Legal Document

529 U.S. 803120 S.Ct. 1878146 L.Ed.2d 865 SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as being done in connection with this case, at the time opinion issued. The constitutes no part of Court but has been prepared by Reporter Decisions for convenience reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 321, 337. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES et al.v.PLAYBOY ENTERTAINMENT GROUP, INC. APPEAL FROM DISTRICT COURTFOR DELAWARE No. 98_1682. Argued November 30, 1999 Decided May 22, 2000 Section 505 Telecommunications Act 1996 requires cable television operators providing channels "primarily dedicated to sexually-oriented programming" either "fully scramble or otherwise fully block" those limit their transmission hours when children are unlikely viewing, set administrative regulation between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. Even before §505's enactment, used signal scrambling access certain programs paying customers. Scrambling could imprecise, however; both audio visual portions scrambled might heard seen, phenomenon known "signal bleed." purpose §505 shield from hearing seeing images resulting bleed. To comply §505, majority adopted "time channeling" approach, so that, two-thirds day, viewers service areas receive programming question. Appellee Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc., filed suit challenging constitutionality. A three-judge District concluded that content-based restriction on speech violates First Amendment because Government further its interests less restrictive ways. One plausible, alternative found §504 Act, which operator, "[u]pon request subscriber _ without charge, [to] any channel does not wish receive. As long subscribers knew about opportunity, court reasoned, would provide much protection against unwanted §505. Held: Because failed prove least means addressing real problem, did err holding statute violative Amendment. Pp. 6_23. (a) Two points should understood: (1) Many adults find material issue highly offensive, considering comes into homes where see hear parental wishes consent, there legitimate reasons regulating it; (2) Playboy's protection. regulation. It also singles out particular programmers moment impose complete prohibition. Since content-based, can stand only if satisfies strict scrutiny. E.g., Sable Communications Cal., Inc. FCC, 492 115, 126. must narrowly tailored promote compelling interest, serve Government's purpose, legislature use alternative. Cable television, like broadcast media, presents unique problems, even indecent enters home, objective shielding suffice support blanket ban obtained There is, moreover, key difference broadcasting media: systems have capacity block household-by-household basis. Targeted blocking than banning, cannot targeted feasible effective furthering interests. 6_11. (b) No one disputes goal supporting parents who want sexually explicit blocked. question here whether effective. Despite empirical evidence generated few requests during period was sole federal effect, correctly §504, publicized an adequate manner, effective, reaching goals. When restricts speech, bears burden proving constitutionality actions. Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., States, 527 173, 183. Of three explanations lack individual under §504-(1) alternative, due technological other limitations; although adequately advertised provision written require sufficient notice make so; (3) actual bleed problem far concern first had supposed-the show right answer. According Court, however, third possibilities were "equally consistent" record it, clear enough issued give fighting chance. Unless Court's findings clearly erroneous, tie goes free expression. With regard itself, thorough discussion exposes central weakness proof: little hard how widespread serious is. proof likely child view discernible image, duration quality pictures sound. Under sanctionable include instances fleeting image appearing screen just seconds. more careful assessment characterization evil order justify sweeping this. establish pervasive, nationwide justifying daytime ban. notice, ineffective. well-promoted voluntary capable informing (if they yet aware it) rights blocked consider controlled themselves). assume ineffective; presume parents, given full information, fail act. argues society's independent unserved act information. upon assumption interest substituting itself informed empowered sufficiently speech. regulatory possibility promoting open disclosure choice system, information needed engage active supervision. shown insufficient secure objective, overriding harm justifies intervention. Although, regime, some exposed bleed, channeling, eliminate around clock. silent comparative effectiveness two alternatives. 