Legal Document

359 U.S. 121 79 Supreme Court Reporter 676 3 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 684 Alfonse BARTKUS, Petitioner,v.PEOPLE OF the STATE ILLINOIS. Number 1. Reargued Oct. 21, 22, 1958. Decided March 30, 1959. Rehearing Denied June 8, See 360 907, 1283. Mr. Walter T. Fisher, Chicago, Ill., for petitioner. William C. Wines, respondent. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered opinion of Court. 1 Petitioner was tried in Federal District Northern Illinois on December 18, 1953, robbery a federally insured savings and loan association, General Savings Loan Association Cicero, Illinois, violation 18 Code KF62 § 2113, Annotated KF65 U5 2113. The case to jury resulted an acquittal. On January 1954, grand indicted Bartkus. facts recited indictment were substantially identical those contained prior federal indictment. charged that these constituted Revised Statutes, 1951, chapter 38, 501, statute. Bartkus convicted Criminal Cook County sentenced life imprisonment under Habitual Statute. Ill.Rev.Stat.1951, 602. 2 trial court considered rejected petitioner's plea autrefois acquit. That ruling other alleged errors challenged before which affirmed conviction. 7 Ill.2d 138, 130 North Eastern Reporter, 2nd 187. We granted certiorari because petition raised substantial question concerning application Fourteenth Amendment. 352 77 150, 116; 958, 358. 6, 1958, judgment below by equally divided 355 281, 78 336, 270. May 26, rehearing, vacated entered restored calendar reargument. 356 969, 1004, 1075. state prosecutions separately conducted. It is true agent Bureau Investigation who had conducted investigation behalf Government turned over prosecuting officials all evidence he gathered against Concededly, some been after acquittal court. only connection between two trials be found suggestion sentencing accomplices testified petitioner both purposely continued until they trial. record establishes prosecution undertaken within their discretionary responsibility basis conduct contrary penal code occurred jurisdiction. also acted cooperation with authorities, as conventional practice sets prosecutors throughout country.1 does not support claim State bringing its merely tool thereby avoided prohibition Fifth Amendment retrial sustain conclusion sham cover prosecution, essential fact another prosecution. 4 Since new Government, unconstitutionality must rest upon Due Process Clause Prior cases this relating successive have concerned Amendment, scope proscription second Amendment's effect action. are now called draw considerations guided applying limitations powers. held from beginning uniformly apply any provisions first eight amendments such.2 relevant historical materials canvassed legal scholars.3 These demonstrate conclusively Congress members legislatures ratifying did contemplate short-hand incorporation making them applicable explicit restrictions States. 5 Evidencing interpretation comparison constitutions Constitution. Having regard guarantee criminal Sixth civil Seventh it apparent if being applied verbatim States, ten thirty would impliedly imposing themselves constitutional requirements vital issues policies present own constitutions.4 Or, approach matter different way, covertly altering disregard amendment procedures required constitutions. Five undertaking conflict but Thus one-half, or fifteen, accord Fifth, Sixth, Amendments. Of four made alterations 1875 brought into important one more One whose constitution included provision three adopted 1890 inconsistent And so eleven Four silent fifteen open same provisions.5 6 Similarly understanding supplied history admission twelve entering Union ratification In each, State's 'not repugnant' Constitution States.6 Not contains jury, jury. obviously yet, each admission, either President Congress, conformity Enabling Act States.7 Nor there warrant believe adopting specific purpose complying