Legal Document

354 U.S. 178 77 Supreme Court Reporter 1173 1 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 1273 John T. WATKINS, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES of America. Number 261. Argued March 7, 1957. Decided June 17, [Syllabus from pages 178-181 intentionally omitted ] Mr. Joseph L. Rauh, Jr., Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Sol. Gen. Judge Lee Rankin, respondent. Chief Justice WARREN delivered the opinion Court. This is a review by certiorari conviction under 2 Code KF62 § 192, Annotated KF65 U5 192 'contempt Congress.' The misdemeanor alleged to have been committed during hearing before congressional investigating committee. It not case truculent or contumacious witness who refuses answer all questions who, boisterous discourteous conduct, disturbs decorum committee room. Petitioner was prosecuted refusing make certain disclosures which he asserted be beyond authority demand. controversy thus rests upon fundamental principles power Congress and limitations that power. We approach presented with conscious awareness far-reaching ramifications can follow decision this nature. On April 29, 1954, petitioner appeared as in compliance subpoena issued Subcommittee Committee on Un-American Activities House Representatives. elicited description his background labor union activities. He had an employee International Harvester Company between 1935 1953. During last eleven those years, leave absence serve official Farm Equipment Workers Union, later merged into Electrical, Radio Machine Workers. rose position President District Workers, district defined geographically include generally Canton Rock Falls, Illinois, Dubuque, Iowa. In 1953, joined Automobile Union organizer. 3 Petitioner's name mentioned two witnesses testified at prior hearings. September 1952, Donald O. Spencer admitted having Communist 1943 1946. declared recruited Party endorsement approval petitioner, whom identified then Vice-President Workers.1 also attended meetings only card-carrying Communists were admitted. A month testified, one Walter Rumsey stated petitioner.2 added paid dues to, collected from, assumed name, Sam Brown. told left 1944. 4 answered these allegations freely without reservation. His attitude toward inquiry clearly revealed statement made when questioning turned subject past associations predilections: 5 'I am now nor & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions ever member Party. wrong said him party, received dues, him, used alias 6 'Spencer termed any closed meetings. 7 would like it clear period time approximately 1942 1947 cooperated participated activities such degree some persons may honestly believe party. 8 contributions occasions causes. signed petitions caucuses FE convention officials present. 9 'Since no motive making distinction cooperation membership except simple fact truth. never carried card. accepted discipline indeed several opposed their position. 10 'In special held summer led fight Taft-Hartley Act FE-CIO Union. became so bitter ended possibility future cooperation.'3 11 character petitioner's testimony matters perhaps best summarized Government's own appraisal its brief: 12 'A more complete candid political (treating present purposes mere party) hardly imagined. certainly attempting conceal withhold associations, predilections, preferences. Furthermore, entirely willing identify Committee, might concerning, 'those knew members Party,' provided that, 'to (his) knowledge belief,' they still * *.'4 13 Subcommittee, too, apparently satisfied disclosures. After further discussion elaborating statement, counsel another aspect Rumsey's testimony. group known Party, began read list names did know persons. Of know, refused tell whether them explained why took position: 14 going plead fifth amendment, but refuse are outside proper scope your committee's will puts me about myself. are. not, however, respect others associated past. do law country requires testify otherwise engaged activity my belief long since removed themselves movement. 15 relevant work has right undertake public exposure because wrong, power, until unless court holds directs answer, most firmly discuss associates.'5 16 Chairman submitted report refusal H.R. Rep. 1579, 83d Cong., Sess. directed Speaker certify Committee's Attorney initiation criminal prosecution. Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Res. 534, Sess.6 seven-count indictment returned.7 waived jury trial found guilty counts court. sentence, fine $100 year prison, suspended, placed probation. 17 An appeal taken Appeals Columbia. reversed three-judge panel, dissenting. Upon rehearing en banc, full bench affirmed judges original majority dissent. 98 U.S.App.D.C. 190, 233 Federal Reporter, 2nd 681. granted very important constitutional presented. 352 822, 62, 46. 18 start basic premises there general agreement. conduct investigations inherent legislative process. That broad. encompasses inquiries concerning administration existing laws well proposed possibly needed statutes. includes surveys defects our social, economic system purpose enabling remedy them. comprehends probes departments Government expose corruption, inefficiency waste. But, broad inquiry, unlimited. There private affairs individuals justification terms functions Congress. conceded Solicitor General argument case.8 Nor enforcement agency. These executive judicial government. No end itself; must related furtherance of, legitimate task Investigations conducted solely personal aggrandizement investigators 'punish' investigated indefensible. 19 unquestionably duty citizens cooperate efforts obtain facts intelligent action. unremitting obligation respond subpoenas, dignity committees fully within province investigation. This, course, assumes rights respected justice. Bill Rights applicable forms governmental Witnesses cannot compelled give evidence against themselves. They subjected unreasonable search seizure. First Amendment freedoms speech, press, religion, association abridged. 20 rudiments punish Congress' come us English history. origin privileges contempts extends back emergence Parliament. establishment body could challenge absolute monarch story. struggle, Parliament varied use contempt Almost beginning, both Commons Lords claimed plenary over privileges. independent law, described Coke lex parliamenti.9 Only declare what new occasioned, judge constituted breach privilege. 21 particular, exclusion parliamenti terrae, land, precluded exercise assertion jurisdiction consider questions. latter part seventeenth century, action false imprisonment brought Jay contempt. defendant, Serjeant-at-Arms Commons, demurred plaintiff custody Justice, Pemberton, overruled demurrer. Summoned bar House, believed privilege went merits preclude jurisdiction. For audacity, dispatched Newgate Prison.10 22 seems inevitable abused. Unquestionably was. few examples illustrate way individual infringed. violent upheaval, religious political. Reformation Church England. Stuarts proclaimed royal prerogative absolute. Ultimately revolutions, protracted bloody, second bloodshed. Critical commentary kinds treated parliament troubled days. Even clergymen imprisoned remarks sermons.11 Perhaps outstanding arose conversation Floyd, Catholic, expressed pleasure misfortune King's Protestant son-in-law wife. Floyd None concerned connected Commons. Nevertheless, imposed humiliating cruel sentence contempt.12 intervened, rebuking extension acceded transferred record Lords, substantially same penalty.13 23 Later reign Charles II, great unrest heir apparent, James, embraced Catholicism. Anti-Catholic feeling ran high, spilling years infamous rogue, Titus Oates, inflamed rumors 'Popish Plot' murder King. appointed learn sources pamphlets appearing. One entitled: Grand Question Concerning Prorogation Year Three Months Stated Discussed. Doctor Carey author, divulge name. Brought persisted stand. 