Legal Document

408 U.S. 238 92 Supreme Court Reporter 2726 33 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 346 William Henry FURMAN, Petitioner,v.State of GEORGIA. Lucious JACKSON, Jr., Petitioner, versus State Elmer BRANCH, TEXAS. Nos. 69—5003, 69—5030, 69—5031. Argued Jan. 17, 1972. Decided June 29, Anthony G. Amsterdam, Stanford, Cal., for petitioner Furman. Jack Greenberg, New York City, Jackson. Melvyn Carson Bruder, Dallas, Tex., Branch. Dorothy T. Beasley, Atlanta, Ga., respondent Georgia. Charles Alan Wright, Austin, Texas. Willard Judge Lassers and Gertz, Chicago, Ill., amici curiae. PER CURIAM. 1 Petitioner in Number 69—5003 was convicted murder Georgia sentenced to death pursuant Ga.Code Ann. § 26—1005 (Supp.1971) (effective prior July 1, 1969). 225 Ga. 253, 167 South Eastern Reporter, 2nd 628 (1969). 69—5030 rape 26—1302 790, 171 501 69—5031 Texas Vernon's Tex.Penal Code, Article 1189 (1961). 447 Western 932 (Ct.Crim.App.1969). Certiorari granted limited the following question: 'Does imposition carrying out penalty (these cases) constitute cruel unusual punishment violation Eighth Fourteenth Amendments?' 403 952, 91 2287, 29 863 (1971). The holds that these cases Amendments. judgment each case is therefore reversed insofar as it leaves undisturbed sentence imposed, are remanded further proceedings. So ordered. 2 Judgment part remanded. 3 Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, BRENNAN, STEWART, WHITE, MARSHALL have filed separate opinions support judgments. 4 THE CHIEF JUSTICE, BLACKMUN, POWELL, REHNQUIST dissenting opinions. 5 concurring. 6 In three one them murder, two rape. determination whether should be or a lighter left by discretion judge jury. trial They here on petitions certiorari which we question execution 'cruel punishment' within meaning Amendment applied Fourteenth.1 & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions vote vacate judgment, believing exaction does violate 7 That requirements due process ban now settled. Louisiana ex rel. Francis Resweber, 329 459, 463, 473—474, 67 374, 376, 381, L.Ed. 422 (Burton, J., dissenting); Robinson California, 370 660, 667, 82 1417, 1420, 8 758. It also settled proscription punishments forbids judicial well their legislature. Weems States, 217 349, 378—382, 30 544, 553—555, 54 793. Congressman Bingham, proposing Amendment, maintained 'the privileges immunities citizens States' protected included protection against punishments:' 9 '(M)any instances injustice oppression already occurred legislation this Union, flagrant violations guarantied national Government furnished could furnish law no remedy whatever. Contrary express letter your Constitution, punishments' been inflicted under laws Union upon citizens, not only crimes committed, but sacred duty done, had provided provide none.' Cong.Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., 2542. 10 Whether route followed, route, result same. 11 has assumed our decisions cruel, unless manner can said inhuman barbarous. re Kemmler, 136 436, 447, 930, 933, 34 519. 'is fastened obsolete, may acquire public opinion becomes enlightened humane justice.' supra, at 378, S.Ct., 553. A like statement made Trop Dulles, 356 86, 101, 78 590, 598, 630, 'must draw its from evolving standards decency mark progress maturing society.' 12 generality inflicting capital thing. What validity books what done with application do, may, lead quite different conclusions. 13 would seem incontestable defendant 'unusual' if discriminates him reason his race, religion, wealth, social position, class, imposed procedure gives room play such prejudices. 14 There evidence provision English Bill Rights 1689, language taken, concerned primarily selective irregular harsh penalties aim forbid arbitrary discriminatory severe nature:2 15 'Following Norman conquest England 1066, old system penalties, ensured equality between crime punishment, suddenly disappeared. By time systematic records were kept, demise almost complete. With exception certain grave outlawry, fine replaced discretionary amercement. Although amercement's character allowed circumstances taken into account level cash decreased increased accordingly, amercement presented an opportunity excessive oppressive fines. 16 'The problem amercements became so prevalent chapters Magna Carta devoted regulation. Maitland Chapter 'very likely there clause more grateful mass people.' clearly stipulated fundamental prohibition excessiveness punishments: 17 "A free man shall amerced trivial offense, except accordance degree offence; serious offence he according gravity, saving livelihood; merchant likewise, merchandise; same way villein wainage; they fall mercy. And none aforesaid testimony reputable men neighborhood." 18 Rights, enacted December 16, stated 'excessive bail ought required, nor fines inflicted.'3 These words chosen Amendment. Virginia's Constitution 17764 constitutions seven other States.5 Northwest Ordinance, Articles Confederation, punishments.6 But debates First Congress throw little light intended meaning. All appears following:7 19 'Mr. Smith, Carolina, objected 'nor punishments;' import being too indefinite. 20 Livermore: seems great deal humanity, objection it; it, do think necessary. meant terms bail? Who judges? understood fines? lies court determine. No inflicted; sometimes necessary hang man, villains often deserve whipping, perhaps having ears cut off; future prevented because cruel? If lenient mode correcting vice deterring others commission invented, very prudent Legislature adopt until some security will restrained making any declaration kind.' 21 unusual' certainly include barbaric. words, least when read use suggest apply penalty—or penalty—selectively minorities whose numbers few, who outcasts society, unpopular, whom society willing see suffer though countenance general across board.8 Tuttle, indeed, abundantly clear Novak Beto, Cir., 453 Federal 661, 673—679 (CA5) (concurring part), solitary confinement times punishment. Cf. Ex parte Medley, 134 160, 384, 835; Brooks Florida, 389 413, 88 541, 643. 22 McGautha 402 183, 198, 1454, 1462, 28 711, noted country beginning 'rebellion common-law rule imposing mandatory all murderers.' first attempted restrict defined offenses 'premeditated' murder.9 Ibid. juries 'took own hands' refused convict offense. Id., 199, 1463. 23 'In order meet jury nullification, legislatures did try, before, refine definition homicides. Instead adopted method forthrightly granting exercising fact.' 24 concluded: history, experience, present limitations human knowledge, find impossible say committing untrammeled power pronounce life offensive anything Constitution.' 207, 1467. 25 constitutional dimensions argument those exercise send person given exercised. 207—208, 1467—1468. 26 recent witness Hearings before Subcommittee House Committee Judiciary, 92d Ernest van den Haag, testifying H.R. 8414 et al.,10 stated: 27 'Any penalty, fine, imprisonment unfairly unjustly applied. inflicted. unfair inflict unequal equally guilty parties, innocent regardless is.' 116—117. (Emphasis supplied.) advance overlook McGautha, supra. We imprisoned holding. Indeed seeds McGautha. Juries (or judges, be) practically let accused live insist die.11 Field, O'Neil Vermont, 144 323, 340, 693, 700, 36 450, said, state make drinking drop liquor offense punished imprisonment, unheard-of cruelty count drops single glass, thereby thousand offenses, thus extend glass indefinite duration.' legislature classes uniformally systematically, class prejudice sets apart community. 31 increasing recognition fact basic theme equal implicit punishments. 'A . considered 'unusually' administered arbitrarily discriminatorily.'12 authors add '(t)he extreme rarity applicable provisions put raises strong inference arbitrariness.'13 President's Commission Law Enforcement Administration recently concluded:14 32 'Finally dispensing courts executive follow patterns. disproportionately carried poor, Negro, members unpopular groups.' study 1924 1968 reached conclusions:15 'Application unequal: most executed young, ignorant. 35 'Seventy-five 460 involved codefendants, who, law, trials. several where white Negro co-defendants, term years, penalty. 'Another ethnic disparity found type far get than sentence, whereas whites Latins penalty.' Warden Lewis E. Lawes Sing said:16 37 'Not fail justification, invented many inherent defects. rich poor. wealth position never goes electric chair gallows. intentionally favour rich, theoretically impartial, ample means able every favourable aspect, while poor lawyer assigned court. Sometimes assignment political patronage; usually experience whatever case.' 38 Former Attorney General Ramsey Clark 'It sick, ignorant, powerless hated executed.'17 One searches chronicles vain member affluent strata society. Leopolds Loebs prison terms, death. 39 Jackson, black, woman, years old. court-appointed psychiatrist Jackson average education intelligence, imbecile, schizophrenic, phychotic, traits product environmental influences, competent stand trial. entered house after husband work. He held scissors neck wife, demanding money. She struggle ensued scissors, battle she lost; then raped, keeping pressed her neck. While appear long-term traumatic impact victim, bruised abrased hospitalized. escaped work gang area, three-year auto theft. large days during committed offenses—burglary, theft, assault battery. 40 Furman, killed householder seeking enter home night. Furman shot deceased through closed door. finished sixth grade school. Pending trial, Central Hospital psychiatric examination plea insanity tendered counsel. superintendent reported unanimous staff diagnostic conference concluded 'that patient retain diagnosis Mental Deficiency, Mild Moderate, Psychotic Episodes associated Convulsive Disorder.' physicians agreed 'at psychotic, capable cooperating counsel preparation defense'; believed need hospitalization treatment.' 41 Later, Disorder. concluded, however, 'not psychotic present, knows right wrong cooperate preparing defense.' 42 Branch, rural 65-year-old widow, white, slept raped her, holding arm throat. Thereupon demanded money minutes widow searched money, finding little. As left, told anyone happened, return kill her. record barren medical showing injury Branch's attack. 43 previously felony theft borderline mental deficient below IQ inmates. equivalent five half school education. 'dull intelligence' lowest fourth percentile class. 44 cannot facts disclosed defendants black. Yet task restricted effort divine motives impelled penalties. Rather, justice uncontrolled judges die imprisoned. Under govern selection People die, dependent whim 12. 45 Irving Brant detailed Bloody Assizes, reign terror occupied closing II opening regime James (the Lord Chief George Jeffreys): 46 'Nobody how hundreds men, unproved guilt, Jeffreys sent deaths pseudo trials followed Monmouth's feeble stupid attempt seize throne. When ordeal ended, scores 1,260 awaiting hangman counties. To absent uprising guilt. Mere much mild villagers farmers rounded up raids. directions high sheriff ax, cleaver, 'a furnace cauldron boil heads quarters, soil therewith, bushel traitor, tar with, sufficient number spears poles fix quarters' along highways. crossed good northern guidance. 47 story widely known Americans, helped place treason produce bar punishents. polemics led various guarantees freedom, compared tremendous thrust Sidney. murders fellow totally inconceivable American republic, imagine himself Sidney's place—executed putting paper, closet, later came principles republican government. Unless barred legal rulings permitted easily employed challenged party power.' 154—155 (1965). 48 Those wrote knew price forebears paid based, justice, discrimination. target blacks dissenters, opposed absolutism government, struggled parliamentary regime, governments' recurring efforts foist particular religion people. 155—163. tool used vengeance opposition regime. history without realizing desire reflected contained 49 Nation permissible 'caste' aspect18 enforcement. know enables selectively applied, feeding prejudices despised, lacking clout, suspect minority, position. ancient Hindu Brahman exempt punishment,19 '(g)enerally, books, severity status diminished.'20 have, fear, practice partially ability purchase services respected resourceful talent Nation. 50 service rendered require write penal evenhanded, nonselective, nonarbitrary, sparsely, selectively, spottily groups. 