Legal Document

496 U.S. 167 110 S.Ct. 2323 L.Ed.2d 148 AMERICAN TRUCKING ASSOCIATIONS, INC., et al., Petitionersv.Maurice SMITH, Director, Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department, al. No. 88-325. Argued March 22, 1989. Reargued Dec. 6, Decided June 4, 1990. Syllabus In 1983 petitioners brought suit in an Chancery Court, alleging that the flat tax portion of State's Use Equalization (HUE) discriminated against interstate commerce violation Commerce Clause by imposing on out-of-state truckers greater per-mile costs than those imposed in-state truckers, who are likely to drive many more miles highways. Petitioners sought a refund all HUE taxes paid. affirming Court's ruling was constitutional, State Supreme Court relied this decisions upholding Capitol Greyhound Lines v. Brice, 339 542, 70 806, 94 L.Ed. 1053, Aero Mayflower Transit Co. Board Railroad Comm'rs Mont., 332 495, 68 167, 92 99, Georgia Public Service Comm'n, 295 285, 55 709, 79 1439, explicitly rejected petitioners' argument Complete Auto Transit, Inc. Brady, 430 274, 97 1076, overruled line cases. On 23, 1987, ruled, American Trucking Assns., Scheiner, 483 266, 107 2829, 226, unapportioned highway use penalize travel within free trade area among States Clause. Subsequently, vacated judgment remanded case for further consideration light Scheiner. After court denied motion seeking, inter alia, order escrow be collected pending final decision merits, Justice BLACKMUN, as Circuit Justice, ordered such August 14, 1987. The then reconsidered Scheiner ruled it unconstitutional. However, declined refunds paid before order, holding under test enunciated Chevron Oil Huson, 404 97, 106-107, 349, 355-356, 30 296, should not applied retroactively. nevertheless determined money into after refunded. Held: is affirmed part reversed part, remanded. Ark. 43, 746 S.W.2d 377, 1 O'CONNOR, joined THE CHIEF JUSTICE, WHITE, KENNEDY, concluded misapplied certain respects and, therefore, applies some taxation pursuant tax. Thus, must determine appropriate relief McKesson Corp. Division Alcoholic Beverages Tobacco, Dept. Business Regulation Fla., 18, 2238, 17. Pp. 176-200. 2 (a) Whether correctly federal question. important distinguish question from distinct remedial at issue McKesson. While provided statute held invalid accord with due process principles, see 15-22, 30-31, 2250-2253, 2257-2258, federal-state comity dictates state courts have initial duty determining relief. 176-179. 3 (b) Under Oil's three-factor nonretroactivity test, does apply prior date decided, year ending 30, First, clearly established new principle law expressly overruling aspects cases which enacting assessing its original tax, followed rather since latter only questioned line, cited approval subsequent Massachusetts United States, 435 444, 463-464, 98 1153, 1165-1166, 403. Second, purpose dictate retroactive application would tend deter future violations States. when enacted entirely consistent cases, Clause's prevent legitimate commerce. Third, applying retroactively produce substantial inequitable results. Especially § unconstitutional places obligations provide relief, invalidating has potential severely burdening current operations plans. A refund, if required, could deplete treasury entail potentially significant administrative costs, while increasing favored taxpayers also point run afoul Due Process McKesson, U.S., 40-41, n. S.Ct., 2252, 23. Where can easily foresee invalidation statutes, burden may merit little concern. See 44-45, 50, 2254-2255, 2257. It unjust, however, impose valid existing precedent implementing 179-186. 4 (c) conclusion prospectively protect beginning July 1, refusal any 1987-1988 BLACKMUN's arose misapprehension force Oil. taxing decision, regardless were actually collected. Holding otherwise result similarly situated receiving different remedies depending solely fortuitously they 186-188. 