Legal Document

530 U.S. 703120 S.Ct. 2480147 L.Ed.2d 597 NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of United States Reports. Readers are requested notify Reporter Decisions, Supreme Court States, Washington, D. C. 20543, any typographical or other errors, order that corrections may be made goes press.LEILA JEANNE HILL, AUDREY HIMMELMANN, and EVERITT W. SIMPSON, Jr., PETITIONERSv.COLORADO et al. No. 98-1856. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Argued January 19, 2000 Decided June 28, CERTIORARI TO COLORADO Syllabus Colorado Rev. Stat. §18-9-122(3) makes it unlawful for person within 100 feet a health care facility's entrance "knowingly approach" 8 another person, without person's consent, pass "a leaflet handbill to, displa[y] sign engag[e] oral protest, education, counseling with [that] - ." Claiming statute was facially invalid, petitioners sought enjoin its enforcement state court. In dismissing complaint, District Judge held imposed content-neutral time, place, manner restrictions narrowly tailored serve significant government interest under Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 781, had not "adopted regulation speech because disagreement message conveys," id, at 791. The State Appeals affirmed, denied review. vacated judgment light holding Schenck Pro-Choice Network Western N. Y., 519 357, an injunctive provision creating speech-free floating buffer zone 15-foot radius violated First Amendment. On remand, reinstated judgment, distinguishing Schenck, concluding drawn further interest, rejecting petitioners' overbreadth challenge, ample alternative channels communication remained open petitioners. Held: Section 18-9-122(3)'s on speech-related conduct constitutional. Pp. 9-30. (a) Each side has legitimate important concerns. Petitioners' Amendment interests clear undisputed. hand, State's police powers allow protect citizens' safety, justify special focus access facilities avoidance potential trauma patients associated confrontational protests. Moreover, rules providing specific guidance authorities evenhanded application law. Also, deals restricting speaker's right address willing audience, but protecting listeners from unwanted communication. 9-13. (b) 18-9-122(3) passes content-neutrality test three independent reasons. First, places where some occur, "regulation speech." Second, adopted speech. Most importantly, unequivocally apply all demonstrators, regardless viewpoint, no reference content Third, unrelated demonstrators' Petitioners contend insofar as applies persons who eight engage "oral counseling," "content-based" Carey Brown, 447 455, 462, requires examination comments. Court, however, never improper look statement's determine whether rule law course conduct. Here, unlikely there would often need know exactly what words were spoken sidewalk counselors engaging rather than social random conversation. easily distinguishable one Carey, which prohibited picketing except place employment labor dispute, thereby according preferential treatment expression concerning particular subject. contrast, §18-19-122(3) merely minor restriction extremely broad category communications unwilling listeners. 14-21. (c) also valid Ward, "narrowly tailored" governmental leaves channels. When does entirely foreclose means communication, satisfy tailoring requirement even though least restrictive intrusive serving statutory goal. 8-foot should have adverse impact readers' ability read signs. That distance can make more difficult speaker heard, limit number speakers noise level. Nor suffer failings "floating zone" rejected Schenck. here allows communicate "normal conversational distance," U.S., 377, remain while individuals feet. And "knowing" protects thought they proscribed inadvertently violating statute. Whether interval best possible accommodation competing interests, deference must accorded Legislature's judgment. burden distribution handbills serious, prevent leafletter simply standing near path oncoming pedestrians proffering material, accept decline. See Heffron International Soc. Krishna Consciousness, Inc., 452 640. 21-25. (d) overbroad. argument coverage broader concern led statute's enactment identify constitutional defect. It precisely legislature general policy choice assessed stricter standard. bans virtually universe protected based misreading incorrect understanding doctrine. ban forms regulates occur; not, doctrine requires, persuaded will differ their own counseling, see Broadrick Oklahoma, 413 601, 612, 615. 25-27. (e) unconstitutionally vague, either fails provide people ordinary intelligence reasonable opportunity understand says authorizes encourages arbitrary discriminatory enforcement, Chicago Morales, 527 41, 56-57. first ameliorated by §18-9-122(3)'s scienter requirement. anyone common used statute, hypothetical situations support facial attack surely vast majority intended applications. likewise unpersuaded inadequate direction given authorities. Indeed, §18- 9-122(3)'s virtues specificity definitions zones. 27-29. (f) Finally, consent impose prior restraint both Madsen. Furthermore, "prior restraint" concerns relate official censorship, regulations only if pedestrian approach. 29-30. 973 P.2d 1246, affirmed. Stevens, J., delivered Rehnquist, O'Connor, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer, JJ., joined. filed concurring opinion, Scalia, dissenting Thomas, Kennedy, opinion. Opinion Justice Stevens Court. 1 At issue constitutionality 1993 facility. section challenged, Colo. (1999), regulated areas "for purpose passing displaying such ."1 Although prohibits approaching listeners, require move away by. wish else, inside outside areas. does, give advice, particularly form leaflet, entering leaving medical facilities. 2 question rights abridged protection provides listener. 