Legal Document

473 U.S. 305 105 S.Ct. 3180 87 L.Ed.2d 220 Harry N. WALTERS, Administrator of Veterans' Affairs, et al., Appellantsv.NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIATION SURVIVORS al. No. 84-571. Argued March 27, 1985. Decided June 28, Syllabus Title 38 U.S.C. § 3404(c) limits to $10 the fee that may be paid an attorney or agent who represents a veteran seeking benefits from Administration (VA) for service-connected death disability. Appellees (two veterans' organizations, three individual veterans, and veteran's widow) brought action in Federal District Court claiming limitation denied them any realistic opportunity obtain legal representation presenting their claims VA hence violated rights under Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment First Amendment. The agreed entered nationwide "preliminary injunction" barring appellants enforcing limitation. Held: 1. This has jurisdiction appeal 28 1252, which grants over "from interlocutory final judgment, decree order court United States . holding Act Congress unconstitutional civil its agencies, officer employee thereof, as such employee, is party." McLucas v. DeChamplain, 421 21, 95 1365, 43 699. injunction at issue creates precisely problem 1252 was addressed have this directly review decisions involving exercise judicial power impair enforcement on constitutional grounds, where decision effects beyond controversy before below—since it enjoins operation grounds across country all circumstances. Whether not framed "holding" unconstitutionality irrelevant, long enjoined statute's operation. Pp. 316-319. 2. provision does violate 319-334. (a) Invalidation would frustrate Congress' principal goal wanting get entirety award without having divide with attorney. also complicate process wished informal nonadversial possible. 321-326. (b) It take extraordinarily strong showing probability error VA's present claim procedures presence attorneys sharply diminish possibility—to warrant denies claimants due law. No made out record case. In light Government interests stake, evidence success rates handled lawyers shows no great disparity inference violates And what there regarding complex cases falls far short kind upsetting judgment system manner adjudicated. 326-334. 3. Nor appellees' rights. Appellees' arguments are inseparable claim, focused question whether allows claimant make meaningful presentation. 334-335. 589 F.Supp. 1302 (1984), reversed. Mark Irving Levy, Washington, D.C., appellants. Gordon Paul Erspamer, San Francisco, Cal., appellees. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 Northern California held limit Amendment, because veterans survivors retain counsel choice pursuing claims. We noted probable Government's appeal, 469 1085, 588, 83 698 we now reverse. 2 * by statute established administrative granting disability veterans. See 301 seq. amount benefit based upon need, but service connection—that is, causally related injury sustained service—and degree incapacity caused A detailed been regulation determining entitlement, authority resting body known Board Appeals (BVA). Judicial precluded statute. 211(a); Johnson Robison, 415 361, 94 1160, 39 389 (1974). case centers applicant recipient aid presentation his VA. Section provides: 3 "The shall determine pay fees agents recognized section allowed monetary laws administered Administration. Such fees— 4 5 "(2) exceed respect one ." 6 3405 provides criminal penalties person charges excess 3404. 7 here two widow.1 organizations National Association Radiation Survivors, organization principally concerned obtaining compensation members injuries resulting atomic bomb tests, Swords Plowshares Veterans Rights Organization, particularly devoted concerns Vietnam complaint contains further allegation numbers either claimants. did seek class certification. 8 contended 3404 appellees both these (1984). To understand fully posture reaches us necessary discuss scheme some detail. 9 began providing pensions early 1789, after every conflict nation involved has, words Abraham Lincoln, "provided him borne battle, widow orphan." created 1930, since time responsible administering congressional program benefits. 1978, year covered report Legal Services Corporation introduced into Court, approximately 800,000 were decided 58 regional offices Slightly more than half death, remainder pension Of total 400,000 allowed, 379,000 denied. Sixty-six thousand denials contested level; about quarter contests dropped, 15% prevailed reconsideration local level, remaining 36,000 appealed BVA. At level 4,500, 12%, prevailed, another 13% won remand proceedings. Although figures statistics indicate remain fairly constant year. 10 As might expected processes large number each year, prescribed contemplate adversary mode dispute resolution utilized courts country. commenced submission form agency, provided request receipt notice veteran. Upon application generally first reviewed three-person "rating board" office—consisting medical specialist, "occupational specialist." "entitled hearing CFR 3.103(c) Proceedings front rating board "are ex parte nature," 3.103(a); official appears opposition. issues extent claimant's connected. required "to assist developing facts pertinent claim," 3.103(a), consider offered claimant. 