51 $50,000 plainly fall, blacks, went beyond fifth school, less $3,000 year, unstable people executed. overall view reaches practice21 sanctity provides 52 Thus, statutes unconstitutional operation. pregnant discrimination ingredient compatible idea 53 Any nondiscriminatory face Equal Protection Clause Yick Wo Hopkins, 118 356, 1064, 220. Such conceivably might fate lesser sentences elite, harsher lower castes. otherwise reach. concur judgments Court. 55 56 today consequently, virtue Amendments, inflict.1 57 Almost century ago, observed '(d)ifficulty attend define exactness extent inflicted.' Wilkerson Utah, 99 130, 135—136, 345 (1879). Less again exact scope phrase Court.' 99, 597, 630 (1958). statements remain true today. Cruel Unusual Punishments Clause, clauses susceptible precise definition. values ideals embodies scheme imposes duty, issue properly presented, determine be. cases, '(t)hat confronts us, resolving inescapably ours.' 103, 599. 58 * Framers' intent including among restraints new enumerated Rights. absence restraint body alluded to, know, ratifying conventions. Massachusetts convention, Holmes protested: 59 'What additional glare horror gloomy consideration, ascertain, point out, determine, kind persons crimes. nowhere restraining inventing punishments, annexing crimes; check them, racks gibbets amongst instruments discipline.' Elliot's Debates 111 (2d ed. 1876). 60 Holmes' fear unlimited prescribe echoed Patrick Virginia convention: 61 '. Congress, powers, fully go business legislation. legislate, criminal offence—petty larceny. crimes, trust directed wise representatives governed by. come latitude dependence representatives. says (Virginia) bill rights?—'that Are you not, therefore, calling gentlemen compose control? Will sentiments similar rights? You loose; more—you depart genius country. 62 legislation, loose restriction fines, bail, prohibited rights. distinguished ancestors? admit tortures, barbarous punishment.' id., 447.2 63 shed Framers punishments.' referred punishments,' 'tortures, follow, exclusively prohibiting torturous objecting cited objections unrestrained legislative Certainly suppose invoked specter drastic devise. 64 addition, focused wholly necessity restrain power. Because recognized kinds crimes,' insisted must punish. Accordingly, called 'constitutional check' ensure 'when representatives.'3 65 adoption Rights.4 368, 549, 793 (1910), 'received debate.' discussion, opponents Representatives, this: 66 Livermore.—The (Eighth Amendment) .. kind. 68 Amendment), considerable majority.' Annals Cong. 754 (1789).5 69 Livermore limitation However, contrast Henry, supporting Livermore, opposing refer torturous. Instead, someday prevent common and, view, 'necessary' punishments—death, earcropping.6 drawn Livermore's 'considerable majority' prepared run risk. rose reply merely prohibit torture. 70 Several conclusions emerge Clause. concern specifically precisely unfettered exactly thought were. available conclusion outlawed. comments demonstrate, aware reach unspeakable atrocities. Nor intend simply time. 'import' is, 'indefinite,' reason. enacted, true, evils, necessarily confined form evil theretofore taken. Time works changes, brings existence conditions purposes. Therefore principle, vital, wider mischief gave birth.' U.S., 373, 551. 71 80 occasion See Pervear Commonwealth, Wall. 475, 479 480, 608 (1867). early pointed 369, 550, undertake 'an exhaustive definition' Most proceeded 'looking backwards examples clause;' 377, 553, concluding adopted.7 136, instance, 'safe affirm torture line unnecessary cruelty, forbidden.' 'punishments torture,' labeled 'atrocities,' 'was embowelled alive, beheaded, quartered,' 'of dissection burning alive.' 135. Similarly, 446, 519 (1890), declared 'if prescribed manifestly unusual, stake, crucifixion, breaking wheel, like, adjudge prohibition.' observed, commenting passage just quoted applying 'manifestly test, '(p) unishments involve lingering death; word constitution. implies something barbarous,—something mere extinguishment life.' 933. 72 Had 'historical' interpretation prevailed, effectively 371, 551, Story conclude 'would since scarcely possible department government authorize justify atrocious conduct." Cooley book, Constitutional Limitations, Court, 'apparently effect inconsequence dread times, hesitate(d) definite views.' 375, 552. surprising. court, example, upheld constitutionality whipping post: comparison 'barbarities quartering, hanging chains, castration, etc.,' reduced insignificance.' 73 decisively repudiated returning intention Framers, 'rel(ied) existed adopted.' people, instituted imitate conduct monarchs. abuse might, apprehended, manifested practices shock sensibilities men.' then, guards power'; contrary implications 'confine(d) Stuarts.' 372, 'felt sure spirit liberty trusted, represented, debased, legislation(,)' ibid., disagreed: 74 '(Patrick) take chances. Their predominant impulse distrust power, abuse. surely register forms Stuarts. Surely, (jealousy) saner justification that. action, practical sagacious, beset imagining, exercises bodily pain mutilation. great, unlimited, give actions accompaniments potent instrument hands power? tempted cruelty. This motive clause, attribute intelligent providence advocates (Stuarts',) repetition history. possibility coercive exercised overlooked.' 372—373, 75 'restraint legislatures' possesses 'expansive vital character' "essential maintenance individual freedom." responsibility enforced.8 Referring 'prominence (was) punishment,' said: 76 'We concede exercises. disclaim assert legislature, expediency laws, oppose encounters prohibition. case, discretion, strictly imperative direction, invoked.' 553.9 77 short, finally representatives.' That, consonant 'depend(ed) virtually condemnation issue,' '(l)ike provision, Clause's) function legitimize advances departments conventional wisdom.' envision 'so narrow role guaranty rights.' Goldberg Dershowitz, Declaring Death Penalty Unconstitutional, 83 Harv.L.Rev. 1773, 1782 (1970). 'may submitted vote; (it) depend(s) outcome elections.' purpose withdraw subjects vicissitudes controversy, majorities officials establish courts.' West Board Education Barnette, 319 624, 638, 1178, 1185, 87 1628 (1943). Judicial enforcement evaded invoking obvious truth difficulty arises, rather, formulating 'legal courts' legislatively unusual.' principles, avoid insertion 'judicial conception(s) wisdom propriety,' 379, 554, yet guise restraint,' abdicate enforce Were so, 'constitution indeed easy efficacy Its value converted precedent impotent lifeless formulas. lost reality.' become, 'little advice.' 104, 79 Ours simple required measure long condemned. unwarranted behind 19th century. Our complex. (Clause) precise, static.' 100—101, 598.10 course, inquiry. (a) forbidden principle civilized treatment guaranteed (Clause).' examined 'in treatment' embodied 100 n. 32, 598. finally, that: 81 concept underlying nothing dignity man. punish, stands assure limits standards.' 100, 597. At bottom, prohibits infliction uncivilized State, even punishes, treat respect intrinsic worth beings. unusual,' comport dignity. formulation, itself yield assessing Nevertheless, '(t)his content (Clause),' permit comports 84 primary degrading Pain, certainly, factor judgment. extremely entail physical suffering. 366, 549.11 mutilation.' Even '(t)here mistreatment, primitive 549.12 plurality Dulles expatriation violates Clause.13 suffering cadena temporal, nn. 11—12, basis Court's decision unusual.'14 85 More presence pain, comprehended makes barbaric condemned torture, rack, thumb-screw, iron boot, stretching limbs, like,' are, 'attended acute suffering.' 339, 699, 450 (1892) (Field, dissenting). consider why condemned, realize significance race nonhumans, objects toyed discarded. inconsistent premise vilest remains possessed 86 '(n)o circumstance degradation omitted,' reflect attitude entitled being. apparent itself. 464, (1947), unsuccessful electrocution, although caused 'mental anguish pain,' unforeseeable accident.' failure intentional, been, indecent amount refusal accord status. Indeed, solely punish 'mentally ill, leper, afflicted veneral disease,' addicted narcotics. 666, 758 (1962). disease diseased thing rather sick severe, abstract,' irrelevant; '(e)ven day 'crime' cold.' 1421. Finally, enormity. prime example expatriation, 'punishment involves denial individual's community.15 determining dignity, aided second Clause—that derives notion when, reason, inflicts others. imply And, Clause16 reveals establishment safeguard Granucci, 'Nor inflicted:' Original Meaning, Calif.L.Rev. 839, 857—860 (1969).17 cases.18 133—134, reviewed treatises military demonstrate custom war' shooting On basis, 89 'Cruel authorities (treatises law) show executing category, (Clause). Soldiers desertion majority shot, ceremony occasions fulness writers subject courts-martial.' 134—135. 90 shooting, appears, ground execution.19 Utah suggests, cases' legally available, likelihood arbitrarily. If, 'something generally done' 101 598,20 substantial regularity fairness especially important scant danger, processes democracy ours,' significant protect danger infliction. third unacceptable contemporary Rejection indication objective possible.21 380, 102—103, 598—599, jurisdictions suggests another historic usage punishment.22 combined acceptance past observing throughout still accepted, cruelty.' narcotics addiction, step further, doubtless universally 93 indicators considers unacceptable. review examine society's use. Legislative authorization, acceptance. acceptability measured, availability, become inflicted, 94 final excessive. unnecessary: pointless significantly adequate achieve purposes cf. 1420; 677, 1426 (Douglas, concurring); 114, 605 (Brennan, concurring), 95 appeared Field's dissent 337, 699.23 took 96 '(The Clause) directed, mentioned (torturous punishments), length greatly disproportioned charged. whole inhibition either 339—340, 699. 97 grounded disproportionate crime,24 serves explicitly reviewing falsification official record, highest cause loss thousand(s) dollars, eager perversion document, greater falsifying item account.' 554. Stating 'this shows judgment,' unnecessarily imposed. Ibid.25 111—112, 603 604 concurring).26 98 four believe supplies essential predicate others, paradigm always prohibited. '(i)t unlikely moment history(,)' pass providing ever principles. confront obviously fashion; engage blind terror. rejected society; Nor, patently unnecessary; knowing doing so. fatally principle. Since adopted, adjudged (1910) (12 chains hard painful labor); (1958) (expatriation); (1962) (imprisonment addition). Each conclusively seriously implicated combination supported all, interrelated, convergence ordinarily cumulative one: unusually probability arbitrarily, substantially continued command III Death, 'traditional' 'has history,' background accordingly appropriate first, textual consideration raised Fifth declares punishable death, charged procedural protections.27 infer cannot, Clause.28 special anything, contrary, candidate 262. analysis immediately neither corporal that, time, 6, acknowledged impermissible.29 102 decided involving challenges methods (1879), expressing both since-rejected 264—265, approved electrocution. Wilkerson, execution, 275—276;30 447—449, 933—934.31 electrocution failed. (Amendment) manner,' abortive 'subsequent sense execution,' 376.32 reveal ruling constitutionally punishment.33 Past assumptions, limit time; recalling directly it. 103 question, deliberate consistent analyze set above test lead: indicated regard acceptable, shown serve 104 unique States. strongly affirms life, surprisingly ultimate sanction. natural feeling about us. debate comparable continuously restricted, infra, 296—298, abolished prisons, reserve heinous Juries, treated differently, governors commutation powers. Criminal view. 'As practicing lawyers defended goal Griffin Illinois, 351 12, 28, 585, 595, 891 (1956) (Burton Minton, JJ., Some procedures, two-stage automatic appeals, cases. universal administration considerations.' Williams 399 78, 1893, 1907, 446 (1970) (all cases). too, treats apart.34 unfortunate functioning known; effect. 105 explanation uniqueness severity. finality, existing information conclusive, immediate painless death.35 discontinuance flogging Bishop, 404 571 (CA8 1968), conscious pain. inseparable punishing criminals prospect pending exacts frightful toll inevitable wait actual 172, 388, 835 (1890). California verdict brutalizing psychological torture.' Anderson, Cal.3d 628, 649, Cal.Rptr. 152, 166, 493 Pacific 880, 894 (1972).36 Frankfurther noted, onset rare phenomenon.' Solesbee Balkcom, 339 9, 14, 457, 460, (1950) (dissenting opinion). 