3 * Five months after enacted, complaint Jefferson County, Colorado, praying declaration §18-9- 122(3) invalid seeking injunction against enforcement. They stated engaged "sidewalk counseling" public ways sidewalks entrances human abortion practiced personnel refer women abortions. "Sidewalk consists efforts "to educate, counsel, persuade, inform passersby about alternatives verbal written speech, including conversation and/or display signs literature."2 alleged activities frequently entail being fear prosecution new caused them chilled exercise fundamental rights."3 4 Count 5 claimed violations free Federal Constitution, 6 impairment distribute materials violation press.4 argued tantamount licensing requirement, vague overbroad, content-based justified compelling interest. contended two reasons: examined "constitutes educa- tion"; "viewpoint-based" "makes likely occur displeasure position taken speaker."5 answers respondents admitted factual allegations. motion summary supported affidavits, included transcript hearings preceded apparent testimony supporters opponents demonstrations front clinics impeded those confrontational.6 practice escorts ensure aggressive sometimes strong abusive language face-to-face encounters.7 There evidence emotional confrontations adversely affect patient's care.8 evidence, conducted this case ever confrontational. granted respondents' dismissed complaint. Because actually been enforced petitioners, he found raised challenge.9 He agreed "quintessential" forum, permissibly "time, restrictions" left communication.10 Relying 785 (1989), noted " `the principal inquiry determining neutrality conveys.' text "applies viewpoints, certain viewpoints," legislative history favored viewpoint over another.11 concluded "free created announced leaflets seen, Noting affidavits "continue activities," challenge believed "the do little deter speech."12 inapplicable "statute license permit scheme speaking."13 7 affirmed reasons similar Judge. seven percent receiving services obtain services, 60,000 clinic's "were subjected same protesters."14 reviewed our then-recent decision Madsen Women's Health Center, 512 U. S. 753 (1994), Madsen's reasoning conclusion neutral.15 1996, review,16 writ certiorari While petition pending, we decided 357 (1997). violates Amendment, certiorari, Appeals, remanded court consideration 1145 9 remand upholding "expressly declined hold ensuring ingress egress clinic sufficient separation between premises protesters" provided standard assessing validity content-neutral, generally applicable Under standard, might preclude protesters expressing views normal distance, lesser sidewalk.17 10 Appeals. thorough began commenting matters dispute. detail "citizen's `right protest' counsel procedures" "that `a treatment.' "18 trial neutral, longer otherwise, Ward.19 11 identified distinctions involved judicial decree therefore, explained Madsen, posed "greater risks censorship ordinances."20 unlike protester stop talking get off whenever patient came 15 feet, approaches" stand still moving towards facility walks past her.21 Applying contention narrow enough applied State. court's view, comprehensive factor contentneutrality. fact part, General Assembly "was concerned safety wide-ranging procedures," added substantiality served.22 12 "indeed, everyone, able shout, implore, dissuade, inform, literature regarding abortion. just cannot knowingly approach individual individual's consent. As articulated so well [`the §18-9-122(3)] reduce degree audience [petitioners'] consequence, showing remaining avenues inadequate.' "23 13 importance case, certiorari. 1068 (1999). We now affirm. II 14 Before confronting reflects acceptable balance constitutionally law-abiding appropriate examine stake. A brief review sides dispute reveals each preface legal emphasize propositions. accurately explain encompass every everywhere Colorado. point, primarily motivated vicinity clinics. correctly leafletting, displays, messages conveyed offensive recipients deprive protection. sidewalks, streets, affected forums although debate magnitude impediment effectively zones, ability, leaflets, unquestionably lessened 16 legitimacy serve. traditional States' "police citizens." Medtronic, Inc. Lohr, 518 470, 475 (1996). unimpeded (1994); NLRB Baptist Hospital, 442 773 (1979). powers, even-handed issue, legitimate. 17 when conducting analysis recognize difference latter. 18 course, includes attempt persuade others change views, curtailed his audience. But afforded always embrace avoid it. Frisby Schultz, 487 474, (1988). "[i]t much deliberate `verbal visual assault,' justifies proscription." Erznoznik Jacksonville, 422 205, 210-211, n. (1975) (citation brackets omitted). Even tolerate protester's wear jacket opposition vulgar offended viewers "effectively bombardment sensibilities averting eyes." Cohen California, 403 15, 21 (1971). 19 recognizable privacy avoiding varies widely different settings. far less "strolling through Central Park" "in confines one's home," "powerless avoid" Id., 21-22. preserving tranquility Sheep Meadow" portion Park times restraints musical expression. 784, 792. More facts recognized "[t]he demand undertake Herculean escape cacophony political protests." 772-773. 20 listener's repeatedly cases. aspect "right let alone" wisest Justices characterized most valued civilized men." Olmstead 277 438, 478 (1928) (Brandeis, dissenting).24 unwelcome force home, Rowan Post Office Dept., 397 728, 738 (1970), immediate surroundings, 485, Thus, comment passage going work equally-or perhaps greater force-to facility: "How men go persuasion violate whom influence? work, obstruction streets afford, consistent enjoy privilege. people, accosting inoffensive way offer discuss information view influencing other's action, regarded aggression rights. If, declined, rightfully be, then persistence, importunity, following dogging, become unjustifiable annoyance soon savor intimidation. From influenced free, employer him free." American Steel Foundries Tri-City Trades Council, 257 184, 204 (1921). 22 since persuade" discussed Thornhill Alabama, 310 88 (1940), federal statutes. Yet continued maintain "no press `good' ideas recipient." Rowan, 738. None decisions minimized enduring free" persistent "importunity, dogging" declined. freedom substantial, `to alone' placed scales communicate." 736. right, "passage obstruction," legitimately seeks protect. interfere these involve 23 dissenters argue depart precedent recognizing unpopular forum," post, (opinion J.); 10-14 J.). We, addressing "right." Rather, noting cases captivity impractical viewer auditor exposure. Lehman [Shaker Heights, 418 298 (1974)]." Erznoznik, 209. "[t]his considered analogous issues-pitting auditors-in variety contexts. Such delicate balancing." 208 (citations dissenters, appear consider listeners-let alone balancing speakers-to unconstitutional. Our view.25 III 24 All four opinions regulation. 781 (1989).26 therefore "content neutrality" Ward: 25 "The neutrality, particular, conveys." 26 occur. "because courts' interpretation history, importantly Court's unequivocal "restrictions equally speech."27 privacy, guidelines, explained, expressive activity neutral" ibid. cited. 27 nevertheless neutral leafletting signs; persons, statements irrelevant. With respect neither leafletters nor carriers, unless counseling." approaches say "good morning" randomly recite lines novel restrictions.28 knowing covered 462 (1980). 