Legal Document

520 U.S. 397117 S.Ct. 1382137 L.Ed.2d 626 BOARD OF the COUNTY COMMISSIONERS BRYAN COUNTY, OKLAHOMA, Petitioner,v.Jill BROWN et al. No. 95-1100. Supreme Court of United States Argued Nov. 5, 1996. Decided April 28, 1997. Syllabus * Respondent brought this 42 U.S.C. §1983 damages action against petitioner county, alleging, among other things, that its Deputy Burns had arrested her with excessive force, and it was liable for injuries because Sheriff Moore hired without adequately reviewing his background. pleaded guilty to various driving infractions misdemeanors, including assault battery. Moore, whom county stipulated Sheriff's Department policymaker, testified he obtained Burns' criminal records, but not closely reviewed either before hiring Burns. The District denied county's motions judgment as a matter law, which asserted policymaker's single decision could give rise municipal liability. prevailed following jury trial, Fifth Circuit affirmed, holding properly found based on Moore's hire Held: is isolated adequate screening, respondent has demonstrated reflected conscious disregard high risk would use force in violation respondent's federally protected right. Pp. ____-____. (a) A municipality may be held under solely employs tortfeasor, see, e.g., Monell v. New York City Dept. Social Servs., 436 658, 692, 98 2018, 2036, 56 611. Instead, plaintiff must identify "policy'' or "custom'' caused injury. See, Pembaur Cincinnati, 475 469, 480-481, 106 1292, 1298-1299, 89 452. Contrary contention, giving liability cannot established merely by identifying conduct attributable municipality. also demonstrate that, through deliberate conduct, "moving force'' behind injury alleged. See Monell, supra, at 694, S.Ct., 2027. That is, show taken requisite degree culpability direct causal link between deprivation federal rights. (b) Respondent's claim facially lawful can trigger presents difficult problems proof. This recognized cause only where evidence acted suffered rights proved fault causation. Pembaur, 481, 1299. In relying heavily blurs distinction cases present no causation questions those do. Claims such present, do involve an allegation itself violated law directed authorized rights, require application rigorous standards order ensure employees' actions. Canton Harris, 489 378, 109 1197, 103 412, example, seeking establish theory action-there, allegedly inadequate training program-has led employee violate plaintiff's simply negligent, "deliberate indifference'' known obvious consequences. Id., 388, 1204. reliance analogy failure-to-train screening persuasive. leaving open possibility triggered accompanied showing failed train employees handle recurring situations presenting potential violation, id., 390, n. 10, 1205 hypothesized narrow range circumstances, highly predictable consequence failure thereby justify finding policymakers. Predicting decision, even one assessment record, far more difficult. Only scrutiny applicant's background lead reasonable policymaker conclude plainly applicant third party's right official's scrutinize constitute indifference.'' Neither nor Appeals directly tested whether made making arrest decision. (c) Even assuming deciding proof instance ever liability, record free from force. To test injury, asked full review reveals should have concluded point primary she relies prove propensity violence arose college fight. might well extremely poor deputy candidate, necessarily reached been him. therefore erred submitting jury. 67 F.3d 1174 (CA 5), vacated remanded. O'CONNOR, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., SCALIA, KENNEDY, THOMAS, JJ., joined. SOUTER, filed dissenting opinion, STEVENS BREYER, GINSBURG, Wallace B. Jefferson, San Antonio, TX, petitioner. Brian Serr, Waco, respondents. Justice O'CONNOR Court. 1 Jill Brown Bryan County Rev. Stat. §1979, §1983. She alleged police officer used arresting her, sheriff's decisions. claims affirmed basis alone. (1995). We granted certiorari. Appeals' squared our recognition enacting §1983, Congress did intend impose unless 2027, 611 (1978). 2 early morning hours May 12, 1991, husband were Grayson County, Texas, their home Oklahoma. After crossing into Oklahoma, they approached checkpoint. Mr. Brown, who driving, decided avoid checkpoint return Texas. seeing Browns' truck turn away checkpoint, Robert Morrison Reserve Stacy pursued vehicle. Although parties' versions events differ, trial both deputies claimed patrol car speeds excess 100 miles per hour. unaware deputies' attempts overtake chase finally ended four south 3 got out squad car, pointed gun toward vehicle ordered Browns raise hands. Burns, unarmed, rounded corner passenger's side. twice When exit, "arm bar'' technique, grabbing arm wrist elbow, pulling vehicle, spinning ground. knees severely injured, later underwent corrective surgery. Ultimately, need knee replacements. 