Legal Document

529 U.S. 277120 S.Ct. 1382146 L.Ed.2d 265 NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of United States Reports. Readers are requested notify Reporter Decisions, Supreme Court States, Washington, D. C. 20543, any typographical or other errors, order that corrections may be made goes press.CITY OF ERIE, et al., PETITIONERSv.PAP'S A. M. tdba "KANDYLAND" No. 98 1161. SUPREME COURT THE UNITED STATES Argued November 10, 1999 Decided March 29, 2000 CERTIORARI TO PENNSYLVANIA Syllabus Erie, Pennsylvania, enacted an ordinance making it a summary offense knowingly intentionally appear public "state nudity." Respondent Pap's (hereinafter Pap's), Pennsylvania corporation, operated "Kandyland," Erie establishment featuring totally nude erotic dancing by women. To comply with ordinance, these dancers had wear, at minimum, "pasties" and "G-string." filed suit against city officials, seeking declaratory relief permanent injunction ordinance's enforcement. The Common Pleas struck down as unconstitutional, but Commonwealth reversed. turn reversed, finding nudity sections violated right freedom expression protected First Fourteenth Amendments. court held expressive conduct entitled some quantum protection under Amendment, view noted was endorsed eight Members this Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 560. explained that, although one stated purpose combat negative secondary effects, there also unmentioned "impact negatively on message dance." Accordingly, concluded related suppression expression. Because not content neutral, strict scrutiny. failed narrow tailoring requirement After granted certiorari, motion dismiss case moot, noting Kandyland no longer club, did operate such club location. denied motion. Held: judgment remanded.553 Pa. 348, 719 2d 273, reversed remanded. Justice O'Connor, delivered respect Parts I II, concluding moot. A moot when issues presented "live" parties lack legally cognizable interest outcome. County Los Angeles Davis, 440 625, 631. Simply closing sufficient because still incorporated law, could again decide Erie. Moreover, failed, despite its obligation Court, mention potential mootness issue brief opposition, which after closed property sold. See Board License Comm'rs Tiverton Pastore, 469 238, 240. In event, run mill voluntary cessation case. Here plaintiff who, having prevailed below, seeks have declared And defendant invoke federal judicial power obtain Court's review decision. Cf. ASARCO Inc. Kadish, 490 605, 617 618. has ongoing injury barred from enforcing provisions. If found constitutional, then can enforce it, availability prevent being Church Scientology Cal. 506 9, 13. concrete stake case's outcome because, extent resuming operations, preserving below. preventing litigants attempting manipulate jurisdiction insulate favorable decision further counsels mootness. See, e.g., W. T. Grant Co., 345 629, 632. Pp. 5 7. joined Chief Justice, Kennedy, Breyer, III IV that: 1. Government restrictions Erie's should evaluated framework set forth O'Brien, 391 367, for content-neutral symbolic speech. Although "in state nudity" inherently condition, type here falls within outer ambit Amendment's protection. Barnes, supra, 565 566 (plurality opinion). What level scrutiny applies determined whether E.g., Texas Johnson, 491 397, 403. governmental enacting unrelated suppression, need only satisfy "less stringent," intermediate O'Brien standard. expression's content, however, outside must justified more demanding, An almost identical ban violate Amendment five agreed single rationale conclusion. here, like statute face general prohibition nudity. By terms, regulates alone. It does target contains message; rather, bans all nudity, regardless accompanied activity. contends preamble suggests actual prohibit performed Kandyland, how interpreted language. Rather, construed mean effects. That is, aimed combating crime effects caused presence adult entertainment establishments suppressing conveyed dancing. U.S., 382; see Boos Barry, 485 312, 321. ultimate conclusion nevertheless based relied White's position dissent necessarily dance. rejected majority again. argument "aimed" through really illicit motive ordinance. However, will strike otherwise constitutional basis alleged motive. 