Legal Document

491 U.S. 657 109 S.Ct. 2678 105 L.Ed.2d 562 HARTE-HANKS COMMUNICATIONS, INC., Petitionerv.Daniel CONNAUGHTON. No. 88-10. Argued March 20, 1989. Decided June 22, Syllabus Respondent was the unsuccessful challenger for position of Municipal Judge Hamilton, Ohio, in an election conducted on November 8, 1983. A local newspaper, Journal News, published by petitioner supported reelection incumbent. little over a month before election, incumbent's Director Court Services resigned and arrested bribery charges, grand jury investigation those charges progress 1, On that day, News ran front-page story quoting witness (Thompson) as stating respondent had used "dirty tricks" offered her sister jobs trip to Florida "in appreciation" their help investigation. filed diversity action against libel Federal District Court, alleging false, damaged his personal professional reputation, been with actual malice. After listening six days testimony three taped interviews—one two reporters—and reviewing contents 56 exhibits, given instructions defining elements public figure directed answer special verdicts. It found preponderance evidence question defamatory clear convincing proof malice, awarded $5,000 compensatory damages $195,000 punitive damages. The Appeals affirmed. separately considered supporting each jury's specia verdicts, concluding neither finding nor it false clearly erroneous. In considering malice issue, but without attempting make independent evaluation credibility conflicting oral concerning subsidiary facts underlying court identified 11 "could have" held such findings would not have erroneous, and, based its review, when cumulatively they provided Held: 1. showing " 'highly unreasonable conduct constituting extreme departure from standards reporting ordinarily adhered responsible publishers' cannot alone support verdict favor plaintiff action. Rather, must prove defendant material i.e., knowledge falsity or reckless disregard truth. Although there is language Appeals' opinion suggesting applied less severe rule, read whole, this merely supportive court's ultimate conclusion acted Pp. 663-668. 2. case "exercise judgment determine whether record establishes clarity" ensure consistent constitutional standard set out New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 254, 84 710, 686, subsequent decisions. See Bose Corp. Consumers Union United States, Inc., 466 485, 104 1949, 80 502. Based Court's review entire record, properly did fact should taken somewhat different approach reaching result. While may facts, decided speculative ground. Given trial instructions, answers interrogatories, understanding dispute, evident rejected (1) petitioner's witnesses Thompson's sister, most important Services, contacted simply because failed place touch newspaper; (2) editorial director he listen interviews thought provide him no new information; (3) employees who asserted believed allegations were substantially true. When are alongside undisputed evidence, newspaper inexorably follows. case, reviewed entirety, "unmistakably" sufficient 685-693. 842 F.2d 825 (CA6 1988), STEVENS, J., delivered which REHNQUIST, C.J., BRENNAN, WHITE, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. concurring opinion, joined, post, p. 694. 694, 696, opinions. SCALIA, judgment, 696. Lee Levine petitioner. John A. Lloyd, Jr., Cincinnati, respondent. Justice STEVENS Court. 1 recover d famatory falsehood "statement made 'actual malice'—that is, not." 279-280, 725-726, 686 (1964). Curtis Publishing Butts, 388 130, 162, 87 1975, 1995, 18 1094 (1967) (opinion Warren, C.J.). 502 (1984), we judges cases duty clarity." Id., at 514, 1967. affirmed We granted certiorari consider analysis our holding Bose. 488 907, 257, 102 245 (1988). 2 * Respondent, Daniel Connaughton, candidate office Petitioner publisher incumbent, James Dolan. charges. date, Alice Thompson, witness, Connaughton 3 Invoking federal jurisdiction, damages, article discovery, motion summary relying part argument even if statements First Amendment protects accurate disinterested serious figure. denied motion, noting raised issue newspaper's interest objective "neutral reportage doctrine" apply statements.1 accordingly proceeded trial. 