Legal Document

405 U.S. 727 92 Supreme Court Reporter 1361 31 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 636 SIERRA CLUB, Petitioner,v.Rogers C. baron MORTON, Individually, and as Secretary of the Interior theUnited States, et al. Number 70—34. Argued Nov. 17, 1971. Decided April 19, 1972. Syllabus Petitioner, a membership corporation with 'a special interest in conservation sound maintenance national parks, game refuges, forests country,' brought this suit for declaratory judgment an injunction to restrain federal officials from approving extensive skiing development Mineral King Valley Sequoia National Forest. Petitioner relies on § 10 Administrative Procedure Act, which accords judicial review 'person suffering legal wrong because agency action, or (who is) adversely affected aggrieved by action within meaning relevant statute.' On theory that was 'public' involving questions use natural resources, petitioner did not allege challenged would affect club its members their activities they used King, but maintained project change area's aesthetics ecology. The District granted preliminary injunction. Appeals reversed, holding lacked standing, had shown irreparable injury. Held: A person has standing seek under Act only if he can show himself suffered will suffer injury, whether economic otherwise. In case, where asserted no individualized harm itself members, it maintain action. Pp. 731—741, 433 Federal Reporter, 2nd 24, affirmed. Leland R. Selna, Jr., San Francisco, Cal., petitioner. Sol. Gen. Erwin N. Griswold, respondents. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered opinion Court. 1 * is area great beauty nestled Sierra Nevada Mountains Tulare County, California, adjacent Park. It been part Forest since 1926, designated refuge Congress.1 Though once site mining activity, Kind now almost exclusively recreational purposes. Its relative inaccessibility lack have limited number visitors each year, at same time preserved valley's quality quasi-wilderness largely uncluttered products civilization. 2 Service, entrusted administration forests, began late 1940's give consideration potential development. Prodded rapidly increasing demand facilities, Service published prospectus 1965, inviting bids private developers construction operation ski resort also serve summer recreation area. proposal Walt Disney Enterprises, Inc., chosen those six bidders, received three-year permit conduct surveys explorations valley connection preparation complete master plan resort. 3 final plan, approved January 1969, outlines $35 million complex motels, restaurants, swimming pools, parking lots, other structures designed accommodate 14,000 daily. This be constructed 80 acres floor 30-year Service. Other including lifts, trails, cog-assisted railway, utility installations, are mountain slopes parts revocable special-use permit. To provide access resort, State California proposes construct highway 20 miles length. section road traverse Park, proposed highvoltage power line needed electricity Both require approval Department Interior, preservation parks. 4 Representatives Club, who favor maintaining present state, followed progress planning close attention dismay. They unsuccessfully sought public hearing subsequent correspondence expressed Club's objections Disney's whole particular features included it. June 1969 Club filed Northern seeking various aspects contravene laws regulations governing refuges,2 permanent injunctions restraining involved granting issuing permits project. sued refuges invoked judicial-review provisions 5 Code KF62 701 seq. After two days hearings, requested rejected respondents' challenge sue, determined raised 'concerning possible excess statutory authority, sufficiently substantial serious justify . .' respondents appealed, Ninth Circuit reversed. 24. With respect petitioner's court noted there 'no allegation complaint actions (the respondents) than fact personally displeasing distasteful them,' id., 33, concluded: 6 'We do believe such concern without showing more direct constitute sense sufficient exercise responsibilities behalf all citizens cabinet level government acting Congressional Constitutional authority.' Id., 30. 