Legal Document

379 U.S. 241 85 Supreme Court Reporter 348 13 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 258 HEART OF ATLANTA MOTEL, INC., Appellant,v.UNITED STATES et al. Number 515. Argued Oct. 5, 1964. Decided Dec. 14, Moreton Rolleston, Jr., Atlanta, Ga., for appellant. Archibald Cox, Sol. Gen., appellees. Mr. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of This is a declaratory judgment action, 28 Code KF62 § 2201 and 2202 (1958 ed.) attacking constitutionality Title II Civil Rights Act 1964, 78 Statutes-at-Large 241, 241.1 In addition to relief complaint sought an injunction restraining enforcement damages against appellees based on allegedly resulting injury in event compliance was required. Appellees counterclaimed under 206(a) asked three-judge district court 206(b). A court, empaneled 206(b) as well 2282 sustained validity issued permanent appellees' counterclaim appellant from continuing violate which remains effect order BLACK, 1. We affirm judgment. 1 The Factual Background Contentions Parties. 2 case comes here admissions stipulated facts. Appellant owns operates Heart Atlanta Motel has 216 rooms available transient guests. motel located Courtland Street, two blocks downtown Peachtree Street. It readily accessible interstate highways 75 state 23 41. solicits patronage outside State Georgia through various national advertising media, including magazines circulation; it mainains over 50 billboards highway signs within State, soliciting motel; accepts convention trade approximately 75% its registered guests are out State. Prior passage had followed practice refusing rent Negroes, alleged that intended continue do so. effort perpetuate policy this suit filed. 3 contends Congress passing exceeded power regulate commerce Article I, s 8, cl. 3, Constitution States; violates Fifth Amendment because deprived right choose customers operate business wishes, taking liberty property without due process law just compensation; and, finally, by requiring Negroes will, subjecting involuntary servitude contravention Thirteenth Amendment. 4 counter unavailability adequate accommodations interferes significantly with travel, Congress, Commerce Clause, remove such obstructions restraints; does not forbid reasonable regulation consequential damage constitute 'taking' meaning amendment; claim fails entirely frivolous say amendment directed abolition human bondage removal widespread disabilities associated slavery places discrimination public accommodations, beyond reach both federal law. 5 At trial offered no evidence, submitting pleadings, stipulation facts; however, proved refusal accept Negro transients after Act. District sections attack (§§ 201(a), (b)(1) (c)(1)) restrained '(r) efusing reason their race or color' '(m)aking any distinction whatever upon basis color availability goods, services, facilities privileges, advantages made motel, general public, premises Motel, Inc.' 6 2. History 7 first evidenced interest civil rights legislation Enforcement April 9, 1866.2 There four Acts,3 fifth, March 1, 1875,4 culminating series. 1883 struck down 1875 Cases, 109 18, 27 L.Ed. 835. No major field been enacted 82 years when 19575 became 1960.6 Three later, June 19, 1963, late President Kennedy called message he attached proposed bill. Its stated purpose 8 'to promote welfare eliminating race, color, religion, origin * exercise powers conferred enforce provisions fourteenth fifteenth amendments, among several States, make laws necessary proper execute Constitution.' H.R.Doc.No. 124, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., at 14. 9 Bills were introduced each House embodying President's suggestion, one Senate being S. 17327 House, H.R. 7152. However, until July 2, recommendation Johnson, attack, finally passed. 10 After extended hearings these bills favorably reported respective house. 