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354 U.S. 394 77 Supreme Court Reporter 1332 1 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 1442 Leon Federal KF105 F3 CARROLL and Daniel Judge Stewart, Petitioners,v.UNITED STATES of America. Number 571. Argued April 4, 1957. Decided June 24, [Syllabus from pages 394-395 intentionally omitted] Mr. Curtis Pacific KF135 P2 Mitchell, Washington, D.C., for petitioners. Harold or Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Greene, respondent. Chief Justice WARREN delivered the opinion Court. Petitioners were arrested in February 1954 on John Doe warrants subsequently indicted District Columbia, with two others, violations local lottery laws conspiracy to carry a lottery.1 After indictment each filed pre-trial motion under Rule 41(e) Rules Criminal Procedure,2 asking suppression evidence seized his person at time arrest. The granted petitioners' motions suppress, ground that probable cause had been lacking issuance arrest directed against them.3 versus Hall, 126 F.Supp. 620. Government appealed order Appeals Columbia Circuit. petitioners not dismissed, but informed that, without 'numbers' paraphernalia suppressed, it would lack sufficient proceed any counts involving therefore have dismiss indictment. challenged jurisdiction hear an appeal by granting suppress was made while pending same sustained its authority prior decision Cefaratti,4 reversed district judge merits, holding there justify 98 U.S.App.D.C. 244, 234 Reporter, 2nd 679. We certiorari, limited question appealability order, because importance administration federal criminal laws. 352 906, 151, 117. 2 contends, most broadly, is 'final' sufficiently separable collateral case be appealable general 28 Code KF62 § 1291, Annotated KF65 U5 notwithstanding such listed among few types orders cases which may pursuant 18 3731, 3731.5 More narrowly, failing acceptance position just stated, maintains is, within case, thus statutory provisions appeals are applicable exclusively Columbia.6 It will convenient discuss issues order. I. 3 axiomatic, as matter history well doctrine, existence appellate specific court over given type dependent upon expressly conferred statute. And since jurisdictional statutes prevailing so much product whole both growth limitation federal-court First Judiciary Act, Statutes-at-Large 73, they always interpreted light axiom clear mandate must exist found jurisdiction. suffices cite these principles some applied problem now before us, availability review sought cases. E.g., More, Cranch 159, L.Ed. 397; Sanges, 144 310, 12 609, 36 445; In re Heath, 92, 615, 358; Cross States, 145 571, 842, 821; Burroughs, 289 53 574, 1096.7 4 There further principle, also supported jurisdiction, importantly pertains present problem. That concept jurisprudence, least,8 something unusual, exceptional, favored. shows resistance opening route until plainly provided Congress, after close restriction uses those authorized Indeed, 100 years defendant even capital afforded right.9 behalf convicted defendants certain Acts 1889 1891, continued withhold equivalent remedy Government, despite colorable permitting important where preosecution dismissed trial court's proper construction constitutional validity statute.10 When Congress responded cases, Act 1907, did careful expression might thenceforth review.11 late 1942 amended permit decisions, dismissal judgment, other than grounded invalidity statute.12 5 true relating possess independence main course prosecution warrant treatment plenary orders, regard limitations civil litigation distinctness 1292, 1292.13 instances very few. only this applying reasoning Cohen Beneficial Loan Corp., 337 541, 69 1221, 93 1528, held amount bail exacted falls into category. Stack Boyle, 342 1, 72 96 3. Earlier illustrated, sometimes discussion, conditions return illegally property once, indictment,14 different occur,15 case,16 perhaps emphasis rather evidence.17 appropriate, moving has permitted adverse decision. Burdeau McDowell, 256 465, 41 65 1048. 6 But none aspects independent noted, Cogen 278 221, 49 118, 73 275. As Brandeis explains, denial posture interlocutory form real effect, instance defendant. think character, cannot subject Government. argues, offered stipulate below, effect suppressing their arrests force go forward. necessary result particular items evidence, nor we shown whether practice generality Appeal rights depend facts case. necessarily draw terms categories. To fit category 'final decisions' requires straining permissible concerning appeals, especially outlined above more fully set forth cited.18 Other Courts considered concluded behest Government.19 7 exhorts us exalt substance, contending virtually attributes reviewable earlier do agree entered characteristics completeness circumstances. Moreover, sense, substance