requisites evading demands Surely compels always believed play than undisclosed original amendments. Hurtado versus People California, 110 516, 111, 292, 28 L.Ed. 232, due process setting, reviewed development concept Anglo-American law time Magna Carta adoption concluded intended flexible concept, responsive thought experience—experience reflected solid body judicial opinion, manifesting deep convictions unfolded 'inclusion exclusion.' Davidson New Orleans, 96 97, 104, 24 616. Time again has attempted general phrases define indicate purport adumbrate continuing adjudicatory application. statement Cardozo Palko Connecticut, 302 319, 58 149, 82 288, especially commended itself frequently cited later opinions.8 Referring situations, wrote: 8 'In situations immunities valid government force pledges particular implicit ordered liberty, thus, through become states.' at pages 324—325, page 151. 9 About meaning process, broad perspective unrelated amendments, suggested prohibited practices 'repugnant conscience mankind.' 323, Palko, ruled that, while point cruelty harassment multiple offend limitation imposed Double Jeopardy bind 10 Decisions reveal necessary balancing conflicting factors Clause. Chambers Floriday, 309 227, 60 472, 84 716, we conviction murder void based confession elicited third-degree methods defendant. But execution necessitated mechanical failure attempt process. Louisiana ex rel. Francis Resweber, 329 459, 67 374, 91 422. require close perceptive inquiry fundamental principles our society. system transcendental revelation society ascertained best may tribunal disciplined task environed safeguards disinterestedness detachment. 11 Constitutional challenge transaction though presented conspicuous ability.9 double jeopardy invoked twenty real hypothetical While Lanza, 260 377, 43 141, 314, squarely arising out conviction, validity such questioned since Fox Ohio, How. 410, 12 213, hundred years ago. Ohio argument uttering counterfeit money invalid. This assertion invalidity large part sanctions counterfeiting money, find Supremacy precluded punishing related expose individual punishment. Daniel, writing (with McLean dissenting), recognized possibility punishment, denied flowed finding pre-emption, concluding instead Governments retained power impose sanctions, interest protecting purity currency, citizens fraud. 13 decided courts seven discussed prosecutions. three, Missouri,10 Carolina,11 Virginia12 said no bar prevent Discussions South Carolina conflict—the earlier opinion13 expressing belief bar, later,14 without acknowledging disagreement first, denying availability bar. Vermont,15 Massachusetts,16 Michigan,17 stated crime conduct. persuasiveness Massachusetts Michigan decisions somewhat impaired precedent relied reasoning. cases, Houston Moore, Wheat. 1, 19, language government. 31. Washington his statute law. 28. As viewed matter, similar crimes conduct; crime. Johnson agreed empowered try defendant offense, then 35. Moore can presence very already question.18 14 significance background was, taking position most favorable advocates bars acquit convict like Court, totally inconclusive. Conflicting opinions applicability manifest conscience. They certainly do agreement permit acts repugnant standards outlawry conception outlined Palko. (It worth noting sustained degree returned appeal murder.) early clarified issue stating opposing arguments. Court's response begun Marigold, 560, 257, completed 13, 306. Grier, gave definitive rule evolving: 15 'An offence, signification, means transgression law.' 19. 16 'Every citizen territory. He owe allegiance sovereigns, liable punishment infraction laws either. act offence both.' 20. 