Legal Document

413 U.S. 548 93 Supreme Court Reporter 2880. 37 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 796 UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION et al., Appellants,v.NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF LETTER CARRIERS AFL-CIO, al. Number 72—634. Argued March 26, 1973. Decided June 25, Syllabus Some individual federal employees, an employees' union, and certain local Democratic Republican political committees filed this action challenging as unconstitutional on its face the prohibition in § 9(a) of Hatch Act, 5 Code KF62 7324(a)(2), against taking 'an active part management or campaigns.' The section defines phrase 'those acts campaigning which were prohibited employees competitive service before July 19, 1940, by determinations Civil Service Commission under rules prescribed President.' three-judge District recognized 'well-established governmental interest restricting activities employees,' but held that statutory definition 'political activity,' constitutionality was left open Public Workers versus Mitchell, 330 75, 67 556, 91 L.Ed. 754, vague overbroad, thus unconstitutional. Held: 1. holding supra, can be prevented from a party office, working at polls, acting paymaster for other workers is reaffirmed. Congress also constitutionally forbid engaging plainly identifiable campaigning, such organizing club; actively participating fund-raising partisan candidate party; becoming for, elective public office; managing campaign initiating circulating nominating petition soliciting votes serving delegate, alternate, proxy to convention. Pp. 554—567. 2. It Commission's regulations regarding activity, legitimate descendants 1940 restatement adopted Congress, and, most respects reflection longstanding interpretations statute agency charged with interpretation enforcement, itself, are bases rejecting claim Act unconstitutionally overbroad. 568—581. (a) specifying various deemed 7324(a)(2) set out terms ordinary person exercising common sense sufficiently understand observe, without sacrifice interest, not impermissibly vague. 575—580. (b) There nothing fatally overbroad about considered connection construction represented current regulations. restrictions endorsements advertisements, broadcasts, literature, speaking meetings support candidates major areas difficulty, clearly stated, normally performed only context campaigns one role them, sustainable just proscribable. They do not, therefore, render rest vulnerable overbreadth. Pacific KF135 P2 580. (c) Even if provisions forbidding speechmaking some they would invalidate entire statute. 580—581. 346 F.Supp. 578, reversed. Sol. Gen. Erwin N. Griswold appellants. Thomas C. Matthews, Jr., Washington, D.C., appellees. Mr. Justice WHITE delivered opinion Court. 1 On December 11, 1972, we noted probable jurisdiction appeal, 409 1058, 560, 34 510, based jurisdictional statement presenting single question whether now codified campaigns,' face. Section 7324(a) provides: 2 'An employee Executive employed government Columbia may not— 3 '(1) use his official authority influence purpose interfering affecting result election; 4 '(2) take campaigns. 'For subsection, campaigns' means those President.'1 A divided court sitting had 578 (1972). We reverse judgment 6 * case began when National Association Letter Carriers, six complaint, asserting behalf themselves all seeking injunction enforcement.2 7 Each plaintiffs alleged enforcing, threatening enforce, Act's participation respect defined activity plaintiff desired engage.3 Union, example, stated among things members office. Committees complained being able get run state offices. Plaintiff Hummel he aware provision engage violate as, delegate convention office club. 8 convened, tried both stipulated evidence oral testimony. then ruled 7234(a)(2) enjoined enforcement. (had been) asserted long enactment Act,' F.Supp., 579, well fact 'appropriateness objective it endorsed objectives Act. 75 (67 754) . (1947) ..' Id., ruled, however, 754 (1947), 580, proceeded hold therefore unenforceable any respect. added, id., 585, even Mitchell could said have upheld definitional entirety, later decisions so eroded no longer binding II 9 As recognized, ban has been here before. This very attacked labor union violative First, Ninth, Tenth Amendments contrary Fifth Amendment indefinite, arbitrarily discriminatory, deprivation liberty. there first determined controversy present within meaning Article III because speculate type appellants contents their proposed statements circumstances publication. Poole, '(h)e ward executive committeeman politically election day worker polls services workers.' U.S., 94, S.Ct., 566. Plainly, thought, these fell campaigning; '(t)hey (were) covered prior (Civil Service) Commission,' 103, 571 (footnote omitted), incorporated 15 Act,4 relying publication, Political Activity Assessments, Form 1236, Sept. 1939, latter conclusion. n. 38, 571. Poole's complaint presented decision, solely 'without violating Constitution, (could make conduct) basis disciplinary action.' 