respect ascertaining While categorize situation realistically, place according remains categories themselves defined form. Many decisions grave litigant, yet amenable entered, never satisfactorily reviewable. no today appeals,20 if right conclusion trial, what complain allowed up sanctity jury's verdict.21 8 If serious need unfairness interests effective law enforcement distinctions referred to, function decide initiate departure historical pattern restricted cases.22 today, development through legislative resolution, furthermore, peripheral questions regarding conduct can regulated. Some problems judgment involve particulars confinement defendant, acceleration Government's appeal, discretionary take appeal.23 II. 9 basis peculiar Columbia. Here again, development, light. During century 1801 1901 several times organized reorganized courts independently States. here relate chronology shuffled jurisdictions nomenclature.24 note 1838 on, final conviction available tribunal District.25 However, manner during period. 821. 1891 opened convictions throughout country, first directly Court, apply originating Ibid. 10 codified including judicial system. Code, 31 1189. vested then known Columbia.26 A single section statute, 226, terms, apparently decisions. party aggrieved could entitled allowance affecting possession property. addition, allow discretion, when 'that interest justice appeal.'27 11 Section 935 established new provision: 'In all prosecutions be, shall bill exceptions: Provided, error rulings verdict favor aside.' 1341. 13 does indicate why surmise draftsmen desired adopt procedural technique large number States.28 'same defendant' reference course, coming running 1907 decided 'the complete system.' 164, 576, 1096. broadened 1942, Columbia.29 text repealed time, connection 1948 revisions Judicial Code.30 concluded, then, although covered special explicit directions prevail 935, 1951 Edition, 23—105. Hoffman, 82 153, 161 881, 335 77, 68 1413, 92 1830. 14 Meanwhile, 226 developed allowing disturbed 1926, immediately passed statute eliminate practice. apparent anomalous undesirable viewpoint prompt dispatch prosecutions,31 provision equally possibility being combined 935. 1926 enactment, reads 17—102, states: 15 'Nothing contained construed empower action proceeding entertain heretofore hereafter taken.' 44 831, amended. 48 926. 16 longer exists (the former Court), continue life words 'or * taken,' matter, itself replaced 194932 nationwide Title U.S.Code, 1291 §§ authorize 17 Thus context below ruling seen this: Subject stated limitations, appeal' Cefaratti, 91 297, 202 13, reconciled rules holding: 'Since decisions,' say *' means mean unless happens opposite final.' page 302, 17. 19 Applying requisite finality 1291. reaffirmed Cefaratti analysis. Insofar resting opinions Court,33 imply reviewability Courts, already indicated our disagreement opinion. 20 contends statutes, though decision,' call character relied Appeals, essential characterize disassociated inasmuch comprehensive standard prerequisite less successor nationally Code. Cf. 6, 12, 7. By broader merely underlying concepts 21 outline demonstrates, strict confining believe enactments finality, either terminate pertain supra. gave defendant,' amendment defendant's (now Court) term understood defining conclude full imposed This final,' suggested Cefaratti. Quite contrary, therein, afford terminates makes whose distinct meets standards precedents courts.34 22 mindful considerations motivated specify possible: 23 'Promptness business recognized highest degree desirable. Greater expedition demanded wholesome public opinion.' S.Rep. 926, 69th Cong., 1st Sess. 24 cf. H.R.Rep. 1363, Delays numerous lengthy enough sanctioning clearer relevant provisions. 1096; 445. 25 reversed, remanded proceedings consistent 26 Reversed. charged carrying 'numbers game,' violation D.C.Code, 1951, 22—1501; knowing slips, 1502; lottery, 371, 371. Since substantive offense felony 22—1501, charge felony, Fed.Rules Crim.Proc., 41, U.S.C.A.: '(e) Motion Return Property Suppress Evidence. unlawful search seizure move use anything obtained (4) believing grounds issued, *. restored otherwise lawful detention admissible hearing *.' Petitioners' individual captioned 'Motion 'Arrest Warrant" asked taken part motion, defendants, homes. point characterizing Evidence Property,' body places suppressed. find unnecessary 'for property,' make difference facts, reached merits issue cause, dealt Hence limit consideration aspect Court's suppression. explained Stephenson, 44, 45, 223 336, 337. 1291: 'The except direct Court.' 3731: 'An following instances: 'From setting aside, dismissing information, count thereof, based information founded. arresting insufficiency ,'from sustaining bar, put jeopardy. thereof direst section. thirty days rendered diligently prosecuted. 