11_22. 30 F. Supp. 2d 702, affirmed. Kennedy, J., delivered Stevens, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg, JJ., joined. concurring opinions. Scalia, dissenting opinion. Breyer, opinion, Rehnquist, C. O'Connor Opinion 1 NOTICE: This subject formal revision publication preliminary print Reports. Readers requested notify Decisions, Supreme Washington, D. 20543, typographical errors, corrections may made press. 98 1682 2 STATES, al., APPELLANTSv.PLAYBOY 3 ON 4 [May 2000] 5 Justice Kennedy Court. case challenge 1996, Pub. L. 104 104, 110 Stat. 136, 47 U.S.C. § 561 (1994 ed., III). 561(a) III); CFR 76.227 (1999). enactment statute, already use. regular course business, customers programs. 7 second, channeling," approach. effect adoption channeling altogether outside safe harbor affected areas. In words, day household programming, viewer wanted do so. 8 challenged unnecessarily legislation After trial, regime basis presented 719 (Del. 1998). Finding error conclusion, we affirm. 9 * Group owns prepares adult networks, including Television Spice. transmits operators, retransmit subscribers, through monthly subscriptions premium so-called "pay-per-view" transmit signal, signals, form. then "addressable converter," box placed home set. converter permits descrambled signal. conceded almost all consists defined statute. enacted technology perfect. Analog "RF" "baseband" systems, prevent appear screen. Furthermore, listener portion program. 11 These imperfections inevitable. present appears economical convert simpler RF baseband technologies systemwide scale. Digital another solution, all. Indeed, digital projected become choice, problem. use, however. imperfect scrambling, paid happen across nature. How many viewers, scene sound, often occur case. 12 address phenomenon. noted, implementing regulations channel's added floor amendment, significant debate, (Act), major legislative effort designed "to reduce encourage 'the rapid deployment new telecommunications technologies.'" Reno American Civil Liberties Union, 521 844, 857 (1997) (quoting 56). "The includes seven Titles, six product extensive committee hearings Reports Committees Senate House Representatives." Reno, supra, 858. Title V Decency (CDA). 133. March 9, days after signed President. Note following 13 On 7, temporary restraining (TRO) enjoining enforcement 918 813 (Del.), brought pursuant §561 142, note 223 sought declaration Constitution injunction prohibiting law's enforcement. denied injunction, 945 772 1996), summarily affirmed, 520 1141 (1997). TRO lifted, Federal Commission announced begin enforcing 18, 1997. re Implementation FCC Rcd. 5212, 5214 14 became operative, most "no practical curtail [the targeted] [regulated] sixteen risk penalties imposed video occur[red] [those] times." 2d, 711. "in survey, 69%" complied programmers. Ibid. "30 50% viewed households prior p.m.," result communication, corresponding reduction revenues. 15 1998, held trial 702. observed Id., 714 715. agreed advanced 717 720. section Act: . 560 718 At same time, content neutral rights. 16 described what "adequate notice" include, suggesting 17 "[operators] communicate programming; appear; parents' knowledge permission; devices available charge ; device telephone call [operator]." 719. 18 19 "inserts billing statements, barker (preview coming up Pay-Per-View), on-air advertisement programming." 20 "conveyed basis, reasonable intervals," changes alignments. 21 supplemented consequently declared unconstitutional enjoined required insist these provisions contracts operators. 22 direct appeal §561. thereafter dismissed jurisdiction post-trial motions Government. App. Juris. Statement 91a 92a. We noted probable jurisdiction, 1021 (1999), now II 23 essential understood concerning here. First, shall themselves offensive; circumstance it. Second, parties bring us premise litigated, alleged obscene; constitutional disclaims preventing consent parents; concomitant undisputed. 