Legal Document

364 U.S. 263 80 Supreme Court Reporter 1463 4 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 1708 OHIO ex rel. EATON, Appellant,v.PRICE, Chief of Police. Number 30. Argued April 19, 1960. Decided June 27, Messrs. Greene Chandler Furman and Elbert E. Blakely, Washington, D.C., Mr. Frank W. Vanderhoof, Asher Bogin, Dayton, Ohio, Stanley Robinson, Jr., Columbus, counsel, for appellant. Charles S. Rhyne, Joseph Pacific KF135 P2 Duffy, appellee. PER CURIAM. 1 The judgment is affirmed by an equally divided Court. 2 Justice STEWART took no part in the consideration or decision this case. 3 BRENNAN, with whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE, BLACK, DOUGLAS join. Ohio case being necessitate, Four Justices participating are opinion that should be affirmed, while we four think it reversed. Accordingly, without force as precedent. Antelope, 10 Wheat. 66, 126, 6 L.Ed. 268; Etting versus Bank States, 11 59, 78, 419. In such circumstances, those leading cases indicate, usual practice not to express any opinion, expression unnecessary where nothing settled. But case, even before cause was argued, made public record their votes affirm judgment, basis therefor. 360 246, 248—249, 79 978, 979, 1200. These stated they were 'of view controlled by, on authority of, State Maryland, 359 360, 804, (3 877).' Their further states deemed 'the Maryland completely controlling upon decision.' a longer one developed his views merits further. U.S., at pages 249—250, 979—980. expressing opinions equal division has salutary preventing identification holding differing issue, may well enable next presenting approached less commitment. action have described prevents from here; so reason applicable. since argument been had, now order, our opinion.1 5 This involves Earl Taylor, who sixties working trade plumber 40 years, home 130 Henry Street, which he wife bought lived over decade. He describes little cottage, all floor, front room, middle two bedrooms, dining room utility bathroom kitchen back. What evidently Taylor's first involvement criminal law occurred fashion. One day three men housing inspectors came door, said wanted come into house go through inspect inside house. They had credentials, only sheet yellow note paper, Taylor them, 'You show me you got right my house.' response was, 'We don't have, according passed years ago.'2 RepliedTaylor, 'That anything there want inspection, and, further, & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions inspected.' man said, 'Well, know, ordinance, your 'No, unless search warrant,' answered Taylor. position ever since, issue divides us. 7 went away, but later second attempt gain access house, telephone call same end. 'I see what coming Until writing, some kind facts, will let in.' third time came, them. sort credential photograph it. Neither warrant kind. inspector 'What do inspect? inspection.' told: whole reaction was: wrote down paper. You thing going anything, far goes aren't get never back warrant, left, 'If ain't us in, entitled if am leave up Prosecutor.' Whereupon said: care do. testified then 'walked car end it.' not. each received mail registered letter city prosecutor, notifying them appear office answer complaint against did appear; whereupon police home, finally served him warrant—a court charges brought failing admit home. appeared held trial; able make bond $1,000, committed jail, await trial charges, could resulted fine $200 incarceration 30 days day's recalcitrance. Eaton, attorney, filed petition habeas corpus behalf Common Pleas Court.3 found ordinance unconstitutional, discharged custody; Appeals reversed, 105 App. 376, 152 North Eastern Reporter, 2nd 776, its upheld 168 St. 123, 151 523. We noted probable jurisdiction. 8 municipal question provides numerous requirements dwellings, appropriate interests health, safety comfort. Several apply private dwelling houses, Taylors'. None these questioned here. provision, Code General Ordinances § 806—30, authorizing Housing Inspector enter reasonable hour whatsoever, commanding owner occupant give free purpose inspection. It armed naked (the none) after clear intent basis. magistrate empowered warrants, nor proceeding, offered justification entry. shown grounds believe proscribed condition existed within suspicion thereof. desired inspection pursuance regular, routinized spot check individual homes, planned blanket homes particular neighborhood, like.4 might reasons would impel seek admittance dwelling; none present. Most significantly, initial recalcitrance required to, not, repair independent demonstrate wanting obtain entry—the authorization insisting. below is, record, bottomed proposition dwelling, householder can bound under penalties though demonstration neither exists improper existence plan apart belief, include question. affirmance reduce protection 'against unreasonable searches' vanishing point. 9 support below, much reliance bar put 877. candid say own facts become reconciled judgment. To us, remains dubious pronouncement gravely Court.' Cooper Aaron, 358 1, 24, 78 1401, 1413, 5, 19 (concurring opinion). 'A single closely court, unsupported confirmation time, cannot check' course constitutional adjudication See Kovacs Cooper, 336 77, 89, 69 448, 454, 455, 93 513 continue agree Judge Prettyman District Columbia Little, 85 U.S.App.D.C. 242, 178 Federal 13, 17, 13 American Law Reports, 954, other grounds, 339 70 468, 94 599, that: 'To suspected crime protection, fantastic absurdity.' Nothing demonstrated indicates otherwise present than Frank; reasonableness searches, stressed factual differences weigh heavily. Go-Bart Importing company 282 344, 357, 51 153, 158, 75 374. nesting place rats. There ample inspecting officer rats neighborhood; external revealed 'in 'extreme state decay" behind pile 'rodent feces mixed straw trash debris approximately half ton.' page 361, 806. decided narrowest divisions; member majority necessary concurring sole 'to locate habitat disease-carrying rodents known somewhere immediate area.' 373, 812 'systematic area-by-area search' Court, although certain remarks applicable search, 372, 811, character dicta patent. Thus, accepting