Legal Document

495 U.S. 149 110 S.Ct. 1717 109 L.Ed.2d 135 Jonas H. WHITMORE, Individually and as Next Friend of Ronald Gene Simmons, Petitionerv.ARKANSAS et al. No. 88-7146. Argued Jan. 10, 1990. Decided April 24, Syllabus After his trial on multiple murder charges, Simmons waived right to direct appeal conviction death sentence. The court conducted a hearing determined that was competent waive further proceedings. Pursuant its rule Arkansas law does not require mandatory in all penalty cases, but defendant can forgo only if he has been judicially have the capacity understand choice between life knowingly intelligently any rights sentence, State Supreme Court reviewed competency determination affirmed court's decision had appeal. then denied motion petitioner Whitmore—a death-row inmate convicted robbery-murder case, who exhausted appellate review, state postconviction relief, yet sought federal habeas corpus relief—to intervene proceeding both individually Simmons' "next friend," concluding Whitmore lacked standing. This granted Whitmore's petition for certiorari questions whether third party standing challenge validity sentence imposed capital elected appeal, Eighth Fourteenth Amendments prohibit from carrying out without first conducting review Held: lacks proceed this Court. Pp. 154-166. (a) Before consider merits legal claim, person seeking invoke jurisdiction must establish requisite sue. To do so, prove existence an Art. III case or controversy by clearly demonstrating suffered "injury fact," which is concrete qualitative temporal sense. He show injury "fairly be traced challenged action," "is likely redressed favorable decision." Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization, 426 26, 38, 41, 96 1917, 1924, 1926, 48 450. 154-156. (b) individual based system assertedly him personally Amendment. His principal claim fact—that obtains relief resentenced new trial, then, light Arkansas' comparative substantial interest having data base against crime compared complete arbitrarily skewed omission heinous crimes—is too speculative jurisdiction. Even assuming would eventually secure death, there no factual basis conclude mass murderer relevant future theory at least other allegations possible found insufficient fact. See, e.g., O'Shea Littleton, 414 488, 94 669, 38 674. United States SCRAP, 412 93 2405, 37 254, distinguished. contention that, citizen, entitled Amendment's public protections Court's insure carry execution raises generalized citizens constitutional governance inadequate grant Nor uniqueness society's proper imposition justify creating exception traditional doctrine, since requirement merely "rule practice," rather directly Constitution. 156-161. (c) alternative argument friend" also rejected. scope one exists absent congressional authorization, broader than permitted under statute. Thus, necessary condition showing proposed real unable litigate own cause due mental incapacity, lack access court, similar disability. That prerequisite satisfied where, here, evidentiary shows given knowing, intelligent, voluntary waiver proceed, otherwise unimpeded. 161-166. 298 Ark. 193 255, 766 S.W.2d 422 423, dismissed. REHNQUIST, C.J., delivered opinion Court, WHITE, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. MARSHALL, J., filed dissenting opinion, BRENNAN, joined, post, p. 166. Arthur L. Allen, Little Rock, Ark., petitioner. J. Steven Clark respondents. Chief Justice REHNQUIST 1 presents question Petitioner contends prevent We hold standing, therefore dismiss writ certiorari. 2 * On December 28, 1987, shot killed two people wounded three others course rampage through town Russellville, Arkansas. police apprehended they searched home nearby Dover, Arkansas, discovered bodies 14 members family, whom murdered. sets criminal charges Russellville murders covering deaths family members. 