Legal Document

463 U.S. 880 103 S.Ct. 3383 77 L.Ed.2d 1090 Thomas A. BAREFOOT, Petitioner,v.W.J. ESTELLE, Jr., Director, Texas Department of Corrections. No. 82-6080. Argued April 26, 1983. Decided July 6, Syllabus Petitioner was convicted capital murder in a state court after jury trial. A separate sentencing hearing then held before the same to determine whether death penalty should be imposed. One questions submitted jury, as required by statute, there probability that petitioner would commit further criminal acts violence and constitute continuing threat society. In addition introducing other evidence, State called two psychiatrists, who, response hypothetical questions, testified such probability. The answered question, well another question killing had been deliberate, affirmative, thus requiring imposition penalty. On appeal, Court Criminal Appeals rejected petitioner's contention use psychiatric testimony at unconstitutional, affirmed conviction sentence. Ultimately, this denied certiorari habeas corpus application, filed petition for Federal District raising claims with respect testimony. these writ, but issued certificate probable cause pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 2253, which provides an appeal may not taken appeals from final order proceeding where detention complained arises out process "unless Justice or Judge who rendered Circuit issues cause." again denying stay execution. Shortly thereafter, also execution pending Court's judgment. This Court, treating application writ judgment, granted certiorari. Held: 1. did err refusing Pp. 887-896. (a) Although it formally affirm is no ruled on merits course ample opportunity address merits, practice within bounds prior decisions, Garrison v. Patterson, 391 464, 88 1687, 20 744. parties, directed, briefs presented oral arguments, making clear depended success merits. While have advisable expressly deny stay, court's failure do so does conflict related cases. moved swiftly mean its treatment cursory inadequate. contrary, resolution primary issue admission dangerousness, reflects careful consideration. To remand verification judgment affirmed, urges, unwarranted exaltation form over substance. 888-892. (b) following procedural guidelines handling applications stays are suggested: (1) requires more than showing absence frivolity appeal. must make substantial denial federal right, severity itself sufficing warrant automatic issuance certificate. (2) When issued, afforded decide (3) adopt expedited procedures resolving appeals, notwithstanding cause, local rules promulgated stating manner cases will handled informing counsel decided motion stay. (4) Where second successive petitions, proper district expedite consideration petition, even cannot concluded dismissed under 2254 Rule 9(b) because fails allege new different grounds relief. (5) Stays filing has corpus. Applications contain information materials necessary assessment reliably plenary review warranted. first sought appeals. 892-896. 2. petition. 896-905. There merit argument individually group, incompetent predict acceptable degree reliability particular crimes future represent danger community. accept arg ment call into contexts prediction behavior constantly made. Moreover, generally applicable evidence covering weight unprivileged predicting dangerousness countered only erroneous case unreliable ignored. Nor, despite view American Psychiatric Association supporting view, any convincing almost entirely factfinder adversary system competent uncover, recognize, take due account shortcomings. 896-903. need based personal examination defendant properly given questions. Expert testimony, opinion otherwise, commonly admitted might help job. involves penalty, constitutional barrier applying ordinary governing expert Pp.903-904. (c) courts, if general rule, made them his violated right law. 904-905 Affirmed. Jack Greenberg, New York City, NAACP Legal Defense Educational Fund, Inc. amicus curiae, special leave Court. William E. Gray, Houston, Tex., petitioner. Douglas M. Becker, Austin, respondent. WHITE delivered 1 We us case: erred rejecting petitioner, Fifth correctly 2 * November 14, 1978, police officer Bell County, Texas. Under Tex.Code Crim.Proc.Ann. 37.071,1 were jury: conduct causing "committed deliberately reasonable expectation deceased result"; "there society." introduced convictions reputation lawlessness. John Holbrook James Grigson, probably both put result 3 Appeals, urged, among submissions, psychiatrists punishment predictions about unconstitutional class, dangerousness. Hence, their likely produce sentences Eighth Fourteenth Amendments. It event, permitting answers personally examined error. all contentions sentence March 12, 1980, 596 S.W.2d 875; rehearing 30, 1980. 