24 content; seeks restrict based. applies primarily "sexually indecent." unconcerned channels. Supp., 785 ("[Section 505] apply occurs HBO Disney Channel"). justification matter young viewers. "'justified reference regulated speech.'" Ward Rock Against Racism, 491 781, 791 (1989) Clark Community Creative Non&nbhyph;Violence, 468 288, 293 (1984) (emphasis deleted)). "focuses impact listeners." Boos Barry, 485 312, 321 (1988) (opinion O'Connor, J.). essence 25 Not single regulation, thought Congress harmful restriction. Instead, statutory disability sponsor measure identified appellee name. 141 Cong. Rec. 15587 (1995) (statement Sen. Feinstein) (noting "such Spice channels"). Laws intended suppress expression specific speakers contradict basic principles. limited market penalty though transmitting exempt. 26 protected apparent. evident way substantial number letter channel, silences every area, regardless presence safe-harbor begins. prohibit communication willing listeners, enjoys distinction laws burdening banning degree. burdens satisfy rigorous scrutiny bans. 27 restriction, 126 (1989). If regulates based content, interest. U.S., 874 ("[The CDA's Internet indecency provisions'] unacceptable alternatives achieving serve"); Communications, ("The regulate constitutionally chooses articulated interest"). justification, permit. 28 Our precedents teach benefit sensibilities general rule prevails, exists. expected protect our own "simply averting [our] eyes." Cohen California, 403 15, (1971); accord, Erznoznik Jacksonville, 422 205, 210 211 (1975). Here, course, transmitted immediate guidance. inform stake, restrictions contexts. Denver Area Ed. Consortium, 518 727, 744 (1996) (plurality opinion); id., 804 805 (Kennedy, part, judgment part); Pacifica Foundation, 438 726 (1978). suggests indifferent unwanted, consent. here, agree, speech; standard meet answer clear: involves alone; accomplished 29 instance, feasibility approach controlling minors' "dial-a-porn" messages invalidation medium. 130 131. And, while mentioned passing, mere user-based screening software "'soon widely available'" relevant rejection overbroad cyberspeech. 876 877. Compare Rowan Post Office Dept., 397 728, 729 730 (1970) (upholding "whereby householder insulate himself advertisements offer sale 'matter addressee his discretion believes erotically arousing provocative'" 39 4009(a) (1964 IV))), Bolger Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 60, 75 (1983) (rejecting mailing unsolicited contraceptive advertisements). Ginsberg York, 390 629, 631 (1968) state barring minors "obscene them"), Butler Michigan, 352 380, 381 (1957) "'tending incite violent depraved immoral acts, manifestly tending corruption morals youth'" Mich. Penal Code §343)). Each cases arose different context affirmative steps necessary obtain via media instruction complying accepted zoning cases, hand, irrelevant Post, (Breyer, dissenting) (citing Renton Playtime Theatres, 475 41 (1986), Young Mini 427 50 (1976)). lesser afforded targeting secondary effects crime declining property values application primary 867 868; Boos, 320 321. bur- dens 31 point turns: option reduces likelihood, Pacifica, 744, traditional deprive authority sort corollary, enables affecting listeners whom, unpopular indecent, privacy optimal place receipt. Simply put, say absence mechanism law restricting question; achieve goals, III 32 available: publicity. undesired request, 33 offered obligation ineffective met position, cites showing promulgated implemented blocking. Between 1997, remained operation. survey determined fewer 0.5% time. 712. uncomfortable fact over year; public greeted collective yawn. 34 correct attention import tepid response. Placing Government, examined serving 715, be. 35 employed proper 183 (1999) ("[T]he identifying restriction"); 879 breadth imposes especially heavy explain why "); Edenfield Fane, 507 761, 770 771 (1993) ("[A] governmental body seeking sustain commercial demonstrate harms recites alleviate them degree"); Board Trustees State Univ. N. Y. Fox, 469, 480 Tinker Des Moines Independent School Dist., 393 503, 509 (1969) ("In prohibition able action caused something desire avoid discomfort unpleasantness always accompany viewpoint"). usual presumption congressional enactments reversed. "Content-based presumptively invalid," R. A. V. St. Paul, 377, 382 (1992), rebut presumption. 36 good reason. "[T]he line unconditionally guaranteed legitimately regulated, suppressed, punished finely drawn." Speiser Randall, 357 513, 525 (1958). Error marking exacts extraordinary cost. convictions beliefs influenced, expressed, tested. bear society. personalities formed expressed. citizen entitled seek reject ideas influences interference control. 