4 reviewin succinct accurately verdicts.2 unanimously false. also separate hearing Thereafter, notwithstanding verdict, App. Pet. Cert. 83a, appealed. 5 1988). lengthy majority detailed why "independent examination record" demonstrated "the does pose forbidden intrusion into rights free expression." 828. "core issue" "simply one be attached appearing behalf respective parties reasonableness probability assigned testimony." 839-840. defamatory3 false4 6 determination involved four steps. first noted wide disparity between parties' versions critical pointing credited easily concluded true and/or Journal's determining highly reasonable publishers." 840. Second, inferred interrogatories "it obviously elected assign greater plaintiff's [and that] believe defendants' witnesses, evidentiary presentations arguments." Ibid. Third, having what regarded "subsidiary operative facts" constituted theory 843-844. Fourth, exercise judgment" "cumulative impact facts," "Connaughton proved, 1983, despite existence doubt veracity accuracy reports." 846. 7 Guy dissented. admissions interview reporters day sufficiently corroborated preclude 853-854. He satisfied, matter law, regardless determinations subject de novo review. 855. II 8 contends basic errors. First, while correctly announced (1964), actually required publishers.' F.2d, 845 (quoting U.S., 155, S.Ct., 1991 Harlan, J.)). therefore incorrectly relied implicitly established instead drawing own inferences evidence. 9 There supports contention. For example, expressly state News' decision publish standards.5 Moreover, attributes considerable weight motivated economic gaining competitive advantage Cincinnati Enquirer, bitter rival market.6 plainly correct recognizing more than motive publishing promote opponent's candidacy increase circulation—cannot basis 10 discussing Harlan's plurality supra, 1991. Harlan opined reserved brought officials. decision, view, primarily driven repugnance seditious concern official "lay close" universally renounced, long-defunct, doctrine. 153, 1990. standard, suggested need only "a This proposed however, emphatically stricter rule. 199 C.J.); id., 170, 1999 (Black, dissenting); 172, 2000 (BRENNAN, dissenting). just years later, acquiesced application cases, see Rosenbloom Metromedia, 403 29, 69-70, 91 1811, 1832-1833, 29 296 (1971) (dissenting opinion), time Gertz Robert Welch, 418 323, 94 2997, 41 789 (1974), apparently view. Today, controlled never commanded worth emphasizing satisfied through ill will "malice" ordinary sense term.7 Beck- ley Newspapers Hanks, 389 81, 88 197, 19 248 (per curiam ); Henry Collins, 380 356, 85 992, 13 892 (1965) ). Indeed, last Term "may tort intentional infliction emotional distress . publication contains statement true." Hustler Magazine, Inc. Falwell, 485 46, 56, 108 876, 882, 99 Nor can order profits suffice allegedly themselves paid advertisement. 265-266, 718-719. If profit could somehow strip communications otherwise available protection, Magazine empty vessels. Actual instead, requires minimum And although concept "reckless disregard" "cannot fully encompassed infallible definition," St. Amant 390 727, 730, 1323, 1325, 20 262 (1968), "high degree awareness probable falsity," Garrison Louisiana, 379 64, 74, 209, 215, 125 "entertained doubts truth publication," Amant, 731, 1325. 12 Certain isolation, appear indicate times substituted rule requirement other story. Nevertheless, accepted "demonstrated thus malice' jury." 847. courts careful too much reliance factors, entitled defendant's mind circumstantial Herbert Lando, 441 160, 1635, 1640, 60 115 (1979); Tavoulareas Piro, 260 U.S.App.D.C. 39, 66, 817 762, (en banc), cert. denied, 484 870, 200, 98 151 (1987), said care bears any relation inquiry. Thus, judged substantive standard. gave undue findings—whether kind mandated Bose—requires consideration. proper prefaced additional comment some conflicts III 14 Patsy Stephens, older sister. tape-recorded Connaughton's home 12:30 4:30 a.m. September 17, Stephens explained how, 40 50 occasions, she visited Administrator, Billy Joe New, cash payments dispose "DUI" minor criminal former husband various relatives acquaintances.8 pursuant arrangement suggestion county prosecutor, took lie detector test. learning passed test, written complaint New. due course, arrested, indicted, convicted. 