Legal Document

501 U.S. 32 111 S.Ct. 2123 115 L.Ed.2d 27 G. Russell CHAMBERS, Petitioner,v.NASCO, INC. No. 90-256. Argued Feb. 27, 1991. Decided June 6, Rehearing Denied Aug. 2, See U.S., 112 S.ct. 12. Sept. 13, 27. Syllabus Petitioner Chambers, the sole shareholder and director of a company that operated television station in Louisiana, agreed to sell station's facilities broadcast license respondent NASCO, Inc. Chambers soon changed his mind and, both before after NASCO filed this diversity action for specific performance District Court, engaged series actions within without court proceedings Federal Communications Commission, Court Appeals, which were designed frustrate sale's consummation. On remand following Appeals' affirmance judgment on merits NASCO's motion full briefing hearing, imposed sanctions against form attorney's fees expenses totaling almost $1 million, representing entire amount litigation costs paid its attorneys. The noted alleged sanctionable conduct was had (1) attempted deprive jurisdiction by acts fraud, nearly all performed outside confines court, (2) false frivolous pleadings, (3) "attempted, other tactics delay, oppression, harassment massive expense reduce [NASCO] exhausted compliance." deemed Rule Civil Procedure 11—which provides imposition as sanction improper filing papers with court—insufficient support since does not reach foregoing first third categories, it would have been impossible assess at time second category because their falsity did become apparent until trial merits. likewise declined impose under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, statute's authorization an applies only attorneys who unreasonably vexatiously multiply proceedings, therefore statute broad enough "acts degrade judicial system." relied inherent power imposing sanctions. In affirming, inter alia, rejected Chambers' argument federal sitting must look state law, court's power, bad-faith litigation. Held: properly invoked assessing related NASCO. Pp. 42-58. (a) courts manage own control those appear them. invoking punish abuses process, exercise discretion fashioning appropriate sanction, may range from dismissal lawsuit assessment fees. Although "American Rule" prohibits shifting most cases, see Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 240, 259, 95 1612, 1622, 44 141, exception allows such when party has acted bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or oppressive reasons, id., 258-259, 260, 1622-1623, 1623, practices fraud upon Universal Oil Products Root Refining Co., 328 575, 580, 66 1176, 1179, 90 L.Ed. 1447, delays disrupts hampers order's enforcement, Hutto Finney, 437 678, 689, n. 14, 98 2565, 2573, 57 522. 43-46. (b) There is nothing 11, Rules authorizing Court's decisions interpreting sanctioning mechanisms, warrants conclusion that, taken alone together, mechanisms displace courts' conduct. ordinarily should rely rules there course could be adequately sanctioned rules, safely if, informed discretion, neither statutes nor are up task. abuse resorting circumstances case. some might reached through sanctionable. Requiring apply discrete occurrences address remaining instances serve foster extensive needless satellite litigation, contrary aim themselves. Nor reliance thwart mandatory terms 11 26(g). Those merely require "an sanction" imposed, specifying required. Bank Nova Scotia United States, 487 250, 108 2369, 101 228, distinguished. 46-51. (c) no merit assertion cannot use unless applicable law recognizes "bad-faith" general American fee shifting. footnote 31 tied award existence giving right thereto, limitation fee-shifting embody substantive policy, permits prevailing certain classes recover Here attempt breach contract, but rather he perpetrated faith displayed toward throughout tax made subservient any policy transgressing boundaries set out Erie R. Tompkins, 304 64, 58 817, 82 1188, Guaranty Trust York, 326 99, 65 1464, 89 2079, Hanna Plumer, 380 460, 85 1136, 14 8, here matter remedy, vindicating authority. Thus, although Louisiana punitive damages implicated. 