Legal Document

483 U.S. 776 107 S.Ct. 3114 97 L.Ed.2d 638 Christopher A. BURGER, Petitionerv.Ralph KEMP, Warden. No. 86-5375. Argued March 30, 1987. Decided June 26, Rehearing Denied Sept. 21, See 1056, 108 32. Syllabus A Georgia trial court jury found petitioner guilty of murder and sentenced him to death. Both a coindictee (Thomas Stevens) gave full confessions the crime, Stevens was tried later in separate trial. The Supreme Court, after ordering second sentencing hearing for which resulted reimposition death sentence, affirmed sentence. Throughout state-court proceedings, represented by appointed counsel, Alvin Leaphart, who an experienced well-respected local attorney. After exhausting state collateral remedies, (represented different attorney) sought habeas corpus relief Federal District Court on ground that Leaphart's representation constitutionally inadequate, particularly because conflict interest since law partner represent at his trial, Leaphart had assisted representation. At each defendant's strategy emphasize coindictee's culpability order avoid penalty. Petitioner also based Sixth Amendment claim ineffective failure present any mitigating circumstances hearings allegedly inadequate investigation possibility doing so. evidentiary hearing, rejected claim, Appeals ultimately affirmed. Held: 1. There is no merit petitioner's ineffective-assistance alleged interest. Even assuming partners are be considered as one attorney determining such requiring or permitting single codefendants not per se violative constitutional guarantees effective assistance counsel. Any overlap counsel did so infect constitute active competing interests. Nor actual established fact prepared appellate briefs both Stevens, make "lesser culpability" argument brief appeal Court. That decision sound strategic basis and, federal courts below, attributable Stevens' lawyer, further he Moreover, record support contention that, asserted interest, negotiate plea bargain life sentence (the prosecutor, fact, having refused bargain) take advantage lesser when compared Stevens'. Pp. 782-788. 2. receive develop evidence either two hearings. might have been presented would disclosed exceptionally unhappy unstable childhood. Based interviews with petitioner, mother, others, decided served presenting evidence. His supported reasonable professional judgment, thus met standard set forth Strickland v. Washington, 466 668, 104 2052, 80 674. 788-795. 785 F.2d 890 (CA11 1986), STEVENS, J., delivered opinion REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, filed dissenting opinion, BRENNAN MARSHALL, joined, Part II POWELL, post, p. ----. BRENNAN, Joseph M. Nursey, Atlanta, Ga., petitioner. William B. Hill, Jr., respondent. Justice STEVENS 1 Superior Wayne County, Georgia, Burger January 25, 1978. In this proceeding, contends denied right lawyer labored under failed adequate possibly offense. claim. We persuaded, Appeals, judgment must 2 * sordid story crime involves four soldiers United States Army were stationed Fort Stewart, September 4, 1977. On evening, coindictee, Thomas privates, drinking club post. They talked telephone Private James Botsford, just arrived Savannah Airport, agreed pick up bring back base. stole butcher knife sharpening tool from mess hall called cab being driven Roger Honeycutt, soldier worked part-time taxi company. way airport, held against Honeycutt. forced stop automobile, robbed $16, placed backseat. took over driving. then ordered Honeycutt undress, threw article clothing out car window searching it, blindfolded him, tied hands behind back. As drove, climbed into backseat where compelled commit oral sodomy anally sodomized him. stopping time, their victim, nude, blindfolded, back, trunk cab. proceeded Botsford airport. During ride they told stolen confirmed conversing trunk. exchange Botsford's promise notify authorities, promised harm leaving 3 Ultimately, however, drove pond County gone swimming past. removed cab's citizen-band radio while hiding bushes, opened asked if all right. He answered affirmatively. closed trunk, started put it gear, getting before entered water. drowned. 4 week contacted military police arrested Stevens. men made complete confessions. identified point Honeycutt's body could found. Petitioner's confession testimony primary used Burger's consistent defense thesis rather than primarily responsible plan kidnap cabdriver, physical abuse kill 20 years old time killing. 17;1 psychologist testified IQ 82 functioned level 12-year-old child. 