3 tried crimes, jury sentenced death. being sentenced, made statement oath: " 'I, Sr., want it known my wish desire absolutely action anybody taken way change It respectfully requested carried expeditiously.' See Franz State, 296 181, 183, 754 839, 840 (1988). concerning competence proceedings, concluded knowing intelligent. 4 As date approached Louis Franz, Catholic priest counsels inmates Department Corrections, petitioned permission prosecute behalf. held did because alleged facts ever met much less close relationship with defendant. rejected Constitution aggrieved taxpayer assertion should concerned citizen important issue going unresolved level. 5 In dicta, went cases. note, however, will able "only sentence." Id., 189, S.W.2d, 843. reviewing record hearing, intelligent another row inmate, Darrel Wayne Hill, applied Federal District execution, ground Hill Lockhart, 700 F.Supp. 1005 (ED Ark.1988), pending, 89-1485EA (CA8). 6 subsequently members, February 1989, lethal injection. again notified after so. pursuant established 193, (1989). commended counsel doing "an exceptional job examining exploring [Simmons'] ability know might 194, 423. noted "thoroughly discussed seven points could argued reversal appeal" acknowledged those "rejected encouragement suggestions appeal." Ibid. 7 Three days later, Whitmore, "as next friend Simmons." failed intervene, motion. 423 asked stay scheduled March 16, 1989. pending filing disposition certiorari, 489 1073, 1522, 103 828 (1989), later 492 917, 3240, 106 588 II A. 8 time we encountered decided judicial Gilmore Utah, 429 1012, 97 436, 50 632 (1976), considered application Gary Mark Gilmore, mother Bessie declined request relief. A majority available and, accordingly, allowed go forward. Four Members felt issues raised were matter plenary consideration. Since presented applications parties stays see Lenhard Wolff, 443 1306, 100 3, 61 885, denied, 444 807, 29, 62 20 (1979); Evans Bennett, 440 1301, 99 1481, 59 756, U.S., 987, 1986 (1979), until present full briefing issued recurring issue. 9 asks despite failure conduct before execute him. well established, Article III, course, gives courts over "cases controversies," doctrine serves identify disputes are appropriately resolved process. Valley Forge Christian College Americans Separation Church & Inc., 454 464, 471-476, 102 752, 757-761, 70 (1982). Our threshold inquiry into "in depends [petitioner's] particular illegal," Warth Seldin, 490, 500, 95 2197, 2205-06, 45 343 (1975), thus put aside now Amendment "case controversy." 10 Although "the concept 'Art. standing' defined consistency various cases it," Forge, supra, 475, S.Ct., 760, certain basic principles distilled our decisions. controversy, litigant demonstrate fact." injury, emphasized repeatedly, complainant allege himself "distinct palpable," Warth, 501, 2206, opposed "[a]bstract," 494, 675, 674 (1974), harm actual imminent, "conjectural" "hypothetical." Los Angeles Lyons, 461 95, 101-102, 1660, 1664-1665, 75 675 (1983). Further, satisfy "causation" "redressability" prongs minima action" 450 (1976); 472, 758-59. e specifically set forth sufficient these requirements. powerless create embellishing deficient 508, 518, 2210, 2215.1 B 11 capacity, alleges infringed grants subject impending Simmons. rests asserted right. Under either theory, Secretary Md. Joseph Munson Co., 467 947, 956, 104 2839, 2846-47, 81 786 (1984); Singleton Wulff, 428 106, 112, 2868, 2873, 49 826 find fall short 12 fact "a case." Brief 21. already 308, 756 890 (1988), 299 55, 771 266 suggests obtain entitle trial. If, once more seek Arkansas; compare freakishly asserts ultimately injured crimes committed