Legal Document

495 U.S. 711 110 S.Ct. 2072 109 L.Ed.2d 720 UNITED STATES, Petitionerv.Guadalupe MONTALVO-MURILLO No. 89-163. Argued Jan. 9, 1990. Decided May 29, Syllabus A provision of the Bail Reform Act 1984, 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e), requires that a suspect held in pretrial custody on federal criminal charges be detained if, "after hearing pursuant to . subsection (f)," he is found pose risk flight and danger others or community if no condition release can give reasonable assurances against these contingencies. Section 3142(f) provides that, before detention occur, judicial officer "shall" conduct "immediately upon person's first appearance officer" unless grants continuance. Respondent was arrested drug charges, Magistrate, at after respondent's "first appearance" continuances granted beyond period permitted by Act, ordered his bond. The District Court, while finding conditions reasonably could assure community's safety, had not been appropriate remedy for violation statutory requirement. Court Appeals affirmed. Upon issuance court's mandate, respondent released, took flight, remains large. He is, however, represented counsel this Court. Held: 1. Respondent's does render case moot, resolution dispute determines course proceedings when rearrested now pending. P. 713. 2. In light disposition case, Government may detain once rearrest without seeking revocation existing order. 713-714. 3. failure comply with Act's prompt require person who should otherwise detained. Pp. 716-722. (a) Neither time requirements nor any other part indicates compliance requirement pre-condition holding so subverts 3142(f)'s procedural scheme as invalidate hearing. There presumption rule every mandatory duty imposed court its prosecutors there must exist some corollary punitive sanction departures omissions, even negligent. See French v. Edwards, 13 Wall. 506, 511, 20 L.Ed. 702; Brock Pierce County, 476 253, 260, 106 1834, 1839, 90 248. If Congress' mere use word operated bar all authority seek limit passed, then (f)'s procedures—such right counsel, present witnesses evidence, testify, cross-examine witnesses—no matter how insignificant, would also prevent from being "a to" statute. argument infringements subject harmless-error analysis cannot reconciled contention absolute timely necessary. 716-719. (b) Automatic contravenes purpose providing fair bail procedures protecting public's safety assuring defendant's trial. reason bestow windfall defendant visit severe penalty citizens deviation occurs where courts have made diligent efforts, bears responsibility hearing's delay. An order face Government's ability prove required has neither causal proportional relation harm caused delay hearing, since restore benefits already suffered inconvenience uncertainty Thus, discovers limits expired, it ask make detain. 719-722. (c) This ruling consistent Bank Nova Scotia United States, 487 250, 256, 108 2369, 2374, 101 228, nonconstitutional error harmless "substantial influence" outcome proceedings. Here, because respondent, an individual likely flee, rather than few days later. 722. 876 F.2d 826 (CA 10 1989), reversed. KENNEDY, J., delivered opinion which REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, JJ., joined. STEVENS, filed dissenting opinion, BRENNAN MARSHALL, joined, post, p. William C. Bryson, Washington, D.C., petitioner. Bernard J. Panetta, II, El Paso, Tex., respondent. Justice KENNEDY 1 Both 713 F.Supp. 1407 (NM Tenth Circuit, (1989), one Montalvo-Murillo, posed community. Because contingencies, 3142(e). held, nevertheless, Montalvo-Murillo released observe directions 3142(f). To one's great surprise, became fugitive still 2 We certiorari, 493 807, 47, 107 17 resolve split among Courts whether persons community.* decide we reverse Appeals. though fugitive, here appointed counsel. our Since reverse, 3148(b). 3 * Two provisions 1984 are relevant. substantive allow contained (e): 4 "Detention.—If, (f) section, finds combination will community, [he] shall ." 5 controversy centers around (f): 6 "Detention Hearing.—The hold determine such community— 7 8 "The immediately person, attorney Government, seeks Except good cause, continuance motion exceed five days, three days. During continuance, pending completion 9 review sequence events put issue proper context. On Wednesday, February 8, 1989, States Customs Service agents stopped New Mexico checkpoint near international border. discovered approximately 72 pounds cocaine hidden truck. Admitting plan link purchasers Chicago, Illinois, agreed cooperate Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) controlled delivery under surveillance. DEA truck Chicago attempt complete transaction, but anticipated did arrive point. arranged transfer back Mexico, complaint charging him possession intent distribute, 21 841. Before departure, brought Magistrate Northern Illinois Federal Rule Criminal Procedure 40. Friday, 10, two initial arrest Mexico. appears parties were returned same evening. 