Legal Document

485 U.S. 759 108 S.Ct. 1537 99 L.Ed.2d 839 Juozas KUNGYS, Petitionerv.UNITED STATES. No. 86-228. Argued April 27, 1987. Reargued Oct. 13, Decided May 2, 1988. Syllabus The Immigration and Nationality Act provides for the denaturalization of citizens whose citizenship orders certificates naturalization "were illegally procured or were by concealment a material fact willful misrepresentation." 8 U.S.C. § 1451(a). In 1982, United States filed complaint pursuant to 1451(a) denaturalize petitioner, who came in 1948 under an immigration visa which he had applied Germany 1947 was naturalized as citizen 1954. District Court entered judgment petitioner. It rejected Government's first claim that petitioner participated executing Lithuanian (most them Jewish) 1941, holding evidence insufficient sustain charges. Regarding second claim, court held that, although made false statements to, inter alia, his date place birth applications, misrepresentations not within meaning 1451(a), illuminated Chaunt v. States, 364 350, 81 147, 5 120. also third asserted ground denaturalization, petitioner's been "illegally procured" lack "good moral character," required 1427(a). Although 1101(f)(6) makes giving testimony obtain benefits determinative ruled covered this provision because they material. Appeals declined pass on submission its upheld Court's rejection denaturalization. However, reversed ground, concluding misrepresentation applications purposes 1451(a)'s "concealment misrepresentation" provision. therefore remanded proceedings. Held: is reversed, case remanded. 793 F.2d 516 (CA3 1986), Justice SCALIA delivered opinion with respect Parts I, II-A, III-A, that: 1. For provision, test whether concealments are "material" can be shown clear, unequivocal, convincing have predictably capable affecting, i.e., natural tendency affect, Naturalization Service's decisions. This consistent lower federal courts' uniform understanding "materiality" concept embodied other statutes criminalizing public officials. See, e.g., 18 §§ 1001, 1621, 1623. dicta should used construct different materiality standard context. Materiality statutes, issue law, court, one fact, must decided trier facts. Pp. 767-772. 2. Contrary Appeals' (for provision), does impose requirement testimony. Section 1101(f)(6)—which person shall deemed good character if "has given purpose obtaining" benefits—is plain meaning, denominating has oral oath subjective intent obtaining benefits. absence explained primary (like clause 1451(a)) prevent pertinent data from being introduced into process, but identify character. 779-782. SCALIA, joined THE CHIEF JUSTICE, BRENNAN, (as Part III-B) O'CONNOR, concluded II-B III-B, Under "natural tendency" test, 1954 petition clearly, unequivocally, convincingly improper address episode when same application, since limited falsehoods deceptions procure order certificate naturalization. As petition, there no showing themselves relevant qualifications true information, supplied, would disclosed facts qualifications. determining affect decision what influence official itself, failure create inconsistency earlier misrepresentation. Third Circuit remand determine found supported decision. If so, it will reach another, independent issue: "procured" means those concealments. require Government establish "but for" causality—that is, granted occurred. "procured by" language read express notion obtained proceeding where presumably unqualified. able refute presumption, avoid consequence showing, through preponderance evidence, statutory produce favorable met. 772-779. erred importing 1101(f)(6), cannot affirmed alternative basis section question any constituted "false answered without resolving additional law—which resolve remanded—as "testimony." Moreover, question, resolved making possessed thereby P. 782. STEVENS, MARSHALL BLACKMUN vacate below further proceedings following conclusions: 1 Our conclusion proving existence disqualifying both citizenship. Together separately, procurement requirements reflect congressional status taken away unless proves defendant qualified hold at time obtained. 2 A only influencing confer Because objective one, outcome conceal hinder discovery 3 To demonstrate misrepresentation, relied deciding Unless existed, said Thus, necessary element proof reliance. 