in Business. Except as otherwise stated therein, since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, (A) there has been no material adverse change in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the earnings, business affairs or business prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business (a “Material Adverse Effect”), (B) there have been no transactions entered into by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, other than those in the ordinary course of business, which are material with respect to the Company and its Subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, and (C) there has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company on any class of its capital stock. (k) Good Standing of the Company. The Company has been duly organized and is validly existing as a corporation in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware and has corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement; and the Company is duly qualified as a foreign corporation to transact business and is in good standing in each other jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure so to qualify or to be in good standing would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. (l) Good Standing of Subsidiaries. Each “significant subsidiary” of the Company (as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X) (each, a “Subsidiary” and, collectively, the “Subsidiaries”) has been duly organized and is validly existing in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, has corporate or similar power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and is duly qualified to transact business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which such qualification is required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure to so qualify or to be in good standing would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of each Subsidiary has been duly authorized and validly issued, is fully paid and non-assessable and is owned by the Company, directly or through Subsidiaries, free and clear of any security interest, mortgage, pledge, lien, encumbrance, claim or equity. None of the outstanding shares of capital stock of any Subsidiary were issued in violation of the preemptive or similar rights of any securityholder of such Subsidiary. The only subsidiaries of the Company are the subsidiaries listed on Exhibit 21 to the Registration Statement. (m) Capitalization. The authorized, issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company are set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as of the dates referred to therein (except for subsequent issuances, if any, pursuant to this Agreement, pursuant to reservations, agreements or employee benefit plans referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or pursuant to the exercise of convertible securities or options referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus). The outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable. None of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company were issued in violation of the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company. (n) Authorization of Agreement. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company. (o) Authorization and Description of Placement Shares. The Placement Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and sale pursuant to this Agreement and, when issued and delivered by the Company pursuant to this Agreement against payment of the consideration set forth herein, will be validly issued and fully paid and non-assessable; and the issuance of the Placement Shares is not subject to the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company. The Common Stock conforms in all material respects to all statements relating thereto contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and such description conforms in all material respects to the rights set forth in the instruments defining the same. No holder of Placement Shares will be subject to personal liability by reason of being such a holder. (p) Registration Rights. There are no persons with registration rights or other similar rights to have any securities registered for sale pursuant to the Registration Statement or otherwise registered for sale or sold by the Company under the Securities Act pursuant to this Agreement, other than those rights that have been disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. (q) Absence of Violations, Defaults and Conflicts. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is (A) in violation of its charter, by-laws or similar organizational document, (B) in default in the performance or observance of any obligation, agreement, covenant or condition contained in any contract, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement, note, lease or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them may be bound or to which any of the properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary is subject (collectively, “Agreements and Instruments”), except for such defaults that would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, or (C) in violation of any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any arbitrator, court, governmental body, regulatory body, administrative agency or other authority, body or agency having jurisdiction over the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective properties, assets or operations (each, a “Governmental Entity”), except for such violations that would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein and in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (including the issuance and sale of the Placement Shares and the use of the proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares as described therein under the caption “Use of Proceeds”) and compliance by the Company with its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action and do not and will not, whether with or without the giving of notice or passage of time or both, conflict with or constitute a breach of, or default or Repayment Event (as defined below) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary pursuant to, the Agreements and Instruments (except for such conflicts, breaches, defaults or Repayment Events or liens, charges or encumbrances that would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect), nor will such action result in any violation of (x) the provisions of the charter, by-laws or similar organizational document of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (y) any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any Governmental Entity, except with respect to clause (y), such violations as would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. As used herein, a “Repayment Event” means any event or condition which gives the holder of any note, debenture or other evidence of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder’s behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all or a portion of such indebtedness by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. (r) Absence of Labor Dispute. Except as would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, (a) no labor dispute with the employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries exists or, to the Company’s knowledge, is imminent, and (b) to the Company’s knowledge, there is no existing or imminent labor disturbance by the employees of any of its or any Subsidiary’s principal suppliers, manufacturers, customers or contractors. (s) Absence of Proceedings. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or brought by any Governmental Entity (including without limitation, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) or the European Medicines Agency (the “EMA”) now pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened, against or affecting the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, which would reasonably be expected to result, singly or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse Effect, or which would reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, materially and adversely affect their respective properties or assets or the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder; and the aggregate of all pending legal or governmental actions, suits, inquiries or proceedings to which the Company or any such Subsidiary is a party or of which any of their respective properties or assets is the subject which are not described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, including ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. (t) Accuracy of Exhibits. There are no contracts or documents which are required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement which have not been so described and filed as required. (u) Absence of Further Requirements. No filing with, or authorization, approval, consent, license, order, registration, qualification or decree of, any Governmental Entity is necessary or required for the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, in connection with the offering, issuance or sale of the Placement Shares hereunder or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, except such as have been already obtained or as may be required under the Securities Act, the rules of the Nasdaq Global Select Market, state securities laws or the rules of Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”). (v) Possession of Licenses and Permits. The Company and its Subsidiaries possess such permits, licenses, approvals, consents and other authorizations (collectively, “Governmental Licenses”) issued by the appropriate Governmental Entities necessary to conduct the business now operated by them (including, without limitation, all such permits, licenses, approvals, consents and other authorizations required by the FDA, the EMA, or any other federal, state, local or foreign agencies or bodies engaged in the regulation of clinical or preclinical studies, pharmaceuticals, biologics or activities related to the business now operated by the Company and its Subsidiaries), except where the failure so to possess would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms and conditions of all Governmental Licenses, except where the failure so to comply would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. All of the Governmental Licenses are valid and in full force and effect, except when the invalidity of such Governmental Licenses or the failure of such Governmental Licenses to be in full force and effect would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any Governmental Licenses which, singly or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and its Subsidiaries (i) are, and at all times have been, in compliance with all statutes, rules and regulations applicable to the ownership, testing, development, manufacture, packaging, processing, use, distribution, storage, import, export or disposal of any product manufactured or distributed by the Company or its Subsidiaries (“Applicable Laws”), except where such noncompliance would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect; and (ii) have not received any FDA Form 483, written notice of adverse finding, warning letter, untitled letter or other correspondence or written notice from any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority alleging or asserting noncompliance with (x) any Applicable Laws or (y) any licenses, exemptions, certificates, approvals, clearances, authorizations, permits and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such Applicable Laws, except where being in contravention of any of the foregoing representations or warranties, singly or in the aggregate, would not result in a Material Adverse Effect. (w) Title to Property. The Company and its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title to all real property owned by them and good title to all other properties owned by them, in each case, free and clear of all mortgages, pledges, liens, security interests, claims, restrictions or encumbrances of any kind except such as (A) are described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or (B) do not, singly or in the aggregate, materially affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; and all of the leases and subleases material to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, considered as one enterprise, and under which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries holds properties described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, are in full force and effect, and neither the Company nor any such Subsidiary has any notice of any material claim of any sort that has been asserted by anyone adverse to the rights of the Company or any Subsidiary under any of the leases or subleases mentioned above, or affecting or questioning the rights of the Company or such Subsidiary to the continued possession of the leased or subleased premises under any such lease or sublease. (x) Possession of Intellectual Property. (a) Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, and to the Company’s knowledge, the Company and its Subsidiaries own or possess, have license to, or can acquire rights to (whether by ownership or license) on reasonable terms, all patents, patent applications, statutory invention rights, community designs, invention disclosures, rights in utility models and industrial designs, inventions, registered and unregistered copyrights (including copyrights in software), intellectual property rights in technology, software, data, know-how (including inventions, trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures), trademarks, service marks, trade names, business names, logos, slogans, trade dress, design rights, Internet domain names, social media accounts, any other designations of source or origin, and any applications (including provisional applications), registrations, or renewals for any of the foregoing, rights to publicity and privacy and/or other intellectual property (collectively, “Intellectual Property”) necessary to carry on the business now operated by them and, to the Company’s knowledge, as currently proposed to be conducted as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. (b) Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice of or is otherwise aware of, nor to the Company’s knowledge, engaged in, (i) any infringement, misappropriation or other violation of any Intellectual Property rights of any third party by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and (ii) any pending or threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim regarding the subject matter of the foregoing. (c) To the Company’s knowledge, Intellectual Property owned by or exclusively licensed to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (such Intellectual Property, the “Company Intellectual Property”) is valid and enforceable, and there is no infringement, misappropriation, or violation of any Company Intellectual Property by any third party. (d) Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there is no pending action, suit, or proceeding by any third party, and the Company has not received a written notice regarding a threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by any third party (1) challenging the Company’s rights in or to any Company Intellectual Property; (2) challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of any Company Intellectual Property; or (3) asserting that the Company or any of its Subsidiaries infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates, or would, upon the commercialization of any product or service under development as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate, any Intellectual Property rights of such third parties that would materially impact the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. (e) Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and its Subsidiaries have complied in all material respects with the terms of each agreement pursuant to which Intellectual Property has been licensed to the Company or its Subsidiaries, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any written notice alleging any such noncompliance. (f) No Intellectual Property has been obtained or is being used by the Company in violation of any material contractual obligations binding on the Company or, to the Company’s knowledge, in violation of any contractual rights of any person. All such agreements that are binding on the Company are in full force and effect. (g) To the Company’s knowledge, all registered Company Intellectual Property and applications therefor have been duly maintained in all material respects and are in full force and effect and there are no material defects in connection with the filing or prosecuting of any such Company Intellectual Property. (h) Each person who is or was an employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and who is or was involved in the creation or development of any Intellectual Property for or on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has signed an agreement containing an assignment to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries of such person’s rights in and to such Intellectual Property and, to the Company’s knowledge, no employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is in or has ever been in violation of any material term of any agreement or covenant to or with a former employer where the basis of such violation relates to such employee’s employment with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or actions undertaken by the employee while employed with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. To the extent a past contractor of the Company has been involved in the creation or development of any Intellectual Property necessary to carry on the business now operated, or as currently proposed to be conducted as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, such contractor has signed an agreement containing (1) an assignment of such contractor’s rights in and to such Intellectual Property to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (2) granting an exclusive license to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to use such Intellectual Property, and, in either case of (1) or (2) and to the Company’s knowledge, no such contractor is in or has ever been in violation of a material term of such agreement. To the extent a current contractor has been retained by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to, or is otherwise expected to, create or develop Intellectual Property necessary to carry on the business now operated, or as currently proposed to be conducted as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, such contractor has signed an agreement containing either (i) an assignment of, or an obligation to assign, such Intellectual Property to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (ii) an unconditional option for the Company to receive an exclusive license to such Intellectual Property or (iii) an exclusive license for the Company to use such Intellectual Property in connection with the business, and, in any case of (i) - (iii) to the Company’s knowledge, no such contractor is in or has ever been in violation of a material term of such agreement. To the extent any such contractor agreements includes an obligation to assign Intellectual Property to the Company but does not actually assign such Intellectual Property, the absence of such assignment of Intellectual Property shall not have a material impact on (i) the business of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries as now operated or as currently proposed to be conducted as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or (ii) the Company’s or any of its Subsidiary’s right to the ownership of all right, title and interest in and to such Intellectual Property that is the subject of such obligation to assign. (i) The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken the commercially reasonable steps necessary to protect, maintain and safeguard the confidentiality of the material trade secrets, all material confidential Intellectual Property used in connection with the business of the Company and its rights and licenses under material Intellectual Property owned by or licensed to the Company, including the execution of appropriate nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements, and, to the Company’s knowledge, the confidentiality of such material trade secrets and material confidential Intellectual Property has not been compromised. (y) Environmental Laws. Except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, (A) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of any federal, state, local or foreign statute, law, rule, regulation, ordinance, code, policy or rule of common law or any judicial or administrative interpretation thereof, including any judicial or administrative order, consent, decree or judgment, relating to pollution or protection of human health, the environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata) or wildlife, including, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to the release or threatened release of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, wastes, biological materials, toxic substances, hazardous substances, petroleum or petroleum products, asbestos-containing materials or mold (collectively, “Hazardous Materials”) or to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials (collectively, “Environmental Laws”), (B) the Company and its Subsidiaries have all permits, authorizations and approvals required under any applicable Environmental Laws and are each in compliance with their requirements, (C) there are no pending or threatened administrative, regulatory or judicial actions, suits, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance or violation, investigations or proceedings relating to any Environmental Law against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries and (D) there are no events or circumstances that would reasonably be expected to form the basis of an order for clean-up or remediation, or an action, suit or proceeding by any private party or Governmental Entity, against or affecting the Company or any of its Subsidiaries relating to Hazardous Materials or any Environmental Laws. (z) Regulatory Matters. Except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, and except as would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect: (i) neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries has received any written notice of adverse filing, warning letter, untitled letter or other correspondence or notice from the FDA, the EMA or other relevant regulatory authorities, or any other court or arbitrator or federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority, alleging or asserting material noncompliance with the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq.), as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder (the “FDCA”), or similar state, federal or foreign law or regulation (collectively, “Health Care Laws”); (ii) the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been in compliance in all material respects with applicable Health Care Laws; (iii) neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries have received written notice of any ongoing claim, action, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or other action from any U.S. or non-U.S. federal, national, state, local or other governmental or regulatory authority, agency or body, court, arbitrator or self-regulatory organization (each, a “Governmental Authority”) or third party alleging that any product operation or activity is in violation of any Health Care Laws; (iv) the Company and its Subsidiaries have filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments as required by applicable Health Care Laws, and that all such reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments were complete, correct and not misleading on the date filed (or were corrected or supplemented by a subsequent submission); (v) neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries or any of their respective directors, officers, employees or agents is or has been debarred, suspended or excluded, or has been convicted of any crime, engaged in any conduct or is subject to a governmental inquiry, investigation, proceeding or other similar action that would result in a debarment, suspension or exclusion from any federal or state government health care program or human research study trial; and (vi) the Company is not a party to and the Company does not have any ongoing reporting obligations pursuant to, any corporate integrity agreements, deferred prosecution agreements, monitoring agreements, consent decrees, settlement orders, plans of correction or similar agreements with or imposed by an Governmental Authority. (aa) Preclinical and Clinical Studies and Tests. The preclinical and clinical studies and tests conducted by, on behalf of or sponsored by the Company or its Subsidiaries, or in which the Company or its Subsidiaries has participated, that are described in, or the results of which are referred to in, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as applicable, were, and if still pending are, being conducted in accordance with the experimental protocols established for each study or trial, as well as any conditions of approval and policies imposed by any institutional review board, ethics review board or committee responsible for the oversight of such preclinical and clinical studies and tests, and all applicable local, state and federal laws, rules and regulations of the FDA, the EMA and comparable drug regulatory agencies outside of the United States to which they are subject (collectively, the “Regulatory Authorities”) except where the failure to be so in compliance has not resulted and would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect; the descriptions in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus of the results of such studies and tests are accurate and not misleading in all material respects with respect to the portions of such studies being described and fairly present the data derived from such studies or tests; the Company has no knowledge of any other studies or tests not described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the results of which are inconsistent with or reasonably call into question the results described or referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus when viewed in the context in which such results are described and the current state of development; neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries have received any written notice, correspondence or other communications from the Regulatory Authorities requiring or threatening (i) the termination or suspension of any preclinical and clinical studies or tests that are described in, or the results of which are referred to in, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, or (ii) the material modification of any preclinical and clinical studies or tests that would cause them to differ from their descriptions in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, other than ordinary course communications with respect to modifications in connection with the design and implementation of such studies or tests, and, to the Company’s knowledge, there are no reasonable grounds for the same. (bb) Accounting Controls. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries maintain effective internal control over financial reporting (as defined under Rules 13-a15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act) and a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that (A) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; (B) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets; (C) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; and (D) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. Except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, since the end of the Company’s most recent audited fiscal year, there has been (1) no material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and (2) no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially and adversely affected, or is reasonably likely to materially and adversely affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. (cc) Compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or any of the Company’s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated in connection therewith (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), including Section 402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications. (dd) Payment of Taxes. All United States federal income tax returns of the Company and its Subsidiaries required by law to be filed have been filed and all taxes shown by such returns or otherwise assessed, which are due and payable, have been paid, except assessments against which appeals have been or will be promptly taken and as to which adequate reserves have been provided. The Company and its Subsidiaries have filed all other tax returns that are required to have been filed by them pursuant to applicable foreign, state, local or other law except insofar as the failure to file such returns would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, and has paid all taxes due pursuant to such returns or pursuant to any assessment received by the Company and its Subsidiaries, except for such taxes, if any, as are being contested in good faith and as to which adequate reserves have been established by the Company. The charges, accruals and reserves on the books of the Company in respect of any income and corporation tax liability for any years not finally determined are adequate to meet any assessments or re-assessments for additional income tax for any years not finally determined, except to the extent of any inadequacy that would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. (ee) Insurance. The Company and its Subsidiaries carry or are entitled to the benefits of insurance, with financially sound and reputable insurers, in such amounts and covering such risks as is generally maintained by similarly sized companies of established repute engaged in the same or similar business, and all such insurance is in full force and effect. The Company has no reason to believe that it or any of its Subsidiaries will not be able (A) to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (B) to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither of the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has been denied any insurance coverage which it has sought or for which it has applied. (ff) Investment Company Act. The Company is not required, and upon the issuance and sale of the Securities as herein contemplated and the application of the net proceeds therefrom as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will not be required, to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). (gg) Absence of Manipulation. None of the Company or any controlled affiliate, or to the Company’s knowledge, any non-controlled affiliate, has taken, nor will the Company or any controlled affiliate, or to the Company’s knowledge, any non-controlled affiliate, take, directly or indirectly, any action which is designed, or would be expected, to cause or result in, or which constitutes, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares or to result in a violation of Regulation M under the Exchange Act. (hh) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. None of the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or, to the Company’s knowledge, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is aware of or has taken any action, directly or indirectly, that would result in a violation by such persons of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the “FCPA”), including, without limitation, making an offer, payment, promise to pay or authorization of the payment of any money, or other property, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to any “foreign official” (as such term is defined in the FCPA) or any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office, in contravention of the FCPA and the Company and, to the Company’s knowledge, its affiliates have conducted their businesses in compliance with the FCPA and have instituted and maintain policies and procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure, continued compliance therewith. (ii) Money Laundering Laws. The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all applicable jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any Governmental Entity (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”); and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any Governmental Entity involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Company, threatened. (jj) OFAC. None of the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or, to the Company’s knowledge, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or representative of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a Person currently the subject or target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the United States Government, including, without limitation, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty’s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, “Sanctions”), nor is the Company located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of Sanctions; and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the sale of the Securities, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any Subsidiaries, joint venture partners or other Person, to fund any activities of or business with any Person, or in any country or territory, that, at the time of such funding, is the subject of Sanctions or in any other manner that will result in a violation by any Person (including any Person participating in the transaction, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions. (kk) Lending Relationship. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company (i) does not have any material lending or other relationship with any bank or lending affiliate of the Agent and (ii) does not intend to use any of the proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares to repay any outstanding debt owed to any affiliate of the Agent. (ll) Statistical and Market-Related Data. Any statistical and market-related data included in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes, after reasonable inquiry, to be reliable and accurate and, to the extent required, the Company has obtained the written consent to the use of such data from such sources. (mm) No Rated Securities. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries have any debt securities or preferred stock that are rated by any “nationally recognized statistical rating organization” (as defined in Section 3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act). (nn) ERISA Compliance. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect: (a) the Company and its Subsidiaries and any “Employee Benefit Plan” (as defined under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (collectively, “ERISA”)) established or maintained by the Company, its Subsidiaries or their “ERISA Affiliates” (as defined below) (each, a “Plan”) is and has been operated in compliance with its terms and all applicable laws, including ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (the “Code”); (b) no “reportable event” (as defined under ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur with respect to any Plan; (c) no Plan, if terminated, would have any “amount of unfunded benefit liabilities” (as defined under ERISA), as the fair market value of the assets under each Plan (excluding for these purposes accrued but unpaid contributions) exceeds the present value of all benefits accrued under such Plan (determined based on those assumptions used to fund such Plan); (d) neither the Company, its Subsidiaries nor any of their ERISA Affiliates has incurred or reasonably expects to incur any liability under (i) Title IV of ERISA with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any Plan, (ii) Sections 412 and 430, 4971, 4975 or 4980B of the Code or (iii) Sections 302 and 303, 406, 4063 and 4064 of ERISA; and (e) each Plan that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code is so qualified, and to the Company’s knowledge, and nothing has occurred, whether by action or failure to act, that would reasonably be expected to cause the loss of such qualification. There is no pending audit or investigation by the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Department of Labor, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation or any other governmental or other regulatory entity or agency with respect to any Plan that could reasonably be expected to result in liability to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries have any “accumulated post-retirement benefit obligations” (within the meaning of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 106). For the purposes of this Section 1(a)(xl), “ERISA Affiliate” means, with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, any member of any group of organizations described in Sections 414(b), (c), (m) or (o) of the Code of which the Company or such Subsidiary is a member. (oo) Privacy and Data Protection. The Company and its Subsidiaries have operated their business in a manner compliant in all material respects with all United States federal, state, local and non-United States privacy, data security and data protection laws and regulations applicable to the Company’s collection, use, transfer, protection, disposal, disclosure, handling, storage and analysis of personal data. The Company and its Subsidiaries have been and are in compliance in all material respects with internal policies and procedures designed to ensure the integrity and security of the data collected, handled or stored in connection with its business; the Company and its Subsidiaries have been and are in compliance in all material respects with internal policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with the Health Care Laws that govern privacy and data security and take, and have taken reasonably appropriate steps designed to assure compliance in all material respects with such policies and procedures. The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable steps to maintain the confidentiality of its personally identifiable information, protected health information, consumer information and other confidential information of the Company, its Subsidiaries and any third parties in its possession (“Sensitive Company Data”). The tangible or digital information technology systems (including computers, screens, servers, workstations, routers, hubs, switches, networks, data communications lines, technical data and hardware), software and telecommunications systems used or held for use by the Company and its Subsidiaries (the “Company IT Assets”) are adequate and operational for, in accordance with their documentation and functional specifications, the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries as now operated and as currently proposed to be conducted as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. The Company and its Subsidiaries have used reasonable efforts to establish, and have established, commercially reasonable disaster recovery and security plans, procedures and facilities for the business consistent with industry standards and practices in all material respects, including, without limitation, for the Company IT Assets and data held or used by or for the Company and its Subsidiaries. The Company and its Subsidiaries have not suffered or incurred any security breaches, compromises or incidents with respect to any Company IT Asset or Sensitive Company Data, except where such breaches, compromises or incidents would not, individually or in the aggregate, be material to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; and there has been no unauthorized or illegal use of or access to any Company IT Asset or Sensitive Company Data by any unauthorized third party. The Company and its Subsidiaries have not been required to notify any individual of any information security breach, compromise or incident involving Sensitive Company Data. (pp) Exchange Act Compliance. The Company is subject to and in compliance in all material respects with the reporting requirements of Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and is listed on Nasdaq, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or reasonably likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act or delisting the Common Stock from Nasdaq, nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission or Nasdaq is contemplating terminating such registration or listing. The Company is in compliance with the current listing standards of Nasdaq. The Company has filed a Notification of Listing of Additional Shares with Nasdaq with respect to the Placement Shares. (qq) Brokers. No person (as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act) has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company in connection with the offer and sale of the Placement Shares hereunder, whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated hereby or otherwise. Except for the Agent, there is no broker, finder or other party that is entitled to receive from the Company or any of its Subsidiaries any brokerage or finder’s fee or other fee or commission as a result of any transactions contemplated by this Agreement. (rr) Stock Transfer Taxes. There are no transfer taxes or other similar fees or charges under federal law, the laws of any state, any foreign law, or any political subdivision thereof, required to be paid in connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the issuance by the Company or sale by the Company of the Placement Shares. (ss) Agent Purchases. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Agent has informed the Company that the Agent may, to the extent permitted under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, purchase and sell shares of Common Stock for its own account while this Agreement is in effect; provided, that (i) no such purchase or sales shall take place while a Placement Notice is in effect (except to the extent the Agent may engage in sales of Placement Shares purchased or deemed purchased from the Company as a “riskless principal” or in a similar capacity) and (ii) the Company shall not be deemed to have authorized or consented to any such purchases or sales by the Agent, except as may be otherwise agreed by the Company and the Agent. (tt) Underwriter Agreements. The Company is not a party to any agreement with an agent or underwriter for any other “at the market” or continuous equity transaction. (uu) Broker/Dealer Relationships. The Company is not required to register as a “broker” or “dealer” in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act and does not, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, control or have any other association with (within the meaning of Article I of the By-laws of FINRA) any member firm of FINRA. To the Company’s knowledge, no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company, on the one hand, and the directors, officers or shareholders of the Company, on the other hand, which is required by the rules of FINRA to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, which is not so described. All of the information (including, but not limited to, information regarding affiliations, security ownership and trading activity) provided to the Agent or its counsel by the Company in connection with the filing to be made and other supplemental information to be provided to FINRA pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110 in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement is true, complete and correct. (vv) Margin Rules. Neither the issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement Shares nor the application of the proceeds thereof by the Company as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or any other regulation of such Board of Governors. (ww) Independence Standards. To the Company’s knowledge, each of the independent directors (or independent director nominees, once appointed, if applicable) named in the Registration Statement and Prospectus satisfies the independence standards established by Nasdaq and, with respect to members of the Company’s audit committee, the enhanced independence standards contained in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) promulgated by the Commission under the Exchange Act. (xx) No Integration. Neither the Company nor, to the Company’s knowledge, any of its affiliates (within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act) has, prior to the date hereof, made any offer or sale of any securities which could be “integrated” (within the meaning of the Securities Act) with the offer and sale of the Placement Shares hereunder. (yy) No Material Defaults. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has (i) failed to pay any dividend or sinking fund installment on preferred stock or (ii) defaulted on any installment or payment due on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. (zz) Forward-Looking Statements. Each “forward-looking statement” (as defined by Section 27A of the Securities Act or Section 21E of the Exchange Act) contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (i) was so included by the Company in good faith and with reasonable basis and (ii) as required, is accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements identifying those factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statement. (aaa) Related Party Transactions. There are no relationships, direct or indirect, or related party transactions involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any other person (including any director, officer, stockholder, customer or supplier of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries) required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus that have not been described as required. There are no material outstanding loans, advances (except normal advances for business expenses in the ordinary course of business) or guarantees of indebtedness by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to or for the benefit of any of the officers or directors of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any of the family members of any of such persons. (bbb) No Bankruptcy or Insolvency. The Company is not in or subject to a bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding in any jurisdiction. (ccc) Occupational Laws. The Company and its Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance, in all material respects, with any and all applicable foreign, federal, state and local laws, rules, regulations, treaties, statutes and codes promulgated by any and all governmental authorities (including pursuant to the Occupational Health and Safety Act) relating to the protection of human health and safety the workplace (“Occupational Laws”); (ii) have received all material permits, licenses or other approvals required of it under applicable Occupational Laws to conduct their respective businesses as currently conducted; and (iii) are in compliance, in all material respects, with all terms and conditions of such permit, license or approval. No action, proceeding, revocation proceeding, writ, injunction or claim is pending or, to the Company’s knowledge, threatened against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries relating to Occupational Laws, and the Company does not have knowledge of any facts, circumstances or developments relating to its operations or cost accounting practices that could reasonably be expected to form the basis for or give rise to such actions, suits, investigations or proceedings. Any certificate signed by any officer of the Company and delivered to the Agent or its counsel in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company, as to matters covered thereby, to the Agent. 7. Covenants of the Company. The Company covenants and agrees with the Agent that: (a) Registration Statement Amendments. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which the Prospectus relating to any Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agent under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or a similar rule); (i) the Company will notify the Agent promptly of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than Incorporated Documents, has been filed with the Commission and/or has become effective or any subsequent supplement to the Prospectus, other than Incorporated Documents, has been filed and of any request by the Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information; (ii) the Company will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon the Agent’s request, any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, in the Agent’s reasonable opinion, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by the Agent (provided, however, that the failure of the Agent to make such request shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agent’s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agent shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to make such filing (but without limiting the Agent’s rights under Section 9 hereof) will be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed); (iii) the Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus, other than Incorporated Documents, relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for the Placement Shares unless a copy thereof has been submitted to the Agent within a reasonable period of time before the filing and the Agent has not reasonably objected in writing thereto within two Business Days (provided, however, that (A) the failure of the Agent to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agent’s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement, (B) the Company has no obligation to provide the Agent any advance copy of such filing or to provide the Agent an opportunity to object to such filing if the filing does not name the Agent and does not relate to the transaction herein provided, and (C) the only remedy the Agent shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to provide the Agent with such copy or the filing of such amendment or supplement despite the Agent’s objection (but without limiting the Agent’s rights under Section 9 hereof) will be to cease making sales under this Agreement) and the Company will furnish to the Agent at the time of filing thereof a copy of any Incorporated Document, except for those documents available via EDGAR; and (iv) the Company will cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus, other than Incorporated Documents, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act and, in the case of any Incorporated Document, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed (the determination to file or not file any amendment or supplement with the Commission under this Section 7(a), based on the Company’s reasonable opinion or reasonable objections, shall be made exclusively by the Company). (b) Notice of Commission Stop Orders. The Company will advise the Agent, promptly after it receives notice or obtains knowledge thereof, of the issuance or threatened issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction or of the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will promptly use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. The Company will advise the Agent promptly after it receives any request by the Commission for any amendments to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplements to the Prospectus or for additional information related to the offering of the Placement Shares or for additional information related to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus. (c) Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes. During any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agent under the Securities Act with respect to the offer and sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or a similar rule), the Company will comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and will file on or before their respective due dates (taking into account any extensions available under the Exchange Act) all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If during such period any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during such period it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify the Agent to suspend the offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance. If the Company has omitted any information from the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 430B under the Securities Act, it will use its best efforts to comply with the provisions thereof and make all requisite filings with the Commission pursuant to said Rule 430B and to notify the Agent promptly of all such filings if not available on EDGAR. (d) Listing of Placement Shares. During any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agent under the Securities Act with respect to the offer and sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or a similar rule), the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Placement Shares to be listed on Nasdaq. (e) Delivery of Registration Statement and Prospectus. The Company will furnish to the Agent and its counsel (at the expense of the Company) copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all Incorporated Documents) and all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities Act (including all Incorporated Documents filed with the Commission during such period), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as the Agent may from time to time reasonably request and, at the Agent’s request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to the Agent to the extent such document is available on EDGAR. (f) Earnings Statement. The Company will make generally available to its security holders and to the Agent as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than 15 months after the end of the Company’s current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement covering a 12-month period that satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) of and Rule 158 under the Securities Act. (g) Expenses. The Company, whether or not the transactions contemplated hereunder are consummated or this Agreement is terminated in accordance with the provisions of Section 11 hereunder, will pay all expenses incident to the performance of its obligations hereunder, including expenses relating to (i) the preparation, printing and filing of the Registration Statement and each amendment and supplement thereto, of the Prospectus and of each amendment and supplement thereto and of this Agreement and such other documents as may be required in connection with the offering, purchase, sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares, (ii) the preparation, issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement Shares and any taxes due or payable in connection therewith, (iii) the qualification of the Placement Shares under securities laws in accordance with the provisions of Section 7(w) of this Agreement, including filing fees (provided, however, that any fees or disbursements of counsel for the Agent in connection therewith shall be paid by the Agent except as set forth in clauses (vii) and (viii) below), (iv) the printing and delivery to the Agent and its counsel of copies of the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto, and of this Agreement, (v) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing or qualification of the Placement Shares for trading on Nasdaq, (vi) the filing fees and expenses, if any, owed to the Commission or FINRA and the fees and expenses of any transfer agent or registrar for the Shares, (vii) the fees and associated expenses of the Agent’s outside legal counsel for filings with the FINRA Corporate Financing Department (excluding FINRA filing fees referred to in clause (vi) above and in addition to the fees and disbursements referred to in clause (viii) below), and (viii) the reasonable fees and disbursements of the Agent’s outside legal counsel (A) in an amount not to exceed $50,000 arising out of executing this Agreement and the Company’s delivery of the initial certificate pursuant to Section 7(m) and (B) in an amount not to exceed $12,500 in connection with each Representation Date (as defined below) on which the Company is required to provide a certificate pursuant to Section 7(m) (in addition to the fees and associated expenses referred to in clause (vii) above). (h) Use of Proceeds. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds.” (i) Notice of Other Sales. Without the prior written consent of the Agent, the Company will not, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire shares of Common Stock during the period beginning on the fifth Trading Day immediately prior to the date on which any Placement Notice is delivered to Agent hereunder and ending on the second Trading Day immediately following the final Settlement Date with respect to Placement Shares sold pursuant to such Placement Notice (or, if the Placement Notice has been terminated or suspended prior to the sale of all Placement Shares covered by a Placement Notice, the date of such suspension or termination); and will not directly or indirectly in any other “at the market offering” or continuous equity transaction offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, shares of Common Stock prior to the later of the termination of this Agreement and the sixtieth day immediately following the final Settlement Date with respect to Placement Shares sold pursuant to such Placement Notice; provided, however, that such restrictions will not be required in connection with the Company’s issuance or sale of (i) shares of Common Stock, options to purchase shares of Common Stock, other securities under the Company’s existing equity incentive plans, or shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options or vesting of other securities, pursuant to any employee or director stock option or benefits plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan (but not shares of Common Stock subject to a waiver to exceed plan limits in its dividend reinvestment plan) of the Company whether now in effect or hereafter implemented, (ii) shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of securities or the exercise of warrants, options or other rights in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR or otherwise in writing to the Agent and (iii) shares of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock as consideration for mergers, acquisitions, other business combinations or strategic alliances occurring after the date of this Agreement which are not issued for capital raising purposes. (j) Change of Circumstances. The Company will, at any time during the pendency of a Placement Notice, advise the Agent promptly after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document provided or required to be provided to the Agent pursuant to this Agreement. (k) Due Diligence Cooperation. During the term of this Agreement, the Company will cooperate with any reasonable due diligence review conducted by the Agent from time to time in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including providing information and making available documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the Company’s principal offices, as the Agent may reasonably request. (l) Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares. The Company agrees that on or prior to such dates as the Securities Act shall require, the Company will (i) file a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, which prospectus supplement will set forth, within the relevant period, the number or amount of Placement Shares sold through the Agent, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation payable by the Company to the Agent with respect to such Placement Shares, and (ii) deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations of such exchange or market; provided, that, unless a prospectus supplement containing such information is required to be filed under the Securities Act, the requirement of this Section 7(l) may be satisfied by Company’s inclusion in the Company’s Form 10-K or Form 10-Q, as applicable, of the number or amount of Placement Shares sold through the Agent, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation payable by the Company to the Agent with respect to such Placement Shares during the relevant period. (m) Representation Dates; Certificate. On or prior to the date on which the Company first delivers a Placement Notice pursuant to this agreement (the “First Placement Notice Date”) and each time the Company: (i) amends or supplements the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares (other than a prospectus supplement filed in accordance with Section 7(l) of this Agreement) by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker or supplement but not by means of incorporation of document(s) by reference into the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares; (ii) files an annual report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act (including any Form 10-K/A containing amended financial information or a material amendment to the previously filed Form 10-K); (iii) files a quarterly report on Form 10-Q under the Exchange Act; or (iv) files a current report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than information that is “furnished” pursuant to Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K) under the Exchange Act (each date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (i) through (iv) shall be a “Representation Date”), the Company shall furnish the Agent (but in the case of clause (iv) above only if (1) a Placement Notice is pending or in effect and (2) the Agent requests such certificate within three Business Days after the filing of such Form 8-K with the Commission) with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(m) (modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented), within two Trading Days of any Representation Date. The requirement to provide a certificate under this Section 7(m) shall be waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time at which no Placement Notice is pending or in effect, which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of (1) the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and (2) the next occurring Representation Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following a Representation Date on which the Company relied on the waiver referred to in the previous sentence and did not provide the Agent with a certificate under this Section 7(m), then before the Company delivers a Placement Notice or the Agent sells any Placement Shares pursuant thereto, the Company shall provide the Agent with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(m), dated the date of such Placement Notice. Within two Trading Days of each Representation Date, the Company shall have furnished to the Agent such further information, certificates and documents as the Agent may reasonably request. (n) Legal Opinions. On or prior to the First Placement Notice Date and on any date which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(m) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agent the written opinion and negative assurance letter of Goodwin Procter LLP, U.S. counsel to the Company ( “Company Counsel”), in form and substance satisfactory to the Agent and its counsel, dated the date that the opinion and negative assurance letter are required to be delivered, modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented; provided, however, that in lieu of such opinion and negative assurance letter for subsequent Representation Dates, Company Counsel may furnish the Agent with a letter to the effect that the Agent may rely on a prior opinion or negative assurance letter delivered by Company Counsel under this Section 7(n) to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such letter (except that statements in such prior opinion or negative assurance letter shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented at such Representation Date). (o) Intellectual Property Opinion. On or prior to the First Placement Notice Date, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agent the written opinion of Jones Day, counsel for the Company with respect to intellectual property matters, or such other intellectual property counsel satisfactory to the Agent (“Intellectual Property Counsel”), in form and substance satisfactory to the Agent and its counsel, dated the date that the opinion letter is required to be delivered, modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented. (p) Comfort Letter. On or prior to the First Placement Notice Date and on any date which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(m) for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause its independent registered public accounting firm (and any other independent accountants whose report is included in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus) to furnish the Agent letters (the “Comfort Letters”), dated the date the Comfort Letter is delivered, which shall meet the requirements set forth in this Section 7(p); provided, that if requested by the Agent, the Company shall cause a Comfort Letter to be furnished to the Agent within 10 Trading Days of the occurrence of any material transaction or event that necessitates the filing of additional, pro forma, amended or revised financial statements (including any restatement of previously issued financial statements). Each Comfort Letter shall be in form and substance satisfactory to the Agent and each Comfort Letter from the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm shall (i) confirm that they are an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the PCAOB, (ii) state, as of such date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters ordinarily covered by accountants’ “comfort letters” to underwriters in connection with registered public offerings (the first such letter, the “Initial Comfort Letter”) and (iii) update the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter. (q) Market Activities. The Company will not, directly or indirectly (i) take any action designed to cause or result in, or that constitutes or might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of shares of Common Stock or (ii) sell, bid for, or purchase shares of Common Stock in violation of Regulation M, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than the Agent; provided, however, that the Company may bid for and purchase shares of Common Stock in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. (r) Compliance with Laws. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries shall maintain, or cause to be maintained, all material environmental certificates, authorizations or permits required by federal, state and local law in order to conduct their businesses as described in the Prospectus (collectively, “Permits”), and the Company and each of its Subsidiaries shall conduct their businesses, or cause their businesses to be conducted, in substantial compliance with such Permits and with applicable Environmental Laws, except where the failure to maintain or be in compliance with such Permits could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. (s) Investment Company Act. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it nor any of its Subsidiaries will be or become, at any time prior to the termination of this Agreement, an “investment company,” as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act. (t) Securities Act and Exchange Act. The Company will use its best efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act and the Exchange Act as from time to time in force, so far as necessary to permit the sales of, or dealings in, the Placement Shares as contemplated by the provisions hereof and the Prospectus. (u) No Offer to Sell. Other than a free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) approved in advance by the Company and the Agent in its capacity as agent hereunder (such approval by the Agent not to be unreasonably conditioned, delayed or withheld), neither the Agent nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Agent in its capacity as agent) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written communication (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder. (v) Blue Sky and Other Qualifications. The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts, in cooperation with the Agent, to qualify the Placement Shares for offering and sale, or to obtain an exemption for the Placement Shares to be offered and sold, under the applicable securities laws of such states and other jurisdictions (domestic or foreign) as the Agent may designate and to maintain such qualifications and exemptions in effect for so long as required for the distribution of the Placement Shares (but in no event for less than one year from the date of this Agreement); provided, however, that the Company shall not be obligated to file any general consent to service of process or to qualify as a foreign corporation or as a dealer in securities in any jurisdiction in which it is not so qualified or to subject itself to taxation in respect of doing business in any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject. In each jurisdiction in which the Placement Shares have been so qualified or exempt, the Company will file such statements and reports as may be required by the laws of such jurisdiction to continue such qualification or exemption, as the case may be, in effect for so long as required for the distribution of the Placement Shares (but in no event for less than one year from the date of this Agreement). (w) Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Company will maintain and keep accurate books and records reflecting its assets and maintain internal accounting controls in a manner designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP and including those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the Company’s financial statements in accordance with GAAP, (iii) that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with management’s and the Company’s directors’ authorization, and (iv) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements. The Company will maintain such controls and other procedures, including, without limitation, those required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the applicable regulations thereunder that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms, including, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and to ensure that material information relating to the Company is made known to it by others within the Company, particularly during the period in which such periodic reports are being prepared. (x) Emerging Growth Company. The Company will promptly notify the Agent if the Company ceases to be an Emerging Growth Company at any time during the term of Agreement. (y) Renewal of Registration Statement. If, immediately prior to the third anniversary of the initial effective date of the Registration Statement (the “Renewal Date”), any of the Placement Shares remain unsold and this Agreement has not been terminated, the Company will, prior to the Renewal Date, file a new shelf registration statement or, if applicable, an automatic shelf registration statement relating to the Common Stock that may be offered and sold pursuant to this Agreement (which shall include a prospectus reflecting the number or amount of Placement Shares that may be offered and sold pursuant to this Agreement), in a form satisfactory to the Agent and its counsel, and, if such registration statement is not an automatic shelf registration statement, will use its best efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective within 180 days after the Renewal Date. The Company will take all other reasonable actions necessary or appropriate to permit the public offer and sale of the Placement Shares to continue as contemplated in the expired registration statement and this Agreement. From and after the effective date thereof, references herein to the “Registration Statement” shall include such new shelf registration statement or such new automatic shelf registration statement, as the case may be. (z) General Instruction I.B.6. of Form S-3. If, from and after the date of this Agreement, the Company is no longer eligible to use Form S-3 (including pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6.) at the time it files with the Commission an annual report on Form 10-K or any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement, then it shall promptly notify the Agent and, within two Business Days after the date of filing of such annual report on Form 10-K or amendment to the Registration Statement, the Company shall file a new prospectus supplement with the Commission reflecting the number of shares of Common Stock available to be offered and sold by the Company under this Agreement pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6. of Form S-3; provided, however, that the Company may delay the filing of any such prospectus supplement, provided that no Placement Notice is in effect or pending during such time. Until such time as the Company shall have corrected such misstatement or omission or effected such compliance, the Company shall not notify the Agent to resume the offering of Placement Shares. (aa) Tax Indemnity. The Company will indemnify and hold harmless the Agent against any documentary, stamp or similar issue tax, including any interest and penalties, on the issue and sale of the Placement Shares. (bb) Transfer Agent. The Company has engaged and will maintain, at its sole expense, a transfer agent and registrar for the Common Stock. 8. Conditions to the Agent’s Obligations. The obligations of the Agent hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject to the continuing accuracy and completeness of the representations and warranties made by the Company herein, to the due performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, to the completion by the Agent of a due diligence review satisfactory to the Agent in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing satisfaction (or waiver by the Agent in its sole discretion) of the following additional conditions: (a) Registration Statement Effective. The Registration Statement shall be effective and shall be available for all offers and sales of Placement Shares (i) that have been issued pursuant to all prior Placement Notices and (ii) that will be issued pursuant to any Placement Notice. (b) No Material Notices. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries of any request for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the response to which would require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus; (ii) the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii) receipt by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; or (iv) the occurrence of any event that makes any statement of a material fact made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or Incorporated Documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading and, in the case of the Prospectus, so that it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. (c) No Misstatement or Material Omission. The Agent shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Agent’s reasonable opinion is material, or omits to state a fact that in the Agent’s opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. (d) Material Changes. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company’s reports filed with the Commission, there shall not have been any material adverse change, on a consolidated basis, in the authorized capital stock of the Company or any Material Adverse Effect or any development that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, or any downgrading in or withdrawal of the rating assigned to any of the Company’s securities (other than asset backed securities), if any, by any rating organization or a public announcement by any rating organization that it has under surveillance or review its rating of any of the Company’s securities (other than asset backed securities), if any, the effect of which, in the judgment of the Agent (without relieving the Company of any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is so material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the Placement Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus. (e) Company Counsel Legal Opinions. The Agent shall have received the opinion and negative assurance letter of Company Counsel required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(n), on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinion and negative assurance letter are required pursuant to Section 7(n). (f) Agent’s Counsel Legal Opinion. The Agent shall have received from Duane Morris LLP, counsel for the Agent, such opinion or opinions, on or before the date on which the delivery of the Company Counsel legal opinion is required pursuant to Section 7(n), with respect to such matters as the Agent may reasonably require, and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they may request to enable them to pass upon such matters. (g) Comfort Letter. The Agent shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(p) on or before the date on which such delivery of such Comfort Letter is required pursuant to Section 7(p). (h) Representation Certificate. The Agent shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to Section 7(m) on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to Section 7(m). (i) Secretary’s Certificate. On or prior to the First Placement Notice Date, the Agent shall have received a certificate, signed on behalf of the Company by the Secretary of the Company and attested to by an executive officer of the Company, dated as of such date and in form and substance satisfactory to the Agent and its counsel, certifying as to (i) the amended and restated certificate of incorporation of the Company, (ii) the amended and restated bylaws of the Company, (iii) the resolutions of the board of directors of the Company or duly authorized committee thereof authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the issuance and sale of the Placement Shares and (iv) the incumbency of the officers of the Company duly authorized to execute this Agreement and the other documents contemplated by this Agreement (including each of the officers set forth on Schedule 2). (j) No Suspension. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on, and the Common Stock shall not have been delisted from, Nasdaq. (k) Other Materials. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section 7(m), the Company shall have furnished to the Agent such appropriate further information, opinions, certificates, letters and other documents as the Agent may have reasonably requested. All such information, opinions, certificates, letters and other documents shall have been in compliance with the provisions hereof. The Company shall have furnished the Agent with conformed copies of such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents as the Agent shall have reasonably requested. (l) Securities Act Filings Made. All filings with the Commission required by Rule 424(b) or Rule 433 under the Securities Act to have been filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424(b) (without reliance on Rule 424(b)(8) of the Securities Act) or Rule 433, as applicable. (m) Approval for Listing. Either (i) the Placement Shares shall have been approved for listing on Nasdaq, subject only to notice of issuance, or (ii) the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on Nasdaq at, or prior to, the First Placement Notice Date and Nasdaq shall have reviewed such application and not provided any objections thereto. (n) FINRA. FINRA shall have raised no objection to the terms of the offering contemplated hereby and the amount of compensation allowable or payable to the Agent as described in the Prospectus. (o) No Termination Event. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit the Agent to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 11(a). 9. Indemnification and Contribution. (a) Company Indemnification. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Agent, its affiliates and their respective partners, members, directors, officers, employees and agents, and each person, if any, who (i) controls the Agent within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act or (ii) is controlled by or is under common control with the Agent, in each case from and against any and all losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any and all investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any and all amounts paid in settlement (in accordance with this Section 9), any action, suit, investigation or proceeding between any of the indemnified parties and any indemnifying parties or between any indemnified party and any third party (including any governmental or self-regulatory authority, or otherwise, or any claim asserted or threatened), as and when incurred, to which the Agent, or any such other person may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, liabilities, expenses or damages arise out of or are based, directly or indirectly, on (x) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus) or in any free writing prospectus or in any application or other document executed by or on behalf of the Company or based on written information furnished by or on behalf of the Company filed in any jurisdiction in order to qualify the Common Stock under the securities laws thereof or filed with the Commission, (y) the omission or alleged omission to state in any such document a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (solely with respect to the Prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading or (z) any breach by any of the indemnifying parties of any of their respective representations, warranties or agreements contained in this Agreement; provided, however, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to the extent that such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage arises from the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement and is caused, directly or indirectly, by an untrue statement or omission, or alleged untrue statement or omission, made in reliance upon and in conformity with the Agent’s Information. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability that the Company might otherwise have. (b) Agent Indemnification. The Agent agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who (i) controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act or (ii) is controlled by or is under common control with the Company against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity contained in Section 9(a), as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendments thereto) or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with the Agent’s Information. (c) Procedure. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this Section 9 will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this Section 9, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i) any liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this Section 9 and (ii) any liability that it may have to any indemnified party under the foregoing provision of this Section 9 unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the commencement of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any other legal expenses except as provided below and except for the reasonable costs of investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (1) the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel) that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3) a conflict or potential conflict exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4) the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party to assume the defense of such action within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm (plus local counsel) admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly after the indemnifying party receives a written invoice relating to such fees, disbursements and other charges in reasonable detail. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this Section 9 (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent (1) includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party, from all liability arising out of such claim, action or proceeding and (2) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party. (d) Settlement Without Consent if Failure to Reimburse. If an indemnified party shall have requested an indemnifying party to reimburse the indemnified party for reasonable fees and expenses of counsel for which it is entitled to be reimbursed under this Section 9, such indemnifying party agrees that it shall be liable for any settlement of the nature contemplated by Section 9(a) effected without its written consent if (i) such settlement is entered into more than 45 days after receipt by such indemnifying party of the aforesaid request, (ii) such indemnifying party shall have received notice of the terms of such settlement at least 30 days prior to such settlement being entered into and (iii) such indemnifying party shall not have reimbursed such indemnified party in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement. (e) Contribution. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraphs of this Section 9 is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable or insufficient from the Company or the Agent, the Company and the Agent will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action, suit, investigation or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons other than the Agent, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act, officers of the Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company and the Agent may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agent on the other hand. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agent on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total Net Proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by the Agent from the sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other hand, with respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action, suit, investigation or proceeding in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or the Agent, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and the Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this Section 9(e) were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action, suit, investigation or proceeding in respect thereof, referred to above in this Section 9(e) shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this Section 9(e), any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action, suit, investigation, proceeding or claim to the extent consistent with this Section 9. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 9(e), the Agent shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by it under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section 9(e), any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, any affiliates of the Agent, any partners, members, directors, officers, employees and agents of the Agent and each person that is controlled by or under common control with the Agent will have the same rights to contribution as that party, and each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this Section 9(e), will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will not relieve that party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this Section 9(e) except to the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of Section 9(c) hereof or pursuant to Section 9(d) hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant to Section 9(c) hereof. 10. Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section 9 of this Agreement and all representations and warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as of their respective dates, regardless of (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of the Agent, any controlling persons, or the Company (or any of their respective officers, directors, employees or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment therefor or (iii) any termination of this Agreement. (a) The Agent shall have the right, by giving notice as hereinafter specified, at any time to terminate this Agreement if (i) any Material Adverse Effect, or any development that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, has occurred that, in the judgment of the Agent, may materially impair the ability of the Agent to sell the Placement Shares hereunder, (ii) the Company shall have failed, refused or been unable to perform any agreement on its part to be performed hereunder; provided, however, in the case of any failure of the Company to deliver (or cause another person to deliver) any certification, opinion or letter required under Section 7(m), Section 7(n) or Section 7(p), the Agent’s right to terminate shall not arise unless such failure to deliver (or cause to be delivered) continues for more than 15 calendar days from the date such delivery was required, (iii) any other material condition of the Agent’s obligations hereunder is not fulfilled, (iv) any suspension or limitation of trading in the Placement Shares or in securities generally on Nasdaq shall have occurred, (v) a general banking moratorium shall have been declared by any of United States federal or New York authorities, or (vi) there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of national or international hostilities or any crisis or calamity, or any change in the United States or international financial markets, or any substantial change or development involving a prospective substantial change in United States or international political, financial or economic conditions that, in the judgment of the Agent, may materially impair the ability of the Agent to sell the Placement Shares hereunder or to enforce contracts for the sale of securities. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 16 and Section 17 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. If the Agent elects to terminate this Agreement as provided in this Section 11(a), the Agent shall provide the required notice as specified in Section 12. (b) The Company shall have the right, by giving three days’ prior notice as hereinafter specified, to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 11(f), Section 16 and Section 17 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. (c) The Agent shall have the right, by giving three days’ prior notice as hereinafter specified, to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 11(f), Section 16 and Section 17 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. (d) Unless earlier terminated pursuant to this Section 11, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the issuance and sale of all of the Placement Shares through the Agent on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein; provided that the provisions of Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 11(f), Section 16 and Section 17 hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. (e) This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to Sections 11(a), (b), (c), or (d) above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; provided, however, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed to provide that Section 7(g), Section 9, Section 10, Section 11(f), Section 16 and Section 17 shall remain in full force and effect. (f) Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; provided, however, that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Agent or the Company, as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company shall not be required to pay to the Agent any discount or commission with respect to any Placement Shares not otherwise sold by the Agent under this Agreement; provided, however, that the Company shall remain obligated to reimburse the Agent’s expenses pursuant to Section 7(g). 12. Notices. All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the terms of this Agreement shall be in writing, unless otherwise specified in this Agreement, and if sent to the Agent, shall be delivered to: Attention: Peter M. Fry E-mail: peter.fry@svbsecurities.com with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to: Attention: Stuart R. Nayman, Esq. E-mail: stuart.nayman@svbsecurities.com Duane Morris LLP Attention: Dean Colucci, Esq. Email: dmcolucci@duanemorris.com and if to the Company, shall be delivered to: Attention: Reinhard Kandera E-mail: Reinhard.Kandera@hookipapharma.com with copies (which shall not constitute notice) to: Attention: Robert E. Puopolo, Esq. E-mail: rpuopolo@goodwinlaw.com Each party to this Agreement may change such address for notices by sending to the parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose. Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i) when delivered personally on or before 4:30 P.M., New York City time, on a Business Day, or, if such day is not a Business Day, on the next succeeding Business Day, (ii) by Electronic Notice as set forth in the next paragraph, (iii) on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier or (iv) on the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid). For purposes of this Agreement, “Business Day” shall mean any day on which the Nasdaq and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business. An electronic communication (“Electronic Notice”) shall be deemed written notice for purposes of this Section 12 if sent to the electronic mail address specified by the receiving party in Section 12. Electronic Notice shall be deemed received at the time the party sending Electronic Notice receives actual acknowledgment of receipt from the person whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply. Any party receiving Electronic Notice may request and shall be entitled to receive the notice on paper, in a nonelectronic form (“Nonelectronic Notice”), which shall be sent to the requesting party within 10 days of receipt of the written request for Nonelectronic Notice. 13. Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and the Agent and their respective successors and the affiliates, controlling persons, officers, directors and other persons referred to in Section 9 hereof. References to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of each such party. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto, the persons referred to in the preceding sentence and their respective successors and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. Neither party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party; provided, however, that the Agent may assign its rights and obligations hereunder to an affiliate of the Agent without obtaining the Company’s consent, so long as such affiliate is a registered broker-dealer. 14. Adjustments for Share Splits. The parties acknowledge and agree that all share-related numbers contained in this Agreement shall be adjusted to take into account any share split, share dividend or similar event effected with respect to the Common Stock. 15. Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability; Waiver. This Agreement (including all schedules (as amended pursuant to this Agreement) and exhibits attached hereto and Placement Notices issued pursuant hereto) constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings, both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and the Agent; provided, however, that Schedule 2 of this Agreement may be amended by either party from time to time by sending a notice containing a revised Schedule 2 to the other party in the manner provided in Section 12 and, upon such amendment, all references herein to Schedule 2 shall automatically be deemed to refer to such amended Schedule 2. In the event that any one or more of the provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder of the terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement. No implied waiver by a party shall arise in the absence of a waiver in writing signed by such party. No failure or delay in exercising any right, power, or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise thereof preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any right, power, or privilege hereunder. 16. GOVERNING LAW AND TIME; WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO THE PRINCIPLES OF CONFLICTS OF LAWS. SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY TIME. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY. 17. Consent to Jurisdiction. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection with any of the transactions contemplated hereby, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum, or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested) to such party at the address in effect for notices under Section 12 of this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient notice of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. 18. Construction. (a) The section and exhibit headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof. (b) Words defined in the singular shall have a comparable meaning when used in the plural, and vice versa. (c) The words “hereof,” “hereto,” “herein” and “hereunder” and words of similar import, when used in this Agreement, shall refer to this Agreement as a whole and not to any particular provision of this Agreement. (d) Wherever the word “include,” “includes” or “including” is used in this Agreement, it shall be deemed to be followed by the words “without limitation.” (e) References herein to any gender shall include each other gender. (f) References herein to any law, statute, ordinance, code, regulation, rule or other requirement of any governmental authority shall be deemed to refer to such law, statute, ordinance, code, regulation, rule or other requirement of any governmental authority as amended, reenacted, supplemented or superseded in whole or in part and in effect from time to time and also to all rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. 19. Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses. Each of the Company and the Agent represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent of the other party, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Placement Shares that would constitute an issuer free writing prospectus, or that would otherwise constitute a free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405), required to be filed with the Commission. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Agent or by the Company, as the case may be, is hereinafter referred to as a “Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.” The Company represents and warrants that it has treated and agrees that it will treat each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an issuer free writing prospectus, and that it has complied and will comply with the requirements of Rule 433 applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping. 20. Absence of Fiduciary Relationship. The Company acknowledges and agrees that: (a) the Agent has been retained to act as sales agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares, the Agent has acted at arms’ length and no fiduciary or advisory relationship between the Company or any of its respective affiliates, stockholders (or other equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other hand, has been or will be created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, irrespective of whether the Agent has advised or is advising the Company on other matters and the Agent has no duties or obligations to the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement except the obligations expressly set forth herein; (b) the Company is capable of evaluating and understanding, and further understands and accepts, the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; (c) neither the Agent nor its affiliates have provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and it has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate; (d) is aware that the Agent and its affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests that differ from those of the Company and that the Agent and its affiliates have no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship or otherwise; and (e) the Company waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against the Agent or its affiliates for breach of fiduciary duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and agrees that the Agent and its affiliates shall have no liability (whether direct or indirect) to the Company in respect of such a fiduciary claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on behalf of or in right of the Company, including stockholders (or other equity holders), creditors or employees of the Company. 21. Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolution Regimes. In the event that the Agent is a Covered Entity and becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer from the Agent of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement, will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement, and any such interest and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. In the event that the Agent is a Covered Entity and the Agent or a BHC Act Affiliate of the Agent becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under this Agreement that may be exercised against the Agent are permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. For purposes of this Agreement, (A) “BHC Act Affiliate” has the meaning assigned to the term “affiliate” in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. § 1841(k); (B) “Covered Entity” means any of the following: (i) a “covered entity” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 252.82(b); (ii) a “covered bank” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 47.3(b); or (iii) a “covered FSI” as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. § 382.2(b); (C) “Default Right” has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. §§ 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable; and (D) “U.S. Special Resolution Regime” means each of (i) the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and (ii) Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. 22. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made by facsimile, electronic transmission (including any electronic signature complying with the New York Electronic Signatures and Records Act (N.Y. State Tech. §§ 301-309), as amended from time to time, or other applicable law) or other transmission method, and the parties hereto agree that any counterpart so delivered shall be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes. 23. Use of Information. The Agent may not provide any information gained in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including due diligence, to any third party other than its legal counsel advising it on this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement unless expressly approved by the Company in writing. 24. Agent’s Information. As used in this Agreement, “Agent’s Information” means solely the following information in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus: the seventh and eighth paragraphs under the heading “Plan of Distribution” in the ATM Prospectus. All references in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be deemed to include the copy filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR. All references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information that is “contained,” “included” or “stated” in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (and all other references of like import) shall be deemed to mean and include all such financial statements and schedules and other information that is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as the case may be. All references in this Agreement to “supplements” to the Prospectus shall include any supplements, “wrappers” or similar materials prepared in connection with any offering, sale or private placement of any Placement Shares by the Agent outside of the United States. [Remainder of Page Intentionally Blank] If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding between the Company and the Agent, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement between the Company and the Agent. By: /s/ Reinhard Kandera Name: Reinhard Kandera ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written: By: /s/ Peter M. Fry Name: Peter M. Fry Title: Head of Alternative Equities FORM OF PLACEMENT NOTICE From: [ ] Cc: [ ] To: SVB Securities LLC Subject: SVB Securities—At the Market Offering—Placement Notice Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the Sales Agreement, dated July 12, 2022 (the “Agreement”), by and between HOOKIPA Pharma Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and SVB Securities LLC (“SVB Securities”), I hereby request on behalf of the Company that SVB Securities sell up to [ ] shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of the Company (the “Shares”), at a minimum market price of $ per share[; provided that no more than [ ] Shares shall be sold in any one Trading Day (as such term is defined in Section 3 of the Agreement)]. Sales should begin [on the date of this Placement Notice] and end on [DATE] [until all Shares that are the subject of this Placement Notice are sold]. Daniel Courtney Mairin Rooney (mairin.rooney@svbsecurities.com) atm@svbsecurities.com The Company shall pay SVB Securities compensation in cash equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of Placement Shares pursuant to the terms of the Sales Agreement of which this Schedule 3 forms a part. Exhibit 7(m) OFFICERS’ CERTIFICATE Each of Joern Aldag, the duly qualified and elected Chief Executive Officer of HOOKIPA Pharma Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and Reinhard Kandera, the duly qualified and elected Chief Financial Officer of the Company, does hereby certify in his respective capacity and on behalf of the Company, pursuant to Section 7(m) of the Sales Agreement, dated July 12, 2022 (the “Sales Agreement”), by and between the Company and SVB Securities LLC, that, after due inquiry, to the best of the knowledge of the undersigned: (i) The representations and warranties of the Company in Section 6 of the Sales Agreement (A) to the extent such representations and warranties are subject to qualifications and exceptions contained therein relating to materiality or Material Adverse Effect, are true and correct on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof, and (B) to the extent such representations and warranties are not subject to any qualifications or exceptions relating to materiality or Material Adverse Effect, are true and correct in all material respects as of the date hereof as if made on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof. (ii) The Company has complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied pursuant to the Sales Agreement at or prior to the date hereof. (iii) As of the date hereof, (A) the Registration Statement complies in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading, (B) the Prospectus complies in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading and (C) no event has occurred as a result of which it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or the Prospectus in order to make the statements therein not untrue or misleading or for clauses (A) and (B) above, to be true and correct. (iv) There has been no material adverse change, or any development that could reasonably be expected to result in a material adverse change, in the condition (financial or otherwise), earnings, results of operations, business, properties, operations, assets, liabilities or prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented to the date hereof. (v) The Company does not possess any material non-public information. (vi) The maximum amount of Placement Shares that may be sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement has been duly authorized by the Company’s board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof pursuant to a resolution or unanimous written consent in accordance with the Company’s amended and restated articles of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and applicable law. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Sales Agreement. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the undersigned, in such individual’s respective capacity as Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer of the Company, has executed this Officers’ Certificate on behalf of the Company. Name: Joern Aldag [Company Signature Page to Officers’ Certificate] [TRUSTEE], INDENTURE Dated as of [●], 202[●] Subordinated Debt Securities ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS 1 Section 1.01 Definitions of Terms. 1 ARTICLE 2 ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES 4 Section 2.01 Designation and Terms of Securities. 4 Section 2.02 Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate. 6 Section 2.03 Denominations: Provisions for Payment. 6 Section 2.04 Execution and Authentications. 7 Section 2.05 Registration of Transfer and Exchange. 8 Section 2.06 Temporary Securities. 8 Section 2.07 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities. 9 Section 2.08 Cancellation. 9 Section 2.09 Benefits of Indenture. 9 Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent. 10 Section 2.11 Global Securities. 10 ARTICLE 3 REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS 11 Section 3.01 Redemption. 11 Section 3.02 Notice of Redemption. 11 Section 3.03 Payment Upon Redemption. 12 Section 3.04 Sinking Fund. 12 Section 3.05 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities. 12 Section 3.06 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund. 13 ARTICLE 4 COVENANTS 13 Section 4.01 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest. 13 Section 4.02 Maintenance of Office or Agency. 13 Section 4.03 Paying Agents. 13 Section 4.04 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee. 14 Section 4.05 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions. 14 ARTICLE 5 SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE 14 Section 5.01 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders. 14 Section 5.02 Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders. 15 Section 5.03 Reports by the Company. 15 Section 5.04 Reports by the Trustee. 15 ARTICLE 6 REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT 16 Section 6.01 Events of Default. 16 Section 6.02 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee. 17 Section 6.03 Application of Moneys Collected. 18 Section 6.04 Limitation on Suits. 18 Section 6.05 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver. 19 Section 6.06 Control by Securityholders. 19 Section 6.07 Undertaking to Pay Costs. 19 ARTICLE 7 CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE 20 Section 7.01 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee. 20 Section 7.02 Certain Rights of Trustee. 20 Section 7.03 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities. 22 Section 7.04 May Hold Securities. 22 Section 7.05 Moneys Held in Trust. 22 Section 7.06 Compensation and Reimbursement. 22 Section 7.07 Reliance on Officer’s Certificate. 23 Section 7.08 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests. 23 Section 7.09 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility. 23 Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor. 23 Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor. 24 Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business. 25 Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company. 25 Section 7.14 Notice of Default 25 ARTICLE 8 CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS 26 Section 8.01 Evidence of Action by Securityholders. 26 Section 8.02 Proof of Execution by Securityholders. 26 Section 8.03 Who May be Deemed Owners. 26 Section 8.04 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded. 26 Section 8.05 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders. 27 ARTICLE 9 SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES 27 Section 9.01 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders. 27 Section 9.02 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders. 28 Section 9.03 Effect of Supplemental Indentures. 28 Section 9.04 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures. 28 Section 9.05 Execution of Supplemental Indentures. 29 ARTICLE 10 SUCCESSOR ENTITY 29 Section 10.01 Company May Consolidate, Etc. 29 Section 10.02 Successor Entity Substituted. 29 ARTICLE 11 SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE 30 Section 11.01 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture. 30 Section 11.02 Discharge of Obligations. 30 Section 11.03 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust. 30 Section 11.04 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents. 31 Section 11.05 Repayment to Company. 31 ARTICLE 12 IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS 31 Section 12.01 No Recourse. 31 ARTICLE 13 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 31 Section 13.01 Effect on Successors and Assigns. 31 Section 13.02 Actions by Successor. 32 Section 13.03 Surrender of Company Powers. 32 Section 13.04 Notices. 32 Section 13.05 Governing Law. 32 Section 13.06 Treatment of Securities as Debt. 32 Section 13.07 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent. 32 Section 13.08 Payments on Business Days. 33 Section 13.09 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act. 33 Section 13.10 Counterparts. 33 Section 13.11 Separability. 33 Section 13.12 Compliance Certificates. 33 ARTICLE 14 SUBORDINATION OF SECURITIES 33 Section 14.01 Subordination Terms. 