17 'That (if see fit) punish offender, cannot doubted. Yet truly averred offender twice punished offence; committed offences, justly punishable. could plead other.' Ibid. dozen Lanza occasion reaffirm principle enunciated Ohio.19 five times repeated Amendment.20 Indeed Holmes once wrote 'is too plain need statement.'21 post-Lanza Jerome 318 101, 63 483, 87 640, involved possible statutes. Nonetheless, unanimous recently 1943, accepted unquestioned violate 105, 486.22 19 lower course Court.23 Although follow others reflection express reasoned approval two-sovereignty principle. Barnhart, 22 KF105 F3 285, Oregon Circuit just obverse one: court; subsequent defendant's acquit, saying hardship might operate persuade it. 20 experience dealing governments considering whether violated twenty-eight double-jeopardy common-law evidentiary convict, twenty-seven refused barred.24 bound rules, constitutional, statutory, common them, drew separate independent authority. 21 careful reasoning, offhand dictum. array full consideration arguments supporting interpreted rules proscribing where With irrefutable even long, unbroken, impressive adjudication A practical justification rejecting reading commends aid Screws 325 91, 65 1031, 89 1495, defendants statutes maximum sentences year respectively. capital offense. Were comparatively minor offense grave law, result shocking untoward deprivation historic right obligation maintain peace order confines. derogation displace reserved offenses reason authorities beyond control States.25 23 Some recent suggestions reality deft device establishing centralized factual fly face history. accurately shown men well member Confederation fearful sought limit power. Brandeis written separation powers promote efficiency preclude exercise arbitrary power.'26 lessened concern Founders devising likewise safeguard greatest self-restraint when yields results little sympathy. entire litigation contention imposition manifestation evolutionary unfolding Today number offense.27 study York statute,28 typical laws, demonstrates determining much alike former latter difficult one.29 proper solution problem depends gravamen historically Both problems ones competent deal Furthermore, resulting will intimately affect efforts develop rational protection citizens. ought utilize interfere development. Finally, give code.30 25 Precedent, experience, deprived Illinois. 26 Affirmed. 30 instances See, e.g., 2117, 2117 (burglary vehicle transportation carrying interstate foreign shipments). Appendix Opinion r Year c date admission. ad Union. "No person shall answer capital, otherwise infamous crime, unless presentment Grand Jury * *."] "In prosecutions, accused enjoy speedy public trial, impartial *." suits value controversy exceed dollars, preserved Listed Proclamation Ratification Connecticut. 1866.r 1818.c Article I, 9, gives punishable death life. similar. 21: "The remain inviolate." Hampshire. 1792.c Silent. XVI guarantees cases. XX similar, Part II, 77, ratified 1852, permitted Justices Peace dollars. Tennessee. 1834.c 14, §§ Jersey. 1844.c 7, preserves except legislature authorize six amount less fifty Oregon. 1857.c 11, Vermont. 1793.c Chap. 10, 12, York. 1867.r 1846.c 2, Ohio. 1851.c I. Fairman, Page 97.* 5, 1848.c XIII, 1870 provided abolished 8. provide Peace. 5. West Virginia. 1861-63.c 1872 establish III, 13. Such judges given jurisdiction up VIII, 27 29 31 Kansas. 1859.c 32 101. Bill Rights, Maine. 1819.c 33 20, Nevada. 1864.c 34 3, provides three-fourths vote Missouri. 1865.c 35 24, nine indict. 36 permits juries record. 28, specify limits courts. 17, similar.The Consitution record, Indiana. 37 VII, 17: Assembly modify abolish system." 106. 38 Minnesota. 39 4, amended five-sixths verdict hours debate. Rhode Island. 1842.c 40 15, Wisconsin. 41 Amendments, Pages 110-111. 42 Pennsylvania. 1838.c IX, Michigan. 1850.c 44 Fairman. 115-116. VI, 27, Massachusetts. 1780.c 45 First Part, XII, restricts involving "capital punishment." XV, 46 47 48 49 50 Nebraska 51 1866-67.c system. 10. 123-124. "inferior courts." altered read "courts inferior district court." 6. courts, tribunals, thousand dollars 1875. 16. 