Legal Document

419 U.S. 522 95 Supreme Court Reporter 692 42 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 690 Billy Judge TAYLOR, Appellant,v.State of LOUISIANA. Number 73—5744. Argued Oct. 16, 1974. Decided Jan. 21, 1975. Syllabus Appellant, a male, was convicted crime by petit jury selected from venire on which there were no women and pursuant to system resulting Louisiana constitutional statutory requirements that woman should not be for service unless she had previously filed written declaration her desire subject service. The State affirmed, having rejected appellant's challenge the constitutionality state jury-selection scheme. Held: 1. Appellant standing make his claim, being rule such claim may asserted only defendants who are members group excluded Peters versus Kiff, 407 493, 92 2163, 33 83. Pacific KF135 P2 526. 2. requirement representative cross section community, is fundamental trial guaranteed Sixth Amendment, violated systematic exclusion panels, in judicial district here involved amounted 53% citizens eligible Pp. 526—533. 3. No adequate justification shown challenged provisions right fair community cannot overcome merely rational grounds. 533—535. 4. it can longer held as class or given automatic exemptions based solely sex if consequence criminal venires almost all contrary implications prior cases, e.g., Hoyt Florida, 368 57, 82 159, 7 118, followed. 535—537. 282 So.2d 491, reversed remanded. William McM. King, Covington, La., appellant. Kendall L. Vick, New Orleans, appellee. Mr. Justice WHITE delivered opinion Court. 1 When this cases tried, Article VII, § 41,1 Constitution, 402 Code Criminal Procedure2 provided he these issue case. 2 * Taylor, indicted grand St. Tammany Parish, Twenty-second Judicial District Louisiana, aggravated kidnaping. On April 12, 1972, appellant moved court quash drawn special term beginning with following day. alleged systematically would therefore deprived what claimed federal 'a segment . ..' 3 comprises parishes Washington. appellee has stipulated persons female, more than 10% wheel Parish women.3 During period December 8, 1971, November 3, 12 females among 1,800 fill Parish. It also discrepancy between those actually included result operation La.Const., 41, La.Code Crim.Proc., 402.4 In present case, totaling 175 13, 1972. There venire. 4 Appellant's motion denied same After convicted, sentenced death, sought review where renewed have been quashed. recognizing drew into question Constitution Procedure dealing juries, squarely held, one justice dissenting, valid unconstitutional under law. 497 (1973).5 5 appealed decision We noted probable jurisdiction, 415 911, 94 1405, 39 465 (1974), consider whether Fourteenth Amendment an impartial trial. hold did Amendments case 402. consequence, conviction must reversed. II 6 does disqualify service, but its conceded impact very few women, grossly disproportionate number called drawn. we have, therefore, operates exclude identifiable constituting jurors n comports Amendments. first insists object jury. But Taylor's constitutionally entitled tried him reason women. Taylor member class; claims presents made 83 (1972), defendant, white man, ground Negroes Six Members agreed petitioner concluded rights. before us, similarly tender adjudicated kind factfinder entitled. III 8 background against decided includes our holding Duncan 391 145, 88 1444, 20 491 (1968), Amendment's provision binding virtue Amendment. Our inquiry presence venires, lists juries essential fulfillment guarantee prosecutions. 9 Court's instructive. Both course exercising supervisory powers over trials courts context, unambiguously declared American concept contemplates community. A unanimous stated Smith Texas, 311 128, 130, 61 164, 165, 85 L.Ed. 84 (1940), '(i)t part established tradition use instruments public body truly community.' To racial groups said 'at war basic concepts democratic society government.' resulted violate Equal Protection Clause Glasser States, 315 60, 86, 62 457, 472, 86 680 (1942), context requirement, '(o)ur notions proper developed harmony government,' repeated understanding "be community' organ any class.' 10 excluded, although law, reviewed Ballard 329 187, 67 261, 91 181 (1946). Noting 'design corss-section community" fact exercised conviction. Brown Allen, 344 443, 474, 73 397, 416, 97 469 (1953), duty protect rights mean impose states conception source lists, so long reasonably reflects cross-section population suitable character intelligence civic duty.' 11 Some years later Carter Jury Comm'n, 396 320, 330, 90 518, 524, 24 549 (1970), observed because their race 'contravenes idea jury—' (Quoting supra.) At about time contended six-man noncapital failure provide Williams 399 78, 1893, 26 446 (1970). rejecting challenge, 'be large enough promote deliberation, free outside attempts at intimidation, possibility obtaining Id., 100, 1906. like vein, Apodaca Oregon, 406 404, 410—411, 1628, 1633, 32 184 (1972) (plurality opinion), will come (commonsense) judgment consists laymen opportunity deliberate defendant's guilt.' Similarly, three Justices U.S., 500, S.Ct., 2167, comprehended unmistakable import opinions, least since 1940, supra, repudiated intervening decisions, selection component Recent legislation governing within similar thrust. Shortly Federal Selection Service Act 19686 enacted. Act, Congress 'the policy litigants shall random division wherein convenes.' 