28 theory mentioned opinions, neutral. For reason, waived. Additionally, Attorney argues assume courts tacitly construed terms "protest, "all communication."29 Instead relying arguments, shall why merit reliance Brown misplaced. 29 purpose. statement constitutes threat, blackmail, agreement fix prices, copyright violation, offering securities, sell goods depends precise statement. held, suggested, counselors" pure 30 Theoretically, arise necessary listener exten- sive determination prohibition "picketing" "demonstrating" innocuous activities, definition, cover social, random, everyday communications. Webster's Third New Dictionary 600, 1710 (1993) (defining "demonstrate" sentiment cause" "picket" effort otherwise influence"). Nevertheless, suggested kind cursory required exclude casual problematic.30 31 peaceful contained exemption Equal Protection Clause Fourteenth discriminated lawful picketers' messages. discrimination impermissible matter-labor disputes-while prohibiting discussion issues. stressed "it determines blunt prohibition," appended footnote sentence explaining topics, allowed, repugnant.31 Regulation matter messages, obnoxious viewpoint-based regulation, objectionable Consolidated Edison Co. Y. Public Serv. Comm'n 530, 538 32 location protests, Carey. on-and clearly prohibit-either speaker. establishes drawing address, car salesmen, animal activists, fundraisers, environmentalists, missionaries. educate subject, so. 33 nonetheless, neutral." Scalia points out, vice legislation context lends itself" "used invidious thought-control purposes." Post, 3. restricts categories itself use communications, raising problem enacted solve, fall scope, inside. E.g., Police Dept. Mosley, 408 92 (1972). enter harassment, nuisance, importuning, following, implied threat physical touching accompany wishing vociferously thrust undesired upon her. phrases, distinguish consequences (such Scalia's "happy speech," 3) consequences. among instances similarly raise responds. Hence, struck down failure neutrality," "underbreadth." 34 Also flawed Kennedy's becomes locations discourse occurs," solicitation airports Hari-Krishnas solely confined airports-"the occurs." making misdemeanor sit lunch counter hour ordering food based" racist hated civil (although separate questions issue). 3-4. 35 Similarly, "viewpoint partisans support. 4-5 (Kennedy, dissenting). antipicketing ordinance upheld 474 (1988), today's joined, obviously response antiabortion wanted protest home doctor viewed performing abortions murder. nonetheless summarily 482. 36 Kennedy suggests "chants praise decisions, hands out simple saying, `We rights,' 5. reason believe individual? She protest" "education," opponent expresses her "protest[ing]" "educat[ing]" issue. close latter, hostile, demonstrator risk perceived harassment; relevant point speakers, welcome, zone. limited oppose example. "protest," "counseling," demonstrators demonstration abortion, woman decision. level Constitution demands. 37 IV 38 agree tailored." already serves emphasized occasion, goal.32 39 types signs, leaf-letting, displayed demonstrators. fact, aid pedestrians' preventing surrounding impeding view. limitations number, size, text, images placards. And, restrictions, place. 40 statements, certainly background high pedestrian's attention. Notably, limitation level, amplification equipment, See, e.g., significantly, compelled us reject 377. Unlike distance." Ibid. causing "who keeping pace targeted individual" 378, 9. 41 necessarily impede, assist, speakers' encourage vociferous moderate harassing conduct, easier thoughtful like themselves heard. stake, accord measure Legislature. 769-770. Once again, worth reiterating attempts affected. 42 serious seems could hinder leaf-letter deliver recipients. accept.33 leaf-letting situations, continue decline tender. 640 (1981), fair religious organization desiring assigned location-in booths. burdened distributors' readers. emphasizing citizen `reach minds win attention.' Kovacs Cooper, 336 77, 87 (1949)." 655. adequately 43 tailored, "[w]e must, take account necessary." 772. municipalities plainly substantial controlling around private places. example, schools,34 courthouses,35 polling places,36 homes.37 previously unique surround facilities: 44 `Hospitals, all, factories mines assembly plants. hospitals, ailments treated, relatives alike strain worry, pleasing comforting facets day's activity, [her] family restful, uncluttered, relaxing, helpful atmosphere.' (quoting 783-784, 12). 45 Persons attempting facilities-for purpose-are vulnerable conditions. responded encounters, confrontations, assaults enacting exceedingly modest 46 adequate 14-15. considerable overstatement. facilities, many stress, doing so, takes prophylactic approach; forbids come closer inhibit whose proved harmless. great difficulty protecting, say, pregnant harassment exclusively instance behavior, demanding accurate characterization (as harassing) movement boundary. individualized accurately. bright-line protection, and, subjectivity, itself. 47 above, room Signs, pictures, voice cross gap ease. If resemble (without blocking entrance) physically clinic, peacefully hand 48 occurs facility-the needed. interferes did total residence (upheld (1988)), fairground booth Society (1981)), "silence" hospital. Special problems wide situated multipurpose office buildings worked applied. 49 thus tailored. V 50 "overbroad." parts "overbreadth" argument. too places, occurred. burdens bad conduct.38 overbroad "bans expression, displays literature, mere statements."39 51 part significance. What share served Legislature set forth 791, strict 412 764. cited cases, attempted regulate nonprotected yet implicated. Houston Hill, 482 451 (1987); Secretary Md. Joseph H. Munson Co., 467 947 (1984). disputed affects "reasonable restrictio[n] comprehensiveness virtue, vice, motive. observed, "there effective practical guaranty unreasonable principles officials minority generally." Railway Express Agency, York, 106, 112 (1949) (Jackson, concurring). 52 second noted, "ban" statements. 612 (1973), enables litigants violated, prediction assumption very existence cause refrain expression." "particularly involved, real, well, judged relation sweep." counseling. Cf. Members City Council Los Angeles Taxpayers Vincent, 466 789, 801 Like encompassed "legitimate Therefore, overly broad. VI 53 claim vague. find lack clarity section: meaning counseling"; "consent" requirement; "approaching" another. 54 impermissibly prohibits. 56-57 55 contains "knowingly" another, likelihood quite remote. 