7152 November 20, H.R.Rep.No.914, 1732 February 10, S.Rep.No.872, Sess. Although bill originally incorporated extensive findings fact eliminated they reported. passed January 1964 sent Senate. Through bipartisan coalition Senators Humphrey Dirksen, together other Senators, substitute worked informal conferences. adopted where change. expedited procedure prevented usual report Conference Committee ordinarily filed matters. Our only frame reference legislative history is, therefore, hearings, reports debates 11 most comprehensive, undertaking prevent peaceful voluntary settlement voting, accommodation facilities, federally secured programs employment. Since portion here, we confine our consideration those provisions. 3. 12 divided into seven beginning 201(a) provides that: 'All persons shall be entitled full equal enjoyment advantages, place accommodation, defined section, segregation ground origin.' 14 listed 201(b) classes establishments, 'serves public' 'is accommodation' 'if operations affect commerce, if supported action.' covered establishments are: 15 '(1) inn, hotel, establishment lodging guests, than building contains more five hire actually occupied proprietor his residence; 16 '(2) restaurant, cafeteria (not involved); 17 '(3) motion picture house 18 '(4) physically otherwise subsection, involved).' 19 Section 201(c) defines phrase 'affect commerce' applied above establishments. declares 'any guests' affects per se. Restaurants, cafeterias, etc., class serve offer travelers substantial food products sell have 'moved commerce.' Motion houses three customarily present films, performances, 'which move And within, include own premises, 'the Private clubs excepted certain conditions. See 201(e). 20 201(d) 'discrimination segregation' action carried law, statute, ordinance, custom usage required enforced officials subdivisions. 21 addition, 202 affirmatively all 'shall free, place, kind origin, purports regulation, rule, agency political subdivision thereof.' 22 Finally, 203 prohibits withholding denial, privilege 201 intimidation, threatening coercion person interfering punishing, exercising attempting right. remaining remedial ones violations previous sections. Remedies limited actions preventive relief. Attorney General may bring 'reasonable cause believe group engaged pattern resistance title, nature deny herein described *.' 206(a). 24 aggrieved suit, permitted intervene. Thirty days' written notice before filing must given appropriate authorities act complained established authority grant therefrom. 204(c). condition exist refer Community Relations Service X 204(d). establishes service Department Commerce, Director appointed advice consent grants powers, hold matters coming attention between communities involved disputes arising 25 4. Application Motel. 26 admitted operation brings refused provide intends unless restrained. sole question posed indicates Equal Protection Clause Fourteenth Constitution. quite clear fundamental object vindicate deprivation personal dignity surely accompanies denials access establishments.' same time, noted objective could achieved 'by congressional S.Rep. 872, supra, 16—17. study record, light prior cases, brought us conclusion possessed ample regard, therefore considered grounds relied upon. acted adequate, pass, but merely since sufficient decision alone. Nor 202, having pass either 29 5. (1883), Application. 30 decision, might outset discuss declared unconstitutional. 335, 336. think inapposite, precedential value determining Unlike legislation, broadly proscribed discriminaton 'inns, conveyances land water, theaters, amusement,' limiting categories affected businesses impinging commerce. contrast, applicability carefully enterprises direct relation flow goods people, except involved. Further, kinds sufficiently warrant bringing them ambit necessarily dispositive today. populace reached mobility, nor services circulating principles apply today formulated Chief Marshall Gibbons versus Ogden, Wheat. (1824), conditions transportation changed dramatically, sheer increase volume traffic