5 (d) dissent's criticisms lack merit. claim unjust because treats differently unpersuasive, resolves retroactivity considered concerned court's constitutionality statutes determination issues. consistently civil direct review inaccurate characterization, shows principles underlying doctrine approach suggested dissent. See, e.g., Cipriano City Houma, 395 701, 89 1897, 23 647. contrary assertion, never equated but instead past Court. As such, better understood stare decisis, remedies. Great Northern R. Sunburst & Refining Co., 287 358, 364, 53 145, 148, 77 360. Finally, reasons adopting per se rule criminal Griffith Kentucky, 479 314, 708, 93 649 primarily, expanded procedural protections defendants—are applicable sphere, where functions avoid injustice or hardship litigants justifiably law, see, Oil, supra, 107, 355-56. These distinctions compel rejection invitation abandon arena did arena. 188-200. 6 SCALIA prospective decisionmaking cannot reconciled scope judicial power Article III. Nonetheless, so-called "negative" jurisprudence no basis text Clause, 303-306, 2851-2852, 226 (SCALIA, J., concurring dissenting part), therefore wrongly reason decisis. doctrine, settled expectations, justifies violated Constitution announced, justify earlier presumably relied. To retroactively, name turn decisis itself. Accordingly, below respect pre-Scheiner post-Scheiner taxes. 200-205. 7 announced delivered opinion, REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE JJ., joined. SCALIA, filed opinion judgment, post, p. 200. STEVENS, BRENNAN, MARSHALL, joined, 205. 8 Andrew L. Frey, Washington, D.C., petitioners. 9 A. Raymond Randolph, respondents. 10 O'CONNOR KENNEDY join. 11 we decide whether our (1987), decision. 12 * Pulaski County, Arkansas, challenging newly Tax Act (HUE), Ark.Gen.Acts, 685, Ark.Code Ann. §§ 27-35-204, 27-35-205 (1987) (formerly codified Ark.Stat.Ann. 75-817.2, 75-817.3 (Supp.1985)), Federal Constitution, Art. I, 8, cl. 3. required trucks operating highways gross weight between 73,281 80,000 pounds pay, alternatively, annual $175 5¢ mile traveled trip permit fee $8 100 miles. Effectively, taxed first 3,500 heavy trucks, being became advantageous pay $175. Because based out State, argued impermissibly truckers. remedy alleged constitutional 16, 13, had App. 12-13, 22-23 (filed Mar. 1989). 13 Pending merits their challenge, preliminary injunction placing revenues deposited distributed agencies. denial interlocutory appeal Gray, 280 258, 657 207 (1983). proceedings, upheld HUE, affirmed. 288 488, 707 759 (1986). That 1053 (1950), 99 (1947), 1439 (1935), hold neither excessive nor unreasonable not, violate so doing, 51 326 (1977), 14 appealed involved similar challenge two Commonwealth Pennsylvania. decided Pennsylvania "internal consistency" Armco, Hardesty, 467 638, 644, 104 2620, 2623-24, 81 540 (1984), "[i]f each privilege making commercial entrances territory, there conceivable doubt deterred." 284, 2840. We recognized appearing amicus curiae case, one number id., 17, 2841, 17; 300-301, 2849-2850 (O'CONNOR, dissenting). three days deciding Gray 1014, 3252, 752 (1987). petitioners, expedite efforts obtain injunctive enforcement former Rule 52.2, BLACKMUN shortened time issuance mandate 15 thereupon enjoin collection reconsideration Motions seeking accomplish end court, returned here. issued acting possibility find or, failing that, note probable jurisdiction strike down 1306, 1309, 108 2, 3-4, 790 (in chambers). He "there risk [petitioners] will able [HUE] ultimately declared unconstitutional," ibid., suffer "irreparable injury absent relief." Ibid. "escrow collected, until reached." Id., 1310, 4. 16 October 9, Legislature met special session, repealed replaced requiring 2.5¢ 1988, 377. order. reasoned entitled payments treat 296 (1971). 17 reasonably originally challenge. effectuate "to secure equal treatment inter- intrastate thus create states." Ark., 46, S.W.2d, 379. regard, heavily Washington denying Tyler Pipe Industries, Revenue, 232, 2810, 199 National Can Department 109 Wash.2d 878, 888, 749 P.2d 1286, 1291 (1988) (en banc) ("It difficult understand how encourage states whatever chill past"), app. dism'd, 486 1040, 2030, 615 (1988). total already treasury. driven highways, "allow them unconscionable windfall far excess fair recovery discrimination suffered constitute unfair Arkansas-based seek refund." 