37 student encounters jurisprudence, he she think influenced philosophy idea other, art literature standards style, taste, decorum, beauty, esthetics deemed inappropriate, indeed unattainable. Quite opposite true. enforces relativistic moral nihilism view. exists precisely opinions judgments, esthetic judgments literature, formed, tested, What says make, decree, mandate approval majority. Technology expands choose; denies potential revolution best positioned choices us. 38 rare ever permissible. doubt attempted leaving shape silence ideas. compliance proved, non-persuasion operative trials rest citizen. 526. mind, explored requests. limitations. Third, supposed. 40 "not clear" then, draw. began concluding "the convinced [signal bleed] pervasive problem." 708 709, 718. millions viewing thing; articulating true nature extent quite another. Although taken additional step lodging assortment videotapes, bleeding static snow, attempt explanation context; discussion, tape representative screens nationwide. 42 relied anecdotal summarized follows: 43 city councillors, eighteen individuals, Senator, officials complained [cable operator], local Congressman, television. each operator] to, fact, rectify situation (with exception individual), varying degrees rapidity. Included complaints addition, friend's house. Cindy Omlin lockout feature her remote control tuning channels, eleven year old son nevertheless attended slumber party 44 handful isolated incidents years since 1982 started broadcasting. survey-type magnitude 'problem.'" 709 (footnote citations omitted). 45 Spurred express 779, n. 16, expert's spreadsheet estimate million 29.5 709. confirm accuracy surveys field tests, Accordingly, discounted figures finding: actually thus quantified finding erroneous; required. 46 Once went percentage felt 711, 14. indication perfected. That say, completely Different vary dependability. severity varies place, depending weather, equipment, installation, maintenance." 708. end spectrum system trigger time-channeling requirement cautious operator. (The block[ed]." III) added).) rational faced sanctions intermittent bleeding, well choose too momentary pose households. affirm existence observing severe consistent analysis require. probative differentiates among quantifies market-based solutions such programmable televisions, VCR's, mapping (which display blue tuned signal) consumer cable. account factors. Without impossible know indicator complaints. Cf. Turner System, 180, 187 (reviewing "'a tens thousands pages' evidence" developed "three pre-enactment hearings, expert submissions, sworn declarations testimony, industry documents" complex must-carry provisions). transfixed flickering pornographic reached we, directed 48 near barren provision. accompanied brief debate. 15586 15589 (1995). measure's sponsors indicate considered superior blocking, "put[s] subscriber, company." Feinstein). conclusory statement, tells relative efficacy versus offering unhelpful, self-evident generality measures action. declined rely similar before. 129 ("[A]side statements debates proponents bill, contains be" omitted)); 858, 24, 875 876, (same). suggest 10,000 page compiled delay acting problem; anecdote supposition. proven agree 49 Nor second conclusion. again, invited produce proof. 781 ("If promoted, meaningful permanent hearing, predicted helpful us"). fell short. argument ineffective] premised subscribers. clear, notices adequate"). finds problems conclusion takes reliance, proof, "hypothetical, enhanced version 504." Brief al. 32. obligation, predict improved scheme improve §504. ineffective, means. erred, attempting implement judicial decree requiring expanded contracts. appropriate remedy repair enjoin Given means, Legislature wished perhaps process giving consideration alternatives, 51 contends theory cost installing outstrip revenues distributing lead cancellation. 713. rests households, record. furthermore, incur costs infer object, company widespread. former. 52 response take action, inconvenient, go perfectly unresponsive concern, ample incentive, fines noncompliance, respond prompt efficient fashion. 