Legal Document

407 U.S. 25 92 Supreme Court Reporter 2006 32 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 530 Jon Richard ARGERSINGER, Petitioner,v.Raymond HAMLIN, Sheriff, Leon County, Florida. Number 70—5015. Argued Dec. 6, 1971. Reargued Feb. 28, 1972. Decided June 12, Syllabus The right of an indigent defendant in a criminal trial to the assistance counsel, which is guaranteed by Sixth Amendment as made applicable Fourteenth, Gideon versus Wainwright, 372 335, 83 792, 9 799, not governed classification offense or whether jury required. No accused may be deprived his liberty result any prosecution, felony misdemeanor, he was denied counsel. In this case, Florida erred holding that petitioner, who tried for punishable imprisonment up six months, $1,000 fine, both, and given 90-day jail sentence, had no court-appointed on ground extends only trials 'for non-petty offenses more than months imprisonment.' Pp. 27 40. 236 So.2d 442, reversed. Judge Michael Shea, Tampa, Fla., petitioner pro hac vice, special leave Court. Bruce S. Rogow, Coral Gables, petitioner. Sol. Gen. Erwin N. Griswold, States, amicus curiae, George R. Georgieff, Tallahassee, respondent. [amici curiae information Page 26 intentionally omitted] Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered opinion 1 Petitioner, indigent, charged with carrying concealed weapon, both. judge, unrepresented He sentenced serve 90 days jail, brought habeas corpus action Court, alleging that, being unable layman properly raise present court good sufficient defenses charge stands convicted. four-to-three decision, ruling followed line we marked out Duncan Louisiana, 391 145, 159, 88 1444, 1452, 20 491, respects held counsel 443.1 2 case here petition certiorari, granted. 401 908, 91 887, 805. We reverse. 3 Amendment, enumerated situations has been reason Fourteenth (see supra; Washington Texas, 388 U.s. 14, 87 1920, 18 1019; Klopfer North Carolina, 386 213, 988, 1; Pointer 380 400, 85 1065, 13 923; 799; re Oliver, 333 257, 68 499, L.Ed. 682), provides specified standards 'all prosecutions.' One requirement 'public trial.' supra, trial' state proceeding even though 60-day sentence involved. U.S., at 272, S.Ct., 507. 4 Another guarantee informed nature cause accusation. Still another, confrontation. supra. And compulsory process obtaining witnesses one's favor. have never limited these rights felonies lesser but serious offenses. 5 said, 'We due requires defense, confronted against him, speedy public 18, 1922. Respecting trial, accusation, confront cross-examine witnesses, it recently stated, 'It simply arguable, nor ever held, petty secret, without notice charges, such cases accusers compel attendance own behalf.' Junker, Right Counsel Misdemeanor Cases, 43 Wash.L.Rev. 685, 705 (1968). 6 District Columbia Clawans, 300 617, 57 660, 81 843, illustrates point. There, engaging license business dealing second-hand property, fine $300 days. 'petty' one could jury. But conviction reversed new ordered, because prejudicially restricted cross-examination, Amendment. 7 jury, also where potential punishment more. But, various opinions Baldwin New York, 399 66, 1886, 437, make plain, different genealogy brigaded system judge alone. As stated Duncan: 8 'Providing peers gave him inestimable safeguard corrupt overzealous prosecutor complaint, biased, eccentric judge. If preferred common-sense judgment tutored perhaps less sympathetic reaction single it. Beyond this, provisions Federal State Constitutions reflect fundamental decision about exercise official power—a reluctance entrust plenary powers over life citizen group judges. Fear unchecked power, so typical our Governments other respects, found expression law insistence upon community participation determination guilt innocence. deep commitment Nation defense arbitrary enforcement qualifies protection under Due Process Clause must therefore respected States.' 156, 1451. While there historical support limiting 'deep commitment' 'serious cases,'2 similar limitation counsel: 10 'Originally, England, person treason aid except respect legal questions himself might suggest. At same time parties civil persons misdemeanors were entitled full . 