Legal Document

493 U.S. 215 110 S.Ct. 596 107 L.Ed.2d 603 FW/PBS, INC., dba Paris Adult Bookstore II, et al., Petitionersv.CITY OF DALLAS al. M.J.R., Petitioners v. CITY DALLAS. Calvin BERRY, III, Nos. 87-2012, 87-2051 and 88-49. Argued Oct. 4, 1989. Decided Jan. 9, 1990. Syllabus Respondent city of Dallas adopted a comprehensive ordinance regulating "sexually oriented businesses," which are defined to include "adult" arcades, bookstores, video stores, cabarets, motels, theaters, as well escort agencies, nude model studios, sexual encounter centers. Among other things, the requires that such businesses be licensed includes civil disability provisions prohibiting certain individuals from obtaining licenses. Three groups involved in adult entertainment industry filed separate suits challenging on numerous grounds seeking injunctive declaratory relief. The District Court upheld bulk but struck down several subsections, subsequently amended conformity with court's judgment. Appeals affirmed, holding, inter alia, ordinance's licensing scheme did not violate First Amendment despite its failure provide procedural safeguards set forth Freedman Maryland, 380 51, 85 734, 13 649 (1965), provision requiring for "adult motel owners" renting rooms fewer than 10 hours were constitutional. Held: judgment is affirmed part, reversed vacated cases remanded. 837 F.2d 1298, (CA 5 1988), Justice O'CONNOR delivered opinion respect Parts III IV, concluding that: 1 1. No petitioner has shown standing challenge (1) prohibits an applicant who resided individual whose license application been denied or revoked, (2) provisions, disable specified periods those have convicted enumerated crimes, spouses so convicted. record does reveal any was living revoked. Moreover, although reveals one potentially could disabled under spousal conviction provision, person herself party this action. Even if she standing, however, her claim would now moot, since council deleted statutory list crimes husband after ruled inclusion convictions unconstitutional. Furthermore, stated affidavit he had three misdemeanors, lacked failed state when last misdemeanor date his release confinement and, therefore, still within period. This cannot rely city's representations at oral argument two petitioners licenses based convictions, necessary factual predicate must gleaned below. Similarly, indicating revoked unavailing, first introduced part record, event, fails identify Because courts below jurisdiction adjudicate petitioners' claims, Appeals' vacated, court directed dismiss portion suit. Pp. 230-236. 2 2. motels rent owner contention violated Due Process Clause by failing produce adequate support supposition results increased crime secondary effects rejected. As recognized, it reasonable believe shorter rental time indicate foster prostitution, type criminal activity what seeks suppress. reasonableness legislative judgment, along Los Angeles study effect surrounding neighborhoods before passed ordinance, provided sufficient limitation. Also rejected assertion 10-hour limitation places unconstitutional burden right freedom association recognized Roberts United States Jaycees, 468 609, 618, 104 3244, 3249, 82 462. assuming owners assert associational rights patrons, limiting rentals will discernible sorts traditional personal bonds considered Roberts: play critical role Nation's culture traditions cultivating transmitting shared ideals beliefs. consider owners' privacy commercial speech challenges, issues pressed upon 236-238. 3 O'CONNOR, joined STEVENS KENNEDY, concluded Part II violates Amendment, constitutes prior restraint protected expression required Freedman, supra. 223-230. 4 (a) may raise facial scheme. Such challenges permitted context where vests unbridled discretion decisionmaker regulation challenged overbroad. argue limit authority act. Since supra, 56-57, S.Ct., 737-38, held species discretion, every creates impermissible risk suppression ideas. valid interest. Although applies some apparently Amendment—e.g., agencies centers—it largely targets purveying sexually explicit concedes purposes litigation Amendment. While asserted business—regardless whether engages Amendment-protected speech—to obtain certificate occupancy moves into new location use structure changes, nevertheless more onerous businesses, submit inspections—for example, their ownership changes they apply annual renewal permits—whether moved structures changed. 