Legal Document

427 U.S. 539 96 Supreme Court Reporter 2791 49 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 683 NEBRASKA PRESS ASSOCIATION et al., Petitioners,v.Hugh STUART, Judge, District of Lincoln County, Nebraska, al. Number 75-817. Argued April 19, 1976. Decided June 30, Syllabus Respondent Nebraska state trial judge, in anticipation a for multiple murder which had attracted widespread news coverage, entered an order which, as modified by the Court, restrained petitioner newspapers, broadcasters, journalists, media associations, and national newswire services from publishing or broadcasting accounts confessions admissions made accused to law enforcement officers third parties, except members press, other facts "strongly implicative" accused. The modification occurred course action petitioners, sought stay court's original State intervened. This granted certiorari determine whether violated constitutional guarantee freedom press. expired its own terms when jury was impaneled. convicted; his appeal is pending Court. Held: 1. case not moot simply because has expired, since controversy between parties "capable repetition, yet evading review." Pp. 546-547. 2. While guarantees expression are absolute prohibition under all circumstances, barriers prior restraint remain high presumption against use continues intact. Although it unnecessary establish priority First Amendment rights Sixth right fair authors Bill Rights themselves declined do, protection should have particular force applied reporting criminal proceedings. 556-562. 3. heavy burden imposed condition securing met this case. 562-570. (a) On pretrial record judge justified concluding that there would be intense pervasive publicity concerning case, he could also reasonably conclude, based on common human experience, might impair accused's trial. His conclusion impact such prospective jurors necessity speculative, however, dealing with factors unknown unknowable. 562-563. (b) There no finding measures short press speech protected rights; more than implied alternative suffice, lacks evidence support finding. 563-565. (c) It clear publication effectively rights, view practical problems limited territorial jurisdiction court issuing restraining order, difficulties inherent predicting what information will fact undermine jurors' impartiality, problem drafting keep prejudicial jurors, events small community where rumors travel swiftly word mouth. 565-567. (d) To extent prohibited adduced at open preliminary hearing held bound over trial, settled principle "there nothing proscribes transpire courtroom," Sheppard versus Maxwell, 384 333, 362-363, 86 1507, 1522, 16 600, portion too vague broad survive scrutiny given restraints rights. 567-568. Reversed. E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr., Washington, D. C., petitioners. Floyd Abrams, New York City, National Broadcasting Co., Inc., others amici curiae, special leave Harold Mosher, Lincoln, Neb., respondent Hugh Stuart, Judge. Milton L. Larson, North Platte, Nebraska. Mr. ief Justice BURGER delivered opinion 1 Judge petitioners admission widely reported six persons. We decide entry showing before 2 [Amicus Curiae Information page 541 intentionally omitted] 3 * evening October 18, 1975, local police found Henry Kellie family murdered their home Sutherland, town about 850 people. Police released description suspect, Erwin Charles Simants, reporters who hastened scene crime. Simants arrested arraigned County following morning, ending tense night rural community. 4 crime immediately local, regional, radio television stations. Three days after crime, Attorney Simants' attorney joined asking enter restrictive relating "matters may publicly disclosed public," "mass coverage media" "reasonable likelihood make difficult, if impossible, impaneling impartial tend prevent trial." heard oral argument but took evidence; appeared stage. prosecutor's motion next day, 22. everyone attendance "releas(ing) authoriz(ing) release public dissemination any form manner whatsoever testimony adduced"; required observe Bar-Press Guidelines.1 5 same subject order. defendant charges, amended reflect autopsy findings, were committed murders sexual assault. 6 Petitioners several broadcast publishers, individual moved 23 intervene vacated. conducted hearing, testified newspaper articles admitted evidence. petitioners' and, 27, "because nature crimes charged complaint present danger pre-trial impinge upon defendant's only until impaneled, specifically five subjects: (1) existence contents confession officers, been introduced arraignment; (2) statements persons; (3) note written crime; (4) certain aspects medical hearing; (5) identity victims alleged assault exact itself. Like Court's incorporated Guidelines. Finally, set out plan attendance, seating, courthouse traffic control during 7 Four later, 31, asked At time, they writ mandamus, stay, expedited intervened these actions. November 25, issued Per curiam December 194 Neb. 783, 236 Western Reporter, 2nd 794 (1975).2 8 balanced "heavy . validity" bears, Times company States, 403 713, 714, 91 2140, 2141, 29 822 (1971), importance jury. Both society defendant, held, vital interest assuring tried Because surrounding determined jeopardy. noted statutes try within months arrest, change venue move adjoining counties, essentially County. "(u)nless absolutist position relators constitutionally correct, appear acted properly." 797, N.W.2d, 803. 9 rejected "absolutist position," accommodate events. three matters: did rely See n. 1, Supra. After construing permit closure remanded reconsideration issue hearings closed public. 