11 '(It) appears least twelve thirteen colonies rule English common law, now consideration, definitely rejected fully recognized all prosecutions, save two instances capital crimes ..' Powell Alabama, 287 45, 60, 64—65, 53 55, 61, 77 158. 12 thus extended beyond its common-law dimensions. nothing language history, decisions indicate intended embody retraction wherein previously did require provided. See James Headley, Cir., 410 Reporter, 2nd 325, 331—332 n. 9. reject, therefore, premise since prosecutions they lawyer. 14 often requisite very existence fair trial. 68—69, 64—a case—said: 15 'The heard would be, many cases, little avail if comprehend Even intelligent educated small sometimes skill science law. crime, incapable, generally, determining indictment bad. unfamiliar rules evidence. Left put proper charge, convicted incompetent evidence, evidence irrelevant issue otherwise inadmissible. lacks both knowledge adequately prepare perfect one. guiding hand every step proceedings him. Without it, guilty, faces danger does know how establish true men intelligence, much ignorant illiterate, those feeble intellect.' 16 supra (overruling Betts Brady, 316 455, 62 1252, 86 1595), dealt limit need said: 17 '(I)n adversary justice, haled into court, too poor hire lawyer, cannot assured unless provided This seems us obvious truth. Governments, federal, quite spend vast sums money machinery try defendants crime. Lawyers prosecute are everywhere deemed essential protect public's interest orderly society. Similarly, few indeed, fail best lawyers can get their defenses. That government hires defend strongest indications widespread belief courts necessities, luxuries. crime some countries, ours. From beginning, national constitutions laws laid great emphasis procedural substantive safeguards designed assure before impartial tribunals equal noble ideal realized man face lawyer assist him.' 344, 796.3 Both involved felonies. rationale relevance liberty. suggest certain those, penalty 60 days' imprisonment: 19 'A person's reasonable opportunity defense—a day court—are basic jurisprudence; include, minimum, examine offer testimony, represented counsel.' 273, 507 (emphasis supplied). well necessary petty-offense prosecution. means convinced constitutional actually leads brief period complex when sent off See, e.g., 392 514, 2145, 1254; Thompson Louisville, 362 199, 80 624, 654; Shuttlesworth Birmingham, 382 87, 211, 176. 21 vagrancy illustrative. sentences imposed, bristle thorny questions. Papachristou Jacksonville, 405 839, 31 110. 22 Gault, 387 1, 1428, 527, juvenile delinquency which, committed adult, carried $5 $50 (id., 29, 1444), lead detention institution until reached age 21. Id., 36 37, 1448—1449. said 36, 1448) '(t)he needs cope problems skilled inquiry facts, insist regularity proceedings, ascertain submit child 'requires him," citing 69, 64. Gault felonies, presence 23 problem appeals guilty plea, looms large misdemeanor cases. needed precisely what doing, aware prospect going prison, treated fairly 24 addition, volume cases,4 far greater number create obsession dispositions, regardless fairness result. Report President's Commission Law Enforcement Administration Justice, Challenge Crime Free Society 128 (1967), states: 'For example, legislation last year increased judges, General Sessions four judges preliminary stages 1,500 7,500 38,000 traffic per year. An inevitable consequence almost total preoccupation movement calendar long, speed substituted care, casually arranged out-of-court compromise adjudiciation. Inadequate attention tends individual defendant, protecting rights, sifting facts deciding social risk presents, deal after conviction. frequent futility failure. Dean Edward Barrett observed: "Wherever visitor looks system, finds numbers processed harassed overworked officials. Police investigate. Prosecutors walk courtrooms simple take initial files. Defense appear having hasty conversations clients. Judges long calendars tomorrow next will anything longer, choice dispose "Suddenly becomes clear most process, scant regard them individuals. They dockets, faceless ones way. gap between theory reality enormous. 