Legal Document

462 U.S. 696 103 S.Ct. 2637 77 L.Ed.2d 110 UNITED STATES, Petitionerv.Raymond J. PLACE. No. 81-1617. Argued March 2, 1983. Decided June 20, Syllabus When respondent's behavior aroused the suspicion of law enforcement officers as he waited in line at Miami International Airport to purchase a ticket New York's La Guardia Airport, approached respondent and requested received identification. Respondent consented search two suitcases had checked, but because his flight was about depart decided not luggage. The then found some discrepancies address tags on luggage called Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) authorities York relay this information. Upon arrival DEA agents him, said that they believed might be carrying narcotics, asked for refused consent luggage, one told him were going take it federal judge obtain warrant. took Kennedy where subjected "sniff test" by trained narcotics detection dog which reacted positivel suitcases. At point, 90 minutes elapsed since seizure Thereafter, obtained warrant suitcase upon opening discovered cocaine. indicted possession cocaine with intent distribute, District Court denied motion suppress contents suitcase. He pleaded guilty charge convicted, reserved right appeal denial suppress. Appeals reversed, holding prolonged exceeded limits type investigative stop permitted Terry v. Ohio, 392 1, 88 1868, 20 889, hence amounted without probable cause violation Fourth Amendment. Held: Under circumstances, violated Accordingly, evidence from subsequent inadmissible, conviction must reversed. Pp. 700-710. (a) an officer's observations lead reasonably believe traveler is contains principles its progeny permit officer detain temporarily investigate circumstances suspicion, provided detention properly limited scope. 700-706. (b) procedure subjecting well-trained does constitute "search" within meaning 706-707. (c) police seize suspect's custody, limitations applicable detentions person should define permissible scope less than cause. standard, conduct here Terry-type stop. length alone precludes conclusion reasonable absence This Amendment exacerbated agents' failure inform accurately place transporting time dispossessed, what arrangements would made return if investigation dispelled suspicion. 707-710. 660 F.2d 44 (2 Cir.1981), affirmed. Alan I. Horowitz, Washington, D.C., petitioner. James Dexter Clark, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., respondent. Justice O'CONNOR delivered opinion Court. 1 case presents issue whether prohibits detaining personal exposure basis narcotics. Given problems associated trafficking minimal intrusion entail, we conclude prohibit such detention. On facts case, however, hold bounds 2 * Raymond Place's suspicions LaGuardia Airport. As Place proceeded gate flight, airline complied request checked. Because depart, 3 Prompted parting remark recognized police, inspec ed checked noted street addresses. Further revealed neither existed telephone number given belonged third same street. their encounter information, information Place. 4 Two York. There again, agents. After claimed bags limousine, approach him. They identified themselves agents, responded knew "cops" spotted them soon deplaned. One informed that, based own authorities, identifying belonging stated surrounded searched baggage. contrary. identification Place—a Jersey driver's license, later ran computer check disclosed no offenses, receipt. try free accompany them. declined, numbers could reached. 5 dog. positively smaller ambiguously larger bag. Approximately late Friday afternoon, retained until Monday morning, when secured magistrate bag, 1,125 grams 6 distribute 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). In Court, moved seized claiming warrantless rights.1 motion. Applying standard 889 (1968), property, concluded justified contained Finding held rights 498 F.Supp. 1217, 1228 (EDNY 1980). charge, reserving 7 conviction, United States Second Circuit (1981). majority assumed both applied justify baggage investigatory concluded, -type consequently 8 We granted certiorari, 457 1104, 102 2901, 73 1312 (1982), now affirm. II 9 protects "right people secure persons, houses, papers, effects, against unreasonable searches seizures." (Emphasis added.) Although context particularly containers, challenge typically container rather initial our cases reveal general regarding seizures. ordinary has viewed property per se unless accomplished pursuant judicial issued describing items seized.2 See, e.g., Marron States, 275 192, 196, 48 74, 76, 72 L.Ed. 231 (1927). Where have holds contraband or crime, warrant, interpreted pending issuance examine contents, exigencies demand other exception requirement present. Arkansas Sanders, 442 753, 761, 99 2586, 2591, 61 235 (1979); Chadwick, 433 97 2476, 53 538 (1977); Coolidge Hampshire, 403 443, 91 2022, 29 564 (1971).3 For example, "objects weapons public may warrant," Payton York, 445 573, 587, 100 1371, 1380, 63 639 (1980), because, under these risk item's disappearance use intended purpose before outweighs interest possession. See also G.M. Leasing Corp. 429 338, 354, 619, 629, 50 530 (1975). 