15 Thompson eight persons present 17.9 One described shoplifting charge volunteered comments about incident, say during long Stephens. 22d, polygraph declined submit 301. sisters spent several hours company wife, supporters. They discussed number subjects, including resigned, reason concerned safety sisters, Martha might open ice cream parlor sometime future, possibility employed waitresses, vacation planned Connaughtons after election. 16 Late October, New's lawyer, Masana, met Jim Blount, Cocozzo, publisher, arrange meeting Thompson. Masana wanted interviewed using campaign. October 27, Blount Pam Long, reporter, lawyer's Long wrote 17 tape hour minutes long. Significant portions inaudible incoherent. clear, these specific charges: —that stated purpose taping get confront Dolan "scare them resigning" making use tapes;10 pay expenses 3-week sisters;11 buy restaurant sisters' parents operate;12 21 both Thompson;13 22 take victory dinner expensive French election;14 23 allow involvement become public.15 24 During course interview, indicated told print it, 284, police, likewise, interested, 310.16 "against" becoming judge. 311. She since friends accused "of being snitch rat"—epithets great offense—and came "to cleared up."17 description frequently turned off r corder,18 voice heard tape,19 inconsistently (and response leading question), questions Connaughton.20 25 Toward end significant comments. "Pam will, write story," 314, asked "[w]hat happen called your sister," 316. comment, improbable explanation motivation seeking interview,21 second equivocal answer,22 though previously assured confirm everything said.23 26 Sunday, 30, appeared under headline "Municipal Race More Loser."24 45a. column, observed campaign "battle has all expected more," predicted "[a] lot still next nine days." went discuss pending "array counter probably votes Dolan." cautioned, race quoted unidentified voter saying, "I resent voting person I later find deceitful dishonest campaigning." 46a. Significantly, express indignation dishonesty administration Court—a think arrest prompted—but rather, distaste campaigning—a then-uninvestigated unwritten soon engender. questioning Enquirer's coverage forces wealthy, influential link Enquirer decisionmakers," column yet favored, implied endorsement forthcoming. 48a. 27 31, reporter telephoned attend "that hang balance." Tr. 457 (Aug. 9, 1985). Cocozzo afternoon variety subjects. subjects rumor Enquirer. "no extraordinary pull inside track anybody down there," contrary lie." 458. Another participation chronology events led filing obligation "as attorney officer report [New's] crimes." 458-459. No mention Connaughton. 460. hour, received telephone call then repo ter him. 462. 28 another where advised "trying how 256. ensuing lasted 55 minutes. acknowledged meetings discussion mentioned. stated, account "obviously shaded bizarre," 276, "absolutely" "quid pro quo information."25 categorically denying intended scare resigning, admitted well speculated do tapes.26 Similarly, promised anonymity, agreed hoped remain anonymous.27 job waitress, up restaurant, acknowledge general conversation wife dream opening gourmet shop" materialize, work there.28 similar acknowledgments references possible postelection dinner, denials promises.29 At back—stressing "hefty" one—and elected. once again unequivocally allegation.30 30 following lead News—under "Bribery claims jobs, offered" reported woman testify Grand Jury Dan Hamilton Judge, 'in appreciation' help."31 32 article, carried Long's byline, 'dirty tricks' gain cooperation investigating admitting meet "denied wrongdoing." Each reported, "protect anonymity," 330, municipal job" sort work, invited post-election Florida," business," 333. conveyed allegation tapes session [that] until 5:30 a.m.," promises "[w]hen off." addition, wrote, "Thompson claimed presented Dolan" hope resign, thereby allowing assume judgeship. 335. version reported. 31 As noted, record—both tape—that telling dissembling. hand, partial confirmation tape, remained sharp conflict events. unquestionably ample principal either misinterpreted remarks deliberately lying. listened recordings demeanor testified court. impartial reached not, demonstrate Unlike often decide plausible stories correct. Difference matter—even difference 1—does constitute Garrison, 215. derived pieces information strongly inference printing statements. IV 33 managing editor assembled group instructed exception attempt so. 56-57, 61, 83-85. omission hard explain light Blount's repeated allegations. 