122-123. Iowa. 1868.r 52 An 1884 53 authorizes "in Arkansas. 54 1868.c Florida. 55 56 Carolina. 57 "controversies respecting property". Lousiana 59 Title information. 127. 1879 "penalty necessarily hard labor death" twelve. 7. No Rights. IV, 87,indicates least provided.In verdicts. 116. Alabama. 1867.c Georgia. 61 appears V, cl. states Judge seven. defines Courts; penitentiary. Superior render founded contract, issuable defence filed oath." 62 64 66 Virginia 1869.r Mississippi. 1870.r 68 31, Texas. 69 institution proceedings 70 16, Admitted After Colorado. 1876.ad 71 1876.c 23, twelve, whom that: assembly change, regulate, grand-jury set size 72 Dakota. 1889.ad 1889.c 73 felonies, delineation clear. Montana. 74 information established persons, 23. section actions amounting felony two- thirds sufficient convict. two-thirds verdict. Furthermore Justice's composed persons. 75 entirely. legislatre vote. permitted. 76 25, use initiate 80 proceedings. Idaho 1890.ad 81 misdemeanors 83 85 86 Wyoming. 88 continues provided. Art change Utah. 1896.ad 90 1895.c offers alternatives: charge committing magistrate information; alternative indictment, seven, traditional jurisdicition, eight; jurisdiction, four. eight, four, Oklahoma. 1907.ad 1907.c II any, urors, needed 92 requires crimes. Inferior six. 93 Arizona. 1912.ad 1910.c initiation vest misdemeanors. Mexico. 1911.c Art, If jurors; jurors, indict, majority less-than-unanimous triable Courts (Justices 26), Alaska. 1959.ad 94 1958.c 95 jurisdictional involved. desires. BLACK, CHIEF JUSTICE DOUGLAS concur, dissenting. Petitioner, Bartkus, bank robbery. acquitted. So far fairly able conscientious judge. Later, imprisonment. His barred 'be subject put limb.' today rejects Bartkus' violates & N Dec. Immigration Nationality agree. 97 holding further weakened 1922, allowed man previously Today, history, upholds statecon viction acquitted hold following Abbate 187, 666 (dissenting opinion). And, quite apart clause fully binding Adamson 332 46, 68, 1672, 1684, 1903 opinion), stand. For think spirit free country prevailing view expressed 288.1 98 make Rights But, noted, 'the privileges immunities' 'have taken absorption.' 326, 152. indicated incorporated 'principle(s) justice rooted traditions people ranked fundamental.' 325, 152.2 allowing principles. expressly left (could be) error again.' 328, 153. us today. 99 Fear abhorrence governmental oldest ideas western civilization. Its roots run Greek Roman times.3 Even Dark Ages, many lost, idea enough remained alive canon teachings Christian writers.4 By thirteenth century seems firmly England,5 came 'universal maxim law.'6 surprising, therefore, earliest settlers heritage freedom,7 here again.8 found, varying forms, Constitution, jurisprudence every State, wel nations.9 has, fact, described advanced systems law10 universal 'of reason, justice, conscience, Cicero said: 'Nor thing Rome Athens, future, among nations same."11 writers explained opposition emphasizing injustice inherent punishments Act,12 stressed dangers innocent trials,13 basic recurring theme simply wrong Danger Offence once.'14 Few deeply 'rooted people.' 100 apparently takes somehow offensive State. Looked standpoint prosecuted, notion subtle me grasp. what feared, hurts 'Sovereigns' inflict one. danger emphasized, surely bear trials, proceeds alone. case, inescapably, forced 101 almost nevertheless justifies name 'federalism.' This, me, misuse desecration concept. Our conceived created 'to Justice' 'secure Blessings Liberty,' destroy bulwarks freedom depend. should, suspicious supposed 'requirements' 'federalism' reult obliterating ancient safeguards. nothing Union, writings Founders, elsewhere, rights deemed Nation lost combined operations governments. sound thinking successful operation dual slightest act. 102 Implicit reliance premise allow seriously impair enforcement Nation. penalties severely accepting pleas guilty shield wrongdoers justice. fails several grounds. place relies unwarranted assumption seek subvert other's laws. elsewhere persuasively argued civilized protect lands.15 inconceivable 1816, 'If prevails strangers other, (it could) fail (prevail) political ties.' Antonio, Tread.Const., S.C., 776, 781. Cf. Testa Katt, 330 386, 810, 967. 