Legal Document

451 U.S. 304 101 Supreme Court Reporter 1784 68 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 114 CITY OF MILWAUKEE et al., Petitioners,v.States of ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN. Number 79-408. Argued Dec. 2, 1980. Decided April 28, 1981. Syllabus In original proceedings brought by respondent State Illinois, alleging that petitioners—the city Milwaukee, its Sewerage Commission, and Milwaukee County's Metropolitan Commission—and other Wisconsin cities were polluting Lake Michigan because overflows untreated sewage from their sewer systems discharges inadequately treated treatment plants, this recognized the existence a federal "common law" which could give rise to claim for abatement nuisance caused interstate water pollution, but declined exercise jurisdiction availability lower court action. Illinois versus 406 91, 92 1385, 31 712. Accordingly, filed suit (and intervened) in Federal District seeking abatement, under common law, public petitioners allegedly creating discharges. Five months later, Congress passed Water Pollution Control Act (Act) Amendments 1972, established new system regulation making it illegal discharge pollutants into Nation's waters except pursuant permit incorporated as conditions regulations Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishing specific effluent limitations. Permits are issued either EPA or qualifying state agency, operated permits Department Natural Resources (DNR). While federal-court action was pending, DNR an compel compliance with permits' requirements, entered judgment requiring plans meet limitations timetable additional construction control overflows. Thereafter, found common-law had been proved specifying eliminate went considerably beyond terms petitioners' court's enforcement order. The Appeals, ruling 1972 not preempted law nuisance, upheld Court's order elimination overflows, reversed insofar on more stringent than those applicable regulations. Held: 1. area national concern is resorted absence compelled consider questions cannot be answered statutes alone. As supra, at 107, S.Ct., 1394, when addresses question previously governed decision rested need such unusual lawmaking courts disappears. Unlike determination whether pre-empts requires evidence clear manifest congressional purpose preempt statutory governs starts assumption Congress, courts, articulate appropriate standards applied matter law. Pp. 312-317. 2. No remedy available respondents case. 317-332. (a) At least so far concerns respondents' claims, viewed "total restructuring" "complete rewriting" existing pollution legislation considered has left formulation through application often vague indeterminate concepts maxims equity jurisprudence, rather occupied field establishment comprehensive regulatory program supervised expert administrative agency. 317-319. (b) contemplated problem plants thoroughly addressed scheme thus there no basis court, reference impose Similarly, have regime Act, DNR's imposing suited further Act's goals bringing specifically overflow problem. Nor does state-court render available, since relevant what concentration various will permitted, degree required preventing ensuring undergoes treatment. Decision made agency case-by-case basis, procedure, done here. 319-324. (c) When decided, did any forum protect interests unless created. However, Amendments, provided ample opportunity affected decisions neighboring State's permit-granting seek redress. Respondents avail themselves procedures. 325-326. (d) Section 510 provides nothing shall preclude adopting enforcing adopted indicate intent preserve Milwaukee. Nothing § suggests may call upon employ establish out-of-state subdivision citizen-suit provision Act—§ 505(e), "in section" limit remedies might exist—indicate remedy. It mean whole supplant formerly actions means only particular section authorizing citizen suits do so. 327-329. (e) legislative history regard certain discussions provisions relating effect amendments pending lawsuits relevant. focused statutes, law; related against Government; suggest concerning continued validity 329-332. 