Legal Document

422 U.S. 590 95 Supreme Court Reporter 2254 45 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 416 Richard BROWN, Petitioner,v.State of ILLINOIS. Number 73—6650. Argued March 18, 1975. Decided June 26, Syllabus Petitioner, who had been arrested without probable cause and a warrant, under circumstances indicating that the arrest was investigatory, made two in-custody inculpatory statements after he given warnings prescribed by Miranda versus Arizona, 384 436, 86 1602, 16 694. Thereafter indicted for murder, petitioner filed pretrial motion to suppress statements. The overruled were used in trial, which resulted petitioner's conviction. State Court, though recognizing unlawfulness arrest, held admissible on ground giving served break causal connection between illegal statements, act making 'sufficiently an free will purge primary taint unlawful invasion.' Wong Sun States, 371 471, 486, 83 407, 416, 9 441. Held: 1. Illinois courts erred adopting per se rule themselves broke chain so any subsequent statement, even one induced continuing effects unconstitutional custody, long as, traditional sense, it voluntary not coerced violation Fifth Fourteenth Amendments. When exclusionary is effectuate Fourth Amendment, serves interests policies are distinct from those Fifth, being directed at all searches seizures, merely happen produce incriminating material or testimony as fruits. Thus, if this case found be Amendment issue remains. requires statement meet voluntariness standard but taint' light Amendment. Pp. 600-603. 2. question whether confession must answered facts each case. Though important factor resolving issue, other factors considered; burden showing admissibility persons have illegally rests prosecutor. 603-604. 3. failed sustain its Sun. 604-605. 56 Ill.2d 312, 307 North Eastern Reporter, 2nd 356, reversed remanded. Robert Pacific KF135 P2 Isaacson, Lincolnwood, Ill., petitioner, pro hac vice, special leave Court. Jayne Atlantic Carr, Oak Park, respondent. Mr. Justice BLACKMUN delivered opinion 1 This lies crossroads Petitioner warrant. He given, full, 694 (1966). Thereafter, while evidence properly admitted, should excluded, trial murder state court. Expressed another way, excluded fruit because sufficiently attenuated arrest. See 441 (1963). course, has applicable states through Mapp Ohio, 367 643, 81 1684, 6 1081 (1961). 2 * As Brown climbing last stairs leading rear entrance his Chicago apartment early evening May 13, 1968, happened glance window near door. saw, pointed him window, revolver stranger inside apartment. man said: 'Don't move, you arrest.' App. 42. Another man, also with gun, came up behind repeated It about 7:45 p.m. men turned out Detectives William Nolan Lenz police force. clear record exactly when they advised their identity, disputed into apartment, searched it, then Brown, arrived. They later testified purpose questioning part investigation named Roger Corpus. 3 Corpus murdered week earlier, 6, .38-caliber West Side second-floor Shortly thereafter, Detective obtained petitioners' name, among others, Corpus' brother. others identified acquaintances victim, suspects.1 4 On day petitione's Nolan, armed photograph officer arrived 5 77, 78. While third covered front downstairs, detectives Brown's it. Id., 86. positioned himself door watched adjacent opened onto back porch. sat described situation suppression hearing: 'After we there while, told me somebody coming stairs. & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions walked hall around corner, stayed At time heard say, looked out. saw backing away window. him, come us.' both officers gunpoint, three entered ordered stand against wall searched. No weapon found. 93. asked name. denied showed photograph, informed Corpus, id., 16, handcuffed 93, escorted squad car. 7 took Maxwell Street station. During 20-minute drive again sitting seat car, name owned 1966 Oldsmobile. alternately evaded these questions them falsely. Tr. 74. Upon arrival station house placed central interrogation room. room bare, except table four chairs. left alone, apparently handcuffs, some minutes file homicide. returned file, down table, across left, spread him. 19. 8 warned rights Miranda.2 Ibid. knew incident occurred poolroom 5, angry having cheated dice, fired shot ceiling. answered: 'Oh, know that.' 20. bullet ceiling taken crime laboratory compared bullets body.3 responded: that, too.' 20—21. point 8:45 p.m.—Lenz wanted talk did. For next 20 25 put typed. 21—23. produced two-page acknowledged Jimmy Claggett visited 5; drinking smoking marihuana; gunpoint bind hands feet cord headphone stereo set; Claggett, using sold times pillow. signed Brown. 