28 "Very observation administration justice operation required reach conclusion suffers from ills." 29 picture seen report. characterized insufficient frequently irresponsible preparation part court. Everything rush, rush.' Hellerstein, Importance Case Trial Appeal, Legal Aid Brief 151, 152 (1970). 30 There prejudice results 'assembly-line justice.' study concluded '(m)isdemeanants attorneys five times likely emerge police charges dismissed American Civil Liberties Union, Misdemeanants, Preliminary conclude, associated petty5 insure POWELL suggests raised imprisonment. Post, 48. consider requirements regards loss involved, however, fact jail. And, 73, 1890, 'the however short seldom viewed trivial matter repercussions affecting career reputation.'6 hold, absent knowing waiver, imprisoned offense, classified petty, felony, trial.7 33 view Oregon, agree. It Stevenson Holzman, 254 Or. 94, 102, 458 Pacific 414, 418: 34 hold including violations municipal ordinances. denial preclude imposition sentence.'8 35 do sit ombudsman direct manage affairs federal requirement. How should largely matter.9 technically fall within category 'criminal prosecutions' necessarily mean class10 occurs. Bar Association Project Standards Criminal 37 'As sound judicial preferable disregard characterization offense. Nor adequate provisionof services carry prison. Often, practical matter, rarely imposed types offenses, intents purposes fine. Thus, standard seeks distinguish classes real likelihood incarceration follow likelihood. noted recommend terms each particular case; draws categorical possibility.' Providing Services 40 (Approved Draft 1968). 38 Under announce today, starts local permits measure seriousness gravity name represent starts. 39 run affected today's ruling. end actual deprivation liberty, receive benefit counsel' jeopardy. Reversed. 41 BRENNAN, whom STEWART join, concurring. 42 & N Immigration Nationality Decisions join add discussion resources, ante 7. students practicing provide important source representation indigent. Council Education Professional Responsibility (CLEPR) informs 125 country's 147 accredited schools established clinical programs facultysupervised clients variety matters.* CLEPR Newsletter, May 1972, 2. These supplement practice enacted authorizing prescribed conditions. Ibid. Like Association's Model Student Practice Rule (1969), regulations permit supervised appearances CLEPR, Rules Permitting Law: Comparisons Comments (1971). Given huge increase school enrollments past years, see Ruud, Burgeoning School Enrollment, 58 A.B.A.J. 146 (1972), think plain expected significant contribution, quantitatively qualitatively, areas, decision. Chief BURGER, concurring 44 agree analysis POWELL's appraisal problems. Were able confine my focus solely burden bear providing inclined, stage development conclude commend drawing penalties excess months' confinement. Yet several cogent factors infirmities approach allows confinement trial; matter. issues simpler yet capability layman, especially opposed law-trained prosecutor. ground, assume unaided involve charges. Appeal uncounseled help die usually entered record. 45 sitting cases—and prosecutors—should recognize exactly Because engage predictive evaluation determine convicted, term. preserve option offering retain own. predict place load already overburdened compelled proper. prediction capacity experienced aided prosecuting officer. latter prepared inform prior record accused, general use violence, severity harm victim, impact community, relevant sentencing process. Since ought degree determined, ways waived available trial.* 'presentence' report passes guilt, intends urge factual basis score. 46 counse provided, additional prosecutors better facilities securing bears probability confine. 47 today surprise profession. More years ago profession, speaking through Relating Services, determined society's goal 'that society prosecution.' addressing itself, broad policy issue. Elsewhere that: 48 desirable viewpoint society.' 3. 49 After considering decide specifically 50 'Counsel denomination otherwise.' § 4.1, Pages 37—38. 