Answer the question from the given passage. Your answer should be directly extracted from the passage, and it should be a single entity, name, or number, not a sentence.

Input: Consider Input: Passage: While studying law and philosophy in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League. He came back to Lahore in 1908. While dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Muhammad Ali Johar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress. Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by Oxford University press in 1934 in a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age. Question: What was Iqbal studying in England and Germany?

Output: law and philosophy


Input: Consider Input: Passage: The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an 'architecture' or 'construction management' firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as 'one-stop shopping' for a construction project, from beginning to end. This is designated as a 'design build' contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications. Question: In modern times, firms may offer themselves as what for a construction project?

Output: "one-stop shopping"


Input: Consider Input: Passage: Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged 'wrong' by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue. Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government (or to change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc...revolution doesn't have to be political, i.e. 'cultural revolution', it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric). Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience. It has been claimed that the Hungarians under Ferenc Deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government. Thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing 'peaceable revolution.' Howard Zinn, Harvey Wheeler, and others have identified the right espoused in The Declaration of Independence to 'alter or abolish' an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience. Question: Revolutionary civil disobedience towards culture is highlighted by example of who?
Output: Gandhi's