Legal Document

352 U.S. 521 77 Supreme Court Reporter 457 1 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 511 Henry FERGUSON, Petitioner,v.MOORE-McCORMACK LINES, Incorporated Number 59. Argued Dec. 10, 1956. Decided Feb. 25, 1957. Mr. George Judge Engelman, New York City, for the petitioner. William Atlantic Wilson, respondent. Justice DOUGLAS announced judgment of and an opinion in which The CHIEF JUSTICE, CLARK BRENNAN join. Petitioner was injured 1950 while serving as a second baker on respondent's passenger ship Brazil. Among his duties he required to fill orders ship's waiters ice cream. On day accident, had received order from waiter 12 portions When got half way down two-and-one-half-gallon ice-cream container filling these orders, cream so hard that it could not be removed with hemispherical scoop been furnished. undertook remove sharp butcher knife kept nearby, grasping handle chipping at struck spot hand slipped onto blade knife, resulting loss two fingers right hand. 2 brought this suit under Jones Act, 41 Statutes-at-Large 1007, 46 Code KF62 § 688, Annotated KF65 U5 recover injuries were alleged result negligence. At close petitioner's case, motion directed verdict denied. Respondent offered no evidence. After jury returned $17,500 petitioner, respondent moved set aside verdict. This also denied entered petitioner accordance Appeals reversed, holding 'not within realm reasonable foreseeability' would use chip frozen 228 Federal Reporter, 2nd 891, 892. We granted certiorari. 351 936, 76 835, 100 L.Ed. 1464. 3 conclude there sufficient evidence take question whether negligent failing furnish adequate tool perform task. 4 testified have loosened safely chipper. He used such instrument purpose other ships. not, however, furnished instrument. There totally inadequate consistency serve. And, its extremely produced by failure another member crew transfer deep freeze tempering chest time allow all become disposable means when came served. showing any device performed Finally, instructed give prompt service. 5 urges reasonably foreseeable utilize loosen But jury, plays pre-eminent role Act cases, Jacob versus City York, 315 752, 62 854, 88 1166; Schulz Pennsylvania R. Co., 350 523, 608, 668, safe It necessary position foresee exact chain circumstances actually led accident. might consider anticipated get out record, fair-minded men should foreseen tempted task dispatch, since implement him. See 526, 610, 668. Since standard liability is established Congress Employers' Liability 45 51 et seq., what we said Rogers Missouri Pacific 500, 443, relevant here: 6 'Under statute test case simply proofs justify reason conclusion employer negligence played part, even slightest, producing injury or death damages are sought.' 7 Because concluded, erred granted. 'Courts assume determining questions juries will fall short fair performance their constitutional function.' Wilkerson McCarthy, 336 53, 62, 69 413, 418, 93 497. 8 Reversed. 9 BURTON concurs result. 10 REED affirm Appeals. 11 BLACK took part consideration decision case. For dissenting opinions FRANKFURTER HARLAN, see 518, 459. 13 FRANKFURTER, dissenting. 14 'The gives railroad employees somewhat liberalized recovery job. A great number cases Court, many them court appeals aside, evidence, verdicts employees. Despite human appeal Brandeis never allowed himself regard proper business appellate jurisdiction Court.' 15 Paul Freund, Liberalism Brandeis, address meeting American Historical Association St. Louis, December 28, 16 In discharging judicial responsibility, did disclose idiosyncrasy judge. His attitude expressed respect standards formulated carrying mandate regarding Court's arising seq. began work Court1 just after passed September 6, 1916, 39 726, relieving obligatory over decisions highest state courts Circuit Courts Brandeis' general outlook formulation public law appropriate evolving society has more prevailed; concept our system, consequent bearing product comes how deals it, often neglected name 'doing justice' individual cases. To him technicalities, derogatory sense, conduct business. deemed wise substantive indispensable area dependent limited volume truly deliberative process. 