33 (1) This Table of Contents does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions. INDENTURE, dated as of [●], 202[●], among HOOKIPA PHARMA INC., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and [TRUSTEE], as trustee (the “Trustee”): WHEREAS, for its lawful corporate purposes, the Company has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance of subordinated debt securities (hereinafter referred to as the “Securities”), in an unlimited aggregate principal amount to be issued from time to time in one or more series as in this Indenture provided, as registered Securities without coupons, to be authenticated by the certificate of the Trustee; WHEREAS, to provide the terms and conditions upon which the Securities are to be authenticated, issued and delivered, the Company has duly authorized the execution of this Indenture; and WHEREAS, all things necessary to make this Indenture a valid agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the purchase of the Securities by the holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted and agreed as follows for the equal and ratable benefit of the holders of Securities: Section 1.01 Definitions of Terms. The terms defined in this Section (except as in this Indenture or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires) for all purposes of this Indenture and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in this Section and shall include the plural as well as the singular. All other terms used in this Indenture that are defined in the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, or that are by reference in such Act defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except as herein or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires), shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in said Trust Indenture Act and in said Securities Act as in force at the date of the execution of this instrument. “Authenticating Agent” means an authenticating agent with respect to all or any of the series of Securities appointed by the Trustee pursuant to Section 2.10. “Bankruptcy Law” means Title 11, U.S. Code, or any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors. “Board of Directors” means the Board of Directors (or the functional equivalent thereof) of the Company or any duly authorized committee of such Board. “Board Resolution” means a copy of a resolution certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly adopted by the Board of Directors and to be in full force and effect on the date of such certification. “Business Day” means, with respect to any series of Securities, any day other than a day on which federal or state banking institutions in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of New York, or in the city of the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, are authorized or obligated by law, executive order or regulation to close. “Certificate” means a certificate signed by any Officer. The Certificate need not comply with the provisions of Section 13.07. “Commission” means the Securities and Exchange Commission, as from time to time constituted, created under the Exchange Act, or, if at any time after the execution of this instrument such Commission is not existing and performing the duties now assigned to it under the Trust Indenture Act, then the body performing such duties at such time. “Company” means HOOKIPA Pharma Inc., a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and, subject to the provisions of Article Ten, shall also include its successors and assigns. “Corporate Trust Office” means the office of the Trustee at which, at any particular time, its corporate trust business shall be principally administered, which office at the date hereof is located at [●]. “Custodian” means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law. “Defaulted Interest” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.03. “Depositary” means, with respect to Securities of any series for which the Company shall determine that such Securities will be issued as a Global Security, The Depositary Trust Company, another clearing agency, or any successor registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, which, in each case, shall be designated by the Company pursuant to either Section 2.01 or Section 2.11. “Event of Default” means, with respect to Securities of a particular series, any event specified in Section 6.01, continued for the period of time, if any, therein designated. “Exchange Act” means the United States Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission thereunder. “Global Security” means a Security issued to evidence all or a part of any series of Securities which is executed by the Company and authenticated and delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction, all in accordance with the Indenture, which shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee. “Governmental Obligations” means securities that are (a) direct obligations of the United States of America for the payment of which its full faith and credit is pledged or (b) obligations of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States of America, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United States of America that, in either case, are not callable or redeemable at the option of the issuer thereof at any time prior to the stated maturity of the Securities, and shall also include a depositary receipt issued by a bank or trust company as custodian with respect to any such Governmental Obligation or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Governmental Obligation held by such custodian for the account of the holder of such depositary receipt; provided, however, that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect of the Governmental Obligation or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the Governmental Obligation evidenced by such depositary receipt. “herein”, “hereof” and “hereunder”, and other words of similar import, refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision. “Indenture” means this instrument as originally executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more indentures supplemental hereto entered into in accordance with the terms hereof and shall include the terms of particular series of Securities established as contemplated by Section 2.01. “Interest Payment Date”, when used with respect to any installment of interest on a Security of a particular series, means the date specified in such Security or in a Board Resolution or in an indenture supplemental hereto with respect to such series as the fixed date on which an installment of interest with respect to Securities of that series is due and payable. “Officer” means, with respect to the Company, the chairman of the Board of Directors, a chief executive officer, a president, a chief financial officer, a chief operating officer, any executive vice president, any senior vice president, any vice president, the treasurer or any assistant treasurer, the controller or any assistant controller or the secretary or any assistant secretary. “Officer’s Certificate” means a certificate signed by any Officer. Each such certificate shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof. “Opinion of Counsel” means an opinion in writing subject to customary exceptions of legal counsel, who may be an employee of or counsel for the Company, that is delivered to the Trustee in accordance with the terms hereof. Each such opinion shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof. “Outstanding”, when used with reference to Securities of any series, means, subject to the provisions of Section 8.04, as of any particular time, all Securities of that series theretofore authenticated and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except (a) Securities theretofore canceled by the Trustee or any paying agent, or delivered to the Trustee or any paying agent for cancellation or that have previously been canceled; (b) Securities or portions thereof for the payment or redemption of which moneys or Governmental Obligations in the necessary amount shall have been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with any paying agent (other than the Company) or shall have been set aside and segregated in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own paying agent); provided, however, that if such Securities or portions of such Securities are to be redeemed prior to the maturity thereof, notice of such redemption shall have been given as provided in Article Three, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been made for giving such notice; and (c) Securities in lieu of or in substitution for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to the terms of Section 2.07. “Person” means any individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture, joint-stock company, limited liability company, association, trust, unincorporated organization, any other entity or organization, including a government or political subdivision or an agency or instrumentality thereof. “Predecessor Security” of any particular Security means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that evidenced by such particular Security; and, for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 2.07 in lieu of a lost, destroyed or stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the lost, destroyed or stolen Security. “Responsible Officer” when used with respect to the Trustee means any officer of the Trustee assigned by the Trustee to administer its corporate trust matters with respect to this Indenture (which, for the avoidance of doubt, includes without limitation any supplemental indenture hereto). “Securities” has the meaning stated in the first recital of this Indenture and more particularly means any Securities authenticated and delivered under this Indenture. “Securityholder”, “holder of Securities”, “registered holder”, or other similar term, means the Person or Persons in whose name or names a particular Security is registered on the Security Register kept for that purpose in accordance with the terms of this Indenture. “Security Register” and “Security Registrar” shall have the meanings as set forth in Section 2.05. “Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person: (1) any corporation or company a majority of whose capital stock with voting power, under ordinary circumstances, to elect directors is, at the date of determination, directly or indirectly, owned by such Person (a “subsidiary”), by one or more subsidiaries of such Person or by such Person and one or more subsidiaries of such Person; (2) a partnership in which such Person or a subsidiary of such Person is, at the date of determination, a general partner of such partnership; or (3) any partnership, limited liability company or other Person in which such Person, a subsidiary of such Person or such Person and one or more subsidiaries of such Person, directly or indirectly, at the date of determination, have (x) at least a majority ownership interest or (y) the power to elect or appoint or direct the election or appointment of the managing partner or member of such Person or, if applicable, a majority of the directors or other governing body of such Person. “Trustee” means [●], and, subject to the provisions of Article Seven, shall also include its successors and assigns, and, if at any time there is more than one Person acting in such capacity hereunder, “Trustee” shall mean each such Person. The term “Trustee” as used with respect to a particular series of the Securities shall mean the trustee with respect to that series. “Trust Indenture Act” means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended and in effect from time to time. ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES Section 2.01 Designation and Terms of Securities. (1) The aggregate principal amount of Securities that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited. The Securities may be issued in one or more series up to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of that series from time to time authorized by or pursuant to a Board Resolution or pursuant to one or more indentures supplemental hereto. Prior to the initial issuance of Securities of any series, there shall be established in or pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental hereto: (a) the title of the Securities of the series (which shall distinguish the Securities of that series from all other Securities); (b) any limit upon the aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series which may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities authenticated and delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of that series); (c) the date or dates on which the principal of the Securities of the series is payable; (d) if the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such Securities will be issued is a price other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such Securities that is convertible into another security or the method by which any such portion shall be determined; (e) the rate or rates at which the Securities of the series shall bear interest or the manner of calculation of such rate or rates, if any; (f) the date or dates from which such interest shall accrue, the Interest Payment Dates on which such interest will be payable or the manner of determination of such Interest Payment Dates, the place(s) of payment, and the record date for the determination of holders to whom interest is payable on any such Interest Payment Dates or the manner of determination of such record dates; (g) the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods and the duration of such extension; (h) the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which and the terms and conditions upon which Securities of the series may be redeemed, converted or exchanged, in whole or in part; (i) the obligation, if any, of the Company to redeem or purchase Securities of the series pursuant to any sinking fund, mandatory redemption, or analogous provisions (including payments made in cash in satisfaction of future sinking fund obligations) or at the option of a holder thereof and the period or periods within which, the price or prices at which, and the terms and conditions upon which, Securities of the series shall be redeemed or purchased, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation; (j) the form of the Securities of the series including the form of the Certificate of Authentication for such series; (k) if other than denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, the denominations in which the Securities of the series shall be issuable; (l) any and all other terms (including terms, to the extent applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the Securities of that series and any security for the obligations of the Company with respect to such Securities) with respect to such series (which terms shall not be inconsistent with the terms of this Indenture, as amended by any supplemental indenture) including any terms which may be required by or advisable under United States laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of Securities of that series; (m) whether the Securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a Global Security or Securities; the terms and conditions, if any, upon which such Global Security or Securities may be exchanged in whole or in part for other individual Securities; and the Depositary for such Global Security or Securities; (n) whether the Securities will be convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock, preferred stock or other securities of the Company or any other Person and, if so, the terms and conditions upon which such Securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at the Company’s option or the holders’ option) conversion or exchange features, and the applicable conversion or exchange period; (o) if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section 6.01; (p) any additional or alternative events of default; (q) additional or alternative covenants (which may include, among other restrictions, restrictions on the Company’s ability or the ability of the Company’s Subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness; issue additional securities; create liens; pay dividends or make distributions in respect of the capital stock of the Company or the Company’s Subsidiaries; redeem capital stock; place restrictions on the Company’s Subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets; make investments or other restricted payments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; engage in transactions with stockholders or affiliates; issue or sell stock of the Company’s Subsidiaries; or effect a consolidation or merger) or financial covenants (which may include, among other financial covenants, financial covenants that require the Company and its Subsidiaries to maintain specified interest coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based, asset-based or other financial ratios) provided for with respect to the Securities of the series; (r) the currency or currencies, including composite currencies, in which payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest, if any, on such Securities shall be payable (if other than the currency of the United States of America), which unless otherwise specified shall be the currency of the United States of America as at the time of payment is legal tender for payment of public or private debts; (s) if the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest, if any, on such Securities is to be payable, at the election of the Company or any Holder thereof, in a coin or currency other than that in which such Securities are stated to be payable, then the period or periods within which, and the terms and conditions upon which, such election may be made; (t) whether interest will be payable in cash or additional Securities at the Company’s or the Securityholders’ option and the terms and conditions upon which the election may be made; (u) the terms and conditions, if any, upon which the Company shall pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the Securities of the series to any Securityholder that is not a “United States person” for federal tax purposes; (v) additional or alternative provisions, if any, related to defeasance and discharge of the offered Securities; (w) the applicability of any guarantees; (x) any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the Securities of the series; (y) any other terms of the series; and (z) the subordination terms of the Securities of the series. All Securities of any one series shall be substantially identical except as may otherwise be provided in or pursuant to any such Board Resolution or in any indentures supplemental hereto. If any of the terms of the series are established by action taken pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company, a copy of an appropriate record of such action shall be certified by the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Company and delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the Officer’s Certificate of the Company setting forth the terms of the series. Securities of any particular series may be issued at various times, with different dates on which the principal or any installment of principal is payable, with different rates of interest, if any, or different methods by which rates of interest may be determined, with different dates on which such interest may be payable and with different redemption dates. Section 2.02 Form of Securities and Trustee’s Certificate. The Securities of any series and the Trustee’s certificate of authentication to be borne by such Securities shall be substantially of the tenor and purport as set forth in one or more indentures supplemental hereto or as provided in a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, and they may have such letters, numbers or other marks of identification or designation and such legends or endorsements printed, lithographed or engraved thereon as the Company may deem appropriate and as are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture, or as may be required to comply with any law or with any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto or with any rule or regulation of any securities exchange on which Securities of that series may be listed, or to conform to usage. Section 2.03 Denominations: Provisions for Payment. The Securities shall be issuable as registered Securities and in the denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, subject to Section 2.01(1)(j). The Securities of a particular series shall bear interest payable on the dates and at the rate specified with respect to that series. Subject to Section 2.01(1)(p), the principal of and the interest on the Securities of any series, as well as any premium thereon in case of redemption thereof prior to maturity, shall be payable in the coin or currency of the United States of America that at the time is legal tender for public and private debt, at the office or agency of the Company maintained for that purpose. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication. Interest on the Securities shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year composed of twelve 30-day months. The interest installment on any Security that is payable, and is punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of that series shall be paid to the Person in whose name said Security (or one or more Predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the regular record date for such interest installment. In the event that any Security of a particular series or portion thereof is called for redemption and the redemption date is subsequent to a regular record date with respect to any Interest Payment Date and prior to such Interest Payment Date, interest on such Security will be paid upon presentation and surrender of such Security as provided in Section 3.03. Any interest on any Security that is payable, but is not punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of the same series (herein called “Defaulted Interest”) shall forthwith cease to be payable to the registered holder on the relevant regular record date by virtue of having been such holder; and such Defaulted Interest shall be paid by the Company, at its election, as provided in clause (1) or clause (2) below: (1) The Company may elect to make payment of any Defaulted Interest on Securities to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered at the close of business on a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest, which shall be fixed in the following manner: the Company shall notify the Trustee in writing of the amount of Defaulted Interest proposed to be paid on each such Security and the date of the proposed payment, and at the same time the Company shall deposit with the Trustee an amount of money equal to the aggregate amount proposed to be paid in respect of such Defaulted Interest or shall make arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for such deposit prior to the date of the proposed payment, such money when deposited to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such Defaulted Interest as in this clause provided. Thereupon the Company shall fix a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest which shall not be more than 15 nor less than 10 days prior to the date of the proposed payment and not less than 10 days after the receipt by the Trustee of the notice of the proposed payment. The Company shall promptly notify the Trustee of such special record date and in such notice, instruct the Trustee to send such notice to holders, in the name and at the expense of the Company, shall cause notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor to be sent electronically or mailed, first class postage prepaid, to each Securityholder at his or her address as it appears in the Security Register (as hereinafter defined), not less than 10 days prior to such special record date. Notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor having been sent as aforesaid, such Defaulted Interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered on such special record date. (2) The Company may elect to make or cause to be made payment of any Defaulted Interest on any Securities in any other lawful manner not inconsistent with the requirements of any securities exchange on which such Securities may be listed, and upon such notice as may be required by such exchange, if, after notice given by the Company to the Trustee of the proposed payment pursuant to this clause, such manner of payment shall be deemed practicable by the Trustee. Unless otherwise set forth in a Board Resolution or one or more indentures supplemental hereto establishing the terms of any series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the term “regular record date” as used in this Section with respect to a series of Securities and any Interest Payment Date for such series shall mean either (i) the fifteenth day of the month immediately preceding the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a month, or (ii) the first day of the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the fifteenth day of a month, whether or not such date is a Business Day. Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Section, each Security of a series delivered under this Indenture upon transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other Security of such series shall carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, that were carried by such other Security. Section 2.04 Execution and Authentications. The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Company by one of its Officers. Signatures may be in the form of a manual or facsimile signature. The Company may use the facsimile signature of any Person who shall have been an Officer, notwithstanding the fact that at the time the Securities shall be authenticated and delivered or disposed of such Person shall have ceased to be such an officer of the Company. The Securities may contain such notations, legends or endorsements required by law, stock exchange rule or usage. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication by the Trustee. A Security shall not be valid until authenticated manually by an authorized signatory of the Trustee, or by an Authenticating Agent. Such signature shall be conclusive evidence that the Security so authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the holder is entitled to the benefits of this Indenture. At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver Securities of any series executed by the Company to the Trustee for authentication, together with a written order of the Company for the authentication and delivery of such Securities, signed by an Officer, and the Trustee in accordance with such written order shall authenticate and deliver such Securities. In authenticating such Securities and accepting the additional responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive, if requested, and (subject to Section 7.01) shall be fully protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel stating that the form and terms thereof have been established in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture. The Trustee shall not be required to authenticate such Securities if the issue of such Securities pursuant to this Indenture will affect the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under the Securities and this Indenture or otherwise in a manner that is not reasonably acceptable to the Trustee. Section 2.05 Registration of Transfer and Exchange. (1) Securities of any series may be exchanged upon presentation thereof at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, for other Securities of such series of authorized denominations, and for a like aggregate principal amount, upon payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation thereto, all as provided in this Section. In respect of any Securities so surrendered for exchange, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange therefor the Security or Securities of the same series that the Securityholder making the exchange shall be entitled to receive, bearing numbers not contemporaneously outstanding. (2) The Company shall keep, or cause to be kept, at its office or agency designated for such purpose a register or registers (herein referred to as the “Security Register”) in which, subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall register the Securities and the transfers of Securities as in this Article provided and which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Trustee. The registrar for the purpose of registering Securities and transfer of Securities as herein provided shall be appointed as authorized by Board Resolution (the “Security Registrar”). Upon surrender for transfer of any Security at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities of the same series as the Security presented for a like aggregate principal amount. All Securities presented or surrendered for exchange or registration of transfer, as provided in this Section, shall be accompanied (if so required by the Company or the Security Registrar) by a written instrument or instruments of transfer, in form satisfactory to the Company or the Security Registrar, duly executed by the registered holder or by such holder’s duly authorized attorney in writing. (3) Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer’s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this Indenture, no service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer of Securities, or issue of new Securities in case of partial redemption of any series, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation thereto, other than exchanges pursuant to Section 2.06, Section 3.03(2) and Section 9.04 not involving any transfer. (4) The Company shall not be required (i) to issue, exchange or register the transfer of any Securities during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of the mailing of a notice of redemption of less than all the Outstanding Securities of the same series and ending at the close of business on the day of such mailing, nor (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any Securities of any series or portions thereof called for redemption, other than the unredeemed portion of any such Securities being redeemed in part. The provisions of this Section 2.05 are, with respect to any Global Security, subject to Section 2.11 hereof. The Trustee shall have no obligation or duty to monitor, determine or inquire as to compliance with any restrictions on transfer imposed under this Indenture or under applicable law with respect to any transfer of any interest in any Security (including any transfers between or among depositary participants or beneficial owners of interests in any Global Security) other than to require delivery of such certificates and other documentation or evidence as are expressly required by, and to do so if and when expressly required by the terms of, this Indenture, and to examine the same to determine substantial compliance as to form with the express requirements hereof. Section 2.06 Temporary Securities. Pending the preparation of definitive Securities of any series, the Company may execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, temporary Securities (printed, lithographed or typewritten) of any authorized denomination. Such temporary Securities shall be substantially in the form of the definitive Securities in lieu of which they are issued, but with such omissions, insertions and variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities, all as may be determined by the Company. Every temporary Security of any series shall be executed by the Company and be authenticated by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the definitive Securities of such series. Without unnecessary delay the Company will execute and will furnish definitive Securities of such series and thereupon any or all temporary Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor (without charge to the holders), at the office or agency of the Company designated for the purpose, and the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange for such temporary Securities an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of such series, unless the Company advises the Trustee to the effect that definitive Securities need not be executed and furnished until further notice from the Company. Until so exchanged, the temporary Securities of such series shall be entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as definitive Securities of such series authenticated and delivered hereunder. Section 2.07 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities. In case any temporary or definitive Security shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company (subject to the next succeeding sentence) shall execute, and upon the Company’s request the Trustee (subject as aforesaid) shall authenticate and deliver, a new Security of the same series, bearing a number not contemporaneously outstanding, in exchange and substitution for the mutilated Security, or in lieu of and in substitution for the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substituted Security shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as may be required by them to save each of them harmless, and, in every case of destruction, loss or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Company and the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft of the applicant’s Security and of the ownership thereof. The Trustee may authenticate any such substituted Security and deliver the same upon the written request or authorization of any officer of the Company. Upon the issuance of any substituted Security, the Company may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith. In case any Security that has matured or is about to mature shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company may, instead of issuing a substitute Security, pay or authorize the payment of the same (without surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated Security) if the applicant for such payment shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as they may require to save them harmless, and, in case of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to the satisfaction of the Company and the Trustee of the destruction, loss or theft of such Security and of the ownership thereof. Every replacement Security issued pursuant to the provisions of this Section shall constitute an additional contractual obligation of the Company whether or not the mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be found at any time, or be enforceable by anyone, and shall be entitled to all the benefits of this Indenture equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of the same series duly issued hereunder. All Securities shall be held and owned upon the express condition that the foregoing provisions are exclusive with respect to the replacement or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities, and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) any and all other rights or remedies, notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to the replacement or payment of negotiable instruments or other securities without their surrender. Section 2.08 Cancellation. All Securities surrendered for the purpose of payment, redemption, exchange or registration of transfer shall, if surrendered to the Company or any paying agent, be delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, or, if surrendered to the Trustee, shall be cancelled by it, and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except as expressly required or permitted by any of the provisions of this Indenture. On request of the Company at the time of such surrender, the Trustee shall deliver to the Company canceled Securities held by the Trustee. In the absence of such request the Trustee may dispose of canceled Securities in accordance with its standard procedures and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Company. If the Company shall otherwise acquire any of the Securities, however, such acquisition shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction of the indebtedness represented by such Securities unless and until the same are delivered to the Trustee for cancellation. Section 2.09 Benefits of Indenture. Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or implied, shall give or be construed to give to any Person, other than the parties hereto and the holders of the Securities (and, with respect to the provisions of Article Fourteen, the holders of any indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities of any series are subordinated) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Indenture, or under any covenant, condition or provision herein contained; all such covenants, conditions and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and of the holders of the Securities (and, with respect to the provisions of Article Fourteen, the holders of any indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities of any series are subordinated). Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent. So long as any of the Securities of any series remain Outstanding there may be an Authenticating Agent for any or all such series of Securities which the Trustee shall have the right to appoint. Said Authenticating Agent shall be authorized to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities of such series issued upon exchange, transfer or partial redemption thereof, and Securities so authenticated shall be entitled to the benefits of this Indenture and shall be valid and obligatory for all purposes as if authenticated by the Trustee hereunder. All references in this Indenture to the authentication of Securities by the Trustee shall be deemed to include authentication by an Authenticating Agent for such series. Each Authenticating Agent shall be acceptable to the Company and shall be a corporation that has a combined capital and surplus, as most recently reported or determined by it, sufficient under the laws of any jurisdiction under which it is organized or in which it is doing business to conduct a trust business, and that is otherwise authorized under such laws to conduct such business and is subject to supervision or examination by federal or state authorities. If at any time any Authenticating Agent shall cease to be eligible in accordance with these provisions, it shall resign immediately. Any Authenticating Agent may at any time resign by giving written notice of resignation to the Trustee and to the Company. The Trustee may at any time (and upon request by the Company shall) terminate the agency of any Authenticating Agent by giving written notice of termination to such Authenticating Agent and to the Company. Upon resignation, termination or cessation of eligibility of any Authenticating Agent, the Trustee may appoint an eligible successor Authenticating Agent acceptable to the Company. Any successor Authenticating Agent, upon acceptance of its appointment hereunder, shall become vested with all the rights, powers and duties of its predecessor hereunder as if originally named as an Authenticating Agent pursuant hereto. Section 2.11 Global Securities. (1) If the Company shall establish pursuant to Section 2.01 that the Securities of a particular series are to be issued as a Global Security, then the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall, in accordance with Section 2.04, authenticate and deliver, a Global Security that (i) shall represent, and shall be denominated in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of, all of the Outstanding Securities of such series, (ii) shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee, (iii) shall be delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary’s instruction and (iv) shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect: “Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.11 of the Indenture, this Security may be transferred, in whole but not in part, only to another nominee of the Depositary or to a successor Depositary or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.” (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.05, the Global Security of a series may be transferred, in whole but not in part and in the manner provided in Section 2.05, only to another nominee of the Depositary for such series, or to a successor Depositary for such series selected or approved by the Company or to a nominee of such successor Depositary. (3) If at any time the Depositary for a series of the Securities notifies the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for such series or if at any time the Depositary for such series shall no longer be registered or in good standing under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, and a successor Depositary for such series is not appointed by the Company within 90 days after the Company receives such notice or becomes aware of such condition, as the case may be, or if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Company has received a request from the Depositary or from the Trustee, this Section 2.11 shall no longer be applicable to the Securities of such series and the Company will execute, and subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. In addition, the Company may at any time determine that the Securities of any series shall no longer be represented by a Global Security and that the provisions of this Section 2.11 shall no longer apply to the Securities of such series. In such event the Company will execute and, subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officer’s Certificate evidencing such determination by the Company, will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. Upon the exchange of the Global Security for such Securities in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, the Global Security shall be canceled by the Trustee. Such Securities in definitive registered form issued in exchange for the Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.11(3) shall be registered in such names and in such authorized denominations as the Depositary, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee. The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to the Depositary for delivery to the Persons in whose names such Securities are so registered. REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS Section 3.01 Redemption. The Company may redeem the Securities of any series issued hereunder on and after the dates and in accordance with the terms established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof. Section 3.02 Notice of Redemption. (1) In case the Company shall desire to exercise such right to redeem all or, as the case may be, a portion of the Securities of any series in accordance with any right the Company reserved for itself to do so pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the Company shall, or shall cause the Trustee to, give notice of such redemption to holders of the Securities of such series to be redeemed by mailing, electronically or by first class postage prepaid mail, a notice of such redemption not less than 30 days and not more than 90 days, except that redemption notices may be sent more than 90 days prior to the redemption date if the notice is issued in connection with a defeasance of the Securities or a satisfaction and discharge, before the date fixed for redemption of that series to such holders at their last addresses as they shall appear upon the Security Register, unless a shorter period is specified in the Securities to be redeemed. Any notice that is mailed in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the registered holder receives the notice. In any case, failure duly to give such notice to the holder of any Security of any series designated for redemption in whole or in part, or any defect in the notice, shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other Securities of such series or any other series. In the case of any redemption of Securities prior to the expiration of any restriction on such redemption provided in the terms of such Securities or elsewhere in this Indenture, the Company shall furnish the Trustee with an Officer’s Certificate evidencing compliance with any such restriction. Each such notice of redemption shall specify the date fixed for redemption, if applicable, any record date with respect to such redemption, and the redemption price at which Securities of that series are to be redeemed, and shall state that payment of the redemption price of such Securities to be redeemed will be made at the office or agency of the Company, upon presentation and surrender of such Securities, that interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption will be paid as specified in said notice, that from and after said date interest will cease to accrue and that the redemption is from a sinking fund, if such is the case. If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the notice to the holders of Securities of that series to be redeemed in part shall specify the particular Securities to be so redeemed. In case any Security is to be redeemed in part only, the notice that relates to such Security shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed, and shall state that on and after the redemption date, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion thereof will be issued. (2) If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the Company shall give the Trustee at least 45 days’ notice (unless a shorter notice shall be satisfactory to the Trustee) in advance of the date fixed for redemption as to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of the series to be redeemed, and thereupon the Trustee shall select, by lot or in such other manner as it shall deem appropriate and fair in its discretion and that may provide for the selection of a portion or portions (equal to one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof) of the principal amount of such Securities of a denomination larger than $1,000, the Securities to be redeemed and shall thereafter promptly notify the Company in writing of the numbers of the Securities to be redeemed, in whole or in part. The Company may, if and whenever it shall so elect, by delivery of instructions signed on its behalf by an Officer, instruct the Trustee or any paying agent to call all or any part of the Securities of a particular series for redemption and to give notice of redemption in the manner set forth in this Section, such notice to be in the name of the Company or its own name as the Trustee or such paying agent may deem advisable. In any case in which notice of redemption is to be given by the Trustee or any such paying agent, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to, or permit to remain with, the Trustee or such paying agent, as the case may be, such Security Register, transfer books or other records, or suitable copies or extracts therefrom, sufficient to enable the Trustee or such paying agent to give any notice by mail that may be required under the provisions of this Section. Section 3.03 Payment Upon Redemption. (1) If the giving of notice of redemption shall have been completed as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities of the series to be redeemed specified in such notice shall become due and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable redemption price, together with interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption and interest on such Securities or portions of Securities shall cease to accrue on and after the date fixed for redemption, unless the Company shall default in the payment of such redemption price and accrued interest with respect to any such Security or portion thereof. On presentation and surrender of such Securities on or after the date fixed for redemption at the place of payment specified in the notice, said Securities shall be paid and redeemed at the applicable redemption price for such series, together with interest accrued thereon to the date fixed for redemption (but if the date fixed for redemption is an interest payment date, the interest installment payable on such date shall be payable to the registered holder at the close of business on the applicable record date pursuant to Section 2.03). (2) Upon presentation of any Security of such series that is to be redeemed in part only, the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and the office or agency where the Security is presented shall deliver to the holder thereof, at the expense of the Company, a new Security of the same series of authorized denominations in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the Security so presented. Section 3.04 Sinking Fund. The provisions of Section 3.04, Section 3.05 and Section 3.06 shall be applicable to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise specified as contemplated by Section 2.01 for Securities of such series. The minimum amount of any sinking fund payment provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as a “mandatory sinking fund payment,” and any payment in excess of such minimum amount provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as an “optional sinking fund payment”. If provided for by the terms of Securities of any series, the cash amount of any sinking fund payment may be subject to reduction as provided in Section 3.05. Each sinking fund payment shall be applied to the redemption of Securities of any series as provided for by the terms of Securities of such series. Section 3.05 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities. The Company (i) may deliver Outstanding Securities of a series and (ii) may apply as a credit Securities of a series that have been redeemed either at the election of the Company pursuant to the terms of such Securities or through the application of permitted optional sinking fund payments pursuant to the terms of such Securities, in each case in satisfaction of all or any part of any sinking fund payment with respect to the Securities of such series required to be made pursuant to the terms of such Securities as provided for by the terms of such series, provided that such Securities have not been previously so credited. Such Securities shall be received and credited for such purpose by the Trustee at the redemption price specified in such Securities for redemption through operation of the sinking fund and the amount of such sinking fund payment shall be reduced accordingly. Section 3.06 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund. Not less than 45 days prior to each sinking fund payment date for any series of Securities (unless a shorter period shall be satisfactory to the Trustee), the Company will deliver to the Trustee an Officer’s Certificate specifying the amount of the next ensuing sinking fund payment for that series pursuant to the terms of the series, the portion thereof, if any, that is to be satisfied by delivering and crediting Securities of that series pursuant to Section 3.05 and the basis for such credit and will, together with such Officer’s Certificate, deliver to the Trustee any Securities to be so delivered. Not less than 30 days before each such sinking fund payment date the Trustee shall select the Securities to be redeemed upon such sinking fund payment date in the manner specified in Section 3.02 and cause notice of the redemption thereof to be given in the name of and at the expense of the Company in the manner provided in Section 3.02. Such notice having been duly given, the redemption of such Securities shall be made upon the terms and in the manner stated in Section 3.03. Section 4.01 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest. The Company will duly and punctually pay or cause to be paid the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on the Securities of that series at the time and place and in the manner provided herein and established with respect to such Securities. Payments of principal on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and established with respect to such Securities by U.S. dollar check drawn on and mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions to the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date. Payments of interest on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and established with respect to such Securities by U.S. dollar check mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions in writing to the Security Registrar and the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date. Section 4.02 Maintenance of Office or Agency. So long as any series of the Securities remain Outstanding, the Company agrees to maintain an office or agency with respect to each such series and at such other location or locations as may be designated as provided in this Section 4.02, where (i) Securities of that series may be presented for payment, (ii) Securities of that series may be presented as herein above authorized for registration of transfer and exchange, and (iii) notices and demands to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities of that series and this Indenture may be given or served, such designation to continue with respect to such office or agency until the Company shall, by written notice signed by any officer authorized to sign an Officer’s Certificate and delivered to the Trustee, designate some other office or agency for such purposes or any of them. If at any time the Company shall fail to maintain any such required office or agency or shall fail to furnish the Trustee with the address thereof, such presentations, notices and demands may be made or served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, and the Company hereby appoints the Trustee as its agent to receive all such presentations, notices and demands. The Company initially appoints the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee as its paying agent with respect to the Securities; provided, however, the Trustee shall not be considered an agent of the Company for service of process. Section 4.03 Paying Agents. (1) If the Company shall appoint one or more paying agents for all or any series of the Securities, other than the Trustee, the Company will cause each such paying agent to execute and deliver to the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions of this Section: (a) that it will hold all sums held by it as such agent for the payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series (whether such sums have been paid to it by the Company or by any other obligor of such Securities) in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto; (b) that it will give the Trustee notice of any failure by the Company (or by any other obligor of such Securities) to make any payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series when the same shall be due and payable; (c) that it will, at any time during the continuance of any failure referred to in the preceding paragraph (a)(2) above, upon the written request of the Trustee, forthwith pay to the Trustee all sums so held in trust by such paying agent; and (d) that it will perform all other duties of paying agent as set forth in this Indenture. (2) If the Company shall act as its own paying agent with respect to any series of the Securities, it will on or before each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on Securities of that series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto a sum sufficient to pay such principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due on Securities of that series until such sums shall be paid to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided and will promptly notify the Trustee of such action, or any failure (by it or any other obligor on such Securities) to take such action. Whenever the Company shall have one or more paying agents for any series of Securities, it will, prior to each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on any Securities of that series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay the principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due, such sum to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such principal, premium or interest, and (unless such paying agent is the Trustee) the Company will promptly notify the Trustee of this action or failure so to act. (3) Notwithstanding anything in this Section to the contrary, (i) the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section is subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, and (ii) the Company may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture or for any other purpose, pay, or direct any paying agent to pay, to the Trustee all sums held in trust by the Company or such paying agent, such sums to be held by the Trustee upon the same terms and conditions as those upon which such sums were held by the Company or such paying agent; and, upon such payment by the Company or any paying agent to the Trustee, the Company or such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such money. Section 4.04 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee. The Company, whenever necessary to avoid or fill a vacancy in the office of Trustee, will appoint, in the manner provided in Section 7.10, a Trustee, so that there shall at all times be a Trustee hereunder. Section 4.05 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions. The Company will not, while any of the Securities remain Outstanding, consolidate with or merge into any other Person, in either case where the Company is not the survivor of such transaction, or sell or convey all or substantially all of its property to any other Person unless the provisions of Article Ten hereof are complied with. SECURITYHOLDERS’ LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE Section 5.01 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders. The Company will furnish or cause to be furnished to the Trustee (a) within 15 days after each regular record date (as defined in Section 2.03) a list, in such form as the Trustee may reasonably require, of the names and addresses of the holders of each series of Securities as of such regular record date, provided that the Company shall not be obligated to furnish or cause to be furnished such list at any time that the list shall not differ in any respect from the most recent list furnished to the Trustee by the Company and (b) at such other times as the Trustee may request in writing within 30 days after the receipt by the Company of any such request, a list of similar form and content as of a date not more than 15 days prior to the time such list is furnished; provided, however, that, in either case, no such list need be furnished for any series for which the Trustee shall be the Security Registrar. Section 5.02 Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders. (1) The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is reasonably practicable, all information as to the names and addresses of the holders of Securities contained in the most recent list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 and as to the names and addresses of holders of Securities received by the Trustee in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in such capacity). (2) The Trustee may destroy any list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished. (3) Securityholders may communicate as provided in Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act with other Securityholders with respect to their rights under this Indenture or under the Securities, and, in connection with any such communications, the Trustee shall satisfy its obligations under Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the provisions of Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. Section 5.03 Reports by the Company. (1) The Company covenants and agrees to provide (which delivery may be via electronic mail) to the Trustee within 30 days, after the Company files the same with the Commission, copies of the annual reports and of the information, documents and other reports (or copies of such portions of any of the foregoing as the Commission may from time to time by rules and regulations prescribe) that the Company is required to file with the Commission pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; provided, however, the Company shall not be required to deliver to the Trustee any materials for which the Company has sought and received confidential treatment by the Commission; and provided further, that so long as such filings by the Company are available on the Commission’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System (EDGAR), or Interactive Data Electronic Applications (IDEA), or any successor system, such filings shall be deemed to have been filed with the Trustee for purposes hereof without any further action required by the Company; provided that an electronic link to such filing, together with an electronic notice of such filing have been sent to the Trustee. For the avoidance of doubt, a failure by the Company to file annual reports, information and other reports with the SEC within the time period prescribed thereof by the Commission shall not be deemed a breach of this Section 5.03. (2) Delivery of reports, information and documents to the Trustee under Section 5.03 is for informational purposes only and the information and the Trustee’s receipt of the foregoing shall not constitute constructive notice of any information contained therein, or determinable from information contained therein including the Company’s compliance with any of their covenants thereunder (as to which the Trustee is entitled to rely exclusively on an Officer’s Certificate). Section 5.04 Reports by the Trustee. (1) If required by Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee, within sixty (60) days after each May 1, commencing the calendar year after the year in which the first Securities are issued hereunder, shall transmit by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register, a brief report dated as of such May 1, which complies with Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act. (2) The Trustee shall comply with Section 313(b) and 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act. (3) A copy of each such report shall, at the time of such transmission to Securityholders, be filed by the Trustee with the Company, with each securities exchange upon which any Securities are listed (if so listed) and also with the Commission. The Company agrees to notify the Trustee when any Securities become listed on any securities exchange. REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT Section 6.01 Events of Default. (1) Whenever used herein with respect to Securities of a particular series, “Event of Default” means any one or more of the following events that has occurred and is continuing: (a) the Company defaults in the payment of any installment of interest upon any of the Securities of that series, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by the Company in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose; (b) the Company defaults in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to that series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such Securities in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any; (c) the Company fails to observe or perform any other of its covenants or agreements with respect to that series contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to that series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof (other than a covenant or agreement that has been expressly included in this Indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of Securities other than such series) for a period of 90 days after the date on which written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such notice is a “Notice of Default” hereunder, shall have been given to the Company by the Trustee, by registered or certified mail, or to the Company and the Trustee by the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Securities of that series at the time Outstanding; (d) the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law (i) commences a voluntary case, (ii) consents to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary case, (iii) consents to the appointment of a Custodian of it or for all or substantially all of its property or (iv) makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors; or (e) a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order under any Bankruptcy Law that (i) is for relief against the Company in an involuntary case, (ii) appoints a Custodian of the Company for all or substantially all of its property or (iii) orders the liquidation of the Company, and the order or decree remains unstayed and in effect for 90 days. (2) In each and every such case (other than an Event of Default specified in clause (4) or clause (5) above), unless the principal of all the Securities of that series shall have already become due and payable, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by notice in writing to the Company (and to the Trustee if given by such Securityholders), may declare the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series to be due and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration the same shall become and shall be immediately due and payable. If an Event of Default specified in clause (4) or clause (5) above occurs, the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series shall automatically be immediately due and payable without any declaration or other act on the part of the Trustee or the holders of the Securities. (3) At any time after the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on the Securities of that series shall have been so declared due and payable, and before any judgment or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered as hereinafter provided, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by written notice to the Company and the Trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: (i) the Company has paid or deposited with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities of that series and the principal of (and premium, if any, on) any and all Securities of that series that shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration (with interest upon such principal and premium, if any, and, to the extent that such payment is enforceable under applicable law, upon overdue installments of interest, at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series to the date of such payment or deposit) and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06, and (ii) any and all Events of Default under the Indenture with respect to such series, other than the nonpayment of principal on (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on Securities of that series that shall not have become due by their terms, shall have been remedied or waived as provided in Section 6.06. No such rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon. (4) In case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any right with respect to Securities of that series under this Indenture and such proceedings shall have been discontinued or abandoned because of such rescission or annulment or for any other reason or shall have been determined adversely to the Trustee, then and in every such case, subject to any determination in such proceedings, the Company and the Trustee shall be restored respectively to their former positions and rights hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Company and the Trustee shall continue as though no such proceedings had been taken. Section 6.02 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee. (1) The Company covenants that (i) in case it shall default in the payment of any installment of interest on any of the Securities of a series, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to that series as and when the same shall have become due and payable, and such default shall have continued for a period of 90 days, or (ii) in case it shall default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of a series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon maturity of the Securities of a series or upon redemption or upon declaration or otherwise then, upon demand of the Trustee, the Company will pay to the Trustee, for the benefit of the holders of the Securities of that series, the whole amount that then shall have been become due and payable on all such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) or interest, or both, as the case may be, with interest upon the overdue principal (and premium, if any) and (to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law) upon overdue installments of interest at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series; and, in addition thereto, such further amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06. (2) If the Company shall fail to pay such amounts forthwith upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, shall be entitled and empowered to institute any action or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, and may prosecute any such action or proceeding to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series and collect the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable in the manner provided by law or equity out of the property of the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series, wherever situated. (3) In case of any receivership, insolvency, liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, readjustment, arrangement, composition or judicial proceedings affecting the Company, or its creditors or property, the Trustee shall have power to intervene in such proceedings and take any action therein that may be permitted by the court and shall (except as may be otherwise provided by law) be entitled to file such proofs of claim and other papers and documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee and of the holders of Securities of such series allowed for the entire amount due and payable by the Company under the Indenture at the date of institution of such proceedings and for any additional amount that may become due and payable by the Company after such date, and to collect and receive any moneys or other property payable or deliverable on any such claim, and to distribute the same after the deduction of the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06; and any receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization is hereby authorized by each of the holders of Securities of such series to make such payments to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall consent to the making of such payments directly to such Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee any amount due it under Section 7.06. (4) All rights of action and of asserting claims under this Indenture, or under any of the terms established with respect to Securities of that series, may be enforced by the Trustee without the possession of any of such Securities, or the production thereof at any trial or other proceeding relative thereto, and any such suit or proceeding instituted by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any recovery of judgment shall, after provision for payment to the Trustee of any amounts due under Section 7.06, be for the ratable benefit of the holders of the Securities of such series. In case of an Event of Default hereunder, the Trustee may in its discretion proceed to protect and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate judicial proceedings as the Trustee shall deem most effectual to protect and enforce any of such rights, either at law or in equity or in bankruptcy or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement of any covenant or agreement contained in the Indenture or in aid of the exercise of any power granted in this Indenture, or to enforce any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture or by law. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to authorize the Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization, arrangement, adjustment or composition affecting the Securities of that series or the rights of any holder thereof or to authorize the Trustee to vote in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding. Section 6.03 Application of Moneys Collected. Any moneys collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article with respect to a particular series of Securities shall be applied in the following order, at the date or dates fixed by the Trustee and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal (or premium, if any) or interest, upon presentation of the Securities of that series, and notation thereon of the payment, if only partially paid, and upon surrender thereof if fully paid: FIRST: To the payment of all indebtedness of the Company to which such series of Securities is subordinated to the extent required by Section 7.06 and any subordination terms of the series specified as contemplated by Article Fourteen; SECOND: To the payment of the amounts then due and unpaid upon Securities of such series for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, in respect of which or for the benefit of which such money has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts due and payable on such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, respectively; and THIRD: To the payment of the remainder, if any, to the Company or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto. Section 6.04 Limitation on Suits. No holder of any Security of any series shall have any right by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture or any Security to institute any suit, action or proceeding in equity or at law upon or under or with respect to this Indenture, any Security or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any other remedy hereunder, unless (i) such holder previously shall have given to the Trustee written notice of an Event of Default and of the continuance thereof with respect to the Securities of such series specifying such Event of Default, as hereinbefore provided; (ii) the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall have made written request upon the Trustee to institute such action, suit or proceeding in its own name as Trustee hereunder; (iii) such holder or holders shall have offered to the Trustee such reasonable indemnity as it may require against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred therein or thereby; (iv) the Trustee for 90 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity, shall have failed to institute any such action, suit or proceeding and (v) during such 90 day period, the holders of a majority in principal amount of the Securities of that series do not give the Trustee a direction inconsistent with the request. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary or any other provisions of this Indenture, the right of any holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on such Security, as therein provided, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security (or in the case of redemption, on the redemption date), or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after such respective dates or redemption date, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such holder and by accepting a Security hereunder it is expressly understood, intended and covenanted by the taker and holder of every Security of such series with every other such taker and holder and the Trustee, that no one or more holders of Securities of such series shall have any right in any manner whatsoever by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of the holders of any other of such Securities, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such holder, or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and common benefit of all holders of Securities of such series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section, each and every Securityholder and the Trustee shall be entitled to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity. Section 6.05 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver. (1) Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.07, all powers and remedies given by this Article to the Trustee or to the Securityholders shall, to the extent permitted by law, be deemed cumulative and not exclusive of any other powers and remedies available to the Trustee or the holders of the Securities, by judicial proceedings or otherwise, to enforce the performance or observance of the covenants and agreements contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to such Securities. (2) No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any holder of any of the Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default occurring and continuing as aforesaid shall impair any such right or power, or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such default or an acquiescence therein; and, subject to the provisions of Section 6.04, every power and remedy given by this Article or by law to the Trustee or the Securityholders may be exercised from time to time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or by the Securityholders. Section 6.06 Control by Securityholders. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, determined in accordance with Section 8.04, shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the Trustee with respect to such series; provided, however, that such direction shall not be in conflict with any rule of law or with this Indenture or subject the Trustee in its sole discretion to personal liability. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, the Trustee shall have the right to decline to follow any such direction if the Trustee in good faith shall, by a Responsible Officer or officers of the Trustee, determine that the proceeding so directed, subject to the Trustee’s duties under the Trust Indenture Act, would involve the Trustee in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the Securityholders not involved in the proceeding. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding affected thereby, determined in accordance with Section 8.04, may on behalf of the holders of all of the Securities of such series waive any past default in the performance of any of the covenants contained herein or established pursuant to Section 2.01 with respect to such series and its consequences, except a default in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due by the terms of such Securities otherwise than by acceleration (unless such default has been cured and a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest and principal and any premium has been deposited with the Trustee in accordance with Section 6.01(3)). Upon any such waiver, the default covered thereby shall be deemed to be cured for all purposes of this Indenture and the Company, the Trustee and the holders of the Securities of such series shall be restored to their former positions and rights hereunder, respectively; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or impair any right consequent thereon. Section 6.07 Undertaking to Pay Costs. All parties to this Indenture agree, and each holder of any Securities by such holder’s acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may in its discretion require, in any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or in any suit against the Trustee for any action taken or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, against any party litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder, or group of Securityholders, holding more than 10% in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series, or to any suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security of such series, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this Indenture. CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE Section 7.01 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee. (1) The Trustee, prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing of all Events of Default with respect to the Securities of that series that may have occurred, shall undertake to perform with respect to the Securities of such series such duties and only such duties as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants shall be read into this Indenture against the Trustee. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred (that has not been cured or waived), the Trustee shall exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent person would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of such person’s own affairs. (2) No provision of this Indenture shall be construed to relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act, or its own willful misconduct, except that: (a) prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing or waiving of all such Events of Default with respect to that series that may have occurred: (A) the duties and obligations of the Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of such series be determined solely by the express provisions of this Indenture, and the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to the Securities of such series except for the performance of such duties and obligations as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this Indenture against the Trustee; and (B) in the absence of willful misconduct on the part of the Trustee, the Trustee may with respect to the Securities of such series conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements and the correctness of the opinions expressed therein, upon any certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming to the requirements of this Indenture; but in the case of any such certificates or opinions that by any provision hereof are specifically required to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform to the requirements of this Indenture; (b) the Trustee shall not be liable for any error of judgment made in good faith by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the Trustee was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts; (c) the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee under this Indenture with respect to the Securities of that series; and (d) none of the provisions contained in this Indenture shall require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial liability in the performance of any of its duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers if there is reasonable ground for believing that the repayment of such funds or liability is not reasonably assured to it under the terms of this Indenture or adequate indemnity against such risk is not reasonably assured to it. Section 7.02 Certain Rights of Trustee. Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01: (1) The Trustee may rely and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval, bond, security or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties; (2) Any request, direction, order or demand of the Company mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Board Resolution or an instrument signed in the name of the Company by any authorized officer of the Company (unless other evidence in respect thereof is specifically prescribed herein); (3) The Trustee may consult with counsel and the written advice of such counsel or, if requested, any Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken or suffered or omitted hereunder in good faith and in reliance thereon; (4) The Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction of any of the Securityholders pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee reasonable security or indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities that may be incurred therein or thereby; nothing contained herein shall, however, relieve the Trustee of the obligation, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to a series of the Securities (that has not been cured or waived), to exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and to use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs; (5) The Trustee shall not be liable for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within the discretion or rights or powers conferred upon it by this Indenture; (6) The Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval, bond, security, or other papers or documents, unless requested in writing so to do by the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of the particular series affected thereby (determined as provided in Section 8.04); provided, however, that if the payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities likely to be incurred by it in the making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee, not reasonably assured to the Trustee by the security afforded to it by the terms of this Indenture, the Trustee may require reasonable indemnity against such costs, expenses or liabilities as a condition to so proceeding. The reasonable expense of every such examination shall be paid by the Company or, if paid by the Trustee, shall be repaid by the Company upon demand; (7) The Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys and the Trustee shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any agent or attorney appointed with due care by it hereunder; (8) In no event shall the Trustee be responsible or liable for any failure or delay in the performance of its obligations hereunder arising out of or caused by, directly or indirectly, forces beyond its control, including, without limitation, strikes, work stoppages, accidents, acts of war or terrorism, civil or military disturbances, nuclear or natural catastrophes or acts of God, and interruptions, loss or malfunctions of utilities, communications or computer (software and hardware) services; it being understood that the Trustee shall use reasonable efforts which are consistent with accepted practices in the banking industry to resume performance as soon as practicable under the circumstances; (9) In no event shall the Trustee be responsible or liable for special, indirect, or consequential loss or damage of any kind whatsoever (including, but not limited to, loss of profit) irrespective of whether the Trustee has been advised of the likelihood of such loss or damage and regardless of the form of action; and (10) The Trustee agrees to accept and act upon instructions or directions pursuant to this Indenture sent by unsecured e-mail, facsimile transmission or other similar unsecured electronic methods; provided, however, that (a) the party providing such written instructions, subsequent to such transmission of written instructions, shall provide the originally executed instructions or directions to the Trustee in a timely manner, and (b) such originally executed instructions or directions shall be signed by an authorized representative of the party providing such instructions or directions. If the party elects to give the Trustee e-mail or facsimile instructions (or instructions by a similar electronic method) and the Trustee in its discretion elects to act upon such instructions, the Trustee’s understanding of such instructions shall be deemed controlling. The Trustee shall not be liable for any losses, costs or expenses arising directly or indirectly from the Trustee’s reliance upon and compliance with such instructions notwithstanding such instructions conflict or are inconsistent with a subsequent written instruction. The party providing electronic instructions agrees to assume all risks arising out of the use of such electronic methods to submit instructions and directions to the Trustee, including without limitation the risk of the Trustee acting on unauthorized instructions, and the risk or interception and misuse by third parties. In addition, the Trustee shall not be deemed to have knowledge of any Default or Event of Default until the Trustee shall have received written notification in the manner set forth in this Indenture or a Responsible Officer of the Trustee shall have obtained actual knowledge. Section 7.03 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities. (1) The recitals contained herein and in the Securities shall be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for the correctness of the same. (2) The Trustee makes no representations as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities. (3) The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Company of any of the Securities or of the proceeds of such Securities, or for the use or application of any moneys paid over by the Trustee in accordance with any provision of this Indenture or established pursuant to Section 2.01, or for the use or application of any moneys received by any paying agent other than the Trustee. Section 7.04 May Hold Securities. The Trustee or any paying agent or Security Registrar, in its individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Securities with the same rights it would have if it were not Trustee, paying agent or Security Registrar. Section 7.05 Moneys Held in Trust. Subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, all moneys received by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be held in trust for the purposes for which they were received, but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law. The Trustee shall be under no liability for interest on any moneys received by it hereunder except such as it may agree with the Company to pay thereon. Section 7.06 Compensation and Reimbursement. (1) The Company covenants and agrees to pay to the Trustee, and the Trustee shall be entitled to, such reasonable compensation (which shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard to the compensation of a trustee of an express trust) as the Company and the Trustee may from time to time agree in writing, for all services rendered by it in the execution of the trusts hereby created and in the exercise and performance of any of the powers and duties hereunder of the Trustee, and, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, the Company will pay or reimburse the Trustee upon its request for all reasonable and documented expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Trustee in accordance with any of the provisions of this Indenture (including the reasonable and documented fees and the expenses and disbursements of its counsel and of all Persons not regularly in its employ), except any such expense, disbursement or advance as may arise from its negligence or willful misconduct and except as the Company and Trustee may from time to time agree in writing. The Company also covenants to indemnify the Trustee (and its officers, agents, directors and employees) for, and to hold it harmless against, any documented loss, liability or expense incurred without negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Trustee and arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of this trust, including the reasonable costs and expenses of defending itself against any claim of liability in the premises. (2) The obligations of the Company under this Section to compensate and indemnify the Trustee and to pay or reimburse the Trustee for reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances shall constitute indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities are subordinated. Such additional indebtedness shall be secured by a lien prior to that of the Securities upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held in trust for the benefit of the holders of particular Securities. (3) To ensure the Company’s payment obligations in this Section, the Trustee shall have a lien prior to the Securities on all funds or property held or collected by the Trustee, except that held in trust to pay principal of or interest on particular Securities. When the Trustee incurs expenses or renders services in connection with an Event of Default specified in Section 6.01(1)(d) or Section 6.01(1)(e), the expenses (including the reasonable fees and expenses of its counsel) and the compensation for services in connection therewith are to constitute expenses of administration under any bankruptcy law. The provisions of this Section 7.06 shall survive the termination of this Indenture and the resignation or removal of the Trustee. Section 7.07 Reliance on Officer’s Certificate. Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01, whenever in the administration of the provisions of this Indenture the Trustee shall deem it reasonably necessary or desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting to take any action hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Trustee, be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officer’s Certificate delivered to the Trustee and such certificate, in the absence of negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the Trustee for any action taken, suffered or omitted to be taken by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof. Section 7.08 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests. If the Trustee has or shall acquire any “conflicting interest” within the meaning of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee and the Company shall in all respects comply with the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. Section 7.09 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility. There shall at all times be a Trustee with respect to the Securities issued hereunder which shall at all times be a corporation organized and doing business under the laws of the United States of America or any state or territory thereof or of the District of Columbia, or a corporation or other Person permitted to act as trustee by the Commission, authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust powers, having a combined capital and surplus of at least fifty million U.S. dollars ($50,000,000), and subject to supervision or examination by federal, state, territorial, or District of Columbia authority. If such corporation or other Person publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of the aforesaid supervising or examining authority, then for the purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus of such corporation or other Person shall be deemed to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. The Company may not, nor may any Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Company, serve as Trustee. In case at any time the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall resign immediately in the manner and with the effect specified in Section 7.10. Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor. (1) The Trustee or any successor hereafter appointed may at any time resign with respect to the Securities of one or more series by giving written notice thereof to the Company and by transmitting notice of resignation by electronic mail, or by first class postage prepaid mail, to the Securityholders of such series, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Company shall promptly appoint a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the successor trustee. If no successor trustee shall have been so appointed and have accepted appointment within 30 days after the mailing of such notice of resignation, the resigning Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series, or any Securityholder of that series who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any such court for the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint a successor trustee. (2) In case at any time any one of the following shall occur: (a) the Trustee shall fail to comply with the provisions of Section 7.08 after written request therefor by the Company or by any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months; or (b) the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section 7.09 and shall fail to resign after written request therefor by the Company or by any such Securityholder; or (c) the Trustee shall become incapable of acting, or shall be adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent, or commence a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding, or a receiver of the Trustee or of its property shall be appointed or consented to, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation; then, in any such case, the Company may remove the Trustee with respect to all Securities and appoint a successor trustee by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and one copy to the successor trustee, or any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may, on behalf of that holder and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, remove the Trustee and appoint a successor trustee. (3) The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the Trustee with respect to such series by so notifying the Trustee and the Company and may appoint a successor Trustee for such series with the consent of the Company. (4) Any resignation or removal of the Trustee and appointment of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of a series pursuant to any of the provisions of this Section shall become effective upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section 7.11. (5) Any successor trustee appointed pursuant to this Section may be appointed with respect to the Securities of one or more series or all of such series, and at any time there shall be only one Trustee with respect to the Securities of any particular series. Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor. (1) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to all Securities, every such successor trustee so appointed shall execute, acknowledge and deliver to the Company and to the retiring Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such successor trustee all the rights, powers, and trusts of the retiring Trustee and shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder. (2) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Company, the retiring Trustee and each successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more series shall execute and deliver an indenture supplemental hereto wherein each successor trustee shall accept such appointment and which (i) shall contain such provisions as shall be necessary or desirable to transfer and confirm to, and to vest in, each successor trustee all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates, (ii) shall contain such provisions as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series as to which the retiring Trustee is not retiring shall continue to be vested in the retiring Trustee, and (iii) shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts hereunder by more than one Trustee, it being understood that nothing herein or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute such Trustees co-trustees of the same trust, that each such Trustee shall be trustee of a trust or trusts hereunder separate and apart from any trust or trusts hereunder administered by any other such Trustee and that no Trustee shall be responsible for any act or failure to act on the part of any other Trustee hereunder; and upon the execution and delivery of such supplemental indenture the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective to the extent provided therein, such retiring Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates have no further responsibility for the exercise of rights and powers or for the performance of the duties and obligations vested in the Trustee under this Indenture, and each such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates; but, on request of the Company or any successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee, to the extent contemplated by such supplemental indenture, the property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates. (3) Upon request of any such successor trustee, the Company shall execute any and all instruments for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor trustee all such rights, powers and trusts referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section, as the case may be. (4) No successor trustee shall accept its appointment unless at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee shall be qualified and eligible under this Article. (5) Upon acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee as provided in this Section, the Company shall transmit notice of the succession of such trustee hereunder by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. If the Company fails to transmit such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall cause such notice to be transmitted at the expense of the Company. Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business. Any corporation into which the Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated, or any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to the corporate trust business of the Trustee, including the administration of the trust created by this Indenture, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder, provided that such corporation shall be qualified under the provisions of Section 7.08 and eligible under the provisions of Section 7.09, without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding. In case any Securities shall have been authenticated, but not delivered, by the Trustee then in office, any successor by merger, conversion or consolidation to such authenticating Trustee may adopt such authentication and deliver the Securities so authenticated with the same effect as if such successor Trustee had itself authenticated such Securities. Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company. The Trustee shall comply with Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act, excluding any creditor relationship described in Section 311(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. A Trustee who has resigned or been removed shall be subject to Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act to the extent included therein. Section 7.14 Notice of Default If any Event of Default occurs and is continuing and if such Event of Default is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee, the Trustee shall send to each Securityholder in the manner and to the extent provided in Section 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act notice of the Event of Default within the earlier of 90 days after it occurs and 30 days after it is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee or written notice of it is received by the Trustee, unless such Event of Default has been cured; provided, however, that, except in the case of a default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security, the Trustee shall be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee or a trust committee of directors and/or Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determine that the withholding of such notice is in the interest of the Securityholders. CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS Section 8.01 Evidence of Action by Securityholders. Whenever in this Indenture it is provided that the holders of a majority or specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series may take any action (including the making of any demand or request, the giving of any notice, consent or waiver or the taking of any other action), the fact that at the time of taking any such action the holders of such majority or specified percentage of that series have joined therein may be evidenced by any instrument or any number of instruments of similar tenor executed by such holders of Securities of that series in person or by agent or proxy appointed in writing. If the Company shall solicit from the Securityholders of any series any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, the Company may, at its option, as evidenced by an Officer’s Certificate, fix in advance a record date for such series for the determination of Securityholders entitled to give such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, but the Company shall have no obligation to do so. If such a record date is fixed, such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action may be given before or after the record date, but only the Securityholders of record at the close of business on the record date shall be deemed to be Securityholders for the purposes of determining whether Securityholders of the requisite proportion of Outstanding Securities of that series have authorized or agreed or consented to such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, and for that purpose the Outstanding Securities of that series shall be computed as of the record date; provided, however, that no such authorization, agreement or consent by such Securityholders on the record date shall be deemed effective unless it shall become effective pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture not later than six months after the record date. Section 8.02 Proof of Execution by Securityholders. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, proof of the execution of any instrument by a Securityholder (such proof will not require notarization) or his agent or proxy and proof of the holding by any Person of any of the Securities shall be sufficient if made in the following manner: (1) The fact and date of the execution by any such Person of any instrument may be proved in any reasonable manner acceptable to the Trustee. (2) The ownership of Securities shall be proved by the Security Register of such Securities or by a certificate of the Security Registrar thereof. The Trustee may require such additional proof of any matter referred to in this Section as it shall deem necessary. Section 8.03 Who May be Deemed Owners. Prior to the due presentment for registration of transfer of any Security, the Company, the Trustee, any paying agent and any Security Registrar may deem and treat the Person in whose name such Security shall be registered upon the books of the Company as the absolute owner of such Security (whether or not such Security shall be overdue and notwithstanding any notice of ownership or writing thereon made by anyone other than the Security Registrar) for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account of the principal of, premium, if any, and (subject to Section 2.03) interest on such Security and for all other purposes; and neither the Company nor the Trustee nor any paying agent nor any Security Registrar shall be affected by any notice to the contrary. Section 8.04 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded. In determining whether the holders of the requisite aggregate principal amount of Securities of a particular series have concurred in any direction, consent or waiver under this Indenture, the Securities of that series that are owned by the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series or by any Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under common control with the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except that for the purpose of determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only Securities of such series that the Trustee actually knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. The Securities so owned that have been pledged in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding for the purposes of this Section, if the pledgee shall establish to the satisfaction of the Trustee the pledgee’s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not a Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Company or any such other obligor. In case of a dispute as to such right, any decision by the Trustee taken upon the advice of counsel shall be full protection to the Trustee. Section 8.05 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders. At any time prior to (but not after) the evidencing to the Trustee, as provided in Section 8.01, of the taking of any action by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action, any holder of a Security of that series that is shown by the evidence to be included in the Securities the holders of which have consented to such action may, by filing written notice with the Trustee, and upon proof of holding as provided in Section 8.02, revoke such action so far as concerns such Security. Except as aforesaid any such action taken by the holder of any Security shall be conclusive and binding upon such holder and upon all future holders and owners of such Security, and of any Security issued in exchange therefor, on registration of transfer thereof or in place thereof, irrespective of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon such Security. Any action taken by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Company, the Trustee and the holders of all the Securities of that series. SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES Section 9.01 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders. In addition to any supplemental indenture otherwise authorized by this Indenture, the Company and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect), without the consent of the Securityholders, for one or more of the following purposes: (1) to cure any ambiguity, defect, or inconsistency herein or in the Securities of any series; (2) to comply with Article Ten; (3) to provide for uncertificated Securities in addition to or in place of certificated Securities; (4) to add to the covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions relating to the Company for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of Securities (and if such covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions are to be for the benefit of less than all series of Securities, stating that such covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions are expressly being included solely for the benefit of such series), to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an Event of Default, or to surrender any right or power herein conferred upon the Company; (5) to add to, delete from, or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication, and delivery of Securities, as herein set forth; (6) to make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any Securityholder in any material respect; (7) to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the Securities of any series as provided in Section 2.01, to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of this Indenture or any series of Securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of Securities; (8) to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee; or (9) to comply with any requirements of the Commission or any successor in connection with the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act. The Trustee is hereby authorized to join with the Company in the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations that may be therein contained, but the Trustee shall not be obligated to enter into any such supplemental indenture that affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise. Any supplemental indenture authorized by the provisions of this Section may be executed by the Company and the Trustee without the consent of the holders of any of the Securities at the time Outstanding, notwithstanding any of the provisions of Section 9.02. Section 9.02 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders. With the consent (evidenced as provided in Section 8.01) of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of each series affected by such supplemental indenture or indentures at the time Outstanding, the Company, when authorized by a Board Resolution, and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect) for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner not covered by Section 9.01 the rights of the holders of the Securities of such series under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture shall, without the consent of the holders of each Security then Outstanding and affected thereby, (a) extend the fixed maturity of any Securities of any series, or reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest thereon, or reduce any premium payable upon the redemption thereof or (b) reduce the aforesaid percentage of Securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any such supplemental indenture. It shall not be necessary for the consent of the Securityholders of any series affected thereby under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it shall be sufficient if such consent shall approve the substance thereof. Section 9.03 Effect of Supplemental Indentures. Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, this Indenture shall, with respect to such series, be and be deemed to be modified and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations, duties and immunities under this Indenture of the Trustee, the Company and the holders of Securities of the series affected thereby shall thereafter be determined, exercised and enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms and conditions of any such supplemental indenture shall be and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture for any and all purposes. Section 9.04 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures. Securities of any series affected by a supplemental indenture, authenticated and delivered after the execution of such supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, may bear a notation in form approved by the Company, provided such form meets the requirements of any securities exchange upon which such series may be listed, as to any matter provided for in such supplemental indenture. If the Company shall so determine, new Securities of that series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, to any modification of this Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Company, authenticated by the Trustee and delivered in exchange for the Securities of that series then Outstanding. Section 9.05 Execution of Supplemental Indentures. Upon the request of the Company, accompanied by its Board Resolutions authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence of the consent of Securityholders required to consent thereto as aforesaid, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the execution of such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture affects the Trustee’s own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion but shall not be obligated to enter into such supplemental indenture. The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, shall receive an Officer’s Certificate or an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article is authorized or permitted by the terms of this Article and that all conditions precedent to the execution of the supplemental indenture have been complied with; provided, however, that such Officer’s Certificate or Opinion of Counsel need not be provided in connection with the execution of a supplemental indenture that establishes the terms of a series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof. Promptly after the execution by the Company and the Trustee of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Company shall (or shall direct the Trustee to) transmit by electronic mail, or by first class postage prepaid mail, a notice, setting forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture, to the Securityholders of all series affected thereby as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Any failure of the Company to mail, or cause the mailing of, such notice, or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture. SUCCESSOR ENTITY Section 10.01 Company May Consolidate, Etc. Nothing contained in this Indenture shall prevent any consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company) or successive consolidations or mergers in which the Company or its successor or successors shall be a party or parties, or shall prevent any sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition of the property of the Company or its successor or successors as an entirety, or substantially as an entirety, to any other corporation (whether or not affiliated with the Company or its successor or successors) authorized to acquire and operate the same; provided, however, (a) the Company hereby covenants and agrees that, upon any such consolidation or merger (in each case, if the Company is not the survivor of such transaction), sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, the due and punctual payment of the principal of (premium, if any) and interest on all of the Securities of all series in accordance with the terms of each series, according to their tenor, a