382 383. Even if minimal effect muting portion occurs last stitch dropped, free perform wearing pasties G-strings. Any overall therefore de minimis. able regulate minimis intrusions cannot render based. Clark Community Creative Non-Violence, 468 288, 299. Thus, valid satisfies test. 7 15. 2. O'Brien's four-factor First, enact city's efforts protect health safety clearly police powers. Second, furthers important government interests regulating harmful associated terms demonstrating pose threat, new studies produce evidence independent already generated cities, so long reasonably believed relevant problem addressed. Renton Playtime Theatres, 475 41, 51 52. rely evidentiary foundation Young American Mini 427 50, even given neighborhood. Renton, fact, expressly discussion including reference Theatres. standard described controls meets relies council's express findings "certain lewd, immoral activities carried places profit highly detrimental health, welfare ." council members, familiar commercial downtown individuals who would likely first-hand knowledge what took place around there, make particularized, expert judgments about resulting Cf., FCC National Citizens Comm. Broadcasting, 436 775. fact sort leeway appropriate case, involves restriction conduct, says nothing whatsoever appropriateness involving regulation Also, requiring wear G-strings greatly reduce requires third factor, expression, discussed supra. fourth factor greater than essential furtherance satisfied well. incidental impact element G-string asserted interests, leaves ample capacity convey dancer's message. 572. 15 21. Scalia, Thomas, disagreed mode analysis applied. self-consciously modeled upheld 560, calculating (one supposed reasonably) courts consider themselves bound question law. survived lower scrutiny, law specifically directed all. Id., 572 (Scalia, J., concurring judgment). too, prohibits merely dancing, act irrespective engaged purposes going public. facts explains purpose, part, limiting recent increase live entertainment, councilmembers supporting commented effect, includes definition exposure devices simulating neither less reach nor demonstrate municipal authorities find objectionable rather nakedness. effort production Equus staged time became effective discriminatory face. assertion counsel trial cover theatrical productions their activity rose higher simply meant enforceable Constitution forbade it. limitation cause generally applicable, sense targeted conduct. singled out unless proved (as record not) communicative character prompted ban. id., 577. There identify "secondary effects" properly seek eliminate. traditional foster good morals, acceptability itself immoral, been repealed Amendment. 6 10. announced Rehnquist, Souter, JJ., joined, IV, joined. judgment, part dissenting part. Stevens, opinion, Ginsburg, Opinion O'Connor Breyer join. 1 banning challenged constitutionality sought 560 (1991), Indiana "strikingly similar" Erie's, respondent's Constitution. 553 356, 277 (1998). raises We hold four-part test 367 (1968). we reverse remand consideration remaining issues. 2 * On September 28, 1994, Ordinance 75 indecency makes nudity."* Pap's, known "Kandyland" featured October 14, two days went into complaint mayor city, members council, enforcement 3 unconstitutional. Civ. 60059 1994 (Jan. 18, 1995), Pet. Cert. 40a. cross appeals, court's order. 674 338 (1996). 4 provisions rights 273 first inquired constitutes nude, itself, conveys 354, 2d, 276. Nude Barnes. Pa., next explaining regulations stringent 377. answer based, turned our 355 277. "is strikingly similar examining," "[u]nfortunately purposes, splintered produced four separate, non-harmonious opinions." canvassing separate opinions, permissible precedential fragmented decision, do agreement concept deemed holding. Marks 430 188 (1977). "aside protection, point agreed." 358, 278. "no clear precedent arises [Erie] passes muster Amendment." Ibid. Having point, conducted examination ascertain "[i]nextricably up 359, 279. As such, imposing criminal civil sanctions those commit sex crimes far narrower means 361 362, 280. Concluding unconstitutionally burdened severed striking entirety. §§1(c) Court. 