4 sought compensation state B.J. itself. claimed, son nephew. Specifically, driving-related battery, resisting arrest, public drunkenness. Oklahoma does preclude individual committed misdemeanor serve peace officer. Okla. Stat., Tit. 70, §3311(D)(2)(a) (1991) (requiring agency certify prospective officer's records reflect felony conviction). At report National Crime Information Center, either. make arrests, carry weapon operate car. 5 ruling issue here, dismissed prior trial. App. 28. Counsel "was policy maker regarding Department.'' 30. close case again all evidence, moved law. As argued 59-60. motions. court overruled objections instructions county. 125-126, 132. 6 resolve claims, answer several interrogatories. probable him injuries. It "hiring policy'' "training "in instituted Moore,'' each "so amount indifference constitutional needs Plaintiff.'' 135. entered County's appealed grounds, affirmed. held, 1185. addressed points thought merited review; address jury's determination 1178, we. certiorari, 517 ----, 116 1540, 134 645 (1996), decide now reverse. II 7 Title provides relevant part: 8 "Every person who, color any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, usage, State Territory Columbia, subjects, causes subjected, citizen within jurisdiction thereof privileges, immunities secured Constitution laws, shall party injured suit equity, proper proceeding redress.'' 9 U.S., 689, 2035, municipalities local governmental bodies are "persons'' meaning tortfeasor. Our conclusion rested partly language light statute's imposition "subjects [a person], [that person] subjected,'' we "cannot easily read vicariously governing existence employer-employee relationship tortfeasor.'' 2036. upon legislative history. stated 479, 1298, 452 (1986), "while never questioned power civil own illegal acts, doubt oblige control others'' (citing 665-683, 2022-2032). consistently refused hold respondeat superior. Tuttle, 471 808, 818, 105 2427, 2433, 85 791 (1985) (plurality opinion); 828, 2438 (opinion BRENNAN, J.); 478-479, 1297-1298; St. Louis Praprotnik, 485 112, 122, 108 915, 923, 99 107 (1988) 137, 931 392, 1206, 412 (1989). 10 subsequent cases, required 2027; 1298-1299; Canton, 389, 1205. Locating ensures deprivations resulting decisions duly constituted body officials whose acts fairly said Similarly, act performed pursuant formally approved appropriate decisionmaker subject practice so widespread 690-691, 2035-2036 Adickes S.H. Kress & Co., 398 144, 167-168, 90 1598, 1613-1614, 26 142 (1970)). 11 parties join whether, sheriff triggers Relying final authority area constitutes So long identifies municipality, argues, there imposing superior Whether intended govern situation hand rule applied over time immaterial. Rather, theory, identification conduct. accepted approach. 12 jurisprudence illustrates, however, enough 13 Where particular violates directs so, resolving these issues straightforward. Section 1983 "contains state-of-mind requirement independent necessary violation'' underlying Daniels Williams, 474 327, 330, 662, 664, 88 662 (1986). suit, mind violation. Accordingly, municipality's intentionally deprived establishes culpably. will determine moving complains. 14 legal, authorize claim, rather, launch series ultimately inflicted nonetheless actions employee. 391-392, 1206-1207; 824, 2436 opinion). Springfield Kibbe, 480 257, 270-271, 1114, 1121-1122, 94 293 (1987) (dissent dismissal writ improvidently granted). 15 extent done For Owen Independence, 445 622, 1398, 63 673 (1980), Newport Fact Concerts, Inc., 453 247, 101 2748, 69 616 (1981), involved formal bodies. Owen, city council censured discharged hearing. 627-629, 633, 13, 1403-1404, 1406 13. canceled license permitting concert dispute performance's content. 252, 2752. implementation generally applicable rule. But question promulgated lawmakers, if unconstitutional. Because case, unconstitutional suffice 16 Cincinnati concerned prosecutor, acting decisionmaker, 485, 1301, forcibly enter petitioner's place business capiases parties. Newport, decisionmaker's adoption course "tailored situations'' may, some disputed prosecutor specifically No arose. 