51-55. (d) Based case, arguments merit. First, assessed represent end run around 11's notice requirements, received repeated timely warnings Second, fact awarded mean failed tailor particular wrong, light frequency severity system resulting need ensure repeated. Third, failing mitigate expenses, himself swift means summary continuing assert material factual disputes existed. Fourth, err tribunals, since, long process beyond courtroom. Finally, claim "personalized" responsibility challenged flatly contradicted detailed findings concerning involvement sequence events issue. 55-58. 894 F.2d 696 (CA5 1990), affirmed. WHITE, J., delivered opinion MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. SCALIA, dissenting opinion. KENNEDY, opinion, REHNQUIST, C.J., SOUTER, Mack E. Barham, New Orleans, La., petitioner. Joel I. Klein, Washington, D.C., respondent. Justice WHITE Court. 1 This case requires us explore scope litigant Specifically, we asked determine whether diversity, party's opponent We hold affirm Appeals. 2 * began simple remain so.1 Calcasieu Television Radio, (CTR), KPLC-TV Lake Charles, Louisiana. August 9, 1983, acting individual capacity behalf CTR, entered into purchase agreement Inc., price $18 million. recorded parishes two properties housing located. Consummation subject approval Commission (FCC); parties obligated file necessary documents FCC later than September 23, 1983. By late August, however, tried talk consummating sale. refused. counsel, FCC. 3 decided take legal action. Friday, October counsel CTR suit Monday States Western seeking agreement, well temporary restraining order (TRO) prevent alienation encumbrance provided accordance Local (now 10), give defendant TRO application hearing opportunity heard. 4 reaction attorney, A.J. Gray III, described having "emasculated frustrated purposes these powers [the District] utilizing access remedy performance." & 623 F.Supp. 1372, 1383 (WD La.1985). Sunday, 16, pair place issue Public Records Doctrine. Because never recorded, they determined if sold party, deeds issuance TRO, lack over properties. 5 To end, created trust, sister trustee three adult children beneficiaries. then directed president became wife, execute warranty conveying tracts trust recited consideration $1.4 Early morning, recorded. trustee, purchaser, signed deeds; none paid; remained possession Later appeared complaint seek TRO. With present, Judge telephoned Gray. Despite judge's queries possibility negotiating person, mention recordation earlier morning. 124 F.R.D. 120, 126, 8 La.1989). That afternoon, met her sign million note CTR. next letter day before, admitted intentionally withheld information court. 6 Within few days, prepared leaseback so continue operate station. week, granted preliminary injunction alienating encumbering At warned Gray's unethical. 7 early warning, often attorneys, continued process. November defiance injunction, refused allow inspect CTR's corporate records. ensuing civil contempt resulted $25,000 fine personally. 583 La.1984). Two subsequent appeals dismissed final judgment. 84-9037 (CA5, May 29, 1984); 752 157 1985). Undeterred, proceeded "a meritless motions pleadings delaying actions." F.R.D., 127. These triggered further one point, sua sponte, called status conference find why bankers being deposed. When purpose learn afford pay station, canceled depositions consistent authority 9 nine days April 1985 date,2 again misconduct tolerated.3 eve trial, stipulated enforceable breached defense presented 10 interlude between entry during sought render meaningless permission build new transmission tower relocate site, covered agreement. Only withdraw application. favor, finding transfer simulated sale purporting convey property "null, void, effect." F.Supp., 1385. motions, stay pending appeal denied. convinced officials formal oppositions license, contravention injunctive orders time, withdrawn. 12 prepare close sale, help. A July 1986, equipment included beginning Edwin A. McCabe,4 tolerated. recessed several removed service issue, forcing returned service. 13 Immediately oral merits, ruling bench, found frivolous. appellate double costs, pursuant Appellate 38, remanded fix manner conducted. 