17 One field conspicuous disregard vital considerations large mass sole issue sufficiency submission jury.2 years, & N Immigration Nationality Decisions reluctantly voted merits review. last ten particularly past few granting petitions, found increasingly difficult acquiesce practice wholly incompatible certiorari policy embodied 1916 Judiciary 1925, 43 Rules govern own regulation guidance bar. therefore felt compelled vote dismiss petitions improvidently without passing merits.3 indicated briefly reasons why believed reviewing jury. view increasing here review—this dissent four Court—and encouragement thereby given continuing resort deem enlarge upon guided me conviction writs class 'improvidently granted.'4 18 outset, deal preliminary problem. sometimes 'integrity process' 'rule four' (that is, Justices) requires Justices grant new factor emerges argument deliberation. can requirement. Updated: January Term, example, disposed 1,361 With business, mention remainder initial petition must necessarily based appreciation issues resting largely does partisan claims briefs counsel. Furness, Withy company Yang-Tsze insurance Ass'n, 242 430, 434, 37 141, 142, 61 409; Southern Power North Carolina Public Service 263 508, 509, 44 164, 165, 68 413. indeed cannot try to, denying kind attention demanded merits. assumption know hearing deliberating than reading response inadmissible theory true fact. Even FELA appears quite different light appeared original papers. Surely acknowledged one today's 46, McCarthy Bruner, granted, 322 718, 64 1047, 1558, dismissed, 323 673, 65 126, 89 547. course may appearing surface warrant writ Layne Bowler Corporation Western Well Works, Inc., 261 387, 422, 67 712,5 reveal clearly only thing controversy appraisal facts being asked make guess, substitute assessment testimony below. 19 basic require action historic. Of self-restraint guide expression dissent. essential effective judiciary democratic society, especially tribunal exercising powers Court. Not four, eight, decide regards properly before persuade colleagues yield views, if sufficiently important. Moreover, operates ultimately majority. though minority bring oral argument, mean majority up ultimate disposition conscience directs. novel doctrine. As matter practice, members various times exercised refusing pass 20 hollow rule. change practice. No likely heard, convinced rules governing usual instance, doubting respects brethren concern important enough adjudication. situation presented systematically taken Then who believes raise insignificant unimportant questions—insignificant point duties—and amount unduly drained adjudication forego duty voice action. 21 command Congress. working rule devised practical mode deserving review, find legal importance raised, ample proof importance. thumb individualized screening sought reviewed. deference longer holds litigation special privileged position. 22 history reveals nature problem review vast both federal courts. 34 232, declared unconstitutional first Cases (Howard Illinois Cent. Co.), 207, 463, 28 52 297. 35 65, drafted meet infirmity sustained Second (Mondou N.H. H.R. 223 1, 32 169, 56 327. Under statutory scheme force time, coming courts, reviewable error, right. constitutionality sustained, flow years threatened avalanche Act. 1915 delivered involving determine warranted. Appendices B, starred footnote Appendix 548, 472. 