Legal Document

530 U.S. 914120 S.Ct. 2597147 L.Ed.2d 743 NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of United States Reports. Readers are requested notify Reporter Decisions, Supreme Court States, Washington, D. C. 20543, any typographical or other errors, order that corrections may be made goes press.DON STENBERG, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF NEBRASKA, et al., PETITIONERSv.LEROY CARHART No. 99-830. SUPREME COURT THE UNITED STATES Argued April 25, 2000 Decided June 28, CERTIORARI TO APPEALSFOR EIGHTH CIRCUIT Syllabus The Constitution offers basic protection a woman's right choose whether have an abortion. Roe v. Wade, 410 113; Planned Parenthood Southeastern Pa. Casey, 505 833. Before fetal viability, woman has terminate her pregnancy, id., at 870 (joint opinion), and state law unconstitutional if it imposes on decision "undue burden," i.e., purpose effect placing substantial obstacle path, 877. Postviability, State, promoting its interest potentiality human life, regulate, even proscribe, abortion except where "necessary, appropriate medical judgment, for preservation [mother's] life health." E.g., 879. Nebraska issue prohibits "partial birth abortion" unless procedure necessary save mother's life. It defines as which doctor "partially delivers vaginally living unborn child killing . child," latter phrase mean "intentionally delivering into vagina child, portion thereof, performing [abortionist] knows will kill - does child." Violation felony, provides automatic revocation convicted doctor's license practice medicine. Respondent Carhart, physician who performs abortions clinical setting, brought this suit seeking declaration statute violates Federal Constitution. District held unconstitutional. Eighth Circuit affirmed. Held: Nebraska's criminalizing performance abortion[s]" Constitution, interpreted Casey Roe. Pp. 3-27. (a) Because seeks ban one method, discusses several different procedures, described evidence below literature. During pregnancy's second trimester (12 24 weeks), most common "dilation evacuation" (D&E), involves dilation cervix, removal least some tissue using nonvacuum surgical instruments, (after 15th week) potential need instrumental dismemberment fetus collapse parts facilitate evacuation from uterus. When such necessary, typically occurs pulls through cervix canal. risks mortality complication accompany D&E significantly lower than those accompanying induced labor procedures (the next safest mid-second-trimester procedures). A variation D&E, known "intact D&E," used after 16 weeks. removing uterus "intact," pass rather passes. intact proceeds two ways, depending presents head first feet first. feet-first method extraction" (D&X). D&X ordinarily associated with term abortion." concluded clear convincing established Carhart's superior to, safer than, during relevant gestational period 10 20 cases year present Carhart. Moreover, materials presented trial emphasize benefits certain cases. 3-10. (b) lacks requisite exception "for health mother." supra, 879 opinion). State promote but not endanger when regulates methods 11-19. (i) rejects contention there no here because safe alternatives remain available partial-birth abortion/D&X would create risk women's health. parties strongly contested factual question Court; findings support Dr. 13-14. (ii) supporting amici respond eight arguments why Court's irrelevant, wrong, applicable only tiny number instances. 14-15. (iii) insufficient demonstrate needs exception. For thing, beside point. procedure's relative rarity (argument (1)) highly relevant. cannot prohibit person obtaining treatment simply by pointing out people do it. And fact "handful" doctors use (2)) reflect comparative late abortions, recent development, controversy surrounding it, or, suggests, lack utility. another record responds (and amici's) medically based arguments. As argument (3), agreed alternatives, "safe," found was circumstances (4)-that testimony showed statutory increase rare complications-the relied expert State. Argument (5)-the assertion Association American Physicians Surgeons al. elements special risks-is disputed amici, including College Obstetricians Gynecologists (ACOG), claims suggested alternative involve similar greater cervical uterine injury. (6) right-there general studies documenting safety various procedures. Nor deny import Medical Association's (AMA) recommendation (7)) pose materially woman. However, read ACOG's qualification could identify circumstance "only" life- health-preserving option if, according (8), denied health-related D&X. ACOG also asserted can variety advantages. 15-18. (iv) upshot finding obviates circumstances, plausible record-based explanation might so, division over generally safer, absence controlled help answer these questions. Given believes requires word "necessary" Casey's mother," U.S., 879, refer absolute proof require unanimity opinion. Doctors often differ their estimation treatment. words "appropriate judgment" must embody judicial tolerate responsible differences signals uncertainty. If believe turn right, place women unnecessary risk. they been unnecessary. 18-19. (c) burden" ability See 874 20-27. applies more commonly well agrees falls within prohibition intentionally fetus, "a thereof," perpetrator fetus. makes pulling arm, leg, "substantial portion" still prior fetus' death, terms distinguish between D&E. statute's language track D&X, covers both. Using law's terms, impossible (where foot arm drawn cervix) body up cervix). Both introduction vagina-the very feature leads characterizing involving birth." 20-21. Attorney General's differentiate procedures-i.e., "the head," inapplicable introduces canal anything less entire body-and defer his views. case narrowing interpretation given controlling weight. normally follows federal-court interpretations law, e.g., McMillian Monroe County, 520 781, 786, rarely reviews upon federal courts. Virginia Booksellers Assn., Inc., 484 383, 395. Here, courts both rejected interpretation. another, precedent warns against accepting "authoritative" where, here, bind local enforcement. In Nebraska, elected county attorneys independent authority initiate criminal prosecutions. Some prosecutors future Attorneys General) pursue physicians said wrong legal standard assessing recognized duty give construction avoid constitutional doubt, nonetheless twist words, giving them meaning reasonably bear. far alone rejecting interpretation, since 11 12 merits model potentially Regardless, were grant views weight," reject conflicts language. portion," indicate include restriction-"the head." Legislature's debates hurt indicating small constitute portion." Even assuming distinction General draw overall itself separate him make D&E/D&X he seeks, supports Although adopting problem discussed above, power so reasonable readily apparent. Boos Barry, 485 312, 330. Finally, never litigant await state-court development bringing suit. City Lakewood Plain Dealer Publishing Co., 486 750, 770, n. 11. But authoritative lacking here. neither sought nor asked certify interpretive question. Cf. Arizonans Official English Arizona, 43. inclined now, certification "fairly susceptible" construction, see Houston Hill, 482 451, 468-471, grants certified determinative cause, 471, sum, all perform fear prosecution, conviction, imprisonment, undue burden decision. 