785-795. 4 benefits" laws actual effect securing some benefit laws. implicit 1101(f)(6). Fedorenko 449 490, 101 737, 66 686, we 10 Displaced Persons providing exclusion persons willfully gaining admission implicitly included requirement. logic our applies equally here. An statement more reasonable than test. heavy burden borne cases virtue diminishing risk erroneous determinations. 795-800. 6 J., announced REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, JJ., joined, BRENNAN III-B only) joined. concurring opinion, post, p. ----. judgment, BLACKMUN, part dissenting part, KENNEDY, took consideration case. 7 Donald J. Williamson, Westwood, N.J., Robert H. Klonoff, Washington, D.C., respondent. 9 JUSTICE O'CONNOR Kungys seeks review remanding completion issues presented are: first, certain connection 1952, 340(a), Stat. 260, amended, 120 (1960); second, misrepresentations, form forged documents, rendered Kungys' 1427(a)(3), established lacked requisite 34 years ago. 11 * Petitioner Stuttgart, Germany, 1947. 1948, issued, States; acting Office Special Investigations Department Justice, him.1 advanced three grounds. First, attempted show over 2,000 civilians, most Jewish, Kedainiai, Lithuania, between July August 1941. offered videotaped depositions use Soviet Union. After numerous reasons Soviet-source inherently unreliable, admitted atrocities actually then admissible charges Kedainiai atrocities. 12 Second, applying birth, wartime occupations, residence. these supra. 13 Third, argued applicants 1427(a).2 support theory, representations, material, sufficient benefits, character.3 14 Having each grounds Kungys. 571 F.Supp. 1104 (N.J.1983). appealed. States' (participation atrocities) wrongfully error failing admit unqualifiedly depositions. however, (which longer disputed), Finally, agreeing "illegal procurement" account (1986). 15 We certiorari, 479 947, 107 431, 93 381 (1986), heard argument last Term, incorporated On June 26, 1987, restored calendar directed parties file supplemental briefs addressing questions.4 483 1017, 3258, 97 758. reargued October II A. 16 noted above, . ." previously suggested, do dispute, requires See 507-508, n. 28, 747-748, 686 (1981). So understood, plainly contains four requirements: misrepresented concealed willful, result concealment. dispute two met here, now concedes well 1947.5 17 occasion consider twice. (1960), falsely stated during process never arrested could nevertheless denaturalized 1451. year later, Costello 365 265, 534, 551 (1961), occupation "real estate," accurately described "bootlegging," neither did purport announce conclusive judicial guide determination certificate. Indeed, clearly differentiate separate requirements. Nevertheless, thought profitably derived Chaunt. That comes end Court, summarizing holding, states "the failed 'clear, convincing' either (1) suppressed which, known, warranted denial (2) their disclosure might useful investigation possibly leading warranting citizenship." U.S., 355, S.Ct., 150-151. efforts make formulation notable success. Not Courts arrive single interpretation (compare Riela, 337 986 1964), Rossi, 299 650 (CA9 1962), Kassab INS, 806 (CA6 1966), Langhammer Hamilton, 295 642 (CA1 1961)), attempt dispel confusion, see Fedorenko, 521, 4, 754, (BLACKMUN, judgment), seemingly produced least variants id., 508-509, 748-749; 523-526, 755-757 judgment); 528-530, 758-759 (WHITE, dissenting); 536-538, 762-763 (STEVENS, dissenting). With wisdom experience, conclude attempts unnecessary unfortunate. term hapax legomenon. Its context officials goes back far Lord Coke, defined crime perjury follows: 19 "Perjury committed, lawful ministred hath authority, person, proceeding, sweareth absolutely, falsly matter issue, cause own act, subornation others." E. Institutes 164 (6th ed. 1680). 