23 relieve burden principal passage 726. S.Rep. 775, 64th Cong., 1st Sess.; H.R.Rep. 794, Sess. thus freeing unrestricted access here, assimilated those categories cases—e.g., diversity, patent, admiralty, criminal cases—that 1891, 26 826, 828, withdrawn jurisdiction. Believing systems newly created sufficient, made lower courts' final but unusual raising significant questions. Thereafter reviewed 'secure uniformity decision' between 'to interest decided resort. conferred merely defeated party hearing. * These remarks, course, apply applications judgments decrees states.' Magnum Import Coty, 262 159, 163—164, 531, 532—533, 922. (See Hamilton-Brown Shoe Wolf Brothers 240 251, 257—258, 36 269, 271, 60 629: 'is sparingly, peculiar gravity importance, secure decision.') statement Chief Taft Coty indicates strict criteria observed except occasionally previous put docket purposes keeping. (For detailed origin jurisdiction, Frankfurter Landis, Business chapters II, III, V, VII.) 24 extension discretionary contained Judges Bill promulgate formal rules, rely admonitions opinions, conditions present Rule Revised contains substance 35(5) 266 645, 681, perhaps unwarranted forth full text rule: 25 '1. right, sound discretion, where therefor. following, neither controlling nor fully measuring court's indicate character considered: '(a) Where theretofore determined court, probably accord applicable court. 27 '(b) rendered conflict same matter; territorial law; been, be, settled court; far departed accepted proceedings, sanctioned departure call exercise power supervision. '2. outlined above control Claims, Customs Patent Appeals, whose determinations certiorari.' 29 evidentiary, fairly involve construction scope here. See, e.g., Minneapolis L.R. Bombolis, 241 211, 595, 961; Gileo, 493, 952, 1357; Reed 502, 958, 1366. ordinary satisfy define 'special reasons' best appreciated summarizing proceedings each now us. 30 damages, alleging providing unsafe place method doing work. engaged burning weeds torch. heard whistle indicating approaching train. ran thirty thirty-five yards along track fire and, thinking danger, stood near drainage culvert watching train 'hotboxes.' caused come 'right (his) face.' backed away arm face fell incline culvert. considerable concerning methods weeds, workers, condition way, particular culvert, knowledge conditions. Respondent's motions submitted 31 appeal, reversed. Thompson, Mo., 284 South 467. Considering standpoint most favorable held insufficient respondent, negligence, show contributed injury. 42, suffered railroad's care furnishing little dispute Seventh Circuit, 257, 258: 33 'Plaintiff employed defendant capacities about 1925 was, July 2, 1952, accident occurred, brakeman, assigned local freight run cities East Louis Clinton, Illinois. During duties, switching operation Mount Olive, noticed wheat car leaking. While continued picking cars incorporated into train, started back caboose some waste plug hole leaking car. turned step took, tripped left leg buckled serious kneecap. occurred roadbed defendant's 'house track' foot end ties. plaintiff fell, looked saw clinker 'about size my fist' partly ground, beside clinker. Plaintiff stated 'at ground' stepped further footing level soft.' Defendant's denied, possibility 'defendant placed ballast repair several possibilities present. finding rest nothing speculation.' 'there total want constitutes prudence proved circumstances,' record equally lacking prove actual constructive notice dangerous condition.' Id., pages 259, 260. appealed Sixth railroad. gave that, proceeding slowly, sudden stop threw floor riding. official report signed, avoid striking automobile grade crossing. air brakes, frequency emergency braking experience, slowing braking. complete absence probative affirmed District 902. 59 explicitly type case; presents three. obtained judgment, reversed reversal court: galley Contract deck §§ Using provided purpose, contents tub worked additional tub. 