797 975 1986) (per curiam) (unpublished order). remand, moved sanctions, Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 1927. After "for proceeding conducted district plaintiff gave intention date." Id., 123. recounting what period, $996,644.65, represented attorneys.5 doing, followed advice labeling him "the strategist," 132, behind scheme devised "first, second, devise plan obstruction, harassment, sufficient condition compliance," 136. 15 considered 11. It defendants "(1) attempted, 138. recognized categories governs As category, explained filed. 138-139. Consequently, "insufficient" purposes. 139. 1927,6 system," including "attempts jurisdiction, misleading lying Court." Ibid. stressing "[t]he wielding particularly offending practiced court." 16 Appeals 1990). 1927 limits "when rule statute."7 F.2d, 702-703. observing "is reservoir ready imperial hand, limited source; implied squeezed make function," 702, also concluded awarding importance issues, certiorari, 498 ----, (1990). II 17 maintains various provisions Procedure8 reflect legislative intent power. least, argues obviate foreclose resort agree proposition persuasive. 18 understood "[c]ertain necessarily result our Courts justice nature institution," "which dispensed others." Hudson, Cranch 32, 34, 259 (1812); Roadway Express, Piper, 447 752, 764, 100 2455, 2463, 488 (1980) (citing Hudson ). For reason, "Courts universally acknowledged vested, very creation, silence, respect, decorum, presence, submission lawful mandates." Anderson Dunn, Wheat. 204, 227, 242 (1821); Ex parte Robinson, 19 Wall. 505, 510, 22 205 (1874). "governed vested affairs achieve orderly expeditious disposition cases." Link Wabash 370 626, 630-631, 1386, 1388-1389, 734 (1962). Prior cases outlined courts. example, held admission bar discipline it. Burr, 529, 531, 152 (1824). While "ought exercised great caution," nevertheless "incidental Courts." addition, firmly established contempts courts." supra, 510. reaches confines, underlying concern rise . disruption proceedings. Rather, disobedience Judiciary, regardless interfered trial." Young ex rel. Vuitton et Fils S.A., 481 787, 798, 107 2124, 2132, 740 (1987) (citations omitted). 20 Of relevance here, vacate proof Hazel-Atlas Glass Hartford-Empire 322 238, 64 997, 88 1250 (1944); 1447 (1946). "historic equity aside fraudulently begotten judgments," Hazel-Atlas, 245, S.Ct., 1001, integrity courts, "tampering administration [this] involves far more injury single litigant. wrong institutions protect safeguard public." 246, 1001. Moreover, independent investigation victim fraud. Oil, 1179. 21 facets courtroom criminal trial. Illinois Allen, 397 337, 1057, 25 353 (1970). dismiss grounds forum non conveniens, Gulf Corp. Gilbert, 330 501, 507-508, 67 839, 842-843, 91 1055 (1947); act sponte failure prosecute, Link, 1388-1389. potency, restraint discretion. 2463. primary aspect ability fashion outright lawsuit, upheld severe yet 765, "less undoubtedly well. 522 (1978). 23 Indeed, "[t]here ample recognizing narrowly defined counsel," even though so-called cases. 141 (1975). Alyeska, exceptions fall categories.9 first, known "common fund exception," derives litigants, historic Sprague Ticonic National Bank, 307 161, 164, 59 777, 778, 83 1184 (1939), whose efforts directly benefit others. 257-258, 1621-1622. " 'willful order.' 258, 1622 (quoting Fleischmann Distilling Maier Brewing 386 714, 718, 87 1404, 1407, 475 (1967)). degree punishment contempt" part cost Toledo Scale Computing 261 399, 428, 43 458, 466, 719 (1923). 24 relevant 'acted reasons.' 1622-1623 F.D. Rich Industrial Lumber 417 116, 129, 94 2157, 2165, 40 703 (1974)). Hall Cole, 412 1, 5, 93 S.Ct.1943, 1946, 36 702 (1973); Newman Piggie Park Enterprises, 390 400, 402, 4, 964, 966, 1263 (1968) curiam). regard, finds "that it, temple defiled," responsible "shows disrupting hampering enforcement order,"10 Hutto, 14. instance transcends equitable relations police itself, thus serving dual "vindicat[ing] drastic available mak[ing] whole caused opponent's obstinacy." B discern basis holding displaces above. substitutes broader narrower whereas each individuals conduct, extends abuses. exist fill interstices. Even dissent concedes. post, 64. while narrow effectively limit willful orders, many permit fails meet reasonableness standard. imposes objective standard reasonable inquiry mandate faith.11 Business Guides, Chromatic 922, 932, 1140 (1991). 