1,000 Tower.14 24 hundred later, George III managed gain control through ministers. King silence opposition, vocal Wilkes. precipitated struggle lasted Wilkes finally prevailed. writer sums up thus: 25 'He won victory freedom press. popular attention royally-controlled pointed out unrepresentative character, shown how easily claim sanction arbitrary proceedings ministers Parliament, even concerned. life's little ironies magnitude reserved worst libertines demagogues time.'15 26 late 1835, select inquire '* origin, nature, extent tendency Orange Institutions.' political-religious organization, vehemently religion strongly favor growth British Empire. summoned Deputy Secretary demanded produce records organization. turn letter-book, contained answers many communications business. But contained, said, Orangeism. remained adamant Prison.16 27 Modern times seen remarkable restraint Important investigations, America committees, Royal Commissions Inquiry.17 commissions comprised experts problem studied. turbulent forces politics partisan considerations. Seldom, if ever, given compel production documents.18 Their success fulfilling fact-finding missions resort coercive tactics tribute fairness processes close adherence matter 28 history legislature notably different early days States, lingered direct evil effects Most instances compulsory process first Congresses affecting qualification integrity came dealing suspected corruption mismanagement government officials.19 Unlike practice, outset deemed review.20 29 enable pertinent enactment statutes laws. occasion investigation 1827 Representatives considering revision tariff laws.21 Senate, aid legislation 1859.22 Legislative Reorganization Act, standing disclosures.23 30 surprising, Houses sparingly employed cases requiring Nation almost old reached device, rather than elections Congressmen.24 Kilbourn versus Thompson, 103 168, L.Ed. 377, decided 1881, authorized circumstances surrounding bankruptcy Cooke Company, deposited funds. particularly interested real estate pool financial structure. 'in nature therefore valid enacted.' thereby exceeded limits authority. 31 Subsequent Kilbourn, recent times, investigative power.25 fore again Senate undertook study handling oil leases 1920's. McGrain Daugherty, 273 135, 47 319, 71 580, Sinclair 279 263, 49 268, 73 692, applied precepts uphold challenged investigations. recognized danger effective honest legislature's probe branch unduly hampered. 32 Following decisions, lull challenge, indicative inquiries. To contrary, virgorous bent harnessing directing vast social times. Court, affirmed.26 33 decade following World War kind unknown periods American Principally result various threat subversion Government, other subjects interest contributed changed scene. phase involved broad-scale intrusion lives citizens. courts novel appropriate inquiry. Prior cases, Sinclair, emphasis shifted prolems accommodating individuals. central theme application form. 34 Fifth self-incrimination frequently invoked legal limit require questions.27 Some doubts applicability matured.28 When chellenge protection available witness, confined sought adequacy Quinn 349 155, 75 668, 99 964; Emspak 687, 997; Bart 219, 712, 1016.29 35 far difficult evolved committees' interrogations infringements Amendment.30 Clearly, command shall abridging speech press assembly. While true statute reviewed, nevertheless lawmaking. justified adjunct infringement protected lawmaking.31 36 Abuses imperceptibly lead abridgment freedoms. summoning compelling testify, will, beliefs, expressions measure interference. And forced revelations concern unorthodox, unpopular, hateful public, reaction life disastrous. effect harsh disclosed judged current standards contemporary exposed. does alone suffer consequences. Those glare publicity equally stigma, scorn obloquy. Beyond subtle immeasurable tend adhere orthodox uncontroversial views order avoid similar fate time. impact partly non-governmental relieve responsibility initiating reaction. 37 restraints Rumely, 345 41, 543, 97 770. complexity applying construe narrowly resolution describing concluded threatened, delegation charter. 38 Accommodation need particular information privacy arduous delicate underestimate difficulties attend undertaking. manifest despite adverse disclosure matters, barred. Thompson teaches invalid unrelated purpose. powers conferred Constitution. Rumely makes plain semblance justify face Rights. critical element existence weight ascribed demanding unwilling witness. simply assume, every overbalances affected. abdicate Constitution judiciary insure unjustifiably encroach individual's abridge liberty 39 earnestly suggested protecting surmounted served interrogation. conclusion based thesis program sake exposure. sole contends, bring down himself violence associations. support argument, marshalled impressive array Congressmen duty, it.32 40 doubt is, entitled informed workings government.33 inflated where predominant invasion solution testing motives Such function. vitiate instituted assembly's being served.34 41 contentions point situation significance standpoint theory serving representatives parent assembly collecting function act eyes ears obtaining act. carry mission, subcommittees, sometimes Congressman, endowed case, men exercised protest. 