Legal Document

404 U.S. 270 92 Supreme Court Reporter 509 30 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 438 Philip Judge PICARD, Petitioner,v.James CONNOR. Number 70—96. Argued Nov. 17, 1971. Decided Dec. 20, Syllabus A grand jury returned a murder indictment against named individual 'and John Doe, the true name and more particular description of said Doe being to Jurors unknown.' After respondent's arrest was amended pursuant state law substitute for 'John Doe.' The highest court affirmed subsequent conviction, rejecting his challenge legality made on ground that amending procedure did not comply with statute. Respondent subsequently filed petition writ habeas corpus in District Court, which dismissed petition. Appeals reversed, holding by respondent brought trial violative equal protection. rejected petitioner's contention respondent, who had previously raised protection issue, exhausted available judicial remedies as required 28 Code KF62 § 2254, presented 'an opportunity apply controlling legal principles facts bearing upon (his) constitutional claim.' Held: substance federal claim must first instance be fairly courts, since record argument before it State's no fair consider act claim, erred remedies. Pp. 275 278. 434 Federal Reporter, 2nd 673, reversed remanded. Irwin, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Boston, Mass., petitioner. James Twohig, respondent. Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered opinion Court. 1 First Circuit, reversing Court's dismissal corpus,1 held 'the (respondent) deprived him Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee laws.' 674 (1970). acknowledged attacked conviction ground, either courts or petition: 2 '(Respondent) present question Massachusetts focus this is directed. We suggested when case reached us, invited Commonwealth file supplemental brief. Not unnaturally its assert remedy * *.' Ibid. 3 remedies, 2254,2 because he 'presented (state) claim." granted certiorari ruling light command 2254. 402 942, 91 1620, 29 110 (1971). hold objection should have been sustained, we therefore reverse further proceedings, see Slayton versus Smith, 53, 174, 209 (1971), without reaching merits decided Appeals.3 4 an Donald Landry arrest, proceeding fictitious-name statute, Mass.Gen.Laws Ann., chapter 277, 19,4 Judicial sub nom. Doherty, 353 Mass. 197, 229 North Eastern 267 (1967). Among other grounds appeal, challenged indictment. gist argument, also asserted during various statute construed result lawfully indicted crime. See Gedzium, 259 453, 156 Northeastern KF135 N59 890 (1927).5 only suggestions claimed denial right were statements brief questioning continuing validity Gedzium provision Fifth Amendment '(n)o person shal answer capital, otherwise infamous crime, unless presentment Grand Jury' inapplicable States. Id., at 457, N.E., 891; Hurtado California, 516, 292, L.Ed. 232 (1884).6 examined pretrial, trial, appellate papers do discover any indication attack prosecution under Equal Protection Clause Amendment.7 5 It has settled Ex parte Royall, 117 241, 6 734, 868 (1886), prisoner normally exhaust will entertain corpus. See, e.g., Nelson George, 399 224, 229, 90 1963, 1966, 26 578 (1970); Irvin Dowd, 359 394, 404—405, 79 825, 831—832, 900 (1959); Hawk, 321 114, 64 448, 88 572 (1944). exhaustion-of-state-remedies doctrine, now codified §§ 2254(b) (c),8 reflects policy federal-state comity, Fay Noia, 372 391, 419—420, 83 822, 838—839, 9 837 (1963); Bowen Johnston, 306 19, 27, 59 442, 446, 455 (1939), accommodation our system designed give State initial 'opportunity pass correct' alleged violations prisoners' rights.' Wilwording Swenson, 249, 250, 407, 408, 418. consistently adhered policy, 'it would unseemly dual government district upset correct violation.' Darr Burford, 339 200, 204, 70 587, 590, 94 761 (1950) (overruled respects, supra, U.S., 435 436, S.Ct., 847—848). follows, course, once exhaustion requirement satisfied. 407; Roberts LaVallee, 389 40, 42—43, 194, 196—197, 19 41 (1967); Brown Allen, 344 443, 447—450, 73 397, 404, 97 469 (1953). emphasize courts. If doctrine prevent 'unnecessary conflict between equally bound guard protect rights secured Constitution,' 251, 740, sufficient merely applicant through rule serve purpose if could satisfied raising one another Only hear sought vindicated does make sense speak Accordingly, same urges 203, 589; Davis Burke, 179 399, 401 403, 21 210, 211—212, 45 249 (1900). 7 every stage proceedings As pointed out, F.2d, 674, factual allegations see, ex rel. Boodie Herold, 349 (CA2 1965); Schiers 333 173 (CA9 1964), nor intervening change cast issue fundamentally different light, Blair 340 741 Pennsylvania Raymond Rundle, 598 (CA3 1964). put aside consideration those types cases. here simply whether, it, defect conviction. think not. 8 Until Court,9 never contended method denied laws. Rather, from outset argued improperly and, extent all, employed approved reference whether applied He adverted solely bore submission.10 entered injected it. are thus unable agree provided 'court 674. To sure, all facts. Yet found inherent attention dealt arguments offered; cannot fault failing sua sponte Obviously there instances ultimate disposition,' Kemp Pate, 749, 751 (CA7 1966), despite variations theory urged support. ready example confession predicated psychological well physical coercion. Sanders States, 373 1, 16, 1068, 1077, 10 148 (1963). Hence, imply citing 'book verse constitution.' Daugharty Gladden, 257 750, 758 1958); Kirby Warden, 296 151 (CA4 1961). invalid substantial equivalent results unconstitutional discrimination. Rose Dickson, 327 1964); Morris Mayo, 277 103 (CA5 1960). judgment remanded consistent opinion. so ordered. 