277, 313, utterly bewildering committed substantial resources claims, chose likely However, ad remarks, running story, good coming supporters desire assist denial quickly put 34 remaining 31. Jeanette Ernest Barnes promises, offers, inducements known Barneses credible. 89-90. Dave Berry absolutely offers made. 91-92. By appeared, consistently allegations, verify accounts relevant 35 hear tapes. 259. agreed, ibid., available, 48, 142. Much verified disproved Listening tapes, revealed recorders selectively speak running. simple means questions, claimed. Furthermore, truly equipoise endorse incumbent judge reelection—as 30—it difficult understand lack corrupt disposition Dolan's Even assumed reflect integrity himself, surely administrative shortcomings process normally interest.32 piece larger picture, reasonably infer broader context raise veracity. 36 small stage article. interviewed. Its prediction further candidates surface few already developed credible upon reflection. 37 Finally, discrepancies impression failure complete deliberate effort avoid superiors understood Tom Grant ask police witness. 86-87 (Walker), 95 (Cocozzo). so testified. 37-38. Grant, assignment. 88. early stages proceeding, tried telephone, 94, standing desk overheard talking 36-37, them, 57. getting discussed, 142, ultimately contact—and contact—with 31st published, 48-49 (Blount), 56-57 (Long). V 38 defamation law. 510-511, 1965. premised common-law tradition,33 unique character protected Our profound national commitment exchange ideas, enshrined Amendment, demands law carve area 'breathing space' speech discouraged. Gertz, 342, 3008 NAACP Button, 371 415, 433, 83 328, 338, 405 (1963)); Co., 272, 721-722 (same). meaning terms "actual malice"—and, particularly, disregard"—however, readily captured "one definition." case-by-case adjudication give content elusive standards. Bose, 503, 1960. elucidation particularly precisely same itself necessary. Uncertainty scope protection dissuade speech—the affords. Most fundamentally, recognition "[j]udges, expositors Constitution," "independently decid cross threshold bars entry malice.' 511, 39 "public qualifications elective presents strongest rule," Ocala Star-Banner Damron, 401 295, 300, 628, 632, 57 (1971), Madison 1800, ratification Amendment: "Let recollected, lastly, right electing members government constitutes essence government. value efficacy depends comparative merits demerits trust, equal freedom, consequently, examining respectively." J. Elliot, Debates Constitution 575 (1861). vigilance. enters political arena, "must expect debate sometimes rough personal," Ollman Evans, 242 301, 333, 750 970, 1002 (1984) banc) (Bork, concurring), 471 1127, 2662, 86 278 (1985), 'cry Foul!' opponent industrious attempts demonstrate" lacks "sterling integrity" trumpeted literature speeches, Monitor Patriot Roy, 265, 274, 621, 626, (1971). Vigorous campaigns necessary optimal functioning democratic institutions central history individual liberty.34 42 gone far, accord press absolute immunity figures elections. truth, prevail. 1995 prudent conduct. "There permit entertained publication." subjective one—there falsity." result, investigate publishing, done so, establish disregard. 733, 1326. Hunt Liberty Lobby, 720 631, 642 (CA11 1983); Schultz Newsweek, 668 911, 918 1982). involving third party's "recklessness obvious reasons informant 732, 43 factual full. clearly-erroneous trier "opportunity observe witnesses," 499-500, 1958-1959, 'examine [itself] circumstances principles protect,' 285, 728 Pennekamp Florida, 328 331, 335, 66 1029, 1031, 90 L.Ed. 1295 (1946)).35 agree approach, differs Appeals. 44 found.36 844, conclude 45 dispute th t five published. charge—that resigning disclose tapes—was improbable, inconsistent arranged test police. These communicated, said. hesitant, inaudible, unresponsive tone contention prepublication confirmed statements, Brief 47, makes unambiguously wrongful acknowledgment, instance, working store someday open, hardly confirms sister's operate, suitable work.37 extraordinarily unlikely missed certain aspects 46 them. aware key her. Accepting explanations omissions credible, inaction product acquire 1326, purposeful avoidance category. 