42 essential premise instructed delegated Congress, instance, instructions spell group's sufficient particularity. embodied authorizing resolution. document Broadly drafted loosely worded, resolutions tremendous latitude discretion investigators. vague charter greater becomes specific actions conformity 43 adopted 1938 committee, chairmanship Representative Dies, created.35 Several organ mandate.36 defines follows: 44 'The Activities, whole subcommittee, (1) extent, objects un-American propagandaactivities (2) diffusion subversive propaganda instigated foreign countries domestic attacks principle form guaranteed Constitution, (3) relation thereto necessary remedial legislation.'37 45 imagine less explicit Who define meaning 'un-American'? What single, solitary 'principle Constitution'?38 dwell language, however. At time, perhaps, confine propaganda.39 events transpired fifteen interrogation construction impossible date. 46 demonstrated feel restricted narrow sense word.40 conceived grand view target, manifested. Notwithstanding purview experience, repeatedly approved continuation. Five extended committee.41 Then House.42 Act.43 five occasions, beginning sessions rules House.44 innumerable passed appropriation bills allow continue efforts. Combining language given, evident preliminary slight non-existent. reasonably deduce make. As result, we asked engage retroactive rationalization. Looking backward transpired, appears corollary inverse approach, urges hosptiably Congress—that furthered sought, punished witholding it. reasonable indulgence legality accorded coordinate Government. deference yield unnecessary dissipation precious 48 contends core overthrow force adequate safeguards erected. From core, radiate outward infinitely topic thought armed insurrection. outer reaches domain content 'un-American activities.' Remoteness aggravated depth detail farther basis third dimension collect minutiae remote topics, hypothesis reflect consequences flow manifold. place, reviewing unable judgment supra. allowed, essence, authority, choose direction focus deciding them, pursuant seem highest. nevertheless, ruthless gather data neither desired useful Yet circumstance, jeopardy, ranged area boundaries nebulous. 50 More insultates sanctions wide gulf actual especially vital consideration assuring liberties. Protected should determination need. 51 prescribe rigid drafting establishing committees. peculiarly realm legislature, decisions enforce constitutionally excessively charter, places untenable strike balance interogation free ascertain justifies and, so, importance reason itself assay relative necessity 52 Absence qualitative aggravates serious problem, relationship appear Plainly i.e., acquire coping falls sphere. area. jurisdictional concept pertinency drawn source wholly prosecuted. definition uncertain wavering extremely statutory pertinency. 53 Since practically abandoned practice utilizing House. recalcitrant agrees disclose incarceration extend adjournment. instead federal conduct. become customary refer Attorneys prosecution law. 54 192. provides: 55 'Every person either papers joint established concurrent willfully default, appeared, question misdemeanor, punishable $1,000 common jail twelve months.'45 56 fulfillment statute, accord defendants cases. Among available, sufficiently precise revealing standard criminality commission offense.46 Applied raises crime 'any inquiry.' Part criminality, therefore, propounded witness.47 57 attains proportion viewed decide answer. acts peril. bound rightly statute.' Id., page 299, 274. erroneous part, utmost good faith, exculpate rule 58 obvious choice pertinent. explicitness clarity Due Process Clause expression offense. 