'fate ever-increasing distress' expatriate subjected, 102, 599, exist death.37 106 finality respects, Expatriation, 'destroys centuries development(,)' 'strips citizen international community(,)' puts '(h)is existence' jeopardy. Expatriation inherently entails total destruction organized Yet, demonstrably, worse death.' 125, 611 (Frankfurter, dissenting).38 destroys 'political 'status society,' more, for, unlike existence.' regain forecloses possibility. 107 truly awesome calculated killing involves, nature, person's humanity. plight evident. An lose prisoner retains, rights 'person' laws. family. Moreover, retains access courts. His irrevocable. Apart charge, fallibility, inevitably lot convictions unconstitutionally secured later, retroactively holdings Wither-spoon 391 510, 1770, 776 (1968), precludes relief. 'lost proponent declared, 'When hung, end relations him. saying, 'You fit world, chance elsewhere."39 108 today, uniquely hesitate hold, alone, longstanding turn principle—that 109 outstanding characteristic infrequency resort conclusive ordinary crime. 110 steady decline decade 1930's, earliest period accurate statistics available. executions averaged per year; 1940's, 128; 1950's, 72; 1960—1962, 48. 1963—1964.40 population over decades. long-continued decline. revealed 1961—1970, last 10-year During year.41 Not nearly number, precluded commutations years,42 transfers institutions insanity,43 resentences grants orders resentencing, dismissals indictments reversals convictions, suicide causes.44 January 1961, row 219; 31, 1970, 608; span, 135 executions.45 Consequently, additions annual 52.46 most, week. fact, fewer moratorium began 1967, totaled 1961 1962, week; dwindled 1963, 1964, 1965; 1966, two.47 200 million regularly fairly dispel nonarbitrary 112 figures thousands rapes annually authorized However rate characterized—as 'freakishly' 'spectacularly' rare, rare—it purest sophistry deny minute fraction How rarer, be? 113 inescapable smacks lottery system. claim, arbitrariness, informed selectivity: say, 'extreme' 114 Informed selectivity, denigrated. presumably claim five, one. year strengthen claim. low level, highly implausible worst commit selected suggested rational differentiate few prison. Crimes distinction finely explain, ground, tiny sample eligible. distinction; 'extreme.' credible fact. illustrates 'extreme,' murderers 'extreme.'48 Furthermore, procedures resulting actually sanction selection. For impose unguided governing decision. 196 208, 1461—1468, 711 constructed guard capricious 115 difficult prove my Brother STEWART 'wantonly freakishly' obvious. am considering isolated arbitrariness sufficiently relied upon, reaching 116 expect disapprove turn, operation 117 MARSHALL's comprehensive emphasize, emerges From Nation, stirred controversy. pragmatic arguments frequently advanced, heated controversy explained differences policy. waged moral grounds. debated supreme can, inconsistency, deliberately nations western deeply rooted beliefs retribution, atonement hand, other, personal born democratic movement eighteenth century, scientific approach understanding forces conduct, growth sciences behavior nineteenth twentieth centuries.'49 essentially conflict backdrop changes changed years. change embraced violent repulsive England, rely gallows firing squad. development supposedly late lethal gas 20th, virtaully ceased.50 surrounding longer spectacle executions, once desirable deterrent Today reject debasing us all. 119 Also decrease esoteric 1930 accounted 99% alone 87%.51 limited. 1463, Initially, rebellion resulted definitions degrees retaining degree. criterion isolating appropriately soon proved 'malice aforethought(,)" separating manslaughter. confusing uncertain practice, first-degree hands: felt inappropriate 'they offense.' phenomenon nullification remained counteract rigors sentences. Bowing reality, 'legislatures consequence, discretionarily nine circumstances,52 crimes.53 120 successive restriction. context continuing debate, increasingly rare. evolution evidences, scene, progressively troublesome conscience. current administering rarely 'We, People' responsible 'express(ing) conscience community death,' Witherspoon 519, 1775 bring themselves tried Governors, elected acting commuted insists ensuring out. sum, 121 progressive in, of, questions appropriateness segments public, polls referendum votes, continue availability statutory referenda, approval underscores wide-scale refusal, save instances, compelling deep-seated reluctance tolerated disuse. indicator small eligible criminals. hardly complete becoming absolute. least, views doubt. 122 related societal doubts, serving served 123 prevents stop individuals answer poses effective State's pardon parole delay release prison, techniques isolation eliminate minimize confined. 124 threat deters potential deterred imprisonment. based superior deterrent. establishes, uniformly indicates, prove, argue, supports runs, greatest 125 focus argument. denied many, probably Thus rationally Particularly criminal, argument, risk distinguish concern, rest assumption implausible. 126 event, appraised abstract. theoretical imaginable exists Proponents depends invariably swiftly system, satisfies condition. contemplating confronted, certainty speedy slightest distant future. remote improbable; contrast, near great. speculative deterrent, currently administerd deter Whatever quickly unverifiable possibilities insufficient imprisonment.54 127 aspect urge, manifest community's outrage concrete expression indignation inculcates helps peaceful told, exert widespread moralizing influence values, popular demand grievous abhorrent disorder, lynching, attempts private hands. 128 supposed utilization encourages blood feuds disorders. Surely handful assertion emphatic denunciation suffers defect. reinforcement community, undermined doubtful code; tends brutalize values. carry executions. indicate disapproval distribute gravity severely regards serious. upper 129 administered, suggested, independent retribution. Shortly stated, retribution 130 wishes proclaim adherence 'naked vengeance,' 112, reliance retributive justifies past, judged forgery, federal statute Act April 30, 1790, Statutes-at-Large 115. Obviously, concepts change; immutable requires rapists. refers beliefs. proper justified exacting overwhelming asserted belief rapists flatly random few. shows, crime; them. 131 principles: punishment; arbitrarily; rejection total; enable simply, not. IV 132 founded, memories Stuart horrors fresh common. moreover, acceptable developed systems, workable alternative. restrictions, drastically curtailed Rather confine loses fulfilled, repressed just, tormenting, severity, prevented, hope reformation criminal.' 133 differs irrevocability. rehabilitation justice. unique, absolute renunciation reasons, Brothers impermissible Eight decide. Ashwander Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 288, 347, 466, 483, 688 (Brandeis, concurring). 137 Justices admirable thorough detail origins Amendmemt's guarantee punishments,1 origin punishment.2 me historical materials here, briefly stated. 138 Legislatures—state federal—have specified engaging designated conduct. spy enemy war death.3 Rhode Island ordained commits murder.4 passed forcible rape.5 Ohio assassin President Governor State.6 139 faced decide circumstances. federal—could societys' interest deterrence outweighs considerations reform perpetrator, despite inconclusive empirical evidence,7 maximum deterrence. 140 score agree instinct nature channeling promoting stability law. begin unwilling unable offenders 'deserve,' sown anarchy—of self-help, vigilante lynch 141 abstract Legislatures rape.8 word, perpetrate offenses. White tellingly 'legislative frustrated imposed.' Post, 311. 142 believe, core Amendment's place, 'cruel' excessively beyond, kind, determined infrequently extraordinarily rare.10 propositions alone. 143 struck lightning unusual. For, 1967 1968,11 reprehensible these, petitioners capriciously imposed.12 My concurring demonstrated discerned race.13 McLaughlin 379 184, S. Ct. 283, 222. racial proved,14 side. Amendments tolerate systems wantonly freakishly reasons 145 146 facial requiring narrowly categories issues posed joining judgments, intimate se ably argued Brethren, decided. 147 narrower address myself concerns (1) authorizes rape; (2) mandate (that imposed), delegates any, utilized; (3) ordered odds murderer rapist. 148 truism: seldom cease measurably contribute matter executed, received. completely incapacitated infrequency, satisfied. confidence specific shorter sufficient, reinforced authorizing invoked. 149 important, major law—to criminal—would ceases accept morality utility another. effectiveness tell seldom-enforced ineffective measures controlling frequency, contribution exacted. 150 dictionary sense. ends deemed serve. realistically purposes, emerging would, needless extinction marginal contributions discernible negligible returns violative 151 presently Concededly, proposition however be, attenuated 152 restate Brethren. 'prove' data. But, arrive judgment; daily exposure conclusion, exacted meaningful distinguishing short policy vesting sentencing authority juries—a largely motivated mitigate harshness bear guilt innocence—has achieved aims confines course. 153 review, definition, requires. respect, posture. conceded obligations judiciary Inevitably, differ disagree ourselves. Unfortunately, provoke sharper disagreement. 154 force viewed delegating jury, violating policy, refuse 'policy' conferred violated 155 156 MARSHALL, 157 Constitution.1 158 father children discovered broken morning. course robbery victim's home. accomplished Branch weapon utilized, threats employed. 159 acts confronted ugly, vicious, acts. sheer brutality minimized. condone penalized conduct; asked not; self-respect'2 160 elasticity presents dangers self-restraint.3 Hence, proceed caution presented.4 examining derivation construction exploring attributes country, objectivity self-restraint. 161 Candor critical relevant material marshaled sorted examined. utilizing, standards. 162 compels confess oblivious lives petitioners, 600 women execution. affect decision, necessitates error. 163 1583, John Whitgift, Archbishop Canterbury, turned High permanent ecclesiastical extract confessions suspected offenses.5 Sir Robert Beale protested Carta, protests vain.6 164 notoriously relish convicted. Blackstone described ghastly myriad inhumane offenses.7 usual result.8 165 1685—the 'Bloody Assizes'—which Duke Monmouth, marked culmination parade horrors, historians event spurred containing progenitor punishments.9 'insane lust cruelty' 'stimulated King' (James II).10 assizes received wide publicity Puritan pamphleteers clause. 1689 indicates thought. After Mary Orange channel invade fled. Parliament summoned session committee appointed draft 'such things absolutely better securing liberties.'11 initial 'illegal' 'illegal cruel' prohibited.12 inadvertent. 166 historian was, unauthorized outside jurisdiction second, reiteration penalties,'13 reaction Commission, sentences, assizes. response illegal objectionable modes both, doubt borrowing Founding Fathers outlaw punishments.14 168 America 1776, 'Declaration Rights,' read: 'That inflicted.'15 verbatim 1689. Other clauses,16 conventions ratify omission punishments.17 169 Convention offers clues mind Mason advocated concurred, stating: 170 'By best barriers thrown away. Is ancestors?—That introduce civil preference France, Spain, Germany—of torturing, extort confession countries Great Britain, strengthening equity, relentless undone.'18 172 Henry's wished insure 'relentless severity' Constitution. expressions proposed Members shared Clause.19 173 establishes discover 'cruel.' 174 squarely interpreting cursory See, e.g., unanimously conviction premeditated murder. Clifford wrote: 175 'Difficulty safe amendment 135—136. 176 attack Territory then- writings Nation's countries. dispose referring traditional practices; instead, bound developing 177 Eleven challenge Fuller upholding ostensibly Due Process objectionable. Today, Kemmler selecting it.20 178 Two (1892), reaffirmed 307 counts selling Vermont $6,140 ($20 offense) costs prosecution ($497.96) paid; date, corrections 19,914 (approximately years) labor. Three Justices—Field, Harlan, Brewer—dissented. O'Neil's violated. Field 179 designation (cruel unusual), attended mentioned, offences .' 180 Howard Fleming, 191 126, 49, (1903), essence, dissenters O'Neil. rejecting conspiracy defraud (per Brewer) crime, 181 landmark (1910). Weems, officer Bureau Coast Guard Transportation Philippine Islands, 'public document.' years' incarceration labor ankles, rights, perpetual surveillance. Called was.21 emphasized 'ephemeral' enactment, 'designed passing occasions.'22 Recognizing '(t)ime (and) purposes(,)'23 commented '(i)n constitution contemplation be.'24 182 striking down relation jurisdictions, excessive.25 dissented adopted.26 183 represents invalidated plain reasonable cruel. dissenters' Weems. 