Legal Document

523 U.S. 614118 S.Ct. 1604140 L.Ed.2d 828 Kenneth Eugene BOUSLEY, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. No. 96-8516. Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 3, 1998. Decided May 18, Syllabus * Petitioner pleaded guilty to drug possession with intent distribute, 18 U.S.C. §841(a)(1), and "using'' a firearm "during in relation trafficking crime,'' §924(c)(1), but reserved right challenge quantity drugs used calculating his sentence. He appealed sentence, did not plea's validity. The Eighth Circuit affirmed. Subsequently, he sought habeas relief, claiming plea lacked factual basis because neither "evidence'' nor "plea allocation'' showed connection between firearms bedroom house garage where occurred. District dismissed petition on ground that for existed guns were close proximity readily accessible. While petitioner's appeal was pending, this held conviction using under §924(c)(1) requires Government show "active employment firearm,'' Bailey v. States, 516 137, 144, 116 501, 506, 133 472, its mere possession, id., at 143, S.Ct., 505-506. In affirming dismissal case, rejected argument should be applied retroactively, knowing intelligent misinformed about elements offense, claim waived by plea, therefore vacated. 1 Held: Although procedurally defaulted, may entitled hearing merits if makes necessary showing relieve default. Pp. ____-____. 2 (a) Only voluntary is constitutionally valid. Brady 397 742, 748, 90 1463, 1468-1469, 25 747. A unless defendant first receives real notice nature charge against him. Smith O'Grady, 312 329, 334, 61 572, 574, 85 L.Ed. 859. Petitioner's would be, contrary Circuit's view, invalid proved him as offense. supra, McMann Richardson, 759, 1441, 763, Parker North Carolina, 790, 1458, 785, distinguished. P. ____. 3 (b) rule Teague Lane, 489 288, 109 1060, 103 334-that new constitutional rules criminal procedure are generally applicable cases became final before announced-does bar claim. There nothing principle must intelligent; terms applies only procedural rules, it inapplicable situations decides meaning statute enacted Congress. 4 (c) Nonetheless, there significant hurdles consideration claim, which can attacked collateral review challenged direct review. Since petitioner has defaulted presses here. To pursue habeas, demonstrate either "cause actual prejudice,'' e.g., Murray Carrier, 477 478, 489, 106 2639, 2646, 91 397, or "actually innocent,'' 496, 2649. His arguments legal reasonably available counsel time have been futile attack do establish cause However, address whether actually innocent charge, does contend failing raise below. Thus, remand, attempt make an innocence showing. Actual means innocence, insufficiency. Accordingly, limited existing record present any admissible evidence guilt. also extend charges forgone course bargaining. errs maintaining prove both "carrying'' violation §924(c)(1). indictment charged firearms, no elected exchange plea. 5 97 F.3d 284, reversed remanded. 6 REHNQUIST, C.J., delivered opinion Court, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, SOUTER, GINSBURG, BREYER, JJ., joined. STEVENS, J., filed concurring part dissenting part. SCALIA, opinion, THOMAS, 7 L. Marshall Smith, appointed court petitioner. 8 Michael R. Dreeben, Washington, DC, respondent. 9 Thomas C. Walsh, amicus curiae, special leave court. 10 Chief Justice REHNQUIST Court. 11 1990. Five years later we 472 (1995), §924(c)(1)' s "use'' prong firearm.'' meanwhile had relief 28 §2255, crime. We hold that, although 12 Following arrest 1990, methamphetamine 21 §841(a)(1). superseding added "knowingly intentionally . during §924(c). App. 5-6. agreed plead while reserving Id., 10-12. 13 accepted pleas, finding "competent enter [the] [they were] voluntarily entered, [was] them.'' 29-30. sentencing hearing, sentenced 78 months' imprisonment count, consecutive term 60 §924(c) four supervised release. 83-84. validity Appeals 950 F.2d 727 (8th Cir.1991). 14 June 1994, writ corpus §2241, challenging allocution'' "connection house, garage, occurred.'' 109. magistrate judge recommended treated motion §2255 dismissal, concluding 148-153. adopted judge's Report Recommendation ordered dismissed. 154-155. 15 appealed. use U.S., 506. As explained, active includes uses such "brandishing, displaying, bartering, striking with, and, most obviously, firing attempting fire'' weapon, 148, 508, include firearm, 505. "defendant cannot merely storing weapon near proceeds,'' "placement provide sense security embolden.'' 149, 508. 16 our decision Bailey, represent Counsel argued "retroactively,'' involuntary Nevertheless, affirmed Court's order dismissal. Bousley Brooks, 284 (C.A.8 1996). 