56 proffer hypertechnical theories covers, outstretched arm "approaching."40 "[t]here doubt imagination conjure up nice question," Communications Assn. Douds, 339 382, (1950), "[c]ondemned words, expect mathematical certainty language," Grayned Rockford, 104, 110 reasons, vagueness challenges injunctions 383, 775-776. conclude whole prohibits." Grayned, S, 110. speculation applications," Raines, 362 17, (1960). 57 suggestion section's zones described "As always, judgment," 114, acceptable. VII 58 imposes unconstitutional 374, 6, 764, 2. completely banned absolutely channel foreclosed. No silenced. prohibited. wrong assert compels speak citizens deny requests activities."41 To contrary, "heckler's veto" freely communicating viewpoints imbedded "approach" restriction. 59 restraints" censorship.42 approach.43 Private retained power decide read, limits, want consider. empowers speaker, advancing, hear. Further, authorize relating person. These constitute restraint. 60 61 62 ordered. Notes entire §18-9-122 reads follows: 63 "(1) recognizes obtaining imperative state; procedures balanced unobstructed manner; willful statewide concern. declares enact obstructing entry exit 64 "(2) commits class obstructs, detains, hinders, impedes, blocks 65 "(3) consents, area hundred door Any subsection (3) misdemeanor. 66 "(4) purposes section, `health facility' entity licensed, certified, authorized permitted administer state. 67 "(5) Nothing prohibit city county adopting control provisions section. 68 "(6) addition lieu of, penalties liability, 13-21-106.7, R. S." App. 17. 18-19. Counts peaceable assembly, Due Process Clauses 25-26. heard protests involving rights, create difficulties Pet. Cert. 40a. nurse practitioner testified `yell, faces, try upset possible, scary situation anyway.' Hill 1250 (Colo. 1999). volunteer into protestors `are flashing bloody fetus yelling, "you killing your baby." [T]hey fetuses babies dismembered, arms legs torn mother daughter immediately surrounded yelled screamed .' 1250-1251. witness representing Coalition Disabilities, surgeries preceding years testified: "Each tough. night morning procedure that's invasive toughest all. You don't additional stressors you you're trying it- . personal faith. somebody face screaming traumatic experiences life anyway. Why traumatic?" 108. 31a. 32a. 32a-33a. 35a. 36a. Lakewood, 911 670, 672 (1995). 673-674. 46a. 949 107, 109 P.2d, 1249 §18-9-122(1)). "[P]etitioners concede constitutionality. Tape Recording Oral Argument, Oct. 1998, James M. Henderson, Esq. pursuant `floating zone' 18-9- disagree." 1251. "We note appeals appeal." 1256. 753, 764 (1994). 1257-1258 ("What renders 18-9-122(3), duty withdraw eight-foot zone"). 1258. 802 (1989)). common-law "right" "interest" choose situations. Katz 389 347, 350-351 (1967). case. hearing message. seek harm suffered delivers (whatever content) range, i.e., harm, maintaining heath clinics, pursues distinct refers. 32a Dist. Ct.); 673-674 Ct. App.); App.), 1256 Sup. Ct.). observation here: "There record Florida restrain directed target having nothing abortion; none contents petitioner's message." 762-763. Brief 32, 23. ruling confirms interpreted beginning case." Respondents 21. Grace, 461 171 (1983), examining "interpreted applied" "prohibit[ing] conduct" building grounds, content-neutral." 181, 10. statutes restrict "picketing." 92, 98 (1972) ("This allowed. continually `time, manner' interests"), (1988) (upholding residential picketing). "demonstrating." Pro&nbhyph;Choice 366, (1997); 759. "It is, answer Illinois discriminate basis `The Amendment's hostility extends topic.' 537 (1980)). "Lest confusion remain, reaffirm today government's legitimate, so." 798. states "forecloses leafletting," 15. correct. cites medium recipients, 16-22. prevents recipient. 119 Cox Louisiana, 379 559, 562 (1965). Burson Freeman, 504 191, 206-208 (1992) (plurality opinion); 214-216 (Scalia, judgment). 484-485. 22-23. 25. 48. 29. 795, ("[T]he `had common: gave forum advance actual expression' Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. Conrad, 420 546, 553 (emphasis added)). grants actors problematic, distinguishable. allowed single, actor unilaterally silence Reno Civil Liberties Union, 521 844, 880 (1997) ("It confer `heckler's veto,' indecent -"). confers censorial pedestrian. 69 Breyer join, concurring. 70 I join add word. key distinction varieties lies discriminations scrutiny weight behind disparagement suppression effect approving promoting others. Playboy Entertainment Group, 529 ---, --- (2000) (slip op., 7); A. V. St. Paul, 505 382 (1992); cf. 95-96 Thus exacting rarely satisfied disfavors subjects, Simon & Schuster, Crime Victims Bd., 502 105, 116 (1991), matter, 461-463 (1980) (citing Chicago, supra, 95-96); National Endowment Arts Finley, 524 569, 601-602 (1998) (Souter, 71 Concern employing suppress addresses circumstances delivery. express immunize liability resorting behavior meant shock members O'Brien, 391 367, 376 (1968) (burning draft card), guarantee attention, 86-88 (sound trucks); 484-485 (residential picketing); 640, 647-648 (1981) (soliciting). Unless details delivery results removing (or fitted objective), speaking perfectly valid. 791 (1989) ("Our leave information' Clark Community Creative Non&nbhyph;Violence, 468 288, 293 (1984))); 797 ("[O]ur `simply imaginable burdensome speech' Albertini, 472 675, 689 (1985))). 72 punishing permissibility restriction, depend mode association Draft card burners disapprove draft, 370, morally wrong, 758 correlation signature controversy. mean distinctive employs term. correct rule, rather, captured formulation ("The conveys"), 73 Since elementary anything doctrine, natural suppose turn unusual evaluating not. overwhelmingly demonstrate 74 disputes tense distressed anticipation attention (whether procedure) intrusion importunity strangers. issues dividing then, fit it, availability desired (however communication). 75 addressed principally forbid declare unfit 100-foot beyond forbids, (absent permission) Anyone (let called protester, counselor, educator) stationary sight hearing. quiet ingratiating, loud offensive; touch him, could. 768-771 (1994) (injunction bar foot parking lot). 76 speech; difference. product circumstances, circumstances. ostensible regulating really something ideas. indicates true reason. untouched shows approaches, approaching. encounter close. So, recipient stay whispered argument, mitigate shouted denunciation, handbill. survive readable audible slight distance. Hence implausibility anti-abortion message, protesters, singled out. 77 proper vindicate deserves few comments, dissent. Subsection possibly present physician's hospital, business objections weigh heavily this. specter importune oblivious laid rest defendant act "knowingly." §18-1-503(4) (1999) (culpable mental deemed element offense, absent contrary intent). dental patients, so; someone facing drill tooth reasonably strangers speak. needlessly, am skeptical traffic doors fail danger shown 947, 964-965 (1984); 451, 458 (1987). 