184 added knowledge language, Badders 240 391, 367, 706 (1916), Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing company Burleson, 255 407, 352, 704 (1921).27 Then (1947). 185 electrocuted. him, mechanical die. Thereafter, sought applicability States.28 agreeing humanity modern Anglo-American pain(,)'29 split 5—4 circumstances, forced undergo Five purpose, thwarted because, reduce inadvertently case.30 facts. 186 Resweber firmly entrenched minds entire 187 (1958), next Trop, native-born American, citizenship court-martial wartime desertion. Writing Black, Douglas, Whittaker, Warren amounted Amendment.31 188 Emphasizing Flexibility society.'32 utilized Weems: scrutinized involuntary statelessness Frankfurter, dissenting, urged were, criticized arrived Justice, identical. 189 Whereas failed (1962), days' 'be narcotics' Stewart, writing reiterated Trop—that static concept, continually re-examined knowledge.'33 evidences willingness carefully familiar accepted.34 190 Powell Texas, 392 514, 2145, 1254 sustained drunkeness $20. Four controlling. same; differed. today's construe beacon instant 192 Perhaps analyzing Court: i.e., society.'35 193 Justices, expressed binding fair reading supra; sub silentio permissible. constitutional.36 punishment.37 point, dictate existed, stare decisis bow changing open. 194 Faced open discussed previous section distinct reasons. 195 First, them—e.g., thumbscrew, mont, Regardless sentiment Second, signifying unknown 435, 362 933—934; 376. Prior leave adds inadvertent, flesh meager exist, innovative superseded. phenomenon. 197 Third, valid purpose. replete assertions functions 134, 345; 699—700 554—555; favor Both JUSTICE POWELL seek ignore decisions. (of punishments) excessive(,)' steadfastly whenever Founders intended; provided; W. Bradford, Enquiry Far Punishment Necessary Pennsylvania (1793), reprinted Am.J.Legal Hist. 122, (1968). follows excessive.' 198 Fourth, invalid abhors nevertheless, morally abhorrence effect, equate recognize existence. 199 obvious, phenomenon, unnecessary, 201 Capital penalize beginnings civilization. perceive, roots lie retaliation tribe group, group itself, hostile toward members.38 vengeance.39 202 gradually ceded prerogatives sovereign accepted wrongdoing 'divince right' rule. Individual state, function.40 worked countries,41 variety macabre horrific ways.42 203 (1154—1189) affair victim perpetrator.43 forth 197—200, 1462—1464, (1971), repeated here. 204 1500, eight crimes: Treason, petty (killing wife), larceny, robbery, burglary, rape, arson.44 Tudor kings list 1688 50.45 (1727—1760) (1760—1820) 60.46 205 shortly 1800, numbered property, peace. retrospect, look particularly brutal, points Europe.47 206 Colonies. Capitall New-England,' dating 1636, Bay Colony written offenses: idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy, sudden anger, sodomy, buggery, adultery, manstealing, perjury rebellion. accompanied reference Old Testament source.48 if, drafted; vigorously enforced.49 Colonies spanned spectrum severity.50 207 18th theocratic secular. colony, crimes.51 scarcity Colonies.52 Still, '(w)ith county jails inadequate insecure, seemed controlled mutilation, fines.'53 208 17th colonies. 'Great Act' 1682, Penn treason,54 lived.55 209 1776 Philadelphia Society Relieving Distressed Prisoners organized, Alleviating Miseries Public Prisons.56 groups pressured Dr. Benjamin Rush drafted America's reasoned Effects Criminals Society.57 1793, conducted 'An Pennsylvania.'58 necessary, obtained, eliminated murder.59 210 'Enquiries' Bradford abolition States.60 1800's, Governors DeWitt Clinton Daniel Tompkins unsuccessfully modify period, Edward Livingston, Secretary Minister France Andrew code. center proposal punishment.'61 Introductory Report System Penal Prepared Louisiana62 rebuttal favoring Drafted 1824, published 1833. impetus 211 1830's, rising tide 1834, executions,63 Made Maine published. issuing warrant practices. 'Maine Law' surprising legislature's affirmative burden placed governor full power.64 spread Michigan's abolish 1846.65 212 Anti-capital grew 1840's literature agony philosophy repentance atoned derived, harmony nature.66 213 1850, societies Massachusetts, York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Ohio, Alabama, Louisiana, Indiaa, Iowa.67 constantly bills legislatures. 1852, footsteps Michigan punishment.68 Wisconsin year.69 scope, '(f)ew states offenses' addition murder.70 214 Civil War halted furor. '(a)fter War, men's finer sensibilities, revolted being, hardened blunted.'71 attention diverted reform. abolitionist however. 1876, restored 1883, 1887; Iowa 1872—1878; Colorado erratic de facto revival 1872; Kansas 1872, 1907.72 215 success 1830—1900 elimination Before formally refrain 'jury nullification,' experienced.73 Tenn. Laws 1837—1838, chapter suit. Then, Rep. Curtis introduced ultimately 1897 (treason, rape) cases.74 216 1917 jurisdictions.75 nervous tension World I, reinstituted promising movements grinding halt.76 regained momentum. ascertain vigor. Certainly, economic crisis depression exhausting II. Also, frequent spectacles, infrequent affairs. changed, somewhat diminished public.77 218 renewed modifying moved abolition,78 States.79 Senate died committee.80 219 District Columbia, fruitless categorize States.81 note kidnaping treason.82 Rape system.83 220 foregoing demonstrates Europe but, tempered considerably. existed. successful, one-quarter partial success, reducing replacing conducting 221 foray leads. successful grass tantamount V 222 assess select satisfy legitimate wants unconstitutional. 223 six punishment: deterrence, prevention repetitive acts, encouragement pleas confessions, eugenics, economy. seriatim below. 224 Atlantic misunderstood jurisprudence. principal source confusion dealing confuse 'why punish?' 'what punishing?'84 Men justifiable someone correctly sine qua non or, deviates norm established mean sole punishing. jurisprudence general, recidivism, dangerous persons, goals 111, 603—604. Retaliation, vengeance, Archbold, Practice, Pleading, intolerable aspirations 226 scholars centuries,85 synonymous vengeance. 227 Weems' contrasted 228 '(T)his condemns exhibits difference formed added.) sake Retribution underlies act. designating approbation fears realities. 229 preserve integrity consistently denigrated punishment.86 undoubtedly correct cry heard act.87 insulation baser selves. avenues channeled. empty rack tortures case. 230 conduct.'88 231 opposite conclusion—that weaknesses compensate 232 improper. 233 baron hotly contested regarding crime.89 234 argued,90 firm Admittedly, languish lifetime. choose alternative here—i.e., irrevocable; impossible; sanction, perfectly such.91 235 kept mind, imprisonment.92 236 complex 'Capital committed. failures. successes. refrained hanged.'93 nub exacerbated paucity useful fortunate countries, world's reliable statistics.94 237 strongest logical hypotheses devoid evidentiary support, persuasive nonetheless. Stephen 1864: 'No effectually proof display ingenuity arguing mankind direction. producing result. compulsion. Put way. Was brought offer severest secondary punishment? Why this? 'All terrible, hope; terrors forcibly.'95 239 hypothesis relates offender murdering inmate officer.'96 Abolitionists disprove amassing statistical correlation activity nonexistence offenses,97 90% convictions.98 241 Thorsten Sellin, leading prospective murderers, true: 242 '(a) Murders factors equal. Comparisons alike respects—character population, condition, etc.—in rates states. 243 '(b) increase restored. 244 '(c) powerfully communities consequences population. 245 '(d) officers safer murderous attacks it.'99 (Footnote omitted.) 246 Sellin's true. problems, murders; homicides they, noncapital killings.100 misinterpreted accidental suicides, estimating undetected reported. Despite difficulties, proportion nation's homicide reasonably constant,101 useful. 247 compares characteristics finds irrespective rates. executions102 rates.103 Midwestern States,104 studied. Nations105 Britain106 statistics. 248 Sellin concludes and/or reintroduction involved.107 borne quiries108 countries.109 problems statistics,110 studies punishment.111 249 Statistics communities.112 encourage it.113 police punishment,114 it.115 250 data prisons.116 tend model prisoners.117 251 theory occasional stories contemplated act.118 claims spurious,119 counterbalanced tendency incite crimes.120 252 Nations studied retentionists abolitionists, comparative crime.'121 253 abolitionists non-deterrence doubt, succeeded convincing do. shirk responsibilities proof. possess assemble subject. forthcoming, enough 254 1793 needed.122 Livingston 1833 completion Louisiana.123 Virtually undertaken result.124 massive befure effect.125 256 C. Much device recidivism obvious—if possibly release.126 part, offenders, released citizens.127 recidivists. facts, purely preventing excessive; obliterate demonstrated, 257 D. underlie sanction—encouraging expenditures—may dealt quickly. suspects Sixth trials, 390 570, 1209, (1968).128 impair bargaining leverage exchange charges recommendations leniency. 258 pleas, profess structured twin only: obtaining 259 discussion suggestions concerning eugenic benefits meritless.129 above, recidivists, positively incurable. incurables screened benefit treatment. incurability execution; seemingly Skinner Oklahoma, 316 535, 1110, 1655 (1942). sterilization importantly, professed goals, world kindly eugenics design goal. Until conclude, everyone else looked problem,130 260 cheaper execute imprison assuming incorrect. spent prisons attributable row.131 Condemned productive be,132 expensive.133 Appeals automatic, admittedly spend cases.134 261 jurors costly, time-consuming case,135 defense exhaust client takes. 262 inordinate collateral obtain clemency, State. continual gone insane.136 insane persons,137 sums detecting curing illness perform execution.138 back doctors custodial ping-pong ball.139 costly. 263 keep life.140 264 this—i.e., persuasive. improper notice labored well. success. Little, adduced contrary. deference abdication roles factfinders, arbiters presumption accorded realistic assessment comes acted wisely, whatsoever acting. now. Amendment.141 VI 265 excessive, nonetheless 266 judging 'it shocks people.'142 267 Frank measuring stick: 268 court,) reduces assurances offends 'common conscience.' context, standard—the attitude—is unknowable. resembles slithery shadow, learn, accurately, majority, feels. carefully-taken poll' this.'143 269 poll assistance indicating penalty,144 depends, mention 'shocks people,' liabilities shocking, unjust, unacceptable.145 270 polled, opine barbarously 271 unconstitutionality act rationally; predictable subjective, emotional reactions citizens.146 272 punishment.147 preceding penalty: prison; prisoners, lawabiding exceed imprisoning life; performs prisoners perform; ferret recidivists stimulate activity. 273 convince unwise, arises reprehensible. public's pursue citizenry's solution advanced Defenses mounted theories. rehabilitate isolate injected penology. stage knowingly purposeless immoral 274 needs supplementing, hesitant condemn sanction: discriminatorily identifiable people; innocence proved; wreaks havoc 275 Regarding discrimination, illiterate, underprivileged, minority group—the means, attorney—who sacrificial lamb ..'148 bare betray 3,859 1930, 1,751 2,066 Negro.149 Of 3,334 murder; 1,664 1,630 Negro;150 455 405 Negroes, rape.151 Negroes percentage Studies higher discrimination.152 Racial discriminations 1467, (not) invitation 276 women. Only 3,827 met fate.153 understand favored allegedly sexes.154 277 evident falls privileged society.155 voice complaints impotence victims wealthier, better-represented, just-as-guilty escape. forlorn, forgotten legislators maintain quo, develop. Ignorance perpetuated apathy mate, situation. 278 Just Americans why, unaware 'beyond doubt' innocent, foolproof. Various convincingly death.156 279 Proving one's innocense impossible. entertain involved, dispute jury's evidence. perhaps, guilty, depend faith prosecutor's office help innocence. evidence, prosecutors welcome secure, overturned, cooperation unlikely.157 280 careful perjured testimony, mistaken honest error real.158 some. knowledgeable 281 accepted—i.e., 'tends distort law.'159 Frankfurter 282 'I hazard sensationalizes unwittingly; juries, Bar, bad. scientifically much. outweigh sensationalism life.'160 283 deleterious effects 'inevitably sabotages institutional program reformation.'161 keystone bedevils stumbling block path criminals.'162 284 Assuming opinion, shocking justice.163 stand. VII 285 tedious journey. assembled enormous. deviated began. 