'vice vaueness'48 avoided here crimes. outline 'question inquiry' vagueness satisfied. resolution, chairman ofthe themselves, clear. demonstrates, often grave doubt. 59 understand him. contend Its confusing breadth amply illustrated diverse inquired 1938. If sweeping scope, withstand attack ground vagueness. 60 issue us, light immediate interviewing investigate Distilling single field us. opening hearing, gives guidance. paraphrase sketch Committee.49 61 creation appeared. formal giving appoint subcommittees performing do.'50 effect, device proceed quorum sheds relevancy petitioner.51 62 believes infiltration labor. introductory remarks, reference bill, pending Committee,52 penalized unions controlled dominated were, been, 'Communist-action' Internal Security 1950. contended, endeavoring determine problem. 63 corroborated somewhat preceded followed Subcommittee. entire hearings, strong revolved matters. published transcript Investigation Chicago Area, six nine connection all.53 64 Subcommittee's inquiry,' stem charged Under after all, proved named previous Communists. Although former labor, affairs. thirty seven completely unconnected organized operated beauty parlor. Another watchmaker. 'just citizens' 'only Communists.' quarter people, inference Communism 65 final Chairman's response objected grounds lack announced 'subversion propaganda.'54 least indefinite so. 66 Having exhausted possible indicia remain unenlightened Certainly, obscure appeal, adequately peril Fundamental demands Unless undisputable clarity, body, objection pertinency, state manner thereto.55 meaningful, explanation describe connective reasoning whereby relate 67 protest, woefully indequate convey fair opportunity necessarily Amendment. 68 mindful complexities modern ample depository Equally indispensable funtion, conclusions prevent needs role scheme collected. rise protect illegal encroachment. readily achieved procedures separation provide requisites witnesses. care exercising suffice. small price pay serves limited, constricting inform itself. 69 reversed, remanded dismiss indictment. 70 ordered. Judgment instructions. 72 BURTON WHITTAKER case. FRANKFURTER, concurring. 74 deem Court's holding. Agreeing holding, join opinion. points out, rooted acknowledged 1821. Anderson Dunn, Wheat. 204, 242. Until 1857, By January 24, Statutes-at-Large amended 1862, 333, addition pains penalties existing' (referring course contempt), 'contumacy called properly deliberately thereto, States.' re Chapman, 166 661, 672, 677, 681, 1154. affirmative agency enforcing underlies brings play provisions relating offenses implied restrictions 76 pursue unambiguous safeguard hazards protects. put relevance definiteness appellate finding guilt. squeezed repeated acquiescence inquiries, determining guilt laid. Prosecution presupposes defendant denied contemporaneous witness' Accordingly, luminous left, best, cloudiness. wanting essentials. 78 CLARK, 79 see chief fault mischievous curbing informing versed procedures, experience Executive Branch leads requirements laid operation unworkable. Watkins' I. 80 has, says, 'conceived name.' And, Indicates, admit abuse unfairness. none affair. So object interfere hold itself, trespass powers. substituted inquisitor supervisor II. 81 conditions assurance welfare grown gave type. lie specialist witnesses, compulsion lay bare involved, propriety rarely curbed courts, though investigatory admitted.1 secure follows example people derived. method variations fundamentally purpose—the enlightenment better performance duties. routine work, grapple problems, tribunals offense government.2 Our estimated 600 'a attribute legislate *.' 1927, 175, 329, 580. 82 indicates trouble lies 'tremendous latitude' Act.3 finds 'is (and) largely respective spheres. while 'charter,' calls 'spell (its) purpose,' terms. examination reveals istrue. 83 Permanent exceedingly example, Committees Armed Services 'Common defense generally';4 Interstate Foreign Commerce 'interstate commerce generally';5 Appropriation 'Appropriation revenue Government.'6 comparison board authorizations 'authorized directed' studies 'of utilizes facilities interstate operates commerce';7 lobbying intended influence, encourage, promote, retard legislation';8 literature containing immoral, (or) obscene matter, placing improper *';9 practices labor-management relations detriment interests *.'10 (Emphasis each example.) Surely permit 'charter' Committee. too restrain necessitates resulting cripple workability. 