47 remarkable similarity case—and particular, recording home—and (1967). Butts showed Saturday Evening Post unreliable informant's Georgia athletic director's purported agreement "fix" college football game. veracity, editors access look films happened game question.38 intent convince standards, satisfy demanding Chief Warren,39 WHITE.40 48 49 Affirmed. whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE joins, concurring. my like historical facts—e.g., when—are reviewable Rule Civil Procedure 52. Credibility fall category, falsity. But dissent 515, 1967, component Sullivan malice" fact. independently appellate 51 views, and—as KENNEDY observes—is views expressed SCALIA concurrence. premises, join opinion. 52 53 majority's result reaches. separately, stress points. 54 reaches us odd posture, stands way giving full consideration attack perhaps significance. abandoned defense Philadelphia Newspapers, Hepps, 475 767, 106 1558, 89 783 (1986), defense. presume ante, 681, eschewed reportage" Cf. Edwards National Audubon Society, 556 113, 120 (CA2), 434 1002, 647, 498 (1977). strategic appears unwise case. newsworthy candidate, elicit campaign, response, discussions touched incorrect. Were adopt neutral theory, arguably fit within it. That question, squarely presented. wish emphasize form past, decisions dealing placed emphasis manner publisher. Greenbelt Cooperative Assn., Bresler, 398 6, 12-13, 1537, 1540-1541, (1970) (truthful issues importance actionable); Time, Pape, 279, 290-292, 633, 639-641, (erroneous interpretation Government malice"). Under precedents, portrayed printed markedly (1967), rather contested differences presentation truth: presenting shown regard Several interpreted breaking practice determinations. notes 680-681, finds probative 682-685, deals exclusively extrinsic itself. absence Pape Bresler irrelevant relies purposefully incomplete 692-693, suggests accorded significance forms am confident, analysis, fairly hold Because convinced article's painstaking "review record," 689, weight, concur. 58 59 view SCALIA's judgment. 61 resolution legal certiorari, namely "highly reporting" enough (rather of) assess liability cases. 62 disagree, resolving granted, following: 63 "Whether, instituted office, Fourteenth Amendments obligate malice—a examines itself." 64 Sixth Circuit perceived created earlier Columbia Circuit, en banc, forth "whether clarity," nub conflict, overwhelming actions figures, means, 762 (1987) "independent" assessment establishing malice; here (explicitly rejecting ), that, assuming plaintiff, established. 65 Today's resolves seems me peculiar manner. accept, favorable found, adequately find. Exercising uncontroverted evidence), concludes convincingly proved. crucial passage "Given inextricably follows." Ante, 690-691 (emphasis original). 67 adopts element Circuit's accepts least necessarily controverted testimony. Of pertinent determination—as always must—to conclusion. purport exercising information, 68 entirely portion conducting selects. To begin with, dubious bring judge's "special interrogatory," "Do you malice?" me, find) inexplicable plus 69 important, interrogatory exclusive focus consulting (as did, invariably verdicts) "we essential verdict" referring case—i.e., pick categories permissible requisite considering, produced particular Mr. Smith case." logic limiting inquiry latter fashion. 70 plain applying situation Assume innumerable dozens which, credited, allegation—the knew firsthand libelous charges—could possibly come did. today's situation, proceed know lied be. Surely, reverse disputed contentions resolved laintiff's proof. would, disputes favor—unless, devised nonfunctional category to, pertaining Smith. 71 sum, insofar point deference concerned, limited findings. adopted proved assumption done, alternative doctrine, defined Ohio Appeals, J.V. Peters & Knight Ridder Media L.Rptr. 1576 States Second (1977), "immunizes responsible, prominent organization." 78a. qualify organization par State Attorney General's Office Society Edwards," unavailable. argue petition writ now argue, doctrine immunized Accordingly, aspect asked: toward plaintiff?" false?" 