Legal Document

451 U.S. 232 101 Supreme Court Reporter 1657 68 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 58 State of ARIZONA, Petitioner,v.William Dale MANYPENNY. Number 79-621. Argued Nov. 10, 1980. Decided April 21, 1981. Rehearing Denied June 15, See 452 955, 3100. Syllabus Respondent was indicted in an Arizona state court for the commission a crime. Because charge arose from act committed while he on duty as federal Border Patrol Agent, respondent, pursuant to 28 Code KF62 § 1442(a)(1), removed case Federal District Court. After jury trial, guilty verdict returned, but ultimately sua sponte concluded that respondent had valid immunity defense and entered judgment acquittal. The appealed, Appeals dismissed appeal lack jurisdiction, holding, inter alia, criminal proceeding under 1442(a)(1) arises law, accordingly is controlled by law. only Congress can authorize prosecution it not done so. rejected suggestion Arizona's authorized 1291, which confers jurisdiction courts appeals over all final decisions district courts, except where direct review may be Held : In 1291 adverse if statutory authority seek such conferred Thus, because law here, removal does alter nature conferred, must allowed post-guilty-verdict Pp. 239-250. (a) statutes, construed when claims trial has exceeded its or abused discretion, claim this case. 239-240. (b) Respondent, obtaining forum, fully vindicated policies supporting removal—permitting merits state-law question free local interests prejudice enabling defendant have validity his adjudicated forum. No further purpose statute would served denying right very available On contrary, anomalous conclude State's appellate rights were diminished solely removal. 241-243. (c) This Court's prior restricting availability predecessors Government seeks flow tradition requiring prosecutorial affirmatively sanctioned same sovereign sponsors prosecution. intention restrict power area adequately addressed legislature responsible spoken express terms, legislative enactment been authoritatively sovereign's highest court. Section neither compels nor forecloses taken prosecutor. Instead, provision permits do so rely combined with authorization Legislature. circumstances case, no more required. 244-249. 608 Reporter, 2nd 1197, reversed remanded. Daniel Jesse Smith, Tucson, Ariz., petitioner. James D. Whitney, respondent. Justice BLACKMUN delivered opinion 1 officer, charged officer's motion, tried issue presented whether entertain acquittal after guilty. 2 * Atlantic 3 William Manypenny employed six years Agent Immigration Naturalization Service (INS). moonlit evening March 1976, fellow Gerald Wayne Hjelle assigned patrol Sweetwater Pass, located land Pima County, approximately 10 miles Mexican border.1 INS officials knew Pass frequently traveled aliens illegally entering States. While patrolling colleague expected stop any person suspected being alien arrest could produce lawful entry permit.2 Both agents wore plain clothes, customary work rugged desert area. Tr. 248-249, 293. 4 Three males traveling north along trail respondent's electronic sensor system signaled their approach.3 Following standard procedure, stationed himself near path emerged canyon onto higher ground. took position some 100 yards south, bluff overlooking out sight path. plan called illegal alien, identify himself, conduct brief inquiry determine suspect's status, approached behind. 5 three men saw Hjelle, who ordered them stop. Id., at 16-17, 283-284. Before, begin questioning one turned ran back south toward border. shouted him halt. 174. When fleeing man failed stop, fired shotgun blasts direction. One hit fugitive buttocks, causing multiple wounds. 105-106. Another struck upper spine, severing cord leaving quadriplegic. 87-88, 93. B 6 Superior assault deadly weapon, violation Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. §§ 13-249 A (Supp. 1973).4 INS, 1442(a)(1),5 Arizona. before jury, returned. then timely moved or, alternatively, new trial. Fed.Rules Crim.Proc. 33 34.6 granted motion indictment; did ground assert lands. 7 Record 7-8. immediately reconsideration; also matter advisement. App. 36-38. Nine months later, vacated previous order arresting judgment. 445 F.Supp. 1123 (1977). reconsideration held retained within exterior boundaries.7 Having determined properly exercise claim, proceeded construe Rule 34 acquittal, Criminal Procedure 29(c). Although raised introduced evidence designed overcome defense, erred failing instruct defense. Relying principles enunciated re Neagle, 135 1, 75, 658, 672, L.Ed. 55 (1890), Clifton versus Cox, 549 722 (CA9 1977), reasoned immune acted color honest belief actions necessary proper execution duties. F.Supp., 1126-1127. applied adduced reasonable found beyond doubt. 1128. presumed set aside. 