Legal Document

510 U.S. 399 HAGENv.UTAH No. 92-6281. Supreme Court of United States. Argued November 2, 1993. Decided February 23, 1994. Petitioner, an Indian, was charged in Utah state court with distribution a controlled substance the town Myton, which lies within original boundaries Uintah Indian Reservation on land that opened to non-Indian settlement 1905. The trial rejected petitioner's claim it lacked jurisdiction over him because he and crime had been committed "Indian country," see 18 U. S. C. § 1151, such federal exclusive. appellate court, relying Ute Tribe v. Utah, 773 F. 2d 1087 (CA10), cert. denied, 479 994, agreed contentions vacated his conviction. reversed reinstated conviction, ruling Congress "diminished" reservation by opening non-Indians, Myton outside its boundaries, thus offense subject criminal jurisdiction. See Solem Bartlett, 465 463, 467 ("States have . lands if applicable surplus Act freed status thereby diminished boundaries"). Held: Because has Congress, is not country courts properly exercised petitioner. Pp. 409-422. (a) This declines consider whether State party Tenth Circuit proceedings Tribe, should be collaterally estopped from relitigating boundaries. That argument before presented petition for writ certiorari expressly disavowed petitioner response amicus brief. 409-410. (b) Under this Court's traditional approach, as set forth supra, other cases, any given depends all circumstances, including (1) statutory language used open lands, (2) contemporaneous understanding particular Act, (3) identity persons who actually moved onto lands. As first, most probative, these factors, must establish express congressional purpose diminish, but no form words prerequisite finding diminishment. Moreover, although provision sum certain payment Indians, when coupled expression intent, can certainly provide additional evidence diminishment, lack does lead contrary conclusion. Throughout diminishment inquiry, ambiguities are resolved favor will lightly found. 410-412. (c) operative May 27, 1902, ch. 888, 32 Stat. 263—which provided allotments some "all unallotted said shall restored public domain" (emphasis added)—evidences terminate status. See, e. g., Seymour Superintendent Wash. Penitentiary, 368 351, 354-355. Solem, at 472-476, distinguished. Contrary argument, baseline intent diminish changed March 3, 1905, 1479, 33 1069. Language statute demonstrates clearly viewed 1902 basic legislation upon 1905 intervening statutes were built. Furthermore, structure statutes—which contain complementary, nonduplicative essential provisions—requires Acts read together. Finally, general rule repeals implication disfavored especially strong here, repealed passed 1903; meant repeal part previous statute, could easily done so. 412-416. (d) historical evidence—including letters statements Interior Department officials, bills Members text Presidential Proclamation settlement—clearly indicates would conclusion altered inconsistent references both past present tenses post-1905 legislative record. These merely passing text, deliberate conclusions about 416-420. (e) Practical acknowledgment demonstrated current population situation Valley, approximately 85 percent 93 area's largest city; fact seat local tribal government trust lands; Utah's assumption until decided Tribe. A seriously disrupt justifiable expectations people living area. 420-421. 858 P. 925, affirmed. O'CONNOR, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, STEVENS, SCALIA, KENNEDY, THOMAS, GINSBURG, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, filed dissenting opinion, SOUTER, joined, post, p. 422. 1 CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF UTAH. 2 Martin E. Seneca, Jr., argued cause With briefs Daniel H. Israel. 3 Ronald J. Mann States curiae urging reversal. Solicitor General Days, Acting Assistant Attorney Flint, Deputy Kneedler, Edward Shawaker, W. Matzen. 4 Jan Graham, respondent. her brief Carol Clawson, General, Michael M. Quealy, General.* 5 JUSTICE O'CONNOR Court. 6 In case we decide settlers turn century. If diminished, then reservation, petitioner, Myton. 7 * On October 1861, President Lincoln reserved million acres Territory settlement. Executive Order 38-1, reprinted Kappler, Affairs: Laws Treaties 900 (1904). confirmed President's action 1864, creating Valley Reservation. 