Legal Document

468 U.S. 883 104 S.Ct. 3371 82 L.Ed.2d 664 IRVING INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, Petitionerv.Henri TATRO, et ux., individually and as next Friend of Amber Tatro, a minor. No. 83-558. Supreme Court the United States Argued April 16, 1984. Decided July 5, Syllabus Respondents' 8-year-old daughter was born with defect known spina bifida. As result she suffers from orthopedic speech impairments neurogenic bladder, which prevents her emptying bladder voluntarily. Consequently, must be catheterized every three or four hours to avoid injury kidneys. To accomplish this, procedure clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) prescribed. This is simple that can performed in few minutes by layperson less than an hour's training. Since petitioner School District received federal funding under Education Handicapped Act it required provide child "a free appropriate public education," defined include "related services," are turn "supportive services (including . medical services, except such shall for diagnostic evaluation purposes only) may assist handicapped benefit special education." Pursuant Act, developed individualized education program child, but made no provision school personnel administer CIC. After unsuccessfully pursuing administrative remedies secure CIC during hours, respondents brought action against others Federal Court, seeking injunctive relief, damages, attorney's fees. Respondents invoked arguing one included services" statutory definition, also § 504 Rehabilitation 1973, forbids person, reason handicap, "excluded participation in, denied benefits of, subjected discrimination under" any receiving aid. its initial denial relief reversed Appeals, on remand, held service" ordered child's modified awarded compensatory damages petitioner. The court further had proved violation fees 505 Act. Appeals affirmed. Held: 1. Pp. 888-895. (a) qualify servic[e] within meaning Without available day, respondents' cannot attend thereby "benefit Such related effort educate enable reach, enter, exit school. 890-891. (b) not subject exclusion "medical service." Department regulations, entitled deference, define children "school health "services provided qualified nurse other person," licensed physician." definition reasonable interpretation congressional intent exclude physician's impose obligation nursing services. 891-895. 2. Section inapplicable when remedy educational Smith v. Robinson, 992, 3457, 746, therefore 504, including recovery 895-896. 703 F.2d 823 (CA5 1983), affirmed part part. James W. Deatherage, Irving, Tex., C. Todd, Austin, respondents. Chief Justice BURGER delivered opinion Court. 1 We granted certiorari determine whether 1973 requires district hours. 2 * Tatro girl result, In accordance accepted practice, (CIC), involving insertion catheter into urethra drain has been Amber's parents, babysitter, teenage brother all CIC, soon will able perform this herself. 3 1979 Irving Independent agreed Amber, who then one-half years old. consultation here, requirements 84 Stat. 175, amended significantly All Children 1975, 89 773, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1401(19), 1414(a)(5). would early childhood development classes receive physical occupational therapy. That program, however, 4 pursued hours.1 October present petitioner, State Board Education, others. See 1415(e)(2). They sought injunction ordering First, Because Texas statute, "free 1412(1), 1414(a)(1)(C)(ii), 1401(18). argued service."2 Second, 87 394, amended, 29 794, individual, 5 request preliminary injunction. Texas, 481 F.Supp. 1224 (ND Tex.1979). concluded because did serve need arising educate. It require "the setting up governmental care people participate" federally funded programs. Id., at 1229. 6 reversed. 625 557 1980) (Tatro I). 1401(17), without could education. petitioner's refusal effectively excluded remanded develop factual record apply these legal principles. 7 On remand stressed Act's explicit only they served purpose diagnosis evaluation. n. 2, supra. law person engaging unauthorized practice medicine, doctor prescribes supervises procedure. that, needed Finding modify 516 968 Tex.1981).3 8 authority I, Although rely holding authorize greater invoke award Education.4 F.Supp., 968; App. Pet. Cert. 55a-63a. unlike authorizes prevailing parties recover 794a. 9 1983) II). Court's conclusion state permitted persons presence doctor, affirming based finding liability change circumstances since I justified different result. 10 certiorari, 464 1007, 523, 78 707 (1983), we affirm reverse II 11 case poses two separate issues. first Amber. second creates obligation. claim presented 12 funds obliged satisfy certain conditions. A primary condition implement policy "that assures right 1412(1). Each agency applying assurances aims children." 1414(a)(1)(C)(ii). 13 education" explicitly "special services." 1401(18).5 term means 14 "specially designed instruction, cost parents guardians, meet unique needs classroom instruction education, home hospitals institutions." 1401(16). 15 "Related 16 "transportation, developmental, corrective, supportive pathology audiology, psychological therapy, recreation, counseling includes identification assessment handicapping conditions 1401(17) (emphasis added). 