5 about arrest. practicing 14 years, county's most Board Governors State Bar Association. About 15 percent practice criminal law, dozen capital cases. It apparent thoroughly familiar juries community. during proceedings conviction vacation penalty, affirmance 1980. State, 242 Ga. 28, 247 S.E.2d 834 (1978); 245 458, 265 796, cert. denied, 446 988, 100 2975, 64 847 (1980). paid approximately $9,000 services. 6 (then proceeding Southern Georgia. advanced several claims, including charge inadequate. conducted emphatically claim,2 but concluded court's instructions permitted base its invalid aggravating circumstance. Accordingly, vacated Blake Zant, 513 F.Supp. 772 (1981). 7 part, reversed reinstated 718 979 1983). issue competence, adopted Court's own dissent Judge Johnson. Robert Smith3 later, interviewed shared legal research discussed cases another. Johnson persuaded created prejudice reasons. First, defendants other Second, traded performance defective conduct possible valid explanation offer first hearing. 8 rendered decision, we 674 (1984). granted petition certiorari remanded case consideration "the effectiveness counsel's hearing" light decision. 467 1212, 1213, 2652, 2653, 81 360 turn extend revise findings, appropriate, conclusions ineffective-assistance-of-counsel 741 1274 1984). wrote more extensive again there Once again, Kemp, 753 930 1985) (per curiam ).4 certiorari, vacated, reconsideration Francis Franklin, 471 307, 105 1965, 85 344 (1985), question whether instruction impermissibly shifted burden proof intent. 474 806, 106 22, 87 700 (1985). assumed intent unconstitutionally proof, error harmless beyond doubt. (1986) ). 479 929, 397, 93 351 (1986), now affirm. consider evidence.5 III 9 certainly much substance appointment coindictees respective trials creates clients. risk increased lawyers cooperate another planning strategy, did. Assuming without deciding attorney, settled "[r]equiring codefendants, often referred joint representation, counsel." Holloway Arkansas, 435 475, 482, 98 1173, 1178, 55 426 (1978). never "inheres almost every instance multiple representation" justifies adoption inflexible rule presume Cuyler Sullivan, 335, 348, 1708, 1718, 333 Instead, "only defendant demonstrates 'actively conflicting interests' 'an adversely affected lawyer's performance.' " Strickland, U.S., 692, S.Ct., 2067 (citation omitted). Cuyler, 350, 1719. 10 initial matter, agree any, Particularly smaller communities supply qualified willing accept demanding unrewarding work representing prisoners extremely limited, may actually benefit efforts supplement preparation. many 'common . gives strength common attack.' 482-483, 1177-1178 (quoting Glasser States, 315 60, 92, 62 457, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942) (dissenting Frankfurter, J.)). generally fully conscious overarching duty loyalty her client. Trial appropriately "necessarily rely large measure upon good faith 347, 1717. addition, proceedings; noted provision three "significantly reduced potential divergence interests." Ibid. 11 effort identify points behalf even though relied defense. Given killed immediately opening ask right, expressed actions "outrageously wantonly vile inhuman human conduct," 461-462, S.E.2d, 800, forgo basis. reaffirmed Smith Murray, 477 527, 536, 2661, 2667, 91 434 "process 'winnowing weaker claims focusing on' those likely prevail, far incompetence, hallmark advocacy. Jones Barnes, 463 745, 751-752, 103 3308, 3312-3313, 77 987 (1983)." 12 requires attribution motivation making obviously credited contrary, see F.Supp., 795; F.2d, 941, findings twice sustained Appeals. inappropriate, factually unsupportable, speculate drafting tainted improper motivation. Our search painstaking care exacting case. Nevertheless, lower has performed solemn duties above boundary respect bar deference conclusion reviewing prevent us substituting speculation opinions. district judge, presumably talents character saw heard witness testify, better position evaluate kind, regional appeals review these heavily fact-based rulings. 13 conclude established, argues quality received ways: agreement resulting find neither provides relief. notion prosecutor receptive completely unsupported record. defendants' guilt, confessions, eyewitness tangible evidence, overwhelming uncontradicted; need persuade convict circumstances, slightest reason doubt veracity testimony: "Q. Did you ever engage negotiations case? 16 "A. Yes. 17 Could tell me it? 18 Well, we—I constantly I Mr. And, he—during flatly discuss terms. got feature continued to—in try the—with entering plea, serve insisted trying seeking penalty." App. 74-75. 