Legal Document

436 U.S. 31 98 Supreme Court Reporter 1873 56 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 53 UNITED STATES, petitioner,v.Estelle JACOBS aka "Mrs. Kramer." No.76-1193. of the May 1, 1978 On Writ Certiorari to Appeals for Second Circuit. PER CURIAM. The writ certiorari is dismissed as improvidently granted. versus California [98SCt1662,436US32,56LEd2d94] 1662 32 94 Plaintiff, State CALIFORNIA. Number 5, Orig. Argued Feb. 27, 1978. Decided 15, Syllabus California, and not States, has dominion over submerged lands waters within one-mile belts surrounding Santa Barbara Anacapa Islands Channel National Monument. When, by Presidential Proclamation in 1949, Monument was enlarged encompass areas one nautical mile shorelines these islands, were under federal a result this Court's decision two years earlier 332 19, 67 1658, 91 L.Ed. 1889. But, assuming that intended reserve such waters, them subsequently transferred Submerged Lands Act, whose very purpose undo decision. § 5(a) "claim right" exemption from Act's broad grant, relied on Government, clearly does apply claims based 1947 reservation national monument made 1949 could enhance Government's claim dispute since statutory authority which monuments are created merely authorizes land be shifted use another. Pp. 36-41. Allan Atlantic Ryan, Jr., Dept. Justice, Washington, D. C., plaintiff. Russell Iungerich, Los Angeles, Cal., defendant. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered opinion Court. 1 question case, arising our original jurisdiction, whether or Monument, situated three-mile marginal sea off southern mainland.1 For reasons follow, we hold lies with States. 2 Antiquities Act 1906 President "owned controlled Government States" monuments.2 Pursuant Franklin Roosevelt 1938 issued 2281, 52 Statutes-at-Large 1541. This "reserved all forms appropriation public-land laws" most Islands, then lands,3 set aside Monument.4 As recognized, islands "contain fossils Pleistocene elephants ancient trees, furnish noteworthy examples volcanism, deposition, active erosion . ." Ibid. 3 large many smaller islets rocks also shelter variety marine life, some rare endangered. Prompted desire protect species5 other "objects geological scientific interest," Truman enlarging "the shoreline 2825, 63 1258. It undisputed protruding have long belonged and, Truman's Proclamation, now part Monument.6 equally clear tidelands well rocks, belong California.7 What disputed litigation Islands.8 4 When 2825 control, That case had held "possessed paramount rights in, full power over, lands, minerals things underlying Pacific Ocean lying seaward ordinary low-water mark coast outside inland extending three miles 804, 805, 68 20, 21, 92 382. 5 There can no serious question, therefore, monument, they "controlled States."9 Thus, did fact only be, at time intent, power. 6 In addressing controversy before us, parties devoted parts their briefs canvassing intent: mean word "areas"?10 We find it unnecessary, however, decide question. even purposes, concluded 29, 43 Code KF62 1301 et seq., California. 7 effect enacting it, Congress "recognized, confirmed, established, vested assigned to," 6(a), 32, 1314(a), "(1) title ownership beneath navigable boundaries respective natural resources (2) right manage, administer, lease, develop, said 3(a), 30, 1311(a). plainly fall general grant.11 8 contends, operate relinquish because an exception grant provided Act.12 final clause 5(a), upon relies, exempted "any presently actually occupied right."13 legislative history shows added preserve unperfected extinction 3's "conveyance quitclaim assignment."14 words Acting Chairman Senate Committee Interior Insular Affairs, "neither validates nor prejudices it," but "leaves where found it" eventual adjudication.15 9 entire would been nullified, if saved solely Not surprisingly, unmistakably must "other than virtue [that case] ."16 applies here States' ultimately rests basis "paramount rights" doctrine 10 pointed believing owned 1949. crucial then, purposes (assuming intent Proclamation) somehow changed nature claim. If not—if control 1953 existed —then 3(a) "title of" along use" them. 11 str ngth basic property interest controversy. Reservation federally public placing area reserved "supervision, management, control" Director Park Service. 39 535, 16 §§ 1-3 (1976 ed.). Without reservation, remain subject "private disposal laws," 78 985, 1400(c), continued management designated see, e. g., ibid.; 986, 1411. permits President, "in his discretion," create its simply issuing proclamation respect States." 34 225, 431 A thus means more use, perhaps managing agency, another.17 cannot escalate 12 aware transfer much little deemed wise. With knowledge, expressly "emphasize[d] exceptions spelled out [§ 5] do anywise include any resting 'paramount rights' enunciated Federal status beyond low tide." S.Rep.No.133, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., pt. Page 20 (1953). plainer statement congressional hard find. 13 Because derives announced decision, that, operation proprietary administrative interests passed 1953.18 14 requested submit appropriate decree 90 days. 15 So ordered. MARSHALL took consideration case. 17 WHITE, whom Chief BLACKMUN join, dissenting. 18 Although majority lucidly states issue errs deciding it. 19 Section excepted cession those "rights right."1 Actual req ired; already previous language 5(a). reference critical stake 1889 (1947), 382 vest lands. While specifically denying title, fell short declaring recognizing instead Id., S.Ct., 20. suggestion Attorney General. His guarantee "that installations acquisitions [as ceded] it."2 Senator Holland's Joint Resolution provided: 21 "There section Act— 22 "(a) described tracts parcels therein provements thereon lawfully acquired person decisions courts State, grantees, successors interest, cession, quitclaim, condemnation owner owners thereof conveyance condemnation, accordance statutes located Hearings 14. 23 General's substitute read follows: 24 Resolution: 25 together accretions thereto, therein, improvements thereon, law holds State; retained when entered Union; eminent domain proceedings; filled built up, otherwise reclaimed own use; 935. 