567. could. '(T)he practice excluding classified offices personal ha(d) effect several decades,' 96, 568, Court, over dissent, Ex parte Curtis, 106 371, 381, 27 232 (1882), previously 'from giving receiving money purposes government,' 967, 568. 'The conviction personnel threatens good administration deepened since Curtis,' 97—98, 568—569, having 'danger rather than effort earn advancement favor channeled through connections.' 98, 569 omitted). 10 Government, empowered prevent contributing energy collecting ends: 'Congress President responsible efficient service. If, judgment, efficiency best obtained prohibiting politics officers workers, see constitutional objection.' 99, Another might determine otherwise, '(t)he teaching experience evidently led enact 569, refused viewed leaving 'untouched full ballot box forbids offensive efficiency.' Ibid. did interfere 'wide range activities.' 100, 570. 'only interdicted. (Only) (is proscribed). Expressions, private, affairs, personalities matters action, unrestricted law Government does direct toward success.' concluded what Poole done power prevent. 11 unhesitatingly reaffirm had, has, others like him workers. An going farther our view unquestionably valid. So if, plain understandable language, forbade alternate Our neither First nor Constitution invalidates barring kind conduct employees. 12 Such decision more confirm history, made country last century country, indeed essential, should depend upon meritorious performance service, electoral process limited. That eventuated indisputable, steps reaching simply briefly down. 13 Early Jefferson disturbed Branch Government. See Judge Richardson, Messages Papers Presidents 98 (1899). heads departments, response directive, issued order stating right officer give vote elections qualified citizen meant restrained, nor, however given, shall prejudice; expected will attempt business electioneering, inconsistent spirit duties it.' 98—99.5 14 voices raised 19th mixing routine But until after War, spoils system came went, depending changing administrations, performance, much vogue prevalent employment advancement. Report Personnel, Findings Recommendations 7—8 (1968). survive. authorized prescribe creation civil 1871, 16 Statutes-at-Large 514; 1883, chapter 27, 22 403, known Pendleton Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Kaplan, Law 9—10 (1958), declared 'no reason obligations contribute fund, service' coerce body.' 404. promulgate carry into created administrator President. original promulgated May 7, Arthur. Rule & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions repeated language election, went further 161 Problems continued arise, Twenty-fourth Annual 7—9 (1908),6 form remedial taken 1907 when, accordance Order 642 Theodore Roosevelt, Activity, 9, amended read follows: 'No thereof. Persons who, while retaining please express privately opinions subjects, Commission, 104 (emphasis added). 17 rule thereafter exercised investigate, adjudicate, recommend sanctions thought violated rule. Howard, Federal Restrictions Employees, 35 Am.Pol.Sci.Rev. 470, 475 (1941). In course adjudications, identified developed body forbidden campaigning. Adjudications spelled scope mode law, 86 Cong.Rec. 2341—2342; fashioned manner time restated guidance establishment. 1236 September purported publish restate 'Political Assessments' officeholders 18 intervening years, particularly 1936 1938 campaigns, convinced majority extended 84 4303, 9595, 9604, 9610. bill introduced purpose, S.1871, 'to pernicious activities,' easily passed Senate, 4191—4192; advisability purporting restrict heatedly debated House. 9594—9639. enacted, however. 53 1147. so-called named Senator who chief proponent. initial provisions, §§ 2, anyone coercing another using positions affect nomination officials. Sections promise of, threat termination compensation influencing securing opposition candidate. 