21-27. 192 F.3d 1142, Breyer, J., delivered Court, Stevens, O'Connor, Souter, Ginsburg, JJ., joined. filed concurring opinion, Rehnquist, Scalia, dissenting opinions. Kennedy, Thomas, Opinion Justice Breyer Court. 1 We again consider understand controversial nature problem. Millions Americans begins conception consequently akin causing death innocent child; recoil thought permit Other millions forbids condemn many lives dignity, depriving equal liberty leading resources undergo illegal attendant suffering. Taking account virtually irreconcilable points view, aware govern society whose members sincerely hold directly opposing views, considering matter light Constitution's guarantees fundamental individual liberty, course generation, determined then redetermined choose. 113 (1973); 833 (1992). shall revisit principles. Rather, we apply case. 2 Three principles determine us. set forth joint Casey. First, "viability pregnancy." Id., JJ.). 3 Second, designed further State's viability" An shorthand conclusion regulation path nonviable fetus." Ibid. 4 Third, " `subsequent may, chooses, mother.' (quoting 164-165). 5 banning reads follows: 6 "No partial performed state, mother endangered physical disorder, illness, injury, life-endangering condition caused arising pregnancy itself." Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann. §28-328(1) (Supp. 1999). 7 as: 8 "an partially completing delivery." §28-326(9). 9 child" "deliberately classifies violation "Class III felony" carrying prison years, fine $25,000. §§28-328(2), 28-105. medicine Nebraska. §28-328(4). 13 * 14 Leroy Carhart setting. He lawsuit asking injunction forbidding After merits, sides witnesses, F. Supp. 2d 1099 (Neb. 1998). On appeal, 1142 (1999); cf. Hope Clinic Ryan, 195 857 (CA7 1999) (en banc) (considering statute, reaching conclusion). granted certiorari matter. B 15 aborting describe discuss Considering seek our discussion seem clinically cold callous some, perhaps horrifying others. There way, however, acquaint reader technical distinctions among related matters, outcome depends. reason, drawing court, underlying testimony, texts, detail. supported supplemented literature, indicates following: 17 1. About 90% take weeks age. Centers Disease Control Prevention, Abortion Surveillance-United 1996, p. 41 (July 30, (hereinafter Surveillance). trimester, predominant "vacuum aspiration," insertion vacuum tube (cannula) evacuate contents. Such outpatient basis under anesthesia. 2d, 1102; Obstetrics: Normal & Problem Pregnancies 1253-1254 (S. Gabbe, J. Niebyl, Simpson eds. 3d ed. 1996). Vacuum aspiration considered particularly safe. rates are, example, times term. Complication low. 1251; Lawson Mortality, 1972 1987, 171 Am. Obstet. Gynecol. 1365, 1368 (1994); M. Paul, Clinicians Guide Surgical 108-109 (1999) Abortion). grows size, becomes increasingly difficult use. 1102-1103; Pregnancies, 1268. 18 2. Approximately 10% weeks). Surveillance 41. early 1970's, inducing injection saline 8; Central Mo. Danforth, 428 52, 76 (1976). Today, profession switched induction abortions. called (D&E). That (together modified form trimester) accounts about 95% 19 3. "refers generically transcervical gestation later." Association, Report Board Trustees Late-Term Abortion, App. 490 AMA Report). Report, adopted describes process follows. Between gestation: "D&E dilated widely instruments remove larger pieces tissue. Osmotic dilators usually used. Intravenous fluids analgesic sedative administered. anesthetic paracervical block administered, dilating agents, used, removed inserted placental friable easily broken, intact. walls scraped curette ensure remains." 490-491. weeks: 21 "Because stage (particularly head), bones rigid, destructive likely required earlier ages tissue." 491. 22 "Some intrafetal potassium chloride digoxin induce demise evacuation." 491-492. 23 variations operative strategy; compare ibid. W. Hern, Practice 146-156 (1984), 133-135. (1) cervix; (2) instruments; (3) disarticulation 4. incident testified 25 "Dr. Carhart: `The traction my instrument counter-traction internal os 26 "Counsel: `So you pulled part correct? 27 `Exactly. you're using-The strictures rings, external that's what's actually doing dismembering- 28 `When talked not-where intention intact, you, situation, dismember utero first, portions? 29 `I don't think so. I know way go takes something restricts motion what going get dismemberment.' 1104. 30 specification location consistent sources. 135; Nos. 98-3245 98-3300 (CA8), 683, (testimony Phillip Stubblefield) ("Q: So utero, out? A: No"). 31 5. carries risks. creates danger accidental perforation damage neighboring organs. Sharp bone fragments dangers. accidentally left behind cause infection complications. 1110; Gynecologic, Obstetric, Related Surgery 1045 (D. Nichols Clarke-Pearson 2000); Cunningham Williams Obstetrics 598 (20th 1997). Nonetheless show 12th 20th midsecond Surgery, 1046; 495, 496; 139, 142; Lawson, Gynecol., 1368. 32 6. At trial, Stubblefield procedure, referred D&E." 1105, 1111. Like versions technique, cervix. pass, earliest, ineffective skull too large 1105. presentation (a vertex presentation), collapses skull; extracts breech skull, extraction version extraction," 1112. vertex, breech, traverse/compound (sideways) presentations occur roughly proportions. 1108. 33 7. obstetric textbooks, recognized. just described, calls adapt extracting presentation. 1043; 136-137. slightly Martin Haskell, conversion 1043 (citing Dilation Extraction Late Second Trimester (1992), 139 Cong. Rec. 8605 (1993)). 34 8. manner corresponding breech-conversion following steps: 35 "1. deliberate dilatation sequence days; 36 "2. footling breech; 37 "3. excepting head; 38 "4. intracranial contents vaginal delivery dead otherwise Executive Board, Statement Intact (Jan. 12, 1997) Statement), 599-560. 39 Despite sufficiently us interchangeably. 40 9. attempts reduces dangers sharp passing minimizes passes needed lessens likelihood perforations leaving infection-causing uterus, (4) prevent fatal absorption maternal circulation. 1107. safety. 1126, 39. concluded, Carhart." 1126. 10. fetuses, fetuses abnormal fluid accumulation brain (hydrocephaly). 