Legal Document

493 U.S. 67 110 S.Ct. 424 107 L.Ed.2d 388 Lynn L. BREININGER, Petitioner,v. SHEET METAL WORKERS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION LOCAL UNION NO. 6. No. 88-124. Argued Oct. 10, 1989. Decided Dec. 5, Syllabus Pursuant to a multiemployer collective-bargaining agreement, respondent union operates hiring hall through which it refers both members and nonmembers for work at the request of employers. The is "nonexclusive" in that workers are free seek employment other means, employers not restricted persons recommended by union. Petitioner, member union, filed suit alleging respondent: (1) violated §§ 101(a)(5) 609 Labor-Management Reporting Disclosure Act 1959 (LMRDA)—which forbid "fin[e], suspen[d], expe[l], or otherwise disciplin[e]" exercising LMRDA-secured rights—by refusing refer him as result his political opposition respondent's leadership; (2) breached its duty fair representation under National Labor Relations (NLRA) discriminating against respect such referrals. District Court dismissed on ground discrimination referrals constitutes an unfair labor practice subject exclusive jurisdiction Board (NLRB Board). Appeals affirmed, ruling claims must be brought before petitioner had failed state claim LMRDA. Held: 1. did lack over petitioner's suit. Pp. 73-90. (a) NLRB does have member's job made hall. fact alleged violation might also practice, federal courts San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, 359 236, 245, 79 773, 779-780, 3 775, deprive claim, since Vaca Sipes, 386 171, 87 903, 17 842, held Garmon § pre-emption rule extend suits claims. No exception can created complaints arising out operation halls has developed substantial expertise dealing with policies. Such would remove unacceptably large number from courts, jurisprudence many areas traditionally encompassed representation. Decisions this containing language recognizing need single expert agency adjudicate difficult problems distinguished, those cases focused whether encouraged membership impermissibly forbidden NLRA, rather than unions administered properly out-of-work lists required their Also distinguished Court's decisions holding state-court pre-empted jurisdiction, state-law frequently involve tort, contract, substantive law independently law, whereas "judicially evolved" part unlikely generally create conflicts operative realities policy. Appeals' employee cannot prevail if he fails allege employer agreement misstatement existing law. Although recognized desirability having same entity joint representation/breach-of-contract action, no way implied action requires concomitant employer. Independent federal-court exists because NLRA's grant status unions, "aris[e] a[n] Congress regulating commerce" within meaning 28 U.S.C. 1337(a), pertinent jurisdictional provision. Moreover, separate cause any possible Thus, declines adopt lies whose hypothetical accompanying raised Board. 73-84. (b) Petitioner claim. There merit contention breach should defined terms what committed NLRA forbids only based thereof form maladministration referral system. Equating breaches practices make two redundant, despite different purposes, eliminate some prime virtues duty—flexibility adaptability. That intended mirror contours practices, but arises order prevent arbitrary conduct individuals deprived traditional forms redress unions. without relieved because, context, acting essentially matching up requests available personnel therefore "represent" employees bargaining agent. particular function resembles task perform consequence, administering provision Humphrey Moore, 375 335, 342, 84 363, 368, 11 370. In fact, assumes employer's role hall, responsibility exercise power fairly increases decreases, individual then stands alone entity, union/employer. 84-90. 