19 found, "constantly attempted prosecutor," rebuffed. 940. "The prosecutor's flat refusal bargaining surprising viewed Burger." partner's inhibited arguing reliance prejudicial Such persuasive together. prosecutions, coindictee. Because separate, particular concern impact tactics outcome uncontradicted "he tailored toward protecting Stevens." 795. "testimony strongly examination record, shows considerable gain mercy portraying chief architect crime." Ibid.6 21 bolster adverse effect small community facts widely known, "it necessarily follows public, very members jury, knew inherently inconsistent theories." Brief 14. But observation does nothing establish actual, deleterious between client If unaffiliated lawyers, strangers another, respectively same defenses advanced, awareness theories inconsistent. undoubtedly nature defenses. inherent participants undertaking cannot transformed violation simply aware attorneys partners. IV 22 796. offered all. "is sufficiently like adversarial format existence standards decision" role comparable—it "to ensure testing process works produce result governing decision." 686, 687, 2064. therefore determine evaluating available pursue undermines confidence embarking our conclusions, guided recent admonition subject: 23 "Judicial scrutiny highly deferential. too tempting second-guess easy court, examining proved unsuccessful, act omission unreasonable. Cf. Engle Isaac, 456 107, 133-134, 102 1558, 1574-1575, 71 783 (1982). fair assessment eliminate distorting effects hindsight, reconstruct challenged conduct, perspective time." 689, 2065. 24 childhood.7 Most described length age she married father, 16. She divorced father nine old. remarried twice, stepfathers wanted home; them beat mother presence apparently "got involved marijuana, whole life, next bag coming from, bottle beer. kind influence had." 91. When moved Indiana Florida, ran away hitchhiked Tampa. became auto accident, returned juvenile detention home until released father's custody. Except incident shoplifting, absent school permission, detention—none brought jury's attention Army. 25 some, all, family history prior occasions,8 befriended whom employed preparation reviewed psychologists' reports obtained help mother. Id., 50-51. Stewart. 51. interviews, client's type 26 meetings well admissibility confession, convinced unwise himself stand. indicates remorse psychologist's bragged stand.9 formed enjoyed talking crimes; worried regard attitude stand indifferent worse. 75-76. Quite obviously, concluded, properly evaluated subjected cross-examination literally fatal. 935-936. 27 witnesses using acted "big brother." occasions helpful counterproductive. stood, absolutely kind. Her committed least petty 90. given direct aided case; surely unreasonable revealed matters historical harmed chances 28 travel testify behalf, describes content given. Although unable recall details background information id., 57, assessment. 57-58. Consistently conclusion, counsel—even hindsight—has submitted affidavit establishing substantial testified. erroneous, permit reach conclusion. 29 Finally, affidavits describe thorough investigation. These troubled introducing clean adult indicate affiants, testified, encounters enforcement authorities. For example, former neighbor, Phyllis Russell, stated want associate trouble probation." Record 142. uncle, Earnest Holtsclaw, narrated drugs" Florida. 145. Cathy Russell Ray, friend junior high school, "Chris's supposed go get release join service [Army]." 149. 30 apart references damaging facts, papers means uniformly suggest violent tendencies odds defense's night strong will. pointed out: 31 "In uncle attests came broken unwanted parents. opined split personality. 'Sometimes [Burger] nice, normal guy, times flip nothing.' Affidavit R. Holtcsclaw [sic] 1-2; Ray ('He hairtrigger temper. mad punch walls. broke knuckles ma[d].'). hand, react sympathy tragic childhood endured. sanity case, prosecution use testimony, pointing nevertheless acts, unpredictable propensity violence played prominent victim. note 6, supra. '[M]itigation .,' '[m]ay eye beholder.' Stanley 697 955, 969 & n. (11th Cir.1983) (footnote omitted)." 937-938, 7. 32 considering "[w]e address what prudent only compelled." Cronic, 648, 665, 38, 2039, 2050 657 "strategic choices less precisely extent judgments limitations investigation." 690-691, 2066. Applying standard, below mount all-out judgment. appears interview minimized Having reasonably determined undertake locate statements hold complied directives Strickland: 33 ineffectiveness investigate directly assessed reasonableness applying heavy judgments. 