20 Blackstone term, writing constitute wilful corrupt " "must point dispute; trifling collateral circumstance, regard paid," punishable. W. Blackstone, Commentaries *137. Hawkins, Pleas Crown, ch. 8, 433 (Curwood 1824). Given common-law antecedents, unsurprising number "material." prominent perhaps unlawful jurisdiction department agency States. courts long displayed quite such statutes. Gonzales 286 118, 122 (CA10) (construing 1001), cert. denied, 878, 1028, 190 (1961); Weinstock U.S.App.D.C. 365, 367-368, 6, 231 699, 701-702, (1956) (same); Blackmon 572, 573 (CA5 1940) codified 1621); Carroll 951, 953 (CA2) (same), 273 763, 47 477, 71 L.Ed. 880 (1927); Lardieri, 497 317, 319 1974) 1623); Koonce, 374, 380 (CA8 1973) (same). common influence, influencing, of" decisionmaking body addressed. supra, U.S.App.D.C., F.2d, 701-702; Corsino, 812 30-31 1987) (citing cases). While before us here statute revoking rather imposing criminal fine imprisonment, evident sought achieved requirement, nor gravity consequences follow met, so justify adoption standard. "Where Congress uses terms accumulated settled equity infer, otherwise dictates, incorporate terms." NLRB Amax Coal Co., 453 322, 329, 2789, 2794, 69 672 Perrin 444 37, 42-43, 100 311, 314-315, 62 199 (1979). 21 One view repudiation "material," craft precise constitutes "a influence" Surely, less need precision general preferable there, think lend itself mechanical resolution. disagreement turned truth told, resulted facts, 528, 758 But ultimate influence," seem little difference probabilities resulting disclosure, respectively, 100%-20%, 20%-100%, 51%-51%, even 30%-30%. likely decision, triggered investigation. while may adequate explanation why judged necessarily facilitate infinite variety factual patterns emerge—which employ later. safer context, elsewhere, fix central object inquiry: course, applicant meets citizenship, specifically qualified. convincing. Schneiderman 320 158, 63 1333, 1352-1353, 87 1796 (1943). Though verbally Chaunt, application greater uniformity, judges accustomed using it, consult large precedent. 22 hold, therefore, decisions Service. upon disposition present case, decide ourselves, trial court. Here again reason done dealing officers. "[T]he sworn, perjury, court." Sinclair 279 263, 298, 49 268, 273, 73 692 (1929). Sixth involving 1001: 23 "Although rests evidentiary finding turns substantive law. Since court's responsibility interpret believe [it proper treat] legal question." Abadi, 706 178, 180, 464 821, 104 86, 78 95 (1983). B 24 turn, then, considered Circuit—misrepresentation birth—was foregoing test.6 discussed earlier, proceeding. insofar concerned, find episode. Unlike covers "for laws, "order Procurement including visas, covered. Especially light contrast unpersuaded "procures" obtains residence, turn prerequisite naturalization, 1429. effects free enrollment reading produces English literacy, 1423.7 Such analysis stretches beyond intent, proceeding.8 25 Looking, solely not. There suggestion Even though not, determination, thus qualifications9. merely held: 26 "[H]ad [Kungys] told discrepancies materials field outright petition. Had transpired, probably tended prove ineligibility instance. noted, defendant's persecution Nazis—which directly related eligibility—would called 533. 27 seems clear misstatement 5, discrepancy "outright denial" investigation, outcome.10 high probability another imposes (emphasis added); likewise relates fact. ensued knowledge (in birth), posited assertion falsehood. Circuit's reasoning, utterly immaterial becomes simply repeated both. intends. What misrepresentation; state truth, earlier. tendency. 28 leave described—bearing mind unusually cases. Baumgartner 322 665, 670, 64 1240, 1243, 88 1525 (1944); Schneiderman, 1352-1353. fourth analysis: demands, all, made. difficult company STEVENS' demands that. agree contention causation existed unlikely added well—requiring, addition distortion distort difficulty establishing causality, many after great conceive intended sanctioned. think, mere Proof sometimes regarded rebuttable presumption. Basic Inc. Levinson, 224, 245-249, 978, 990-992, 194 (1988). disqualification, disqualified. importance rights leads met.11 construction gives ample 29 concurrence adopt emphasizing necessity establish, least, misrepresenting naturalized. emphasis highlights causality: conceivable adheres, purports do, 795—796, applicant's meet subjects him 506-507, 514-515, 751-752.12 concurrence's violates cardinal rule construed entirely redundant. Colautti Franklin, 439 379, 392, 675, 684, 58 596 (1979); Jarecki G.D. Searle & 367 303, 307-308, 1579, 1582, 859 Menasche, 348 538-539, 75 513, 519-520, 615 (1955). nonsense say establishes factor anyway. reading, law says, effect: Citizenship you lying