26 true lower can rule, "[t]hese Congress." Wall., 511. Nevertheless, "we do lightly assume Congress intended depart principles" Weinberger Romero-Barcelo, 456 305, 313, 102 1798, 1803, 72 (1982); 631-632, 1389-1390. "Congress ha[d] repudiated judicially fashioned exceptions" Rule, founded 1623. Nothing assessment,12 reaffirmed recent amendments here. Pennsylvania Delaware Valley Citizens' Council Clean Air, 478 546, 561-562, 106 3088, 3096-3097, 92 439 (1986). recognized, amendment allowing attorney says about party. Likewise, Advisory Committee Notes 1983 Amendment U.S.C.App., p. declare "build[s] expand[s] doctrine permitting fees, instituting conducting litigation," citing Express Hall.13 Ninth Circuit "does repeal modify existing deal power." Zaldivar Los Angeles, 780 823, 830 (CA9 1986). powers, unavailing, prior indicated procedural same language 41(b) party: "The prosecution generally 'inherent power,' governed gone unquestioned sustaining dismissals, Redfield Ystalyfera Iron 110 174, 176 [3 570, 571, 109 (1884) ]. wide usage among Courts. much clearer expression abrogate well-acknowledged proposition." 630-632, 1388-1390 (footnotes 29 comply discovery schedule briefs. 755, 2458. determining existed, 37 invocation faith.14 767, 2464. 30 is, therefore, them not, plainly where provisions. But forbidden simply rules. must, course, caution mandates due requisite exists Furthermore, task, Like employed "false pleadings," 138, Much evidenced perpetrate intertwined address. litigant's sanctionable, requiring containing See, e.g., pp. 575-576. thwarted mechanisms. makes 26(g) "are cast terms," 66, impose. sanction." distinguishable 228 (1988), supervisory circumventing clear rule. 254-255, 2373-2374. III 33 asserts free sit He relies stated regard "[a] different situation sits '[I]n ordinary counter valid usually will denying reflects substantial state, followed.' J. Moore, Practice ¶ 54.77[2], 1712-1713 (2d ed. 1974) omitted)." 31, 31. 34 misinterpreted precisely People Sioux County Surety 276 48 239, 547 (1928), cited There, mandated enforce insurance fee. 242, 2. enforcing statute, treated provision statutory liability right. 241-242, 240. itself concerned public choices involved deciding vindication rights afforded important warrant 260-263, 1623-1625. 35 conflict concerns 1188 (1938), (1965), "outcome determinative" test 2079 (1945), "cannot read reference twin aims rule: discouragement forum-shopping avoidance inequitable laws." 468, 1142. protestations contrary, implicated defraud itself. decision 934, stated, "Rule constitute kind [because they] outcome litigation; was, successful, least founded." depends wins how themselves risk lead forum-shopping. citizens noncitizens alike, controlling assessed. expressed "Erie guarantees takes cause abides brought waste resources cantankerous unlikely event so." 706. Brief 15, rationale 'fee shifting' punitive." Hall, 4-5, 1945-1946. Cf. Pavelic LeFlore Marvel Entertainment Group, 493 456, 438 (1989). "[T]he serve[s] remedial contempt," "[i]t vindicate[s] recalcitrant litigant." 691, 2574. "That ha[s] compensatory effect distinguish contempt, compensates private consequences contemnor's disobedience."15 17, 2974, 17. punitive, violates State's prohibition damages. Under breaching Lancaster Petroleum Delaware, 491 So.2d 768, 779 (La.App.1986). La.Civ.Code Ann., Art. 1995 (West 1987). "as allowed successful except authorized contract." Rutherford Impson, 366 944, 947 (La.App.1978). clear, though, focuses success claim. Frank L. Beier Black Gold Marine, 449 1014 (La.1984), permitted collect open account. 1015. 38 petitioner contract,16 adversary litigation.17 123, 143. "[w]e Erie, Hanna," "[f]ee-shifting authority." 