2. Respondent's refusal union's leadership give rise By using phrase "otherwise discipline," sections demonstrate congressional intent denote punishment authorized collective enforce rules include all acts deterred LMRDA-protected rights. construction term actions undertaken color right control protect interests buttressed legislative history statute's structure, specifically enumerates types discipline—fine, expulsion, suspension—that imply sort established disciplinary process ad hoc retaliation officers, which, 101(a)(5), includes procedural safeguards designed improper action—"written specific charges," "a reasonable time prepare defense," "full hearing"—that apply type procedure encountered Boilermakers Hardeman, 401 233, 236-237, 91 609, 612-613, whereby imposes "discipline" virtue own authority members, instances unofficial, sub rosa discrimination. Here, opprobrium was visited petitioner, victim personal vendettas officers punished tribunal subjected proceedings convened respondent. 90-94. 849 F.2d 997, (CA 6 1988), affirmed part, reversed remanded. BRENNAN, J., delivered opinion unanimous Parts I II, Part III, REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. STEVENS, concurring dissenting SCALIA, joined, post, p. 95. Francis J. Landry, Toledo, Ohio, petitioner. David Shapiro, Washington, D.C., U.S., amicus curiae, supporting special leave Court. Laurence Gold, Justice BRENNAN 1 This case presents questions laws: first, Board) (LMRDA), 73 Stat. 519, 29 et seq. (1982 ed.), hall; second, gives LMRDA, 411(a)(5), 529 ed.). Sixth Circuit fell 997 (1988) (per curiam). We reverse decision we affirm LMRDA 609. 2 * Breininger relevant times respondent, Local Union Sheet Metal Workers International Association. multi-employer work. Respondent maintains list who wish referred jobs. When contacts workers, may certain name. If not, begins top attempts telephone each worker listed until satisfied request. source sheet metal workers; they mechanisms, union.1 Specialty Agreement, negotiated cover siding, decking, buildings. alleges refused honor services passed making He contends internal grievances regarding these matters. Petitioner's first amended complaint contained counts. First, asserted representation, contending "in [petitioner], acted arbitrarily, discriminatorily, and/or bad faith reason cause." First Amended Complaint ¶ 13. Second, referrals, . favored faction been known support present business manager," "part widespread, discipline [§ 411(a)(5) ] 529." Id., 17. Respondent, words, "acting manager agent [has] 'otherwise disciplined' " 16. 4 lacked entertain "discrimination practice," "[t]he referrals." C 83-1126 (ND Feb. 20, 1987), 6, reprinted App. Pet. Cert. A9. determined adjudicating "would interfe[r]ing NLRB's jurisdiction." 7, A10. 5 brief per curiam opinion. With court noted "[c]ircuit consistently Board" "if affirmatively [petitioner] do bar, prevail." F.2d, 999 (emphasis original). regard count, found "[d]iscrimination system, employee's rights, constitute 'discipline' LMRDA" "[h]iring well members." Ibid. granted certiorari. 489 1009, 109 1116, 103 179 (1989). II A. long organization statutory (NLRA), 49 449, amended, 151 seq., "to serve hostility toward any, discretion complete good honesty, avoid conduct." 177, 910, 842 (1967); see Steele Louisville & Nashville R. Co., 323 192, 203, 65 226, 232, 89 L.Ed. 173 (1944). Miranda Fuel 140 N.L.R.B. 181 (1962), enf. denied, 326 172 (CA2 1963), violations 8(b) 158(b) ed.).2 7 157, form, join, assist organizations, refrain activities, "is limitation representatives, Section 8(b)(1)(A) accordingly prohibits when representative capacity, taking upon considerations classifications irrelevant, invidious, unfair." N.L.R.B., 185. addition, reasoned respectively violate 8(b)(2) 8(a)(3) when, irrelevant reasons basis classification, derogate employee." 186. While relate practice. And, general matter, neither nor possess activity "arguably" 8 NLRA. See 775 (1959). Nevertheless, jurisdiction. supra, 's Our premised several factors. elaborated even acquired activities. Indeed, often matters "not normally Board's jurisdiction," 181, S.Ct., 912, typically aimed "effectuating policies laws, [redressing] wrong done employee," id., 182, n. 8, 913 8. doubted "the brings substantially greater bear courts." 