Legal Document

382 U.S. 205 86 Supreme Court Reporter 373 15 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 272 INTERNATIONAL UNION, UNITED AUTOMOBILE, AEROSPACE AND AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT WORKERS OF AMERICA, AFL-CIO, LOCAL 283, Petitioner,v.Russell SCOFIELD et al. 133, UAW, Petitioner, versus The FAFNIR BEARING CO. Nos. 18, 53. Argued Oct. 20, 1965. Decided Dec. 7, [Syllabus from pages 205-206 intentionally omitted] Joseph L. Rauh, Jr., Washington, D.C., for petitioners. Sol. Gen. Thurgood Marshall respondents. Mr. Chief Justice WARREN delivered the opinion of Court. 1 two cases before us present converse sides a single question—whether parties who are wholly successful in unfair labor practice proceedings National Labor Relations Board have right to intervene Appeals review proceedings. 2 In Number 18 (Scofield), Union Local was charged by four individual employees with violations Act, as amended, 61 Statutes-at-Large 136, 73 519, 29 Code KF62 § 151 seq. (1964 ed.), fining certain members exceeding incentive pay ceilings set Union. General Counsel issued complaint. After full hearing, dismissed complaint, 145 N.L.R.B. 1097. then sought Seventh Circuit. filed an answer supporting decision. At this point, timely motion intervention, alleging that it would be directly affected should appellate court aside Board's decision and direct entry remedial order against it. Neither nor opposed intervention. A division Circuit denied intervene, but authorized file brief amicus curiae without leave participate oral argument. here, we granted certiorari denial intervention because importance issue conflict among courts appeals, 379 959, 85 666, 13 554. Further were stayed pending completion our review. 3 53 (Fafnir), charges Fafnir Bearing Company. charging party alleged company had violated its statutory bargaining obligation refusing permit contracting conduct own time studies job operations plant. allegedly needed these ascertain whether proceed arbitration. hearing held, entered cease-and-desist company, 146 1582. petitioned Second Circuit, cross-petition enforcement. Union—the Board—moved numerous grounds support. Both motion, although cognizant difficulties problem, brief. N.L.R.B., Cir., 339 Federal Reporter, 2nd 801. We certiorari, 380 950, 1087, 968, consolidated Scofield consider both facets problem. 4 hold (in Scofield) Fafnir) proceeding which reviews or enforces orders. think Congress intended confer rights upon unsuccessful challenges 5 threshold question concerns jurisdiction grant certiorari. Under 1254(1) Judicial Code,1 only 'party' case may seek here. cases, seeking relegated status curiae. Because is not case, been entitled petition judgment on merits Appeals, Ex parte Leaf Tobacco Board, 222 578, 581, 32 833, 56 L.Ed. 323; Cutting, 94 14, 20—22, 24 49. view herein, permits orders denying See Brotherhood Railroad Trainmen Baltimore & O.R. Co., 331 67 1387, 91 1646. I. 6 has made careful adjustment administrative interests throughout course litigation over dispute. Act does not, however, provide explicitly at level. Section 10(f) 160(f) serves guide, even though silent It states, pertinent part: 7 'Any person aggrieved final granting whole part relief obtain such any appeals circuit wherein engaged resides transacts business, District Columbia, filing written praying modified aside.' 8 Similarly, no specific standards govern propriety Rules Courts typically provide: 'A desiring where applicable statute shall serve all intervene.'2 9 Lacking clear directive subject, look design Act. Cf. Scripps-Howard Radio Commission, 316 4, 11, 62 875, 880, 1229. Of course, considering discussion limited agencies fungibles purposes—Congress treated matter attention particular scheme agency. 10 some instances, words themselves elicit answer. When enters party, phrase '(a)ny aggrieved' enables him immediate appropriate Appeals. Alternatively, if determines complaint dismissed, 'person aggrieved.' hybrid situation occurs when dismisses portions issues others. As portion results him, aggrieved; likewise, respect dismissing Each one appeal, invariably regard found his favor.3 11 example another variant review, wished intervene. vast majority recognized do so.4 Recognition instance complete accord statements Ford Motor 305 364, 369, 373, 59 301, 305, 307, 83 221, that: 12 'While assures opportunity contest order, require unnecessary duplication aim attain simplicity directness procedure judicial * '* vested equity powers, while must act within bounds intruding province, adjust exigencies accordance equitable principles governing action. purpose consonant itself,—to secure just result minimum technical requirements. *' 14 To allow first avoid 'unnecessary proceedings,' adhere goal obtaining 'a requirements.' Analysis Act's machinery so indicates. reviewing effect returning further This normally entering party. From noted, energy expended pursuit already resolved appeal.5 Moreover, second appeal could lead undesirable 'circuit shopping' useless proliferation effort. 