Retirement Benefits [Abstract] EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS The Company has a 401(k) defined contribution plan which permits participating employees in the United States to defer up to a maximum of 90% of their compensation, subject to limitations established by the Internal Revenue Service. Employees age 21 and older are eligible to contribute to the plan starting the first day of the following month of employment. Participating employees are eligible to receive discretionary matching contributions and profit sharing, subject to certain conditions, from the Company. In 2018 and 2017, the Company matched employee deferral contributions up to 4.5% of salary, which vested 100% immediately. No profit sharing has been paid under the plan. The Company recorded compensation expense of $87,000 and $101,000 for 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to its matching contributions to the plan. Certain of the Company’s employees located outside the United States participate in employee benefit plans that are statutory in nature. Name: us-gaap_CompensationAndRetirementDisclosureAbstract The entire disclosure for pension and other postretirement benefits. Name: us-gaap_PensionAndOtherPostretirementBenefitsDisclosureTextBlock

Download as PDF February 01, 2023 HONG KONG, Feb. 01, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Natural Health Trends Corp. (NASDAQ: NHTC), a leading direct-selling and e-commerce company that markets premium quality personal care, wellness, and “quality of life” products under the NHT Global brand, today announced the Company will report its financial results for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2022 on Wednesday, February 8, 2023 at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time. Chris Sharng, Natural Health Trends’ President, and Scott Davidson, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, will host a conference call to discuss the fourth quarter 2022 financial results on the same day at 11:30 a.m. Eastern Time. The details for the conference call can be found below. Fourth Quarter 2022 Financial Results Conference Call Time: 11:30 a.m. Eastern Time / 8:30 a.m. Pacific Time Dial-in: 1-877-407-0789 (Domestic) Conference ID: 13735133 Webcast: https://viavid.webcasts.com/starthere.jsp?ei=1590879&tp_key=3af4576222 Replay: For those unable to participate during the live broadcast, a replay of the call will also be available from 2:30 p.m. Eastern Time on February 8, 2023 through 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on February 22, 2023 by dialing 1-844-512-2921 (domestic) and 1-412-317-6671 (international) and referencing the replay pin number: 13735133. About Natural Health Trends Corp. Natural Health Trends Corp. (NASDAQ: NHTC) is an international direct-selling and e-commerce company operating through its subsidiaries throughout Asia, the Americas, and Europe. The Company markets premium quality personal care products under the NHT Global brand. Additional information can be found on the Company’s website at www.naturalhealthtrendscorp.com. Scott Davidson Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Natural Health Trends Corp. Tel (Hong Kong): +852-3107-0800 Tel (U.S.): 310-541-0888 investor.relations@nhtglobal.com Source: Natural Health Trends Corp. Released February 1, 2023

Physical EducationFacultyWOI-FM Published on Aug 04, 2021 Forker, Barbara E. by Dr. Janice Ann Beran and Christine E. King Published onAug 04, 2021 (August 28, 1920 – May 31, 2010) Barbara E. Forker, greatly respected professor and administrator, was a quintessential physical education professional. Forker in 1955. Source: Iowa State University Library’s online exhibition “People of Distinction” https://digital.lib.iastate.edu/online-exhibits/iowa-state-sesquicentennial/people-of-distinction/barbara-forker Forker started her career as a physical education instructor first at Garfield Elementary School from 1942-1944 and then Roosevelt High School from 1944-1945, both in Wyandotte, Michigan. She served in the American Red Cross in Europe from 1945 to 1947, mostly in France and Germany setting up recreational activities for servicemen, before joining Iowa State College (now Iowa State University) as a temporary instructor in 1948. She was promoted to Assistant Professor in 1949 and remained at the university until she retired in 1986. By 1957 she was a full Professor, and became Head of what was then the Women’s Physical Education Department in which she developed a physical education major for women. When the separate men’s and women’s physical education departments were merged in 1974 to form the Department of Physical Education in 1974, Forker became its first Head, a groundbreaking achievement at that time. She was a strong proponent of Title IX, and this was a momentous illustration of growing equality in the field. She held the Head position until 1986 when she retired. Recognized both nationally and internationally for her high standards, she was credited with changing the way society views the field of Physical Education. She helped set the standards and challenged professionals through the many invited speeches she delivered to professional groups in the state, district, nation and internationally. Forker taught the history, philosophy and psychology of physical education, but she also provided instruction in many different sports including tennis, golf, swimming, badminton and bowling. She ran outreach activities such as high school workshop days with activities such as archery and gymnastics. A popular teacher she received the Outstanding Teaching award in 1963. In 1978 she was named Distinguished Professor of Education. Beyond her professional teaching Forker gave hundreds of speeches and presentations including talks for the Homemaker’s Half Hour which aired over WOI radio from the late 1940s through the early 1960s. She spoke on a wide variety of topics related to various sports, physical education, and leisure activities she was personally interested in. In recognition of her substantial contributions to the profession and her visionary leadership skills, she was elected President of the American Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (AAHPER) in 1973. She was an invited speaker and spokesperson representing the United States at the International Council of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. The topics on which she spoke to international professional groups apprised the international community about Physical Education programs in the United States – topics such as "Philosophies in Women's Sports" in Indonesia, "Development of Intercollegiate Sports for Women" in Taiwan and "Implementation of the UNESCO Charter of Physical Education and Sport in Advancing Programs for Physical Education" in Tehran, Iran. Barbara did not shy from challenging tasks. Following her successful AAHPER presidency she led the very large national professional group through a complete reorganization. She was then asked to lead the implementation of that plan, an extremely difficult task which required deep understanding of individual perspectives, a high degree of tact and the art of negotiation. Barbara had been practicing these skills through many endeavors as department Head. Those challenges were as varied as complying with the new Title IX planning with faculty and convincing the university administration and eventually the Iowa legislature that a new Physical Education Building (PEB) was needed. That state-of-the-art building was dedicated in 1973. In the 1960's during the Vietnam War and student activism era, students were using the area adjacent to the tennis courts (later dubbed Skin Hill) for sun bathing and romancing. Barbara contended that this inappropriate behavior was embarrassing to students going to their tennis classes. She forbade it, was 'pilloried' in the press and received no support from the university administration in that decision (though many secretly supported her). She was a pacesetter in many ways. One of the most recognized was the successful 1972 merger of two Education programs - Physical Education for Men and Physical and Education for Women. ISU's merger was the first in the nation. The men in the new department learned to appreciate her high expectations and standards. It was recognized as one of the leading departments in the nation. Source: University Archives, Iowa State University Library In 1997 the Physical Education Building was renamed the Barbara E. Forker Building in honor of her decades of outstanding academic leadership in the university and nation. At the dedication, speakers highlighted her contributions. It was noted that "students were the center of her universe" and that she had a special relationship with them. An alumna shared her remembrance that "Around Dr. Forker we were always on our best behavior and tried to meet her expectation that we maintain a healthy appearance and dress professionally.” The awards Barbara received testify to her leadership. In 1963 she was selected by Iowa State University students as an Outstanding Teacher. In 1984 she received the most prestigious award of her profession, the Luther Gulick Award. Ten years later she was named a Distinguished Alumna of Eastern Michigan and in 1994 received the University of Michigan Kinesiology Alumna Achievement recognition. She was included in Foremost Women of the 20th Century. In addition to the national and international awards, she was accorded many state and regional awards. The United States Olympic Committee (USOC), noting her exemplary leadership and fine relations with athletic coaches and physical education professionals, asked United States President Gerald Ford to appoint her to that decision making body. During her tenure from 1977-1984, a major issue was the USA's relatively poor performance in the games and whether professionals should be allowed to participate. She was soon elected to the four-member USOC Executive Council and in 1984 chaired the international Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress in Corvallis, Oregon attended by hundreds of sport scientists from around the world. Barbara volunteered in her home community and the university. Early in her ISU career she was particularly active in aquatics. Her first teaching assignments included swimming instruction and she was the advisor for Naiads, the university synchronized swim club. She taught water safety courses for the Red Cross. She was a board member for the American Heart Association and was at one time chair. In her early years she was a member of the Governor's Council on Physical Fitness. As the long-time department head she was a member or chaired many college and university committees and in her early retirement, lent her time and wisdom to the Memorial Union Board of Directors, the College of Education Development Committee and the ISU Foundation Board. In summary, Barbara was a thoughtful and gentle organizer who spent a large part of her career suggesting that ideas are as important as actions and that people are more important than structures. At the dedication of the Forker Building, speakers described her as a considerate leader who gave her unbiased attention to the basic tenets of fairness and democratic processes that accorded a wisdom displayed during moments of crisis. Later, when asked about the building naming she exclaimed "Isn't awful? I still have trouble getting the words out of my mouth." She was humble and credited the twenty faculty who had a major role in designing the state-of-the-art building and the architects who were responsive to the plans. At that same dedication in 1973 she told the attendees, "The building was designed and programmed to house a department whose major goal is to improve quality of life. . . physical education experience engages the whole person. . .the study of the art and science of movement is so important for the expression and perception of human movement." Barbara E. Forker was born August 28, 1920 in Kendallville, Indiana and died on May 31, 2010 in Green Valley, Arizona where she lived in retirement. She earned her Bachelor of Science at Eastern Michigan University in 1942, her Master of Science degree from Iowa State and in 1957 her PhD at University of Michigan. Forker is interred in the Iowa State University Cemetery. There are extensive materials in the Barbara Ellen Forker papers in the Iowa State Special Collections and University Archives. These consist of biographical materials, correspondence, panel discussions, papers and speeches, coursework and teaching materials, professional organization work, Olympic activities, scrapbooks, photographs, and artifacts such as awards, plaques and medals. An informative memorial article about Forker’s career by Sharon Van Oteghen and Allys Swanson was published in the Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 81 (7): 3-8. Iowa State University Library’s online exhibition “People of Distinction” https://digital.lib.iastate.edu/online-exhibits/iowa-state-sesquicentennial/people-of-distinction/barbara-forker

Top 5 Asian Romantic stories to Watch This Summer A romantic message has the potential being incredibly moving and important. It can reveal beauty of love as well as the strength that will come from it. It can train us it does not matter where we have or what our background is, we can find love if we just try. There are a lot of ways to tell a romantic movie story. Some are based on reality, while others occur in fantastical configurations. The one thing that every one of these content have in common can be described as deep take pleasure in and dedication between the characters. The Star of Daragang Magayon This story is actually a beautiful history of how love can expand even inside the most unlikely conditions. It’s about how exactly a young woman named Daragang Magayon became adoringly obsessed with Panganoron, a fundamental from the Tagalog region. This individual rescued her from too much water and their relationship started. When ever her dad asked her to marry him, she hesitantly arranged but soon realized your lover couldn’t live without him. She hidden her husband with his body system and to pay tribute to their appreciate, a volcano grew from other graves. Asexual Enchantment This asexuado romance is great for fans of romances that feature non-asexual people, especially if you happen to be looking for something which doesn’t have the standard “he really loves her and she really loves him back” premise. It also explores asexuality from a healthy, lovely perspective that isn’t necessarily overly sexualized. It’s a good you to definitely watch if you’re looking for a like story that tackles mental health, but is still sweet and fun to watch. It’s not a fairly easy thing to do, but it could be one that this movie will incredibly very well. As the first all-Asian cast and director considering that the Joy Chance Club, there is a lot traveling on this film. It needs to succeed, and it needs to prove that minority groups have the ability to produce top quality films. Nevertheless beyond a whirlwind romance between two attractive and hot lead heroes, it could be also a great empowering film about cultural differences and navigating the world of privilege. It’s a great summertime escape that is worth shopping. An individual Spring Night This coming-of-age drama is a fantastic one to observe if you’re looking to get some fun and watch a like story that isn’t also cheesy or predictable. The romance in this film isn’t overly challenging, but the two main personas do confront some challenging https://asiansbrides.com/burmese-brides/ obstacles along the way. It may be also a cultural drama with a few serious concerns covered, thus it’s a bit more complex than some of the various other K-dramas on this list. Afi is known as a Ghanaian young lady navigating a patriarchal contemporary culture and trying to find like in a customs that doesn’t recognize females. She has a talent intended for sewing besides making the most of the usb ports, but her family doesn’t appreciate it. She’s a happy-go-lucky child, but this wounderful woman has her occasions when she’s down. This asian allure is about the strength and resilience that originates from being in a difficult problem, while exhibiting us what sort of strong gal can come on top.

janeaustenrunsmylife Tag Archives: Andrew Davies January 28, 2023 by L. The Making of Pride and Prejudice (1995) Happy 210th birthday to Pride and Prejudice To celebrate this anniversary, I have decided to review a Pride and Prejudice themed book, film, or item at least once a month throughout the year. One thing I decided to do was finally review Pride and Prejudice (1995) I was originally going to wait for its 30th anniversary but decided, why wait? But before I can review the episodes, I decided to first read and review The Making of Pride and Prejudice (1995), a book that was included with my special DVD box set. The Making of Pride and Prejudice by Sue Britwistle & Susie Conklin What I found extremely interesting was that the spark to creating one of the best adaptions of Jane Austen all came about due to Northanger Abbey. Isn’t that cute? Sue Bristwhistle (producer) and Andrew Davies (writer) were watching a screening of one of the worst Jane Austen adaptions, Northanger Abbey (1986), when Andrew Davies broached the topic of creating a filmed version was the catalyst to one of the mose beloved Jane Austen adaptions. Although it wasn’t easy. The book begins with Sue Bristwhistle sharing how it took quite a bit of time to garner the interest and how they had to face off against people who didn’t think it would come out well. I really enjoyed this book as it is extremely detailed from every step of creating it: scriptwriting, casting, costumes, locations, editing, makeup, filming, food, editing, sound mixing, PR, etc. It’s really worth it for any Austen fan and Pride and Prejudice (1995) fan. There were a few things I absolutely enjoyed reading in this book. First Andrew Davies thoughts on writing the script. He has said that he loved the book, it was one of his favorites and you can see how much he adores it and is a fan in this. I love how he points out the cleverness of Austen’s writing and how great she is at plotting her works. “Because the book [Pride and Prejudice] is so tight – her [Jane Austen’s] plot works just like a Swiss clock and doesn’t have any flabby bits in it – everything counts.” -Andrew Davies in “The Script” from The Making of Pride and Prejudice I feel like most studios struggle with this when it comes to adapting Jane Austen works and this seems to be the biggest complaint Austen fans make about the adaptions. Studios slice too much and important plot points are lost, characters are nonexistent, and crucial scenes of the novels are now flat in the film. I do feel that this is something that makes this adaptions superior to many others, Andrew Davies really loved the original work and did his most to try and keep Austen’s spirit; while at the same time trying to make sure he had something that would appeal to all viewers. One thing I really appreciate is that Davies wanted to give us a view into the men of the novel and as to what they think and do. With a novel you have more leeway to have a mysterious character, fully based on what our main characters view then as; but in a TV show most people want to know more about these people and who they are if they are planning to come back every week to watch. Also the Pemberley diving in scene is such a crucial scene to understanding and. Darcy we we finally see him wiping away the structures of society and instead being able to really “be” himself.” And of course has been a fan favorite. The casting chapter I also found very interesting as it is so important to find the right people for period pieces. “So we were looking for wit, charm and charisma, but also for the ability to “play” that period. Some people simply can’t do it; everything about them is too modern. It’s a difficult thing to analyse; there are a lot of good young actors and actresses around, but they are just very twentieth-century and don’t have the right sort of grace. I don’t think that can be instilled any more than you can train someone to be funny.” -Janie Forthegill in “Pre-Production” from The Making of Pride and Prejudice I 100 percent agree. I feel like this a problem today where studios hire people who the think will draw views, even though they just don’t work for the drama. They look or act too modern and make everything feel out of place. Colin Firth had to dye his hair because he is a blonde, I’m surprised as he looks so good with dark hair. One of my favorite parts was on the costuming. It was so interesting to read how they had to make all the costumes and get the prints designed and printed on the fabric. A lot of clothes from the previous adaptations were in terrible condition or didn’t work. It was absolutely fascinating and makes sense why the clothes are constantly reused by the studio. Elizabeth Bennet There is a section with Colin Firth where he describes his journey to the role and experiences filing and I loved it! In fact it reminded me of my own journey to Jane Austen. I also find it interesting that Firth felt he wasn’t sexy enough when comparing himself to Laurence Olivier. He was extremely afraid everyone would just compare the two and find him lacking. It’s amazing to think of when Olivier isn’t as remembered as Colin Firth. It’s like he threw down a reverse UNO. I highly recommend this for any Austen fans as I think you will really enjoy it, especially if you love the 1995 adaption. For more on the making of an Austen film, go to The Sense and Sensibility Screenplay and Diaries For more Pride and Prejudice, go to Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice: A Book-to-Table Classic by Martha Stewart For more nonfiction, go to Jane Austen (Little People, BIG DREAMS) For more Colin Firth, go to Modesto Jane Con: Defining the Definitive Darcy and Lizzie Posted in Pride and Prejudice Tagged Andrew Davies, Austenite, Based on Jane Austen, Book, Book Lover, Books, Catherine Morland, Colin Firth, Elizabeth Bennet, Fitzwilliam Darcy, Great Reader, Jane Austen, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, Jane Bennet, Jennifer Ehle, Love Reading, M, Mr. Bingley, Mr. Collins, Mr. Darcy, non-fiction, Pride & Prejudice, Pride and Prejudice, Pride and Prejudice (1995), Read, Sue Bristwhistle, The Making of Pride and Prejudice, The Making of Pride and Prejudice (1995) Magical Matcha Latte My Week (Really a Fortnight) with Jane: Part II Marrying Mr. Darcy Card Game Undead Expansion Pack Review Longbourn’s Songbird Spill the Tea: B & B (Bakery and Boba) Rebecca is Like Northanger Abbey’s Great Grandchild L.O.V.E. 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10 Movies From Sight and Sound’s Top 100 That Are Under 90 Minutes The Sight and Sound Greatest Films of All Time poll is held every 10 years, and aims to determine a Top 100 list of films based on approximately 1600 movie critics and academics. Every 10 years, there are naturally some films that rise up the list, some that fall down, and others that either appear suddenly or find themselves cut. Part of Citizen Kane’s reputation came from the fact it topped the list for 50 years, though Vertigo replaced it in 2012, and then Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles took the top spot in 2022. RELATED: Movies That IMDb Doesn’t Consider Comedies, But Are Surprisingly Funny Given Citizen Kane and Vertigo hover around two hours in length, and Jeanne Dielman exceeds three hours, you might be forgiven for assuming the polled critics prefer longer films. In reality, films of all lengths are considered for the poll, with a few short films cracking the list, and numerous feature films under 90 minutes appearing there too. The following are some of the best under-90-minute films on the Sight & Sound poll, for any curious film buffs who may be strapped for time. 10 ‘Modern Times’ (1936) Charlie Chaplin’s greatest film – or at least one of them – might have to be Modern Times. It was his last silent film, though with some limited dialogue here and there, it’s arguably not 100% silent… but ultimately, its story about technology changing the world can be seen as a comment on the advent of sound changing cinema. Like many Chaplin films, it’s got a simple but engaging story, and features plenty of timeless humor that’s also well-balanced with heartfelt emotional content. Another Chaplin classic, City Lights, is also featured on the Sight & Sound Top 100 from 2022, and coincidentally, both clock in at just under an hour and a half, at 87 minutes each. 9 ‘Bicycle Thieves’ (1948) Image via Ente Nazionale Industrie Cinematografiche Character-focused dramas rarely get simpler and more hard-hitting than Bicycle Thieves, perhaps the definitive film from the Italian Neorealism movement. It follows a father struggling to provide for his family in post-WW2 Italy, and finds his job in jeopardy after his bicycle is stolen, which sets him and his young son on a quest to find who took the bike and recover it. Its simplicity might make it sound dull, but it’s anything but, succeeding because of how natural the performances are and how perfectly explored the film’s universal emotions are. It also doesn’t run the risk of drawing out its straightforward premise, clocking in at just 89 minutes long. 8 ‘Persona’ (1966) Surprisingly, only one Ingmar Bergman movie makes its way onto the Sight & Sound Top 100 list: 1966’s Persona. It’s also notable for being one of Bergman’s shorter films, as it’s only 83 minutes long, making it stand out against epic-length films like Fanny and Alexander and Scenes from a Marriage (both of which also have even longer miniseries edits). RELATED: The Highest-Rated Ingmar Bergman Movies, Ranked by IMDb It’s a twisty – and maybe also twisted – psychological thriller that centers on two women: a nurse and an actress. The former is asked to care for the latter, but their meeting changes each woman’s life forever, given their personalities soon begin to merge, or so it appears. It’s a strange film, but one that’s hard to forget, and it achieves a great deal within its short runtime. 7 ‘The General’ (1926) Alongside Chaplin, Buster Keaton is easily one of the most well-known filmmakers/actors of the silent era. He was behind some of early cinema’s greatest and most important films, though when it comes to deciding which of his films is his best, few can measure up to The General when it comes to inventiveness and entertainment value. It’s a real mix of genres overall, encompassing action, comedy, and romance, and even plays out during the U.S. Civil War. Keaton plays a young man who needs to rescue the love of his life and his train from the film’s villains, with much of this 67-minute-long movie playing out like an extended chase scene, filled with physical comedy and impressive stuntwork. 6 ‘La Jetée’ (1962) Among the most essential short films of all time would have to be 1962’s La Jetée, which still feels unique and revolutionary 60 years on from its release. It’s a post-apocalyptic sci-fi movie that takes place after a third devastating World War, and involves traveling back into the past to relive memories in the hope that it may answer questions about the future. Time travel ends up being involved, making it all much more complex than many full-length feature films, despite La Jetée only being 28 minutes long. It’s also notable for its presentation, which is a series of still images, making it feel like a particularly cinematic (and gripping) slideshow presentation for most of its short duration. 5 ‘Man with a Movie Camera’ (1929) Man with a Movie Camera is a groundbreaking documentary film, even though what it aims to cover sounds very simple on paper. For its 68-minute-long runtime, it covers urban life throughout the Soviet Union in the 1920s, with no real narrative to speak of, and certainly no specific characters or subjects focused on. Despite that, it’s very engrossing, because the visuals are immensely creative and all the editing is rather ingenious. It holds a reputation for being one of the most well-regarded Russian films of all time – documentary or otherwise – and certainly earns said reputation, holding up as a great film almost a century on from it being made. 4 ‘Rashomon’ (1950) Akira Kurosawa made many great movies throughout his long career, with two ending up on the most recent Sight & Sound poll. Funnily enough, one of those movies – Seven Samurai – is his longest, while the other one – Rashomon – ranks among his shortest feature films. RELATED: Underrated Movies Directed by Akira Kurosawa At just 88 minutes, Rashomon doesn’t waste much time, and indeed, tells one story from multiple perspectives to demonstrate how complex memory can be, and how unreliable eyewitnesses sometimes are. It helped put Kurosawa and Japanese cinema in general on the world map way back in the early 1950s, and so it easily earns a spot on a list of the Top 100 movies of all time. 3 ‘The Gleaners & I’ (2000) Image via Agnés Varda Agnès Varda made numerous feature films throughout her decades-long career, though may well be more well-known for her documentaries. The Gleaners & I is one such documentary, and follows Varda as she interviews a variety of gleaners: people who gather produce left behind by harvesters. Thanks to Varda’s style and warm personality, it ends up being an endearing and entertaining documentary, even if it might not sound like much on paper. It’s a testament to how just about any subject can be used for the central subject of a documentary, if the documentarian is skilled enough to make it interesting for viewers. 2 ‘Meshes of the Afternoon’ (1943) Meshes of the Afternoon is the shortest film on Sight and Sound’s most recent list, as it clocks in at only 14 minutes long. It’s an exploration of dreams and possibly alternate realities/timelines, with it following a single woman’s strange recurring visions, offering viewers little indication of exactly what the film is intended to be about. But that’s not the point, because it’s one of those experimental movies where the viewer’s expected to find their own meaning in what they see play out on-screen. Such an approach might feel lazy or boring on the filmmaker’s part if their film was both obscure and boring, but thankfully, Meshes of the Afternoon is anything but boring, with immense style and memorably haunting images making it one surreal trip worth taking. Additionally, the brief runtime also helps make it more easily rewatchable. 1 ‘My Neighbor Totoro’ (1988) Spirited Away is likely the most well-known Hayao Miyazaki film on the Sight and Sound list, but there’s another, shorter film by the great director that makes its way into the top 100: My Neighbor Totoro. It follows two young girls who go to live in the countryside with their father, and subsequently befriend strange spirits in a nearby forest. It’s a charming animated movie, and one that’s likely to appeal in equal amounts to viewers young and old. It runs for just 86 minutes, which is a perfect length for a narratively simple but visually complex movie like this one. NEXT: The Highest-Rated Italian Movies of All Time, Ranked by IMDb Score Meghan Markle and Princess Beatrice may have secret friendship Australian Idol star Amy Shark poses topless for Rolling Stone magazine

Wests Tigers John Bateman saga demoralising for fans, says Paul Gallen NRL great Paul Gallen says he “doesn’t care” why new recruit John Bateman is yet to play for the Wests Tigers, in the wake of an extraordinary outburst from club chairman Lee Hagipantelis but says the confusion surrounding the marquee signing’s status hurts the club’s fans. Officially, Bateman is “acclimatising” after only arriving from the UK two weeks before the start of the season. But rumours have emerged that the 29-year-old might be suffering from an ankle injury. Ahead of the club’s match against Newcastle, Hagipantelis called on those pushing the ankle injury line to “put up or shut up”. READ MORE: Knights shredded over Kalyn Ponga position switch ‘madness’ READ MORE: Referee ripped over wild finale to Tszyu- Harrison bout READ MORE: Champion’s response to Tszyu’s obliteration “If any section of the media has evidence to establish that what I have said publicly is false or misleading, then I would invite them to provide [the] same to me,” he told The Sydney Morning Herald. “I would also caution anyone to suggest publicly that I have lied or misled our supporters. Some may construe such remarks as defamatory.” Writing in his weekly column for Wide World of Sports, Gallen noted that the whole saga was demoralising for fans. “I don’t really care why Bateman isn’t playing,” he said. “If he’s got an ankle injury, well that’s life. If they’re putting him through a bit of a pre-season to get his fitness to where it needs to be, that’s fine as well. The Wests Tigers have lost both matches so far in 2023. (Cameron Spencer/Getty Images) “The hard thing for Tigers fans is not being totally sure which one to believe.” Gallen explained that Bateman’s time with Canberra in 2019-20 meant he was the best judge of his fitness levels, before pointing out that losses to Gold Coast and Newcastle made his absence even more conspicuous. “If he didn’t have a good pre-season, I can understand the decision to wait,” Gallen said. Stream the NRL premiership 2023 live and free on 9Now “He’s played in the NRL before, so he knows how fit and strong he needs to be. I’ve got no problem with that. “It’s a long hard season, and if you haven’t had a good preparation you’re going to get injured and you’ll be out for potentially a lot longer than you would have been had you waited. “They’re looking at the long game, but I guess that’s come to a head a bit because they’re 0-2. If they’d beaten the Titans and Knights nobody would be saying anything.” John Bateman during his time with Canberra. (Getty) Gallen wrote that the Tigers always seem to be in the midst of one crisis or another, putting it down to the fact the club hasn’t played finals football since 2011. In that time they’ve had eight different head coaches – Tim Sheens (2012), Mick Potter (2013-14), Jason Taylor (2015-2017), Andrew Webster (2017), Ivan Cleary (2017-2018), Michael Maguire (2019-2022), Brett Kimmorley (2022) and Ben Gardiner (2022). Ironically, Sheens is now back in charge. “A lot of that (drama) is the fact it’s easy to kick a team when they’re down,” Gallen said. “When things aren’t going well people are looking for the reasons why. “Their roster, in my opinion, still needs plenty of work. I said last year there was not a single player at the club that could attract other good players. Wests Tigers coach Tim Sheens. (Getty) “They’ve got Api Koroisau for 2023 and they can use him as a selling point, now I don’t know what they’ve payed for Api, but I’m sure it was overs, which they needed to do to get a player like him to the club. “At some stage that will come back to bite them, because that’s how the salary cap works.” Gallen also said expectations were “too high” if fans are looking for another new recruit, ex-Parramatta forward Isaiah Papali’i, to make a significant difference single-handedly. “That’s not fair on him,” Gallen said. For a daily dose of the best of the breaking news and exclusive content from Wide World of Sports, subscribe to our newsletter by clicking here! The Mole’s Team of the Week: ‘Under rated’ star comes back to bite old club; Gun recruit’s sensational Broncos debut Oscars 2023 were boringly drama-free ‘A Very Modern Winner’ Dominated a Good, Old-Fashioned Oscars Gal Gadot’s Cameo As Wonder Woman Was Pulled Off Using Deepfake Technology With Her Body Double? Director Sets The Record Straight

New Indoor Entertainmentacility Coming Soon to York County York County, Pennsylvania (WHTM) – There are plans for a new indoor recreational facility in York County. The facility will be located in the former Central York High School Athletic Stadium in North York Borough. Plans include a grass field, an eight-court hardwood basketball court, a fitness center, and a physical therapy center. Gets Traffic alerts from the abc27 mobile app to the latest local delays and road closures A café, lounge and clothing store will also be included in the construction. Work on the new facility is expected to begin in the spring. https://www.abc27.com/local-news/new-indoor-recreational-facility-coming-soon-to-york-county/ Shazam! The Wrath of the Gods trailer finds Zachary Levi going to war with the daughters of Atlas 15 sexy photos of Bryce Eilenberg, a fan-favorite ‘Drag Race’ pit crew member Three injured after crashing in Lancaster County