705. IV 39 review 633, 1390; Cooter Gell Hartmarx Corp., 496 2447, 2460-2461, 359 (1990) (Rule 11). Relying 11,18 proffers five criteria improperly desired deterrent affect, post-judgment aim. points out, years merits.19 2455-2456. Interrupting hearings reward delay. More importantly, Thomas Capital Security Services, 836 866, 879-881 1988) (en banc). requirements obstinately deterred 41 claims wrong. warranted repeated.20 were"part [a] sordid deliberate misuse process" "to defeat endless mountainous financial resources." 128. vindicate compensate Scale, 466. 42 abused expenses. sooner. But, notes, challenges FCC, asserting occurring presence. Our however. receives courtroom, disobeying orders. Young, 2132; 426-428, 465-466. Here, gain FCC's direct maintain quo "personalized," personally specifically extraordinary expended diligence solely relentless, fraudulent brazenly unethical Chambers" saw reason disturb finding. Neither we. 45 Fifth 46 Affirmed. 47 dissenting. I Article coequal Branch Government, derive Constitution once established, traditionally done accomplish assigned tasks. Some elements essential Power," Const., indefeasible, enter protecting 49 "Certain institution. contempt—imprison contumacy—inforce observance order, c. others: doubt possess immediately derived statute. ." (1812). 50 think explanation useful regarding "bad faith" alludes today, ante, 47. Since necessity depend mind, extend situations involving less faith. consequence negligence 51 52 However, jurisprudence bear loser. 247, 1616, "deeply rooted history congressional policy," 271, 1628, prevents (without authorization) engaging termed fee-shifting, award. principle abuse, 1622-1623. held, however—in my view preventing erosion evasion Rule—that characterized 766, 2464, (1980). way They not. 176, 570-571, (dismissal unexcused delay prosecution); cf. supra. 53 Just specify constitutionally President exercised, effectiveness impaired, Myers 272 52, 128, 21, 71 160 (1926), prescribe prescribed inadequate. present were. KENNEDY concedes impairments Rules. go circumstances. And overall resting portion broken down component parts, sustainable separately computed. unreasonable import complication implication. 54 disagree, statement "beyond confines" 'interfer[e] trial,' (1987)). 819-822, 819-822 (SCALIA, concurring judgment); 264, 2378, (1988) concurring). emphatically petitioner's flagrant, contract; appears so. dissent. 55 whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE SOUTER join, 56 Today's effects vast expansion unauthorized corrective measures. outrage obscure settled categories. submit commits fundamental errors. recourse statutes, thereby abrogating Congress' regulate costs. upholds wholesale shift respondent's petitioner, reveals contract. extension prelitigation subverts turns upside punishing law. believe proper exhaustion express greater redress error lies reliance, possible, panoply Congress. absence contract providing defines Sibbach Wilson 312 9-10, 61 422, 424-425, 479 (1941); McIntire Wood, 504, 505-506, 420 (1813), controls fines there, Kaiser Aluminum Chemical Bonjorno, 494 1570, 1576, 842 ("[T]he allocation accruing legislature, courts"); 262, 1624 making awards matters determine"). 60 delegation, constitutional prerogative provide comprehensive arsenal abuse. authority, imprisonment, 401; 1927; and/or groundless papers, 11; abide pretrial 16(f); baseless requests objections, 26(g); attend deposition subpoena deposed, 30(g); respond participate framing plan, 37(d) (g); Rules, obey 41(b); person subpoena, 45(f); presents affidavit 56(g); governing local practice inconsistent 81. 1912 (power just affirmance); App.Proc. appeal). holds nonetheless ignore "even conduct." Ante, 49. describes relation number ways. point states "neither task [i.e., cover conduct], 50. another exclusive whenever "conduct address." 51. details obscure, approach clear: entirety commenced, disregard otherwise instead faith," define. 