19 9(a), provided found concerned case, essentially I, important exception. 20 'unlawful branch department thereof, No All persons retain choose subjects.' 21 Excepted restriction President, Vice specified officials policy-making positions. 9(b) required immediate removal violators appropriated funds pay persons. differed respects. applied limited exceptions; dismissal mandatory adjudication violation; whereas retained private omitted word 'private' privileged 23 signing bill, Franklin Roosevelt sent message recommending next session consider extending 10745—10747 10875. This, quickly do. 640, 54 767, agencies 'whose principal financed whole loans grants 12(b) investigate adjudicate violations Also relevant purposes, free 'express subjects candidates.' (Emphasis added.) Moreover, 9(a)'s proscribing 'the same heretofore takes civil-service Under 7326, construed prohibit non-partisan questions specifically national party, 'questions relating amendments, referendums, approval municipal ordinances, similar character ..'7 24 1950, 9(b), requiring providing unanimous impose lesser penalty, less 90 days' suspension pay. 64 475. minimum sanction reduced 30 1962. 76 750. 25 1966, review For Personnel created. 26 80 868. reported 1968, liberalization political-activity abandoning fundamental must supra. Since time, bills following recommendations8 proposing substantial revisions Act.9 hearings legislation; new legislation resulted.10 account efforts limit obscure equally 50 restricted own employees.11 B 28 Until now, Executive, appears operate effectively fairly, play proper representative government, improper influences. E.g., 9598, 9603; 2360, 2621, 2864, 9376. far imposed aimed particular parties, groups, points view, apply described. discriminate racial, ethnic, religious minorities. Nor seek control beliefs, anyone's polls. 29 But, Pickering Board Education, 391 563, 88 1731, 1734, 811 (1968), regulating speech differ(s) significantly possesses regulation citizenry general. problem arrive balance between interests (employee), citizen, commenting concern (government), employer, promoting performs employees.' Although strike different chooses, think struck obviously sought served limitations contained seems place agencies, administer party. enforce execute programs bias favoritism group thesis serve great end Government—the impartial execution laws—it essential formal undertake roles tickets. Forbidding reduce hazards fair effective government. 9598; 2433 2434, 2864; Hearings S. 3374 3417 Senate Committee Post Office Service, 92d Cong., Sess., 171. 31 consideration judgment: avoid practicing justice, critical appear avoiding it, confidence disastrous extent. 32 perhaps occasion 1939. rapidly expanding work force build powerful, invincible, corrupt machine. dangers real barriers power, matter-using thousands hundreds paid expense, man structure 33 related concern, remains other, goal sure pressure tacit invitation way perform chores curry superiors act beliefs. See, e.g., 2433—2434; 3417, urged prohibitions coercion sufficient protection; many years joint protect rights jobs beliefs enough merely another.12 1972 liberalizing Chairman constitute significant safeguards 52. Perhaps come realities life service; matter, position dispute it. Nor, Neither associate participate absolute event. Rosario Rockefeller, 410 752, 1245, 36 (1973); Dunn Blumstein, 405 330, 336, 92 995, 999, 274 (1972); Bullock Carter, 134, 140—141, 849, 854—855, Jenness Fortson, 403 431, 1970, 554 (1971); Williams Rhodes, 393 23, 30—31, 89 5, 10—11, management, financing, wholly regulation.13 agree basic prohibited. lower courts,14 questioned admittedly engaged. proscription be, Court's Appellees contentions here, cannot either reason. mind examining impermissible vagueness provides goes say refers 7324(b) privileges chooses candidates, 7324(c) (d), applicability 7324(a)(2).15 issue scheme intended define identical prohibition. 38 Earlier recommended Committee, S.Rep.No.1236, 76th 3d 4, conferred broad rulemaking spell campaigns.'16 were, event, strong objections federally programs, see, 2486, 2793—2794, 2801—2802, 15, particular, unwise invalid delegation legislative Commission. 2352, 2426 2427, 2579, 2794, 2875. matter vigorously debated; ultimately Hatch, proponent manager offered substitute 2928 2937, limiting reach 'has passage I.17 debated, amendment carried. 2958—2959. 