17 involving much hands alone permit inference causation; shown difficulties considered shift supervisors jail detainee's quite apart violation-in due process, 388-389, 8, 1205, 8-a simple heightened negligence suffice. 18 "inadequate training'' "limited circumstances.'' 387, spoke, deficient "program,'' apply multiple employees. Existence "program'' makes least possible case. If program prevent violations, decisionmakers eventually put notice new called for. Their continued adherence approach know tortious consequences action-the indifference''-necessary ("It . police, exercising discretion, often further policymakers, nevertheless, "deliberately indifferent' need''); 397, 1209 (O'CONNOR, concurring part part) (" [M]unicipal policymakers aware of, acquiesced in, pattern violations ''). addition, inadequately trained tend lack training, rather than one-time negligent administration factors peculiar incident, 390-391, 1205-1206. 19 Before counsel Indeed, claiming Board Commissioners participated operation office Sheriff. 32. Accepting representations below, then, concerning matters. Cf. Jett Dallas Independent School Dist., 491 701, 2702, 598 (1989); (1988). linked practices. contend practices defective. suggested screened backgrounds hired. 106-110. instead seeks trace what described deviation ordinary rests representing directing danger high. governs previous inadequate. Nor readily apparent question, incident tending likely flows action, intervening cause. 20 foreclose [I]t happen duties assigned specific officers different reasonably deliberately indifferent need''). purports rely arguing screen record. essence, "obviousness'' injuries, thus substitute ordinarily 21 proffered succeed carrying equip enforcement tools situations. likelihood recur predictability lacking citizens' policymakers' choice-namely, statutory support causation-that very predictable. 22 premised inadequacy Every traced "but-for'' sense: employee, collapsing carefully 23 attempting import reasoning context, ignores fact predicting flow skill discharge duties. clear, stringent standard fault, requiring actor disregarded action. Unlike glaring omission regimen, "obvious'' abstract; depends applicant. increase unfit hired, will, when placed position affect citizens, improperly. generalized risk. produced all, reveal concern all; official consciously subsequently inflict 24 assume find testimony indicated inquire disposition charges layman's terms, "indifference'' purposes legal inquiry "indifference.'' reflects follow 25 actual instructed analogous reserved Canton. result rights'' "reasonably [be] 123 (emphasis added). jury, elaboration, Plaintiff's injury.'' Ibid. discussed above, depend mere probability plaintiff. connection strong. What Court's culpability, capture affirmance depended view '' F.3d, 1185 Beyond unspecified posited "the public's welfare.'' 1184. 27 insufficient ask decision.1 On point, sure, infractions. strong likely. relies, arising fight campus student. charged drunkenness.2 January 1990, charges, offenses, nine charge suspended license. previously being physical while intoxicated. 28 traffic offenses misdemeanors candidate reserve deputy. Had fully come precisely conclusion. 29 SOUTER's reading believed entire Post, __. plausible, irrelevant. sufficient knowledge Such examine partially examined it, indifferent'' base follow, III 30 Cases traceable ill-considered pose greatest broadest sense, every fails adhere requirements causation, collapses repeatedly reaffirmed, raises serious federalism concerns, risks constitutionalizing themselves elected impose. 1206. vacate remand proceedings consistent opinion. 31 ordered. 32 BREYER join, dissenting. 33 480, harm policymaking covered identified. central presented here applies neither commands yes amounts substantial result. With significant qualifications, assumes too, skeptical hurdles reaching virtually guarantees case: holds subordinate using I respectfully dissent level skepticism reversal judgment. 34 (1978), Monroe Pape, 365 167, 81 473, 492 (1961), insofar inapplicable governments beneath ("municipal,'' short). 663, 2022. same meant persons statute traditional 691, attributed agent delegated reasoned "it [only] execution government's lawmakers edicts represent policy, inflicts government entity responsible §1983.'' 2037-2038; see 1298. 35 assigning accordingly distinguish set likewise lower-level depending implement manifest it. lead. "The "official policy' clear limited actually responsible.'' 