revoked, lying. congressionally desired deterrent dim-witted prevaricators. worse enigma statute, position scandal results achieves: lied officer Dachau suffice proof—after 40 disappearing evidence—that guilty war crimes. III 30 argues, affirming upholding alleged 1954, proceedings, violation aspect (and affirmative) Circuit: 31 face, distinguish misrepresentations. Literally read, denominates bad having lies precisely says. 32 correct occurred), latter appears degree whenever deceive, how deception. literal draconian results, several reasons. "testimony" oath. include "other types concealments, falsified documents oath." Supplemental Brief 3. Sharaiha Hoy, 169 598, 601 (SD Cal.1959); Matter Ngan, I. N. Dec. 725, 726 (1964); G—L—T—, 403, 404-405 (1959). Ensign Pennsylvania, 227 592, 599, 33 321, 322-323, 57 658 (1913). acknowledges: "It dishonesty accompanied morally unacceptable. Willful reasons, embarrassment, fear, desire privacy, sufficiently culpable brand someone lacks character." 12. Obviously, relatively rare regarding nonetheless especially invalidating like all matters proved 'the doubt.' 1352. unlike provisions apply "concealments." built-in limitations, straining meaning. 35 STEVENS 1101(f) "[t]here 'material' distinction," 797, (DPA), contain Fedorenko. world two. texts significantly different. DPA phrase "willfully grounded word "misrepresentation," implication contexts—as name tort falsehood) adequately demonstrates. 1101(f), contrast, "giv[e] testimony." "false" "falsity" imply materiality, commonly associated recently falsity 238, 239-240, 17, 986, 987, 17. differ relationship respective schemes. DPA, freestanding apparent punish deter process. hand, definition character" qualifying immigration. More importantly, treating whereas reconciled ill differently worded (or, provisions, see, 777-779) 36 Accordingly, affirm former, choose event, latter, generally Pullman-Standard Swint, 456 288, 102 1781, 1789-1790, 72 (1982) (issues fact); Berenyi Director, 385 630, 634-635, 666, 669-670, 656 (1967). so-called pattern illegal 37 38 stated, opinion. 39 ordered. KENNEDY 41 concurring. 42 I join write spell out detail raise presumption ineligibility. holds qualified" Ante, 772. tendency, explains, honest representations "would [the applicant's] qualifications." 774. raises ineligibility, rebut. 777. 43 statute. wish emphasize, my arise fair inference existed. coupled citizen's frustrated investigative efforts, justifies burden-shifting employs. Evidence possibility entitle ineligible, repeatedly emphasized, precious right, Klapprott 335 601, 611-612, 384, 388-389, 1099 (1949), forfeited speculation suspicion. permit invocation disqualification circumstances infer ineligible. 44 nothing inconsistent standard, it. 45 whom join, judgment. 46 American right life liberty." 616-617, 391, 266 (1949) (Rutledge, result). native-born truly inalienable. citizen, authorized special procedure revocation canceled granting revoked "such 1451(a).1 maintains subject Application Visa (Quota), 23, 1953, Petition Naturalization. He 1913, September 21, 1915; Kaunas, Reistru. resided until disclose bookkeeper-clerk Kaunas brush broom establishment war. denied application. truthful responses led complete background revealed disqualified visa. later becoming citizen. 48 1953 arguments. argues urges procured," misrepresentations—even Neither tenable. Over quarter century ago, membership Communist Party arrests disclosed, Justices Chaunt's tell about arrest record revoke 360, 153, majority contrary conclusion. "either Id., 151. Thus compelled statute's controversy parse paying particular attention parsing, confirms reached 50 "Material" "having real importance" "great consequences." Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 733 adjective widely actionable statements, ante, 770. man attach nonexistence choice action transaction Restatement (Second) Torts 538, 80 (1977). contract "it induce manifest assent." Contracts 162, 51 contexts, serves trivial substantive, drawing line appear assume role guarantees misstatements loss principle specifically. enter act detrimental reliance grant one. possess relies hunches intuitions. traditional acknowledgment realistic term's 52 causal award allow become tracks contexts. accordance contract, voiding reforming contracting party entering contract. 