11 weekend intervened. Monday, 13, asked Magistrate's office schedule convened Thursday, 16, attended retained Pretrial Services Office yet prepared report, sua sponte, 3-day but, observing following Monday holiday, scheduled Tuesday, 21. record shows request waiver limits, advice within provided cause objection either party. unconvinced decided posting $50,000 bond conditions. sought 12 After de novo 23, Nevertheless, release. specified 3142(f), flight. Though notes phrase means clear, abstract applied challenge Appeals' event what permits. those assumptions, passing them. sole question presented certiorari correct appearance. II 14 Salerno, 481 739, 2095, 95 697 (1987), upheld constitutional challenge. refer Salerno hearings feature sustained constitutionality recognize vital liberty interest stake. necessary, limitations followed care precision. But silent violations limits. timing read require, suggest, result 15 quoted above, certain charged crimes directs charged, trial, necessary showing dangerousness §§ (f). authorizes [held] section." Subsection "[t]he hearing" sets forth applicable procedures. Nothing precondition renders nullity. It conceivable irregularities flawed constitute (f)" purposes requirement, subvert contrary interpretation—that noncompliance presumptively 3142(e)—would defeat Act. 16 charged. reject statute, necessarily conducted "pursuant (f)." general 702 (1872) ("[M]any requisitions intended guide officers business devolved them do their power exercise disregard ineffectual"). view, construction conform " 'great principle public policy, governments alike, forbids interests prejudiced negligence whose they confided.' 248 (1986) (quoting Nashville, & St. L.R. Co., 118 120, 125, 1006, 1008, 30 81 (1886)). supra, addressed statute stated Secretary Labor act information concerning misuse funds. argued divested investigate claim. mean lose recover misused funds expiration period. enough remove Secretary's act. Id., S.Ct., 1839 (footnote omitted) ("We most reluctant conclude agency voids subsequent action, especially important rights When, here, less drastic remedies available meet deadline, assume Congress act"). similar manner, operate passed. Although mandatory, breach loss later powers prohibits moving proves too much. variation prevents true prescribed entitled witnesses, testify own behalf, additional evidence. suppose infringes insignificant way, doubt anyone serious perfect, occurred. Nor detention. 19 avoid logical implications regard timeliness, admits analysis. position mandated (e). follow respect timeliness precedent lacking, effect. answer respond violates "fair," "prompt." prejudice, empirical based precedents. need only practical remedy, strips 228 (1988). Our conclusion design function regulatory device protect meeting burden (1987). object provide trial defendants flee. end exacting letter justify exposing increased likelihood violent crime bail, evil aims prevent. S.Rep. 98-225, (1983), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News pp. 3182, 3185 ("Federal laws address alarming problem committed adequate decisions recognition released"). preventing harms real substantial ignored. society become forfeit accident ready able come forward requisite proof Assessing situation realistic terms, inevitable despite efforts courts, errors application occur. Detention take place during disordered arrest. As well illustrates, circumstances involvement more district, doubts about temporary 3142(d), ambiguity requests contribute missed deadline blame fixed. situations, mandating possibly dangerous strictures occurs. 22 us, course, clear delay, continued sponte announced proceed. assumption occurred bear it, erred barred proceeding 23 find nothing denying opportunity agree should, can, invent satisfy perceived coerce into complying Magistrates district judges presumed insist law threat embarrass system releasing flee justice, deft manner. court, appeals, remain open immediate Whatever aggravated intentional, us set 24 When whatever spared him. Release Morrison, 449 361, 364, 665, 667, 66 564 (1981) (remedies tailored injury suffered). York Harris, 14, 1640, (1990), unlawful validate custody, probable exists. immune violation. 25 U.S., concludes whole proceeding. influence facts, harmless. ibid.; 364-367, 667-669 (inappropriate dismiss indictment Sixth Amendment adverse impact proceedings). approach governing precept matters procedure. Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. 52. consider eligible not, us. judgment 26 Reversed. 27 whom MARSHALL join, dissenting. 28 involves lawbreakers. Respondent, repeatedly argues, ante, 713, 716, 721, failed appear apparent 3146. Even imprisoned conceded 3142.1 haste ensure readily excuses prior proven law. I agree. 29 examining consequences 3142, remember magnitude inflicts departure marks ordinary forms governance. Executive hallmark totalitarian state. Under Constitution prohibition excessive bail,2 Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment,3 innocence4—indeed, fundamental separation Legislative, Judicial Branches Government5—all militate abhorrent practice. historical eschewing reflects concerns: "From passage Judiciary 1789, Stat. 73, 91, Rules Procedure, 46(a)(1), unequivocally non-capital offense admitted bail. traditional freedom conviction permits unhampered preparation defense, serves infliction punishment conviction. Hudson Parker, 156 277, 285 [15 450, 453, 39 424] (1895). Unless preserved, innocence, secured centuries struggle, meaning." Stack Boyle, 342 1, 4, 3, 96 (1951). 31 Sections 3142(e) (f), allowing limited arrestees, enacted backdrop. Pub.L. 98-473, 98 Stat.1976, carefully stringent govern extraordinary guarantee normally accorded innocent individuals.6 Accordingly, assumed arrestees "found adversary dispel. numerous safeguards detailed above attend hearing." 755, 2105, (1987).7 32 "[i]f, community." turn specific deadlines, chosen "in fact continuance," 22, 3205 held: 33 days." 3142(f)(2). 