Legal Document

410 U.S. 431 93 Supreme Court Reporter 1090 35 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 403 Murray TILLMAN et al., Petitioners,v.WHEATON-HAVEN RECREATION ASSOCIATION, INC., al. Number 71—1136. Argued Nov. 15, 1972. Decided Feb. 27, 1973. Syllabus Respondent association (Wheaton-Haven) operates a community swimming pool, use of which is limited to white members and their guests. Under Wheaton-Haven's bylaws, person residing within geographic preference area, unlike one living outside that needs no endorsement for membership from current member; receives priority (if the full) over all but those who have first options; an owner-member selling his house) can confer option on vendee. Petitioners—the Presses, Negro couple bought home in area nonmember, were denied racial reasons; couple, Wheaton-Haven, whose guest was refused admission pool guest—brought suit declaratory injunctive relief under Civil Rights Acts 1866, 1870, 1964, 42 Code KF62 §§ 1982, 1981, 2000a seq. The District granted respondents' motion summary judgment. Appeals affirmed, holding that, because Wheaton-Haven rights could not be leased or transferred, case distinguishable Sullivan versus Little Hunting Park, Inc., 396 229, 90 400, 24 386, making § 1982 unavailable agreeing with private club meaning 2000a(e), therefore implied exception 1982. Held: 1. Respondents' racially discriminatory policy violates preferences gave valuable property residents available this significantly Sullivan, supra. Pp. 435—437. 2. since membership, until reaches its full complement, 'is open every there being selective element other than race,' supra, U.S., at 236, S.Ct., 404. thus even arguably exempt by virtue 2000a(e) 1981. 438—440. 4 Cir., 451 Federal Reporter, 2nd 1211, reversed remanded. Allison W. Brown, Jr., Washington, D.C., petitioners. Henry Judge Noyes, Rockville, Md., respondents Recreation Association, others. John Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Mudd, Baltimore, respondent E. Richard McIntyre. Mr. Justice BLACKMUN delivered opinion Court. 1 non-profit Maryland corporation, organized 1958 purpose operating pool. After drive raise funds, Association obtained zoning as 'community pool' constructed facility near Silver Spring, Maryland. essentially single-function recreational club, furnishing only related amenities.1 2 Membership family units, rather individuals, 325 families.2 This limit has been reached least occasion. largely keyed geographical three-quarter-mile radius pool.3 A resident (whether homeowner) requires recommendation before he may apply membership; preferential place waiting list if applies when full; resident-member homeowner sells turns confers purchaser vacancy created removal resignation. upon becomes member, way conferring property. Beyond-the-area exceed 30% total. Majority approval present meeting board directors general required applicant admitted member. 3 Only guests are No else gain merely payment entrance fee. In spring 1968 petitioner, Harry C. Press, had purchased nonmember inquired about Wheaton-Haven. At time November rejected resolution would opened members. Dr. Press never given application form, concede discouraged applying race. 5 July petitioners Rosalind N. Tillman, husband wife good standing, brought petitioner Grace Rosner, Negro, guest. Although Mrs. Rosner occasion, changed directors, special following day, relatives Respondents reason adoption prevent having Negroes new thereafter Tillmans sought her fall resolution, reaffirmed policy. 6 October 1969 (Mr. Rosner) instituted civil action against individuals officers seeking damages relief, particularly Act now 1982,4 Title II 78 Statutes-at-Large 243, Court, unreported opinion, held nondiscrimination provisions statutes. It judgment defendants. judge dissenting. 1211 (C.A.4 1971). later rehearing en banc two dissents, id., 1225. We certiorari, 406 916, 92 1770, 32 115 (1972), review light 386 (1969). 7 * Jones Alfred Mayer Co., 392 409, 88 2186, 20 1189 (1968), after detailed legislative history 422—437, 2194—2202, statute beyond state confined officially sanctioned segregation. subsequently applied discrimination practiced nonstock corporation operate park playground facilities, including designated area. Presses contend claim controlled Sullivan. agree. 8 Atlantic neither nor transferred incident acquisition F.2d, 1216—1217. concluded right enjoy share assigned owner part leasehold granting, constituted 'to . lease property' protected 236—237, 404—405. distinguished property-linked shares emphasizing speculative nature benefits around conclude erroneously characterized conferred bylaws. 