164. induced recipient contract.2 Likewise, recover another's she her detriment. 525. recognized alleviate inducement distinctly. 167. 53 anything, stricter "procure" allowing words, offering opportunity Government, likelihood change imposed statute.3 54 prevail based hindered Further, individual ways deprived affected eligibility obtained.4 55 518, 753, (1981), correctly pointed "prove facts." 523-524, 755-756.5 Until today, WHITE Member disagreed disagrees rejects current experience." 769. 56 experience provided firm holding. animated longstanding recognition severity sanction sought. firmly too innocent 1953. Without wrongdoing acquired citizenship—a punishment tantamount exile banishment patently excessive.6 reflected prior explaining kind civil equivalent enforced cases, default judgments intolerable, written: "Denaturalization grave flow conviction deprive extraordinarily severe penalty. deprivation rest heavily children. 719. ordered deported. 'To deport claims obviously deprives liberty. property life; worth living.' Ng Fung Ho White, 259 276, 284 [42 492, 495, 938] [1922]. fallen technical classification crimes hardly satisfactory requiring money short imprisonment. 59 "Furthermore, incident unequivocal doubt. 158 [63 1352, 1796] [1943]. substantially identical cases—proof doubt." 389. 60 Virtually ignoring today announces new lowers concerned citizen's] 775. entitled shows bears "showing, met." 777 original). specific apparently every introduce whatsoever suggesting 61 joining more. "evidence existed." 783. production agrees persuasion defendant. BRENNAN's approach, knowing rebutted. Both approaches rebut presumed fact—even demonstrating completely majority's shifting burdens faithful previous bear 389; 790-792.7 "[B]ecause proceedings," Klapprott, 612, 389, always beyond-a-reasonable-doubt Ibid. factors imposition largely contexts—particularly critical immense interests stake, ibid.; re Winship, 397 358, 363, 90 1068, 1072, 368 (1970), liberty, resultant stigmatization, 122-23, 1335, (1943); societal interest reliability outcome, 363-364, 1072. presumptions reduce consistently rebuttable. Francis 471 307, 313, 105 1965, 1970, 85 344 (1985), cited therein. objectionable carry amended 1961, allows anyone procured." former armed concentration camp guard, ineligible issued 1009. lawfully permanent "satisfy acquisition naturalization." 515, 752. Certain minimum standards possession set 1101(f). Subsection chapter." contends compel intention benefit—any benefit, trivial8—under am convinced reject contention. 65 "[a]ny eligible displaced thereafter States." 1013. held, "only [to] 507, 748. DPA's logically willful. distinction Sheshtawy, 714 1038, 1041 (CA10 1983). implausible suggest engraft drafting 1101(f)(6).9 individual's motive forcing factfinder inquire falsehood insuring determinations boil down credibility battles. reasonable. testimonial laws]" eliminate inquiring personal vanity, information lead naturalization.10 age enjoyed, sanction. notoriously prove, 67 obvious overlap scope illegally-procured clauses 1451(a).11 available paths denaturalizing essentially conduct, lenient intended. 68 introducing deposition testimony, participation unreliable occurred.12 propriety ruling, part. 70 SCALIA's WHITE's dissent view, properly viewed dissenting. justified. tried assisted execution civilians 2-month period Union claim. observed strongly tend qualification, place. excluded showed These residence: misstated city born, listed various occupations engaged 1942 listing bookkeeper years, swore indeed (1960). uncovered. 74 qualify 1427(a) also, ruling accordingly appealed, reversed. Initially, agreed admitting qualification. 76 Court. reverses remands issues. III-A disagree parts reaches. dissent. 77 holds, agree, states, "does misrepresentations," instead "denominates benefits." 779—780. compels conclusion, legislative history 1961 amendments Pub.L. 87-301, 18, 656, broaden, restrict, revoked.1 connection, striking appropriate balance serious attend "strict compliance prerequisites 506, 747, bar piece instance made; balancing important opposing considerations above. character, Similarly, notwithstanding involve 79 Here, confined occasion, concern evidence. And voluntarily step forward explain contrary, nondisclosures stage found: "Throughout [petitioner] birth. concealed) presence 1940-42 1941-44 period. [Petitioner] perpetuated non-disclosures throughout representing contained correct." 