10 Government asks us recognize reasonableness seizures custody owner cause, pursuing course investigation, short quickly confirm dispel authorities' Specifically, are apply supra, reasonable, articulable premised objective facts, crime. view, application appropriate. 11 first "the narrow authority who suspect criminal activity make intrusions individual's security cause." Michigan Summers, 452 692, 698, 101 2587, 69 340 approving weapons, "frisk," individual armed dangerous, implicitly acknowledged forcible been, is, engaged activity. U.S., 22, S.Ct., 1880.4 That implicit proposition embraced openly Adams Williams, 407 143, 146, 92 1921, 1923, 32 612 (1972), relied lawfully informant's tip concealed weapon. supra (limited occupants while premises valid warrant); Cortez, 449 411, 690, 66 621 (1981) (stop near border vehicle suspected illegal aliens); Brignoni-Ponce, 422 873, 95 2574, 45 607 (1975) (brief questioning citizenship immigration status). 12 probable-cause rests balancing competing interests determine involved Amendment's proscription 1879. balance nature quality importance governmental alleged intrusion. extent minimally intrusive interests, opposing can support 13 offered justification brief investigation. contends possess specific warranting belief traveler's seizing briefly pursue further bstantial. agree. observed Mendenhall, "[t]he compelling detecting those traffic deadly drugs profit." 446 544, 561, 1870, 1880, 64 497 (1980) (opinion POWELL, J.). 14 suggests absent special safety, generalized cannot Our prior cases, do proposition. Terry, described supporting "effective crime prevention detection; underlies recognition appropriate manner purposes investigating possibly even though there arrest." 1880. Similarly, Summers three during execution warrant: "preventing event incriminating found," "minimizing harm" occupants, "orderly completion search." 702-703, 2594. Cf. Florida Royer, 460 ----, 1319, 1325, 75 229 (1983) (plurality opinion) ("The predicate permitting suspect"). test sufficiently "substantial," 699, 2592, independent crimes effectively apprehending suspects. particular practice, course, affect determination essential effective inherently transient drug courier airports, allowing stops persons airports drug-trafficking substantially enhances likelihood will able prevent flow into distribution channels.5 15 Against strong interest, weigh purposes. urges rationale wholly inapplicable personalty. notion person's liberty formal arrest. context, urges, degrees Once owner's seized, dispossession absolut . 16 disagree. possessory occasioned one's effects vary extent. after relinquished control party or, here, immediate owner.6 Moreover, confine on-the-spot inquiry—for dog7—or transport another location. fact intrusiveness, so countervailing only 17 sum, 18 arrange Obviously, itself requiring sniff test—no matter how brief—could 1879; 421, 697, (1981); 881-882, 2580, (1975); (1972). 19 "protects government legitimate expectations privacy." 7, 2481, (1977). affirmed possesses privacy protected Id., 13, 2484. A "canine sniff" dog, require It expose noncontraband otherwise remain hidden does, rummaging through Thus, technique much typical search. discloses presence item. despite tells something limited. disclosure ensures embarrassment inconvenience entailed discriminate more methods. respects, canine sui generis. aware content procedure. Therefore, here—exposure located place, canine—did III doubt "seizure" when, following refusal search, agent [was] conducted vital part inquiry [it was] warranted all." 28, 1883. therefore rule rule. 22 outset, reject Government's suggestion point becomes necessary distant himself. premise argument generally person. While true faulty case. precise confront arranging Particularly possession, intrudes well proceeding itinerary. whose detained technically still continue travels carry out activities release coercive atmosphere custodial confinement indignity being personally detained. Nevertheless, restrain possible disruption travel plans order return.8 think clear 23 longer momentary ones Adams, see brevity invasion important factor determining justifiable assessing effect detention, account diligently note scheduled LaGuardia, ample additional location, thereby minimized interests.9 although decline adopt any outside limitation stop,10 never approved 90-minute period presented Dunaway 200, 2248, 60 824 (1979). 