included employed review. order requires 13 Petitioner's court. final, may obviously problematic. Nor, although odds better, retried, convicted, And even follow far down path, nothing conjecture addition "data base" lead whose victim died stabbed her times, cut throat, carved "X" side face. 317, 895. current simply defendants provides us like where residents Illinois injunctive Magistrate Circuit Judge plaintiffs claimed engaged pattern practice illegal bondsetting, sentencing, jury-fee practices allegation respondents (plaintiffs) amounted "that violate unchallenged charged, answer, proceedings petitioners, subjected discriminatory petitioners followed." 497, 676-77. contention, think analogous Whitmore's, took "into area speculation conjecture," ibid., beyond bounds 15 likewise thought contingent plaintiff encounter wherein administer allegedly "chokehol[d]," 105, 1666-67, prospective candidacy former Congressman, Golden Zwickler, 394 103, 109, 89 960, 22 113 (1969), using deadly force fleeing uneffected arrest. Ashcroft Mattis, 431 171, 172, n. 2, 1739, 1740, 52 219 (1977). Recently Diamond Charles, 476 54, 1697, 90 (1986), physician's attempt defend restricting abortions, complaint fewer abortions paying patients 'unadorned speculation' power. 66, 1705-06 (quoting 44, 1927). Each demonstrates what said many times reiterate today: Allegations requirements III. threatened 'certainly impending' constitute Babbitt Farm Workers, 442 289, 298, 2301, 2308-09, 60 895 (1979) Pennsylvania West Virginia, 262 553, 593, 43 658, 663-64, 67 L.Ed. 1117 (1923)). 102, 1665; Richardson, 418 166, 177-178, 2940, 2946-2947, 41 678 (1974). 16 Probably most attenuated conferring 254 (1973). There, environmental group Interstate Commerce Commission's approval surcharge railroad freight rates, claiming adverse impact ICC's Washington metropolitan group's suffer 'economic, recreational aesthetic harm.' 678, 2411. SCRAP general rate increase . increased use nonrecyclable commodities recyclable goods, resulting need natural resources produce such some area, refuse discarded national parks area." 688, 2416. pleadings specific perceptible survive indicated summary judgment showed sham genuine 689, 15, 2417, 15. 17 analysis surely very outer limit law, petitioner's enough harms—depletion littering—would befall imminently ICC orders reversed. bald statement, incorrect, withstand dismiss, string occurrences happen immediately. But make—and responsibly make—a immediate harm. take notice writs guilty verdicts returned trials. just advance result case. unlike amount evidence potentially 'real immediate.' O'Shea, 675. Moreover, above, certainty shown convictions pertinent proportionality 18 "entitled Amendment," "generalized governance," Schlesinger Reservists Committee Stop War, 208, 217, 2925, 2930, 706 proceed. dispose quote Allen Wright, 468 737, 754, 3315, 3326, 82 556 (1984): "This repeatedly Government act accordance sufficient, alone, confer court." Accord, United, 482-483, 489-490, 763-764, 767-768, 26 ("Were recognize premised 'injury' consisting solely violation ' "personal right" government religion,' principled dictate recognition respondents' every personal impose cruel unusual punishment") Inc. Dept. Health, Education Welfare, 619 F.2d 252, 265 (CA3 1980) (citation omitted)); Schlesinger, 216-227, 2929-2930; 176-177, 2946-2947. 