10(f), option either he maintains residence place business Columbia proceeding, did originally decide validity dismissal Permitting thus centralizes controversy limits decision, accelerating resolution. objectives Act—the prompt determination disputes. also insures fairness would-be intervenor. If permitted, able their arguments crystallized views. sure, initial bound under res judicata rules. Still, salient facts having legal problems answered subsequent little practical value potential almost defer stare decisis comity.6 See, e.g., Henry Siegel Incorporated 340 309; Zdanok Glidden 327 944, 949—950, cert. denied, 377 934, 84 1338, 298. 16 Allowing affect discretionary powers One occupying intervenor there, Steelworkers 908, 1298, 410; 376 492, 899, 863; International Mine Workers Eagle-Picher 325 335, 338—339, 65 1166, 1167—1168, 89 1649. Denial proceedings—and attendant remand Appeals—only delay disaffected Should seem more propitious time, since dispute fully developed inconvenience private affords apt illustration. permitted adverse there. reversed unanimously. itself 'the Solicitor concluded other priority selecting number government (could) properly ask review.' Memorandum NLRB, Page 2, connection 89, October Term, 1963. Had Government apply certiorari—unrelated cause—would unnecessarily postponed resolution important issue.7 17 fact, agrees will impair effective discharge duties well promote public interest. secured court—to designating record, prehearing conferences preparatory simplification issues, brief, engage argument, rehearing certiorari—are productive they cause complications courts. Appellate records generally complete, whatever material see fit add appendix burden preparation. Participation defining guarantees relevant brought attention, makes briefs meaningful. usually accorded argument necessarily enlarge total allocated, aligned same side required share time.8 And, petitioning salutary insuring adjudication. Further, decides acquiesce Court, likely stipulate him. obviate need supplemental agency On hand, amicus—with exception brief—might unable adequately data court. Finally, element fortuity injected loses oppose Court's ultimate case. prevails level, deprives losing identical—whether These considerations assumption intend, clearly expressing contrary, suffer success 19 Additionally, helpful analogies Review 1950, orders,9 Civil Procedure.10 take provisions mean exhibited concern interested given involving specified II. 20 problem presents somewhat distinct intervening Resolution easy matter, understandable divided issue.11 believe obtain. 21 opposes Fafnir. incur liability account being Fairness requires allowed preclude possibility. reasons, stands become beneficiary entered.12 such, member whose designed serve. said custodian 'public interest,' exclusion so-called 'private interests' stake. Support claimed Amalgamated Utility Consolidated Edison 309 261, 60 561, 738 (1940). Also, fears enabling inimical disagree. 22 prior decisions, observed recognizes existence scheme.13 have, emphasized interest' factor. employ rhetoric imply excludes recognition parochial interests. perusal Regulations illustrative. 23 begins charge person, 10(b), 146; also, Fed.Reg. 9102 (1959), 102.9 (1965). reaches adjudicative stage, agency's control, formal recognition: participates hearings 'party';14 call witnesses cross-examine others, exceptions trial examiner, reconsideration 28 7973 (1963), 102.46 can aggrieved, guaranteeing interpretation accords intent Congress.15 And vital rights' very involves, potentially, breach parties' collective agreement.16 decisions trilogy, 363 564, 574, 593, 80 1343, 1347, 1358, 1403, 1409, 1424, Carey Westinghouse Corp., 375 401, 320, contractual claim arbitration there federal true 301(a) 156, coextensive those redressed proceedings, surely impact later arbitrator issue. 25 short, pattern dichotomize 'public' 'private' Rather, interblend intricate scheme.17 Nor holding casts doubt notions. held initiated prosecute contempt action order.18 stake, U.S., 263, 562. find nothing inconsistent institute proceeding—where expertness achieving compliance challenged—and, permitting rule supports define interest, 10(d), 49 454, 301. 