8 Claiming authority,8 filed notice It invoked court's 18 3731.9 Ninth Circuit, per curiam, citing Sanabria States, 437 54, 98 2170, 57 43 (1978), initially double jeopardy grounds.10 Upon petition rehearing, however, withdrew opinion, Pet. Certiorari 1a, substituted another place. time, divided vote, lacking. 1197 (1979). noted settled precedent Court, take decision expressly Martin Linen Supply Co., 430 564, 568, 97 1349, 1352, 51 642 (1977); Wilson, 420 332, 336, 95 1013, 1018, (1975); Sanges, 144 310, 312, 318-323, 12 609, 610, 612-613, 36 (1892). Emphasizing language 3731, authorizes prosecutor, 9 declined consider provided rather than "only prosecution," F.2d, 1200. general statute, 1291,11 appeal. 1199, n.3. dissenting judge discerned separate bases 3731 1291. 1200-1202.12 11 We certiorari resolve problem created statute. 960, 1644, 64 234 (1980). carries significance federal-state relations, we pay close attention both bearing resolution. II noting occurred court, State, enable obtain seeks. Under review, certiorari, lower discretion. 12-2001 (1956).13 routinely numerous instances exactly like following verdict. See, e. g., ex rel. Hyder (Clifton, Real Party Interest), 128 Ariz. 216, 624 Pacific 1264 (1981); (Moya, 124 560, 606 411 (1980); Dawson 112 123, 538 397 (1975). Allen, 27 Ariz.App. 577, 557 176 (1976); Lopez, 26 559, 550 113 Gradillas, 25 510, 512, 544 1111, 1113 (1976).14 13 sole posed here alters otherwise well-established right, instant first reviewing legal effect 1442(a)(1). examine argument governing permit also, fact, bars 14 fact substantially review. Reasoning brought statutes retain significance. But against officer "arise law" pre-empting sense. Rather, conducts rules procedure applying State. Tennessee Davis, 257, 271-272, 648 (1880). Fed.Rule 54(b)(1), Advisory Committee Notes, U.S.C.App., Pages 1480-1481.15 15 principle entirely consistent underlying proceedings commenced officer. Historically, predecessor meant ensure forum official entitled raise arising duties.16 upon prejudice. Colorado Symes, 286 517-518, 52 635, 637, 76 1253 (1932); Maryland Soper, 270 9, 32, 46 185, 190, 70 449 (1926). enables adjudicated, Willingham Morgan, 395 402, 407, 89 1813, 1816, 23 396 (1969). For these reasons, absolute performed office, insisted policy favoring "should frustrated narrow, grudging interpretation 1442(a)(1)." Ibid. 16 At invocation revise applied. respect, purely derivative form enlarging contracting parties.17 involvement insure limited assuring impartial setting considered during giving full removal, retains regard make enforce own laws. U.S., S.Ct., 637. 17 our system, "[i]t goes without saying preventing dealing crime much business Government." Patterson New York, 432 197, 201, 2319, 2322, 53 281 regulation pre-eminently identified "a strong judicial interference proceedings." Huffman Pursue, Ltd., 592, 600, 1200, 1206, 482 interest enforcing laws comparable respect pursued courts. Cf. 518, plainest vindication application applicable goal ensuring fair adjudication advanced penalized defendant's remove Absent indication intended derogate evenhanded enforcement laws, see justification providing unintended benefit happens officer.18 19 purposes support denial suggest alone establishes Authorization grant jurisdiction. Nor, added conclusion itself fails diminish rights, amount equivalent level. confer independent basis required perfect Petitioner contends part derives Brief 49-58. argues, cannot inadequate, standing alone, Government. 32-40. deserves attention, draws important disfavoring sovereign. 20 litigant armed By addresses identity particular parties proceedings.19 civil appeal, observed occasions that, " 'in jurisprudence, least, cases, are something unusual, exceptional, favored.' Will 389 90, 96, 88 269, 274, 305 (1967), quoting Carroll 354 394, 400, 77 1332, 1336, 1442 (1957). deep roots common generally understood, least country, unless so.20 Accordingly, early days Republic, most refused prosecutors lacked requisite authority.21 21 prudential constitutional contributed tradition. need prosecutor reflected concern individuals should harassment vexation unbounded litigation Jones, Ga. 422, 425-426 (1849); People Corning, N.Y. (1848). underlies ban jeopardy, Webb, 38 Rptr. California (West’s) 467, 476-480 (1869); Burris, Tex. 118 (1848); Hand, Ark. 169, 171 (1845). Burks 16, 2141, 2149, (1978); Fong Foo 369 141, 143, 82 671, 629 (1962). DiFrancesco, 117, 129-130, 426, 433, 66 328 general, concerns translate into presumption lacks absent contrary. 