5, 77, 13 63. According 1864 "set apart permanent exclusive occupation different tribes Indians territory may induced inhabit same." Ibid. present-day includes descendants settled 8 latter 19th century, policy changed. Cohen, Handbook Federal Law 127-139 (1982 ed.). longer communally owned reservations, instead individual parcels land; remaining non-Indians. Allotment Feb. 8, 1887, 119, 24 388, granted authority "to allot portions members and, consent, sell [non-Indian] settlers, proceeds sales being dedicated Indians' benefit." DeCoteau District County Judicial District, 420 425, 432 (1975). 9 Pursuant 1894 directed appoint commission negotiate allotment "relinquishment States" Aug. 15, 1894, 290, 22, 28 337. effort did succeed, 1898 another agreement "cession" June 4, 1898, 376, 30 429. resisted those efforts well. Various unilaterally (i. e., without consent Indians) subsequently introduced Senate enacted into law. Leasing Lands, Hearings Committee Affairs, Doc. 212, 57th Cong., 1st Sess., (1902). 10 majority adult male White River consented, Secretary make 1, 1903, out 263.1 under 80 each head family 40 member Tribes. also deadline passed, homesteading $1.25 per acre. sale domain benefit Indians. 11 month after passage sufficient serve grazing needs reservation. Res. 31, Sess. (1902), 744.2 resolution clarified $70,000 appropriated paid "without awaiting their proposed severalty restoration domain." Id., 745. 12 January held alter Lone Wolf Hitchcock, 187 553, 567-568. Mar. give year, deferred "as [1902 Act]" 1904. 998.3 1903 specified Joint Resolution limited 250,000 south Strawberry River. 1904, funds "carry purposes" date Acts]" 10, Apr. 21, 1402, 207.4 again date, time September unless earlier date. 1069.5 limiting areas further provided: 14 "[T]he manner [reservation] entry, disposing same, follows: disposed provisions homestead town-site laws States, entry proclamation President, prescribe upon, occupied, entered entitled thereof." 15 All unsettled five years sold cash, up 640 acres. "proceeds lands" "applied Act] amendatory thereof supplemental thereto." 1070. 16 Government once failed obtain July 14, Roosevelt issued following Proclamation: 17 "Whereas Act], among things, Reservation, `shall domain: Provided, entering pay therefor rate [$1.25] acre.' "And, whereas, extended [1903 [1904 later than [1905 last named act provided, things: ['That townsite .'] 19 "Now, therefore, I, Theodore Roosevelt, America, virtue power me vested do hereby declare known 28th day August, hereinafter prescribed, otherwise, disposition States." 34 3119-3120. 20 went detail lottery scheme allocation settlers. II 21 1989, substance. occurred established Petitioner initially pleaded guilty, motion withdraw guilty plea. basis country. denied motion, Indian. 22 reversed. It concluded determination issue country, (1985) (en banc), 994 (1986), try crimes cf. Negonsott Samuels, 507 99, 103 (1993); Washington Confederated Bands Tribes Yakima Nation, 439 471-474 (1979), accordingly 23 Perank, 927 (1992), (on same decision case) 925 (1992); (1984) ("As doctrinal matter, We certiorari, 1028 (1993), resolve direct conflict between decisions question diminished. III 25 first address threshold question: proceedings, noted "neither Justice, nor suggests Circuit's en banc res judicata effect case." 2d, 931. "[r]es affirmative defense civil cases therefore waivable," id., 931, n. merits State's claim. 26 Petitioner's only recourse attack judgment Perank ground sua sponte prior Although one law, Restatement (Second) Judgments 86 (1982), certiorari. us. Yee Escondido, 503 519, 535-536 Izumi Seimitsu Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Philips Corp., 27 (1993) (per curiam). collateral estoppel stage, Tribe: "The acts congress. [This Rule 14.1(a)] appear allow issues raised. argues reached [Perank] based doctrine Regardless decision, made controlling Supplemental Brief (filed Dec. 1992) added). reason raise, refused rely seeking merits. IV recognized: 29 "It law see, Rosebud Sioux Kneip, 430 584 (1977); 425 (1975), not, Mattz Arnett, 412 481 (1973); Superintendent, 351 (1962). circumstances underlying passage." S., 469. determining "[o]ur precedents area fairly clean analytical structure," 470, directing us look three factors. probative is, course, considered context surrounding Acts, careful distinguish matters occurring subsequent Act's passage. 