10 address important issues raised we denied expedite review entirely 423 1027, 557, 46 401 (1975). informed certiorari, convicted sentenced death. II 11 impaneled January 7, once selected, now restrictions spoken Intervenor argues reason moot. 12 Our Article III, § 2, Constitution extends actual cases controversies. Indianapolis School Comm'rs Jacobs, 420 128, 848, 43 74 (1975); Sosna Iowa, 419 393, 397-403, 95 553, 556-559, 42 532 recognized, necessarily defeated attacked underlying dispute one Southern Pacific Terminal ICC, 219 498, 515, 31 279, 283, 55 L.Ed. 310 (1911). 13 repetition" two senses. First, conviction reversed new ordered, another resurgence retrial. Second, party case; decision authorizes prosecutors seek orders appropriate cases. cover throughout thus repetition." Yet, decline grounds mootness, evade review, least considered plenary short-lived. See, e. g., Weinstein Bradford, 147, 347, L..2d 350 supra; Roe Wade, 410 113, 125, 93 705, 712, 35 147 (1973); Moore Ogilvie, 394 814, 816, 89 1493, 1494, (1969); Carroll Princess Anne, 393 175, 178-179, 350, 21 325 (1968). therefore conclude moot, proceed merits. III 14 presented almost old Republic. Neither nor contemporaneous writings do find conflict anticipated, inconceivable unaware potential conflicts unbiased unusually able lawyers helped write later drafted familiar historic episode John Adams defended British soldiers homicide firing into crowd Boston demonstrators; intimately clash adversary system part passions populace sometimes play influencing jurors. They directly situation chief concern need political arena dialogue ideas. But recognized risks private unfettered Jefferson, example, writing Paris 1786 attacks Jay, stated: 15 "In truth afflicting man past life serving liable peace mind so much disturbed shall think proper arraign him newspaper. however evil remedy. liberty depends cannot without being lost. ." Papers Thomas Jefferson 239 (J. Boyd ed. 1954). Federal KF105 F3 Mott, Press 21, 38-46 (1943). 17 Aaron Burr 1807 Chief Marshall, presiding acute selecting Few people area Virginia drawn formed some opinions heightened discussion both searching Voir dire panels eventually called, rendered substantial purposes standards applied. Causes Celebres, Trial Treason 404-427, 473-481 (1879); Burr, 25 Fed.Cas.No. 14,692g, Page (CC Va.1807). acquitted, occasion appellate examine publicity. Marshall's careful voir inquiry matter possible bias makes one. 18 speed communication pervasiveness modern exacerbated problems, numerous appeals demonstrate. Bruno Hauptmann Jersey abduction Lindberghs' infant child probably most covered up produced reaction. Criticism directed "carnival" atmosphere pervaded courtroom Responsible leaders legal profession including judges pointed sorry performance controlled vigilant court. generally Hudon, Freedom Versus Fair Trial: Remedy Lies With Courts, Val.U.L.Rev. 8, 12-14 (1966); Hallam, Some Object Lessons Publicity Criminal Trials, 24 Minn.L.Rev. 453 (1940); Lippmann, Lindbergh Case Its Relation American Newspapers, Problems Journalism 154-156 (1936). 19 excesses lack responsibility those authority era led efforts develop voluntary guidelines courts, lawyers, broadcasters. Lofton, 117-130 (1966).3 effort renewed 1965 Bar Association embarked project justice, free Powell, Right Trial, 51 A.B.A.J. 534 (1965). resulting standards, approved 1968, received profession. Association, Project Standards Justice, Free (Approved Draft 1968) Other groups undertaken similar studies. Report Judicial Conference Committee Operation Jury System, "Free Press-Fair Trial" Issue, 45 F.R.D. 391 (1968); Special Radio, Television, Administration City York, (1967). In wake efforts, cooperation bar associations adoption like Nebraska's. Supra ; Legal Advisory Press, 1-6 (1969). 20 practice, course, even ideal subjected powerful strains arises, many parts country scene. Reporters distant places unlikely consider standards. report editors outside guidelines, likely guided contemplate how can acts broadcaster jurisdiction, though newspapers broadcasts reach very suggests something managing guidelines. history decisions responsible competing interests. resolve them, function code. look instead context arises. IV 22 "trial, federal prosecutions. "trial fundamental scheme justice," Due Process Clause Fourteenth Duncan Louisiana, 145, 149, 88 1444, 1447, 491 essence, criminally panel impartial, 'indifferent' 'A tribunal basic requirement due process.' re Murchison, 349 133, 136, 75 623, 625, 99 942. ultimate analysis, strip life. language Lord Coke, juror must 'indifferent stands unsworne.' Co.Litt. 155b. verdict developed Irvin Dowd, 366 717, 722, 81 1639, 1642, 751 (1961). overwhelming majority trials, presents few unmanageable threats right. "sensational" tensions guaranteed Amendment. relevant dispositive, instructive way background. supra, intensive hostile coverage. defense venue, adjacent county, exposed 430 persons called service; 268 excused fixed guilt. Eight served thought guilty, said nevertheless render verdict. vacated death sentence allow for, "(w)ith stake, requiring undisturbed huge wave passion U.S., 728, S.Ct., 1645. 26 Similarly, Rideau 373 723, 83 1417, 663 (1963), whose staged, highly emotional filmed while awaiting saying "(a)ny subsequent proceedings pervasively spectacle hollow formality." Id., 726, 1419. And Estes Texas, 381 532, 85 1628, 543 (1965), afforded process volume publicity, judge's failure proceedings, telecast itself "inherently prevented sober search truth." 