26 argues adversely tactical budgetary bring here But open advise brings vehicle raise issues. entrusted rather than decided Appeals.19 27 Many favor here.20 special note capriciousness ascribe afford tantamount persuading like prejudiced Accordingly, reverse them respective ordered. Reversed remanded. 1254(1), provides: 'Cases reviewed *: '(1) By writ civil after rendition decree.' Rule 13(f); 14(f). circuits substantively identical rules: First 16(6); Third 18(6); Fourth 27(6); Sixth 13(6); Eighth 27(f); Ninth 34(6); Tenth 38(f). Darlington Mfg. 682 (C.A.4th Cir.), vacated remanded grounds, sub nom. Textile 994, 827; Industrial Marine Shipbuilding 320 615 (C.A.3d Cir.); Wooster Div. Borg-Warner 236 898 (C.A.6th American Newspaper Publishers Assn. 190 45 (C.A.7th Cir.). Carrier Corporation 311 135 (C.A.2d America, AFL-CIO 1441, Retail Clerks 117 U.S.App.D.C. 120, 326 663; Clothing America 324 228 Minnesota Milk 314 761 (C.A.8th Great Western Broadcasting 310 591 (C.A.9th Selby-Battersby 259 Kovach 229 138 Contra, Superior Derrick 273 891 (C.A.5th 364 816, 81 47, 47; Meat Cutters, etc. 267 169 (C.A.1st 361 863, 121, 104; Haleston Drug Stores, 1022 There are, additional evidence reconsider light litigational developments. greater victorious successfully persuade taken. discussed herein strongly suggest well, especially since, filed, apprised involved Then, too, appealed occurred during 1964 fiscal year. NLRB Ann.Rep. 201, Table (1964). eight these, affirmed full. Ibid. small caseload gives support notion disadvantaged allowing rare abide principles, aggravated result. now-successful takes different law, might again Thus, three engendered out failure most convenient stage—the proceeding. Such incongruous sanctioned statement 370, 'there separately carried docket, essentially far legality concerned.' instances. For example, re-evaluate position Counsel, situation, cannot expected wholeheartedly attempt convince correctness doctrine abandoned. 28(3); 23(c); 31(3); 15(3); Fifth 25(3); 20(3); 21(b); 13(c); 19(c). rules increase showing good cause. commission general governed 1950 (the Hobbs Act), 64 1129, §§ 1031—1042 ed.). provision regarding 1038, provides follows: 'The Attorney responsible control chapter. agency, interest enjoined, aside, suspended, appear thereto right, represented counsel order. Procedure, district policies underlying 24(a)(2) 24(b)(2), Missouri-Kansas Pipe Line States, 312 502, 505—506, 667, 975; Allendale, 96 403—404, 266 765, 767—768. Advisory Panel Labor-Management Law report, S. Doc. 81, 86th Cong., Sess. (1960), contained policy 'any 17. question, Johnson, 322 216 Kearney Trecker 210 852 Kearney-Trecker Employees, UAW 348 824, 75 38, 99 649; West Texas Utilities 87 179, 184 233, 341 939, 71 999, 95 1366. Assn., 243 777, 783 Stewart Die Casting 132 801 Aluminum Ore 131 485, 488, 147 Hart Wechsler, System, (1953): 'Haven't you noticed how frequently protected groups program protection sacrifice procedural litigating rights? becomes champion stand fall Does phenomenon reflect disregard equities situation?' Jaffe, Public Right Dogma (1946). Fansteel Metallurgical 306 240, 258, 490, 497, 627; Phelps Dodge 313 177, 194, 845, 852, 1271; Nathanson 344 25, 27, 80, 82, 97 23; Smith Evening News 371 195, 267, 246. Individual Initiate Administrative Process, Iowa L.Rev. 528—531 Statements 102.8 (1965), status. section term used named admitted including, limitation, act, respondent, employer, contract *.' (Emphasis added.) analysis Comment, U.Chi.L.Rev. 786 determining dispositive place, centralized operate much perforce adequate record statistics reveal 97% decree. 178—179, winnowing process diminishes once lodged falls supervisory power manpower great factors nearly defend Fafnir, party's referred dozen times party,' 1585—1587. 137 Food Employers Council, Inc., 351 525. placed weight language legislative history behind 10(a), 453, read time: empowered, hereinafter provided, prevent engaging (listed 8) affecting commerce. exclusive, means prevention established agreement, code, otherwise.' italicized 10(a) deleted Taft-Hartley amendments Wagner 1947, added union enacted 301(a). While remedy, equally that, substantially organ adjudicating Report Labor, Management Retions Law, supra, n. 10, 5. claims thwart proposed settlements between Nothing indicates consequence intimate question. disallowing duplicity shopping,' unfairness

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