471. "[o]n more pragmatic level, recognized relevant deciding reservation." find 472; South Dakota Bourland, 508 679, 687 ("`[S]tatutes construed liberally ambiguous interpreted benefit'" (quoting 502 251, 269 (1992) (internal quotation marks omitted))). 31 appearing support our "clear-statement rule," pursuant require explicit cession or evidencing surrender interests unconditional commitment compensate Amicus Curiae 7-8. disagree. First, "establis[h] diminish," 475, never required 584, 588, (1977). Second, payment, nearly conclusive presumption 470-471. While definite fact, Rosebud, effected 596, 18. decline abandon approach requires examine allocations 263 Government, mostly West, "available sale, laws, body laws." Peffer, Closing Public Domain (1951). "[F]rom early period history [was] practice order, time, belonging uses." Grisar McDowell, Wall. 363, 381 (1868). various purposes, settlement, bird preservation, military installations, "when appeared interest served withdrawing reserving parts Midwest Oil Co., 236 459, 471 (1915). follows so "restored" domain—i. settlement—their use extinguished. 316 317, 323 (1942) (President ordered previously "`restored domain[,] needed they withdrawn settlement'"); Pelican, 232 442, 445-446 (1914). Statutes indicate reservations separate domain. 25, 1910, 6, 36 857 (criminalizing forest fires started "upon domain, reservation") (quoted Alford, 274 264, 266-267 (1927)). Likewise, emphasized distinction lands: "That ceded agreements returned stripped status, hardly questioned sponsors stated repeatedly ratified return `public domain.'" 446 authorized "`sell dispose of'" it. 472-474. Elsewhere permission harvest timber "`as long remain 475. reference "support[ed]" view "hardly dispositive." "even conceived domain' inasmuch available settlement." 17. however, "restore" More importantly, point inquiry. Our considering uniformly equated 35 (1962), example, Colville Washington, 1892 "`vacated domain'" one-half half. 354. half, 1906 followed mineral laws. result diminishment: "Nowhere there found similar vacating Half restoring 355. characterized example Congress' using "clear termination desired." Mattz, 504, 22. And nine Justices 589, 5; 618 (Marshall, dissenting). light precedents, hold evidences respect continuation Thus, existence section Indeed, Appeals 1092, since "unexamined unsupported." Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co. Yazzie, 909 1387, 1400, 498 1012 (1990). 37 Until litigation Circuit, every terms simply extending providing few details. Hanson 153 162, 162-163 (CA10 1946); Boss, 160 132, 133 (Utah 1906); 139 Ct. Cl. 21-23 (1957); Sowards Meagher, 108 1112, 1114 1910). argues, "manner" opened. apply, superseded "restore repeated Act. disagree, expressed survived 38 Every referred statute. appropriation 744. 1904 order surveying "purposes" carried out. 997; 207. tied together "shall applied supplementary 39 Whereas price sold, what sales. repeat features opening, already spelled two statutes—as well came between—must case, concerning siting predicate implied inconsistent: Other similarly initial 608; DeCoteau, 442. B 41 Contemporary supports intended noted, plain diminished; withheld After proceed unilaterally. Commissioner Affairs Inspector James McLaughlin travel "endeavor [the Indians'] lands." Letter A. Tonner (Apr. 1903), 159, 58th 3d (1905). "if [Indians] next notwithstanding, entry" according 8-9. 42 explained recent developments Reservation: 43 "`By legal right legislate regard you take your allotments. 44 45 "`You say boundary] line very heavy nailed down border. true applying many now, congress pull nails year boundary reservation.'" Minutes Councils Held McLaughlin, Inspector, Agency, excerpted App. Respondent 4a-5a 46 McLaughlin's picturesque phrase reflects understanding, conveyed operation notwithstanding failure consent. 47 informed necessary completed requested delayed. Hitchcock Chairman (Feb. 1904), enable surveying" extension during winter. House (Dec. 21. 48 Representatives took matter bill debate "so much entered." R. 17474, quoted Cong. Rec. 1180 Representative Howell offered amendment "[t]hat immediately homestead, town-site, mining Significantly, addition to, replacement for, explicitly lands' He explained: 49 "In pending rules regulations prescribe. my humble embodied amendment, alone opening. 