551, 1637. Marshall 360 310, 79 1171, 1250 (1959). 27 600 (1966), focused sharply duty protect Black dissenting, opinion, ordered petitioner, first years before. Beyond doubt shown trial; inundated defendant. "did fulfill (the defendant) inherently saturated disruptive influences courtroom." 363, 1522. "unfair comment trials become increasingly prevalent," id., 362, strong warning: 28 "Due requires receive influences. Given communications difficulty effacing minds courts take ensure balance never weighed Of courtroom. reasonable Continue threat abates, Or transfer county permeated addition, Sequestration Sua sponte counsel. If threatens fairness ordered. remember reversals palliatives; cure lies remedial prejudice inception. steps rule regulation processes interferences. prosecutors, counsel defense, accused, witnesses, staff coming permitted frustrate function. Collaboration affecting regulation, censurable worthy disciplinary measures." 1522 (emphasis added). failed minimal insulate "deluge publicity," 357, 1519, judgment followed, acquitted.DP Cases relatively rare, spite Stroble California, 343 181, 72 599, 872 (1952), affirmed challenged ground accounts, recorded confession, allegedly inflammatory amount denial process. disapproved conduct, receded weeks thorough examination demonstrate Murphy Florida, 421 794, 2031, 44 589 Beck 369 541, 82 955, 98 (1962). 30 Taken together, pervasive, adverse does inevitably lead unfair capacity fairly influenced tone part, often large shaped attorneys, police, officials precipitate major responsibility. What says courtroom, broadcasts. More important, takes fails mitigate effects described well receives consistent requirements That always properly discharged apparent just reviewed. costs afford high. extreme cases, Estes, risk injustice avoided convictions reversed. reversal means justice delayed State; lapse time retrial impossible further prosecution gravely handicapped. Moreover, borderline reversed, possibility unredressed. "strong measures" outlined Maxwell avoid exacting 32 us responsibly, legitimate concern, trial.4 erred seeing real b circumstances employed foreclosed provision Constitution. V 33 provides "Congress abridging press," "no longer speech, safeguarded clause invasion action." Near Minnesota ex rel. Olson, 283 697, 707, 628, 1357 (1931). Grosjean 297 233, 244, 56 444, 446, 80 660 interpreted prohibit commentary impose "previous" "prior" speech. None our decided involved jury, thread 34 invalid statute providing abatement nuisance "malicious, scandalous defamatory newspaper, magazine periodical." published occasional weekly Attorney's "largely devoted malicious, articles" figures. 703, 626. Publication enjoined pursuant statute. Excerpts Near's paper, dissenting Butler, show beyond question principal characteristics blatant anti-Semitism. 724-727, 634-635. Hughes, right, punish abuses. He observed "not aimed redress wrongs." 708, 709, 628. then statute: 36 "(T)he operation effect substance authorities bring owner publisher periodical charge conducting business unless satisfy (matter is) true good motives suppressed essence censorship." 630. 37 relied Patterson Colorado General, 205 454, 462, 556, 558, 879 (1907): main purpose Amendment) 'to Previous publications practiced governments.' "5 38 principles enunciated universally accepted precise come again Organization Better Austin Keefe, 402 415, 1575, (1971). picketing passing literature kind specified area. Noting similarity Minnesota, unanimous held: 39 "Here, injunction operates, wrongs, suppress, basis previous publications, distribution 'of kind' city 18,000. 40 "Any comes 'heavy presumption' validity. 351, Bantam Books, Incorporated Sullivan, 372 58, 70, 631, 639, 584 (1963). carries justification imposition restraint. burden. Designating conduct privacy, here, sufficient peaceful informational revealed record." 418-420, 1577-1578. 41 recently Government enjoin excerpts massive, classified study Nation's involvement Vietnam conflict, going back end Second World War. dispositive concluded Each concurring Justices expressed views separately, "every member tacitly explicitly, Keefe condemnation presumptively unconstitutional." Pittsburgh Human Rel. Comm'n, 413 376, 396, 2553, 2564, 669 (1973) (Burger, C. J., dissenting). reduced temporary restraint; solely assess security lengthy documents issue. running through serious tolerable infringement A penalty defamation whole panoply protections deferring avenues exhausted. Only final, correct otherwise, law's sanction fully operative. restraint, contrast definition, immediate irreversible sanction. civil sanctions "chills" "freezes" time.6 damage particularly great falls current Truthful reports judicial punishment. Cox Corporation Cohn, 469, 492-493, 1029, 1044-1045, 328 see also, Craig Harney, 331 367, 374, 67 1249, 1254, 1546 (1947). For reasons single isolated act pattern conduct. "A regarded handmaiden effective administration, especially field. regard documented impressive service centuries. publish guards miscarriage subjecting extensive criticism." 1515. extraordinary carry them fiduciary exercise responsibly acknowledged publishers. suggest enterprises direct 47 requested postpones publication. readily injury, self-imposed delay call verification information. delays normally slight self-imposed. Delays governmental different matter. 48 "We learned, continue learn, unhappy experiences nations government allowed meddle internal editorial affairs newspapers. Regardless beneficent-sounding controlling be, intensely skeptical insinuate rooms press." Miami Herald Publishing Tornillo, 418 241, 259, 94 2831, 284041 730 (1974) (White, concurring). Columbia Democratic Comm., 412 94, 2080, 772 (1973). As matter, moreover, element unimportant traditional bringing promptly. 