103 ignores allocates local way protected trials. limited areas only, matters properly supreme. retain exclusive matters, grant concurrent terms. inadequate penalties, national interest, defining minimum excluding altogether. Conversely, purely supreme exclusive. essentially interests interference. Rutkin 343 130, 139, 571, 576, 833 areas, however, vested extent permits, infringement chooses fix smaller wish. rarly occur, likely indirect accomplish directly pre-empting field.16 104 Ultimately federalism amounts somehow, becomes jurisdictions Hawkins, Pleas Crown, long ago disposed justify counties 'a mere Fiction Construction Law, hardly take Place Maxim Favour Life.'17 discarded dangerous fiction then, should now. 105 To bolster cites begins which, says, 'clarified arguments.' elsewhere.18 Two remaining exist feared bring about tolerate. 'This natural justice,' 1794, 'and therefore law.'19 seventh inconclusive discussion coming highest unequivocally exist.20 actually approves doctrine advances, dicta.21 Significantly, virtually never occur country.22 106 mainly, line starting 213. Most these, itself, some, dicta, admitted power, discuss question.23 Many, pointed genius occur. Chief Taney, circuit, 'Yet countries and, pary h tribunal, duty suspend sentence, represent president, him opportunity granting pardon.'24 upheld, troubled nominal imposed.25 upheld encouraged practice, actual few, relation great mass decided, readily discern instinctive unwillingness hardships defendants.26 107 Despite exhaustive research, upheld. C.C., lack retrial, alternate used today.27 Barnhart intimated sham.28 Sham commentators jeopardy, convictions.29 followed court-martial when, seemed recognize, military tria 'Sovereign.'30 third on, 1915 decision Washington, subsequently convicted.31 108 may, infer fewness retrials particularly obnoxious, worse even, eyes many, conviction.32 doubt, boast support. meager ultimately peoples.' scattered dubious unchallenged, for, balanced firm sustaining extremely narrow construction conclusive avoid evil approved Mason, 213 115, 480, 725. 'sacred unimpaired securities personal received ages sanction jurist statesman,' Ex parte Lange, Wall. 163, 178, 872, doubly hesitant encourage blatant giving 'illiberal words embodied.' 109 accustomed shocking, might, time, adjust violations sanctioned t. 1943 last years, sustained.33 150 undesirable strain examples, commonplace. For, today, blame prosecutor failing accept believes knowns available Highest Land? Inevitably, victims often poor weak society, individuals friends high places influence again. used, procedures, scapegoats helpless, political, religious, racial minorities differ, conform resist tyranny. Florida, 236, 476, 716. There trying twice. am inserting news item tried, convicted, prison again, death.34 Similar examples lands torn revolution crushed dictatorship. protections embodied Clauses things happening here. Unfortunately, year's holdings Ciucci 839, 983, Hoag Jersey, 464, 829, 913, today's affirmance cause fear happen 111 reverse. 112 BRENNAN, join, 113 robbing association weeks later, single dispute participant along self-confessed perpetrators 114 Government's rested primarily testimony robbers, Joseph Cosentino James Brindis, confessed tetif ied confederate. defense getting hair cut barber shop miles away committed. owner shop, son witnesses placed time. acquitting Barkus alibi Brindis. 