Legal Document

490 U.S. 401 109 S.Ct. 1874 104 L.Ed.2d 459 Richard L. THORNBURGH, Attorney General of the United States, et al., Petitionersv.Jack ABBOTT, al. No. 87-1344. Argued Nov. 8, 1988. Decided May 15, 1989. Syllabus Federal Bureau Prisons regulations generally permit prisoners to receive publications from "outside," but authorize wardens, pursuant specified criteria, reject an incoming publication if it is found "to be detrimental security, good order, or discipline institution might facilitate criminal activity." Wardens may not a "solely because its content religious, philosophical, political, social[,] sexual, . unpopular repugnant," establish excluded list publications, must review each issue subscription separately. Respondents, class inmates and certain publishers, filed suit in District Court, claiming that regulations, both on their face as applied 46 specifically violated First Amendment rights under standard set forth Procunier v. Martinez, 416 396, 94 1800, 40 224. The Court refrained adopting Martinez favor approach more deferential judgment prison authorities, upheld without addressing propriety exclusions. Appeals, however, utilized standard, wanting, remanded case for individualized determinat constitutionality Held: 1. Regulations such those at affect sending analyzed Turner Safley, 482 78, 89, 107 2254, 2262, 96 64, are therefore "valid [they are] reasonably related legitimate penological interests." Prison officials due considerable deference regulating delicate balance between order security demands "outsiders" who seek enter environment. less Martinez—whereby authorizing mail censorship "generally necessary" protect one governmental interests—is limited concerning outgoing personal correspondence prisoners, which centrally concerned with maintenance security. Moreover, overruled extent support drawing categorical distinction (to reasonableness standard) nonprisoners. Pp. 407-414. 2. facially valid standard. Their underlying objective protecting undoubtedly neutral regard expression regulated. Also, broad discretion accord wardens rationally interests. Furthermore, alternative means remain open inmates, since range sent, received, read, even though specific prohibited. respondents have established no would accommodate prisoners' constitutional de minimis cost 414-419. 3. examination validity any introduced trial there remains live controversy. P. 419. 263 U.S.App.D.C. 186, 824 F.2d 1166, vacated remanded. BLACKMUN, J., delivered opinion REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. STEVENS, concurring part dissenting part, BRENNAN MARSHALL, joined, post, p. ----. William C. Bryson, Washington, D.C., petitioners. Steven Ney, Silver Spring, Md., respondents. Justice BLACKMUN Court. 1 * promulgated by broadly federal institutional security.1 For 15 years, respondents, claimed these violate enunciated 224 (1974).2 They mount facial challenge well Bureau. 2 After 10-day bench trial, Instead, favored authorities App. Pet. Cert. 26a, 43a-47a. other hand, determination Abbott Meese, 1166 (1987). 3 Petitioners, Department Prisons, sought certiorari. We granted writ determine appropriate review. Meese Abbott, 485 1020, 108 1572, 99 888 (1988). 4 now hold correctly anticipated proper inquiry this whether "reasonably interests," 64 (1987), we conclude valid. disagree Appeals validity, agree court's remand publications. II 5 primarily 28 CFR §§ 540.70 540.71 (1988), first 1979.3 These inmate subscribe to, receive, prior approval,4 warden circumstances. "only determined § 540.71(b). warden, social repugnant." Ibid. contain nonexhaustive criteria rejection publication.5 prohibited establishing publications: reviewed 540.71(c). regulatory rejecting been supplemented Program Statement 5266.5, provides further guidance subject sexually explicit material.6 6 provide procedural safeguards recipient sender. designate staff screen and, where appropriate, approve only publication. 540.70(b). advise promptly writing reasons rejection, 540.71(d), publisher sender copy letter, 540.71(e). notice refer "the article(s) material(s) considered objectionable." 540.71(d). obtain independent warden's decision timely Regional Director An appeal through Bureau's Administrative Remedy Procedure. See 542.10 542.16.7 instructed rejected material purpose filing "unless information nature deemed pose threat detriment encourage instruct 540.71(d).8 III 7 There little doubt kind just described raise grave concerns outside context. It equally "[p]rison walls do form barrier separating protections Constitution," U.S., 84, S.Ct., 2259, nor they bar free citizens exercising own reaching out "inside," id., 94-99, 2265; Bell Wolfish, 441 520, 1861, 60 447 (1979); Jones North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union, Inc., 433 119, 97 2532, 53 629 (1977); Pell Procunier, 417 817, 2800, 41 495 (1974). recognized, exercised "inordinately difficult undertaking" modern administration. 