7th Cir., 599 Reporter, 2nd 151, vacated remanded. Elwin Judge Zarwell, Wis., petitioners. Joseph V. Karaganis, Chicago, Ill., respondents. Andrew Levander, Washington, D. C., U. S., amicus curiae, pro hac vice, special leave Court. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion 1 litigation first before us we pollution. 712 (1972). Subsequent our decision, enacted 1972. We granted certiorari cause 445 926, 100 1310, 63 758. 2 * Petitioners, Commission County municipal corporations organized laws Wisconsin. Together they construct, operate, maintain facilities serving County, some 420 square miles population over one million people.1 consist series two located shores 25 39 border, respectively. both "separated" "combined" variety. A separated carries treatment; combined gathers storm runoff transports them same conduits On occasion, particularly after spell wet weather, occur result directly tributaries leading Michigan.2 discrete points throughout system. 3 Respondent complains these discharges, well inadequate constitute threat health citizens. Pathogens, disease-causing viruses bacteria, discharged lake then transported currents waters. also alleges nutrients accelerate eutrophication, aging, lake.3 intervened issue only. 4 Illinois' sought file complaint jurisdiction. supra. dispute between States, district court. reasoned dispute, sovereign political subdivisions another waters, "touching waters" "not necessarily available." Id., 101, 103, 1391, 1392. appeal abate navigable recognized, however, that: 5 "It happen time pre-empt nuisance. But until comes pass, empowered appraise equities creation pollution." 1394. 6 May 19, Northern discharges.4 7 later recognizing "the . every vital aspect," S.Rep.No.92-414, Page (1971), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 3668, Legislative History (Committee Print compiled Senate Committee Public Works Library Congress), Ser. 93-1, 1452 (1973) (hereinafter Leg.Hist.), Law 92-500, 86 Statutes-at-Large 816. anyone permit. §§ 301, 402 33 Code KF62 1311, 1342 (1976 ed. Supp.III). To extent Agency, charged administering promulgated limitations, See generally Board, 426 200, 96 2022, 48 578 (1976). Petitioners (DNR), duly qualified 402(b) 1342(b) Supp.III), superintendence EPA. 208, 2026. fully comply requirements and, 402(b)(7), 1342(b)(7), see Wis.Stat.Ann. 147.29 (West 1974), 25, 1977, set forth detailed completion planning 8 Trial commenced January 11, 1977. July 29 rendered finding ordered all achieve specified sewage. App. Pet. Certiorari F-25—F-26. November 15 detention Separated completely eliminated 1986; 1989. constructed must large enough full up largest record area. D-1. Both aspects exception limitation phosphorus, 9 appeal, Appeals Seventh Circuit affirmed part part. 151. ruled pre-empted "[i]n applying case, should ignore look policies principles guidance." 164. imposed schedule designed goal, upheld.5 II 10 unlike general possess power develop apply own rules decision. Erie R. company Tompkins, 64, 78, 58 817, 822, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938); Hudson Goodwin, Cranch 32, 259 (1812). enactment rule concern, displace doing so, judiciary, purposefully insulated democratic pressures, people elected representatives Congress. Wallis Pan American Petroleum Corp., 384 63, 68, 1301, 1304, 16 369 (1966).6 much despite jurisdiction, 11 spoken issue, exists "significant conflict policy interest use law," Wallis, 1304,7 necessary, "few restricted" instances, Wheeldin Wheeler, 373 647, 651, 83 1441, 1445, 605 (1963), See, e. g., Clearfield Trust 318 363, 367, 573, 575, 87 838 (1943). process better areas areas, usual important division functions judiciary inapplicable. TVA Hill, 437 153, 194, 98 2279, 2301, 57 117 (1978); Diamond Chakrabarty, 447 303, 317, 2204, 2212, 65 144 (1980); Gilman, 347 507, 511-513, 74 695, 697-698, 898 (1954). always "subject paramount authority Congress." New Jersey York, 283 336, 348, 51 478, 481, 75 1104 (1931). Congress," Trust, "which alone," D'Oench, Duhme FDIC, 315 447, 469, 62 676, 684, 956 (1942) (Jackson, J., concurring). Board Commissioners 308 343, 349, 60 285, 287, 84 313 (1939); Little Misere Land Co., 412 580, 594, 93 2389, 2397, 37 187 (1973); Miree DeKalb 433 35, 97 2490, 2497, 53 557 (1977) (Burger, C. concurring judgment). "necessary expedient," Consideration Jones Falls Sewage System Train, 539 1006, 1008 (CA4 1976) (en banc), This pointedly itself, U.S., 1394 ("new nuisance"), extensively relied Texas Pankey, 441 236, 241 (CA10 1971) (federal applies "[u]ntil subject authorized standards") (quoted n. 9, 1395, 9). 