51 companion Prosecution Function theme positive cast terms: 52 component justice. A constituted hear tripartite entity consisting (and appropriate), accused.' 153 historically evolving concept. dated recent 158 (1932), 799 (1963). Part evolution expressed prescriptions profession contributions organized bar lawyers—such appointed cases—have notable. burdens overtaxed, dynamics way rising placed 54 POWELL, REHNQUIST joins, 55 (1963), furnish felonies.1 question maximum imprisonment, $1,000, appointd broader offense2 afforded 56 review, agreed indigents but, vote three, imprisonment.3 six-month line, 491 (1968), subsequent 437 (1970), decided shortly below, whenever right-to-counsel drawn, drawn unskilled nonjury piecing together unassembled marshal coherent whole consistent behalf defendant. accompanying meaningless. Limiting indigent's similarly restricted. Court's Duncan, Baldwin, 843 (1937), reveal jury-trial historic origins history exists counsel; contrary, cases.4 Only Moreover, protected innocence jury—tempering possibly harsh prosecutorial power5—while important, counsel.6 am enunciated 'absent Ante, 37. me rigidity. 59 middle course, extremes Florida's rule, comports adhere principle trials, believe encompasses * accord accused's mysteriously evaporate less. Alabama7 Gideon,8 laymen identify argue Many assisted relatively defendants, ignorance handicap, incapable defending themselves. consequences conviction, served deplorable conditions jails effect employability, magnitude label 'petty.'9 61 Serious convictions Stigma attach drunken-driving hit-and-run escapade.10 Losing driver's individuals stay Bell Burson, 402 535, 1586, (1971), 'Once licenses issued, petitioner's continued possession become pursuit livelihood. Suspension, issued involves adjudicates interests licensees. taken away Amendment.' 539, 1589. 63 When property consequence,11 denying themselves 64 say appointment assessment possible sole test flat equally inflexible majority apply defined areas circumstances. mechanistic application find alternatives unsatisfactory. concept embodies principles rather immutable aspect universal fact. Some complex; others exceedingly simple. justification furnishing noted, 'That luxuries.'12 offenses; instead arresting officer presents case. afford Where possibility remote probable small, overwhelming, costs exceed benefits.13 anomalous extend exercised nonindigent defendants. 65 Indeed, effects favor classified, low-income groups minor luxury family afford. indigency assumed pay somewhat arbitrary, differently resulting inequities persons. accent disadvantage barely self-sufficient economically. 66 survey showed procedures informal, presided lay Jury rare, prosecution vigorous.14 inaccurate obtain one.15 67 Despite overbreadth, easiest solution prophylactic simplicity appealing applied automatically price pursuing easy course high indeed adverse systems States. apparent reflects wide varying definitions thereof, diversity prescribed. variations jurisdictions, ranging justices peace part-time communities elaborately staffed operate hours metropolitan centers. adopted go thrust position indicates, made, violations. rejects grounds, discretion rejection illogical—and discernible Constitution—to nominal contemplated endorse legitimacy 'non-jail' incarceration. 69 Fifth Amendments affording distinguishing deprivations property. fact, distinction. logic advances extending applies imposed. deny sentences. 70 although foreshadows adoption foresee drastic enlargement free seriously day-to-day functioning system. slow fashion unknown dimensions, supported neither precedent. II 71 concludes valid simplest circumstances, land, anyone imprisoned—however briefly—unless by, to, disquietingly barren details implemented. 