286 streets cities inspire despair, pride hope, citizens. country's greatness compassion crisis. nation recorded tradition revering turmoil, confusion, ours. tallest troubled clings cherishes heritage, rejects solutions compromise 287 malign pays homage triumph civilization magnificent advancement. recognizing beings, pay ourselves tribute. milestone road barbarism'164 join approximately celebrate shunning punishment.165 288 Page 372 289 APPENDIX TO OPINION OF CONCURRING ABOLITION DEATH PENALTY IN UNITED STATES: 1846—1968 (States listed action taken) Year restoration reabolition York......... 19651 — Vermont.......... 19652 Virginia....— 1965 Iowa.............— 1872 1878 Oregon...........— 1914 1920 1964 Michigan......... 18473 1963 Delaware.........— 1958 Alaska...........— 1957 Hawaii...........— Dakota.....— 1915 1939 Kansas...........— 1907 1935 Missouri.........— 1919 Tennessee........ 19154 Washington.......— 1913 Arizona.......... 19165 1918 North Dakota..... 19156 Minnesota........— 1911 Colorado.........— 1901 Maine............— 1876 1883 1887 Wisconsin........— 1853 Island..... 18527 373 290 CRUDE HOMICIDE RATES, 100,000 POPULATION, AND NUMBER EXECUTIONS CERTAIN AMERICAN 1920—1955 N. Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Vt. Mass. R.I.* Conn. Year.... Maine* Rates Exec. RatesExec. 1920..... 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.1 3.9 1921..... 2.2 1.7 2.8 3.1 2.9 1922..... 1.6 1.1 2.6 1923..... 2.7 3.5 1924..... 1.5 .6 2.0 1925..... 1.3 3.7 1926..... .9 3.2 1927..... 1.9 .7 .8 1928..... 1929..... 1.0 1930..... 1931..... 1932..... .2 1933..... 3.3 2.5 1934..... 2.4 1935..... .3 1936..... 1.2 1937..... 1938..... 1939..... 1940..... 1941..... .4 1942..... 1943..... 1944..... 1945...... 1946..... 1947..... 1948..... 1949..... .5 1950..... 1951..... 1952..... 1953..... 1954..... 1955..... 291 BURGER, join, dissenting. 292 outset BRENNAN DOUGLAS contravenes penalty.1 Parts I—IV construed 293 WHITE petitioners' aside prevailing comply Part fundamentally misconceives flies vintage. 294 category inquiry, divorced feelings novelty interpret self-defining, guarantees, translate judicially manageable terms. divergent haze surrounds command. enigmatic enact predilections 295 literally reads 'unusual,' 296 Parliament's 1989—the unquestioned wording—suggests therein aversion impose. importance version, apparently punishments.2 indication, precursor. 1789 exclusive tortures.3 inclusion objections. interrelationship receptive 298 tone debates. Speaking 299 '(I)t 136. 300 guarantee. 301 inapplicable dictum: 302 'So (prohibition constitution). eighth amendment, congress. 303 446—447, 304 saw discuss 305 Opinions subsequent speak sum substance 699—700, (1910); summarized 598 (1958): 306 'Whether qualitative clear. phrase, distinctions unusualness drawn. examines treatment, subtleties latent 'unusual." vestigial, relevance devised. where, disregards comment affecting turning limiting somehow expanding unpersuaded facile everyday use, 308 Counsel impermissibly 'unless presentment indictment Grand Jury.' Double Jeopardy 'twice jeopardy life' commands 'due law' 'deprived liberty, property.' explicit affirmatively acknowledges expressly implication acknowledge banned 1791. 1791 309 enactment cast shadow implicitly (1879); (1890) (dictum). Warren, speaking equivocation: 310 'Whatever grounds accomplishing punishment—and forceful—the 311 Black fellings issue: 312 ancestors adopted. framers Amendment.' 226, 1477, (1971) (separate 313 certiorari, hear cert. granted, 1035, 793, 822, rev'd, (1968); 398 936, 1846, (1970), aff'd, aspects Nonetheless, hold incompatible 314 ask past. Twentieth adoption. exerience extraordinary anguish,4 materially experienced 1791, protracted appellate waiting 'death row.' sure, proscribed stress, 315 inquiry unrelated inordinately chiefly perceived characterizing standard descriptive, same, mores change. adjudication. commentators progressive, shift weight values; criteria consensus. quiescence area attributed legislatures, courts, constituted respond consequently provision.5 brief 'both responds reflects decency.'6 branding cutting off ears, commonplace scene intervention basically responded sentiment. 317 Beyond assurance bizarre speculation probable significant. domestic notions decency. findings limited, devised officials, 1968); Wright McMann, 387 (CA2 1967). invalidating powerful responsive—albeit belatedly times—to attitudes 318 justiciable primacy provable, presumed embody negated unambiguous default. indications abandoned. stake ineffably repugnant roundly aberrant retained books. crimes.7 death.8 looking indicia attitude, trustworthy advanced. 320 conceivable abdicated barometric polls, addressed Without reliability intimating results approximating touch values.9 321 statutorily revulsion repeal enforced. gainsaid choice juries—and judges10—the available.11 characterize 'freakishly rare,' insist, hyperbole. characterization, impel regarded intolerably uncivilized. 322 recommended mercy, renounced authorization deaths, sensitivity unsupported everything 323 instructions autonomy traditionally noting difficulties framing instructions, articulated needed Nothing licenses assumes 'will decision.' 324 deciding supra: 325 '(A) more—and less—than 326 'And link system—a society" 15, (emphasis added). 327 selectivity refinement on, repudiation community,' entrusted warranted. influenced factors. lack victims, prominent Given awareness routine meticulous assume relative assortment pariahs 328 unrealistic choosing institution perfect consistency. fortuitous circumstance. element fortuity discharge Witherspoon—that dictates values.12 requisite backs correlative affirmation Absent interdict 330 rape.13 murder,14 sparingly murder.15 aptly post 456—461, elevated distinction. blunt sharpened carve neat corresponding 331 attacked 'unnecessarily cruel.' pure matter, recommend seeks dimension promotes pursued. 332 efficacy. crimes.16 expediency. dominant Rochin 342 165, 172—173, 205, 209—210, (1952). 333 seed 'unnecessary earlier, 334 135—136 335 lift italicized achieving penology gross distortion; opinion. pain' disapproving wanton advising legislatures.17 336 uses 'unnecessary,' documents, Code shackles, surveillance, voting office, domicile freely, grossly crime;18 itself.19 characterization holding, readily dispassionate disclaimed ..' marks departure unarticulable intractable about. followed. 337 pursuing approach, matters purview punishment—retribution discounted eliminate. suggesting purge elements, 241, 248, 1079, 1083, 1337 (1949); Lovett, 303, 324, 1073, 1252 (1946) thinkers varying persuasions sociological philosophical generations, side other.20 338 controversial does.21 retention start intuitive not.22 Escape stalemate placing Numerous justifications shifting burden, rhetorical appeal. descended urge bypass unresolved factual question.23 Comparative lends measurement; illusory enormously problem. demonstrating deterrant $10 parking ticket $5 ticket. crime.24 adduce rebutting assertions, Constitution? submit pale ruled Amendment; setting question. ruling, opinions, entirely much, apparent: past.25 approach—not oral briefs—misconceives demands rigidity which, achievement, 340 earlier control determines assuredly confer statute. 341 punishment—the draw—but earmark deteriorated sentencing. aside, fashion. recitation terms: cases;26 cases.27 multiplied; flexible created yielded mercy mildly ironical. death-qualified seen retrospect setback 630. 343 novel formulation principles—albeit grant heart decisive grievance opinions—not translated terms—is evenhanded justice; pattern.28 support,29 fails types channelize process. antecedent 344 foreclosed misplaced. extensive briefing, months deliberations. labors documented pages Reports. contentions ago. exceedingly pronouncement 347 technically disingenuous overrule subordinate sensitive stakes high, external weighty year. pattern decisionmaking 348 definitive parameters wish made. pivotal meted unpredictable manner, bodies compliance defining imposed.30 meticulously defined, detrimental. Harlan's 'to identify fact' 'uniformly unsuccessful.' 197, 1462. compressed formula Royal Punishment, 1949—1953, Cmd. 8932, 498, (1953). infinite facets meaningless 'boiler-plate' need.' 1468. suitable guidelines established, patterns charge sentence; inhibited powers misjudged alter perfection, satisfactory results. 349 Real charge; avoided acquittal. safely preferred opt abolition. 350 remarkable lay away persuaded intervening ameliorating jurors, doctrinaire attests cautious discriminating reservation clearer ante, introduction flexibility culpability measured greeted humanizing development. Winston 212, 456 (1899); Calton 83, 870 (1889). Andres 740, 753, 886, 1055 (1948) ignored feature progress, crowned anywhere ideas sober analysis, correctional ranks list. Now, drawing uniform implying appropriate, evaluation judges. threatens reform, slow absorb setbacks. 352 limbo. collective majority's undetermined Congress. endorse altogether displeased opportunity, unavoidable responsibility, re-evaluation else, starkly 353 exceptions conceptual strictures hasis. persuades unwisely, reverse field reinstate precision. 354 world-wide trend weight, crimes.31 wrought crude unconditional fiat unanswered area. 355 Quite inability participate focused. dialectic, rests claims, tested processes. share sweeping data, penetrating tools falling limits. 'hydraulic pressure(s)'32 spoke generated propelled fortunately leaving 357 358 respective REHNQUIST, following, personal, comments. 359 1. Cases excruciating spirit. depth distaste, antipathy, abhorrence, distress finite minds. distaste buttressed demonstrated. me, childhood's training life's experiences, antagonistic 'reverence legislator, 360 2. Having lived penalty,1 1911,2 February 13, 19063, me. exist. abolition, observe, little, anything. arsenal 361 3. this. Appeals, silently Feguer 1962), denied, 371 872, 123, auspices. issue, comment, en banc Pope 710 1967), vacated (upon acknowledgment Solicitor subsequently (1968)) remanded, 651, 1317 Maxwell sua sponte, below, 262, 1578, revealed, solitarily panel, concern. F.2d, 153—154.4 hesitancy panel strap trusties Arkansas in-prison inmate-foremen. 4. acknowledge, must, flat 134—135, 345, 1879; 1890; 1910; 463—464, 471—472, 376—380, 422, 1947; (Justices Whittaker) 1958;5 Rudolph 375 889, 155, 119, (where, Brennan, rapist 'neither endangered life'); 1476, Term May 3, 1971.6 363 Suddenly, way, evidently maturity outlook. plausible high-sounding persuasive, one-half Rudolph, Francis, periods. strike occasions. 364 recognized, subscribe proposition, Jefferson well.7 365 problem, indicated, suddenness perception 366 5. choice. easier balance comforting relax thoughts rationalizations—that compassionate 'right' do; moving decency; grievously scarred families; 1879, 1890, 1910, 1947, 1958, 1971, respectively 367 This, expedient. sponsor abolishing chief sorely clemency Rockefeller departed office. Government, secondarily, Executive Branch—is lies. issue. 368 sit responsive, constituents. re-emphasized, challenged. allow preferences congressional guide these. temptations cross reveals, irresistible. 369 6. interim 880 (Feb. 18, 1972). aware, entirety nullified Ralph Warden, 438 786, (CA4 1970), 942, 2869, 766. California's profound one, will. construction, 7. appreciates decides Columbia down, structure voided. possible, suspect, treason, KF62 2381; assassination President, Vice positions, 1751; Member memberelect 351; espionage, 794; maritime jurisdiction, 2031; aircraft motor vehicle occurs, 34; explosives results, §§ 844(d) (f); train wrecking, 1992; piracy, 1472(i). jeopardy, Uniform Military Justice. 885, 890, 894, 899, 901, 904, 906, 913, 918, 920. discarded prompted recent, 8. legislation: piracy statute, 1472(i), September 5, 1961. August 92—0. announced Senators Chavez, Fulbright, Neuberger, Symington yea. announced, aisle, Senator Butler ill Beall, Carlson, Morton detained, four, affirmative. announcements, 100—0. Cong.Rec. 15440. vote. 16849. presidential 1751, 1965, votes. 14103, 18026, 20239. 374 Omnibus Crime Control 1970 2, 1971. Title thereof 351. October 7, 341—26, paired. 35363—35364. 59—0, voting, bill. 35743. Final votes recorded. 