Legal Document

442 U.S. 707 99 Supreme Court Reporter 2560 61 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 197 Kenneth Federal KF105 F3 FARE, etc., Petitioner,v.MICHAEL C. Number 78-334. Argued Feb. 27, 1979. Decided June 20, Rehearing Denied Oct. 1, See 444 887, 100 186. Syllabus Respondent, at the time 161/2 years old, was taken into custody by Van Nuys, Cal., police on suspicion of murder. Before being questioned station house, he fully advised his rights under Miranda versus Arizona, 384 436, 86 1602, 16 694. At outset questioning, respondent, who probation to Juvenile Court, had served a term in youth corrections camp, and record prior offenses, asked see officer. But when denied this request, respondent stated would talk without consulting an attorney, then proceeded make statements draw sketches implicating him Upon charged with murder, moved suppress incriminating ground that they been obtained violation request officer constituted invocation Fifth Amendment right remain silent, just as if requested assistance attorney. The court motion, holding facts showed waived notwithstanding California reversed, respondent's for per se same way attorney found be, regardless what interrogation otherwise might reveal. This based court's view occupies position trusted guardian figure juvenile's life it normal juvenile turn apprehended police, also state-law requirement represent interests. Held: 1. erred finding Miranda, therefore because did not cease interrogating made during should have suppressed. Pp. 716-724. (a) rule accused indicates any manner wishes silent or consult must cease, unique role lawyer plays adversary system criminal justice. A is offer type legal necessary protect undergoing custodial can offer. 719-722. (b) fact relationship trust cooperation exist between does indicate capable rendering effective advice sufficient interrogation, providing other services rendered lawyer. Similarly, has statutory duty interests more protecting rights, especially where report wrongdoing serve ends system. 722-723. (c) speak constitute nor tantamount Pp.723-724 2. Whether were admissible basis waiver question be resolved totality circumstances surrounding interrogation. On record, clear voluntarily knowingly consented continued from voluntary, hence their admission proceeding correct. 724-727. 21 Cal.3d 471, 146 Cal.Rptr. 358, 579 Pacific Reporter, 2nd 7, reversed remanded. Mark Alan Hart, Los Angeles, petitioner. Albert Judge Menaster, respondent. Mr. Justice BLACKMUN delivered opinion Court. 1 In 694 (1966), established certain procedural safeguards designed accused, Fourteenth Amendments, free compelled self-incrimination specified, among things, statement thereafter may admitted against trial. Id., 444-445, 473-474, S.Ct., 1612-1613, 1627-1628. 2 case, State California, person its acting chief officer, attacks conclusion while pronounced Miranda. 3 * Respondent Michael implicated murder Robert Yeager. occurred robbery victim's home January 19, 1976. small truck registered name mother identified having near Yeager killing, young man answering description seen witnesses shortly before murdered. 4 information, took approximately 6:30 Page m. February 4. old He since age 12. Approximately one year earlier camp supervision several previous including burglary guns purse snatching, stretching back over years. 5 arrival Nuys house two officers began interrogate him. only persons room conversation tape-recorded. One initiated interview informing brought questioning relation rights. following exchange occurred, set out re C., 359-360, 8 (1978) (emphasis added court): 6 "Q. . Do you understand all these & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions explained them you? 7 "A. Yeah. Okay, do wish give up your us about murder? 9 What don't know no 10 I'll explain which want it. 11 Yeah, you. 12 present here we it? 13 Can my here? 14 Well can't get hold now. You 15 How guys won't pull tell me he's attorney? Huh? [How attorney?] 17 Your Christiansen. 18 19 I'm going call Christiansen tonight. There's good chance later, but If present, can. to, to. say something, can, something That's right. right? 20 will present? 22 Yeah you." 23 thereupon answer questions put officers. drew incriminated 24 Largely statements, authorities filed petition alleging murdered Yeager, Cal.Penal Code Ann. § 187 (West Supp.1979), adjudged ward pursuant Cal.Welf. Inst.Code 602 Supp.1979).1 App. 4-5. gave alleged Accordingly, argued until confer could proceedings. so arguing, relied analogy decision People Burton, 375, 491 793 (1971), held minor's parents 25 support suppression called Charles KF135 P2 Christiansen, witness. testified instructed "a concern family," ever contact," touch immediately. witness that, occasion, contact failed communicate reprimanded 28. testimony, argued, indicated asserting face further questioning. 