363 364, 281. Constitution, address claim overbroad. 8 concurrence, justices virtually They reached same result majority, they 370, 284. 9 petitioned writ granted. 526 1111 (1999). Shortly thereafter, operating Respondent's Motion Dismiss Moot 527 1034 II 10 matter, justiciability question. " '[A] 'live' outcome.' 631 (1979) (quoting Powell McCormack, 395 486, 496 (1969)). underlying concern ceases 'there reasonable expectation wrong repeated,' 633 (1953), becomes impossible grant 'any effectual whatever' [the] prevailing party," 12 (1992) Mills Green, 159 651, 653 (1895)). legality action advisory. 11 Here, submitted affidavit stating "ceased Erie." Status Report Re Potential Issue Mootness (Sept. 8, 1999). asserts "[t]he upon Respondent." however. Petitioner's Brief Opposition 3. Scalia differs assessment likelihood resume operation. Several attest, "advanced age" owner (72) "absolutely clear" life quiet retirement his expectation. Friends Earth, Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), 528 ___ (2000). appraisal influenced failure, word opposition petition April 1999, though, points out, sold 1998. 240 (1985) (per curiam). raised certiorari. now 618 (1989). Our here. 632; cf. Arizonans Official English Arizona, 520 43, 74 (1997). close, conclude merits. 13 Being condition. think opinion); Schad Mount Ephraim, 452 61, 66 (1981). 14 determine "whether State's expression." 403 (1989); stringent" evaluating 403; scope demanding analyzed statute, holding Indiana's clarify 16 argues reviewable speech; specifically, counters targets and, content-based subjected 17 replaces updates "Indecency Immorality" books since 1866, predating prevalence Kandyland. 7a; 568. 18 Stevens contend nonetheless language Post, (dissenting language, adopting regulation" 'for City, adversely impacts threatens providing atmosphere conducive violence, sexual harassment, intoxication, prostitution, spread sexually transmitted diseases deleterious effects.' 19 "to effects." 20 Souter "on face, prostitution 585 (opinion sense, O'Brien. burned draft registration card statement antiwar views, he convicted mutilate destroy card. rights, reasoning punished him "noncommunicative else." 382. words, prohibiting destruction cards maintaining integrity Selective Service System resistance burning So too Put another way, attempt primary i.e., audience watching safety, welfare, previously recognized "caused such" establishment. 47 48, 50 (1986); 321 (1988). 21 acknowledged goal establishments, relying proposition approach, another, "unmentioned" adopted dissent's '[s]ince State permits forbids precisely distinctive, performances apply statutory prohibition." 279 592 (White, dissenting)). 22 respondent supports pointing statements attorney intended "legitimate" theater said before, 383; 48 (that "predominate" control "more adequate establish" expression). light determination different where sentiment itself. 23 enacts complete respectfully disagree characterization. certainly particular expressing kind disseminated But define banned "message" assume analyze total Instead, destroying one's Government's (disruption System), though justification message, neutral. cases interferes essentially 24 premise flawed. trying deter 51. 288 (1984), Park camping certain parks applied demonstrators sleeping Lafayette Mall C., connection demonstration call attention plight homeless. Assuming, arguendo, conserving park demonstrators' homelessness. So, while were allowed erect "symbolic tent cities," sleep overnight tents. directly limited involved actually park, 25 Similarly, eloquently plurality 70 (1976), "even recognize tolerate materials arguably artistic value, manifest society's protecting wholly different, lesser, magnitude untrammeled political debate," "few us march sons daughters off war preserve citizen's see" specified anatomical areas exhibited 299; Ward Rock Against Racism, 781, 791 (1989) (even speakers messages others, neutral without 26 Ward. each prevents "secondary" 792 (noting principal sound-amplification guideline desire noise levels bandshell events, retain [the adjacent] Sheep Meadow sedate activities," citing "[a] serves others"). While doctrinal theories behind "incidental burdens" are, course, identical, passing burdens speech) recognizing specific occurrence particularly problematic produces 27 claims today "[f]or time" extend Renton's doctrine justify location enterprise. reliance new, Ward, evaluate sound amplification outdoor bandshell, rejecting contention inapplicable. 