4 Petitioner's scheduled September 17, 29, disposition certiorari, June 1981. 453 913, 101 3146, 69 996. time October 13, An 7, 1981, whereafter United States Western Among issues, raised he courts. stayed action evidentiary 28, 1982, represented counsel. 9, findings conclusions, each several asserted accordingly denied; also, vacated. however, proceed forma pauperis Notice 24, 1982. 5 At point, courts set January 25, 1983, date. December 21, 11, 6 parties notified present co rt 19. heard 19, and, 20, 697 F.2d 593 (CA5 1983). recited studied record attorney allowed unlimited discuss matter germane case. giving brief argue they saw fit, requirements forth cases, 744 (1968), Nowakowski Maroney, 386 542, 87 1197, 18 282 (1967), Carafas LaVallee, 234, 1556, 554 satisfied. As understood those when give "an upon underlying argument." proceeded issue, together jurisdiction resentence newly-discovered warranted Each discussed rejected. since merit, denied. 7 Circuit, referred directed "the namely, appropriate standard granting death-sentenced Circuit." --- ----, 841, 74 1032 (1983). briefed orally argued here we now II 8 With followed sentence, remembered direct avenue exception. review—which, involved, includes certiorari—comes end, presumption finality legality attaches role proceedings, while important assuring rights observed, secondary limited. forums relitigate trials. Even less means entitled delay indefinitely. adopted facilitate orderly petitions legal entitlements pursue irrespective contribution toward uncovering "It natural condemned lay hold every ground which, tend advantage client, administration justice ought interfered mere pretexts." Lambert Barrett, 159 660, 662, 16 135, 40 L.Ed. 296 (1895). Furthermore, unlike term years, begin carried remain o tstanding. Accordingly, isolate exceptional error retrial resentencing certainly permit. They not, fail non-frivolous attention deserve. 9 For reasons, 10 urges improperly failing act finally He suggests possibility remanding without reaching heart submission unless believes frivolous, obligated usual must, case, disposition. responds reached 11 previously "[i]f appellant persuades tribunal exists, merits." 466, 1688, (1968) (per curiam ). See (1967); (1968). These decisions indicate unable resolve date execution, permit But requirement decision "does prevent adopting summary cases." supra, 242, S.Ct., 1562. U.S., 1688. Garrison, examining our holdings, 12 "Nothing [these cases] prevents considering together, nothing said necessarily full briefing instance granted. possesses sufficient certificate, adequate procedure informed rule limited." 466-467, 13 emphasized, ibid., disposing addressed, 14 surface, Circuit's recent some prospect issuing O'Bryan Estelle, 691 706, 708 (1982); Brooks 586 (1982), comports requirements. Approving clearly improper Nowakowski, Carafas. However, deciding possible, inconsistent 15 appears pursued latter course. fully aware precedents After quo ing said: "Our actions fall language. solely offered argument. demonstrates reasons decision." F.2d, 596. 17 section "Merits Appeal: Testimony Dangerousness," reject contentions. decisions. connection acting file light announced practice, supra; addressed agree attorneys prejudiced preparation throughout proceedings rebriefed reargued proceeding. From 71 days prepare arguments 19 concluding statements demonstrate: "This benefit trial except few exhibits unimportant read parties. here, experienced area open court. Finding patent semblance thereof, objections, conclude DENIED." 599-600. 21 advisable, once arrived verify obvious affirming so, Indeed, itself, noted "in effort . solicited submissions case." If formal required, inquiry pointless. faulted dissent three Justices arguing refused very similar procedures. (1982).2 22 af irmed B 23 That Appeals' tolerable suggest accepted norm preferred procedure. public increasing number petitioners entering appellate stages process. fair efficient executions demands allow accompanying development primarily function rulemaking processes can forth. 24 First. Congress established prisoner obtain frivolous delaying States' ability impose sentences, including sentences.3 separating meritorious grant withhold cause. agreed "probable something frivolity, higher one 'good faith' Sec. 1915." Blackmun, "Allowance Forma Pauperis 2255 Habeas Corpus Cases," 43 F.R.D. 343, 352 (CA8 1967). "substantial [a] right." Stewart Beto, 454 268, 270, n. 1971), cert. denied, 406 925, 92 1796, 32 126 (1972). Ramsey Hand, 309 947, 948 (CA10 1962); Goode Wainwright, 670 941 (CA11 1982).4 nature determining suffice 25 Secon court, later circuit becoming moot obtains initial 26 Third. earlier indicated, chooses follow course, promulgate procedures, "frivolous merit" See, e.g., Local Circuit. caution legally confident claim squarely foreclosed authoritative decision, lacking factual basis dismissing frivolous. 