223-225. (b) 58-60, 738-40, determined following ensure expeditious decisionmaking motion picture censorship board: judicial review can imposed only brief period during status quo maintained; decision available; (3) censor bear going suppress proof once court. Like system, possibility constitutionally suppressed there inadequate prompt issuance license. Thus, business issued time, accordingly, essential. Here, chief police approve 30 days receipt application, also conditions approval municipal inspection without setting limits inspections occur. therefore effective decision, avenue minimize event denial, requirement insofar enforced against engaged activity, remand. However, issue significantly different system examined present grave dangers require contain third safeguard. Unlike censor, engage presumptively invalid direct particular expressive material, simply performs ministerial action reviewing general qualifications each applicant. It need carry justifying speech. unlike distributors Freedman—who likely deterred movie burdens placed censor—the applicants incentive pursue denial through court, key maintaining business. Riley National Federation Blind N.C., Inc., 487 781, 108 2667, 101 669 (1988), dispositive litigation, since, safeguards, address proper scope summarily states terms severable, must, remand, determine extent severable. 225-230. 6 BRENNAN, MARSHALL BLACKMUN, agreeing doctrine, mandates all just them. 802, 2680, applied invalidate professional charity fundraisers ruling licensor i.e., State, would-be fundraiser—either go principal opinion's declining safeguard—that administrator task passing content protected, entire films, inclined abandon interests—do distinguish Riley, between unprotected speech, livelihoods stake. danger posed prevents speaker speaking derived basis purportedly denied, unlawful stifling results. no relevant differences here, interest protecting initiating proceedings borne city. 239-242. 7 J., announced I REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, STEVENS, SCALIA, JJ., joined, joined. concurring post, p. 238. dissenting 244. 249, 250, opinions part. 8 John H. Weston, Beverly Hills, Cal., petitioners. 9 Analeslie Muncy, Dallas, Tex., respondents. I, KENNEDY join. 11 These call us decide (1965). We sufficiently justified covered impermissibly infringes association. comes us, presented books, videos, materials, available obscene pornographic materials. 12 * On June 18, 1986, unanimously Ordinance No. 19196 aimed eradicating urban blight. amended, defines business" "an arcade, bookstore store, cabaret, motel, theater, agency, studio, center." City Code, ch. 41A, Sexually Oriented Businesses § 41A-2(19) (1986). regulates incorporating zoning, licensing, inspections. operate years. preliminary permanent relief Suits brought businesses: selling, exhibiting, distributing publications films; cabarets establishments providing live dancing pictures, videocassettes, slides, photographic reproductions depicting activities anatomy ordinance; owners. Following expedited discovery, constitutional claims resolved cross-motions summary After hearing, striking four subsections. See Dumas 648 F.Supp. 1061 (ND Tex.1986). §§ 41A-5(a)(8) 41A-5(c), ground vested overbroad police, contrary our holding Shuttlesworth Birmingham, 394 147, 150-151, 89 935, 938-939, 22 162 (1969). F.Supp., 1072-1073. merely indictment information, reasoning less restrictive alternatives achieve goals. id., 1075 (citing O'Brien, 391 367, 88 1673, 20 672 (1968)). Finally, five creating because related purpose ordinance. 1074 (striking bribery, robbery, kidnaping, organized violations controlled substances Acts). Court's 14 Fifth Circuit affirmed. 1298 (1988). Viewing content-neutral place, manner Renton Playtime Theatres, 475 41, 106 925, 29 (1986), attack " 'designed serve substantial government interest' allowed 'reasonable alternative avenues communication.' F.2d, 1303 (quoting Renton, 47, 928). further scheme's withstood challenge, procedures important "the conduct ongoing enterprise." 