22 announced rule There, exists absence legislation Congress. contained Judiciary Act 1891 satisfy requirement.22 subsequent decisions, reaffirmed enjoys inherent judgment, now DiBella 121, 130, 654, 659, 614 (1962); 400-403, 1336-1338, 96-97, 274-275, (1967); Burroughs, 289 159, 161, 574, 575, 1096 (1933). Sanges progeny read foreclose governmental entity believe broadly construed. holds simply subject citizens continued permitted 323, 613.23 Our continuing refusal assume possesses reflects abiding check Government's possible misuse enormous powers. insisting speak clear voice extending Executive expand prosecutions, applications placed responsibility assertions democratically elected Legislature belongs. assumed defining, broadening clarifying, judgment.24 24 prosecuting congressional grants, justify requirement seeking Nothing logic contains kind. Nor intimation adhering Sanges' principle.25 restriction sovereign, Executive, relevant limit extend constraints. If wishes empower pursue certain conditions, provide, guarantees afforded Constitution. Requiring address explicitly contributes nothing prompt action. There is, short, concluding Congress' neglect specifically impairs acting body sum, context Legislature.26 required.27 III hold reversed, remanded opinion. ordered. STEVENS, concurring. 29 distinction between accept executive's prosecute question. & N Dec. Nationality Decisions agree 1291.* 30 believe, represents. therefore holding 445, 1892, controlling Arizona, situation here. 31 simple analysis persuades me join write separately emphasize lends other 32 BRENNAN, whom MARSHALL joins, dissenting. (1892), governments cases authority. Finding, sufficiently express,1 allow Today, intertwines authorizing writs behalf "sufficiently express" result flouts regulate respectfully dissent. proposes novel "flow[ing] prosecution." Ante, 249.2 find reading inaccurate: my view, plainly requires federal-court government courts.3 stated made "acting authority." 318, 612. Since constitutionally empowered necessarily confines there Therefore, finding sponsoring irrelevant Focusing pertinent wholly barren appeals.4 "says party writ error brought, bring [an appeal]." 613. 35 supported (1926), relied four prohibition chauffeur murder Maryland. defendants petitioned averring they agents5 acts "were discharge duties agents." 22, 187. defendants' subsequently mandamus overturn order. Over objection lie correct erroneous order, writ. Observing "there liberal use [in cases] cases," id., 29, 189, noted: "Except mandamus, [the State] opportunity invoke raise. Judge refusing remand open error, final. 310 [12 445]. . ." 30, 189 (emphasis added). 37 Significantly, then, now, Nonetheless, strength unreviewable6 Virgin Islands Hamilton, 475 529, 530-531 (CA3 1973). attempts deflect force interpreting Soper merely "reflect[ing] awareness doctrine, time thought protect once court." 248, n. 25. clearly incorrect reading, ignores decided, Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause prosecutions. Palko Connecticut, 302 319, 149, 288 (1937).7 until later Benton Maryland, 784, 2056, 707 (1969), overruled apply prosecutions initiated substantive governed 271, (1880), statement referred limitations unfounded. 39 Even terms unpersuasive. concludes permissible "when 249. supposedly anything "express." That provides: 40 "The supreme superior thereof, inferior tribunal, board exercising functions, nor, plain, speedy adequate remedy." (1956) 41 filing special action 4, Rules Special Actions, vol. 17A, (1973). 42 true "has granted" ante, 240, hardly qualifies authoritative construction every cite single investigated intent passing appeals. More importantly, relying state-court allowing undercut rationale justifying today's result. reasons: "Our belongs." 247. 44 difficult understand how insistence satisfied interpretive 12-2001. Indeed, less stringent clarity legislation, see, (1977) ("express authorization"); (1975) authority"); (1962) ("expressly statute"); 399, 1335, (1957) (1933) 612 ("statute right"), surely unprecedented. offered expansive treatment statutes. since convinced "express" provisions logical barrier—under determination what "express"—to appeals, reference 45 again exceptional favored. E. supra, 659; 1336. thought, therefore, especially careful cases.8 274-275 ("the strictly appeal"). abandoned traditional imply—on analysis—authorization one. axiomatic existence specific given type dependent And jurisdictional prevailing product whole history growth limitation ., always interpreted light axiom mandate exist jurisdiction." 47 hard imagine "statutory mandate" fluctuates depending 48 admittedly presents circumstance,9 concededly great temptation it. Congress, changes cf. 97, 5, about southeast Ajo, bounded west Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, east Papago Indian Reservation. undisputed events owned 1325, previously convicted enters improper place misdemeanor. According testimony Mexicans unarmed employment country. 23. part: "A. commits weapon instrument shall punished imprisonment prison ten years, fine exceeding five thousand dollars, both. "B. prescribed subsection A, gun punishable prison, offense, eligible suspension commutation sentence, probation, pardon parole minimum sentence imposed." repealed 1977 Ariz.Sess.Laws, ch. 142, effective Oct. 1978, replaced legislation. 