78 vagueness, blush objectionable. Those purpose, others, "engaging formula excludes enquiring time bus schedule "education" convey else limitation. fatal here. word clearly, pretty succeeds naturally covering street lot (aside greetings, assistance). Someone planning spread "education." broad, discretion deciding charge offense prosecutorial inherent criminal 108 (noting "[v]ague laws trap innocent warning" "if prevented, explicit standards them"); Coates Cincinnati, 402 611, 614 "[P]erfect activity." 794. 79 bubble" feature tailoring, contrast operation comparable 377-379 (1997), observed administering bubble threatened necessary. larger (15 feet) near-absolute prohibitions speak, less. inherently fixed, no-speech ambulatory fixed zone) muster suited 794 ("Since respondent unguided altogether, respondent's falls permissible allegedly unconstrained regulatory authority"). 80 Thomas joins, dissenting. 81 concludes requiring thoroughfares bordering "not 'regulation speech,' occur," ante, 14; (protest, counseling) "content-based." says, immune forum. survives rigorous interest-protection alone"-that explicitly disclaimed State, probably that, suppressing patently incompatible guarantees 82 remarkable conclusions surprise. us, enjoys benefit "ad hoc nullification machine" push aside whatever doctrines highly practice. part). Having deprived electorate restricted law, continues expands assault contemplating wrong. Because, jurisprudence, stark contradiction contexts, 83 Colorado's Whatever said undeniably content-based. securing permission feet-and sent prison failing so-depends intends gets there. instant antiwar union "educate" strike. "[I]t is," jurisprudence changing involved. 84 asserts (1) discriminates (2) "any speaker." Ante, 18. categories, absurd. Imagine, instance, place-and-manner "conveys sense contentment happiness." speech" "viewpoint-based"-citizens joy equal rise NASDAQ, success Republican Party-and gratification expressed Or writing recitation poetry-neither matter. Surely deserving scrutiny1 85 legislation-what scrutiny-is invidious, purposes, J.) operates communicates presents risk. applied, here, confident assurance poses freedoms missionaries," 18, wonderful replication (except sarcasm) Anatole France's majestic equality, rich poor sleep bridges J. Bartlett, Familiar Quotations 550 (16th ed. 1992). fund raisers, missionaries French vagrancy rich. legislators, careful selection ("protest, counseling"), taking aim at, itself: Col. §18-9-122(1) added). 86 unpersuasive equate picketing-as suspect opinion's wildly expansive `public display[s] cause,' influence.' 16-17, quoting (1993). (On terms, Nathan Hale Patrick Henry picket.) "picketing," "demonstrating," author several mixture communication.' 497 (Stevens, dissenting), Retail Store Employees, 607, 618-619 result). latter quoted approvingly Douglas's statement: "Picketing organized group involves patrol locality presence picket line induce action irrespective nature disseminated. aspects regulation." Bakery Drivers Wohl, 315 769, 776-777 (1942) (concurring opinion). went explain, containing former persuasive idea." 619. Today, gives handbilling one-on-one content. comes point-and it-at intimately unavoidably connected strictures avoided lips; extending handbill, acts regulated, sure; content, satisfying requirements strict-scrutiny jurisprudence. 89 regard picketing, restrictions. (applying invalidating, "permissibility dependent conveyed"). content-based: education range bears resemblance blanket picketing-unless, uses fanciful definition ("an influence") newly discovered appeal "examine communication" goods," 16, almost obvious bear mention: Speech proscribable. step consigning category. 90 assertion "justified 14-15 14. indeed inquiry"-suppression uncongenial worst Amendment-but inquiry. irrationally single prohibition. An (and speech") sound trucks delivering "protest." content" "Selective exclusions forum" said, "may alone, alone." 96 91 event, accepts description Constitutionally proscribable "secondary effects" directly obstruct, hinder, block facility-a include threats threatening approaches. (3), however (according Court), communication," 11. analysis, speech-protest, education-out belief sufficiently annoying upsetting range. gentle so-called counselor"-who wishes procedure, "counsel" favor alternatives, (though successful) "protest" life-will often, usually, termed effect" deeply "without singling presumptively "unwelcome" fits Boos Barry, 485 312, 321 (1988): "targets direct secondary happens type added).2 sum, blinks reality such, stringent "strict scrutiny," 8); Perry Ed. Local Educators' Assn., 460 37, (1983). briefly. Suffice (the posits) dead letter. length below) forbidding peaceful, nonthreatening, uninvited asserts) Versace, Omar tentmaker. last proceed withstand truly 93 explains, precedents 802. sustained "burden[s] substantially interests." 799. 94 determine, first, advance? Here appears bit (which know) eager speculate). advance: "obtain manner" "preventing facility." squarely ("Each chosen crowding intimidation: impede access, endanger health, strangle enforcement"); id., ("[T]his threats"). 95 bizarre that. linchpin unasserted State; specifically sets forth; "straw interest" hope discrediting 25, 19. lengthening list "firsts" generated relentlessly proabortion which, sustain relied positively repudiated. below invalidity assuming, (in Part A), fictitious invented, B), recited asserted 97 attributing false discredit Just Terms ago, refused rely supposed alone.' 383 "doubt" jurisprudence." Finding jam passed interest) neatly re-packages repudiated protect, 11, 24, onto opposite self-invented relies bon mot 1928 dissent evidently overlooked Schenck). characterizes "unwilling "aspect Brandeis coined 478. amusing slim reed contradicts supports position. "conferred, government"; generalized "common-law right" fellow citizens, "most comprehensive" extent gleaned intended, interference sort 99 disguise "governmental unavailing weighed demotes status "interests," 9.) consistently viewer." 210 recently reiterated "[a]s indicated insulting, outrageous, breathing space Amendment." (internal quotation marks purports derive principle limiting affords "offensive messages" "unwilling" audiences principle. intrudes home. Frisby, 483, municipal dwelling. ordinance, concluded, by, advance, "protection privacy." 