1303. 15 Additionally, such, 41A-2(4), 41A-18. attacked made finding engendered evils attempting redress. short facilitate remedy. 1304. 16 modified Court, relationship offense evil regulated substantial." Id., 1305. 17 granted stay mandate except do Federal Constitution, 485 1042, 1605, 99 919 certiorari, 489 1051, 109 1309, 103 578 (1989). reverse affirm 18 certiorari likelihood arbitrary denials concomitant we conclude lacks reach decided properly viewed restriction arising out businesses. Cf. Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. Conrad, 420 546, 562, 95 1239, 1248, 43 448 (1975). A. 19 note outset legislation generally disfavored, Council Taxpayers Vincent, 466 789, 798, n. 15, 2118, 2125 80 772 (1984). In place limitations board make determination obscenity discretion. U.S., 737-738 (failure confine "contains same vice statute delegating excessive administrative discretion"). "[r]isk delay," 55, 737, "every create[s] ideas," parties bring challenges. arcades (defined pictures see 41A-2(1)), bookstores centers, 41A-3. e.g., these Smith California, 361 150, 215, 217, 205 (1959) (bookstores); supra (live theater performances); Young American Mini 427 50, 96 2440, 49 310 (1976) (motion theaters); Schad Mount Ephraim, 452 61, 2176, 68 671 (1981) (nude dancing). SCALIA acknowledges, 262, targeted Brief Respondents 19, 20, ("[T]he arguing concerns. . [T]he sell material ."). Miller 413 23-24, 93 2607, 37 419 (1973). Nor Ginzburg States, 383 463, 86 942, 31 (1966), contend governed pandering. practice decline neither nor Youakim Miller, 425 231, 234, 1399, 1401-02, 47 701 (per curiam). business—without regard changes. Tr. Oral Arg. 49; App. 42, Code 51-1.104 (1988) (certificate construction change use). Under Therefore, even correctness representation "general" scheme, here vast majority For whenever permit. We, hold, threshold matter, suit B 21 "[p]rior restraints per se [a]ny bearing heavy presumption validity." 558, 1246. See, Lovell Griffin, 303 444, 451-452, 58 666, 668-669, L.Ed. 949 (1938); Cantwell Connecticut, 296, 306-307, 60 900, 904-905, 84 1213 (1940); Cox New Hampshire, 312 569, 574-575, 61 762, 765, 1049 (1941); 938-939. Our addressing identified tolerated schemes. First, "unbridled hands official agency result censorship." Lakewood Plain Dealer Publishing Co., 486 750, 757, 2138, 2143, 100 771 Saia York, 334 1148, 92 1574 (1948); Niemotko 340 268, 71 328, 280 (1951); Kunz 290, 312, Staub Baxley, 355 313, 78 277, 302 (1958); (1965); Louisiana, 379 536, 453, 471 supra; Secretary State Maryland Joseph Munson 467 947, 2839, 81 786 'It settled long line recent decisions makes peaceful enjoyment freedoms Constitution guarantees contingent uncontrolled official—as permit withheld official—is freedoms.' Shuttlesworth, 151, 938-39 Staub, 322, 282). Second, impermissible. 59, 739; Vance Universal Amusement 445 308, 316, 1156, 1161-62, 63 (1980) restrained "indefinite duration"). addressed unlimited 57, 738. definite unsound, "delay compel[led] speaker's silence." 2680. discretion," 737-738. Where license, great A indefinitely suppressing permissible 23 "chief shall assessor collector taxes application," "premises used approved health department, fire building being compliance applicable laws ordinances." 41A-5(a)(6). provides means inspected 30-day approved. licenses, given telephone numbers various contact 48. That measure, obviously, inspect thereby eligible regulatory allows indefinite postponement 24 738-740. "dangers system," 58, 738-39, full protections required. 25 core policy underlying undue delay essential: maintained, erroneously denied. 734. 155, 941, (content-neutral "expeditious review"); Socialist Party America Skokie, 432 43, 97 2205, 53 (1977). 26 denial. 27 "Without prove too burdensome seek censor's determination. Particularly case take very little deter exhibition locality. exhibitor's stake insufficient warrant protracted course litigation. distributor, hand, equally unwilling accept delays area when, difficulties, freely exhibit film most rest country. ." 