12 Arizona California, 546, 1468, 542 example, doctrine equitable apportionment developed dealing disputes view majority, question: 13 true used decide river controversies States. cases apportionment. decided method allocating among Lower Basin mainstream entitled Compact. Where exercised constitutional substitute notions 'equitable apportionment' chosen 565-566, 1480-81. 14 Mobil Oil Corporation Higginbotham, 436 618, 2010, 56 581 (1978), refused provide damages "loss society" maritime Death High Seas Act: "We realize that, never code, admiralty called supplement statutes. announces Congress' issues beneficiaries, period, contributory negligence, survival, damages. address wrongful-death speak question, free 'supplement' answer becomes meaningless." 625, 2015. Thus "spoke question"—in case damages—not affirmatively proscribed Our "commitment separation powers too fundamental" continue rely "by judicially decreeing accords 'common sense weal' " 195, 2302.8 17 Contrary suggestions respondents, analysis determining if employed deciding considering latter 'we start historic police superseded Congress.' Rath Packing 430 519, 525, 1305, 1309, 604 (quoting Rice Santa Fe Elevator 331 218, 230, 67 1146, 1152, 91 1447 (1947)). hesitated find pre-emption express implied, indicated, Ray Atlantic Richfield 435 157, 988, 994, 55 179 would impair "federal field," Florida Lime Avocado Growers, Incorporated Paul, 132, 142, 1210, 1217, 248 included "due presuppositions embracing system, including principle diffusion doctrinaire localism promoter democracy." San Diego Building Trades Council Garmon, 359 243, 79 773, 778, 775 (1959). Such implicated fashion governs, accordingly sort required. Indeed, noted, present "we assumption" law.9 III 18 conclude claims merely surveyed 101-103, 1391-1392, Rather, Leg.Hist. 350-351 (remarks Chairman Blatnik House drafted version Amendments); id., 359-360 Rep. Jones). 95 1511; 1271 Randolph 202-203, 2023-24.10 enacting clearly all-encompassing regulation. Every point source discharge11 prohibited covered permit, subjects discharger apparatus goals. "major purpose" "to long-range 95, 1511 (emphasis supplied). Congressman's remarks complete without "comprehensive" nature Amendments. sponsor described bill most far-reaching ever drafted," (Rep. Mizell), Senator Randolph, responsible Senate, stated: perhaps field. environment." 1269.12 obviously correct "a controlling abating Train City 37, 839, 841, 43 (1975).13 self-consciously certainly exist strongly room attempt improve F.2d, 241.14 19 Turning involved supplanting clearest considered. Island South Shore incorporate, 402(b)(1), 1342(b)(1) Supp. , 301 1311 371-394, 395-424; 40 Regulations 133.102 (1980). There being believe, erred stating: 20 "Neither minimum prescribed nor National Pollutant Discharge Elimination require law." 173. 21 lack scheme. 22 different They sewage, procedure referred agencies control. All three explicitly permits, addition covering cover lines plants. December 24, 1974, initiate and/or bypass [Jones Shore, respectively] Collector assure attainment Quality Standards." 378-379, 416. identified. submit plan objectives, alternative engineering solutions cost estimates, report attached form occur, install monitoring devices selected points, quarterly reports points. "facilities planning" "The elements include feasibility study, cost-effectiveness environmental assessment sewers." Quarterly progress 379. 18, covers "from sanitary crossovers, crossovers overflows." 425. Again sewers, "is (gravity) electrically relief pumps. ." 438. objective submitted, again reported form, installed reports. city's 443. cooperate assist page, DNR, "until controlled." 444.15 23 resulted "[e]limination bypassing overflowing occurs within sewerage dry weather 1, 1982." 