479-480, 36 While overview indicates satisfied way, three alternatives discernible cases. certainly met promulgates statement complained policy. exemplified agencies issued pregnant take unpaid leaves absence medical 660-661, 2020-2021. 37 announced situation, choice one, first ground acting. cf. 250-252, 2751-2752, (1981) (implicitly sustain action); 625-630, 1402-1405, (1980) (same). chosen "a tailored situations,'' 1299; adopt surely represents "policy''' equally once repeatedly.'' 38 have, finally, identified affirmatively agents Government "is obvious, [of existing practice] policymake[r] need.'' Where, most sits after repeated, unlawful "evidences indifference' [the municipality's] inhabitants,'' toleration subordinates' behavior policy-in-practice just one-act above. inferred officers, rises indifference. 10. 39 Deliberate treated, elsewhere law,1 tantamount intent, inaction equivalent intentional setting presupposes. Compare 483, 1300 J.) ("deliberate choice'' policymaker) 823, 2436, (""policy' implies chosen'') ("Only evidences inhabitants shortcoming "policy custom' actionable §1983''). 40 Under 21-year-old great-nephew sheriff, There designated implementing powers recruiting exercise them, "has matters.'' Ante, department's authority. explain greater detail knew nephew's violent propensity, job, did. command commission (like perform entry search Pembaur) dispositive expressly rejected contention "only polices actionable'' 1204, otherwise policies creating precedent.2 41 least, disagree, sake single, neutral predicate officers. ante, practice, tenor decidedly different: suggests insufficiently appreciated specificity actionable; expresses deep appreciation unsatisfactory, unconstitutional, act; finds serially mistaken. occasion correct refine indifference; converts newly-demanding formulation categorical impossibility like this; perfectly verdict shown. emphasizing element deliberateness requires subjective harm, responsibility entails. goes step further, "particular'' harmful "plainly obvious'' __, characterization adapted dicta forth footnote mentioned speculated " [i]t need,'' purport defining universally relation consequence'' harm. we, addressing occur, suggest be, says today, occurred. 43 exists subsequent, derived standard. post, __-__ (BREYER, dissenting). alters understanding spoke generally.3 consequence,'' appears somewhat higher, "reckless'' defined "consciously disregards unjustifiable material [and] involves gross law-abiding observe actor's situation.'' American Law Institute, Model Penal Code §2.02(2)(c)(1985). 44 said, states thing, preferred argument was, reason occur act. Petitioner instruct "conscious indifference,'' Record 342, objection "Sheriff adopting closer given 800-801. If, appears, today's threshold independently posed court. B 45 modified single-act patently __-__, true value assumption dictates us. gone too far. 46 plain produce 2020-2021, many evince portents. Written personnel silent significance justifying worry about employing axe-murderers (who unlikely apply) subjecting attacks someone 30-year-old conviction probably grown up). mandate and, down line, us lump together presumptively benign category singular administrative behavior. Thus scofflaw recently engaged drove overweight truck. entail others unquestionably "go rough-up suspects,'' way creates. 47 rightly predicating crime-free trucker, why extend valid unsound doubting scofflaw? fears latter sort means (as distinct blame imputed classic doctrine), recall scoffing implicate applying demanding announces: risks. mild portent portent, latest followed fenced off slippery slope. 48 second majority rest superior, alleged.'' say proximately policymaker. restriction bars straightforward "test link'' defines cognizable is. saves immunization 49 short, ignoring though se. And purported justifications extreme washed employed limit C 50 demonstrating inhospitality verdict. copy euphemistically witness stand "driving record,'' scope requested documentation included crimes beyond motor this. He admitted record; "long''; sure noticed license; trouble outstanding warrant Burns's arrest. somehow "notice'' battery list contempt incapacity obey disclaimer, transcript jurors gave credit testimony,4 them lying oath perusal. noted possibility, 1174, 1184 (C.A.5 1995), evidence. characteristically devoid curiosity lose interest personal investigation. 51 likely, disbelieve whole eliminated employ relative youthful peccadillo magnified proportion charge, evaluated eccentric young man sound character, convinced wild youth discretion. mistaken judgment, proven propensities, thrust damaging lie protect reputation treasury, chose family member payroll (the relative, fact5) disregarding public. 