3.103(b). deciding will applicant's Armed Service records, examination hospital. Moreover, directed resolve reasonable doubts favor 3.102.2 11 After reviewing renders denying assigning "rating" pursuant regulations developed assessing various disabilities. Money calculated rating. notified board's reasons, then initiate filing "notice disagreement" agency. If agency adheres original must provide "statement case"—a written description applicable law determination—so adequately Hearings BVA subject same rules hearings—they parte, formal questioning cross-examination, apply. 19.157 BVA's review. 211(a).3 12 designed function throughout high informality solicitude There limitations, denial res judicata effect; resubmit he presents new previously forwarded. §§ 3.104, 3.105 submitting disagreement although prejudice challenge factual failing notice, quite liberal—up year—and boards instructed read most favorable 19.129, 19.124, 19.121 Perhaps importantly purposes, however, available trained agents, free charge, These representatives contemplated statute, 3402, they important part scheme. argument representative requests one, regardless affiliation particular group.4 13 support statutory Constitution, submitted affidavits declarations 16 rejected recipients 24 practicing attorneys, depositions several employees, exhibits. issued 52-page requested injunction."5 14 With merits determined possess "property" protected Clause, see Mathews Eldridge, 424 319, 96 893, 47 18 (1976) (recipients Social Security interest), applicants interest. noting never ruled latter question, relied opinions Ninth Circuit holding, similar benefits, See, e.g., Ressler Pierce, 692 F.2d 1212, 1214-1216 (CA 1982) (applicants federal rent subsidies). 15 had likelihood those entitled described above "fundamentally unfair," analysis supra, stated factors weighed deprivation: "First, private interest affected action; second, risk erroneous deprivation through used, value, if any, additional substitute procedural safeguards; finally, interest, including fiscal burdens requirement entail." U.S., 335, S.Ct., 903. 17 applying test heavily evidence; receiving significant many disabled, totally primarily dependent support. F.Supp., 1315. system, value safeguard representation, represented dissatisfied sought failed solely found absent expert ran forfeiting rights, highly cases. processes, reasoned, allow waive points altogether file disagreement; addition, simply equipped engage development cases, spot errors boards. Id., 1319-1321. alleviated problems, "neither officials themselves nor full array services claimants." 1320. Even assuming personnel willing go way claimant, point accept,6 event resources permit substantial investments necessary. independent testimony establish connection, examinations 19 reaching conclusions problems presented "complex cases"—a depositions. Though expressly defined apparently include slow therefore difficult find connected, associated exposure radiation harmful chemicals, well other identified deponents matters judgment. Nowhere estimate percentage annual caseload comprise, precise class. named plaintiffs plaintiff asserted claims, addition asserting contained record, suggests sum extremely small; 1982, example, roughly 2% consisted "agent orange" "radiation" even less—perhaps little 1,000. 20 representatives, again unsatisfactory. admitting "lack dedication," heavy lack training combined prevent researching claim. Facts developed, "it standard practice submit merely page handwritten brief." 1322. 21 Based inability range retained might, concluded demonstrated "high deprivation" administered. Ibid. "failed demonstrate suffer harm lifted." 1323. only suggested "paternalistic" assertion ensure do turn portions unscrupulous lawyers. "less drastic means" confront problem. 22 Finally, Court's Mine Workers Illinois Bar Assn., 217, 88 353, 426 (1967), Railroad Trainmen Virginia rel. State Bar, 377 1, 84 1113, 89 (1964), establishing "the principle petition, association speech protect efforts individuals effective constituents themselves." 1324. right "adequate representation" "meaningful access courts," found, infringed limitation—again justification Government. 1325-1326. 23 reiterating failure proof likely harms arising doing away limitation, enjoining "enforcing attempting enforce provisions 3404-3405. 1329. limited plaintiffs, processed California, sits. II Before proceeding deal our jurisdiction, raised taken party, "holds" unconstitutional. problem, course, given court's cast terms states success" specifically state 25 write clean slate. 699 (1975), similarly entertained granted preliminary constitutes "exception" policy minimizing mandatory docket Court," went state: 26 "It argued that, injunction, determination appellee's finally 'hold' article By terms, applies judgments, decrees, orders, properly invoked when below unconstitutionality, least if, here, forms predicate grant equitable relief." 30, 1371. 