7 Alternatively, held made adequate injury likelihood success merits issuance thus vacated petition writ certiorari we granted, 401 907, 91 870, 27 805, law presented. II 8 first question presented alleged facts entitle obtain Whether party stake otherwise justiciable controversy resolution what traditionally referred sue. Where does rely any specific statute authorizing invocation process, depends upon 'personal outcome controversy,' Baker versus Carr, 369 186, 204, 82 691, 703, 663, ensure 'the dispute adjudicated adversary context form historically viewed capable resolution.' Flast Cohen, 392 83, 101, 88 1942, 1953, 947. Where, however, Congress authorized perform certain functions according law, provided circumstances, inquiry must begin determination authorizes behest plaintiff.3 9 (APA), 702, provides: 'A statute, entitled thereof.' 11 Early decisions interpreted language adopting formulations 'legal interest' wrong' then prevailing constitutional requirements standing.4 But, Association Data Processing Organizations, Incorporated Camp, 397 150, 90 827, 25 184, Barlow Collins, 159, 832, 192, decided day, broadly persons APA caused them 'injury fact,' 'arguably zone interests protected regulated' statutes agencies were claimed violated.5 12 Processing, petitioners consisted competitive position computer-servicing market through ruling Comptroller Currency banks might data-processing services customers. Barlow, tenant farmers Agriculture vis-a -vis landlords. These palpable injuries long recognized lay basis provision review.6 Thus, neither nor addressed question, arisen frequency courts recent years, claim noneconomic nature widely shared.7 That case. III 13 incurred entirely reason uses put, attendant ecology referring built 'would destroy scenery, historic objects wildlife park impair enjoyment future generations.' We type may amount fact' APA. Aesthetic environmental well-being, like important ingredients life our society, shared many rather few make less deserving protection process. But test requires cognizable interest. among injured. 14 impact changes environment fall indiscriminately every citizen. felt directly whom aesthetic values lessened failed pastimes Nowhere pleadings affidavits state purpose, much way significantly respondents.8 15 apparently regarded allegations superfluous, longstanding expertise matters 'representative public.'9 reflects misunderstanding cases so-called 'public actions' administrative law. 16 origin advanced traced dictum Scripps-Howard Radio FCC, 316 4, 62 875, 86 L.Ed. 1229, licensee radio station Cincinnati, Ohio, stay order FCC allowing another nearby city increase range. discussing grant stay, 'these litigants representatives interest.' 14, S.Ct., 882. observation describe appellant allowed aggrieved' case,10 ScrippsHoward clearly 'aggrieved' result Commission's action.11 Court's statement was, directed actions. described earlier Sanders Bros. Station, 309 470, 477, 60 693, 698, 84 869, follows: 17 'Congress some purpose enacting 402(b)(2). one likely financially injured issue license having bring appellate errors Commission license. confer prosecute appeal.' 18 Taken together, established dual proposition: gives properly invoked, argue support his comply mandate.12 latter 'standing' Scripps-Howard, existed similar phrase 'private attorney general' function performed conferred right See supra, U.S., 154, 830. 19 trend arising toward recognizing language, discarding notion ipso facto review.13 830, saying 'may reflect 'aesthetic, conservational, recreational' well values.' broadening categories different matter abandoning requirement Some indicated willingness take step conferring organizations demonstrated 'an organizational problem' consumer protection. Environmental Defense Fund, Hardin, 138 U.S.App.D.C. 391, 395, 428 1093, 1097.14 clear organization whose represent proceeding review. See, e.g., NAACP Button, 371 415, 428, 83 328, 335, 405. mere 'interest problem,' how qualified evaluating problem, render 'adversely affected' large long-established organization, commitment cause protecting Nation's heritage man's depredations. 'special subject enough commence litigation, appear objective disallow bona fide however small short-lived. And group could initiate difficult perceive why individual citizen so. 21 insulate executive review, prevent being process.15 least rough attempt put decision hands outcome. goal undermined construe authorize individuals vindicate own value preferences process.16 principle us establish case just that. 22 As conclude correct reach petition, intimate view complaint. 