62 sphere illegitimate unprecedented. judiciary, possesses defining fees; "in circumstances." treats norm textual bases exception. theory channel passage (1982), create powerful presumption 63 backwards. Inherent exception, special justification applications preserve 2463 (inherent 'are others' "); Fils, 819-820, 2144, judgment) "necessary function"). limitation, brushes mention, 43, prescribes correct powers. articulation definition term "necessary," mechanism end. Consistent unaltered admonition "with (1824), predicate exceptional congressionally fail processes necessary, follows text-based every applies. suggestion 48-49, recognize Societe Internationale Pour Participations Industrielles Commerciales, S.A. Rog- ers, 357 197, 78 1087, 1255 (1958), uphold production order. Noting "[r]eliance power' analysis problem," "whether noncompliance exclusively 37." 207, 1093. Similarly, 254, 2373, invoke circumvent harmless Crim.Proc. 52(a). (1874), cites '[t]he courts,' 44, enactment [contempt] shall exercised." 512. ignores rulings "indicat[e] "indications" discerns withstand scrutiny. recoverable version include instruction, mentioned consider either practices. 767-768, 2464-2465. discuss certainly suggest exclusion point. misreads possessed prosecute. majority suggests contravened 41(b), today "appeared party," 630 (emphasis added). Contrary characterization, turned determination contained "permissive authorizes defendant," 630, 1388 reasoned "[n]either permissive policy" meant "abrogate[d]" sponte. distinguishes context, provisions, 26(g), terms. 68 addition dismissing precedents misreading others, commands Procedure, possible. Criminal binding duly enacted Congress, Rule[s'] provisions." 255, 2374. (Federal "govern procedure suits nature") prominent litigants violate Rules' certification standards. (court "shall violation standard); (same); Enter- prises, 929 "requires signature satisfy standard"). 69 reject contention discarded Disregard circumvents rulemaking procedures 2071 seq., assure innovations like announced introduced mature quarters, opportunities integrated treatment affords." Miner Atlass, 363 641, 650, 80 1300, 1306, 1462 (1960). 70 Upon now limitations inviting substitute attention careful distinctions today's sources superfluous instances. pernicious practical follow. establish explicit standards for, checks against, illustration. attach signing papers. (rather may) (signers) types (groundless, unwarranted, vexatious) (pleadings, papers). signers documents, parties, firms signatures (1989), fora definite proscribed possible meaningful discretion—review misapplication 2459 (misuse "not preclude correction errors"). contrast, definitional limits. True, wishes Rule. demonstrates little guidance undefined provides. elaboration "comply exists," 50, standard, adequate definition, thwarts requirement namely, "[a]ll entitled State forbids." Lanzetta Jersey, 306 451, 453, 618, 619, 888 (1939). standardless innocuous commercial actors. unchecked applied chill advocacy attempting rights. 73 unlimited. boasts, "whereas [in statutes] abuses." 46. address," 51, encourages eliminate uncertain development meaning encouraging disuse, defeat, area central goal enacting Rules—" 'uniformity courts.' 472, 1145, (1965). Part demonstrates, talismanic recitation phrase based 2459. 74 deficiencies, insists collateral one, involve authority: 75 "In santionable, themselves." 76 bound, themselves, "aim," applied, terms, let distort commands. 77 discussion Title Limitations abrogation. Cases arise 28. increase, authority—a application—lessens. difficult imagine can, C demonstrate relied. "frivolous pleadings" (including "baseless, affirmative defenses counterclaims") "deliberate untruths fabrications." 127-128, 135 [a paper], both." nondefeasible duty 79 hints sufficed 8. explain, Chambers. inform referred "strategist" abusive plain tactics. stated: "[Petitioner's] whatsoever, charges counterclaims]. knew, filed, false." 81 stressed "Chambers, answers counterclaims knew filed." language, requested "[a]bsolutely depositions" "continuances dates, extensions deadlines deferments scheduled discovery" "were intentional 16(f), enables "fails good proceedings; multiple redressed fee," affidavits 135, Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(g), additional contempt. extent 401 "contempt authority" "[d]isobedience too quick "attorney multiplies vexatiously." nonattorney. face necessary. 