39 appellees construe incorporating each thousand adjudications undiscoverable, inconsistent, incapable yielding meaningful govern future conduct. itself insufficient guide behavior addendum compounded confusion referring impenetrable jungle proceedings, orders, rulings. 582—583, 585. 40 quite task destroy can, consistent comport limitations. With examined care proceedings surrounding adoption deprive subordinate fashioning expansive plain, think, accepted performing investigative adjudicative case-by-case basis, fleshed 2342, 2353. apparent, evolved subject clear summary Many times during debate floor referred list prohibitions, 2929, 2937 2938, 2942—2943, 2949, 2952—2953, Senator's ultimate reference pertinent portion placed Record, 2938 2940,18 then-current prevailing date. administrative modified extent necessary reflect 1939 Acts themselves, that, general activities.19 limits proceed 41 Not expect continue accustomed expressly assigned enforcement notice, hearings, enforce. process, inevitably predictably, entail development bounds necessarily severe than, productive refined 42 surprising editions 1236,20 1970 again informed permitted These regulations, Regulations pt. 733, arrived anticipated occur down years. accept them respects, 7324 actually practice, exclusions, address ourselves Students Rights Research Council Wadmond, 401 154, 162—163, 720, 726—727, 749 cf. Gooding Wilson, 518, 520—521, 1103, 1105—1106, 408 43 Whatever difficulty 'active retains candidates. exempts research educational supported religious, philanthropic, cultural organizations, 7324(c); 7326 nonpartisan activity: questions, is, parties including issues like. import proscribed open-ended proscriptions up date Those rules, outer companion sections. 44 margin.21 733.122, specifies separate paragraphs 7324(a)(2). quibbles managing' 'actively fund-raising' 'partisan' English specific manageably brief, us although satisfy intent finding fault cost, comply with, interest. class offenses (the are) directed (their) terms, (and they) vague, though marginal cases put where doubts arise.' Harriss, 347 612, 618, 74 808, 812, 989 (1954). Surely, seemed little minds brought lawsuit desire 45 permits candidates,' 7324(b); corresponding regulation, 733.111(a)(2), '(e)xpress publicly purports proscribed, subparagraph (a)(10) endorsement 'a advertisement, broadcast, material,' (a)(12), prohibits '(a)ddressing convention, caucus, rally, gathering office.' Arguably, problems meshing 733.111(a)(2) 733.122(a)(10) (12), carve expressive survive attack ground name policies doctrine further. 46 established procedure doubt validity obtain advice thereby remove least insofar concerned.22 47 discern anything us. difficulties relate 733.122(a) (10) (12) literature reasons remainder over-breadth. 48 did. statute, said, covers proscribable pure expression threatened, all, substantially Broadrick Oklahoma, 601, 2908, 830. 49 foregoing reasons, ordered. 51 Judgment APPENDIX TO OPINION THE COURT 52 inserted Congressional Record 2938—2940, provided: III. PARTICULAR TYPES PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES 11. pointed out, impossible complete enumeration types engage. above. sections frequently discussed detail. 55 12. indirection: Any independently secret cooperation others. directly personally, indirectly agent, officer, chosen control. Employees accountable wives husbands, fact, accomplishing collusion indirection lawfully openly. regardless methods used employee, constitutes violation. 56 mean employee's husband wife independently, her initiative, behalf. Cases arisen, facts showed wife's accomplish husband, husband's benefit instigation coercion. true individuals groups wives, associated husbands secure themselves. situations obvious violated. renders imputable guilty infraction openly participant. 57 13. Conventions: Candidacy thereof Attendance spectator permissible, attending deliberations committees, refrain display partisanship obtrusive demonstration interference. (See secs. 19.) 58 14. Primaries—caucuses: attend primary meeting, mass beat like, cast presented, pass point deliberations. He motions, prepare assist preparing resolutions, assume represent others, prominent therein. 59 15. Committees: committee organization meeting admitted, indicated preceding paragraphs. 60 Whether determines properly member. Assignment which, alone, seem removed politics, character. differentiate degree active. 61 16. Clubs organizations: clubs, club, such, club league clubs prohibited, organization. words, become member actions utterances. 