'Pending determination foregoing instances, admitted own recognizance references 'courts appeals' 'district courts' encompass Circuit 43, 132, 451, 451; 62 991, amended, 63 107, 451 note. See 56 271. D.C.Code 23—105: 17—102: Cobbledick 309 323, 60 540, 84 783; Baltimore Contractors Incorporated Bodinger, 348 176, 178—182, 75 249, 250—253, 99 233. state derogation common-law principle prosecution, see 312—318, 612, 5650, 59th Sess.; 77th 2—3. Palko Connecticut, 302 319, 58 149, 288. 1889, 656, writ 'in crime punishment death, tried Two later extended 'cases infamous crime.' 827. burden led, 1897, transfer noncapital Appeals. 29 492. 238 completed retrenchment 1911 eliminating 1157. Frankfurter Landis, Business 109 113 (1928). Prior arising judges, disagreed question, brought certificate division opinion, request party, (except one two-year period) awaiting outcome 159; 196; R.S. 651. supra, 320-321, 612 613. procedure review, haphazard best between sitting came diluted increasing frequency conducted judge. 79, 109. included 'any constitutionality drawn question.' 828. related repeated rejections noted conviction,' demonstrate congressional intent reviewed said: 'It impossible presume intention congress far-reaching innovation jurisprudence States.' Similarly, again committed reversal court, bring certiorari created 1891. Dickinson, 213 485, 711. 240 explicitly. 34 1246, three classes roughly speaking, four paragraphs quoted 5, original protective last there, recognizance, additional cautionary provisions, commanding precedence barring defendant.' emphasizes awareness sharp concern should farther immediate affording statutes. brief, House proposed adoption language 1901, (Quoted, discussed opinion.) Senate Committee substituted specifically measure, dividing along line floor debate, various objections measure forth, narrowing seek limiting here, adding above. accepted product. 2119, 3922, H.R.Conf.Rep. 8113, 40 Cong.Rec. 8695, 9032—9033; 2190—2197, 2745—2763, 2818—2825, 3044—3047. 114—119. version added quoted, fifth seventh 545—547, 1225—1226; Swift & company Packers Compania Caribe, 339 684, 688—689, 70 861, 864—865, 94 1206; cited. Perlman 247 7, 38 417, 950; GoBart Importing 282 344, 51 374. Dier Banton, 262 147, 43 533, 67 915. explicitly authorizes making district: 'A Dickhart 57 App.D.C. 345. acquittal National Prohibition 305, regain liquor seized. 17, infra. Steele 267 498, 45 414, 757; Kirschenblatt, Cir., 202, American Law 416; 2, 505, 761; Dowling Collins, 62. suggest gains loses simply asks both. cited arose secure issued wrongfully. 315, adopting 228. factor underlay discussion 225 227, 119, 120, 'essential circumstances made' determine step Id., 225, 120; Wallace Tiernan Co., 336 793, 801 803, 824, 828—829, 1042. contemporary illustration Ponder, 825, impound election records investigation Department grand jury. Kepner 195 100, 124—134, 797, 802—806, 114. Rosenwasser, 1015, 156 1200; Janitz, (order trial); Williams, 227 149 (motion indictment); One 1946 Plymouth Sedan, 167 3, 8—9. wiretap interlocutory, distinguishing prohibition reviving admissibility evidence. 336. express distinction, view disposition An treated appealability, papers indictment, kirschenblatt, 416. elements Act. Likewise, broad favoring For technique, 9, Ball, 163 662, 671, 1192, 1195, 300; Under soon proviso preclude entirely taking Evans, 30 58, approved, 507, 803; Martin, D.C.Mun.App., 81 Atlantic 651, 652—653. Narcotic Control 1956, enacted chapter U.S.Code (Supp. IV, 1957) 1404. Suppress—Appeal addition of— (designated narcotics offenses) attorney certify, purposes delay. Any date prosecuted.' 573. expressed preference passage bills, introduced amend prosecutions, qualification requiring certification Attorney. 1997, 84th 19. enactment respective committees, aware instant id., 11, 15, 26; 2033, 16—19, 28; 2388, 5; Hearing Subcommittee Improvements S. 3760, 7—11, 38—43. bills 3423 H.R. 9364, Congress. current session 85th 263, introduced. Thus, 22, extend 1956 refer bail. Both provision, albeit 30-day period speed-up today. 37(a)(2); 2107, 2107. Only Ex parte Bradley, Wall. 364, 366—368, 214; 120—124. 307, Dist.Col.R.S. 845. 1202. Police concurrent misdemeanors, branch Municipal 1196, 11—755. simplify existed, changing forms, inferior court. 11—772, 11—773; 651; Basiliko, 35 185. 27 1225. was: 'Any decree supreme therefrom said appeals; whereby changed affected, appointment receivers, injunctions, dissolving writs attachment, like; discretion whenever appear petition appeal.' list submitted Also 609—612, 862, 992; 110. 9968. 32 33 1528; Cases 33, supra; 1336 1340. applicability construing consider policy ordinarily causes adhere matters. Del Vecchio Bowers, 296 280, 285, 190, 192, 80 22d; Griffin 704, 712—718, 814, 817—820, 993.

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