804, n. (Marshall, dissenting) ("Today, time, category speech afield decision's original focus"). "total ban" 28 explicitly treated "adult" movie theaters differently theaters, defined solely movies. 44. zoning movies themselves. 48. thought clubs constituted instance 29 30 Applying enact. second substantial interest. undeniably important. "conduct cities" "so whatever addresses." California LaRue, 409 109 (1972), Theatres 52 (indicating describes sufficient). addressing closer core values, accepted local government's belief experience jurisdictions addressing. Nixon Shrink Missouri PAC, (2000) (slip op., 13, 6). Regardless wishes disavow post, part), standarddescribed 31 own findings. states "the Council City has, various times over century, expressed lead debasement both women men, promote serious activity." 6a (emphasis added). Analogizing administrative agency context, well established party opportunity respond, take official notice "legislative facts" special knowledge, confined reaching judgment. 775 (1978); Republic Aviation Corp. NLRB, 324 793 (1945); K. Davis & R. Pierce, Administrative Law Treatise §10.6 (3d ed. 1994). contest throughout proceedings, Yet day, never cast doubt validity proof lacking. absence reason credited. study amicus curiae legitimate Lawyers Association Amicus Curiae 23. 32 Finally, worth repeating especially instructive. require jeopardized knowing mutilation cards. reviewed issuing cards, "Congress wanton unrestrained assuring continuing punishing people willfully them." 378 380. documenting instances efficiency interests. permitted Congress notice, were, jeopardize system. said, freer hand restricting written spoken word." 406. 377; Albertini, 472 675, 689 (finding entering military installation threat security installation); 299 poses property). 33 develop 8. agrees required showing threatened harm real. contends, "there doubt" alleviate flowing 2, 34 evident "intuition," ibid, proper inquiry. say conflates distinct concepts O'Brien: interest, real, opinions detailing experiences attempts denigrate arguing accept "fraught emotionalism," 5. surely drafting citizens "fraught" emotionalism hypothesizes occur "amenable empirical treatment," ignore instead analysis. 6, (referring "scientifically sound" offered show effects). Nixon, flatly idea. 15) "invocation academic indicate" harms real insufficient government). 35 problems sure, questions wisdom chosen remedy, J.), 'city experiment solutions admittedly problems,' 71 opinion)). true as, example, fully clothed, balance necessary 36 final JJ.); 587 (Souter, alternative problem. clear, imposes burden implemented restriction, least restrictive required. 798 799, 6. 37 hold, therefore, remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion. 38 ordered. Notes codified Article 711 Codified Ordinances provides part: 39 "1. person intentionally, place: 40 "a. engages intercourse 41 "b. deviate Crimes Code 42 "c. appears 43 "d. fondles genitals himself, herself commits Public Indecency, Summary Offense. 44 "2. "Nudity" human male female genital [sic], pubic hair buttocks opaque covering; breast covering nipple; device, costume, gives appearance simulates genitals, hair, natal cleft, perineum anal region region; device worn nipples and/or areola breast, realistic areola. 45 "3. "Public Place" owned open public, buildings enclosed taverns, restaurants, clubs, dance halls, banquet rooms halls restricted adults patrons invited attend, admission charge levied. 