17 then granted certiorari, 521 ----, 118 31, 138 1060 (1997), resolve split among Circuits over permissibility post-Bailey attacks convictions obtained pursuant pleas.1 Because disagreed Appeals' analysis, curiae brief argue case support judgment 522 463, 139 396 (1997). valid extent "voluntary'' "intelligent.'' 1469, 747 (1970). long qualify "real true him, universally recognized requirement due process.'' 859 (1941). Amicus contends intelligently made because, prior pleading guilty, provided copy indictment, firearm. Such circumstances, standing alone, give rise presumption informed Henderson Morgan, 426 637, 647, 96 2253, 2258-2259, 49 108 (1976); 650, 2260 (White, concurring). nonetheless maintains unintelligent subsequently other words, reveals he, counsel, correctly understood essential crime charged. Were contention proven, view expressed Appeals, invalid. 19 Our decisions 763 (1970), 785 relied upon amicus, contrary. Each those involved who after being See Brady, 756, 1473; McMann, 767, 1446-1447; Parker, 792, 1459-1460. Those defendants attempted their pleas when evident they misjudged strength Government's penalties subject. For example, kidnapping, maintained induced death penalty provision unconstitutional. 744, 1466. Brady's voluntariness argument, explaining entered one fully aware consequences'' "unless threats , misrepresentation perhaps promises improper having proper relationship prosecutor's business.'' 755, 1472 (internal quotation marks omitted). further judicial indicated "did assess every relevant factor entering into decision,'' 757, 1473, advised competent control mental faculties, "was him,'' 1473. contrast, asserts 20 urges us apply 334 (1989), intelligent. Teague, "new will become announced,'' 310, 1075, "places "certain kinds primary, private individual conduct beyond power law-making authority proscribe,''' 311, 1075 (quoting Mackey 401 667, 692, 1160, 1180, 404 (1971) (Harlan, part)), could considered "watershed rul[e] procedure,'' 1076. But believe governs case. here surely principle, enumerated ago supra. And think situation This distinction substance important context. doctrine founded notion "principal functions [is] "to assure man incarcerated creates impermissibly large risk convicted.''' 312, 1076 Desist 394 244, 262, 89 1030, 1040-1041, 22 248 (1969)). Consequently, "without [it] likelihood accurate seriously diminished,'' 313, 1077, reason retroactively By holding substantive federal reach certain conduct, like placing ""beyond Mackey, 1164), necessarily carry stands convicted "an act law criminal.'' Davis 417 333, 346, 94 2298, 2305, 41 (1974). system Congress, courts, criminal. Lanier, 520 259, n. 6, 117 1219, 1226, 137 432 (1997); Hudson, Cranch 32, 259 (1812). inconsistent doctrinal underpinnings preclude from relying Though -barred, merits. strictly circumstances "It well settled accused person, collaterally attacked.'' Mabry Johnson, 467 504, 104 2543, 2546-2547, 81 437 (1984) (footnote even intelligence Habeas extraordinary remedy ""will allowed service appeal.''' Reed Farley, 512 339, 354, 114 2291, 2300, 129 277 (1994) Sunal Large, 332 174, 178, 67 1588, 1590-1591, 1982 (1947)). Indeed, "the concern finality served limitation force respect based pleas.'' Timmreck, 441 780, 784, 99 2085, 2087, 634 (1979). contested sentence appeal, so, now us. 23 effort avoid conclusion, falls within exception default claims presented without development. Brief 28-34. Waley Johnston, 316 101, 62 964, 86 1302 (1942) (per curiam), coerced agent, facts "dehors effect open appeal.'' 104, 966. however, differs significantly advanced Waley. arguing coerced, rather information colloquy erroneous. type completely addressed created colloquy. 24 Where review, raised "cause'' "prejudice,'' 485, 2643-2644, (1986); Wainwright Sykes, 433 72, 87, 2497, 2506-2507, 53 594 (1977), Murray, 2649-2650; 527, 537, 2661, 2667-2668, 434 (1986). offers two explanations cause. First, argues counsel'' entered. 35. merit. "is so novel constitute default, Ross, 468 1, 16, 2901, 2910, 82 (1984), such. error misinform statutory one. Henderson, 645-646, 2257-2258. Federal Reporters replete involving challenges synonymous "possession.'' See, Cooper, 942 1200, 1206 (C.A.7 1991) (appeal §924(c)(1)), cert. denied, 503 923, 112 1303, 524 (1992).2 excused "before [his] futile.'' too unavailing. clearly stated Engle Isaac, 456 107, 102 1558, 71 783 (1982), "futility simply "unacceptable particular time.''' 130, 35, 1573, Therefore, unable 26 still reviewed proceeding "has probably resulted innocent.'' ""in light all evidence,''' "it more likely than reasonable juror him.'' Schlup Delo, 513 298, 327-328, 115 851, 867-868, 130 808 (1995) Friendly, Is Innocence Irrelevant? Collateral Attack Criminal Judgments, 38 U. Chi. Rev. 142, 160 (1970)). failed initially motion. appropriate remand permit innocence. 