47, determined, refunded money, having been placed treasury, spent budgeted expenditure. Hickman dissented, believing "or certainly later asked, place funds escrow." petition rehearing, modified request urged State. rehearing denied. 18 writ certiorari They presented questions whether, even retroactive, still began granted certiorari, 488 954, 389, 102 378 (1988), consolidated 88-192, today. 2238. now affirm reverse remand consideration. II 19 When practice abstain effects holding. requirements, 36-43, 51-52, entrusted 297-298, 2847-2848; Pipe, 251-253, 2822-2823; Williams Vermont, 472 28, 105 2465, 2474, 86 (1985); Bacchus Imports, Ltd. Dias, 468 263, 276-277, 3049, 3057-3058, 82 200 (1984); Exxon Eagerton, 462 176, 196-197, 103 2296, 2308-2309, 76 497 Our doing arisen perception considerations comity: 20 "[T]his take upon itself complex structures holding: 21 " 'These issues, essentially issues imposition unconstitutionally commerce, addressed courts. Also, well intertwined with, obviated by, law. resolution all, necessitate record made case. reluctant, address instance.' 252, 2822, quoting Bacchus, 277, 3058. 22 this, same comity-based dictated abstention instance requires carefully disentangle refrain anything apart directly us. By these means interpreting laws generally unfamiliar additional unnecessarily. Cf. Michigan Long, 463 1032, 1039-1042, 3469, 3475-3477, 1201 present eminently clear "state fairly appears rest primarily interwoven . ." 3476. Specifically, took view else might require, receive retroactive—that is, conduct events occurred decision—is matter issue, authority own decisions. 360 (1932) ("We think constitution voice subject [of decline give effect]"). applicability "is every bit much what particular provisions themselves mean, guarantee, denied." Chapman California, 386 21, 87 824, 826, 705 (1967). ensure uniform construing requirements curtailing federally protected rights, adhere Payne, 412 ,S.Ct. 1966, 36 736 (1973) (holding erred North Carolina Pearce, 711, 2072, 656 (1969), invalidate resentencing proceeding occurring Pearce ); Arsenault Massachusetts, 393 5, 35, (1968) White Maryland, 373 59, 83 1050, 193 (1963), accused represented counsel during hearing, petitioner). 24 Although recently rules procedure yet final, 328, 716, context "continues governed standard [Chevron Oil]," 322, 712, 8; Johnson, 457 537, 550, 12, 2579, 2587, 73 202 (1982). need prospectively. This presents question: Did correctly? properly observed oral argument, Tr. Oral Rearg. 7-10. 25 involuntarily precedents, affected law? indicates sets minimum meet exceed providing respects, 26 Using consider parts: 27 "First, nonretroactively establish either relied, impression whose foreshadowed. weigh demerits looking history question, effect, retrospective operation retard operation. [must] weig[h] inequity application, results ample avoiding nonretroactivity." 355 (citations internal quotations omitted). 28 obvious meets nonretroactivity. Both majority dissent left very precedents standing. observed, "the longer support broad proposition using discriminatory effect commerce's character." 2847. retain vitality "are practicable collecting users," ibid.—a situation 298, 2848 dissenting) ("[T]he today overrules holdings of" precedents); 304, 2851 "called facially neutral taxes," 295, 2846, alter conclusion. last Term, other decisions, [lower courts] follow controls, leaving prerogative decisions." Rodriguez de Quijas Shearson/American Express, Inc., 490 477, 484, 1917, 1921-22, 526 (1989). precisely constitutional. Moreover, noted reliance 403 (1978), Transit. 497, 762-763. "new law" 29 dormant necessarily inquiry. Florida 487 223, 230, 2354, 2359, 101 206 (1988); Arizona Governing Comm. Deferred Annuity Compensation Plans Norris, 1073, 1109-1110, 3492, 3512-3513, 1236 (1983) concurring). equally us, equitable tilt balance toward nonretroactive application. 'by created interference States.' 280, 2838, Boston Stock Exchange 429 318, 599, 606, 50 514 (1977). argue several strong parochial incentives commit. just discussed, 288, 1083-84. third prong equities makes once obligated principles. 2250-2253. comes obligation, establishes play most limited role delineating 44-51, 2254-2258. Of course, occasion precedent. 