484. rested "unique home"; "is different." assumed nonexistence right-common otherwise-that today, sidewalks. retreat repair tribulations daily pursuits.' 471). bombard approved Frisby- 728 relies-was predicated `we `captives' sanctuary speech.' 484 supra,, 738) universally understood leading treatise: "Outside observer avert eyes plug ears assaults, lurid advertisements, tawdry books magazines, `offensive' intrusions increasingly attend urban life." L. Tribe, Constitutional Law §12-19, p. 948 (2d 1988). elevates home.3 101 apparently end distortion endure opponents. movement, good alarm extensive 184 (1921), Clayton Act's scant authority make. irrelevant "clear outset, violent methods pursued characterize attitude picketers continuously threatening." 200. finding made, future concerned: "persistence, dogging," 204, short intimidation infant 1921, shocked think today. "[n]one free' `importunity, dogging' declined," 12, belied never-not once-found 1921. regret injection anachronism mainstream 102 Of accepted dictum describes. Preserving "persistent remotely imposing request narrow-tailoring objection eliminated posit state-created, First-Amendment-trumping undefined Brandeis's dictum, (why it?) stands solution problem-except, utter absurdity, obstacle B 103 real here-the brief: preservation subsection, facility" liability. suppose, unrestricted amount correspond evil. 104 begin with, attaches facility, acknowledged attach skyscraper occupied 18th floor. Tr. Arg. 41. intimidating access. covers unconsented-to (including appeals) handbilling, considered, obstructive unduly intrusive. sweep breathtaking. 105 blatant Instead, flirts creation "first" designed cases: "[W]hen," goal." implication permits imposition individuals, demand. assures "we emphasized" proposition "on occasion," citation provides, thing. 798, 21, synonymous "least alternative." suggest-and my knowledge either-that relaxed alternatives. 106 despite minimize embarrassed "assist messages," 22. (Compare nonabortion joined opinion: mandates presume government, how it." Riley Federation Blind C., 790-791 (1988).) ignorance seriously asserts, conversations seated chambers, walked along sidewalk-and seen so-"conversing" remove. So comfort "places equipment," enough, "protesting"; "counseling" "educating" done high-decibel powerful system help hopes forge, moments sex bond intimacy enable mind heart. counselor walk alongside sympathetically softly allow, like: "My dear, through. I've myself. You're Will me you? May show picture child looks stage development?" effectively-yea, effectively-by shouting bullhorn 107 prepared, moment, 22-23, leafletting. fleeting, promptly assuaged realization may, "near path" "proffe[r] , accept," veteran organizer recognize- would, Labor Congress Industrial Organization Amicus Curiae 7-8-that rendered utterly ineffectual approach, man post (one obstruct lest statute) wait voluntarily hand. done, knows it-or should. leafletter, working behalf Operation Rescue, 109, Bubba's Bar-B-Que, stakes piece estate can, steps toward vicinity, easy passerby, inclination distributions, offering. Few handbiller (indeed, by), fewer pick leaflet. context, contexts "classic for[m] lie[s] heart Amendment," futile, implausible assertions notwithstanding. differs "content-neutral" upheld. connection evil challenged eliminate. city's occasion amplified presented excessive disturbing "bann[ing] concerts, rock instead focus[ed] source evils eliminate eliminates banning significantly quantity evils." 799, 7. 808 (1984), attached utility poles "did exact remedy." 652 sale fairgrounds merchandise, printed location, "avoiding congestion orderly patrons fairgrounds." enacts "respon[d] substantive concern[ed]" 810-namely Colorado), context-even content-neutral-are permissible. "Broad suspect. Precision touchstone closely precious freedoms." NAACP Button, 371 415, 438 (1963). uphold security, access; there, furthered interest-but insufficient precision hence cost was, "an nexus" security banned, 181-just nexus unconsented feet.4 Compare venerable descriptions defenses (To sure, assuming invented alone"-rather describes, extraordinary.) fact," significance." 26. ordinarily, about. (Of true, thanks current which-as Stenberg Carhart, exemplifies-has status, opposing demoted status.) Again, "does `ban' statements," "merely occur." 27. overbreadth. demonstrates contrary: Restriction invalidated needs justified. York parade carries Fifth Avenue. 111 approval demonstrating `peaceful nonobstructive demonstrations.' 381. injunction, "District entitled conclude," "[b]ased defendants' case," defendants zone, before: aggressively follow crowd refuse move, purposefully mill progress cars." 382. thing assume, targets demonstrated inability unwillingness across abuse them. legislation. improve difficult, indeed, contact burdening clinic. Absent protestors' independently (i.e., `fighting words' threats), infused violence indistinguishable stand." 774 foregoing responding abandoned pretense compliance acknowledged-indeed, boasted-that approves "takes approach," adopts "[a] rule," 25.5 scarcely respond unabashed repudiation Prophylaxis antithesis Button ("Broad 438.) concession, dispensed earlier (unpersuasive) casualties whatever-it-takes I. P. 113 114 threw towel necessary.' 772). "place" result in, anything, commitment adhere rigorously enforce speech-protective standards. spaces facilities-has become, necessity virtue resort possibility means-even live-and-kicking womb-has impossible Roe Wade, 410 ---. abiding moral conviction (or, biological appreciation) life, option women, one, choice. By ratifies task one. 115 workers, doctors Individuals groups intent bullying frightening deterred statute; bullhorns well. accomplish objectives means, rightness cause, deterred; democracy. once recognized, Framers did, inseparable from, antecedent survival self-government. rotates essential valve democracy one-half safe elsewhere feel enhanced. interesting compare decision, upholds "request Stenberg, strikes live-birth twice Houses vetoed President). disregards posits believes render rejects grounds until ago exclusive preserve (Thomas, dissenting); Janklow Planned Parenthood, Sioux Falls Clinic, 517 1174, 1177-1181 (1996) denial cert.); Ada Guam Obstetricians Gynecologists, 506 1011, 1013 cert.). 