alone would give discriminatory practices inhibit travel far larger impact Nation's economy another day. there language Cases did fully consider whether power. Though observed 'no will contend contained constitution adoption last amendments (Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth),' went specifically note 'conceived' terms expressly pointed out: 31 'Of course, remarks (as lack power) cases congress clothed plenary whole subject, accompanied express implied denial states, foreign nations, Indian tribes *. regulating subjects specified, every detail, conduct transactions individuals respect 26. 32 Government support record understandable narrowed inquiry excluded possible source event, limitation renders devoid proposition gives now found substantially We, conclude relevance explicitly relies power, filled testimony restraints discriminations existing. phase case. 6. Basis Congressional Action. 33 While replete evidence burdens Hearings 1732, Sess.; supra; Judiciary 1731, Subcommittee miscellaneous proposals regarding Rights, ser. 4; H.R.Rep. 914, supra. included people become increasingly mobile millions races traveling State; particular subject great distances secure same; often unable obtain call friends put up overnight, 14—22; so acute require listing special guidebook itself 'dramatic difficulties' encounter travel. Hearings, 692—694. These exclusionary nationwide, Under Secretary testifying North still exists large degree' West Midwest well. Id., 735, 744. indicated qualitative quantitative Negroes. former obvious impairment traveler's pleasure convenience resulted continually uncertain finding lodging. As latter, uncertainty stemming racial discouraging part community. also Administrator Federal Aviation Agency who wrote Chairman 'belief air adversely segment desegregated accommodations.' 12—13. burden further details voluminous presents overwhelming hotels motels impedes 34 7. Power Over Interstate Travel. 35 deal depends Clause. enunciated 140 ago John words: 36 'The regulated commerce; ascertain extent becomes settle word. counsel appellee limit traffic, buying selling, interchange commodities something more: intercourse parts branches, prescribing rules carrying intercourse. (At 189—190.) 37 'To what extend? informs us, 'with tribes.' 38 'It has, believe, universally admitted, words comprehend species commercial sort can extend. 193—194.) 39 next applied, 'among States.' word 'among' means intermingled 40 '* (I)t very properly restricted concerns one. genius character government seem be, internal (of Nation) generally; completely interfere, executing some government. 194—195.) 41 'We arrived inquiry—What power? 42 regulate; prescribe rule governed. like others vested complete itself, exercised utmost extent, acknowledges limitations, prescribed constitution. If, always understood, sovereignty objects (specified Constitution), absolutely single government, restrictions States. wisdom discretion identity influence constituents possess elections, are, this, many instances, that, example, declaring war, relied, abuse. They rely solely, representative governments. 196—197.)' 43 short, determinative test simply activity 'commerce one' real interest. Let turn facet problem. 44 That 'intercourse' spoke movement settled early 1849, Passenger (Smith Turner), How. 283, 702, McLean stated: 'That passengers open question.' 401. Again 1913 McKenna, speaking Court, said: 'Commerce said, consists citizens, includes porperty.' Hoke 227 308, 320, 281, 57 523. later 1917 Caminetti 242 470, 192, 61 442, Day held Court: 45 long settled, regulatory clause Constitution, keep channels free immoral injurious uses frequently sustained, longer 491, 197. 46 difference character. 484—486, 194—195. Morgan Com. Virginia, 328 373, 66 1050, 90 1317 (1946), Reed modern States: 47 recent changes about automobiles (do) significance People extensively 1878 (It but) emphasizes soundness Court's Hall De Cuir, 95 485 (24 547).' 