85, 2259. 8 In particular, sensitive administrators strike internal environment "outside" environment, person written word. Many categories noninmates access prisons. Access essential lawyers legal assistants representing prisoner clients, see (1974), journalists seeking about conditions, supra, families friends sustain relationships them, supra. All claims legitimate; yet proposed interactions, seemingly innocuous laymen, potentially significant implications prison. Acknowledging expertise judiciary "ill equipped" deal problems management, has afforded determinations who, interest regulate relations world. Id., 404-405, 1807. 9 case, question publishers wish communicate subscription, willingly point view prisoners. here, our previous cases area, what should apply limiting access. 10 was regarding There, struck down California noninmates, provided letters "unduly complain," "magnify grievances," "expres[s] inflammatory racial, religious views beliefs." 399, 1804. following standard: 11 "First, regulation practice important substantial unrelated suppression expression. show furthers interests rehabilitation. Second, limitation freedoms greater than necessary protection particular involved Thus restriction penal administration will nevertheless invalid sweep unnecessarily broad." 413-414, 1811. 12 clear language, did deprive degree vindicate involved." Accordingly, said: 13 "Some latitude anticipating probable consequences allowing speech discharge administrator's duty. But restricts 414, 1812. 14 Court's subsequent decisions context, laid different articulated Martinez. As recently explained Turner, later decisions, characterized involving "prisoners' rights," adopted focuses regulations: relevant actions were 2261. ruled "such 'prison ., courts, [are] make judgments operations.' " Ibid., quoting 128, 2539. development respective Block Rutherford, 468 576, 3227, 82 438 (1984), need repeat discussion here. rather Martinez' stemmed concern language too readily understood "strict" "heightened" scrutiny, strict simply consideration within prisons.9 81, 87, 2257, 2260, Specifically, declined rights" because, noted could (and had been) read require "least restrictive alternative" analysis, sufficient sensitivity meeting needs. 89-90, 2262. expressed "every administrative possibility some court somewhere way solving problem hand," costs rule high. 90, also O'Lone Estate Shabazz, 342, 350, 2400, 2405, 282 (1987) (refusing least work rules having impact observance). 16 believe should, need, subjecting means" test. noted, required challenged interest. Certainly, close fit purported serve. careful reading suggests resulted requirement, recognition regulated activity case—outgoing prisoners—did not, very nature, serious security.10 pointed magnifies grievances contains racial cannot expected present danger community inside 416, addition, far predictable. Dangerous likely fall identifiable categories: examples include escape plans, plans relating ongoing activity, threats blackmail extortion. 412-413, 1810-1811. Although limit unduly letters, concluded broader stake. 1812.11 17 light considerations, understandable swept broadly. Where, asserted lesser case-by-case discretion, closer serves safely required. Categorically considerations—considerations typical administration—apply presently before 18 here requested individual targeted general audience. Once prison, circulate among concomitant potential coordinated disruptive conduct. observe possession fellow prisoner, draw inferences fellow's beliefs, sexual orientation, gang affiliations material, cause disorder acting accordingly. 22-23, 52, 59, 88; Prisoners Law 3-14 I. Robbins (ed. 1988) (noting homosexually identify possessor homosexual target him assault). Deputy Solicitor oral argument: "The materials most cases. getting into prison." Tr. Oral Arg. 10. 26; volatile given prevent disorder. 19 dealt prisoners; great concern. recognized failing afford same concerns, affecting "publication" (see regulations' definition word, n. 4, supra ) Such 20 acknowledge today logic analyses requires correspondence. observed, central focus categorically magnitude materials. Any attempt justify similar nonprisoners prove futile, invite it. To itself distinction, overrule case; accomplished much step when decided Turner. 