Legal Document

395 U.S. 298 89 Supreme Court Reporter 1697 23 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 318 Doris DANIEL and Rosalyn Kyles, Petitioners,v.Euell PAUL, Jr., etc. Number 488. Argued March 24, 25, 1969. Decided June 2, [Syllabus from pages 298-300 intentionally omitted] Conrad K. Harper, New York City, for petitioners, pro hac vice, by special leave of Court. Jerris Leonard, Milwaukee, Wis., the States, as amicus curiae, James W. Gallman, Fayetteville, Ark., at invitation Court, in support judgment below. Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered opinion 1 Petitioners, Negro residents Little Rock, Arkansas, brought this class action District Eastern Arkansas to enjoin respondent denying them admission a recreational facility called Lake Nixon Club owned operated respondent, Euell Paul, his wife. The complaint alleged that was 'public accommodation' subject provisions Title II Civil Rights Act 1964, 78 Statutes-at-Large 243, 42 Code KF62 § 2000a et seq., violated refusing petitioners solely on racial grounds.1 After trial, although finding had refused because they were Negroes,2 dismissed ground not within any categories accommodations' covered 1964 Act. Kyles versus 263 F.Supp. 412 (D.C.1967). Appeals Eighth Circuit affirmed, one judge dissenting. Federal Reporter, 2nd 118 (1968). We granted certiorari. 393 975, 444, 21 L.ed.2d 437 reverse. 2 Club, located 12 miles west is 232-acre amusement area with swimming, boating, sun bathing, picnicking, miniature golf, dancing facilities, snack bar. Pauls purchased site 1962 subsequently business there racially segregated manner. 3 enacted sweeping prohibition discrimination or segregation race, color, religion, national origin places public accommodation whose operations affect commerce.3 This does end private clubs.4 But, both courts below properly found, club. It simply profit none attributes self-government member-ownership traditionally associated clubs. true following enactment began refer establishment They even require patrons pay 25-cent 'membership' fee, which gains purchaser card entitling him enter Club's premises an entire season and, payment specified additional fees, use golf facilities. But device seems no more than subterfuge designed avoid coverage White persons are routinely provided cards, some 100,000 whites visit each season. As 'open general all who members white race.' F.Supp., 418. Negroes, other hand, uniformly denied thus admission, Pauls' fear integration would 'ruin' 'business.' conclusion club plainly correct—indeed, challenge here. 4 therefore turn question whether 'a place defined 201(b) Act, if so, its 'affect commerce' meaning 201(c) 5 Section defines four establishments accommodations. Three these relevant here: 6 'Each serves title commerce * *. 7 8 '(2) restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, principally engaged selling food consumption premises, including, but limited to, such retail establishment; gasoline station; 9 '(3) motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium exhibition entertainment; 10 '(4) (A) (ii) physically establishment, (B) holds itself out serving establishment.' 11 sets forth standards determining II: 'The (2) case described paragraph [set supra] *, it offers serve interstate travelers substantial portion serves, products sells, has moved commerce; (3) customarily presents films, performances, athletic teams, exhibitions, sources entertainment move () (4) subsection. For purposes section, 'commerce' means travel, trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, communication among several *.' 13 Petitioners argue first Nixon's bar under §§ 201(a)(2) 201(c)(2), brings 201(b)(4) 201(c)(4). Clearly, 'principally premises.' Thus, 'it commerce.' find either standards. 14 advertise monthly magazine 'Little Rock Today,' distributed guests hotels, motels, restaurants, acquaint available tourist attractions area. Regular advertisements also broadcast over two radio stations. In addition, advertised Air Force Base,' newspaper published Base Jacksonville, Arkansas. choice advertising media leaves doubt seeking broad-based patronage audience knew include travelers. unquestionably offered out-of-state visitors And be unrealistic assume actually served traveler.5 Since persons, since established facility, we must conclude persons. See Hamm City Hill, 379 306, 309, 85 384, 388, 300 (1964); see Wooten Moore, 400 239 (C.A. 4th Cir. 1968). 15 record, complete point might desired, demonstrates 'substantial food' commerce. fare—hot dogs hamburgers buns, soft drinks, milk. took judicial notice fact 'principal ingredients going into bread produced processed States' 'certain [of drinks] probably obtained out-of State sources.' very least, three items sold contain originating outside State. There can serious Katzenbach McClung, 294, 296-297, 377, 379-380, 290 Gregory Meyer, 376 509, 511, n. (C.A 5th 1967). 16 bar's status automatically ambit II. 201(c)(4), set supra; Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 R. Rep. 914, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., 20; Fazzio Real Estate company Adams, 396 146 1968).6 17 accomodation 201(b)(3) 201(c)(3) These sections proscribe 'any entertainment' 'customarily intertainment Under accepted definition 'entertainment,' surely qualify 'place entertainment.'7 indeed advertises such.8 Respondent argues, however, context refers only where entertained spectators listeners rather those takes form direct participation sport activity. legislative history respondent's reading statute. few indications intent contrary. 18 President Kennedy, submitting Congress accommodations proposed emphasized 'no contrary spirit our democracy Constitution—or rightfully resented citizen seeks equal treatment—than barring theatres, areas facilities.'9 (Emphasis added.) While being considered Senate, civil rights demonstration occurred Maryland park. then Assistant Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey, note opined park eventually 19 'In particular instance, & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions am confident merchandise facilities used transported across lines. 20 spectacle church leaders hauled off jail paddy wagon absurdity present situation regarding access arguments oppose President's omnibus bill.' 109 Cong.Rec. 12276 (1963). 