383, 1056. 48 protecting led carriers white-slave prompted extend gambling, Lottery Case (Champion v Ames), 188 321, 492 (1903); criminal enterprises, Brooks 267 432, 345, 69 699 (1925); deceptive parctices sale products, Trade Comm. Mandel Bros., Inc., 359 385, 79 818, 893 (1959); fraudulent security transactions, Securities & Exchange Ralston Purina Co., 346 119, 73 981, 97 1494 (1953); misbranding drugs, Weeks 245 618, 219, 62 513 (1918); wages hours, Darby, 312 100, 657, 451, 609 (1941); members labor unions, National Labor Board Jones Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 615, 81 (1937); crop control, Wickard Filburn, 317 111, 63 82, 87 122 (1942); shippers, Baltimore Ohio R. 333 169, 68 494, 92 618 (1948); protection small price cutting, Moore Mead's Fine Bread 115, 148, 99 145 (1954); resale maintenance, Hudson Distributors, Incorporated Eli Lilly 377 386, 84 1273, 394 (1964), Schwegmann Bros. Calvert Distillers 341 384, 71 745, 1035 (1951); professional football, Radovich Football League, 352 445, 77 390, 456 (1957); owners managers terminal restaurants, Boynton 364 454, 182, 206 (1960). 49 legislating moral wrongs areas rendered enactments less valid. framing dealing But detract disruptive empowered enact obstruction deemed social wrong. said purely local But, assuming true, '(i)f feels pinch, matter how applies squeeze.' Women's Sportswear Mfg. Ass'n, 336 460, 464, 714, 716, 93 805 (1949). Stone supra: 51 confined states. extends activities intrastate attainment legitimate end, granted McCulloch Maryland, 316, 421, 579.' 118, 459. 52 Thus incidents thereof, destination, harmful One need examine discussed see may—as has—prohibit serving travelers, however 'local' appear. 53 deprive invoked specific authorized itself. questions (1) rational (2) basis, selected eliminate evil appropriate. If 'right' select sees fit, governmental regulation. 54 nothing novel legislation. Thirty-two States8 books statute executive cities Some Acts go back fourscore years. repeatedly Due Process Perhaps holding themselves, Bradley inferentially innkeepers, aware, bound, furnish unobjectionable good faith them.' 25, 31. 55 out, cited successful, courts. Indeed, objections discarded Court. Bob-Lo Excursion company Michigan, 28, 34, 358, 361, 455, n. (1948). result statutes stands unquestioned. differ,' Rock Royal Co-op., 307 533, 59 993, 83 1446 (1939), 'in retained states 569—570, 1011. Bowles Willingham, 321 503, 64 641, 88 892 (1944). 56 doubtful run suffer economic loss Experience contrary obliterated accommodations. true consequence 'member losses shared never barrier' 518, 649. Likewise line rejected prohibition liberty. Columbia Thompson 1007, 1480 (1953), cited, concluded delegated law-making 'as broad police state' adopt 'law prohibiting restaurants Columbia.' 110, 1013. Neither find merit compensation. contrary. Legal Tender Wall. 457, 551, 287 (1870); Omnia Commercial 261 502, 437, 67 773 (1923); Central Eureka Mining 357 155, 1097, 1228 (1958). remainder appellant's contentions, 'involuntary servitude.' seen, prohibit codify common-law innkeeper predated difficult abrogate principle. approval 'all States' discrimination. requirements regard way 'akin African slavery.' Butler Perry, 240 328, 332, 258, 259, 60 672 (1916). 58 concededly serves interpreted argued pursued methods caused rests How removed—what employed—is sound exclusive Congress. caveat—that chosen reasonably adapted end cannot choice adapted. requires more. Affirmed. APPENDIX TO OPINION THE COURT. TITLE II—INJUNCTIVE RELIEF AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN PLACES PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION 'Sec. 201. (a) All origin. '(b) Each following title action: cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, facility principally selling consumption including, to, retail establishment; gasoline station; house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium exhibition entertainment; 65 (A)(i) (ii) establishment, (B) holds patrons establishment. '(c) paragraph subsection (b); (b), offers serves, sells, moved (3) athletic teams, exhibitions, sources entertainment (4) of, subsection. For purposes 'commerce' trade, transportation, communication country territory possession Columbia, points country. '(d) Discrimination regulation; thereof; thereof. '(e) private club scope (b). 