53 Having adduced aid desirous keeping cite nothing point. instead offhand suggestion success well-communicated "highly unlikely," sets aside, arguing ("[U]nder 504, strong feelings homes"); ("Even 504 succeed if, after, affirmatively decided avail certainly large inertia, indifference, distraction, simply relatively easy solution"); Reply ([Society's] served 504. But procedure 54 stems scale frequency cause so, decisions superseded. assumptions established; event explained. whole advise afford opportunity times, Time assistance. support, 55 doubt, bleed; need discount graphic negative child. remembered, well. unlike Just adolescents unsupervised hardly unknown front 56 57 Basic principles stake design reason special latitude accorded merely somehow rather outright suppression. perception very important. history vindication involving citizens shabby, ugly. follows moment's pause. broadcasts expose exposure materials, address. Here imposes. 58 light ruling, unnecessary presented: divested postjudgment 59 60 ordered. APPENDIX TO OPINION 61 III), provides part: 62 "(a) Requirement 63 "In multichannel distributor 64 "(b) 65 "Until complies forth subsection section, referred (as Commission) 66 "(c) 'Scramble' 67 "As term 'scramble' rearrange understandable manner." 68 69 Subscriber 70 "Upon operator shall, carrying 71 72 73 concurring. 74 Scalia addressed, order. Relying Ginzburg 383 (1966), treat whose assumes, obscene advertised. four separate Ginzburg, authored Justices Black, Harlan, Douglas, Stewart, amply demonstrated untenable character decision rendered. obscenity legal fiction logical bait-and-switch; advertising bareheaded dancer "topless" deceptive, performance obscene. I explained my dissent Splawn 431 595, 602 (1977), extended Virginia Bd. Pharmacy Citizens Consumer Council, , 425 748 (1976). Scalia's proposal anachronistic, overlooks assumes matter, "information harmful, people perceive informed, close them." 770. marketed offensive protecting, penalizing, truthful content. 76 77 seem me respect entirely. distribution materials receives Roth 354 476, (1957). Though Miller 413 (1973), fairly conclude applicable communities, meets test. sanction criminal penalties. 559 ("Whoever unprotected fined title imprisoned years, both").1 78 However, out, litigated obscene, indecent. factual are, 772, 774, 1996). Tr. Oral Arg. 9_10, asks ratify am unwilling, advocacy 79 remains restricted having defend obscenity, dilute stringent uphold (rather unprotected) Appellants 18_29 (arguing apply). unwilling corrupt reach result. "starch" sacrificed accommodate 774 (Souter, concurring) ("Reviewing categorical rules keeps starch moments daily politics cries loudest limiting said"). Applying Amendment's exacting standards, upheld argued join 80 dissenting. 81 principal 104_104, Supp supported tailored. write separately fashion: business obscenity. 82 sure, Commission's purport capture And purposes (though fanciful assumption) none transmissions independently crosses boundary established enjoy view, put inquiry. 83 recognized entities sordid pandering" "deliberately emphasiz[ing] provocative aspects [their nonobscene products], catch salaciously disposed," behavior. 463, 467, 472 (1966); FW/PBS, Dallas, 493 215, 257_258 (1990) (Scalia, Pinkus 436 293, 303_304 (1978); 597_599 (1977); Hamling 418 87, (1974). Jacobellis Ohio, 378 184, 201 (1964) (Warren, various put-not words themselves-must determining obscene"). products traffics high hurdle delineating viz., contain "serious literary, artistic, political, scientific value." Miller, 24. 471. permissive government circumstances exchanges businesses neither merchant nor buyer interested work's value. deliberate representation petitioner's publications stimulate[s] reader accept prurient; looks titillation, saving intellectual content." 470. Thus, "(1) offer[s] hardcore sexual material, constant intentional [its] [and] seek[s] such" sanctuary 261 (Scalia part). 84 business. Its coverage "describes depicts excretory activities organs patently manner measured contemporary community [for television]." 76.227(d) added). furthermore programming."1 §505(a) conceivable, suppose, sex hold sex-in productions value" any) statuary rooms National Gallery. competitive world devoted advertise remote, small nonexistent), render substantially overbroad.2 85 illustrates type reach. provides, networks-Playboy Television, AdulTVision, Adam Eve, Spice-"virtually 100% 707 For example, network, describes depicting "female masturbation/external," "girl/girl sex," "oral sex/cunnilingus." Record, Exh. 73, p. TWC00132. expect, advertises accordingly, calls "Enjoy sexiest, hottest movies your home." 2P009732. An example promotion movie "Little miss country girls aching quick roll hay! Watch southern hospitality pull stops ravin' nymphos tear down barn big sky." 226, 2P009187. whether-or marvel that-this embarrassingly juvenile really attracts assures "adult" audience. marketing sex.3 86 Breyer's child-protection analysis, leaves feeling true-but-inadequate Al Capone accurately report income. occasional uninvited "adult-oriented programming"; covers "commercial exploitation erotica solely sake prurient appeal," 466-which, plain, about. contexts, society chosen permit exploitation. wise democratic difficulty contexts one) panderer sex. compelled Constitution. entirely transmissions, drastic dictating how, occur. 