22 Senator Magnuson, floor manager II, spoke similar vein.10 Admittedly, most discussion focused spectator areas. follow scope should restricted primary objects Congress' concern when natural language call broader coverage. light overriding purpose 'to daily affront humiliation involved discriminatory denials ostensibly open public,' H.R.Rep. 18, agree en banc decision Fifth Miller Amusement Enterprises, Inc., 394 342 (1968), statutory given full effect according generally applied 24 remaining 201(c)(3). do. customary 'sources leases paddle boats royalty basis Oklahoma company. Another boat same juke box manufactured plays records indicates mechanical 201(c)(3).11 25 Reversed. 26 DOUGLAS, concurring. 27 join rest Fourteenth Amendment. My views Bell Maryland, 378 226, 242, 84 1814, 1823, 822 said: 28 'Segregation Negroes restaurants counters parts America relic slavery. badge second-class citizenship. 29 denial privilege immunity citizenship protection guaranteed Amendment against abridgment States.' Id., 260, 1832. 30 my concurring Heart Atlanta Motel, Incorporated 241, 279 348, 369 258. 31 BLACK, 32 could Court's holding based power upon Amendment.1 enacting legislation did choose invoke broad protect discrimination; instead tied congressional regulate States. Both found swimming itself, 201(c), provides test adversely That determine evidence operation like (a) 'serves travelers' (b) order, therefore, held apply shown met findings, guesswork, assumptions, 'judicial knowledge' crucially facts, unproved probabilities possibilities. trouble runs roughshod findings supported record emphatically affirmed Appeal. Net us briefly review facts foregoing separate conditions Act's applicability. 33 Did offer travelers? word showing traveler ever invited dreamed there. reached country roads. fails show roads passable kinds weather. seem least six eight state accustomed travel. lake, small body water building dam little creek narrow hollow between hills. made about Spring Lake2 follows: 34 'Both accessible roads; neither near federal highway. tried attract such, location highest degree unlikely break trip utilizing 412, 35 impaired statement Judge: 36 'Of course, out-of-State people spending time around have utilized facilities.' Ibid. 37 court's true' category fact; secondly, 'out-of-State Rock' happened certainly kind 'interstate doing traveling 'affect' 38 Appeals, affirming 39 'There patronized 118, 127. 40 rejects joint way. Referring announcements, says: 41 'Thus, traveler.' above jumps estimated number admissions onto during traveler' owners Mrs. bound know present.3 far too speculative rejecting solemn If here left 'iffy' conjectures, familiar life would, me, likely journeys stick their highways, go way what, shows, may wl l dusty, unpaved, 'country' purely local hole buy hamburgers, hot dogs, milk, drinks (but beer). pattern movements expect search follow. 43 second prong applicability portion' pop previously generously concedes 'not desired exaggeration. fact, further totally devoid amount follows point: 44 'Food locally establishments. before disclose how suppliers meat defendants come animals raised, slaughtered, baked packaged locally, taken principal bottled certain bottlers 45 Fact-findings problems one, involves marking jurisdictional authority Nation, notice' evidence. approved part 46 'With regard trial court noted products. observed observation sandwiches states. court, entirely voluntary, constitute served. add matter common knowledge Borden's shows supplied obtains unprocessed milk plant dairy farmers.' F.2d, 124. 47 Finally, mentions, almost afterthought, leased basis. 'It annually thousands type whatsoever equipment 125. 48 mentions box's owner. apparently premise playing music makes 'entertainment' Act.4 pointed said dance studios exempt 110 7406. Also, leading proponent measure, 49 deletion illustrative moderate nature bill deal urgently solution.' 6533. 50 Cir., 342. 51 clear me nor sufficient justify affects duty enforce important hold people's recreation center, lying what be, so know, 'sleepy hollow' hills away stretching Commerce Clause give Government control every remote nook cranny precinct county goes me.5 affirm judgments constitutes violation 1866, amended, 27, now 1981. Neither passed contention. Our unnecessary consider question. answered affirmatively 'simply Negroes.' Respondent's answer interrogatory why was: '[w]e community patronize admitted pool. ruined savings it.' 201(a) provides: 'All shall entitled enjoyment goods, services, privileges, advantages, accommodation, without origin.' 201(e) public, except extent customers subsection (b).' necessary decide travelers, conceded that: [Lake Nixon's] Accord: Evans Laurel Links, 261 474 (D.C.E.D.Va.1966); Clark Fraley, 282 948 (D.C.M.D.N.C.1968); All Star Triangle Bowl, 283 (D.C.S.C.1968). Webster's Third International Dictionary, 757, 'the act diverting, amusing, causing someone's pass agreeably: [synonymous with] amusement.' station 'Lake continues policy offering you year-round entertainment.' Special Message Job Opportunities, 19, 1963, Public Papers Presidents, John KF105 F3 485. originally Rights, Feb. 28, Papers, supra, 228. 'Motion theaters refuse admit will obviously draw narrower segment market races. demand films State, royalties less. 'These principles applicable merely receive supplies, equipment, goods through channels potential markets artificially restricting non-Negroes, volume sales purchases less.' Emphasis 7402 (1964). Senate rejected amendment ruled requiring source State.' 13915-13921 remarks 10. enforce, appropriate legislation, article.' U.S.Const., Amdt. XIV, 5. Clark, joined, Guest, 383 745, 761, 86 1170, 1180, 239. hearings concerning another Lake, single trial. No appeal Paul testified oath 'club,' join, he knew, premises. '(b) Each action: entertainment;' An if, 268, 363, 258, applies 290, upholding application Atlanta, Georgia, motel Birmingham, Alabama, 'I recognize remote, possible, adequate constitutional uproot throw discard traditional distinctions local, controlled laws, interest laws. isolated lunchroom sells buys supplies locality possibly beyond reach just Act.' U.S., 275, 367.

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