202. 70 203. withhold, deny, attempt withhold deprive, section (b) intimidate, threaten, coerce, coerce (c) punish 204. Whenever engage prohibited 203, relief, application temporary injunction, order, instituted timely application, may, discretion, permit intervene certifies importance. Upon complainant circumstances deem just, appoint attorney authorize commencement payment fees, costs, security. 72 commenced pursuant allow prevailing party, attorney's fee liable costs person. occurs establishing authorizing seek institute proceedings thereto receiving expiration thirty days mail person, provided stay pending termination proceedings. 74 practice, (a): Provided, believes possibility obtaining compliance, sixty days: Provided further, sixty-day period, period additional exceed cumulative total hundred twenty days, then securing compliance. 205. investigation referred 204(d) necessary. session, release therein agreement parties permission endeavor parties. 76 206. described, signed him (or absence Acting General), setting forth facts pertaining requesting responsible deems insure described. proceeding file clerk request judges convened hear determine Such certificate opinion, copy immediately furnished chief judge circuit absence, presiding circuit) pending. receipt duty judge, designate circuit, whom least instituted, case, designated assign hearing earliest practicable date, participate determination expedited. An appeal final lie 'In proceeding, acting judge) district, certify date 80 207. courts jurisdiction party exhausted administrative remedies enforcing preclude individual asserting inconsistent ordinance nondiscrimination pursuing remedy, criminal, vindication right.' concurring.* Georgia, appeals Northern enjoining 19641 lodgers solely race. second Alabama constitutionally Ollie's Barbecue, restaurant Birmingham, Alabama, few buys quantity undisputed Both claimed constitutional compel use privately owned want serve. relevant Act, which, valid, set below.2 shows exercise—at 'operations (interstate) action.'3 'State action' provision concern contention time establishments' racially practices. basic decided below decide II's commands applicants served color. proprietors will.4 N Immigration Nationality Decisions agree contentions rejected. I. strained interpretation sustain cases. 23, 1824 Marshall, uniformly accepted plenary, 'complete constitution.' Wheat., 196. 'Commerce' used narrow, technical concept. only, enumerated 'travel, communication,' unitary take segments cannot, interest.5 instrumentalities carry railroads, truck lines, ships, rivers, even fair terms. Daniel Ball, 557, 999. 86 Furthermore, Necessary Proper adds operating Shreveport Case, Houston, E. W.T.R. 234 342, 353—354, 833, 837, 1341, recognized responsibility protect strictly controlling things moving contracts, activities, concerning them. Regulation railroad rates primarily problem rather control. control rates, though reasonable, impose clauses, governing foster amply (later Justice) Hughes' reliance holdings extending supra.6 steadfastly followed, indeed emphasized again, injuriously affecting it, adverse regulate.7 'operations' 'provides *' restaurant's 'it travelers' 'a thus wished regulate, excluding reasons believed far. doubt fall squarely measure chose show prohibitable course Congress; come ultimately judicial question, valid demonstrates tended directly interfere concluding shipped distort impede trade. 216-room strategically travelers. advertises along media. important highways, cars journeys comfortably safely. 