84 process, Act. data' wishes collect, encroachment mind understanding problems facing sure welcome voluntary disclosure. simplify burden considerably parties forward frank willingness cooperate. everyday shows just happen. newspapers 'data' had, unfettered, subpoena. fact, Watkins appearance second. generalizes crucial saying 'added suffice.' say care' practice; implications warns 'procedures responsibility' along 'constitutional witnesses.' 'power' 'responsibility' are, proceeding initiated. job done requirements. retained cumbrous practical impossibility. 'fairness witnesses' nothing showing Watkins. anything, abused recalcitrance. 85 ambiguity prevents exactness (and vagueness' reminds), sweep 'preliminary control' exercised. says 'be need.' Frankly procedure effected reliminarily? plans investigation, calling asked, details subpoenas duces tecum, etc? now, hard pressed find debate adopt legislation. asserts 'the House.' expected. twenties thirties spare now. cites tried here. prosecutions court, par trial, 'knowledge (to witness) offense.' before. requirement place See Frankfurter, Hands Off Investigations, New Republic, May 21, 1924, Page Cong.Rec. 9080—9082. sought. completed hand. call interest.' Black, Inside Investigation, 172 Harper's Magazine, Feb. 1936, Pages 275, 278. exact apply affected, rule. promote majority. Summary treatment, factor, treatment deprive procedures. procedure. III. 86 Coming reverses because: 'made clarity' deprived (were) thereto'; practiced speech. subscribe conclusion. 87 active leader movement hearings Chicago. (report) findings (make) recommendations legislation.' enacted recommendations. referred bill amend National 1950' which, restrict availability Labor Communist-controlled groups.' 'It lesser infiltrating today culmination *. Every subpoenaed (is) possess assist 88 served. D.C. Reference carefully prepared statement. 'card-carrying member' 1942—1947 'cooperated (his union's) indicated five-year he, official, cooperating closely permitting caucuses. liaison publicly thrown off cloak reconstituted, militant dedicated violence. setting attempted persons, way. 'operated parlor' watchmaker,' 'drops' functionaries non sequitur 'almost labor.' submit opposite true. IV. 89 think acting set 'undisputable clarity.' Act11 Must whole, dissected. activity, objects, diffusion. using words 'un-American,' phrases government,' fairly understood can. indicate phrases, presume granting 'if (the action) capable construed.' added.) People ex rel. McDonald Keeler, 1885, N.Y. 463, 487, Northeastern KF135 N59 615, 627, 628, quoted supra, 178, 330, Before deny 'it that' 'exceeded bounds power.' Tenney Brandhove, 1951, 341 367, 378, 783, 789, 95 1019. attacked caused scrutiny approval. 'Power' separated. stop involving Watkins, statements explaining Committee.12 furthermore, acquainted hearing. union. grant feels bounds. 90 much 'exposure exposure's sake' strikes catch phrase. accept together Nothing Congressman transform something 770; 1929, 290, 295, 272, 692. Undoubtedly communism Communications Association Douds, 1950, 339 382, 674, 94 925. legitimately seek Barsky 1948, 127, 167 241, denied, 334 .u.S. 843, 1511, 92 1767. Lawson 1949, 167, 170 171, 176 49, 52—53, 934, 663, 1352; Josephson, Cir., 1947, 165 82, 90—92, 333 838, 609, 1122. 91 highlighted unions. technique bringing downfall formerly remaining behind Iron Curtain. Douds illustrates ordinary party bee 1945. association. Influences linger instance Matusow others. techniques admittedly existed future. interrogated collaborated indicated, opened up. prevented learning likewise elicit truth falsity collaboration untrue picture leaders resulted. reasons indications V. condemns long-established long-recognized affords rights. concludes reveal 'beliefs, associations' impinges 'insure assembly.' honors 'right silence' 'dead end.' endangered provides guarantees claims. designed attempts curtail Whitney State California, 274 357, 375, 641, 648, 1095. forbids 'abridging press.' organization intent incite crime. Dennis 494, 857, 1137. actually seeking associates, himself, embarrassment. already involvement. vindicate rights, any, associates. settled invoke another. Tileston Ullman, 1943, 318 44, 46, 493, 603. 