23 Affirmed. 24 POWELL REHNQUIST took DOUGLAS, dissenting. 26 & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions share views my Brother BLACKMUN reverse below. critical 'standing'1 simplified neatly focus fashioned rule issues litigated before name inanimate object about despoiled, defaced, invaded roads bulldozers outrage. Contemporary nature's ecological equilibrium should lead conferral sue preservation. Stone, Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights Natural Objects, 45 S.Cal.L.Rev. 450 (1972). therefore labeled Morton. 28 Inanimate sometimes parties litigation. ship personality, fiction found useful maritime purposes.2 sole—a creature ecclesiastical acceptable fortunes ride cases.3 ordinary 'person' purposes adjudicatory processes, represents proprietary, spiritual, aesthetic, charitable causes.4 29 So respects valleys, alpine meadows, rivers, lakes, estuaries, beaches, ridges, proves trees, swampland, even air feels destructive pressures modern technology life. river, example, living symbol sustains nourishes—fish, aquatic insects, water ouzels, otter, fisher, deer, elk, bear, animals, man, dependent enjoy sight, sound, river plaintiff speaks unit Those people meaningful relation body water—whether fisherman, canoeist, zoologist, logger—must able speak threatened destruction. 30 know King. never seen traveled it, though articles describing 'development'5 notably Hano, Protectionists vs. recreationists—The Battle N.Y. Times Mag., Aug. Page 25; Browning, Mickey Mouse Mountains, Harper's, March 1972, 65. alleges '(o)ne principal protect conserve resources Mountains.' uncontested 'sufficiently doubtless wonders Tuolumne Meadows John Muir Trail. hike fish hunt camp frequent visit merely sit solitude wonderment legitimate spokesmen many. injured, polluted, despoiled spokesmen. 32 Solicitor General, Appendix opinion, takes wholly approach. He considers problem terms 'government Judiciary.' respect, objects, very core America's beauty, destroyed. is, course, true most control agency. standards given usually Yet so differing shades quite meaningless front. accordingly adopted Policy Public Law 91—90, Statutes-at-Large 852, 42 4321 seq., guidelines Council Quality Russell E. Train Chairman. 36 Fed.Reg. 7724. 33 favorable enormous. suggestion stop undesirable theory; yet too remote direction machinery ponderous often. venal corrupt. notoriously powerful manipulate advisory committees, friendly working relations, affinity develops between regulator regulated.6 early 1894, Attorney General Olney predicted regulatory become 'industry-minded,' illustrated forecast concerning Interstate Commerce Commission: 34 'The made, railroads. satisfies popular clamor supervision railroads, nominal. Further, older commission gets be, inclined business railroad things.' M. Josephson, Politicos 526 (1938). 35 Years later appeals observed, recurring plagued regulation industry (is) unduly oriented regulate, protect.' Moss CAB, 139 152, 430 891, 893. Office Communication Church Christ 123 337—338, 359 994, 1003—1004; Udall FPC, 387 87 1712, 869; Calvert Cliffs' Coordinating Committee, AEC, 146 449 1109; Ruckelshaus, 142 74, 439 584; Dept. HEW, 381, 1083; Scenic Hudson Preservation Conf. 354 608, 620. see Jaffe, Regulatory Agencies Perspective: Limitations Political Setting, B.C.Ind. Com.L.Rev. 565 (1970) (labels 'industry-mindedness' 'devil' theory). Service—one foderal behind scheme despoil King—has notorious alignment lumber companies, although mandate directs consider multiple forests.7 37 voice object, therefore, stilled. mean judiciary over managerial means these priceless bits Americana (such valley, meadow, lake) forever lost transformed reduced eventual rubble urban environment, existing beneficiaries heard.8 38 Perhaps win. 'progress' plow beautiful land. question. sole heard? 39 Appalachian Trail into Sunfish Pond, New Jersey, sleep there, run Allagash Maine, climb Guadalupes West Texas, canoe portage Quetico Superior Minnesota, certainly defend agencies, live 3,000 away. caught up news propaganda flock waters areas treated differently. tendered itself. Then assurances forms life9 stand court—the pileated woodpecker coyote lemmings trout streams. inarticulate cannot speak. frequented place entire community. 