50 undertake assign priorities ranking superior other. declare subordinate circumstances. guarantees, aware unwilling unable assigning other, rewrite undertaking do. unnecessary, nearly centuries, applicable Yet nonetheless abandon quarter it. wartime suspension categorical habeas corpus civilian Ex parte Milligan, Wall. 281 (1867), cautions suspending explicit guarantees. kinds are, suggested earlier, marked differences setting here Near, Times, Prior Restraints backdrop VI 52 turn whether, Learned Hand put it, "the gravity 'evil,' discounted improbability, justifies necessary danger." Dennis, 183 201, 212 (CA2 1950), aff'd, 341 494, 71 857, 1137 (1951); Hand, 58-61 (1958). so, coverage; unrestrained publicity; operate threatened danger. important. supports publication, remedies known jurisprudence. Atlantic 53 assessing probable demonstrating already initial attention attracted. shocking selected sequestered. affect 54 persuades purport say more, "a Could Impinge (Emphasis added.) B little goes aspect task, determining retraining insured read determination express findings effect; referred implication. 797-798, Most alternatives discussed obvious approval 357-362, 1519-1522: place less seemed imminent County;7 postponement subside; questioning used Case, screen guilt innocence; emphatic instructions sworn each is, available. measure insulates sworn, enhances dissipating emphasizes elements oaths. 57 tending blunt 361-362, 1521-1522. Professional studies filled suggestions, recommending limit contending witnesses anyone. 2-15 (App. 1968).8 58 earlier concentrated, leading automatically every "cannot stand proposition exposure alone deprives process." 799, 2036. Appellate evaluations account difficult predictive assessment calls precautionary suffice. 59 examined efficacy imply adequate. lacking Contract 60 workable method protecting ignore reality enforcing orders. concepts sovereignty, see, Hanson Denckla, 357 235, 78 1228, 1283 (1958); Pennoyer Neff, 565 (1878). personam Jurisdiction obstacle applies distinguished jurisdiction.9 Recommended Procedure Accommodate (Rev. Draft, Nov. 1975); Rendleman, Review Silence Orders, N.C.L.Rev. 127, 149-155 (1973).10 61 narrowed scope reflects awareness restrict possible. dilemma posed underscores predict impartiality When sought, anticipate injure obviously emerge, "gray zone" violate prejudicial. 62 assume that, printed broadcast, One speculate accuracy reports, generative propensities rumors; damaging accurate accounts. plainly discussing 63 far Defendant 64 feature leads supportable. outset us; incriminating statement evidently gave introduced. "(c)onfessions interests officials"; "(c) onfessions interest, written, any, excepting statements, representatives media"; "(o)ther strongly implicative perpetrator slayings." 801, 805. 65 principles: "(T)here know construed law; transpired 66 defective respect well. final regarding "implicative" Hynes Mayor Oradell, 425 610, 1755, 243 (1976); Buckley Valeo, 424 76-82, 612, 662-665, 659 NAACP Button, 371 328, 405 phase permissible limits. E demonstrates, indeed false, attitudes unchecked, distort would, instructions, exclusively sufficiently mitigated unnecessary. Nor actually serve intended purpose. Reasonable doubts work, probability demonstrated degree certainty require. 68 holding confined us. result adequacy results meeting demonstrating, advance denied. present. sense, illustrative rather exceptional. significant conviction, carefully critical difference. 1522; 550-551, 1636-1637; 1419; However possess requisite justify frequently consistently employed. (1971); 69 analysis ends began, confrontation command speak abridged. reaffirm hold prohibiting public, overcome; material, clearly invalid. gained sources, 70 WHITE, concurring. Technically go farther dispose & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions join opinion. add, canvasses grave my ever justifiable. better discretion, announce squarely here. Perhaps absolutely ourselves, broader spectrum presenting issues.If recurring result, today, point general interminable litigation entail. 73 POWELL, emphasize unique rests party, undertakes publicity.* otherwise poses preventing, irreparably, impartiality. (i) (ii) restrained, (iii) Notwithstanding showing, sources inefficacious. evaluated comply specificity context. 76 believe addressed impermissible. 77 BRENNAN, whom STEWART MARSHALL join, judgment. Amendment, publication,1 commenting acquired records, upheld sensational existed, "clear substantially (in trial) imposed." 802 one's peers unquestionably precious sacred safeguards enshrined Rights. hold, resort impermissible right; disposal devices ensuring accorded necessitating drastic incursion equally salutary mandate depend grace censors. highlights dangers allowing operations system. arose respondent-intervenor premeditated mass 1975. Shortly occurred, alerted announcement station. Residents off streets caution houses, quickly spread sniper loose Sutherland. investigation implicated name provided disseminated apprehended morning counts murder, journalists "proof bail obtain trial," App. closed, objection, request Attorney. appointed denied, date News apprehension, relieved tension built night. During period factual transpired, various relatives. filed enjoining motion, evidentiary support, "The hereby represents unto By above-captioned been, locally nationally well; charges commence 9:00 a. m. 22, 1975; trail 84 "Wherefore moves forthwith Restrictive Order forth matters reference thereon, apply." 