24 sufficient render unreasonable, short, went beyond possessed contain IV 25 all Consequently, judgment Appeals, accordingly, 26 ordered. 27 BRENNAN, whom MARSHALL joins, concurring result. 28 "reasonable suspicion" "investigative" progeny, property. v Place, 44, (CA2 1981); ante, 700. court simply [respondent's] far mere rights." F.2d, 50. id., 52, 53. I affirm Appeals' ground. Instead affirming ground putting end matter, decides reach, purportedly resolve, constitutionality Apparently, finds unable "resist pull decide constitutional issues broader record [it] imperatively requires." Street 394 576, 581, 89 1354, 1360, 572 (1969). reaches unnecessary subscribe Court's analysis issues, concur 30 occasion twice recent months discuss created progeny. 1330, (BRENNAN, J., result); Kolender Lawson, --- 1855, 1861, 903 concurring). Unfortunately, unwarranted expansion endorses today forces me elaborate my previously expressed views. 31 expressly declined propriety 'seizure' 'detention' and/or interrogation." 19, n. 16, 1879, 16.1 confronted quite question" "whether always policeman subject 15, 1876. addressing question, dealing "with entire rubric conduct—necessarily swift action predicated beat—which historically practical be, procedure." result, "tested Ibid. (footnote omitted). "reasonableness" " 'balancing [of] need [or seize] seizure] entails.' 21, quoting Camara Municipal 387 523, 534-535, 536-537, 87 1727, 1733-1734, 1734-1735, 930 (1967). follows: "We merely observes unusual leads light experience afoot presently identifies himself makes inquiries, nothing stages serves fear others' entitled protection others area carefully outer clothing attempt discover used assault him." 30, 1884. 33 endorse "brief" 145-146, 1922-1923. regard, "[a] suspicious individual, identity maintain status quo momentarily obtaining most known time." 1923. upheld very safety rationale. "limited" "is allow violence. ." 34 (1975), "when aliens illegally country, car provoke suspicion." 881, 2580.2 relaxation traditional stemming aliens, stop, alternatives policing border. holdings authorizing "question driver passengers status, ask explain circumstances," "any 2580. Ybarra Illinois, 444 85, 93, 343, 62 238 (1979) 'narrow scope' 'has been careful maintain.' omitted)); 209-212, 2254-2256, (discussing progeny).3 35 followed it, extremely provide commission employ whatever techniques deem (1983), 'investigative' attendant 'swallow [and searches] 'reasonable' cause.' 1330 result), 213, 2257. 36 respects seen logical successor plurality supra. Royer considerable language, judgment, stops. ---- - 10, 1324-1325, 10. Even assuming, discussion stops, goes endorsing "warrantless Ante, 702. 706. addition 711, significantly dilutes protections interference represents radical departure settled principles. 37 noted, 711-712, authorize suspects dangerous. "to [the individual's] Anything "must 882, During move distance; physical protect encounter; and, importantly, leave answer questions put involve incidental involved. time. But difference between 38 "effects" STEVENS pointed Texas Brown, 1535, 502 [Fourth] different citizen—the retaining maintaining 1546 judgment). "A threatens former, latter." item searched, therefore, implicates interest. reason, Colorado Bannister, 3, 42, 43, (1980); 351, 627, Chambers Maroney, 399 51-52, 1975, 1981, 419 (1970); Warden Hayden, 294, 309-310, 1642, 1651, 782 (STEVENS, Neither nor changed 39 officers' implicated separate interests. First, privacy. allows overcome, authorizes intrusion, reason afoot. Second, effects. incident lawful person, Such expand effected cause.4 40 did develop arrest let go. respondent, deprived Respondent, privacy, difficult understand severe limited, patdown weapons. 41 rights. addition, established Their actions, upheld. 42 acknowledges 700-702. Despite recognition, employs drawn c nclude 703-706.5 (1979), [Terry progeny] judged principle supported 'long-prevailing standards' fell kind 212, 2256. suggests, inappropriate. "narrow" contemplated cases. 717. involves Those left unchanged 716-717. wrenched factual conceptual moorings. 43 reasons why inquiries except circumstances. "isolated exceptions already performed objectives 706, 2595, (Stewart, dissenting). "[T]he Framers too easily disappear consideration multifarious especially done instance 'often competitive enterprise ferreting crime.' 2257, Johnson 333 14, 68 367, 369, 436 (1948). truth apparent considers employed swallow [seizures property] BLACKMUN's concern over "an emerging tendency convert decision statement requires reasonable," 721 (BLACKMUN, judgment) omitted), certainly justified. today, "did 'search' Amendment." 707. "not contest validity se. Cou t reach issue. briefed argued agree BLACKMUN 723-724 suggestion, , complex believe. suggested objecting "unnecessarily broad dicta" Knotts, 1081, 55 electronic enhance human perception "especially sensitive concerns." 