72 thousands statutes ordinances authorize less, alternative include misdemeanors, spitting sidewalk misdemeanors. spectrum daily floods lower courts. down awkward dilemma. knowingly waived, duration forced advance trial—and hearing evidence—whether forgo entirely impose abandon responsibility range punishments legislature. His alternatives, assuming availability appoint vested proceed 73 followed, first victim personalized sentence. notion tailored fit abandoned categories resolving dilemma administer tempted arbitrarily divide categories—those statutory authorization. creating imprisonable sentences, overruling de facto legislative appropriate true, notes, these, occasional valuable deterrent purpose. legislatures, courts, threat imprisonment—even out—as serving legitimate function. 74 Solicitor suggested flexibility preserved technique novo contrary pretrial assumptions—justified Presumably mistrial declared, appointed, ordered. second unfair came uncounseled. longer open-minded. Finally, harsher afoul twice jeopardy offense.16 likelihood, legislatures imprisonable, unimprisonable. 75 announced unequal treatment depending open while jurisdiction type discriminatory. 76 discrimination prescribed: 'five $100 fine.' predetermined meaningful so, responded accordance whereas commits identical penalty. repetition indigents.17 To avoid options extremely rare. doubtful possess resources meet sudden expansion General, adopts, reaching. addition expense compensating mandatory 'require pre-trial prosecutors, courtroom time, bigger backlogs personnel. reporters worst bottlenecks.'18 78 emphasizing retroactive, commented 'chaos' cases: 79 '(I)f announced, massive pileup standard. delays frustrations contribution justice.'19 General's concern reflected admittedly unique suggesion regarding extraordinary demand rule. Recognizing implicitly sections country, enough either term, speculated 'clergymen, workers, probation officers, type' used 'as involving sentences.'20 Quite apart political amending difficult square suggestion meaning term 'assistance majority's concerned reassuring. footnote, presently 355,200 rapidly, doubling 1985. asserted full-time estimated 1,575 2,300, misdemeanants, excluding offenders. totally unrealistic imply potentially available. Thousands practice, work governments, corporate departments, Armed unavailable representation. Of indication qualified willing accept assignments prove lucrative most.21 82 implementation 2,300 'full-time' lawyers. defenders for, private specializing in, all, coordinate schedules oppointment crowded scheduled weeks arrest. aggregate figures ignores heart problem, distribution lawyers, hundreds localities across country. Perhaps courts.22 primary 'assembly line' handle efficiently fairly. exacerbate delay congestion familiar tactic exhausting avenue, payoff. lawyer's duty; done delay.23 absence economic client, plus omnipresent ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, produces litigate young fresh school, appointments admirable zeal lawyers; eagerness reputation; devote problems; desire exposure; hourly fees, novice; explosion accused—all stretching consequent added courts.24 84 problem. ability varies widely. basis, uneven resources—of facilities, funding—presents acute considered realities. reaching conclusion, places, acknowledged moved part, impracticality further.25 enactment majority.26 understand overtax capabilities.27 papers filed writ certiorari example localities. November 1971 Wright Town Wood, 71—5722, arising South Dakota magistrate intoxication, raises requested town Wood file response. On March 8, occasionally employed clerk affidavit explaining why responded. explained Dakota, population 132, sewer water poor, office nearest miles away, contesting unwise allocation resources. Though undoubtedly smaller most, dissimilar meager financial sort offenses.28 numerous towns magistrates county-wide located county seat.29 injustices informal furnished; certainly furnished virtually impossibility enforce laws.30 give undue weight short-term long-term answer Constitution majority, immaterial. satisfied workable method insuring adopt hesitate despite misgivings costs, intolerable resolves. Although explicitly brief, according status derogate embraces Neither approved below achieve III absolute exercising case-by-case basis.31 formally pleads; resolved pleas required.32 reasons review. then obligated scrutinize carefully sought enter plea admissible tending elements went intervene, necessary, brings prevent overlooked. Formal strictly appellate follow. 