27 think controlled McLucas. true actually unconstitutional, whereas statements less direct. But semantic difference case; inasmuch reached stage revision, University Texas Camenisch, 451 390, 395, 101 1830, 1834, 68 175 (1981), should conclusively said likely, so appellate niceties. Grace Brethren Church, 457 393, 405, 102 2498, 2506, 73 93 (1982) ("§ though lower declare ."). Indeed, note use word bit red herring. "against constitutionality Congress," Aug. 24, 1937, ch. 754, 2, 50 Stat. 752;7 language changed codified 1948, "holding unconstitutional," change effected substantive comment, comment during codification intended alter scope. Muniz Hoffman, 422 454, 467-474, 2178, 2185-2189, 45 319 (1975). Any fair reading conclude constitutionality" 3404, loath unheralded phraseology divest here. 29 acceptance accord purpose grant. Last Term, Heckler Edwards, 465 870, 104 1532, 79 878 discussed 1252's legislative history. enacting identify category adverse Congress—which decisions, implications court—and expeditious means ensuring certainty uniformity direct 879-883, 1537-1540. Edwards teaches targeted decide. pointed McLucas, contemplates impairment can arise just "any proceedings." Cf. Goldstein Cox, 396 471, 476, 90 671, 674, 663 (1970) (28 1253 authorizes appeals injunctions three-judge courts). single district judge's enforced frustrates run surely effect. gave immediate situation upheld continue supra. addressed, Thus, believe 1252. III 30 Judging considered " 'the gravest delicate duty called perform,' Rostker Goldberg, 453 57, 64, 2646, 2651, 69 478 (1981) (quoting Blodgett Holden, 275 142, 148, 48 105, 107, 72 L.Ed. 206 (1927) (Holmes, J.)), begin deference customarily duly enacted carefully coequal branch Indeed think, anything, here; relevant purposes books 120 years. McCulloch Maryland, Wheat. 316, 401-402, 579 (1819). afforded guaranteed Schweiker McClure, 456 188, 1665, (1982); 349, 909. seriously awry 31 accepted bears operation, deprives "life, liberty property, law," Const., Amdt. 5, depriving counsel.8 Our "due process" flexible concept—that termination vary depending importance attached circumstances occur. Mathews, 334, 902; Morrissey Brewer, 408 481, 92 2593, 2600, 33 484 (1972). defining "fundamental fairness" require used guard against comprehensive preclude possibility error," Mackey Montrym, 443 13, 99 2612, 2618, 61 321 (1979), emphasized marginal gains affording often outweighed societal cost safeguard. 348, 909.9 32 general principles reflected set purported follow, requires action, safeguards, government's adhering existing system. keep mind, owed Congress, fact very nature inquiry indicates fundamental fairness procedure result obtained rather, "procedural shaped inherent truth-finding applied generality rare exceptions." 344, 907; Parham J.R., 442 584, 612-613, 2493, 2509, (1979). articulated debates 1862 Civil War, this: managed sufficiently need employment entitled, receive lawyer. Hall, 98 (8 Otto) 343, 352-355, 180 (1879). reinforced absolute prohibition representative. 3402(b)(1). While recently proposals modify respects, Senate Committee Report 1982 highlighted body's concern changes relating attorneys' induce unnecessary retention disrupt unnecessarily network nonattorney evolved absence involvement matters." S.Rep. 97-466, p. 49 (1982). professed Senate's belief protecting "no longer tenable," nevertheless exception effect, "protect claimants' benefits" being diverted lawyers.10 34 face commitment century, say governmental interest: 35 government neither shown lifting way, except paternalistic protector supposed best interests. role valid, deplete benefits." 36 invalidate cavalierly dismissing long-asserted purpose. "paternalism" insignificant astray 1792, prohibited "sale, transfer mortgage [of a] soldier become due." Ch. 11, 6, 245. Acts books, Fair Labor Standards Act, "paternalistic"; indeed, once opined "[s]tatutes review, limiting hours grown intelligent men labor earn living, mere meddlesome interferences individual. Lochner New York, 198 45, 61, 539, 544, 937 (1905). That day fortunately gone, condemnation rational paternalism legitimate goal. 37 doubt invalidation oft-repeated it. Attorneys freely employable end up paying award, equivalent, consequence striking down deleterious plan. concomitant desire making nonadversarial complicated inquiries rendered simple expedient informality, desired proceedings possible.11 regular introduction unlikely Describing prospective impact probation revocation proceedings, Gagnon Scarpelli, 411 778, 787-788, 1756, 1762, 656 (1973): significantly proceeding. probationer parolee, normally own counsel; lawyers, disposition, advocates bound professional clients' positions contest vigor views. itself akin judge trial, attuned rehabilitative needs Certainly, decisionmaking prolonged, financial State—for appointed counsel, review—will insubstantial." 40 Wolff McDonnell, 418 570, 2963, 2981, 41 935 (1974), prison disciplinary "inevitably give cast. Knowledgeable thoughtful observers language: 42 "To sure, perform useful functions welfare instances mass justice; bring ignored unknown authorities, help work satisfactory compromises. side coin. Under sure truth ascertained advance client's cause ethical means. Within propriety, causing delay sowing confusion duty. appearance citizen lead one—or act like one. conference leading amicable protracted controversy. 44 "These concerning confrontation inevitably better abandon certain areas justice. experiment sharp break tradition process, tradition, come serious distinguished judge, formulated thousands hearings month." Friendly, "Some Kind Hearing," 123 U.Pa.L.Rev. 1267, 1287-1290 apart frustration destruction bid scarcely open permitted compensated could indeed lawyer representation. small step factually obviously deserving nonetheless feel impelled attorneys. complexity undoubtedly engender greater costs, money beneficiaries. 46 accordingly Eldridge weight accorded stake flexibility approach room resolution; legislatures considerable leeway formulate forced conform rigid code necessities. 