27 still choose selected requested, provided knows expected so. notice provided, considered, thereafter render single motion, exigencies preclude considered choosing used, consider avoided warrants departing normal, untruncated review. instances expedition schedule ordered, nevertheless advance docket delayed business. Fourth. Second issue. "To extent involve inmate attempt repeated tactic, quite legitimate interest preventing abuses writ." Brief Amicus Curiae 41. Rules Governing Cases states "a judge finds relief [or if] assert constituted abuse Sanders States, 373 1, 18, 83 1068, 1078-1079, 148 (1963); Advisory Committee Note U.S.C., p. 273. 9(b), reflect presence 29 Fifth. f well-established " 'must four members sufficiently notation jurisdiction; significant reversal lower decision; likelihood irreparable harm stayed.' White Florida, 457 73 1385 (1982) (POWELL, J., chambers) (quoting Times-Picayune Publishing Corp. Schulingkamp, 419 1301, 1305, 95 4, 42 chambers)). places considerable circumstances. III 30 aside Constitution barred against him hearing. aspects claim. First, urged Second, permitted testify having personally. Third, circumstances aside. indicated below, arguments. 31 suggestion psychiatrist's defendant's somewhat like asking disinvent wheel. place, contrary committing constitutionally criterion imposing is, Jurek Texas, 428 262, 96 2950, 49 929 (1976), impossible person sensibly arrive conclusion, makes little sense, any, submit entire universe persons know subject testify. Jurek, seven therefore invalid STEVENS responded directly argument, 274-276, 2957-2958: easy behavior. fact determination difficult, essential element many system. admit bail, instance, often turn judge's conduct. Any authority person's engages what impose. sentenced prison, parole authorities. task perform answering statutory basically perfor ed countless times day justice. What possible relevant individual whose fate determine. law assures adduced." 33 doctors inadmissible. information. Estelle Smith, 451 454, 473, 1866, 1878, 68 359 (1981), face approvingly above quotation went say "no sense disapproving bearing dangerousness." California Ramos, 16, 3446, 3455, 3457, 75 (1983); Gregg Georgia, 153, 203-204, 2909, 2939, 859 (1976) (joint opinion) (desirable far-ranging much jury). 34 Acceptance position far too admissable immediately example, O'Connor Donaldson, 422 563, 576, 2486, 2494, 45 396 (1975), non-dangerous civil committee could confinement will. Later, speaking commitments, 35 "There commitment proceeding, beginning inquiry. Whether mentally ill dangerous either himself others confined therapy turns meaning facts interpreted psychologists." Addington 441 418, 429, 99 1804, 1811, 60 323 (1979). 36 extant levels anticipate relevant, left finder, cross opposing party. up mind unaided jurors views State's along doctors.5 37 mirrors expressed (APA). above, Smith. convinced APA converted barring category testimony.6 persuaded shortcoming 38 profession generally. indicate, willing hearing, think, say, talking about, disagree Association's point view.7 qualifications experts regularly obviously wrong discredited, insuperable problem doing calling confidently brief. Neither nor always most time. Yet excised unconvinced, least now, trusted sort reliable particularly felon own side 39 unaware cited state, categorical Association.8 Certainly stage listening schools thought record, found: "The majority pattern repetitive assault violent conduct, accuracy dramatically rises. conclusion reaffirmed medical appear complaint diagnosis Drs. Grigson phase trial, Dr. extreme certainty prediction. differences quantitative, qualitative. go admissibility Such disputes province resolve. fundamental premise jurisprudence purpose true false, matters matters, greater credence party's witnesses another's. occur routinely judicial system, criminal." App. 13-14 (footnote omitted). 