27 It note regard "actual innocence'' Sawyer Whitley, 505 2514, 2518-2519, 120 269 (1992). rebut might make. Rather, permitted guilt normally offered Bailey.3 serious bargaining, charges. guilty. need defined Bailey. 29 If, showing, reversed, remanded proceedings consistent opinion. 30 ordered. 31 32 I agree central conclusion none judge-made foreclose §924(c), flaw analysis affect remand. Given fact establishes invalid, remains presumptively again pleads burden unlawful 33 question concerning possible retroactive application law, cf. change law. explained what meant ever since enacted. number Courts construed differently greater significance 42 §1981 consistently misconstrued Patterson McLean Credit Union, 491 164, 2363, 105 132 (1989). comment pre-Patterson jurisprudence equally pre-Bailey construing §924(c): 34 "Patterson overrule Court; rather, established read cover discriminatory contract termination incorrect. They wrong according some abstract standard interpretive validity, govern hierarchical system. Cf. Brown Allen, 344 443, 540 [73 427, 469] (1953) (Jackson, result). responsibility say means, once spoken, duty courts understanding governing construction authoritative statement giving construction.'' Rivers Roadway Express, Inc., 511 312-313, 1510, 1519, 128 274 (1994). 35 Thus 1990 trial judge, own lawyer, prosecutor received critically incorrect advice. advisers acted good-faith reliance precedent mitigate impact erroneous Its consequences just severe, unfair, knowingly conspired deceive induce commit. perfectly clear misinformation (1941); 644-645, 2257-2258, (1976). punishment "are room doubt circumstance "inherently results complete miscarriage justice' "present[s] exceptional circumstances' justify [28 U.S.C.] §2255.'' 346-347, II 36 "procedural default'' appeal. accepts places prejudice'' innocence.'' ante, __. Yet cites "even review.'' Ante, __.1 Moreover, primary relies, (1979), supports proposition: set aside 37 Several decided reversible accept following procedures dictated Rule Rules Procedure. McCarthy 459, 1166, 418 (1969). Timmreck sufficiently §2255. jurisdictional constitutional, unavailable. If thought failure constitutionality amounted rely critical difference fundamental kind corrected ordinary appeal; criterion mentions constitutional.2 Decisions involve controlling. Frady, 152, 1584, 816 reasons dismissing alleging jury instructions object instructions-as required Civil Procedure 30-before retired consider verdict; comparable Second, emphasized quoting Addonizio, 442 184-185, 2235, 2239-2240, 805 Kibbe, 431 145, 154, 1730, 1736-1737, 52 203 prejudice sufficient warrant §2255; plainly Similarly, 411 233, 242, 93 1577, 1582-1583, 216 (1973), comply 12(b)(2), composition grand pretrial motion-a counterpart context-coupled absence 39 never demonstrate, unwise defeat very purpose layman justifiably advice deciding commit ordinarily continue assume taking injustice mitigated passage time. nullity voided. 40 already unambiguously demonstrates matter directions vacate allow anew. whom THOMAS joins, dissenting. demonstrated disagree, given opportunity inexcusable inquire ""it him''' offense __, (1995). 43 No criminal-law function conjoined finality. Evidence introduced, objections made, brought forward reopen rendered. developed generous exceptions finality, permits reopening, via corpus, shows excusing resulting alleged error. 167-168, 1594-1595, (1982). gone class cases: trial. default,'' "where 321, 864 possibility applying so-called actual-innocence exception, asked adjudicate successive jury. Kuhlmann Wilson, 436, 441, 452, 2616, 2620, 2626, 364 (1986) (opinion Powell, J.); 482, 495-496, 2642, 2649-2650, 529, 537-538, 2663-2664, McCleskey Zant, 499 467, 471, 502, 111 1454, 1474-1475, 113 517 (1991); 336-337, 339-340, 2517-2518, (1992); Schlup, 305, 317-332, 856, 862-870. 44 good limitation: First foremost, feasible assessment had. said sustain "show evidence. '' 327, 867 (emphasis added). That evidence'' evaluated, course, along "old evidence,'' consisting transcript "make determination evidence, including illegally admitted (but unreliability it) tenably claimed wrongly excluded trial.'' 328, today clear, supplement additional guilt, begins (and ends with) upon. how determine admission guilt? Presumably introduce (perhaps testimony) committing Government, eight fact, find produce witnesses saying did. seems me justice, one.