34 substantially influenced actions. Counsel's usually based, quite properly, informed supplied defendant. particular, decisions depends critically information. certain line known said, considerably diminished eliminated altogether. And believe pursuing investigations fruitless harmful, unreasonable." 691, V 35 "in acts omissions [of counsel] outside wide range professionally competent assistance." 690, "has showing justice unreliable breakdown adversary caused deficiencies 700, 2071. 36 37 Affirmed. 38 MARSHALL join, II, POWELL joins, dissenting. 39 (1984), govern presents meets specified violation. Each calls grant denies relief.1 40 41 rests conflict-free long ago (1942), recognized component 70, 464. This fundamental system public defender offices jurisdictions rules precluding offense.2 Under Rules Criminal Procedure3 responsibility,4 consent necessary prerequisite inquiry knowing voluntary waiver encouraged, required.5 do read majority departing earlier approval practices, 346, nn. 11, 1717, (1980), although definitely misapplied rules. 42 recognizes unique arise impose two-pronged prejudice, 2064, applies general assistance. presumed 2067, quoting 1719, 1718.6 43 presumption warranted "perhaps basic" responsibility difficult precise corrupted 2067. difficulty assessing due part affect aspect presentation compels arguments actions, discern effect. 490, 1181, (1978) ("[I]n interests evil advocate finds refrain doing, pretrial process" (emphasis original)). conflict-of-interest appropriate charged knowledge obliged conflict. judge can problem questioning defendant, early stage process, situation give rise conflict, waived B 44 purports apply ante, 3120, conclusions. Contrary reasoning, court-appointed actively through Defense two-partner firm 30-31. "from beginning" "sat in" "helped" 35. Apparently, others inasmuch directed prospective jurors voir dire them. First Tr. 37, 42, 48.7 listed appearing transcript While conceded addition research, proceedings. 54. 930, 941 (District own, noting said appeal"). demonstrate lawyer-partners 45 constituted interests.8 diametrically opposed crucial case—the comparative confessed participation blame Second 278. thought abandon taxicab. taxicab while, corroborated statement trials. questioned going driver, replied: 46 "Well, Tom should crazy. didn't idea killing either. ought let go, drive off woods somewhere out, like, think somebody mentioned ocean." 112-113; 100, 111 (Botsford agreeing "was sorta along, telling do"). 47 checked driver stopped pond. confessed, culpable. 34, 35, 838, 840 automobile attempt argue "sole mitigatory defense" 583, 585, 266 194, 197, 449 891, 101 251, 66 118 48 disregards instead, attempts minimize lawyer-partners. opines "overlap counsel" "active interests" Ante, 783—784. supports assertion blandly relying perception shortage handle cases, view benefits derive defense, assumption indicating appointment. factors questionable relevance involve exist. 49 separately relies "reduced [the defendants'] 784. reduce critical stages is, post-trial appeal.9 50 disavow suggesting reasons taken respect, suggestion weak, 784, sheer speculation. demonstrated lack foundation. dropped weak counterintuitive. stronger appeal, able compare appropriateness sentences imposed. 51 weakness ignores relevant statutorily mandated State's statute specifies include "[w]hether excessive disproportionate penalty imposed similar defendant." Ga.Code Ann. § 17-10-35(c)(3) (1982) added). concerning follower directions involvement assaultive behavior clearly terms statute. Hence, "strategic" suggested Court,10 erroneous reasonable.11 Kimmelman Morrison, 365, 385, 2574, 2588, 305 (counsel's contrary prevailing norms justifications reflected ignorance shift preparation). 52 Setting aside motive, becomes clear precluded matter responsibility, brief. imprisonment culpable deserved heinous murder. 53 imagine existed here, preparing roles crimes. abandonment contemporaneously, indicative 'struggle masters.' 1177, 75, 467. finding 54 untenable proceedings—during bargaining. helped period preparation, beginning." Counsel detriment continually imprisonment, 52, Certainly, expecting offering significant chip possessed Stevens.12 C disagree rejection aggravated widespread area drawn. 787—788. Juror create because, preserve credibility deny validity contradictory approach other. minds jury. 56 inconsistent" defenses, 788, true, says difference community's cooperating lawyer-partners' credibility. fails recognize questioned, assisting working together Obviously, suspect pressing true. 57 magnified blameshifting repeated. By verdicts original become community.13 Where, happen moment, lawyers' significantly undermined. D 58 erred failing inquire knowingly voluntarily addressed inquiry, specified: "Unless knows know exists, initiate inquiry." 