465. Wet sewers subjected coordinated effort Commissions resulting correction 1986, submitted DNR. 469-471. accomplish project, design work completed 1981, 1993. Annual 471-472. 24 quite foregoing best continually monitor situation. Enforcement brought, "interstice" here filled law: Act. Although disagree approach taken responsibility issuing disagreement alone law.16 strenuously argue continues stressing neither argument, think, something red herring. difference due differences problems, problems addressed.17 not, permitted. Rather accommodate amount otherwise occasions. mandating guidelines recognition "site specific." Program Requirements Memorandum PRM 75-34 (Dec. 16, 1975): 26 costs benefits portions by-passes vary greatly characteristics duration, intensity, frequency, aerial precipitation, type development service area, characteristics, uses quality receiving Decisions grants therefore, local level." 27 EPA, Report Combined Sewer Overflow 7-1, 7-13 (MCD-50, 1978). Demanding applicability concluding exclusion asks wrong question. occupied, manner.18 28 invocation face peculiarly inappropriate complex noted: known arcane testimony sometimes heads height another. N Immigration Nationality less candid acknowledge my grasp like be. F-4. 30 Not technical difficult—doubtless reason vested administer possessing necessary expertise—but unsuited inevitable criticized past approaches "sporadic" "ad hoc," 1511, apt characterizations judicial Wilburn Boat Fireman's Fund insurance 348 310, 319, 368, 373, 99 337 (1955). significant major underlying concerned 104, 1393, Under 402(b)(3), 1342(b)(3), ensure whose issuance receives notice participate hearing. guarantees hearing, 147.11, 147.13 1980-1981). received each here, hearings held, way. 402(b)(5), 1342(b)(5), written recommendations applications receive statement reasons accepted. opportunity. 402(d)(2)(A), 1342(d)(2)(A) ed., veto affected. request 402(d)(4) 1342(d)(4) added itself stalemate objecting develops. basic grievance controls pursuit process. inconsistent "write ticket" guise already permittees operating reliance them. 32 evident 505(e) statute, 1370, 1365(e).19 Act.20 thing, say adopt processes, even in-state dischargers. Any standards, seem contemplates limitations; it, premised Subsection provides: "Nothing restrict right person (or class persons) statute standard (including Administrator agency)" 34 evinces We, inclined quoted meaning says: 505, provision, read limiting exist. 35 virtually identical subsections several statutes.21 subsection language accompanying think revoke remedies. assuredly one, maintains 36 persuaded aids indulging unlikely includes limited opposed routine 1009, 9.22 dissent considers "particularly revealing," post, colloquy involving Senators Griffin, Muskie, Hart, pendency Reserve Mining Griffin expressed "one conference agreement adversely affect number Refuse 1899," litigation. 190. 402(k), 883, 1342(k), provides, pertinent part: 38 "Until 31, where section, final disposition made, violation (1) 306, (2) March 3, 1899, plaintiff proves failure applicant furnish information reasonably requested application." about relation 4(a) bill, "[n]o suit, proceeding lawfully officer employee his official capacity duties immediately prior date taking amendment Act." stated "when together, altogether intended respect pollutors violating 1899." 41 Muskie responded Griffin's quoting stating "[w]ithout conferees acts 193. Later Hart understanding, explanation Maine, now 1899 way counts 211.23 Muskie's Hart's context bear place, although litigation, 1899—not "other discussing Most importantly, based response Griffin—that affected—on 4(a), Government enacted. given Muskie. Even assumed legislators focusing were), informed §4(a), 4(a); understandably, assurances he received. simply come us.24 42 therefore vacated, remanded consistent opinion. ordered. 44 BLACKMUN, whom MARSHALL STEVENS join, dissenting. 45 Nine years ago, (1972), unanimously determined bring cities, commissions. time, alleged raw entities created citizens Illinois. remitted parties "whose adequate resolve issues." 108, 1395. 46 promptly initiated litigation,1 pursued pretrial discovery, 6-month trial entailed hundreds exhibits scores witnesses, extensive factual findings Court, KF105 F3 Cert., exhaustive review Appeals. 