Legal Document

470 U.S. 373 105 S.Ct. 1327 84 L.Ed.2d 274 R. Anthony MARRESE and Michael Treister, Petitionersv.AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS. No. 83-1452. Argued Dec. 4, 1984. Decided March 1985. Rehearing Denied April 22, See 471 1062, 2127. Syllabus After being denied membership in respondent American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, petitioner orthopaedic surgeons each filed an action Illinois Circuit Court, alleging that the denial violated their associational rights under common law. Appellate Court ultimately held complaint one failed to state a cause action, then dismissed other complaint. Subsequently, petitioners Federal District constituted boycott violation § 1 Sherman Act. Respondent motion dismiss on ground claim preclusion barred federal antitrust because actions concerned same facts were with prejudice. The motion, holding, reliance law, judgments did not bar Act claim. Thereafter, criminal contempt for refusing comply discovery order as its application files. appealed from order, and, while this appeal was pending, certified immediate appeal. Appeals authorized interlocutory ordered it consolidated order. Ultimately, that, matter reversed invalid. Held: 1. had jurisdiction review Court's dismiss. pendency prevent certifying such Pp. 378-379. 2. courts below erred considering law determining preclusive effect judgments. 379-386. (a) Title 28 U.S.C. 1738—which provides judicial proceedings "shall have full faith credit every court within United States . they by or usage State which are taken" requires look first effects state-court judgment. Kremer v. Chemical Construction Corp., 456 461, 102 1883, 72 262 (1982). fact petitioners' is exclusive does necessarily make 1738 inapplicable case. While will no occasion address question whether judgment has issue later can be brought only court, may nevertheless rely instance principles determine extent earlier bars subsequent litigation. 379-382. (b) Reference unnecessary if exception 1738, should refuse give Here, unless suggests barred, there need decide 1738. This create special claims would greater than rendering judgment, effectively holds plaintiff bring state-law initially at cost forgoing claims. 383-386. 726 F.2d 1150 (CA 7 1984), remanded. Charles W. Murdock, Chicago, Ill., et al. amici curiae support petitioners, Court. T. Sawyier, petitioners. D. Kendall Griffith, respondent. Justice O'CONNOR delivered opinion case concerns lawsuit involving courts. Seventh Circuit, sitting en banc, suit. (1984). Under generally required consider rendered effect. Because lower case, we reverse remand. 2 * Petitioners board-certified who applied Surgeons (Academy). applications without providing hearing statement reasons. In November 1976, Dr. Treister suit Cook County, Illinois, protected Petitioner Marrese separately similar court. Neither alleged his action; nor either contemporaneously file Treister's 78 Ill.App.3d 746, 33 Ill.Dec. 501, 396 N.E.2d 1225 (1979), Supreme leave 79 Ill.2d 630 (1980). ruled against Marrese's 3 1980, Northern based events underlying unsuccessful actions. As amended, possesses monopoly power, discourage competition, exclusion Act, 15 App. 8, 26-30, 33. arguing prejudice.1 denying reasoned lack over claims, therefore cannot 496 F.Supp. 236, 238-239 (1980), reconsideration, 524 389 (1981). Discovery began refused allow access certain files relating applications. persisted refusal despite contempt. Pet. Cert. N-1. 4 divided panel holding Judge abused discretion authorizing also suggesting groundless. 692 1083 1982). vacated banc vote, original issued narrower discuss preclusion. 706 1488 1983). second rehearing banc. 1984). 5 On issue, commanded votes majority Appeals. A plurality concluded filing could statute "materially identical" Id., 1153. examined Antitrust Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 38, ¶ 60-3(2) (1981), found sufficiently instant 1155-1156. An concurring part res judicata "entire reasonable period time." 1166 (Flaum, J.). To avoid claim, concurrent pendent Ibid. 6 Five judges invalid reversed. observed grounds before entered. 1158. Alternatively, abuse adequately misusing process. 