8. supplied.) Half hour motion. Defense urging No notified testify completed, charging conjunction perpetration attempt perpetrate About commencement premised event Amended Pet. Certiorari 1a. Accordingly, personnel, officials, "any person Court" "release authorize hearing." 2a. official, officer, attorney, witness "news "disseminate apart Guidelines Disclosure Reporting Relating Imminent Pending Litigation." Ibid.2 'until rescinded higher charges." 3a. close hearing,3 testified, disclosing crimes. Upon completion offenses indictment committed, cause them. 87 vacation repugnant Amendments provisions continued future closed. hearings, intervene, adopted interim stated "(c)onversation around courthouse," "statements counsel." 64, 65. clippings pertaining exhibits Without terminated substituted own. "Because Clear limitations 9a. supplied). "adopted" "clarified" respects.4 relief appeal. neither motions, Blackmun, Circuit Five per "exercising parallel States," "made accept matter." 19a-20a. 90 13, Blackmun in-chambers "at present." 1319, 1326, 237, 240, 199. observed: "(I)f (petitioners') application anticipated (as indicated clerk statement,) definitive State's highest profound implications, demanding resolution, long day-to-day duration constitute aggravate deprival (petitioners) assert. Under hesitate promptly act." 1324-1325, 240. However, declining uncertainty deemed pass initially validity "without reapply me prompt forthcoming," "(o)n expectation entertain full consciousness 'time essence.' " 1325, When, hear arguments reapplied relief. 20, day constituted irreparable values adjudication claims "tolerable limits," 1327, 1329, 251, 253, 237 partial "wholesale incorporation" stayed "constitute 'voluntary code' mandatory" "sufficiently riddled indefinite admonitions understandably 'guidelines,' provide area." 1330, 1331, 254. "reimpose included pertinent adequately specific keeping remainder order." 255. details crimes, identities victims, pathologist's "(n)o persuasive justification" "facts implicate putative defendant," Ibid, "until bare related (does to) irreparably infringe crimes." a1332, Third, believing "are invalid," "certain paradigm," 1332-1333, 255, include "those associated arrest," "that implicative, prejudicial, as, record, one," prosecution." 1333, 255.5 order's limitation disclosure "to extent" limitations. Ibid.6 92 vacate Blackmun's Meanwhile, scheduled, opinion.7 Initially, improper mandamus respondents action.8 Addressing merits "has definitively preferred jury) accommodated 791, 800. relying dictum Branzburg Hayes, 408 665, 2646, 626 (1972),9 statementin bears 'a validity,' discerned "implication" unconstitutionality mere presumption." 793, 801. overcome presumption" obligation accord "may impaired" "might impossible" 802, 803.10 805: void insofar incorporates respects impinges greatly contractual enforced were. reinstated respects: filing herein, restricts content following, be: Confessions officials. (2)Confessions media. slayings."11 previously papers treated petition certiorari. latter deferred consideration responses day. 1011, 442, 382.12 12, expedite, stay. 401.13 "(i)n prosecutions, enjoy speedy district wherein (1968), "fair jurors," (1961), (they) unsworn.' Reynolds 154, 244 (1879), quoting Commentary Littleton 155B (19th 1832). Ristaino Ross, 589, 597 9, 1017, 258 (1963); 1642; 942 (1955); Oliver, 333 257, 499, 682 (1948). So jurisprudence freedoms." 540, 1631, 1632, essential preservation enjoyment safeguarding personal liberties oppression. 726-727, 149-158, 1448-1452. 97 Constitution, secures jurisprudence, ringing proclamation invalidate (1974); 376 254, 710, 686 (1964); rel (1931), interdict (1947); Bridges 314 252, 190, 192 (1941). Indeed, correctly perceived "responsible criticism. 1515, (1966). 491-496, 1044-1046, core values, integrity crucial import citizens concerned administration government. Secrecy breed ignorance distrust suspicion competence judges; robust reporting, criticism, debate contribute understanding comprehension functioning entire system, improve quality cleansing accountability. 270-271, 506; Brandeis, People's Money (1933) ("Sunlight best disinfectants; electric light efficient policeman"). seriously doubt, uninhibited destroy decade witnessed debate, colloquially Press/Fair controversy, interface effect, told coexist possesses seeks "confessions interest" implicative"14 subordinated. disagree. Settled impropriety invalidity compels shabby obtained.15 imply, subordination assured methods values. "(I)t generally, universally, (First Amendment's) guaranty publication." 716-717, 631; (1907); 249, 448, (1936).16 censorship," 630, "(o)ur distaste censorship reflecting natural deep-written law." Southeastern Promotions, Limited Conrad, 546, 1239, 1244, 448 accords greater punishment 180-181, supra prefers abuse break throttle beforehand. say, line illegitimate finely freewheeling formidable." 559, 1246. commentator cogently summarized deep-seated hostility restraints: 100 ways inhibiting punishment: wider range expression; shuts place; suppression stroke pen process; procedures require allows opportunity appraisal criticism; dynamics drive toward excesses, shows." T. Emerson, System Expression 506 (1970).17 101 Respondents contend unlimited." 716, 631. exceptions "exceptional cases." Ibid. faced delimited exceptional primary decency obscene publications," "(t)he incitements violence overthrow orderly (for) (t)he 'protect uttering words force. .' These situations "speech" encompassed meaning Roth 354 476, 481, 1304, 1306, 1498 (1957); Miller 15, 2607, Chaplinsky Hampshire, 315 568, 766, 1031 (1942). 