46 "4. subsection 1(c) shall to: child ten (10) years age; individual exposing process breastfeeding infant (2) age." 49 whom Thomas joins, my view, concludes operations future, petitioners suffered ongoing, redressable consisting invalidation point: Petitioners dispute exists; building located estate developer, premises currently used comedy club. sworn sole shareholder, Nick Panos, "operates active business," "a 'shell' corporation." More Panos swears "employ[s] "maintain[s] contacts "has current dancing," intention future."1 App. Reply representations, offer response very easily get back business. adopts petitioners' line, "could Ante, plainly suffice cases. voluntary-termination originally giving rise controversy conceivably reoccur, behavior expected recur." Concentrated Phosphate Export Assn., 393 199, 203 (1968) met. According Panos' uncontested affidavit, ceased doing business 1998 year certiorari filed. strains credulity suppose 72-year-old Mr. shut securing victory filed, chances statistically unlikely event (not yet filed) might Given timing existing (or business), representation intend invest Pap'sor business, advanced age,2 seems me expectation," remains theoretical possibility, future.3 53 situation indistinguishable obtained (1997), plaintiff-respondent, employee sued enjoin amendment Arizona resigned her public-sector employment. attributable 'unilateral court,' followed usual practice vacating Appeals. 72 Bancorp Mortgage Co. Bonner Partnership, 513 (1994)). 54 rub comes court, entails, according jurisprudence, direct vacatur. 621, consequences significant: dismissal unilateral leave legal disability, large that. provision thus rendering inoperative, prevented respondent, anyone "expressiveness" engaging 55 unfortunate consequence (which avoided, chose vacate become during appeal). authorizes entertain beyond power. leaving erroneous determinations regarding Federal all, unusual. occurred intervening mootness, until 1914 Judicial Code, whenever erroneously sustained challenge, appeal. Compare Judiciary Act 1789, ch. 20, §25, Stat. 85 87 Dec. 23, 1914, 790. short matter suspend fundamental precepts "are case-or-controversy Art. adjudication disputes between adverse parties," Richardson Ramirez, 418 24, (1974), "at stages review," Preiser Newkirk, 422 395, 401 (1975) Steffel Thompson, 415 452, 459, (1974) (internal quotation marks omitted)). 56 Which brings alive: "ongoing injury" duly provision, ability hear below "sufficient moot." cite authority suffices keep alive, evidently ASARCO, III's standing requirements producing sought. assumed challenge entered them court. left undisturbed, "caus[e] direct, specific, 623 624, redress injury, plaintiffs' fatal jurisdiction. 624. 57 dissented 634 (Rehnquist, remain incorrectly decided. purport causation, redressability careful note however illogical been, 635 "remain[ed] adverse," "requisites met," 619, Today drop fig leaf.4 "sufficient" performs neat trick identifying "case controversy" interested party. 58 For reasons above, want resolves threshold proceeds merits, briefly agree 59 U. S voted uphold "not survives all." "limi[t] entertainment," 42a, 13-14, (Stevens, dissenting), 15, (and overwhelmingly likely), preamble, councilmembers' comments, prohibited reflect recently streakers, sunbathers hot-dog vendors, 574 judgment), lap dancers. 60 Hair. Its text limitation. stipulated effective. 84. Notwithstanding Stevens' contrary, see, 12, stipulation, elsewhere record, aware attributed nonenforcement exception productions, complained. Tr. Oral Arg. 16. One play prosecutorial discretion "grandfathered" "[t]o contained [such] rises [covered]," rested "fundamental Constitutional guarantees expression," Paragraph provided severability unconstitutional provisions, 53-54.5 saying (in fend overbreadth 55) oral Court: Surely conduct.6 61 persuaded cannot) When regulated, "[w]here attributes." 577 deleted). object suppress establish intent (if anything) communicates. feel need, does, (I am skeptical, tell truth, addition g-strings tendency attract hence disease.) morals (bonos mores), endorse it) Curiously, averment discusses suggesting ignoring averment. mentioned perjurious raise censure, scant suspicion perjury "insulate ante, 7, asks "[s]everal attest 'advanced age' "does 'absolutely clear' [one's] expectation." tres gallant, misses point. Now heretofore, Justices seventies continue work competently indeed, perhaps better youthful colleagues age imparts. respond citation Member matter) begin career remarkable (for suspects young to) go judge stature, Palm Springs. base expectations alone, combined sale assertion, oath, enter another. significant none assertions