1158-1162. Three joined entire discussion concerning fourth judge believe applied, but he agreed discretion. 1162 (Eschbach, J., dissenting part). Finally, fifth sufficient hold been grounds; added, however, thought necessary join portion (Bauer, concurring). We granted certiorari limited correctly dismissal 467 1258, 104 3553, 82 854 (1984), now reverse. II 8 Before addressing merits decision below, examine Although parties raise jurisdictional assure properly us. See, e.g., Storer Broadcasting Co., 351 192, 197, 76 763, 767, 100 L.Ed. 1081 (1956). present certify pursuant 1292(b). subsequently 1291. Bray States, 423 73, 96 307, 46 215 (1975) (per curiam ). amended I-1. 1292(b), F.2d, 1152; J-1. 9 argued lacked amend general, notice confers appeals divests district control those aspects involved Griggs Provident Consumer Discount 459 56, 58, 103 400, 402, 74 225 (1982) proposition, imply noncompliance transfers appeals. Criminal immediately appealable 1291 result " 'a separate independent proceeding vindicate authority court' 'not cause.' Bray, supra, 75, S.Ct., 309, quoting Gompers Bucks Stove & Range 221 418, 445, 451, 31 492, 499, 502, 55 797 (1911). 10 Thus, prior certification 1497-1498; 1096. amendment initial interfere instead facilitated pending agree Appeals, 1152, Accordingly, exercised appeals, court's respect III 11 presented raised proceeding. courts, see, General Investment Co. Lake Shore M.S.R. 260 261, 286-288, 43 106, 116-117, 67 244 (1922), complaints them bringing these circumstances regard rendered. 12 determined statute, taken." directs refer "It long established employ own rules Rather, goes beyond commands accept chosen 481-482, 1897, (1982); see Allen McCurry, 449 90, 96, 101 411, 415, 66 308 Section embodies comity federalism determine, subject requirements Due Process Clause, Kremer, U.S., 478, 481-483, 1897-1898. Cf. Riley New York Trust 315 343, 349, 62 608, 612, 86 885 (1942) (discussing another State). 13 Our decisions indicate some Without discussing patent Becher Contoure Laboratories, Inc., 279 388, 49 356, 73 752 (1929). Moreover, applies employment discrimination VII Civil Rights 1964, Stat. 253, 42 2000e seq., although expressly declined 479, n. 20, 1896, 20. implies absent determines least 14 More generally, indicates Haring Prosise, 462 306, 314, 2368, 2373, 595 (1983); Smith, Full Faith Credit 1983: Reappraisal, 63 N.C.L.Rev. 59, 110-111 analysis finding relitigation decided proceedings. 466-467, 1889-1890. That implied relitigate applied. "an recognized contains express repeal." 468, 1890; 99, 417. repeal statutory provisions legislative history do repeal. 476, 1894. conclude basic approach adopted sure, specific Nevertheless, FDIC Eckhardt, 691 245, 247-248 (CA6 1982) (applying courts). illustrates apply actually litigated relitigated 467, 1890. 16 With matters proceedings, note where "[t]he unable theory seek remedy limitations ." Restatement (Second) Judgments 26(1)(c)(1982). If includes requirement competency, true, Even event party asserting affirmative defense show outside particular claim.2 17 arises litigation normally entertain, commentators 1174 (Cudahy, dissenting) (citing cases); 1099 (Stewart, dissenting); Restatement, 25(1), Comment e; id. 26(1)(c), Illustration 2; 18 C. Wright, A. Miller, E. Cooper, Practice Procedure 4470, pp. 687-688 Unless suggests, contrary usual view, somehow 1738.3 outlined. Both opinion, 1154, part, id., 1163-1164 J.), view allows themselves it. rejected Migra Warren City School Dist. Bd. Ed., 465 892, 56 shortly after announced Migra, discharged schoolteacher 1983 she prevailed contract events. emphasized 81, 896. unclear record ruling remanded clarification point. 87, 899. Such remand obviously free judgment-rendering State. 88, 900 (WHITE, 19 unwilling 317-318, 2375 (refusing rule plaintiff's guilty plea). relied Federated Department Stores, Inc. Moitie, 452 394, 2424, 69 observe doctrine protects defendants repetitive lawsuits conduct, practical require plaintiffs "to litigate economical parsimonious fashion." valid important concerns, promote goals repose conservation resources preventing issues 485, 1899 (state court). 