9, 38. 10 About 9:30 look area frequent. tour did locate quarry. went headequarters where endeavored, success, obtain Claggett. resumed search—it now 11 p.m.—and finally observed crossing intersection. All four, men, 12:15 a.m. 39. coffee most part, until Assistant State's Attorney Crilly 12 Crilly, too, rights. After half hour's conversation, court reporter appeared. Once given: 'I read card.' 30. 'was sure would charged murder.' 32. gave second providing factual account substantially accord first containing inaccuracies respect personal background.4 completed, a.m., refused sign 57. An hour phone call mother. morning, 14 hours before magistrate. 13 jointly indicated Cook County grand jury murder. Prior moved made. alleged detention constitutional hearing, denied. R. 46. proceeded trial. introduced contents first. 89—92, writing itself evidence. full. 509—528. 23 543. 15 guilty 80. sentenced imprisonment less than years nor more 30 years. 83. appeal, affirmed judgment 356 (1974). accept argument lawful. 'Upon review record, conclude fails show apprehension defendant's (and) was, therefore, unlawful.' 315, Northeastern N59 357. But hold significant unembellished sentences: 17 '(W)e warnings, instance assistant Attorney, (Wong 441.) We hold, circuit err admitting evidence.' 317, N.E.2d, 358. 18 Aside reliance upon presence no specific aspect cited support conclusion. court, words, appears 19 Because our concern implication holding (1963), case, granted certiorari. 419 894, 172, 42 138 II In Sun, pronounced principles applied search excluded. federal agents elicited oral defendant Toy forcing entry laundry, living quarters. followed bedroom Appeals concluded finding 'amply justified clearly shown record.' U.S., 479, S.Ct., 413. Toy's bore participation sale narcotics, led person, Johnny Yee, actually possessed narcotics. Yee stated heroin brought earlier Chinese known only 'Sea Dog.' Under questioning, said Dog' multifamily dwelling where, said, lived. Gaining admittance building bell buzzer, claimbed One handcuffs. arraignment, released own recognizance. Several days later, voluntarily give unsigned confession. 21 ruled declarations contraband fruits agents' action admitted Toy. 484 488, 416. result "an intervening independent will," invasion' With Sun's confession, however, lawful arraignment release recognizance, return several make 'had 'become dissipute taint.' Nardone 308 338, 341, 60 266, 84 L.Ed. 307.' 491, 419. 22 'We need 'fruit poisonous tree' simply actions police. Rather, apt such 'whether, granting establishment illegality, instant objection exploitation illegality instead means distinguishable purged Maguire, Evidence Guilt, 221 (1959).' 487 417. thus primarily protect Protection right self-incrimination Court's paramount there. To extent considered, judge invasion. (emphasis added). 24 customary, emphasized application behalf protected guarantees respects: 'in terms deterring lawless conduct officers,' 'closing doors use unconstitutionally obtained.' These considerations deterrence judicial integrity, now, become rather commonplace cases. See, e.g., Peltier, 442 531, 535—538, 2313, 2316—2318, 374; Calandra, 414 347, 94 613, 619, 38 561 (1974); Terry 392 1, 12—13, 28—29, 88 1868, 1875, 889 (1968). 'The calculated prevent, repair. Its deter—to compel guaranty effectively available way—by removing incentive disregard it.' Elkins 364 206, 217, 80 1437, 1444, 1669 (1960). '(d)espite broad deterrent purpose, never interpreted proscribe seized proceedings persons.' 348, 620. Michigan Tucker, 417 433, 446—447, 2357, 2360, 41 182 (1974).5 III refrained question, here assumed themselves, assured (verbal acts, contrasted physical evidence) sufficient preceded Miranda. 26 'prophylactic rule,' Payne, 412 47, 53, 93 1966, 1969, 36 736 (1973), 'procedural safeguard,' 457, 478, 1629, employed 'the compulsion inherent custodial surroundings.' 458, 1619. function relates Amendment's guarantee self-incrimination, exclusion absence deter taking informing individual Fith 27 Although, almost 90 ago, 'intimate relation' Fourth, Boyd 116 616, 633, 524, 533, 29 746 (1886), far regarded either remedying violations Frequently, here, Amendments may appear coalesce since 'unreasonable seizures' condemned always compelling himself, criminal cases Amendment.' Ibid.; see 646 n. 1687. rule, utilized Fifth. short, might necessary fully Fourth. them, do alone violation.6 28 order chain, thereto, broken. mandates consideration statement's If attenuate regardless how wanton purposeful violation, effect diluted. Davis Mississippi, 394 721, 726—727, 89 1394, 1397, 676 (1969). Arrests warrant cause, 'investigation,' encouraged tknowledge derived therefrom could well simple expendent warnings.7 Any avoid eviscerated effect, 'cure-all,' seizures reduced 'a form words.' 