115 highly displeased jury's resolution testimony, judge sharply upbraided remarks printed Vasen, Cir., 222 immediately convicting courthouse purpose. clear officers solicited arranged assure attendance key witnesses, unearthed additional discredit prepared Attorney trial: 'I glad state's attorney.' conceded commendable candor oral 'that instigate guide prosecution' 'actually case.' Indeed, showed 'fair inference' 'federal attention authority commission furnish guilt.' 116 shows participation late 1953. Early 1954 Assistant prosecuted summoned office. Present FBI investigated case. Cosentino, 'Look, going get you testify him?' would. Later Brindis testify. pleaded August postponed April 1954. disclose yet imposed. released bail pending recognizance. 117 January, also, active purposefully strengthening proofs sufficed frankly 'was securing (information) government,' although 'gone authorities.' singularly tipped scales favor uncovered witness Grant Pursel, enlarged Mann Act, 2421 et seq. Pursel 'about January,' conversation during September 1953 jail awaiting respective Pursel's stae t rial, told participated robbery, damaging. Yet, indicative attitude interview contact whatsoever official connected morning testified. Here sentence 118 Also month operator o'clock, rebuttal 4:30 o'clock shop. evidenced Attorney's motion objection, courtroom excluded. 119 acknowledges certain circumstances aside determine how participate infects aside. test, submit, fashioned secure (Federal Government) resources attempts subjecting embarrassment, expense ordeal compelling live anxiety insecurity *.' Green 184, 221, 223, 199. Under test principles, denies assures him. Given complete escape actuality prosecution—a guise overturned, restraints machinery 120 infected implies condemnation processes such. infirmities fault product unconstitutional grasp merit oppression violence federalism. course, desired encouraged, cooperative field indeed profit improving endless fight normal heathy situation consists cooperating apprehend lawbreakers strongest federal. Cooperation harass deny tolerated legitimate requirement lesson wrought taught shattered sovereignty transparent tries What happened effort failed renewed across street. content favor, engineered obtained exactly kind prohibit. declared clearly analogous Rea 350 214, 233, injunction agent's transference illegally charge. defeat supervision officers, transparently employed Knapp Schweitzer, 357 371, 380, 1302, 1393, declared: 'Of advantage States' autonomy evade Rights.' Feldman 322 487, 494, 1082, 1085, 1408; cf. Byars 273 248, 520. require, think, Proceedings General's Conference Crime (1934). At Gutknecht thus officials: 'We attorney's office narcotics handling nation-wide organization, town criticising City police, attorney proof don't lead negligent duties, attorney. us, statements city county sign breakdown utter nonsense. 'The duties duties. doing illustration it, continue cooperate authorities. Give duty, narcotics, calls carry burden. *' 232; re Kemmler, 136 436, 930, 519; Maxwell Dow, 176 581, 448, 597; Twining 211 78, 97; 288; 1903. Does Incorporate Rights? Original Understanding, Stan.L.Rev. Appendix, 687, detailed correspond 435, Daniel 'it neither probable nor credible anxiously insisted ingraft Statutes-at-Large 569. 1728. Leland Oregon, 790, 801, 1002, 1008, 1302; Rochin 342 165, 169, 205, 208, 183; Bute 333 659, 763, 773, L.ed. 986. consider English precedents judgments ability charges conduct—dubious confused reporting based, versions Rex Hutchinson Beak Thyrwhit, Mod. 194, Eng.Rep. 124 (reported Beake Tyrrell Show. 411, Tirrell Comberbach 120, 379), Burrows Jemino, Strange 733, 815 Burroughs Jamineau Mos. 235, Jemineau Sel.Cas. 70, 228, Eq.Ca.Abr. Jemino 443), Gage Bulkeley, Ridg.Cas. 263, 824. reflect discretion Mattison Mo. *421. Brown, N.C. *100. Hendrick Commonwealth, Leigh 707, Va. 707. 