41 judges dealt respect. Whatever general, disagree. assigned long ago, Spring Co. Edgar, 645, 657, 487 (1878): Men skill science object study, says Phillips, opinions evidence. ought, deduced disputed, evidence; author proceeds founded knowledge facts, statement proved Medical men, patient visited, body instruments caused wounds examined, themselves seen patient, symptoms particulars detailed Judicial tribunals works admissible, everywhere men skilled science, art, trades pertaining professional calling." Dexter Hall, Wall. 26-27, (1872); Forsythe Doolittle, 120 73, 78, 408, 410-411, (1877); Bram 168 532, 568-569, 183, 196-197, 568 (1897). 44 Today, Evidence 702-706 provide experts. advisory notes touch objections none caveats lends support find fault mode law: question. practice. C. McCormick R. Ray, Evidence, 1402 (2d ed. 1956). dmissability." 875, 887. 46 Like perceive C 47 understand contends insists ultimate phrased terms conduct;9 controverted facts;10 positive assertions opinion.11 misuse others, neither found infirmity agree. IV 48 sum, doubt increased death, inadmissible, bottom, basic seriously undermine effect overrule conceded Tr. Oral Arg. 23-25. inclined, overturn 50 STEVENS, concurring 51 stated parts I MARSHALL's dissenting opinion, serious Nevertheless, reviewed join 52 Jus ice MARSHALL, whom BRENNAN joins, dissenting. 53 subscribe "not Ante, 890. Nor notion "summary procedures" 894. vacate 54 wholeheartedly obtained corpus, "must appeal." 893. satisfied condition placed cases.1 repeatedly granted, "duly considered"2 "disposed merits"3 accord procedure."4 55 likewise "[a]pproving improper," [his] 889, 893-894. prisoner's meaningless execute decided. until today, exception rulings (Nov. Dec. 1982), 1490, (1982),5 consistently 941, 942 1982); Shaw Martin, 613 487, 492 (CA4 1980) (Phillips, J.); ex rel. DeVita McCorkle, 214 823 (CA3 1954); Fouquette Bernard, 198 96, 97 (CA9 1952) (Denman, C.J.).6 recognition simple "[i]n limited coupled constraints fine-tuned actual 492. 56 Given acceptance principles, frankly how "tolerable." 892. If, says, "obligated appeal," ante, 893, definitely failed discharge obligation, never simply false 891. plainly shows thing. ruling only: Had ever way other. 57 flatly suggesting defect merely technical "verif[ied] Court" oversight. papers it. respondent judgment: 58 "QUESTION: Do you think [the Appeals] affirmed? 59 "MR. BECKER: No, sir ." Oral. Arg., 39. Appellate Procedure, authorized affirmance merits.7 61 permits dismissal reason—also 32—that 62 decided, prevailing insufficient justify staying appeal.8 permissible, erroneously assuming ppeals 63 principles Part II-B answer Once occasions. ); 1562, (1968); 543, 1198-1199, (1967) recognizes, 893-894, fulfill obligation "[I]f mockery prisoner] consideration." 97. 64 reconcile egregious misreading Patterson. explicitly "when grants 'proceed procedure.' quoting 1199. avoid import statement, quotes context footnote addressed" "solicited parties." 2, why whatsoever unnecessary. 65 contrast next explanation. Id., 465, 1687-1688. pro unaccompanied real "to unrecorded hearing" Since responses received demonstrate actually reversed remanded 66 establishes satisfy appeals' obligation. suggests, substitute though holding transformed proposition interlocutory motion. 67 offers justification none. executi g causes apart minimal burden providing jail cell period By contrast, hasty finding succeed concededly challenge hurried evaluation proves erroneous, difficult consideration, undo mistake. claim, travesty anything, kill thereby Not content approving precipitous "all requested." 70 bear frivolous.9 imminent, truncated short, raises singled intention run truly perverse suggestion. regarded nonfrivolous appeal—and are—there absolutely fewer protections man's life stake. irreversible hard class presenting 72 difference between differentiation diverse ways," Williams 349 375, 391, 814, 823, 1161 (1955) omitted), today d, know, safeguards stake liberty property insisted great Long felony Gideon 372 335, 792, 799 (1963), recognized Powell Alabama, 287 45, 71-72, 55, 65, 158 (1932). Time completely Bullington Missouri, 430, 1852, 270 (1981); Beck 447 625, 100 2382, 392 (1980); Green 442 95, 2150, 738 (1979) Lockett Ohio, 438 586, 98 2954, 973 (1978); Gardner 430 349, 393 (1977); Woodson North Carolina, 280, 2978, 944 (1976). appreciation qualitatively imprisonment, however long. Death, finality, differs imprisonment 100-year prison year two." 305, 2991 (Opinion Stewart, POWELL, JJ.) Because punishments, corresponding specific Ibid. Eddings Oklahoma, 455 104, 117-118, 102 869, 877-879, (O'CONNOR, concurring); 637-638, 2389-2390; 604-605, 2964-2965 (plurality opinion). approach head. runs insistence indication conceivably Instead, explanation conclusory paragraph. hint rationale cryptic 135-136, (1895): 76 Quoted, 888. approval rests assumption prisoners conclusive fact. 78 dealing familiar experience row