117 Does deck seem stacked? bet. throughout isolated principles, novelties recent years. Thornburgh College 476 747 (1986). Today's distortions, blatant. Restrictive 1930's suddenly majority. "Uninhibited, robust, open" replaced unheard-of streets. responds speech-as opposed viewpoint-are worrisome "significant inside." sure correct, sake is. proceeds `oral counseling,' to" "harassment, touching," "speech [such example `happy speech'] consequences," Well. protest"; imagining especially likely, unlikely, (Socrates noodge, far.) Unless, code dissuade abortion-in event concedes invalid. `regulation (1989)), baffling. absurd contradicted innumerable 191 (1988); 312 (1981); 455 (1980); (1972); second, framed occur" content-neutral-which displaying, 500 foreign embassies, banners `bring odium government.' 316. disagree "our listeners" locations, conveyances, exposure,' Erzoznick 205 (1975)). "captive" quickly itself, films nudity screens visible street, normally `avoid [his] eyes.' 210-211 suggestion, unobjectionable "interfer[e] communicate," Heffron, hospital (by (1994)), misses analysis. Platonic ideal restrictiveness, other. achieve asserted. cites, calls "prophylactic," 24-25) manifestly lacks. greatly understates scope prophylaxis, saying behavior," 24-25. "physically harassing" (shudder!) (just safe) 300-pound, male, unpregnant truck drivers-surely "difficult accurately," 118 half century well-established principles. bars profound sidewalk. forward repeats grave errors proud tradition outright reversal. undermining established conflicts essence joint Parenthood Pa. Casey, 833 (1992). reinforce views. 120 framework resolution wields unfortunate. diminished value later cases; ought undertaken employ Ward's complete mistake textbook based. 121 uses, employs, conditions based, too, predictable operation. determined substance. prime inviting screening censoring error otherwise. 122 errs asserting "leafleting" (1972), 30, parallel sees exist. distributing building. enactment, disfavored-speech officer listen says. officer's stray counseling"-the boundaries clear-the moved criminal. power. 123 reason: topics. subject; substance public, locations: topics-indeed, topic particular. confining law's occurs, determination. acknowledge. Clever Eichman, 496 (1990). decades enforcing racial counter, predecessors hesitated disappointment defenders refuses structural palatable 124 irony, validates evenhandedness finds satisfying, glaring violation. citing breadth liberty society measured themselves. validating them, antithetical tradition. ask weather forecast directions Main Street initiate basic contemporary discourse, philosophy theology, astonishing affront teachings. 125 After compounds Viewpoint-based design statute-as everyone urge justification-are debate: convenient mask legislature's prohibition's effect. One preamble remove question. procedures." "against" desire "certain consisted, entirety, debates controversies acknowledges. 126 objective. thousands chants communicated, punish warranted. antispeech pertains visiting she "Good job, Governor," violation; "Shame you, considering "Please moment brochures call talk situation," rights," praised condemned. teach concomitant enviable sustains self-serving rule. viewpoint. 127 again McIntyre Ohio Elections Comm'n, 514 334, 345-346 (1995); (1991) (" `Regulations Government tolerated Amendment' Regan Time, 641, 648-649 (1984))). "suppresses communicative impact." 317. (1998), topic. cite aimed topics 345 ("[E]ven evenhandedly advocates differing speech"); Boos, 319 ("[A] `does controversy' `First topic' (1980))); Nat. Bank Boston Bellotti, 435 765, 784-785 (1978) (invalidating corporations referenda, subjects). Statutes scrutiny. failed proving 12) ("When actions"). start. 128 departure learn 11-12. explains convincing fashion, Brandeis' (1928), aired forum: views." Edwards South Carolina, 372 229, 237 129 (1975), inapt. allowing names commercial mailing lists. Businesses infringed citizens. what, residences. 736, hold, 12-13, true: "[W]e 130 drive-in movie theaters nudity. municipality. 211-215. moreover, rare, "selective privacy. 208-209 discussing Shaker (1974)). majority's assertions, suggest categorical measures traditional, admonished usually disregarding 211 (1971)). 131 unprecedented teachings respecting fora. 132 offends settled respect. enactment's ambiguities multiple interact imprecisions. imprecisions evident this, ended discussion. 133 operative phrases defined. system; narrowing construction, instance. 613-614 134 imprecise word; custom, tradition, estimation "quite remote" "anyone words." 28. manipulation police, prosecutors, juries. Its chill Kolender Lawson, 352, 358, 360 (1983); Herndon Lowry, 301 242, 263-264 (1937). 135 inevitable effects own. no-approach unworkable Assume protestor walking back leaflets. stops pedestrian, reach message; moves patron direction. addition, affirmative exhibitor bearer dealing fast building's entrance, middle ground ambiguous mixed signals misinterpretation good-faith reaction, elements ambiguity compound know, identity enterprise occupants fronts known public. providers occupy large discern ends begins. leafleting, advocacy altogether. Scienter save 136 ascertainable. "[People] guess enactment." Winters 333 507, 515 (1948). declared void decades. 611 (1971), encountered striking "three assemble subject[ed] unascertainable [was] authorize[d] punishment conduct." 614. Vagueness (1987), "unlawful interrupt policeman execution duty." 455. "sweeping" reasoned, arrest exercising "freedom action," "by nation state." 462-463. 137 sanctions course. Carlson unanimous carrying banner inducing influencing, influence, works, factory, business, employment." 109. employed language, fell reach. "sweeping inexact disclose existence," odds 112. 138 Rather turns head, stating vice." further, praising "prophylactic feet." 24. "bright-line rule[s] protection" hear citizen's Overbreadth flaw, saving feature. Sweeping ambit design. can- meet vague; satisfactory interpreting 139 erroneous, assumptions Ward. 140 "burden assumption. 141 subjecting clinics" penalty. Both sidestep breadth, telling conversation, proscription. tries grasp creates infirmity. cured majority, proscribes subjects board, "substantially interest." 800. 142 whimsical, happenstance located brings restricted-speech play. houses dedicated, environmental issues, group's policies barred. if, next unrestricted. classic proscription resulting object. satisfied. 143 Assuming incidents disorderly pinching shoving hitting battery actionable punishable crime. tort touching, manner, object body, clothing body Fisher Carrousel Motor Hotel, 424 2d 627, 630 (Tex. 1967) ("Personal indignity battery; consequently liable contacts insulting" Prosser, Insult Outrage, Calif. (1956))). parts, §18-9-122(2) available overreaching apparent. 