52 expert during cross-examination rap sheet listed repeated intoxicated license, months Moore.6 showed "blatant abusing force,'' 316, agreed history concern. replied "doubtful.'' 537. string arrests convictions revealed "that [such] law,'' 1184, 20, resort performing 53 escapes untoward enhanced inculpatory obligations blatant nepotism apparently occasioned novelty escape shows something unsuspected (by me, least) until today. Despite arguments Monell's erroneous 834, 2441 (STEVENS, dissenting), unsettle precedent Monell. Now turns out, hardly settled. BREYER's powerful call reexamine afresh readiness rethink matter. 54 dissent. 55 GINSBURG torts "on theory,'' "when of'' custom 2037. complex interpretive Today's exemplifies law's complexity, distinguishes "itself "intentionally deprive[s] right,'' ibid., so,'' then elaborates likely'' respect (1989) added), admonition obvious.'' contrary undermine basic distinction. concern, leading spin finer distinctions try vicarious, soundness 57 believe prerequisites reexamination interpretation important here. original principle doubtful. generated become apply. Factual changes divorced distinction's purposes. handful individuals groups significantly relied perpetuation distinction, wrong, obsolete source confusion. Compare, Continental T. V., Inc. GTE Sylvania 433 36, 47-49, 97 2549, 2556-2557, 568 (1977) (reexamining Sherman Act's Arnold, Schwinn 388 365, 87 1856, 1249 (1967)); Hubbard States, 514 695, 697-715, 115 1754, ---------, 131 779 (1995) §1001 Bramblett, 348 503, 75 504, L.Ed. 594 (1955)); 664-690, 695-701, 2022-2036, 2038-2041 (1961)). Gaudin, 515 _________, 2310, 2318-2319, 132 444 58 First, consider reasoning. "no vicarious liability'' historical analysis §1983's literal language-language imposes (but upon) "person.'' clearly explained rationales sound. 834-844, 2441-2447, dissenting); 489-491, 1303-1304, (1986) judgment). Essentially, consists almost exclusively enacted amendment (called amendment) marauding private citizens. 666-667, 2023-2024, 726-729, 2718-2720, fact, argue -particularly since municipalities, time, 836, 2444, dissenting) cases); 489-490, 1303-1304 also, Kramer Sykes, Municipal Liability §1983: Legal Economic Analysis, 1987 Sup.Ct. 249, 256-265; Mead, Liability: Sketch Becomes Distorted Picture, 65 N.C.L.Rev. 517, 535-537 (1987). Welch Hofmeister, Policy Policymakers: Constriction Liability, S. Ill. U.L.J. 857, 881 (adopting history). 59 Without supporting history, words [e]very person'' inconsistent 1871 "bodies politic corporate,'' "person[s].'' Act Feb. 25, ch. 71, §2, 431 (repealed 1939); 688-689, 2034-2035. "person'' "subjec[t]'' "caus[e]'' "to subjected'' "deprivation'' purely linguistic matter, employees, "subject[ed]'' "cause[d]'' "subjected'' loss employment. Restatement (Second) Agency §219 (1957); W. Landes R. Posner, Structure Tort 120-121 Federal courts interpreted word statutes authorizing forms Telephone Telegraph Co. Winback Conserve Program, 1421, 1429-1434 (C.A.3 1994), cert. denied, 1103, 1838, 757 (Lanham Act); Soc. Mechanical Engineers, Hydrolevel Corp., 456 556, 102 1935, 72 330 (1982) (Sherman P Trucking 358 121, 124-125, 79 203, 206-207, 165 (1958) (criminal statute). 835, 2442 60 Second, effort custom'' understandable easy good example. told (1) Plaintiff'' (2) 123a instruction comes repeating Harris. (of city's deadly force): 61 [I]n 62 look facts adds "decision hire'' elaborate Canton's way? verbal slightly different; lawyer judge ignore precise peril. Yet words, adding seem difference helps understand "vicarious'' "policy.'' (SOUTER, meet standard, juries, judges, so. elaboration -except perhaps context recruit's Consider "vicarious.'' necessary, discretionary policy-implementing 126-127, 925-926, 817, 2432-2433 opinion), 389-390, "municipal [might] collaps[e] treat similarly (and for) how chief's kind one. explore distributes entities. 127-131, 926-928 Jett, 737-738, 2723-2724. specialized; lies, particularly "policymaking'' instance. 143, 934 (BRENNAN, judgment); Schnapper, Update: Clarity, Conflict, Complications, Practising Litigation Administrative Practice Series, 381, Vol. 2, p. Schuck, 1983: Some Lessons From Organization Theory, 77 Geo. L.J. 1753, 1774-1779 64 surprising results sometimes inconsistent. __ (sheriff matters), Greensboro Professional Fire Fighters Assn., Local 3157 Greensboro, 962, 965-966 (C.A.4 1995) (fire chief firing), Harris Pagedale, 821 F.2d 499, 505-508(CA8), 484 986, 502 (municipality sexual assault), Wilson Chicago, 1233, 1240-1241 (C.A.7 1993), 511 1088, 114 1844, 128 470 (1994) (municipal abuse pretrial detainees). Auriemma Rice, 957 400-401 1992) (describing confusion courts). location conceptually problem. Lower indifferent,'' "grossly negligent.'' 