726 *, 2147, (1971) (Brennan, concurring); 731 2153 situations, adequate timely mandated ambit Thirty-seven Photographs, 1400, Freedman Maryland, 380 51, 734, 649 (1965); Speiser Randall, 513, 1332, 1460 Kingsley Brown, 436, 1469 (1957). Thus, category contemplated meriting entitled overriding countervailing interest: 102 'When nation war things hindrance utterance endured men fight Schenck 249 47, 52, 247, 470. obstruction recruiting sailing dates transports number location troops." 103 Even category, adverted upholding materials. "military security" exception alluded "Pentagon Papers" despite believed documents, "Top Secret-Sensitive" obtained surreptitiously, harmful Nation prosecuted violation espionage statutes. sure, brief declared '(a)ny bearing "Government 'thus restraint.' 419, 1577, mean, assumed,18 Ad hoc balancing approach concludes "presumption" "justification." Rather, refers procedural proof, extremely justify; "must fit narrowly defined restraints." 1247; 555, 1243; 382, 2557, 419-420, 1577-1578; cf. Healy James, 169, 2338, 266 (1972); 58-59, 738-739. apparently controverted 2141 (Black, 720, 2144 (Douglas, cognizance "single, narrow class Amendment's ban overridden." 2147 variously expressed, evident very, narrowly: "will Surely direct, immediate, people," 730, 2149 (Stewart, White, concurring) supplied) "governmental allegation proof Inevitably, directly, occurrence kindred imperiling safety transport sea (But) (i)n conclusions sufficient." 2148 730-731, 2149-2150 Stewart, ("concededly enjoyed system" "revelation interests").19 sole materials, obstacles issuance formidable. urge us, creation new, potentially virtually blanket restraints.20 104 invitation. addition insuperable constitutionality exception, laudable motivation imposing case,21 compelling carving 105 Much t domain, having documents. contention punished event. transpires room property. Those impunity. perquisite judiciary enables institutions democratic government, edit, censor it." 1254. 541-542, involving "(R)eporters whatever occurs respective (1941), Pennekamp 331, 1295 (1946), reaffirm." 583-585, 1653-1654 (Warren, 1582, detailed explicitly reiterated "(o)f 1515; 193, 605, (1952). continuing vitality reaffirmed last Term suit damages brought recognizing privacy citizens. "State (not) rape victim records," 491, 1044, 106 "(I)n resources hand relies convenient operations. Great accordingly placed accurately official records data vote intelligently register generally. particular, serves bear beneficial justice. 107 "Appellee claimed infringed world daughter victim. commission prosecutions arising consequently fall 108 repeatedly recognized." 491-492, 1044-1045 109 "By placing domain presumed thereby served. Public benefit performed appears type citizenry business. preserving truthful contained inspection." 495, 1046 110 496, 1046. anathematic immunity material fortiori Craig, contempt citation Broadcasting, similarly liability permissible. 111 applied, "confessions" follow governs derived nonpublic regardless acquisition. 112 shielded States. unlike certain, harm eventuate speculative. 113 importuned published, frequency repeated emphasis given, reported, audience information,22 impact, impartiality,23 audience. considerations speculative notice prevalence plea bargaining, impaneled.24 admissible event.25 And, basically, screening individuals 114 techniques sequestration infecting proceedings.26 stem flow source, press.27 obtains decides information, still protected. employ probe broadly explore purportedly reliable Ham South Carolina, 409 524, 531-534, 852-854, (opinion J.); Swain Alabama, 202, 209-222, 824, 829-836, 759 Particularly latitude personally tendering questions root indications bias, facilitate intelligent peremptory challenges help uncover dictate disqualification cause. individually groups, maximize venire respond honestly contaminating disclose knowledge dire(may indicate grant continuance28 venue,29techniques locale. refuses utilize effectively, "palliatives" directions 1522.30 outrageous "carnival atmosphere" "these 358, 1520. 358-363, 1519-1522; Times-Picayune Pub. Schulingkamp, 1301, 1308, 5, 17, (Powell, chambers). reason, thing approve traditionally exercised media." 1515.31 115 reject deprivation comparable reporting. Damage irreparable, speculation, basis. 116 additional, starting down path urged respondents.32 adumbrated involves weighing receiving information; outweigh public's knowing, troop movements wartime. admitted,33 involve evaluation obtaining involuntary illegal fruits predicate movement reform methods, regulatory statutes, remove oversee activity; plea-bargaining practice bargaining provoke prosecutorial decisions; reveal well, rightly demand actions taken personnel justice; implicating activity shortly election decisive outcome process, 182, 352; indicted misdeeds mild sentences generate system; revelation guilt, dropped commenced campaign contributors corruption among officials; suspect heinous calm fears large. Cf. 1302, chambers).34 forced evaluate outweighed 117 examples recur, theoretical suppressing troops wartime, regular land. Recognition defendants, interject levels roles inappropriate arbitrary excessive utilization power committing magistrates propriety competence, integrity, bench. 