succeeded extraordinary Of 1976 appealed relief, prevailed approximately 70% time.10 appellant, cases.11 beyond large proportion meritorious, unsuccessful discretion 79 suffer constitutionality infirmity, grossly establish consolation today's responsibility selecting lies, points out, 892, Cf. re Burwell, 350 521, 522, 539, 540, 666 (1956) Notwithstanding profoundly disturbing attitude reflected am hopeful adoption afford challenging money 80 Adhering my cruel unusual prohibited Amendments, see 231, 2973, (MARSHALL, dissenting); Furman 408 238, 358-369, 2726, 2787-2793, 346 (1972) concurring), 81 BLACKMUN, MARSHALL Parts I-IV, 82 opinion. I, too, dissent, base factors rejects emphasis. holds three. reaches result—even case—because, said, cross-examination impeachment. knowledge, me. routine lawsuit damages, stake—no heinous offense—a prevail. specious psychiatrist, colored eyes impressionable inevitable untouchability specialist's words, equates itself. prove Tex. Code 37.071(b)(2) (Vernon 1981). practical matter, Barefoot's jury.1 84 Barefoot drug offenses unlawful possession firearms. None involved violence. guilt establishing crime committed evade custody, State, 886-887 (Tex.Ct.Cr.App.1980), 996 escaped Mexico being charges rape restraint minor child intent sexual penetration child's prosecution character towns five States. Without mentioning examples peaceable abiding citizen bad respective communities. 85 Last, Doctors extended half requested examine him. defense counsel's objection, qualified psychiatrist witness. Doctor length training included chief services explained performed "criminal evaluations," T. 2069, subsequently took post Corrections observe subjects evaluations "be certain [he] accurate pretrial." 2070. "within capacity doctor psychiatry certainty," id., 2072-2073 (emphasis supplied), society," 2073 supplied). 86 experience, "between thirty forty thousand individuals," eight charged felonies, hundred murder. 2109. enough able "give [the] psychological makeup individual," 2110 "particular field psychiatr[y] average layman." 2111. assume nonviolent offenses, various communities, escape, events surrounding Grigson's arrest. diagnosed psychiatr[ic] sociopath." 2097. knew change condition, better "may become accelerated" years. 2100. Finally, that, "society" prisons rather society outside prison. 2100-2101. diagnose certainty" fairly classical, typical, sociopathic personality disorder." 2127-2128. "most severe category" sociopaths (on scale ten, "above ten"), known cure condition. 2129. "one percent absolute chance 2131 89 cross-examination, questioned studies demonstrating psychiatrists' inherently unreliable. familiarity disagreed conclusions. studies, conclusions "small minority group" psychiatrists—"[i]t's that." 2134. 90 hour deliberation, "yes" death. 91 (APA), participating informs "[t]he unreliability long-term profession." Association, Curiae, (APA Brief). APA's best estimate wrong. 13. dispute proposition, 18-19, indeed so; overwhelming. Draft Report Task Force Role Psychiatry Sentencing Process (Draft Report) "[c]onsiderable accumulated extremely inaccurate process." 29. Monahan, leading thinker issue" witness H. 195, concludes 'best' clinical research currently existence indicates psychologists behavior," populations individuals past. J. Clinical Prediction Violent Behavior 47-49 (1981) deleted) (J. Prediction); 6-7, 44-50. Another study identify subclass offenders "whose greater-than-even engaging assaultive act." Wenk, Robison & Can Violence Be Predicted?, Crime Delinquency 393, 394 commentator observes mental health professionals violence, suicide, Mor e, Crazy Behavior, Morals, Science: Analysis Mental Health Law, S.Cal.L.Rev. 527, 600 (1978) (Morse, Law). reputable scientific source contradicting unanimous right.2 concludes, 9-16, researchers issue,3 expertise layman access statistics possibly better; validly employed predictions, overpredicting violence.4 Thus, self-proclamation literature crystal whatever. Despite absolute" certainty, correct.5 93 square purportedly baseless Constitution's paramount concern sentencing.6 Death permissible unabashed "reasonable solute" reliability, creates intolerable imposed erroneously. 94 plurality stated: "Death, two. qualitative difference, fit mention principle yet firmly Amendment jurisprudence. Scarcely month Zant Stephens, 2733, 2746, 2747, (1983), described "themes reiterated discussing determinations." 