167-177 (CA7 1979). Today, decides 9-year just meaningless charade, cf. Hughes Tool Trans World Airlines, Inc., 409 389, 390, 661, 662, 577 (dissenting opinion), inasmuch as, says, approved implicitly extinguished six Because believe extinction, surely contemplate reached today, respectfully dissent. 47 displacement rests, am convinced, faulty assumption. contrasting law,2 assumes soon "addresses governed" disappears." Ante, 314. "automatic displacement" respects. fails reflect unique role plays resolving government addition, ignores frequent complement fulfillment policies. settled body survived (1938). formulate 822. upset, disturbed, deeply rooted, specialized arisen effectuate embodied Constitution Congress.3 Chief served resolution implementation policies.3 49 Erie, fashioned controversy renders State. Nebraska Wyoming, 325 589, 1332, 89 1815 (1945); Hinderlider La Plata 92, 110, 803, 810, 1202 Kansas Colorado, 206 46, 97-98, 655, 666, 667-68, (1907) (apportioning stream). Cissna Tennessee, 246 289, 296, 309, 720 (1918); Howard Ingersoll, How. 381, 189 (1852) (resolving boundary conflict). arise, rights Constitution, Article III, extends citizens, equitably disputes, "what improperly 98, 667. 50 Long enunciated assured unreasonable interference natural environment resources stems Georgia Tennessee Copper 237-239, 619-20, 1038 (1907); Missouri 200 496, 520, 526, 268, 269, 272, 572 (1906). 473, 1176 (1931); York Jersey, 256 492, 937 (1921). protection consequence entry Union commitment Constitution. words Holmes, speaking Court: "When union forcible outside nuisances impossible each, thereby agree whatever done. renounce possibility reasonable demands ground still remaining quasi -sovereign interests; force court." 237, 619. 52 federally substantive obligations stake. Thus, pronounce fill interstices pervasively framework, avoid subjecting inconsistencies Textile Workers Lincoln Mills, 353 448, 456-457, 77 912, 917-18, 972 (1957); Standard 332 305, 1604, 1606, 2067 (1947); 366-367, 574-75, (1943); Deposit (1942). If sufficiently strong, drawn settling though precise posed. 458, 918; 368-370, 575-76. 593, ("the incompleteness presented interstitial law-making courts"). Each sources concluded supplied requisite federal-question deciding, "where overriding uniform touches federalism." 105, 6, 6. heavily air allocation complaining party invoking 104-106, 1393-1394. recounted suggested abiding purity justified 1391-1392. Significantly, barrier 54 contrary statements intimations ante, 323, 325, 327, create Well acted foundation situation.4 presumed unaware history, can deemed oblivious announced passage (Act Amendments), central whether, awareness, passing prevent recourse seems me, thorough exploration offered "spoken to" back 1888,5 1948 broad systematic (also Clean Act).6 properly regarded expressions obstacle incentive 102-103, 1392-93. fact once complicated difficult purifying presumptive evidence, let conclusive proof, meant foreclose pre-existing pollution.7 possible extinction reviewing obligated magnitude care intent.8 view, structure leaves doubt reads: agency)." 1365(e) added). defines "person" embraces Michigan. 502(5), 1362(5). preserves governmental who statute. important, succinctly case: "There phrase 'any law' 163. knowledge, 59 Other sections support conclusion intention extinguishing aimed eliminating purport unitary particular, expressly 510, 1370. officers foreclosed stricter 511(a), 1371(a). scheme, insulate liability law.10 contrary, confers separate legal remain unaffected. 205, 2025, plainly anticipated dischargers levels Those shared individual see, 101(b), 1251(b) entirely understandable thought imperative desirable insist exclusive improvement quality.11 61 offers responses intent. With attributes critical significance "this section," concludes extinguish actions. 328-330. reads said 'this section' take away remedies, remainder does." extremely strained reading language,12 odds 511, 1371. construed suggests, authorizes abrogation rights, suspect, meaningless, provisions. interpreting license construe procedural jurisdictional 505 persons sue relies contained Based proponents prepared date, finds strong suggestion talismanic generalized references. characterize efforts hardly prevents supplemental serious addressed.13 Moreover, contradict position. describes informing 505(e): shown, available. Compliance defense damages." 