1717 Here, presided outset appointed, prime crime. event, taken, plays statute, obligation consented conflicts 71, 465 ("The protect accused counsel"). once suppression 17-year-old 82, 12-year-old, diagnosed psychological problems. 244, 245, 247-248. 59 still denial deprived connection capital-sentencing proceeding. despite adolescent problems mental capabilities. Georgia's governed 788; 686-687, 2063-2064. important "keep mind function, elaborated norms, case." yields inaction "outside assistance" 2066, 60 specifically investigate. explained: 61 "[S]trategic plausible options virtually unchallengeable; words, makes unnecessary. judgments." (1986). limitation capabilities makeup indications respects 63 move experience hospital where, assumed, sent examination. 62-63. results I've personnel Central Hospital concerned hasn't all." 63. added examinations yield psychopathic diagnosis reached examined briefly administer test purposes admissible. request biased procedure process. indigent jurisdiction biased, seek alternative challenge procedure. imperiled ability counter executed undermined reliability proceed faces usefulness evaluation obvious. Eddings Oklahoma, 455 104, 116, 869, 877, (1982); cf. Ake 470 68, 1087, 84 65 within Viewed touch member place lived, provided "anything him," 51, hardly expected home. unlikely response volunteer house, same, stepfather drugs alcohol 11. All relevant. 872. Furthermore, spoke perhaps "half times," longest "[p]robably hour." bare six hours little detail surrounding challenging features guilt/innocence phase remanded, perform whatsoever 9-month manner 71. learning elsewhere son 83. initiated contact, inexplicable. explained presented. 50. counterproductive reveal offense committed. 792. choice less-than-adequate investigation, pose disclosing past behavior. reference shoplifting candy bar, 90-91, 92-93, indication account hitchhiking Florida thrown house sell shoes trip food, outweighed theft. 67 troubling (who petitioner) merely black. come expense provide could. 86. "an ill effect," white. race wise testify. 58. best safeguard racial prejudice. See, e.g., Turner 476 1683, 90 bias 58-59. Like suspected unfairness procedure, surrender perceived discrimination 68 Acceptance unpleasant likelihood justify number ways, investigating Indianapolis Testimony brother" organization spent children father-son relationship big brother. 85. some friends there. 139-157, persons reside approached sum, reluctantly fell short "duty unnecessary." Application convinces limit made.14 69 unreasonable, prejudiced my view, adolescent's problems, childhood, unfortunate available, "there probability sentencer—including independently reweighs evidence—would balance warrant death." 695, 2069. 70 remarking similarities Recognizing force individual die, authority 115-117, 877-878. judgments, disinterest developing different. "so proper functioning "be produced result." guaranteed entitled new respectfully denying 72 73 BLACKMUN's opinion. reverse unreasonably raised seriously backward minor. write aspects troubling. 74 executed, years. suffered brain damage beatings younger. 957 (Johnson, dissenting). turbulent filled violence. 88-92; Affidavits attested upbringing. 75 something details. 51-52. Prior Burger, spoken maturity 935. review, chronological degree crimes "would [Burger's] benefit." 49. 935.1 76 "defendant's require reversal components." show errors serious "counsel" deficient. performance. context "a errors, sentencer adequacy performance, unchallengeable." 2065-2066. disturbed "had beating things indicated stuff [age]." emotional immaturity ambiguous.2 believed mitigation "something boy went church." hearing: anything—of course, understanding broad. anything anybody sentence." 78 stunted intellectual growth "good," true "indicated [age]," "good." Factors mitigate moral "ste[m] diverse frailties humankind." Woodson North Carolina, 428 280, 304, 96 2978, 2991, 944 (1976) (plurality JJ.) youthful—in child, measured chronological,3 emotional, extraordinarily germane individualized required perform. "[E]vidence history, harsh severe disturbance relevant," 115, (1982), "because belief, society, disadvantaged background, excuse." California Brown, 538, 545, 837, 841, 934 (1987) (O'CONNOR, concurring). Zant Stephens, 462 862, 885, 2733, 2747, 235 (1983) (defendant's illness penalty). previous bears emphasis: 79 "[Y]outh fact. condition person susceptible damage. replete laws judicial recognition minors, especially mature adults. 