19 Perhaps recognizing weakness argues imposition, maintains, relaxed principles. answer suggestion controversy" employ untethered notions good policy expand appealing previously resisted temptation "import profound differences meaning domain administrative law," Heckler Chaney, 470 821, 838, 105 1649, 1659, 84 714 (1985); id., 839-840, 1659-60, (BRENNAN, concurring), restraint when source power itself.2 press objection C maintain action, purports never length, long accepted circumstances. Most frequently, friends" appear behalf detained prisoners unable, usually incompetence inaccessibility, themselves. E.g., ex rel. Toth Quarles, 350 11, 13, 76 1, (1955) (prisoner's sister brought while Korea). early 17th century, English Habeas Corpus Act 1679 authorized complaints "any behalf" persons, 31 Car. II, ch. 1704 House Lords "[T]hat Englishman, imprisoned authority whatsoever, undoubted right, agents, friends, apply for, Writ Corpus, procure liberty law." Ashby White, How.St.Tr. 695, 814 (Q.B.1704). Some decisions country interpreted ambiguous provisions statute allow connection petitions corpus, see, Collins Traeger, 27 842, 843 (CA9 1928); Funaro Watchorn, 164 F. 152, 153 (SDNY 1908),3 Congress codified explicitly 1948. 28 U.S.C. § 2242 (1982 ed.) ("Application shall writing signed verified intended someone acting ") (emphasis added).4 21 become participates, pursues person, remains interest. Morgan Potter, 157 195, 198, 590, 591, 39 670 (1895); Nash Hashimoto MacArthur, 87 U.S.App.D.C. 268, 269-270, 184 606, 607-608 (1950), cert. 342 72 64, 634 (1951). purposes, means automatically whomever seeks pursue another. Decisions applying adhered firmly rooted prerequisites First, provide adequate explanation—such incompetence, disability—why cannot action. Wilson Lane, 870 1250, 1253 (CA7 1989), 89-81; Smith Missouri Public Defender Comm'n Armontrout, 812 1050, 1053 (CA8), 483 1033, 107 3277, 781 (1987); Weber Garza, 570 511, 513-514 (CA5 1978). Second, truly dedicated best interests litigate, Morris States, 399 720, 722 Va.1975), suggested significant Davis Austin, 273, 275-276 (ND Ga.1980) (minister cousin prisoner standing). burden propriety status thereby Smith, 1053; Groseclose Harries Dutton, 594 949, 952 (MD Tenn.1984). These limitations driven "[i]t availed of, intruders uninvited meddlers, styling themselves friends." Bryant Houston, 273 915, 916 (CA2 1921); Rosenberg 346 291-292, 73 1152, 1161-1162, 1607 (1953) (Jackson, concurring five Justices) (discountenancing granting stranger persons their intervention unauthorized prisoners' counsel). Indeed, restriction courts, asserting circumvent jurisdictional limits mantle friend." 23 desires state-court circumstances, authorizing participation recognizes, apparently common availability 184, 840-841, Whitmore. Without deciding statute, historical practice. keeping ancient tradition 24 1017, 439 (STEVENS, concurring). here faced required whenever terminate bear finding At oral argument, questioned waiver, reason disturb point. 25 accept answers appreciated consequences decision. understood several grounds explained counsel, informed "not technicalities." Tr. psychiatric interview, stated 'a terrible miscarriage justice kill exe cuted,' "Sid., meaningful suffering disease, disorder, defect substantially affected make Rees Peyton, 384 312, 314, 86 1505, 1506-07, 583 (1966). behalf, beginning confronted situation bring ordinary civil condemned man. response occasion equally apt "However friendly doomed man sympathetic situation; however lest unconstitutional laws enforced, laudable sentiments are, grievance feel special furnish this." Gusman Marrero, 180 81, 87, 293, 295, 436 (1901). dismissed Doremus Board Hawthorne, 429, 394, 475 (1952). 29 so ordered. 30 BRENNAN joins, dissenting. today allows though reaching result, address petitioner: defendant's Rather, decides raise rejects relying common-law precludes If meritorious, violates permit amend. 32 Given extraordinary circumstances consideration claim. For reasons herein, notwithstanding relax next-friend By refusing question, needlessly abdicates grave responsibility ensure wrongly executed. I dissent. 