608, n. 16, 2507, 16. system—and hesitation indicated earlier opinion, annually awards level. An 10,000 succeed not, these, 16% possible declarants parties wrongfully BVA, quantify "erroneous deprivations" among regards "correct" case, follows "wrong" reversed Board. Passing quantifying deprivation, ask proposed reducing error. fortunate bear unchallenged chronicle type summarized following record. App. 568. ULTIMATE SUCCESS RATES BEFORE THE BOARD VETERANS' APPEALS BY MODE REPRESENTATION American Legion............. 16.2% Red Cross.......... 16.8% 51 Disabled Veterans.. 16.6% 52 Foreign Wars.... 16.7% 53 Other nonattorney........... 15.8% 54 representation........... 15.2% 55 Attorney/Agent.............. 18.3% helpful, view infrequently expertise regularly pro bono sporadic basis. felt reliable index effect statistical study discharge uniformed showed higher rate compared represented. 56 unconvincing, lacking ought evaluating Congress. competent taking basis effort, reason why experience causation numerous readily transferable lawyers' military upgrade discharges—proceedings conducted VA, services—are preferred show litigation devoted. 57 concluded, independently ill-founded statistics, (1) procedurally, factually, legally complex, (2) presently designed, "unable performed attorney." Unfortunately findings "complexity" almost entirely plan abstract, together references "complex" orange, post-traumatic stress syndrome. attempt how complexities run-of-the-mine unusual cited respond timely initial despite nothing indicating requirements led unintended forfeiture diligent On procedures, seem burdensome: ample requesting response. steps complied with. cannot, hypothesized, could, cannot advice limits. definition quantification term understood asserts 1,000 involve appear term: 25% orange 30% disposed reveals What majority questions fact, disability; turns pending tiny fraction pending. Neither matter attention tells this. 59 treatment usefulness plane times receive—a conceded—but suggest availability reduce run-of-the-mill Simple capable context, crystal clear 609-612, 2507-2509. so-called factor preventing know up. much favorable, still hurdle posed enunciated judged applies, therefore, sufficient group them. necessary.12 60 Reliable slightly all. Evidence comparatively few hundreds adequate proper disposition existence conclusion compensate element previous Constitution permits attorney, occasion Sixth affords Gideon Wainwright, 372 792, 799 (1963), Argersinger Hamlin, 407 25, 2006, 530 (1972), prosecuting indigent afford defense. gainsay adversarial nature, course 62 (1973), observed identifying arguments, charged violation involved. weighing threatened parental depends Lassiter Department Durham County, 452 18, 2153, 640 while dissenters thought balancing appointment 35, 2163 (BLACKMUN, J., joined Brennan Marshall, JJ., dissenting). 63 where, property continued conferred terminated nonadversary proceeding, precedents tangential relevance. rely Goldberg Kelly, 397 254, 1011, 287 (1970), "counsel delineate issues, contentions orderly manner, conduct recipient." 270-271, 1021-1022. crucial context eligibility deprive eligible live waits. His concentrate finding daily subsistence, turn, adversely affects ability redress bureaucracy." 264, 1018 (emphasis original). 64 payments depended subsistence. Just dispositive evidentiary prior temporary 342-343, 906, determinative employ counsel. York permitting check proceeding; personal compensated, allowing 906. 65 distinguishable operate adversarially. needed opposing trial-type appears, safeguards representative, decisionmaker whose concessions burden proof, considerably diminished. expressed approximate trials, instead nonadversary. 608-609, 2507; Goss Lopez, 419 565, 583, 729, 740, 725 (1975); 2981. 66 Thus none dealing constitutionally Especially adduced consideration wishes 200, 1672, 907, abused discretion otherwise. IV 67 address suggestion courts" members, correct conceptual difficulties extending cover unions union recommend appear, associate collectively common good. contrast, challenged across-the-board alike. passing base, really thrust notion claimants, speak court, someone them, surrogate speaker;13 questionable proposition, recognizes attach "meaningful" alternative. foregoing substantially question—whether presentation—and favored "speech" attack. significance. Reversed. O'CONNOR, whom BLACKMUN joins, concurring. 70 I join agree issuing 3404(c). insufficient evaluate identifiable groups. separately remand. 71 license depart standards courts, always "abuse discretion" injunction. Doran Salem Inn, Inc., 922, 931-932, 2561, 2567-2569, 648 explains, appropriate practical invalidates circumstances, "assure[s] affirming removing restraint administration 882, 1539, id., 1881, nn. (§ closely tied speedily effectuation Congress). Contrary BRENNAN, post, 355, effectuates vacating improperly issued. Since reach merits, cloud remains today's exists constitutionality. merits. justify sort categorical relief pose injunctive relief. (1976). Given typical simplified sweeping facial invalidity. Ante, 329-330. observes, "is 'complex' cases" constitute "group" "[in]sufficient majority." 329-330; 617, 2511, "determination [may] var[y]" regard "situation differs" respects 2511. narrowly drawn discrete posture, sound carving subclass assistance capabilities assure '[a] case.' Boddie Connecticut, 401 371, 378, 91 780, 786, 113 (1971), quoting Mullane Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 306, 313, 652, 656, 865 (1950). 329. 