The impact of COVID-19 on adolescents with eating disorders: a cohort study Wendy Spettigue ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-96381, Nicole Obeid2, Madison Erbach2, Stephen Feder3, Natalie Finner3, Megan E. Harrison3, Leanna Isserlin1, Amy Robinson3 & Mark L. Norris3 Journal of Eating Disorders volume 9, Article number: 65 (2021) Cite this article There is a noticeable lack of evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 and the associated lockdown on young people with eating disorders. The goals of this study were 1) to examine characteristics of adolescents presenting for eating disorder (ED) assessment since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) to compare adolescents presenting for ED assessment since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to those that presented for assessment 1 year previously; 3) to examine implications of the pandemic on the system of care. A retrospective chart review was completed on all patients assessed at a pediatric tertiary care ED program during the pandemic between April 1 and October 31, 2020, and on youth assessed during the same time frame 1 year previously. Data including body measurements and results of psychological measures was extracted from patients’ charts. Clinician reports were utilized for accounts of ED symptoms. Referrals to our program were also compared for the two time periods. Of the 48 youth assessed between April and October 2020, average age was 14.6 years and average percentage of treatment goal weight was 77.7%. 40% cited the pandemic as a trigger for their ED; of these youth, 78.9% were medically unstable compared to 55.2% of those whose ED was not triggered by the pandemic. When comparing the 2020 cohort to those assessed in 2019, youth who presented for assessment during the pandemic trended towards having lower percentage of goal weights and higher rates of self-reported impairment, and were significantly more likely to be medically unstable (p = 0.005) and to require hospitalization (p = 0.005). Higher rates of inpatient admissions, emergency room consultation requests and outpatient referrals deemed “urgent” were likewise associated with the pandemic period. During the COVID-19 pandemic, youth assessed for an ED presented with high rates of medical instability and need for hospitalization. Caring for these youth may be more challenging during the pandemic, when access to services may be limited. Further research is required to better understand the impact of the pandemic on the clinical course and outcomes of EDs in adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine characteristics of adolescents presenting for eating disorder (ED) assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic, and also to compare them to a similar group assessed 1 year previously. A review of medical charts was completed on patients assessed at a pediatric ED program between April 1 and October 31, 2020 and on patients assessed between April 1 and October 31, 2019. Forty-eight adolescents were assessed during the pandemic-specific timeframe and 43 were assessed during the same timeframe the year previously. Forty percent of those in the 2020 cohort cited pandemic effects as a trigger for their ED; these youth had a shorter course of illness and were somewhat more likely to be medically compromised compared to those whose ED was not triggered by the pandemic. Compared to those seen in 2019, adolescents assessed for an ED in 2020 exhibited higher rates of nutritional restriction and functional impairment, were significantly more likely to be medically unstable, and required more hospitalizations or urgent consultations. Further research is required to better understand the impact of COVID-19 on the clinical course and outcomes of EDs in youth. Since being declared a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 [1] the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has introduced risk to health, caused economic disruption, and affected future planning, and has led countries to implement various social restrictions including lockdowns, school closures, and “physical distancing” to contain the progression of the virus. The inevitable impact on mental health (MH) has been identified as an urgent clinical and research priority. This holds true especially for youth, for whom unique developmental challenges render them particularly vulnerable to the effects of school closures and disrupted peer contact [2]. Despite early translation of knowledge regarding the role of COVID-19 on adult MH, few studies have examined the impact in children and youth [3]. Canadian data suggests that 61% of Ontario youth (12–25) have reported a worsening of their general MH during the pandemic [4]. In a survey of 622 Canadian youth, Hawke et al. (2020) reported significant deterioration of mental health during the pandemic, with 68.4% of youth in the clinical sample and 39.9% in the community sample meeting criteria for an internalizing disorder. Further, female participants, as well as those receiving MH services prior to the onset of the pandemic, have been shown to be at increased risk [4,5,6]. In addition to the paucity of research involving the effect of the pandemic on the MH of children and youth, there is a noticeable lack of evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 on children and youth with eating disorders (EDs). Initial research suggested that almost half of adolescents with EDs reported a reactivation of symptoms of restricting and over-exercising and fear of weight gain during the pandemic [7]. Evolving literature also suggests that many adults with pre-existing EDs report a worsening of ED symptoms during the pandemic [8,9,10,11,12]. Questions remain during these unprecedented times as we examine the impact of the pandemic and lockdown on new-onset cases. What is the effect on youth of the cessation of school, social contact and extracurricular activities? Does the COVID-19 health risk and associated media coverage within our communities increase anxiety in vulnerable youth? Does any of this trigger EDs in young people, or affect the course of illness? Our a priori hypothesis is that the increased isolation, restrictions, and limitations in activities and services as a result of the lockdown triggered new or worsened existing ED symptoms, especially for adolescents given this vulnerable developmental stage, and that this in turn likely contributed to problematic access and service usage. Our tertiary care pediatric ED program is located in a large Canadian city that experienced significant restrictions and closures from March 17th to July 5th, 2020. In addition to school closures, non-essential workplaces, businesses, recreation facilities and outdoor spaces and parks were closed during this time. While strict lockdown regulations lifted temporarily after this 4-month period, ongoing limitations and the resultant psychosocial stress due to COVID remained in effect within our region. Limited knowledge exists as to how these restrictions have affected patients and families at-risk or living with an ED, or how effects of the pandemic may have affected the system of care available to treat these individuals. The objective of this study is to better understand the impact of COVID-19 on a tertiary care center for pediatric eating disorders. Our aim was threefold; i) to describe presenting characteristics at initial assessment of a cohort of youth accessing care during the pandemic lockdown and to compare and contrast those citing the pandemic as an ED trigger from those who did not; ii) to distinguish the cohort of youth presenting during the pandemic from a separate cohort of youth who had presented during the same time frame 1 year previously (seeking to understand the effects of COVID-19 on patient characteristics and illness presentation); and iii) to examine and describe programmatic implications of the pandemic on referral patterns and rates of hospitalization. Participants and procedure Our multidisciplinary intensive ED program is located in a Canadian tertiary care children’s hospital. Individuals meeting criteria for an intake assessment in the program are children and adolescents aged 9 to 17 years with severe EDs (as evidenced by concerns regarding medical stability, growth compromise, symptom-severity or acute safety concerns relating to ED presentation) who are referred by a physician. Inclusion criteria for this study were any patient who was sequentially assessed in our specialized hospital-based pediatric eating disorders program between April 1–October 31, 2019 and between April 1–October 31, 2020. Every patient assessed during these two time periods was included in the study. There were no exclusion criteria once the patients had been accepted for assessment by our program. However, our program only accepts patients meeting criteria for a severe eating disorder, so patients with milder eating disorders would not have met criteria for an assessment in our program. A retrospective chart review was then completed of all initial multi-disciplinary assessment notes on these patients (completed by Adolescent Health physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, and/or dieticians on the Eating Disorder team) and of accompanying self-report questionnaires collected as part of the intake process. Data gathered was de-identified and stored in an electronic database for analysis. Informed consent for use of this data was sought as part of the standardized intake process. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board at the hospital where the research was conducted. The data that support the findings of this study are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical concerns, but can be provided upon request to the corresponding author. Demographic and clinical characteristics Data regarding various demographic, clinical, and treatment related characteristics were extracted from patients’ electronic charts based on information found in the clinician’s initial intake assessment notes, using both patient and caregiver reports. Details regarding body measurements were also recorded, and in all cases, patient’s premorbid growth trajectory (including available height, weight, and body mass index) was utilized to help determine the patient’s treatment goal weight (TGW) [13]. Reliance on clinician-report for accounts of eating behaviours as well as ED symptoms was utilized. Eating behaviours and cognitions Eating disorder examination questionnaire for adolescents (EDEQ-A) The EDEQ-A is a self-report questionnaire with 36 items that examines eating related cognitions and behaviours. The scale produces a global score and four subscale scores (Restraint, Eating Concern, Shape Concern, and Weight Concern) along with asking questions related to frequency of common ED behaviours (vomiting, diuretic use, laxative use, compulsive exercise). The EDEQ-A has been found to have strong psychometric properties in adolescent samples [14]. Children’s eating attitudes test (chEAT) Adapted from the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) [15], the ChEAT is a 26-item measure featuring simpler language for use in children and adolescents aged 8 to 13 years. The chEAT has adequate internal reliability, good concurrent validity, and a factor structure that is similar to the original EAT [16]. Clinical impairment assessment questionnaire (CIA) The CIA is a brief, 16-item self-report measure that assesses the impact of ED psychopathology on an individual’s functioning. The CIA has high levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and is positively correlated with scores on the EDE-Q, indicating good construct validity [17]. Psychological comorbidities Revised children’s anxiety and depression scale (RCADS) The RCADS is a 47-item self-report questionnaire that assesses anxiety and depression in youth. In addition to generating a Total Anxiety Score and Total Internalizing Score, the RCADS also produces total scores for separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder. A t-score ≥ 65 indicates that a score is in the 93rd percentile of normative data (borderline clinical range), while a score ≥ 70 indicates that a score is in the 98th percentile (clinical range). The RCADS has been found to have good psychometric properties and a factor structure consistent with DSM-IV depression and anxiety disorders [18]. Analytic plan Descriptive and frequency statistics were performed to examine distributions and describe the clinical characteristics across all samples. Independent sample t-tests with a Welch correction were used when appropriate to compare characteristics across groups for continuous variables. Chi-square analyses were used to examine differences across categorical variables. Relationships with a relaxed p-value of less than 0.10 were also examined in this study given the clinical nature of this work and the small sample size available to start to explore these relationships [19]. Cohen’s d was used to examine effect sizes, with 0.2 considered a small effect, 0.5 considered a moderate effect and 0.8 or greater a large effect [20]. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS v.26. Pandemic cohort A total of 48 adolescents were assessed during the pandemic-specific timeframe (April 1, 2020 to Oct 31, 2020). These youth were on average 14.6 years (SD = 1.79, range = 9.96–17.83), primarily female (83.3%), and most were diagnosed with DSM-5 anorexia nervosa (AN; see Table 1). Individuals at assessment were on average 77.7% of their treatment goal weight (TGW; SD = 9.21, range = 54.67 to 100%) with 64.6% of patients deemed medically unstable at presentation (with medical instability defined as: heart rate less than 45 beats per minute; blood pressure less than 90/50; TGW < 75%; abnormalities in extended electrolytes; or, end organ dysfunction). While the majority of patients (97.9%) presented with nutritional restriction as their primary ED symptom, 27 (56.2%) also reported over-exercising, and a minority reported bingeing or purging behaviours (18.8 and 20.8%, respectively). Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics for patients assessed between April 1 and October 31 in 2019 and 2020 Of the 48 patients assessed during the pandemic-specific timeframe, 40% (n = 19) directly cited the effects of the pandemic and subsequent lockdown as a precipitating factor to their ED. (For example, some patients described being stressed by having to stop playing competitive sports as a result of the shutdown, others cited the stress of worrying about their marks after classes went online, and others described being bored and lonely with nothing to do all day at home.) We refer to these 19 patients as the “COVID-19 triggered” ED group. The clinical characteristics of these 19 patients were compared to the 29 youth who did not identify the effects of pandemic as a trigger for their ED (see Table 2). Among all variables examined, a significant difference between groups was detected only for self-reported duration of symptoms since disease onset. On average those with a COVID-triggered ED reported symptoms for less than 6 months (M = 5.59, SD = 3.75) prior to formal ED assessment, while those without COVID related triggers had experienced symptoms for just less than 1 year (M = 11.63 months, SD = 9.09) before presentation for assessment (t(38) = 2.87, p = .007, d = 0.82). However, approaching significance in comparison between the two groups was the difference in medical status at presentation, with 78.9% (n = 15/19) of those with a COVID-related trigger being medically unstable at assessment, compared to 55.2% (n = 16/29) of those with a non-COVID related onset (χ(1) = 2.84, p = 0.09), suggesting a trend towards a steeper decline in health for those patients whose ED was triggered by pandemic-related factors. Also trending towards statistical significance was the BMI at which patients presented, whereby those in the COVID-triggered group presented with an average BMI of 16.74 kg/m2 while those in the non-COVID group presented with an average BMI of 18.41 kg/m2 (t(46) = 1.81, p = .076, d = 0.53). Annual-based cohort comparisons To better understand any potential impact of the pandemic on the cohort of individuals who presented from April 1st to October 31st, 2020 (n = 48), comparisons were conducted on a sample of 43 youth sequentially assessed during the same time frame but from the previous year, namely April 1 to October 31, 2019 (see Table 2). Average age for this sample was 14.97 years (SD = 1.62), most were female (n = 32; 74.4%) and diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (67.5%), and average percentage of TGW at assessment was 81%. Comparisons between the two cohorts yielded several trends approaching statistical significance (p < .10). Those in the 2020 ‘pandemic’ cohort presented with lower average %TGW (77%) than those assessed the year previously (%TGW = 81%; t(62) = 1.85, p = .070, d = .96). Those in the COVID group also reported higher levels of functional impairment on the CIA as a result of their ED symptoms (M = 30.6, SD = 13.69) compared to those presenting in the preceding year (M = 24.0, SD = 15.88; t(60) = − 1.68, p = .098, d = .44). In terms of symptomatology, of those presenting for assessment in 2019, 46.5% (20/43) reported symptoms of over-exercising, while 73.7% (14/19) of those in the pandemic-triggered 2020 cohort reported over-exercising (p < 0.1). Only 2.3% of patients in the 2019 cohort reported symptoms of purging, while 10.5% of the COVID-triggered 2020 cohort and 27.6% of the non-COVID triggered 2020 cohort reported symptoms of purging (p < 0.001). Finally, those in the COVID group reported higher levels of eating restraint (ie restricting intake) (M = 4.00, SD = 1.78) on the EDEQ-A than those presenting in 2019 (M = 2.72, SD = 2.12; p = .065, d = .63). When examining medical status, those who presented for assessment during the pandemic were on average significantly more medically unstable (n = 31/48, 64.6%) than those who presented in 2019 (n = 15/43, 34.9%; (χ(1) = 8.00, p = 0.005). When comparing rates of hospitalization between the groups, 41.9% (n = 18/43) of patients assessed in 2019 required admission within 4 weeks of assessment whereas 70.8% (n = 34/48) of patients assessed in 2020 required admission within 4 weeks of assessment (χ(1) = 7.77, p = 0.005). For the 2020 cohort, 84.2% of the 19 patients who cited the pandemic as a trigger for their ED required admission to hospital within 4 weeks of assessment, while 62.1% of the other 29 patients from 2020 required an admission within the month. Table 2 Comparisons across patients assessed in 2019 versus patients assessed in 2020 Programmatic effects of COVID In addition to the unique challenges the pandemic has presented to individuals and their families with EDs, the pandemic has also affected the system of care available to serve youth with EDs. Most notably, perhaps partly as a result of many community supports being closed due to the lockdown, the intensive program at our tertiary care center experienced a surge of 63% in youth requiring inpatient treatment (67 patients in 2020 compared to 41 patients in 2019). Some of these patients were new cases, while others were patients who relapsed during the time of the pandemic. There was also a 28% increase in young people with EDs who required assessment in the emergency room during the pandemic period as compared to the previous year. Outpatient referrals during the pandemic revealed a 56% increase in youth being referred for needs deemed by their community providers to be “urgent” (22/95 referrals in 2019 compared to 28/78 referrals in 2020). Despite a small emerging body of literature that seeks to better understand how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected clinical and symptom presentation in adolescent patients with established EDs, we are unaware of any published study that has examined variables that investigate how the pandemic has impacted new ED illness presentations in adolescents and that has also examined the impact on the system of care available to provide treatment to these young people. As summarized by Fernandez-Aranda et al., a variety of possible precipitating factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic might contribute to the development of an ED in vulnerable individuals. Examples include increased isolation and loneliness that can occur as a consequence of restrictions, maladaptive coping as a consequence of increased confinement and stress, greater time spent on social-media, and over-evaluation of the thin ideal [21]. In addition, given the normative developmental period of adolescence whereby greater reliance is placed on peer versus family relations, the effects of the restrictions of the pandemic, including isolation from peers, are likely to be heightened and particularly harmful in this age group. Similarly, for adolescents whose sense of self may be entwined with their participation in sport, the cancellation of extra-curricular and sports activities may pose a developmental struggle that may trigger or exacerbate eating disorder symptoms. Regardless of the unique potential contributors, our study affirms that many patients (40%) assessed in the months that followed the COVID-19 lockdown cited the pandemic as a direct trigger for their illness onset. Further, our study suggests that those who cited the effects of the pandemic as a trigger for their ED experienced a more acute onset of their illness (duration of illness 5.59 months vs 11.63 months) and were more medically compromised at the time of presentation (78.9% medically unstable and 84.2% requiring hospitalization) than those who did not cite the pandemic as a trigger (55.2% medically unstable and 62.1% requiring hospitalization). Although those from the 2020 cohort with a COVID-related ED onset presented with the same level of symptomatology and distress (or more) as those with a non-COVID related ED, they deteriorated to that stage at a faster rate than those who did not report COVID as a trigger. Compared to patients who were assessed in 2019, youth from the 2020 ‘pandemic’ cohort who presented for initial assessment demonstrated differences in medical status as manifested by significantly higher rates of medical instability. These youth had greater need for inpatient admission. In addition to presenting with increased medical morbidity, those in the pandemic cohort presented with higher levels of ‘restraint’ (restricting intake), higher levels of over-exercising and higher levels of functional impairment as a result of their ED symptoms when compared to the cohort assessed the year previously. This symptom-presentation (restricting, weight loss, over-exercising), and the fast rate of deterioration may have contributed to the higher rates of medical instability and increased need for hospitalization. We speculate that the increased impairment, increased medical instability and increased need for hospitalization in the 2020 cohort may have been influenced by such factors as youth having more unstructured spare time during the pandemic lockdown, increased social media and screen time, isolation and loss of peer supports, loss of sports and extra-curricular activities, and disruption in normative developmental processes, along with increased desire to regain a sense of control given the loss of structure (school and extra-curricular activities) and loss of social interactions due to the pandemic. It is also possible that some families may have initially avoided taking their children to hospital for treatment of an ED due to fears of infection, while others may have had more difficulty accessing care during the shutdown, including difficulty accessing their family physicians and/or accessing community therapists specialized in the treatment of eating disorders. The impact of the pandemic on the system of care available to treat these youth was also quite significant, with the need for inpatient admissions increased by 63% from the same time period the year before, putting strain on team resources and on hospital bed flow and capacity. This trend in medical morbidity at the time of presentation for assessment during the pandemic was further illustrated by the increased number of acute assessment requests from our Emergency Department, as well as the number of outpatient referrals deemed urgent. Strengths of the present study include our findings relating to the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on ED presentation in children and youth. Limitations of the present paper include its retrospective design, small sample size and limited power to detect statistically significant differences. The small sample size also precluded the use of multivariate analyses. Given the exploratory nature of the study and need for early reports of data from ED patients affected by COVID-19, lack of family-wise adjustment was made, further limiting the results of this study. Additionally, our use of self-report psychological measures, the lack of standardized clinical interviews, and the lack of race or SES data limit the generalizability of our findings. It is also possible that other unidentified confounding factors may have led to differences between the 2019 and 2020 cohorts (eg long wait lists to access outpatient treatment, not necessarily due to the shutdown). As well, since our program only accepts referrals for youth with severe EDs, it is possible that the differences noted in the 2020 cohort and attributed to the pandemic and subsequent lockdown, may only apply to those with severe EDs, and may not represent the effects on all adolescents with EDs. Additionally, our use of self-report psychological measures and the lack of standardized clinical interviews limit the generalizability of our findings. In addition to these limitations, the lockdown restrictions also disrupted many regular hospital-based procedures, including standardized processes for administration of self-report questionnaires, which for our team would typically involve the use of an online questionnaire system with an embedded consent process for secondary use of data. The early lockdown restrictions limited not only in-person staff to deliver the online questionnaire system, but also forced the return to paper-and-pencil questionnaires to limit sharing of electronic devices amongst patients. This change had an immediate effect on the sample size attained for this study, as there were a number of patients who completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires but then did not have the opportunity to provide consent for use of data, given the shift in regulatory process. To be more specific, there were 48 patients in total who received services during the study timeframe. Of those 48, 24 (50%) provided consent and completed self-report measures, 13 (27%) were not provided an opportunity to complete measures given the restrictions of the pandemic on staff being available to administer the questionnaires, and 11 (23%) completed questionnaires via paper-and-pencil (for clinical purposes) but did not have an opportunity to provide consent, which led to some missing data. Missing data were mostly driven by lack of opportunity to administer consent and/or questionnaires, not individually-driven. Although more research is clearly required, our findings begin to inform our understanding of the manner and complexity by which the pandemic and subsequent lockdown affects ED presentations in adolescents, and highlights the importance of monitoring and treating this population during a time when services may be limited. Moving forward, it will be important for research teams to work collaboratively using validated and prospective designs to better understand how COVID-19 factors impact not only illness presentation but also short- and long- term outcomes of EDs in youth. The effects of the pandemic and subsequent lockdown has triggered EDs in some young people. Youth who present for an assessment of an eating disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic exhibit high rates of medical compromise and may require close medical monitoring, which may be more challenging during the pandemic, when access to care can be limited. Further research is required to better understand how the effects of the pandemic contribute to ED illness onset and presentation, as well as to understand the trajectory and outcomes of pandemic-triggered EDs in adolescents. The data that support the findings of this study are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical concerns, but can be provided upon request to the corresponding author (WS). World Health Organization. Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):547–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1. Racine N, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Korczak DJ, McArthur BA, Madigan S. Child and adolescent mental illness during COVID-19: a rapid review. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113307. Radomski A, Cloutier P, Gardner W, Pajer K, Sheridan N, Sundar P, et al. Planning for the mental health surge: the self-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 on young people and their needs and preferences for future services; 2020. p. 1–36. Oosterhoff B, Palmer CA, Wilson J, Shook N. Adolescents’ motivations to engage in social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with mental and social health. J Adolesc Heal Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2020;67(2):179–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.004. Zhou SJ, Zhang LG, Wang LL, Guo ZC, Wang JQ, Chen JC, et al. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;29(6):749–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01541-4. Graell M, Morón-Nozaleda MG, Camarneiro R, Villaseñor Á, Yáñez S, Muñoz R, et al. Children and adolescents with eating disorders during COVID-19 confinement: difficulties and future challenges. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2020;28(6):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2763. Schlegl S, Meule A, Favreau M, Voderholzer U. Bulimia nervosa in times of the COVID-19 pandemic—results from an online survey of former inpatients. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2020;28(6):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2773. Schlegl S, Maier J, Meule A, Voderholzer U. Eating disorders in times of the COVID-19 pandemic—results from an online survey of patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(11):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23374. Castellini G, Cassioli E, Rossi E, Innocenti M, Gironi V, Sanfilippo G, et al. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic on eating disorders: a longitudinal observation of pre versus post psychopathological features in a sample of patients with eating disorders and a group of healthy controls. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(11):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23368. Phillipou A, Meyer D, Neill E, Tan EJ, Toh WL, Van Rheenen TE, et al. Eating and exercise behaviors in eating disorders and the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: initial results from the COLLATE project. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(7):1158–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23317. Termorshuizen JD, Watson HJ, Thornton LM, Borg S, Flatt RE, MacDermod CM, et al. Early impact of COVID-19 on individuals with self-reported eating disorders: a survey of ~1,000 individuals in the United States and the Netherlands. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(11):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23353. Norris ML, Hiebert JD, Katzman DK. Determining treatment goal weights for children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Paediatr Child Health. 2018;23(8):551–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy133. Carter JC, Stewart DA, Fairburn CG. Eating disorder examination questionnaire: norms for young adolescent girls. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39(5):625–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00033-4. Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. The eating attitudes test: an index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med. 1979;9(2):273–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700030762. Smolak L, Levine MP. Psychometric properties of the children’s eating attitudes test. Int J Eat Disord. 1994;16(3):275–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700030762. Bohn K, Doll HA, Cooper Z, O’Connor M, Palmer RL, Fairburn CG. The measurement of impairment due to eating disorder psychopathology. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46(10):1105–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.06.012. Chorpita BF, Yim L, Moffitt C, Umemoto LA, Francis SE. Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: a revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38(8):835–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8. Thiese MS, Ronna B, Ott U. P value interpretations and considerations. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(9):E928–31. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2016.08.16. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press; 1988. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587. Fernández-Aranda F, Casas M, Claes L, Bryan DC, Favaro A, Granero R, et al. COVID-19 and implications for eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2020;28(3):239–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2738. This research is part of our program evaluation, and as such we received no external funding for this study. Department of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada Wendy Spettigue & Leanna Isserlin Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada Nicole Obeid & Madison Erbach Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada Stephen Feder, Natalie Finner, Megan E. Harrison, Amy Robinson & Mark L. Norris Wendy Spettigue Nicole Obeid Madison Erbach Stephen Feder Natalie Finner Megan E. Harrison Leanna Isserlin Mark L. Norris WS developed the initial idea for this study and WS, MN and NO were major contributors in writing the manuscript. NO and ME analyzed the data, performed the statistics and created the tables. ME helped with writing the original draft of the manuscript and with formatting the paper. NF, SF, MH, LI, SF, MN, AR and NF all treated and/or assessed the patients involved in this study. All authors have contributed to, reviewed and approved this manuscript for submission. Correspondence to Wendy Spettigue. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board at the hospital where the research was conducted (Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada). Informed consent for use of the data in this study was sought as part of the standardized intake process. Data gathered was de-identified and stored in an electronic database for analysis. The manuscript has not been simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. None of the authors have any competing interests or conflicts of interest. Spettigue, W., Obeid, N., Erbach, M. et al. The impact of COVID-19 on adolescents with eating disorders: a cohort study. J Eat Disord 9, 65 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-021-00419-3 Eating Disorders in the time of COVID-19 outbreak - Implications for now and the future

Guilty or Not? March 10, 2023 February 28, 2022 / Jennifer L. Wright The case was open and shut. On April 2, 1968, small-time crook and unapologetic racist James Earl Ray drove from Atlanta, Georgia to Memphis Tennessee. Two days later, on April 4, and armed with a Remington Model 760 Gamemaster .30-06-caliber rifle mounted with a Redfield 2x-7x scope, Ray killed civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. with a single shot as King stood on the balcony on the second floor of the Lorraine Motel. Witnesses claimed to see Ray fleeing the scene just moments after the shot was fired. A package containing a rifle and a pair of binoculars was found abandoned near a rooming house–where Ray had been staying–across the street from the motel. Both items were covered with Ray’s fingerprints. After fleeing the country, Ray was eventually arrested at London’s Heathrow Airport in June and extradited back the United States. On March 10, 1969–his 41st birthday–Ray confessed to the assassination of Dr. King and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. No trial. No questions. Nothing. A crime, a confession, a penalty. Done, done, and done. Until it wasn’t Only days later, Ray recanted his confession. Instead, he claimed, he’d been set up by a man named “Raoul” who, in 1967, recruited him into a gunrunning enterprise. It was Raoul, Ray said, who had directed him to buy the gun and the binoculars, and rent the room across the street from the motel. In fact, Ray maintained he wasn’t even in the room when King was shot; after realizing he was being set up to be the “fall guy” for the King assassination, he fled to Canada (hence the reason witnesses saw him flee the scene.) Despite these assertions, “Raoul” was never found and Ray was unable to give a conclusive answer to his whereabouts that day. His claims were dismissed and requests for a trial ignored for the next 29 years. Ignored by everyone except the King family themselves. During the 1990s, the widow and children of Martin Luther King Jr., spoke publicly in support of Ray and his claims, calling him innocent and speculating about an assassination conspiracy involving the U.S. government and military. “It pains my heart,” said Bernice King, 55, the youngest of Martin Luther King’s four children and the executive director of the King Center in Atlanta, is quoted as saying in Washington Post article, “that James Earl Ray had to spend his life in prison paying for things he didn’t do.” According to the King family, there were multiple government and military agencies discontent with King’s activities and, in the months and years leading up to his assassination, keeping close tabs on the civil rights leader. FBI J. Edgar Hoover, for one, believed King to be a communist and openly denounced and smeared King’s name in public. The FBI maintained constant surveillance and wiretapping on all King’s communication and activities, with one former agent claiming the bureau’s tracking of King was second “only to the way they went after Jimmy Hoffa.” King’s call for radical economic reforms, including guaranteed annual incomes for all, only furthered suspicions about his communist ties, putting him under further scrutiny by the Cold War-era U.S. government. In addition, Dr. King was also monitored by U.S. military intelligence, after he publicly denounced the Vietnam War. All of this, King’s family maintained, lays the groundwork for a reasonable belief that King was the target of a plot. They even went so far as to file a civil suit in 1999. During the subsequent trial, a Memphis jury ruled that the local, state and federal governments were liable for King’s death. However, history, it seemed, had already been written. Ray, who had died in prison the previous year, was not exonerated. And the running, accepted narrative is still that James Earl Ray shot and killed Martin Luther King, Jr. But neither has it put the conspiracy theories to rest. While some believe in Ray’s innocence–most notable the King family–others surmise he may pulled the trigger but have been bolstered by the support of others–a sort of “low level” conspiracy. The House Select Committee on Assassinations under chief counsel Robert Blakey, theorized in 1979 that Ray committed the killing in the hope of collecting a $50,000 bounty offered by supporters of then-presidential candidate George Wallace in St. Louis, where Ray’s brothers lived. Ray was a known Wallace supporter, even volunteering at Wallace’s campaign headquarters in North Hollywood. There was, however, no definitive evidence to prove that Wallace nor any of his supporters played any role in the assassination. In 1998, the King family pleaded with then-President Bill Clinton to reinvestigate the case. Attorney General Janet Reno assigned civil rights special counsel Barry Kowalski to review the newest conspiracy allegations. In 2000, even after reviewing the results of the 1999 civil trial in Memphis, Kowalski concluded that Ray was guilty and that there was no government conspiracy. King’s widow died in 2006, still maintaining Ray’s innocence. So who really killed Dr. King and why? Was Ray a murderous racist, a hired assassin, or an unlucky fall guy? The world, unfortunately, may never know for sure. #historyfriday, history, historyfriday ← E-Book Sale! When Prayer is Scary → 2 thoughts on “Guilty or Not?” gohumgirl Very interesting! Had never heard this before! Thanks for sharing! Jennifer L. Wright It really is fascinating and also very sad.

OVERLOOKED FILM: SALT OF THE EARTH With election day scheduled for today, I thought it might be interesting to look at a political movie today. Salt of the Earth is a 1954 film produced by Paul Jarrico, directed by Herbert Biberman, and written by Michael Wilson. All three had been blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. Not coincidently, this film was also blacklisted -- the only U.S. film to be so. Salt of the Earth is about the effects of a labor strike at "Delaware Zinc," located in "Zinctown, NM" -- fill-ins for the very real Empire Zinc in Grant County, NM, where a long, torturous labor strike occurred in 1951. Unique for its time, the film presented a feminist point of view of the strike and its effect on the workers, the community, the police, and the company. Pauline Kael called the film "Communist propaganda," and The Hollywood Reporter said that it was "made under the direct orders of the Kremlin." Those were the days... The movie is a powerful piece of film making that utilized real miners and their families as actors; only five professional actors (including the wonderful Will Geer) were used in the film. There is a huge difference between a political film and a propaganda film. The political film challenges the status quo and raises moral and ethical questions. No matter what the era, the status quo seems always to be in need of change. Something to remember for those of you who live where elections are being held today. And watch this film. It will move you. https://archive.org/details/clacinonl_SaltOfTheEarth Posted by Jerry House at 12:01 AM pattinase (abbott) November 5, 2013 at 4:23 AM I saw this not too long ago. Powerful indeed. Todd Mason November 6, 2013 at 7:40 AM Kael was so often such an ass. "AS GOD IS MY WITNESS, I THOUGHT TURKEYS COULD FLY." UNDERAPPRECIATED MUSIC: MALVINA REYNOLDS BAD JOKE WEDNESDAY OVERLOOKED RADIO/TELEVISION/FILM: THANKSGIVING WI... CAPTAIN STEVE SAVAGE...AND A SURPRISE APPEARANCE B... FORGOTTEN BOOK: GREAT DETECTIVE STORIES ABOUT DOC... THE SMOTHERS BROTHERS BAD RONALD? OVERLOOKED FILM: FEAR IN THE NIGHT ADVENTURES INTO THE UNKNOWN OVERLOOKED BOOK: BATTLE ON MERCURY JEEVES AND THE WEDDING BELLS I WAS BORN AND RAISED IN LOWELL OVERLOOKED FILM: TIGER FANGS THE HOODED HORSEMAN FORGOTTEN BOOK: INTO THE WILD BLUE WONDER ASK NOT DON FORTUNE FORGOTTEN BOOK: ONE STEP BEYOND

"Made in Scampia" Written by Jesuits EUM Centro Hurtado products to support another economy. Diaries in various sizes and colours, fabric shopping bags, masks, T-shirts, fabric Christmas decorations, key rings and much more. All "made@scampia". During Advent, the social cooperative "La Roccia" of the Alberto Hurtado Centre, promoted by the Jesuits in the Scampia area of Naples, offered the possibility of receiving a package of products made in the centre's papermaking, bookbinding and tailoring workshops, thus helping to promote an "other" economy in the various realities, more respectful of justice, legality and solidarity. The Centre was founded by Father Fabrizio Valletti in 2005. It is organised into three areas: a voluntary association "A.Qua.S" (Associazione Animazione Quartiere Scampia - Association for Animation in the Area of Scampia), which works to prevent social distress, to support training and the cultural growth of the most disadvantaged sections of the local population, organising after-school activities, assistance to families, music workshops, a library, a literary café, a film forum, etc.; a vocational training centre "I.P.A.M." (Istituto Pontano delle Arti e dei Mestieri - Pontano Institute of Arts and Sciences) for re-integration of school drop-outs and their inclusion into the world of work, and finally the Cooperative "La Roccia", which has developed the brand "fatto@scampia". It provides work for ten employees and apprenticeships for vocational courses. Among the future objectives is the development of the autonomy and sustainability of the cooperative's business project. You can request the products at the following e-mail address:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Emanuela.

(-) Maatschappelijke indicatoren (1) (-) Labour (5) Annual Report Youth Monitor 2020 Summary The Annual Report Youth Monitor 2020 Summary presents an outline of the living situation of young people in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Based on a number of social themes, attention is paid to developments and regional differences. At local level, a description of youth in the Caribbean Netherlands is included. Maatschappelijke indicatoren | 30-11-2020 | 00:11 Fewer young volunteers in 2019 In 2019, fewer young people in the Netherlands aged 12 to 24 years were volunteering compared to previous years. While girls are more likely to volunteer in the field of care, boys prefer activities in a sports association. The most important reason for young people to volunteer is that they enjoy it. Statistics Netherlands (CBS) reports this in the latest edition of the National Youth Monitor, based on new figures taken from a survey on social cohesion and well-being. Labour | 26-05-2020 | 00:05 70 thousand unskilled young people are out of work Of the 181 thousand young people aged 15 to 26 years who dropped out of education without obtaining a basic qualification, there were 70 thousand who were out of work in 2019. This is a relatively high share compared to those who did obtain a basic qualification. Common reasons for not working are illness and disability. Among the unskilled, those in employment often work at lower occupational skill levels than their peers with basic qualifications. Of the 625 thousand young people who are not in education but who do have a basic qualification, 66 thousand are out of work. Mostly working parents in the Caribbean Netherlands In 2018, most of the children living at home in the Caribbean Netherlands had working parents. Of the nearly 5.2 thousand children up to the age of 25 living at home on Bonaire, St Eustatius and Saba, 92 percent have at least one working parent. Strong decline in young crime suspects In 2014, 73 thousand young people between the ages of 12 and 25 (2.4 percent of the total youth population) were registered as suspects of a criminal offence. This is a decline of 43 percent since 2007. One third of all registered suspects in 2014 were young, down from 39 percent in 2007. Low labour participation among young people in Groningen Many municipalities in Groningen province have a very low employment rate among young people aged 15 to 27. Likewise, many young people in the larger cities in the provinces of South and North Holland are unemployed. Labour participation rates among young people in Amsterdam, The Hague and Rotterdam are 59 percent, 52 percent and 53 percent respectively, considerably lower than the national average of over 62 percent. Relatively more children of families on income support in the big cities At the end of 2014, the Netherlands had almost 230 thousand children aged 0 to 18 years in families relying on income support benefits, which equals 6.5 percent of all children living with their parents. The percentage shares were considerably higher in Rotterdam (18.2 percent) and Amsterdam (14.4 percent). The Hague also featured in the top 10 of municipalities with children raised on income support, 12.3 percent. Utrecht was not included in the top 10, but ranked above average with 8.1 percent.

Fictional Character Personas – How to Create Diverse Personas Post author By marketingwayup@gmail.com When creating a fictional character, it’s important to include diverse users, especially in the crafting and research phases. The user-representation of diverse users will help you incorporate the needs of people who aren’t usually represented in the majority of a market. Here are some tips for building personas: A literary persona is an alternate voice used by an author to represent a character. Famous literary personas include T.S. Eliot’s Alfred Prufrock, who talks about mental conflict in the first part of his poem. Vladimir Nabokov’s character Duke also interacts with Lolita in his novel Heart of darkness. Both examples illustrate the use of the literary persona. But how does the literary persona relate to the world of journalism? Developing a compelling persona is essential to creating a successful piece of writing. It is also helpful for crafting your message and connecting with your audience. Experiment with different personas and see which ones resonate with you. Try creating a character with a personality, a background story, and a personality. Try using one or more in your writing, and you’ll see the benefits. You’ll soon see how powerful the metaphor of persona is. A speech recognition system that generates a visual representation of the selected persona is illustrated in FIGS. 1A-9C. The speech recognition system typically includes a viseme reservoir storing a number of persona visemes. Each viseme comprises a set of short visual sequences. The following describes various variations of the present invention. Note that the examples are exemplary and do not necessarily represent the full scope of the invention. A telephone subscriber can associate different personas with his contacts. For example, if he is planning to meet Abraham Lincoln, he can select this number and associate the particular viseme profile with that individual. The viseme database also stores other viseme profiles associated with other contacts, such as his or her boss. This way, the subscriber can easily access these personas and interact with them. A persona can be a representation of a persona with a specific role or function. Jung distinguished two main types of archetypes: the Anima/Animus and the Persona. Anima/Animus represents the inner self of both the male and female gender. The Anima/Animus represents the totality of unconscious feminine psychological qualities in both males and females. While the Anima/Animus is the unconscious self of males, the Persona is the inner self of females. In the early 20th century, Carl Jung rejected Freud’s view that neurosis difficulties begin in adolescence or early adulthood. Instead, he argued that such difficulties are the result of physiological triggers. Further, he believed that the inner world of an individual is formed in dreams and the external world shapes them. This is one of the many reasons why archetypes are so valuable to design. If you’re a writer, you’ve probably heard of fictional character persona. It is an imagined character that you use to represent your target audience. You’ll need to define their name, age, occupation, likes and dislikes, daily routine, and life goals and motivations. You might also want to use stock photographs to illustrate your persona. Read on to learn more about fictional character personas. Here are some tips to get you started: What is a persona? A persona is a fictional character whose thoughts and actions are represented in a work. The word persona derives from the Latin word persona, meaning “to sound through.” While the name persona is etymologically related to the Latin word per-sonare, it has no direct connection with the theatrical mask. A theatrical mask, for example, often included a microphone, was a persona. ← The Importance of an Office → PowerLocks Vs SRAM PowerLinks

Supreme Court: Failure of Expert in Social Security Hearing to Disclose Supporting Data Doesn’t Necessarily Mean Substantial Evidence Standard Unmet — “Substantial” Evidence in Agency Proceedings Is “More Than a Mere Scintilla” (Good Quote) Biestek v. Berryhill, 2019 U.S. LEXIS 2480 (U.S. April 1, 2019): The Social Security Administration (SSA) provides benefits to individuals who cannot obtain work because of a physical or mental disability. To determine whether an applicant is entitled to benefits, the agency may hold an informal hearing examining (among other things) the kind and number of jobs available for someone with the applicant’s disability and other characteristics. The agency’s factual findings on that score are “conclusive” in judicial review of the benefits decision so long as they are supported by “substantial evidence.” 42 U. S. C. §405(g). This case arises from the SSA’s reliance on an expert’s testimony about the availability of certain jobs in the economy. The expert largely based her opinion on private market-survey data. The question presented is whether her refusal to provide that data upon the applicant’s request categorically precludes her testimony from counting as “substantial evidence.” We hold it does not. Petitioner Michael Biestek once worked as a carpenter and general laborer on construction sites. But he stopped working after he developed degenerative disc disease, Hepatitis C, [*5] and depression. He then applied for social security disability benefits, claiming eligibility as of October 2009. After some preliminary proceedings, the SSA assigned an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) to hold a hearing on Biestek’s application. Those hearings, as described in the Social Security Act, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, 42 U. S. C. §301 et seq., are recognizably adjudicative in nature. The ALJ may “receive evidence” and “examine witnesses” about the contested issues in a case. §§405(b)(1), 1383(c) (1)(A). But many of the rules governing such hearings are less rigid than those a court would follow. See Richardson v. Perales, 402 U. S. 389, 400-401 (1971). An ALJ is to conduct a disability hearing in “an informal, non-adversarial manner.” 20 CFR §404.900(b) (2018); §416.1400(b). Most notably, an ALJ may receive evidence in a disability hearing that “would not be admissible in court.” §§404.950(c), 416.1450(c); see 42 U. S. C. §§405(b) (1), 1383(c)(1)(A). To rule on Biestek’s application, the ALJ had to determine whether the former construction laborer could successfully transition to less physically demanding work. That required exploring two issues. The ALJ needed to identify the types of jobs Biestek could perform notwithstanding his disabilities. See 20 CFR §§404.1560(c)(1), 416.960(c)(1). And the ALJ needed to ascertain whether those kinds of jobs “exist[ed] in significant numbers in the national economy.” [*6] §§404.1560(c)(1), 416.960(c)(1); see §§404.1566, 416.966. For guidance on such questions, ALJs often seek the views of “vocational experts.” See §§404.1566(e), 416.966(e); SSA, Hearings, Appeals, and Litigation Law Manual I-2-5-50 (Aug. 29, 2014). Those experts are professionals under contract with SSA to provide impartial testimony in agency proceedings. See id., at I-2-1-31.B.1 (June 16, 2016); id., at I-2-5-48. They must have “expertise” and “current knowledge” of “[w]orking conditions and physical demands of various” jobs; “[k]nowledge of the existence and numbers of [those jobs] in the national economy”; and “[i]nvolvement in or knowledge of placing adult workers[ ] with disabilities[ ] into jobs.” Id., at I-2-1-31.B.1. Many vocational experts simultaneously work in the private sector locating employment for persons with disabilities. See C. Kubitschek & J. Dubin, Social Security Disability Law & Procedure in Federal Court §3:89 (2019). When offering testimony, the experts may invoke not only publicly available sources but also “information obtained directly from employers” and data otherwise developed from their own “experience in job placement or career counseling.” Social Security Ruling, SSR 00-4p, 65 Fed. Reg. 75760 (2000). At Biestek’s hearing, the ALJ asked a vocational expert named Erin O’Callaghan to identify a sampling of “sedentary” jobs that a person [*7] with Biestek’s disabilities, education, and job history could perform. Tr. 59 (July 21, 2015); see 20 CFR §§404.1567(a), 416.967(a) (defining a “sedentary” job as one that “involves sitting” and requires “lifting no more than 10 pounds”). O’Callaghan had served as a vocational expert in SSA proceedings for five years; she also had more than ten years’ experience counseling people with disabilities about employment opportunities. See Stachowiak v. Commissioner of Social Security, 2013 WL 593825, *1 (ED Mich., Jan. 11, 2013); Record in No. 16-10422 (ED Mich.), Doc. 17-13, p. 1274 (resume). In response to the ALJ’s query, O’Callaghan listed sedentary jobs “such as a bench assembler [or] sorter” that did not require many skills. Tr. 58-59. And she further testified that 240,000 bench assembler jobs and 120,000 sorter jobs existed in the national economy. See ibid. On cross-examination, Biestek’s attorney asked O’Callaghan “where [she was] getting those [numbers] from.” Id., at 71. O’Callaghan replied that they came from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and her “own individual labor market surveys.” Ibid. The lawyer then requested that O’Callaghan turn over the private surveys so he could review them. Ibid. O’Callaghan responded that she wished to keep the surveys confidential because they were “part of [her] client files.” [*8] Id., at 72. The lawyer suggested that O’Callaghan could “take the clients’ names out.” Ibid. But at that point the ALJ interjected that he “would not require” O’Callaghan to produce the files in any form. Ibid. Biestek’s counsel asked no further questions about the basis for O’Callaghan’s assembler and sorter numbers. After the hearing concluded, the ALJ issued a decision granting Biestek’s application in part and denying it in part. According to the ALJ, Biestek was entitled to benefits beginning in May 2013, when his advancing age (he turned fifty that month) adversely affected his ability to find employment. See App. to Pet. for Cert. 19a, 112a-113a. But before that time, the ALJ held, Biestek’s disabilities should not have prevented a “successful adjustment to other work.” Id., at 110a-112a. The ALJ based that conclusion on O’Callaghan’s testimony about the availability in the economy of “sedentary unskilled occupations such as bench assembler [or] sorter.” Id., at 111a (emphasis deleted). Biestek sought review in federal court of the ALJ’s denial of benefits for the period between October 2009 and May 2013. On judicial review, an ALJ’s factual findings—such as the determination that Biestek could have found sedentary [*9] work—“shall be conclusive” if supported by “substantial evidence.” 42 U. S. C. §405(g); see supra, at 1. Biestek contended that O’Callaghan’s testimony could not possibly constitute such evidence because she had declined, upon request, to produce her supporting data. See Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment in No. 16-10422 (ED Mich.), Doc. 22, p. 23. But the District Court rejected that argument. See 2017 WL 1173775, *2 (Mar. 30, 2017). And the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed. See Biestek v. Commissioner of Social Security, 880 F. 3d 778 (2018). That court recognized that the Seventh Circuit had adopted the categorical rule Biestek proposed, precluding a vocational expert’s testimony from qualifying as substantial if the expert had declined an applicant’s request to provide supporting data. See id., at 790 (citing McKinnie v. Barnhart, 368 F. 3d 907, 910-911 (2004)). But that rule, the Sixth Circuit observed in joining the ranks of unconvinced courts, “ha[d] not been a popular export.” 880 F. 3d, at 790 (internal quotation marks omitted). And no more is it so today. The phrase “substantial evidence” is a “term of art” used throughout administrative law to describe how courts are to review agency factfinding. T-Mobile South, LLC, v. Roswell, 574 U. S. ___, ___ (2015) (slip op., at 7). Under the substantial-evidence standard, a court looks to an existing administrative record and asks whether it contains “sufficien[t] evidence” to support the [*10] agency’s factual determinations. Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U. S. 197, 229 (1938) (emphasis deleted). And whatever the meaning of “substantial” in other contexts, the threshold for such evidentiary sufficiency is not high. Substantial evidence, this Court has said, is “more than a mere scintilla.” Ibid.; see, e.g., Perales, 402 U. S., at 401 (internal quotation marks omitted). It means—and means only—“such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Consolidated Edison, 305 U. S., at 229. See Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U. S. 150, 153 (1999) (comparing the substantial-evidence standard to the deferential clearly-erroneous standard). Today, Biestek argues that the testimony of a vocational expert who (like O’Callaghan) refuses a request for supporting data about job availability can never clear the substantial-evidence bar. See Brief for Petitioner 21-34. As that formulation makes clear, Biestek’s proposed rule is categorical, rendering expert testimony insufficient to sustain an ALJ’s factfinding whenever such a refusal has occurred. 1 But Biestek hastens to add two caveats. The first is to clarify what the rule is not, the second to stress where its limits lie. Biestek initially takes pains—and understandably so—to distinguish his argument from a procedural claim. Reply Brief 12-14. [*11] At no stage in this litigation, Biestek says, has he ever espoused “a free-standing procedural rule under which a vocational expert would always have to produce [her underlying data] upon request.” Id., at 2. That kind of rule exists in federal court: There, an expert witness must produce all data she has considered in reaching her conclusions. See Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 26(a)(2)(B). But as Biestek appreciates, no similar requirement applies in SSA hearings. As explained above, Congress intended those proceedings to be “informal” and provided that the “strict rules of evidence, applicable in the courtroom, are not to” apply. Perales, 402 U. S., at 400; see 42 U. S. C. §405(b)(1); supra, at 2. So Biestek does not press for a “procedural rule” governing “the means through which an evidentiary record [must be] created.” Tr. of Oral Arg. 6; Reply Brief 13. Instead, he urges a “substantive rule” for “assess[ing] the quality and quantity of [record] evidence”—which would find testimony like O’Callaghan’s inadequate, when taken alone, to support an ALJ’s factfinding. Id., at 12. And Biestek also emphasizes a limitation within that proposed rule. For the rule to kick in, the applicant must make a demand for the expert’s supporting data. See Brief for Petitioner i, 5, 18, 40, 55; Tr. of Oral Arg. 25-26. [*12] Consider two cases in which vocational experts rely on, but do not produce, nonpublic information. In the first, the applicant asks for the data; in the second, not. According to Biestek, the expert’s testimony in the first case cannot possibly clear the substantial-evidence bar; but in the second case, it may well do so, even though the administrative record is otherwise the same. And Biestek underscores that this difference in outcome has nothing to do with waiver or forfeiture: As he acknowledges, an applicant “cannot waive the substantial evidence standard.” Id., at 27. It is just that the evidentiary problem arises from the expert’s refusal of a demand, not from the data’s absence alone. In his words, the testimony “can constitute substantial evidence if unchallenged, but not if challenged.” Reply Brief 18. To assess Biestek’s proposal, we begin with the parties’ common ground: Assuming no demand, a vocational expert’s testimony may count as substantial evidence even when unaccompanied by supporting data. Take an example. Suppose an expert has top-of-the-line credentials, including professional qualifications and many years’ experience; suppose, too, she has a history of giving sound testimony [*13] about job availability in similar cases (perhaps before the same ALJ). Now say that she testifies about the approximate number of various sedentary jobs an applicant for benefits could perform. She explains that she arrived at her figures by surveying a range of representative employers; amassing specific information about their labor needs and employment of people with disabilities; and extrapolating those findings to the national economy by means of a well-accepted methodology. She answers cogently and thoroughly all questions put to her by the ALJ and the applicant’s lawyer. And nothing in the rest of the record conflicts with anything she says. But she never produces her survey data. Still, her testimony would be the kind of evidence—far “more than a mere scintilla”—that “a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support” a finding about job availability. Consolidated Edison, 305 U. S., at 229. Of course, the testimony would be even better—more reliable and probative—if she had produced supporting data; that would be a best practice for the SSA and its experts. 2 And of course, a different (maybe less qualified) expert failing to produce such data might offer testimony that is so feeble, or contradicted, that it [*14] would fail to clear the substantial-evidence bar. The point is only—as, again, Biestek accepts—that expert testimony can sometimes surmount that bar absent underlying data. But if that is true, why should one additional fact—a refusal to a request for that data—make a vocational expert’s testimony categorically inadequate? Assume that an applicant challenges our hypothetical expert to turn over her supporting data; and assume the expert declines because the data reveals private information about her clients and making careful redactions will take a fair bit of time. Nothing in the expert’s refusal changes her testimony (as described above) about job availability. Nor does it alter any other material in the record. So if our expert’s opinion was sufficient—i.e., qualified as substantial evidence—before the refusal, it is hard to see why the opinion has to be insufficient afterward. Biestek suggests two reasons for that non-obvious result. First, he contends that the expert’s rejection of a request for backup data necessarily “cast[s her testimony] into doubt.” Reply Brief 16. And second, he avers that the refusal inevitably “deprives an applicant of the material necessary for an effective [*15] cross-examination.” Id., at 2. But Biestek states his arguments too broadly—and the nuggets of truth they contain cannot justify his proposed flat rule. Consider Biestek’s claim about how an expert’s refusal undercuts her credibility. Biestek here invokes the established idea of an “adverse inference”: If an expert declines to back up her testimony with information in her control, then the factfinder has a reason to think she is hiding something. See id., at 16 (citing cases). We do not dispute that possibility—but the inference is far from always required. If an ALJ has no other reason to trust the expert, or finds her testimony iffy on its face, her refusal of the applicant’s demand for supporting data may properly tip the scales against her opinion. (Indeed, more can be said: Even if the applicant makes no demand, such an expert’s withholding of data may count against her.) But if (as in our prior hypothetical example, see supra, at 7-8) the ALJ views the expert and her testimony as otherwise trustworthy, and thinks she has good reason to keep her data private, her rejection of an applicant’s demand need not make a difference. So too when a court reviews the ALJ’s decision under the deferential substantial-evidence [*16] standard. In some cases, the refusal to disclose data, considered along with other shortcomings, will prevent a court from finding that “a reasonable mind” could accept the expert’s testimony. Consolidated Edison, 305 U. S., at 229. But in other cases, that refusal will have no such consequence. Even taking it into account, the expert’s opinion will qualify as “more than a mere scintilla” of evidence supporting the ALJ’s conclusion. Which is to say it will count, contra Biestek, as substantial. And much the same is true of Biestek’s claim that an expert’s refusal precludes meaningful cross-examination. We agree with Biestek that an ALJ and reviewing court may properly consider obstacles to such questioning when deciding how much to credit an expert’s opinion. See Perales, 402 U. S., at 402-406. But Biestek goes too far in suggesting that the refusal to provide supporting data always interferes with effective cross-examination, or that the absence of such testing always requires treating an opinion as unreliable. Even without specific data, an applicant may probe the strength of testimony by asking an expert about (for example) her sources and methods—where she got the information at issue and how she analyzed it and derived her conclusions. See, e.g. [*17] , Chavez v. Berryhill, 895 F. 3d 962, 969-970 (CA7 2018). And even without significant testing, a factfinder may conclude that testimony has sufficient indicia of reliability to support a conclusion about whether an applicant could find work. Indeed, Biestek effectively concedes both those points in cases where supporting data is missing, so long as an expert has not refused an applicant’s demand. See supra, at 7. But once that much is acknowledged, Biestek’s argument cannot hold. For with or without an express refusal, the absence of data places the selfsame limits on cross-examination. Where Biestek goes wrong, at bottom, is in pressing for a categorical rule, applying to every case in which a vocational expert refuses a request for underlying data. Sometimes an expert’s withholding of such data, when combined with other aspects of the record, will prevent her testimony from qualifying as substantial evidence. That would be so, for example, if the expert has no good reason to keep the data private and her testimony lacks other markers of reliability. But sometimes the reservation of data will have no such effect. Even though the applicant might wish for the data, the expert’s testimony still will clear (even handily so) the more-than-a-mere-scintilla [*18] threshold. The inquiry, as is usually true in determining the substantiality of evidence, is case-by-case. See, e.g., Perales, 402 U. S., at 399, 410 (rejecting a categorical rule pertaining to the substantiality of medical reports in a disability hearing). It takes into account all features of the vocational expert’s testimony, as well as the rest of the administrative record. And in so doing, it defers to the presiding ALJ, who has seen the hearing up close. That much is sufficient to decide this case. Biestek petitioned us only to adopt the categorical rule we have now rejected. He did not ask us to decide whether, in the absence of that rule, substantial evidence supported the ALJ in denying him benefits. Accordingly, we affirm the Court of Appeals’ judgment. Dissent by: SOTOMAYOR; GORSUCH Justice Sotomayor, dissenting. The Court focuses on the propriety of a categorical rule that precludes private data that a vocational expert refuses to provide upon request from qualifying as “‘substantial evidence.’” See ante, at 1. I agree with Justice Gorsuch that the question presented by this case encompasses an inquiry not just into the propriety of a categorical rule in such circumstances but also into whether the [*19] substantial-evidence standard was met in the narrower circumstances of Michael Biestek’s case. See post, at 6-7 (dissenting opinion). For the reasons that Justice Gorsuch sets out, the vocational expert’s conclusory testimony in this case, offered without even a hint of support, did not constitute substantial evidence. Once Biestek established that he had impairments, the agency bore the burden of proving that work opportunities were available to someone with his disabilities and individual characteristics. 20 CFR § 416.912(b)(3) (2018). To meet that burden, the agency relied on a vocational expert’s testimony that Biestek could qualify for one of 240,000 “bench assembler” jobs or 120,000 “sorter” jobs nationwide. Tr. 59 (July 21, 2015). The expert said that those numbers were based in part on her “professional experience.” Id., at 61. When Biestek’s counsel understandably asked for more details, the expert said only that she got the numbers from a publicly available source as well as from her “own individual labor market surveys” that were part of confidential client files. Id., at 71; see id., at 67, 71-72. Biestek’s counsel asked if the names in the files could be redacted, but the administrative law judge (ALJ) interrupted and ruled [*20] that she would not require the surveys to be produced in redacted form. Id., at 72; see also id., at 67. Perhaps the ALJ would have allowed Biestek’s counsel to ask followup questions about the basis for the testimony at that point, and perhaps Biestek’s counsel should have tried to do so. But a Social Security proceeding is “inquisitorial rather than adversarial.” Sims v. Apfel, 530 U. S. 103, 110-111 (2000); see 20 CFR §§404.900(b), 416.1400(b). The ALJ acts as “an examiner charged with developing the facts,” Richardson v. Perales, 402 U. S. 389, 410 (1971), and has a duty to “develop the arguments both for and against granting benefits,” Sims, 530 U. S., at 111; see also Social Security Ruling, SSR 00-4P, 65 Fed. Reg. 75760 (2000) (noting “the adjudicator’s duty to fully develop the record”). Here, instead of taking steps to ensure that the claimant had a basis from which effective cross-examination could be made and thus the record could be developed, the ALJ cut off that process by intervening when Biestek’s counsel asked about the possibility of redaction. The result was that the expert offered no detail whatsoever on the basis for her testimony. She did not say whom she had surveyed, how many surveys she had conducted, or what information she had gathered, nor did she offer any other explanation of the data on which she relied. In conjunction with the failure to proffer the surveys themselves, [*21] the expert’s conclusory testimony alone could not constitute substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s factfinding. * I agree with much of Justice Gorsuch’s reasoning. I emphasize that I do not foreclose the possibility that a more developed record could justify an ALJ’s reliance on vocational-expert testimony in some circumstances even if the expert does not produce records underlying that testimony on request. An expert may have legitimate reasons for not turning over data, such as the burden of gathering records or confidentiality concerns that redaction cannot address. In those circumstances, as the majority suggests, the agency may be able to support an expert’s testimony in ways other than by providing underlying data, such as by offering a fulsome description of the data and methodology on which the expert relies. See ante, at 8. The agency simply did not do so here. Justice Gorsuch, with whom Justice Ginsburg joins, dissenting. Walk for a moment in Michael Biestek’s shoes. As part of your application for disability benefits, you’ve proven that you suffer from serious health problems and can’t return to your old construction job. Like many cases, yours turns on whether a significant [*22] number of other jobs remain that someone of your age, education, and experience, and with your physical limitations, could perform. When it comes to that question, the Social Security Administration bears the burden of proof. To meet its burden in your case, the agency chooses to rest on the testimony of a vocational expert the agency hired as an independent contractor. The expert asserts there are 120,000 “sorter” and 240,000 “bench assembler” jobs nationwide that you could perform even with your disabilities. Where did these numbers come from? The expert says she relied on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and her own private surveys. But it turns out the Bureau can’t be the source; its numbers aren’t that specific. The source—if there is a source—must be the expert’s private surveys. So you ask to see them. The expert refuses—she says they’re part of confidential client files. You reply by pointing out that any confidential client information can be redacted. But rather than ordering the data produced, the hearing examiner, herself a Social Security Administration employee, jumps in to say that won’t be necessary. Even without the data, the examiner states in her decision [*23] on your disability claim, the expert’s say-so warrants “great weight” and is more than enough evidence to deny your application. Case closed. App. to Pet. for Cert. 111a-112a, 118a-119a. Would you say this decision was based on “substantial evidence”? Count me with Judge Easterbrook and the Seventh Circuit in thinking that an agency expert’s bottom-line conclusion, supported only by a claim of readily available evidence that she refuses to produce on request, fails to satisfy the government’s statutory burden of producing substantial evidence of available other work. See Donahue v. Barnhart, 279 F. 3d 441, 446 (CA7 2002); McKinnie v. Barnhart, 368 F. 3d 907, 910-911 (CA7 2004) (per curiam). Start with the legal standard. The Social Security Act of 1935 requires the agency to support its conclusions about the number of available jobs with “substantial evidence.” 42 U. S. C. §405(g). Congress borrowed that standard from civil litigation practice, where reviewing courts may overturn a jury verdict when the record lacks “substantial evidence”—that is, evidence sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to reach the verdict it did. Much the same standard governs summary judgment and directed verdict practice today. See 2 K. Hickman & R. Pierce, Administrative Law §10.2.1, pp. 1082-1085 (6th ed. 2019); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U. S. 242, 252 (1986); NLRB v. Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co., 306 U. S. 292, 300 (1939). Next, consider what [*24] we know about this standard. Witness testimony that’s clearly wrong as a matter of fact cannot be substantial evidence. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U. S. 372, 380 (2007). Falsified evidence isn’t substantial evidence. See, e.g., Firemen’s and Policemen’s Civil Serv. Comm’n v. Brinkmeyer, 662 S. W. 2d 953, 956 (Tex. 1984). Speculation isn’t substantial evidence. See, e.g., Cao He Lin v. Department of Justice, 428 F. 3d 391, 400 (CA2 2005); Alpo Petfoods, Inc. v. NLRB, 126 F. 3d 246, 250 (CA4 1997). And, maybe most pointedly for our purposes, courts have held that a party or expert who supplies only conclusory assertions fails this standard too. See, e.g., Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation, 497 U. S. 871, 888 (1990) (“The object of [summary-judgment practice] is not to replace conclusory allegations of the complaint or answer with conclusory allegations of an affidavit”); Regents of Univ. of Minn. v. AGA Medical Corp., 717 F. 3d 929, 941 (CA Fed. 2013) (“conclusory expert assertions cannot raise triable issues of material fact”) (collecting cases); Mid-State Fertilizer Co. v. Exchange Nat. Bank of Chicago, 877 F. 2d 1333, 1339 (CA7 1989) (“An expert who supplies nothing but a bottom line supplies nothing of value to the judicial process”); Sea Robin Pipeline Co. v. FERC, 795 F. 2d 182, 188 (CADC 1986) (“[I]nordinate faith in the conclusory assertions of an expert . . . cannot satisfy the requirement [of] substantial evidence”). If clearly mistaken evidence, fake evidence, speculative evidence, and conclusory evidence aren’t substantial evidence, the evidence here shouldn’t be either. The case hinges on an expert who (a) claims to possess evidence on the dispositive legal question that [*25] can be found nowhere else in the record, but (b) offers only a conclusion about its contents, and (c) refuses to supply the evidence when requested without showing that it can’t readily be made available. What reasonable factfinder would rely on evidence like that? It seems just the sort of conclusory evidence courts have long held insufficient to meet the substantial evidence standard. And thanks to its conclusory nature, for all anyone can tell it may have come out of a hat—and, thus, may wind up being clearly mistaken, fake, or speculative evidence too. Unsurprisingly given all this, the government fails to cite even a single authority blessing the sort of evidence here as substantial evidence, despite the standard’s long history and widespread use. Veteran Social Security practitioners must be feeling a sense of déjà vu. Half a century ago, Judge Henry Friendly encountered Kerner v. Flemming, 283 F. 2d 916 (CA2 1960). There, the agency’s hearing examiner offered “nothing save [his own] speculation” to support his holding that the claimant “could in fact obtain substantial gainful employment.” Id., at 921. The Second Circuit firmly explained that this kind of conclusory claim is insufficient to meet the substantial evidence standard. [*26] In response, the Social Security Administration began hiring vocational experts, like the one in this case, to document the number of jobs available to a given claimant. But if the government can do what it did in this case, it’s hard to see what all the trouble was for. The agency might still rest decisions on a hunch—just so long as the hunch comes from an agency contractor rather than an agency examiner. Instead of addressing the realities of this case, the government asks us to imagine a hypothetical one. Assume, it says, that no one had requested the underlying data. In those circumstances, the government points out, even Mr. Biestek appears to accept that the agency’s decision could have stood. And if that’s true, the government asks, why should it make a difference if we add only one additional fact—the expert’s refusal to produce the data? See ante, at 7-9 (presenting the same argument). The answer is an old and familiar one. The refusal to supply readily available evidentiary support for a conclusion strongly suggests that the conclusion is, well, unsupported. See, e.g., Interstate Circuit, Inc., v. United States, 306 U. S. 208, 226 (1939) (“The production of weak evidence when strong is available can lead only to the conclusion that the strong [*27] would have been adverse”); Clifton v. United States, 4 How. 242, 248 (1846) (the withholding of “more direct” proof suggests that “if the more perfect exposition had been given it would have laid open deficiencies and objections which the more obscure and uncertain testimony was intended to conceal”); 31A C. J. S., Evidence §156(2), p. 402 (1964) (“The unfavorable inference . . . is especially applicable where the party withholding the evidence has had notice or has been ordered to produce it”). Meanwhile, a similar inference may not arise if no one’s bothered to ask for the evidence, or if the evidence is shown to be unavailable for a good reason. In cases like those, there may be just too many other plausible and innocent excuses for the evidence’s absence. Maybe, for example, nobody bothered to seek the underlying data because everyone knew what it would show. Fine, the Court responds, all that’s true enough. But even if we accept that an expert’s failure to produce the evidence underlying her conclusion may support an inference that her conclusion is unsupported, that doesn’t mean such an inference must follow. Whether an inference is appropriate depends on the facts of the particular case. See ante, at 9-10. But what more do we need [*28] to know about the facts of this case? All of the relevant facts are undisputed, and it remains only to decide the legal question whether they meet the substantial evidence standard. We know that the expert offered a firm and exact conclusion about the number of available jobs. We know that the expert claimed to have private information to support her conclusion. We know Mr. Biestek requested that information and we have no reason to think any confidentiality concerns could not have been addressed. We know, too, that the hearing examiner had “no other reason to trust the expert[’s]” numbers beyond her say-so. Ibid. Finally and looking to the law, we know that a witness’s bare conclusion is regularly held insufficient to meet the substantial evidence threshold—and we know that the government hasn’t cited a single case finding substantial evidence on so little. This is exactly the sort of case where an adverse inference should “tip the scales.” Ibid. With so much now weighing against the government, everything seems to turn on a final hypothetical. Now we are asked to imagine that the expert had offered detailed oral testimony about the withheld data. Her testimony was so detailed, we [*29] are asked to suppose, that Mr. Biestek could have thoroughly tested the data’s reliability through cross-examination. (You might wonder just how effective this cross-examination could be if Mr. Biestek didn’t have access to the data. But overlook that.) Surely in those circumstances it wouldn’t matter whether the expert failed to produce the data even in bad faith. Any failure to produce would be harmless as a matter of law because the expert’s testimony, all by itself, would amount to substantial evidence on which a rational factfinder might rely. Ante, at 10. The problem is that this imaginary case has nothing to teach us about our real one. In Mr. Biestek’s case, it is undisputed that the expert offered only a bare conclusion about the number of available jobs. No other relevant testimony was offered or received: no testimony about the underlying data, no testimony about its specific sources, no testimony about its reliability. In our real case, there is simply no way to shrug off the failure to produce the data as harmless error. To the contrary, and as we have seen, cases like this routinely fail to satisfy the substantial evidence standard. And if the government has a “duty to [*30] fully develop the record,” ante, at 2 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting), that conclusion should follow all the more strongly. What leads the Court to a different conclusion? It says that it views Mr. Biestek’s petition as raising only the “categorical” question whether an expert’s failure to produce underlying data always and in “every case” precludes her testimony from qualifying as substantial evidence. Ante, at 1, 9-11. And once the question is ratcheted up to that level of abstraction, of course it is easy enough to shoot it down: just point to a series of hypothetical cases where the record contains additional justification for the expert’s failure to produce or additional evidence to support her opinion. In such counterfactual cases, the failure to produce either would not be enough to give rise to an adverse inference under traditional legal principles or could be held harmless as a matter of law. See ante, at 7-10. But as I understand Mr. Biestek’s submission, it does not require an all-or-nothing approach that would cover “every case.” As the Court acknowledges, Mr. Biestek has focused us “on the Seventh Circuit’s categorical rule.” Ante, at 6, n. 1. And that “rule” targets the narrower [*31] “category” of circumstances we have here—where an expert “‘give[s] a bottom line,’” fails to provide evidence “underlying that bottom line” when challenged, and fails to show the evidence is unavailable. McKinnie, 368 F. 3d, at 911 (quoting Donahue, 279 F. 3d, at 446). What to do about that category falls well within the question presented: “[w]hether a vocational expert’s testimony can constitute substantial evidence of ‘other work’ . . . when the expert fails upon the applicant’s request to provide the underlying data on which that testimony is premised.” Pet. for Cert. i. The answer to that question may be “always,” “never,” or—as the Court itself seems to acknowledge—“[s]ometimes.” Ante, at 11. And if the answer is “sometimes,” the critical question becomes “in what circumstances”? I suppose we could stop short and leave everyone guessing. But another option is to follow the Seventh Circuit’s lead, resolve the smaller yet still significant “category” of cases like the one before us, and in that way begin to offer lower courts meaningful guidance in this important area. While I would not hesitate to take this course and make plain that cases like Mr. Biestek’s fail the substantial evidence standard, I understand the Court today to [*32] choose the first option and leave these matters for another day. There is good news and bad news in this. If my understanding of the Court’s opinion is correct, the good news is that the Court remains open to the possibility that in real-world cases like Mr. Biestek’s, lower courts may—and even should—find the substantial evidence test unmet. The bad news is that we must wait to find out, leaving many people and courts in limbo in the meantime. Cases with facts like Mr. Biestek’s appear to be all too common. See, e.g., Dubin, Overcoming Gridlock: Campbell After a Quarter-Century and Bureaucratically Rational Gap-Filling in Mass Justice Adjudication in the Social Security Administration’s Disability Programs, 62 Admin. L. Rev. 937, 966 (2010). And many courts have erred in them by finding the substantial evidence test met, as the Sixth Circuit did in the case now before us. Some courts have even conflated the substantial evidence standard—a substantive standard governing what’s needed to sustain a judgment as a matter of law—with procedural rules governing the admission of evidence. These courts have mistakenly suggested that, because the Federal Rules of Evidence don’t apply in Social Security proceedings, anything an expert says will [*33] suffice to meet the agency’s burden of proof. See, e.g., Welsh v. Commissioner of Social Security, 662 Fed. Appx. 105, 109-110 (CA3 2016); Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F. 3d 1211, 1218, and n. 4 (CA9 2005). Definitively resolving this case would have provided more useful guidance for practitioners and lower courts that have struggled with a significant category of cases like Mr. Biestek’s, all while affording him the relief the law promises in disputes like his. The principle that the government must support its allegations with substantial evidence, not conclusions and secret evidence, guards against arbitrary executive decisionmaking. See Friendly, “Some Kind of Hearing,” 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1267, 1313-1314 (1975). Without it, people like Mr. Biestek are left to the mercy of a bureaucrat’s caprice. Over 100 years ago, in ICC v. Louisville & Nashville R. Co., 227 U. S. 88 (1913), the government sought to justify an agency order binding private parties without producing the information on which the agency had relied. The government argued that its findings should be “presumed to have been supported.” Id., at 93. In essence, the government sought the right to “act upon any sort of secret evidence.” Gellhorn, Official Notice in Administrative Adjudication, 20 Texas L. Rev. 131, 145 (1941). This Court did not approve of that practice then, and I would not have hesitated to make clear that we do not approve of it today. I respectfully dissent. 1 In contrast, the principal dissent cannot decide whether it favors such a categorical rule. At first, Justice Gorsuch endorses the rule Biestek and the Seventh Circuit have proposed. See post, at 2. But in then addressing our opinion, he takes little or no issue with the reasoning we offer to show why that rule is too broad. See post, at 4-7. So the dissent tries to narrow the scope of Biestek’s categorical rule—to only cases that look just like his. See post, at 7-8. And still more, it shelves all the “categorical” talk and concentrates on Biestek’s case alone. See post, at 1, 4-8. There, Justice Gorsuch’s dissent joins Justice Sotomayor’s in concluding that the expert evidence in this case was insubstantial. But as we later explain, see infra, at 11, Biestek did not petition us to resolve that factbound question; nor did his briefing and argument focus on anything other than the Seventh Circuit’s categorical rule. We confine our opinion accordingly. 2 The SSA itself appears to agree. In the handbook given to vocational experts, the agency states: “You should have available, at the hearing, any vocational resource materials that you are likely to rely upon” because “the ALJ may ask you to provide relevant portions of [those] materials.” SSA, Vocational Expert Handbook 37 (Aug. 2017), https://www.ssa.gov/appeals/public_experts/Vocational_Experts_ (VE)_Handbook-508.pdf (as last visited Mar. 28, 2019). * I note that the agency’s own handbook says that experts “should have available, at the hearing, any vocational resource materials that [they] are likely to rely upon and should be able to thoroughly explain what resource materials [they] used and how [they] arrived at [their] opinions.” SSA, Vocational Expert Handbook 37 (Aug. 2017), https://www.ssa.gov /appeals/public_experts /Vocational_Experts_(VE)_Handbook-508.pdf (as last visited Mar. 29, 2019).