33 noncapital Ross Moffitt, 417 600, 611, 2437, 2444, 341 (1974) (citing McKane Durston, 684, 687, 913, 914-15, 867 (1894)). axiomatic, unique, irrevocable nature necessitates safeguards punishments. 34 "Under Amendment, treated differently Among consistent themes jurisprudence care deliberation sanction. accordingly series unique substantive procedural restrictions designed punishment serious calm reflection ought precede gravity finality." Thompson Oklahoma, 487 815, 856, 108 2687, 2710, 101 702 (1988) (O'CONNOR, judgment) omitted). 35 Zant Stephens, 462 862, 884, 2733, 2746-47, 77 235 (1983) ("[B]ecause difference permissible form punishment, 'there corresponding reliability appropriate case' Woodson North Carolina, 280, 305, 2978, 2991, 944 (1976) (plurality opinion)); Eddings 455 104, 118, 869, 878-79, 71 (1982) concurring) ("[T]his gone measures executed afforded process guarantee, humanly possible, whim, passion, prejudice, mistake"). 36 consistently recognized crucial role ensuring capriciously. Gregg Georgia, 153, 2909, 859 upheld Georgia's sentencing scheme large part "As additional safeguard arbitrariness caprice, Georgia statutory automatic sentences State's each determine influence passion supports jury's aggravating circumstance, disproportionate cases." 2937 (joint Stewart, Powell, JJ.). 211, 2942-43 (WHITE, joined BURGER, ("An aspect legislative provision imposed"). factor same Term upholding schemes Florida Texas. Proffitt Florida, 242, 253, 2960, 2967, 913 JJ.) (risk arbitrary capricious infliction minimized Florida's system, mitigating reweighed 'to independently ultimate warranted' omitted); Jurek Texas, 262, 276, 2950, 2958, 929 ("By providing prompt statewide jurisdiction, Texas provided promote evenhanded, rational, law"). More recently, stressed uphold "depend[ed] safeguard, avoid assure proportionality." 890, 2749. McCleskey Kemp, 481 279, 303, 1756, 1772, (1987). Clemons Mississippi, 494 738, 749, 1441, 1448, 725 (1990) promotes consistency"). California's Pulley Harris, 465 37, 53, 871, 880-81, 79 (1984). engage nevertheless "suggested required." 45, 877 Gregg, 204-206, 2936-37, 2939-2941 JJ.)). Pulley, 49, 879 ("Gregg focused such, sort review"); 881 (stating precedents "some constitutionally required"). 40 promoting sentencing. high percentage reversed vividly indispensable safeguard. 1983, imposed. Robertson 131, 137, 765 936, 940 (1989) (Hickman, concurring); Fretwell 289 91, 99, 708 630, 634-635 (1986) Other remarkably rates Burt, Disorder Court: Death Penalty Constitution, 85 Mich.L.Rev. 1741, 1792 (1987) (Florida 47% 1972 1984); Dix, Appellate Review Decision Impose Death, 68 Geo.L.J. 97, 144-145, 437 (Texas Criminal Appeals invalidated 33% October 1975 1979); 111, 92 (Georgia 30% 1974 1979). Cf. Barefoot Estelle, 463 880, 3383, 3406, 1090 (MARSHALL, dissenting) (between 1976 approximately 70% district prevailed appeals); Greenberg, Capital Punishment System, 91 Yale L.J. 908, 918 (estimating 60% statutes enacted Furman 408 238, 2726, (1972), point appeals process; contrast, judgments 6.5%); Justice, Bureau Statistics, Bulletin, 1988, (July 1989) (116 sent prison 1988 vacated commuted during year). statistics clear absence unacceptably wrongfully executed—"wrongfully" innocent crime, undeserving severest relative similarly situated offenders, essential State. 919-922 (listing numerous examples instances violations law). courts' experience compel conclusion unjust executions. believe mandates underlying convictions. core concern steps greatest extent improperly erroneously 42 protect fundamental coercive manner shocks community's conscience undermines integrity system. 