'during formative adolescence, minors experience, perspective, judgment' Bellotti Baird, 443 622, 635, 99 3035, 3044, 797 (1979)." supra, 115-116, 877-878 (footnotes Gallegos Colorado, 370 49, 54, 1209, 325 (1962) (a 14-year-old "cannot adult" voluntariness confession). Where compounded "serious neglectful, sometimes violent, [and] development age," 878, culpability, body, acute. Constitution reflect relevant, justifying similarly heightened. understood relevance, extraordinary importance, immaturity, investigated claimed deemed best—to Absent appear introduce—or discover—this deficient.4 Imposing yet legally unusual raises special concern.5 least, permits execution minor, great minor truly deserves treated adult. specific "age, maturity, environment, education, stability, record" minor's issue. Fare Michael C., 442 707, 734, 2560, 2576, 197 (1979) (POWELL, No occurred realistic sense according capacity subnormal punishment. outcome, deficient 83 deficient, deficiency received, vacate remand resentencing. date, violates Eighth Fourteenth Amendments Constitution. Thompson 724 P.2d 780 (Okla.Crim.App.1986) (defendant crime), granted, 1084, 1284, 94 143 (1987). "establish cause procedural default 'so novel counsel.' Murray Carrier, 478, 489-490, 2639, 2646, 397 Reed Ross, 468 1, 16, 2901, 2910, (1984)). Of youth carry manifest miscarriage justice" merits subsequent 537-538, 2667-2668, concluding inadequate." 772, 802 footnote, added: "This wisdom propriety advancing legitimate behalf. However, many, allegations contradicted Thus, Burger. raising unfounded charges 'chilling effect' willingness attorneys, here reconsider policy routinely attacking fact." 802, 13. corporation. form business will sake convenience. published Appendix Appeals' 932-942. malice guilt innocence unconstitutional "person discretion intend natural probable consequences acts." observed "virtually identical Franklin," instructed essential element prove pretermitting judge's murder, 'the dispositive intent' unnecessary presumption.' Rose Clark, 478 570, 3101, 3109, 92 460 Connecticut Johnson, 73, 97, 5, 969, 983, dissenting)). persisted closing argued, part: "Each introduced initiation robbery, sodomy, tying up, saying let's drive, rid car, fingerprints, that? today. "Now, seventeen twenty. Now, twenty year looks companion. control. ". You recommend why law? That's situations moving force, along [bidding] individual, gets convicted perpetrated was, catalyst, carried punishment other, be. your discretion. "And, situation, say existed, none except leader." 252-254 (second hearing). introduce it. Hitchcock Dugger, 481 393, 398-399, 1821, ----, 95 347 (1987); Skipper South 4-5, 1669, 1670-1671, (1986); 114-116, 876-878, Lockett Ohio, 438 586, 604, 2954, 2964, 973 opinion). offense, "neglectful, background" "mental age" excluded court. Eddings, 877. equally clear, undisputed relevancy corresponding allow bearing distinct us. apprehension contribute obtaining revealing allowing foreseeably devastating cross-examination. conversations treatment follows: "Mrs. Foster minimal factors. Mrs. ideal inquiries. bill, lists conferences totaling half unstated duration retrial. Defendant's Exhibits meet standards." 6. concluded: "Interviews consultation psychologist, exhaustive profitable pursuit. unproductive, worst, harmful client." 935 omitted; citations Do Wechsler examination, appreciate confession? enjoy idea, frankly. opportunity display psychopathological He'd probably shout wind done. of, magnitude doing? grade relative [be] concept wrong. psychopathology wrong, basically structure. He's preacher [good], illustration. So appreciating make, compelling need, psychopath pleasure, joy unless world behavior, unseemingly." 249-251 (first 782, impermissible (CA11), clarified, 796 1313 observation, 779, constitutionality executing availability future vast 11; Lowenthal, Joint Representation Cases: Critical Appraisal, Va.L.Rev. 939, 950, private instances. facing commission 32-34. Rule 44(c) "Whenever jointly retained assigned associated shall promptly personally advise representation." Ethical Canon 5-16 ABA Code Professional Responsibility states: instances justified clients differing interests, free obtain desires. clients, explain implications continue employment consent." Disciplinary 5-105(D) "If decline withdraw Rule, partner, associate, affiliated firm, employment." Model Conduct 1.7 1.10(a) American Association, Standards Justice, explains: "Except preliminary applications bail, defend grave ordinarily when, careful that: "(i) develop; "(ii) representation; "(iii) defendants, inquiries respecting comprehend difficulties defending instances, accepting continuing unprofessional conduct". 