40 Ecology land ethic; Aldo Leopold wrote Sand County Almanac 204 (1949), ethic simply enlarges boundaries community include soils, waters, plants, collectively: land.' 41 That, controversy. APPENDIX TO OPINION OF J., DISSENTING Extract From Oral Argument General* 43 'As far know, holds asserts that, quote here, (a)nd 'it acts defendant, raise court. 44 'But not? Do exist decide questions? impartial learned governmental system? Are courts? Why wants raise? tenor argument indicates, raises, think, perhaps somewhat novel separation powers. 46 'Ours Judiciary. three branches, intended broad effective powers checks balances. litigable cases, authority. Founders wide powers, Executive Branch All officers responsibilities. sworn uphold Constitution States. 47 'This, submit, really lies doctrine, embodied cryptic words 'case' 'controversy' Article Constitution. 48 'Analytically system courts. good system. 49 'More important, ordained Constitution, understood nearly 200 years. 50 'Over past shift operations continuous whittling away numerous doctrines minimize responsibility consider. 51 'I've already mentioned ancient all: controversy, relied presentation feigned 52 doctrines, go detail: review-ability, justiciability, sovereign immunity, mootness aspects, limitations laches, jurisdictional amount, real interest, joinder. 53 'Under headings, previously courts, broken down varying degrees. 54 'I mention explosive class actions, thrown 55 'If find think await administrator, I'm sure government. it's myself kind allocation tripartite contemplated Founders. 56 suggest administrators act whim check all. contrary, Congress. to.' 57 BRENNAN, 58 agree reasons stated Alternative dissent. merits. Since so, note agreement substantial. 59 BLACKMUN, practical espousing adhering traditional notions modernized 184 (1970); 192 947 (1968). If join content. 61 ordinary, run-of-the-mill poses—if choose acknowledge significant wide, growing, disturbing world's deteriorating resulting disturbances. Must rigid procedural concepts inflexible ourselves helpless when methods fit prove new issues? ultimate today, fear, sadly 35.3-million-dollar complex, times greater Service's suggested minimum, hastily proceed completion; opposition recede discouragement; 'area Mountains,' words, part, and, areas, cease 'uncluttered civilization.' 63 come because: (1) Court, accepted injunctive relief, reversed Appeals, upholds reversal. (2) reversal, interim relief out becomes unlikely. (3) amend or, desire not, date, permission. (4) ever-present pressure get mount. (5) Once way, prospect bringing halt grow dim. Reasons, economic, stopping tendency multiply. inflicted stages 64 Rather pursue course affirmance adopt alternatives: 65 1. instead, approve relief. willing condition forthwith meet specifications prescribes standing. fails refuses step, it; collapse. amend, trial again. ante, 730 n. 2, reveals, deserve resolution. assay ground. crucial ramifications country's management. pose propriety 'dual permit' device avoiding 80-acre 'recreation resort' limitation imposed 497, litigated, light congressional expansion 1956 arguably teeth old, unrealistic five-acre limitation. fact, consistency entire, enormous Game Refuge, part. development, high speed 66,000-volt complex. Lack compliance charged. shallow perfunctory. 66 2. imaginative enable possessed, pertinent, fide, well-recognized attributes litigate issues. incursion tradition need extensive. Certainly, alarm. progressive recognize provable, sincere, dedicated, status. fear Pandora's box opened limit participate appropriate restraints exercised past. Who suspected years ago enunciated measure today? eloquent imaginatively one, obvious, appropriate, self-imposed read written, makes addition customary criteria existence genuine dispute; assurance adversariness; conviction adequately asserts), litigant knowingly asserts. passing references: 67 relates figures us. notes, day (3,100 overnight; 800 employees; restaurants; lifts). build Hammond road, extent 9.2 miles, lanes, occasional capable, said, accommodating 700—800 vehicles per hour peak 1,200 hour. told agreed further improvement park. 68 assume daily automobile (rather helicopter bus known unknown means) visiting carries four passengers (an assumption, am sure, optimistic), move 3,500 vehicles. confine movement (as area) hours automobiles pass point two-lane rate 300 amounts five minute, average seconds. increased seconds necessary return traffic along considered. service employees' cars. Is perpetuate wilderness solitude, quiet? 