118 intractable ramifications accentuate incentives overemployment technique. minimize clients pre-empt ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, defendants routinely Prosecutors acquiesce motions jeopardizing although frivolous, predisposed ease task proceeding reversal. raise specter floodgates drain bind media, heard. McKinney 669, 1189, 387 (1976). entail collateral financial involuntarily organs margin economic viability choose contest blatantly unconstitutional concomitant proceedings.35 Such acquiescence mean erroneous precedents unchallenged future. equal treatment media36 proceeding, ineffective, imposed.37 119 supposedly categories review. inadequate, contemporary value disseminate.38 120 "Prior brutality finality ultimately lifted irremediable loss immediacy, Indeed hypothesis injury inflicted stifle immediacy speech." Bickel, Morality Consent (1975).39 121 noted, disincentives, smaller media,40 challenge judges, distinct impositions uncorrected.41 122 unreservedly agree "free cherished policies civilization, trying them." 260, 192. notion choice necessary, resolved abrogating divulged not, emphasize, countenance sacrifice altar instances tools injunctions relieving tension. sensitivity stifling simple expedient press; accommodation 123 peradventure, whenever institution influence scheme. give credence rationale. self-restraint, publicize difficult. Voluntary codes commendable acknowledgment prerogatives enormous responsibilities, encourage continuation cooperative arrogant, tyrannical, abusive, sensationalist, incisive, probing, informative. what, when, editors, judges. 632; 1047; Plishing 258, 2839; 2840 269-283, 720-727. Every reverse remand inconsistent 124 APPENDIX TO OPINION OF CONCURRING IN JUDGMENT 125 BAR-PRESS GUIDELINES FOR DISCLOSURE AND REPORTING INFORMATION RELATING IMMINENT OR PENDING CRIMINAL LITIGATION 126 accommodating, basis, correlative inquiring fairness, efficiency effectiveness enforcement, 127 code, law. 128 Generally Appropriate Disclosure, 129 Generally, information: 130 person's name, age, residence, employment, marital status biographical 131 charge, text, amendments thereto, applicable, complainant. 132 conditions bail. 133 4. complaining victim, involved, contested 134 5. investigating arresting agencies length investigation. 135 6. place, resistance, pursuit, possession weapons used, items seized arrest. seizure physical subsequently statement. weapons, bodies, contraband, stolen property if, interfere 136 7. 137 Not 138 trial: 139 denies him. paragraph apply 140 Opinions innocence character 141 Statements 142 Results tests refusal submit test. 143 credibility witnesses. 144 presence Records 145 Lawyers volunteer aid apprehension warn presents. files. acknowledge, individual's carefully, formal approaches, readers, viewers listeners innocent proven guilty. Photographs 146 deliberately pose custody photographing televising Unposed appropriate, compliance duties. 148 photographs Before photographs, eliminate portions offense record. Continuing Cooperation 149 recognize desirability joint attempting areas arise mutual objective Americans permanent committee revise receive, recommendations complaints educational June, 1970 150 STEVENS, 151 eloquently capable so. Whether obtained, intrusion demonstrably false persons, perverse answer argument. Ashwander TVA, 288, 346-347, 466, 482-483, 688 (Brandeis, subscribe BRENNAN face squarely, conclusion. deal trials. outline appropriately list confessions, innocence, examinations, comments jury's absence. should, Guidelines, "considered carefully." taking bar-press foster resolving emerge. interim, postponed ruling deference 199 (1975) chambers); "exceed(ed) detail admonitory matters. distance, (to) let "highly prejudicial" "irreparably ability independent guilt." 256. Subsequently, stay; Warren Commission President Kennedy misinformation" Oswald, had. President's Assassination 231 (1964). Probably Oswald's murderer multitude eyewitnesses guilty act. 231-242; Jaffe, Newspaper, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 504 reveals sides suggestion either partisan advantage. prosecutor announced confession; learned made. Tr. Oral Arg. 36-37, 59. Hughes say: "There conceded discharge functions." 715, (1946); contempt, Barist, Regulation Prejudicial An Analysis, Ford.L.Rev. 425, 433-442 intervenors argue helped, permits laws restricting yield Groppi Wisconsin, 400 505, 490, 571 combined population counties 80,000 pool Closing consent recommended emerged asserted judicially interfering sources. 7-8. Chicago Council Bauer, Cir., 522 242 (CA7 1975), cert. Sub nom. Cunningham Lawyers, 912, 3201, 1204. confronted issues. making proposals, 68-73 1968). reached conclusions. 391, 401-403 10-11 Here, virtue submission intervene. Except intervention court, conceded, "could ignored (restraining) 795, Assuming, Arguendo, legislative enactment, evolving long-arm solve cursory awkwardly named large, experience sharp variety reasons; Britain unitary permitting development manageable constructive doctrine. Supra, 17; Maryland Baltimore Radio Show, 338 921-936, 256-265, 562 (1950) Frankfurter, respecting certiorari); Gillmor, English Law, Wash. Lee L.Rev. comparison systems England gives strictures constitution. 1307, 4, (1974), referring "press" "publication" art encompass electronic copy "Nebraska Guidelines," ostensibly code formulated bar, attached adhered appendix Excepted were: occupation, status; arrest (time agencies, investigation); nature, substance, text charge; quotations from, to, heretofore public; scheduling stage court; (6) assistance (7) names available expiration "Public views. follows, 10a-11a: "1. commences empaneled event, 'pre-trial' "2. "3. James Robert Boggs, Amos Grace left William Boggs made, reported. "4. non-technical Dr. Miles Foster discretion technical subjects, investigations thereof, "5. sexually assaulted "6. entering limiting reported." additional press' accommodations below references follows: joins him, publicizing suppressed." 