4-3.5(b) (2d ed. 1979) original). "legal profession's maintenance sufficient law's fulfill envisions." 688, followed, appropriate. Subsequent exercising supervisory authority, independent Fleming 246 90, 270 185, 904, 278, 136 cited disqualified disqualified, thereby firm. 93, 7, 188, sought, slight irrelevant innocence, phase." 188; 95, 189 (Bowles, concurring) ("No share equal Usually greater occurred. One leniency age, intelligence, etc. Common eliminates practical bargaining"). 189, 191 (Hill, concurring specially) (cautioning waive benefit); 98, (Jordan, P.J., dissenting) (arguing representation). What happened repeated distinction attorney's discern. Note, Conflicts Interest Multiple Defendants: Clarifying Geo.L.J. 1527, 1536-1561 demonstrating equate applied different." 694, 2068. adverse-effect trigger limited automatic arises constructive altogether interference transcripts Exhibit C, respectively, respondent's answer Record, pleading Citations designated "First Tr." "Second accords courts' 784—785, emphasis "heavily rulings," 785, misplaced analysis mixed determination application principles facts," 342, 1715, "performance components 698, 2070. severance alleviate numerous dilemmas faced indicted Developments Law, Legal Profession, Harv.L.Rev. 1244, 1380 (1981); Geer, Responsibilities Attorney, Minn.L.Rev. 119, 143-144 125-127. discussion hazards themselves case: "Joint tends doing. exploring prosecution, favorable recommendation acceptable. Generally speaking, admission emphasizing another." 489, speculation, weakness. Rather, raise key 64, "that evidence," 53, theory "lack sustain the—what give." action strategically reflects interpretation proportionality system. Gregg 153, 198, 204-206, 2909, 2939-2941, 859 (opinion JJ.). Therefore, hindered reasonableness. self-serving declarations outweigh itself. disinterested party disavowing appointments source partners' practice. 44. approximate fee largest payment, payment account. 31. discounts stating offer. 785—786. focuses concludes 786. misses argument. otherwise assume indulged reality factor prosecutors consider. considerations cost Gross Mauro, Patterns Death, Stan.L.Rev. 27, 106-107 (1984) ("Since prosecutions allocations scarce prosecutorial resources, choose expensive treatment"). weigh strengthen prevail suppressed, destroyed plead so, executed. met. accepted determinative verges which, inappropriate witness, standards. newspaper accounts people 55. responded 33-34, 40, 48. extended argued. change venue, sat unsuccessful venue. 54-55. "strategy" "prove case," tantamount all; patently 946 1985). testified: "I felt Attorney—I whatever exclude was—who main actor thing. secondary, secondary position. Since punishments two. that's tried, don't of—today, manner—I manner, thing hope it." 63-64. was—gave I.Q. 82. sociopath cross phase, asked, commented effect, can't remember exact comment, crazy, belong insane asylum, wasn't—shouldn't compulsive But, something—well, asylum out. Didn't be—that related questions 62. involuntary, responded: have—if know, sanity, instance, sociologist, place, effective." criminally 13, 16-3-1 39-1-1 notes, courts, respected lawyer. view. participated litigation calls—particularly trial—cannot always correct. (Okla.Crim.App.1986), (1987), imposes 110, 874, Edenfield (SD Ga.1981), routine "chilling effect" 702, disputes mistake concedes "relevant" consider." Oklahoma "[e]very country offenders." 12, (citing re Gault, 387 14, 1428, 1436, 527 (1967)). enacted capital-punishment statutes Furman 408 238, 2726, 346 (1972), prohibit Three prohibition 17, Nevada sets Streib, Capital Punishment Juveniles, Cleveland L.Rev. 363, 368-369, 33-36 imposition juveniles, explicitly denominate factor. Law Institute's Penal states exclusion "under 210.6(1)(d) Institute civilized societies tolerate spectacle children, punishing youthful Comment, 133. 1983, Association resolution "oppo[ses], principle, 18." Opposes Persons 18, A.B.A.J. 1925 (1983). International Article Covenant Civil Political Rights Convention Human Rights. Nations, Rights, Compilation Instruments Weissbrodt, Ratification Covenants, individuals treaties, nations signed ratified Covenant. European countries forbid 389 Amnesty International, Death Penalty (1979)).

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