89 residential industrial nearest highway. Almost all, transients. seats 200 annual gross sales $350,000. Most barbecued meat sandwiches pies. Consequently, main commodity purchases meat, during months bought $69,683 worth (representing 46% expenditures supplies), Plainly, sells 'substantial' amount. purchase disrupt allowed discrimination, stifling distorting wide scale across lines. Certainly belief irrational body probability effect.8 foregoing enough, my judgment, bar Barbecue. recognize remote, possible, speculative should uproot throw discard traditional distinctions local, controlled laws, laws. too isolated remote lunchroom almost supplies locality possibly deciding isolated, individual, added similar reducing flow. Reliance Fuel Oil 371 224, 312; 127—128, S.Ct., 91; 123, 461; Fainblatt, 306 601, 608—609, 668, 672—673, 1014; cf. Hotel Employees Local 255, Restaurant Emp. Bartenders International Union Leedom, 358 99, 150, 143. 20,000,000 country.9 Many able do, automobiles. seriously discourage if, past,10 future decent lodge eat. Cf. impeded distorted sellers exclude consumers. Measuring, required, aggregate number acts am Clauses injuries bound befall 91 Long again 'Let legitimate, let constitution, appropriate, plainly prohibited, consist letter spirit constitutional.' M'Culloch 579. By standard here. view aim undue end. Thirteenth, Fifteenth Amendments, end.11 achieve ends consistent spirit. II. 94 argue violated others. argument this: practically nullified negative 'life, liberty, property, law' 'taken' past consistently See, e.g., Ferguson Skrupa, 372 726, 1028, 93; 1480; Village Euclid, Ambler Realty 272 365, 114, 303; Nebbia New York, 291 505, 940. close sense. 1228. vague requirement process, 'according land' highly inappropriate invalidate clearly Moreover, ironical guarantee process—a plays Amendment, predominant discrimination—in strip discrimination.12 III. concur anti-racial-discrimination restaurant. add 835, invalidated 1875,13 slightest left undecided antidiscrimination rested U.S., 18—19; Butts Merchants' Miners' Transp. 230 126, 132, 964, 965, 1422. expressed dissenting Bell 378 226, 318, 1814, 1864, 822, Harlan White joined, slightest, implementation action. forbidding 326, 342—343, 1868, 1877—1878 44. Because wholly supportable 'power enforce, article.' 96 DOUGLAS, join opinions, somewhat reluctant Edwards California, 314 160, 177, 164, 168, 119 rest My reluctance conviction lacks interests rights. discriminates 'right freely State' (Edwards 169), 'occupies protected position system cattle, fruit, steel coal lines.' Ibid. abatement Hamm City Hill, 306, day, me much protective deals status vice versa. 98 Hence prefer assertion states: article'—a concedes settling effect, making unnecessary litigation inn definitions customer traveler. construction, accommodation. construction obstructionist strategies door bitter chapter American history. 100 Term 242, 1823, makes treatment (based race) accommodation—whether interstate—is guaranteed trespass Maryland 101 correct founded exclusion 102 exertion customary read together. Veazie Bank Fenno, 548—549, 482; Edye Robertson, 112 580, 595—596, 247, 252—253, 798; Gettysburg Electric 160 683, 427, 430, 576. 579: 103 admit, limited, limits transcended. legislature confers execution, enable perform high duties assigned manner beneficial people. 104 'means' 'appropriate' 'plainly adapted' rights1 105 access: 106 107 purview decisions Amendment.2 108 action'—the key guarantees—is follows: 'Discrimination (Italics added.) 110 definition Shelley Kraemer, 334 836, 1161, 'discrimination' 'enforced State,' i.e., judiciary laws.3 845: 111 sense phrase. disclose petitioners willing purchasers properties desired establish homes. sellers; contracts accordingly consummated. active intervention courts, panoply occupy restraint. 'These suggested, abstained leaving fit. Rather, coercive petitioners, financially acquire grantors sell. non-enforcement restrictive covenants denied community accorded footing.' 