'as brickbat,' became useless. So 'kept underneath griddle' eighteen inches long razor, small pieces. badly cut, later 38 '* (of defendant) supposed stem provide tools appliances. Reliance fact something wrong refrigeration system hard. 'But authority told customarily cutting French bread. defective it. designed intended dagger pick foreseeability. 40 'There fault shipowner, granted.' 891. good conscience, important' do disclose? three them, trial judge go unanimous courts—two Court—had lack combed although '(c)ommon experience' teaches 'that fan flames fire,' 503, 447, whereas insufficiency because unscheduled stops trains extraordinary occurrences.' 520, 456. affirms direction defendant. 42 event, already ignores strictures bar 'We discuss specific facts.' Johnston, 268 220, 227, 496, 497, 925. Houston Oil Goodrich, 245 440, 140, 385; 413; General Talking Pictures Electric 304 175, 178, 58 849, 851, 82 1273. Constant complaints successive frivolous filed 'frivolous' meaning judged instructions remarks Taft, Yale L.J. 3, 4; Hughes, A.B.A.J. 341; Vinson, v, vi—vii. If abide Rules, expect so? Standards enforced respected. they paper, well written water. rule, Perhaps word basis cause negligence.6 concerned, historic developed common law. involves every 'negligence case' multitudinous diversity citizenship common-law negligence; familiar day-to-day judges. 1908 railroads benefit certain defenses 1939 amendment, 53 1404, abolished defense risk, barred recognized intimated undefined statute, esoteric content anything absorption concept.7 'One's sympathy aroused victim hazards situations like remedy obsolete uncivilized compensation life limb crews ships intermittent entrust discretion workmen's compensation,' administration. McAllister States, 348 19, 23—24, 75 9, 99 (separate opinion). deserves recorded Professor John Chipman Gray, scholar social insight, taught students fifty ago, enacted, anachronistic doctrine rather recognize inevitable incidents railroading basis. persistence archaic cruel attributable factors. Intertia course. illustration lag reform opposition lawyers resist familiar, thriven outworn law.8 acquit seeking success lottery obtaining heavy contributing continuance injustice hardly alleviated occasional 'correction' ill-success. Rather paraphrase, shall repeat 64, 66, 419: 'Considering complexity obviously considering thought demands, think canvassed erroneously appraised. division seem demonstrate beyond peradventure involved drawing allowable inferences unique circumstances. turns however much hardship fallible application employees9 touch private sympathy, deny due ask docket. Such carries responsibility demand system; outcome parties enough. *' Carter Atlanta A.B.R. 338 437, 70 226, 230, 94 236; 23, 9. 47 finds justification Second, Sixth, Circuits All submitting none intimation atmospheric indication unwillingness enforce laid known. That differences almost inevitable.10 once commanded essentially Litigation, reach tribunals, assess them.11 continue bad aid plaintiffs aided defendants. still commit wrongs 'do right.' 48 supreme 'unjustly' country. taking discriminates against personal example Similar opportunity swallowing energy very indeed. 1,332 commenced fiscal year 1956 2,392 11,427 begun Courts. Annual Report Director Administrative Office Courts—1956, Pages 52—53. discrimination mind Gibson Phillips Petroleum 874, 16, 77, flood source confidently expected. Whether litigious people, experience clients, lawyers, strong urge exchaust judicially encouraged so. Disappointed litigants losing these? 