648, entirely possible, argues, frequently decide confess, unaffected initial illegality. se, cannot product break, purposes, assure every unduly exploited. Westover 496—497, 1639, 31 therefore reject accepted, decline adopt alternative 'but for' rule. professes demand much. Oral Arg. 12, 45, 47. single fact dispositive. workings human mind too complex, possibilities misconduct diverse, permit protection turn talismanic test. factor, sure, determining considered. temporal proximity confession,8 circumstances, Johnson Louisiana, 406 365, 92 1620, 1626, 32 152 (1972), and, particularly, flagrancy official misconduct9 relevant. threshold requirement. Cf. Code KF62 § 3501. And rests, prosecution.10 IV Although undertake inquiry mandated evaluate policy amply detail depth determination suggestion amicus curiae, Morales New York, 396 102, 291, 299 (1969), remand further findings. 33 separated hours, event significance whatsoever. essentials, remarkably like James Wah Sun.11 overrule so. first.12 34 moreover, quality purposefulness. imporpriety obvious; awareness virtually conceded repeatedly acknowledged, testimony, 'for investigation' 'questioning.'13 35, 43, 78, 81, 83, 88, 89, 94. design execution, investigatory. embarked expedition hope something up. manner affected gives appearance surprise, fright, confusion. 35 emphasize limited one. error assuming remanded inconsistent opinion. 37 ordered. Judgment Case 39 WHITE, concurring judgment. 40 Insofar holds (1) despite require arresting unconstitutional, (2) category, am agreement concur POWELL, whom REHNQUIST joins, part. join insofar adopted inadequately accommodates diverse underlying would, reconsideration general standards articulated elaborated herein. 43 presented turns proper prophylaxis added (1966).1 recognized applies following just does tangible similar pursuant otherwise seizure. squarely rejected, governed test render inadmissible 487—488, manner, today refrains according dispositive weight warnings. agree holding. Neither rejected extremes adequately recognizes competing involved exclude possession degree caused 44 readily admission constitute effective overruling ante, establishes boundaries within decided, incompleteness leaves uncertain compels relation Collins Beto, 348 Federal 823, 832, 834—836 (CA5 1965) (Friendly, J., concurring). immediately pursuit six agents. spontaneous response frenzy event, indication attempt inform remain silent. contrast, arraigned few questioning. His warning silent counsel desired.2 Government's assertion consequences deemed admissible. Given obtained, dissipate taint." Like contested, concerns removed correct noting altered relationship established conclusion allowed overly restrictive interpretation attenuation doctrine, subscribe, view investigatory think appropriately decision courts. B 46 rejection test, reaffirmed today, 603-604, strict adherence imposes greater cost legitimate demands law enforcement can rule's purposes. notion 'dissipation attempts mark detrimental longer justifies cost. Application doctrine generate fact-specific bearing differences similarities, inevitably largely matter degree. identifies consider determination. appropriate, articulate possible relationships particular, categories 47 are, definition, 'unreasonable.' There practical distinguish violations, measurably assist identifying kinds disqualifying likely serve purposes 347—348, 615, Schneckloth Bustamonte, 218, 250, 2041, 2053, 854 (1973) (Powell, my view, dissipated related, controlling nature taint. 48 That succeeded coercing accused's willful negligent misuse power remove tried. impermissibility attempt, deterred relevance appropriate remedy. basic briefly stated, motivations arrests. value deciding apply immediate provides occasion contact accused, eventual reflection will, little purpose: normally eventually obtaining truly volunteered statement. role indirect. psychological pressures interrogation, relatively preceding Correspondingly, perceive equalizing potential, motivation abuse diminished. Bearing mind, certain conduct, identified. 49 Those identifiable extremes: flagrantly abusive rights, hand, 'technical' other. significantly different responses. 