28 KF62 1861. machinery implemented. §§ 1862—1866. passing legislation, Committee both House7 Senate8 recognized plays political function administration law jury's chosen justice. Debate floors House Senate invoked Amendment,9 generally,10 decisions Court11 support Act. 13 accept fair-cross-section convinced solid foundation. purpose guard exercise arbitrary power—to available commonsense hedge overzealous mistaken prosecutor preference professional perhaps overconditioned biased response judge. 155 156, 1450—1451. This prophylactic vehicle pool up segments populace large, distinctive pool. Community participation moreover, consistent heritage critical confidence fairness system. Restricting excluding playing major roles squared 'Trial presupposes broadly well specific (T)he broad maintained, partly assurance diffused impartiality sharing phase responsibility.' Thiel Southern Co., 328 217, 227, 66 984, 1181 (1946) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting). IV 14 persuaded conclusion necessarily entails sufficiently numerous distinct men they eliminated satisfied. matter debated supra. Positing rule—there one—the unacceptable. dissenting view all-male panel various included, firmly rejected: 15 'The thought factors tend influence action men—personality, background, economic status—and sex. Yet say when sitting neither act nor class. Men likewise do But, shoe other foot, intentionally panel? truth two sexes fungible; exclusively different composed both; subtle interplay imponderables. insulate courtroom either iota difference. flavor, quality lost excluded. indeed less true excluded.' 193 194, 264.12 16 respect, agree Ballard: If govern must, systemactically panels current country, now evidenced legislative every level qualifying service.13 V 17 remains argument serve role substantially interfere ample volunteer, even though men. 118 (1961), system14 deny due process equal protection laws basis exemption.15 involve prospect depriving grounds.16 weightier reasons representing practical purposes tendered here. 18 grant individuals hardship incapacity engaged particular occupations uninterrupted performance community's welfare. Rawlins Georgia, 201 638, 560, 50 899 (1906). appear pose substantial threats remaining however, wholly matter. untenable suggest days each perform spare duties.17 many, burdensome sort out exempted serve. task performed men, administrative convenience insufficient diluting represented trials. VI 19 Although foregone pattern some past 30 years, developments levels, nevertheless until today deprives defendant apparent perceive requiring panels; direction First Judiciary 1789 qualifications required sitting18 disqualified State. Necessarily, then, Civil Rights 1957, 71 Statutes-at-Large 1861 (1964 ed.), itself citizens, limited exceptions, competent sit juries. Until time, statute disqualified. Utah qualify juries; 1898, n. Moreover, Florida stood proposition that, could treat differently them volunteered.19 Accepting do, affords think tenable totally male. extent follow including Florida. ever unqualified situated none passed. permitted total today. Communities differ times places. What place another place. Nothing persuasive presented us suggesting fairly local otherwise VII 21 augur authorize fashioning detailed codes courts. principle much leeway application. remain prescribe relevant reasonable supra; discretion respect. depart principles enunciated Carter. said, Louisiana's exemption command 22 emphasized faily mirror reflect population. Defendants composition, Fay York, 332 284, 1613, 1625, 2043 (1947); 413, 1634 opinion); wheels, pools names, thereby fail thereof. 23 remanded further proceedings inconsistent opinion. So ordered. 25 Reversed Chief BURGER concurs result. 27 REHNQUIST, dissenting. reverses without suggestion, showing, unfairly treated prejudiced way manner selected. doing, invalidates approved majority ago. & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions disagree affirm Louisiana. 29 canvasses (1940). Relying carefully quotations, concludes 'unmistakable import' 'is trial.' disagree. Fairly read, prohibit systems likely partial concerned Negro dealt allegations private organization conducted pro-prosecution classes prospective jurors. contentions several black discriminatorily challenges system, claiming blacks gave plenary consideration process. These rejected, despite circumstances suggestive possible bias prejudice here—the whose defense charges murdering husband driven temporarily insane suspected infidelity rejection efforts reconciliation. 58—59, 160—161. complete swing pendulum depend validity during things changed significant ways. am sufficiency majority's proffered explanations events. 31 determinative event, view, (1968). Because applicable feels dismiss entirely issues—even identical problem. Duncan's rationale good deal expansive suggested interpretation rests reasoning: test determining extended Fifth respect protected phrased variety ways opinions asked "fundamental liberty lie base civil institutions," Powell Alabama, 287 45, 67, 53 55, 63, 77 158 (1932); 'basic jurisprudence,' re Oliver, 333 257, 273, 68 499, 507, 632 (1948); right, trial,' Gideon Wainwright, 372 335, 343—344, 792, 796, 799 (1963); Malloy Hogan, 378 1, 6, 1489, 1492, 653 (1964); Pointer 380 400, 403, 1065, 1067, 923 (1965). .. believe scheme justice, guarantees 148—149, 1447. (Emphasis added.) That sturdy test, readily satisfied practice, clear itself. explaining pointed designed 'against enforcement,' 1451, 'to prevent oppression Government.' 