84 immense amorphous confined regulate. discharge obligation, majority, perhaps wary litigation." (footnote premise, disclaim 54, nn. 16-17. correct, view, disagree characterization casual portends dangerous explain extended reversed. candid comprised refusing perform weeks began. reference, instance, "this absolutely unnecessary forced arbitrary arrogant refusal honor perfectly 143 ("Chambers arbitrarily perform, bring performance"); ibid. ("Chambers, knowing hired relief"); 125 (petitioner's "unjustified file" "was absolute faith"). concession contract: 86 balance incurred defaulted suit. reimburse action, pay." charged flowed sanctions." 142 equivocation subject, impermissible norm, obligation Marek Chesny, 473 35, 105 3012, 3030, (1985) ("right 'substantive' term"); 260-261, 33, 1623-1624, (in law), cases). principles. bars protects person's define "[S]ince best penalized defending prosecuting lawsuit." (1967). goes Rule's penalties exercising none. circumstance occurred compounds error. lacks contractual relations. 78, 822, (1938); 471-472, 1143-1145. Ely, Irrepressible Myth Harv.L.Rev. 693, 702-706 (1974). "[e]xcept Acts [diversity] State." 822. tenet federalism regulating behavior leaves province States. encroachment prerogatives appreciated recalling punishment. 1943, (1973). decree breach. "unless expressly statute," International Harvester Credit Seale, 518 1039, 1041 (La.1988); Ogea Loffland Brothers 622 186, 190 1980); One Louisiana's damages." Ricard State, 882, 886 (La.1980). If recovered extra character Respondent's significant remedy. prohibited principles flow 55, passages suggesting 'appl[ied] connection Court' "). contradict statements most, ambiguous, adopted expansive with" question occur problem avoids delineation confusion premises highlights mischief proscribe behavior. ambiguity resolved alone, who, despite conceded slapped inconsiderable adherence clarification My construed Quite opposite. sort encountered degrades profession disserves justice. hesitate prescribed. dollar decide legitimate reverse instructions reassessment forth. facts disturbed date reflected Trial February 1985, January, Gray, recuse judge. denied, writ mandamus copies Schwarzer's then-recent article, Sanctions 11—A Closer Look, 104 181 (1985). resigned months previously. calculating award, deducted amounts previously 133-134. individuals, sister, reprimand; disbarred readmission years; Richard Curry, suspended six months; McCabe years. 144-146. affect bank accounts proportionate monetary disbarment penalty harshest supervise 140-141. provides: "Any required excess attorneys' reasonably reconsideration McCabe. 708. sanction. (certification papers), 16(f) (pretrial conferences), requests), 30(g) (oral depositions), (sanctions cooperate discovery), 56(g) (affidavits accompanying motions). instances, see, 16(f). violation. conceivably covering answer (1986); Summit Industries, 112, Brotherhood Carpenters Joiners America, 717, 721, 2112, 2114, 511 129-130, 2165-2166, resembles prong requirement, signer paper interposed purpose, harass increase amended subjective reluctant rights." 68. exist, invokes equal. Eash Riggins Trucking 757 557, 562-563 (CA3 1985) banc), tiers: irreducible direction; legislatively regulated abrogated; sense useful, absent legislation contrary. acknowledges classified now. assuming, arguendo, falls bottom tier hierarchy Amendments similar 591, dependence power," indication tool 622, "makes judges 37, (Citations Rogers, erred relying 37(b)(2)(iii), plaintiff's dealt 1093, "no need" pertains trials, problems, reformulated reply brief "has always compensatory," Reply 15-16, utterly. relating implicate Erie. assertion, 125. noted, allegedly committed [were] sought," "appl[ied] Court," assets took given notice, aimed harm policing suit." re Kunstler, 914 505 (CA4 cert. 499 1607, 113 669 (1991); White General Motors 908 675 (CA10 1990); 866 576 ("The rests anticipated normally shortly thereafter"). particular, closing greatly complicated cloud title transfer.

Classification Label: 8