42150, 42199. lawyer-members Senate—including, add, leaders candidates callously insensitive overtones type. answer, people—far temper man's cloistered Court—took surprised giant stride 376 9. reservations Stewart (which, shares) namely, mandatorily result, re-enacted regressive antique mold, eliminates criminology 377 10. interest, also, misery occasioned families place. arguments, similarly curiously victims. risk, this, opens emphasizing retributive. (1949). perpetrated. stalks overlooked. Let visited, reap hoped-for magnanimity. 378 personally rejoice pronouncement. overstepped. end. 380 2282, customarily implemented rationales. foundation 381 'equal protection' 'implicit' Ante, 257. bases thesis 'does dignity.' 270. 'wanton' 'freakish' manner. 310. 'infrequency' renders 313. 'morally unacceptable' 'excessive.' 360, 358. 382 central presentations unconstitutional, mandated call statutes. wih certain, purport render hereafter devise.1 Insofar latter fail, explicitly, portion thesis. cogently JUSTICE's (ante, 396—403) elsewhere Brothers' less-than-absolute-abolition unpersuasive. dispositive, broader premised. foundations disagreement will, endeavor separately. predict statutes, inf task, performed presenting inquiries arise. 383 uncertainties surface, unmistakably importance. removes bars heretofore happy countable constitutes, visible consequence measurable, significance, shattering collection root decisis, federalism, importantly—separation 384 clearest documents barrier brushes unbroken reaffirming pervasiveness invalidates staggering States2 nullified. numerous wipes existence, denies policies prerogative amend 385 encroaches branch—both federal—to citizenry prohibitable sort branch ill-equipped. Throughout admonishing bench self-restraint, expansive rubrics. recall name questions, subordinated local extent. proved, measure, Court—I 386 obstacle Fifth, Eighth, part: infamous Jury .; twice limb; deprived 388 Government's grand indictment. proscribes discern meaning, elsewhere.3 restated since, J.). references provided, 112. prohibitions power; Government. foreclosing sealed writing. designed dynamic gain authors. broad hallmarks variance language. confirm adjudication relevant. weighing case-by-case precedent, fiat. Petitioners focusing aside. premised invoked, infliction, pretended prisoner' (id., 137, 345) 393 345. 394 sentence. habeas corpus relief Yrok, Yrok Amendment.4 Fuller, Electrocution investigation, science 444, drew execution: 395 'Punishments 396 674, malfunction, Louisiana's electrocute murdered Reed, concurred Vinson denied. Again questioning propriety 397 protects extinguish humanely.' 463 treating divided.' 469—470, 378—379. 400 401 lawful Electrocution, instantaneous, conformity all-important instantaneous reduced, itself.' 474, 381. (original emphasis). affirmance Justices. narrowest frontal unarticulated validity. repeatedly recognized. stipulating 597 (1958); 382, 409, 566, (White, joined Holmes, dissenting).5 1476 J.); 676, 1425, (DOUGLAS, penalty.6 anomalous petitioners—'evolving society' (356 598)—should derived unqualifiedly arguments. flatly: 406 'At outset, index 407 forfeiture deserter 'over hill' willingly surrendered. relatively denationalization,7 penalties: 'While (Eighth) Fines, depending enormity technique bounds suspect.' 409 plurality's disclaimers offhand dicta theose direct Frankfurter's denationalization concededly offense.8 410 precedents Court—Witherspoon supra—are regulating deliberations cases,9 'singularly academic exercise(s)'10 'we 1467.11 411 unswerving spanning hundred touched affirmatively, tacitly assumed, asserting point. Stare doctrine founded applies endorsing interpretation. Green 189—193, 632, 645—648, 672 oft-repeated unchallenged summary disposition merit respect.12 resolve heavy burden. 412 reasoning withstand analysis. 597—598, 630: 413 '(T)he static. 414 doctrine. McKenna sitting six-man 'progressive'; 'fastened offered concurrence 469, 422. 'treating accepted.' 415 convenience same.13 constitutes evolve. Neither pillorying, branding, cropping nailing colonial era.14 Should, prescribed, enjoin 1968). Likewise, approve implementation alternatives. crimes.15 242, 1484, 416 permissibility asked, submission Either relationship Petitioners' exclusion. unprecedented depravity precipitate decency, abandon refined precedents. evolutionary end; revealed. 417 clarity assuming, come. leeway importance, temptation understandably propound subjective rubric (Warren, C.J.), 119—120, 607—608 470—471, 379—380, 378—379, (McKenna, 418 dictating self-restraint branches. peculiarly sphere bodies. 519; encroach counseled utmost reticence. choices, performance characterized gravest delicate perform.' Blodgett Holden, 142, 147—148, 105, 106—107, (1927) 419 graver instead overturn fullest range adapt frequency'? eloquent separation admonition Trop. articulation takes undertakes nullify four-fifths 420 challenged, referred. determination, sits co-ordinate itself—as system—the 421 'Rigorous observance power—between prudence—requires alert appreciation subtle coalesce. disciplined adhere difference. aloof want prevail, disregard observe fastidious giving politic. essence oath, do.' 607—608. White's 555. function, requires, offend obligation scrutinize above—the encroachment considerations, demonstrations formidable obstacles insuperable. Viewed perspective, short. 423 premised, long-accepted skill persistence, 'objective indicators' progressed 424 Briefly summarized, proffered following: (i) worldwide disuse penalty;16 (ii) reflection scholarly treatment;17 (iii) decreasing decade;18 (iv) imposed;19 (v) affairs.20 incomplete touches presentation. propositions. contend, survives application, contentions, constituting ensuing sections. 'objective' 425 overriding discount ignore. people's catalogues salient Forty States,21 I. 339—341. mean, arena. January, assassination. assassinations. 1751. Additionally, carries BLACKMUN's impressive ease approved. 413. converse side, floor.22 426 reconsideration N.Y.Penal 125.30 (1967). 427 pause urging experience. Canada23 Britain,24 York's reflecting, deems interest. follow.25 428 referenda—a supply Oregon 1964.26 margin.27 1968, advisory referendum, voters likewise 64% Illinois penalty.28 National Reform reports committees Maryland Jersey Florida retention.29 Professor Hugo Bedau compilation sources America: 429 inferred dozen emerged Delaware floor wasn't close.'30 430 refutes 431 reflecting Brennan Marshall, 432 penalty' juror's 433 opposes favors obey oath juror. Guided standard, 434 '(O)ne .'31 435 discern, 1960's returned excess 10% estimate accurate,32 totals society.'33 worthy constant figure 1970—127 sentences—is 1961.34 expected rise, constant, increases country.35 constancy unwillingness punishment.36 436 submission, bodies, referenda responsibility—do contention passionately articulate spokesmen amorphous ebb flow volatile periphery—not core—of legislative, judicial, function. 437 salvage diffuse opposition. uninfluential minorities—'the powerless, ugly socially unacceptable.'38 assures uninformed unconcerned Implicitly, concedes unsoundness contention, IV, citizenry, offended enforced dwith registering balance, far-reaching prediction hypothetical assumptions realistic. 439 impermissibility basing magnitude speculation, deep-felt mid-1930's.39 reaction, undifferentiated rejection, 440 appeals regularly, brutish revolting occur disquieting frequency. sensational receive publicity. publicized cases—the senseless assassinations multiple stained history—the exhibited signs 'revulsion' murderers. outcry, murders. arguable murders, senselessness barbarousness, evoke muted 'rich powerful.' greater, wealthy killer sympathetic figure. dissatisfaction 441 digression speculations appealing seem. 442 projection undeniable backgrounds. two-pronged. extension pursued suppressed callous middle rationalization 443 demonstrates, troubling aspect. 'poor, underprivileged,' 'shocking justice' 365—366, 369. rationale, calls illuminates quicksands base contradictory predicated influential elements tolerates indifference sentenced. educated intolerable. portrayal attitude; uneven grow ignorance. significantly, supposition what, flaw. 444 heavily impoverished underprivileged 'have-nots' pressure constraints tragic byproduct deprivation, proportions logic admits deprivation 'life' 'liberty.' violence. causes incidence 'minorities poor' cured viable sanctions ameliorated happen underprivileged. plagued frustrating create 'poor,' 'minorities' 'underprivileged.'40 445 today—is 'standards decency' 'arbitrarily' implicit' discriminatory. 249. protection, arbitrariness. 309—310.41 sentencing, 'standards' unmistakable reassess Term. dedication entrusting 'untrammeled discretion' 1467), defective lights defendant, singled established. Circuit writ tending pronounced disproportion receiving parts South. excluded Maxwell's Blackmun, Circuit, petitioner's interesting disposed situations. Like feel pertinent 448 ready nto upset theories injustice. 449 suspicion decades recognizable automatically invalidate present. 146—148. indefensible, handed discriminated against. raising Constitution's mandates courses 451 appropriate. bias segregation contributed interracial represent 'evolved' favorable accused, 452 1036, 717, 727, interests. support—in arising it—for deem cruelly (e.g., 519), (see VII, infra), afford stringent efficacious. 454 Secondly, justifications. competency branch, 599; 470, 553—554; 449, 934. consider, expressed, retribution—though centuries—is unworthy impermissible. (1949), 'Retribution Reformation jurisprudence.' 1084. 457 clear, altogether. details crime.' 244, 1081. motivation retributive, judge's sentence.42 Marshall 530, 2153, therapeutic rehabilitative effects.'43 458 sense, Denning, Master Rolls Appeal testified British Punishment: 459 'Many inclined deterrent: expresses doing; adequately mistake reformative preventive else. manslaughter, disqualify driving; outrageous wrong-doer deserves not.'44 Denning approvingly Commission's Report, retribution.'45 instincts 'serves law.' 308. respectable jurisprudential country,46 contrary.47 sides infrequently, arise transgressor. 461 Deterrence widely. retentionists.48 Statistical trends deterrent.49 conclusion,50 pointing agreement 462 reach, follows. Prima facie stronger normal beings (though evidence) operate uniformly, negligible. perspective exaggerated estimates penalty.'51 drunkenness. lacked foundation. case: 464 long-standing raging appreciate 531, 2153. 465 section, presumptively prerogative, enactments cases.52 profoundly body, irrationally. 466 rape.53 inhumane, 698, Vermont's $6,6000, 54-year jail paid. dissent, Fourteenth, 'all charged.' 699.54 467 wrists ankles Finding condition down. disproportionality—that crimes—has 597; 50, (1903). 468 rationale gauging opinions—grossly disproportionate—emphasizes circumspection. punishments—authorized juries—in empowered implementing usurp 469 Operating limits, declare rapes. witnessed States.55 known: intrusions privacy victim; accidentally; unpremeditated; injury; consequences; real present.56 altogether, 470 lacks inapposite inconclusive.57 sordid, demeaning, humiliating, physically psychologically traumatic, condemnation. frequency alarmingly,58 retains. 471 applications disproportionality suggested. Recently Fourth 786 'endangered.' Haynsworth, panel's separately denying Maryland's petition rehearing joinder. endangered, suffered 'grievous harm.' 794. (1963) (dissent certiorari). 472 tests raise problems. found? violence comfort struggle. blade subduing victim. assailants threatened DOUGLAS' 252—253. alternate harm, application. objectively gauge duration trauma ascertainable date 473 groping install tribunal peculiar factually creating category. Specific (and well) imagined painfully activist reforming dictated pervasive VIII 474 cases: deprives legislate future, cloudily outlined Meanwhile, foreclosed. process, opportunities ballot (as Colorado),59 shut off. 475 sobering disadvantage universality permanence enduring responsiveness revision change: corrected refinements perfected. England60 Canada61 choices canvassing competing views, revisions experience.62 476 abolished. commission's recommendation follows: 477 Where retained, even-handed expeditious. administer abandoned.'63 478 recommendation, relevant, State.' hint branch. introductory commentary report sharp division (existed) abolition.64 Again, matter. suggestion members, resolved stroke Court.65 Similar others.66 480 differ, studies—both elsewhere—suggest classic oft-announced allegiance restraint. delicacy attached legislation—state federal—is grounds.67 Many regret, frankness effectiveness. decry impatience slowness, unresponsiveness, intrusion Rarely heed Oliver Wendell Holmes. reminded Trop: 481 (Mr. Holmes') thirty reminder art stood bulwark unwisdom excesses moment.' 128, 612. 