1107 492 (" `Intact preferred physicians, diagnosed hydrocephaly anomalies incompatible outside womb' ")); Grimes, Continuing Need Abortions, 280 JAMA 747, 748 (Aug. 26, 1998) (D&X "may especially useful presence anomalies, hydrocephalus," reduction cranium allows smaller diameter thus reducing injury"). Others emphasized scars, whom dangerous. Women's Professional Corp. Voinovich, 911 1051, 1067 (SD Ohio 1995); Evans Kelley, 977 1283, 1296 (ED Mich. 42 reliable data annually. Estimates ranged 640 5,000 per year. Compare Henshaw, Incidence Services 1995-1996, Family Planning Perspectives 263, 268 (1998), Joint Hearing S. H. R. 929 Senate Committee Judiciary Subcommittee House Judiciary, 105th Cong., 1st Sess., 46 (1997). II 43 making abortion," (1973). conclude reasons. `for "imposes ability" abortion, thereby unduly burdening itself. 874. each reasons turn. 44 reiterated Roe; Roe, 164-165) (emphasis added). 45 pre- postviability aggravates presented. regulating previability considerably weaker postviability. 870. Since validate regulation, minimum same respect regulation. 880 (majority opinion) (assuming previability); Harris McRae, 448 297, 316 (1980). quoted depends regulations "promoting [the State's] life." course, "in life" saving destruction, interests differently. says `show[s] concern unborn,' "prevent[s] cruelty born children," "preserve[s] integrity profession." Brief Petitioners 48. how interest-related difference hand, namely, application "health" requirement. 47 Consequently, governing "where judgment Thornburgh Gynecologists, 476 768-769 (1986); Colautti Franklin, 439 379, 400 (1979); 76-79; Doe Bolton, 179, 197 48 Thomas cited limit principle situations threat post, 33. wrong. cases, reaffirmed recognize significant context, force riskier Our repeatedly invalidated statutes imposed They happens arise particular barring entirely. holding beyond ratified 49 need, says. argues "safe available" women." 29, 40. court below; fails without women, shows proposition procedure. 50 reiterate summary evidence. "Carhart's tha[n] permits instrumentation. 51 "reduces operating time, blood loss infection; complications bony fragments; instrument-inflicted prevents causes (DIC amniotic embolus); eliminates possibility `horrible complications' retained parts." 52 noted select panel `may best preserve woman.' Statement, 600-601) (but important qualification, infra, 14). With exception, heard reached conclusions. Rhode Island Soc. Whitehouse, 66 288, 314 (RI 1999); Choice Women Butterworth, 54 1148, 1153, 1156 Fla 1998); Causeway Suite Foster, 604, 613-614 La. Richmond Center Gilmore, 795, 827, Va. 995 847, 852 (ND Ill. 1998), vacated, 1999), cert. pending, 99-1152; 1069-1070; 1296; Wis. Doyle, 975, 980 (WD Wis.) 53 along replies "little-used," handful doctors." 32. procedures." 36. refers petitioners' expert, (disseminated intravascular coagulopathy embolus), 37; 642-644. argue (5) risks, incompetence overdilitation, injury presentation, "blind" instrumentation pierce while lodged Amici Curiae 21-23; Sprang Neerhof, Rationale Banning Abortions Pregnancy, 744, 746 55 emphasizes "establishing procedure," 39, "no comparing procedures," 35, (7) policy statement `there appear identified situation abortion,' Term Pregnancy Termination Techniques, Policy H-5.982 (8) qualified adding "could D&X] woman." 600-601. 56 find infrequently procedure; protecting infrequent occasions. treat occurring disease strike anyone-the reflects 1043, 57 labor, "safe" circumstances. 1125-1126. (4), testimony-testimony stating `[a]nother advantage embolism cerebral stream.' 1124 1833 104th 260 (1995) (statement Hern). 58 response amici's (5), own brief, denies poses alternatives. amounts dilitation" "of childbirth dilitation." 23. reposition avoiding stemming that, compared same, greater, cavity. 23-24. 59 quarrel (6), right. Neither (7))-even though omit remainder statement: "The recommends 60 cannot, panel's (that "identify" option) writes brief: 61 "Depending physician's skill experience, advantages period. Compared D&Es dismemberment, laceration fewer injure considerable tissue, serious incidence `free floating' grasp time comparable shorter loss, trauma, exposure intuitive experience. Especially conditions, alternatives." 21-22 (citation footnotes omitted). 62 experts evidentiary 63 (internal quotation marks omitted), necessity proof. treatments (or inappropriate) estimated benefits) opinion-differences sort Gynecologists' statements together 64 means uncertainty, factor risk, absence. knowledgeable issue. Where bring patients explains say view proves contrary. uncertainty tragic consequences. 65 convinced "never Reply altogether contain say, Kennedy claim, prohibited proscribing whenever deems preferable. By "unfettered discretion" selection methods. Post, (Kennedy, dissenting). health, `necessary, Requiring departure straightforward holding. because, "effect places viability. agree apply. 67 5-7, prohibition. §28-326(9) distinguish, language, Evidence 1128; 1128-1130. Indeed meets resistance fetus: [the] cervix." 1128. events until vagina. 1104; 135 ("During mid-second separation corpus segment, compression endocervix facilitates disarticulation"). 68 aim much broader category D&X-though simple matter, provide Kan. §65-6721(b)(1) anywhere suggest turns extract collapsing opposed Thus, dissenters' intended bar correct irrelevant. legislature wanted D&X; plain rereading pages 5-10 Thomas' dissent difference, performed. (In particular, 6-7, (Thomas, dissenting), 7-10 dissenting)). characterize 69 leg body. 20. statute. 12-13. 70 accept interpretative law. 786 (1997); Brockett Spokane Arcades, 472 491, 500, (1985). "rarely courts." 395 (1988). case, 71 enforcement authorities." Ibid.. Under Coffman, 213 560, 561, 330 N. 727, 728 (1983) (Attorney issued opinions, entitled weight" "to respectfully considered," authority"). apparently attorneys, gives §§23-1201(1), 28-328(5), 84-205(3) (1999 Crandon 494 152, 177 (1990) (Scalia, judgment) ("[W]e charged prosecuting deference"). 72 "duty law] doubts." F.3d, 1150. "twist bear." (though definition abortion"), merits. All (including Circuit) Greater Iowa, Inc. Miller, 386 (CA8 Little Rock Jegley, 794, 797-798 Clinic, 865-871 (imposing precautionary D&X); 885-889 (Posner, dissenting); Soc., 309310; Women, 471; 1155; Suite, 614-615; Verniero, 478, 503-504 (NJ Eubanks Stengel, 1024, 1034-1035 Ky. Southern Woods, 982 1369, 1378 (Ariz. 1997); 1317; 144 326, 330-332 (CA4 (Luttig, granting stay). 