81 reprinted 1499 (Leg.Hist.).14 64 deliberate preservation makes distinction debates aware presence survive revealing floor, noted challenging dumping iron ore Superior. 191. 514 492 (CA8 1975) banc). inquired nuisance,15 Muskie16 hinder .[,] 211 (Sen. Hart) added).17 Finally, attaches rigorous mechanism addressing controversies. evidently regards requirement, criticizes invoke relief. 326. hearing became failed pursue -applicable undisputed prolonged diligent secure relief.18 Nonetheless, exhaust existed initiated; complainant wholly unforeseen avenues seeks adopts harsh requirement context. 66 implies, serve bar. participation anything voluntary optional.19 Conference 1977 proposal prerequisite.20 Committee, opponents Justice. letter sent conferees, understanding absent amendment, pollution.21 Department's position survival stance period quality.22 implementing EPA's interpretation scope limits considerable deference. Udall Tallman, 380 85 792, 801, 616 (1965). Where, publicly consistently interpretation, silence significance, intense attention. And where, agency's firmly grounded fail how lightly disregard interpretation. Assuming relief, remains reasonable. ruling, defective. asserts exceed sanctioned polluters. 327-328. contrast, below correctly 69 164, grant freedom mark outer bounds [but] useful fashioning decisions." 5, 1392, 5. These guidelines, primarily proof faced parties; determine applied. 70 instance, arise familiar involves public.23 Drawing inGeorgia Ten Ye¢s349¢s 238-239, 619-620, defendant carrying activity causing injury cognizable complainant." 165. Whether qualifies unreasonable, substantial warrant injunctive facts circumstances.24 judgments times difficult, perform traditional capacities experience.25 71 choosing apply, draw conduct communities. concerned, "th[is] choice-of-law task courts." 592, 2396. while problem, measure content Comm'rs 349-352, 287-89, (1939). 457, 575. What today characterizes reflects proper discretion.26 72 sets Appeals,27 instance decline show appreciably diminish injury. proposition pronounce, "lack imposed" 320 delineating legitimate relevance adding high water-quality ask strict honored degrading neighbor." (Emphasis added.) comparable Since expected differ odd, least, deprived reconciliation differences. 73 amenable authority. found, 167-168, 239 rivers flow lake. single month 1976, amounted 646 gallons Ibid. fecal wastes, containing billions pathogenic bacteria viruses, periodically prevailing pathogens poses risk residents, threatening contaminate drinking supplies infect swimmers.28 Pursuant owned works "secondary defined Administrator" 301(b)(1)(B), 304(d)(1), 1311(b)(1)(B), 1314(d)(1).29 commissioned study toward legislation.30 define secondary quality, acknowledged raise resolved basis.31 demonstrates inadequacy carefully evaluated deal judgment. 171-173. reflected restore waters.32 allowed "correct" conceded complying deadlines. 172, 177. responsibly manner envisioned IV 76 disturbing aspect By encouraging perceived offer State, afforded. unfortunate, undermines govern inter 102, Instead promoting alleviating fear today's lead turn assistance filling encourage prospect, adhere affirm "project, plan, collection, transmission, disposal drainage city." 62.61(1) Supp.1980-1981). "plan, local, district, lateral, intercepting, outfall conduits, drains pumping buildings, structures, works, apparatus, agencies, lay mains pipes, instrumentalities deems expedient effect." 62.61(1)(d). county metropolitan limits. 59.96(6)(a). operates city, alteration, discretion, "any drains, storm-water 62.61(1)(e). approval Commission. 62.67. susceptible storms groundwater occasionally enter likely during weather. inherent devices, mechanical gravity, activated, effluent. 167-168. Eutrophication nutrient gradually increases. accelerated water. 169, 39. 29-32. nuisance," F-2, complaint, F-24. "it claims." 