89 impossible, unwise, precise detailed set guidelines Certainly three weighed. First, complexity charged. For infractions questions, contain intent collateral search-and-seizure problems, unassisted layman. strong Second, obtained. consequences, appointed. above, consider. Third, peculiar These, anticipate. factor competency attitude toward incident another consideration. normally unnecessary. Obviously, sensitivity diligence crucial requiring consideration Such special-circumstances 1595 (1942), Bute Illinois, 640, 763, 986 (1948), overruled Gideon.33 ofthe seeking definitive failure live responsibilities Harlan Gideon, 350—351, 800—801. insensitivity continue. follows reading rigid Constitution, limits fairness, abate. 93 concluding, emphasize longheld functions competent Before becoming member participated efforts enlarge correct disposition considerable me—as members strongly differ fundamentals: (i) requires, (ii) cities police, municipal, 94 allow adjustment imposing doctrine lowest level precipitate predicted absolutist still remain indigents' cases.34 reviewable mandating completely facilitate transition wider 95 instance duty mentioned relevant. essence expand rapidly practicable stand alone needed. 96 views concur concerning L. Silverstein, Poor Cases Courts 127—135 (1965). review following contained Comment, Counsel: Impact Wainwright Fifty Creighton L.Rev. 103 Twelve crime' category. 119—124. Nineteen 124—133. whose 100 101, 418, 'If objective innocent—an jurisdiction.' California's Blake Municipal 242 Cal.App.2d 731, Cal.Rptr. 771. Overall, Counsel, 134. Frankfurter Corcoran, Petty Offenses Constitutional Guaranty Jury, Harv.L.Rev. 917, 980 982 (1926); 331. Cf. Kaye, Offenders Have Peers!, U.Chi.L.Rev. 245 (1959). Johnson Zerbst, 304 458, 462—463, 1019, 1022, 1461: '(The Amendment) realistic recognition truth average professional tribunal power (re)presented learned simple, lawyer—to untrained layman—may intricate, complex, mysterious.' 1965, 314,000 24,000 Task Force Report: (1967). Exclusive annually million authoritative figures, extrapolations probably 40.8 Note, Dollars Sense Expanded Iowa 1249, 1261 Title Code KF62 defines $500, 3006A(b) 'other offense.' Appeals Circuit F.2d, 330—331; 3006A, Act 1964, contains congressional plan purport cover Conference 1964 conferees' alike. H.R.Conf.Rep. 1709, 88th Cong., Sess. (1964); U.S.Code Admin.News, 3000, 3002—3003 (1964). connection, Procedure, amended 1966, 44(a): 'Every shall assigned appearance commissioner appeal, waives appointment.' Advisory Committee note says: 'Like original compensation 1964: '(1) district '(2) financial.' Marston 324 F.Supp. 691, 696 (ED Va.1971): 'Any thirty days, employment, substantial detriment family.' share doubt Nation's implement today. fulltime 1260 insignificant compared (Statistical Abstract (1971)), projected double 146, 147. 18,000 admissions year—3,500 fill 'estimated 14,500 annual openings.' 148. Article I, 9, proposed Revised Oregon provides: dealings officers materially affect lose liberty.' partial remove Special Prevention Control recommended, inter alia, 'Regulation conduct (e.g., drunkenness, narcotics addiction, vagrancy, deviant sexual behavior) handling matters transferred nonjudicial entities, detoxification centers, centers service agencies. non-serious housing code violations, specialized administrative bodies.' Report, Perspectives Urban iv (1972). solution, peculiarly province legislatures. 'Forty thousand (arising 150,000 nonparking citations) disposed Seattle during 1964. showed, 4,500 kinds exposed (1) hit-and-run, reckless drunken driving; (2) violation subject suspended previous violation; (3) where, whatever charged, imposed.' 711 1,288,975 people City York 1970 jaywalking speeding, fined imprisoned, jailed. Annual 19,187 driving influence, driving, leaving scene accident, 404 (2.1%) form corrections, students, faculty supervision, prisoners petitions post-conviction relief. Simpson, 141 U.S.App.D.C. 15—16, 436 162, 169—170 known trier traditional impeachment. Black's narrowly written, quick suggest, opinion, 351, 800. recently, 527 (1967); Mempa Rhay, 389 128, 134, 254, 256, 336 Burgett 109, 114, 258, 261, 319 Loper Beto, 473, 1014, 374 herein, 'petty offense' authorized 1888, includes amount authorized. extent, definition herein differs offense,' exceeding $500. 