21 so doing, recognize possible all overruling Martinez: instead made does uniformly application analysis. choose go route, prefer express flexibility adopt confidence that, petitioners asserted, "a toothless." 17, IV 22 identified several factors serve channel, inquiry. 23 factor multifold: neutral, objective. requirement met.12 24 legitimacy Government's promulgating beyond question. expressly aimed said "central corrections goals." 823, 2804. 25 neutrality, "[w]e inquire restricting inmates' operated fashion, expression." ban classes clearly met "neutrality" criterion, restrictions Wolfish. issue, closer. 26 On face, distinguish repugnant" (prohibited) (permitted). 540.71(b) Both turn, extent, content. reference intended 413, 1811.13 distinctions solely basis potentia "neutral" technical sense meant used term Turner.14 27 accorded reach conclusion two reasons. risk presented This explored above Part III. properly can threat, closely tailored "could result admission which, lead directly violence, exacerbate tensions indirectly disorder." 32a. Where entry gives appropriate. comforted regulation. Under unless himself makes "detrimental 540.70(b), controlling A fits "criteria" exclusion rejected, meet conditions prevailing time. Indeed, shortcuts needless 540.70(b) (nondelegability power publications); 540.71(c) (prohibition against publications). rational exclude although necessarily "likely" create intolerable time.15 29 second held "relevant determining right inmates." already O'Lone, right" viewed sensibly expansively. communicating institutions, 92, 2263, attending Jumu'ah ceremony, 351, 2405. Rather, (not prisons) remained available, permitted participate Muslim ceremonies. satisfied. 30 third addressed analysis accommodation others (guards inmates) Here, security; likelihood raises prospect precisely "ripple effect" concerned. "can significantly liberty safety everyone else, guards alike," courts defer "informed officials," 31 Finally, "[T]he existence obvious, easy alternatives evidence reasonable, 'exaggerated response' concerns. claimant fully accommodates prisoner's interests, consider satisfy reasonable relationship standard." 90-91, "exaggerated response" hand: established. 32 Regarding all-or-nothing rule, analyze respondents' accommodating rights. discussed found, testimony record, petitioners' fear tearing portions admitting rest discontent current founded." 34a. contest factual finding such, upholding merely based upon founded" fears improper "conflicts holding burden showing 'generally necessary.' U.S.App.D.C., 194, F.2d, 1174. 33 Appeals' sole ground questioning findings respect. view, able demonstrate founded harm, succeed demonstrating fact selected inconvenience adds additional obligated 549, 1879. V 34 sum, 196, 1176. 35 proceedings consistent opinion. 36 ordered. whom MARSHALL join, part. 37 article Labyrinth, magazine published Committee Prisoner Humanity & Justice, began follows: 38 "In January 1975, Lowe, black 39 States Penitentiary Terre Haute, Indiana died asthma. August Joseph (Yusef) Jones, Jr., Penitentiary, IN. ". infirmary time respirator[,] known inoperative 1975 Lowe died. still broken needed "On day his death suffering acute asthma attack; he gasping breath stale, hot, humid air cell. He medical aid guards. hours unheeded pleading, accompanied complaints cell block, became frantic. Each painful; brought suffocation. called PA (physician's assistant) respirator. Finding equipment unusable, gave injection tranquilizer, thorazine, calm him. Treatment tranquilizer unquestionably contraindicated Jones' condition. Twenty minutes later, dead. 42 43 "Conclusion: convicted bank robbery sentenced years fact, murdered neglect."1 44 incident eventually came attention allowed mother pursue her civil action officials. Carlson Green, 446 14, 100 1468, (1980). Clearly Labyrinth article's report inadequate treatment raised matter newsworthy public importance." 830, 7, 2808, concedes, ante, 407, recipients criticism ordinarily enjoy fullest protections.2 Pell, 822, 2804; Martin Struthers, 319 141, 146-147, 63 862, 865, 87 L.Ed. 1313 (1943). 45 Yet Labyrinth's efforts disseminate subscribers Marion Government resistance. officials, (Bureau) regulations,3 returned entitled 'Medical Murder' institution. [T]his type philosophy guide situations themselves Medical Staff." J.L. 12. Two after official testified believed posed threat. 104. Nonetheless, below "reasonable," thus sustained rejections wholesale. 