31, 15, 2247-2248, 15. threshold crucial one, hard look unjust. At stage, outweigh obligation violation, cf. 2254, 2257, place. 31 careful persuades us Unlike scheme "was virtually identical Hawaii invalidated (1984)," 2255, "hardly surprise courts' scheme," here promulgated implemented legislators good suppose enactment oath uphold bound Similarly, authorities justified relying enactments then-current particularly where, here, highest court. 32 interests concern, 44-46, contrast, expected overturn unsettling actions taken apparent. disruptive consequences citizens. threatening Presumably, calculate found discriminate attendant entail. clear, attempt cure violation. But too independent restrictions. 40, ("[B]eyond temporal 'so harsh oppressive transgress limitation' "). unfairly failure overrule fiscal stability taxpayer actions, 45, safeguards do affect inequities Nor faulted continuing rely 33 sum, conclude "produce results." 355. operations. largely irrelevant violates norms valid, 1987.1 34 suggests award. backwards. previously plain significance found. analysis 218-219, 224, effectively eliminate break inconsistent work real hardships 35 always favor governmental entity. Owen Independence, 445 622, 651, 1398, 1415-16, 63 673 (1980), local governments permitted "disavow liability [they have] begotten." Congress intended municipality faith immunity 42 U.S.C. 1983. simply construed through legislative traditionally accorded municipalities 1871, forerunner enacted. 635-650, 1407-15. delineation designed entities officials provides guidance fairest way Indeed, policy concerns quite distinct. Owen, discerned according rights best serve goals 1983, occurred. Such merely municipalities, like private individuals, responsible anticipating developments motivate city's elected "consider his comports mandates award damages public treasury." 656, 1418. breaks precedent, type departure which, definition, anticipate responsibility anticipate. 485, 1922. given great parties changes 706, 1900-01, 647 (1969) ("Significant cities, bondholders, connected municipal utilities full effect"). extent burdens government's ability plan carry programs, injures constituents. long informed used technique (accompanied stay judgment) disabling Congress' bankruptcy scheme, Pipeline Construction Marathon Line 458 88, 2858, 2880, 598 (1982), refused retrospectively Election Commission, Buckley Valeo, 424 142-143, 96 612, 693-694, 46 659 (1976). substantially disrupt programs functions. Lemon Kurtzman, 411 192, 209, 1463, 1473-74, 151 (Lemon ) ("[S]tate whom deal presumptively statute, plainly unlawful") (plurality opinion); Reynolds Sims, 377 533, 585, 84 1362, 1393-94, 506 (1964) ("[U]nder circumstances, impending election imminent machinery progress, withholding granting immediately effective apportionment though invalid"); Allen Bd. Elections, 544, 817, (1969). lawful threatens disruption Therefore, legislation previous determinations B 37 Before escrow. driving 1988. depend "occurrence transaction enjoyment benefit, remittance tax." Brief 47 Jan. Otherwise, contend, individual remitted agree. 38 fundamental tenet begins announcing principle. 237-238, 2363-2364; 1111, 3513 concurring); II, supra; 351; Phoenix Kolodziejski, 399 204, 214, 90 1990, 1996, 523 (1970). retroactivity, define applies: Does decision? apparent true If HUE-like payment date, preclude collecting, announced. converse true. prospectively, permissible after. perverse incentive collect advance occurrence taxable transaction. taxes, assumption accrued. advantaged sense order; hypothetical continue finding both note, critical event prospectivity transaction, therefor. supra. 39 Thus correct year, misapplication From face discern caused deny refunds. aspect reversed. III 40 claims less favorably 211-212, challenges fundamentally inequitable. asserts integrity require review, raising claims. Post, 212-218. insists enunciate retroactivity; rather, exercise powers. 219-224. explain below, arguments miss mark. resolve disfavored now. recharacterization disregards theoretical underpinnings led develop doctrine. spheres lead reject 41 today's unpersuasive. challenged statutes; done nothing separate raised statutes. "decided us," 2848, issues." 