113 establishment—not previously accommodation: 114 115 essence guarantees embodied 116 sure, enters 'place §§ (c). 'restaurant' included, 201(b)(2), 201(c)(2). 'motel' residence.' (c)(1). Providing talk, aptly describes guest interstate. 117 not. Indeed bifurcated. accommodation,' says 201(b), conditions: first, commerce,' second, 118 Report dual bases (H.R.Rep.No.914, Page 20)—a situation minority attempted opposed. Pages 98—101. laid emphasis surmount thought obstacle mentioned. aspects problems heavily accented. seq., seq. objectives ignored. Report: 120 'Does owner devoted enjoy refuse member member's origin? previously, English common answered negative. reasoned employed gain offering stick bargain. remembered pleased ever infringement supposed owner. 121 'But stronger persuasive allowing concepts defeat institution enhancing freedom beings. assures mercy others, earn livelihood prosper efforts. desires daily life. 'Is honored twisted liberty? discriminate segregate religion weaken attributes effective freedom. fact, assure instances. striking example slavery. Slaves treated items yet man dedicated suffered emancipation slaves. 123 'There ordinary zoning greater Zoning tell type devoted, structures erect devote whatsoever. regulations restricting beings develop manner. Surely presence role 124 'Nor religious vital factor ability vehicle assuring pledge Nation individual; furthered elimination practices.' 22—23. 125 while fashioning segregation, (and so) 126 repeat earlier, thereby putting person—whatever creed, color—to patronize travels intrastate. 127 MR. JUSTICE CONCURRING. 128 Administration Bill Congressman Celler, H.R.7152). 129 (pp. 10—13) (h) (i) connected problem; covered, commerce-type contain anything link 201(b)—the 'or' 201(b). 130 'primarily' Committee, 1375 1376, 1388, 1396, 1410, 1417—1419. 131 Committee). 132 testified portions He reiterated administration Clause: H.R.7152, amended 2693, 2700, 2764. 201(d)—only broader. id., 2656, paragraph. (Apparently response urgings wanted broaden failed already rested, despite language, Amendment.) feared new provision, unlike coverage accommodation; 'authorization, permission, license.' 2656. objected ought invoke generally specify covered. 2675—2676, 2726. done covering characteristics. 133 Subsequently additions 202; understand removed foundation placed alone; alternative especially 2764; compare 2727 2698. on. 2763; 1413—1421. repeated 2764 134 Therefore seems motive behind 202: expand Act; invoking 135 House). 136 'state broader 201(d). 137 statement: 'Section delineates II.' 21. On Representative Cramer says: 14th approach (in committee contrasted bill) narrower 'establishment' covers 'custom usage' 'fostered encouraged' (sec. 201(d)).' implication broadened administration's adding explicit language; coverage. 138 Celler Record series memoranda titles bill; 1524—1526* discussed; 1526 suggested regarded 'additional authority' 139 Willis introduces strike 'transient replace 'interstate travelers.' reported, Willis, boldly undertakes extent. relate 'this Congress.' floor manager bill, amendment, element bill's 1924 Lindsay indicating understanding 1926 MacGregor, Subcommittee, Willis' challenge coverage, 'When gentleman Louisiana seeks subparagraph page (§ 201(b)(1)) tightly circumscribe inns, hotels, violence amendment. Chairman, Louisiana, score subsequent decisions, precisely exercise.' 141 1962—1968 discussion surrounding Goodell 'encouraged' 201(d)(2) pages amendment: 'fostered.' 'required enforced' State—not 142 Smith Virginia altogether. defense reported: '(C)ustom constituted neighborhood popular attitude receives sanction officialdom locality' 1964—1965). (p. 1967). 143 statement mean state's violation 201(d)(2). 144 Bill. calendar committee. Dirksen-Mansfield change 'a' 'the' 201(d)(3). Senator Dirksen nowhere references assume Senate's different House's view. 146 GOLDBERG, 147 opinions judgments 'that years,' ante, 261. 