776. Tutt, Bailey, 44. Randall, Aikens, Vt., 89. Commonwealth Fuller, Metc. 313, Mass. 313. Harlan People, Doug., Mich., 207. Story's dissenting 47, displays dislike id., 72, suggests 74, 75. Cruikshank, 542, 588; Coleman Tennessee, 509, 1118; Siebold, 717; Arjona, 479, 628, 728; Cross Carolina, 132 131, 287; Loney, 134 372, 584, 949; Pettibone 148 197, 419; Crossley 168 242, 610; Sexton 189 543, 833; Matter Heff, 197 488, 506, 848; Grafton 206 333, 749, 1084; Ponzi Fessenden, 258 254, 309, 607. Hebert Louisiana, 272 312, 103, 270; Westfall 274 256, 629, 1036; Puerto Rico Shell Co., 253, 167, 235; 640; 1495. 258, 1036. Handbook Interstate Control, book 1938 Commission Crime, Gordon Dean, Special Executive 'Mention National Bank Robbery punishes robberies banks, banks Reserve System, funds Deposit Insurance Corporation. usurpation still prosecute do. few bank. acquitted, convicted. robbers know 'flight,' valuable weapon, statute, proved impotent. rate half, fine agencies apprehension robbers.' Id., 114. McKinney Landon, 209 300; Morris 229 516; Vandell 188; Levine, 129 745; Serio 203 576; Jolley 232 83; Smith 243 877; Rios 256 173; Amy, C.C.Va., Fed.Cas. 792, 14,445; Given, C.C.Del., 1328, 15,211; C.C.Or., 285; Palan, C.C.S.D.N.Y., 167 991; Wells, D.C.Minn., 522, 16,665; Casey, D.C.S.D.Ohio, 247 362; Holt, D.C.N.Dak., 270 639; Morgan, D.C.N.D.Iowa, F.Supp. 810; Mandile, D.C.E.D.N.Y., 266. Holt included; inclusion meant justified reasoning sovereignties jeopardy. list nonprohibition discussing favoring Three questioning rule: Houghton, D.C.Vt., 657; 897; Stubbs, C.C.W.D.Wash., 133 1012; Candelaria, D.C.S.D.Cal., 131 797. Denying Bar. Henderson Ariz. 113, 244 Pacific KF135 P2 1020 (despite statutory possession transportation). Duncan, 221 Ark. 681, 255 Western 430. California. McDonnell, Rptr. California (West’s) 190; 139 Cal.App.2d 432, 294 120; 153 879, 315 386 (these Candelaria below, prevents burglary circumstances). Scheinfain Aldredge, 191 Ga. 868; Bryson Ga.App. 230, Southeastern S6 63. Hoke 122 Ill. 511, Northeastern N59 823. Heier Ind. 200; Dashing 357. 143 Iowa 240, Northwestern N69 1052. Kentucky. Hall Ky. 179, 246 Southwestern S79 441. Louisiana. Breaux, 161 La. 368, Southern S69 per curiam 645, 241, 820. Gauthier, Me. 529—531, Atlantic 383—385, American Law 652. Nickerson, 236 128 273, 1568. Illova, 351 Mich. 204, 589. Holm, Minn. 267, 166 181, L.R.A.1918C, 304. 295 653, 241. Whittemore, N.H. 245. Cioffe, N.J.L. 160, 79. Welch, 141 N.Y. 266, L.R.A. 117. *100, Franch, 162 Or. 602, 143. O'Brien Burke, 171 Pa.Super. 246. Bailey Rhodes, 146 Tenn. 398, 242 642, 1544; Rankin, 145. O'Brien, Vt. 170 98. Jett Grat. 933, 933. Washington. Kenney, Wash. 441, 145 450. Holesapple, W.Va. 794. Moundsville Fountain, 182, 197—198. Murphy, Wyo. 297, 304—309, 399—401. Raising Moran, Fla. 662, (this Florida Eighteenth Strobhar 180 9). unique habitual ground. Myers 52, 293, 66, 85, 160 listed Tentative Draft Institute's Model Penal (1956), 61. Consol. Laws, 40, Crim. Proc. 139. Liss Superintendent Women's Prison, 282 869; Mangano, 269 App.Div. 954, N.Y.S.2d 891 (2d Dept.) sub nom. Mignogna, 296 1011, 583; Spitzer, Misc. 266 Supplement 522 (Sup.Ct.); Parker, 175 (Kings Ct.); Eklof, 179 536, 557 (Richmond Adamchesky, 184 769, (N.Y.County Ct.). Understanding. Stan. Rev. (hereinafter my both, DOUGLAS. 174, 177, 210, 212, 183 (concurring opinions); 477, note 837, 913 various ways. crucial termed 'implicit liberty,' 152; impossible fair enlightened ibid; 'neither liberty exist,' 'fundamental lie base institutions,' absence creates acute polity endure it.' Bonner, Lawyers Litigants Ancient 195; Potter, Grecian Antiquities (1808), 194; Radin, 475, n. 28; Sherman, Modern World (3d ed. 1937), 488 489; Berner, Non bis idem, Archiv fur Preussisches Strafrecht (1855), 472; Digest Justinian: 48.2.7.2, translated Scott, Civil governor acquitted.' stemmed St. 391 A.D. Nahum (Douay version), 'there rise affliction.' (In King version, 'affliction time.') God Migne, Patrologia Latina (1845), 1238. church canons 847 as, 'Not act.' Brooke, Church Papacy, 205; Maitland, Collected Papers (Fisher 1911), Essay, Henry Criminous Clerks, 239; Pollock History 1899), 448—449; Poole, Domesday Book Carta, 206. op. cit., supra, antecedents rule. Bracton, De Legibus Consuetudinibus Angliae (Woodbine 1922), 391, 397, acquittals battle. Crown (4th 1762), 368—379; Staundeforde, Les Plees Del Corone (Rev.Ed. 1583), 105—108. twelfth avoidance major element celebrated Thomas Becket II. wanted clerics lay tribunals Whether correct assertions Henry's proposals debated historians. events, plan abandoned Becket's murder. 