912. Another consideration finding judicially cognizable General Counsel's unreviewable refuse institute proceedings. "[T]he Counsel will bring behalf injured injury complained 'insubstantial.' 183, whole "[o]f paramount importance," Bowen United States Postal Service, 459 212, 222, 588, 595, 74 402 (1983), existence small group unwilling unable remedy frustrate basic purposes underlying doctrine," Vaca, 182-183, 913. Consequently, were assume deny remedies enacted Management Act, 1947 (LMRA). As WHITE described Sipes last Term Karahalios Federal Employees, 527, 535, 1282, 1288, 539 (1989): "As understood our inquiry, Congress, enacting 1947, oust enforcing 'tardy assumption' insufficient abandon prior cases, Syres [v. Oil Workers, 350 892, 76 152, 100 785 (1955) ]." 9 thus enough Communications Beck, 487 735, 743, 108 2641, 2646-2647, 101 634 (1988). 10 decline halls. numerous opportunities policies,3 reject notion ought context experience past.4 initial never suggested contains exceptions matter presented, relative area involved, factor. begin carving now, especially limiting principle approach. Most require great sensitivity tradeoffs between unit rights individuals.5 Furthermore, indicated "experience" "expertise" deprives Board, example, repeatedly applied doctrine involving racial Brotherhood Painters, 1066 (W.J. Siebenoller, Jr., Paint Co.), 205 651, 652 (1973); Houston Maritime Assn., Inc. (Longshoremen 1351), 168 615, 616-617 (1967), 426 584 (CA5 1970); Cargo Handlers, 1191), 159 321, 322-327 (1966); Rubber 12 (Business League Gadsden), 150 312, 314-315 (1964), enf'd, 368 1966), cert. 389 837, 88 53, 19 99 Automobile 453 (Maremont Corp.), 149 482, 483-484 (1964); Longshoremen, 1367 (Galveston Inc.), 148 897, 897-900 1010 58, (Hughes Tool 147 1573, 1574 Handy Andy, Inc., 228 447, 455-456 (1977). gender Wolf Trap Foundation Performing Arts, 287 1040 (1988), 127 LRRM 1129, 1130 (1988); Olympic S.S. 233 1178, 1189 (1977); Glass Bottle Blowers 106 (Owens-Illinois, 210 943, 943-944 (1974), 520 693 (CA6 1975); Pacific Assn. Warehousemen, 52), 209 519-520 (1974) (Member Jenkins, concurring). short, "[a] cursory review volumes following discloses where motivated membership, strifes resulting intraunion politics, considerations." 272 93, 104 (1984). Adopting bars courts. calls attention inherent complex, point importance competence agency." Journeymen Apprentices Borden, 373 690, 695, 83 1423, 1426, 638 (1963) (citation omitted). For reason, "[w]hether discriminatory violative determination entrusted Board." Farmer Carpenters, 430 290, 303, 12, 97 1056, 1065, 51 338 cited however, focus 8(b). arrangements illegal se prohibited Teamsters NLRB, 365 667, 673-677, 81 835, 838-841, (1961); Woelke Romero Framing, 456 645, 664-665, 102 2071, 2082-2083, 72 398 (1982). "Board approval various meaningless could declare procedures contractual implicit union." Farmer, 300, 9, 1063, 9. These quite Cf. Lingle Norge Division Magic Chef, 486 399, 403-406, 1877, 1880-1881, 410 Electrical Hechler, 481 851, 855-859, 2161, 2164-2166, 95 791 (1987); Allis-Chalmers Corp. Lueck, 471 202, 211, 105 1904, 1911, 85 206 (1985); Lucas Flour 369 95, 103-104, 82 571, 576-577, 593 (1962). different. It evolved," Motor Coach Employees Lockridge, 403 274, 301, 1909, 1925, 473 (1971), law—predating prohibition LMRA. essential means fully important "no suffer hostile treatment hands majority coworkers." Ibid; Parcel Mitchell, 451 56, 63, 1559, 1564, 732 (1981) ("[T]he more creature 'labor law' contract law"). unlike tort "refusal limit judicial rectify rests judgment cannot, vast situations occur, actual conflict policy." 1925; 180-181, 912 ("A primary justification doctrine—the conflicting relations leaving development administrative purpose—is applicable representation"). interpret establishing somehow so activities outside NLRB. 13 below 999. identified "intensely practical consideratio[n]," 913, wrongfully discharged obtained relief grievance arbitration provided breach-of-contract pursuant 301(a) LMRA, 61 156, 185(a) employee-plaintiff's failure exhaust excused 185-186, 914-915. face defense remedies, prove handling grievance." 