739. 28 special concerns protection risks freewheeling formidable." 559, 1246-47. discussed licensor's made. hold essential renders order examine today Freedman. material. jurisprudence, exercise Rather, reviews applicant, invalid. otherwise distributor tantamount complete much censored. applicant's business, differences, Limitation availability satisfy "principle ringed about bulwarks." Bantam Books, Inc. Sullivan, 372 66, 83 631, 637, 584 (1963). "[t]he Section 1-4 CHAPTER amended." remand 772, 2152 (remanding severability). 32 merits cabaret 41A-5(a)(10), disabling residing 41A-5(a)(5), show 87-2051, pp. 22-40, 44; 12-20. Neither side raises it, Jenkins McKeithen, 395 411, 421, 1843, 1848-49, 404 (1969), fail us. federal independent obligation own jurisdiction, "is perhaps [the jurisdictional] doctrines." Allen Wright, 3315, 3324, 556 33 "[E]very appellate 'satisfy itself lower cause review,' though prepared concede it. Mitchell Maurer, 293 237, 244 [55 162, 165, 79 338] (1934). Juidice Vail, 430 327, 331-332 [97 1211, 1215-1216, 51 376] (1977) (standing). 'And discloses notice defect, concerning it.' Bender Williamsport Area School Dist., 534, 541, 1326, 1331, 501 34 long-settled principle "inferred argumentatively averments pleadings," Grace Central Ins. 278, 284, 207, 210, 932 (1883), rather "must affirmatively appear record." Mansfield C. & L.M.R. Co. Swan, 111 379, 382, 510, 511, 462 (1884). King Bridge Otoe County, 120 225, 226, 552, 623 (1887) (facts supporting Article "appea[r] record"). And "party favor," McNutt General Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 178, 189, 56 780, 785, 1135 (1936), "clearly allege facts demonstrating invoke resolution dispute." Warth Seldin, 422 490, 518, 2197, 2215, 45 343 "allege jurisdiction. If [they] fai[l] allegations, [they have] standing." McNutt, 785. 35 preceding months.1 disables crimes. lasts years felony misdemeanors 24-month period.2 elapsed, former conviction. 36 Examination involving either offenses 41A-5(a)(5). 41A-5(a)(10) provision. An individual, Texas Controlled Substances Act, asserts wife interested opening But wife, officer Bi-Ti Enterprises, Record, Evert Affidavit 3-6. Bender, 548, 1335, 9. 38 moot. Her husband's Act council, Dangerous Drugs Act. App.H. Pet. Cert. 107. Hall Beals, 396 45, 48, 90 200, 201-02, 214 39 To establish both occurred recently enough 41A-5(a)(10)(A), (B). deprived injured 40 plausibly Bill Staten, "convicted twenty-four month period." Staten clearly satisfies requirement. "within period," wait confinement, whichever later, issued. 41A-5(a)(10)(B)(iii). thus, party" provisions. alleged findings standing. Accordingly, lack Warth, 2215. 41 At argument, attorney responded follows asked provisions: "I conviction." 32. Foster (affidavit Response Petitioner's Application Recall Stay Mandate stating went licensees). briefs arguments themselves," 547, 1334. affidavit, evidence below," Adickes S.H. Kress 398 144, 157, 16, 1598, 1608, 142 (1970). account falls establishing 42 accordingly vacate directions 549, 1335 (vacating standing); 190, 785 (same).3 IV aspects are, 41A-18(a). produced adverse impacts. rights, especially intimate 44 With contention, effects. They 1977 cursorily neighborhoods. Defendant's Motion Summary Judgment, Vol. 2, Exh. 11. thought prostitution extensive studies already available. agree combined study, permitting room should included 3250, (1984) ("Bill Rights afford formation preservation kinds highly relationships"). patrons violated. There question "a controversy enforcement statute" Art. Craig Boren, 429 192, 451, 454, 50 397 (1976). clear, prudential, jus tertii patrons. 193, 454-55. referred Roberts. Any "personal bonds" formed "played Nation beliefs." 