482 483 founded. fell swoop consign limbo varied mutiny, highjacking, enemy. rationale—the cases—join co-exist judiciary, insulated duly branches government? 484 Hamilton's Federalist Paper Marshall's Marbury Madison, Cranch (1803). oft-told bears summarization more. Sovereignty resides adopting adding amendments instrument, Governments. Courts assess, enacting runs afoul body. spoken agent 485 wisely worlds, self-government 486 conforms particular, Stone mind: 487 '(W)hile restraint, self-restraint.' 78—79, 312, 325, (1936). 488 Rigorous enjoined beguiles goodness, truth, Judges authority, desires. sparing remotely roving commission, philosopher Mill observed: 489 mankind, rulers fellow-citizens, inclinations energetically incident Liberty (1885). 490 Human women, are. mistakenly sustaining wrongfully depriving letting democratically standing representative assembly, connection best. 491 avoided, approached deepest humility genuine Today's respectfully submit, attributes. ignores ago Baldwin Missouri: 492 anxiety sky undesirable. carte blanche prohibitions. literal case; extended artificial signification, remember pass.' 586, 439, 1056 (1930) observation laws: 494 disable experimentation.' Ashcraft 143, 174, 921, 935, 1192 (1944) 495 Papers checks balances. holders expand expense erecting balances usurpation 496 ablest 51: 497 controul governed; oblige 498 Madison's Branches. overreaching Branches sacrifice protections Constiution secure themselves. Clauses 'never destroy themselves.' Mitchell, 260, 265, 499 Madisonian shall, motives, Framers. implied, review. reached, implied affirming Furman's Jackson's 501. affirmed 932. Inflicted:' 845—846 M., Sess. 2; Historical Documents, 1660—1714, (A. Browning 1953). KF105 F3 Thorpe, Constitutions 3813 (1909). Delaware, Maryland, Hampshire, Carolina. 4, 569; 1688, 1892; 2457; 2788, 3101; 3264. Set XXXIX—XLI. (1789). axiom, amendment. silent protest undue exemplified prosecutions forgery bank-notes, felony. proved. verdicts Guilty. changed; substituted forger acquittal criminal. refusing has, Russell, 'been amending bad professional bigotry, made, prevail England." Forsyth, History Trial 367—368 1971). applauded. stealing shillings (finally 1827, Geo. 27) Lords 1813, Ellenborough 'If Lordships ask, maintained, exemplary suited inflicted? How, repealed, cottages industrious poverty protected? peasant, wife labours, articles furniture clothes besides backs, safe? (B)y Crown require, satisfied, object attained expenditure. termed, bloody admit. Can description Bill? Your small; law; induced consent repeal, beg plundered property destroyed midnight repealed existence:—a retail trade commercial depends; jeopardy.' Debate Lords, Apr. Pages 23—24 (Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, Paternoster-Row, London 1816). 3243, Cong.Celler, 8414, stay contains finding: 'Congress hereby question— amounts fourteenth Constitution; minorities, 'and, naive 'meted antithesis barbarism.' Paolucci, Times, 27, 1972, col. Loebs, Harry Thaws, Sheppards Finchs strata, despised. highlights, correctness Brennan's joined. 1487. 'among imposed,' post, 309—310, 'there penalty) not,' White, 313, agreement—then 'capital purposely variation next, (that) mechanism consciously maximized choice.' 1488, 1790. 1792. Challenge Free Koeninger, 1924—1968, Delin. 132, Bedau, (1967 rev. ed.), RACE OFFENDER BY FINAL DISPOSITION Total Disposition % Executed 88.4 79.8 82.9 Commuted 11.6 20.2 17.1 100.0 X2 = 4.33; P than'.05. (For symbols, 469). 'Although host distribution, operated indict association executions; appearance Pardon Board. Too immeasurable relationship. Negro/high-execution statistically avoided. appeared, allayed; relationship, 'proving' differential Boards 1914, existed.' Wolfgang, Kelly, Nolde printed J.Crim.L.C. P.S. Hartung, Trends Use 8, 14—17 Life 155—160 (1928). Johnson, Crime, (1941). Spellman, Political Theory Ancient India (1964). Drekmeirer, Kingship Community Prettyman, representation doubts Avery (345 559, 891, 1244) saved attorney timely yellow tickets, Aubry (349 814, 1161) claimed, lawyer's ability, lawyers. represented—the attorneys defend hire disadvantage. Fikes (352 191, 281, 246), family scraped together hire. ability. precious hours—the commodity sell—on compensates fee conception indigent toll.' provides: 'Excessive (1962); Gideon Wainwright, 335, 342, 792, 795, 799 (1963); Malloy Hogan, 1489, 1492, 653 (1964); continued: 'But undone.' 447—448 remarks eliciting colloquy, self-incrimination plea, Nicholas, gentleman punishments; tortured to-morrow; infringed disregarded.' Debates, 451. Nicholas' Henry: GEORGE MASON replied torture; himself; used, extorted himself. Another 452. Nicholas colloquy again: NICHOLAS contain prohibition, extorting used; impunity.' restrained: obviously, would. ratification elided reads: determine.' unclear 'seems it.' lashes larceny stolen goods, hour pillory perjury. 16—18, 116. 'feeling constrained thereto incidences 552, taking 'expressed 'fine pillory, wheel' etc.' 'said barbarous—torture like. tyrannical monarchs illustrating 549. stating narrow, Clause: 'This (English) England; confided. (Clause), Congress.' 933 'based laws.' omitted. chain night day. measure. pain.' 'His removed, twelve liberty. forever magistrate, domicil 'authority surveillance,' permission seek, scenes retrieve rectitude. tormenting regulations tangible stone walls, oppress continuity, deprive liberty.' cardinal stands. distress. proscriptions native land terminated. banishment, decried stateless, deplored democracies. disastrous stateless person. obnoxious.' 110—111, concurring): petitioner, minor inconvenience. Nevertheless expatriation—especially upshot—may severe. demoralizing uncertainty, consequent hurt, accompany outcast reckoned judgment.' accompanies character. 'There strips sufferance happens enjoy alien, stateless. enjoyment alien termination deportation. 101—102, Declaration (1689) rise Titus Oates 1685. 'None Oates' impose.' 859 irregularity anomaly extreme.' Territory, 'ha(d) legislation.' 380—381, 554—555, 'contrast' 'exhibit(ed) justice,' virtual unanimity elsewhere, severely, arbitrary, 'unrestrained 369—370, prevailed territory shooting; hence '(o)n 'cruel,' done.' meaning: preceive (punishment).' character.' Pub. 430, (1921) character; known, history.' 362. unlawful?' 479, (1947) 'To ninety abstract, '(w)hether clear.' significance; explicate parsing words. man,' 473, dissenting), 'any shuddering,' 700 Christian country,' ibid. instructive. warned 'against condemnation' 'enforcing view(s) consensus 471, 380. procedure) 'Rooted traditions people." 'repugnant mankind." 376: sentence.' earlier. Wall., perceive (punishment). manifold evils intemperance. sale intoxicating liquors, license, legislatures.' criminal's offenses,' 700. 597: 'Since puishable now, addiction). capital, contends 'jeopardy limb' earcropping, infra. Constitution: conjecture ascribe compass commonly safeguards application.' 639, 159, 887 (1972). J.): 136—137. 'court execution.' 137. McElvaine Brush, 158—159, 156, 158, 971 (1891): Case (electrocution) abridged 'cruelty assertion, meaningless. nondeath (death) statement, non-capital differentiation diverse ways relevant.' Georgia, —-, 1161 (1955) penaity we, strain even, close doubtfully chance.' Stein 196, 1077, 1099, 1522 (1953) (Jackson, accused.' 752, (Reed, Harlan strongly: 'due' novel, negligible, Reid Covert, 77, 1222, 1262, 1148 (1957) result). 45, 55, (1932); Betts Brady, 455, 1252, 1595 (1942); Bute 640, 763, 986 (1948). 1949 1953, 700—789, 246—273 (1953); 1760 Procedures 90th 19—21 (1968) (testimony Duffy); Barnes Teeters, Horizons Criminology 306—309 (3d 1959); Chessman, Ordeal 195—202 (1955); M. DiSalle, Power 84—85 (1965); Duffy Hirschberg, Women 13—14 Eshelman, Row Chaplain 26—29, 101—104, 159—164 R. Hammer, Between 208—212 (1969); K. Lamott, Chronicles San Quentin 228—231 (1961); L. Lawes, 170—171 (1928); Rubin, Penalty, 121, 128—129 Comment, Cases, 1268, 1338—1341 Brief curiae V. Bennett, Duffy, Sarver, Tinsley, Lawrence Wilson 12—14. 309—311 Camus, Reflections Guillotine, Resistance, Rebellion, 131, 151—156 (1960); 68—70, 222—235, 244—250, 269—272 Correction Bluestone McGahee, Reaction Extreme Stress: Impending Execution, Amer.J.Psychiatry Gottlieb, 8—10 West, Medicine Ziferstein, Center Magazine (Jan. 1342 Note, Suffering Sentence Death: L.Rev. 814 lengthy account. delays avail panoply subjected played demands, explored 'still Stephen, Punishments, Fraser's 763 (1864). 1939: 153, 140, 168, 195, 147, 190, 160. 1940 1949: 124, 120, 119. 1950 1959: 82, 62, 81, 76, 65, 49. 1960 1967: 56, 42, 47, 21, Department Prisoner 46, 1930—1970, (Aug. 1967. 1961—140; 1962—103; 1963—93; 1964—106; 1965—86; 1966—118; 1967—85; 1968—102; 1969—97; 1970—127. Commutations 1961—17; 1962 27; 1963—16; 1964—9; 1965—19; 1966—17; 1967—13; 1968—16; 1969—20; 1970—29. Transfers 1961—3; 1962—4; 1963—1; 1964—3; 1965—4; 1966—3; 1967—3; 1969—1; 1970—5. 1961—31; 1962—30; 1963—32; 1964—58; 1965—39; 1966—33; 53; 1968—59; 1969—64; 1970—42. starting Resentences: 1967—7; 1968—18; 1969 12; 1970—14. Grants resentencing: 1967—31; 1968—21; 1969—13; 1970—9. Dismissals convictions: 1967—12; 1968—19; 1969—33; 1970—17. Deaths causes: 1967—2; 1968—1; 1969—5; Executions 1930—1967, (June 1930—1968, 1969); Statistics, 40, 14—15. 1,177 row, institutions. dispositions 524 burglarizing escaping, pistol fired kitchen door outside. version killing: 'They got admit, going folks' caught coming backing wire floor. didn't nobody. gun arrested ran. That's App. 54—55. version: admission deceased, accidentally tripped premises causing off, 254, 629 About himself, black 'Superior Upholstery.' 54. 64—65. Model Project Institute (1959). employ employs shooting. 3% 1930. 10—11. Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Virginia, 50. counterpart Mexico, Dakota, Island, Dakota 1852 respectively, 10; Mexico 18—19. form, virually Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Wyoming misnomer Rarely, ever, parole. ensures consequences. assention parole, 379; 242—244; 258—269; 316—328; 407—409; 421—427. 380; 282—285; 333—341; 421—424. 906. R.I.Gen.Laws 11—23—2. Mass.Gen.Laws Ann., Rev.Code Tit. 2901.09 2901.10. studies—comparing measurable 258—332 rev.ed.). identifying variables. 1275—1292. 395; 346—354. 'imprisonment penitentiary years.' continues leeway. Ga.Crim.Code 26—2001 (1971 rev.) sentenced, 'person five.' 1189. Current 26—1101 11; 293. 26, 20, 1968. 10, former 'small imprisoned.' Statement 93. declined (limited 249—251; 155. Study First-Degree Murder Stan.L.Rev. 1297 389—390 Aikens 68—5027, dismissed Cal.2d 882, 258, 813, 1931, 511. 88, 958, 2060, slightly Parl.Deb., H.L.(5th ser.) 703 (1965) (Lord Chancellor Gardiner). Compare, (1956). 613, 634—635, 117, 131—132 (Mosk, 542, 1787, Frankel, Book Review, 354, 848 Beale's conveyed Reverend Nathaniel Ward Body Liberties Colony. 'For bodilie Barbarous Schwartz, Rights: Documentary 71, Blackstone, Commentaries *376—377. Chitty, 785—786 (5th 1847); Sherman, Inflicted,' 73, attainder ('dead law') concomitant estates corruption blood. attainted inherit hereditaments, possessed, transmit descent heir. Descents obstructed posterity title attainted. *380 E.g., Story, 1903, 650 1891). Trevelyan, (1952 reissue). 854. 855. 860. Granucci relies minister Church proclaimed plot assassinate King perjury, convicted, 2,000 marks, whippings, pillorying defrocking. petitioned Commons petition, King's Bench compel defrocking barbarous, unchristian, Lords. 857—859. author 'severe' 'hard' conclusion. draftsmen misread erroneously Blackstone. 862—865. accompanying text. 840; 276, 278. (1776), (1780), Hampshire (1783). 278; 279, 281; 343; 379. 1876); 447—481. 629, 762, 852, 968. Elliot, 446—448. george misinterprets criticism leveled Annuals 782—783 change, eventually (remarks Hampshire). 'evidently necessary.' borrowed 554—555. 389—413, 558—568. 1476—1477. using mails defraud. concurrent five-year $1,000 count. summarily (1921), second-class mailing newspaper conveying false disloyalty. Brandeis 'punishment' assumption. Brethren; substance, identical Radzinowicz, 185—186 deprivations exceeded Congress' 605. 1420. 551; 19, 1476—1477 610 C.J.): (Goldberg, certiorari); dictum, re-examined. things. permissible, exercise. distorts 'rule four' order. Generes, 93, 113, 827, 838, (1972) wanted catalogue suffice silentio. Ancel, Problem 4—5 (T. 1967); Scott, (1950). 38, 4—5. Hammurabi 'eye eye,' homicide. Block, God Have Mercy 19—33. Alfred (871 901) willfully slayed (1883). Plucknett, Concise Common 424—454 1956). Introduction ed.). Commentaries*377. known. 