1. 442 60—61, (1932). 1451, retroactive Pickelsimer 375 2, 80, values implemented measurably retrial De-Stefano Woods, 631, 634, 2093, 2095, 1308 Supra, 4, 63—64. 343—345, 796—797. 132 334—335 (CA5 1969). disabilities convictions, forfeiture (State ex rel. Stinger Kruger, 280 Mo. 293, 217 Southwestern KF135 S79 310 (1919)), disqualification licensed (Cal.Bus. Prof.Code 3094 (1962) (optometrists); N.C.Gen.Stat. 93A—4(b) (1965) (real estate brokers)), pension (Fla.Stat.Ann. 185.18(3) (1966) (police disability injury fights, riots, insurrections, committing crime); Ind.Ann.Stat. 28—4616 IC 1971, 21—6—13—16 (teacher imprisonment); Pa. Stat.Ann., Tit. 53, 39323 (Supp.1972—1973) 65599 (1957) (conviction misdemeanor)). generally Project, Collateral Consequences Conviction, Vand.L.Rev. 929 796. negotiation (hereinafter Challenge) 134 lighter 125—126. route takes recommended 'a penalty' 'substantial Challenge, 13, 150. 'loss liberty' 'likely Services. 37—40 supports new, Callan Wilson, 127 540, 1301, 223 (1888); Carolina Pearce, 395 711, 2072, 656 (1969). discussed above (involving discretionary 'jail fine') fairness—both nonindigents Tate Short, 395, 668, 130 resolution inherently found. depriving aggravate Tr. Oral Arg. 34—35. 36—37. custom many, basis. Compensation inadequate. generous plans, rates counsel—$20 hour spent $30 fee $400 felony—are low standards. Consequently, inexperienced. Cappelletti, One: Emergence Modern Theme, Cappelletti Gordley, Aid: Themes Variations, Stan.L.Rev. 347, 377—378 Brennan suggests, undertake misdemeanants. welcome progress programs, Association, enlist involvement representation, meeting assuring control insubstantial. student primarily 140 located. Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 James, Crisis Courts, chapter (1968); 145—156. 22, 27—30; Schrag, Her Majesty's Secret Service: Protecting Consumer City, Yale L.J. 1529 Cook revealed Chicago Prisoners elect 63% retained 33% defender 15%. 'One explanation contrast committee gain experience, assistant defender, busy conscious extra accruing loses jury.' D. Oaks W. Lehman, System Indigent 159 (1968) (footnote omitted). Irvin State, Ala.App. 203 283 Burrage Superior 105 Ariz. 459 313 (1969); Cableton 243 Ark. 420 Western 534 Argersinger Hamlin, (Fla.1970); People Dupree, Ill.2d 249, 246 Eastern 281 Mallory, 378 Mich. 538, Hendrix Seattle, Wash.2d 142, 456 cert. denied, 397 948, 969, 129 (1970); Plutshack Department Health Social Wis.2d 713, 155 549 Hawaii Const., Idaho §§ 851, 19—852 (Supp.1971); Kan.Stat.Ann. 22—4503 Ky.Rule Crim.Proc. 8.04; La.Rev.Stat. 15:141(F) Me.Rule 44; Md.Rule 719b2(a); Neb.Rev.Stat. 29—1803 Nev.Rev.Stat. 171.188, 193.140 N.Mex.Stat.Ann. 41—22 Utah Ann. 77—64—2 Vt.Stat.Ann., 6503 Va.Code 19.1—241.1 (Supp.1971). Kamisar Choper, Minnesota: Field Findings Legal-Policy Observations, Minn.L.Rev. Local interviewed authors dividing resolves itself nothing' proposition, then, funds lawyer-manpower economy dictate 'nothing." (Footnote omitted.) Borst, 278 Minn. 388, 154 888 Ark., 358, S.W.2d, 538—539: '(T) Arkansas resident counties (right cases) impair profession.' successful governments funds, something do. Three 21% 50% appropriations defense. 1265 Kansas $570,000 cases—up $376,000 1969. budgetary request 1972 $612,000, legislature appropriated $400,000. Appellant Strange, 2027, 600. 'In program regarded trivial.' 21, 379. 'Although size British great, expenditures high.' 379 210. individualized unlike Griffin 351 585, 891 (1956); Douglas California, 353, 814, 811 (1963); Mayer Chicago, 189, 410, Katz, Courts—Another Ill, Reserve 92—96 Hamilton 368 52, 157, 114 (1961); White Maryland, 373 59, 1050, 193 Harvey Mississippi, 340 263 1965). negotiating caes, faced overwhelming disagree Betts; complete Gideon. Betts, like controls identified raising relying minimize adversely severe strain.

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