34 hearing—or continuance—when appeared 16. No considered basis until 21, incarcerated days.8 35 specification defines boundary courts' "Because section invoking effect serve types cases trial." 20, 3203. terms demand strict adherence. Hallstrom Tillamook 25-31, 304, 308-311, 237 (1989) (holding notice 60-day commencing suit 42 6972); cf. Griggs Provident Consumer Discount 459 56, 103 400, 74 225 (1982) (Fed. App.Proc. 4(a)(4) stating premature "shall effect" jurisdictional).9 36 prosecutor difficulty comprehending unequivocal 3142(f)(2) deadlines obtaining arrestee's rare forfeits case. prerequisite particular form "reasonably 3142(c)(1)(B)(xiv). range options—the creation special 1984—remain viable. 37 flow prosecutor's plain command. Treating comparable agency's audit promptly grant recipient's funds, see (1986), penalize mistake. belated eventually results determination justified, proved apparently discards possibility might arrestee release—as determined case—or establishing legality intrusion "affect rights." 826, 829 (CA10 1989); Fed. 52(a). fails appreciate gravity deprivation physical imposes reality "[r]elief type speedy effective." Stack, 38 casual treatment official disturbing itself, particularly troubling treats just another routine species regulation civilian affairs.10 asserts category officers. Ante, 717-718 (citing (1872)). identified, applied, opposite characterization sheriff's sale issue. "intended protection citizen, sacrifice property, generally injuriously affected, directory mandatory," concluding "must acts done invalid. manner exercise." 511 (emphasis added). gave assess enforce nature.11 recognized, inflicted adherence sacrificed name safety. While regards 3142(e)" justice," 717, believe—and reflects—that new initially guilty believe be. recognizes characteristics support rebuttable exist, arises "if finds" exist. (Emphasis added.) magistrate's say-so reasoning bootstrap. late permissible held. III 40 written legislation sensitive area square corners. today, violate impunity. SCALIA's observation rules "frustrat[e] justice case," 41 "[w]ith technical rules, others, imperative adhere strictly equitable exceptions all. Three strikes out. State broke abide result." Jones Thomas, 491 376, 396, 2522, 2533, 105 322 (dissenting opinion). respectfully dissent. Compare Vargas, 804 157, 162 (CA1 1986) (violation hearing); Clark, 865 1433, 1436 (CA4 1989) (en banc); Hurtado, 779 1467, 1481-1482 (CA11 1985) banc), Al-Azzawy, 768 1141, 1145 (CA9 (failure precludes detention). absence irrelevant merits certiorari. Its bearing counsels utmost caution consideration adversarial character litigation compromised. Sharpe, 470 675, 1568, 1594, 84 605 (1985) (STEVENS, dissenting). "Excessive required, fines imposed, cruel unusual punishments inflicted." Const., Amdt. 8. recognized related itself guarantees due process. Gerstein Pugh, 420 103, 125-126, 854, 868-869, 43 54 (1975) (state "timely determination" arrest); Morrissey Brewer, 408 471, 485, 92 2593, 2602, 484 (1972) (preliminary "promptly parole violator's id., 488, 2603 (parole tendered parolee taken custody"). "It novel proposition plays role innocence. Reviewing appeal members American Communist Party convicted Smith 2385, Jackson wrote: 'Grave said [the defendants] expected do, addition disposed commit opportune disloyal helpful countries, difficult reconcile jailing uncommitted crimes. Imprisonment predicted unconsummated offenses unprecedented country fraught excesses injustice. .' Williamson 1379, 1382 (1950) (opinion chambers) omitted)." 766, 2111, (1987) (MARSHALL, added 3142(j): "Nothing construed modifying limiting innocence." 3147, prescribes release, balancing various policy objectives job Congress: "[N]o pursues costs. Deciding competing values achievement objective very essence legislative choice—and frustrates effectuates simplistically furthers statute's primary law." Rodriguez 480 522, 525-526, 1391, 1393, 94 533 Houses aware necessity protections: "[T]he Committee nonetheless constitutionally defective societal designed protect. drafted concerns mind." 3191. "Several states recently statutes incorporated elaborate process protections. These recommended Bar Association, Association City National Agencies." H.R.Rep. 98-1121, (1984) Wis. Art. I, 8(3) (limiting maximum 60 thereafter)). unique dangers fully described Salerno: "This brings declares jailed indefinitely, allegations legally untrue, satisfaction judge accused crimes, unrelated future. Such statutes, usages tyranny bitter experience teaches call police state, long thought incompatible human protected Constitution." 2106. aliens, releasees, parolees allows "for ten days" determination. 3142(d). Senate up matter," allowed longer "to government contact probation, official, immigration minimal action conditional deems appropriate." 17, 3200. unnecessary 3142 actually create jurisdictional bar, Hallstrom, 31, 311, "some 'a (f)' 3142(e)," although identify standards replace Congress. 717. (suggesting "accident[s] noncompliance" "errors" excusable); 721 "other intentional"). seems satisfied continue all, demands instigate. implication arrestee—who met appearance—should responsible divining move initiating absurd. vigorously declines "satisfy limits," belief "without justice." 721. incorrectly assumes discretion over matters. "perceived" shouldered "embarrassment" precisely defining

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