93 associates stand decline connections grounds. one's withholding transactions. silence. permissible chooses. talks, answers, remains silent. Remote indirect disadvantages 'public obloquy' Amendment, enough block 1862 section, R.S. 103, amended, 193, declaring 'upon paper disgrace render infamous.' 179, 180, 580; 89, Report Congressional Assn. Bar City York, 3—4. unauthorized, arbitrary, ably denounced 291, 292, 271, relied analogy Richard Thompson13 sermons clergymen. Floyd's14 criticism family. resemblance Wilkes' seat Briggs15 prosecutor develop national policemen. Kilbourn16 pool. Quinn,17 Emspak,18 Bart,19 Rumely20 interpretation statute. (i.e.) scale citizens.' different. involves faces issues situations interest. getting identical greater. Like always afford presumption takes precaution damage reputations. codes procedure, end. condemnation. transgressions, heavy incriminate permitted R. 153—163; Hearings Area—Part 1, 82d Sess., 3737—3752. 135—149; 2, 4243 4260. 75; Hearings, note 3, 4268. Brief Respondent, 59—60. 85—86; 4275. citations voted acted upon. Javits proposal consolidate bodies subversion. 100 6382—6386. prosecute voice vote. lengthier recorded vote considered 6375—6382. 6375—6401. patterned sequence separately counts. count comprises omnibus twenty-five identify. With exceptions, context agreed members. 'Now, don't behalf right. say, breath, you Coke, Fourth Institute, 15. H.Comm.J. (1688—1693) 227; Topham, How.St.Tr. 822. Proceedings 2; Wittke, History Parliamentary Privilege, 50. 'Floyd, uttering contemptible expressions, degraded gentility, person; received; ride Fleet Cheapside horseback, saddle, horse's tail, tail hand, hours pillory, branded forehead letter K; four afterwards Westminster, hat offence; whipped cart's Westminster Hall; 5000l.; prisoner life.' DeLolme, Rise Progress 348. H.L.J. (1620—1628) 110—111, 113, 116, 124, 125, 132, 133—134, 183; 76—77. Kelke, Constitutional Law Cases, 155—156. (1675—1681) 54—55. 122—123. knavery, hero persecuted groups Here, streets writings. (1835) 533, 564—565, 571, 575. Finer, Investigations: System, U. Chi.L.Rev. 521, 554—561; Smelser, Safeguards Witnesses: Problem Historical Perspective, Notre Dame Law. 163, 167; Clokie Robinson, Inquiry. 559; 186—187. Landis, Limitations Power Harv.L.Rev. 153, 168—191; Potts, Bodies Punish Contempt, Pa.L.Rev. 691, 719—725. reach 242, upheld reprimand bribe December 31, 1827, Manufacturers inquiring upward schedules manufacturers. authorize seriously challenged. 102 88. Cong.Deb. 889. seizure armory arsenal Ferry, Virginia, band (shall) may, opinion, necessary, preservation peace country, safety property; send papers.' Cong. Globe, 36th 1st 141 (1859). 828—829. All invested 830 831. Representatives, Appropriations Operations Committees, possessed 16—19. validity York Common Pleas. Council Police Department 1855. Patrick Daly implicit ruled Applying standard, policemen investigators' Briggs Mackeller, N.Y.Common Pleas, 1855, Abb.Prac. 30. 1154 (upheld 102, forerunner charges among Senators sugar tariff); cf. Marshall Gordon, 243 448, 881. Jurney MacCracken, 294 802 allowing destruction removal committee; impair Congress). reported allowed Yukio Abe, F.Supp. 991. accuse constitutions. Emery's Case, 107 Mass. 172, 1871 earliest. Ex parte Johnson, 187 S.C. 196 Southeastern S6 164, 118 591. E.g., Excerpts Activities—Regarding Connection Atom Bomb, 80th 5; Herald Tribune, Sept. 6, col. 6—7. Appropriateness arising See, e.g., Starkovich 231 411; Aiuppa 201 287; Costello, 198 200; Marcello 437; DiCarlo, 597; Licavoli, 607; Cohen, 101 906; Jaffe, 191; Fitzpatrick, 96 491; Raley, 495; decision, grew organizations actions. Subpoenas tecum correspondence organizations. Refusals comply motions indictments Bryan, 58. 241. 43—44, 544, 545, 51—52; 244—250; 90—92. declared: 'While in, teach, advocate, communism, fascism, nazism, spotlight *' H.R.Rep. 76th 13. Committee.' 