26 ruling bench, motion suppress. 41-42. It whether determined case-by-case basis, case "clear waiver" 42. observed transcript revealed specifically told them, come after prolonged noted "16 half minor through before, [probation] [and not] young, naive experience courts." Ibid. officer.2 27 appeal, transfer Appeal and, divided vote, reversed. (1978). "request commencement negated possible willingness part discuss [and] thereby invoked privilege." 474, Cal.Rptr., 360, P.2d, 8. system's emphasis probationer, exercises authority state parens patriae whose implement protective rehabilitative powers court." 476, 361, 10. As consequence, thus Burton 28 peace whenever contemplated, file committed offense, alter, view, eyes whom normally help trouble police. Cal.3d, Relying ruled unduly restrict limit reach involving " 'fatuous assume unrealistic attribute significance looks—a parent guardian.' 475-476, 9, quoting 382, 6, 797-798. dismissed expressed distinguished one's football coach, music teacher, clergyman unlike those figures life, statute juvenile. 477, 29 accordingly act precisely accused. holding, rejecting totality-of-the-circumstances inquiry, stated: 30 "Here, however, conduct which, considerations capacity, coercion voluntariness, invokes privilege self-incrimination. Thus our turns [respondent] ability, capacity knowledgeable waiver, acted voluntarily, whether, exercised privilege. We doing less protection than presence attorney." Ibid., 362, 10-11. 31 id., 478 n. 4, 362 went conclude met "burden proving requests intend assert privilege," 478, 11, trial confessions officer.3 32 petitioned writ certiorari. REHNQUIST, Circuit Justice, stayed execution mandate California. 439 1310, 3, 58 Because judgment extending aspects presents important issued writ. 925, 308, 318 II 33 note rests firmly interpretation federal law. heretofore extended beyond scope itself.4 examine determine extend harmony Miranda's underlying principles. For impose greater restrictions matter constitutional law refrains imposing them." Oregon Hass, 420 714, 719, 95 1215, 1219, 43 570 (1975) original). North Carolina Butler, 441 369, 1755, 60 286 (1979). 34 clear. order able use warn such counsel, retained appointed, U.S., 473, 1627. "Once [such] warnings given, subsequent procedure clear." 35 "If individual manner, cease. point shown intends exercise privilege; cannot product compulsion, subtle otherwise. states wants present. time, opportunity obtain speaking respect silent." 1627, 1628 (footnote omitted). 36 Any conducted rules least State's chief. 479, 1630. Cf. Harris New York, 401 222, 224, 91 643, 645, (1971). 37 Whatever defects, any, relatively rigid upon accused's virtue prosecutors specificity conducting courts are admissible. gain specificity, benefits alike, thought outweigh burdens imposes enforcement agencies requiring trustworthy highly probative evidence even though confession voluntary traditional analysis. Michigan Tucker, 417 433, 443-446, 94 2357, 2363-2365, 41 182 (1974). 38 significantly effect Based belief well interest juvenile, consultation fulfilled general, 'protective [device] dispel compulsion inherent surroundings.' 10, 458, 1619. 39 Court's perception critical ability client special preserve once becomes enmeshed process, "the counsel indispensable system" 469, 1625. Moreover, lawyer's helps guard overreaching ensures actually accurately transcribed presentation evidence. 470, 40 aspect justice country. adult stands society whole looks protector dealings courts. reason, fashioned posture regard either whole. Often trained law, advise Neither advocate, skilled representation both power behalf status adviser, communications shielded lawyer-client employee seeks prosecute offender. allied, lesser extent, fellow owes obligation State, owe supervision. most cases, bound comes attention, communication himself. Indeed, arose, responsibility filing seeking him, petitioner today.5 42 circumstances, said independent expect assigned assist officer's employer many, most, cases conflict sharply "exercising [his] professional extent client," 480-481, 1631, charge cooperate justices concurred aptly noted: "Where arises, neither neutral corner." 