297, relief; guarantee 43 passed unconstitutional, Petitioners' involves second, arena, problem, resolved law-changing Consolidated Foods Unger, 456 1002, 1003, 2288, 2289, 1297 (1982) (BLACKMUN, concurring) (Court Kremer Chemical Corp., 461, 1883, 72 262 remand, "respondent retroactively"); Simpson Union Cal., 24-25, 1051, 1058-1059, (reserving prospective-only warranted). Today 44 characterization fact, proposal sub silentio theory identified formulated Harlan's concurrence Estate Donnelly, 397 286, 295-297, 1033, 1038-1040, 312 214-215. Harlan adopt unless beyond limitations fixed litigation become res judicata." 1039. constrain lower 323, 713 ("As practical matter, hear rule. fulfill instructing final"). prevailed ever arise: so, reveals only. 45 distilled considering issue. concludes usually 356. interests, identifies defines operative Lower instructed follows: prevailing conduct. old unjustified, Schaefer, Control "Sunbursts": Techniques Prospective Overruling, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 631 (1967) (describing technique). Jenkins Delaware, 213, 1677, 253 "point reliance," practices proscribed," 7, 1680, lawchanging Halliday 394 831, 1498, (new guilty pleas accepted decision); Desist 244, 254, 1030, 1036, 248 electronic surveillances conducted Fuller Alaska, 80, 61, 212 tainted evidence introduced decision). "focusing attention element reliance" 'more justification retroactively.' 219, 646. reasoning provisions, focused example, struck Louisiana's bond-authorization elections violative Equal Protection frustrating expectations bonds bond authorization completed, i.e., timely ready issued, Cipriano. 1900 ("[W]e expired, specified final. securities legally complete (emphasis added)). looked period complete, adopted bar protection Rather, 213-215, 1677-1678, completed 1678 ("[O]ur authorizations general 1970, decision"). Hill Stone, 421 289, 301-302, 95 1637, 1645, 172 (1975) 48 focusing implicit England Louisiana Medical Examiners, 375 411, 440 (1964), party district subsequently return he voluntarily litigated it, individuals litigating 422, 468. 571-572, 834-835, set aside laws, event—the elections—had preceding Allen. defining limitations, action limitation period—usually, filing action. litigant period, suit. Saint Francis College Al-Khazraji, 481 604, 608-609, 2022, 2025-2026, 582 (1987); 107-109, 355-357. 49 indicate, sphere. none discussed above indicate factor judicata precluded litigation. obliged well-established retroactivity. Here, Arkansas' Supra, 186-187. striving recharacterize error equating choice remedy. 219-220. difference. Once renders invalid, process, considerations, offered. assertion (1973), specifically helpful, controlling, remedy: "Those guidelines [expressed Linkletter Walker, 381 618, 85 1731, 601 (1965) doctrine] problem progeny reviewing judgments conviction obtained standard; instant relating remedies, arising True, back dispute calls values unlike progeny. however fact remains asked reexamine District evaluation proper decree." 199-200, 1468-1469 (opinion Burger, C.J.) (citation 52 effects, Any available court; evidentiary effect. regarding mechanics procedure, govern "may plaintiff conversely defendant." K. York, J. Bauman, D. Rendleman, Remedies (4th ed. 1985); Dobbs, Law ("The substantive right defendant duty, preferred, measure is"). adjudicated itself, specify commentators,2 appellate courts, Note, Confusion Courts: Application Test Retroactive-Prospective Decisions, 1985 U.Ill.L.Rev. 117, 128-136, exactly be: characterized Cardozo (1932). Considering only, asserted: 54 "We division sound unsound known common Sound unsound, constitution. limits adherence make forward relation backward. say overruled, intermediate transactions." 148. 1038 (Harlan, relatively rare circumstances allows "jolting transaction." SCALIA's 204-205. declines nonretroactivity, understanding leads him judge disagrees vote validity "action [in precedent] occurred." discerned, impelled change understanding. 