618-619, 3249-3250. reject 46 regulations "to let alone," Olmstead 277 438, 478, 48 564, 572, 72 944 (1928) (Brandeis, dissenting), rights. below, Rogers Lodge, 458 613, 628, 10, 102 3272, 3281, 73 1012 (1982); FTC Grolier 23, 6, 2209, 2212, 76 387 (1983). remanded consistent opinion. ordered. whom BLACKMUN join, concur invalidating previous cases.1 upholding meritless. write separately, Terms ago them, point O'CONNOR's reaches decision. notes, needed "obviate system": advance final longer preserve pending resolution; 58-59, 738-739. houses films approval, protections. Similar followed, Teitel Film Corp. Cusack, 390 139, 754, 966 (1968) (invalidating another procedures); Blount Rizzi, 400 410, 91 423, 498 (1971) postal rules restrictions mails allegedly materials safeguards); (1975) (finding refusal facilities musical content, absent procedures). 52 never suggested insistence might vary contrary, continued wide variety contexts. (1977), court-ordered injunction stayed expedited. 44, 2206. (1980), public nuisance enjoin theater's future year, been, accordance procedures. 317, 1162. Two ago, professionals involved, fundraisers, activity. that, North Carolina's justify regulation, 'will, period, court.' quoting applying Carolina provide, down. 2681. 54 sure, actions applications, fundraiser. difference theaters cases, proving permissibly deny 55 bases disinclination procedure grounds: involve administrator's not; films. finds distinction significant theory jurisprudence holds ostensible She second anticipates interests certainly correct distinguishes Riley. He applications profession, acting stake, others subject Nonetheless, applicant.2 57 rightly reasons wrong. said transcendent value speech" persuasion State. less. not, she, administering always act according law. Mistakes inevitable; abuse possible. proof, obliged them err, silence. opinion, considers length showing cohabitation Were precedential value, reversal Appeals3 worst ambiguous. discussion wholly extraneous actual case, clarify unnecessary pure dictum. 59 find standing—an unspecified objection denying someone past year—is directly parties, reached among questions granted. standing—petitioners' provisions—is consideration rendered redundant II. revocation "impose expression." 12.4 solely victory benefit invalidates invalid, grounds. recognizes wisely declines requirements singles persons regulation.5 62 unexplained inexplicable, separates singling accords treatment. Perhaps, inquiry claim, infer motive opportunity offer guidance law badly proceeds explanation Whatever reason including superfluous. Chief joins, 64 join conclusion defeat challenge. Circuit's inapplicable 65 often nonspeech elements "are conduct, governmental element incidental freedoms." 376, 1678-79, (1968). Clark Community Creative Non-Violence, 288, 298-299, 3065, 3071-3072, 221 (1984); 562-564, 476, 479-481, Adderley Florida, 385 39, 7, 87 242, 247, 149 (1966). effect. (1986); Time, strict scrutiny sustainable neutral, designed interest, unreasonably communication. 928. Heffron International Society Krishna Consciousness, 640, 647-648, 2559, 2563-2564, 69 (1981); Virginia Pharmacy Board Citizens Consumer Council, 748, 771, 1817, 1830, 346 clear deleterious areas focusing limited class treated neutral. 66 suggest immune kind sustained Renton. prerequisites certificates inspections, dealt test neutrality. way sold offered operators anything publications. Without one—without satisfying requirements—they nothing enforcing avoid unfavorable consequences attending unregulated 67 connection forbidding censors. There, approving disapproving view film's suitability viewing. Absent exhibitors. said, like here; imposing cases. good invoking many respects analogous parade demonstration permits permits. leave open 574-576, 765-766, 293-298, 3068-3071. entitled protection; regulate thus content-based typically scrutinized closely. Near Minnesota ex rel. Olson, 283 697, 625, 75 1357 (1931); (1977); (1980); Licensing schemes scrutiny, purporting restrictions, invalidated licensor. Unbridled criteria deciding grant deemed convert restraint. 150-152, (1969); (1988); (1948). rule reflects context. protect conferred specifically vest objective standards apply. 1305-1306 (CA5 1988). disturb aspect arguably tenable disappears. 