Frank, expressions classic language Brandeis, dissenting Jaybird Mining Weir, 271 609, 619, 46 592, 595, 1112, again: 'It peculiar virtue system process inclusion exclusion, often employed developing rule, allowed enunciation yields impact unforeseen.' pass beyond situation looking specific violation, demonstrate, considerable Frank's Here testimony that, matter cited inspector, permitted regard. On contrary, denial based 'a rarely voiced official seeking home.' 366, 808. demand met refusal broadest grounds. most general demands, supported particularized justification, either directed conditions terms over-all systematic attitude defiance, request furnished him. Not upshot. grossly tone protections afforded Constitution authoritative sanction condemns refusal. Much need authorities perform inspections 'spot problem, because evidence fact done; proceeding another. For appears here, acting accordance checks searches justified 'reasonable,' entry;5 caprice personal political spite. hardly contradicts experience suggest practical administration local government country infected motives. Building ordinances lend themselves readily abuse. proof it, sure; simply points issue. upholds sufficient, entry justification. 12 assume plan, trial, result same. acted peril denying access. advance prosecution, seal legitimacy—the specifically for—on indeed one. Such sought except does consent. precisely procedure followed England area, Public Health Act, 1936, 26 Geo. Edw. 8, chapter 49, 287(2);6 heard stultifies enforcement regulation health safety. Certainly available—the antecedent central Fourth Amendment, McDonald 335 451, 455—456, 191, 193, 153—there satisfied lesser standards area. Cf. Dean Milk Madison, 340 349, 71 295, 95 329. interest cleanliness adequacy dwellings people great. So too tools counterfeiting paraphernalia illicit narcotics traffic remain active. adequate showing cases, privacy must bow public. open sesame enforce Amendment's establishes way focus require door. suggested requirement acknowledged watering-down issuance warrants. agreed quite different would, example, justify narcotics, magistrates lax generally issuing preventive laxity drastic one: dispense warrants inspections. here thus burn roast pig. sure, compliance regulations narcotics. obtuse bear mind. Search look equipment, issued untaxed still. necessary. scarcely thought tax capacities magistrate. And rule prevails obtained violation guarantee admissible, judicial review magistrate's fruits tendered evidence.7 14 Apart very significant distinctions presented another why reverse turned substantial positing distinction between affirmative guaranty incursion raised Amendment federal action, Due Process Clause Fourteenth action. sharply concern respect. 812. After greatest consideration, Wolf Colorado, 338 25, 27—28, 1359, 1361, 1782, declared: 'The security one's arbitrary intrusion police—which core Amendment—is basic society. therefore implicit concept ordered liberty' enforceable Clause.' subscribe import statement. Elkins 206, 237—240, 1453, 1455—1457 (dissenting statement continues ruling doctrine 1437. guarantees dimension, matters enforcement, exclusionary aside. 15 debate applicability Bill Rights submit, involve theory judges solve ad hoc basis, cases. Some expressed conviction preferable makes States. Adamson California, 332 46, 68, 67 1672, 1684, 91 1903 accepted rejected view, celebrated passage Cardozo's Palko Connecticut, 302 319, 323—325, 58 149, 150—152, 82 288, common ground minority expounds. supra, 85—86, 1693—1694, 1695 refers absorption,' 326, 152, standard.8 license judiciary administer watered-down, subjective version when contrary urged, occasionally success; counsel Betts Brady, 316 62 1252, 86 1595, despite seems implication Palko, 324, 151; recently surprising suggestion (never Court) freedom speech press secured vigor First. Beauharnais Illinois, 343 250, 72 725, 746, 96 919 opinion); Roth 354 476, 505—506, 77 1304, 1319—1320, 1498 (separate Smith 361 147, 169, 215, 227, 205 opinion).9 16 today Amendment. likely product approach. reason, fours followed, Expressions views, divisions, whether distinguished related rendered opinion. Raley 423, 440—442, 442—445, 1257, 1267—1268, 1268—1270. presents analogy this. reference apparently around turns. Section 806—30(a) provides: hereby authorized determine units, rooming units premises located City Dayton order duty safeguarding occupants making enter, examine survey premises. every unit, unit person charge thereof, shall examination survey.' command backed penalty 'Any violate provision shall, conviction, punished twenty dollars (20.00) more hundred ($200) imprisonment (2) thirty (30) days, both, failure comply constitute separate violation.' 806—83. Evidently lies test constitutionality pending inferior jurisdiction, courts proceeded claims relator appellant infringed rights. Accordingly determination merits, prosecution itself, having final New York Bryant Zimmerman, 278 63, 70, 49 61, 64, 73 184. Those desiring testify; check, nature, inferable 'they there, door-to-door, everybody's houses'; resembling 383, 817 prescribed statute Act. statutes providing inspections, English commentator out, contain safeguard. Waters, Entry Administrative Officers, 27 U. Chi.L.Rev. 79, 85. occupier faced bewildering number persons claiming variety rights.' Id., 83. author favor Act procedure, regrets consistent application good works yet lacking.' object creation provisions statutory code powers entry, guaranteeing thereby impartial, invoked, fairness legality attempted entry.' 93. Weeks 232 34 341, 652. reach plane social moral values privileges immunities taken earlier articles absorption. origin effective alone. If absorbed absorption source belief liberty justice exist sacrificed. * true, illustration, thought, speech. Of matrix, indispensable condition, nearly form *.' 326—327, 152. Contrast 151. latest many reiterations settled First 149 150, 216—217, 205; Bates Little Rock, 516, 522—523, 412, 416, 480. Staub Baxley, 355 313, 321, 277, 281, 302. collection effect, Speiser Randall, 357 513, 530, 1332, 1352, 1460

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