11 Judgment 12 DOUGLAS, dissenting. 13 With respect, & N Immigration Nationality Decisions carry too far. Connor's added after jury, substituted such substitution quantum due process 'in having Jury.'1 refer part Amendment. But nicety irrelevant maintenance healthy state-federal relations makes decision turn. concept broad expansive, concepts process, both stemming American ideal fairness, mutually exclusive.' Bolling Sharpe, 347 497, 499, 74 693, 694, 98 884. protection, viz., invidious discrimination, may 'so unjustifiable process.' Ibid.2 Brennan Boddie Connecticut, 371, 388, 780, 791, 113 (concurring opinion), 'The treats exclusively inevitably implicates considerations protection.' That likewise here. 14 Moreover, point plainly where accused claims 'probable cause' indict him, finding concerned someone unknown time. 15 Connor complained coerced perjured testimony, relied developed court, questions surely sufficiently precise provisions involved. situation different.3 16 judges whom tendered learned men assume knowledgeable meaning process. student left large certainly worthy 'A.' analysis associate scholarship functional role play area When go extreme, trap out promises litigant resources, 17 fear reluctance backstop symptomatic trend sidestep possible controversies hopes, let them disappear. Of course remit tribunal emerged known time decisions outdated earlier decision. No exists simple uncontested: returned. clear clearer remand. Its vulnerability tested obvious is. acted responsibly decide now. Endless repetitive procedures encouraged today's bring litigation end today applying exhaustion-of-remedy terminate rather than multiply engulf regime. 308 F.Supp. 843 (Mass.1970). Title 2254 provides pertinent part: '(b) An application behalf custody shall appears State, absence corrective existence circumstances rendering ineffective prisoner. '(c) deemed within section, raise, procedure, presented.' contend can claim. postconviction adequate adjudicate motion new 278, 29; Earl Commonwealth, 356 181, 248 498 (1969), error, 250; Cortellesso 354 514, 238 516 (1968); Crowell 352 288, 225 330 Shoppers' World, Incorporated Board Assessors, 348 366, 376 n. 9, 203 811, 819 (1965). 'If described fictitious practicable description, allegation real unknown. defendant erroneous abatement; but discovered, used fact mentioned indictment.' Although Constitution expressly provide indictments, Article XII Declaration Rights require "no . capital crime charged jury.' Jones Robbins, 329, 344—345 (1857). In arguing assignment error: '(T)he applicability appear need reexamination, development guarantees Bill states virtue Amendment.' Brief 13. third fourth assignments 'As set forth supra support Assignment, Doe' nullity general indictment, limited identifiable individual. Since case, prosecuted violation Jury.' 14. Nor alleges '(h)e Constitution, (of) statutory (the statute), common forbids amendment memorandum petition, 'must administered accordance pertaining Jury established land, i.e., created adopted Constitution. these principles, describe (respondent), was, nullity, remained amendment.' noting 'argued indiscriminately basis statutes constitution Massachusetts, grounds,' F.Supp., 845 2, considered 'that clause applicable 845. supra. prompted advance 'since probable cause prior alone undoubtedly Amendment, stated Chief Circuit Court.' 15. reiterated contentions 7, properly says 890, Massachusetts. That, however, error. error overlap is, total. two merge subject debate Representative Atlantic Bingham Ohio, architect phrases 'due process' 'equal protection' interchangeably floor Congress. Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., 1088—1089. Wilson, Merging Concepts Liberty Equality, Wash. Lee L.Rev. 182, Antieau, Outside Clause, 40 Calif.L.Rev. 362, Tussman tenBroek, Laws, 37 341. Compare Douglas 353, 814, Griffin Illinois, 351 12, 76 585, 100 891, Gideon Wainwright, 335, 792, 799, Powell Alabama, 287 45, 53 55, 77 158. There apparently similar controversy India, whose contains clause. Narain, Guarantee Right Property Under Indian Int. Comp. L.Q. 199. 750 (CA9), cites, instructive. indigent appealed intermediate appeal afford supply transcript. then moved supreme order requiring supplied transcript free charge, denied, failed Despite even much less requirement. 'In moving Oregon expense called inability pay record. This necessary principle appellant relies. (E)xhaustion specifically mentioned.' 758. Analogously, instant case: 'Petitioner petitioner remedy, Needel Scafati, Cir., 1969, 412 761, cert. 396 861, 133, 24 113, Subiolosky 691. find cases inapposite. considers neither facts, Needel, precedent, Subilosky, Petitioner 751; cf. Wilbur Maine, 1970, 421 1327. enough satisfy requirements doctrine. Sullivan 428 1023, 1024 1. turn merits.'

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