1334, Nothing "deemed barring restriction representative Two justices dissented jurisdictional statement, agreed deadlock. rulings resulted paradoxical "(petitioners) (County Court's) order" "courts restrain 'everybody,' improperly (from appeal), "applies (petitioners)" 788, 798. Infra. following: "which, true, tended connect slayings," 796, 802; "counsel doubtful County," 803; filed, Ibid.; "mere heinousness enormity crime"; circumstances," 798, 3.1, Pretrial Hearings 1968), exclusion applications standard. closing intimate Stewart Jus- tice White proceeding. sequestered 1976, paradigmatic "short term orders, typically expire sequestered, litigated time. 348, Counsel informs tried, convicted, death, currently rested insanity, remained unreported requests sequester four venue. Jackson Denno (378 368, 1774, 908 (1964)) rulings, courts. self-evident. Almost "admission destructive credibility. exculpatory alibi defenses. considerable vagueness phrase elaborate meaning, covers any. 54. Others considerably expansively. 581; 789-790, 799. viewed schooled law, transgression directives self-censorship materials immunize libel transgressions criticism embrace 714-715, Thus constitutes repudiation licensing. 713-714, 630; 245-250, 447-449, (1936); 263-264, 194, (1941); Wood Georgia, 370 375, 384, 1364, 1369, 569 33, Infra 582-583. rarity noted. 733, 2151; 718, 632 ("The approximately hundred fifty absence attempts malfeasance right"). denigrated termed "extremist absolutist" assuming "each important" interest." 800, 804. mischaracterizes contentions, assert freedoms paramount ever, (1962); 1255, malicious Time, Firestone, 958, 154 Gertz Welch, 323, 2997, 789 (1974). immune acquiring forceful anything "extremist," Is absolute. understand why uppermost misinterpreted condone merely test falling restraints. (1972), intimation permissible, "(n)ewsmen access scenes disaster excluded, attending assure tribunal." 684-685, 2658 pains reporter testimonial privilege agreement grand "prior publish." 681, 2657. passage appeared, "constitutional (by press) generally," 684, 2658, indicating newsmen excluded 683-685, 2657-2658. 691, 2661 (decision "involves acquire"); Pell Procunier, 417 817, 833-834, 2800, 2809-2810, 495 restraints, unmistakable implying disapproved. 724-725, 2146-2147 really "small towns," saturation inhabitants. community, gossip, residents Sutherland dispel conceptions circulating populace. committed. short, conditioning size serve. prevailing contours Six disqualify incapable according competent "(E)xposure not) deprive 2036, 4; 555-558, 963-964, 722-723, (1961); 155-156, (1879). accepting pleas guard coerced pleading 195, 606, suppressed, individuals, inadmissible. Failure factor component traced attorneys proscribed extrajudicial lawyer, witness, matters." 361, 1521. 360, 1521 ("(T)he alleviate (of misrepresented testimony) counsel, Coroner officers"); 359, 1521, engage redound detriment obstruct Sawyer, 622, 1376, 1473 (1959), suitable 728-730, 2148-2149 ample personnel. Excessive delay, Barker Wingo, 407 514, 2182, (1972). continuances attenuating crowds front pages. somewhat designed transgress guarantee. 510, 493, Code KF62 3161(h)(8) (1970 ed., Supp. IV). deny preserve changes supra. contended, paying price released. assembled; forum person, surely dire, preclude untoward possibility. insufficient, committees analyzed differed unanimously acceptable methods. 401-402 (1968) (Judicial headed Kaufman); Final Recommendations (1967); 1968); 1975). considerations, fundamentality invoked precluding Any reinforces longstanding doctrine 2816-2819. accommodating "That wrongdoing, apparent, incompetence branch vastly anyone recent aware. slight, unthinkable. collide. collide seem rare sort reached." 798-799, 803-804. actions, particularized disseminate justifiable curtail investigative work exonerating activity. extend cost overturning imposed, presentation maintaining opposed prosecution, jurisdiction. Amici, precluded doing 2151 weeks, merit. 43-48. 268, 196, editor violative Amendment: "It kindled controversial generalization, penetrating, historian scientist. Since utterances pendency judgments produce naturally height. topics discussion." "No inverse ratio timeliness ideas seeking expression. wish receptive, discouraged deliberate statutory adopted. "This unfocussed terminating disposition censorial quality. endless series moratoria discussion, hardly dismissed insignificant abridgement overlook 'pendency' weeks." 269, 196. 277-278, 201; 392, 1374; 1037. Amicus Anniston (Ala.) Star poignantly depicted letter plight small, recognized: "Small dailies unknown, unseen friendless upholds Stuart. irresistible powers swollen absorbing function, censor, chilling vigorous deepest thousands towns independent, owned, daily published. "Our House, Congress, networks executives. causes invisible intellect. in-house staff. retain great, firms. spacious profits defend ourselves principles, feel attack. obedient silence. You now. Who silenced? soldier Amendments, declared, avoided. "Only associating stronger brothers voices all, am confident listen represent defenseless petitioners." Brief Washington Post Amici 31-32. second "narrow" license create "justification" overcoming presented. reasoning eventuated place.

Classification Label: 2