The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1987 and 2001: 5-Year survival has improved significantly with time Hwan Y. Yoo, Cary H. Patt, Jean Francois Geschwind, Paul J. Thuluvath Purpose: We hypothesized that the outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has improved over the past decade because of the application of published criteria for patient selection. In this study, we compared the outcome of liver transplantation in patients with and without HCC at different time periods using the United Network for Organ Sharing data. Patients and Methods: We excluded children, patients with multiple organ transplantation or retransplantation, and those with incomplete survival data. The study period was arbitrarily divided into three time intervals: 1987 to 1991, 1992 to 1995, and 1996 to 2001. Results: During the study period, 985 patients with HCC (HCC group), and 33,339 without HCC underwent liver transplantation (control group). Kaplan-Meier patient and graft survivals were significantly lower for the HCC group compared with the control group. Cox regression analysis (after adjusting for other confounding variables) confirmed a lower patient survival in the HCC group (1-year survival, 77.0% v 86.7%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 2.0; P < .0001) compared with the control group (5-year survival, 48.2% v 74.7%; HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.9 to 2.4; P < .0001); HCC was an independent predictor of survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant improvement in 5-year patient survival with time in patients with HCC (1987 to 1991, 25.3%; 1992 to 1995, 46.6%; 1996 to 2001, 61.1%; P < .0001). During the same period, there was only minimal improvement in survival among the control group. Conclusion: Five-year survival of patients transplanted for HCC is excellent, with a steady improvement in survival over the past decade. It is possible that the published criteria for patient selection may have contributed to the better outcome. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.11.137 10.1200/JCO.2003.11.137 Dive into the research topics of 'The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1987 and 2001: 5-Year survival has improved significantly with time'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Liver Transplantation Medicine & Life Sciences 100% Hepatocellular Carcinoma Medicine & Life Sciences 88% Patient Selection Medicine & Life Sciences 19% Information Dissemination Medicine & Life Sciences 12% Epidemiologic Confounding Factors Medicine & Life Sciences 12% Organ Transplantation Medicine & Life Sciences 11% Yoo, H. Y., Patt, C. H., Geschwind, J. F., & Thuluvath, P. J. (2003). The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1987 and 2001: 5-Year survival has improved significantly with time. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(23), 4329-4335. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.11.137 The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1987 and 2001 : 5-Year survival has improved significantly with time. / Yoo, Hwan Y.; Patt, Cary H.; Geschwind, Jean Francois et al. In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 21, No. 23, 01.12.2003, p. 4329-4335. Yoo, HY, Patt, CH, Geschwind, JF & Thuluvath, PJ 2003, 'The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1987 and 2001: 5-Year survival has improved significantly with time', Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 21, no. 23, pp. 4329-4335. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.11.137 Yoo HY, Patt CH, Geschwind JF, Thuluvath PJ. The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1987 and 2001: 5-Year survival has improved significantly with time. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 Dec 1;21(23):4329-4335. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2003.11.137 Yoo, Hwan Y. ; Patt, Cary H. ; Geschwind, Jean Francois et al. / The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1987 and 2001 : 5-Year survival has improved significantly with time. In: Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 ; Vol. 21, No. 23. pp. 4329-4335. @article{a67c380c3c024343b973fb9d239451c2, title = "The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1987 and 2001: 5-Year survival has improved significantly with time", abstract = "Purpose: We hypothesized that the outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has improved over the past decade because of the application of published criteria for patient selection. In this study, we compared the outcome of liver transplantation in patients with and without HCC at different time periods using the United Network for Organ Sharing data. Patients and Methods: We excluded children, patients with multiple organ transplantation or retransplantation, and those with incomplete survival data. The study period was arbitrarily divided into three time intervals: 1987 to 1991, 1992 to 1995, and 1996 to 2001. Results: During the study period, 985 patients with HCC (HCC group), and 33,339 without HCC underwent liver transplantation (control group). Kaplan-Meier patient and graft survivals were significantly lower for the HCC group compared with the control group. Cox regression analysis (after adjusting for other confounding variables) confirmed a lower patient survival in the HCC group (1-year survival, 77.0% v 86.7%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 2.0; P < .0001) compared with the control group (5-year survival, 48.2% v 74.7%; HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.9 to 2.4; P < .0001); HCC was an independent predictor of survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant improvement in 5-year patient survival with time in patients with HCC (1987 to 1991, 25.3%; 1992 to 1995, 46.6%; 1996 to 2001, 61.1%; P < .0001). During the same period, there was only minimal improvement in survival among the control group. Conclusion: Five-year survival of patients transplanted for HCC is excellent, with a steady improvement in survival over the past decade. It is possible that the published criteria for patient selection may have contributed to the better outcome.", author = "Yoo, {Hwan Y.} and Patt, {Cary H.} and Geschwind, {Jean Francois} and Thuluvath, {Paul J.}", doi = "10.1200/JCO.2003.11.137", journal = "Journal of Clinical Oncology", publisher = "American Society of Clinical Oncology", T1 - The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1987 and 2001 T2 - 5-Year survival has improved significantly with time AU - Yoo, Hwan Y. AU - Patt, Cary H. AU - Geschwind, Jean Francois AU - Thuluvath, Paul J. N2 - Purpose: We hypothesized that the outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has improved over the past decade because of the application of published criteria for patient selection. In this study, we compared the outcome of liver transplantation in patients with and without HCC at different time periods using the United Network for Organ Sharing data. Patients and Methods: We excluded children, patients with multiple organ transplantation or retransplantation, and those with incomplete survival data. The study period was arbitrarily divided into three time intervals: 1987 to 1991, 1992 to 1995, and 1996 to 2001. Results: During the study period, 985 patients with HCC (HCC group), and 33,339 without HCC underwent liver transplantation (control group). Kaplan-Meier patient and graft survivals were significantly lower for the HCC group compared with the control group. Cox regression analysis (after adjusting for other confounding variables) confirmed a lower patient survival in the HCC group (1-year survival, 77.0% v 86.7%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 2.0; P < .0001) compared with the control group (5-year survival, 48.2% v 74.7%; HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.9 to 2.4; P < .0001); HCC was an independent predictor of survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant improvement in 5-year patient survival with time in patients with HCC (1987 to 1991, 25.3%; 1992 to 1995, 46.6%; 1996 to 2001, 61.1%; P < .0001). During the same period, there was only minimal improvement in survival among the control group. Conclusion: Five-year survival of patients transplanted for HCC is excellent, with a steady improvement in survival over the past decade. It is possible that the published criteria for patient selection may have contributed to the better outcome. AB - Purpose: We hypothesized that the outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has improved over the past decade because of the application of published criteria for patient selection. In this study, we compared the outcome of liver transplantation in patients with and without HCC at different time periods using the United Network for Organ Sharing data. Patients and Methods: We excluded children, patients with multiple organ transplantation or retransplantation, and those with incomplete survival data. The study period was arbitrarily divided into three time intervals: 1987 to 1991, 1992 to 1995, and 1996 to 2001. Results: During the study period, 985 patients with HCC (HCC group), and 33,339 without HCC underwent liver transplantation (control group). Kaplan-Meier patient and graft survivals were significantly lower for the HCC group compared with the control group. Cox regression analysis (after adjusting for other confounding variables) confirmed a lower patient survival in the HCC group (1-year survival, 77.0% v 86.7%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 2.0; P < .0001) compared with the control group (5-year survival, 48.2% v 74.7%; HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.9 to 2.4; P < .0001); HCC was an independent predictor of survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant improvement in 5-year patient survival with time in patients with HCC (1987 to 1991, 25.3%; 1992 to 1995, 46.6%; 1996 to 2001, 61.1%; P < .0001). During the same period, there was only minimal improvement in survival among the control group. Conclusion: Five-year survival of patients transplanted for HCC is excellent, with a steady improvement in survival over the past decade. It is possible that the published criteria for patient selection may have contributed to the better outcome. U2 - 10.1200/JCO.2003.11.137 DO - 10.1200/JCO.2003.11.137 JO - Journal of Clinical Oncology JF - Journal of Clinical Oncology

MY $3 DINNER: Dim Sum Back in July, I posted this piece about a ribeye “steak” for sale at my local Dollar Tree. A week later, my sister Facebooked a cell phone pic of a poster advertising the same “steaks” at her local Dollar Tree. I commented on her pic, and suggested that I review all the frozen food Dollar Tree sells. My sis thought it was funny… and so… here we are. The missus and I go to Dollar Tree every few weeks to pick up various odds and ends, like shower curtain liners, tealight candles, C batteries, circus peanuts (don’t judge!) and Utz Crab Chips (every store in Charlotte sells Utz chips, but only Dollar Tree sells the Crab Chip flavor for some reason). Also, my local Dollar Tree recently installed a freezer, allowing this particular location to sell frozen food items for the first time. I almost always check out the frozen foods, and often pick up a few Golden Krust Jamaican beef patties, ‘cos they’re $2.58 for 2 at Walmart, but only $1 each at Dollar Tree. On our most recent trip, the missus pointed out a bag of frozen pot stickers. I gave ’em a look, and was surprised that they were a 7 oz pack (compared to some of the other laughably small frozen items they sell). But then I spied another Chinese food item: cha siu bao, a bun stuffed with barbequed pork! Considering that this was a Dollar Tree in Belmont, North Carolina I was well and truly shocked! I know of only a couple of places to buy them in Charlotte, and those are restaurants. The notion of buying frozen ones – and for only a dollar no less! – was just… amazing! I gleefully grabbed a pack of pot stickers (pork, naturally) and 2 bao. And last night was the night they became my $3 dinner: Although microwave instructions were provided for both items, I decided to go the traditional route and steam them. That meant getting out the double boiler and filling it halfway up with water. I then sprayed the top “rack” of the boiler with Pam, added the pot stickers and, when the water began to boil, put the rack on the boiler and covered. I let those cook for 9 minutes before adding the bao, as they (allegedly) only required 5 minutes of steaming. Come to find out, the bao were still slightly frozen inside after 6 minutes of steaming, so I plated the pot stickers and nuked the bao for a minute in the microwave. When the bao were done, it was time to eat: So… how were they? Well, as soon as I opened the bag of pot stickers I noticed how pungent they were… and I mean that in a good way. They smelled almost exactly like the ones I get from my local Chinese restaurant. So that was a good sign. But it wasn’t until they’d steamed that I realized just how thin the wrappers are on these things. The wrappers my local Chinese place uses for pot stickers are thick, almost as thick as a Kraft cheese slice. These, on the other hand, were paper thin. I almost tore the first couple in half as I pulled them out of the steam basket. What’s more, these diminutive dumplings only had a teaspoon of filling each, compared to the tablespoon (and a half?) stuffed in the ones from my local Chinese place. Having said all that, all the right tastes were there. They might be small, but they sure tasted almost exactly like the ones from my favorite Chinese restaurant. And actually, when it comes to copying the taste of Chinese restaurant pot stickers, these actually put Trader Joe’s pot stickers to shame! If I had to choose between these and restaurant ones, I’d certainly choose the restaurant ones any day. But these are a perfectly serviceable substitute. I’d be happy to keep a couple packs in the freezer for football games and snacks. And they certainly have my local Chinese place beat on price: I could almost buy 5 bags of the things for what New China charges for a single order of pot stickers! And then there were the bao. One thing I don’t like about bao generally is the inconsistent sweetness of the bun. At some places, the bun is nearly tasteless. At others there’s a faint sweet taste, as if they misted it with sugar water after steaming. But then some places seem to dunk the buns in high fructose corn syrup after steaming. Gross. So yeah – I’m not a fan of the sweeter buns, and thankfully these only had a slight sweetness to them. I was also impressed by the ratio of filling to bun: many bao have a tiny amount of filling in a giant bun. If you’ve ever had chicken and dumplings with drop dumplings, imagine a baseball-sized dumpling with a tiny teaspoon of filling inside. These were perfectly balanced – not too much bun, not too much filling. And guess what? The filling had plenty of pork in it! If you’ve ever looked at the picture of a Hot Pocket on the front of the box – where they’re almost bursting with pepperoni or ham or whatever – then bit in to one to find mostly air… you have nothing to worry about here! My only problem was that there was an odd sweetness to the barbeque pork that seemed to build as I ate the buns. Sugar (or corn syrup) is not listed as ingredient in the buns, but the oyster sauce and hoisin sauce both have sugar as a main ingredient. Still, it’s a minor quibble. These aren’t quite as good as the ones you’d get in a dim sum house… but they’re really, really good for a frozen product. Just steam them for at least 10 minutes, not the 5 listed on the instructions. THE VERDICT: Two thumbs up – would eat both again! The “Battle” of the Sexes? We’re around a month shy of the 40th anniversary of one of the most controversial tennis matches ever: the “Battle of the Sexes”, which took place between Bobby Riggs and Billie Jean King on September 20, 1973. I was only two years old when the match happened, so I don’t remember it. But I certainly remember the era in which it took place. “Women’s Lib” was on the rise, and this tennis match, of all things, was very nearly a referendum on gender roles and equality. Millions of “male chauvinist pigs” were sure that no man could lose to a woman, and millions of women cheered for King, either vocally or silently. Many people have forgotten that there was actually an earlier “Battle of the Sexes”. Riggs, who was 55 and retired, initially challenged King, then ranked #2 in the world, to a match. She refused, and so Australia’s Margaret Court, then 30 years old and the #1 female player in the world, agreed in her stead. On Mother’s Day 1973, Riggs and Court met in Ramona, California. Riggs easily won the match 6–2, 6–1, and got himself on the cover of Sports Illustrated and Time that week. All the media attention from the first match put enormous pressure on King to accept when Riggs approached her for “Battle of the Sexes II”. Riggs, who in truth was probably interested in money much more than gender issues, put together an effective PR campaign hyping the event. Indeed, it was likely Riggs’ people who really hyped the gender issues, stoking the fire of feminism in hopes of making more money from the event. Not that it was really needed: King was an outspoken feminist, and Riggs’ sexist taunts, freely given to any media outlet that would listen, begged King to reply. T-shirts and buttons were made up promoting the event, and millions of Americans chose sides. ABC, the network airing the event, ran breathless promos for the match around the clock, and Riggs went on 60 Minutes before the event just to make sure that every single American was aware of the match. Tennis is normally a pretty sedate and well-mannered sport. But all the hype around the event gave it a pro wrestling feel. The 30,472 people who showed up at the Astrodome to watch the spectacle (the highest-ever attendance at a tennis match in the US, by the way) were treated to King being brought to the court in a chair “held by four bare-chested muscle men dressed in the style of ancient slaves”, while Riggs was brought in on a “rickshaw drawn by a bevy of scantily-clad models”. The two met at mid-court, where Riggs gave King a large lollipop, and King gave Riggs a live piglet named Larimore Hustle (“Larimore” being RIgg’s middle name, and “Hustle” coming from his reputation as a gambler). 90 million people around the world – a staggering 50 million in the United States, whose population was only 212 million at the time – were glued to their TVs as the match began. And then, the damnedest thing happened: King won, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3. Women across America cheered while men cried in their beers. But let’s take a closer look at what actually happened, shall we? Continue reading “The “Battle” of the Sexes?” Ask One Simple Question… So I’ve been watching a lot of Australian crime dramas over the past couple of years, and one slang term always piqued my interest: “Jacks”, Aussie slang for police officers, as in “ever since the bank robbery, the Jacks have been watching me nonstop”. I wondered where it came from. Did early Australian police officers wear badges with prominent Union Jacks on them, maybe? Or did they represent British authority, as embodied by the Union Jack? Nope – as always, the answer is far more complicated. It all goes back to the Middle Ages, specifically France. Cavalrymen of noble birth were known as gens d’armes, which literally translates as “men at arms”. By the early 1700s, however, the gun had made heavily-armored cavalrymen nearly obsolete. So in 1720, the cavalry was placed under the authority of the French national police force – the Maréchaussée de France – and became known as the Gendarmerie de France. During the French Revolution, both the Maréchaussée and the Gendarmerie were abolished, only to be reincarnated as a military police force (still around today) called the Gendarmerie Nationale. Contrary to popular belief, gendarme is not the generic French term for “police officer”. The Gendarmerie Nationale has very specific tasks: – to provide police services in areas outside the jurisdiction of the Police Nationale. This mostly includes rural areas, towns of less than 20,000 people and areas that cross multiple jurisdictions (like lakes and rivers). In this sense, they’re roughly analogous to county police in the United States that patrol areas outside city limits. – Certain criminal investigations under judicial supervision. – to provide all security at airports and military bases, and to conduct all investigations related to the military. – to dress up in fancy costumes and participate in ceremonies involving foreign heads of state (much like the Coldstream Guards and their funny bear hats in the UK). – to provide for crowd control. – to provide all para-military (SWAT) services in France. Sooooo… what does any of this have to do with Australian slang? Well, for a time in the late 1800s it was fashionable for seedy British types to call the police “John Darmes” in an obvious riff on gendarmes. Over time, “John Darme” became “John”, and then just “Jack” (that word being in use in English since the 1700s as British slang for a common man, as in “every man Jack needs a job”). If it sounds weird… it’s possible that “John Darme” had a brief life in the United States, too. In the early 20th century, many Americans referred to the police as “John Law”. Whether this particular “John” comes from Britain and Australia’s “John Darme” or whether it’s a home-grown usage of John meaning “an everyman” (like “John Doe” or “John Q. Public”) is up for debate. Rugby Signage I was flipping through the channels one rainy Sunday a while back and came across a rugby match from Australia. Since I hadn’t watched rugby in like… years (and since there wasn’t anything else on), I decided to watch for a bit. I don’t remember much about the actual match, but I do remember being blown away by the ads on the field. It looked like they were made using the same technology TV networks use in American football broadcasts to “paint” the first-down line on the field… which is amazingly complex, by the way. Only this was some kind of super high-tech version, able to do all kinds of designs: Come to find out, it’s not high-tech at all. It’s just paint on a field, applied in such a manner so that from the camera’s point of view it looks like it’s “floating” on the grass. Here are a few pics from other angles so you can see how odd the graphics look away from the TV cameras: Apparently this type of “grass signage” is a big deal in Australia (see this company or this company). Although it’s not as high-tech as I’d thought, it’s still pretty clever. The (Bizarre) History of American Coinage A while back I stumbled across this article at British newspaper The Guardian‘s website. It’s a filler piece written by a young man named Richard Morris. In it, he discusses the “five best” and “five worst” things about the year he spent studying at the University of West Georgia in the United States. One of Morris’ “worst things” was American coinage: I’m not very good with numbers, so maybe this didn’t help me, but I still cannot understand American coins after living here for 10 months. One of the coins which is larger actually has a lower value than a coin which is smaller (and of the same colour), go figure. “Dimes” and “nickels,” still mean nothing to me. Of course, to many of you the real mystery might be why anyone would travel 4,270 miles to go to West Georgia! SERIOUSLY: THOUSANDS OF UNIVERSITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, AND YOU CHOSE THAT ONE?? But that’s neither here nor there. And it is true that many foreign visitors have trouble with American coins. So let’s take a look at the history of American coinage and see if we can make sense of it all. Modern American coins go back 221 years, to the Coinage Act of 1792. The act authorized the construction of the US Mint in Philadelphia, the very first building erected by the federal government under the new Constitution. The act also made the dollar the national currency of the United States, finally abolishing the hodgepodge of British and Spanish coins that had been used before. The act also defined several types of coin, which I’ll summarize below: A mill is a thousandth of a dollar, or, to put it another way, a tenth of a cent. The name comes from the Latin millesimum, which means “thousandth part”. The funny thing is, even in 1792 mills were useless as a unit of currency. One couldn’t buy anything with a mill coin, so the Mint never bothered to make any. A few states made mill coins out of cheap materials like tin or paper for the purpose of paying taxes, but for the most part, mill coins have never existed. But just because mills don’t exist as coins doesn’t mean they don’t exist as units of currency. In most American locales, property taxes are calculated using mills. Counties assess the value of each property in their jurisdiction and apply a millage rate to calculate the amount of tax a landowner owes. For example, a county might assess a piece of property as being worth $250,000. If the tax rate is 5 mills, then the homeowner owes $1,250 in taxes ($250,000 x .005 = $1,250). Mills are also used in a couple of industries: electric power is usually measured internally in mills, and stock brokers often charge their clients in mills rather than percentages. But outside property taxes, the average American sees the mills most often with gasoline prices. In every US state, gas prices have nine mills tacked on the end, so that gas might cost $3.109 per US gallon. Why this is so is a mystery. Some say it came about thanks to a 1933 increase in the gas tax from 1¢ to 1.5¢ per gallon. Others say it’s just “charm pricing”, which is to offer an item for $1.99 instead of $2.00, because our brains process the former as being significantly cheaper than the latter. Still others believe a more likely story: that back when gasoline emerged as a consumer item in the early 1900s, it was sold in such small amounts and at such low prices that mills actually mattered. But gas prices reveal something else about American culture: the universal dislike of mills. With the exception of property taxes, most every American will discuss such small units of currency as fractions of a cent instead of mills. No one ever thinks of a gallon of gas costing $3.10 and 9 mills… it’s $3.10 and 9/10 of a cent. And this might be because of trading stamps. For almost a century, retailers across the United States offered trading stamps with every purchase. You’d save the stamps and redeem them for things like clocks, toasters and lamps. You may even remember the “54-40 and Fight” episode of The Brady Bunch, in which the kids agree to pool their saved trading stamp books, but chaos breaks out when the boys want to use the stamps to get a “boy’s item” (a row boat) while the girls want to use them for a “girl’s item” (a sewing machine). Of course, the stamps weren’t free. Companies like Sperry & Hutchinson charged retailers to join their programs, and charged for each roll of stamps the retailer ordered. And retailers, not surprisingly, passed these costs on to consumers as higher prices. In 1904, the state of New York passed a law requiring trading stamp companies to offer cash rebates in addition to housewares and sporting goods. Companies like S&H placed a value of one mill on each stamp, meaning that one could trade a book of 1,000 stamps for a dollar. But here’s the thing: almost no one took them up on the offer, because it was almost always a better deal to redeem stamps for goods instead of cash. Continue reading “The (Bizarre) History of American Coinage” No Kidding? So the other day I was reading this post at The Daily Caller. The gist of the story was that increasing tobacco taxes decreases revenue. This should seem obvious to anyone who took ECON 101 in college: the higher the price, the less demand there will be for the product. Because, ya know, that’s how supply and demand works. Yet America’s politicians keep piling on the taxes and end up amazed when the higher tax generates less revenue than the lower tax did before. The linked article cites a study by the National Taxpayers Union, which found that (among other things) a 2006 cigarette tax increase in New Jersey actually produced $52 million less than the lower tax did the previous year. And broke-ass Illinois approved a $1/pack increase last June… which led to 39% less revenue compared to the lower tax the year before. Total shortfall: $130 million. Of course, it helps that neighboring states might have lower taxes. Illinois has Missouri on one side (which has a 17¢/pack tax, the lowest in the country) and Indiana on the other side (which has half the excise tax of Illinois). And, for much of Massachusetts, dirt-cheap smokes and booze are only a 30-minute drive to New Hampshire. Believe it or not, of all the issues we disagree on, THIS has always been my main beef with the Democratic Party. Not cigarette taxes specifically, but how Democrats want to have it both ways. Back in 1990, Congress passed the infamous “luxury tax”, which added a 10% surcharge to jewelry and furs over $10,000, cars over $30,000, boats over $100,000 and private planes over $250,000. The theory, of course, was that wealthy Americans could easily afford such taxes, and would happily pay them. Or, to put it in more economic terms, TAXATION WOULD NOT AFFECT CONSUMPTION. So… what happened? It was a disaster for American boat and airplane manufacturers. Before passage, Congressional policy wonks had estimated that the luxury tax would generate $9 billion in revenue over 5 years. But in 1991, the first full year of the tax, government revenues from the luxury tax were a mere $3 million. Demand for new boats plummeted by 70%, and at least 7,600 people in the boating industry lost their jobs (other estimates are much higher: one source says 13,000 workers in Florida alone lost their jobs, and as many as 30,000 people in related industries lost their jobs, too). It’s almost certain that the federal government paid out more in unemployment benefits than they gained from the tax. At the same time, the “boat tax” helped make a bunch of Bahamians and Panamanians rich. I don’t know if the tax did not apply to purchases made outside the US, or if the tax was simply easy to evade with overseas purchases, but suddenly overseas boat salesmen were swimming in money, thanks to Democrats in Congress. Odd how the world works sometimes.. The tax was such a disaster that Congress repealed it in 1993. And you know a tax is a mistake when the New York Times (a bastion of right-wing thought if ever there was one) says so. But yet, that very same year, First Lady Hillary Clinton advocated raising the tax on cigarettes by as much as $2/pack, with the publicly stated goal of “reducing teen smoking”. Thus, TAXATION DOES AFFECT CONSUMPTION. So Democrats… which one is it? Does taxation affect consumption or not? You guys might be surprised to find that Chief Justice John Marshall figured it out all the way back in 1819 in McCulloch v. Maryland: “the power to tax involves the power to destroy” Use that power wisely, folks. QUICK REVIEW: Parralox’s “Recovery” I like Parralox. I really do. But their new album is nothing but covers, and to say that covers “aren’t their strong point” would be too kind. This album is AWFUL. You’d expect an Australian synthpop band to do a crappy cover of Alan Parson’s “Eye in the Sky”… but (amazingly) their cover of Front 242’s “Headhunter” sucks just as much. Imagine a bad German techno band covering some iconic rock and roll song, and even though you can’t stand AC\DC, and even though rednecks in AC\DC shirts used beat you up every day in high school, you just can’t bear to have “Highway to Hell” slaughtered this way. And even though you love synthpop with all your heart, there’s just something… fundamentally wrong about a crappy Kraftwerk knock-off turning “Born to Run” into a campy European dance club hit. True story: I once went to a castle in Austria that had horrific statutes of disfigured animals all over the place. According to the tour guide, the Archbishop of Salzberg who built the place in the early 1600s sought out deformed animals and mated them with other deformed animals, just to see what would happen. He’d then commission artists to make statues of the poor creatures for posterity. And just as a three-headed cow shouldn’t exist, neither should this album. Happy Birthday, Andy Warhol! Today is Andy Warhol’s birthday. He would have been 85. I was born in the early 70s. By the time I was old enough to appreciate art, Warhol had become something of a caricature of himself. Sure, I knew who he was, and was familiar with his work. Hell, it would have been hard to grow up in the 70s and 80s and not know who Andy Warhol was. But I was too young to remember the “Revolutionary” Warhol of the 60s and early 70s. I didn’t know him as the counter-culture icon he truly was back then. Warhol was kind of like The Beatles to me: I knew who The Beatles were, and had heard dozens of their songs. But the band broke up before I was born, and I totally missed the whole “Beatlemania” phenomenon. It’s kind of like how teenagers of today know what MTV was, but didn’t live through it, and can’t ever know how truly awesome it was at the time. So anyway, one thing I always found odd about Warhol was how stiff he seemed. I’d see him on TV and thought it was weird how he didn’t really move his body much. It almost seemed as if Warhol was a fully-functioning human head on top of a mannequin’s body. It wasn’t until much later – the past few years, actually – that I realized why that was. Valerie Solanas was a radical feminist, born in New Jersey in 1936. In the mid 1960s, she moved to New York City. She ran in to Warhol outside his art studio, The Factory, and asked him to produce her play, Up Your Ass (the play has never been published, but is about a prostitute who kills one of her johns, apparently an eerie foreshadowing of Aileen Wuornos’ story). Warhol said that he would. But, so the story goes, he lost her manuscript. Solanas, enraged, demanded $25 from Warhol as compensation. Instead he paid her $25 to appear in his film I, a Man. At the time, Solanas was living at the Chelsea Hotel, the former home of Janis Joplin, Bob Dylan, Charles Bukowski, Patti Smith, Iggy Pop, Leonard Cohen, Arthur C. Clarke, Dylan Thomas, Arthur Miller (and the place where Sid Vicious allegedly killed Nancy Spungen). Also living at the Chelsea was Maurice Girodias, founder of Olympia Press. In 1967, Girodias signed Solanas to a $500 contract. Solanas, who was later diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenic, freaked out about this, thinking Girodias would “own” her work. She began to think that Warhol and Girodias were behind some sort of “conspiracy” to steal her work. On June 3, 1968, Solanas sat in lobby of the Chelsea and waited for Girodas for three hours, despite having been told by the front desk that he had left the city for the weekend. She then went to Grove Press and asked for Barney Rosset (another member of her imagined “conspiracy”). She was told that he was out of town, too. So she went to The Factory. Warhol’s friend, director Paul Morrissey, told her that Warhol wouldn’t be there that day, either. Solanas waited outside for two hours, then went up to the studio, where Morrissey again told her that Warhol wasn’t coming in that day. So Solanas rode the elevator up and down until Warhol showed up. They walked in the studio together, where Morrissey again asked her to leave. He then went to the restroom. While he was gone, the phone rang. Warhol answered it, and while he was on the phone Solanas took three shots at him. The first two missed, but the third hit Warhol in both lungs, his spleen, stomach, liver and esophagus. Warhol was taken to Columbus-Mother Cabrini Hospital, where he barely clung to life. According to Warhol lore, he was actually pronounced dead, but when the surgeon realized who it was, he opened Warhol’s chest and massaged his heart until it started beating again. Warhol faced a long, painful recovery. The bullet had literally torn up his insides, and for the rest of his life he was forced to wear a “surgical corset”… which is why Warhol always appeared so stuff on TV. As for Solanas, she turned herself in the next day. At her arraignment, she went off on a bizarre rant about why she shot Warhol. She was promptly committed to Bellevue Hospital. She was transferred to several hospitals, and was eventually deemed fit enough to stand trial. She was convicted of “reckless assault with intent to harm”, and sentenced to three years in prison, with the year she spent in mental hospitals credited to her sentence. After getting out she moved to California and lived in several flophouses before dying of pneumonia on April 25, 1988. She was 52. A giant pile of typewritten papers were found on a desk in her hotel room, but we’ll never know what they said because her mother burned them all. One more interesting thing about Warhol: he was a really devout Catholic. Born in Pittsburgh, Warhol was baptized at St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church. After moving to Manhattan, Warhol attended mass almost every day at Church of St. Vincent Ferrer (even before the shooting, when a lot of people might “find Jesus”). St. Vincent’s priest at the time, Father Sam Matarazzo, speculated that Warhol kept his religious beliefs a secret because of his homosexuality (although Warhol was gay, many who knew him said he was kind of asexual, more prone to “voyeuristic masturbation” than actually having sex with people). Others have speculated that Warhol kept his piety to himself because it wasn’t “cool” to be religious in the 1960s art world. Amusingly, Warhol himself said that he kept a low profile at the church – by sitting in the back row, refusing communion, and not going to confession – because he “was self-conscious about being seen crossing himself the Orthodox way”. Free audiobooks and ebooks in NC! Live in North Carolina? Have a library card? Own a Mac or Windows PC? Optionally, do you have an iPhone, iPod, some other portable MP3\WMA player, a Kindle, Nook or Android device? Then you have access to the North Carolina Digital Library! Just click here to go to the site. All you need to create an “account” is your library card: click on the “Account” link, choose your county library from the drop-down list and enter your library card number when prompted. You’ll have to download and install something called the OverDrive Media Console, but so far I’ve found it to be remarkably well-behaved for this kind of software. Once installed, you can go to a book’s page and click the “Borrow” button. You’ll be prompted for the type of file you want (in many cases, both WMA and MP3 files are available). You then download a small *.ODM file, which you open with OverDrive, which automagically downloads the audiobook(s) you want, much like the Amazon MP3 Downloader. Part of the reason the OverDrive software is so well-behaved (for me) is that I’ve only downloaded mp3 audiobooks, which by definition cannot have DRM (I once saw a hilarious “this is why people pirate” webcomic where a guy recounted his real-life troubles with downloading content from his library, which ended with him downloading it from The Pirate Bay instead. I can’t seem to find the comic again, but this one from The Oatmeal is pretty similar and The Oatmeal is hilarious, so go read that and come back. I’ll wait.). You’re supposed to delete any file(s) you’ve downloaded after a certain number of days, and OverDrive will do that automatically if you open the software after a book’s due date. But here’s the thing: all OverDrive does is copy mp3 files to a “My Media” folder in your Documents folder. If one were to, say, copy the mp3s to a different location, one could (theoretically) keep the files forever. Not that I would ever do such a thing… I’m just pointing it out to you. And if that’s a bit close to straight-up piracy for you, note that the OverDrive software will (in many cases) allow you to burn the files to audio CD or copy them to a portable player: I don’t know anything about how the NC Digital Library handles ebooks… because quite frankly I’d rather have my eyes gouged out than read a book on my PC, phone or netbook. As tech-friendly as I am, I’m not even excited about Kindles or Nooks, either. So I really can’t help you there. I just know that ebooks are available in Kindle, OverDrive READ and Adobe EPUB formats, so if your device can handle those, knock yourself out. One last thing: if the book you want is “out” – and many appear to be – you can place a “hold” for it, and the library will email you when the book is available for download.

How Can The Law Set You Free? "There is no freedom without the Law." The Commandments in Paleo Hebrew This is a quote from the 1956 movie The Ten Commandments (clip, 30 seconds in) [1] when Moses comes down from Mount Sinai with the Ten Commandments written on two tablets of stone, and then confronts Korah the troublemaker. That quote isn't actually in the Biblical text, though James 1:25 and 2:12 refer to the Ten Commandments as the Law of Liberty, many translations read Law of Freedom. But what does it mean, that there is no freedom without the law? It seems contradictory, freedom implies choice, law implies restricting choice. Well, which is it? Is it true? How does the law give freedom? Many, including me, see the quote as true. On this point, I agree with Pope Francis who said, The Ten Commandments are not a limitation, but a pathway to freedom, Pope Francis said in a video message broadcast to thousands gathered in Milan’s Cathedral Square earlier this week. - Catholic Herald [2] John Rankin, Theological Educational Institute writes, The “commandments” are literally “words” of freedom. How often do we grasp that reality? For the Israelites, they were gaining freedom from 400 years of slavery. And the ten “words” were instructions that followed and designed to protect their freedom. The Ten Commandments lead to freedom for creativity, healthy relationships and long life. This was true in theocratic Israel (a community of choice), and is true today in a pluralistic society such as the United States. To willfully break them is to lie to the self, and begin a process of enslavement. - The Nature of the Ten Commandments [3] Or as C.S Lewis simply said "Obedience is the road to Freedom." - AZ Quotes [4] Free From Egypt After Crossing the Red Sea One answer commonly found is that the liberty ie freedom means deliverance from the bondage of sin. That certainly makes sense. The first thing God says to ancient Israel at Mount Sinai is "I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery." The thing is that God delivered Israel from slavery before giving them the Ten Commandments. So you can't argue that The Law sets you free. God already set Israel free. Michelle Fincher of Calvary Presbyterian gets the order correct and suggests that The Law keeps you free. I will argue below it's more than that, that The Law really does set you free. "The order of these events is critical. First God freed the people (grace), then came the commandments (law). The law was never given to tell people how to “measure up” so God would accept them or love them. The law was (and is) given to tell us how to remain free." The Ten Commandments: Signposts to Freedom [5] In other words, without law, specifically the Ten Commandments, we as humans would be slaves to sin. Ancient Israel wanted at times to go back to Egypt. They were set free, then wanted to return to sin. Some teach that the freedom that Christ brought was freedom from the consequences of the Law. Explaining the phrase "under the law", John W. Ritenbaugh wrote, "it means to be under the law's penalty because we have sinned. Jesus died so that we can be freed from that penalty." - Law of Liberty [6]. In this life we are not always spared the penalty of our sins; to me, being free from "that penalty" means freedom from the penalty of eternal death, "For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord" - Rom 6:23. My assertion is that the Law sets us free in this lifetime as well. Some teach that the freedom that Christ brought was freedom FROM The Law, that we do not have to keep the Ten Commandments - God's Only Law Is Love [7]. It sounds tempting, but in fact is twisting the words of the Apostle Paul. Most everyone agrees humans need laws, but I think what we need is not just any set of man made laws (see how many laws we have, it's not working), but we need the Ten Commandments. Some want to define terms to explain how law makes one free. I will define my own version of terms later, but consider this quote. If law is defined as restraint on hu­man action and liberty as the absence of restraint, the concepts are inimical and conciliation impos­sible. In the words of Bastiat [8] (a French economits of the 19th century), liberty is "the freedom of every person to make full use of his faculties, so long as he does not harm other persons while doing so… [and] the re­stricting of the law only to its ra­tional sphere of organizing the right of the individual to lawful self-defense….” Individual freedom is the lack of formal or informal external re­straints imposed by one man or group of men upon another, save for the collective coercion aimed at preventing individuals from acting forcibly or fraudulently against their neighbors. It is the absence of human impediment to the vol­untary action of fellow human be­ings. The permissible limitation on free choice is the recognition of an equal ambit of choice to all other men. Freedom not only presupposes a system of law but also could not survive in the absence of law. - Individual Liberty And The Rule Of Law [9] I found that hard to follow, but what it says to me is that you're free to do what you want (liberty) as long as you don't hurt anyone or steal their stuff. I have to think that The Law is more than that. Bastiat's law sounds self centered to me, not recognizing kindness, or acts of charity towards others. The Ten Commandments are the expression of love itself, given by and backed by God Himself. Matt 22:36 Master, which is the great commandment in the law? 37 Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. 38 This is the first and great commandment. 39 And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. 40 On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets. My theory is that The Law sets you free from the impossible task of deciding right from wrong, good from evil. Nearly everyone agrees we need laws to keep people from "acting forcibly or fraudulently", but people do not agree on what laws. It all started with Eve in the Garden of Eden. She ate from the wrong tree. The trees were called the Tree of Life, and the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil - note it was not called the Tree of Death, it has this long, arguably clumsy name. And Adam and Eve already knew right from wrong, they knew they weren't supposed to eat from it. So the real meaning was deeper than that. Many teach that by eating of Tree of the Long Name, Adam and Eve took it upon themselves to DECIDE good from evil. "The man has now become like one of us, knowing good and evil" - Gen 3:22. I assert that is an impossible task for an individual, but also impossible for all mankind. Again, look at all the laws man has made to address the need for people to live in liberty, you might say to maximize liberty for all, and it hasn't worked yet - men do like to write laws. In nations that base their law on the Ten Commandments, man's laws work better at providing liberty for all, but look at the fruits. Look at human history, not just Western Civilization. True, Europe was an oppressive place during the Middle Ages, when the Church reigned supreme. And yes, liberty advanced during the Enlightenment, when deists and agnostics dared to reveal their beliefs. But this is too narrow a focus. How did Christian Europe compare with the rest of the world? Compare it with caste system India or Imperial China. The Moslem world was more advanced in learning, but how free was it? Include women in this metric. Compare chivalry and courtly love with the harems of the East. China had its balanced yin and yang – along with foot-binding. These civilizations would consider Pat Robertson to be a dangerously radical feminist. Law Of Liberty [10] I offer two analogies to the impossible task of deciding good and evil. The first is music. There are an infinite number of frequencies (notes) in an octave. Choosing notes from an infinite "frequency space" is unlikely to produce anything melodic. But constrain your frequencies to the notes of a scale (do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti-do) - now you can create a melody, yet still have infinite choice. The notes of the scale follow a natural, mathematical law, and all cultures have "discovered" the scale. In other words, the Law is like the musical scale, eliminating worthless choices. Stay On The Path My second analogy is: the law is like a path. If I want to go somewhere, I can look at a map, find the direction of the compass and start walking in that heading. However, it would be easier to follow the roads that already exist. It may not be as short a route as flight, but faster. This analogy I didn't make up, the Bible even refers to itself as a path "Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path" - Psalm 119:105. God has solved the problem of what is good and evil, of what laws we need to live together. He has given us a map of the paths. We are set free from the curse of the law, which in my theory is trying to "know good and evil". The Law keeps one free from slavery to sin. The Law sets one free from the death penalty. The Law sets one free from deciding good from evil. 1. https://youtu.be/Id6oS3L-D9A 2. http://catholicherald.co.uk/news/2013/06/12/pope-francis-ten-commandments-are-a-signpost-to-freedom/ 3. http://www.teii.org/the-ten-commandments-prayer-in-the-public-schools/the-nature-of-the-ten-commandments/ 4. http://www.azquotes.com/quote/874053 5. http://calvarypres.org/the-ten-commandments-signposts-to-freedom 6. https://www.bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Topical.show/RTD/cgg/ID/674/Law-Liberty.htm 7. http://deeptruths.com/letters/Gods-law-love.html 8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat 9. https://fee.org/articles/individual-liberty-and-the-rule-of-law 10. https://www.holisticpolitics.org/LawOfLiberty Posted by John Freeman at 8:56 PM No comments: When I think about reading the Bible in context, I usually think of taking a verse out of context – that is, don’t pluck a verse out of a chapter to make it say something the chapter wasn’t talking about. But it’s also important to read the Bible in its historical and cultural context. When we read the story about Jesus’ birth, odds are that we are influenced by the Christmas story we hear every year. All I have to say is “no room at the inn”, or “away in a manger”, and you know the story I’m talking about. But if we look at the historical and cultural context, we see a different story emerge. Modern Bethlehem At Night Let’s start with examining where Jesus was born – Bethlehem. My first thought when I hear "Bethlehem" is the Christmas song “O Little Town Of Bethlehem”. But if you lived 2000 years ago in Judea, Bethlehem was known as the place the lambs came from. And by that I mean the lambs sacrificed at the Temple. Every day, two lambs were sacrificed, one at morning sacrifice (the third hour when Jesus was nailed to the cross), and one at evening sacrifice (the ninth hour, when He died). Every Passover, tens of thousand of lambs were sacrificed in one day, all in the Temple. They all came from Bethlehem. “Every first born male lamb from the area around Bethlehem was considered holy, set aside for sacrifice in Jerusalem.” - Why Bethlehem [1]. In short “Everyone in Israel recognized Bethlehem as being synonymous with sacrificial lambs” - The Birth Revisited [2]. So it’s no surprise really that the Lamb of God, Jesus Christ our Passover, was also born in Bethlehem. This was already planned out from the foundation of the world. The lambs born near Bethlehem were fulfilling a type of Jesus. Migdal Eder Let’s dig deeper into the story. The Old Testament mentions the “Tower of the Flock”, Migdal Eder, which turns out to be a place near Bethlehem - Gen 35:21, Mic 4:8. By New Testament times, this became the station where shepherds brought the lambs destined for sacrifices in the Temple. Here is what happened at the Tower of the Flock. The shepherds who kept [the flocks] were men who were specifically trained for this royal task. They were educated in what an animal that was to be sacrificed had to be, and it was their job to make sure that none of the animals were hurt, damaged or blemished. During lambing season the sheep were brought to the tower from the fields, as the lower level functioned as the birthing room for sacrificial lambs. Being themselves under special rabbinical care, these priest/shepherds would strictly maintain a ceremonially clean birthing place. Once birthed, the priest/shepherds would routinely place two lambs in the double-hewn depression of a limestone rock known as "the manger" and "wrap the newborn lambs in swaddling clothes," preventing them from thrashing about and harming themselves "until they had calmed down" so they could be inspected for the quality of being "without spot or blemish" - The Birth Revisited [2]. Remind you of anyone? Who else was wrapped in swaddling cloths and laid in a manger? An angel told the shepherds to look for such a baby, but the angel never told them where to look, he just said “the city of David”. They knew He would be at the Tower of the Flock (Migdal Eder) in Bethlehem*. The SIGN of the manger makes little sense to us in the West raised on the standard Christmas story, but was perfectly understood by the shepherds of the time. Why were these shepherds told of Jesus' birth? Because they certified all the lambs sacrificed at the Temple, Jesus included. And despite what you see in Nativity scenes, they weren’t led by a Star, that comes from blending the birth story with the story of the Magi, months after Jesus’ birth. See BBC(Star of Bethlehem) [3] or GotQuestions(Star of Bethlehem) [4] for more info. A little more info on swaddling, not a common term today. Again from The Birth Revisited [2]. “Swaddling bands" were used for subduing animals prior to sacrifice. These swaddling bands were strips of gauze-like cloth used to restrain a lamb being prepared for inspection before sacrifice to prevent thrashing that they not blemish themselves. A sacrifice had to be bound in order to be valid. Binding an animal for sacrifice is specifically mentioned in Abraham's binding of Isaac in Genesis 22:9 Notice that Jesus was buried the same way, wrapped in cloth, laid in a tomb cut in a rock - John 19:40. Migdal Eder? Let’s take a look at “no room at the inn”, and how that translation hides a wonderful truth. The word “inn” really means guestroom. Mary was pregnant with Jesus when she and Joseph traveled to their family homestead in Bethlehem, a family homestead for a thousand years, who knows, they may have stayed with a relative. Mary could not give birth in the house because it would have made all the occupants ritually unclean. Therefore, women of that day would leave the home and give birth elsewhere, returning home after purification. Many suggest that Mary gave birth to Jesus in the Tower of the Flocks. Not provable, but probable, watch Migdal Eder and the Birth of Messiah [5] for more info. In The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah [6], Alfred Edersheim wrote ‘That the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem, was a settled conviction. Equally so was the belief, that He was to be revealed from Migdal Eder, “the Tower of the Flock.”’ Also note that according to the Stephens text [7], Luke 2:7,12,16 should read "the manger", not "a manger". Now let’s read Luke 2 with the right context. 1 In those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered. 2 This was the first registration whena Quirinius was governor of Syria. 3 And all went to be registered, each to his own town. 4 And Joseph also went up from Galilee, from the town of Nazareth, to Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David, 5 to be registered with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child. 6 And while they were there, the time came for her to give birth. 7 And she gave birth to her firstborn son and wrapped him in swaddling cloths and laid him in a [the] manger, because there was no place for them in the inn [guestroom]. 8 And in the same region there were shepherds out in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. 9 And an angel of the Lord appeared to them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were filled with great fear. 10 And the angel said to them, “Fear not, for behold, I bring you good news of great joy that will be for all the people. 11 For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, who is Christ the Lord. 12 And this will be a SIGN for you: you will find a baby wrapped in swaddling cloths and lying in a [the] manger.” 13 And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God and saying, 14 “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased!” 15 When the angels went away from them into heaven, the shepherds said to one another, “Let us go over to Bethlehem and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us.” 16 And they went with haste and found Mary and Joseph, and the baby lying in a [the] manger. 17 And when they saw it, they made known the saying that had been told them concerning this child. 18 And all who heard it wondered at what the shepherds told them. 19 But Mary treasured up all these things, pondering them in her heart. 20 And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all they had heard and seen, as it had been told them. Behold The Wonder Sometimes we can miss so much of a Bible story if we don’t understand the historical and cultural context in which it was written. It’s impossible to shed our own culture completely, but this story shows how important it is to understand the life and times of Jesus Christ. The proper context is not visible unless we understand the shepherds' point of view and that society’s views on ritual uncleanness. Sometimes so much is revealed by examining one word, in this case “Bethlehem”. I read the lyrics for “O Little Town of Bethlehem” - Metrolyrics [8], and they give no hint of what’s really happening in this story. There is a whole layer of understanding behind that one word. There’s more too, Bethlehem means House of Bread or House of War - What's In A Name [9]. King David wrote, “Open my eyes that I may behold wonders in Your law” - Psalm 119:18 I find the truth about Bethlehem to be a wonder in His law. I hope you do too. It shows that God planned this symbolism from the foundation of the world. In the days before Passover, consider this - God planned Jesus’ sacrifice long ago “a body He has prepared” - Heb 10:5. There are hints about it throughout the Old Testament. He planned it in great detail. And He brought it to pass. And He packed all this symbolism into it so that we can see His hand in it all. We can trust in the sacrifice He prepared, and not rely on our own efforts. Each year before the Days Of Unleavened Bread, I obsessively clean a toaster. Hopefully I can remember it is Jesus’ sacrifice that saves me, not my own efforts – I had nothing to do with preparing Jesus’ sacrifice. Yes we should clean out the old leaven, and yes we should examine ourselves, that’s Biblical, but we should also remember that God loves us, He is always with us, He sees and feels our pains, our joys, and our sorrows, He hears our cries, He will act, and indeed has already acted - He prepared this sacrifice long ago. In the words of John The Baptist “behold the Lamb of God that takes away the sin of the world”. John 1:29 * In Jesus' time, Bethlehem was a village as small as 300 people - Horrid Herod [10], but today the population is about 25,000 - Wikipedia(Bethlehem) [11]. Conversely, modern Bethlehem is 4 square miles, but may have been a larger area 2000 years ago. 1. http://www.cbn.com/special/TheNativityMovie/articles/WhyBethlehem.aspx 2. http://hethathasanear.com/Birth.html 3. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20730828 4. https://www.gotquestions.org/star-of-Bethlehem.html 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rs0AACIbJbI 6. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edersheim/lifetimes.html 7. http://biblehub.com/tr/luke/2.htm 8. http://www.metrolyrics.com/o-little-town-of-bethlehem-lyrics-christmas-carols.html 9. http://jlfreeman-1.blogspot.com/2016/12/whats-in-name.html 10. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/horrid-herod-7zf8h0t88xc 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem Labels: bethlehem, historical context, Jesus sacrifice, lambs, Migdal Eder, no room at the inn, passover, swaddling