87 whom Chief Justice, join, 88 application, elucidation, focuses Spice, requires, §505(a), forbids sending them. practice, upgrade daylight evening (6 p.m.). decide enact 89 basic, issue. examine great care determine speech-related justified "compelling interest," namely children's material. doing recognizes adults' freedom "narrowly tailoring" necessary, choosing "less restrictive" "at effective" way. ante, 8; 90 principles, invalidates reasons. "Government ban," prove" "ineffective[ness]" namely, notified requesting broadcaster stop 18. supports 91 outset, describe somewhat differently emphasize background points. reflects incomplete scrambling. Previously, left whether, when, Most send subscriber's except request. inexpensive technology. Through "bleeding," (either inadvertently enticement) allowed non going on. 92 1995, Senator Dianne Feinstein, statute's cosponsor, pointed "numerous still automatically America, it." 15588. She "industry baby policies recommend action," ibid., adding "problem uniform govern television," 15587. proposed, enacted, 93 carefully preferences. creating "default rules" unless decides otherwise. scramble" (whether programming) Taken together, create want. creates "default" wants ordinary (non adult) paid-for bundle sent home. Consequently, wishing "opt in," specifically channel. (sent home) out." 94 addresses indirectly. From perspective "bleeding"-i.e., failure "rearrange manner," §505(c),-amounts Hence "bleeding" whenever unrequested violate 95 majority's "prohibit[ing] speech" exaggeration. Ante, 7. Rather, places better technology, or, expensive, making profitable, issues, equivalent absolute itself. Nixon Shrink Missouri PAC, 528 ___ (2000). geographical temporal zoning. See, e.g., (1986); guarantees suitable children. legislatures maintain power 629 magazines minors), 380 (invalidating books unfit minors); 737_753 748_750; 887_889 (O'Connor, difference-between imposing enacting ban-can 96 concerns actors "virtually explicit" trivial amounts birth artistic images, equivalents classical literature. therefore kind narrow tailoring seen cases. 877_879 [statutue's] wholly unprecedented_ [It] cover[s] educational value"); Butler, 381_384 " `tending youth' "). 97 understand disagreement conclusions. concludes seriousness problem-receipt broadcast. 14_17. claim flat-out wrong. thing, concede 707. another, conducted asked: "Is (no bleed)?" question, 75% answered "no." Def. 254, Record 2. Further, took subscribing multiplied fraction average per household, potentially programming. 82, 11_12. discounting 25% compliance, faulty systems. 12. expressed elected officials, larger 10; 99 add statement "most `no curtail' switching nighttime added) 711). why, cure, switch night hours? realistic imagine skittish, significantly exposing images. 16_17. 100 If, suggests, significant, created quantity evidence, proved beyond suggested aware. 101 claim-that alternative"-presents closer §504's "opt-out" restrictive," similarly accomplish child-protecting objective. us, alternative" serve." 874. 102 emphasized, "similarly" effective," critical. ask judge mechanically, benefits works (here speech) proportion (here, protection). 103 imply degree leeway, however small, possible effects. undoubted ability lawyers judges slightly deal called being. Blackmun "judge unimaginative come `drastic' `restrictive' situation, thereby enable vote strike down." Illinois Elections Socialist Workers Party, 440 188_189 (1979) (concurring opinion). Used sense face legislatures, test announces inevitable [negative] result, all." 188. majority, describing scarcely mentions effective"-a surprising omission refer Reno's understanding 8, Governments' arguments, 18_22. continues recognize role enunciates. 