1089 device. Unlike "beeper" efficiently using senses. adds new unobtainable dimension perception. dogs, greater concerns least certain devices. Katz 389 347, 507, 576 46 view sniffs searches. Doe Renfrow, 451 1022, 1025-1026, 3015, 3017-3018, 395 dissenting certiorari). Doe, inanimate objects present 1026, 4, 3018, 4. event, amount searches, subsidiary question standards govern intrusions, future providing appropriate, informed, deciding questions. 47 Douglas dissenter Terry. "[t]here powerful hydraulic pressures throughout history bear heavily water down guarantees give upper hand." 39, 1888 (Douglas, Today, uses submitting pressures. strength apparent, resist temptation weaken affords. BLACKMUN, judgment. 49 me, Part to, functionally identical with, My requirements, haste resolve dog-sniff guidance courts, often include opinions material technically, constitutes dictum. fault desire set guidelines am concerned, appears reasonable.1 51 dissent 1332, suggest two-step evaluation seized. 701; 1333 (dissenting opinion). correctly dispensed requirement, exigent applicable. 701. speaks terms freedom seizures, courts officers: balanced 1544, (POWELL, concurring); Rabinowitz, 339 56, 70, 70 430, 436, 94 653 (1950) (Frankfurter, 52 teaches restrictive constitutionally occur "supported flexibility." 700, requirements applicable, reviewing 699-701, 2593. Only engage seizure. significant interdicting Nation's 704; 1335 opinion), caused temporary fall exception. critical threshold intrusiveness seizure.2 54 resolution troubling reason. "does se."3 claim, chose raise court. Appeals. contrary intimation, decision. irrelevant. Regardless Amendment, intrusive. here. prudence, unwise. adopted plausible issue, others. situation opportunity grasps problem. ever views parties, all. position consider ramifications Certiorari currently directly. Beale, 82-674; Waltzer 82-5491. avoid full airing proper 56 foregoing reasons, motion, contended tainted dog's reaction. 1221, rejected contentions. lawful. 1225, 1226. appeal, assuming existence cross-pet tioned certiorari. 1106, 2905, 1314 (1982). Warrant Clause provides "no Warrants shall oath affirmation, things seized." explained: "The acted properly—indeed commendably—in green marihuana. Having driven away taxi, stopping contraband." 2591. immediately searching 766, affected Ross, 456 798, 824, 2157, 2172, (198 ). Harlan underpinning clear: "In frisk citizen, grounds insist encounter, perfectly depends crime." 32-33, 1885-1886 (Harlan, Referring problem intercepting couriers nation's POWELL observed: "Much highly organized sophisticated syndicates. profits enormous. And many concealed. obstacles unmatched enforcement." 561-562, 1880-1881 dissenting) flexibility uncovering illicit hardly debatable") (airport context). compare Van Leeuwen, 397 249, 1029, 282 (1970). defendant voluntarily packages coins postal authorities. Several officials, packages, them, hours lines pursued. counterfeit coins. opened therein, resealed sent way. Expressly limiting 29-hour violate 253, 1032. commentator "Van Leeuwen easy show intruded either themselves." W. LaFave, Search Seizure 9.6, p. (1982 Supp.). 1326, ("We State had] adequate suspecting attempted verify exceed detention") (emphasis added). "At absolutely plan reunite possessions object tantamount scene else seemingly surrender permanently police." 1329, ("If [trained dogs] used, carried out"). avoided substantial removal ALI, Model Code Pre-Arraignment Procedure 110.2(1) (recommending maximum stop). desirability guide conduct. wisdom rigid limitation. limit undermine equally graduate responses demands situation. actual restraint imposed suspect. "seizure." 16. acknowledged, "seizures" irrespective imposition restraint. "[i]t whenever accosts restrains walk away, 'seized' person." 1877. easier state apply. Compare 550-557, 1875-1878, Stewart, J.), result). 'usually consume[d] minute.' 880, 2579, (1981), "a founded carries conducte 705, 2595 (footnotes Pennsylvania Mimms, 434 106, 98 330, 331 (1977), uphold get vehicle. Both Mimms focused people. Putting aside legality points "can person" "since return." 708 To relies (1970), conclusion, 705-706, 6, reliance misplaced. out, adequately distinguished Leeuwen. 52-53 1981). stated: "Unlike hand passenger's mail amounts technical resulting deprivation states applicability "rests 'the eneral seizures.' 703, quotation clear, occurs exceptional exception: "But deal necessarily Instead, tested assertion diligence acting relevant 709-710. little traveller conscientiously bungled duration altered exercise. Of court's once determined nonintrusive eligible fashion "reasonably calculated achieve reaction dog." F.Supp., 1228. This, due process apparently

Classification Label: 0