74 Nevertheless, my understanding reversing "as applied" ruling rehearing 39-42. Appellee Albert Maxwell, alleges retired notify dropped Mr. Maxwell's records suffers malaria contracted Bataan march multiple myelomas allegedly prisoner war remove debris Japan. 45-89. Maxwell contends historical Doris Wilson, her husband's cancer testing, waived unprepared represent her. She she unable information. 217. 75 stage. concludes "per se boards' emphasis "[o]n remand, [the procedures] meet opinion." 616-617, 76 MARSHALL dissenting. 77 today entry restraining trial contention statutes Amendments. 318-319.1 proceeds sustain ground presentation" behalf 335. issue, constrained reasons eloquently forth STEVENS' dissent, join. 78 separately, authorized Because propriety scope rests initially 1292(a)(1), petition writ certiorari. contrary wholly inconsistent history well-established respecting injunctions, sense. hold applied. Instead, considering motion pretrial Rule Rules Procedure, "demonstrated prevailing" challenges. 1302, 1323 (ND Cal.1984); 1307, 1327, potential irreparable balance hardships success. "shown relief" hardship weighs [their] favor." 1329.2 Accordingly, broad "pending above-entitled action." advised oral argument, extensive discovery underlying issues. Tr. Oral Arg. 31-32.3 80 assertion, "semantic difference" between 317. Until today, "likelihood merits" "tantamount merits"; "significantly different." 393-394, 1832-1833, (1981). Preliminary "balance factors" "procedures complete merits," "a actual controversy." 395-396, 1834 added). orders abuse-of-discretion standard: sweeps too broadly, improper hardships, overdrawn. 2567-2568, Brown Chote, 452, 457, 1732, 1735, 420 (1973). standard, "intimate ultimate 934, 2569; 1735.4 For "grave, far-reaching questions" presented: preliminary-injunction "simply insufficient" merits; litigants reached; disputed fact,5 factfinder. 1735. 81 empower police preliminary-injunctive courts. "prompt last resort acts Congress."6 relies language—permitting lower-court unconstitutional"7—or statute—permitting Congress"8—it obvious consummated carry rendering prompt legislation. Jurisdiction Raines, 362 17, 20, 519, 522, 524 (1960) added)9 "likelihood" equate "in fact." Where relief, fulfilled (if faithful precedent) "ultimate issue. constituted abuses discretion, perhaps disagree ultimately prevail. supervision subsumed left instance appeals. 82 argues, explicitly judgment" within 316-317, 318-319. reinforces revision" unpersuasive. precedent 1291 1292(a), "tentative, incomplete"10 "conclusively question."11 Interlocutory falling may, immediately "fully decisions" dispositively affirmed reversed.12 "bare fact"13 theoretically "subject reopening judge" circumstances.14 1292(a) when, matter, suppose" anything definite.15 "remains open, unfinished inconclusive," hand, "there intrusion appeal" unresolved issue.16 manifest. inconclusive render advisory binding or, intended, usurp pass instance. "Appeal gives upper intervention."17 elementary distinction force 1252.18 authoritatively dispatch. Fleming Rhodes, 331 100, 102, 1140, 1141, 1368 (1947), eviction tenants prohibiting evictions 26-27, 1369, Columbia preliminarily reliance unconstitutional—"a decision," noted, "binding 1370. final. 85 48-year assumed done determinations inherently "open, [and] inconclusive,"19 discretion. because, concedes, decide." 318 added).20 revision finality, exercising forbidden "power intervention" rather review.21 intervention barred well.22 86 contends, "across circumstances," grant"—provision "an Act." ante, 336-337 (O'CONNOR, concurring). unquestionably "expeditious" resolving questions,23 decided—a condition met 2569. reasoning broadly. confined circumstances." 319. 336 circumstances.24 Allowing "great public interest" securing determinations" validity hand.25 order26—barring individuals, precedential obscure. case-specific equities situations. burdensome order, potentially implicating statutes. impact, bootstrap precedents: determination.27 broadly expansive improvident impede functioning emphasized, "[s]wift it" jurisdiction.28 Pursuant promptly injunctions. Courts routinely supervise trial-court superior position injury, abuse discretion.29 imperative deviation normal settlement certiorari 2101(e). hesitated swift extraordinary moment demanding reasons.30 procedure, exceptional leave appeals—which "recognize vital element" challenges relief.31 construction respectfully submit, expanded business One consideration, provisions, sheds fallacy jurisdictional reasoning. originally Judiciary 752. since-repealed 2282 (1970 ed.). "[n]o permanent suspending enforcement, execution of, setting aside, whole part, Congress" challenging unless resolved court. built-in authorization Supreme "order, decree, case." enter "temporary stay suspension, part," "until application," inter alia, "irreparable loss damage."32 instant respects. First, flatly convening reviewable Hicks Pleasure House, 404 3, (1971) (per curiam) (preliminary "issued [28 U.S.C.] 2284(3) 1292(a)").33 sense channel channeling identical fall Second, repealed 197634 policing Whereas formerly routed 2282, 2283 ed.), believed consistent administration. "One committee granting, denial, believes clearly vested Appeal, able exist effectively Barron Holtzoff (Wright ed.) 1371-78." 94-204, Code Cong. Admin. News 1976, pp. 1988, 1998.35 thereby firm intention monitoring instance, reserve themselves.36 proper, six Members divided BLACKMUN, eschews challenge. "[t]he stage," express views as-applied 338 (concurring opinion). Nor, properly, O'CONNOR purport statutes, question. observes invalidity." 