69 second fairly obvious resident area—the 'user'—is unlikely Disneygovernmental naturally regard situation benefit him economically. His fishing camping guiding handyman general outdoor prowess ready visitors. glow anticipation short-lived best. lover wilderness—as likely, near place—it yearns old masses people—that influx day—and uncontrollable waste 70 indication proof longer 'of beauty' civilization?' rendered evaluate challenges rooted standing? suspect today's holding. points out, 738—739, tribunals themselves confined.1 holdings. 71 chooses foot reference De Tocqueville. prefer particularly pertinent warning Donne.2 July 3, 6, 821, 688. analyzed violations falling categories. First, exceeded maximum-acreage placed 'revocable' beyond authority Second, Park grounds park, violation 1, timber §§ 43. Third, violated failing hold hearings Finally, U.S.C.s 45c authorization transmission limits jurisdiction opinions, Muskrat 219 346, 450, 246, entertain 'friendly' suits, Johnson, 319 302, 1075, 1413, resolve 'political questions,' Luther Borden, How. 581, suits character inconsistent III. justiciable, 'proper request adjudication issue,' 100, 1952, 947, determine. Cf. 120, 1963 (Harlan, dissenting); Associated Industries York Ickes, Cir., 134 694, 704. generally Berger, Standing Sue Actions: Requirement?, 78 Yale L.J. 816, 827 (1969); Citizen Litigant Non-Hohfeldian Ideological Plaintiff, 116 U.Pa.L.Rev. 1033 Kansas City Power Light company McKay, 96 273, 281, 225 924, 932; Ove Gustavsson Contracting Floete, 278 912, 914; Duba Schuetzle, 303 570, 574. extreme Alabama 302 464, 479—481, 300, 303—304, 374. Tennessee Electric TVA, 306 118, 137 139, 366, 369—370, 543. deciding 'zone interests' application here Hardin Kentucky, Utilities Co., 390 7, 651, 655, 787; Chicago Atchison, T. S.F.R. 357 77, 1063, 1067, 1174; 698. No Citizens Preserve Overton Volpe, 402, 814, 136. represented 'residents Memphis, active 1964 efforts preserve area.' contained paragraph complaint, reads entirety 'Plaintiff non-profit organized operating 1892. Membership approximately 78,000 nationally, 27,000 residing Francisco Bay Area. For exhibited country, regularly serving responsible representative interested. One Mountains. vitally hereinafter defendants fully appears.' amici curiae brief Wilderness Society others, conducted regular trips area, continue pleadings, Appeals. Moreover, reply specifically declines 15, infra. Our bar motion Rule Rules Civil Procedure. approach Second Committee 425 97, 105: hold, resources—an created affecting permit—is legally affording plaintiffs, public, contravention 402(b)(2) Communications 1934, 1093. citation Lawyers appellee licensing listening distinction proceeding, assert rights third initiated, discussed K. Davis, Treatise 22.05 22.07 (1958). 1097 (interest health refusing suspend registration pesticides containing DDT); 339, 1005 television viewers programing local licensed FCC); 615 616 (interests aesthetics, recreation, orderly FPC hydroelectric project); Reade Ewing, 205 630, 631—632 (intest consumers oleomargarine fair labeling product regulated Security Administration); Crowther Seaborg, D.C., 312 F.Supp. 1205, 1212 safety atomic blast). 9, supra; Corps Engineers, 325 728, 734—736; Izaak Walton League America St. Clair, 313 1312, 1317. F.2d, 616: 'In insure 313(b) (of Act).' most, all, either members. brief, after noting states: Government seeks create 'heads win, tails you lose' courthouse door barred assertion private, unique denied ground warrant adverse competing Counsel shaped avoid trap.' short answer contention 'trap' exist. goes established, claims equitable accompanying text, supra. Every school boy familiar Alexis de Tocqueville's famous observation, written 1830's, 'scarcely political arises resolved, sooner later, question.' Democracy 280 (1945). Less familiar, available partisan faction, remedy particular, concrete 'It seen, also, leaving censure intimately uniting individual, legislation wanton assaults aggressions spirit. legislator exposed want; always positive appreciable prosecution.' 