1019, 440, dissenting). Because wrongful affront society whole, consent 1018, 439-40 ("[T]he privilege forbidden Amendment"). compellingly Reverend Hill: "What stake collective civilized inflicted name. crying vindicate value, resolution correctness 1005, 1024 Ark.1988) dissenting)) omitted), also, Commonwealth McKenna, Pa. 428, 441, 383 A.2d 174, 181 (1978) ("The block giving effect strong interest, itself jurisprudential concern[, to] allo[w] choose exalted position lofty blind issue—the allowing citizen") (footnote People Stanworth, Cal.2d 820, 834, 80 Cal.Rptr. 59, 457 P.2d 889, 899 (1969) ("[W]e dealing conferred upon sole benefit. principle policy. state's observance enforcement thwarted guise individual") (internal quotation marks omitted; citation submission barbaric ameliorate imposing causes societal values justice. Certainly drawn quartered burned license exact refused defense Similarly, rendered agrees punishment. 44 involve so-called "right die." When procedures ask life. invites norms society—that penal invoked serve ends justice, individual, assurance justified. forbids invitation. Society's overwhelming preventing executions evidenced almost prescribed mandatory, nonwaivable 1989); Carter, Maintaining Systemic Integrity Cases: Use Court-Appointed Counsel Present Mitigating Evidence Defendant Advocates 55 Tenn.L.Rev. 113-114 (1987).1 entirely. 196-197, 847 (Glaze, Furthermore, reinstitution 1976, (1976). Following Utah's amended Utah Code Ann. 77-35-26(10) (Supp.1989); 76-3-206(2) (1978). extreme rarity unreviewed unconstitutionality killings. Enmund 458 782, 788-796, 3368, 3371-3376, 1140 (finding felony jurisdictions crime); Coker 433 584, 593-597, 2861, 2866-2869, 53 982 (1977) (striking rape adult woman provision). 46 contexts limiting person's protection. Singer 380 783, 630 (1965), example, constitutionality Rule Procedure 23(a), conditions prosecution. reasoned "[t]he recognizes adversary method determining guilt, Government, litigant, legitimate seeing believes warranted tribunal regards fair result." 36, 790-91. expressed punishments neither nor justifies acquiesce may, inmates, seem preferable prison, indeed obligation, observed takes human life.2 47 whatever necessary, within power, execution. mechanism exceeding jurisdiction.3 refusal eliminate delays exceeds solicitude acknowledges, Ante, 163. satisfies prudential dispute meet refuses friend, disability." 165. suggests, holding, "truly litigate," ante, 163, perhaps, too, interest," 164.4 Assuming sake petitioning review5 minimally interested welfare, friend. creations 164-165. considerations impede merits.6 certainly contract Examples exercise pervade law. Harlow Fitzgerald, 800, 815-819, 2727, 2736-2739, 396 (abandoning subjective element qualified immunity excessive disruption insubstantial claims judgment); Anderson Creighton, 635, 645, 3034, 3042, 523 "completely reformulated along embodied replacing malice frequently objective reasonableness official action"); Parklane Hosiery Co. Shore, 322, 326-333, 649-653, 58 552 (discarding mutuality offensive collateral estoppel litigants relitigating economy). Livingston Jefferson, F.Cas. 660, 663 (No. 8,411) (CC Va.1811) (Marshall, Judge) (common-law unwritten really capriciously, regular train decisions, affairs, according nation, necessity things, [and is] susceptible modification"). magnitude relaxing Relaxation especially virtually impossible. undoubtedly corpus. waives incompetent, obviating decide carving III's requirements, fact, commitment avoiding executions, ample enlarging doctrine. 51 purpose invokes rigidly 'intruders meddlers' pursuing 'as course.' 