56 proposing extend sphere assumes context. rationale compelling 57 what, essence, single justification: defendants time. 322-323, 713. expounding theory, why pendency defendant's least arguable, pointed dissent, speed proceed justice system key "otherwise identically rules." 331, 718 (internal quotation marks inequitable, although 220, 1681; Stovall Denno, 388 293, 299-301, 1967, 1971-1972, 1199 government, implicitly doctrine: frustrate 58 During evolved, defendants. Beytagh, 2. whenever was, benefit Coin Currency, 401 715, 726, 91 1041, 1047, 434 (1971) (BRENNAN, ("[W]hen cast reliability guilt 'impose .' ") (quoting 646, 664, 1148, 1158, (1971)). adoption authorities. 59 There analogous Either New over plaintiffs; protecting class another. deprived benefited defendant, hand, interested reversal conviction. securing assist way. criticism gives "chance beneficiary" "permit[s] stream flow unaffected rule," omitted), echoes criticism, aimed 254-255, 24, 24; 1971-1972. failed cite comparable 188-190. Contrary assertions, unequal litigants. 'injustice hardship' 1900). aim, relevant has, review. 60 unpersuasive context, test. prohibit Solem Stumes, 465 642, 1338, 1341, 579 1151 J.); requirement adjudicate controversies. Compare 301, 1972, 3, 1733, 256, 1037 (Douglas, utility cushioning sometimes clear. "inequities" alleges illusory. For reasons, longstanding 61 disposition payments, Court.3 62 position nature payments. determination, lies instance. So ordered. 64 judgment. 65 I agree My diverge hers way, explanation. 66 share STEVENS' incompatible role, prescribe shall be. framing purport today—whether "apply" retroactively—presupposes creating opposed declaring is. Power," Const., III, traditional duly legislatures, Marbury Madison, Cranch 137 (1803)—the asserted announce forbid forbids it; when, ours "applies" applies; interpreted invalidates statute. Since year; conform supposed notion interpretation form sense. (which there) not; decision; wrong, needs attention. 67 dissented elsewhere registered my disagreement typically destabilizing, 2851-2852 dissenting); 259-265, 2826-2829, part). rests (by mine alone) 'quagmire,' 259, 2826, Northwestern Portland Cement Minnesota, 358 450, 458, 357, 362, (1959), 'arbitrary, conclusory, irreconcilable text,' inception century, 260, Currie, Court: First Hundred Years 1789-1888, 234 (1985), worsened age. believe takes self-consciously avowedly, act field "Congress Power regulate States," grant Congress, courts; read exclusive casual comparison reveal. 261, 2827. thought regulation indirectly—that powers pre-empts Supremacy VI, conflict saying, presume silence commerce-regulating function, regulation. 262-263, 2827-2828. (according jurisprudence) nonetheless authorized "disagree[s]" appraisal field. 2843, Presuming congressional normal task common-law tradition. principal reasonable regulator intend—which legislator himself ask. explains, think, body decisional changed regularly jurisprudence. Change almost natural state, constantly changing national economy. explains function weighing imponderable—balancing importance interest (an citizens assess differently) degree impairment CTS Dynamics America, 69, 89-94, 1649-1652, Edgar MITE 624, 2629, 269 (1982); Pike Bruce Church, 137, 844, 174 inherently unpredictable—unpredictable standards poorly inconsistently, accommodate, legislature, inevitably shifting variables Whatever area, Constitution. 69 unstable, repeatedly upsetting expectations. fellow dissenters consequence case—or, precisely, extending unfortunate laws—by embracing decisionmaking. field: judgments, fashion, (subject, case-or-controversy surely Court)? solution because, above, mode power—and well, wrongs right. Given jurisprudence, thing possibly me status theories matters coming decisis—that say, legal system—would normally cause rendered unconstitutionality indistinguishable suppress acquiesce Something Believing fully fifth (pre-Scheiner opinions lawfully so—and absurd. Though option suspending decisionmaking, flexible command. sensible upset litigant's claimed (Scheiner exists. appropriate, words—indeed, necessary—for causes persist (at necessary case) 71 pre-Scheiner, unlawful virtue concur join, dissenting. issues: features refund. ordinarily pure uniformly throughout Nation, mixed plurality today, inverts analysis. With deceptive simplicity, vel non turns anticipated ante, 181-182,1 availability 177, threaten Ante, 185-186. wrong counts. adjudication legislators. Tobacco instance.2 plurality's supported misreading 74 Act, carriers higher rate operated intrastate. Vehicles covered display certificate evidencing compliance Operation vehicle subjected user sanctions graduated scale fines. 