50 "Congress easy access, reclamation, irrigation actual home makers prevail. accord dominant sentiment viz, homes people." 1182. 51 Representatives, 1186, substituted version omits version. 3522. hearings bill, Senator Teller Colorado "I am going agree except entries," speculators getting I help it." Appropriation Bill, 1906, Subcommittee way knowing sure why limit seems likely wanted speculation. objective Once became public, course place limitations 52 whereby makes clear document, now "by [him] Congress." 3120 understood incorporate specifically language. "unambiguous, contemporaneous, statement, Nation's Chief Executive," 602, 53 less illuminating evidence. Since tenses, reinforcing longstanding observation "[t]he views hazardous inferring one." Philadelphia Nat. Bank, 374 321, 348-349 (1963) omitted). extensively cataloged references, court's conclusion: "Not grossly together, expressions informal 1905." 521 Supp. 1072, 1135 1981). textual clear, confusion record nothing C 54 controverted demographics "[w]hen predominately populated non-Indians surviving pockets allotments, remains burdens administration governments." 471-472, 12. Of occupation, 400,000 Almost live non-Indian. 1990 Census Population Housing, Summary Housing Characteristics: CPH-1-46, Table 17, 73. city area—Roosevelt City, settlement— 13. 55 Fort Duchesne, situated By contrast, significant located 480. decision. stands sharp contrast where "tribal authorities Bureau personnel primary responsibility policing in] 1908." "jurisdictional history," practical Cf. 604-605. V 56 conclude Congress. Accordingly, crime, him. affirm 57 So ordered. Notes: Robert Thompson III, Sandra Hansen, Jeanne Whiteing Briefs amici affirmance et al. Mark Barnett, Dakota, John Guhin, Attorneys respective Grant Woods Arizona, Lungren California, Marc Racicot Montana, Frankie Sue Del Papa Nevada, Susan B. Loving Oklahoma; Duchesne County, Herbert Wm. Gillespie Jesse Trentadue; Fremont Wyoming, Johnson; Tom D. Tobin Kenn Pugh; Council Governments Richard Ruda Charles Rothfeld. Navajo Nation Paul Frye; City Craig Bunnell. part: Interior, thereto ascertained soon practicable inspector, allotted eighty agricultural irrigated forty tribes, nineteen hundred three, dollar twenty-five cents acre: further, applied, reimbursement moneys advanced carry foregoing provisions; remainder, direction seventy thousand sixty-four dollars forty-eight appropriated, Treasury otherwise whenever consented herein provided." 263-264. Utes shall, select common amount non-irrigable therein places subserve reasonable requirements stock. item supplemented modified, satisfaction claims 744-745. "[Money to] purposes twenty-seventh, two, provides .: forthwith send inspector obtained quantity character described Act: Uintah, Utes, numbered thirty-one, nineteenth, confined exceed fifty acres: be, hereby, four." 997-998. third, tenth, five, surveying, Utah." 207-208. River, repealed. having fixed tenth March, September, determine thereof; person permitted settle occupy, enter prescribed proclamation, expiration sixty days entry: undisposed taking six person. 1069-1070. 58 whom SOUTER joins, dissenting. 59 "Great nations, like great men, keep word," FPC v.Tuscarora 362 142 (1960) (Black, dissenting), broken solemn promises tribes. relies single, effective, deleted unable either compelled intact. 60 61 Two construction govern interpretation surplus-land statutes: unequivocal reduce broadly Indians.1 divest land, Celestine, 215 278, 285 (1909), [must] evince `intent change boundaries' found." 470 (1984), quoting 615 444 (1975); 481, 505 (1973). Absent "plain unambiguous" statement Santa Fe Pacific 314 339, 346 (1941), events [Act's] unequivocally reveal widely held, understanding" purpose. 62 "legal Indians" "the broadest possible scope." 447; Carpenter Shaw, 280 367 (1930) ("Doubtful [Indians]"); Nice, 241 591, 599 (1916); 290. For 150 years,2 canon construe ambiguity silence, treaties, statutes, executive orders, agreements, benefit.3 63 purports apply canons principle, ante, 410-411, ignores them practice, resolving language, history, imputing exists, 64 special particularly often regarding During "whenever title extinguished." Bates Clark, 95 204, 208 (1877). related doubt assumed eventually abolished. 468. itself system, assimilate4 transforming agrarians 496. goal policies proved disastrous failure,5 Reorganization 1934, 984, amended, 461 seq. (1988 ed. IV), allowed surplus-opened ownership. 