7, 7. decide, matters occurred officer-training, officer-hiring, process. __-__. 66 Given principle, "collaps[es] maintain life deserve longevity. N.C.L.Rev., 542 "confusion uncertainty'' lower "caused requirement''); 1783 (noting "extraordinary unpredictability test''). Finally, factual circumstances changed affects limitation. complexity predict custom.'' Moreover, individuals, assert "qualified immunity'' defenses raise. (1980). Further, appear to, effect, mimic indemnification e.g, Conn. Gen.Stat. §7-465 (1997); Idaho §6-903 (1990); Comp. 745, §10/2-302 (1994); Kan. Ann. §75-6109 Minn.Stat. §466.07 Mont.Code §2-9-305 Nev.Rev.Stat. §41.0349 N.H.Rev.Stat. §29-A:2 (1988); N.D. Cent.Code §32-12.1-04(4) (Supp.1993); 51, §162 (Supp.1995); Pa. Cons.Stat. §8548 (1982); S.D. Codified Laws §3-19-1 Utah §63-30-36 (1993); Va.Code §29-12A-11 (1992); Wis. §895.46 (1993-1994). These statutes-valuable victims-can provide payments similar limitations. continuation limitation loses significance. 68 Any reliance, course, tentative, heard indemnification: often, extent, indemnify indemnify. realize reasons, otherwise, strongly reaffirmation holding. Gerhardt, Legacy: Balancing Federalism Concerns Accountability 1983, Cal. L.Rev. 539 (discussing federalism); Nahmod, Constitutional Litigation, Iowa 1, 24-25 having "proper accountability section 1983'' describing fault-based §1983); U.L. 883, 176 disadvantages "expansive liability,'' insurance coverage). Nonetheless, reasons forth, underscores need. Consequently, focus viability custom. syllabus prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Timber Lumber 200 321, 337, 282, 287, 499. suggesting complicates altering SOUTER misunderstand __; higher because, infra, Furthermore, assessing individual, draw occur'' difficulty courts' connect suffered. Supra, Ensuring complicate degrees "obviousness,'' indifference-that incident. testify disposition, 535-536, although 6. conviction. 318; 320. claimed. Suggestion Rehearing En Banc 93-5376(CA5), ("Burns stemming fight''); Pet. Substituted Opinion (same); 927 (Brief Support Defendants' Motion Judgment Notwithstanding Verdict 10); Cert. pled battery'' "one fight''). FC21SRespondent contested characterization. 961 Response Jury 4); Brief Appellee/Cross-Appellant pp. 3-4; Opposition 1. petition Rule 15(2) obligation brief opposition "any perceived misstatement'' petition. not. Involvement fraternity fracas proclivity person.'' §2.02(2)(c) ("A recklessly offense conduct.''); J.I. Case Credit Corp. First Nat. Bank Madison Cty., 991 1272, 1278 1993) ("To one's eyes recklessness, mental commonly substitutes intent knowledge.''). Estelle Gamble, 429 97, 105-106, 285, 291-292, 251 (1976) (deliberate prisoner's Eighth Amendment); Giovannetti, 919 1223, 1228 1990) (a requires''); Jewell, 532 697, 700(CA9), 426 951, 96 3173, 1188 [D]eliberate ignorance positive culpable''). suggest, does, "deviation'' past absent. explained, recognizes, Part II-B. embellishment help suggestion background, commit committed. intoxicated, exchange took place: "Q.And you obtain information? "A.I don't remember "Q.Did authorities get sheet? run yes. "Q.All immediately, can't you? "A.It long. Did there? no. he'd [Driving License Suspended] occasions? ..... "A.I'm convicted possession false identification? "A.No, that. drunk? "A.He arrest? didn't. inquiries information exactly were? attempt status time? "A.As and-most misdemeanors. "Q.Well, probation didn't probation, out? idea saw Influence], seen "Q.So you'd it? Well, whichever you, came your attention, check really know. say. him? "A.We-I Center] wasn't-didn't warrant, no.'' 672-675. nephew grandfather department years. 1995). testified. 2. entirely correct. learned thoroughly investigating behavior; sufficiency looked acknowledges "plausible,'' examination? introduced written form, part, Ken Barnes. According Barnes's testimony, record's numerous references two duplicative, conceded w 532-533. upshot separate charges. assaults occurred, refers times listing Barnes contain listed, investigated 536. my (under majority's test) complaint mixture officer, drunkenness four-month period ending sixteen drawn lawless person. But, evidentiary ostensibly

Classification Label: 1