102. Brennan's separate 167, 838. aside, doubt exists 'aesthetic' 'conservational' sufficienty satisfy case-or-controversy clause. 1564, rem adjudicate libelants' vessels admiralty. G. Gilmore Black, Admiralty (1957). admiralty salvage rescuing vessel. Camanche, Wall. 448, 476, (1869). And, collision first-libeled counterclaim name. Gylfe Trujillo, 209 386 (CA2 1954). personified vessels: born she launched, lives her identity preserved. Prior launching congeries wood iron .. baptism receives name, moment keel touches She acquires personality own.' Tucker Alexandroff, 183 424, 438, 195, 201, 264. At common officeholder, priest king, successors constituted, sole, entity distinct managed duties deemed adhere officeholder continuity retired. occasionally revived American E.g., Reid Barry, 93 Fla. 849, 112 Southern KF135 S69 846 (1927), Recent Cases, Minn.L.Rev. 295 (1928), Note, Mich.L.Rev. 545 (1928); W. Fletcher, Cyclopedia Private Corporations 50—53 (1963); Pacific P2 Potter, (1881). jurists considered conventional highly artificial entity. Lord Coke opined corporation's creation 'rests intendment law.' Case Sutton's Hospital, 77 Eng.Rep. 937, 973 (K.B.1612). Chief Marshall added being, invisible, intangible, contemplation Trustees Dartmouth College Woodward, Wheat. 518, 636, 629 (1819). Today, names corporations taken granted. Although annually supplied 70,000 visitordays simpler rustic recreation—hiking, camping, (without lifts)—the 1949 again 1965 invited submit proposals 'improve' use. Productions won competition idea mammoth originally dimensions. while called investment $3 sleeping capacity spend $35.3 bed 3,300 1978. plans nine-level structure supplemental lots automobiles, restaurants lifts. annual revenue hitched profits. Under projections, forced tourist population twice dense Yosemite busy day. bought project, commercial firm transform adjoining 160-acre parcel 'piggyback' adding volume human activity endure. Valley: Shall Watch Watchmen?, Rutgers L.Rev. 103, 107 Thar's Gold Hills, 206 Nation 260 critique mass enclaves Christian Science Monitor, 22, 5, col. (Western ed.). Michael Frome cautions 'fragile' 'deteriorate excessive use' '(T)he trampling effect alone eliminates vegetative growth, creating erosion run-off problems. concentration people, horse parties, excessively steep follow Indian cattle routes, torn landscape High Sierras sent tons soil washing downstream year.' Frome, (1971). budget includes $75 underwriting 1,500 committees attached agencies. groups composed appointed President Cabinet rarely asked serve. Senator Lee Metcalf warns: 'Industry inside offices some. Legally, purely kibitzer, practice internal lobbies—printing handouts Printing taxpayers' money, influencing policies. Industry finding helping information doing. Sometimes, sits council obstructs turns questionnaire precisely withholding needs enforce Metcalf, Vested Oracles; How Regulates Government, Washington Monthly, 1971, 45. proceedings exposing relationships, Hearings S. 3067 Subcommittee Intergovernmental Relations Senate Operations, 91st Cong., Sess. 1637, 1964, 2064 92d 1st web spun depend, solely effectiveness. Elman, Reform Trade Commission, Geo.L.J. 777, 788 (1971); Fidelity Ideal, 874, 906 Berkman Viscusi, Damming West, Ralph Nader Study Group Report Bureau Reclamation 155 Fellmeth, Omission, Transportation 15—39 passim Judge Turner, Chemical Feast, Food Protection Drug Administration Massel, Process, Contemp.Prob. 181, 189 (1961); Landis, President-Elect 13, (1960). Reserve 1897, 35, 551, duty 'preserve (national) destruction' regulating 'occupancy use.' 1905 transferred Feb. 1905, 628, 472. cornerstone concept 'multiple policy logging managing 154 forests. explicit Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield 1960, 74 215, 528—531, provides considerations range, timber, watershed, wildlife, influenced interests, has, paid lip multiple-use auctioned millions timberland considering conservational interests. importance industries results grown therein suited builders' needs. Western acreage produces Douglas fir (structural support) ponderosa pine (plywood lamination). total 'maturity' size harvest supposedly equated expected yearly reforestation. Nonetheless, cuts 5.6 billion board feet 1950 13.74 Forestry professionals explanation 240% overcutting instead resulted improved management timberlands. 