Posted on September 21, 2022 by J. M. Korhonen Could the Kremlin regime mobilize the Russian industry to produce enough war material to tip the scales in the war? In brief, the most likely answer is “no.” Russia does not have the industrial base required to produce enough modern weapons fast enough to prevent the Kremlin from losing the war, and converting civilian industry to war footing takes too long and is unlikely to even succeed due to sanctions and export controls limiting Russian access to modern machine tools and components needed for modern weapons. Even the Russian capability to keep its existing heavy weapons in working order is doubtful, and re-activating even somewhat modern Soviet-era stocks in sufficient numbers will be difficult. The Russian civilian industry cannot make up for these gaps. It should not be expected to produce appreciable quantities of any weapons before late 2023, even if it is speedily mobilized. As I explain later in detail, converting civilian manufacturing to weapons production takes time and generally requires new tooling and machine tools. Conversion and training of the workers for the new tasks, not to mention obtaining raw materials, take time, and quantity production is unlikely to be possible in less than six months. Furthermore, the weapons that the civilian industry can produce with the tools available are probably limited to simple light infantry weapons, such as pistol-caliber PPD or Sten submachine guns of World War II fame, light mortars, mines, etc. Improvised weapons of dubious battlefield utility, such as “armored cars” made by armor plating civilian vehicles, may also be possible. However, even simple assault rifles like AK-47s, which fire a higher pressure cartridge and thus require more complicated mechanisms compared to simple pistol-caliber submachine guns, may be difficult to produce in larger quantities in factories and workshops that have produced only civilian goods. Heavy weapons that are absolutely essential for any hope of battlefield success, such as artillery, tanks, and infantry fighting vehicles, not to mention missiles or airplanes, are almost certainly next to impossible to produce with the tools available in civilian factories. Of course, the easier and speedier option that will probably tempt many Russian officials facing pressure from the Kremlin is simply to frame a photo shoot of “war production” for propaganda purposes. The Russian defense industry was in trouble even before the war The existing Russian defense industry is unable to produce modern or even simplified heavy weapons and their ammunition at a rate sufficient to alter the outcome of the war. Analysis of captured Russian weapons shows that by and large, advanced Russian weapons are dependent on electronic components sourced from abroad. These are not easy and in some cases probably even cannot be replaced with electronics that Russian domestic production can supply. Post-2014 export controls have also hindered Russian access to modern machine tools and other equipment necessary for domestic manufacturing of weapons components. The lack of imported parts reportedly caused Uralvagonzavod, the largest armored fighting vehicle manufacturer in Russia, to cease the production of modern T-90 and T-14 tanks already in March. Other reports suggest that the plant is now fully occupied with repairing vehicles damaged in Ukraine. Post-2014 export controls seem to have caused considerable problems for the Russian arms industry. A study published in 2021 suggests that Russian defense industry production increased until 2016, but has been declining since. The study argues that this is mainly due to wear and tear of fixed assets, such as machine tools, and lack of renewal investment. Furthermore, production infrastructure in general is aging. Buildings and supply lines, such as electric, water, and gas lines, are in poor condition and their failures hinder production. Considerable renovations would be needed to repair them to good order. To further complicate the problem, the Russian defense industry also suffers from recruitment problems and a decline in the human capacity as old, skilled workers retire and accumulated experience is lost. Gregova et al (2021), “Actual problems and limiting factors in the development of the Russian military-industrial complex.” For example, in 2021, the aforementioned Uralvagonzavod tank factory’s Nizhny Tagil plant apparently delivered only 34 modernized T-72B3/B3M main battle tanks to the Russian army, a distinct decrease from its 2011-2020 average output of 160-170 modernized tanks. These comprised the majority of modern Russian tank production. The main if not only additional source for main battle tanks, the other Uralvagonzavod plant in Omsk, supplied between 2017-2021 at most 45-50 modernized T-80BVM tanks in total. Sanctions imposed after the invasion of Ukraine are causing further problems. Even Chinese electronics manufacturers are now wary of supplying Russia, lest they lose their access to lucrative U.S. and European markets. Even though sanctions and export controls are never airtight, they complicate considerably any attempts to produce modern weapons in the quantity that modern war consumes them, as well as attempts to retool civilian production for military purposes. Before the war, the Russian defense industry was able to produce approximately 650 armored fighting vehicles of all types per year. Even this pales in comparison to the absolutely massive losses the Russian military has already suffered. At the time of writing, there is photographic evidence for the loss of at least 1155 main battle tanks, 1280 infantry fighting vehicles, 924 armored personnel carriers, 464 support or command post vehicles, and 1611 unarmored vehicles, among a total of 6202 vehicles and pieces of equipment that can be documented as destroyed, damaged, abandoned or captured by the Ukrainians. Actual losses are, of course, greater. Considering that the Russian army had probably about 1900 modernized main battle tanks before the war, such losses in about seven months are nothing short of devastating. Factory capacity is insufficient even for maintenance Even the equipment that remains in Russian use requires regular maintenance and a steady supply of spare parts. Heavy military equipment is maintenance intensive and requires total overhauls far more often than e.g. civilian cars. For example, even if T-72 tanks are used and maintained carefully and spare parts are readily available, their engines require factory overhaul after no more than 1000 hours of use. Considering the endemic corruption, poor discipline and morale, and general malaise afflicting the Russian military, it is unlikely that heavy equipment is used or maintained carefully, or that sufficient spare parts are available when needed. The majority of heavy vehicles and other equipment the Russian military is now using in Ukraine probably need major overhauls by the end of 2022 if they are to remain combat capable outside very limited uses, such as static pillboxes. This probably helps explain why the outstandingly successful Ukrainian counter-attack captured more tanks and other heavy weapons than many actual militaries possess in total: it seems likely that many of the captured vehicles were not really ready for action. Similar problems have been reported to plague the main strength of the Russian army, its artillery. Artillery tubes wear out when firing, and the quality of Russian tubes seems to be subpar, causing tubes to wear out or even fail catastrophically far earlier than they should. Lack of machine tools has already hindered the construction of replacement tubes. Eventually, tubes wearing out faster than they can be replaced will lead to a marked decrease in the firepower and effectiveness of Russian artillery, even if the Russian logistical system can keep the units supplied with ammunition. The reports that Russia is buying artillery ammunition from North Korea suggest that domestic industry cannot meet this challenge. Furthermore, the very efficient destruction of artillery supply dumps in particular by Ukrainian long-range fires has greatly complicated Russian supply problems and already led to a marked decrease in Russian artillery fire. As supply dumps have to be located beyond the reach of ever longer ranged Ukrainian weapons, and as supply vehicles are steadily destroyed, Russian capability to keep its front-line troops sufficiently supplied diminishes and may even collapse altogether. There seem to be indications that many units do not even receive enough food. Under these circumstances, mobilizing thousands of practically untrained reservists is unlikely to lead to lasting successes. While considerable stocks of Soviet-era equipment remain and could theoretically be reactivated for the reservists, most of it has been stored in poor conditions. Theft of valuable components is so endemic that crucial electronic equipment had been stolen from the flying nuclear command posts or “doomsday planes” as late as 2019. Even if sufficient repair depots and factory capacity are available and replacement parts can be obtained and supplied to these depots, re-activating stored equipment takes time. One estimate suggests that re-activating a relatively simple T-62 tank (originally introduced in 1961) takes 1-2 weeks of work in a dedicated repair depot. More modern T-72 and T-90 tanks need 1-2 months, and the most complicated T-80 tanks may need even three. The regime in the Kremlin is no doubt aware of these problems, but it is not clear what it can do to alleviate them. A recent decree ordered the construction of two tank repair plants that could in theory speed up the repair, maintenance, and re-activation process. However, a more careful reading of the degree shows that merely finding directors for these plants and registering their charters are going to take five months. Unbelievably, further four months are then needed to register the new institutions in the structure of the Ministry of Defense. In other words, the facilities would not even begin to be built before the summer of 2023, and there is no word how much time the construction is expected to take. At least one source believes that the initiative is just a sham intended to conceal the deficit in the state’s treasury and no actual plants are ever going to materialize. While the examples above concern armored fighting vehicles, it can be safely assumed that more complex weapons such as aircraft and missiles are not going to be easier to produce or re-activate. It is not an exaggeration to believe that even under favorable circumstances, the Russian defense industry will need a decade merely to make up for the losses suffered to date. Civilian industry cannot be simply switched to war production As already noted, these deficiencies cannot be made up by converting civilian industry to war production. The experiences from industrial mobilizations during the world wars in particular show that with some minor exceptions, civilian manufacturing can produce only the simplest weapons and equipment. Even though many modern tools, such as computer-controlled machining centers, are more flexible than the tools used in the 1940s, modern weapons are also more complicated. In practice, any large-scale conversion of civilian production towards military ends requires new tooling and new machine tools. For example, the WW2 retooling of Studebacker car factory for aero-engine production could use only 414 of the plant’s existing about 3000 machine tools. Of these, 350 were simple drill presses. There is a widespread but erroneous belief that the U.S. car industry for example simply “switched” to producing tanks and other weapons. In reality, the existing production lines were removed and stored for future peacetime use, and entirely new production lines were constructed in now-empty factories. This was only possible thanks to substantial machine tool production in the U.S., aided by the machine tool industry’s expansion due to pre-war British and French orders. Post-war studies and plans for industrial mobilization emphasise the importance of machine tool production if similar projects are attempted again, and note that the lead times of machine tools and tooling have a major impact on the rate that civilian manufacturing can be converted to war production. A rule of thumb learned during the U.S. WW2 industrial mobilization is that both building a new factory and retooling an existing civilian one for war production takes about 18 months. 12 months are needed to dismantle the existing production line or construct a new factory and install a new production line. Further 6 months are needed to train the workers and work out the kinks in the production system. No substantial output should be expected before 18 months. Again, this timetable assumes that sufficient machine tools, tooling, and other supplies are readily available and that workers can be found. While based on experiences 80 years in the past, this timetable fits quite well with timetables achieved in e.g. wind power industry today, where a new wind power plant factory needs 1-2 years to construct and begin initial low rate production. 18 months is probably a reasonably realistic rule of thumb even today. In conclusion, it is very unlikely that the Russian domestic industry can supply even simple “mobilization model” weapons in large quantities before late 2023, no matter how much pressure the Kremlin applies. Production of new weapons of sufficient quality in quantities sufficient to materially alter the outcome of the war is extremely unlikely. Even large-scale re-activation of the Soviet stockpile is doubtful at best. Speedy Ukrainian victory is in everyone’s interests We should therefore focus not on what Putin and his cronies can do, but on what we can do to them. The thoroughly cynical regime in the Kremlin is completely oblivious to human suffering and will do whatever it can to delay its inevitable demise. It will certainly not hesitate to throw untrained, ill-equipped reservists into the meat grinder just to delay defeat. Against battle-hardened, extremely motivated Ukrainian forces, who receive more advanced equipment by the day, Russian reservists using barely functional 1980s-era junk (if that) can do little but die. That, however, is of no concern to the Kremlin. Even now, its military leaders are throwing away their soldiers in meaningless, militarily useless, “robotic” piecemeal attacks against entrenched Ukrainian defenders. Such “leaders” are unlikely to hesitate to waste the reservists in a similar manner to please their superiors. Russian military could not force a decision with its best troops and weapons. It certainly cannot do so now. The Russian forces can however cause completely unnecessary bloodshed to Ukrainian defenders and to the civilians in occupied areas – and, of course, to themselves. While Putin will lose a prolonged war as well, a quick Ukrainian victory would also be cheaper for everyone concerned, ordinary Russians included. The faster the Russian military is made incapable of further operations and driven from Ukraine, that is, defeated, the faster the killing will end. While the removal of Putin might precipitate a Russian withdrawal or a ceasefire, there are no guarantees that his successors would actually be willing to end the war and not just regroup for another attempt. The defeat of the Russian military, particularly its land and air forces should therefore be the objective until solid proof of an actual change in Russia emerges. Fear of escalation should not control the thinking in Europe and in the United States. Putin has already lost and is going to be defeated. If he is going to escalate to delay the defeat, he will eventually do so. The quicker the Russian military’s ability to wage war is destroyed, the less time the Kremlin’s regime will have to prepare or use any nasty surprises. Militarily, the only threats the Kremlin can pose to the rest of the world are nuclear weapons. While their use cannot be ruled out, they cannot produce a military victory for Russia either, and bombing civilians has yet to win a war. Any use of weapons of mass destruction could not be overlooked by the U.S. or China. A retaliation could well demolish the Russian military, the Kremlin’s ability to control its population, and what is left of the Russian economy – even if no nuclear weapons are used in response. It is now not only the right thing to do, but in the West’s own best interests to supply Ukraine with whatever weapons, equipment, and other help they can possibly use. Even the most modern weapons the Western militaries, Finland included, reserve for their own use should be sent if they can be used. If they cannot be simply donated, a lend-lease arrangement where any remaining weapons are to be returned after the war and lost weapons paid for should be used. The weapons of the West have been forged for this exact purpose. This is the moment to use them. On the U.S. WW2 mobilization, the key sources are the following: Herman, A. (2012). Freedom’s Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II. New York: Random House. Klein, M. (2013). A Call to Arms: Mobilizing America for World War II. London: Bloomsbury. Lacey, Jim (2011). Keep from all Thoughtful Men: How U.S. Economists Won World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. Thatcher, H. W. (1943). Planning for Industrial Mobilization: 1920-1940. Washington D.C.: Historical Section, Office of the Quartermaster General. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106754952&view=1up&seq=9 Wilson, Mark R. (2016) Destructive Creation: American Business and the Winning of World War II. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Yoshpe, H. B. (1953). A case study in Peacetime Mobilization Planning: The National Security Resources Board 1947-1953. Washington D.C.: Executive Office of the President. Retrieved from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030961018&view=1up&seq=1 Posted in History of technology, Politics | Tagged Europe, Mobilization, Russia, Ukraine, United States, War | 2 Comments Stuurman, Siep (2017). The invention of humanity: Equality and cultural difference in world history. Harvard University Press. This is an important book that, in my opinion, ought to be read by everyone who is seriously interested in greater equality, or wants evidence that human thought has proceeded towards greater equality over time: slowly and unevenly, but nevertheless: “When a sufficient number of people believe that all people are fellow humans, or even equals, those beliefs become social facts on a par with other social facts, as much a part of society as political power, material wealth, and the force of arms. Whenever a sufficient number of people embrace universal ideas of common humanity, the limits of the thinkable are extended and new courses of action appear on the horizon.” The book asks how people came to see others as fellow human beings, or even as equals. Its narrative weaves through the history of how the deeply ingrained ethnocentrism was surmounted, and how the vision of all humans being basically alike was arrived at. The theoretical framework of the book relies on two ways to question cultural difference: 1), the notion of “common humanity”, which Stuurman argues transforms the stranger into a fellow human being, and which he proposes to define as “culturally significant similarity:” all human beings share one or more attributes, origins, obligations, faculties, or potentialities. How this could begin, in Stuurman’s view: “An incipient notion of common humanity became thinkable when humans began to demarcate themselves from animals, imagining a hierarchy of sentient beings with humans at the apex of the pyramid. By enumerating the attributes that distinguished humans from animals, such as speech, morality and reason, they summed up the faculties all human beings were supposed to share.” (Note that studies in comparative or evolutionary cognition strongly suggest that this hierarchy, modeled after Aristotle’s “scala naturae”, is largely an artifact of human insecurities – see e.g. the works of Frans de Waal – and in itself a hierarchy is problematic because it always implies some are less valuable than others.) and 2), the “anthropological turn,” which invites us to see through the eyes of others and deconstructs the semantics of the familiar and the alien. Stuurman traces the development of the notion of common humanity starting from the “Axial Age” and the great religious and philosophical texts of antiquity, including Stoicism and Confucianism (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 discusses how the early historians of the Axial Age, namely Herodotus, Sima Qian, and Publius Cornelius Tacitus discuss their respective empires and their “barbarian others.” Chapter 4 advances the timeline to the Medieval Islam, again focusing on three exemplary case studies: the comparative study of civilizations of Al-Biruni, who discusses the differences and commonalities of two great civilizations; the common quest for God along different theological avenues of Attar, who argues that all people can engage in the quest for God; and Ibn Khaldun’s new theory of history, where the interactions between sedentary and nomadic peoples are the engine of history. Chapter 5 examines the Atlantic Frontier and the limits of Christian equality in the age of exploration. Case studies in this chapter include the protest against the Spanish treatment of the Native Americans voiced by the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos (1511); the justification and critique of the Spanish Empire by Francisco Vitoria in the mid-sixteenth century; the criticism of Spanish rule by Bartolomé de Las Casas (1514-1566), José de Acosta’s Natural and Moral History of the Indies (1590), which served as a foundation for most 17th century writing and research about America; and finally, Michel de Montaigne’s deconstruction of the notion of the “barbarian”, when the atrocities of Europeans are compared to the supposed “barbarians.” Chapter 6 proceeds to the Enlightenment. Stuurman notes that the Enlightenment saw the invention of the modern notion of equality, but also the invention of the modern notion of inequality, much like the invention of the ship also became the invention of shipwreck. The Enlightenment discredited the traditional and theological justifications of inequality, such as divinely ordained hierarchies, but introduced what Stuurman argues are four modern discourses of inequality: 1) political economy, which justified inequalities in terms of utility and productivity; 2) theories of gender, which justified gender inequalities on the grounds of women being “naturally different”; 3) racial classification, which treated humans as animals and therefore subject to taxonomies of natural history (note that here the “scala naturae” and its hierarchies really become problematic); and 4) the most consequential of them all, the notion that ordered human subsistence modes and societies into a scale of “more” and “less” advanced stages of human development. The discourses 3 and 4 together produced an ideology where Europeans represented the vanguard of humanity that had a mission to “enlighten” the “lesser races”. Given that we are still suffering from the problems engendered by this ideology, this chapter is in my opinion among the most important of this book. Stuurman discusses the intellectual history of this period, making the chapter (and the book) a valuable companion to Graeber’s and Weingrow’s more recent “The Dawn of Everything” and its discussion of the Indigenous roots of the Enlightenment thought and social critique. Stuurman identifies Francois Poulain de la Barre as one of the first recognizable Enlightenment political philosophers; Poulain challenged (among others) those philosophers who had justified male supremacy as “natural” and develops a general critique of prejudice and custom, wedded to an environmentalist social psychology. Chapter 7 looks at the modern equality and scientific racism in the nineteenth century. It begins with the three revolutions that proclaimed the equal rights of “all men”; the American, the French, and the Haitian. The advance of modern equality, however, was an intermittent and uneven process, and after Napoleon in particular there was also a backlash, as modern discourses of inequality were marshalled to defend the existing power structures. Stuurman examines, for example, the critiques of slavery by one born into slavery, Frederick Douglass, and the criticism of colonialism by a victim of colonialism, the Indian Dadabhai Naoroji. He also highlights John Stuart Mill’s inconsistencies: Mill was a critic of despotic authority, but he could not bring himself to apply the same standards to the British “civilizing mission” in India – which relied on precisely the sort of despotic authority Mill criticized. Mill basically succumbed to racism, saying in effect that some “backwards peoples” need to be “civilized”, even against their wishes. Chapter 8 centers on the decades between 1880 and 1940, marked by the ascendancy of the color line and scientific racism; but also by the growing power of anticolonialism, antiracism, and democratic ideas in Asia, Latin America, North America, and Africa. In Europe, democratic ideas gained much ground until the 1920s, but declined almost everywhere in the interwar years. However, the Russian Revolution increased the expectations of global emancipation to the peoples in colonized lands. Exemplars are drawn from e.g. W.E.B. Du Bois, Gandhi, and Franz Boas. Chapter 9 contains (among other things) a very useful history of the inclusion of a radical and non-racist discourse of equality in the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the theorization of post-colonial equality by Aimé Césaire. These alone make the chapter well worth reading; the discussion of how colonial empires, Great Britain in particular, tried to prevent the inclusion of language suggesting of truly universal equality into the Charter of the United Nations is almost hilarious. (London would have prevented such ideas as they had done in the Versailles peace conference, but felt embarrassed because both British and the world opinion would associate a categorical rejection of racial equality with Nazism.) Of particular importance is the background to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It shows how the document was a product of thorough consideration and cross-cultural compromise that was agreeable to almost all the signatories. The Declaration is not a “Western” document, even though its language about individual rights is mostly drawn from Western philosophy. As Stuurman shows in the book, the fundamental views of common humanity and personal dignity have always been shared throughout the world, even if the individualistic conception of the human person is somewhat of an European peculiarity (although see Graeber and Weingrow 2021, who suggest that the Enlightenment ideas may have not been so “European” after all). On the other hand, without the participation of the colonized peoples in the drafting of the document, the language may not have ended up as radically egalitarian as it ultimately did. As Stuurman notes when discussing a 1947 UNESCO survey that attempted to canvass the global views on the matter, “A broad consensus existed on the need for truly universal rights, irrespective of race, skin color, sex, religion, and language. Apparently, there was cross-cultural agreement about the desirability of a list of universal rights but not about their philosophical or religious grounding.” Finally, in an epilogue, Stuurman gives a cautiously optimistic view of the future, based on the fact that people can evidently start from very disparate ideas of common humanity yet still come to largely the same conclusions about equality. In the long run, equality simply makes more sense than inequality. To quote: “Viewed in the long run of history, discourses of inequality display less consistency than discourses of common humanity and equality. They have assigned inferiority to ever-different ideas, customs, and categories of people. The boundaries they drew were changeable and subject to the contingencies of history. Discourses of inequality may appear realistic because they refer to factual, empirically verifiable human traits and differences, but for that very reason they are vulnerable to a critical examination of the purported “facts.” The history of the other component of equality discourses, the anthropological turn, further impairs the “realism” of the inequality discourses. We have seen that even under conditions of extreme inequality, as in the sixteenth-century European conquest of America, the doctrines of inequality were fiercely contested. Besides references to common humanity, the inversion of the gaze had a powerful equality effect. Bartolomé de Las Casas invited his audience to realize that the Native Americans’ belief in their gods was as deep and sincere as the Christian belief in the Trinity. Michel de Montaigne advised the Europeans to take a good hard look at their own religious wars before triumphantly celebrating their superiority over the benighted cannibals. Two thousand years before, Herodotus made the lapidary remark that the Egyptians called all speakers of foreign tongues “barbarians.” A couple of centuries later Sima Qian demonstrated that the Chinese condemnation of the customs of the northern nomads was paralleled by an equally critical view of China on the part of the nomads. As every frontier is two-sided, all cultural hierarchies are susceptible to inversion. Given the changeability of cultural boundaries and the ever-varying classifications of humanity in the history of inequality thinking, the conclusion follows that hierarchical judgments of one culture about another are always historically contingent. Ultimately, then, common humanity represents the Archimedean point of the moral history of humanity.” Posted in Notes in process | Tagged Aime Cesaire, Al-Biruni, Antonio de Montesinos, Attar, Bartolome de Las Casas, Book review, Dababhai Naoroji, Equality, Francisco Vitoria, Francois Poulain, Franz Boas, Frederick Douglass, Gandhi, Herodotus, Human rights, Ibn Khaldun, John Stuart Mill, Jose de Acosta, Michel de Montaigne, Siep Stuurman, Sima Qian, Tacitus, United Nations, W.E.B. Du Bois | Leave a comment Posted on May 27, 2022 by J. M. Korhonen In early 2002, I had an epiphany. I had been depressed for months and queried whether there is even any point in living any more: in the long run, we are all dead, and whatever we achieve will crumble in the sands of time. In a century, barely anyone will even know that you ever existed. What convinced me to keep on living was a realization that there are indeed some things worth doing. Among them is striving towards long-term survival of intelligences capable of love, empathy, curiosity, and creativity. That epiphany has guided my career choices ever since. (I however agree with the critics of the longtermism movement that there are some very dangerous strands of thought within this movement, mainly because too many people in the movement tend to dismiss the sufferings of the present and the near future in their calculations of some possibly attainable Greater Good in the far future, and in their near-sycophantic adulation of billionaires and other “Great Men.” That is the stuff the nightmare totalitarian dictatorships have always been made of.) That said, existential risk or x-risk and collapse studies have ever since been close to my heart. Here’s the newest news. UN Warns of ‘Total Societal Collapse’ Due to Breaching of Planetary Boundaries, Nafeez Ahmed, 26 May 2022. Byline Times. https://bylinetimes.com/2022/05/26/un-warns-of-total-societal-collapse-due-to-breaching-of-planetary-boundaries/ “the human material and ecological footprint is accelerating the rate of change. A potential impact when systemic risks become cascading disasters is that systems are at risk of collapse”. Refers to Thomas Cernev’s report “Pandemics, Climate Extremes, Tipping Points and the Global Catastrophic Risk – How these Impact Global Targets” (https://www.undrr.org/publication/global-catastrophic-risk-and-planetary-boundaries-relationship-global-targets-and): “From the scenario analysis… it is evident that in the absence of ambitious policy and near global adoption and successful implementation, the world continually tends towards the global collapse scenario.” Cernev’s paper identifies four potential pathways ahead: “In all of these scenarios except for ‘stable earth’, the achievement of global targets and accompanying frameworks is negatively impacted,” the report states. “Furthermore, in the absence of change, scenarios ‘Earth under uncertainty’ and ‘Earth under threat’ tend towards that of ‘global collapse’.” “The paper explains that, by adopting a systems analysis, it is possible to see how “the crossing of one planetary boundary systematically results in the crossing of others”. They are crucial to providing a ‘safe operating space’ for human societies to develop within a stable earth system, “with the passing of these boundaries subsequently, and most likely resulting in societal destabilisation and potential GCR events”.” Nafeez Ahmed wrote in 2017 a primer “Failing States, Collapsing Systems: BioPhysical Triggers of Political Violence”, where he pointed out that the process of global societal collapse is likely to accelerate as a self-reinforcing feedback loop between what he calls “human system destabilisation (HSD)” and “earth system disruption (ESD). https://www.academia.edu/34816514/Failing_States_Collapsing_Systems_BioPhysical_Triggers_of_Political_Violence_SPRINGER_BRIEFS_IN_ENERGY_ “In this feedback loop, earth system disruptions – in this case, triggered by breaching of planetary boundaries – destabilise social, political and economic institutions. This, in turn, inhibits successful policy responses to ESD, leaving the planet vulnerable to further ESD outbreaks. The result is a feedback effect in which HSD and ESD occur in an amplifying cycle with the potential to culminate in a dramatic loss of complexity in the human system – what might be defined as a collapse.” This is a conclusion that is easy to concur with. I just note here that as a whole, the threat is not so much in any single major event, but in a multitude of relatively minor (many still catastrophic) events that are all driven by the same logic: the need for individuals in a highly, and increasingly, competitive society to outcompete the others. In such a society, where 1. winning the competition may yield considerable gain of status, and 2. losing or abstaining from the competition may mean considerable loss of status, it is in my opinion very difficult to limit the exploitation of the Other (both other humans, and other species) for private gain, and to limit the use of potentially dangerous technologies. Thus, a competitive, highly unequal society almost certainly exacerbates the feedback loops between HSD and ESD, and hinders cooperation that is necessary for the setting of the limits to exploitation. Conclusion: we need to limit competition and share resources more equitably to “depower” the HSD/ESD feedback loop. I would encourage everyone to read Giorgos Kallis’s very good short book “Limits” for more considerations about what I believe is the key problem in our time: how to set limits for exploitation, and how to prevent the limits from being undermined by the competitive pressures. I fully agree with Kallis: the natural world (or “the market”) will not set the limits for us in time to prevent very serious damages. We must learn to limit ourselves. https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=29999 Posted in Notes in process | Tagged Ahmed Nafeez, Cernev Thomas, climate change, collapse, Energy, Environment, Feedback loops, HSD/ESD loop, Kallis Giorgos, Limits, Longtermism, Planetary boundaries | 1 Comment Extinction risks or X-risks are an interesting research topic that, however, has its own share of problems. I have one article in the works about some of its blind spots, and will be getting back to the topic later. Meanwhile, here’s something on classifying extinction risks, based on the following paper: Cotton‐Barratt, O., Daniel, M., & Sandberg, A. (2020). Defence in Depth Against Human Extinction: Prevention, Response, Resilience, and Why They All Matter. Global Policy, 11(3), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12786 The paper classifies extinction risks based on a version of “Swiss cheese model” of accident causation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_cheese_model), namely by asking three questions: How does the risk start causing damage? How does it reach the scale of global catastrophe? How does it reach everyone? Like in the Swiss Cheese model – pictured below – the risk can be avoided if it can be stopped by any one layer of defense. If a dangerous process can be recognized and prevented (layer 1), OR if it can be responded to (layer 2), OR if societies are resilient enough (layer 3), the end result won’t be human extinction (or some other undesirable outcome). So far, this is pretty bog standard accident causation stuff. To me at least, the most useful part of this paper is the classification of risks, especially Figure 2 of the paper, which classifies the risks based on origin: This dovetails with my thinking and actually helped to improve it. I used to classify catastrophic risks into “consumption risks” and “unilateralist’s risks”, but the words used here work better. Commons risk in particular is a notable one: it means risks from activities that people know to be dangerous, but engage in anyway. In econo-speak, this is a tragedy of the commons type situation where negative externalities are not internalized by the actors. Sustainability problems fall into this category. Note however that I’m not very happy with the decision to put “natural risks” into a separate category, especially since the authors then just note that “To be able to prevent natural risks, we need research aimed at identifying potential hazards, understanding their dynamics, and eventually develop ways to reduce their rate of occurrence”. There is considerable research evidence suggesting that “natural disasters aren’t natural”: what this seemingly counterintuitive phrase means is that most if not all natural processes create hazards at best, but whether hazards (or risks) turn into disasters depends on human acts of omission and commission (O’Keefe et al., 1976; Wisner et al., 2011. In other words, risk turns into disaster because people are vulnerable to the risk, and this vulnerability is often even directly created, and at least exacerbated, by inequalities. The poorest and the most marginalised are routinely the most vulnerable, simply because they lack the means to secure enough resources to e.g. live in less hazardous locations or build their homes durably enough. The same dynamic applies to e.g. pollution and other environmental risks (Cushing et al., 2015; Farzin & Bond, 2006; Mohai et al., 2009; Torras & Boyce, 1998). Disasters are thus caused more by socioeconomic than natural factors, to the extent that many researchers believe the term “natural disaster” shouldn’t even be used at all, and the United Nations Office for the Disaster Risk Reduction (UNIDSR) officially phased out the term in 2018 (Chmutina & von Meding, 2019). Chmutina, K., & von Meding, J. (2019). A Dilemma of Language: “Natural Disasters” in Academic Literature. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 10(3), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-00232-2 Cushing, L., Morello-Frosch, R., Wander, M., & Pastor, M. (2015). The Haves, the Have-Nots, and the Health of Everyone: The Relationship Between Social Inequality and Environmental Quality. Annual Review of Public Health, 36(1), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122646 Farzin, Y. H., & Bond, C. A. (2006). Democracy and environmental quality. Journal of Development Economics, 81(1), 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.04.003 Mohai, P., Pellow, D., & Roberts, J. T. (2009). Environmental Justice. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34(1), 405–430. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348 O’Keefe, P., Westgate, K., & Wisner, B. (1976). Taking the naturalness out of natural disasters. Nature, 260(5552), 566–567. https://doi.org/10.1038/260566a0 Torras, M., & Boyce, J. K. (1998). Income, inequality, and pollution: A reassessment of the environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics, 25(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00177-8 Wisner, B., Gaillard, J.-C., & Kelman, I. (2011). Framing disaster: Theories and stories seeking to understand hazards, vulnerability and risk. In B. Wisner, J.-C. Gaillard, & I. Kelman (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of hazards and disaster risk reduction (pp. 18–33). Routledge. Posted in Notes in process | Tagged Accidents, Cotton-Barratt O., Disasters, Environment, Existential risk, Research | Leave a comment Jessica McKenzie writes about the less known trend in Bitcoin mining. Bitcoin miners and fossil fuel firms, which increasingly tend to be the one and the same thing, are buying gas-fired generators and use them right next to gas wellheads. End result: to solve the crypto sudokus, fossil gas that would otherwise not be extracted and burned, is extracted and burned. I wrote about a bitcoin mining trend that isn't getting nearly enough attention. Bitcoin miners/fossil fuel companies—they are increasingly one & the same—are buying portable generators, hauling in server farms in shipping containers & mining bitcoin right at the wellheads — Jessica McKenzie (@jessimckenzi) May 17, 2022 (My assessment of cryptocurrencies in Finnish is here: https://jmkorhonen.fi/2021/11/02/mista-kryptovaluutoissa-ja-lohkoketjussa-on-kyse/ ) (In English, from 2018: https://jmkorhonen.net/2018/01/12/my-professional-opinion-as-a-blockchain-researcher-i-dont-see-the-point/ ) (Why cryptocurrencies are inherently not very good fit for renewable energy: https://jmkorhonen.net/2018/05/25/bitcoin-is-not-a-good-fit-for-renewable-energy-heres-why/ ) Prof. Nicholas Weaver’s interview: why cryptocurrencies should die in fire. Good explanation if you are unfamiliar with the problems of cryptocurrencies. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. https://www.currentaffairs.org/2022/05/why-this-computer-scientist-says-all-cryptocurrency-should-die-in-a-fire/ This especially is important to understand: “Tether is almost certainly what we’d call a “wildcat bank.” So, back in the 1800s, we didn’t have the Federal Reserve. Do you ever wonder why those pieces of paper in your pocket are technically called “bank notes”? It’s because the original model was not the government issuing pieces of paper. The government only issued coins. But heavy or bulky coins are hard to deal with. So you take your coins to the local bank, and they would give you a banknote, literally an IOU saying “if you want a $1 gold coin, take this IOU back to the bank and you get this dollar gold coin.” What happened is, basically, fraudulent banks sprang up. They were called wildcat banks because they’d often have animal pictures on the bank notes. What they would do is take deposits and issue pieces of paper, completely unbacked. And when state bank regulators would come along, the wildcat banks would have barrels of coins that were fake. All but the top layer was just junk, with a top layer of gold coins. Or they’d cart around a barrel to all the branch offices just ahead of the inspectors. And Tether is clearly doing the same thing. Because if Tether was backed by real money, this would mean that there is some $80 billion worth of money from institutional savvy investors that wanted to invest in the cryptocurrency space, but didn’t want to just buy in CoinBase. So they had to go to this third party that has been caught lying about its reserves, run by who-knows-who—the CEO is basically MIA. [Slate reported in 2021 that he “hasn’t been seen in public in years.”] It keeps its reserves in the Bahamas. Why would you invest that way? It’s just complete nonsense. “ Speaking of Tether: Their general counsel Stuart Hoegner used to be Director of Compliance for Excapsa, the parent company of poker site Ultimate Bet. Ultimate Bet allowed some of the players on their site access to a “God Mode” where they could see other player’s cards. (Source: https://bennettftomlin.com/2021/03/27/before-bitfinex-and-tether/ ) Absolutely not suspicious at all! (It is also worth noting how many people who used to make their money fleecing gamblers are these days involved in the crypto industry.) On a more hilarious note: one of the “decentralised” financial applications, Beanstalk, found out the hard way why letting people purchase votes is a bad idea. Beanstalk was controlled by a vote by the holders of “governance tokens”, which could be bought and sold. Someone figured a way to leverage loans to purchase the controlling 51 % majority – and promptly used his newfound power to drain 182 million dollars from the Beanstalk fund. In the real world, similar exploits are not easy. While someone could, for example, acquire a controlling majority in any publicly traded company, there are laws and regulations protecting the minority stockholders. In the crypto circus, there are none. https://www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/04/17/attacker-drains-182m-from-beanstalk-stablecoin-protocol/ Posted in Notes in process | Tagged Beanstalk, bitcoin, blockchain, Tether | Leave a comment Posted on February 23, 2022 by J. M. Korhonen Greetings from a Finnish leftist! The international situation has apparently left many people in the English-speaking countries confused. I originally wrote this thread in Twitter in the hopes of sharing a perspective I believe is widely although certainly not universally shared in Finland, most leftists included. This is a slightly edited version, for clarity. What we see happening in Ukraine right now is, to put it bluntly, Russian (or more precisely, the Kremlin’s) imperialism. If no other evidence convinces you, I beseech you to read a translation of Putin’s speech on 21st February 2022. He rails about NATO, but pay attention to how he is talking about Ukraine, effectively denying its right to independence and negating the agency of its citizens. The current crisis has very little to do with NATO, and almost everything to do with Putin’s desire to reinstate the Russian Empire, particularly the “inalienable part” – Ukraine. He has consistently maintained in public that it was a “mistake” to “allow” the former Soviet republics to become independent. He has also implied that Lenin made an error in 1917 when he let the former Russian territories “go.” One of the countries that gained independence from Russia in 1917, by the way, was Finland. What Putin seems to fear the most, rightly so, is that democratic revolution reaches Moscow. Thus, democracy itself is a threat to him. It is very difficult to believe that he is really afraid of NATO military forces. We can objectively demonstrate from historical record that the deployment of NATO forces to countries close to Russia used to be laughably minuscule before the “color revolution” in Ukraine spooked Putin in 2014. Only after Putin’s blatant 2008 and 2014 breaches of post-World War II convention of not redrawing the map of Europe with a sword did NATO even step up military deployments. Still, the deployments were mostly cosmetic, and have not markedly altered the balance of power. The post-2017 “enhanced forward presence” in the Baltics, for instance, consisted of four battalion task groups. Independent analysts have now counted about 125 similar Russian army groups massing along Ukraine’s borders. The most powerful nuclear weapon states in the world have little to fear from an attack by other nation states. But what frightens Putin and his band of kleptocrats is the very real possibility that the Russian people decide to get rid of them. The recent events in Byelorussia, where the dictator would probably have been ousted by his people if he hadn’t received help from the Kremlin, must only have reinforced Putin’s fears. Democratic, successful countries bordering European Russia are a menace to him personally. They show the Russians an alternative, and can even serve as sanctuaries for dissidents that Putin would like to invite for a tea by the window. This is the reason why Putin is doing his best to undermine the European Union, for instance. Democracy failing is exactly what his anti-democratic propaganda has been claiming for years. To help his dreams become reality, he cynically supports the European and American far right, up to and including support from clandestine intelligence services and financial assistance. Failing Europe would be a boon for Putin, and a divided Europe is a weak Europe whose individual countries can be threatened or corrupted from within. Putin also controls a formidable propaganda machine, which apparently has been very successful in selling many leftists a story of poor Russia being threatened by evil NATO and thus forced to mass the second greatest invasion force seen in Europe since the end of the Second World War – against non-NATO Ukraine. (I personally cannot see how the Ukrainians even could be responsible for NATO’s actions even if the above was true, any more than those wedding parties the U.S. has droned over the years were the responsibility of Al Qaida or the Taleban.) But in reality, the fact is that NATO has not “enlarged” itself: the fact is that democratic countries close to Russia have wanted to join NATO. I hope you ask yourself: why? Why do you believe the Baltic nations – Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia – were desperate to be admitted to NATO? Why does NATO remains popular in these countries? Do you really believe that people in countries like the Baltics are evil warmongers who just want to have a go at the Russians? Or that they are poor simpletons bought or duped by some ominous NATO cabal planning to subjugate the Russians? Or would a more plausible explanation be that people in countries bordering Russia have been for years genuinely concerned that resurgent Kremlin could do precisely something like the Kremlin has now demonstrably done in Georgia and in Ukraine? I for one used to oppose NATO membership for Finland. I hoped the Kremlin would stop after the first two overt uses of military force, in 2008 and 2014. It did not do so. Now I’m among those in Finland who are saying that the facts have changed and the opinions need to change as well. There has been a tremendous outburst of public support for Finland’s NATO membership. Because we want to avoid a war. I firmly believe violence is not a solution, and that a sustainable world cannot be built with it. But sometimes the democracies need to find their spine. I’m still a reservist in the Finnish army and yesterday I voluntarily reviewed my wartime tasks and mobilization packing list, just in case. Back in the 1930s, democracies turned their backs on democratic Spain. For years I’ve wondered, could the history have turned the other way if they hadn’t? What if they had shown more solidarity when solidarity was needed? Even if a war could be avoided by yielding to the Kremlin, I really fear what that would mean for the Nordic social democratic experiment. You see, what “finlandization” actually means is a circumscribed quasi-democracy. A country that is at the mercy of the Kremlin, like we were during the Cold War, may be nominally democratic, but only as long as the people are careful enough to only choose candidates that are acceptable to the Kremlin. I could well write another piece this long about the various downsides of finlandization, but I spare you for now. Just consider this: yielding to the Kremlin means that parties and politicians who like the Kremlin gain in power. Which politicians would those be? Right now, the nationalistic-conservative far right is the favorite of the Kremlin. More European countries would end up like Hungary, dominated by the far right who proceed to sell off the country’s assets, like public health services, to their cronies. If this development is familiar to you, check what those selling off your national assets are saying about Ukraine now. Of course, Putin is nothing if not an opportunist, and he cynically exploits the left as well, if we let him do so. His troll farms and state-controlled media do not create division or controversy as such, but they are very good at amplifying whatever discord there is. The goal of modern era propaganda is not to make you believe the propagandist; it suffices that you drown in conflicting information and cease to believe in anything. When nothing is true and everything is possible, the public falls into apathy – which suits the powerful just fine. Being neutral in a situation where the powerful seek to oppress the weak means that you take the side of the powerful, just as Desmond Tutu once said. Since Putin’s funds are largely based on Russia’s exports of fossil fuels, Putin also has a very strong interest in keeping Europe hooked on fossil fuels. The climate denialism the far right espouses is therefore another reason for Putin to support them. There are many good reasons for ending the world’s fossil fuel addiction as soon as possible, but this dependence on tinpot dictators is surely a good one as well. If Europe is again divided into individual states and spheres of influence, democracy would be curtailed all around Eastern Europe. In Finland, our social democracy could effectively end in the typical far right mismanagement and crony capitalism. With it, the experiment to create a sustainable social democracy would suffer, and probably end as well. I may be biased, but I truly believe that experiment could have a lot to offer to the world. If the Nordic experiment then fails, what does the left has to offer to the world then? Ukraine is not a perfect democracy by any means – no country is – but if it is subjugated under the Kremlin’s autocratic shadow, what are the odds their democracies and freedoms could improve? Especially when we are seeing what the Kremlin’s puppet in Byelorussia is doing. This is fundamentally a struggle between democracy and autocracy. It is taking place both between democracies and autocracies, and within democracies and autocracies. I lament that many in the left reflexively take the side of autocracy, even though I understand the power of propaganda and the blunders and crimes the U.S. for instance has committed in the past. The world does not revolve entirely around the United States, neither in good nor in ill, and in a world of nearly eight billion people, the political lines are rarely drawn as neatly as in political study circles and theories. This is particularly true in the border regions of former or aspiring empires. We can easily multitask and denounce the U.S., Russian, and Chinese imperialism simultaneously, for instance. If you have any questions, please let me know. For the Russians reading this, let me reiterate: Europeans do not hate you nor wish you or Russia ill. We would greatly prefer peaceful, mutually beneficial cooperation for the betterment of all humanity. But we will not compromise on our fundamental values and freedoms. Democracies may seem soft on the outside, but if pushed, the pusher may find that “soft” can also mean “tough”, just as “hard” may also mean “brittle.” Democracies have faced down worse autocrats before, and prevailed. Thank you all for reading, and in solidarity from Finland! PS. For evidence that the above represents a widespread sentiment even among the Finnish left (with the exception of being openly pro-NATO, where I’m an early adopter), see for instance this recent editorial of the People’s News, the Finnish newspaper traditionally close to the Left Alliance. It lays the facts as I too see them: right now there is one warmonger in Europe, and his name is Putin. Posted in Politics | Tagged Europe, Finland, Kremlin, NATO, Russia, Ukraine | 6 Comments Created Monday 29 June 2020 At …and Then There’s Physics , there was a post about the recent Nature comment on a “modelling manifesto”, “Five ways to ensure that models serve society”. I’ve despaired in the past about some of the uses and abuses of models in research and, in particular, as blunt political instruments used to bludgeon the hoi polloi into submission. For some years, I’ve been thinking that there should be a course or a resource that teaches what everyone should know about models in science and how they can be used for, ahem, multiple purposes. So I immediately latched on Jean Goodwin’s comment: ATTW, One audience I have in mind for the Manifesto is undergrads. I’ve been wanting for a while, and even more since March, to put together a course called something like Modelling: Critical Thinking & Communication. Entry level, larger enrollment. Non-STEM majors would learn about the kinds of questions they should be asking to probe models that they encounter, used or abused, in policy arguments. STEM majors would learn how to communicate what they know to nonspecialist audiences–which basically means answering all those questions in advance. By the end, everyone would be able to use words like “sensitivity” and “boundary conditions” a bit more cogently. But I haven’t gone forward with this, since I’m missing resources: in addition to things like a modeller-colleague to co-develop the course and some “spare time”, there aren’t a lot of readings/tools/resources that would work. The Manifesto would–it’s on an issue that students will recognize for at least a few years, it’s written at the intelligent layperson level, it pretty much says some things that are well known (to me, that’s the biggest critique of the piece) in vivid language, and it has a couple of claims so questionable that a bright undergrad will call them out. Which is as it should be, since critical thinking is an aim of the course. What resources would y’all suggest? They need to: – stick with the big picture, not your fields’ latest squabbles – be decision-relevant in some way – mostly fall within US undergraduates’ background knowledge, and if there are technical sections, they need to be cut-able without too much harm – overall, represent various approaches to modelling in diverse disciplines – short! and as my students say, “fun” I have an elementary “Introduction to the Scientific Method”-type course coming up again this fall, and would be interested in developing this theme at least a bit further. Anyone else? Let me know here or on Twitter, @jmkorhon_en ! Resources, gathered from the thread above: In Praise of Computer Models https://andthentheresphysics.wordpress.com/2019/01/29/erics-memes/ http://www.bnlawrence.net/academic/2020/05/software1/ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/models-science/ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/simulations-science/ Books, suggested by Brigitte Nerlich Harré, R. 1960. Metaphor, model, and mechanism. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 50:101-22. Harré, R. 1970. The principles of scientific thinking. London: Macmillan. Hesse, M.B. 1966. Models and analogies in science. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. Hughes, R.I.G. 1997. Models and representation. Philosophy of Science 64:325-36. Ravetz, J. 2003. Models as metaphors. In Public participation in sustainability science: A handbook, ed. B. Kasemir , J. Jäger , Carlo C. Jaeger , and M. T. Gardner , with a foreword by W. C. Clark and A. Wokaun. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Wartofsky, M.W. 1979. Models: Representation and the scientific understanding . Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Yearley, S. 1999. Computer models and the public’s understanding of science: A case-study analysis. Social Studies of Science 296:845-66. Max Black’s Models and Archetypes Posted in Notes in process, Simulations | Tagged Modeling | 2 Comments Posted on January 9, 2020 by J. M. Korhonen Our society and, indeed, our way of life is facing an existential threat. The situation is grim, but not hopeless. These words could have been used to describe the threat faced by the world’s democracies in 1939, and they could describe the threat today. Eight decades ago, the menace of totalitarian autocracy unleashed a world war that democracies had no guarantees of winning. This decade, the danger of climate crisis is becoming similarly tangible. More and more people are beginning to realize what all the scientific studies actually mean: a distinctly, uncomfortably, non-zero chance that there are people presently alive who may live to see the end of democracy and civilization. As Joachim Schellnhuber, a professor at Potsdam Institute and one of the leading climate scientists in the world, put it in September 2019, the business as usual carries with it at least one in ten odds of civilization’s collapse. At the same interview, professor Schellnhuber also stated that rectifying the situation would take at least 20 years of hard work, and that we have only 30 years left to act. The task ahead can be summarized very briefly. Global greenhouse gas emissions, most notably carbon dioxide, have to fall significantly. The only viable strategy for doing this is simple: electrify everything and clean up electricity generation. Those activities that cannot be electrified have to be restricted according to the availability of low-emission fuels, such as electrolytically produced hydrogen and synthetic methane, or discontinued altogether. At the same time, we have to turn deforestation into reforestation, globally, and reduce material consumption in order to halt and reverse the ongoing, currently accelerating and extremely worrisome loss of biodiversity. We also have to transform our current agricultural practices, transitioning away from a system that is utterly dependent on fossil fuel “energy subsidies”. All this has to happen while we simultaneously ensure that the transition does not exacerbate economic and social inequalities, nationally or globally. After decades of inaction, some are now surprised that we no longer have further decades for inaction. There is still time, but major changes have to be initiated within this decade. For example, our energy production system has to rapidly transition from its current, fossil fuel dominated state to almost completely zero emission system. This is just one of the necessary measures, and by no means sufficient by itself, but it serves to illustrate the vastness of the challenge. Below is a rough diagram exploring what a sustainable energy system of the future might look like. In the diagram, I’ve assumed that the global energy generation increases from its current power level, about 18 terawatts (TW), to 30 terawatts, in order to end energy poverty once and for all. (This figure is not a result of any specific calculation, and only serves to illustrate the magnitudes.) As a rough guesstimate, one could assume that one half of this might be delivered by wind power, about one third by solar, and the remainder would come from a mix of hydropower, nuclear energy, and other sources. In this case, assuming conservatively that wind turbines last on average 25 years before replacement and depending on average power, the world would have to build up the capacity to construct and install something between 400 000 and 700 000 wind turbines annually, in perpetuity. Such a construction capacity would permit us to build and upkeep between 9 to 15 million wind turbines globally, and deliver about 15 terawatts of average power. In 2018, approximately 20 000 wind turbines, averaging at about 2.5 megawatts of nameplate capacity, were installed in the world. In other words, we would have to increase the production of wind turbines 20- to 30-fold. (Assuming that world energy use does not increase from its present levels, an 11-fold increase might be enough.) A wind turbine would have to be manufactured and installed every minute, on average. If this sounds like a phenomenal undertaking, it is because it is one. Nevertheless, we know that such an undertaking is doable. For instance, between 1939 and 1944, United States alone increased its aircraft production 32-fold, from less than 3000 aircraft in 1939 to a peak of 93 600 aircraft in 1944. Additionally, the numbers alone do not tell the whole story: where the planes of 1939 were mostly light, 1- or 2-engined civilian models, the vast majority of those produced in 1944 were massively complex, up to 4-engined war machines bristling with the latest technology. At the same time, the forges of democracy delivered up to 50 cargo ships per day, two fully equipped aircraft carriers per week, and a tank every 26 minutes. All this was achieved despite disruptions and material shortages caused by the war, while over 12 million youth of prime working age, nearly 9 percent of the whole population, were away, fighting on air, land and sea in every corner of the globe. B-24 Liberator bombers on assembly line at the Willow Run plant. At its peak, the mile-long assembly line of this Ford-operated factory, completed in 1941, delivered a flight ready bomber every 59 minutes. Willow Run was just one of five B-24 Liberator assembly sites, and B-24 was just one of many heavy bombers produced during the war. This miracle was achieved through mass production on a truly epic scale. As factories retooled to produce immense quantities of standardized products, more expensive machinery became profitable to install. This capital deepening, and learning by doing as workers learned to use their tools more efficiently, worked wonders. In 1941, a B-24 Liberator took between 200 000 to 300 000 person-hours to complete; by the end of the war, 18 000 sufficed. (As a comparison, in current dollars, the cost of a B-24 is about the same as the cost of a 2-3 megawatt wind turbine, and from manufacturing point of view, the B-24 is significantly more complex, containing some 25 000 distinct parts or sub-assemblies compared to about 8 000 in a wind turbine.) Similarly, when the first simplified Liberty cargo ships were completed in 230 days, the type was considered to be very fast to construct: by the end of the war, an average Liberty ship had taken mere 11 days to build, and the record from keel laying to launch was four days, 15 hours, and 30 minutes. A key to this miracle was cooperation between the industry and the federal government. The government was the customer and paid for the products, controlled prices to combat speculation and inflation, and occasionally stepped in to resolve disputes and allocate scarce materials or workers. The work itself was performed by private enterprises, who received fair pay and sustained healthy yet not excessive profit margins. On occasion, the federal government subsidied firms directly, and in general, tax regimes were adjusted to favor investments in war production. As far as average citizens were concerned, the war did result to some privations. Gasoline and rubber, for instance, were rationed. However, less than half of the total US industry was ever mobilized for war production, and life at the home front continued with far less disruption than in any other country involved in the war. Work was plentiful, and wages increased by 70 percent. Many previously excluded groups, such as women and persons of color, found paid employment for the first time. All in all, the mobilization effort laid the foundations for the prosperity of the 1950s, and cemented the status of the United States as the world’s pre-eminent economic power. No law of nature prevents us from conducting a similar mobilization today. If we wanted, we could easily increase the production of clean energy sources and carbon-free transportation by 30 or even 40-fold. Compared to the situation in 1940, what the industry of 2020 can achieve is nothing short of magical It is even possible that large scale mobilization would eventually turn out to be the cheapest way to transform our infrastructure. Currently, we are constructing the low-carbon infrastructure in bits and pieces. Production is small-scale, made to order, with little to no standardization. This is most likely a major reason why low-carbon infrastructure is more expensive than dirty, polluting, fuel-guzzling fossil fuel infrastructure. If we standardise the production to a few basic models and concentrate our powers to manufacturing epic quantities of each one, the undeniable advantages of mass production, capital deepening and learning by doing are unleashed. It’s completely possible that as a result, low-carbon infrastructure becomes cheaper than our current dirty alternatives, even before any carbon taxes are factored in. After all, mass production does not have to be limited to power plants, even though I used them as an example. Just as the American industry produced not just planes but innumerable quantities of ships, tanks, weapons and equipment, we could mass produce immense quantities of simplified electric scooters, tractors, and cars, electrifying not just our transport but our agriculture as well. Electrolysis plants for clean hydrogen could well be mass produced, slashing the costs of this critically important piece of clean infrastructure. Electric trains need no further introduction, and in the near future, it might be possible to build short-haul electric aircraft to clean up regional transportation. These are just some examples of the products that climate mobilization could deliver. State-coordinated mass production on an epic scale is also the only card we haven’t even tried to play. So far, we have utterly failed in our attempts to stave off the climate crisis. For three decades, we’ve produced little more than talk about theoretically optimal climate policies, letting precious time to slip by our fingers. Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues its relentless march upwards, from dangerous to very dangerous. Even though some recent policies have raised our hopes, an accurate summary of current policies is “far too little, far too late.” For this reason, beginning in January 2020, we will begin to develop a practical plan for climate mobilization. We do not know whether and to what extent the lessons from the world wars are really applicable to our current predicament. Therefore, we have to study the subject without prejudice. The United States war mobilization is, after all, an “existence proof” that a society based on private enterprise and (relative) democracy can, if it so wishes, refocus its industrial might to repel an existential crisis. The history of the US war mobilization can also provide instructive for policy makers across the globe. Contrary to what many believe, the war mobilization began in earnest nearly two years before Pearl Harbor, and President Roosevelt had to use all his considerable political skill and influence to push through the required legislation. The debates would be familiar to everyone who has followed the climate mitigation debate. For instance, when Roosevelt asked in May 1940 – a year and a half before Pearl Harbor – the industry to deliver 50 000 warplanes per year, the responses included “that is impossible”, “it’s far too expensive”, “why should we care for the troubles of faraway peoples?” Four years later, those 50 000 planes were delivered in little more than six months. What if similar approaches, adapted to our current predicament, would deliver similar results? After all, transition to a sustainable society is a task we have to do, a task we know how to do, and a task we will do. The only alternative is an eventual collapse of global civilization. In order to help us in that task, a network of researchers and specialists now under construction shall therefore prepare a plan, as concrete and comprehensive as possible, for how the European Union at least could refocus its industry towards repelling the current existential threat to democracy and our way of life. In other words, we shall produce a draft plan for staving off the end of the world as we know it, should our politicians choose to stave it off. Of course, we know that such a plan will need time for political groundwork, and therefore we set the nominal start date, the H-hour so to speak, to 2030. This gives the current environmental policy paradigm a decade to produce results, but also gives us at least somewhat prepared backup plan, just in case the policies that have failed us for the last 30 years continue to do so. Having said all that, it is nevertheless imperative to remember that technology alone cannot “solve” the sustainability crisis. Unless we simultaneously retool our societies as well, no amount of wind turbines or electric cars can deliver anything but a temporary respite. Unless we can set hard limits to environmental degradation, sooner or later we will cross some dangerous threshold. Retooling our societies requires that we abandon societal mechanisms that make the destruction of our only life support system seem like a rational choice for an individual. Unless we can do that, some other sustainability crisis will be the end of us, even if we manage to stop dangerous climate change. Sustainability crises are interconnected, and we are facing potentially equally serious biodiversity crisis, and that we have altered the planet’s nitrogen cycle in an unsustainable manner. Dwindling freshwater supplies are already causing local problems, and the phosphorous cycle is out of balance in an alarming manner, all while our near-exponential growth is also approaching four other critically important “planetary boundaries”. For these reasons, it is certain that the future will see a societal change as well: the only questions remaining are whether this change is voluntary and planned, or involuntary and forced upon us by physics. Let us know if you want to help! @jmkorhonen Posted in Economy and the Environment, Energy, History of technology, Politics | Tagged Climate, Environment, Plan B | 1 Comment Posted on November 15, 2019 by J. M. Korhonen This is an interesting book which could be a good book if its key message – that technology and capitalism will decouple economic growth from resource use in time to prevent serious ecological disruption – were supported by research. This, unfortunately, is not the case. Decoupling is not exactly a subject that has never been studied before. There exists a voluminous body of research that has used better methods and covers far more ground, both theoretically and empirically, than this book. The conclusions of this research stream are fairly clear, as a recent, comprehensive and well-worth-the-read overview of decoupling research (Parrique et al. 2019) shows: while some decoupling is beyond doubt happening, there is no sturdy evidence that could permit us to believe that necessary decoupling is going on. If we wish to continue our present course and economic growth patterns, we would need to see decoupling that is 1) absolute, 2) deep enough, 3) fast enough, 4) permanent, and 5) global. This is not what research shows. This book’s central message is basically demolished by a single open access article in PNAS (Wiedmann et al. 2015). Using far more sophisticated methods, informed by past research on the topic, and covering the value chains and countries far more extensively than this book, the researchers concluded that if the total materials footprint of industrialized countries, USA included, has decoupled at all, the amount of absolute decoupling is insignificant. I cannot find any reference to this rather fundamental piece of research in the book, nor can I find any references to any recent studies that are more critical about decoupling claims. In fact, I can’t find solid evidence, either in references or in the text, that the author is even aware of such research. As such, I do not believe that the book’s thesis could ever be published in a reputable peer reviewed journal: existing research has already covered this ground repeatedly, with better methods, and in a more critical fashion. In a positive note, the author is very clear that market fundamentalism – letting capitalism run amok – is emphatically NOT an answer to the environmental crises, and that we need a strong state to regulate and control the economy, repair market failures and price the externalities. There is ample evidence that of all socio-economic systems we have tried so far, this approach – sometimes known as the Nordic model – has the best track record of both creating and somewhat equitably distributing wealth. That said, I’ve already noticed that many proponents of this book won’t notice these caveats, and instead claim that McAfee suggests unbridled capitalism as the answer. However, despite rather serious flaws in the key argument, I have no doubt that the book will become a bestseller. We humans are so desperate to believe that nothing needs to change. McAfee, Andrew (2019). More from Less: The surprising story of how we learned to prosper using fewer resources – and what happens next. New York: Scribner. Parrique T., Barth J., Briens F., C. Kerschner, Kraus-Polk A., Kuokkanen A., Spangenberg J.H. (2019). Decoupling debunked: Evidence and arguments against green growth as a sole strategy for sustainability. European Environmental Bureau. https://eeb.org/library/decoupling-debunked/ Wiedmann, T. O., Schandl, H., Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Suh, S., West, J., & Kanemoto, K. (2015). The material footprint of nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(20), 6271–6276. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220362110 Posted in Ecomodernism, Economy and the Environment, Scarcities and constraints | Tagged Book review, Capitalism, Decoupling, Economics | 3 Comments Hello again! This post about lessons we could learn from the 1970s Appropriate/Alternative Technology movement is derived from a presentation I gave at Helsinki Sustainability Science Days 2019, 9.5.2019. The entire presentation can be found here. The above presentation and this essay are an outgrowth of my innocent plan to just write up some short notes about technology for would-be authors who are interested in developing an internally consistent, believable and positive vision of a future sustainable society. We need such positive visions more than ever: I for one am 100% convinced that the vast majority of humans, those in the rich countries included, could have a far more meaningful and happy lives in a society that scales down and earnestly starts its way towards sustainability. However, big changes are always scary, and I do not blame anyone for being afraid: the coming change may be the biggest one since the Industrial Revolution, and it may unfold quickly in some places. To keep our wits with us, we need positive visions – and if they are grounded in the latest research and decades of experience, they tend to be more convincing. (As a context, note that this was presented at “Degrowth and Postgrowth” track, so I won’t be spending time on defending degrowth as such.) We humans are a technological species that lives in an increasingly technological society. No matter which kind of a future we have, if we have a future, then it’s safe to say it’s going to be technological at least to some extent. We cannot even survive without technology, let alone thrive. However, the “shape” of that technology remains an open question. Is our future going to be a high-technology one, or an Arcadian agricultural vision? Lately, there has been increased academic interest in the role of technology in the transition towards post-growth, sustainable society, as is evidenced by e.g. a 2018 special issue on degrowth and technology in the Journal of Cleaner Production. In brief, the basic question remains the same as it has been in critical technology studies for decades: is technology a friend or a foe, and what kinds of technologies might be “compatible” with the ideals of degrowth? This question matters, because, as noted above, we humans are a technological species. Scholars of technology generally agree that it is hard, if not pointless, to separate technology and human society: our technologies are shaped by our society, and our societies are shaped by our technologies. What these technologies then are, and what values they promote or inhibit, is therefore an important question. If not for anything else, discussing what kinds of technology a future sustainable society might use would help that most valued profession, authors, to come up with more internally realistic, positive visions of the future. (See Doctorow, 2017 for one great example.) Despite the question’s importance, the discussion related to “degrowth technologies” has been largely theoretical in nature. This is somewhat odd, because there exists a well developed body of research and experience from an earlier attempt to develop a technological choice to the current, destructive growth machine. This alternative movement had many names, such as “radical”, “intermediate”, “soft”, or “low impact” technology, but perhaps the best known names were the Alternative or Appropriate Technology movement. While the movement is mainly remembered today from its inordinate fondness towards small scale biogas production and its endless designs for “self sufficient” living, what has been almost forgotten is that for more than a decade, this movement produced an alternative, compelling and very successful narrative for the use of technology. Instead of gigantic technological infrastructures that today remain largely hidden from the view and the thoughts of an individual consumer (and “consumer” tells you what is the position of an individual in this scheme), the AT movement advocated for human-scale, understandable technologies that ordinary humans could at least begin to control. What’s more, the movement was extraordinarily successful when compared to most counterculture movements today: at its heyday, its leading figures were invited to meet presidents and royalty, and its ideas were discussed seriously in bodies like the United Nations and the OECD. What this movement sought was to change the technology-practice of our societies so that research and development would be aimed towards human-scale technology, that is, ensuring that technology is compatible with its psychosocial and biophysical context. In other words, the movement sought appropriate technologies and, even more fundamentally, the option of technological choice that went beyond which of the ready-made, prepackaged technological ensembles one would purchase. In brief, the movement sought to democratize technology, while at the same time working towards reducing the human footprint to nature to sustainable levels. While the roots of this movement can be traced to the 1800s and even beyond, the critique towards “technological society” inherent in the movement began on its earnest in the 1930s. I would argue that the 1950s DIY movement was in its way a precursor as well: taking control of technology in an increasingly technological age was and remains a subtly subversive act. More generally, the AT movement drew its inspiration from spreading disaffection with modernity and was influenced by e.g. Gandhian philosophy of voluntary simplicity; experience in Asia and Buddhist philosophy were fundamental to the intellectual development of the one person who might be called the father of the AT movement, British-German economist E.F. (“Fritz”) Schumacher. Schumacher’s book Small is Beautiful (1973) jump-started a movement that had been bubbling under in the countercultural settings of the 1960s. By arguing that we humans could and should choose technologies and even entire technological systems (ensembles) to suit our needs, instead of taking as granted the technological ensemble offered by the corporate-capitalist world, Schumacher perhaps inadvertently tapped into a vast reservoir of resentment towards modernity. Much as it is today, this resentment had built upon radical changes in the people’s lives, the feeling of powerlessness in the face of faceless systems and corporations, and a rising awareness that the system was not and perhaps could not be sustainable. However, by the late 1980s, the AT movement had largely disappeared from the view. Critics such as Rybczynski (1980) and Willoughby (1990, 2005) note that the movement was to an extent a fad that had never really defined what “appropriate” technology is; others (e.g. Harper & Boyle 1977) lamented the movement’s focus on technological gadgets rather than political and societal action. It should be noted that while the movement produced all sorts of fanciful schemes for “appropriate” living, it also produced major successes: the entire practice of eco-design largely stems from the ideas first tested in the AT movement, and AT schemes such as utilization of passive solar heat are increasingly standard practice in the construction business. The vision of a sustainable yet comfortable future the AT movement espoused was technically viable and surprisingly popular: what really killed the vision was the rise of radical, anti-environmentalist, pro-business right-wing politics in both the United States and in Europe. Combined with decrease in the price of oil and coal, the alternatives to alternative technology became simply too cheap and convenient, as long as one didn’t have to look under the hood to see the damages this path was causing. While the grand vision died, the AT movement, however, survived, if in a modified form. Various authors have noted that without the AT movement and its questioning of technological choice, and its attempts to bring technological choice to the people instead of having experts to decide, we would not have the current science and technology studies (STS) practice. Quite possibly, we wouldn’t have the hacker culture nor personal computers: the entire hacker culture was to a very large extent motivated by the desire to democratize technology, and was deeply connected to the broader AT movement as well (Markoff, 2005; Turner, 2006). The AT movement was also the testing ground not only for energy and building technologies that are now becoming standard, but also what has become the entire eco-design field, as well as prefiguring recently rehashed ideas such as “bottom of the pyramid” or “frugal” innovation by decades. A movement of such importance should not be forgotten as easily as we have done so. Perhaps, as Greer (2013) suggests, we do not want to look at the future we once had but squandered. Yet look again we must. We are now again coming face to face with issues we brushed under the carpet in the 1980s. The AT movement was mostly correct in its prognosis of the humanity’s predicament, but an unhappy coincidence of political and geological factors permitted us to remain blind to its observations for more than three decades. I believe it is high time to bring the idea of technological choice back to the table, and start having a serious, adult discussion about what our technological society is really for. Are we building a society whose purpose is to let a few super-billionaires play rocket jockeys – or should we focus our creative energies towards bettering the lives of ordinary people, with technologies they can use as tools and not as components in a vast technological machine? If we want the latter, and I believe it would be the right thing to do, then some lessons from the 1970s are worth remembering. First, social change does not happen via technological change. A major blind spot for many – though by no means all practicioners of AT was the focus on technological gadgetry as the solution. This tendency has not disappeared: as e.g. Morozov (2013) argues, if possible we suffer even more from “solutionism”, or the faith of there being an app for that. Whenever a technocrat sees a problem, he (and it’s almost always he) also sees that there could be a technical solution. Unfortunately, this approach has never really worked, and it’s unlikely it ever will. Instead, technology should be seen as an amplifier of pre-existing tendencies (see e.g. Toyama, 2015). If the underlying societal structure tends to concentrate wealth, then new technologies tend to make wealth concentration more severe; if the society promotes well-being of its members, then new technologies tend to increase well-being. We could and should’ve learned that lesson back in the 1970s, but we chose not to. Probably a major reason for that is because technical fix to essentially social problems (like, say, poverty) is like the Dark Side of the Force: it’s the seductive path that brings fast results, but as with the Dark Side, these results tend to be illusory. As Morozov (2013) and Toyama (2015), among others, have documented, the Dark Side is nevertheless the default setting for most technologists and societal decision-makers. Again, the fear and revulsion of having to engage in politics is probably a major driver that leads people towards solutionism. However, if one wants to change the world, one should focus a lot more on the messy job of politics and civic engagement – and far less on technological gadgetry. Second lesson we should learn from the 1970s is that creating alternatives in the sphere of consumption is relatively easy, but creating alternatives in the sphere of production is far more difficult (Rybczynski, 1980). That is, we can relatively easily choose what and how we consume, e.g. whether we buy everything from a store or make do with second hand and whatever we can do ourselves. In the picture, I’ve tried to represent the “seamless web” of technology’s infrastructure by the pyramidical network: our individual consumption choices, even Appropriate Technology ones, tend to focus on individual products on top of the pyramid, not in how the the products are produced (the rest of the web). In the absence of political action, these limited actions are unlikely to influence the means of production: we may choose to buy less, but the infrastructure that is geared towards producing more remains. As long as individual choices do not result to significant changes in the sphere of production, any changes are not sustainable and will tend to rebound over time. The web will find new uses for its resources; this is, after all, what producers in a capitalist economy have to do to survive. Third, we really ought to know by now that we cannot forecast the unanticipated side effects of technology. Good ideas can have bad effects, and sometimes bad ideas can have good effects. Much of the Appropriate Technology literature stressed the need to better anticipate what impacts a given technology (or technological ensemble) would have on the people who have to adopt it. This is a worthwhile pursuit – as our tools become more and more powerful, we really ought to think much more carefully about the consequences of our actions – but we ought to abandon the idea that we could precisely engineer a technosocial system that would deliver the societal results we want like clockwork. Societies and technologies are simply too complex for that. Instead, what we need is an acknowledgement that we have to be able to make constant adjustments based on feedback from the system. Our current means of regulating technologies date from the 1700s, and they are woefully slow-acting compared to the power and speed of our modern tools. There is a real and constantly increasing risk that we inadvertently use a tool that bites too powerfully before we even realize what is happening or can turn the tool off. This could perhaps be something from biotechnology, for instance, although plain old chemistry has already managed to spring us some very nasty surprises, and arguably social media is another out of control tool. We also would benefit from favoring technologies that do not foreclose the future options. Megascale technologies tend to do just that: monocultures drive local seed varieties and related knowledge extinct, and massive construction projects create assets that must be run to their expected economical lifetime. However, since we cannot foresee technology’s full impacts, by the definition of violence offered by Hannah Arendt in her famous essay On Violence (1972), all technologies are “violent”. For Arendt, violence is the antithesis of real power, which is based on negotiating and persuading people to act together towards a common goal. Violence prevents such persuasion and replaces it with a necessity; thus, if a technology forecloses an otherwise possible course of action from future humans, it is “violent.” (Of course, there are degrees of violence and culpability.) Besides less violent and easier to control technologies, there might be another valuable distinction that could sometimes help us make better technological decisions. That is the distinction between a machine and a tool. For this essay, a machine could be defined as any tool that includes automation: a machine is thus a tool that limits its user to certain predetermined actions. A tool, in contrast, is more an extension and amplifier of its user’s capabilities and powers. While strict separation between machines and tools is impossible, especially today, one could nevertheless recognize that some technologies tend to make people into components of a vast machine, while others tend to be more empowering (cf. Coomaraswamy, 1946). We humans are famously unsuited for a life as a part of a machine, and at least some of the present alienation and disaffection in society must certainly stem from the fact that our technological machinery often treats people as components – sometimes low-cost, easily replaceable ones. Sweatshop workers who sew our clothes because training a robot to handle the variety would be more expensive are perhaps the perfect example, but machines control our lives (sometimes surreptiously) even in the wealthiest households. Choosing between a tool and a machine may not be always possible and is likely never easy, but when it is possible, we probably ought to favor tools over machines. I originally started this paper with an intention to provide some ideas from the history and study of technology for authors who might be interested in developing much-needed positive visions of the future. The above sections may not have answered that question very well, and for that I apologize: however, forecasting is hard, forecasting the future is harder, and forecasting future technology is the hardest. I cannot really say how the technologies in a sustainable, post-growth world would look like. However, I have some guesses: the technologies are unlikely to be thoroughly simple. There are many very advanced technologies that provide genuine value relatively democratically, and these are likely to continue to be developed in most conceivable future scenarios (I leave out the total collapse one, because planning for that is largely useless anyway). However, unless someone pulls an energy rabbit out of the hat and develops an energy system that can truly replace cheap fossil fuels, it seems likely that the world economy will become at least slightly more local. What this probably means is an increase in the competitiveness of technologies that do not rely on global supply chains of raw material, semi-finished products, components, and skills. There is likely to be more regional variation, and if we can get on with really good ideas like Universal Basic Income, most probably a burst of creativity as local tinkerers and would-be inventors become more competitive against mass-market goods from China’s workshops. No matter what happens, though, we need to be able to implement social limitations to technology. Our tools are already too powerful for them to be governed the way we governed an axe and a hand-saw, and for the foreseeable future, it seems that our tools are becoming even more powerful. Tools themselves cannot say when they are misused, and it is up to us humans to say “enough!” when those overenthusiastic about novelty want to introduce yet another technology whose consequences are understood poorly, if at all. Technological innovation does not have to and will not cease: but directing it towards more humane ends and perhaps slowing the pace of change somewhat would very probably be a good idea. All this is not because technology is inherently bad. As famous historian of technology noted a long time ago, technologies are neither good or bad (Kranzberg, 1986). Technology is the ensemble of tools and machines we use to pursue our ends, and we can choose the ends. Technological determinism is thus flawed: it is just as silly to claim that technology is inherently bad as to believe that technological progress is inherently good. To a very large extent, technologies are what we make them to be. However, technologies are also not neutral, and some technologies are probably easier to shape into “technologies with a human face” the 1970s pioneers wanted to gift to us, their children. It is now our task to pick up from where they left, and make a better future – a human-sized future – a reality. Coomaraswamy, A. K. (1946). Art and Swadeshi. Madras: Ganesh & Co. Doctorow, C. (2017). Walkaway. New York: Tor Books. Greer, J. M. (2013). Green Wizardry: Conservation, Solar Power, Organic Gardening, and other Hands-On Skills from Appropriate Tech Toolkit. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers. Harper, P., & Boyle, G. (Eds.). (1977). Radical Technology. London: Wildwood House. Kranzberg, M. (1986). Technology and History: “Kranzberg’s Laws.” Technology and Culture, 27(3), 544. Markoff, J. (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Penguin. Morozov, E. (2013). To Save Everything, Click Here: the Folly of Technological Solutionism. New York: PublicAffairs. Rybczynski, W. (1980). Paper Heroes: A Review of Appropriate Technology. Garden City: Anchor Books. Schumacher, E. F. (1973). Small is Beautiful. A Study of Economics As If People Mattered. London: Blond and Briggs. Toyama, K. (2015). Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology (Kindle ed.). Philadelphia: Perseus Books. Turner, F. (2006). From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth network, and the rise of digital utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Arendt, H. (1972). On Violence. In Crises of the Republic. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Willoughby, K. W. (1990). Technology Choice: A Critique of the Appropriate Technology Movement. Boulder and London: Westview Press. Willoughby, K. W. (2005). Technological semantics and technological practice: Lessons from an enigmatic episode in twentieth-century technology studies. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 17(3-4), 11-43. Posted in Economy and the Environment, History of technology, My publications, Notes in process, Politics, post-scarcity | Tagged Alternative technology, Appropriate technology, Environment, Environmental policy, History of technology, Politics | 1 Comment RT @LaukkanenKalle: @jmkorhonen Jep, tästä voi vielä tulla sellainen mustien joutsenten vuosikymmen että velkaa on tarvittaessa vain otetta… 10 minutes ago @mkorhonen12345 Kyllä tuottajia piti tukea siirtymässä. Olisi pitänyt jo aiemmin. Siis pois turpeesta. Ei siirtymä… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 10 minutes ago @JuhisHeljaste @topikanerva @MattiKahra Kannattaa kysyä ennemmin ”paljonko autoiluun menee rahaa kuukaudessa.” Sill… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 12 minutes ago