337 governs concluding injunction." 336. preferable reasons: above, approach, avoiding challenges, slightest furthered 1252—ensuring statutes.37 different tack. notes "abused finding. 312-313, 315, 334. essence approach. repeatedly seeks bona fides describing quotation marks: 308, 312, 316. Having thus "semantic[s]" "little difference," 317, assert, repeatedly, "held $10] Amendment," 307 added).38 mischaracterized decision, purports decide 5—bootstrapping past rule cases39 observing decide," paved "review" three-part (1976), test. focuses current safeguards. rummages partially seizes scattered eve tested merits—and pronounces "reliable" compelling. 331.40 excoriates muster unconstitutionality: such" evidence, "nothing" "holding," showing" unconstitutionality. 326, 329, 330.41 preordained: "make attorney's assistance, 97 brand adjudication extraordinary. faithfully judges departs evade purporting view[s]" unfortunate aberration, threaten transformation action.42 Individual essentially hands behind backs: successfully intervene de novo selected "reliable," castigate adduce "merits" ringing proclamation constitutional. construed Unlike short-circuit principled adjudication. vacated remanded fresh Circuit. Christian Echoes Ministry, 561, 566, 663, 666, 716 (1972) curiam ). dissent. STEVENS, BRENNAN join, 100 appreciate liberty. vast lawyer, 329-330, processing large, participation 327. Everyone agrees, and, simplify helping organize controlling 328, cases? answers: consequences improvidence, 323; bureaucratic program. 323-325. legitimate, imposed $10-fee explain add flaws analysis, impose limitation—$5 per claim—was 1862.1 years later replaced survived ever since.2 extortion bargains lawyers.3 Obviously, scoundrels enough charging excessive fees. 103 enacted, presumably reasonable. preparing filling form, average serviceman's base pay, equivalent $580 today.4 inception, precluding reputable then, now, "agents attorneys."5 aimed confirmed penalties. Instead agreement unenforceable—as anticipatory pledge future unenforceable—the flat indirect collection fee, imprisoned hard labor.6 moneylender merchant try advantage difficulty collecting bill, jail. 3405, "directly indirectly," apply consultations itself. market, briefest $10. 1864 charge fees—effectively services.7 106 blends discussion implies other. Actually merit separate analysis. 107 herring.8 participating should.9 regulated hearings, length submissions, ways, agency's increased appearing se.10 emphasizes desirable enables lay handle assume clarity profession, skilled communicators dedicated clients. Only incompetent rationally efficiency undermined participate whenever services. categorically reject assumption. 108 lawyer's counterproductive few, illustrated obligation parolee makes squarely required.11 Although, surprisingly, 324-325, him. case-by-case endorsed Gagnon12 Lawyers cases.13 efficient plainly indirectly accomplishes discouraging 109 improvidence prevented overcharging Most appropriately, approval, ceiling, exceptions especially justified 1864. dollar, character proceed 110 Affairs concluded: 111 "As S. 330 (VA pages 16-17 (reprinted 98-99 S.Rept. 96-178)), Congressional War World I, representing grounded unfair retaining unwarranted portion entitlement return assistance. Whatever imposed, upholding (see, Gendron Saxbe, 1303 (C.D.Cal.), aff'd mem. sub nom, Levi, 423 802, 9, Staub Johnson, 574 637 (D.C.Cir.1978)), Committee's organized bar, widespread bar associations behavior, tenable. 112 undue hindrance select choosing matters. officers excellent expects prosper, undiminished However, arbitrarily restricted preference second conclude, critical develop record." 50-51 growth active virtually eliminated danger tempted waste recognized, competent, 114 evident unwise insult profession. correctly presumption attaches challenger demonstrating so, aspects rhetoric: Its age repudiation 115 validity. Surely jure segregation Education, 347 483, 686, 873 (1954), gerrymandered voting districts Baker Carr, 369 186, 691, (1962), rules. passage time, eroded legislation rational. cuts against, 116 incorrectly invalidated protection workers, response bargaining employers health group. misleading imply rejection endorsement 323. event, operates irrational. protection, importance.14 117 apparent irrationality. consult connection firmly Amendment15 Amendment.16 118 Administration's law, satisfied proved "probability system" unacceptable.17 326. short, percent decided, worry erroneously counsel? 119 assumption individual's sovereign second-class assigned material balanced utilitarian scale costs benefits.18 fashioning program, appropriately weigh pecuniary costs. Government.S19 spend advancing Government.20 indicated, disputes Government, guise deny choice, society.21 citizen's independent, aspect democracy.22 crabbed concept "liberty,"23 unawareness guardian freedom.24 121 view, citizen—whether terminate social security killed battlefield—the priceless. bargained totalitarian appraisal error.25 122 Unfortunately, mistake obvious. fourth died pendency 3.102 (1984) states: consistently administer interpretation, consistent, When, careful procurable assembled data, arises origin, disability, point, meant satisfactorily prove disprove yet pure speculation remote possibility. reconciling contradiction impartial mind grounded. Mere suspicion submitted, impeachment facts, justifiable doctrine entire, otherwise warrants doctrine. basic incident arose combat, strenuous conditions, results hardships." Despite preclusion entertain attacks systems. 