1921)). purpose, Court.7 standing; rules altered deems necessary. it, merits, level assured Such obviate appeals.8 fundamentally, suit "uninvited meddler" pales comparison When, "meddler" man's sacrifice IV meritorious technical completely amend suspend. permits executing willing requiring minimal correct continues unseemly effort hasten cost permitting unrectified. Butler McKellar, 407, 1212, 347 (1990); Teague 288, 1060, 334 developed now-familiar 472-475, 758-760, involved relied strict practice" view countervailing policies inapposite, barriers Eisenstadt Baird, 405 438, 445, 1029, 1034, 349 (1972); Dombrowski Pfister, 479, 486-487, 1116, 1120-1121, (1965); Raines, 362 17, 22, 519, 523, 524 (1960). type "must assert interests, rest parties." 499, 2205, (1975). One section "[a]pplication intended." Rev.Stat. 754; (1940 added). Nevertheless, Watchorn implicit authorization 760 revised statutes, restrained deny return." 760; 460 old Ex parte Hibbs, 421, 435 (Ore.1886). 916-917 Dostal, 243 664, 668 Ohio 1917). added words "or 1948, revisers "follow[ed] courts." Revisers' Notes ed.). actions outside context infants, minors, incompetents. Garnett Garnett, 114 Mass. 379 (1874) ("next divorce insane person); Campbell Campbell, 242 Ala. 141, So.2d 401 (1941) (same); Blumenthal Craig, 320, 321-322 1897) admitted plaintiff, minor); Baltimore R. Fitzpatrick, (1872) (same). Thirteen rule, occur election participation. Ala.Code 12-22-150 (1986); Cal.Penal 1239(b) (West Supp.1990); 832-834, 58-59, 898-899 (1969); Del.Code Ann., Tit. 4209(g) Goode 365 381, (Fla.1978) (construing Fla.Stat. 921.141(4) (1989)); Ill.Rev.Stat., 110A, ¶ 606(a) Judy 275 Ind. 145, 157-158, 416 N.E.2d (1981) Ind.Code 35-50-2-9 (1988)); Mo.Rev.Stat. 565.035 Nev.Rev.Stat. 177.055(2) (1989); Cole Nev. 585, 707 545, 548 N.J.Stat.Ann. 2C:11-3(e) Supp.1989); 439-440, predecessor Pa.Cons.Stat. 9711(h) Tenn.Code 39-2-205 (1982); Holland, 777 1022 (Utah (Supp.1989)); (1978); Vt.Rule App.Proc. 3(b). Twenty-two States' language indicating Ariz.Rule Crim.Proc. 31.2(b); Colo.Rev.Stat. 16-11-103(7)(a) Conn.Gen.Stat. 53a-46b Ga.Code 17-10-35 Idaho 19-2827 Ky.Rev.Stat.Ann. 532.075 (Michie 1985); La.Code Crim.Proc.Ann., 905.9 Md.Ann.Code, 27, Miss.Code 99-19-105 Mont.Code 46-18-307 Neb.Rev.Stat. 29-2525 N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann. 630:5(VI) N.M.Stat.Ann. 31-20A-4 N.C.Gen.Stat. 15A-2000(d)(1) (1988); Okla.Stat., 21, 701.13 Ore.Rev.Stat. 163.150(1)(g) S.C.Code 16-3-25 S.D.Codified Laws 23A-27A-9 Tex.Crim.Proc.Code 37.071(h) (Supp.1990); Va.Code 17-110.1 Wash.Rev.Code 10.95.100 Wyo.Stat. 6-2-103 Ohio's unclear. Rev.Code 2929.05 Brooks, St.3d 144, 407 withdraw Underlying assumption unless deserved die. 1023 There believe, prison. distinct restrictions, derived courts. ASARCO Kadish, 490 605, 620, 2037, 2047, 696 Labor Triplett, 715, 729, 1428, ----, 701 judgment). holding affects Despite suggestion, judged incompetent sufficiently relation stepped forward appoint represent 1011, 2. relies 165-166. point, Legal static. turns dismisses merits. circumventing 164. does, controversy. true, necessitate abolishing terms represents different stranger; rely wholly Appeal stare decisis relieve today's disturbing opportunity benefit parties. defendants. applications. 1986, 370 (1979). rights. 1013, 437. Evans, then-Justice stayed (in chambers). noting concurrence date, ibid. Lenhard, opinion. 29. (1953), Julius Ethel Rosenbergs participated related 288-289, 1160-1161 (per curiam ); 291, 1161-62 ("Edelman [the applicant] them originally counsel"). Jackson's "discountenance[d] considering pressed vigorously contesting defendants' sentences. 292, 1162. Far importantly, applicant status, addressed 1160-61 ). 294, 1163 (Clark, ("Human lives stake; turn fine procedure party's relief"); 299-300, 1165-1166 (Black, ("I plainly illegal, lawyers 'waived' plain error. An 'waiver' assigned it"); 1172 (Douglas, unlawful barred. No lawyer point"). today, 164-165, applies submitted (which behalf," added)) suits

Classification Label: 8