3. 201. Compare Firestone 460 712, 722-723 (CA5) (Bell, specially 409 875, 93 120, 127 (1972), Goldwater Ginzburg, 414 324, 341 (CA2 1969), 396 1049, 701, 695 (1970). 63-64, n. 33, 786, (1987); Franklin Bussel, Plaintiff's Burden Defamation: Awareness Falsity, Wm. Mary L.Rev. 825, 863-865 (1984). issue. implication unethical lawyer undesirable judgeship capable extortion, liar opportunist judgeship." 840-841. falsity, wrote: "Equally apparent understandable disclosed § ended avalanche knowledgeable individuals; [and] inability produce single accusations. "Moreover, refused credit construction context, nothing conjecture elicited structured calculated evoke speculation. operational b aring erroneous." 841. Appeal "In Supreme officials recovery 'defamatory whose substance danger reputation apparent, 155 [87 1991]." 845. point, "Accordingly, Journal' rely questionable condemning verifying accusations [Stephens], publishers jury. 153 1990]." 847 supplied). motives, asserted: "A instant discloses singularly biased [the incumbent] prejudiced evidenced confidential relationship existed Editorial Director, unqualified, daily news compared equally unfavorable afforded Connaughton; engaged rivalry domination circulation market vituperous criticism Enquirer; initial expose operation [incumbent's] high profile attraction notoriety 'scooped' admission impacting campaign[;] (4) discrediting effectively impugning undermining share area." 843. Later stressed adduced publicize preeminence news, aid campaign." "[a]ctual spite, intention injure writer." 199. phrase unfortunately confusing bad will. 52, 18, 1824 J.). instructing English" appropriate not-so-plain phrase, applied. Tavoulareas, U.S.App.D.C., 84, 807 (R.B. Ginsburg, concurring). Westmoreland CBS 596 F.Supp. 1170, 1172-1173, (S.D.N.Y.1984) (suggesting confusion minimized "state-of-mind," "deliberate "constitutional limitation" presence). Early willing treatment source advice president chapter Mothers Against Drunk Driving. brother mother's meeting, interview. Shortly midnight 16, returned (Berry Cox) picked drove 17. seven were: Berry, manager, Cox, neighbors, Barnes. "A. started asking bunch doing this. recorder. said, I'll tell want Billy, resign. resigns, step bench. mouth, face face, show him, whatever, "Q. Okay. So words, you, him? Blackmail. mean, know, phrased know. name, don't going Dolan—to resigning. happens resign? Nothing anything. bench said." 291-292. What promise you? Or them? deeply appreciated. talk weeks planning taking vacation? Yes, family—Dave Martha, Dan. "MR. BLOUNT: go along? Me welcome along "(By Mrs. Long) Did expenses? Yeah. couldn't afford Florida. Was recorder time? Oh, no. Now go? Three added Disneyworld? (Inaudible) friend wouldn't time, stay condominium." 293-294. [Connaughton] ng putting there, wanting mother father [Zella Brownie Breedlove] run oh yeah, love back business. good, lease up, we'll tear way, girls too, too; name Breedlove's Lunch something that. Ma Cooking, names figured everything. building. buy—did everything, business them." 307. job? Why offer house, anything, looking work. job. Evidently talked night home, now, can't away bartending stuff; You decent job." 295-296. MASANA: I'm interject. promised? secure promised—they too. (By Lunch, cafe? No, job, (inaudible). mouth. Dan's mouth; somebody courthouse. Court." 309. Pat definitely Maisonette. wins election? Ummm-hmmm." 306. far else, public, anything that—or worry it; there." 296. [T]hey mentioned nobody us. ." 302. transcript quotes saying: whole got this, embarrassed evidently." 310. heard, stated: wasn't interested Defendant's Exh. Can't worse Makes sound guy. Have repercussions this? I've (inaudible) strain. guess. Other people calling besides Enquirer? accuse rat. carry that's thinking. knows me. mad, didn't threaten snitch. up." 320. what's deal? questioned tougher Court? Ummm-hmmm. many times, left to. no." 291-293. talking? it." 293. himself trip? living room. Like recorde[r] spoke." 