363, doubtful general every "trusted figure" rather punishment. By token, client's learning involvement crime investigation, advising accordingly. To facilitate this, rightly protects discovery. doubt, similar afforded minor. doubt consistent responsibilities public profession, withhold known investigation. 44 believe recognized vital administration Constitution." 481, 1631. pivotal justifies distinguishes clergyman, close friend. simply necessary, is, adult. handicapped serving suspected crime. 45 juveniles purposes sufficiently like justify extension rule. exist, find "an requirements [that] cut completely loose own explicitly rationale." Beckwith States, 425 341, 345, 96 1612, 1615, 48 (1976). Such associated simultaneously protect. otherwise, almost anyone considered enough reliable trigger 46 created render light legislated transmute offender essential legislating amorphous "duty care defendant." Though distinguish some degree coach did, expand class covered creating persons, logic extension. 47 Nor constitutes silent. indicated, fulfill plays, decline And there nothing requires necessarily expression discussed below, take account evaluating confessing. desire absence intended invoke attach overwhelming request. hold, therefore, error III 49 required given "[i]f continues taken, heavy burden government demonstrate defendant intelligently appointed counsel." 475, 1628. 373, 1757, "is form, delineated case." Thus, determination inquiry ascertain decided forgo counsel. 475-477, 1628-1629. 50 approach adequate involved. discern persuasive reasons why opposed done so. permits—indeed, mandates includes evaluation age, experience, education, background, intelligence, nature consequences waiving supra. 51 Courts repeatedly deal issues broad variety There reason courts—especially courts, expertise area—will unable apply analysis concerns often limited education immature judgment, Where fact, allow flexibility making determination. restraints dealing experienced older extensive waives consents 52 issue approach, denied. Given course, consider issue, prove 53 feel reveals ensure understood They connection informed ascertained indication denied, clearly waive continue 54 Further, factors actions. 161/2-year-old considerable arrests. full-time authorities. insufficient intelligence waiving, be. worn down improper tactics lengthy trickery deceit. 55 facts, think argues, coerced. Specifically, alleges threats promises pressure cooperating hope obtaining leniency cooperative attitude. notes wished stop questions, ignored pleas. argues afraid coerce fear caused cooperate. points wept 56 Review entire claims merit. noted, inform them. intimidate threaten way. Their restrained abuses concerned 445-455, 1612-1618. indeed attitude benefit, remarks far threatening coercive. allegation goes too far: not, question, assertions IV 57 short, conclude, rather, expressly asserted remains findings proper, remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion. 59 ordered. MARSHALL, BRENNAN STEVENS join, dissenting. sought inherently coercive pressures vitiate suspect's Noting "can operate very quickly overbear merely aware 1625, held: 62 [a suspect custody] present." 1627-1628 63 1612-1613. 64 consistently recognized, coerciveness setting heightened where, here, Haley Ohio, 332 596, 68 302, 92 L.Ed. 224 (1948), plurality reasoned 151/2-year-old particularly susceptible overbearing tactics, voluntariness "be judged exacting standards maturity." 599, 304. reiterated Gallegos Colorado, 370 49, 54, 82 1209, 1213, 325 (1962), observing 14-year-old compared full possession senses admissions." defendant, 65 aid mature steps predicament relative friend immaturity not." 66 And, Gault, 387 55, 87 1428, 1458, 527 (1967), admonished greatest assure minor's] voluntary." 67 context construe prophylactic broadly accomplish purpose—"dispel[ling] surroundings." effectuate purpose, "protective device" 465-466, 1623-1624, readily available, intimation preclude scrupulously honored. obligated attempt silence. For, '[i]t fatuous assistance,' (1978), 793, 797 him.1 likely parents, another responsible welfare, means securing surely freely. Requiring strict verbal formula protections "protect stationhouse abandoning knows ask trusts." Chaney Wainwright, 561 1129, 1134 (CA5 1977) (Goldberg, J., dissenting). reading treated assertion minors' indeed, figure[s]" assistance. addition, found, suited "on matters attorney" "how himself police." Hence, frequently secure questioning.2 69 concludes, duties, generally interests, served. Ante, 2570. ignores express initiate negate function personal adviser wards.3 second-guess assessment Murdock Memphis, Wall. 590, 626, 429 (1875); General Trading company Tax Comm'n, 322 335, 337, 1028, 1029, 88 1309 (1944); Scripto, Incorporated Carson, 207, 210, 80 619, 621, 660 (1960).4 although majority speculates ante, 721—a proposition suggested concurring 11-12 (Mosk, joined Bird, concurring)—respondent's charges "not go admit openly [but rather] lawyer." 