28a-34a, 47a. holds carte blanche remands I aspect decision. agree, either another "reasonableness" premature approval regulations. latter upset precedent headlong rush strip vestige communication world gate.4 context Prior lower treatments varied: maintained hands-off posture," while "demonstration 'compelling state interest' mail." 406, 1808. With characteristic wisdom Powell, extremes. difficulties administration, perceived, scrutiny contexts inappropriate.5 See, e.g., National Bank Boston Bellotti, 435 765, 786, 98 1407, 1421, 55 707 (1978); Elrod Burns, 427 347, 362, 2673, 2684, 49 547 (1976) (opinion BRENNAN, J.); Brandenburg Ohio, 395 444, 447, 89 1827, 1829, 430 (1969) (per curiam ). Focusing "inextricably meshed" "who particularized them," wrote "undemanding review" squared "that liberties implicated 408, 409, 1808, 1809. chose "intermediate" evaluating restrictions, "further[ed] expression," [was] essential," "Prison censor eliminate unflattering unwelcome opinions factually inaccurate statements," Powell stressed. Censorship permitted, ensure preservation discipline, unauthorized entry, rehabilitation prisoners." 412, 1811 (footnote omitted). certainty adverse flow failure letter," "any above." 1811-1812.6 47 decided, routinely limitations private citizens, communications—such newsletters, magazines, books issue—between publishers.7 Carefully examining countervailing approved invalidated others.8 recognizes Martinez's perform tasks. Ante, 409. Inexplicably, then partially overrules scope mail; sent "reasonableness." 413-414. 48 peculiar bifurcation governing communications outsiders unjustified. affords prisoners—not senders receivers. explained: "Whatever status claim uncensored outsider, plain latter's grounded Amendment's guarantee freedom speech. And depend nonprisoner correspondent author addressee direct derives Fourteenth Amendments unjustified interference communication. wife husband wanted say suffered abridgment results letter him." 408-409, 1809 (citations 50 abandons fundamental premise. my suggestion three applying standards warrant departure, 410, 9, disingenuous. Those involve outsiders; shall demonstrate, foundations differed critically case. 51 reporters prohibiting face-to-face media interviews 819, 2802. infringement rights, held, write media—a physical 824, 2805. reporters' assertion special prevail, explained, give events institutions—including prisons—than ordinary citizens.9 835, 2810. diluted basic 52 Inmates (1977), associational protected union. administrators' grounds preventing union organizing prison—an occurring largely inmates—ere reasonable. 129, officials' refusal deliver bulk packets literature distribution others. Applying Equal Protection Clause standards, retained "other avenues informational flow. ." 131, 2540; 133, 136, 2541, 2543. (1979), bookstores, book clubs hardbound pretrial detainees. Hardbacks containers contraband, jail argued. Since use sources low, them outsiders. explanation acceptable detainees' 550, 1880. address nonprisoners, softcover restriction, 552, 1881, minimized outsiders' Wolfish reinforces carefully weighed undermines today. 54 Most recently, confirmed vitality encroachments relied interim reviewing inmate-to-inmate unanimous invalidation marriages, acknowledged "because entail 'consequential [constitutional] prisoners,' posit correct level 97, 2266 (quoting 1809). "reach question, test, marriage withstand scrutiny."10 2266. cited quoted times; once disapprove holding, Notwithstanding, premise grounded. casual discarding 'the secure foundation' ill orderly law. Runyon McCrary, 160, 190-191, 2586, 2604, 415 (STEVENS, concurring) B. Cardozo, Nature Judicial Process 149 (1921)). 56 lieu rationale, takes effects applies manipulable easily interpreted arbitrary inmates. partial dissent 57 "open-ended 'reasonableness' uphold speculation risks interest." 101, 1, 2268, 58 sure, berth combat "Herculean obstacles" blocking maintain escapes conduct, 404, 1807 object interests.11 Nevertheless, provisions find contents "detrimental" "security, discipline" "might activity" impermissibly ambiguous. 193, 1173 invites many interpretations scarcely checks actions. Similarly, facilitate"—in contrast "encourage" "advocate"—so attenuates causal connection proscribed conduct virtually rein 59 Despite vagueness, accepts "broad discretion" disorder, 416. leap faith creates presumption "reasonable"—a judicial publishers' requires. 593, 3236, (1984) (concurring judgment), am "substitute[s] rhetoric meaningful setting." Cf. 358, 2409, (BRENNAN, dissenting); 142-143, 2546 (MARSHALL, dissenting). feeble framework apparent record.12 Like criticized otherwise viewpoints welcome.13 Testimony clerk14 rote explanations decisions15 suggest prejudices assumptions assessments risk. 415, circumstances belie interpretation "content-neutral" individually. 