17 issue answer questions: first, education"; second, servic[e]" serving A. 18 clearly correct education."6 clear having fall squarely service."7 19 have stated before, "Congress primarily make children" "to access meaningful." Hendrick Hudson Central Rowley, 458 176, 192, 102 3034, 3043, 73 690 (1982). service enables remain day important providing meaningful Congress envisioned. makes specific like transportation, example, do more physically class, see 1401(17); specifically grants schools alter buildings equipment them accessible handicapped, 1406; S.Rep. 94-168, p. 38 (1975), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1425; 121 Cong.Rec. 19483-19484 (1975) (remarks Sen. Stafford). Services permit hold education."8 B 21 agree servic[e]," 1401(17). begin regulations deference.9 See, e.g., Blum Bacon, 457 132, 141, 2355, 2361, 72 728 34 CFR 300.13(a) 300.13(b)(10). "Medical 300.13(b)(4).10 Thus, Secretary determined otherwise qualifying service," physician excludable such. 22 intent. devoted little discussion exclusion, reasonably spare might well prove unduly expensive beyond range their competence.11 From understanding purpose, intended 23 plainly hire various specially trained help children, "trained therapists, psychologists, social workers appropriately personnel." supra, 33, 1457. nurses long system, conclude sort burden By limiting hospital, both far expensive, given permissible construction provision. 24 Petitioner's contrary unconvincing. view, even though layperson; rests reading confines uses prescription ultimate supervision. Aside conflicting Secretary's intent, rule anomalous. Nurses authorized dispense oral medications emergency injections prescription. kind nonhandicapped difficult distinguish handicapped.12 strange indeed if Congress, attempting extend were unwilling guarantee routinely nonhandicapped. 25 keep perspective relate students, note several limitations should minimize fears. so 1401(1); 300.5 (1983). absence handicap what does create 300.14, Comment (1) 26 those necessary aid provided, regardless how easily furnish them. For particular medication treatment administered it. 27 Third, physician. 300.13(a), (b)(4), (b)(10) bears mentioning here required; conceded, minimal training also, Hawaii Katherine D., 727 809 (CA9 1983). 28 Finally, asking Tr. Oral Arg. 18-19. seek Appeals' Act.13 III 30 well. liable former, proceeded similarly today, 345, 746 (1984), respects, judgment 31 ordered. 32 BRENNAN, whom MARSHALL joins, concurring dissenting 33 join Part opinion. reasons my STEVENS, 35 petition challenge contested merits Inasmuch supported there express concerning 1973.a1 Accordingly, while Parts opinion, III. procedures hearings set out 1415. hearing officer ruled Commissioner adopted officer's decision. reversed, discussed fully later, defines dismissed claims defendants Board, retained members "in official capacities relief." 972-974. 794a, party's costs, abrogated Board's immunity Eleventh Amendment. 56a-60a. Amendment before us. Specifically, "(A) expense, supervision direction, charge, (B) standards agency, (C) preschool, elementary, secondary involved, (D) [be] conformity section 1414(a)(5) title." Petitioner courts deciding cases limited inquiring followed plan procedural requirements. However, 206, 27, 3051, (1982), "not itself plan, policies, created [individualized plan] question conforms 1401(19) [defining plans]." Judicial review equally case, presents school's substantive requirement reasoning interpretive ruling found 46 Fed.Reg. 4912 (1981). Accord, Tokarcik Forest Hills District, 665 443 (CA3 1981), cert. sub nom. Scanlon Tokarcik, 1121, 3508, 1383 twice postponed temporarily effective date ruling, 12495 (1981); id., 18975, later indefinitely, 25614. But presently view allowable Ibid. expressly phrased "conditio[n]" 1412; (1975). refutes contention "impos[e] spend money fund rights moneys" "spoke merely precatory terms," Pennhurst Hospital Halderman, 451 1, 18, 101 1531, 1540, 67 694 empowered carry provisions 1417(b). function initially vested Health, Welfare, promulgated question. transferred position, Organization 301(a)(1), (2)(H), 93 677, 3441(a)(1), (2)(H). actually owed children: medically results 300.13(b)(4) Presumably statute physician" purposes. serious still attempts administration drugs ground limits performing Tex.Educ.Code Ann. 21.914(c) (Supp.1984), latter. distinction, relation introduction numerous new possibilities liability. Many risks posed below safe 9-year-old girl. assumed states generous job managing risks. Whether decides purchase insurance persuade limitation liability, large burden. address addition being "supplementary ai[d] students "mainstreaming" directive. 1412(5)(B). order prohibiting educating alone. Indeed, live controversy. provides regular children. And admitted costly pay private school, arrange tutoring, placement current program. 12. a1 "Statement Questions Presented" reads follows: "1. 'medical treatment' catherization 'related service' and, therefore, minor Respondent. "2. Is prescribed 1973? "3. Fifth Circuit misconstrued opinions Southeastern Community College Davis, Rowley." i. answered questions incorrectly, reversing court.

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