1104, 1139 (NJ 1983).2 mandate expressed speaks falsehoods, precluded essential 82 Despite declines uphold below, substantial. notes, referring excluding written submitted Yet misrepresentations: testified examiner contents forms true. Deposition Julius Goldberg, App. 145-162. 725 (1964). Furthermore, country. 83 either. stage. indeed, very "obtai[n] "benefits" naturalization—satisfies elements "stated laws." F.Supp., 1138.3 justification 84 finds revisit "had Service." definition, flawed. begin with, much persuasive: instrumental procuring residence country, 518-520, 753-754 judgment). responds logic, helps things, same, supposed extension foolish. intimately governed procured. example, country "lawfully admitted." sense, speak attain "lawful" literacy skills government, 1423, manifests understandable indifference proficiencies. crucial themselves, yet spent acquiring government 86 accept proposition surely INS. initial matter, focus aside potentially significant identified Court.4 limiting does, reaching ask inquiry isolation, aroused suspicion, supporting documents. Former Ambassador Seymour Maxwell Finger, Vice Consul Stuttgart January 1947, certainly occurred, regulations effect. CFR 61.329 (Supp.1946). arrived supports sound be, considering alone. comparison assertions matters. Therefore, plurality "[w]hat truth," 776 added), wrong limit alone, Instead, truth" tendency; encompasses INS' match seeking alone significance. pretend defies reality "official fact," 775, INS knows take told. also. At note open 89 final point, emphasized passed correctness unreliable.5 remand, definitively. allowed regardless resolved, undisputed mass executions respectfully part: "(a) duty attorneys districts, affidavit therefor, institute specified subsection (a) 1421 title district reside bringing suit, setting canceling provides: "No except subchapter, immediately preceding filing continuously, five physically therein periods totaling half time, State six months, continuously up (3) referred still attached principles Constitution disposed happiness "(f) chapter— No as, who, established, was— (6) Those questions were: "(1) Whether want 1427(a), to: 'false testimony' interpreted fact; "(b) govern 'for chapter. .'; "(c) "(2)(a) Should articulated 350 [81 120] abandoned and, 1451(a); "(3) When 'procured by' distance perpetrators. contended occurred birthplace; (two years) identification purposes. concerning identity Nazis go Lithuania Germany—the dissembling above conscription resistance movement. (Vydaudas Vidiekunas, leader movement validated participation.) believing falsities inconsequential purposes; similar belief conformed observes 809, normal practice fact-bound contested findings reviewed appeals. considers prospect coverage "foolish." Post, 808. policy assuredly example. fails [be] conceivably exclude example (we concede) function prudent confines text. whether, governing issuance visas invalid, causing unlawful, (since naturalization) 509, 748-749, minimizes substance describing "by investigation." 793. occur—and predictability convincing—if gave talking investigations detective hobbyists, victims Nazi priority nonpreference visas. inconclusive, 1137, 1983), favor. resolution drawn record, improperly disputed Icicle Seafoods, Worthington, 475 709, 106 1527, 739 italicized sentence ignored "refute added). "even sufficient" Sometimes might, exist. lie shown, convincingly, qualified, "completely explanation." avoids saying "insignificant," "trivia[l]," "technica[l]" 799—800, 11. Apart nowhere said: "At strict Failure comply conditions renders unlawfully aside." 747 moreover, "insignificant" "trivial" amending succeeded prefer, anything already refers "willful fact" disjunctive, concealment, relate 271-272, 3, Contract recovery non fraudulent. formation 167 admittedly unlikely, demonstrates roles played elements. Suppose distinct lived surviving spouse member Armed Forces died active duty. 1430(d). false, conferred qualifications, (1981): "There really inquiries [under test]: answer circumstance discovered Regardless components weight third. applicant, initiated. probable prompted inquiry." 