73 page 21, above. General, echoed dissents, tries overcome relying statute; General. explicit definition, specifying "delivering thereof." includes follow varies term's ordinary meaning. Meese Keene, 481 465, 484-485 (1987) ("It axiomatic excludes unstated meanings term"); 392-393, ("As rule, `a declares "means" stated' "); Western Union Telegraph Co. Lenroot, 323 490, 502 (1945); Fox Standard Oil 294 87, 95-96 (1935) (Cardozo, J.); 2A Singer, Sutherland Statutes Statutory Construction §47.07, (5th 1992) (collecting cases). "as whole," definition. Its 74 debates, appeared frequently. legislators focused "substantial." One senator bill's sponsor, "[Y]ou your Is correct?" sponsoring replied, "Yes, correct." 452-453; 442-443 (same explaining "substantial" "indicate little bit vagina," "[e]nough allow end child"); 404 (rejecting amendment D&X). seems limiting lest become easy evade strictures-a motive explains. 24-25. goal, exacerbates 75 "distinguishes `abortion procedure' `procedure' 16-18; 13-14 (opinion J.), J.). wants "procedure" last sentence "separate whole critical "separate" missing. "procedure," subsection throughout §§28-326(9), 28-328(1)-(4) Gustafson Alloyd 513 570 ("[I]dentical act meaning" omitted)). dissenters add delivers" exclude 12-13 19-20 of, limb limbs "delivery." textbooks dictionaries routinely facilitated 388 (describing "delivery" membranes, placenta, umbilical cord third labor); B. Maloy, Dictionary Lawyers 221 (3d 1960) ("Also, [fetal] placenta"); Oxford 422 (2d 1989) (to "deliver" means, inter alia, "disburden women) foetus"); Webster's Third New International (1993) ("[D]elivery" expulsion membranes"). event, specifies dissents explain pursuant "delivery," not. 77 section. "without adopt apparent." (1988); Gooding Wilson, 405 518, 520-521 (1972). stated, replace "body Almendarez-Torres 523 224, 237-239 (1998) (statute "genuinely interpretations). 78 Of construction. "we suit." did ask Appellants (CA8); Certification abstention) 468-471 (1987). "determinative cause." §24-219 (1995); 471 manifestly inappropriate uncertain resolution affect pending claim"). determinative, Part II-A. 79 imprisonment. result Appeals 80 Affirmed. 81 Ginsburg joins, concurring. 82 ink spilled today describing gruesome late-term rhetoric me reason brutal, gruesome, respectful "potential equally allows. Judge Posner have, believe, correctly enactment legislation-a directed objective extends narrow presents. almost, quite, loud enough obscure quiet past central (1973), endorsed Justices addressed holding-that "liberty" Fourteenth Amendment extremely personal decision-makes legitimate requiring she protect exercise liberty. approach fall. notion either infanticide other, furthers irrational. Const., Amdt. 14. 83 84 contentious contemporary society. extraordinarily questions recognizes, "virtually view." Ante, specific face attempt proscribe "partial-birth constitutional. stated reconciled therefore write separately points. 85 inconsistent instances banned mother. Importantly, scheme underscores infirmity. viability viable, substantially regulate proscription `where 113, 165 (1973)). limitation §28-329 "[n]o which, sound attending physician, clearly appears invalid absent well, "considerably weaker" excepts "necessary injury." necessarily renders 86 Contrary assertions supporters." 35-36 majority explains, view," ante, 19, not, Accordingly, 87 ground (D&X) (D&E) abortions." 27. establishes included possible interpret applying prohibiting method. 1150 1099, 1127-1131 occasions error. See, Bishop Wood, 426 341, 346 (1976) ("[T]his accepted concurred examination state-law guidance justified conclusion"); Tungus Skovgaard, 358 588, 596 (1959). deference unique addressing areas UNUM Life Ins. America Ward, 526 358, 368 ("notice-prejudice" rule insurance law); 499 (1985) (moral nuisance Runyon McCrary, 427 160, 181 limitations actions); 346, (city employment ordinance). impermissible. Indeed, conceded oral procedure." Tr. Oral Arg. 5, 884, 88 note unlike enacted narrowly tailored alone. done specifically excluding coverage Kansas states "(A) [s]uction curettage (B) suction (C) pregnant Kan §65-6721(b)(2) Utah similarly "does removal, Code §76-7-310.5(1)(a) (1999). Likewise, Montana remains uterus; evacuated; compressed; (D) demise, canal." Mont. §50-20-401(3)(c)(ii) restricting prohibitions exclusively, Kansas, Utah, principal defect 89 limited mother, quite today. constitutes "has adequate safely obtain unlikely "amount practical 884. proscribed view. 90 meet criteria. contains mother; proscribes pregnancy. reasons, 91 Stevens 92 stress amidst emotional uproar should lose sight character observes, targets 11-12. women. out, (concurring distressing susceptible description. Seventh Chief correspondingly observed, regarding bans Wisconsin Illinois, "not kills worse do, crueler painful disgusting terminating 857, 881 (dissenting commented, chip away private choice shielded 880-882. 93 fetus" 833, 877 (1992) exists stops choosing "reasonably [her] liberty." (Stevens, concurring); ("means chosen calculated inform free choice, hinder it"). Again Posner, "if burdens rights behalf vehicle expressing hostility rights, undue." 881. 94 dissenting. 95 join continue wrongly decided. disagreement laid down Marks 430 188, 193 (1977), represents applied 96 97 am optimistic day, Stenberg assigned rightful history jurisprudence Korematsu Dred Scott. child-one accurately entirely child-proscribed horrible description evokes shudder revulsion. (as legislatures concluded) demanding "health exception"-which abortionist assure himself is, marginally others (how prove contrary doubt?)-is live-birth rein. designed, things, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, secure Blessings Liberty ourselves Posterity," visibly brutal eliminating half-born posterity absurd. 98 had focus writings joined) gave taken stand error exemplifies. publishing seniority authors, writing reports others, comprehend 99 100 lengthy appropriately enough, today's pronouncement unfortunate, disagree regard merely regrettable misapplication logical predictable consequence. To sure, disregard fair meaning, abandonment ambiguous fashion render valid void. jurisprudential novelty-which chalked inclination bend rules effort speak opposition piece, Hill Colorado, ---, decided 101 invalidating humane (not anti-barbarian) law: destroying (As pointed elaborated good ever but-who knows?-it sometime be.) 102 joined Thomas's "unprecedented expansio[n]" "is mandated" test, 33, pushes belief) "obviously explication undue-burden requires," put stock inexplicable. analysis, traced considers burden"-a demonstrated true false inquiry reasoning. value dependent respects ought respect) freedom Evidently, five former less, more, both), four dissent. Case closed. anyone feel betrayed outcome. arrived precisely promised-a democratic vote nine lawyers, text (it obviously not); (also lawyers) traditions sustained (they would); pure "undue"-i.e., far. 103 wrote test created doubtful unprincipled origin," 985; "hopelessly unworkable practice," 986; "ultimately standardless," 987. Today's long debating health-of-the-mother really contend law-any oppose penalty, mandatory sentences. honestly policy-judgment-couched-as-law. 5-to-4 unelected lawyers problem, existence. overruled. 