177, 53. argues brief, supplanted petition certiorari, 79-571. rejected contentions personam long-arm minimum-contacts test International Shoe 326 154, 90 (1945), venue improper. 155-157. commencement personal proper. Relations Between Law, Colum.L.Rev. 489, 497 (1954) ("[f]ederal intervention justification, justification essentially discretionary, belonged Congress") (footnote omitted). note inconsistency argument applied, exists, used. errs labeling displacement," 334. infra, 317-323, displaced "detailed claims," consideration dissent's another," 334, advance argument. implicates "Commerce States" enact governing dispute. formulated "interstate 667, (1907), separation-of-powers frequently spoken. controls, disputes. (1963). represented very displacing counsel actually willingness Simply term "pre-emption," usually displaces assume federal-state "broad systematic," 338, emphasizes then-existing 337. similarly barrier. previous "inadequate 1425, intent, witnessed citations text, "Point source" 502(14) 1362(14) discernible, confined conveyance discharged." casual perusal views practically universal. 343 Young); 350 Blatnik); 374 Clausen); Roberts); 425 Roe); 450 Reuss); 467 Dingell); 481 Caffery); 1302 Cooper); 1408 Hart). "established eventual pollutant nation's waters." 162. undermined Cases character insufficient point, branch 316-317. answers 312-315, course depend plucked out thin followed regulations, funds construction, provide, evaluation feasibility, alternatives, project. 35.903, 35.917 art detail 35.917-35.917-9. constitutes step financial projects. statutorily articulated make conditions, projects 201(g)(1), 212(2)(A), (B), 1281(g)(1), 1292(2)(A), (B) Supp.III); Pages 40-41 1458-1459; 165 Muskie); 1379 Magnuson). impressed arguments immediate effect, examination foreclosing light assuming action, sufficed Benefit Analysis (1979) ("regulations specify technology standards. NPDES contain data collection"). rectified "filling gap" providing undertaken permits. examining arguments. manner, instant inadequate, are. suffice largely occurred Drafting, filing Reports, debate houses took place Only after. yet cites "[l]ong before" Post, 335. During Ohio Wyandotte Chemicals 401 493, 1005, indicated Illinois'. Wyandotte, defendants. "an this, adjudicated (1938)." 498-499, 1009-10, 3. overrule statement, full, "Except chapter, chapter deny thereof enforce (A) respecting pollutants, pollution; limitation, standard, prohibition, pretreatment performance chapter; impairing affecting waters) States." 304(e) Air 7604(e) 16(e) Deepwater Port 1515(e); 105(g)(5) Marine Protection, Research, Sanctuaries 1415(g)(5); 12(e) Noise 4911(e); 7002(f) Solid Waste Disposal 6972(f); 1449(e) Safe Drinking 300j-8(e) 520(e) Surface Reclamation 1270(e) 20(c)(3) Toxic Substances 2619(c)(3). criticism 341-342, misplaced. disturb rest repeated haec verba vast array legislation, 21, indicates refers "extremely strained," dissent, relying remedy, "nothing prefer written. knows Act" 96-510, 114(a), 94 2795. states "Senators responded" text. 344. strictly accurate. did, text above, 4(a). He rather, context, inaccuracy appears little importance, great weight 344, 16. similar House, Representative Wright Dingell precisely referring 248. mentioned enact, "proposed" Aspin. 345-346. "unsuccessful attempts guides intent," Red Lion Broadcasting FCC, 395 381-382, 1794, 1802, 371 (1969), also, Aspin "proposal" indication "oft-repeated warning" subsequent hazardous inferring earlier one." Consumer Product Safety commission GTE Sylvania, 117-118, 2051, 2060-61, 766 admonitions play, introduced Congress; appear Congressional Record. fate precedents quarrel federalism stake assessing suggests. sensitive potential frustration purposes permitted 244, 777, For reason, "all nothing" basis. hand, stake, desirable, indeed effectuated. 2496, (opinion judgment); 592-593, 2396-97, (1973). concept cooperative interaction attainable involved. Law-Making Power Courts: Constitutional Preemption, 1024, 1026-1042 (1967); Friendly, Praise Erie—and Common N.Y.U.L.Rev. 383, 405-422 (1964). Leybold, Law: Judicially Established Effluent Standards Remedy Nuisance Actions, B.C.Env.Aff.L.Rev. 293 (1978). 1331. 