Not Remunerated Catch22 is a charity and a social business. We’ve been in existence for more than 230 years and have never lost our focus on delivering high quality services to people facing challenges in their lives and using that experience to push for the reform of public services; we deliver more than 100 public services across England and Wales in a range of areas: employability and skills, justice, alternative education and young people and families. Underpinning all our services is our firm belief that in order to thrive, everyone needs good people around them, a safe place to live and a purpose in life. Despite the challenges that the pandemic has presented, Catch22 is thriving. It's an exciting time for the organisation as we embark on our new business plan led by our newly appointed Chief Executive, Naomi Hulston. We’re an ambitious organisation with passionate staff who have relentless drive to support those who need it most. We are looking for three trustees to join our Board with the ability to think creatively and strategically, and exercise good, independent judgement in helping us achieve our ambitions. Whilst you do not need to have prior non-executive experience, we are looking for individuals with a good grasp of governance and strategic leadership experience within large and complex organisations. Specifically, we are looking for one or more of the following in our new trustees: Experience in large-scale digital transformation, and expertise in identifying opportunities to improve the use of data, infrastructure or automation. We would particularly welcome candidates who have experience of using digital platforms to generate data-driven insights that inform and improve business delivery. A thought leader in either the justice, social care or education sectors, who can provide expertise and insight that help shape and direct the future strategy. Experience in a senior, executive level role within the charity/third sector, and a thorough understanding of the associated governance and regulation. Catch22 is committed to equality, diversity, and inclusion in all our activities, and we welcome and encourage candidates from under-represented groups to consider applying for this opportunity. Should you wish to discuss accessibility or any reasonable adjustments you may require, please don’t hesitate to let the Saxton Bampfylde team know. Saxton Bampfylde Ltd is acting as an employment agency advisor for Catch22 on these appointments. For further information about the role, including details about how to apply, please visit www.saxbam.com/appointments using reference NBFWB. Alternatively telephone +44 (0)20 7227 0880 (during office hours). Applications should be received by noon on Monday 5th December 2022. © 2013 - 2023 Guardian News and Media Limited, all rights reserved. Madgex Job Board Software

The B. S. M. G. Report Life does not come from strife But love is from above Hellhole. Nazareth, Galilee, was a community constricted by the domination of the Roman Empire, superstitious and afflicted, impoverished by a belief in a God requiring homage instead of offering compassion. From this environment, two humans emerged, who found themselves in the unenviable position of having to reject all their training and lose most of their friends, to follow what they believed was divine guidance. Mary of Nazareth and Joseph of Nazareth What does a young peasant girl do when she’s suddenly found pregnant and she contends it was at the beckoning of Jehovah? What does a man do when he’s betrothed to be married and his girlfriend is suddenly impregnated, offering the lamest excuse possible: “The Holy Spirit did it.” Joseph was an honorable man, so even though he loved Mary, his training, support system and sense of culture told him that she was a sinful woman, and he must cast her away. He was considering doing it privately so nobody else would know, sending her far away from the Nazareth community, where she certainly would be condemned for being a whore (even though short days earlier she was considered a favored lass). Mary was given a choice. God did not intrude or demand that she birth a baby. Yet she replied, “Behold, I am the handmaiden of the Lord.” But Nazareth commenced to gossip. She was labeled a sinner. But worse than that—she was blasphemous by proclaiming that she had divine “hookups.” Yes, it is so sad that religion offers little relief for those who suffer. When there’s a need for mercy, religion falls back on statutes and interpretations. If it had not been for Joseph deciding to let his love for Mary stay strong when the angel told him that she was telling the truth, our story would have been forever altered. Then comes the intervention of those motivated by politics and greedy for power. The Romans wanted taxes, forcing Joseph to return to Bethlehem, with his wife in her third trimester. And Herod, who called himself “the Great,” was so worried about losing his title of “King of the Jews” that when Wise Men from the East came inquiring about a star in the sky, he made preparation to kill whatever was being born in that light. It is important to know this: There is no such thing as a politician who is spiritual. There are no Presidents, Kings or Chancellors who have found a redeeming way to combine their faith with their function. Beware any man or woman who seeks votes by quoting Holy Word. Herod believed himself to be a righteous man, given responsibility by the Roman government to protect his people from annihilation. It is maddening that even today, we trust powerful pundits in palaces to provide inspiration to our lives. And then there were the Wise Ones. They possessed that beautiful balance between personal innocence and professional cynicism. Even though they were willing to trek across the desert, following a Star with no guarantee of a payoff in the end, when they encountered Herod the Great and they realized he was full of chicanery and lies, they avoided any further contact with him. They took a different way home. It says they were warned in a dream. But what made them wise was that they already had an inkling that they were talking to a devil with angelic manners. The Christmas Story is a tale of Bad, Sad, Mad and Glad. God does not wait until everyone is perfect to set in motion perfection. There was no other time in history when the world was united in one spot of Mesopotamia. The Roman Empire had extended its influence from India all the way to what we know as England. So when the Prince of Peace was born, and later was accepted by the Roman Empire as the true message, the Gospel was able to go from the dreariness of the Middle East throughout the whole world. It eventually crossed the Atlantic to the New World. It is amazing. It is always astounding how Bad and Sad, and even that which could make us Mad, by the simple anointing of wisdom, can change the whole story to something Glad. B.S.M.G. Tags: Christmas story, Galilee, gospel, gossip, handmaiden of the Lord, hellhole, Herod, Holy Roman Empire, Holy Spirit, impregnated, Jewish, King of the Jews, Mary and Joseph, Nazareth, New World, peasant, politics, President, Prince of Peace, sin, spiritual, taxes, third trimester, whore, wise men

Reflections on Gaines’ novel, A Lesson Before Dying August 18, 2019 August 18, 2019 / japfth / Leave a comment Recently I read Ernest J. Gaines’ novel, A Lesson Before Dying. The story is set in 1940s Louisiana. Black vs. white racial tension divided many of the characters in the narrative; the gospel of Christianity united others. The main character (Mr. Grant Wiggins) is an unmarried, atheistic (at least initially), black teacher of black children in a Louisiana parish. He is persuaded/cajoled/manipulated into the awkward position of helping an innocent black man (Jefferson) recently accused of murder, to discover and embrace the fact that he is a full man, a creation of God, a person of worth. Why is Jefferson these things? Because he bears the image of God (Imago Dei). The irony of ironies is that Grant himself, at least for most of the story, is a professing atheist. Jefferson’s discovery of his worth comes through Grant Wiggins, the Jonah-like reluctant prophet, sent with a message of worth. Both men are changed throughout. The lesson before dying? Worth exists because of the Creator. Absent a Creator, worth and values are merely subjective preferences. What follows is a form providing a brief book review: Question(s) raised/reflection(s) 256 pages of southern literature. If you enjoy Walker Percy, Shelby Foote, Faulkner, O’Connor, Porter, Cormac McCarthy and other southern literary fiction, rest easy. You won’t be required to work that hard. This novel is easy to read. Motifs of Christian self-sacrifice and atonement for a world in need pervade the narrative. But what happens in a world that does not want God? There’s the rub. The world is in need of those redeeming events but lacks the humility to admit it. The novel is a solid story of an innocent man condemned by the mob of some racists in Louisiana. The protagonist is a university-educated black man, Grant Wiggins, who is (perhaps?) a professing Christian but who has lost whatever professed faith he had (during his college years), proving, I would argue, he never possessed saving faith/trust to begin with. Grant returns to his roots in Louisiana, reunites with influential matriarchal figures like Ms. Emma and others, and is persuaded to serve as the advocate for the innocent-but-condemned black man (Jefferson) who is guilty only of being in the wrong place with the wrong people at the wrong time. Here is an example of Gaines’ style. In the following paragraph, these are Grant’s thoughts towards the end of the novel re his crisis of faith: Don’t tell me to believe. Don’t tell me to believe in the same God or laws that men believe in who commit these murders. Don’t tell me to believe that God can bless this country and that men are judged by their peers. Who among his peers judged him? Was I there? Was the minister there? Was Harry Williams there? Was Farrell Jarreau? Was my aunt? Was Vivian? No, his peers did not judge him—and I will not believe. (251) I remember my high school English teaching telling me, “Look for how and when the protagonist changes; that’s crucial.” Great advice that has stood me and other readers of serious literature in good stead. In short, Grant Wiggins changes when he, reluctant prophet though he is, gives life to another by convincing him (Jefferson) that he’s a man, a creature of dignity and worth, a creation of God. The irony is that Grant himself has not believed that until … You see the idea. Question(s) raised/reflection(s): One would be hard-pressed to find one who appreciates serious literary southern fiction more than I. But why the accolades for this novel? It is, I admit, an emotionally appealing novel. A skeptic discovers the gospel and what it means to be human and a creature of worth … rather than cosmic material ephemera. But is that new? No. That idea has been written for millennia via Scripture and via books like Thomas Howard’s Chance or the Dance? Writers like J. Gresham Machen, Francis Schaeffer, R.C. Sproul, Chuck Colson, Nancy Pearcey, Larry Woiwode, C.S. Lewis, Flannery O’Connor, Ron Hansen, and others have addressed this issue of where worth comes from. There is a reason Gaines’ novel received such attention by another generation of readers. Something in most of us recoils at the pervasiveness of injustice, racism, and cruelty. But unless one is willing to admit that God is the only grounds for objective moral values, any talk of worth and intrinsic value founders unless we will admit the founder and perfecter of all that is true, good, and beautiful.

Posts Tagged ‘John A. Logan’ May 28th, 2012 | Memorial Day | journalpulp | 2 Comments Decoration Day was originally designed to commemorate the fallen Civil War soldiers. On May 5th, 1868, General John A. Logan spoke the following: The 30th of May, 1868, is designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion, […]

Perceived Barriers and Facilitators of Sports Rehabilitation Adherence in Injured Volleyball Athletes: A Qualitative Study From Greece in Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology Eleftherios Paraskevopoulos Eleftherios ParaskevopoulosUniversity of West Attica Search for other papers by Eleftherios Paraskevopoulos in Georgios Gioftsos Georgios GioftsosUniversity of West Attica Search for other papers by Georgios Gioftsos in Georgios Georgoudis Georgios GeorgoudisUniversity of West Attica Search for other papers by Georgios Georgoudis in Maria Papandreou Maria PapandreouUniversity of West Attica Search for other papers by Maria Papandreou in https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2021-0040 home exercise; physiotherapy; sports injury; treatment plan Adherence to exercise rehabilitation has been shown to be an important factor that may influence successful treatment. In professional athletes, a significant reduction in exercise adherence delays recovery. The aim of this study was to explore barriers to and facilitators of exercise rehabilitation adherence in injured volleyball athletes. Eight professional volleyball athletes were recruited, and qualitative data were collected using semistructured interviews. All athletes had completed their rehabilitation program after they had suffered a musculoskeletal injury. All data were analyzed using thematic analysis after the investigators ensured that saturation had been reached. Pain was identified as a significant barrier to exercise adherence by all athletes. The provision of social support, including mental, practical, and task related, also had a significant positive impact. The athletes’ ability to develop the necessary coping strategies and confidence on performing exercises at home was also mentioned as a factor that affected exercise adherence, although less often. Adherence to exercise rehabilitation has been shown to be an important factor that may influence successful treatment in patients and athletes (Jack, McLean, Moffett, & Gardiner, 2010; Spetch & Kolt, 2001). In sports, it is well known that athletes are frequently involved in rigorous training activities that highly increase the risk of injury (Spetch & Kolt, 2001). Rehabilitation in athletes requires adherence to an exercise rehabilitation program as prescribed by their physiotherapists. Adherence to an exercise rehabilitation program does not involve only home- or gym-based exercises but training modifications or restrictions according to the level of injury and the training period. However, research has shown that adherence rates fall, in some cases, to 40% of the required therapeutic exercise program (Taylor & May, 1996). Adherence to an exercise rehabilitation program is essential for successful recovery and return to sport for injured athletes (Brewer et al., 2003). Several factors have been identified in the past that seem to affect exercise rehabilitation adherence (ERA) in injured athletes, including motivation, confidence/self-efficacy, social support (SS), locus of control, cognitive appraisal, coping, and psychological skills. However, recurring themes across studies on factors affecting adherence have not been found due to the heterogeneity of the samples used and the range of athletes assessed (Goddard, Roberts, Byron-Daniel, & Woodford, 2020). To date, only two qualitative studies have explored factors related to ERA in injured athletes. In the first study, Levy, Polman, Nicholls, and Marchant (2009) found that motivation, confidence, coping, SS, and pain were important themes that emerged from their semistructured interviews in recreational athletes (RA) with tendinopathies at the ankle, knee, and shoulder who participated in distance running, squash, and soccer. The second qualitative study that was found was related to ERA in injured athletes with lower limb and back injuries as a result of a muscle strain who competed at both club and international levels; this study was from Marshall, Donovan-Hall, and Ryall (2012) and found two main themes. The first theme was related to the athletes’ perceived factors of adherence, whereas the second theme was related to perceptions of the physiotherapist’s impact on adherence with subthemes relating to characteristics of and strategies used by the physiotherapist. Thus, findings so far remain limited and inconclusive with only a few qualitative studies examining perceived barriers to and facilitators of adherence to exercise rehabilitation, thereby increasing the need for more research in this area. Furthermore, factors that affect adherence have not been qualitatively explored in professional athletes. This is an important aspect as exercise rehabilitation in RA may have an impact on their daily routine, but for professional athletes who rely on competition for their livelihood, the impact of their injury may be detrimental, and thus, their motivation may be largely different (Levy et al., 2009). Moreover, reinjury rates in volleyball players have been shown to be high (fourfold increase), particularly during the first-year postinjury (Bahr & Bahr, 1997), indicating low adherence to rehabilitation regimes in this population. Also, examining these factors in a population of professional volleyball athletes (PVA) remains highly important as evidence has shown that injury rates remain high during games in professional PVA (Bele, Östenberg, Sjöström, & Alricsson, 2015), highlighting the need for more research in this population. It has been previously stated that in the process of understanding something that is unknown or known thinly and without certainty, proper qualitative research can powerfully aid these ends and illuminate tenuously known problems by providing rich descriptions that may explode faulty thoughts (Strean, 1998). Thus, conducting a study using a qualitative approach in this population would help researchers to investigate and understand PVA experiences and perceptions from physiotherapy treatment that include possible barriers to and facilitators of ERA both in the short and longer term. Moreover, a qualitative approach would provide a novel understanding of PVA perceptions on factors that may optimize future exercise interventions in the long term. Finally, it is well known that ERA affects the outcome of the treatment with factors such as pain, function, and performance improving significantly in patients with higher adherence rates, thus making adherence an important consideration in clinicians who prescribe exercise rehabilitation programs (Pisters et al., 2010; Room, Hannink, Dawes, & Barker, 2017). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify factors that may affect ERA in PVA after sport injuries, using a qualitative approach to gain an in-depth understanding of rehabilitation behavior in a homogenous group of athletes. A qualitative methodology was used in this study to understand the barriers to and facilitators of ERA from the perspective of PVA with a musculoskeletal sport injury. A thematic analysis approach was employed to identify, analyze, organize, describe, and report themes that emerged from our data set (Nowell, Norris, White, & Moules, 2017). Thematic analysis has been described as a flexible approach in any study that provides rich and detailed information even in more complex data (Braun & Clarke, 2006). A purposive sampling of eight participants (five women and three men) from professional teams was used. All athletes were adults (>18 years) and had a diagnosis of a sport injury within the last 2 years. Five athletes had suffered a shoulder injury and three an ankle sprain injury. From the eight athletes who were recruited, all had received physiotherapy, but they had been discharged from it. Physiotherapy program durations varied from 3 to 6 months, and training abstinence ranged from 2 to 4 months. Athletes were Greek native speakers. They were approached through the phone, and informed consent was obtained verbally as all interviews were completed via telephone calls. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of West Attica. The research team included two physiotherapists (first and last author) with more than 10 years of experience in musculoskeletal physiotherapy and with a postgraduate diploma in sport rehabilitation. All semistructured interviews were transcribed verbatim from the athletes after we received their permission. All interviews lasted <20 min. To ensure anonymity, pseudonyms were used throughout the study. A prepiloted, semistructured interview was designed based on previous research (Levy et al., 2009; Marshall et al., 2012; Vader, Doulas, Patel, & Miller, 2019) and tested in two independent athletes with an aim to explore barriers to and facilitators of exercise rehabilitation. From the pilot testing, minor changes to the wording of the final questions were made to improve clarity. The final body of the interview guide was centered around four main areas to gather information related to (a) the type and mechanism of injury, (b) the physiotherapy treatment that they received, (c) information regarding any factors that negatively affected their adherence to either home- or practice-based exercise, and finally, (d) an opportunity to reflect on their experience and propose ways that could have positively influenced their adherence to their exercise rehabilitation program (Table 1). Demographics were also recorded before initiating the interview. Interviews were not repeated. All data were collected and stored securely by the primary author. The Main Questions Used for Interviewing the Athletes Questions used for the interviews 1. What kind of sport injury have you had that you needed physiotherapy for? 2. Please tell me more about the physiotherapy interventions that you received? Did the physiotherapist prescribe to you any exercises either at his/her practice or at home? 3. Did you find it difficult to adhere on the physiotherapist’s exercise plan? If yes, what were the reasons for not adhering to the exercise plan either at home or at his/her practice? 4. What factors do you think increased your adherence to the exercise plan and why? Is there anything else that you would like to add about your experience? Saturation Assessment Saturation assessment was performed as a criterion to discontinue data collection (Saunders et al., 2018). Saturation is an essential process in qualitative research that ensures qualitative rigor and that a complete range of theoretical data, based on the number of interviews that make up the theory, is fully represented by the data (Saunders et al., 2018). Although a relatively small sample was interviewed, the investigators of the study ensured that saturation was achieved based on previously established methods (Guest, Namey, & Chen, 2020). Adequate saturation rate was achieved when the proportion of new information themes was below the 5% threshold that we initially established, as in Guest et al. (2020). After the eighth athlete that we interviewed, it was evident that new information was diminishing based on the subjective metric of <5%. Thus, using a base size of four interviews, we reached the ≤5% new information threshold at 6+2 interviews. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a thematic approach based on the process outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006). This process includes initial familiarization with the data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing a report. The two authors of the study read the transcripts twice to become familiar with the entire body of the data. Then initial codes were generated that reduced lots of data into small chunks of meaning based on prominent responses that led the authors to develop a coding document. For the purpose of verification, the last author repeated this process. Preliminary themes emerged from the extracted codes that described patterns in the data relevant to the research question. The NVivo qualitative software (version 12; QSR International Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia) was used to support data analysis. Then, preliminary themes were reviewed based on the following questions: (a) Do the themes make sense? (b) Do the data support the themes? (c) Am I trying to fit too much into a theme? (d) If themes overlap, are they really separate themes? (e) Are there themes within themes (subthemes)? and (f) Are there other themes within the data? In case of disagreement between the researchers, a third researcher was available to aid the process and modify the themes to generate the final themes. At the end of this process, quotations were selected to be used in the “Results” section and aid understanding of the authors’ interpretation of the data from the interviews. Analytic rigor was established using peer debriefing, reflexivity, and multiple online team meetings (Miles & Huberman, 1994). From the eight athletes that were interviewed, five were women and three were men with a mean age of 28.3 (range: 25–31 years); they were all PVA competing in the Hellenic Volleyball League for the last 5 years and attended team trainings at least 3 times per week prior to their injury. From the data that were collected by the athletes, four main themes emerged relative to their ERA. These were issues regarding their (a) pain, (b) SS, (c) coping strategies (CS), and (d) confidence. Figure 1 outlines the major themes and subthemes. —Themes and subthemes related to exercise rehabilitation adherence among professional volleyball players after sport injury. SS = social support; CS = coping strategies. Citation: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 17, 1; 10.1123/jcsp.2021-0040 Pain was one of the most important barriers to exercise for all of the eight athletes. For example, Nick believed that having pain during exercise was a sign of further injury, thus it was something that made him discontinue his exercises: I knew I had to do my exercises everyday . . . . However, sometimes I had pain during exercise and I was not aware whether I was actually harming my shoulder even more rather than helping the rehabilitation process. Mary stated that having had a negative experience in regard to her pain and the rehabilitation process was one of the factors that kept her away from exercising properly based on her individualized rehabilitation program: I had sustained an ankle injury in the past and I believed that some rest would help. However, I did not attend my physiotherapy sessions back then and I started training quite early. That resulted in an unbearable pain that kept me away from my training for a long time. This was a very stressful experience since every time I feel pain anywhere in my body stress me out and I try to avoid any kind of physical activity. Furthermore, from Georgia’s account, it was evident that pharmaceutical pain management was something that she wanted to avoid as she knew that several analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may increase the risk of serious adverse effects, and she was already taking NSAIDs to manage her menstrual cramps: Sometimes I felt that exercise increased my painful symptoms and my doctor advised me to take NSAIDs to manage it. However, I want to avoid taking any drugs, such as NSAIDs that may cause stomach ulcers or kidney disease. I have been taking NSAIDs during menstruation to reduce menstrual cramps and I want to avoid drug abuse. So, I avoided exercise as prescribed by my physiotherapist just because I was afraid that these would hurt and I would have to take medication for this. Another important theme that emerged from the data was that of SS from friends and family as well as from the physiotherapist. For example, Anne stated that at home, having someone to help you with the exercises was something that facilitated the process: My friend used to come at my place [home] to hold the TheraBand while I was doing all the exercises. I did not really need her just for that [holding the TheraBand], but to keep me company, provide some sort of supervision and remind me what I had to do for every exercise. So, the mental support from others seemed to be an important facilitator to ERA. However, from a practical point of view, practical support was also an important facilitator for Georgia that influenced her rehabilitation process: The only way to get to the physiotherapy practice was by car. I couldn’t drive due to my injury and thus my father had to take me to the physiotherapist. I don’t know what I would have done without him since taking the bus at that time was not an option for me [due to pain]. Furthermore, support from the physiotherapist was also a factor that was mentioned as an important facilitator for some athletes. Nick stated that having proper supervision at all times from the physiotherapist facilitated the process: Having the physiotherapist close at all times during therapy sessions and asking all kinds of questions related to the injury helped me a lot. I felt that this kind of mental support that he [the physiotherapist] was providing was essential at that time. The use of CS was found to be beneficial for the athletes to adhere to their exercise rehabilitation program. Alex stated that while he was injured, being able to watch training sessions and games with his team from the bench increased his willingness to get better, and he was keener on doing his exercises later on: Being there [volleyball court] during training and games was something that made me feel an important member of the team. I knew that my team mates needed me the most as I was the tallest one and missing games was an important advantage for my team. After leaving the court I was keen on doing my exercises as I had to get back [return to play]. Furthermore, Anne stated that having a training diary to keep note of exercise duration and repetitions, as well as any questions that she had regarding her exercises that were prescribed by her physiotherapist, aided her ERA: I used a diary just to write down any questions I had at home. In my diary I used to write how often I was doing my exercises and at the end when I was planning to do them again. Georgia revealed during the interview that talking about her injury with other athletes was a factor that, most of the time, reduced her willingness to do her exercises as some of them misinformed her as to how safe her exercise plan was: Initially I used to chat with other athletes that had suffered similar injuries [musculoskeletal sport injuries] and some of them were advising me to rest and avoid working out. This created some doubts about my exercise plan so I had to phone my physiotherapist almost every day in order to make sure that I was not harming my ankle. However, after a while I stopped asking for advice from others [other athletes] and I was following my doctor’s and physiotherapist’s advice which increased my willingness to adhere to my exercise programme. Some of the athletes felt less confident on performing exercises at home as the lack of professional advice and feedback created insecurity. Nick acknowledged that the complexity of the exercises was a major barrier as he did not know whether he was performing all of the exercises properly: When I was performing my exercises at the physiotherapy practice the physiotherapist was always there to supervise and correct me if needed. So, when I was at home I was afraid that doing the exercises without supervision would lead to further injury. Although supervision was important from the athlete’s perspective, the amount of experience that the physiotherapist had in treating sport injuries was also something that boosted their confidence. However, the only criterion used by the athletes to judge experience was the physiotherapists’ previous work experience in famous teams, which was not necessarily related to volleyball: I used to go to a physiotherapy clinic for all of my sport-related injuries in my neighbourhood. However, for this recent injury that I had I went to [physiotherapist’s name] for the first time. I knew him because he used to work for [famous Greek football team] and I felt confident that he knew what he was doing. I can say that this was something that increased my exercise adherence to 100%. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the perceived barriers to and facilitators of ERA in injured PVA. A qualitative design was selected as it focuses on understanding patients’ experiences (Smith & Sparkes, 2020). As long as people rely on verbal communication to make sense of their experiences, produce meaning, understand their emotions, and communicate intelligibly with each other in an attempt to carry out an intended action, an interview-based qualitative study seems the most appropriate to capture and understand behaviors beyond appearance and manifest meanings (Smith & Sparkes, 2020). This is the first study that has examined the perceived barriers to and facilitators of ERA in such a homogenous group of professional athletes, providing a unique opportunity for clinicians to manage reduced adherence in this population. Furthermore, similar studies have not been replicated in the past in the Greek athletic population, highlighting unique cultural factors that affect adherence. Four main themes emerged from semistructured interviews that were related to pain, SS, CS, and confidence. In this discussion, the authors comment on other similar studies and provide an explanation for the themes that emerged from the analysis of the interviews. Pain was one of the most reported factors that affected ERA. It is well known that people believe that any kind of physical activity may be harmful when it leads to pain (Jack et al., 2010). Although studies have shown that professional athletes possess higher pain tolerance compared with normally active people (Tesarz, Schuster, Hartmann, Gerhardt, & Eich, 2012), this study found that the major barrier to ERA was pain during execution for all PVA interviewed. Research in regard to the factors that affect exercise or ERA in professional athletes after sport injury is very limited. Levy et al. (2009) showed that RA were less likely to perform their exercise rehabilitation program when they were in pain. Furthermore, the descriptive study of Fields, Murphey, Horodyski, and Stopka (1995) showed that adherers were less likely to be concerned about their pain levels during exercise, whereas nonadherers were more likely to stop exercising due to pain. The only qualitative study on professional athletes with sport injury (muscle strain injuries) that examined the barriers to ERA was by Marshall et al. (2012). Interestingly, similar to this study, they demonstrated that pain had an impact on ERA in athletes competing at a national and international level. However, in all of the aforementioned studies, either the type of sport was not mentioned (Fields et al., 1995; Marshall et al., 2012) or a range of athletes from different sports were recruited (Levy et al., 2009). Heterogeneous sample of athletes forming separate study groups has been shown to have varying degrees of pain perception levels due to the large differences in the nature and physical demands of each sport (Tesarz et al., 2012). Pain perception has been shown to vary between sports (endurance athletes vs. athletes performing extremely intense efforts for short durations; Assa, Geva, Zarkh, & Defrin, 2019). Research has shown that endurance athletes have an increased pain tolerance compared with strength athletes. In reality, strength athletes may be more familiar with painful stimuli of short duration, which may explain the delayed pain detection and increased threshold. However, Assa et al. (2019) suggested that when a painful stimulus is detected, the strength athletes are less able to tolerate it in comparison with the endurance athletes. Thus, a homogenous group of athletes may provide more accurate results for a specific population, as in this study. Our study recruited a homogenous group of athletes and demonstrated that volleyball players are much more likely to perceive pain as a significant barrier to exercise, adding to the findings of previous studies in strength and endurance athletes (Assa et al., 2019). This can be explained by the fact that negative experiences of pain from previous injuries may further create a sense of insecurity toward exercise. This feeling of insecurity may create more illness perceptions toward exercise and negatively affect adherence to therapeutic exercise. Similar findings have been reported in patients engaging in cardiac rehabilitation (Flora, Anderson, & Brawley, 2015). This study found that SS was one of the main factors that affected ERA. Previous studies have shown that SS can have a significant positive impact on ERA in RA (Levy, Polman, & Clough, 2008; Levy et al., 2009) and professional rugby players (Corban, Snape, & Taylor, 2003). However, this was not evident in the descriptive study of Fields et al. (1995), who recruited RA without mentioning the type of sport of their sample. In addition, the study of Albinson and Petrie (2003), who recruited athletes participating in Division I-A university football, explored SS as a variable for examining relationships among pre- and postinjury stress, coping, personality, mood state, and ERA. However, SS did not significantly affect adherence in their sample, although their study was not qualitative, and from the sample of 84 athletes, only 19 were injured. In this study, SS, including mental, practical, and task-related support, was found to affect ERA. Mental support has been previously mentioned as an exercise facilitator in studies with RA (Levy et al., 2008). However, this study showed that professional athletes consider SS as an important determinant of their ERA. To explain this finding, it is important to state that the sample of this study remained out of training and did not compete during rehabilitation. It has been suggested that athletes competing at elite levels form supportive relationships with their teammates, which positively affects their motivation to exercise (Levy et al., 2008). Thus, it can be speculated that our sample’s loss of this type of support may have created the need for additional support from friends. The findings of this study have been discussed previously, and it has been suggested that SS acts as a suppressive mechanism of the stressful events that occur during rehabilitation (Vahedparast, Mohammadi, Ahmadi, & Farhadi, 2017). Support perception positively affects appraisal processes, and athletes who feel that they receive adequate SS increase their ability to adopt new coping mechanisms during rehabilitation (Rees, 2007). Interestingly, this is the first study that highlights this factor and provides an explanation for it in professional athletes. Practical support has been found to affect ERA in RA (Levy et al., 2009) as well as in other clinical populations (Damush, Plue, Bakas, Schmid, & Williams, 2007; Hislop, Gray, Melling, Paraskevopoulos, & Baer, 2015). In this study, athletes believed that the provision of transportation by relatives was an important factor for their rehabilitation process as some of them were not able to drive or use public transportation due to the severity of their injury. Clinicians should consider this factor when providing rehabilitation in athletes and eliminate transportation by providing home-based rehabilitation if possible, as previously suggested (Rodrigues, Armstrong, Adachi, & MacDermid, 2017). Task-related support was also a factor that improved ERA in athletes. This is in line with previous studies exploring adherence in other clinical populations (Campbell et al., 2001; Sluijs, Kok, & Van der Zee, 1993). An explanation for this was that athletes needed the supervision to properly undertake their therapeutic exercise and avoid mistakes that would delay their rehabilitation process. Although this was not a barrier in practice-based rehabilitation, patients undertaking physiotherapy exercises at home should be able to receive proper support from their clinicians. Lambert et al. (2017) found that patients with musculoskeletal conditions increased their adherence to home-based exercise programs with the provision of a web-based application and supportive text messages or phone calls. Thus, the authors of this study suggest that clinicians should identify possible ways to remotely provide additional support, if needed, using web-based applications to increase adherence. In this study, oversupport by friends or family was not mentioned in any of the athletes, as previously found in RA (Levy et al., 2009). The authors of the study speculate that due to the higher incidence of sport-related injuries in professional athletes (Moses, Orchard, & Orchard, 2012), people surrounding this population are more educated in regard to sport-related rehabilitation, and they are less likely to oversupport them, hindering their rehabilitation process. This study found that CS also affected ERA in PVA. It is important to note that lack of CS has been shown to affect adherence in other clinical populations (Dalle Grave, Calugi, Centis, El Ghoch, & Marchesini, 2011; Kim et al., 2019; O’Brien, Bassett, & McNair, 2013) and in healthy individuals who aim to engage in regular exercise (Annesi, 2001; Long & Haney, 1988). This finding is in line with the main themes found in the studies of Levy et al. (2009) in RA and in the study of Marshall et al. (2012) in elite athletes. However, the CS (subthemes) used in the aforementioned studies were different when compared with the findings of this study. RA needed a thorough understanding of the physiological mechanisms that underlined their injury or rehabilitation process by receiving educational information from other athletes (Levy et al., 2009). In this study, athletes did not provide similar CS, presumably due to the fact that professional athletes know that injuries are part of their sport careers (Arvinen-Barrow, Massey, & Hemmings, 2014) and probably have gained a better understanding of the expected duration of the rehabilitation process. Again, the study of Marshall et al. (2012) showed that CS related to memory aid, such as written instructions, increased the athletes’ adherence. In our study, a similar problem was tackled by athletes with the use of training diaries. This is a strategy that has been used successfully in the past to increase ERA in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (Moseley, 2006). However, caution should be taken when clinicians rely on training diaries to estimate adherence as patients tend to overestimate ERA by more than 10–20% (Moseley, 2006; Nicolson, Hinman, Wrigley, Stratford, & Bennell, 2018). New CS emerged from the data of this study that have not been mentioned previously. For example, not participating but just attending trainings and matches from the bench was found to be an important CS that increased ERA. Drawing upon the organizational development literature and Samendinger et al.’s (2019) results on the effectiveness of team building interventions to increase ERA, it can be suggested that promoting a greater sense of unity and cohesiveness in team athletes may have a positive influence on their ERA. As a positive relationship exists in professional athletes between cohesion and task satisfaction (Samendinger et al., 2019; Spink, Nickel, Wilson, & Odnokon, 2005), ERA may be increased further in this population of PVA by increasing team building interventions. Furthermore, this study found that when athletes were seeking advice from friends and family and not from the clinician, their commitment to the exercise program was decreasing. This finding has been previously mentioned by Argent, Daly, and Caulfield (2018), who explored adherence rates in patients with chronic low back pain undertaking home-based exercise programs, and by Taylor and May (1996) in a mixed group of recreational and competitive athletes. Again, it can be speculated that false beliefs and misinformation may hinder ERA, especially in patients with an external locus of control, who are more likely to be influenced by others (Sluijs et al., 1993). As previously stated (Argent et al., 2018), the authors of this study also suggest that clinicians should assess athletes’ beliefs and properly educate them to avoid them being misinformed by nonclinicians. Confidence in properly performing the prescribed exercises was also found to affect adherence, as in the study of Levy et al. (2009). In our study, it was expected that professional athletes would have been more confident with home-based exercises as they more frequently incorporate strength training exercises in their daily routine and perform rehabilitation exercises with better quality when compared with RA (Milne, Hall, & Forwell, 2005). Also, previous studies have not mentioned a similar barrier to ERA in professional athletes. However, in our study, lack of supervision affected adherence, probably as a result of reduced confidence when executing the prescribed exercise program, which further reduced their motivation to exercise in the long term. An important new finding of this study was that the clinician’s popularity was a factor that increased the interviewing athletes’ confidence to perform their exercise program. Although this study recruited volleyball players, it is evident that due to the popularity of the aforementioned sport (football) in the Greek region, the interviewees believed that having work experience in these football clubs increased the physiotherapist’s clinical knowledge. Misjudging physiotherapists’ work experience has been previously mentioned in the study of Marshall et al. (2012). However, it is obvious that clinicians who inform patients about their wealth of experience may improve their adherence. Irrespective of the intended goal of the exercise, either for rehabilitation or performance, direct supervision has been shown to have significant benefits in physiological measures in competitive athletes (Coutts, Murphy, & Dascombe, 2004). As in most cases, rehabilitation should not take place only inside the physiotherapy practice but should also continue at home, remote monitoring of ERA using online platforms for video calling to offer direct supervision may provide superior results. Furthermore, clinicians should be aware that the provision of supervision through online applications has been shown to be equally effective when compared with direct (in-person) supervision (Tousignant et al., 2011), which strengthens our previous statements when suggesting using web applications for monitoring and supervising athletes when undertaking rehabilitation exercises at home. Overall Findings This qualitative study provided a novel understanding of the barriers to and facilitators of ERA that can have an impact on the optimization of future exercise interventions for PVA. This study adds to previous research on barriers to and facilitators of ERA in athletes by identifying new factors in PVA in the Greek region. This is an important area of research as volleyball remains a very popular sport in Greece, and reinjury rates among volleyball athletes remain high when compared with professional athletes from other sports (Bahr & Bahr, 1997; Bele et al., 2015). Barriers unique to the young Greek population were identified, such as transportation. Studies have shown limited accessibility of people with physical disabilities, either acute or chronic, when using public transportation in the Greek region (Stankova, Amoiradis, Velissariou, & Grigoriadou, 2021). This study highlights the importance of accessibility in ERA, even in the younger and more active population, for the first time. Also, the significance of the patient–provider relationship was highlighted in this study either through task-related support or through confidence in athletes when performing their exercise rehabilitation program. Thus, it can be speculated that an important contributor to ERA may be the development of therapeutic alliance (TA) between patients and therapists. TA has been recognized as an important component of the rehabilitation process that influences the treatment outcome in other fields, such as psychotherapy (Ardito & Rabellino, 2011). Recent studies have also recognized the importance of TA in older patients with chronic low back pain (Ferreira et al., 2013) and knee osteoarthritis (Moore, Holden, Foster, & Jinks, 2020). Thus, this study adds to previous research as it suggests the development of TA to increase ERA in PVA and highlights key features of TA that facilitate ERA, including supervision and task-related support, to create a sense of partnership through the individualization of the rehabilitation program. Numerous conceptual frameworks have been used previously to explain TA but with limited application in the sports therapy context. Furthermore, outcome measures of TA have been developed mainly for psychotherapy, leading to a ceiling effect when used for patients with musculoskeletal complaints (Moore et al., 2020). This study highlights the need for future studies that will focus on the recontextualization of outcome measures used for TA in athletes with musculoskeletal complaints. Although there is no research to indicate the superiority of any conceptual framework that may facilitate the development of TA (Moore et al., 2020), our aim at this point is to propose a framework that may address most of the issues raised and, based on previous research in similar populations, to enhance the development of TA. The findings of this study indicated on multiple occasions through the interviews that motivation to perform the prescribed exercise program may have been affected either due to the lack of mental support or the use of inadequate CS or indirectly through the reduction of their confidence to exercise. Increased motivation has been found to positively affect attendance at rehabilitation sessions, completion of prescribed treatment protocols, self-rated adherence, and self-reported home exercise completion in competitive athletes and RA with musculoskeletal injuries (Brewer et al., 2000, 2003; Duda, Smart, & Tappe, 1989). Thus, physiotherapists should be aware of conceptual frameworks that may enhance motivation in this population. Self-determination theory (SDT) is a psychologic framework that suggests that patients’ behavior can be motivated by intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which mainly differ in terms of patient autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 2000). SDT proposes that intrinsic motivation positively regulates behaviors due to interest and enjoyment and reinforces an autonomy-supportive environment (Ryan & Deci, 2000). This environment of autonomy includes the provision of patients’ opportunities for choice and options and respects their opinions and thoughts by providing a meaningful rationale behind suggested interventions. SDT does not exclude the importance of extrinsic motivation and suggests that within the extrinsic motivation, an autonomous behavioral regulation may be reinforced; however, this should not be based on adopted controlled motivational strategies, such as when we adjust our behaviors to satisfy an external contingency or pressure (i.e., avoid punishment or feeling of guilt by the patient). SDT can include extrinsic motivation at the most autonomous pole of the continuum, using strategies that will aid patients to understand the goals of the interventions and identify their meaningfulness (Chan, Lonsdale, Ho, Yung, & Chan, 2009). Autonomy support from physiotherapists has been shown to positively influence ERA, enhanced by patients’ motivation to adhere to the treatment program (Chan et al., 2009). Especially for long-term maintenance of ERA, adopting higher autonomous motivation results in improved adherence in home-based exercise rehabilitation programs. It is suggested that clinicians should facilitate patients’ understanding of the interventions prescribed, provide treatment options, and explain the rationale behind each prescribed intervention to enhance understanding of the meaningfulness of the interventions. This will potentially increase autonomous motivation and result in greater ERA, as previously found in published health-related behavioral studies that aimed to control weight gain (Williams, Grow, Freedman, Ryan, & Deci, 1996), alcohol consumption (Ryan, Plant, & O’Malley, 1995), smoking (Williams, Gagné, Ryan, & Deci, 2002), and diabetes (Williams, Rodin, Ryan, Grolnick, & Deci, 1998). Clinical Implications The authors of this study propose that education should be part of the rehabilitation process to explain to the athletes the physiological mechanisms of pain and avoid the adoption of illness behaviors. This aligns with the statements of Levy et al. (2009), who suggested that physiotherapists should provide education to their athletes on factors that may affect their pain levels and practical advice on pain management. Furthermore, as was recently found, pain education may also reduce pain intensity and provide higher expectations of recovery (Mittinty, Vanlint, Stocks, Mittinty, & Moseley, 2018). Thus, clinicians dealing with athletic injuries should provide pain education as part of their multifaceted approach to rehabilitation focused on reconceptualization of pain and its management (Mittinty et al., 2018; Taylor & Taylor, 1998). Also, in terms of practical support, as transportation seemed to greatly impact adherence in this sample of athletes, clinicians may explore whether home-based rehabilitation on several occasions may increase adherence to exercise. Delivery of the exercise intervention was reiterated again when task-related support emerged as a subtheme. It is further suggested that, in certain cases, additional remote support of the patients during rehabilitation may improve adherence, using a web-based application that would allow supervision of athletes who are not confident with their exercise program yet. This strategy would also be effective to increase confidence in this population when undertaking exercise rehabilitation at home. Remote supervision may provide a unique opportunity for clinicians not only to supervise patients during exercise execution at home but also to properly progress the exercise rehabilitation plan as part of a complex rehabilitation program design. Furthermore, since team building interventions resulted in an increased ERA, clinicians should understand that isolating patients with home-based rehabilitation programs may negatively affect the feeling of cohesion that exists in professional athletes and, thus, reduce further task satisfaction. It is suggested that clinicians should employ strategies in cooperation with coaches that maintain an appropriate level of communication of injured athletes with the rest of the team members and avoid self-isolation of this population, especially during extended rehabilitation periods. This qualitative study provides unique contributions to the field of exercise and sport psychology as research in this field is very limited in the Greek region. Sport and exercise psychology in Greece has developed over the years, and the number of publications that focus on exercise psychology for factors that relate to performance is increasing. However, there is a paucity of studies on the barriers to exercise for rehabilitation (Papaioannou, Machaira, & Theano, 2013). Furthermore, the importance of this study also relies on previous concerning evidence regarding the significantly low levels of physical activity in Greek young people (Papaioannou, Karastogiannidou, & Theodorakis, 2004). The levels of physical activity drop even more in older adults with 40% of men and 30% of women walking on average for <60 min/day (Babatsikou, Gerogianni, Zyga, & Koutis, 2012). Thus, understanding the factors that could affect exercise participation and adherence could not only be life changing for patients but could also support national health policies that aim to increase physical activity and exercise participation. There were some limitations that should be mentioned. Initially, the retrospective nature of the study could have influenced the interviewees’ ability to recall information regarding their rehabilitation process, although this study’s sample was interviewed relatively soon after they were discharged from physiotherapy. Also, it is unknown whether the interviewees spend an equal amount of time in home-based rehabilitation, which can significantly decrease adherence rates (Goddard et al., 2020), and whether they reported reliable information regarding their perceived barriers and facilitators to their exercise programs. Thus, future designs should recruit professional athletes using home-based protocols of similar duration to ensure better homogeneity of the sample. Finally, with regard to the sample size of the study, it should be noted that although a small sample of athletes was recruited, saturation assessment ensured completeness of the data and adequacy of our sample size during data collection (Guest et al., 2020). It was decided to use inductive thematic saturation as it has been previously considered as the “gold standard” for sample size determination in qualitative designs (Saunders et al., 2018). Saturation assessment is not a new method for sample size estimation in qualitative designs and has been used extensively in qualitative research for the last five decades as it ensures that within a small sample of interviewees, all the useful information relative to the study objectives will be traced (Guest et al., 2020). It was decided to use the method of data saturation proposed by Guest et al. (2020) as it facilitates prospective assessment of saturation and offers the advantage to researchers to stop before reaching a prespecified number of interviews (Guest et al., 2020). The findings of this study highlighted the significance of the psychological impact of ERA in professional athletes dealing with a sport injury. 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Paraskevopoulos, Gioftsos, and Papandreou are also with the Laboratory of Advanced Physiotherapy, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece. Paraskevopoulos (lefteris.15@hotmail.com) is corresponding author. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jcsp/17/1/jcsp.2021-0040.xml Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology

Riding on the Fingers of God July 3, 2020 February 13, 2021 | Judi Cain, Artist How is it that I call myself an Artist while others do not? When I ask this question, do I mean that others do not call me an Artist? Or do I mean that others do not call themselves Artists? It’s a matter of interpretation, isn’t it? Who gets the authority to define who is an Artist and who is not? ‘ On the day I was conceived – when that mysterious Energy caused atoms to join with other atoms to form molecules, to create cells, which then split and/or multiplied according to a specific plan that some call DNA – was it written into that plan that I am an Artist? Or that I should someday call myself an Artist? Is it a Choice, or a Destiny? And if I should choose to call myself an Artist, will others agree? And if they don’t agree, will I choose to bestow upon them the authority to remove that quality from my identity? Each morning for more than two years, I sat on a stool before a mass of Roma Plastilina clay, an assortment of wire and wooden tools, photographs of my first-born daughter, and an intention to be totally immersed in the practice of Seeing and coordinating my fingers with my eyes to manipulate the clay to represent what I see – to be totally present in every moment that I sit in this practice. After many years of painting portrait commissions – artistic “products” with deadlines and expectations of perfect likeness of someone’s beloved – I wanted to explore portraiture as a “practice” with no deadlines and no expectations. Never having done a three-dimensional portrait before, I judged that it would be a challenge, but that I would be able to approach it with a degree of innocence – as if I were a beginner. My paintings capture one view, one angle, an illusion of a three-dimensional, living, breathing person – a moment in their life, a likeness which will be recognized by others as an accurate representation of their personality, as well as their physical features. A sculpture is also an illusion, but it must capture an infinite number of views and angles. While I have many photographs of my daughter, each one represents a different emotional moment in her life – a different mood, and a different view and angle and a different period of her physical development. The challenge, I thought is to use these photographs as reference, seeing what is really there and filling in the missing parts – the infinite views and angles – from assumed information, without assuming too much about what is actually there. According to the art supply catalog: “Roma Plastilina will never harden, crust or deteriorate. This modeling clay has uniform plasticity that improves through use and with age. It’s smooth, even texture and consistency respond perfectly to every touch of the sculptor’s tool.” And I find this to be true. But what I’ve learned from my practice is “This clay is dust of the earth, mixed with oil and sulphur, held together by that mysterious Energy which causes atoms to join with other atoms to form molecules – basically the same atoms that we’re made of held together by the same mysterious Energy that holds us together, with just a slightly different molecular structure. “Dust to Dust!” Each day I come to the sculpture with my baggage of the day — thoughts, doubts, judgments, distrotions, emotions, inadequacies (real or imagined) and fears of inadequacies (real and imagined.) If I am able to put all these aside, to tune in to the perfection of what IS – what I am shown without the clouds of my baggage – I am then able to ride on the Fingers of God – Creation itself – and watch form follow form. I am no longer an individual using clay and tools to manipulate mass. I am the Observer of my fingers following the Flow of Form! I am shown the genetic inheritance of my grandmother’s cheekbones; her father’s mother’s lower lip; my mother’s hairline; her father’s jawline – all from faint remembrances of photographs and visions remembered. I am shown, in her form, the fleeting resemblance of another artist’s painting of the Virgin Mary. Her clay eyes seem to follow my fingers in amusement as I catch myself struggling to make her pretty, when she knows that she already is. She is the ultimate creation of the Ultimate Creator and I, simply by being present, am privileged to know what that means. I am allowed to feel the bone structure beneath the flesh and I am given hints of both sad and happy memories that cause the muscles around the mouth to form the smile I recognize as hers. I learn that there are no straight lines, no hard angles, only one form flowing into another in a way that is so graceful and elegant it cannot be expressed except with tears of joy and awe! And I come to know that we, the living creatures – Creations! – are only one form flowing into another in a way that is so graceful and elegant it cannot be expressed by childlike imitation of the Ultimate Creator – each individual one of us as unique and minute as an atom! And I wonder at the expression I have heard all my life from others who do not call themselves artists: “I can’t draw a straight line!” And how did that get to be a reason when there are no straight lines in the works of the Ultimate Creator? And I wonder. Does this experience, this practice, then make me an Artist? If I never pronounce the sculpture “Finished?” If I continue to practice for the rest of my days and never present it to the world and allow another to judge it, and me, and to proclaim that I am, or I am NOT an Artist? What then? This very thought is representative of the “baggage” I bring to the practice every day. I suspect that thoughts such as this is what keeps some from knowing that we are ALL Artists. I also learn from my morning practice: To be an Artist is both a Choice and a Destiny. It is written into the DNA of every individual. The Ultimate Creator created us “in His (Her) Image.” Her/His Image is without form, yet every form is an expression of His/Her Image. We were given our senses to appreciate and learn from the Creation of the Ultimate Creator. We are able to hear the great symphonies of life in the songs of the birds, in the roar of the waves, the rustle of the wind in the trees and grasses, and the percussion of a thunderstorm; to see the dramatic colors in the sunset, the intricate patterns of a snowflake; the delicate, iridescent wings of a dragonfly . . . the examples are also infinite! Each variance that makes each one unique, we are wise enough not to judge as imperfections, until the baggage of the judgmental mind comes in. We are given the Choice to imitate the Master – to sit with tools and materials (any will do) and listen and watch the Master Creator at work. Michaelangelo said that he merely released the forms from the stone. Mozart wrote down the music that he heard. And you know the rest . . . we call them geniuses. I’m guessing that during the course of our day to day lives, we all sometimes succumb to Attention Deficit Disorder. And sometimes we remember what it’s like – to listen, to watch. These are moments of inspiration!. And sometimes we forget. These are moments of “Writer’s Block,” “Artists Block,” “Absence of the Muse.” But we’re always creating, whether we do it consciously, or unconsciously. When we do it consciously our writing, our paintings, our sculptures, our music, our dance, our business, our relationships, our food preparation – everything we do, our very Life itself, makes us all Artists, because it is no longer the I, the Ego, who does the work. We are merely privileged to watch, to listen, and to ride on the fingers of God! Rocket’s World of Wonder March 29, 2020 March 29, 2020 | Judi Cain, Artist Her name is Rocket. Her parents brought her to my first reception at the Larimer Gallery in Palatka when she was three years old. She was the only child at the reception. I wanted this reception to be a memorable event. I invited Stephan-the-Cello Man to play during the reception and he brought his friend Frog, who played an instrument he made himself, called “The Nightingale.” Stephan and Frog improvised melodies inspired by my paintings in the exhibit, and I noticed that Rocket listened and watched with wonder as they played. Stephan said “Listen. This is how this painting sounds.” And I listened and he was right. And I watched Rocket as she gazed into the painting and heard the music reflecting what she saw. I had set up a canvas on an easel in the main room of the gallery and spoke to everyone about “Creative Energy” and how it flows through all of us, and that I had discovered the healing and rejuvenating powers accessible by allowing the creative energy to flow freely – by giving up control of how I thought the painting “should” go, and allowing it to use my eyes, hands and sense of exploration to facilitate its evolution. I invited them to put paint and their energy onto the canvas – to put aside any rules or preconceived ideas of what art is – and to simply enjoy the experience of watching the paint flow from the brush onto the canvas and merging with the energy and colors of what others had contributed. I called it a “collective energy painting” and I would finish it after the show was over. I watched as Rocket’s Mother held her up to the canvas and supported her little hand as she chose a color and made her brush move alongside and into the brushstrokes of the others. My daughter Kathryn was making a video recording and Jackie was there taking photos for the Palatka Daily News and both of them zoomed in on Rocket as she listened to the music and painted and studied the paintings with wonder. After the reception I kept the collective energy canvas out where I could see it, but didn’t work on it again until almost two years later when I was invited to have another exhibit at the Larimer. Meanwhile, Rocket’s Mother and I had become Facebook friends and I loved watching Rocket grow through the photos she shared . I saved some of them because I knew I had to make a portrait of Rocket. I loved how her parents encouraged her creative spirit and allowed her sense of wonder and exploration to grow even as she grew. I was also inspired by Rocket’s Mother and used one of her Facebook profile pictures as reference for this painting: “Earth Mother.” “Earth Mother” Acrylic on 30″ x 24″ Canvas And then there was Stephan and Frog’s music and I was enthralled with the idea that they would add the sensation of sound to the visual of my painting. I wanted to make a painting of Stephan that would give a visual representation of the sounds he was making with his cello. I went to his performance at the Bo Diddley Plaza and photographed him and Frog and came home and made this painting: “Stephan the Cello Man” Acrylic on 30″ x 24″ Canvas What I didn’t mention was that I met Stephan while exhibiting in the Cedar Key Old Florida Celebration of the Arts. He came into my booth and we had quite a long conversation about art and music and creativity. We exchanged business cards and he left. A few minutes later Evelyn Snyder came into my display and after another long conversation, she invited me to exhibit at the Larimer Gallery where she served as curator of exhibits. Do you see how serendipity played out so that all of these events came together? The date for my next reception at the Larimer was January 10, 2020. Evelyn was retiring and invited me to exhibit the last show under her direction. I knew that I wanted to finish the collective energy painting we had started at the first reception in time for this one. I looked at the place where 3-year-old Rocket had put her bold brush stroke. And the paint that her Dad had put on the canvas – it looked like a picture frame! Another area reminded me of a magnifying glass. I went through the photos of Rocket I had saved. I sketched in the one of Rocket’s Mom holding her up to put her paint on the canvas. I sketched the brush she was holding to be in the place where she had put her brush stroke. A photo of her wearing her beloved red boots while sitting in an opening at Ravine Gardens looked like a good fit inside the magnifying glass, and the other brush strokes in and around it soon turned into a magical woodland. I drew from a photo of her looking back at her Mother, holding the hand of her Mother’s friend as the portrait that would fit into the “frame” her Dad painted on the canvas. I did not yet know what would replace the hand she was holding. And referencing the photo of her listening to Stephan’s music, it fit perfectly into the lower right section of the canvas. And then I ran out of time. I took the unfinished painting to the reception on January 10, put it on an easel again and invited the attendees to add more paint and energy, but not to cover the places where I had already begun to place the images of Rocket. And they did! The energy was palpable as Rocket selected a tambourine from my basket of rhythm instruments and we danced and played rhythm music and people added more paint to the canvas, even as we made music. Stephan played the cello and Frog played a flute and wove the music into an energy filled “happening.” This is how it looked before the reception: And this is how it looked after the reception: (Notice the purple and yellow paint in the lower left corner, added by now five-year-old Rocket! It sure looked like a rocket to me! After the reception, while also working on commissioned portraits, I worked to complete the painting, letting the brushstrokes of all those who attended both receptions lead me to the next step. Then another serendipitous event happened! The Gainesville Fine Arts Association announced a national juried show with the theme “Attending to Wonder.” This is a quote from the call-to-entry for the show: “When the eye is graced with wonder, the world reveals its wonder… Everything depends, really, on the way we gaze at things. Engaging the world this way illuminates the world in a way we’ve never noticed.” — John O’Donohue, Beauty & the Invisible Embrace That’s when the title of this painting came into my mind: “Rocket’s World of Wonder.” It’s a painting that represents the sense of wonder that we all experience as children, as we discover though our senses of vision, hearing, smelling, tasting and touching all the miraculous wonders of the natural world – even before we know their names – even before we know that they even have names – they just are: wondrous miracles created by the Ultimate Creator for our delight! Each day I retrain myself to be aware of these wondrous sights, sounds, tastes, scents and textures designed to stir the soul and the imagination – our creative spirit, untrained and untamed and inspired by the most Holy Spirit as we were created in the Image of the Ultimate Creator, and given the choice of how we will use that Creativity – for the benefit and joy of all, or for the satisfaction of the ego-mind that ignores the laws of Nature. With all that in mind, I’m repeating the image of the completed painting, so you don’t have to go back to the beginning to see it. And now, a close-up of the portrait of Rocket, and I’m hoping you will see the wonder in her eyes as she listens to the song of the warbler. Here’s a great footnote to this story – some information about Rocket’s Dad, Dan Askew, that I wasn’t fully aware of until I finally asked him. I am fortunate to have two pieces of his wonderful pottery art. “I have been on the board of directors for the Putnam county arts council for a couple of years now, and have recently taken over the volunteer position of gallery director from Evelyn Snyder. I have been teaching at Florida School of the Arts for 8 years now taking care of all things 3D in visual arts: sculpture, ceramics, 3D and 2D design. My own work is all over the place in regards to technique, but I play around with pop imagery loaded with sarcastic undertones. Ceramics, found objects, fabrication, painting, photography, video, and foundry aid me in my endeavors to see possibilities beyond the apocalypse.” If Life is a Game . . . January 16, 2020 June 30, 2020 | Judi Cain, Artist By Judi Cain April 22, 2006 Rules: Systems, policies, laws, conventions, regulations, decrees, statutes, imperatives, canons, tenets, doctrine, directives, strategies, guidelines . . . We spend our days trying to find out what The Rules are, deciding which ones apply to us, figuring out how we can follow them, break them or change them, interpreting them to suit our own beliefs, being surprised to learn that someone else interprets them differently, forgetting why the rules were made in the first place, (but still following and defending them,) protesting about the fairness or unfairness of the rules, learning what happens when we break them or change them, and making up our own. We worry about what will happen if we unknowingly break a rule. Is there a rule that will protect us from someone who might take advantage of our ignorance of the rule. After all, “Ignorance of the law is no excuse.” “Not me,” the Rebel proclaims. “I don’t follow anybody’s rules.” See what I mean? If I invite you to play in my sandbox did I forget to mention that since it’s my sandbox, you have to play by my sandbox rules? 1. No throwing sand. 2. No bringing your cat in, especially if his litter box is dirty. 3. You can’t come in when I’m not here. 4. You can’t invite other people without asking me first. 5. I can make up other rules or change them whenever I want to. If you accept my invitation did you remember to tell me what the rules are for the honor of your presence? 1. You have to treat me special because I’m your guest. 2. Your rules don’t apply to me because I’m special. 3. If you don’t post the rules, they don’t exist. 4. I can make up other rules or change yours whenever I want to. 5. There are other rules that rule your rules. There are rules our parents taught us: for our own safety and survival, for their convenience, for your own good, because it’s always been a rule in our family, because what will people think?, because it’s God’s rule, because it’s the law, because I said so . . . There are social rules for how to be acceptable, (which are subject to change depending on who we’re around and what their rules are): How to eat, talk, dress, how much to weigh, when to bathe, how to treat other people, how to be a good citizen, student, friend, neighbor, child, mother, father, wife, husband, grandparent, boss, employee, politician, teacher, taxpayer, artist. If I can make up my own rules and persuade enough others that my rules are right, I can make everyone subject to my rules — I can rule the world! (At least until someone else convinces enough people that their rules are better than mine.) There are people who write books about rules. Some make their career creating rules “for the people,” while some earn their living by enforcing the rules. There are rules that allow us to fire, sue, incarcerate, punish, shame, shun, divorce, “Baker Act,” or even end the life of someone who breaks the rules. There are also rules that prevent us from being too harsh with those who break our rules. We may get someone to defend us and convince enough others to agree that we didn’t break the rule, or that the rule didn’t apply or maybe there just isn’t enough evidence to prove that a rule was broken or that there was ever a rule in the first place. There are rules for how to punctuate and construct a sentence. There is a rule for writing that (as I interpret it) dictates if you use the word rule too often you might be breaking the rule of excess repetition. Each morning we decide (consciously or not) whose sandbox we’re going to play in. The costume I wear that fits the rules for work does not fit the rules for church, or the rules for Goth club, or the rules for the costume party, or the rules for the beach, or the rules for a meeting with my attorney. If I wear the wrong costume, I risk judgment, ridicule, or banishment. Some are blatant and established: “No shoes, no shirt, no service.” “It’s our policy.” “We recommend . . ” “Black tie…” “Come as you are…” “Casual attire.” “No sneakers.” “Coat and tie required” “Clothing optional,” while others are implied: “Doesn’t she look like a slut?” “A little overdressed, don’t you think?” “Who’s he trying to impress?” “They’re just trying to get attention.” Some spend their days challenging universally accepted rules. At first they are ridiculed and shunned, but if they succeed in defying the rule, they become our heroes because they make it possible for us to fly like a bird, walk on the moon, dive to the depths of the oceans, or send sound waves through the air, around the world and into outer space instantly. We adhere unconsciously to the rule that dire consequences will follow if we put sugar into the gas tank of our cars, while regularly putting it into the bodies of our children. (There’s no rule against that! … is there?) We both may agree that it is against The Rules to ingest drugs, but your definition of “drugs” may not be the same as mine. Does your definition include alcohol, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, chemicals, (artifical colors, artificial flavors, artificial sweeteners, and preservatives) and chemically refined, “fast” or “convenience” “foods.” Oh, it makes me so weary I just want to go and live by myself in the woods. Of course it would have to be my own property, subject to the zoning rules, and I would have to pay property tax, which would require some kind of income on which I would have to pay income tax. And I would have to hire someone to prepare my taxes so I don’t have to pay too much. That would require more income and I would have to have appropriate clothes to wear to work. I would have to buy the clothes because I don’t have time to make them since I’m so busy working and I guess I’d better get a car and buy some gas . . . Oh, by the way, they just passed a new rule that says the land I live on is protected because it’s next to a protected area and I have to get a lawyer to help me find out if it’s ok for me to build a house because the one I built myself is not up to code. WARNING: This document is protected by U.S. and international Copyright rules. Little Jake Mitchell and the Soul Searchers July 13, 2019 October 1, 2020 | Judi Cain, Artist Every Painting Has a Story! “Little Jake” Acrylic on 11″ x 14″ Canvas by Judi Cain On July 12, 2018 I saw a Facebook notice that Little Jake Mitchell would be celebrating his 75th Birthday with a special performance! What a perfect opportunity to give him the portrait I did of him! I thought about it all day. – How i could go about it without making a big deal of it and still have time to paint. I really didn’t want to get all dressed up and spend my time listening to music. I just wanted to paint. I had forgotten what had made me want to make this portrait in the first place! I saw him perform a couple of years ago and was moved to portray the tremendous energy that he and his band, the Soul Searchers, expressed that night. I took a lot of photos but didn’t have the technical knowledge to adjust the settings on my camera for good lighting and focus for the detail I needed. Fortunately, a real photographer, Paul Carter, gave me permission to use his photo for reference. The painting was successful, as I retained the energy by referring to my own blurry photos. I had exhibited it several times, and now it was time for me to let it go. What good is a painting filled with energy if it’s stored in a box where no one can see it? The plan was to quietly go to the door, hand the painting to the doorman, and return home to paint the night away. I called the number listed on the post to let them know that I would be dropping off the gift for Little Jake. The man on the phone (who I later learned was one of the Soul Searchers) said he would tell Prophet, the doorman, to expect me. When I got there the performance had already started. I’m looking for Prophet. I thought he would be outside. I thought I wouldn’t have to go inside. He must be the man sitting at the table just inside the door. The music is loud and I can’t hear the woman who is pointing to a paper with my name on it. And she couldn’t hear me tell her that the name she’s pointing to is indeed me and that I’m just here to drop off the painting. After a few awkward moments, I finally figure out that Prophet wants me to pay admission. Sure, I’ll gladly support another artist and panic when he refuses my debit card. I fumble in my purse to find the right amount, hoping I hadn’t spent it all at the farmers market this morning; fumbling because a line is forming behind me and all I want to do is leave the painting and go home. Prophet gives me my change and hands me a wristband. I put the wristband on, The people in line behind me can’t hear me apologizing for taking so long. I follow the woman, expecting to leave the painting in a back room somewhere. But no! She leads me across the front of the room, in front of the whole crowd, to a table two feet away from the stage where Little Jake and the Soul Searchers are showering their energy over the happy crowd. I quietly put the painting under the table and look up at Little Jake who looks straight into my eyes, even as he keeps on singing, and I am magically transformed from a fussy old lady artist approaching her own 75th birthday into an 18 year old girl, swept away by the perfect harmonies of the Soul Searchers, who not only make magic with guitars and brass and keyboard and percussion but with perfect harmonies of their voices, all channeled into and through Little Jake himself as they lead us on a journey through the very best classic musical creations of the ’50’s and ’60’s. Little Jake’s performance makes every person there feel as if he is singing directly to them. He gives us no choice but to follow him with our eyes as he makes his way, slowly, deliberately off the stage, singing through the crowd, shaking hands, touching shoulders, and making eye contact. “Are you feeling good?” “Yeah!” we answer. “Are you feeling good?” “Yeah!!” And we do feel good. Everyone is dancing – if not on the dance floor, we are dancing in our seats. Every muscle in our bodies is dancing in harmony. There is no idle chatter in the house. We are one with the music. The vibrato in his voice stirs the energies and makes us remember how it feels to feel good. “you know what?” “What?” You know what?” “What?!!” And then he sits down at a table next to me, takes the hand of the woman sitting there and sings to her and to me and to every person in the crowd: “I don’t even know your name . . . All I remember is that smile on your face . . .” An hour or two of nonstop, perfectly synchronized performance . . . maybe longer, who knows? who cares? Then there is a break. The woman who led me to my seat is now sitting at the table next to me. “You have a gift for Little Jake?” I pull the painting from under the table and remove it from its box. Suddenly Little Jake is standing by me, accepting the painting, holding it up for the crowd to see. I’m suddenly self-conscious again, remembering that I did not want this attention. I just wanted to leave the gift. Little Jake invites me to have a piece of birthday cake. His beautiful daughter sings “Happy Birthday Dear Daddy . . .” Her voice is magical too. They place the painting on the table next to the birthday cake. I ask if I can take his picture with the painting. “Post these pictures on Facebook.” he says. “My daughter’s name is Keisha.” I hope I got the spelling right. As it turns out, I am the one who received the Gift. (These photos were taken with my iPhone. I’m still not a great photographer, but I believe they portray in a blurry way some of the energy I experienced last night.) July 7, 2019 | Judi Cain, Artist My little brother’s name is James. I wanted to name him Pete, but Mother and Daddy didn’t like that. “Where did you hear that name?” Maybe he told me before he came to us from Heaven, but I didn’t tell them that. I just shrugged and wondered why he couldn’t be Pete. Mother says both our names come from the Bible and they both start with the letter “J” -James and Judith. Only they call me Judy so I guess I could call him Pete if I wanted to, but I won’t. Not out loud, anyway. My little brother James is building a road for his little cars with the help of his dump truck. We are playing in the cool morning shade of the house. His dump truck is filled with sand scooped up with one of Mother’s metal spoons. The dump truck is still shiny blue except for the few rust spots where the paint has worn away. The dump truck has a little seat on the top, just the right size for his little 3-year-old hiney, but he’s too busy building roads to ride on the truck. There was a thick wire handle attached to the front for steering, but right now he’s using it as a hammer to smooth away at the clumps of clay where the sand got washed off by the rain.. “Rood’n, rood’n” he says. That’s what he thinks a dump truck sounds like. “Rood’n, rood’n, rood’n” the dump truck gets louder as it climbs the little hill where another load of sand was dumped. I’m busy making mud pies, like Nannie taught me. I mix the sand and powdered clay with water in my little toy mixing bowl. I pack the mud into my little toy pan. The mixing bowl and pan are part of a little toy cooking set I got for my third birthday. It’s pretty fancy. Besides the bowl and cooking pan I have a little toy egg beater with a red handle and a little rolling pin Poor Nannie. She only has coffee cans and mason jars to make her mud pies. But she has lots of pretty flowers in her yard that we use to decorate the pies after they’ve baked. And I have my very own pretties that I can use for decorating! Yesterday when we went to get the cows, I filled my skirt with treasures! I have three smooth acorns with the tops still on them, and two locust shells that were stuck to the tree, but I got them off without breaking any of their legs! And I found four shiny rocks by the creek! I set my pie in the sun to bake. By tomorrow, if it doesn’t rain, it will be hard and I can gently take it out of the pan so as not to break it, and then I can put frosting on it. Nannie gave me a piece of her old red brick that I can grind into a powder by rubbing it against a big rock, then mix it with water and spread it on top of the pie with Mother’s spoon. It surely makes a pretty frosting. Mother only has four little spoons – one for each of us – and four big spoons that she uses to stir things, or to scoop mashed potatoes out of the big bowl. We have four plates and four cups and four saucers. My Aunt gave them to us because she didn’t need them any more and we did. Mother is a little embarrassed because the dishes don’t match. I like the bright yellow ones and James likes the blue ones. Daddy gets the green ones and Mother gets the orange ones. She says the dishes have a name and that’s “Fiesta” because Fiesta means “Happy!” And they’re all happy colors so it doesn’t matter that they don’t match. Anyway, we don’t have company for dinner very often. Our house is too little for company and anyway, where would they sit? We only have three chairs and James’ high chair. In the front room is where we sleep. Mother and I sleep in the big bed on one side of the room and Daddy and James sleep in the other big bed. In the winter we have a stove in the middle of the room. Daddy gets up early in the morning and puts wood inside the stove and makes a fire and soon it’s warm enough that the rest of us can get out from under the heavy quilts and put our warm clothes on. I can stand close to the stove to make my clothes feel warmer, but not too close or I might burn myself. I like to peek out the window when it’s cold because Jack Frost leaves pretty pictures on the glass while we’re sleeping. If you blow your breath on the pictures they will melt into water that runs down the glass and ruins the other pretty pictures. I tried it a couple of times but decided I like the pretty pictures to stay as long as they will. We can’t see him do it because of the quilts hanging in front of the windows. But we have to have them because it would get too cold for us to sleep at night after the fire goes out. But in the summer Mother takes the quilts down and we can see outside again. I have to stay inside a lot in the winter because I might get the croup. Sometimes I cough so hard I can’t sleep so Mother puts liniment on a rag (it’s really one of James’ old diapers) and pins it around my neck with a big safety pin and it burns my eyes but feels good on my chest and I can breathe better, but I still have to sleep propped up with a pillow because if I lay down I’ll start coughing again. Anyway if I run outside in the winter the cold air gives me the croup. Our other room has a much bigger stove because it has to have room for Mother to cook our food. In the summer she has to go outside to get wood to build the fire in the cook stove, but in the winter we keep a pile inside so she doesn’t have to go out in the cold so early in the morning. One time in the winter, Daddy found a snake in the wood pile! He must have brought it inside while it was sleeping, but when the room warmed up the snake woke up! You can be sure he put that snake back outside where he belonged! There’s a tall table by the back door where the water bucket goes. Mother draws water out of the well to fill the big bucket. Sometimes she lets me let the well bucket down the round pipe that goes down into the water. If you drop a little rock down the pipe you can hear it splash when it hits the water. You can also holler down into the well and Little Sir Echo will answer you! I have to be careful to hold tight on the rope because if it slips I’ll get splinters from the rope in my hands. When the bucket is full it’s very heavy so Mother has to help me pull it back up. Then we empty it into the house bucket and take it inside and put the dipper in it so we can get a cold drink of water whenever we’re thirsty. This morning when Mother made biscuits and gravy for breakfast we had fresh butter that she churned yesterday and it was fun watching it melt into the hot biscuits. it took a while for it to melt because it was in the ice box and the big block of ice that the ice man brought kept it nice and cool and fresh. James has been using the spoon for a long time and I think it’s about my turn “No!” he says. “It’s my turn!” “No!” I say. “It’s my turn!” and I grab the spoon from his chubby little hand and right away start mixing my frosting. “Reclamation” Every Painting Has a Story” February 28, 2019 February 28, 2019 | Judi Cain, Artist “Reclamation” Acrylic on 18″ x 24″ Canvas I am sitting on the screened porch at my friend Mike’s house. Inside is dark and the porch, though damp and windy, at least offers a bit of daylight and renewal of our spirits. We had concluded, with encouragement from our adult children, that two seniors who love to live alone would be wise to take shelter together during a storm! By the time I had my car prepared to travel north to where my daughters lived, the highways were already congested with evacuees from south Florida, and gasoline supply was running scarce. So Mike welcomed me into his home, laid out a pair of twin-size mattresses end-to-end, taking up all the floor space in the hall, the safest place in the house He even welcomed my cat Stitch, who was cozied up in the guest bathroom with his food, water and bed and plenty of treats. The door to the bathroom was right next to the head of my mattress. The night before had been rough. By the time we were ready to sleep, we had already lost power, so it was very dark. The wind whistled and roared. Branches crashed on the roof and Stitch howled in the bathroom. The top of Mikes’ head was inches from the top of my head and I wondered how he slept, but he did. Once I woke him up saying “Mike, I’m scared!” He didn’t remember saying “Just lay back down. Everything’s going to be ok.” I crawled into the bathroom, spread a towel on the floor and lay down next to Stitch and we comforted each other until soft morning light crept through the bathroom widow. Mike heated water on the gas stove to make coffee, so now we sit on the porch sipping coffee and we wait. The clouds are dark and heavy and it’s still raining sideways! The trees are bent from the howling wind. Broken branches and fallen trees litter the streets and yards and roofs of houses in the neighborhood. We sit and watch and wait for the power to come back on. We sit and watch and wait for Hurricane Irma to determine our fate. Without power, there is no news from the TV or the internet. The last report we heard had warned us that Irma was still heading our way. Irma is angry! And we are angry with Irma! How dare she roar into our lives and disrupt our routines! We curse her and disparage her name. While we wait, I make doodles in my sketchpad. Irmadoodle 1, 2 and 3 “Maybe we should be nicer to her? I say. “She’s just doing what hurricanes are supposed to do. It’s not her fault that we happen to be in her path.” “Yeah, right” Mike said. “Why don’t you talk to her, then.” I look up at the sky and I talk to her like I would talk to a sister in distress. “Irma. I know that you’re just doing what’s in your nature. Maybe you’re upset about how we’ve been disrespecting Nature, throwing our trash around and cutting down trees, digging treasures out of the earth and spilling horrible things into the waters. And I’m sure you must be upset with how we’ve been talking about you and saying mean things about you. But I’m asking you if you can’t just go way out in the ocean and calm down a little. Just take a deep breath and move away from the land where there are innocent people who could be hurt by your wrath. Please. We’ll try to do better. I promise.” Now I’ll admit that I’m just making conversation while we wait and this little speech is my attempt to bring a little lightness into the situation. At the same time, however, I sort of believe – or want to believe – that she is listening. Suddenly the rain slows down. The wind calms. And the two paddle fans on the porch slowly start turning! The power is back on! Mike and I look at each other with wide eyes and mouths hanging open. “Did that just happen?” he says. “What? You doubted?” I fire back and we laugh, if for no other reason than the amazing synchronicity of it. The TV comes on and we rush inside to see what’s happening on the news. “Hurricane Irma has changed direction and appears to be heading out into the Gulf.” Later that day I feel secure enough to pack up all my stuff, and Stitch and his stuff, and we’re ready to go home!. As I drive up the street from Mike’s house someone with a chain saw is cutting up a tree that fell across the street onto a power line, just in time to let me pass. On the way home I take detours where fallen trees block my usual route. Leaves, branches and debris are everywhere. Water stands in deep puddles, blocking lanes of traffic. When I get home I notice that the apartment across the street has a huge tree limb through the roof! I am relieved that my place is intact. Stitch is so happy to be home! He demands his food, then demands to go to his favorite place – HIS back porch. I sit with him, looking out into my little back yard. The clouds are dark and dreary. It’s not raining, but the trees are still dripping. I am depressed. I am sad. I keep thinking about the things I said to Irma and I am worried about what we’re doing to Nature. And can I keep my promise? I promised that we’d do better! Suddenly the dark clouds separate and a blinding flash of sunlight bursts through and lights up the entire back yard! The water droplets on the leaves flash sparkles of brilliant light and the light dances around the little yard! And just as suddenly I feel calm. No! I feel comforted and amused – even excited! I sense that the Ultimate Creator, through Creation – Nature – is reassuring me: “Don’t worry! We’ve got this!” I came back inside and paint. This painting. As it nears completion, it names itself, by putting this word in my mind:: “Reclamation!” We can cover the earth with asphalt, but the grass will eventually break through and Nature will reclaim Her own. Our species is the only one who vandalizes and disrespects nature for the benefit of our convenience, our greed, our fears and the glorification of our ego-minds. We may destroy our species, but Nature will reclaim its own. Zebraic Copyright 2017 Judi Cain Acrylic on 30″ x 40″ Canvas A new show at the local Arts Organization was announced. The theme this time was “Black and White.” I only had a week to finish my entry and I had a new 30″ x 40″ canvas I was excited to explore with black and white acrylics. Using a large brush, I began to cover the entire canvas with Titanium White and Carbon Black Acrylic paint, The canvas was sitting vertical on the easel, so I started at the top and brought the brush strokes down, all the way to the bottom, one at a time with careful intention NOT to make them straight, first white, then black. Each brush stroke started next to a previous one, first on one side, then the other, alternating black and white and following the curve of the previous stroke. Some of the strokes were wide and some were narrow, and I noticed that the wider strokes seemed to want to separate as I brought the brush down, and split the line into slightly different directions. I was pleased. I like variety! At least half of the time I spend on a painting is siting in a chair, looking at it as it rests on the easel or on the wall. All of my walls display unfinished paintings. While I am looking at a painting, I am asking two questions. 1. What is the painting trying to tell me? and 2. Is there anything in this painting that distracts me from total enjoyment of the visual before me? When I get an answer to either question, I pick up my brush and respond. Sometimes the answers don’t come right away. So I leave it on the wall or on the easel so that I can see it as I go about my other business. Sometimes there are several unfinished paintings, waiting for me to ask the right questions, to see the answers. I turn them often – even landscapes, portraits or still life, – so that I can see them from a new perspective. Sometimes a painting-in-progress will almost scream out to me: “Hey! See this line? Follow it!” or “Do you really want to leave that smudge of gray there? You know it doesn’t really belong.” I always ask the painting – NOT myself, because when I ask myself my whiny ego-mind will respond with the most unhelpful answers. “What’s WRONG with this?” “Why did you choose these colors? They won’t match anyone’s couch!” “No one will ever buy this!” “This will never be a good painting! What ever made you think you could paint? You need to start over!” So this painting-in-progress is gleefully shouting “I’m a zebra! Whee! The fuzzy edges on these black and white stripes are distracting from my glorious patterns!” So I gleefully clean up the fuzzy edges. The painting draws my attention to an area where the black lines seem to converge, and tells me it’s important – it’s a focal point. Looking closely I see a tiny white dot in the black space. “Go with that!” the painting says. “Oh no!” Ego-mind says. “Not more dots! Everyone will think that’s all you know how to do! Haven’t you done enough paintings with dots?” So, dots it is. Spiraling outward from the small dot in the center. White dots on the black stripes, black dots on the white stripes. I’m noticing that sometimes they get larger and sometimes they get smaller. Sometimes closer together. Sometimes farther apart. Yet still spiraling out from the first white dot. I want to work all night. But I have to take my turn to work at the Cedar Keyhole Artists Co-op Gallery next day, which is Saturday. I must have the painting finished by Sunday and at the gallery no later than 4:00 p.m. Saturday morning I pack up the canvas, my black and white acrylic paints and my brushes. Maybe I’ll have time to work on it in the co-op gallery if it’s not too busy. It’s an hour’s drive to Cedar Key. I arrived an hour before opening time, got the cash drawer set up and did my opening duties. I brought the painting in but didn’t get a chance to work on it all day, but at least I could look at it. The co-op closes at 5:00 but typically business slows around 4:00. I started making preparations to close so I could leave as soon after 5:00 as possible. On this day there was one person in the gallery, browsing the art work. She went upstairs to check out the upstairs gallery. Suddenly I felt really sick. I had cold sweats, my heart was pounding, my face was tingling and I felt like I was going to pass out. When the woman came downstairs I asked her if she would stay with me for a few minutes. She took one good look at me and called 9-1-1. The local ambulance arrived within minutes and parked in front of the gallery with lights flashing. Blood pressure checked out ok, heart rate ok, but they wanted to take me to Gainesville to the hospital for further examination. “What about my car? I live in Gainesville! How will I get my car? and my painting!” I protested as they loaded me onto the gurney and the woman called one of the local members of the co-op to close the gallery for me. In the ambulance they hooked me up to monitors and I could see the gallery (where my unfinished painting leaned against the wall behind the desk) and my car, fading into the distance as we began the hour-long drive back to Gainesville. Half way there, I burped and felt better. “Can you take me back to my car and my painting? I’m fine now!” The EMT shook his head and said “That’s not happening. You can refuse admission when you get to the ER, but we can’t take you back.” For the next 8 hours I sat in the ER waiting room while more urgent cases were treated. I felt fine, but I couldn’t leave because I had no car. And if I did find a way home, my car and my painting were still in Cedar Key. So I stayed. And I waited. My phone got no reception inside, but I finally learned I could use the land line in the waiting room to call my daughters and one of the co-op members to let them know where I was. And I waited. With nothing to do except think about how I could be using this time to finish that painting. . Around 6:00 a.m. they had a room for me in the ER where the doctor confirmed that all my vitals were normal, but he wanted me to have an MRI, an EKG and maybe some other tests I don’t remember, all of which I had to wait for, and all of which were normal. They could find nothing wrong with me and discharged me after setting up a follow-up with my primary care physician. I called my friend Mike, who picked me up at the hospital, made me some breakfast (I hadn’t eaten since lunch on Saturday) and he drove me to Cedar Key to get my car and my painting! On the drive back to Gainesville, with my unfinished painting in the back, I wondered how I could possibly complete it and get it to the gallery on time. . I kept thinking about those black and white stripes, like a zebra, and about 18 inches at the bottom of the painting that had no dots. That’s when the word “Zebraic” popped into my head. I wondered if it was a real word. It was almost 1;00 p.m. when I pulled into my driveway, grabbed the canvas and my paints and brushes and rushed inside. I optimistically attached a hanging wire to the back of the canvas. But there was one more thing I had to do before I could complete the rest of the dots. I googled the word “Zebraic.” From merriam-webster.com/dictionary ze·​bra·​ic | \ zə̇ˈbrāik, zeˈ-, -āēk\ Definition of zebraic : of the nature of or characteristic of the zebra : ZEBRALIKE Having authenticated the title, (How could I have doubted? The paintings always tell me the best name for them) I could now finish the painting. At 3:30 I signed it and ran to my car with the painting and rushed to the gallery, arriving at 3:55 p.m! Some of the larger dots were still a little wet, so I asked them to handle it carefully as they hung it with the other entries. The dots are thick paint, by the way, adding dimension and texture to the painting and I invite touching. PS. It turns out that my trip to the ER was a result of side effects from taking Omeprazole prescribed for acid reflux. I found out by asking the pharmacist. Healthier eating habits have enabled me to stop the acid reflux and prevent further episodes like this one! Time-Space Compression February 20, 2019 | Judi Cain, Artist Acrylic, Collage, Micro-Beads on 40″ x 30″ Canvas. copyright 2016, Judi Cain Accepting a Challenge In 2016, our local arts organization gallery issued a “call to artists” for entries in a themed show for the following month. The theme was “Collage” so I set out to make a collage. I browsed through my stack of 1950’s Life Magazines that I bought at a flea market years ago and hoarded for no other reason than they still existed after all these years, and someone should take care of them. One of the magazines, dated 1954, featured a section honoring photographers for their black and white photography, and one of those photographs, spreading across two pages, drew me in to look deeper. The photographer aimed his camera looking down on a very large round table. Hands of small children rested palms down all around the table and in the center of the table was a single small box. Then I saw the title of the photograph: “The Class Hamster Died.” I have tried to find the magazine so I could show the cover and the exact issue and give credit to the photographer. Pretty sure I didn’t throw it out, but its current location escapes me. I also searched on line for the photo and couldn’t find it, so you’ll just have to visualize it from my description. Developing the composition I cut the hands out of the photo and placed them in four corners of the 30″ x 40″ blank canvas. Some of them had to be copied and printed so that the hands would fit into the corners proportionately. Since the photo was black and white, I covered the rest of the canvas with black and white acrylic paint, with no image in mind – just brushing the paint in random, flowing strokes, creating solid black areas, solid white areas and grays where they blended together. I used a small brush to paint around the small hands in the corners. With the canvas resting on the easel, I sat in my chair and studied the lines, shapes and forms that brush strokes had formed in the paint and the small hands, now blended almost unnoticeable into the swirls of paint. “It’s supposed to be a collage, not a painting,” my critical mind demanded. So I looked for more hands. In a Google search, I found hands in positions that sparked interest and printed them onto matte finish photo paper. I cut them out and arranged them on the canvas in a way that would create balance and direction and secured them to the canvas using Golden Matte Gel Medium. Another layer of gel medium was applied to the surface of all the paper hands, to protect them from fading and to give them a surface appearance that would blend with the acrylic paint. More studying the painting, turning it in different directions, looking for areas that call out to me to be developed. I follow lines, acknowledge shapes, zoom in to find more subtle forms and add paint to add contrast and definition. Zooming out again I look for lines and shapes that will bring unity to the composition. At this point, I am only concerned with composition of an arrangement of shapes, forms and patterns, not trying to give any specific meaning or message in the composition. I give further definition to the developing white shapes, following the lines made by initial brush strokes, adding bright whites and darker blacks to create contrast. Still, I can’t help thinking about the hidden story behind the events leading up to the capture of the photograph: “The Class Hamster Died.” I discovered a small white dot in the center of the large black space. Fascinated as I am with spirals, I used thick white acrylic paint, applied from an applicator bottle to start from the white dot, following the spiral as moved around that dot. Adding Texture As the painting felt like it was nearing completion I continued to study it, noticing that the hands seemed to be floating in space and not having a reason to be there – not connecting to each other giving meaning to the composition. I was still musing over the children’s hands, thinking that those children would probably be around 55 years old by now, and wondering how that experience and the photograph had impacted their lives. I thought about who I was in 1954 and how time had passed by so quickly. It was then that I thought about the “sands of time” and added silver micro beads flowing from the hands. This not only connected the hands, but also added dimension and texture to the composition. Suddenly a phrase came into my mind: “Time Space Compression.” The Painting Tells Me When It’s Complete, and Names Itself I often say that the paintings paint themselves and they also name themselves. I just supply my hands and eyes, the tools and technique to help it materialize. This was not the first time I had to go to the internet and search for the meaning of the name that this painting/collage had selected. I found more than one reference for this term I had never heard of before, and was amazed that this name fit perfectly! Here are some excepts from a Wikipedia article, and a link to the article, should you want to read more: “Time–space compression (also known as space–time compression and time–space distantiation), articulated in 1989 by geographer David Harvey in The Condition of Postmodernity,[1] it refers to anything that impacts time and space. Harvey’s idea was rooted in Karl Marx’s theory of the “annihilation of time and space”. A similar idea was proposed by Elmar Alvater in an article in PROKLA in 1987 translated into English as “Ecological and Economic Modalities of Time and Space” and published in Capitalism Nature Socialism, 1(3) in 1989. Time–space compression often occurs as a result of technological innovations including technology of communication and economics. According to theorists like Paul Virilio, time-space compression is an essential facet of contemporary life: “Today we are entering a space which is speed-space … This new other time is that of electronic transmission, of high-tech machines, and therefore, man is present in this sort of time, not via his physical presence, but via programming” (qtd. in Decron 71[2]). In “Vitesse et Politique”, Virilio coins the term dromology to describe “speed-space.” Virilio describes velocity as the hidden side of wealth and power, which represents a determining factor concerning societies’ structures. Historical eras and political events, out of this perspective, are also speed-ratios. In his view, acceleration destroys space and compresses the time in ways of perceiving reality. Doreen Massey maintains this idea about time-space compression in her discussion of globalization and its effect on our society. Similar to Virilio, she states that because our world is “speeding up” and “spreading out”, time-space compression is more prevalent than ever as internationalization takes place. Cultures and communities are merged during time-space compression due to rapid growth and change, as “layers upon layers” of histories fuse together to shift our ideas of what the identity of a “place” should be.[3] Theorists generally identify two historical periods in which time–space compression occurred; the period from the mid-19th century to the beginnings of the First World War, and the end of the 20th century. In both of these time periods, according to Jon May and Nigel Thrift, “there occurred a radical restructuring in the nature and experience of both time and space … both periods saw a significant acceleration in the pace of life concomitant with a dissolution or collapse of traditional spatial co-ordinates”.[4] Check out my Art Website: www.judicain.com How Everything Works February 9, 2019 February 9, 2019 | Judi Cain, Artist Nature – The Ultimate Creator – Pure Creative Energy – The Universe – God – Whatever Name you use to call upon the First and Last, The Alpha and The Omega of Creation – (Who speaks to us in whatever language we will listen) supplies us with a universe of examples for the process of creation – How Everything Works. Throughout the history of artistic expression, humanity has observed those “guidelines” in Nature, studied them and organized them so that we may be more conscious of them as we create. I believe that this has come about because most of us, as we experience life, have lost the confidence we had as children in our ability to express our unique individual creativity. We want someone to teach us – to tell us what the rules are – so that we don’t “get it wrong” or “make mistakes.” So those who were called upon to be teachers put the “rules” into words. I learned them in a Design class as: The Elements and Principles of Design. If you research this term, you will find some variations where the basic ones that I learned have been broken down into their sub-parts, but still they are all the same and exist in all aspects of nature from the atomic particles to the cosmos. When I learned the “Elements and Principles of Design” I memorized them as facts to remember for a test so that I could pass the course. It was not until I taught them myself that I began to understand them, and not until I began my daily practice of creating was I able to remember them as an inherent part of my makeup as a Creation of the Ultimate Creator. In other words, we were all born with this knowledge and it will return to our conscious memory with practice. As a Teacher, here I present to you the ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN in their clinical definitions, as I learned them. As a teacher, I ask you to read them, then look for them in all of nature, in works of art, and in everything around you that has ever been created until you understand that you already know them on an instinctive level. Then return to your daily art practice and watch for them to appear on their own in your creative endeavors. They will be there without any effort other than awareness on your part and then you will remember where they came from – the Creation of your own individual, unique personality. There never has been and never will be another exactly like you. It is your Purpose in Life to express that uniqueness through your own creativity in whatever medium you are led to and most important in creating your own life. Following it will reveal to you the depth of your own Being. You cannot remember these things by copying another artist, or having someone teach you. A teacher can only help you remember, or train you to imitate what they do. You must re-discover it through your own creative expression. THE ELEMENTS OF DESIGN: The components of a design – any design that exists in Nature or is man-made is made up of the Elements of Design: Line, Shape, Form, Color, Texture. Some teachers have added Space and Value – which I consider to be parts of other elements. The elements are components or parts which can be isolated and defined in any visual design or work of art. Lines are joined to create shapes. Shapes can be made to represent forms through the tools of shading and perspective. Forms are given additional dimension with the addition of color, value, space and texture. “The elements of design can be thought of as the things that make up a painting, drawing, design etc. Good or bad – all paintings will contain most of if not all, the seven elements of design.” ~John Lovett LINE: Here are some dictionary definitions: (1) “A long narrow mark on a surface;” (2) “A long thin mark made by a pen, pencil, etc. (3) In geometry a line: • is straight (no curves), • has no thickness, and. • extends in both directions without end (infinitely);” “a mark connecting two points” My Definition: Line is a device used to separate one space from another. It shows where one object or space that we see begins and another one ends. A painter or graphic artist uses line to define a shape – to create an illusion of shape and form on a surface. We also use it to show movement or direction. When we study nature, and attempt to express what we see on a canvas or paper we will see lines that separate the trunk of the tree from the space around it. There is no thickness to the line – it is only a visual separation. Lines can be straight or curved or any of the variations shown here: Dictionary definition: (1 )the quality of a distinct object or body in having an external surface or outline of specific form or figure. (2) outward appearance : the form or outline of something the shape of a pear, circles, squares, and other shapes. My Definition: A shape is formed when lines come together to enclose a space. There are three basic shapes that make up everything we see. These basic shapes can be stretched or distorted or combined to create other shapes. The basic shapes are circle, triangle, and square (rectangle). All other shapes are variations or combinations of these 3 basic shapes. Circle. The circle is the dominant shape that exists in nature. With practice you will begin to see circles everywhere. Circles can be elongated to make ovals or stretched or distorted and when seen from an angle forms an ellipses but when a space is enclosed by a curved line it’s basic shape is the circle. Dictionary Definition: a plane figure with three straight sides and three angles. My Definition: When 3 straight lines are joined together to enclose a space, whether they are equal in length or of different lengths, a triangle is formed. Triangles exist in nature, but always in variations. A true triangle will not be found in nature, but it helps to be able to find them as a basic shape when drawing, especially in man-made structures or combined with other shapes. Dictionary definition: a plane figure with four equal straight sides and four right angles. My Definition: An absolute square does not exist in nature. A variation of the square is the rectangle which has 2 sets of equal straight sides and four right angles. Variations of the square exist in nature but actual squares are constructs of humans. Being able to identify squares and rectangles with their variations is helpful when composing a drawing. We have briefly discussed the elements of Line and Shape. But the best way to understand something is to experiment with it. Use a sketch pad that is easy to manage (8″ x 10″ is a good size – it’s small enough to carry around easily and large enough so you don’t feel so confined) Start with a pencil – a regular 2b will be fine. Gift (yes, Gift) yourself a minimum of ten minutes EVERY DAY solely for the practice of making art. While you’re having your morning coffee or before you fall asleep at night, or any time you feel you can commit to. Soon it will become part of your daily life – making art every day. Here are some challenges to get you started. 1st Challenge: The Element of Line Spend the first 10 minutes (or more if you can) to experiment with lines. Draw straight lines, curvy lines, vertical lines, horizontal, diagonal, – as many kinds of lines as will flow from your pencil. Experiment with pressure on the pencil to vary the darkness and lightness of the lines. Look for patterns, places to repeat lines and look for directions. Try not to think about it too much, but let your intuition guide you. The challenge is to keep it all lines – remember that when you connect lines to form shapes, you are changing the concept of this challenge. 2nd Challenge: The Element of Shape Pick a shape – circle, square or rectangle, or triangle. Cut variations of the shape you choose from a sheet of colored paper. It can be construction paper, wrapping paper, anything that contrasts with your sketch pad page. Spend some time just laying the shapes on the page, arranging them in a way that pleases you, When you have a design that you like you can glue them down or photograph it and then make another arrangement. Variations on this challenge: Try using more than one color, but stay with the same basic shape. Try using more than one basic shape, first in one color, then with more. Come up with your own variations, experimenting with arranging basic shapes. Next time we’ll talk about the Element of Form.

Every Drink Brand Should Follow AriZona’s Lead The beverage giant has kept its prices steady for 30 years—and other companies should adopt its tactics. Discontinued Orange Juice Brands You Can't Buy Anymore Over the years, several brands of orange juice have risen in popularity only to be discontinued, leaving their consumers high and dry and longing for their favorite citrusy beverage. New Research Shows the Tariffs on Aluminum Have Cost the U.S. Beverage Industry $1.4 Billion Between the implementation of Section 232 aluminum tariffs on March 23, 2018, and Feb 28, 2022, the U.S. beverage industry paid $1.416 billion in Section 232 tariffs on 7.1 million metric tons of aluminum.

Ring segments in the eye to improve vision Published online 17 September 2009 Mohammed Yahia Pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) is an idiopathic disorder, in which thinning of the eye cornea occurs in a crescent-shaped pattern. While it is usually asymptomatic, progressive deterioration in uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity can occur in advanced cases. Several treatments for PMD have been suggested, among them intracorneal ring segment (ICRS) implantation. In the altered form of the cornea in PMD, the addition of extra material creates a change in corneal asymmetry and refraction, which may lead to an improvement in visual acuity. Researchers from Spain, Egypt and Turkey conducted a retrospective study on 15 PMD patients 6 months after undergoing ICRS implantation. Researchers found an average reduction in astigmatism of 50% after surgery. The best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) improved after the operation by more than two lines on the eye chart. No severe complications were observed during the checkup. However, researchers suggest that patients with a high degree of astigmatism before the operation usually show poorer results afterwards. This may be related to a specific corneal structure associated with the progression of the disease that limits the effect of the ring segments. These limiting factors should be taken into account before the ICRS implantation to make the surgery worthwhile. The researchers also suggest that future studies should look at ICRS implantations in cases of PMD in the longer term to determine which factors are involved in the predictability and the stability of this therapeutic modality. Piñero, D. P. et al. Refractive and Corneal Aberrometric Changes after Intracorneal Ring Implantation in Corneas with Pellucid Marginal Degeneration. Ophthalmology 116, 1656-1664 (2009) | Article | PubMed

Mobile lost or stolen? Destroy it remotely Scientists invent a system that can now destroy the memory of an electronic device on-demand, remotely, to prevent data misuse. Biplab Das © PhotoDisc/ Getty Images Scientists have developed a tiny embedded system that could remotely destroy the memory of stolen or hacked electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops and pen drives to prevent data theft1. “This system could be integrated with state-of-the-art high-performance silicon chips, making it potentially useful for protecting data in various fields such as intelligence, national security, banking and financial sectors,” says Muhammad M. Hussain one of the researchers from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia. Hussain and co-researchers from the US, Switzerland and Canada created an integrated destructible device by placing a flexible polyimide substrate, a heater and an expandable polymer layer on a silicon chip. When the heater is connected to an adequate power supply, it expands the volume of the polymer layer. When the polymer expands, the silicon chip crumples and shatters destroying the device’s memory. The destruction of the device can happen only at a specific site –– heat only dissipates around the electrodes. It’s also possible to vary the designs and size of the electrodes. The speed of destruction depends on the power supply, says Hussain. “By supplying a power of 500 milliwatt, the memory part of an electronic device can be destroyed in 10 seconds; whereas 300 milliwatt does the same in 45 seconds.” When the system is incorporated with global positioning system (GPS), plus light and pressure sensors, it can make electronics self-destruct. With this technology, it’s possible to cause programmed destruction of a GPS-empowered from a distance of 50 metres. The scientists demonstrated this by sending a destruction command using a smartphone app. “Since this technique destroys the silicon computing and communications core, there is no need to expend energy to destroy the suite of sensors,” says Roger Howe from Stanford University, who is not part of this study. Gumus, A. et al. Expandable polymer enabled wirelessly destructible high performance solid state electronics. Adv. Mat. Technol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.201600264 (2017)

December 20, 2013 by kansastrailguide Elk River Trail: saving the best for last In what will likely be the last hiking day for 2013, I decided to hike the Elk River Trail near Independence earlier this week. This trail is consistently ranked among the top trails in the state and so after hiking my way across the trails of Kansas for the past year I wanted to see if it lived up to the high expectations. I was accompanied by the venerable patriarch of the family; official photographer, reliable shuttle driver, and all around great trail companion. Luckily, we caught a break with the weather and enjoyed a balmy December day which made for perfect hiking conditions. Actually, some of my best hiking days have been during warm days in the winter. No ticks, no crowds, no poison ivy. Not a bad combination for a hike. I started at the east end of the trail around 11:00 and set off in high spirits. The trail did not waste any time getting to some amazing scenery and rugged ascents. The rock bluffs are truly like nothing else in Kansas and within the first 1/2 mile the trail was going right through the midst of these spectacular formations. After winding for several miles along the rocks outcropping along the edge of the bluff, I stopped for a power lunch (think: PBJ, trail mix, and Clif bar) before continuing on down the trail. The entire route had a nice wilderness feel, there were no intersecting roads, no views of civilization, and we didn’t see another hiker the entire trip. Continuing along the top of the bluffs, the trail soon began to switchback across a series of ravines, each complete with small stream crossings that could be negotiated by using the native rock as stepping stones. Around 9.5 miles and 4 hours later, the trail crossed an old paved park road through the former Oak Ridge Public Use Area; I thought about pushing to the end of the trail, but decided that this location would make a good spot to stop for the day and break the hike into two sections. Despite what Google Maps may show, this is really the only spot on the trail that is intersected by a passable road, and so it does make a good location to resupply, camp, or catch a ride back to the trailhead. Starting the next morning from this point, my legs were protesting a bit from the 9.5 miles logged the day before. I suppose this isn’t unreasonable, since I had spent most of the last month at my desk job and the trail is technically designated as “rugged”. Despite the designation, I thought that there wasn’t any single section that is unreasonably “rugged”, but the rock trail does require a cumulative effect to repeatedly ascend and descend through the limestone formations and across the steep ravines. However, before writing the trail off as less than rugged, in all fairness I should note that it did produce several pairs of sore feet and lay claim to one boot sole (see picture). After a solo hike on the first day, I was joined on the second part of the hike by my Dad (aka: venerable patriarch and designated photographer), which was fortunate since we soon reached one of the most scenic spots on the hike. Before reaching mile 10, there was a stream running slightly off the trail, in which a stately sycamore grew up out of the banks of the stream under a rock ledge. Although some guidebooks would have you believe that the western part of the trail is less scenic, the section between miles 10-13 was actually my favorite part of the hike. This section parallels the Elk River as it flows towards the reservoir and there are several overlook points and an area where the trail passes through rivulets of trickling water cascading over a wide broad-brimmed rock ledge. Over the last several miles, the trail parted ways with the Elk River and crossed through oak and cedar woodlands before reaching the western trailhead near US-160. All told, I tend to agree with the outstanding reviews about this trail. It’s one of the few trails in the state that could provide a legitimate backpacking experience, the rocks are flat-out amazing, and the views are sublime. In fact it just might be the best trail in Kansas. Well, let’s just say you’ll want to read the book to find out. Posted in On the trail | Tagged backpacking, elk river, Great Trail, hiking, Kansas, Outdoor, Recreation, Trail | 2 Comments

Merry Christmas! (2014) December 26, 2014 Uncategorized The Crew – Nimbus (14 years old) and Andi (4 months). This has been a great holiday! We did all the traditional things – the grandkids joined us for a beach walk Christmas Eve. We gorged on chocolate chip cookies… Had friends and family for dinner Christmas Day. Life is Good!

Hello there everyone, It is with a great deal of consideration that I have decided to unpublish The Fallout. I simply came to realize that it wasn’t being received in the way I’d intended, and it was causing me a great deal of distress. I never, ever want to cause any harm with the writing I put out into the world, and I think there were narrative aspects of the story that were being perceived as hurtful, though that naturally wasn’t my intent. I think it is important for people to have space to create, but part of inhabiting those spaces means being considerate and responsible about what we make; it means listening to criticisms and learning from them, too. It was pointed out to me and emphasized repeatedly that my choice to make the main character, Noah Smith, a flawed, controversial character while also being LGBTQ+ wasn’t sitting right with some folks. Though I stand by the overall message of forgiveness I intended, I am willing to admit I might’ve stumbled in my attempts at delivering that message. I know that there is a demand for LGBTQ+ characters that represent all aspects of personality, flaws, moral views and other realistic dimensions; however I’ve reflected and decided that perhaps this particular story, in its particular time in place in history, is not the best venue for those dynamics to be explored. I apologize for the mistake. I will do my best to write things better in the future. ~ Kaycee author, book, ebook, fiction, LGBTQ, LGBTQ+, publishing, writing ← Kindle Countdown Deal! 2 responses to “Unpublished” Michael J Lawrence Oh boy… I’ve never read The Fallout, but as an author, I really don’t like to see a fellow writer feel the need to backtrack. Controversy and distress is the pillar of meaningful fiction. I imagine Nathanial Hawthorne got some hate for Scarlett Letter – a novel which was surely controversial in its time. Lolita – yeah, that probably didn’t go well in 1960s suburbia. Even by today’s standards, it’s disturbing. I may be coming at this from the wrong angle. Maybe it’s not my place to say. But I’m going to anyway, just in case it matters. A writer should never feel the need to back off from what they have to say. Yeah, sometimes we step on toes. Sometimes on purpose. Sometimes not. But here’s the thing. The only guarantee of avoiding hate, controversy and hurt feelings is dead silence. And that is worth nothing. Your words, however they were intended, even if they are “misguided” in the eyes of some – surely are worth more than that. Hello there Michael. Thank you for saying that. I’ve wrestled with this notion as well. In the end, it isn’t even so much that I don’t think an author ought to be able to speak on controversial things – I believe we should be able to speak freely in our work, and I think it is important we do so. Mostly, I was feeling hurt that people I intended to lift up in my writing felt like I’d done the opposite, and that was something I couldn’t live with. I’m not afraid to upset the people I disagree with, but upsetting the ones I do agree with and mean to help really just felt like something about my writing missed the mark and wasn’t right. In the end, that’s what led me to my decision to unpublish.

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#123: In July of 2020 Michelle found herself without a house, a spouse, or a job but she did have a 2006 motorhome & experience RV’ing! February 13, 2023 39:3191.89M https://kickassboomers.com/podcast-player/1869/123-in-july-of-2020-michelle-found-herself-without-a-house-a-spouse-or-a-job-but-she-did-have-a-2006-motorhome-experience-rving.mp3 Michele Fishburne’s Bio: Michelle Fishburne’s life turned upside down during the 2020 COVID spring when she lost her job and could not find another notwithstanding months of trying. At the end of July 2020, when the lease on her post-divorce house was up and her youngest was going off to college, Michelle found herself without a house, a spouse, a job, or a kid to take care of. That is what she did NOT have. What she DID have was a 2006 motorhome, tons of curiosity, and a lot of experiencing RV’ing all over the country. She combined all of these into a cross-country project, interviewing people about their lives during the pandemic. She RV’d 12,000 miles and interviewed hundreds of people. Now 100 of those 1st-person stories are being published by UNC Press and the Duke Center for Documentary Studies in “Who We Are Now: Stories of What Americans Lost and Found During the COVID-19 Pandemic” (March 2023). Michelle continues to be a full-time nomad, living and working in her motorhome, Airbnb’s, and the occasional house sitting gig. Her favorite thing about aging is that it gives us each an opportunity to change and see the many facets of ourselves, reassembled each time in different ways, like a kaleidoscope. Connect with Michelle: Website link: https://www.whowearenow.us/ LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/michellefishburne/ Instagram: @michellefishburne Facebook: @whowearenowusa Author, Who We Are Now: Stories of What Americans Lost and Found During the COVID-19 Pandem (UNC Press, March 2023) Amazon Pre-Sales Link Connect with Terry: Website: https://kickassboomers.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/2658545911065461 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/terrylohrbeer/ Instagram: kickassboomers Twitter: @kickassboomers Connect to Premiere Podcast Pros for podcast editing: premierepodcastpros@gmail.com