104 While I-told-you-so mood, recall bemusement, opinion's expressed belief Wade "call[ed] contending national mandate rooted Constitution," 867, ratify happy truce. seemed me, contrary, "Roe fanned inflamed politics general, obscured smoke since"; "by keeping abortion-umpiring business, perpetuation disruption, Pax Roeana, new decrees." 995-996. decision, mode greeted firestorm criticism-as should. acknowledge opening O'Connor's concurrence, "[t]he society," 1, persist armed tradition, resolve consumed sake preservation, return people-where silence subject, it-and let decide, allowed. 105 106 close decades slight weight address persisting concerns raised existence elect defined essential premise retain role legislating restated guaranteed. political processes foreclosed enacting laws potential. 871 vital citizens grave issues, progress knowledge understanding attainment degree consensus. 107 today, submission, repudiates advancing interests, legislation competence enact. Having survives scrutiny dictated proper 108 failure accord erroneous undermines revealed issue, "clinically callous." 3-4. perspective abortionist, shocked confronted ending Words invoked majority, "transcervical "[o]smotic dilators," "instrumental disarticulation," "paracervical block," accurate extent 5-6; across Nation, insufficient. Repeated references sources understandable trained matters persons terminology. Thus outset happen 109 challenging received Hahnemann Hospital University 1973. 29. clinic travel there, 86. specialty certifications field admitting privileges hospital. 82, 83. unsure viable. 116. contrast provided (who board instructors education institutions Gynecologists), ban. 110 (such hand) developed drag grasped 61. uses tearing attempting abort "pulling cat's tail" "drag[ging] string floor, you'll keep dragging It's grabs develop traction." 62. dies adult would: bleeds torn limb. 63. alive beginning survive being off. "[w]hen pull piece let's [is] alive." observed heartbeat via ultrasound "extensive removed," 64, mere always arm." remains. tray full pieces." 125. 111 implicated initiates natural dilated, sometimes days. 492. arms legs alive; witnesses report seeing moving point, appearance live birth. group "[a]s manually head, continues apparent obstetrician remaining tears open skull. According proponent pair scissors. (1993). Witnesses observing react penetration. inserts vacuums developing size neutral "reduction 1106 Brain invasion, and, heart beat minutes vacuumed out. 58. completes missing 112 saying purposes pursue. nevertheless maintains interprets advance carries. 45. accedes misunderstanding authorities confirmed. wake "given [state interests] acknowledgment implementation." turned aside "right decide `interference State,' 875, strict review "incompatible recognition 876. deemed unwarranted." Judicial Branch exhaustive list 114 premised having defining debate. mind brief partially-born," preserving profession, "erecting barrier infanticide." 48-49. demonstrates legitimacy policies. 115 debate come side unborn: 116 "Even earliest stages enact encourage [a woman] philosophic social great bear favor continuing adoption unwanted children assistance chooses raise herself." 872 117 determination, insensitive, disdainful, held, consequences States' concomitant extension. "fraught assist [and for] confront exist, deem nothing short violence 852. 118 measures viewed healers, compassionate rigorous ethic cognizant dignity Ibid.; Washington Glucksberg, 521 702, 730-734 119 argued, interests. reasoning continues, intent dehumanizing express tacit approval refusing forthright manner. Rendering implicit declaring indistinguishable acted irrationally judiciary can. refusal declare moral dispiriting disclosure illogic illegitimacy 120 consequential perverts commandeering pierced. publications "ethically wrong." Factsheet HR 1122 (June 1997), (AMA Factsheet). differs "killed womb" autonomy separates body." 639-640; ("Intact aberrant troubling technique confuses disparate blur medical, legal, ethical line abortion"). relate fingers piercing scissors back body, wholly alive, reacts startled limp. D&X's stronger resemblance disrespect consequent society, depend sustenance reciprocal respect. second-guess conclusion. 121 Those agree, indeed insist, severe condemnation, condemnation reserved repulsive conduct. inconsistent, distinct ethics morality serve. obey regime declared Yet retains impose instructs participants process, unborn, respected. participants, determined, indifferent refrain differentiation statement, serving life; contemplating pertain permitted informed; advanced. 122 ill-serves institutional position, invoke refuse affirmation exist appropriated; yet refuses hear voice contradicts assurance position realm marginal. 123 Demonstrating holds permitting Casting distinguished organizations, awards veto every regardless indications, gestation. all; now sets people. precedence single 124 agreement preventing 32-36. "whether [about abortion] definitive matter." 850. deprived opportunity reproductive decisions. 860. evident, "which real sense depriv[e] ultimate decision." 875 Laws "purpose prohibited. effect. 125 allowing ban, sanctity (ACOG) [D&X] agrees, "AMA's panel, representative, `any' `the alternative.' be" "is" "An circumstance." 126 No 36, Leading proponents "disadvantages" versus high blind point 186. Frank Boehm, D., supervised director Fetal Intensive Care Unit Maternal/Fetal Medicine Division Vanderbilt Hospital, refused concerns. 636, 639-640, 656-657. fellow ACOG, 565, sworn previous 608-614. 127 practice. telling testifying 308 Stubblefield). opinions courtroom conversions reliability. Litigation jurisdictions 328 603-604. conclude, conforms care incorporated Boehm lead chairman Department Gynecology Boston School obstetrics gynecology Center) 128 Substantial unquantified patient proven patient. slightest invalidation O'Connor explained "what organizations Akron Reproductive Health, 462 416, 467 best, marginal, issues (requiring "significant woman" Unsubstantiated generalized amount 874, 876 effective viable fact, viable; nearing peak. 129 Courts ill-equipped evaluate worth factfinding capabilities regard. suited Nation's ex officio powers approve disapprove practices standards States." 456 "Irrespective difficulty task, legislatures, capabilities, certainly better able judgments 456, stand. 130 deferring decisions repudiated apex Akron, informed consent requirement challenged status date availability agencies information. 