27-35-205(k). contained method assessments protest. 75 May 27, $1,775,000 collected,3 County adheres recovered. Searcy Stephenson, 244 54, 369 (1968); Brunson Directors Crawford 153 S.W. 828 (1913). Petitioners, invoked provision governing illegal exactions, arguing recent Little Rock Cash, 277 494, 644 229 cert. denied, 2464, 1341 (1983), complaint "be deemed involuntarily." 506, 234. Their tracked 1980. Bloom, Pa.Commw. 575, 466 A.2d 755 injunction, concluding Record 764. trial favor. April 1986, affirmed, Pub. Serv. (1947). Assn., Simultaneously, reached 510 Pa. 430, 509 838 947, 380 (1986), Pennsylvania's marker axle 2847; "exert[ed] inexorable hydraulic pressure businesses ply 'among 286-287, 2841-2842 3). series appeared Insofar cases—the relied—provided "no various 78 bore opinion. reconsider assessed Only indeed continued collect, meritorious constituted "whatever Oil." 177. numerous decades, "retroactive effect" "new" Those involving senses used. judged limit Since, course questions, unnecessary 80 choice-of-law Whereas plenary limited. Fox Film Muller, 207, 210, 183, 184, 158 (1935); Murdock Memphis, Wall. 590 (1875). Martin Hunter's Lessee, Wheat. 345 (1816); constrains provide, (1990); (1967), constitutionally compelled, Delaware Van Arsdall, 475 673, 106 1431, 674 (1986); (1973),4 provide. 3058, Los Angeles Lyons, 461 95, 113, 1660, 1671, 675 (1983); Chapman, 48, 840 Iowa-Des Moines Bank Bennett, 284 239, 133, 265 (1931). 176 (citing 251, 253, 2823, 3057-3058; (1983)). elucidate us—the lawfulness years 1980 1986. opportunity ,S.Ct., 2847 added). room declare "in place." 182. leaves concluded, establishment account, "substantially similar" Scheiner," commerce." 1308-1309, held, acknowledges, command exerting boundaries. Like enacted, did. lose first. reversing remanding 2847-2848. accidental timing currently past, produced difference respective Fundamental notions fairness Considerations finality justifiable grown up surrounding expression finally 'of peace' open relitigation Federated Stores, Moitie, 452 394, 401, 2424, 2429, (1981) Hart Steel Supply 294, 299, 508, 1148 (1917)). time, "simple justice," rule, evenhandedly applied. explained endorsed views retroactivity: "In view, ours, basic adjudication. adjudicates 'cases' 'controversies.' promulgate basis. specific becomes announcement selected, observed: 'If all. truth, disregard adjudicating legislation.' Mackey [667,] 679 [91 1173 ] judgment). 88 "Second, selective treating same. [244,] 258-259, [1030,] 1038-1039 [ 'the actual chooses chance beneficiary' [537,] 556, [2579,] 2590, original). tolerated noted: 'The toleration come end.' Ibid." differently. both, accordance include legislatively prescribed repose. recognizes interests. repose parties. distinction recognition applied: "The impulse rests, least, lie core namely jolting Yet made, otherwise, consummated decision's acquired frozen. Just moment judicata. uncertainty engendered should, risks life. "To 'reliance,' relevant, account are, jeopardize edifice constructed foundation rescission, finds once-valid contract policy. 25, 1059, (1964). essential flexibility short them." (1970) (concurring opinion). Until law.5 gave property called approve revenue utility. "good suppose," 182, 1880 reenacted 1910 1921, string five Terms effected sea Clause.6 nonetheless, convince "retroactive" hardship,' (1932)), sufficiently "where decision." 1900. plaintiff's "where, final." (1970), Stewart, Harlan, Chief limiting franchise authorize bonds. Again, 1930. reaffirmed "apply 1996. filed, "retroactively" her. 214-215, 1996-1997. "[i]n authorizing definite grounds sustained law." 1996.7 (1975). lawsuit assessment evenhanded administration IV rejects implication, conduct," 191, "[e]ither rule." 198. at182, 181-182.8 logic, James Dravo Contracting 302 134, 208, 155 (1937), liable though, lawful. proffered accepted, plaintiffs. 