414-417. Some represent medium conveying receiving unconventional message; irrelevant 417-418. No supports assumption unlike ripples disruption.16 418. Nor th re ever caused disciplinary problem; indeed, prisons incident. 60, 99, 116-117. record convinces me exaggerated response 2261-2262. 61 If deems publication's page book—to risk, return entire publisher. 540.71(e) argue accommodated omitted objectionable forwarded inmate. "defendants' fears" practice" contrary, "rejection necessary' portion rejected." 193-194, 1173-1174. 62 detailed case" "reasonable." Brief Petitioners 31. policy," continue, "will depend, things, justifications policy, availability courses action, associated employing alternatives." remarkable litigation failed develop argument tells us anything assumed justification rule. Even examine appropriateness reveals defers "findings" admitted nonexistent. delivery endanger security.17 primary advanced convenience. 41, 68. objected contrary "would mean defacing laboriously going over Fed.Reg. 38258 (1979). ensue meat-ax citizen imagine instance: if, text seems require, actually it, incremental clipping offending significance. convenience insufficient law contradictory highlights attitude deference, coupled stake.18 reasons, affirm Appeals. text, authorized References "prison security" intended, sake convenience, lawsuit 1973 certified year action. 1978, Weekly Guardian Associates, Revolutionary Socialist League, added party plaintiffs. practices, correspondence, Individual damages severed 1979. injunctive relief took place 1981, memorandum accompanying issued September 1984. predicated jurisdiction U.S.C. 1292(a)(1) denied relief. 187-188, 1167-1168 When complaint 1973, dealing management 30574 (1978) (proposed rulemaking); 38254 (1979) (final rules). herein effect. identical version differs respects 1979 version, differences defined (for example, novel, instructional manual), single newspaper, plus advertising brochures, flyers, catalogues." 540.70(a) Section reads: Publications Warden criteria: "(1) depicts describes procedures construction weapons, ammunition, bombs incendiary devices; "(2) depicts, encourages, methods correctional facilities, blueprints, drawings descriptions institutions; "(3) brewing alcoholic beverages, manufacture drugs; "(4) code; "(5) encourages activities violence group disruption; "(6) instructs commission activity; "(7) poses institution, facilitates 2, 1985, Gay Task Force. 30a Court). By ¶ (a) statement, types 540.71(b)(7) 5, ): Homosexual (of sex population). Sado-masochistic. Bestiality. Involving children." Material (1), (2), (3) determines "not local institution." (b)(1). Explicit heterosexual admitted. (b)(2). Other scholarly, literary, value. (b)(5). admitted; includes covering gay-rights groups gay groups, (b)(3), literary themes references, (b)(4). 197, 1177. Procedure, unable informally resolve difficulty file formal complaint. 542.13(b) believes adversely affected 542.13(c). respond days, respectively. 542.14. appealed Counsel Bureau; Director. 542.15. provide, withhold entirety containing excludable material. practice, referred parties "all-or-nothing rule," think focus, urge, identity individuals whose allegedly infringed. note stated impinges 2261 (emphasis added), forge separate implicating intervening (1974); cases, announced "inmates' representatives news inform conditions. send hardback worked "consequential observed: none heightened inquired burdens 'reasonably related' objectives, represents concerns." 2260-2261. "written inmates" noninmate recipients. 826, Houchins KQED, 12, 2588, 2595, 553 (plurality opinion) (distinguishing opposed access); 31, 2605 (dissenting "excessive correspondence" added)). stressed enforced "with thoughts relatives friends—mainly matters circulated walls." (Emphasis added.) Appellees O.T.1973, 72-1465, 29. 31; pp. ("[T]he issues prison"), incoming, outgoing, striking overbroad, banning transmission "inflammatory views" "limited letters." observation limited. review: [must] articulate practices) objectives meets plaintiffs 'substantial evidence' defendants 'problems address." 46a-47a (citing, St. Claire Cuyler, 634 109, 114 (CA3 1980)). benefit "substantial evidence." pass evidentiary shifting sufficiently purposes reliance findings. union's Jaycees Alcoholics Anonymous permitted. 