236 1971). recently 1971, confirmed vindicate whole. 1008, (citing discussed 335). refusal prudential concededly obtained. 499-505, 1010-1013. observation "[s ]ofar record, added), explained year "based preoccupation June 29, 1888, 209. Rivers Harbors Appropriation 1121. Ch. 758, 1155. 314-315, stand today. formula apportioning Colorado River directed implement formula. allocation, 565, 1480. confronted none. passed, wrongful death seas, acceded particularized cases, spoken, encouraged many discussion Part II, infra. Inevitably, tension obligation interest, self-restraint defer course, flexible creative yield certainty check courts' desire overlook curtail it. admonished derogation clear. Isbrandtsen Johnson, 779, 783, 1011, 1014, 1294 (1952) cases). "has spoken," 316, 8, begin inquiry; said. E. Sea Clammers Assn. 1222, 1233 (CA3 1980), cert. granted, 449 917, 314, 145 California Tahoe Regional Planning Jennings, 594 181, 193 (CA9), denied, 444 864, 133, (1979). Outboard 619 623, 626 80-126; Atlantic-Richfield 478 F.Supp. 1215, 1218-1220 (Mont. 1979); ex rel. Scott Steel 356 556, 559 (ND Ill. 1973); Ira S. Bushey Sons, 346 145, 149 (Vt. 1972), aff'd, 487 1393 (CA2 1973), 417 976, 3182, 1146 (1974). 1976), criticizing "unlikely preserved 329. criticism, intrastate controversy, 1010, furnished Cf. 477, 482-483, 521-22, (1931) (compliance bar action). elsewhere manifested laws. 312(f)(1), 1322(f)(1). demonstrated capable pre-empting chose fashion. characterized comprehensive. Similar advancing decided. S.Rep.No.462, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., (1947) ("The (S. 418) abating, ."); Cong.Rec. 8195 (1948) Surgeon General stream cooperation combating evil." Auchincloss)). That (see 318, 10), postmortems expect 104th H.R.Rep.No.92-911, 134 819, 821. 501. observed primary author, credited accordingly. I. du Pont De Nemours 112, 129, 965, 975, 204 (1977); Crushed Stone Assn., 71, 10, 295, 300, 268 191-194. (colloquy Reps. Wright); 252 Dingell). 329-332, elaborately minimize fact, participants colloquy, count. pendent "adversely affect[ed]," lawsuit 190-191. 194. pertained mentioned. entire retroactive 402(k) commenced. disruption February Counsel caveat obvious here: "[I]t interpret deprive explicit language. bill." Brief 8-9 (describing unsuccessful remedies); 158 1979) processes 1972). observes, "provides pursuit" stringent. use, permitting efficiency approach, modify Following Congressman proposed 402: "Sec. amended end following subsection: '(1) (b)(5) failing submission standing (in part) recommendations.' "(b) effective amendment." 98a. Houses debated met. voiced recent "explicitly belief pre-empted." Hearings Transportation H.R. 3199, 95th 328 (1977). Letter James Moorman, Assistant Attorney General, Division, Oct. 1977: serves injured neglected overburdened good removing liable benefit one's outweigh harm. sound principle. shown someone sufficient complied with. Polluters held holds unnecessarily injuring others inevitably small meritorious abolishing action." 101a-103a. 623 Hooker Plastic (WDNY 79-990, 20, Several (Vt.1972), (1974); Solvents Recovery Serv., 496 1127 (Conn.1980). Restatement (Second) Torts 821B (Tent.Draft 1970). W. Prosser, 583-591 (4th 1971); Rodgers, 102-107 821B; 602-606; Note, Interstate Disputes, 1973 U.Ill.Law Forum 141, 154-158. 506-540 banc); Armco 333 1073, 1079-1084 (SD Tex. Commonwealth Barnes Tucker 455 Pa. 392, 319 871 Boomer Cement N.Y.2d 219, 309 N.Y.S.2d 312, 257 North Eastern 870 (1970); People Stream Huron, 305 Mich. Western Elm Grove 122 W.Va. 442, 813 (1940); Fink Trustees, Ill.App.2d 276, 218 240 (1966); Murphysboro Sanitary 111, 522 (1956). merit suggestion, difficulty complexity suitable denying adjudicate. appropriate. abused discretion state-law irrelevant unpublished B-2 B-4; conclusions F-1 F-30. gained undertaking erroneous. Appeals' evidence. extensions deadline conditions. 95-217, 44, 45, 1584, 1311(h) (i) III). 70, 1608. S.Rep.No.95-370, October 1978. 133.103 pipes facility "publicly works" 1311. 122.3, technology-based mandates individualized assistance. devised regulating hold nullify circumstances harm citizenry established; higher 107-108, 1394-95.

Classification Label: 7