contested. Those pertaining noninvolvement seem readily verifiable petitioners. intentions future nature verifiable, credit either believe rendered plausible past actions. Neither condition exists "appear" categorically . [from below] moot," follows statement, sentence, plaintiff, retains "concrete case." Of latter classic existed, resort exotic theory "standing virtue below" entirely unnecessary. follow-up explanation calls counsel's "categorical" exempt, notably uncategorical. Rather compatible rushes assign meaning words bear, initial foot-fault. ought be. correct characterization present argue "carved exception" 14. assured susceptible interpretation carve exceptions them. Contrary "general law" (rather expression) decisions put vice except content. 62 Ginsburg dissenting. 63 Far dramatic changes endorses today. Until now, enterprises indecent Indeed, trivial advancements provide censorship. commendable replace fractured coherent unsuccessful; supported persuasive reasoning. 64 candidly acknowledges, "for City." 9. Prior enactment nude. recognizes, dances "pasties G-strings." 13; also, 4, n.2 part). instances, willing form 7.1 Despite similarity forms dance, identical. 65 Judge Posner's evaluation art form, Miller South Bend, 904 F.2d 1081, 1089 1104 (CA7 1990) (en banc), difference significant. assumes, mandated costume change "de minimis." suspect share plurality's, assumption small. crucial remember, views small, receives lies "outer ambit" assumes miniscule costumes, banned;2 banned. so-called defend use rationale, finds support precedents. Never approved quite end. 67 Detroit placed picture neighborhoods values increases (especially prostitution) name few imposed 54, 71, Essential holding, "nothing films exhibited" limit size market 71; 63, 70, 35. emphasized concurrence: 68 "At most Amendment] minimal. silenced invoked censorship, wish addressed presented, interfere Nor curtailment presentations, audience." 78 79. 69 81, ("[A] specifies locate, significantly number accessibility presenting films, stifles expression"). (1986), surrounding community" 47. noted, altogether," "circumscribe[s] choice location." 46, 48; ("In refrain effectively denying respondents "). ordinances mere "time, place, manner" regulations.3 46; 18; 82, manner "leave channels communication information," (1989), fail test.4 There, dispersal altogether. focused distinction, dancing: "The [in Theatres] affect city; dispersed imply municipality much districts citywide." 76; 77 (Blackmun, concurring) (joining plurality); 79 (Powell, (same). declined straightforward: limits imposition whereas exacting restrictions. fighting presumed sufficiently strong former, weak latter, severe burden.5 perfectly Powell's metaphor convey. censorship laudable ulterior reasons, rejects explicit Schad. 73 permit grave implications basic principles. Ordinarily, laws speech, presumptively invalid. Under today's "happen associated" 320 (1988); subset swallowing whole principle jurisprudence. mishandling approval compounds error dramatically reducing degree furthered critical delicately characterized enormous understatement, concedes "requiring 20. mandatory noticeable titanic surrender implausible. accurate acknowledge, "will disease." judgment); Nevertheless, (1968), "requires effects," 20; thing say, lenient standard" 397 possibility 76 mistaken equating O'Brien; aggravates invoking line 'speech' 'nonspeech' elements course conduct," justifies former. 376. Secondary hand, indirect occur. concentration 'adult' causes area deteriorate focus crime").6 regulation, aim, concentrate nonspeech concerns, thoughts later, unintended consequence.7 same, differences insist aims equally "recogniz[ed]" possibly aim mind. 14.8 apple orange time; fruit. arising other, somewhat imprecise wrestle difficulty strange message.9 "this O'Brien," 9; wrong, citations 781 cake eat test, try doctrine. conflate polyglot. Correct species Posner observed, fits broad, cultural tradition F.2d, 1104; Note, 97 Colum. L. Rev. 1844 dancer component pure sophistry pellucidly "precisely judgment) original); 596 dissenting). censorial precludes belie "almost identical." with, articulates agenda, declaring: 80 "Council adopt Indecency Indiana, vs. Theatre 42a added); 9.10 81 forthrightly admits, "purpose" "limi[t]" invocation obliterate professed aim.11 82 respect. observed construction confine application establishments. 