148 primary recognizes, underscore, mere economics. clear: 149 (the Act), then, solve problem, dollars cents, hamburgers movies; humiliation, frustration, embarrassment feel told unacceptable equally inability explain child regardless education, civility, courtesy, morality treatment, citizen lay life continues.' 16. 150 speaks Amendment.1 conclusive accomplish purpose. undoubtedly considers additionally Congress' 151 concurring 317, Americans accommodations,' 'Congress (has) implement give-and-take fashion drawing guidelines facilitate practical distinguish genuinely challenged view, Appendix. Stat 27. Slave Kidnaping 50; Peonage Abolition 1867, 546; May 31, 1870, 140; Anti-Lynching 1871, 13. 335. 634. 86. dealt entire proposal. 1731 1732. indicate laws: Alaska Stat., 11.60.230 11.60.240 (1962); Cal.Civil Code, Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann., 25—1—1 25—2—5 Conn.Gen.Stat.Ann., 53—35 (1963 Supp.); Del.Code Ann., Tit. 6, (1963); Idaho 18—7301 18—7303 Ill.Ann.Stat. (Smith-Hurd ed.), 38, 13—1 13—4 43, (1944); Ind.Ann.Stat. (Burns 10—901 10—914 (1956, 1963 Iowa 735.1 735.2 (1950); Kan.Gen.Stat.Ann., 21—2424 (1961 Me.Rev.Stat.Ann., 137, Md.Ann.Code, 49B, (1964); Mass.Ann.Laws, 140, (1957), 272, 92A Mich.Stat.Ann., 28.343 28.344 Minn.Stat.Ann., 327.09 (1947); Mont.Rev.Codes 64—211 Neb.Rev.Stat., 20—101 20—102 N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann., 354:1, 354:2, 354:4 354:5 (1955, N.J.Stat.Ann., 10:1—2 10:1—7 (1960), 18:25—1 18:25—6 (1964 N.M.Stat.Ann., 49—8—1 49—8—7 N.Y.Civil Law (McKinney 4, (1948, Supp.), Exec. Law, 15, 290 (1951, Penal 46, 515 N.D.Cent.Code, 12—22—30 Rev.Code Ann. (Page's 2901.35 2901.36 Ore.Rev.Stat., 30.670, 30.675 30.680 Pa.Stat.Ann., 4654 R.I.Gen.Laws 11—24—1 11—24—6 (1956); S.Dak.Sess.Laws, Vt.Stat.Ann., 13, 1451 1452 (1958); Wash.Rev.Code, 49.60.010 49.60.170, 9.91.010; Wis.Stat.Ann., 942.04 Wyo.Stat.Ann., 6—83.1 83.2 Supp.). Governor Kentucky agencies supervision licensing lawful 543, Katzenbach McClung, 294, 243—246, 2000a—2000a—6 ed.). 243, 2000a part: '(a) definitional forbids fifth granting of' argues Amendment's takes compensation, Compare South-Eastern Underwriters 322 546—547, 1162, 1169—1171, 1440; Chicago Olsen, 262 33—36, 476—477, 839; Swift 196 375, 398—399, 276, 280—281, 518. external nation, government.' 195, 23. (Emphasis supplied.) 312, 279; Lorain Journal 342 143, 181, 162; 805; Sullivan, 332 689, 331, 297; 122; Wrightwood Dairy 315 523, 726; 609; 893; Whip Collar Illinois 299 334, 277, 270. Southern 222 72. Before Part Ser. 26, 18—19 (Attorney Kennedy), 623—630 (Secretary Wirtz); 695—700 (Under Roosevelt). Bureau Census, Statistical Abstract (18,872,000 1960 census). S.Rep.No. 15—18. upheld 206; Henderson 339 816, 843, 1302; Mitchell 313 80, 873, 1201; Bailey Patterson, 369 549, 512; 1317. advance commercial: 451 (Fair Standards Act); Miller, 174, 1206 (National Firearms Gooch 297 395, 522 (Federal Motor Vehicle Theft Simpson, 252 465, 364, 665 (Act shipment liquor 'dry' State); 442 (White-Slave Traffic (Mann) 523 Hipolite Egg 220 45, (Pure Food Drugs lottery tickets). motel's insubstantial discussion. 377. synopsis Appendix opinion. Peterson Greenville, 373 244, 1119, 323 (discrimination restaurant); Lombard 267, 1122, 338 Burton Wilmington Parking Authority, 365 715, 856, Watson Memphis, 526, 1314, 529 city park); Brown Education Topeka, Shawnee County, Kan., 347 483, 686, 873 school system); Nixon Herndon, 273 536, 446, 759 voting). Ga.Code 3005 Ala.Code, 426 Recomp.). citations Vol. Record. statements spokesmen original presented administration, resembled 201(d)—the so-called provision—or mentioned 27—28, 57, 74, 230, 247—248, 250, 256, 259; 151, 152, 186; 7152, 1410; 2699—2700; Clause-Fourteenth intend bifurcate basis. added, cover situations applied. Hart 'embarrass inclusive Court-established 256. 259—262. Second, sponsors trying clearer 1413—1418; indication inclusion title. Third, us. 2699 2700; Cong.Rec. 1925—1928.

Classification Label: 1