295. Off record—you saying encouraging things way? yeah. Can example? Well, kept trying know? Would question? Like, it? Wasn't something? Yeah, on. say, you're ain't tape. Sure. yes, no, he'd yes no? then, repeat that." 296-298. shouldn't vote man dirty, blackmail, do." 314. tension civic fair procedure reluctant exposure procedures assertion realized Con aughton's improper, "that's system] works," 315, displeasure "snitch rat," she's scared anyone, She's reality. My weak-minded comes won't unless thinks benefiting honestly herself way. seeing it's middle scared." Obviously, quote What's her, who's here? She'll trips, Maisonette, too." 313. text reprinted Appendix 848-849. states: CONNAUGHTON: something, i[f] is. That's question. 265. "No, quid information. I. remark lines hearing, we're serious. that—to that—and play boy, I'd sure let they've themselves, fashion expression shock. almost fell fireplace. Right." 262-263. ever anonymity? hoping anonymous, yes. anonymous." 264. appreciation Dolan? Not waitress Stephens? 'the post family condominium?' parents, Breedloves, Walt's Chambers, lease? Absolutely not. us? off-handed bar, very pleased expires September. idea wants type shop Graeters, thing maybe, Patty Homette Restaurant nature, maybe participate whatever it—deli shop. place. that? night. recall, seen (unclear)? guess extended fashion, something—I surprised 264-265. Florida? shock became clearer of—kind scary us, as, stake. remember Hilton Head hide property condominium vacant blown trip, Berrys, along. connection line 266. statement. lunch Maisonette? Hell, haven't Maisonette years. discussed? been. deny loose kidding was. says firm plan party 272-273. Patty, promises—pardon hefty you. alright. Her elected? of. disappointed out, right? "[A. Right.]" 277. bracketed transcript, recording. B Guy's dissenting 858-859. follows: Miss 17th September? approved 1983? sources exploring time[.] were, presume, not? Correct. Wouldn't simplest ways true? matter, junk what? Junk." 30-31. trial, 21/2 33. illustrative tradition: 1964-1965 (actual malice); Jenkins Georgia, 161, 2750, 2755, (1974) (obscenity); Hess Indiana, 105, 108-109, 326, 328-329, 303 (1973) curiam) (incitement); Miller California, 413 15, 25, 2607, 2615, 419 636, 11, 1540, (defamation); Street York, 394 576, 589, 592, 1354, 1364, 1365, 572 (1969) (fighting words); Beckley 83, 199, 728, (1964) South Carolina, 372 229, 235, 680, 683, 697 (1963) (peaceful assembly); Niemotko Maryland, 340 268, 271, 325, 327, 267 (1951) (failure license religious park); (1946) (clear court). "calculated falsehoods" self-determination. (1964): "At adopted, today, unscrupulous skillful effective tool unseat servant topple administration. Riesman, Democracy Fair Game Comment I, Col.L.Rev. 1085, 1088-1111 (1942). f ends automatically protective mantle Constitution. odds premises orderly economic, social, change effected." 75, 216. concedes "when hesitate opportunity live credibility." 36, 45. contends, reject disagree reading author choice words word "about." 511-512, 1965-1966. unwilling "refused admit [his mistake] steadfastly attempted maintain mistake made—that inaccurate accurate." 512, 1966. Enquirer' Connaughton-Dolan area; (5) instability coupled vindictive antagonistic attitudes displayed attorney, ideal vehicle accomplish objectives; (6) prior convictions psychological infirmities mental condition; (7) every discredited accusations; (8) intentionally avoided interviewing date 1983 discredit statements; (9) charging extortion damaging completely irreparably damage personally, professionally politically; (10) sham; (11) timed release accommodate follow-up peak immediately maximize effect Enquirer." claim suit "[T]he defamer [all] successful baits hook truth." Afro-American Jaffe, 70, 76, 366 649, 655 (1966) banc). 787. accept "denials, however vehement; commonplace world polemical countercharge alert conscientious likelihood error." 121. Butts: "Burnett's viewed magazine's personnel publication. Carmichael supposed Burnett phone screen Burnett's accurate, Alabama adjusted plans alleged divulgence information." 157, 1993. passage, "Stephens" "Carmichael," "Thompson" "Burnett," tapes" notes" game." Warren "The slipshod sketchy investigatory techniques check drawn length HARLAN. Suffice investigative expended initially, inquiries notified daughter untrue. Instead, harm article." 169-170, 1998-1999. remanded joined original "unmistakably standard." 2000.

Classification Label: 2