9 three-quarters mile three noted above: allowed without others, except options, membeship vacancy; and, owner-member, able pass successor-in-title acquire purchases him.5 If full, preferencearea placed list; applicants, however, reapply obtain memberships. 10 concluded, incorrectly it appeared, full,6 possibility, therefore, 'far too tenuous thread support conclusion transfer purchase property.' 1217. Since court found transaction acquired preference. 1217—1218, n. 14. 11 differ our evaluation obtained. record indicates dropped, perhaps unexpectedly view season, year. cannot certain, either, remained absence discrimination,7 will future. As observed dissent Appeals: 12 'Several years well neighbor sell considerably higher price assure advantage.' 1223. 13 Similarly, automatic waiting-list favored affected paid they home. Thus, them, like rental Freeman reflect dependent residency For abridged diluted. 14 When organization links narrow decision infuses into bundle individual pays buying leasing mandate then guarantee nonwhite resident, purchases, leases, holds property, same enjoyed resident. 15 baron applies, nevertheless 201(e) 2000a(e),8 consequent narrowing effect range older we unnecessary consider limits truly 'no plan purposes exclusiveness' But here, there, race.' Ibid. restrictions stated maximum number memberships 234, 403, requirement formal approval. structure practices indistinguishable Park.9 hold, consequence, necessary issue any limitation sweep consideration. Cf. Moose Lodge 107 Irvis, 407 163, 1965, 627 (1972); Daniel Paul, 395 298, 89 1697, 23 318 16 Tillmans, relying 1981,10 seq., adopt toward these claims also, 17 operative language both 1981 traceable April 9, chapter 31, 1, 27. Hurd Hodge, 334 24, 30—31 7, 68 847, 850—851, L.Ed. 1187 (1948).11 historical interrelationship between see construe sections differently applied, facts, club. Consequently, discussion rejection disposes argument On remand develop facts concerning evaluate parties12 free misconception 2000a. 18 reversed, remanded furthr proceedings. 19 so ordered. Reversed Candy, ice cream, soft drinks sold premises, incidentals convenience swimmers during season. Aside meetings premises apparently utilized poolrelated activities. presently charges initiation fee $375 annual dues ranging $50 $60, depending persons unit. Association's bylaws provide '(m)embership shall bona fide owners) three-quarter pool,' 'may extended' others 'who recommended member.' 'All citizens right, State Territory, thereof inherit, purchase, lease, sell, convey real personal system, within-the-area member either retain seek back Association. willing 80% initial cost 90% full. member's released seller. practical system prefer applicants court's per curiam statement responsive petition rehearing, described earlier observation 'inadvertent misstatement. corrected 1968.' reveals withdrew filed. Tr. Oral Arg. 15. 'The subchapter establishment fact public, extent facilities such made customers patrons scope subsection (b) section.' 2000a(e). Apparently formally preceding Park's operation. App. 127 Brief Petitioner years. 'inferable built estate developers four subdivisions drawn, aid sale homes.' 1215 8. inference erroneous. 36 31—34, event, did rest relationship developers. jurisdiction Territory make enforce contracts, sue, parties, give evidence, equal benefit laws proceedings security citizens, subject punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, exactions kind, other.' Apr. read part: 'That born race color States, none other, law, statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, contrary notwithstanding.' codification derived Revised Statutes 1977 (1874), codified May 16, 144. 1866 rested Thir-teenth Amendment, Harris, 106 629, 640, 601, 610, 27 290 (1883); Cases, 109 3, 22, 18, 29, 835 Morris, 125 KF105 F3 322, 323 (E.D.Ark.1903), indeed, enacted Fourteenth Amendment proposed, Price, 383 787, 804, 86 1152, 1162, 267 (1966); 11, (1948); Oyama California, 332 633, 269, 272—273, 249 1870 passed pursuant Fourteenth, changes wording reflected Amendment. See Wong Kim Ark, 169 649, 695—696, 456, 474 475, 890 (1898). re-enacted predecessor 'enforced according provisions' Act. McIntyre urges favor should affirmed him director defeated bid re-election board, because, deposition, opposed exclusionary practices. Neither discussed McIntyre's liability, find inappropriate attempt record.

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