144 insists aims distraught embarrassed, vexed, harassed acts, terms. pause tell why, rigor demanded 799 ("Government goals"). 145 novel, supposition lead lawless punish. fact. adopt preventive measures, 88, (1940) peace lives, property residents doubted. destruction property, invasion breach publicizes latter"). traditions jeopardy legislatures quintessential 146 flaws disregard exchange formulated followed "To ascertain any, instruct focused `place' employ. evaluated `differ depending character issue.' 479 (1983)). case; disregards. 147 primary homes. 483 ("[W]e construe one; prohibited"). "Although locations," hear, different. `That "captives" captives everywhere.' 738). 148 fairgrounds, designated limited, purposes. 655 (1981). fora `time mind, thoughts questions.' 318 Hague Committee Organization, 307 496, (1939) Roberts, J.)). Given fora, sweeps largely freedoms, sustained. 149 `leave information.' (1984)). instructs us. "ample alternativ[e]" open: 150 `Protestors barred neighborhoods. neighborhoods, groups, marching door-to-door proselytize mails. telephone, harassment.' 483-484 Appellants 87-168, O. T. 1987, pp. 41-42). 151 "permit[ted] dissemination message" 483. 152 reached Door-to-door distributions mass telephone campaigns commit Without momentarily, elect receive strips using vital 153 forecloses deep roots Nation's traditions. age resources talents commanded sophisticated media shape limitless ideas, antiquated. proves remembered sustaining idea hallmark system, rests leafleting. foundational recognition rare exceptions, small, deem illustrate, "protects [citizens'] advocate select doing." Meyer Grant, 486 414, untenable. 154 holding, recall Lovell Griffin, 303 444 (1938), official. press," newspapers periodicals." 452. embraces pamphlets historic weapons defense liberty, Paine abundantly attest. connotation comprehends vehicle opinion." 155 Schneider (Town Irvington), 308 (1939), reinforcing Lovell, series ordinances rationale littering. tender precept: "[T]he opinion; plea exercised place." 163. today: 156 "Municipal authorities, trustees keep communities' dedicated. long abridge impart lawfully crowded regulations, stoppage traffic; distributors insist cordon tendered leaflet; municipality throwing broadcast Prohibition relationship write, 157 "This liberties. phrase empty lightly used. framers foundation men. stresses, court, enjoyment 158 "In abridgment asserted, astute Mere preferences beliefs convenience diminishes maintenance democratic institutions. arise, appraise advanced rights." 160-161 (footnote 159 continued, custom "[l]oitering picketing" firm, corporation, business." 91. Petitioner arrested, charged, convicted manufacturing plant. 94-95. Alabama Alabama's face, 160 "[Alabama Code §] 3448 slowly employer, anyone, placard staff above head affiliated Labor; concededly advise customers prospective existing employees patronize employer." 98-99 161 short, "whatever publicize sign, pamphlet, mouth scene dispute." 101. 162 observations explication case: 163 arising industrial impair relations society. 164 §3448, loitering nearly practicable, whereby interested-including affected-may enlighten causes safeguarding informed educated advancing advantageous establishment Every potentiality penal truthful inconsistent 104. 165 accord. reversing Carlson's construction project Shasta "publiciz[e] banner, secured [the through] State." 113. 166 reaffirmed advertise meeting Jehovah's Witnesses Martin Struthers, (1943). petitioner "distributing handbills, circulars advertisements" 142. ignores: 167 "While distributers nuisance blind useful accordance widespread method espousing various attests major importance. `Pamphlets instruments bringing notice homes people.' Schneider, 164). 168 honor principles: Ladue Gilleo, prohibiting, inter alia, "such pivotal of] protesting imminent war." 54. Respondent window calling "For Peace Gulf." 46. local "ha[d] foreclosed important." drew Martin, question: "Displaying placing someplace conveying means." 56. stress bearing debates. ("Residential unusually cheap communication[,] [e]specially mobility 169 year 334 (1995), confirmed privileged leafleting anonymous election campaigns. Invalidating `Anonymous pamphlets, played role mankind.' 341 Talley 60, (1960)). needed fraud libel processes. objectives. 350. 170 "Indeed, Mrs. engaged-handing politically controversial viewpoint-is occurred heat referendum vote strengthens McIntyre's expression: Urgent, important, impotent relegated McIntyre's." 347 commenced suit Thornhill, Carlson, McIntyre. Laws lawfulness morality tyrannical guards against. remember discharging interpret outlaw intervene, convince cause. produce stability, undermine promote diversity programs chief apart totalitarian regimes." Terminiello 337 1, (1949). observed: "[The framers] institutions knew infraction; hazardous discourage thought, imagination; breeds repression; repression hate; hate menaces stable government; grievances proposed remedies; fitting remedy counsels ones. Believing discussion, eschewed coerced law-the form." Whitney 274 375-376 (1927) 172 stake Citizens locate Lacking media, honored Nowhere named plaintiff, Leila Jeanne "I abortion-bound friends families- 49. [these] aborting unborn children God's grace." 51. 173 hurried building, solicitor Merely viewing critical solicit pamphlet ignores discourse. 174 excuse, backwards. young communicated. expend utmost 175 Perhaps contain child, thinks arguments proponents uninformed pregnancy. woman, contemplate quietly full explanation insult tells bullhorn. remiss, observe woman's decisionmaking process. Consider Senate: 176 "Abortion Unfortunately, alone. `pregnant,' again. scared help. got gone feeling better. heart, didn't responsibility actions start then. scheduled pregnant. story. myself included, [sic] it's knew. Sex Education, taught adoption learned venereal diseases supplying helped sides, son live with. given, boy chance had." 167-168. 177 are, doubt, testify unregretted. difference, lasting significance consequence contemplated. reaches wound turn. 178 terminate pregnancy early stages. Casey stare decisis, took gravity decision: "[Abortion] fraught others: implications decision; perform assist procedure; spouse, family, confront exist, life; beliefs, aborted." 852. 179 Casey. defined abort dictate. Foreclosed machinery term, remitted dimensions. cruel way, balance. troubling abdication 180 runs concept immediacy, pleas petitions lost time. fleeting truth better illustration immediacy urgency persuasion, preciousness effective, grievous tears committed denies life's gravest crises, handheld paper higher 181

Classification Label: 4