50 clearest If, example, relied lacking indicia belief existence unreasonable, suggested effectuated pretext collateral objectives, cf. Robinson, 237, 238 2, 467, 470, 427 concurring), unnecessarily intrusive privacy, potential rarely effective, corresponding mandate preserve 374 (1975); 450 25, 2367, (1974), demonstrably events actual consultation presentation magistrate removed, Gerstein Pugh, 420 103, 854, 54 (1972); Parker Carolina, 397 790, 796, 1458, 1462, 785 (1970). 51 opposite end spectrum lie good faith invalidated3 statute subsequently declared Kilgen, 445 287 1971). noted supra, 447, 2365: necessarily assumes engaged willful, very least negligent, deprived right.' premise lacking, rationale obtain, justification depriving prosecution reliable probative exception arrest—a constraint imposed existing exclusionary-rule law—I proof ensuing sense. Absent aggravating justify 52 Between wide range situations defy ready categorization, embellish set forth conducted sharply focus. ALI Model Pre-Arraignment Procedure, Article 150, Page et seq. Commentary thereon, 375 (Prop. Off. Draft 1975). And, inquiry, place 'learning, fairness courage' judges instance. 342, 268, (1939). 604 10. Contract 53 believed reasonably hearings received officers, focused adequate voluntarily. inquire justification, perceived, Indeed, numerous addressed objection, sustained. 14—15. basis ruling similarly focus relevant issues rest meaningful sense today. lacked examination persuaded . statements.' 358 able solely 605; 606 (WHITE, judgment). suggesting, notes, strongest inconclusive themselves. conflicting. Responding what questions, 16.4 55 Moreover, indicates existed committed ultimately convicted. reveals, acquaintance deceased, seen deceased lived Ill.2d, plain begun petitioner. gone trouble unrelated comparing killed victim. prior seeking out, indicate suspicions quite pronounced. arrest.5 resolved reasonably, albeit erroneously, thought existed. Rather matters level, preferable allow reconsider guidelines expressed today's opinions.6 reconsideration7 directions inquiries resolve issue. brother, victim's family possibly responsible death, 'Nobody asked.' understand stipulated expert taken, ascertained 'wiped bullet,' is, sides 'clean ballistically comparable bullets, specifically body Corpus.' E. I. Guffman Company Niles, punch press operator, 97, whereas worked Arnold Schwinn Bicycle place. 63. remarked completed high school, 96, 'never school.' 58. Members disenchantment Coolidge Hampshire, 403 443, 490, 91 2022, 2050, 564 (1971) (Harlan, concurring); 492, 2051 (Burger, C.J., dissenting part); 493, (Black, dissenting); 510, 2060 (White, Bivens Six Unknown Narcotics Agents, 388, 411, 1999, 2012, 619 dissenting). efficacy subject dispute. 620, way person including custody cause. A great majority commentators same position. Pitler, Fruit Poisonous Tree' Revisited Shepardized, Calif.L.Rev. 579, 603—604 (1968); Ruffin, Out Limb U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 32, 70 (1967); Comment, Tree: Tainted Witness, Fla.St.L.Rev. 539—540 (1973); Note, Admissibility Confessions Made Subsequent Illegal Arrest: Revisited, 61 J.Crim.L. 207, 212 58 (1970); Scope Taint Exclusionary Rule Privilege Against Self-Incrimination, 114 U.Pa.L.Rev. 570, 574 Voluntary Incriminating Statements Arrest—A Proposed Modification Rule, 71 Dick.L.Rev. 573, 582—583 (1967). Owen, 492 1100, 1107 (CA5), cert. denied, 965, 227, 180 Hale Henderson, 485 267—269 (CA6 1973), 415 930, 1442, 489 Fallon, 457 15, 19—20 (CA10 1972); Leonard 391 537, 538 (CA9 1968); Commonwealth Pennsylvania ex rel. Craig Maroney, 22, (CA3 1965). Edmons, 432 577 (CA2 1970). Gockley Myers, 232, 236 1971), 404 1063, 738, 752 287, 289 Our approach relies heavily, excessively, courage judges.' dramatic contrast himself. admissible, serveral cooperation interrogating anticipation leniency, bolstered second, vitiated self-incrimination. Fahy Connecticut, 85, 229, 171 member force detective 6. 1/2 87, 230. Each unnecessary many not, corroboration insufficient 488—491, note resolution benefit encouraging seek whenever possible. 113, 864, (1975), sources therein. officers' responses inquiring indirectly probable-cause above, contradictory. instances during relate directly tend contrary evidence, considered Petitioner's reasonable grounds believing crime. hearing adequacy close ruled, elaboration findings fact, 65. Conceivably argued unsuccessfully appeal. Equally determined viewing totality admitted. Solicitor General memorandum curiae urges hearings, suggestion, agreeing us major issue—whether advice constitutes agree, addition, corroborative first, five cooperating police—had trips headquarters confederate state's attorney deems excludable along lower Of opinion, follow spite inadmissibility presents which, passed

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