49 enough, abstract, theoretical statistical tables appendices opinion, concrete recurring time-consuming litigation. early issue. Contrary belief, fared issue, evidentiary upheld seven. defendants 50 Once easy shut off rendered, dealing five-year period covered 1918 through 1922 Terms. next concerned itself during era tended prevail. Thirty-five 1923 Term 1932 Term. reasons; plaintiff; period, October 1931, Harv.L.Rev. 240—253.) Thereafter, remaining eight Terms sufficiency-of-the-evidence considerably. Only seven period. nine-year increase again, 1941 1949 Unlike efforts reverse favor workers constituted major portion upset railroads. And successful. Judgments others, either following Terms, again slackened renewed activity field. Two 1954 1955 tendency recent study petitioners 1938 disclosed 260 filed, causation predominant 149. Seventy-eight employee group, dismissed Certiorari Policy Cases, 1441, 1445—1446. 54 figures tell story. concerns principally arises statutes. supra. leaves doubt, statistically, encourages filing types likewise discharge function quantitative important, compassionate ground third inevitably makes drain available inimical fullest investigation of, amplest deliberation on, opinion-writing critical examination draft in, unquestioned 55 impossible read 106 feeling periods using generalities speaking relation applied principles differently divided views today reflect judges throughout country problems functions correctness judges' actions remain 'settled' long, prophet confident continues policy, return 1920's changed membership, tomorrow readily decides today. say correct. terms elusively inapt, suggested effect shift mood, philosophy pleases, towards Act— chief lively conceived unfair inroads railroads' exchequer12 preoccupation protection families, money so, inherent labor. Be may, desire engraft philosophy, outmoded, lead bend governed unvarnished account relating surely exhilarating spend hours solemn plus countless writing support allegation server butcher's too scooped regular scoop, misconceive entrusted wisdom calendar. today; certainly calendar body 57 believe, accurate enabled adequately vital, feel bears welfare restricts national including therein settlement among circuits. conviction, born shoud fit jurisdictional yielded realization functioning. thing, current compared generation ago amply prove, calling extent voluminous literature reports writings. significance, materials, confused conflicting, sieve reflection. Judicial reflection process freedom pressure having done. bit quixotism believe 63 scheduled months dozen alone easily absorb entire collective judgments. preparation discussion Conference. Without study, reflection; reflection, discussion; discussion, fruitful interchange minds persuasive Unless vigorously enforces accumulation arrears dispose hurried shallow way. APPENDIX Relating Sufficiency Evidence FELA, Term.* baron (* Indicates Summary Disposition Per Curiam.) 1911 66 Texas P.R.Co. Howell, 224 577, 601, 892; affirmance affirmed. 1912 Troxell Delaware, L. W.R. 227 274, 586; Norfolk Earnest, 229 114, 654, 1096; 1913 Young Central N.J., 232 602, 451, 750; remand entry n.o.v. modified 71 Grand Trunk Lindsay, 233 581, 838; 72 Railway-Carolina Division Bennett, 80, 566, 860; 73 Gadd, 572, 696, 1099; 74 1914 Yazoo M.V.R. Wright, 235 376, 130, 277; McGovern Philadelphia R.R. 389, 127, 283; Seaboard Air Line Padgett, 236 481, 777; 78 Vermont White, 238 507, 865, 1433; 79 80 Chicago, R.I. P.R. Devine, 239 52, 27, 140; 81 Koennecke, 352, 324; Reese 134, 384; nonsuit 83 185, 431; 84 Kanawha M.R. Kerse, 576, 174, 448; 85 Horton, 180, 458; 86 Skaggs, 249, 528; 87 Great Northern Wiles, 444, 406, 732; Knapp, 464, 399, 745; Jacobs 229, 588, 970; 90 Baughan KF135 P2 N.R. 237, 592, 977; 91 Louisville Stewart, 261, 586, 989; 92 Renn, 290, 567, 1006; Chesapeake O.R. De Atley, 310, 564, 1016; 333, 558, 1030; 95 Proffitt, 462, 620, 1102; 96 Chicago N.W.R. Bower, 470, 624, 1107; 97 San Antonio A.P.R. Wagner, 476, 626, 1110; 98 Spokane I.E.R. Campbell, 683, 1125; Parker, 56, 69, 150; 101 Baltimore Whitacre, 33, 228; 102 Joseph G.I.R. Moore, 243 311, 278, 741; 103 