1948 ensuing jurisdictional conflicts encompass 1948, 757 (codified 1151 (defining country" limits Government")).6 rather title, measure 65 patina placed questions architects foreseen. resolves resulting requiring specific insufficient mere necessarily mean lost status." 586-587; ("[R]eservation survive settlement"). "[S]ome not," 469, absent interests. 355 495, "`subject purchase granting rights'" "not, alone, recite even suggest Reservation," 497. Most recently, 472, unanimously authorizing dispose'" 66 involved "`cede, sell, relinquish, convey claim, right, interest'" 439, surrender, grant, defined portion 8. presence "precisely suited" 597, supported parties conveyance evident." 436, 16.7 need add accompanies case. 67 almost exclusively 263, "restored lands] weight evincing authoritatively "has official definition. application, include —any government, anywhere." (1951) (footnote omitted).8 commonly, "have disposal Div. Lands 482 193, 206 (1987), Baynard, Land Procedure 1.1, (1986); Kindred Union 225 582, 596 (1912) (the term "public ordinarily "used designate laws"); Harris, 386, 388 (1910); Newhall Sanger, 92 761, 763 (1876) ("The habitually describe laws"). 68 Nothing stating "reserved sale," (1868), "withdrawn settlement," omitted), "inconsistent" continued 416. 19th-century Indian-land policies, purchase, generally enter, obviously extent purchase. hand, sense sale. Restoration establishes access condition "completely consistent 69 adopted here—that refer vestiges Instead, observed 17; Whether Surplus Ouray Op. Sol. 1205 (1943) ("[R]estored "only method indicating concerned "part domain," "within diminished," 474 infer "considerable phrases." balanced against statute's "these phrases cannot burden establishing diminish." 70 majority's focus 413, concept incompatible word irrelevant own analysis, Ante, interpretation, precisely opposite.9 71 unanimous reasoning "subject laws," Kindred, isolated "[e]xplicit total interests," 470. bears relation Rosebud. something diminish. 72 negotiation 998, conclusion, negotiations "unequivocally reveal[s] ever-present negotiated disestablishment, comparable here.10 spoke largely "opening" non-Indians.11 responded primarily opposed sale.12 73 isolates single comment argue understood. But "picturesque" "`there reservation,'" 417, abolished, unquestionably discussion, explain "will holdings," 368a, readily 74 strongly concerns lifting line, stated: 75 "You fear tract allotted. so, little clearly.. .. Your Agency just now; Agent full protect interests." 368a-369a. 76 Elsewhere, statement: "My friends, deprived privileges time." 365a. 77 discussions concededly varying interpretations, none type abolish express. face, "no Seymour, 356. contains whatsoever 1069, 78 What show overwhelmingly meetings 82 sign agreement, 30, 33, (1903), reported "unanimously 7. 553 unilaterally, relied heavily "fail[ed] reservation" 1908 "did begin Tribes." 476. To absence formal counseled persistent withholding here. 79 Even face ... entry. That. [t]he 1069-1070 added part). 81 speaks indistinguishable "cannot terminated." 504; 473; Neither dispute Nor preserve provision. 207, by" ibid., of" Acts. 997 preserved statute— superseded, restricted restore 83 confronted "cede, convey" designated collective Great Both preserved. "must [the] did." 473, 15. 84 equivalent here Prior attempts demonstrate requirement "consent tribes" central 263. 1896, effective forthcoming.13 Wolf, dispatched period, twice sending delegations voice opposition. 1113, 1125 When finally removed severely contained termination, then, facts closely mirror 503-504, ultimately abandoned "abolish" Concededly, preserving replacing Ordinarily might silence invocation "fails appreciate standard principles usual force involving law." Montana Blackfeet 759, 766 (1985). analogous 1924 tax royalties remained 1938 silent taxation provisions. neither it, as, fundamental law: "statutes 366-367 (1930); Choate Trapp, 224 665, 675 (1912). 87 purport fulfill language; opens compel Hagen. "canon license disregard intent," 447, evident 88 materially deleting Like (1905) adopted, sought Howell's proposal, places: 89 President. 