110-112, (capital "imposed fairly, consistency, all"); 118-119, 877-879 637-38, 2389-2390, 97, 2151, 2152, (1979); 604, 2964, opinion); 359, 1205, (1977) 363-364, 1207-1208 (WHITE, concurring). notwithstanding, truth-seeking unfairly skewed, noncapital exclusion probative innocence, Chambers Mississippi, 410 284, 1038, 297 (1973), categories prejudicial Watkins Sowders, 449 341, 347, 654, 658, 549 ("[i]t identification determines admissibility"); Foster California, 440, 1127, 402 (1969).7 reater concern. (1977). created brushed 'jury [must] determine.' 897, 276, 2958, allowing "wide scope evidence" presentence hearings, 2748, "consideration quality, quantity, [authority] rely." 1205. recently, crucial limitation evidence: '[s]o do[es] prejudice defendant, preferable restrictions.' 2939 admits impact Holbrook; 899, 901, "[t]here death," 905. widely acknowledged prejudicial. manifest. major potential mislead jury; aura infallibility shroud lead critical scrutiny." Giannelli, Admissibility Novel Scientific Evidence: Frye Half-Century Colum.L.Rev. 1237 (1980) (Giannelli, Evidence).8 exaggerated indelible. Baller, 519 463, 466 (CA4), 423 1019, 456, (1975). perceived perception disease. Robitscher, Powers 187-188 Cocozza Steadman, Soc.Probs., 273; Morse, S.Cal.L.Rev., 533-536. exploit. disease correlated Prediction, 77-82; Steadman Cocozza, J.Crim.L. Criminology, 230, stark exists. sometimes perpetuate illusion expertise, 274, Holbrook—who purported absolutely—present tendency. uncommon. Colum.L.Rev., 123 reasonable, encouraging introduction wide ensure restriction. jury's terms: "If judge, daily faces vital rational typical indispensable prerequisite reasoned shall live die people 190, 2933 ---- ---, 3454, (1983) (Court instruction "gives information") So aware, suggested deceptive jury. accurate; three, value, ascertainment truth, virtually nonexistent. Rutgers L.Rev., 1101 (psychiatric proof). dangerous, justified advancing search effect. remarkable observation "[n]either [APA] time," 901 misses completely, problematic "other case," 905-906, incredible. Surely, ensuring reasonably nonprobative highly excluded 104 prejudicial, admissible "unconvinced 901; 899-901, 7. wonder juries valid "experts" effective assessing validity 1239-1240, 319. 105 undue verdict. recommendations regard 271 (in involuntary 86.7% cases); 536, 603. reason believe inexperienced capable "separat[ing] wheat chaff," blithe Bar warned incapable relating crimes," predictive judgments. Project Standards Justice, Alternatives Procedures 1.1(b), Commentary pp. 46-47 (Approved 1968); Standard 18-1.1, 18-16, 18-24 18-25 (1980). Relying ABA's 192, 2934, "[s]ince little, previous sentencing, unlikely given." haste praise apparently forgets well-known worrisome shortcoming. 106 unheard law, relies "anticipate factfinder, party." 898. ignores hornbook availability rebuttal witnesses, "opinion pertinent art asserted." McCormick, feared overestimate polygraph invariably trials conservative estimate, examiner detect truth deception Ennis Litwak, 736.9 "expert" demonstrated correct not. inconceivable 'expert' flip coin." 737. risk "scientific" myth reality deemed unacceptably high.10 107 mandate stakes precludes reliance antidote distortion truth-finding Cross reveal fatuousness rest, intuitive judgments susceptible rebuttal. Dix, 44. relationship obscures unimpressive statistical bases 31; 274.11 condemns sociopathy: 108 "In confusion reigns. believing description Or devoid conscience alone. inflicting spare result. uncertainty implications finding, sociopathy used area." 30. 109 cut through facade superior knowledge. THE CHIEF JUSTICE ago observed: complicates psychiatry. partisan contention, attack counterattack, ideally suited developing portrait profile human personality, especially abnormal ideal conditions develop material rarely achieved courtrooms country. include lawyers sides well-trained techniques advocacy sophisticated medicine, psychiatry, psychology. rare actors cast meet standards." Burger, Psychiatrists, Lawyers, Courts, Fed.Prob. 3, (June 1964). 110 "[c]ompetent instructions partial antidotes ., complete. Many adversarial; cross-examining laypersons overweigh experts, unrestricted promotes incorrect scientific. difficulty 'experts'—that realms learn them; prejudicial." 626; 535-536. 111 44-45; 745; Note, 8, Calif.L.Rev., 1079-1080; 202-203 112 presentation behalf remove taint misleading psychiatrists.12 No confidence violent; best, Consequently, traditional battle choice free society, again, made, surely tempted opt performing duty, predicts dire consequences death.13 113 convert Amendment's focused loser. inevitably propriety capabilities atmosphere, distracted "particularized mitigating factors," 272, 2956, passing Davis, 310. 