Tonsellito, 244 360, 1194; 104 Puckett, 571, 703, 1321; 105 Washington Elec. Scala, 630, 1360; 1917 107 Boldt 441, 139, 108 Union Huxoll, 535, 187, 455; 109 Donaldson, 246 121, 616; 110 Nelson 253, 233, 699; 111 Hadley, 330, 318, 751; 112 113 Gillis 249 515, 355, 738; 114 1919 115 Ward, 252 18, 275, 430; 116 Boehmer 409, 680; 117 1920 118 Berkshire, 254 415, 162, 335; 119 120 Frese Q.R. 131; 121 Davis Wolfe, 239, 284; 122 Matthews, 686, 179, 506;* 123 1924 124 Kennedy, 147, 212; 125 Groeger, 521, 419; trial; 126 127 Minneapolis, S.S.M.R. Goneau, 269 129, 128 Nixon, 271 218, 495, 914; 129 Louis-San Francisco Mills, 344, 979; 130 M. Coogan, 472, 1041; 131 1927 132 Coast Southwell, 275 157; 133 Aeby, 426, 177, 351; 134 Gulf, N. Wells, 455, 151, 370; 135 Toledo, Allen, 276 215, 513; 136 Kansas Jones, 303, 308, 583; 137 Leitch, 429, 336, 638; 1928 138 Unadilla Valley Caldine, 278 91, 224; 139 A.R. 231, 473; 140 Tyner, 565, 35, 508;* 141 Koske, 279 7, 202, 578; 142 Davis, 34, 210, 601; 143 Driggers, 787, 490, 957; 144 1929 145 Mihas, 280 102, 207; 146 Ambrose, 486, 198, 562; 147 Marcone, 281 345, 294, 148 Atchison, T. S.F.R. Toops, 351, 281, 896; 149 1930 150 Powe, 283 401, 498, 1142; 151 1931 152 Kuhn, 44, 45, 153 Saxon, 458, 397; 154 David, 460, 242, 399; 155 Temple, 285 143, 334, 670; 156 Youngblood, 286 313, 1124; 157 Dantzler, 1127; 158 S.W.R. Simpson, 346, 1152; 159 160 Rocco Lehigh 288 343, 743; 161 Chamberlain, 391, 819; 162 1933 163 Northwestern Robo, 290 499, 263, 462; 164 1934 165 Swinson P., 294 529, 517, 166 1935 167 G.W.R. Rambo, 298 99, 693, 1066; 168 169 Leonidas, 305 51, 3; 170 171 Keys 308 385, 447;* 1940 172 Jenkins Kurn, 313 256, 934, 1316; 173 Steeley 545, 1087, 1512;* 174 175 Seago 781, 806, 1188;* 176 1942 177 Tiller 318 54, 610; 178 Bailey 319 350, 1062, 1444; 179 Owens 715, 1271, 1683; 180 1943 181 Brady 320 239; 182 Tennant Peoria P.U.R. 321 29, 520; 183 1944 184 574, 421, 465; 185 Blair 600, 490; reversed; plaintiff. 186 1945 187 Keeton 326 689, 135, 405;* 188 Lavender 327 740, 916; 189 Cogswell E.I.R. 328 820, 1122, 1601;* 190 1946 191 Jesionowski Boston 329 452, 416; 192 Ellis 649, 598, 572; 193 Pauly 330 802, 962, 1261;* 194 Myers Reading 331 477, 1334, 1615; 195 1947 196 Lillie 332 459, 73;* dismissal complaint 197 Hunter 827, 203, 402;* 198 Anderson 333 821, 1108;* 199 Eubanks 334 1528, 1776;* 200 1948 201 Eckenrode 335 329, 41; 202 Coray 208; 203 Penn 79, 398;* 204 497; 205 Reynolds 618;* demurrer 206 Hill 911, 1075;* 207 208 209 Affolder C. 339 96, 683; 210 211 Moore 340 573, 428, 547; 212 1952 213 Stone 344 407, 358, 441; 214 215 Smalls 946, 439, 740;* 216 O'Neill 956, 747; 217 218 807, 60, 725;* 219 Strickland 893, 157, 786;* 220 Cahill 898, 790;* 183, 758, 1075; 221 concurring Nos. I. 222 am agreement Brother criticism willingness casses type. given, Nevertheless, taken, merits, reconcile voting granted' four.' adherence premise manifest apprehended instances unable exist, arguments underscored us originally fact, substantial expenditure time. mentioned, justified seems me—again presence intervening factors—is exhausted argument.1 Otherwise becomes meaningless respect. First, notwithstanding four,' five objecting undo voting, granted—a expended effort, things risk dismissals factors consideration, stultify permissible annulled Justices. Indeed, proper, preferable annulment play moment then least spared useless effort briefing preparing permitting undone undermine whole warranting of. practive accomplish contrary representatives enlarged 1925.2 would, indirection, five.' Third, inconsistent long-standing desirable custom announcing Conference bound reflecting petition. permissible, token expected refrain votes acted on. My states advocates making empty suggesting 'a Justice' normally 'the adjudication,' 'when review' 'cannot action.' However, precisely nullification desirability 