442. advise employed saw fit; for, "[i]t primarily responsibility information conveyed patient, circumstances." 443. Dispositive "intrusion discretion physician." 445. placed "undesired uncomfortable straitjacket." echoes sees fit. 131 wish cite Akron; repudiated. doubt physician-first finds primary now-discredited Rather exalting unfettered discretion, recognized: "Whatever doctor-patient relation context derivative position." 884 struck "entitled solicitude receives contexts." supporters. "subject State" receive "same contexts, disagreement. 132 debate, stake conclusions legislature. Hendricks, (1997), disagreements professionals "do tie hands setting bounds laws. afforded widest latitude." 360, Instead, caution (rather decision) present. ("[W]hen `undertakes fraught scientific uncertainties, legislative options broad cautious rewrite legislation' ") Jones 463 354, 370 (1983)); Collins Texas, 223 297-298 (1912) (Holmes, J.) (declaring concerning dispute"); Lambert Yellowley, 272 581, 596-597 (1926) claim "[h]igh conflict , would, indeed, strange Congress lacked [to act]"); Marshall 414 417, (1974) (recognizing "there profession" omitted)); Rutherford, 442 544 (1979) (discussing regulatory drugs). 133 Instructive Jacobson Massachusetts, (1905), defendant smallpox vaccination. claimed vaccination violated "care best." 26. offered took harmful. 30. establishing disagreed: 134 "Those [of defendant] main theory attach spread smallpox, diseases What everybody know, judicially knew, knows, opposite accords belief, maintained authority. assume passed, Massachusetts unaware theories, compelled, necessity, them. compelled commit public final jury. function jury modes disease. department obtain. properly abdicate guard safety." today: 136 universal [in community] controlling, scarcely everyone. science conclusive; people, adapted [address matters]. country, government representatives, admits action.' Viemester White, 179 Y. 235, 241, E. 97, (1904)). 137 assures redraft meaningless. She accepts exercises weeks' 18-19 "tolerate opinion" "are here."). all. unaffected legislation. This, vice resting discretion. 138 divided propriety (both practice) Harlan asked: "Upon relations existing departments action legislature?" Jacobson, 31. none. ruling misapplies settled doctrines careful analysis conducted 10-27. veto, unattainable draftsmanship foreclosing participation altogether. provides: 140 141 142 143 145 three language: fetus; "before" death-causing 146 acknowledged understood (D&X)." Servs. 795 Stubblefield, prefaced "which, lay press, 271-272. declared: `partial abortion' name aimed exclusively [at D&X.] confused description." commonsense reference reach warning McBoyle 283 (1931). 147 scope completion Only portions dismembering leaves "tray pieces," 125, does, 25-26, step "completing delivery" Whatever mean, tray. 1033, 1041 "readily hardly dismembered parts"). 148 descriptions confirm invokes 600. amicus, instead substituting "emerges" Amicus admission, pulling" 20, "physician delivering" definitions (or, purposes, requires), placement 149 operation undertaken naturally First forcing extremities off vagina) (order Luttig, so-called procedure") 150 "refer procedure" 25. sense. Legislature "entire already thereof. days stage, asks us, effect, performing" preceding paragraph. 151 text, Broadrick Oklahoma, 413 601, 698 disagree. writes: deliberately disavows review; leeway profession. 359 traditionally task significance"). legislature, adequately 152 Strained constructions new, years ago unprecedented canon permissible reading avoided costs." 829 (1986) banished doctrine jurisprudence; reinvigorates ignores obligation Johnson Robison, 415 361, 366-367 (1974); Edward DeBartolo Florida Gulf Coast Building Constr. Trades Council, 568, 575 Avoidance sentences dismissed discussed, construction; 153 shield themselves criticism citing nationwide importance, competence; appellate statutes, cover 865-871; Center, Thirty abdication tied paid scant attention misapplied construing difficulty. Further, argument, Frisby Schultz, 487 474, 483 (1988), declined "lower ran afoul well-established difficulties." Webster Health Services, 514 (1989) 525 (O'Connor, judgment). 154 ignore deciding conceded, concludes farther. determination professional judgment. immense unnecessary; explain, incorrect. halves dictum, 155 leaped enforced, ---. doing, excluded branch executive well. enjoined chief officer ignored representations litigation. like manner, define contours although indications eagerly Moore, 258 199, 206, 602 (1995). meant solicitous vindicate affairs. IV 156 Ignoring substitutes sweeps away. stems record, misinterpretation outright rules. nullifies governed foundation intrinsic unborn. Through confronting chose forbid decent civilized abhorrent crimes protected autonomous closes eyes profound 157 From reasoning, 158 Scalia join, 159 1973, Act Texas 1857, rendering dozens States. 119. colleagues present, ably demonstrated, grievously 221-223 (1973) (White, 171-178 (Rehnquist, act, control ends, one's Nothing deprives country outweigh dictates 160 applied, worse, extended, numerous purportedly threatened voided parental laws, (1976), second-trimester hospitals, 431 (1983), parents minor notified Hodgson Minnesota, 497 455 (1990). exaggeration 1976, interference State." expansive period, itself, fairly "unrestrained imposition Court's] own, extraconstitutional preferences" 794 161 era Court-mandated demand end, (1989), 557 (Blackmun, part) (lamenting plurality "discard[ed]" Roe), finally told) urging overrule command seven Members six sitting respecting development. JJ.); 944 part); 979 White part). authored Souter "went far" "undervalu[ing] "striking 875.1 subsequent "treat[ed] governmental influence unwarranted," interests-that itself-the path. 162 My fully articulated restate constructed authors cloth. historical doctrinal pedigree. product authors' philosophical origins relationship consequently, illegitimate purported replace. assuming, dissent, fabricated adherence (which not), extraordinary. inexplicably constitutionally hard hesitates describe. standard, pretends otherwise. striking statute-which expresses unimpeded forms abortion-the lie promise "express permitted, choose" requires, seen reinstitution pre-Webster abortion-on-demand invocation "abortion rights" trumps societal interest. all, candidly admit 163 series indefensible steps. abortion: purports employ, displace majority's lamentable, reaches, illogical steps portends abandoned. 164 almost second- third-trimester sanitized description, routine truth. traumatic staff 656 Boehm); closely borders attempted begin pregnancies involved.2 "D&E." 1103, 1129 dilate forceps. 1103; (American (AMA), removes time.3 1103-1104. extremity, forceps "pulls Carhart). "basically tear out." 267 Hodgson) ("[Y]ou parts, try down, die separated loses removed. 