70 reliance misplaced. prevented soliciting nonprofessionals solicit while pending. fundraiser State's power carries (unless constrained) substantially affect utter," 801, 2670, sure suitably confined. appears straightforward "undue-discretion" say, assuming, urged, restriction, time. Contrary licensors empowered fundraiser's unless restrained. context, invoked for, dealing singled out; businesses—including agencies—are covered, up codes, regulations. assume process unduly prolonged arbitrarily delayed. contexts delayed neglected. Between Circuit, 147 165 requests, none making promptly with, unable promptly, secure reasonably Clearly imposes ban prophylactic measures guard speculative injuries. notes refusing mandates, enterprises vigorously. Ante, 229-230. acted days. suspending revoking immediately appealable appeal appeal. addition, suggests immediate courts. realistic prospect sale 74 Perhaps saying deal complying valid, neutral doubt, radio television stations breaks health, building, why supermarkets convenience stores books magazines, entitled? found privilege. foregoing reasons, respectfully dissent 77 explains disqualify themselves unqualified reside married to, persons. Given breadth assertions affidavits, understanding facts, dismissal ante, 235. evidentiary hearing issues. SCALIA's proposed resurrection comment. explained my Splawn 431 595, 602, 1987, 1991-92, 606 extended withstand Bd. communication lose advertised truthful inoffensive manner. perverse, "Signs 'adult' character convey message provocative within. signs warning erotic offensive shop elsewhere entertainment. sensible description matter pleasing ought encouraged, punished." 604, 1992. portions sustaining portions. occasion treating sex, decades guided "sex synonymous," Roth 354 487, 1304, 1310, 1498 (1957). former, described discussed. latter entirely unprotected, disallowed communities, democratic desires. Distinguishing problem. Obscenity, common understanding, "treat[s] sex appealing prurient interest," 488, 1311. added definition, abundance concern judging safeguard press treat interest." Ibid. begin approach previously courts, banning literary work passages isolation obscene. Instead, dominant theme taken whole 489, 1311 (emphasis added). gone add conditions, reflected three-part pronounced 24, 2615, (1973): "The basic guidelines trier fact be: 'the average person, contemporary community standards' work, whole, appeals .; depicts describes, patently way, law; (c) serious literary, artistic, political, scientific value." effect—which, fair met acceptance—have guarantee access adults works literature, banned sought banned, Dreiser's Tragedy,1 Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover,2 Miller's Tropic Cancer Capricorn,3 Joyce's Ulysses,4 stage productions genuine dramatic (or, misapplication them) well—unintended isolated phenomenon. example increasing number attempts throughout country, means, withhold book performance, prevent erosion morality increasingly appearance delicately calls businesses." flourish country before, York's Times Square, smaller communities coast coast. Indeed, heard Term demonstrates, smallest via telephonic "dial-a-porn." Sable Communications FCC, 492 115, 2829, object do, eliminate Attempts performances market doomed stringency test, socially valuable expression. Communities close "porn-shops" pornography (which, cross distant obscenity, protected), Congress specialized "dial-a-porn" services messages "indecent" quite 131, 2839. Consequently, resorted stringent zoning laws, (ordinance adopting unusual technique dispersed concentrated); (1986) restricting locations comprising 5% community's land area, "commercially viable" sites available), Draconian sanctions unwise flirt pornography, Fort Wayne Indiana, 46, 916, (1989) (state Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute), today, assure porn-shops run better person. Not oblique methods eliminating perceived (viz., existence anywhere want them), perversely render efforts, definition "chilling" RICO penalties intimidate porn-shop owner, bookseller seller Ulysses. seem me desirable perpetuate regime prohibition indirection. think rendering precedents consists recognizing devoted marketing sells might, isolation, necessary, compel tolerate marginal communicative beyond raw appeal; specializing proscribed chose instead details comply standards. Operators centers "Adult store" defined, "commercial establishment offers rental" printed visual representations, "which depict describe 'specified activities' anatomical areas.' 