13-1204 (1978). Title "(a) persons division embracing wherein pending: "(1) Any agency him, office account title claimed apprehension punishment criminals collection revenue." 34, maintained shooting occurred. contended attempt unlawfully interfered exclusively regulating immigration. immigration pre-empt applicability instance. 1125-1127. argued 29(c) verdict, Rule's 7-day requirement. Appellant 77-3453 (CA9), 8-11. misapplied sufficient sustain 17-24. provides "In decision, dismissing indictment information counts, clause Constitution prohibits even if, prosecution, accorded nonetheless unreviewable grounds. 39a-40a. Canal Zone, Guam, Islands, Court." dissent reversed. 1205. Appeals' majority, reach merits. view posture intimate Neither occasion decide barred Amendment, enforceable through Fourteenth Amendment. 793-796, 2061-2063, decided Oral Arg. 33. reads: obtained action, speaks consistently abuse 222, 1264, 1270 (1981). Ronan 322, 390 109, 111 (1964); Mahoney Stevens, 79 298, 300, 1077, 1078 (1955). 3, maintains longstanding never questioned Legislature, insufficiently expression obvious precise requested formula automatic fact. "order affecting substantial state." 13-4032.5 formerly 13-1712.5. little provision, furnish additional generally, (Clifton 220, P.2d, 1268; Wynn, 114 561, 563, 562 734, 736 (App.1977). controls aspects several none involved D'Oench, Duhme company Deposit insurance Corp., 315 447, 62 676, 86 956 (1942); Deitrick Greaney, 309 60 480, 84 694 (1940); Board Comm'rs 308 343, 285, 313 (1939); Crain, 589 996 1979). Moreover, each deemed complainant sought contrast, petitioner elsewhere reviewed "long history" federal-officer 405-406, 1815-1816, emphasized safeguard legitimate authority: "[The Government] officers agents, If, thus acting, scope authority, those arrested alleged offense yet warranted possess, powerless interfere protection,—if protection left court,—the operations will members." 263. removals, well parties, acquires though suit originated there. Freeman Bee Machine 319 448, 449, 63 1146, 1147, 87 1509 (1943); Minnesota 382, 389, 59 292, 295, 83 235 Lambert Run Coal Baltimore Ohio R. 258 377, 349, 351, 671 (1922). instructive where, loses Of course, original issue, analogy perfect. Subpart B, infra. enacting current version Statutes-at-Large 1890, manifested barriers 337, argues inform deliberations concerning prosecution's counsels conclusion. might perhaps viewed indicative prosecutor's terms. broad inhibit contrary established policy. uncertainties, resolution grounds, applies beginning judgments reviewable right. Sept. 24, 1789, 84. Later, growing volume threatened overwhelm docket, establish circuit Mar. 1891, 826. H.R.Rep. 1295, 51st Cong., 1st Sess., 3-4 (1890); Cong.Rec. 10220-10222 (1890) (remarks Sen. Evarts). preserving, Act, 827, designated categories 6, intermediate criminal, "unless law." 828. Through succession recodifications technical amendments, carried forward disagreement among scholars whether, England, Moreland, Modern 273 (1959); L. Orfield, America Miller, Cases, Yale L.J. 486, 491 (1927); Note, Procedure—Right Appeal, Ky.L.J. 628, 313-318, 610-612, cited therein. Comment, Tenn.L.Rev. 450-451 (1965). quashing indictment. 322-323, permission follows: act, defining either Circuit Appeals, up grade below favor defendant. impossible presume serious far-reaching innovation jurisprudence States." partially response passed 2, 1907, 2564, 1246, conferring cases. 2119, 59th (1906); S.Rep. 5650, (1907). Sisson, 399 267, 90 2117, (1970), broadened status 3731. 1890. unsuccessfully derive awarded relief challenged legality removing supports ability secure appropriate means remand. 445]." dictum, implies We, adopt sensible namely, Kepner 195 100, 133, 797, 805, 806, 49 (1904); Ball, 163 662, 1192, 1195, 300 (1896). earlier deciding Amendment Dreyer Illinois, 187 71, 85-86, 28, 32-33, (1902), unreasonable assumption 1926. reflect decline (1937), relevance affect character forms analogue choose As above, discretion administered routine manner akin ordinary remedy reserved extraordinary circumstances. regarding note, majority Limited Right Appeal Hous.L.Rev. 735, 737 Similarly, 18, supra. suggests circumstance. anomaly denied "appeals existing [i]n involves States," 827-828, "in preceding section law," finds frustrate statute's primary official's considered. 241-242. candidly admits 244. dealt "[t]he [this Court] rests Congress." obviously give assisting Prohibition Director. conceded "[s]hould part, 445. Unless entertains redress." 12, 185. Palko, thesis "[w]hatever bill (Amendments VIII) equally unlawful 151. "[t]o retry defendant, one, subjects said, life liberty due process State." 150. amended 1971, similar today introduces state, federal, Surely state. suspect

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