564, (discussing construction); 585, concurring). posture. earlier proceeding asked "what Equus, Hair, O[h!] Calcutta[!]? your things ?" Counsel responded: "No, wouldn't, Your Honor." 53.12 proceed prosecution, awareness production. 84.13 if, broad applicability, different. us, deliberately Kandyland's (to exclusion plays Equus), applicable enforcement.14 83 confirmed Councilmembers measure (of six councilmembers) mainstream include general. lawmaker observed: "We're talking We're we're it's lewd fashion." 39. Though succinct, convictions. member illustrated understanding contrasting recollection high school students swimming school's pool. incidents nudity: "But I'm getting swimming] wasn't indecent, thing, 42. disfavorably compared incident "some clubs" exist covered Ibid.15 comments consistent commentary broader exclusive aim. strain consistency natural reading reflects near obsessive preoccupation law.16 84 "nudity" genitals" regions body) "with covering." 569, duplicates material respects, adds following "nudity": "[T]he areola." 86 Can doubted out-of-the-ordinary Kandyland? Who else don garments?17 stretch embrace fanciful explanations unmistakably identifies target. shadow general, namely, Kandyland.18 tried ground overriding patently dissent. engage eroticism aspect proximity audience. dancers, concurring), "means" conveying follow ways messages. 12. book, available. shows burdensome unpersuasive reasons. just mentioned, restriction. 791; 804 infra, detailed Seattle examined relationship theaters. (It 'detailed findings' summarized" Washington effect.) identified experienced Seattle, logically drew Seattle's solution. suggests, 16), peculiar. solution (pasties G-strings) bearing efficacious remedy (dispersal zoning). pointed depends slightest precise warn performers so. slight dancers' costumes decrease presumably clothing danger remains. recognizes quoting value," regulations. neighborhood "happen[s] with" critically Boos, notion focusing contradiction terms. incidentally burdening wonders why approaches frankly understand declaration "related" Webster's Third International Dictionary 132 (1966) (defining "associate" "closely related"). Sometimes, "caused" "associated ante 16, 19. adopts, obvious issue. 586 (secondary correlation, causation). concurrence 4: "[H]ad [Detroit] concerned purveyed close restrict circumscribe Quite plainly, evinces regulated. states: [found] men 41a. Relying quoted misinterpreted preamble. follows, "We acknowledge That, goal. Inextricably expression: promulgating inextricably linked motivation dancing." categorical forecloses Scalia's Hair "[o]ne instance," [not] nudity," complained." (concurring contended selective applicability text. (selective law's generality). Were otherwise, prohibitions circumvented impunity. stipulation read: play, 'Equus' frontal several weeks October/November Roadhouse Theater play." carved guessed Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. Conrad, 420 546, 550, 557 558 (holding "group simulated sex" production, speech); distinction unobjectionable renders contradict law: "A 'general' regard expressive." 575, (1991) (public nudity), exempts "because content." wants avoid conflict exempt inoffensive), explain exempted not, constitutionally protected. He opines singling morality. "morality" untouched "immorality" "nude immoral." original). arguable other's. Other "bottle clubs," like, attempted downplay acknowledging girls thongs little smaller diamond." Echoing focus, "[t]here town, form." dismisses evidence, declaring motive." (citing 383 (1968); (1986)). doctrinaire formulation cautionary Tribe, §12 5, pp. 819 820 (2d 1988). wrongful exerted," added; internal omitted), due recognition "hazardous matter" body fewer handful Congressmen [a law]," 384. inquiry "assumption," infer collective few, favor Is seriously sustain prohibition) crafting bizarre "nudity," nipple covers beaches [by otherwise] unclothed purveyors hot dogs machine tools"? imagine novel mind, ones (recall coverage) utilize unconventional clothing. "replaces 'Indecency Immorality' ordinance" mid-19th did. correct. indicate older import. Unfortunately, old record. Consequently, "replaces" debate. From councilmember, inferred residential 43. so, leads felt shift 1994. factual correct, undermine ancient pedigree passage antedated venues, motivated inference supposedly rebutted stemmed enactment. inferences draw depend enforcement, councilmembers. These 88 J. 89 90 join analytical approach employs deciding considered standards. believe, allows proceedings. 