2540, 8. equal prisons: union, "were seen serving rehabilitative purpose, working harmony goals desires administrators, 134, 2542. contrast, resembled issue. barred writings complain" views," "defamatory" "otherwise inappropriate." "[t]hese fairly invited employees censorship," "unrelated therefore, decidedly sense. exercise produce seeming "inconsistencies," appear inconsistent signs arbitrariness irrationality. Given variability institutions 32a; 20-21, 50, consistency attainable F. Dostoyevsky, House Dead (Penguin 1985) (prisoners Bible). achieve exclusions run afoul factor, i.e., presence absence "alternative balance. Respondents argued prison; contend enforcement stems censors' subjective views. 43-44, 37. contentions adequacy applied, remand. Murder, (Apr. 1977) original), reprinted Joint Lodging (J.L.). recognized: "[S]peech affairs self-expression; essence self-government. embody 'profound national commitment principle debate uninhibited, robust, wide-open, vehement, caustic, sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks government officials.' Garrison Louisiana, 379 74-75, 85 209, 215-216, 125 (1964) New York Times Co. Sullivan, 376 254, 270, 84 710, 721, 686 (1964)). Hustler Magazine, Inc. Falwell, 46, 50-51, 876, 879-880, (1988); Thornhill Alabama, 310 88, 101-102, 736, 743-744, 1093 (1940). "Bureau permits approval. 422, 1815, (1974) ("A shed gate"). (1987); 2804, Coffin Reichard, 143 443, 445 (CA6 1944) "Suffice America complex intractable, point, susceptible resolution decree. expertise, comprehensive planning, resources, peculiarly province legislative executive branches government. equipped increasingly urgent reform." 404-405. obvious calls rejects contrary. Compare 409-411 18-22; Reply 1-10. Lawson Dugger, 840 781 (CA11 1987), reh'g denied, 779 (1988) ), cert. pending, 87-1994; Valiant-Bey Morris, 829 1441 (CA8 1987); Murphy Missouri Dept. Corrections, 814 1252 Pepperling Crist, 678 787 (CA9 1982); Trapnell Riggsby, 622 290 (CA7 1980); Brooks Seiter, 1177 1985); Guajardo Estelle, 580 748 (CA5 1978); Aikens Jenkins, 534 751 1976); Morgan LaVallee, 526 221 (CA2 1975). Espinoza Wilson, Travis Norris, 805 806 1986); Meadows Hopkins, 713 206, 211 1983); Vodicka Phelps, 624 569 Carpenter South Dakota, 536 759 1976), 431 931, 2636, 246 (1977). drew proposition Branzburg Hayes, 408 665, 684, 92 2646, 2658, 626 (1972). That like comparable arose E.g., Herbert Lando, 153, 165, 1635, 1643, 115 Zurcher Stanford Daily, 436 547, 565-567, 1970, 1981-1982, 525 (1978). quite wrong mandated challenges always reasonableness. 18. undisputed if: [or] code. 100, 2267 part) ("How infringes often consequence actual State regulation"). While reported matters, depicted martial arts, electronics, advocated neo-Nazism, left-wing politics. 113-132. J.L.; Respondents' Lodging. Asked deposition describe method clerk replied: "A. "Q. What you explain it? Okay. Sex Radical limb Communism fascism use. political-sexual personally told. You told How happen get looking being excluded, political nature. Therefore, questionable area ones refer." 97-98. Statements returning misspelling. 47, ("[T]his glorify unions running propagets [sic ] adversary toward staff"); cf. tendency staff, unhealthy institution"). statement argument. 413 10). inmate, making analogous mailings specter dissemination censorship, 3, 1804, 3; unconstitutional. quote, entirety, preceded reasonable: offered tear admit plaintiffs' witnesses agreed.11 footnote cites witness expert field corrections: "Q Are familiar policy call rule? "A understand admission, toto. offensive[,] entirely regardless condition tenor items justification, your opinion, giving the— sympathize exclude. Take, design how Molotov cocktail. However, don't idea c tting letting in. that's compromise make. suppose best bad solutions available. Do cutting unoffending inmate? pushed wall, guess earlier now, that. smacks goes fascist countries attractive solution me, "I'd passage." 392-393. manifests witness' censoring parts offers threaten Indeed proffered few pieces supporting evidence, Penitentiary: wouldn't cut page? No, nothing else there. institution? easier bother pieces, right? Well, start up leave yourself kinds criticism, remarks problems. So source insinuations magazines people receive." 100-101. staunch insistence "toothless." 27. suggested Turner: "[I]f satisfied 'logical connection' perceived cautious meaningless. Application seem disregard whenever imagination produces plausible discern logical bullwhips logically furthered total communication, conceivably interested arranging attack it." 100-101, 2267-2268 (citation omitted) original).

Classification Label: 2