41A-2(2)(A) added).5 theater" regularly shown" areas. 41A-2(5) added).6 Other similarly "regularly" areas.7 "Specified activities" "(A) fondling touching human genitals, pubic region, buttocks, anus, female breasts; "(B) acts, normal perverted, simulated, intercourse, copulation, sodomy; "(C) masturbation, simulated; "(D) excretory functions (A) (C) above." 41A-2(21). "specified areas" "human genitals arousal." 41A-2(20). 94 discuss greater detail presently, "work work." interpreted restrict sales (or sell) book, film, entertainment, specialize type. different, broader, supports proposition merchant concentrates prohibited hence (a fortiori ) here. defendant violating statute, U.S.C. 1461, mailing assumed, 465-466, 944-945, nonetheless conviction, showed "that accused originated stock trade sordid pandering—'the textual graphic openly customers.' 467, 945 495-496, 1314-1315 (Warren, concurring)). BRENNAN's advertising publications, "stressed the[ir] candor," 468, 946, "resolve[d] ambiguity doubt" defendants' activities. 470, 947. deliberate erotically arousing, stimulated reader prurient; looks titillation, saving intellectual content. circumstances presentation dissemination determining social importance claimed courtroom was, circumstances, pretense reality—whether traded marketplace spurious purposes. purveyor's sole emphasis decisive obscenity. Certainly prosecution which, necessarily imply originate pandering test." 470-471, be, sale, obscene, trial articles contained "predominantly appealed exceeded 471, 947; author psychiatrists, testified useful practice. "deliberately emphasized catch salaciously disposed." 472, 948. 98 Memoirs Attorney Massachusetts, 413, 975, day Ginzburg, overturned but, citing mean distribution protected. said: "On premise, assess, requisite offensive, minimum production, publicity publication proceeding, judge abstract, declaration aided specific publicity. All possible uses considered, mere exploited panderers pervasively treats matters alter redeeming publish distribute 420-421, 978-979 (footnote omitted). landmark consistently post-Miller. Hamling 418 87, 130, 2887, 2914, 590 (1974); 597-599, 1989-1990, Pinkus 436 293, 303-304, 1808, 1814-1815, (1978). narrowly foundation pandering," 945, unprotected—that "solely arousal escape material] dressed speech." 474, 17, 949, 17. established regarded "appealing impliedly stock-in-trade (so speak) Giving scope, seems read together establishes least following: municipality intentionally specializes in, performance portrayal organs arousal, nudity. suffices sustain evaluating principles described, give "limiting [that] placed" text. Broadrick Oklahoma, 601, 2908, 2916, 830 "substantially overbroad," 615, 2918 added), is, "unless applications," York Ferber, 747, 3348, 3362, 1113 (1982), "judged relation statute's plainly legitimate sweep," Broadrick, 2918. Favorably construed, pandering, above. noted, depictions, descriptions, displays qualify minor degree. What sort photograph commonly so-called "pin-up calendar" "men's magazine." naked body (in studio) featured live. Qualifying depictions descriptions erogenous zones, perverted acts. nudity "as purposes" stores) theaters). adverb "constantly, continually, steadily, sustainedly," Roget's Thesaurus 135.7, (4th ed. 1977), "in methodical way," Webster's Third Dictionary 1913 (1981). continuous objectives enterprise. phrase connote containing proportion volume marketed character. issue, share characteristics hardcore constant, intentional more. single exception theater," language precisely stimulation obtained. Surely interpret forth. hardly commerce promote. Likewise, definitions cabaret" "feature" promoted such. requirement, defense contains studio located "has sign visible exterior indicates viewing." 41A-21(d)(3)(A) categories "escort agencies" "sexual centers," "holding forth" "primary purpose" requirement). indications definitions, likely—especially constitutionality measure—that constant promote meets alone suffice implausible enterprise advertise such; few bent exist, 105 narrow focus (1981), offering dancing. because, face, range Fourteenth Amendments." 