537, 763 continued: "First, reasoning reduced alien thwarted willing approve prescribed This, me, import exhaustive reviews Nowak 356 [660], 663-668 [78 955, 957-960, 1048 (1958) ]; Knauer 328 [654], 656-669, [66 1304, 1306-1312, 1500 (1946) [665], 666-678 [64 1241-1247, (1944) [118], 131-159, 1339-1353, (1943) ]. Of ability investigate vigor adversely inability discover suppressed. Appeals, me transform unhampered itself. suggests deliberately deems asking weak ever contemplated "Instead, 'two tests' methods proved. test; believed "Significantly, accords informing area decades conferred, suspicion undisclosed exclusion, fear valued danger erosion." 524-526, 756-757 original) (footnotes omitted). procedural safeguards Rutledge wrote: "To man's comprehends almost others. lay committing murder, treason, penalty unknown doubtfully Congress' power. Const., Amend. VIII. device label carried none Bill Rights, comprehensive basic wake cruel banishment. procedures strip natural-born birthright penalty." (1949). (1943), "to clock twelve full decree, priceless derive [citizenship] status," proceedings: "In taking one's property, safe assert exaggerate value importance. By highest hope civilized men. mean once alien, cancelled proof. clearest sort So, instituted depriving reasonably possible favor attack meanwhile obligations committed lawlessness. ". [A] 'an instrument political privileges, grants fraudulently procured.' convincing,' 'it bare leaves lightly revoked. solemn adjudication, situation granted." 122-123, 125, 1336-1337. argument, counsel remarks response questioning Court: "QUESTION: You know, lot people names Ellis Island. couldn't pronounce name, said, well, Sam, okay? Yeah, that's Sam. Now wasn't "Did give visa, procure? "MR. KLONOFF [Assistant Solicitor General]: That's submit. just wants thing. guy learn Salvator, whatever officer—it's happened often. KLONOFF: adopted I.D. many, totally purpose— No, no, evil getting in. don't trying straighten spelling is. says care; Sam fine. jumped ahead pack— Do facilitating in? would. Just facilitate—to quicker fellow doesn't figure Salvator. position. statutory— Wow, tough position, excludable." Tr. Oral Arg. 39-40. observation excludable Americans put losing citizenship) correct. instructs identify. somewhat ironic disjunctive reference 767, 1015(a), punishes "any oath, relating registry aliens." Bressi, 208 F. 369, 370-371 (WD Wash. 1913) (to swearing expressly state); Laut, F.R.D. 31, (SDNY 1955) (courts 1015(a) forebears limitation). Counsel argument: "Let round out. Let's fundamentally made, know this. he's wife sitting next marriage truth. "Now, type deliberately, it's fit provisions." 29-30. overlap, coterminous. Illegal originally appeared 29, 1906, 59-338, 15, "on fraud retained 1940, 76-853, 1137. deleted, 82-414, 340(f), 261, substituted encompassed extrinsic intrinsic fraud. S.Rep. 1515, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., 756, 769 (1950). 656. restoration H.R.Rep. 1086, 87th 1st 1, 38-40 U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 2950. particularly conduct rape, incest, broader reach. reaches assailable construing meaningless seek construes newly noncompliance, insignificant, warrant subsequent miscalculation physical State, 765, jeopardy. disagree. construe trivialities despite day fulfilling residency technically duration hypothetical Dachau, 779, critical. unofficial Kedainiai. Prior enacted 340 dropped, explanation, adding stead language. deleted reinserted amendments, House Report accompanying "[e]limination illegality bars amounting 2982. "[p]roof fraught difficulty," 39, 2983, amendment "[t]he ineffectual exist." evince maintained collapsing supplied incorrect represented falls "during established." standing similarly determination. 1427(e) "shall acts period." interest, irrelevant 1981, falsehoods. 79-137. local rifleman's organization military training members German forces. phrases benefits," 780, approach recasting language, linguistic formulations exactly immediate sense normally reserved prolong unnecessarily parsing microscopic detail, creating legion subissues, demanding sight dispositive employment challenged. respondent, proper. Union, strong interest" distorts fabricates interest," conducted manner impossible influenced authorities." 1132.

Classification Label: 1