20 single system our efficiency finality, might desirable fashion forum most general jurisdiction, thereby resolving many possible 24, g 4407, p. 51; 4412, 93. approximates inasmuch encourages attempt any Whether reduce overall burden debatable, 1181-1182 51-52, decline base interpretation question. 21 importantly, parallel systems reflected scope courts' 1897; 415; cf. Currie, Res Judicata: Neglected Defense, 45 U.Chi.L.Rev. 317, 327 (1978) policies limit judgment). These certainly made less compelling reject judicially created Moitie suggest conclusion. involve 1738; rather "accepted judicata" 401, 2429. 22 referred Only apply. purposes exists more grant justify partial Resolution depend well nature action. previous primary consideration must intent Congress. 470-476, 1891-1894 (finding congressional depart VII); Brown Felsen, 442 127, 138, 99 2205, 2212, 60 767 (1979) dischargeability bankruptcy). IV 23 issue. F.Supp., 238-239. Similarly, 1154. conclusion consistent 1164 vigorously 1176-1177 continued disagree about content dispute best resolved 24 urge us specifically questions related here. 25 reversed, further opinion. 26 It so ordered. 27 BLACKMUN STEVENS took Chief BURGER, 29 I implicit approached too narrowly technically irrelevant suit, 1150, 1154 fair reading Those clearly establish action: recently, reaffirmed Board Education, accord 30 remands directions guidance given how proceed finds silent indeterminate acknowledge potential problem appears stem belief competency dispose cases like this. ante, 382. requirement. virtually identical suing able obtain available even when invoke situation, satisfied. Therefore, recognizes jurisdiction. 32 states recognize all define terms. expressed following manner: "The principle [of judicata] extends determined." Spiller Continental Tube 95 423, 432, 399, 403, 447 834, 838 (1983) (emphasis added); also, LaSalle National Bank County Trustees, 61 524, 529, 337 19, (1975); People Kidd, 398 Ill. 405, 408, 75 851, 853-854 (1947). 60-1 seq. appear ability suits preclude assertion essentially indeterminancy addressed notion "questions raised" narrowly1 broadly.2 No considered type situation recovery asserted different statutes. Nor precludes splitting between jurisdiction.3 Hence likely speak formulate resolve matter. simply indeterminate, come into play. At time, direct interests ensuring used efficiently means harassing lawsuits, adequate opportunity rights. Given insubstantiality weight interests, strong argument appropriate creative ambiguous law.4 When ambiguous, clear substantive well: "Uncertainty intrinsically works defeat opportunities sought preclusion, confounds desire inviting repetitious test effort." 3, 49. 34 fashioned test, contexts, precluded "full opportunity" 1899, 95, (1980); Montana 440 147, 153, 970, 973, 59 210 (1979); Blonder-Tongue University Foundation, 402 313, 328, 91 1434, 1442, 788 (1971). material respects party's assert said provided, effect, statute. Derish San Mateo-Burlingame Realtors, 724 1347 (CA9 1983); Nash Education Biltmore 640 484 (CA4), cert. denied, 454 878, 359, 70 188 35 eventually face questions; now. use term "claim preclusion" "res narrow sense, i.e., foreclosing contrast, "issue decided. 77, 1, 894, Fourth 484, approving settlement today looked circumstances. 487, (noting gives consent We, course, THE CHIEF JUSTICE notes Post, 388-390. concludes assumes commenced competent relief. understood analogous attempts secure relief State's conceivably proposed JUSTICE, post, 390-391, E.g., inquiring defendant engaged group boycott. Compare g, 14, 204-205 (1982): "In automobile collision, injured car damaged negligence B. Instead state, brings damage justice's property injury person. Judgment car. thereafter maintain B recover person arising out collision." stating "general rule" "[a] permitted parts broader went hear them." Lucas Le Compte, 303 (1866), rule," construction (1845), repealed, Apr. 15, 1965, 1965 Ill.Laws 331, has. Clancey McBride, 338 35, 169 N.E. 729 (1929), above-quoted illustration Restatement. reference concluding distinct legal wrongs lawsuits. By construes obligations context diversity interest insignificant state's much relevant ambiguous.

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