190—214; 4; 447—456; 203—218. Cooley's Blackstone *335, 336. cit, 105—108; Lambert, Crompton Dalton, Manuall Analecta (rev.ed. 1642), 69—70; Coke, Institutes (6th 1680), 213—214; 368—379. commentator borrowed procedure. Legal History, 228. 1487 exception 'Authority Star Chamber,' Hen. ways, parties suffered injury 'Death Murder' attainted coul Wife, next Heir slain.' broadened construction. 373—374, 377—379. 106—108. soon feel disuse, profession greatly shocked 1818, maneuvers, upholding battle, obtained, loophole rule' formally plugged Parliament. 226—227, 24; Kirk, 'Jeopardy' During Period Books, U.Pa.L.Rev. 608—609. Body Liberties (1641), 42, reads, 'No twise Trespasse.' Laws (1648) (Farrand 1929) 'everie Action Causes entred rolls everie Actions afterwards vexation man.' colonial Colonial Virginia, 81—82, 102. 872; 198, 229, 199 (majority Olds, 1824, Litt., Ky., 137; Cooper, 1833, 361, 370. All recognize Each prohibits Brock 344 424, 429, 349, 351, 354, 456 opinion); Institute, (1935), 61—72. 'non idem' Batchelder, Former Jeopardy, Am.L.Rev. 735. Ku ssner, 198; Donnedieu de Vabres, Droit Criminel 1947), 886—887; It. Codice di Procedura Penale, 90, 579 (Ludus 1955). Introductory note, 168—169, 872. 137, 139; 370—371; Tucker, 675. 372. 377. Grant, Rule Successive Prosecutions, Col.L.Rev. 1309; Prosecutions Nation, U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 1; Developments Law—Conspiracy, Harv.L.Rev. 920, 968, 347. 1408 382, 1309, 1393 England good antedate Revolution. Hutchinson, reported (1689), Str. (1726), compare report Ridg.T.H. 824 (1744); Roche, Leach 134, 135n, 169n (1775). Thomas, Sid. 1043; Lev. 118, 326; Keb. 663, 1172 (1664); Aughet, Cox C.C. 238 (C.C.A.1918); Halsbury, 1955), 405. Hines Davidowitz, 312 399, 581. Weber Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 348 468, 546. slight validity. violation, (Prohibition) area Pennsylvania Nelson, 497, 500, 640. 105—106. 776; 1827, 89; 1843, 207; 1844, 1834, 1830, Compare 1867, 947, 959, 959. 430; 357; 652; 1568; 304; 245; Frach, 143; 246; S.C. 44; Dicta can, runs holding. Nielsen 212 315, 320, 383, 384, 528, 'Where states, acquiring finality Furlong, 64, 'Robbery seas doubt autre fois resting instituted State.' 811, 14,445. 213; 947. 991, 992 993, shocks sense justice.' D.C., 639, 642 643. caused tight approve avoid. killing Indian white reservation. either, premises, proceeding forth nullity; had, States.' 291. Williams Lee, 358 217, 269, 251. demurrer appear ever hung Indian, escaped gallows.' 289. Ball, 163 669, 1192, 1194, Edwards 233 356, 746. 125, 481, 145, 157, Cold. 157. Rankin account territorial Similarly, Cashiel, 1863, 318, 14,744, 370—371. Const., I.C.A., art. 12; Mich.Const., 14; Mo.Const., V.A.M.S., 19; N.H.Const., Pt.First 16; N.J.Const., 11; R.I.Const., 7; Tex.Const., Vernon's Ann.St., 14. not, differentiate conviction; banned both. Jersey 79; 1956, 1957, 173. Times October col. carried Moscow line: 'A 19-year-old 'stilyag' (zoot-suiter) re-tried protests twenty-five-year term militiaman lenient, newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda condemned youth Victor Shanshkin, leader gang youths break store May, according Young Communist Organization. 'He pumped bullets militiaman, escaped, arrested terms ranging twenty-five years. aroused widespread protests. 'At recently, Shanshkin die. age, serve years.'

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