62 August 24, 1912 (37 555), part— 63 'That membership society, association, postal affiliated outside imposing obligation duty strike, States, objects, things, improvements condition members, hours therefor leave absence, Postal grievance grievances Member cause reduction rank service.' 9A (Public, 252, Cong.), 65 unlawful capacity whose compensation, advocates overthrow States. 66 immediately him, person.' 17. Contributions: contributions committee, organization, solicit, collect, receive, otherwise handle disburse contributions. Criminal Code, 50.) 68 18. Meeting: organizing, conducting addressing therein, except spectator, 69 19. Expression opinions: reserve confine opinion. Nonclassified excepted indulge organized campaign. 4.) 70 20. candidates: pleases, exercise interference, solicitation, dictation fellow superior person. violation Corrupt Practices offer voting refraining voting, Representative in, Delegate Resident Commissioner to, Congress. payment one's withholding vote. U.S.Code, title sec. 250.) 71 criminal offense intimidate, threaten, employment, position, work, possible consideration, favor, reward herein.) regular elections. votes, assisting voters mark ballots, helping registration days, accredited checker, watcher, challenger faction, counting vote, marking depositing ballot. Rendering transporting canvassing tours, gratuitously, rule, regard 72 21. Election officers: judge inspector, teller, 73 22. Newspapers—publication letters articles: connected editorially managerially newspaper, write publication letter article, signed unsigned, candidate, measure. writes article gives consent use. 23. Liquor question; concerning suppression liquor traffic league, dissemination temperance propaganda endeavor control, 24. Betting wagering elections: results penalized laws activity. 25. civic organizations citizens' associations: object promotion welfare parties. 77 26. Parades: march parade, organize, leader parade. 78 musical parade 79 27. Signing petitions: respecting establishment religion, thereof; abridging freedom speech, press; people peaceably assemble, redress grievances.' individually collectively, furnish information House denied interfered with.' guaranteed extends petitions addressed Members extend State, county, governments, units. sign individual, initiate circulate canvass signatures 81 28. Applying Presidential service:1 When seeks appointment transfer objection obtained, matters, neglect avoids scandal semblance whom desires seeks. 82 qualifications above may, appointment; solicit endorsements, recommendations, 83 unofficial determining popular choice permit ticket, I. opinions, advocate candidacy himself permissible nonclassified advance Classified favoring association 29. Other forms Among distribution badges, buttons, assuming leadership prominently movement, success failure 85 IV. CANDIDACY FOR OR HOLDING LOCAL OFFICE—CLASSIFIED AND NON-CLASSIFIED EMPLOYEES 30. office: National, permissible. announcement preliminaries leading doing permitting furtherance candidacy. candidacy, passive immaterial; acquiesces friends acquiescence 87 31. office:2 appointment, accepting Territorial, January 17, 1873, 'Whereas notice Territories reside, corporations, charters ordinances authority: 'And believed few exceptions, two incompatible due faithful discharge rise inconvenience, often detriment moreover, harmony genius Government: 'In premises, hereby 4th A.D. 1873 (except herein specified), expected, State Territorial charter corporation; further, acceptance aforesaid judicial vacation person, treated resignation commission justices peace, notaries public, commissioners acknowledgment deeds, bail, oaths, purview operation, officers. deputy marshals sheriffs sheriffs. postmasters, emoluments exceed $600 per annum, operation appointments authority, postmasters.3 Heads departments order, sphere respective relates respectively.'4 32. Interpretation 1873: 28, 1933, 94 'Inquiries quarters application 17th directs reply made: 95 'It asked alderman councilman city, town village, town, village governments. By suggested distinction salary compensation. city description whatever names locally known, intends 96 boards education, school libraries, eleemosynary institutions sustained authority. Positions professorships colleges5 regarded 'offices' contemplation employments citizens engaged incompatibility interference Officers attention head sole interfere. 