86% 12% se, 190. Counsel choice. appellants' summary affirmance (DC Cal.), summarily nom. heard Gendron. questioned serve simultaneously," "conflict" pressure purse." 1320, 17. indication bias record—quite contrary. accept adjudicators presumptively bias. 752, provided: "In suit States, intervened party. persons already "legitimate entitlement" qualifications. held, receipt. Atkins Parker, 472 115, 128, 2520, 2528, (1985); alleged diminution received, includes employed infra, ----, define requested. 1276 (1975): realized entail expenditure resources, expense undeserving probably pockets deserving." dissent quotes liberally Report, 365-366, intending justified. quote misleading. bill decisions. end, "some easing fees" pursue sections quoted STEVENS explained benefits," until need" worth House enacted. "both familiar adversarial. 1321. conclusion, referred admitted familiarity acquired certified appellee Ploughshares student. Wisconsin 1981, staff member 1980. boards, practices. Both regarded "adversarial." Two testified experience, "very adversarial" opposed me turn. Anecdotal jury exist. massive offices, entire operated governing regulations. bolstered alluded earlier. 322, bills withdrawn occurring time. accompanying informally nonadversarially, "relatively uncomplicated procedure," quality representation." 49-50 Each unanimously passed Senate, Committee, leaving 97th Cong., 2d Sess. 636, 98th 1st (1983). When deference, institution amass amounts data bearing 72-73, 2655-2656, (1981); Vance Bradley, 440 93, 111-112, 939, 949-950, 171 (1979); Katzenbach McClung, 379 294, 377, 290 (1964). contradicted findings, record; mention FEC Conservative Political Action 470 480, 493, 1459, 1466, 455 (1985), answers proposition "so [it] seldom need[s] explicitly," restricts core political speech, FEC, differ restriction prohibits receives "shall fined $500 years, both." absolutely support" 1328, 23. Appellees, motion: SCDDC Claimants lose claims"; exacts toll Claimants' V.A. grievances, V.A., association," "loss freedoms, temporarily, injury"; (3) "many Agent Orange Cordray Warehime, die redress. herein, Charles Targett, brain filed." Plaintiffs' Memorandum Points Authorities Support Application Injunction, C-83-1861-MHP, 17-19 Cal. Nov. 14, 1983) added) (Preliminary Injunction Memorandum). Exhibit E, Declaration P. Erspamer ¶ ("Based knowledge conditions Messrs. acquaintance believe, regrettably, survive trial"). observed, "[a]t [before court] defendants 5. Corrick, 298 435, 829, 1263 (1936); Alabama 279 229, 266, 675 (1929); Fuel Gas Co. Public Comm'n West Virginia, 278 157, 402 R. Robertson F. Kirkham, 196, 208, 217 (1951). H.R.Rep. 212, 75th Sess., (1937) H.R.Cong.Rep. 1490, (1937); 963, (1937). Remarks floor debate reinforce resolution. Cong.Rec. 3254 (remarks Rep. Sumners) (provision enable constitutionality"); 3256 Brewster) "obviate delays concerned"); 3260-3261 (case "would constitutionality"; "[w]hen raised, quickly carried properly"); 3267 McFarlane) "expedite testing Congress"); 3272 ("where expedite question"). Frankfurter Fisher, Business October Terms, 1935 1936, Harv.L.Rev. 577, 614, 616-617 (1938) (the "essence" speedy test" "securing Court"). full: "Any party Canal Zone, Guam Virgin Islands Puerto Rico, suit, "A received subsequent cross All treated Court." therefor thereof thirty days order; taken, cross-appeal previously, sixty section, States. docketed earliest precedence character. derogation law." 877, 1536-1537, (1984); 30-31, 1371, 563-566, 664-666, ); 103-104, 1142, (1947); Garment Workers' Donnelly 304 243, 249, 875, 879, 1316 (1938). Cohen Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 541, 546, 1221, 1225, 1528 (1949). Coopers Lybrand Livesay, 437 463, 468, 2454, 2457, 351 (1978). Abney 431 651, 659, 2034, 2040, 651 (1977). C. Wright, A. Miller, E. Cooper, Practice Procedure 3911 (Wright, Cooper). Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital Mercury Construction 460 12, 927, 935, 765 13. Firestone Tire Rubber Risjord, 449 368, 375, 669, 675, 571 MacDonald, 435 850, 854-855, 1547, 1549-1550, (1978); Eisen Carlisle Jacquelin, 417 156, 172, 2140, 2150, 732 1225. Stack Boyle, 342 7, (1951) (opinion Jackson, J.) ("[I]t reviewable. judgment") Similar distinctions "final" state-court judgments decrees 1257. Cox Broadcasting Corp. Cohn, 469, 476-487, 1029, 1036-1042, 328 Laborers' Curry, 371 542, 548-551, 531, 535-537, 514 (1963). "When bypass appeals, linked controversies constitutionality, well, fees, remedy, state-law natural "Because logical which, standing alone, follow route unconstitutionality." 880, 1538 argues finality "bit herring" version 8, "[a]ny 'against constitutionality' 12. disagree. Every dismiss 26, substantiality plaintiff's characterized "against" "for" else terminated. do, definite than, say, "genuine issues" remaining. Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 56(c). differences kind. inconclusive." EEOC Wyoming, 226, 1054, 1057, (1983); 404-407, 2505-2507, Lee, 252, 256, 1051, 127 Darusmont, 292, 293, 549, 550, 513 104, 1142. Temporary eventual although, hardships. Cooper 2951, 507-510. extends "Congress enact open-ended 'impact' remedial important, touchstone party's significance decision. before, after, rendition 1254(1); 18. mandated predicated upon" 884, 1540. Court: cut indefinite notions "importance" "wide-ranging impact." "[L]itigants whether, perfect 1536-1537. pertained repeal 351-354, 32-35. J. Moore, Lucas, K. Sinclair, Moore's Practice, 2947-2950. Nixon, 683, 686-687, 3090, 3096-3097, 1039 (1974) (certiorari "because resolution"); Youngstown Sheet Tube Sawyer, 343 579, 863, 1153 (1952); Workers, 258, 677, 884 Ex Quirin, 317 (1942); Carter Coal 238, 855, 1160 Retirement Alton 295 330, 758, 1468 (1935); Bankers Norman Baltimore Ohio 294 240, 407, 885 (1935). Aaron 357 567, 1189, 1190, 1544 (1958); Aaron, 358 1401, 1407, (1958). "No repugnant circuit acting judges, judge. senior (or absence, presiding judge) located designate application. be, purpose, designated determination. five days' Attorney General suit: Provided, damage petitioner granted, application, aforesaid, contain specific finding, reference thereto, specifying damage. expedited practicable day. denying, hearing, derives text, Pub.L. 94-381, 1119. W. Holtzoff, 1371-1378 (1958), discusses, staying "clearly vested" misplaced. citing (1970). correctly, Court—Justices concurring Justices dissent—has facially categories 2569, 327-330, 330-331, 314, 324, 327-334. implicate federal-court 1254(2) (granting [is] invalid treaties States"); 1257(1) [the] validity" treaty statute). Sections July 1862, personnel, follows: "Sec. 6. executed papers pension, bounty, allowance, Pension Office act, rates: declaration applicant, affidavits, forwarding Office, requisite correspondence, dollars. wherein Commissioner Pensions, affidavit forwarded (except surgeons, fees,) dollar fifty cents. 7. shall, indirectly, demand preceding contract prosecute allowance centum upon, withhold pensioner deemed guilty misdemeanor, conviction offence, exceeding hundred dollars, both, according aggravations offence." 4, 1864, sixth seventh substituted maximum $10: pension-office, ten dollars; demanded obtained; 'An pensions,' approved fourteenth, eighteen sixty-two, hereby repealed." 389. reenacted Act. Cong.Globe, 37th 2101, 3119 (1862); 41st 1967, 4459 (1870). Calhoun Massie, 253 170, 173, 474, 475, 843 (1920). averaged $231 1865. Dept. Commerce, Bureau Census, Historical Statistics Colonial Times 1970, Part $13,400 1984. Statistical Abstract 1985, 345. Today, elaborate greatly increased. seldom, ever, asked fill form. Recently, sanctions analysis: effort regulate Postal Greenburgh Civic Assns., [101 2676, 517] dismissal speaker employment, Connick Myers, 461 138 [103 1684, 708] flat, sanction. PAC, 496, 1468, (1985). 349 stated: low income qualifies services, precludes VA." (letter Acting Director Hon. Alan Simpson, dated 1981). removed Appeals. "Enactment estimated cost." 79. removal "proposed procedure." accurate proposal qualified spokesmen procedure. unequivocally harmed wrote: interests." Cal.1984). "We inflexible responsibility parole undesirable fairness—the process—will probationers parolees." 790, 1763. noted: derives, invariable attributes peculiarities cases." 789, 1467, "allowing forbidding $1,000 hall amplifying system." analogy, Brandeis' statement Olmstead 277 438, 564, 944 (1928), remembering context: "Experience teach beneficent. Men born freedom naturally alert repel invasion evil-minded rulers. greatest dangers lurk insidious encroachment zeal, well-meaning understanding." 479, 572 (Brandeis, Wright Ingold, 445 109, 111-112 (CA7 1971). Some propositions explicitly. series protects solicit business, situations others. Compare re Primus, 436 412, 423-426, 1893, 1900-1901, (1978), Ohralik 447, 1912, 444 necessarily for, receive, acknowledged Primus footnote 426, 1902, ("There activity Amendment"). ordinary communication client protected, doubly abridgment grievances. Motor Transport Trucking Unlimited, 508, 510, 609, 611, 642 seems defect regulations." 11. protesting denigration rights: fairness, relatively prosecutors, defense priceless." 60, 2176, (dissenting). Framers powers exercised branches Legislature, Executive, Judiciary—and coexist sovereigns people territory. Surely, motivated improve economy, design perfectly clear. text replete secure blessings liberty—or conversely, tyranny notwithstanding Significantly, protections evils monarch, executive power, unrestrained majority. delegations tripartite division Legislature Houses, staggered office, Senators serving President four Representatives two, Presidential veto guarantee life tenure judges—all checks balances misuse transient utilizes procedural-due-process somewhat Here, opportunities heard, expense, They want choose, consult, manage affairs—a unfettered society. Munn Illinois, (4 113, (1877): 'shall life, liberty, law,' says Fourteenth Constitution. 'liberty,' provision, something physical bounds prison. equal others, dictate promotion happiness; callings avocations suitable capacities, highest enjoyment." 142 (Field, Jackson Communications Assn. Douds, 382, 442-443, 705-706, 925 (1950): priceless heritage society unrestricted will. Thought control copyright totalitarianism, error; error." Solicitor "[n]othing hiring other, charge." Brief Appellants 47. misses plain presumed consulting employing needed. privately attorneys," ibid., rejected. moreover, hand choose nonexistence. Meachum Fano, 427 215, 225-226, 2532, 2538-2539, 230, 2541 (STEVENS, was, Jack Cade followers, characters forgotten famous line misunderstood. Dick's ("The thing let's kill lawyers") spoken rebel, friend Shakespeare, King Henry VI, pt. II, IV, scene 72. reveal, Shakespeare insightfully disposing direction government. According "process them." 330.

Classification Label: 5