91 cases, confronted justifications (2000); Turner Broadcasting System, FCC, 180 (1997) (Turner II); 512 622 (1994) I). specificity concurrence.1 plain, demands connect I, 92 "[w]hen defends anticipated harms, 'posit existence disease cured.' Quincy Cable TV, 768 1434, 1455 (CADC 1985). recited conjectural, way." 664 93 swollen three hearings Television Consumer Protection Competition 1992, thorough development. came reiterated requirements, characterizing enquiry "were designed harm, 195. Most recently, repeated "[w]e conjecture carry burden," 12), "evidence introduced cited ," id. 13). 94 appearing (1986). Young, 500 feet area. Urban planners experts attested created clusters 55, discloses basis" efficacy Detroit's 71. similarly distances zones, churches, parks, schools. "held hearings, received report Attorney's Office advising developments cities." failure fatal; 95 upshot flow activity, alleviation imposed.2 Edenfield Fane, 507 761, 770 773 (1993) (striking efficacy). borrowed records governments germane upon. assume, further, shown legislative regulation. demonstrated speculative supposition. 96 standards, deficient reveal relied, seriousness remedy. best 17, pickings slim. quotes asserting century "findings" profitmaking places. recital honestly councilors conclusions years, recitation usually fraught emotionalism. this, ratchet value analogizing agency's adequately premised challenge. 17. analogy obvious; agencies executive branch defer allow reconcile competing policies. Chevron Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 837, 843 845 (1984). aside, accord predictive applying 'elusive concepts' circumstances inconclusive difficult compile," 775, 796 797 (1978), dispense predicate subcategory expression.3 closest councilor, debate spoke way end litany concerns ("free condoms schools, drive-by shootings, abortions, suicide machines" declining student achievement scores) paragraph suffice. 42a. showings pass issue, demand demonstrations, developed elsewhere. hard find, hurts, helps, city. achieve purpose. deal ask unsuccessful countering lesser allowing efficient enforced councilor remarked "I there's problems. enforced. takes place. You didn't ordinances." Another commented, very, strongly, strongly matter." 45. plurality's burden, hurdle response. create suggestion litigation. decided (or, apparently, argued) fairly 49, reply urged question, apparently assuming authorized disregard addressed, come unmoored standards jurisprudence.4 99 Careful readers, realize partial rests concurred demanded then, mistake mind Jackson's foolproof lapse own, Samuel "'Ignorance, sir, ignorance.'" McGrath Kristensen, 340 162, 178 (1950) ignorant nine ago, many subsequent occasions needs toe mark carefully insisted. hope enlightenment acceptable late. Henslee Union Planters Nat. Bank Trust 335 595, 600 (1949) curiam) (Frankfurter, 100 mitigate harms. made, give so.5 disposition NOTES: multiplicity factors affecting analysis, difficult. means-end fit untutored intuition. needed heightened vary novelty plausibility raised." 11). (In flowed concomitant harm.) legislating institution calculus. agency, 180, 213 agencies. likewise Congress. acute ban, excuses simple observation "it evident" efficacy. ipse dixit unconvincing. ends, 1, apparent common differ markedly whose apparent, disagree. incidence violence amenable treatment, look community's Their clearer briefs, largely devoted scientifically correlation. 23; 29. contrast, frequently showings. Phillips Keyport, 107 F.3d 164, 175 (CA3 1997) banc); J&B; Entertainment, Jackson, 152 370 371 (CA5 1998). bar choosing simpler routes exist. mounted ordinance; violation Either arguments, successful, obviate development prerequisite

Classification Label: 2