62-64 Carhart); Hodgson).4 297 Stubblefield); 608 left, respondent's 166 week induction. 1108; AMA, sac injected abortifacient solution "prostaglandin." Uterine contractions follow, expelled. 167 eds., 271 presentations, vertex-presentation insert 1111; collapses, 168 abortion."5 1106; rarely, mid- late-second-trimester third-trimester) fetuses.6 variations, grab 1106. largest Assuming correctly, inside Ibid; stuck dangling partly few inches completed birth, perforate 664 Hearing). crush 1106.7 169 Use achieved prominence publicly paper "Dilation Abortion" National Federation's September 1992 Risk Management Seminar. paper, Haskell 170 "With extremity vagina, surgeon deliver torso, shoulders upper extremities. lodges os. Usually through. oriented dorsum spine up. 172 "At right-handed slides hand `hooks' index ring (palm down). 173 "[T]he blunt curved Metzenbaum hand. carefully advances tip, middle finger feels contact base tip finger. 174 forces foramen magnum. entered spreads enlarge opening. 175 catheter hole evacuates place, completely patient." 3, 8-9. 176 inadvertently dilates degree, Pamela Smith, D.) ("In basically relies entrapment firm grip, baby practitioner plunges baby's skull"). ("I dilapan I'm fall Not manipulate instead") Haskell). mentioned, therefore, errs step. 178 "Partial 180 delivery. subdivision, Starting (emphases time. 182 "deliver," "unborn "assist[ing] birth," suggests womb, child. Ninth Collegiate 336 (1991) (defining birth; aid of"); Stedman's 409 (26th 1995) ("To childbirth"). Without question, respondent experts, "remove[s]" "dismember[s]" 45, Carhart) (referring D&E); (same); (physician fetus). (Dr. cites placenta presume parts. 1996) ("After infant placenta], cord, membranes examined"); 421, disburden woman) foetus, childbirth"); childbirth; forth; placenta"). source etc. ("pulling `substantial portion' fetus") added); ("portion vagina") one, understands 183 clear, complete phrases from, "partia[l] deliver[y]" "deliver[y] vagina" assumes, arguendo, dismemberment-the grasping comes off, uterus-is kind covered "delivered" death. But, significantly, of" death.8 184 incidental severing rest before, supposing conceivably difficulties 18-20. 185 forecloses ambiguity, ambiguity conclusively resolved §28-328(1). comport Morton, 822, 828 (1984) ("We construe isolation; whole").9 186 Congress, journals, reporters, judges, never, aware, equated (otherwise "D&X")10 explicitly contrasted numerous. myself examples. 187 ("AMA") "different techniques killed womb." literature 744 Bopp Cook, Partial Birth Abortion: Final Frontier Jurisprudence, Issues Law (1998). 999 testimony); 441, testimony). press 271. 188 ("The `partial-birth extraction"); 386, 387 [Iowa] (D&X)"). "[p]artial-birth abortions" "known D&X." 1121, notes "ordinarily 24. 189 twice. 1995 1997 procedure.11 legislation, hearings Congressional Record contained Haskell's 17, 77; voted exceptions, abortion."12 These identical definition,13 inconceivable C 190 Were bound Erznoznik Jacksonville, 205, 216 (1975) ("[A] facially courts"); (1988) precise ordinance, ordinance avoids difficulties"). said, "well-established" "plain error." 483. binding courts, demonstrate, conflicting none here), should, permits, 191 contends eliminate true, physicians' Carpenter, 250 427, 434, 551 524 (1996) ("A penal construed requirements done"). delive[r] thereof" "being largely specified." Dictionary, 1176. Pierce Underwood, 552, 564 "substantial"). "almost all" thing denominated. else, "largely, wholly," Or, should) avoidance. offer own. 20-21 opinion); 22-26 concurring). analyses, definitional sentence, violating whole. question] immediately phrase") (footnote Heirs Boisdore, How. (1849) expounding guided member look provisions object policy"); company keeps").14 lieu analyzing whole, accept, obliquely, respondent: nomenclature. (noting 4-5, 194 terminology community. could, draft "heart attack" community "myocardial infarction." Legislatures, ways definitions, see, Barber Director, 899, 901 "pneumoconiosis" subset afflictions Black Lung Act), unremarkable defined. physician. significance." "[o]ften, fit community." Nebraska's, vernacular Partial-Birth Ban introduced dictionary. Dorland's Illustrated 470 (28th 1994); 485; Miller-Keane Encyclopedia Medicine, Nursing, Allied 460 (6th Sloane-Dorland Annotated Medical-Legal 204 (1987); I. Dox, Melloni, G. Eisher, HarperCollins textbooks. 579-605 1249-1279; books omitted Modern Methods Inducing Baird, P. Van Look Glick, (1998).15 196 face. face, "dilated" "extracted," 5-6. contrast, faithfully born" indisputable. descriptive, objectionable. desire fault cost willingness penalize failing descriptive vague one. declining extraction."16 faults "track D&X" "suggest 21. "tracked differences" informal merit; accomplish fetuses. Take, consists breach; 599-600 (ACOG 1997)). "unless sequence, Had D&X," lines evaded Any wishing liability "conversion breech." 599. convert instruments. contents," 600, plunging heart, example. chopping toes delivery, arguing "otherwise intact." Presumably, bodies bans, concerned inflicted converted died attached. were, presume, legislatures' evident resembles threatens dehumanize They, presumably purpose. Again, faulting calculation. 198 defers courts' 3-4 drafted discuss, 474 case: 199 "[W]hile invariably reluctant fallen error, (citations 200 Frisby, then, identifies exactly deference: failed narrower difficulties. 201 Fourth, speculates prosecutor stretch imagine aggressive overly `[w]ords inevitably germs uncertainty.' broadest imaginable. exercising comply statute]." Civil Service Commission Assn. Letter Carriers, AFL-CIO, 548, 579 creative "citizens it." Colten Kentucky, 407 104, (1972) 202 length proffered despite repeated 11-13; 10-11. declines representation. respect, undoubtedly counsel argument." notes, weight." (1983). Therefore, renegade charges assume, judge possessed lenity. 254 566, 575, 577 741, 747 (1998).17 203 purport rely concluding Though stare decisis, reconsider enjoys protection, 844-846, 854-869 professed be, part, repudiation progeny. expressly undervalued 875-876, decision," 875. ("Roe speaks clarity `important life.' acknowledgment" weighty area. ("State unborn"); 878 ("the life"); 850 ("profound spiritual implications stage"). And, unwarranted"); ("Not intrusion [with unwarranted"). serves purpose, expensive procure invalidate 205 standard: "Only Due Process Clause." choice." 206 interest-one itself-in unborn." approaches infanticide, dehumanizes trivializes twenty longer gestation, womb. birth' 207 above sufficient nurse vividly: 208 clasping unclasping, kicking. Then jerked startle reaction, flinch, thinks 209 opened scissors, high-powered opening, sucked brains Now went limp." Brenda Pratt Shafer). 