198-199. sole anomalous approach—that case—is citation footnote continues (1971)." 8.9 Griffith, majority's reading.10 Close examination discretion states, 191. controversy Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act. initiated federal-court admiralty laches personal suits 355, initially timeliness 351. incorporate Remedial dispositive stressed establishing "devotion Act's absorption limitations." 109, 356; Goodman Lukens 482 662-664, 2617, 2621-2622, 572 (applying rely). 'slept rights' 108, disparate indispensable delay judgment;11 another refuse More fundamentally, historically craft tolling, laches, waiver. Bowen 476 467, 479, 2029, Zipes Trans World Airlines, 455 385, 398, 1127, 1135, Burnett York Central 424, 941 (1965); Braun Sauerwein, 218, 223 (1870) seems, established, running suspended mentioned itself"). Statutes "presumption extinguished forum away solid ground complaint, negligence himself," Hanger Abbott, 532, 538 (1868); "none founded apply," 539-540, exercised suspend conformity "policy [the] limitations," Burnett, 434, 1058. author explained: "[T]he mere institution restrict tolled purpose." Utah, 414 538, 559, 756, 769, (1974) (Stewart, J.). discretion, Firestone Tire Rubber Risjord, 449 368, 379, 669, 676, 571 (1981). remainder "retroactivity" fit mold. again "[t]he usual decision," 608, 2025 Gulf Offshore Mobil 453 473, 486, 2870, 2879, 784 (1981); Thorpe Housing Authority Durham, 268, 281, 518, 526, 474 (1969); Schooner Peggy, 103, (1801)), "counsel[ed] circumstances." Without ourselves, respondent's barred Circuit. 1981—which complaining rely. 662-663, 2621-2622. transactions analyzed discretion. Hanover Shoe, Shoe Machinery 392 481, 2224, 1231 (1968), 1393, ), statutory 199, 1468, law.12 Caban Mohammed, 441 380, 416, 1760, 1780, 297 (1979) (STEVENS, explained, appropriate. 296-297, 1039-1040 stated remedies" implicated 1468 equity, nowhere else, eschew rigid absolutes realities necessities inescapably reconciling competing notwithstanding roots." 201, 1469; concurring)). unquestionably Two retention freedom mechanism planning. 2252. illegally exacted unduly burdensome. warrant substitute require. V reach erroneous prevented respectfully sign "inherently unstable" 203-204, non-retroactivity. raise, present, developed nearly century half, Cooley Wardens Port Philadelphia, How. 996 (1852), suggestion Corr, Retroactivity: Study Doctrine "As Applied," N.C.L.Rev. 745 Traynor, Quo Vadis, Overruling: Question Judicial Responsibility, Hastings L.J. 533 (1977); Ten Non-Retroactivity: Critique Proposal, Va.L.Rev. 1557 (1975); 29-31, 2246-2247, Eleventh Amendment. agrees 200-201. 39-40, 2251-2252, entire adjust render nondiscriminatory. contend 38-39. lawsuit. notwithstanding, 178, Payne stand expansive narrow complain erroneously whole qualified predicated violating weeks conduct, Regents Colleges Roth, 408 564, 2701, 548 (1972), municipality's immunity. technically "retroactively," 184-185, contemplate actors achieve, judicially crafted floors Congress. Rudovsky, Qualified Immunity Activism Restriction Constitutional Rights, 138 U.Pa.L.Rev. 79-80 Avery Midland 390 474, 1114, 1121, Harper Virginia 383 663, 680, 1079, 1088, 169 (1966); 589, 1395, well-defined elections, commencement express expressed 1038, addition, conceded admits "initial relief" determined." event, absolve backdoor surmise parties, 12; Respondents 23-24, amici sides Conference Legislatures, Amici Curiae 11; Private Truck Council, Amicus 6. approach. undermines, supports, What said passage quoted incompletely plurality, 177-178, "[w]hether crime guaranteed rights." 826. situation. guise required. unclear respect, (1971), refusing (1976); 468, entered upset. Oil—Cipriano Chicot Drainage Baxter Bank, 308 371, 317, 329 (1940), (1932), Gelpcke Dubuque, 175 (1864); Havemeyer Iowa 294 (1866); McClure, 511 (1871), Cipriano, 215-217. today: "Gelpcke (1864), holds compelled situations imposes barrier Is sufficient answer dissenters' precedential collateral attack effect?" 667, 698, 1160, 1165,

Classification Label: 7