3; 151, (1948); Myths 'Benefit clergy' mitigated somewhat. arose church originally clergy Eventually 'benefit clergy.' Haskins, New-England, Harv.L.Sch.Bull. 10—11 Compare 48, Powers, Early 1620—1692 (1966). Filler, Movements Abolish Am.Acad.Pol. Soc.Sci. (footnotes omitted). Ibid.; code Penn's 1718. 1682 51, 124. 1794, 'murder degree,' 'willful, premeditated' killings. Pa.Stat.1794, 1777. Pennsylvania's 124—125. Reprinted advice scholar leadership figures. 126—127. 114—116. 127. Davis, Movement America, 1787—1861, Am.Hist.Rev. 23, (1957). 128. treason. 1847. 64, 29—30. 129. 130. 46. 1935. Appendix 372. 199. 133. (1899). Courts, Rev. 201, 204. 72, 134. Nations, Economic Affairs, Pt. II, 82—85, 101—102 prisoner. (McKinney's Consol.Laws, 74. Nine circumstances: Wisconsin. Puerto Rico Virgin Islands 39. are: N.M.Stat.Ann. 40A—29—2.1 (1972); (1967); N.D.Cent.Code 12—07—01, 12—27—13 11—23—2 (1970); Vt.Stat.Ann., 2303 (Supp.1971). invalid. Extensive compilations 39—52 G (Aikens 511 (1972)). break Finkel, Survey Offenses, 43. Ralth 791—792 1970). Hart, Principles Nw.U.L.Rev. 433, (1957); 52—53, 17—18 generally, Reichert, Reconsidered, Ky.L.J. 397, Beccaria, (tr. Paolucci 1963); Archhold, Evidence 11—17, XV—XIX Waterman 7th 1860). 97, 596 Morissette 246, 240, (1952); correct, proper. Vellenga, Christianity 123—130; Hook, Sentence, 146—154. Ehrenzweig, Psychoanalysis Insanity Plea—Clues Problems Responsibility Cell, Yale L.J. 425, 433—439 1275 Revenge?, Dick.L.Rev. (1956); 84, 18. Barzun, Favor 154, 163; 87, 152. Commonwealth Elliott, Pa. 70, 782, (1952) (Musmanno, frivolous. surprise undercut Musmanno 79—80, A.2d, 787: 'One categorically. nadir zenith spiritual anodyne full-hearted aways realization silken cord wishing. extremity dropping precipice desperately crag cling awful eternity silence 'slings arrows fortune,' sweet Attention text, 347—348. Penalty: Reconsideration, 539, 542 59, 20. 117. advantage compare retentionist geographic, economic, cultural similarities. 57, 19. 139, 118. (ALI) (1959); Morris, Thoughts Wash.L.Rev. St.Bar (1960). 98, 21. child lunatic, 22; Laws, Crimes, Executions, 61. Sutherland, J.Crim.L. Crim. 522 (1925); ALI, 73. forcefully 373. 374. 349—351. Accord, Vold, Extent Trend 34. Guillot, Abolition Restoration Missouri, 351, 359; Cobin, 359, 371—372. 38—39; 353; 130—136, 116—118. suspect; jure preceded distorted 23; 346—349; Hayner Cranor, Washington Graves, Doctor Looks Med.Arts Sci. Dann, Deterrent Effect Bull. Friends Service Series, Philanthropic Labor Yearly Meeting (1935); Savitz, 135, 112; Hearings, 80, Duffy), (statement West); Reik, Compulsion Confess McCafferty, Major Fed.Prob., (Sept. 1961). outlet suicidal impulses notoriety, example. Gerstein, Prosecutor Hoover, Statements 130; Younger, Sharp A.B.A.J. see, Symposium Attorneys' Assn. N.Y.L.F. 249, (1961) Herman, head bureau City Attorney's office). 56—58; Does Protect Municipal Police, 284; McGee, Seen Correctional Administrator, 1964); International Penitentiary 70—72; Prison Homicides, Akman, Homicides Assaults Canadian Prisons, 168. 144, 119; Eshelman Riley, 486—491; 72—79; Question Deterrence, 267. 1282—1283 123. Med.Arts. 60, 20—21; Schuessler, Influence Patterns Homicide enhanced premeditating hired plots acquitted dependable police. 444—445 anybody act, complicated 271—272; U. Toledo L.Rey. ironic Address Canadian. Feb. Crim.L.Q. 36, (1966); Proceedings Section ABA, Aug. 24, 1959, (M. DiSalle). Stephen's weigh conform footnote explains 486—491. Duncan 145, 149, 1444, 1447, 154. 214, 226—228; Caldwell, Retained?, Selective Factors Forces mentally entity metally disordered patients Cruvant Waldrop, Murderer Institution, 35, 48; 13—14; Bailey, Rehabilitation Row, 556. Thomas, Take 1965). 1098, 1261—1262, (Harlan, Slovenko, (Sometimes) Antioch Review Caritativo 1263, 1531 strange Arnold, Symbols 10—13 (1935). 363. 116, 13; parallels substantive Packer, Making Fit 1071, 1074 difference, irrational. merge manner: (i.e., life), Johnson Zerbst, 458, 462, 1019, 1022, 1461 (1938), U.Calif.L.Rev. 1324—1354 reiterates Amendment—i.e., interests asserts fine. determinations challenging marshaling greater. convinced Rosenberg, 583, (CA2) (Frank, J.), 652 Kasper Brittain, 92, (CA6), 834, 54, ('shocking justice'); Mich. 634, Northwestern KF135 N69 591, 592 ('shock people'). Repouille 1947), Schmidt 1949), Learned Hand 'good time.' 153. Frank, Rosenberg 'attitude ethical leaders.' 608. 520, showed 42% 47% fluctuation. Do Think Penalty?, 231—241. turns undercuts American. Lack indifference, ignorance preservation desirable, desired. indifferent uninformed, really utility, morality, attractive face, ignorant electorate. 1076 Gold, Psychiatric J.Forensic 465, Koestler, Hanging Hirshberg, 257—258 Alexander, 96th Association, Baltimore, Md., Justice: Aspects, 405, 414; Sentences Jersey, 1907—1960, Rutgers 18—21, 52—53 Clark, Hochkammer, Controversy, 361—362 95, (1941); (195); 69, 98; Williams, Crisis 501, Wolfgang Cohen, Race: Conceptions Misconceptions 80—81, 85—86 Nolde, Comparison Among Admissions Douglas explores length, 249—257. Sociological Analysis Homicide, 74, 75. startlingly disparity, 67, 97—98. 411; 1903—64, Ore.L.Rev. 1960, R.Clark, 256—257 Carter California; Composite Portrait, 124—125 11—12. Borchard, Convicting Innocent Guilty Gardner, Updated: Resort None innocents abstracted occurring 1893 wrongful alleged doubt.' Murder, Errors 434, 438. Md.L.Rev. (1971); Wrongful Convictions, Rocky Mt.L.Rev. (1940); Pollak, reviews instance hangs balance. wonders 'Those efficiency machine—errors punished. ten 'Yet sad cog machine slips: fails; identifications made; wield itself—the officer, witness, prosecutor, juror, judge—become overzealous venal witness.' Foreword, 11—12 'incredible lag' investigation methodology resources utilize Lassers, Proof Guilt Cases—An Unscience, chances Ehrmann, 1961) (quoting Glueck Harvard University). speculative, correct. pillorying. Whence knowledge? intuition wholeheartedly POWELL's offensive. public. thought, contact philosophies. learned morality. vast encountered, costs, weight. objective, 'ethical confused solve opining hapless executed; vague vengeance; things, care, urgently disagree. killing, hatred eradicate utilizing constitutional. served? none. hardened, embittered basest bloodlust. earnestly Symbol Morality, abolition; jure. 330; 9—10 Patrick, Status Perspective, 10—17, 63—65, 83—85, 96—97; E peace escaping confinement. "unrelated" employee duties Partial voted Based 1930-1968, imposition. at. 25. Mich.* Ind. Minn.* Wis.* N.D.* S.D. Neb. Year... Rate Ex. 5.5 6.9 4.7 ** *** 4.2 7.9 6.4 4.4 4.9 4.3 7.3 5.7 3.6 4.5 6.1 7.8 4.1 7.1 7.4 8.1 6.6 3.8 4.0 1926.....10.4 8.6 5.8 8.2 6.3 7.0 8.3 3.0 6.7 9.3 6.2 9.0 6.5 5.1 5.6 7.7 3.4 5.2 4.6 .1 4.8 1945..... 1.2. admitted registration 1923, 1924, respectively. 1939. 28. 32-34. 25, 852—860 Earlier drafts illegal.' wording inadvertent 316—318. intimated 242—245, minorities. dramatically premium Richard 1826 felonies mayhem, Benefit exemption expanded assistants clergymen, male read. 'nonclergyable,' uneducated seq. 448, 451—452. Am.J.Psychiatry 1903 1891); Cooley, Limitations 694 (8th 1927). Joseph (ed. Hogan) (1955). (cert. dismissed, 38. plainly, Black's publication report, 91—644, 1891, Oct. 91—452, XI, 1102(a), 956, 844(f)(i); 580, Sept. 412—413. 1966 polled 11% 51% favor, 40% opposed, 9% Erskine, Polls: Opinion Quarterly plays Available determination. Kalven Zeisel, ranging 1961; 1970. obtain, 15% 20% authorized. 11, Division Corrections, Seventh Biennial (July 1970) 435—436 considerably lower. 83; Partington, Incidence Wash. Lee 43—44, 71—73 conclusory '(t)hose unacceptable.' 51. undermine noticeable blue collar defendants; First-Degree-Murder 434—449 racially suggest, Va.L.Rev. defendants, form. (1886); Gomillion Lightfoot, cover periods systematically Data vintage essential. 138, vacated, survey irrefutable imposition, 69—5030; 5031. territorial 2031. Alabma, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Nevada, Virginia. (1789) Livermore). electrocuted chair, executioner threw switch. difficulty, issued fixing double addict exceeds curbing addiction. 1075 Aims Law, Contem.Prob. Limits Sanction 37—39 Reason 41—44 (1950); 52, H.L.A. Morality 60—69 (1963). Retentionist Abolitionist ed.); Allen, Punishment; Mine, 457; 265—266. (Marshall, J.) (plurality Menninger, 206—208 puunishment infirm. wake 309—310; 312. ante WHITE. allows 'more categories' he, regularized aggregate alternatives equivalent. 1466 16. violence, dockyards arson (Abolition Penalty) basis. Pub.Gen. Acts, 1577 (Nov. 1969. H.C. 1294 1298 H.L. 1317—1322 Canada experimental Stats. 1967—1968, Eliz. 145. Northern Securities 401, 487, 679 (1904) Minn.Stat. 609.10 Minn.Laws 1911, 387. Trenerry, Minnesota 163—167 think, behalf continuing, reappearing conviction. decisional opinion11 rightness advisability judiciary. note, worth, 920(a).' comment. abreast ideas, lifetime 'Some sanctimonious reverence, ark covenant, touched. age human, well; belonged deserved present; forty book-reading; themselves, dead. hand mind. developed, enlightened, discoveries truths disclosed, manners pace times. wear coat fitted boy, regimen ancestors. examples, weakly generation care ordering sister essays unexperienced, wise, virtuous, well-meaning councils. lastly, periods.' Letter Samuel Kercheval, 1816, Writings Thomas 40—42 (Memorial 1904). (requires) 256. devise withstanding reserving 307), assuring 310), acceptable. references, summarize thoughtful emphasis undecided. Island's statute—murder prisoner—is mandatory, presentation 316—328. 389—409, 558—566, 839 protecting standard—for process—was exerted 'within institution.' th se. Irrespective 'incorporating' (1968)), opinion), Warren's 'Death well-known painful, 566. III, sanctioned day.' Independence. dialectic death?' 611. 306, 1517 Respondent 69—5031, 'now McGautha' 248), dissimilar tack merits, disposes implementation, McGautha's distinguished. 399—403. precedent. includes participated Wilson, 417, 427—428, 940, Working Papers, 1351 legion. Representative collections Minutes (1949—1953). 1930—1970 1971) (191 1960's; (1967) ('(t)he applied'). concede, Miranda Arizona, 1602, Mapp 643, 1684, 1081 amplifying reduction Fay Noia, 837 Townsend Sain, 293, 745, 770 remedies postpone authorities—judge jury—in (hereafter NPS) facilities pendency appeals. Accepting NPS minimum, 1,057 1960's. NPS, nationwide ratio estimated Tr. Oral Arg. 11. Others correlation. (1964) (one 20%, California); (between 1916 1955, Jersey—about 20%; 1956 sentence—also 20%); Ziesel, (1966) (21 mid-1950's); 1783 97—98 (reprint Punishment). judicially. Hearing experiment England—abolishing official, piracy. undertook 1965. Pub.Gen.Acts, 1577. 1969, arson. 233. 65% penalty). 1365. 232. 341, 356—359, 587, 595—596 (1969), Connecticut sessions 'specifically 1775. 201—202, 1464, 711; 1086, (1949) (Murphy, dissenting) ('(i)n community'); Science 443, (1972), FBI, Reports—1970, 7—14 probative relevance, corroborate sentencing—opinion 'fairly 520 (1966 opposed); 1781 (1969 retention—the 1960); 231—241 34—35 'moratorium' supra), constitutions. Every (People Alabama Arizona Kentucky Missouri Nebraska Nevada Carolina Oklahoma exposition, 'evolving standards' rubric. Crook, La. 961, 967—970, So.2d 475—476 Bartholomey Md. 504, Alvarez, 358, 366—367, 746, 751—752 Pace, N.M. 364, 371—372, 204—205 1970); Dickson, 573, 575 (CA9 1963), 957, 1637, 33, incorporated reference. 5003, 11—12; thesis: 'If, palpable revolted, forthwith atavistic supra). classifiable 'underprivileged.' prey remunerative life. 'underprivileged,' 'poor' 'powerless' inexact, connotations vary viewpoint user. 'meaningful not.' handled petitioners—as (1952), 'tardy unfinished substitution prosecution.' 251, 243. invasions retribution.' 248. Massiah 1199, 1203, (noting 'profound deter, cure'); 1424, insistence pound flesh'); Ct.Cl. 856, concurring) ('(p)unishment presupposes exacted'). 53, Contemp.Prob. collected 1297—1301 1358—1359. Karl Menninger 190—218 1352. 19—52. countervailing studies, 1354; 265—266; 455—460 68, 24. justifications—was impliedly centered elucidated. penalty—retribution, etc. 284, 1506. hollow indeed. Brewer, 550. indicative seriousness viewed, MacDonald, Rape—Offenders Victims 63—64; 1077 314; Chambliss, Types Deviance Effectiveness Legal Sanctions, Wis.L.Rev. 703. (during 121%). text Recent underline preferability Assembly. hours defeated 59. N.Y. undone absolute, flows (chaired Katzenbach, States). States'; 'impossible crimes'; '(w)hatever undesirable justice'; '(a)ll situation intolerable.' Presidential subscribed quoted. Institute, study, Advisory 18—2. Council evenly divided Institute's implementation. ALI (Tent. 1959). 148, 107, 612 dissenting): bounded prudence discerning restraint.'

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