114 searches vain plausible tolerating creation 115 "A courtroom laboratory. hang successfully rebut bears 'aura trustworthiness,' although, testifying unproved hypothesis gain field." Brown, 557 541, 556 (CA6 1977). 116 specious, excuse pain life, heavy laymen fraud.14 117 claiming respecting (1981). "only testimony." 897. surprising inadmissible," irrelevant "disapprov[e]" 1878. 118 confronts disturbingly here. 459-460, 1871-1872. APA, appearing proceedings. reach Smith's narrower grounds: Sixth rights. Contrary inexplicable assertion Smith position. Rather, guided [into dangerousness] mandated require resort experts." 1878 added). claims, guiding irrelevant. 119 errs logic Jurek. upheld Texas' substantive proof future. violate procedure.15 defendants convince patently statute impermissibly vague ineluctably admissible. exclude admitting 896-897, come trained professionals, purport expertise. total groundlessness fatally misleading. F.Supp., 858. Lay correlations behavior, raise capricious inimical standards cases; make. it, 121 Our duty all, manner, ensures "any be, caprice emotion." 358, 1204. loading factfinding V 122 consistent views. 37.071 provides: "(a) Upon guilty offense, imprisonment. conducted soon practicable. deems subsection construed authorize secured violation argume t "(b) "(1) result; "(2) society; "(3) unreasonable provocation, deceased. "(c) doubt, return verdict 'yes' 'no' submitted. specified (b)(3) treated alternative assumption. Act 1867, Feb. 5, ch. Stat. 385, empowering person" "such appeal" 386, Rev.Stat. 766. provision Rogers Peck, 199 425, 436, 87, 90, 256 (1905); 1908, concerned completion process, inserted Mar. 10, 76, 40. H.R.Rep. 23, 60th Cong., 1st Sess., 1-2 (1908); Cong.Rec. 608-609 (1908). cogently sums standard: 'question substance', 'substantial right', show prevail already endeavor. debatable jurists reason; [in manner]; 'adequate deserve encouragement further.' Gordon Willis, 516 F.Supp. 911, 913 (ND Ga.1980) Jones Richmond, 245 234 (CA2), 355 846, 71, (1957)). contradict Grigson. indigence, indigency, payment $500 "expenses incurred purposes investigation art. 26.05, 1(d) (Supp.1982). "scientific proof," post, 931, forbids exposing BLACKMUN's concedes factfinders decide. contradiction individual, background individual. Trial (T. Tr.) 2072-2073. view. 2110, George Parker, psychologist, Richard Koons, psychiatrist. Both provided; furthermore, fitting characteristics Hearing (H. 183-248. Fred Fason, Wendell Dickerson, psychologist. Fason dwell part, criticized examination. student hypothetical, "highest suspicion," 90%, personality. 22. insisted, "initial impression," firm "diagnosis" testing. 22, 29-30, 36. expert, usefulness indicating inaccurate. times. 108. conceded, high rate, "excellently done" shown "some violence." 96-97. relied issue," several-year institutionalized past ill." original). although Monahan originally believed completed monograph, felt empirically ethically appropriate," hoped work improve appropriateness predictions. All doubts chaff. share low People Murtishaw, Cal.3d 733, 175 Cal.Rptr. 738, 631 P.2d 446. Supreme concerning statutes. observed was] listed factors" P.2d, 469. distinguished trier 'dangerous,' event "expert available assist fact." "that party possible. conceivable exhibited long-continued knowledgeable note grounds. 851 (SD Tex.1982). express "serious reservations" hypotheticals contact defendant. totally interviewed because, interview, Miranda warnings consult attorney, Spaulding, 293 498, 506, 273, 276-277, 617 (1935), rooted Constitution. 704 follows: opinions, helpful allay subject, so-called 'ultimate issue' abolished instant rule." Nothing prevented propounding version facts. readily assumptions true. 2104, 2132-2133. prediction, easier impeach "100% sure" future, claimed 100% sure "we kick off staff hospital arrogance." 48. Similar Title 2253 review, had," judge." Allowance Cases, 343 Brooks' precedent Denials precedential see, Brown Allen, 344 443, 497, 397, 441, 469 (1953); Sunal Large, 332 174, 181, 1588, 1592, 1982 (1947); House Mayo, 324 42, 48, 517, 739 (1945), value apply Until approach. Goins Sigler, 250 128, 129 (1957). takes Fed.Rules Crim.Proc. 38(a)(1) ("A taken."). 41: [W]hy just affirm? policy, could. wasn't, it? sir, wasn't. memorandum involving litigation litigants "is record." add frequent changes years (distinguishing Stroud 251 15, 50, (1919) York, 337 241, 1079, 1337 (1949) ), challenges developments. Inc., 1e-6e. 1e-4e. result," 37.071(b)(1) 1981), "intentionally knowingly cause[d] Tex.Penal Ann. 19.02(a)(1) 1974); 19.03(a). Report, Aspects Individual (1974) (90% rate "[u]nfortunately art") (APA, Aspects); Morrissey, Statistical Law Human 263, 271-273 Capital Sentencing: Evidentiary Constitutional Considerations, Am.Crim.L.Rev. Schwitzgebel, Dangerousness Its Implications Treatment, W. Curran, McGarry Petty, Modern Medicine, Psychiatry, Forensic Science 783, 784-786 Psychiatry: Example Misplaced Confidence Experts, Soc.Probs. 