* syllabus constitutes prepared Reporter convenience reader. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 337, 282, 287, 50 499. Carter, 262 (C.A.5 1997); Lee 73 Barnhardt, 706 (C.A.10 1996); re Hanserd, 123 922 (C.A.6 1997). Even conclude unaware deficient, " [w]here available, defense perceived litigated demands comity labeling unawareness objection default.'' 134, 1575, SCALIA inquiry unduly complicated Infra, concerns overstated. system, arose, accompanied proffers, recorded verbatim record, demonstrating Fed. Crim. Proc. 11(f), (g). cite (1994), general proposition inapposite, Reed, state prisoner's §2254 grounds prisoner timely suffered prejudice. 349, 2297 ("An unwitting slip ranks nonconstitutional lapses cognizable postconviction proceeding''). explained: "In Hill 368 424, 468, 417, predicated 32(a), gives behalf sentenced. stating: "The ask represented attorney anything imposed itself character magnitude corpus. constitutional. defect inherently omission rudimentary fair .' 428 [82 471].'' 783, went [t]he reasoning formal 11'' [s]uch jurisdictional,'' "resul[t] "complete "inconsistent procedure.' Respondent parole properly technical Rule.'' 783-784, 2087. believes these overstated satisfied 3. displays sad lack solicitude handle overwhelming majority cases. "factual basis'' typically use. Consider forth agreement: parties 19, drug-trafficking found defendant's 6.9 grams methamphetamine: loaded Walther PBK .380 caliber handgun, serial A016494; .22 Advantage Arms 4-shot revolver. admits ownership guns. constituted Title Code, Section 924(c). Three briefcases containing bulk American C7854; .45 Colt Model 1911 semiautomatic 244682; unloaded Ruger .357 revolver, 151-36099. denies knowledge guns.'' 8. Of used'' presumably prompts litigation. almost always "involuntariness'' consequence clarified uncertainty law: which, hypothesis, irrelevant. Secondly, justifications super-generous miscarriage-of-justice petitions advance substantial extremely rare.'' 864. enough convictions; assuredly "voluntariness'' pleas. put marks, dealing confessions, indeed rare enough. 644-646, (1976), kill element second-degree murder, "involuntary.'' "not constitute[s] committed receive[s] process.''' 645, word (by precise speakers, least) -in "intelligent''-and line was, sleight-of-tongue, obliterate confessions uninformed confessions. Once categories lumped together, them rare, exceedingly numerous. "when construes statute, continuously date law.'' 12, resolves regarding losing end confessed "involuntarily,'' (as turns out) not-or (since suffice Henderson) was. Indeed latter (mere 665, 2262) winning side split. generated flood petitions, each asserting Term, another ("carry'' firearm) same statute. Muscarello 96-1654; Cleveland Santana 96-8837. splits requisite five statutes. Salinas 469, 352 (1997) (18 §666(a)(1)(B)); Brogan 805, 830 (1998) §1001); Bates 285, 215 (20 §1097(a)); Bryan 96-8422 §922(a)(1)(A)); Caron 97-6270 §921(a)(20)). undeniable much guilty-plea jury-trial cases, guilty-pl ea numerous Last year, 51,647 55,648 (or nearly percent) Administrative Office Courts, Mecham, Judicial Business Courts: 1997 Director 214. When factors taken account, clearer premise adoption "miscarriage justice'' normal rules-viz., seek invoke "extremely rare''-is extended contrary, frequent, criminal-justice bear-especially discussed earlier, determination. Not disposition overload system; equity denied. waives findings guilt-typically lighter reduced proven-that proven-in guilty,'' harsher penalty. Under today's holding, "wheel-man'' bank robbery person shot killed, manslaughter felony-murder charges, "involuntary'' intent-to-kill innocent'' kill. it, justice. evidently seeks absurd prescribing "showing extend'' "forgone,'' satisfactory solution theory, assumes "forgone'' identifiable. often bargaining occurred ("charge-bargaining'' instead "plea-bargaining''), practical terms, all. patent inequity, called refute, upon, testimony conviction, well-and second, see exist. rebuttal existed, bizarre waste resources require mini-trials dusty indictments indeed, identified, made), litigate different Rube Goldberg envy scheme created. marvellously inspiring able boast heard, late forward, bring fault. society unwilling devote unlimited repetitive litigation could. invoked overcome "seeks balance societal interests comity, conservation scarce interest justice arises case.'' 324, 865-866. struck obtain context, logical extension grave mistake. reasons, respectfully dissent.

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