210 additional 6-9 dissenting).18 obvious, offensive merit discussion. 1-2 concurring) (arguing "simply irrational" "equally gruesome"); (Ginsburg, (similar).19 211 ` ' quoting "division [than D&E], questions." 18. agrees. dramatically expands undo 212 true. "regulate, 165; "continuing threat" temporarily continued preferable desires-for whatever reason-an wishes 11-12 fail desires (for reason) prefer another. mandated post-Casey, approved conducting Mazurek Armstrong, 968, 971 (1997) (per curiam) (reversing plaintiffs `fair chance success' dissenting) difficult). vast valid, hope, exceptions. abortifacients Food Drug Administration abortifacients.20 214 effectively concedes pre-Casey authority, disapproved 869, 882 (overruling (1986), "inconsistent Roe's unborn," 870); 893 (relying Thornburgh, 783 (Burger, expanding case). joins 828-832 "unduly burdensome"). resort assumes governing. 215 govern, safer. Doe, exceptions 770; (1976); 197. 379 (1979), tradeoff expansions jurisprudence. affairs bad pernicious way. benefits. woman's) Id. "sto[p] `reasonably believes' interest). eviscerates abortion-on-demand. swallows rule. reenacts "highly plausible" "necessary." impunity. failings fixed, illusory. insistence fig leaf barely covering States-a reject.21 D 217 assiduously actual Casey-whether reason: exist. obstacle. real, substantial, second, justify 218 higher upheld 24-hour waiting credited delay practice, hours, undisputed 887; 937 delays excess increasing risks"). "medical emergency," emergency "serious irreversible impairment major bodily function." 902 certainty increased showing substantial. 887. 219 overturned marginal burden. outlawed 70% emphasized, "significantly dangerous critical" 76. 220 minimal most. 5.5% possible), shares available. women-that fetus-there faces committee 600 `There 1999)); woman"), ad hoc coalition doctors, Surgeon Koop, conditions 719. increases floor articles risky. 98-3245, 812. "very risky procedures": blindly, 721 Paul Hays, D.).22 222 efficacious." Nancy Romer, D.); 110-111.23 congressional indicated" medicine." S4670 (May (reprinting letter Sen. Santorum). "certainly [partial Truth, Curtis D.). unnecessary, unsteady, existence." 122. justifies asserting 19. puzzling. uncontested 1992, 1112 1115 Epner, Jonas, Seckinger, Late-term 724 Kumho Tire Carmichael, 137, 149-152 (observing reliability tested; subjected peer publication; rate operation). opinion," result, rather, admits, 224 credible legislate. surely obstacle." said: 225 "[I]t latitude drafting statutes- [W]hen undertakes broadies- ." quotations words: 226 "It entrusted choices, competent inquiries revise revises area." 227 ("Irrespective 519 (plurality (Court sit "ex States) omitted); 365, lesson [medical] pay judgments"). disregards 228 willing Act, facial challenge. shown `no valid.' 502, judgment)). "based worst-case occur." 514. 229 Invalidation improper sub silentio (at concerned) `large fraction' test. Fargo Organization Schafer, 507 1013, 1014 circumstances" Casey). Janklow Parenthood, Sioux Falls 517 1174, 1177-1179 denial certiorari). challenge provisions, spousal notice provision operated obstacle" "whose conduct affects," "married husbands intentions qualify requirement." 895. "large fraction" victims psychological abuse. 897. 230 None mentions fraction discussion, (although true) advised doctor. Indisputably, inability More sophisticated minds ours searched (let fraction) required. "ad nullification" machine throttle. 814 Madsen 512 753, 785 (1994) 231 232 reassured unwarranted muster. virulent strain exegesis. told border infanticide. compel result. 233 NOTES: Unless noted, JJ. statistics approximately 1,221,585 67,000-5.5%-were 16th trimester. practiced compromised (concluding later D&E). average long. K. Moore T. Persaud, Developing Human Past patients. 64. reflecting 7-8. prefers D&E" Extraction" "D&X." 1995, hybrid 599 1997)), (AMA, Congress. 21-23, justification preference "breech-conversion "D&X" sanctioned. candidates indicated addition, rarely: hysterotomy, resembling Caesarean section, incision wall, hysterectomy. 1109. point; incorrect contemplates "procedure." ("partial component ("for child"). undefined accordance FDIC Meyer, 510 (1994). irrelevant consensus interchangeable. 1833. measure, sponsored Members, passed Houses wide margins, 35892 31169 (1996), vetoed President Clinton, 7467. override 23851; margin votes, 25829. cosponsors reintroduced 929, replaced 1122. 1122, Sess. amended, margins. H1230 S715. Clinton bill. H8891. fell Senate. H6213 (1998); S10564. Consistent (an practitioner), termination purposely inserting device brain." §2919.15(A) Missouri "partially-born" "infanticide." §565.300 (Vernon 2000). proposed 210. Alaska §18.16.050 Ariz. §13-3603.01 Ark. §5-61-202 Fla. §390.011 Comp. Stat., ch. 720, §513/5 Ind. §16-18-2-267.5 (West §333.17016(5)(c) Miss. §41-41-73(2)(a) §44-41-85(A)(1) Cum. Supp.). §28-326 bill, delivery," 1997, e.g, Idaho §18-613(a) Iowa §707.8A(1)(c) §2A:65A-6(e) Okla. Ann., Tit. §684 Gen. §23-4.12-1 Tenn. §39-15-209(a)(1) (1987), [a] term." O'Connor. Meese, "political propaganda." 470. propaganda," 477, surprisingly, 485. Nowhere propaganda" devoted Congress' 477-479, 483-484. too, (1945), term, comports abortion"-the D&E-and Nor, dictionaries. supra page. compound, remedy, confusion means. procedures), Henshaw) (using procedure), 275 utero). whereas frequently empty normative content. (Of normative. passim opinion)). defined, morally agnostic U.S.C. § 922(v) (making unlawful "manufacture, transfer, possess semiautomatic assault weapon"); Kobayashi Olson, Re California Street: Legal Economic Analysis Strict Liability Manufacture Sale "Assault Weapons," Stan. L. Pol'y 41, ("Prior 1989, `assault weapon' lexicon firearms. anti-gun publicists expand rifles' attack firearms `evil' appearance"). 484-485. Scalia's observation deference." 177. commenting "turn normal upside-down, replacing lenity severity." 178. mention meaning). concede, implicitly, threshold imposing Ginsburg's apparently, "destruction" must, "chip Roe." Legislative Journal, 95th Leg., 2609 unable muster shred ineffective), persuasive intent. tell, motives derive discussing presumption squarely 877, 968 curiam), stated: "[E]ven -that interfere interfering invalid-there vitiating produce harmful results, Davis, 229, 246 results harmless." 972 original). below, burden, bottom, water standard. required, "all factors-physical, emotional, psychological, familial, age-relevant Voinovich Corp., 1036, 1037 complications, incompetence, 724, 726 infection. mother"). legislatures. Erie Pap's A. M., 529 --- (2000) (slip op., 15-16); Renton Playtime Theatres, 475 (1986). on, bodies. pp. 846, 852-853, 878-879, 890-891, 912-913.

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