97 militia. provide militia, liable called forth thus, sense, General greatest value militia Territories. fire applies mechanics armories, arsenals, navy yards, etc., Unpaid officers, judge. 99 'Mechanics laborers master workmen department, fixed pleasure appointing embraced order.' 100 33. Eligibles selection unclassified laborer resign effected compensated uncompensated disqualification unless eligible willing event approved. 101 34. Minor employees: orders generally minor justice peace; notary public; commissioner acknowledgement oaths; institutions. addition, are, conditions, 35. permission granted (see 1), 102 incumbency act. appointive order. offices, management. 103 DOUGLAS, BRENNAN MARSHALL concur, dissenting. want 105 board, council, mayor'; newspaper'; 107 convention'; 108 club'; 109 office'; 110 polling places party.' 111 means. incorporates 3,000 rulings 1886 1940. gloss phrases lack precision. 1971 published three-volume entitled Activities contains 800 One learn studying volumes activity' band wear badges 'participate fully materially compromise integrity neutrality, efficiency, agency.' 733.111(a) (13). 112 say, marching band, clear. Others pregnant ambiguity compromise,' etc. Permission '(t)ake election,' 733.111(a)(10), raises large uncertainty issue, feeling identification other. 113 felt 'worded generalities precision,' 582, hazardous 'if ventures speak know words offend.' 582—583. 114 chilling generalized need elaboration. material normal contours police involved. social economic 'rational basis' standard suffice.1 unclear abundantly all. deal speak, propose, publish, assemble. Time Thus barred otherwise. spare recreation, hobby—unless impairs facets merits job. job performance. creed, irrelevant. says Hall. If 'privilege,' sorts conditions attached. settled 'on infringes employee's) protected interests—especially, speech.' Perry Sindermann, 593, 597, 2694, 2697, 'take missionary work,' 570, difficult why assembly, deeply embedded proselytizing cause. 115 Free discussion affairs system. Sweezy New Hampshire, 354 234, 250, 1203, 1211, 1311; Mills Alabama, 384 214, 218, 1434, 1436, 484; Monitor Patriot company Roy, 265, 272, 621, 625, Laws trench area narrowly precisely drawn precise ends. Over-breadth peculiar evil, evil creating effects deter freedoms. Dombrowski Pfister, 380 479, 486, 1116, 1120, NAACP Button, 371 415, 433, 328, 338, 405, freedoms unconstitutionality statutes: 'These delicate vulnerable, supremely precious society. almost potently actual sanctions.' 116 vintage case. date, host illustrated statutes touch rights. teacher discharged sending newspaper criticized authorities. 573, 1737, 811. conclude teachers' opportunities greater contribution public.' followed Wood Georgia, 370 375, 1364, relieved sheriff contempt making controversy. shefiff spoke sheriff. 393—394, 1374—1375. 117 appropriately narrowed meet embracing writing revision. rewriting regulate proposal aroused Congress2 finally submitted substitute, saying '(i)t away power.'3 118 approach, listed categories activities, 733.122(b), starting catch-all 'include to.' ends open-end discretion penalize X him. 'permissible' 733.111(a)(2). Yet 'soliciting votes' 733.122(b)(7). Is safe punishment expresses Y worst? crossing line votes? 119 nursing assistant veterans' hospital ad reading: 120 'To My Friends Poplar Bluff Butler County opportunity ask your TUESDAY, AUGUST 7th. special Sheriff. tell you qualifications, past records stand. 121 'This my dad, Lester (Less) Massingham. 122 'THANK YOU 123 'WALLACE (WALLY) MASSINGHAM' 124 Massingham, 792, 793 (1959). 125 'expression' views 'solicitation?' Solicitor expression; counsel consequences flow innocent decision. lose Therefore prudent thing nothing. self-imposed censorship nervous live narrow margins. 126 start old confuses restricts nearly five million federal, state, today Titles enacted positive law. 378, 683. Title derived 1148, defining stems 771. allegations 1502(a) (3), 12(a) imposes financed. none 579 Hence Union desirous 'a. Running board member, council mayor. 'b. Writing newspapers. 'c. Participating running 'd. Campaigning App. 7. deterred desirable Fed- eral ticket numerous available Act.' wide variety conventions (2) local, (3) elections; (4) inquiries knowledge 7—8. Pinho she precinct Woman Arlington Representatives Senate. 8. Mandicino 'was compelled responsibilities offices,' 'activities house-to-house fund raising Wylie resigned Department Health, Welfare, Maryland During consultant part-time basis. After defeat re-employment permanent consultant, delayed period financial loss mental anguish. 