'classes' cases—the here—are prone less definite lines cleavage Justices, shown alignment not. disagreeing 'forego' dissent, naught. circumstance 'individual' 'class' distinctions done disapproves 225 Although strongly belong consistent debates, hope persuasion mounting calendars eventually differing view. II. 226 turn agree with, join 46. doubt latter viewed below does. interfere clear capricious unreasonable part. Nothing reasoning National Labor Relations Board Pittsburgh Steamship 502—503, 453, 456, 479, Cir., 731: 'Were called Board's conclusions instance independent reject charged (that) normal primary *. leave undisturbed, certiorari, solely unsubstantiality, ought 'This tilting other, way.' overturn second-guessing bear unreasonable, 'fair record.' 230 reason. scientific precise yardstick always statute. has, evidence—not scintilla enable man infer stay boundary, arrived sheer speculation. Neither Amendment lifted judging long-established standards, for, implication question, element causation, convince man, verdicts. standard, law, provision employers liable 'in part' else history, evinces depart rules. 231 59, Part opinion. BLACK, DOUGLAS, CLARK, concur insofar formally seat June 5, (241 III), begin active participation until beginning 1916. Throughout dealt entirely greatest abuse confined similar arise Acts, Tort Claims 1346(b), 2671-2680, 1346, 2671—2680, Safety Appliance Boiler Inspection Suits Admiralty 741 Lucas 902, note (see Buffalo Faultless Pants Ct.Cl., F.Supp. 594). written, 101, 511, 578, 725. 20; (Suits Act); 527, 668 (Jones Act). 209, 618; 410, 441. 'Improvidently term art counterpart phrase taken,' 2103, taken. Rice Sioux Memorial Park Cemetery, 349 70, collected Page 78, 614, 618, 897. attempts Miller, Quest Workmen's Compensation Law, Law Contemporary Problems 188. 497: remains negligence.' (Concurring Douglas, J.) sure, casualty, tried 'sole proximate cause,' requirement causal language "in part" employer's 69—70, 250, 528. Elihu Root's Bar 1914: 'Lawyers conservative. They kindly change. naturally reformers. Their occupied mainly arguing is; are. successful are, continually engrossed speculative hypothetical. leaders men, succeeded profession, tend satisfied succeeding.' Root, Addresses Government Citizenship, 484. Gibson, Venue Clause Transportation Lawsuits, 367, statistics system. author cites specialist administrator minimum $1,111,935 fees lawsuits pending date lawyer's death. An add, pursuit big attained dignity documentation sensational jury's feelings exploited. 'If bright line dividing non-negligence, incompetent wilful degree, nice competence past, future, disagree thinks unmindful function. timid casestried determination, fails judge, biased intrinsically lawless judge.' 413 (concurring). Any notion directing offends Galloway 372, 1077, 1458. frequently obliged protect interstate carriers observance interpreted.' 397. table commerce, outside bounds employee, considered. ascertain included restrict issues, does, question. 1911............... 1912............... 1913............... 1936 0 1914............... 1937 1915............... 1916............... 1** 1917............... 2** 1918............... 1919............... 1920............... 1921............... 1922............... 3** 1923............... 1946.............. 4** 1924............... 1925............... 6** 1926............... 1927............... 1928............... 1951.............. 1929............... 1930............... 1953 1931............... 1932............... 1933............... ** include summary per curiam 1446, n. 30. examined dispositions prior 1938. then, desultory. simultaneously summarily (including writer) noted reaching 725; 790. say, better Justice, unsuccessfully opposed prepared fulldress argument. Burton, Judging Is Also Administration, Temple Quarterly 84—85 (1947).

Classification Label: 7