105 turn disagreement. Unlike believe makes opt-out (opt-out) (opt-in) work objectives. gives tell keep more. explicitly inhibits unaware watching, easily supervise habits, rights, unavailable critical times. respect, serves deny cabarets X-rated movies. Del. Ann., Tit. 11, §1365(i)(2) (1995); Ann. §22_2001(b)(1)(B) (1996). laws, 106 legitimate. school age parent force, alone supervision week, spend afternoons evenings watching friends, offers families. Dept. Education, Research Improvement, Bringing Education After-School Hours (summer 1999). disagree implies protection-preventing, 8-year-old virulent pornography consent-might "compelling." 19. previous thing. opposite. (State "independent well-being youth"); Area, 743; York Ferber, 458 747, 756_757 (1982); Ginsberg, 640; Prince Massachusetts, 158, 165 (1944). They helping accessing 640. 107 By definition, described. alternative? 108 record, observes, months "fewer blocking" 11. reaction "a yawn," "yawn" reflected anything cure. excludes possibility-at exposure, discussed above. 5_6. public, view- ing habits personal children, dissenting). 109 Neither curative notice. 504's discover sexually-explicit "bleed," (4) await installation device, and, (5) (where fails changes) Better help (step two). five. Yet considerable i.e., endlessly delayed phone responses, installations, failures, mishaps, obstacles. Deposition J. Cavalier Civ. Action 96_94, pp. 17_18 (D. Del., Dec. 5, 1997) ("It's calling utilities; you sit there, wait [It took] [t]hree weeks, numerous calls_ [E]very Cox get stories"); Telephonic M. Bennett, 10_11 ("After [failed installations,] no, don't recall again. said well, guess I'm live with"). plan "better notice"-the concrete requirement-is fraught difficulties. ordered advertising." placing insert stuffed others, "notice" "barker" difference? More importantly, interfere operators' broadcast? embody requirement? 111 exercise 6% base raise forced off air entirely, 713-a consequence anyone's resting earlier widespread, likelihood unsound. relies Playboy, presumably economic interests, "is §504." denial, admits, reflect work. (in protecting children), minimal shows totally eliminated. opinion-and dispose 112 logically perfect (of watch rights), rapidly requests, 94% free. probability "draw" "tie." 113 All considerations opt-out, notice," goals serve. IV 114 raises restricts, Adults continue conveniently, night, recording VCR, Renton, 53_55 force theatre patrons travel convenient locations). restriction-limiting broad- cast virtually material-is Consequently proposed proportionate need. lawful. 115 repeat lies satisfied particular, ineffectiveness resolving allocation principle importance 22. rigorous. safeguard increases associated restrictive, Those strictest difficult prevail. 116 applied threatens leave pornography-but remain ill remedy. Worse still, logic "505/504" comparison (but established) unscrambled depend conduct avert considerably greater harm. Case contrary, issue, poses barrier properly high, insurmountable. reconcile today's foundational (1978), (1968). distinguish striking laws-either broadly see, 844 (1997), total form (1989); (1983), available, 753_760. 117 satisfactory prosecute laws. 1. censorship adults. (1973). kept lest improperly freely made. bans overlook 118 seriously maintaining minimize alternatives" none, Congress' protective vanishing demands. 119 respectfully dissent. Notes 120 referring, examples lodged videotapes containing contained fall within definition dispute "lacks 121 Congress's therefore, contrary contention, virtue vice. 122 Stevens misapprehends several respects apply. mistakenly controls him "advertising `topless' obscene." believe, "patently offensive" such, proffered socially redeeming Stevens' misapprehension flows first: He sees incompatible commercial-speech jurisprudence. 1_2 603, (1977) (Stevens, ("Ginzburg survive [Virginia (1976)]"). conflict. test, ordinarily (most purveyors money), context. equally improbable collector away, classified ad newspaper touting salacious appeal. Commercial motive not, `[c]ircumstances dissemination [the] social claimed [is] pretense reality.' Splawn, 598 jury approved). Perhaps incompatibility. 123 3. Both 6, opinion), "this indecent," ibid. deleted). 262_263 part), parties' litigating positions limits development law. 24_25 (1973) (abandoning "utterly sua sponte); (1966) (adopting pandering unargued Government); Mishkin 502 looking intent disseminator, despite respondent's disavowal theory). Thomas's opinion): as-applied challenge, obscenity; facial terms factfinder below,

Classification Label: 2