65, 2181. conceive meet above-described yet statutes imagination alone. "strong medicine" overbreadth "real" "substantial." 2916-17, 2917-18. current forbade minors performance." analysis "understandabl[e] concer[n] expression, ranging medical textbooks pictorials Geographic fall prey statute." 773, 3363. "[W]e seriously suggested, amount tiny fraction reach. widen possibly giving expansive proscription 'lewd exhibition[s] genitals.' 263.15 'not whatever exist cured case-by-case situations sanctions, assertedly, applied.' 615-616 [93 2917-2918]." 773-774, "dwarfs applications." course, deprive somehow caught (if occur) asserting eventuality improbable, me, quantity anticipatorily "chilled." adequately safeguarded conducting applied. correctly respondents conceded 224. proscribability judgments argued—particularly law, predictable. itself, adopted, Roth. O.T.1965, 18. Mishkin 502, 958, companion defended explicitly disagreed commentators looking "intent disseminator," "character material." Appellee 49, 368, (defending Manual Day, 370 1432, 639 (1962)). Likewise Roth, 1311, argued "constitutes threat morals community." O.T.1956, 582, 100. "utterly value" plurality, nevertheless. Compare 24-25, 2614-16, O.T.1972, 70-73, 26-27. 112 mode rigid banned. concentration, adjusted accordingly. wrote plurality Theatres well: learned broad statements principle, how made, sometimes qualified absolute reached." 2450. concentrated Theatres. ordinances concentration (we assumed) purveyed proscribable. Here uphold 113 Warren's words, reconcile maintain decent society express Jacobellis Ohio, 378 184, 199, 1676, 1684, 793 (1964) (dissenting opinion). entails science, art—or, pornography. fully expand constrict use, preventing objectionable large segments society, unobjectionable well. 114 stated, dissent. 41A-5(a)(5) follows: [a]n months, months." Sections (b), (c), "(10) spouse crime: involving: "(i) Chapter Penal Code: "(aa) prostitution; "(bb) promotion "(cc) aggravated "(dd) compelling "(ee) obscenity; "(ff) distribution, display harmful minor; "(gg) child; "(hh) possession child pornography; "(ii) lewdness; indecent exposure; indecency "(iii) assault Code; "(iv) incest, solicitation child, harboring runaway "(v) attempt, conspiracy, commit offenses; which: elapsed later date, offense; combination occurring "(b) disqualification spouse. "(c) listed Subsection (a)(10) 41A-5(a)(10)(B) elapsed." light residency questions. grounded persuade otherwise. advertising. 944-945. concluded: "It stress elaborates vel non judged." 475, 950. ante 220, "obscenity non" case. done, abrogate category speech-related "no probative nature question." 949. History proved right, think, left secure. transmogrification far innocuous. threatened proprietors' notwithstanding, 314, Both plaintiffs question. 1301, 1304-1305 slightly differently. characterize "classic facially [ex Olson ], (1931)," "prior amendment." 22, 33. 21-24. Held Commonwealth Friede, 271 Mass. 318, 171 N.E. 472 (1930). People Dial Press, 182 Misc. 416, N.Y.S.2d 480 (N.Y.Magis.Ct.1944). Obscene 760 Cal.1951), aff'd sub nom. Besig 208 (CA9 1953). Unsuccessfully One Book Called "Ulysses," (SDNY 1933), aff'd, 705 (CA2 1934). Video Store form periodicals photographs, cassettes reproductions, areas'; instruments, devices, paraphernalia activities.' 41A-2(2)(A), (B) items subsection Picture Theater where, consideration, cassettes, similar characterized depiction 41A-2(5). "(3) Cabaret nightclub, bar, restaurant, features: nudity; exposure areas' activities'; "(6) concert hall, auditorium, features "(12) Nude Model Studio observed, sketched, drawn, painted, sculptured, photographed, depicted pay money consideration. "(13) Nudity means: bare buttock, male breast; dress opaquely cover areola breast." 41A-2. appearing modeling operated: "(1) proprietary school Texas; college, junior university supported partly taxation; "(2) private college maintains operates educational programs credits transferrable structure: viewing; participate student enroll class; premises time." 41A-21(d).

Classification Label: 2