'Improved management,' critics, euphemism exaggerated regrowth forecasts Times, 48, rises prices round auction federally owned timber. Wagner, Resources Report/Lumbermen, conservationists head battle 657 Aside cut annually, harvested. Despite criticism, adhered permitting companies 'clearcut' tracts actioned acreage. 'Clearcutting,' analogous strip mining, indiscriminate shaving earth trees—regardless age—often across hundreds contiguous acres. Of clearcutting, Gale McGee, leading antagonist policy, complains: policies wreaking havoc environment. Soil eroding, reforestation neglected ignored, streams silting, clearcutting remains basic practice.' 60, adds: Wyoming nursemaid ..' Management Practices Lands Insular Affairs, pt. Jennings Randolph offers criticism leveling portions Monongahela Virginia. 9. Cong.Rec. 36971 (reprinted speech Sen. Forest). investigate surrounding Bitterroot Montana, recently forestry University Montana study harvesting practices. faculty concluded dissatisfaction 'overriding sawtimber production' 'insensitivity related forest public's S.Doc. 91—115, (1970). Behan, Timber Mining: Accusation Prospect?, Forests, (additional comments participant); Reich, Calif.L.Rev. 381—400 (1962). Former Walter Hickel similarly faulted excusable money-saving corporations. Hickel, Owns America? 130 Risser, Service: Smokey's Strip Miners, 16. team shares criticisms clearcutting. Agriculture, Land Review Comm'n, Chapman, Effects Logging Fish Coast, 533 category huge backlog delayed projects. underfunded replanting programs ensured funds budgets 'timber sales management.' Environment Resources, What's Ahead Lands? 23, (H. Pyles ed. 1970). Permitting appoint appointments guardians ad litem, executors, conservators, receivers, counsel indigents. often appreciated experts. teaspoon contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa, 200,000 algae. predict vital miracles locked dab life, stupendous reservoir genetic materials evolved continuously dawn earth. molds century unlock secret penicillins, tetracyclines, antibiotics lowly molds, fashion modicines ever discovered man. Medical scientists still wince thought inadvertently wiped rhesus monkey, medically, research animal knows revelations lie cells blackback gorilla nesting eyrie Virunga Rwanda? European lion, species formally (in A.D.) extinct Romans? 'When gone, gone forever, Nature's chain, billions making, time.' Conserve—Water, Life, 4. Round River 147 (1953): Germany Spessart. south slope bears magnificent oaks world. cabinetmakers, want last word quality, Spessart oak. north slope, better, indifferent Scotch pine. Why? forest; both equally scrupulous care centuries. difference? 'Kick litter leaves rot fast fall. pines, though, needles pile thick duff; decay slower. Because Middle Ages deer hunting bishop; pastured, plowed, settlers, woodlots Wisconsin Iowa today. Only period abuse replanted pines. During something happened microscopic flora fauna soil. greatly reduced, i.e., digestive apparatus parts. Two centuries sufficed restore losses. required microscope, science, discover 'small cogs wheels' determine harmony disharmony men Spessart.' Cranston introduced bill 35,000-acre Pupfish Monument honor pupfish inch useless 2141, eat unfit home aquarium. said: 'Still, saving symbolize appreciation diversity God's tired biosphere, qualities together interaction forms. When fishermen rise united save world well.' Field Stream, 74. Tr. Arg. 31—35. 394—395, 1096—1097 101 105 1970), cert. denied, Parker Valley, 400 949, 237, 256; 608 615—617 1965); 1316—1317 (D.Minn.1970); 324 878, 879—880 (D.C.D.C.1971); 734—736 (E.D.Ark. 1970—1971); 99, 107—112 (D.Alaska 1971); Upper Pecos Assn. Stans, 328 332, 333—334 (D.N.Mex.1971); Cape May Chapter, Macchia, 329 504, 510—514 (D.N.J.1971). Automatic Laundry Cleaning Shultz, 143 274, 278—279, 443 689, 693—694 Virginia Highlands Conservancy Island Creek Coal 441 232, 234—235 (CA4 383 1083, 1085 Honchok 326 988, 991 (D.Md.1971). 'No man Iland, intire itselfe; peece Continent, maine; Clod bee washed Sea, Europe lesse, Promontorie were, Mannor thy friends thine owne were; death diminishes me, Mankinde; send bell tolls; tolls thee.' Devotions XVII.

Classification Label: 7