9. Gee file Borough Councilman community fear endanger Myers mayor West Lafayette, Indiana, losing 10. 1, text, infra. quoted amendments 2433—2434. 1886, Cleveland, Order, warned 'against attempts movements localities.' 494 767—772, provided, inter alia, limitation contributions, 13; municipalities vicinity Columbia, 16; receipts expenditures H.R. 2372, 91st 1st 2032, Sess.; 235, 93d Sess. 44—60 19214, 914, 3374, 668, 350, covered. Economic Opportunity 1964, 603, 530, amended, 2943, corporations; Reorganization 719, 410, applicable Service; Emergency Employment 1971, 12(h), 4881(h) (1970 ed., Supp. I), generally, 830, 604, 2912, objectionable voluntary 2626, 2696, 2700, 2708, 2722. inquiry condemning 'who, coercion, voluntarily politics,' replied 'would draw drawn; defy (anyone) line.' 2626. 1967 'one man's persuasion,' 'in employer/employee relationship, voluntaryism tends circumscribed.' Hearings, 759 594 (intimidation voters); 597 (expenditures voting); 602 (solicitation contributions); 612 (publication statements). Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority Comm'n, 437 Reporter, 2nd 1346 (CA4), cert. denied, 936, 2254, 717 Fishkin U.S.Civil 309 (ND Cal.1969), appeal dismissed untimely, 396 278, 557, 463 (1970); Kearney Macy, 847 (CA9 1969), 397 943, 958, Engelhardt 197 806 (MD Ala.1961), aff'd curiam, 304 882 (CA5 1962). '(a) '(b) subsection '(c) Subsection institution, establishment, agency, '(d) (a)(2) to— appropriation President; military department; '(3) appointed pursued relations foreign powers nationwide laws; '(4) Commissioners Columbia; '(5) Recorder Deeds Columbia.' states: 'Section with— nominated elected representing presidential elector received presidental electors selected; territory possession section, character, States.' 'Sec. promulgate, soon practicable, defining, act, term promulgation ascribed amend deems necessary.' 2352. introduced, 2928, 'slight modification,' added italics Appendix opinion, infra, Page 581, 2898. insertion completed section. 2938—2940. However, card listing described 2937—2938, 2943. card, prepared assistance portions practically duplication substance, '1. politics. '2. Temporary substitutes, furlough absence regulation. '3. another. '4. '5. '6. Organizing rallies therein '7. speeches. '8. please, votes; ballots others; help checkers, marker, poles (sic) casting '9. refusal laws. '10. editorially, managerially, financially newspaper. unsigned faction. '11. '12. Organization parades '13. leadership, move- ments, factions supporting '14. '15. Attending spectators permitted. '16. caucus point. '17. Membership permitted, such. '18. Voluntary receive Contributions remuneration relief permitted.' 15's incorporation include demonstrated colloquy Senators Minton, 2871: 'Mr. MINTON. opinions. HATCH: Yes; 'privately' (§ Act). privately. HATCH. included written dropped out. deliberately, intentionally, remain out.' 1942, 1944, changed 1966 edition Activity. appearing provide: 'PERMISSIBLE 733.111 Permissible activities. widest subpart. Register Express candidates; Display picture, sticker, badge, button; Participate civic, community, social, labor, professional organization; Be organiza- tion law; '(6) Attend function; gathering; '(7) Sign individual; '(8) Make '(9) Take part, independent 733.124; '(10) '(11) amendment, referendum, ordinance character; '(12) Serve clerk, '(13) Otherwise agency. Paragraph authorize duty, uniform identifies employee. paragraph duties, create conflict apparent interests. 'PROHIBITED 733.121 Use authority; election. 733.122 man- agement campaign, Serving positions; reorganizing Directly soliciting, receiving, collecting, handling, disbursing, accounting assessments, purpose; Organizing, selling tickets promoting, Taking Becoming Soliciting Acting recorder, challenger, candidate; Driving Endorsing opposing material; convention; Addressing Initiating petition.' According affidavit Counsel 54: Information Unit (in Counsel) answers inquiries, source, Rule, regulations.' Appointment postmaster first, second third classes, 1938. resigns expiration accrued (16 Comp.Gen. 776, Feb. 1937). Includes college, lectureships evening university, instructorships colleges universities. (Minutes 1937.) regulated reasonably 101, 3046, Privileges Elections, reluctant bureaucratic absolutely country.' 2427 (remarks Sen. Lucas). challenged 2579 Brown McKellar). fairness. 2720 (Sen. Bankhead). 2928.

Classification Label: 2