155, 1451. belief serious offenses 'essential preventing miscarriages assuring defendants.' 158, 1452. 34 conceive today's necessary oppressive enforcement, assure Especially makes bias. accord slight attention justifying ruling terms read effective, prophylaxis prosecutorial power, 'jury pool.' Ante, 530. fails, satisfactory explanation mechanism undermines jury, general best posit "a quality," allegedly 532. However, 'flavor' importance offended enriched. 538. smacks mysticism purport practice fashion—presumably doctors, lawyers, groups, frequent endorsed majority, offer qualities imporant 35 Hoyt, considered stronger today, found offended. understand how all, imported Due Process because, perceived fairness. 36 second change appears undergird turnabout societal nature, encompassing higher degree sensitivity distinctions sex, 'evolving nature structure family unit society.' 535 17. matters degree, significance 1961 Harlan saw fit refer 'enlightened emancipation restrictions protections bygone entry many parts life formerly reserved men.' 61—62, 162. Nonetheless, conclude anchronism, inappropriate 'time place.' 537. surely adjudication canalized enforcing perception modern life. 37 Absent suggestion conducted, unreliable, require retry (assuming once again produce evidence witnesses) order sanctions provide. pertinent part: Legislature election drawing intelligent cases; provided, clerk service.' As January 1975, repealed replaced provision, V, 33: '(A) Qualifications. 'A citizen reached age juror parish domiciled. legislature additional qualifications. '(B) Exemptions. supreme jurors.' 402, provided: resides repealed, effective repeal, effect obtained stipulation Appendix, 82—84, Edwards Healy, 73—759, pending Ibid. death sentence imposed annulled set aside Furman 408 238, 2726, 346 instructions remand. granted rehearing certain issues appeal, 500 (1973), petition rehearing. Public Law 90—274, 53, et seq. H.R.Rep.No. 1076, 90th Cong., Sess., 1968 U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News, Page 1797 (1968): 'It remembered sense deciding it. departures sectional goal, result—biased slanted supposed represent.' See S.Rep.No. 92—516, (1971). 891, 1st (1967): sample justice.' reference Appeals Rabinowitz 366 Reporter, 2nd 34, 57 (CA5 1966), sustaining attack composition Middle 1861, amendment 1968, 'that probably placed rolls.' 11, 18; 7, 4, 5. Elimination 'key man' throughout primary focus 1968. 114 Cong.Rec. 3992 (1968) (remarks Rogers). 6939 Poff). 3999 Machen). 6609 Sen. Tydings). Compare 502—504, 2168—2169, (opinion Marshall, joined Douglas Stewart, JJ.): 'These compel cannot, process, indictment discriminatory manner, violation States. Illegal procedures cast doubt integrity whole They create appearance individual increase risk actual well. 'But potential too pervasive admit confinement cases. 'Moreover, unwilling assumption relevance involving race. remove room human varieties experience, range unknown unknowable. assume consistently vote conclude, perspective events unsuspected presented.' (Footnote omitted.) Controlled studies subsequent bring own perspectives values deliberation generally Rudolph, Women Juries—Voluntary Compulsory?, 44 J.Am.Jud.Soc. 206 (1961); 55 Sociology Social Research 442 (1971); Applied Psychology 267 (1973); Sociometry (1956). relatively development. Under English common exception narrow qualified doctrine defectum sexus, 'defect sex.' W. Blackstone, Commentaries *362. common-law Parliament 1870, Vict., chapter 77, then 1919, Geo. 5, 71. country end 19th century. deemed Rev.Stat.Ann., Tit. 35, 1297 (1898). Today, jury-service statutes rules most face extend type presently Court, respects. Stat.1959, 40.01(1), taken male female possessed name person registered circuit list.' 58, 161, (1961). interest, articulated 'woman still regarded center home life.' 62, here, stating involves State's attempt regulate stability state's Brief Appellee 12. determined underlying classification extending responsibilities justified convenience. 62—63, 162—164. emphasis notion, advanced rationality scheme, Statistics compiled Department Labor indicate October 1974, 54.2% 64 labor force. Dept. Labor, Force (Oct. 1974). Additionally, March 45.7% children force; families containing ages six 17, 67.3% mothers widowed, divorced, separated work force, while 51.2% husbands household Even units contained child old, 31% Marital Family Characteristics Force, Table F (March While statistics speak evolving played happen unit, certainly put rest exempt presumed home. Section requisite highest 88. 289—290, (1947), referred historic confined males: 'We need not, invitation canvass continuing dictum Strauder West Virginia, 100 303, 310, 664, 'confine' males.' gone unquestioned eighty see reflected, congressional respecting themselves.' 161. 64—65, 85—86, 462—463, 471—472 (1942). interesting note Virginia stated: '(T)he constitution mode intended secure. peers equals summoned determine; is, neighbors, fellows, associates, legal status holds.' 308, 664 (1880).

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