1476, 3d 1—2. pamphlet 1951 that: 'Exposure systematic formation 26, 1938.' commanded destroy country. sticks.' Things You Should Know About Communism, H.R.Doc. 136, 19, 67. annual reports, devoted large listing summary (T)he clearer fuller forth possible, positions occupied Communists, year.' 2516, publicize maladministration agencies Woodrow Wilson wrote: preferred function.' 303. earliest history, assiduously performed 'informing function' 168—194. Compare Barenblatt —-, 240 875, 880—881; Morford 54, 58; Eisler 315, 273, 278—279; 89; Kamin, 136 791, 800—801. H.Res. 282, 75th 7568, 7586. 5, 79th 10, 18, 24. contrasting views, 57—58, 247—248. obviously Dickstein McCormack 1934 Nazi sent countries. 198, 73d 4934, 4949. E. Clark, Second Circuit, wrote Committee: 'Suffice range covered varieties organizations, including Civil Liberties C.I.O., Catholic Welfare Conference, Farmer-Labor Theatre Project, consumers' publications magazine 'Time' 'Daily Worker,' varying types industry, movie industry fresh mind. seeking, regards communist affected.' (dissent). dissenting Henry W. Edgerton, Columbia 143, 257. 1098, 1127 1128; 321, 572, 604—605; 90, 77th 886, 899; 420, 2282, 2297; 65, 78th 795, 809—810. 812, 828. 38; 81st 10; 19; 15; 84th 11. 1857 incident severe historical ordering testify. session. 231, 242; Eberling, 180—184. cause adoption accusation Simonton, newspaperman, unnamed soliciting bribes legislature. Simonton cited implicated. episode, inflict punishment possesses inflict.' Cong.Globe, 34th 405. id., 403—413, 426—433, 434—445. Thereafter, weeks, satisfaction discharged. Hinds' Precedents 1669. Harriss, 347 612, 808, 989; Cardiff, 344 174, 189, Winters 507, 665, 840; Musser Utah, 95, 397, 562; Lanzetta Jersey, 306 451, 618, 888. Orman, 207 148; Bowers 79, 202 447; 135 791. order. regarding city realizing elements whose aim subvert government, Activities. States. 'On reports 1950 (50 781 et seq.) 'Over existence, permanent forty-seven security proud able recommendations, eight appearing immunity furnish. recommended secured confidential devices admissible security. matter. Subversive Control Board should, suitable empowered groups. action, Relations Labor-Management (29 seq.). 'During session 83rd inLos Angeles San Francisco, California; Albany City, York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Columbus, Ohio. Chicago, center midwestern competent staff intention holding parts conducting comprehensive throughout nation. (sic) (R. 43—44; Hearing, 4165—4166). convened 22, resolution: 'Be Resolved, composed do.' 91.) subcommittee consist three members, constitute quorum. 92.) recess testimony, committeemen 15, 7487, 763. proposal. Introduced Velde, withdrawn benefits directed, 'Communist-action organization,' phrase July extensive Judiciary favorably S. 3706, Two Velde introduced 9838, 3706. eventually 775, 782 seq. created 'Communist infiltrated barred 151 'Communist-front organization' principally Cancer Institute Public Health Service. attorney experiences youth college sixth her organizer Montana, Wyoming, Idaho Dakotas 1930's. 'This majority, type do, jurisdiction, ask counsel.' 86; 4275—4276.) Cf. 800. 692; Reed County Commissioners, 1928, 277 376, 531, 924; 153 (1926). Symposium 421, 532, 554, 561 (1951). originated propaganda. 4934. below. succession Resolutions (H.Res. 1098; 572; 886; 2282; 795) continued 1945, amendment Rules, 1946 provided: 'All legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, listed below respectively: '(q) (i) (ii) (iii) 823, sit anywhere attendance books papers. Eighty-third Rules 16, 815, 824. 817, 826. S.Res. 202, transactions violation occur, identity firms, corporations utilization made, used, development corrupting influences State: Provided, herein recommendation change gambling, interference prohibit, legalize, regulate gambling borders.' 298, legislation; 596, literature—books, magazines, comic books—containing obscene, crime, violence, mails otherwise; publication distribution offensive, undersirable matter.' 74, 85th employees employers employees, changes required occurrence ante, 1199. stated, inter alia: suversive (1680). De Lolme, 1838, 347—348. MacKellar, 30, 65. 377. 1955, 964. 997. 1016.

Classification Label: 2