265, 272-273 [American Psychological Association's] Psychology System, Am.Psychologist 1099, 1110 Repetitively Offender, Criminology 226, 227, 230 Failure Predictions Dangerousness: Clear Convincing L.Rev. 1084, (1976); Diamond, Dangerousness, U.Pa.L.Rev. 439, 451-452 (1974); Presumption Expertise: Flipping Coins Courtroom, Calif.L.Rev. 693, 711-716 (1974). relatively early Rome, Identification Dangerous 185 28; Ziskin, Coping (3d 1981); 264; 599-600, 619-622; 274-275; 1099-1100. 14-16; Aspects, 25; 86; 598-600; 229-230; 447. predictors laymen, 734-735, biases favor arising fear responsible release 22-25, 598-600. tendency generalize experiences empirical Shah, Paradigm Exploring Some Issues Psychology, Psychologist, 224, 229-230 (March 1978), Holbrook's 82; 272—and alone done anyone, 599-600; 15-16. seeks '[t]he rises.' 902, common-sense correlation violence; history increases occur." insights actuarial fact, 23-24; 71-72; 229-230. solace acknowledging irrelevance Barefoot. Recognizing importance credibility experts' prognostications, "reputation" adduced "can evince repeated, widespread Respondent 47. absurd. worthy tried; antisocial rely hearsay "pattern conduct," rest "bear closer relation rumor item gossip," (1977), dubious secretly foundation pure conjecture. ibid. violates case—which defendant—was indefensible. in-depth unreliable, shun all. Needless responding fraught examined. should." 32-33. offensive standards; declared "it unethical offer he/she examination." Principles Ethics, Annotations Especially Applicable 7(3), Opinions Ethics sanctions unprofessional canons ethics. Stein 156, 1077, 1097, 1522 (1953) (prior "reliance coerced confession vitiate[d] [state] combines persuasiveness apparent conclusiveness illusory evidence"). proposition: "Scientific impresses jurors. objective juror thinks visualizes amazingly precise measurement, dispassionate tests. juror, credibility." Imwinkelried, Tactics Proponents 33, (Imwinkelried Wright K. Graham, Practice Procedure 5217, 295 ("[s]cientific worth concealed jargon expert. ."). frequently Speaking specifically proffered title 'Doctor,' masquerading not." 851, 858 Note—People Murtishaw: Applying Test 1069, 1076-1077 (1982). Addison, 162 U.S.App.D.C. 199, 202, 498 741, (1974), "assume posture mystic laymen." shrouded near infallibility, akin ancient oracle Delphi." Alexander, 526 161, 1975). Amaral, 488 1148, 1152 1973); Wilson, 361 510, 513 (Md.1973); King, 266 Cal.App.2d 437, 461, 478, 493 Other met fate. Kilgus, 571 508, 510 1978) (expert identifying aircraft "forward looking infrared system" inadmissible belongs); 558-559 1977) "ion microprobic analysis hair" insufficiently accurate, field); U.S.App.D.C., 203, 745 voice spectrogram reliable); Hearst, 412 895 Cal.1976) (identification "psycholinguistics" demonstrably reliable), aff'd grounds, 563 1331 6. verdicts, 923-926, ignores, types seemingly conclusive, doctrines standing. teaching doctrine unjustifiable verdict, risk. dismiss lesson labeling nonconstitutional; relevance certain. factor statistically predicted type charged. charge mentioned third "delusional impaired thinking." 1096. thing, professions difficulties locating witnesses. Procedures: Jury Restraining Hand Expert, 300, 302 (1978). presume reasoning unable, financial found. "Although treat skepticism, credit aggravation. jurors' sensibilities offended crime, seize enhanced sentence." 43, 215. deference acute emotionally draining punishment. 46. superfluousness testimony: 'I away Just man street, guy's done, things clearcut do. feel it—somebody that's supposed know.' Bloom, Killers Shrinks, Monthly, 64, (July Grigson). mark asserting excluding "would made." Short-term emergency treatment, considerably 7; Research Emergency Commitment Mentally Ill Persons: Reconsideration, 135 Amer.J.Psychiatry 59-60; 786. whe e moreover, criminally convicted, shifted extent. 423-430, 1807-1812, determinations "[c]lose monitoring, follow-up, willingness one's dispositions persons, without, play assessments "follow-up" "monitoring." subsequent brings delayed, despair Bonnie Slobogin, Professionals Process: Case Informed Speculation, Va.L.Rev. 427, 442-446 focus procedure: meted arbitrarily capriciously, principal imposes lays determined falls eligible penalty." 3451,

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