26 clearest, observable difference between draft proposed General about "lands right."3 conclusion possess outright might installations, so, preserved control. inference strongly supported further history. 27 Affairs explained Resolution's author why phrase concerning right: 28 "I should like add last quoted, namely, 'any right,' came into bill request Department Justice. pr sented committee being reserving installation, installation—and & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions term 'installation' distinguish specific area, used purpose, vast claimed doctrine—actually right." 99 Cong.Rec. 2619 (1953) (Sen. Cordon). 29 resolution's author, Holland, asked Chairman: 30 "Am correct understanding particular provision mere water, boundaries, way give joint resolution, view 'presently ? Am understanding? "Mr. CORDON: understanding." (emphasis added). Hence, test "actually occupied" Government. relinquished. 33 same arose hearings, identical resolution. explained: "[A]ny there, excluded assignment. protects every installation kind." 1322. 35 Long summarized, Chairman's agreement: 36 "That, effect, says act affect occupying. And representative capacity another occupying land." 37 concerned definition stretched given reason Navy sail across response quoted " 'the right' [is] 'other .' "4 Such construction was, course, barred, eviscerate returning Ante, 39. But ignores narrower meaning "submerged intended: "installation," "a purpose." distinction rights, associated occupied. Recalling words: "Occupancy me type actual either continuous possession indicate individual special there different unoccupied area."5 "[The is] ."6 38 includes radius Islands.7 pa ties stipulated occupied' 1953, 1313."8 occupation fulfill providing proper care, protection objects monument." 1258: right, controlled" monument. stresses Monument9 originally premised granted supra. true. absence them, recognized allocated small portion become ceded remained. 40 rested "solely "10 up majority's quotation comes Report explaining accepted, included first added) lost originating lost. recognize originate paramount-rights doctrine, yet rest annexed waived 1953. 41 That, respectfully submit, erroneous interpretation bit history.11 contrary dominant theme general, amorphous lost, coupled not. critically, without support statute's plain "all p eserved. occupied, certainly arises treats manner subject.12 42 dissent. ongoing stemming action brought decades ago. 1947, 382; supplemental 1966, 448, 86 607, 517; second 1977, 432 40, 97 2915, 94. each instance, jurisdiction enter orders necessary effectuate decrees. initiated present suit 1966 jurisdiction: "As boundary line may unable agree, party entry decree." U.S., 453, 609. ed.), provides pertinent "The authorized, discretion, declare historic landmarks, prehistoric structures, monuments, land, limits cases shall confined smallest compatible care protected." traced 1848 Treaty Guadalupe Hidalgo, 922, Mexico adjacent mainland. See Bowman, Question Sovereignty California's Off-Shore Pac.Hist.Rev. 291 (1962). obligated private derived Mexican grants, nongranted previously domain. admitted Union 1850, An Admission Union, 452. islands. Portions lighthouse reserved. early 1940, officials enlargement desirable birds, otters, elephant seals, fur seals inhabit encircling drafts acknowledged life. after expressed permit establishment plant animal references life dropped Proclamation. noted previousl , Like above water extended n. 3, "tidelands" "defined shore mainland high lower 452, Those grants 1848, remained trust until gained statehood 1850. At time, "equal footing" doctrine. Borax, Limited 296 10, 23, 80 9; 517. Presidents proclamations pursuant Act. apparently frustrated carrying program leases harvesting kelp waters. Giant known Macrocystis grows portions harvested obtain various substances, including algin, chemical commercial uses. North, Kelp, Sequoias Sea, Geographic (Aug. 1972), Zahl, Algae: Life-givers, (Mar. 1974). refers "lands," Cappaert 426 128, 138-142, 96 2062, 2069, 2071, 48 523; Oregon, 295 14, 55 610, 615, 79 1267. preparation memoranda circul ted among agencies, adding islets, waters" Islands. version so clear. began: "WHEREAS appears certain near required [the Monument] went mile" "as indicated diagram hereto attached showed encircled broken distance island's shoreline. bottom maps appeared acreage figures according stipulations filed parties, approximately surface circumscribed lines. 2(a)(2) 1301(a)(2), defines permanently periodically covered tidal tide geographical distant became member heretofore approved Congress, extends (or Gulf Mexico) "natural resources" defined 2(e), 1301(e), "includ[e], limiting generality thereof, oil, gas, minerals, fish, shrimp, oysters, clams, crabs, lobsters, sponges, kelp, life" "water power, production 1313(a), provides: (otherwise retention sea); proceedings, purchase, gift, capacity; 1313." what "rights" Remarks Cordon, S.J.Res.13 al. 1322 During hearings bill, following exchange occurred Kuchel who Committee: "Senator KUCHEL. 'claim mean? CORDON. Well, occupancy occupancy. keep title? No; leaves good exactly before. voluntary release claim, whatever is. not, anywise, validate prejudice Why Senator, so-called color my opinion, conveying title. except will." 1321. 1321, reflected memorandum written Bureau Land Management Service latter's proposal enlarged: "If you wish bureau will glad prepare proclamation. event withdrawn classification, order accomplish prepared." exception, via provisions example, 6(a) navigational servitude powers regulation constitutional commerce, navigation, defense, international affairs 1314(a). 1313(a). Letter Brownell, 935 (hereafter Hearings). quarrel "lands" context concerns ceding 1311, similarly cession. 39, quoting point contested, left reading February 9, 1258, Islands" shown accompanying approximate total islands." App. 2. force defendant's reliance Proclamation's preamble "certain rocks" water. 1. stipulation contingent finding reach amendment area." one-nautical-mile "acquisition" "installation" face statute, how arise incorporate surmise he act.

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