30. Absent explicit provision judicial obligations imposed entitled deference 70 reflect kind guarantees least, signals made. contrary withdraws need protection, respectfully dissent. 71 POWELL, 72 Although agree misconstrued (1966),1 reverse judgment. care" voluntary. See, e. g., (1967); 1212, (1962); 599-600, 303-304, (1948) (plurality opinion). person, arrest stationhouse. brushes taped interrogation—as testimony hearing—demonstrates immature, emotional,2 uneducated, vulnerable skillful, two-on-one, repetitive style subjected. 54-82. 73 When desired permission "have here," refused. 55. That later communicated serious "extensive" family problems, immediately "at contact, street." 26-31.3 substantially prompt obtained. After stating "going problems," "many times kids on, supposed ." 29. understanding average 16-year-old borne when, attorney: "How attorney?" here." 74 proceeded, despite repeated denial 56-60, persistently press extracted confession. addressing detained juveniles, 75 permissible [from child], sense coerced suggested, ignorance adolescent fantasy, fright despair." 1458. 76 "admission voluntary."4 refused nevertheless engaged protracted 77 close, am satisfied particular boy, situation, subjected fair circumstances. reasons, affirm participated attempted armed evening dismissed. 6. No relating second Appeal, reported vacated, affirmed. 135 762 (1977). contention promises, "conclude knowing intelligent unless itself invoke" 765-766 include difficult "one's teacher clergyman." 766. Even applicable, held, affirmative "nothing proof 383, 798. Two 11. crime, perhaps confess, justifiably complain "that variation Mutt-and-Jeff technique criticized : initial officers, comforting presumably friendly gentle guise officer." dissented. 480, affirmed conviction dissenters pointed confusing hand, other, reversal carried requesting 363-364, 12-13. ambiguity regard. 477-478, 361-362, ambiguity, establish rule, Randall, 948, 83 658, 464 114 (1970), case. asking prompted show asserted. 956, 663, 119, 7. Randall language employed compatible showing volunteer statements. strong used see, 10-11, favor yet applies force exclude proscriptions consideration proceedings, formal prosecutions. McKeiver Pennsylvania, 403 528, 540-541, 1976, 1983-1984, 647 (1971) decide today. disposition deciding principles applicable provided declare commenced Rptr. (West’s) Welf. Inst. 650 1972). amended provide petitions prosecuting 1976 Cal.Stats., ch. 1071, 20. whatever amendment future viewed Consequently, believes mere dictum Brief 9-10, disagree. initiating complaint factor does, acts counselor significant duties. many duties incompatible provides: "It shall prepare hearing [of juvenile] social study minor, containing relevant proper 280 Supp.1979). required, Youth Authority, investigate written reports recommendations. §§ 281, 284. discovered coarse activities. 283; Penal 830.5 Supp.1970). investigative reporting instant illustrative. offered replied: 710. Significantly, allay concern. 476 361 3. intimates construing undermine rules. 718. Yet concedes "advise defendant," adults, coaches clergymen. 723. Since officials notice relationships, difficulty determining Brother POWELL "subjected circumstances," post, 734, provides guidance, affords protection. performing functions enumerated 720-721 5, best Steven Cal.App.3d 255, 264-265, 97, 101-102 (1970). thing certain. familiar performance are. Of "[i]t peculiarly within competence highest jurisdiction subject stringent minimum." 728, 1224, (Marshall, Disbrow, 101, 127 545 272 (1976) (refusing follow (1971)); Brennan, Constitutions Protection Individual Rights, 90 Harv.L.Rev. 489 purporting that: "Here self-incrimination." today read "heard tapes" "aware crying talked officers." 53. "probation official legislative enactment 'to interests' Minors become embroiled range brink majority. Some minors "street-wise," hardened criminals, deserving properly accorded Other child vary widely. actual maturity, environment, emotional mental stability, have.

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