90 Smoot 6867 6868, (which Act), struck bill's place, 91 site No attempt reintroduce bills. submitted Conference Committee, containing replaced bill. 3919 conference dismiss speculation," 419, explains limitation; simultaneous deletion know made. Possibly thought substantive meaning all; possibly "under 763. know, left, boundaries," 478. 94 Roosevelt's shed competing summarized statutes. declared "in 3120. crucial Proclamations universally authority. 3116 (Uintah reserve); 3141 reservoir lands); 3143 (townsites); 3143-3144 (reservoir lands). contemporary exercise "one clue expected" agreed: 96 "There are, how far go decipher intention fail substantial compelling bound solicitude old 505; (1962)." 472 97 unambiguous demographic considerations factors contend ambiguous. 98 Aside tangential reasons unwilling criteria. western characterized, part, exert Kagama, 118 375, 384 (1886) ("[The Indians] owe allegiance receive protection. ill feeling, deadliest enemies"). uncontested. Constitution approved 1937, defines Tribe's confines Supp., 1075. Code 1-2-2 1077, decades ago, limits. Memorandum Agreement Jan. 11, 1972, cited agencies services residing disputed years. reviewing contradictions question, concluded: "One thing certain: `unquestioned' authority." 1146. 99 One thirty "for constituted breach promise, extinguish "face Act," "surrounding circumstances," "legislative history" 445 neatly parsed inevitable path chosen. crime. 1151. 100 respectfully dissent. rooted unique relationship Indians,"County Oneida N. Y., 226, 247 (1985), unequal bargaining negotiated, Choctaw 119 (1886); Jones Meehan, 175 (1899)."[T]reaties imposed choice consequence, treaties them, doubtful favor." Oklahoma, 397 620, 631 (1970). behalf derives benevolence, developed protecting rights favorable Indians." 221 ed.) (hereinafter Cohen). principle expressed." 43. maxim articulated Justice McLean inWorcester Georgia, Pet. 515, 582 (1832) (concurring opinion) prejudice"); ("This recognized, exception, years"). broad water rights, see,e. 631; Winters 207 564, 576 (1908), hunting fishing Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Assn., 443 658, (1979); Antoine 194, 199-200 Menominee 391 404, 406, 413 (1968); Tulee 315 681, 684-685 (1942); Alaska Fisheries 248 78, (1918), 247-248; 354 (1941); Minnesota 185 373, 396 (1902); authority, Bryan Itasca 426 392 (1976); McClanahan Arizona Tax Comm'n, 411 164, 174 Squire Capoeman, 6-7 (1956); 675; Kansas 737, 760 (1867). theory assimilation justify [allotment] beneficial Proponents maintained habits civilized life white justified progress civilization whole." Cohen 128 138 1887 reduced 1934. Prucha, Father 896 (1984). Collier testified half hands desert semidesert, 100,000 "totally landless allotment." 7902 73d (1934); Otis, Dawes 124-155 (Prucha 1973) (discussing results 1900) ends. "[W]here non-existence jurisdiction, ownership enforcement officers operating search books Government. Such impractical pattern checkerboard avoided 1151."Seymour 358 (1962) geographical termination. ("the Smith discontinued") 218 lines.. abolished") appears infrequently interchangeably land[s]." See,e. 468 Black's Dictionary 1229 (6th 1990) "[l]and possession states individually Lands." Amoco Production Gambell, 480 531, 549, (1987) ("reject[ing] assertion lands,' itself, precise meaning, definitional statute"). contention, accompanied demonstrating intent. SeeDeCoteau, ("returned status") Three majority, discuss 62. S.,at ("`vacated domain'") added); (1973) (same); (1914) (same). negotiating 1901 Agreement, "`[t]he Gregory County' ratification `will leave compact, square size Pine Ridge Reservation.'"Rosebud, 591-592. 333a, 336a Minutes) ("After taken settlement"), 342a 354a sun rises tomorrow [your reservation] opened"), 358a ("[I]t not"), 359a ("Do lose sight 363a opened"). 339a ("When put it"), 340a president ought up"), 343a ("I don't want talk opened, coming us"), 344a ("[W]e thrown open"), ibid. ("[T]hey told ours always 346a ("We reservation"), 351a 357a ("[T]he Appropriations 20, 337, Uncompahgre "negotiate treat" relinquishment "and possible, procure [their] consent" 22,ibid. Report occupy" occupied temporarily, owners enabling `set Indians.'" Rep. 660, 53d 2-3 (1894), "first thereon." 3. 398, 341-342, 429, conditioned 1111-1114 1981) pre-1902 Reservation). rebuffed 111 (1902) (proposal Sutherland Utah), sever large 145, reproduced 3-4 Sen. Rawlins Utah). testified: sort feeling ignorant land. it; think get got arbitrary means land." 5. heed advice,

Classification Label: 1