186, 914. 14 reasoning implies, contract. earliest involved negotiating possible. Ford Co. Huffman, 345 330, 681, 1048 (1953); Even after signed, plaintiff prevail. See, e.g., 2653; Czosek O'Mara, 397 25, 29, 90 770, 25 21 (1970). "[A]n seeking damages inflicted [is] event, is, arguably protected lawsuit bottomed agreement." 299, 1924 added). 15 argues concern heard together forum situation, 301 knowledge violating decision.6 thereby 8(a)(3), 158(a)(3), Wallace 248, 255-256, 238, 241-242, 216 (1944), jointly severally liable Board.7 environment, permitting hear danger bifurcated absence according hold possesses 16 argument misinterprets Vaca. Because logic allegation excuse litigate merits employer, "obvious compelled pass there actions." 187, 915. enhanced contributed injury, facilitates fashioning remedy. concluded little sense situation instant entirely parallel implicating all. Or, case, solely wrongful necessary component converse true here: accompanied whatever liability, still retain legal join mean "join" actually filed. 18 always assumed independent status, "arise under" Tunstall Locomotive Firemen Enginemen, 210, 213, 235, 237, 187 Lower addressed issue uniformly provides for, inter alia, "any civil proceeding commerce," creates claims, Capital 347 501, 504, 699, 702, 98 887 (1954), "Act commerce." Chavez Food Commercial Int'l Union, 779 1353, 1355, 1356 (CA8 1985); Anderson Paperworkers 641 574, 576 1981); Buchholtz Swift 317, 332 1979), 444 1018, 672, 62 648 (1980); Mumford Glover, 503 878, 882-883 1974); Retana Apartment, Motel, Hotel Elevator Operators 14, 1021-1022 (CA9 1972); De Arroyo Sindicato de Trabajadores Packinghouse, 425 281, 283, (CA1), 400 877, 121, 27 115 (1970); Nedd Mine America, 103, (CA3 1968); Bautista Pan American World Airlines, 828 546, 549 1987). agree reasoning. regardless 301,8 concerns animated equally case. erred B 20 proper, reasons. notes interpreted discriminate union-related basis. Brown, 380 278, 286, 980, 985, 839 (1965). symmetry us forbidding criteria system.9 standard reflects purposeful scope discriminates thereof. negated construed extending further provisions 22 decide appropriate proposition false syllogism: establishes (c) either. flaw syllogism equate effort narrow former category. rationale precisely opposite; broaden, restrict, members. 184-186.10 Pegging definition representation—flexibility 912-913. 23 8(b); rather, 9(a) 159(a) represent unit. serves "bulwark stripped law." 912; Mfg. 175, 2001, 2007, 1123 (1967) ("It national policy vested fashion enactment LMRA limited specified adopted view, today. 24 insists setting personnel. representation.11 accept proposed analogy. Only Board-certified gain ability Together comes nonarbitrary nondiscriminatory fashion, representing them. consequence. key something "The undoubted broad negotiation administration equal scope, representation." 370 (1964) 739, 2647; Hines Anchor Freight, 554, 564, 96 1048, 47 231 (1976); 861-862, 2167; 865, 2170 (STEVENS, part). 26 arbitration, expressly reserves adjusted, intervention representative, adjustment inconsistent effect." exercised provided, arrangement. Hence, observation provide directly consortium interested irrelevant; said about system processing shed merely allocating openings among competing applicants, seen similar does. assumption believes "employer's" renders inapplicable. management administers setting, apt provoke strong reaction mechanism. balance power. correct mantle entity: An improperly functioning closed shop, 'with abuses arrangement, including employees, prospective minority groups, union.' 674, (quoting S.Rep. 1827, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., (1947)); Note, Unilateral Control Hiring Halls: Wrong Remedy, 70 Yale L.J. 661, 674 (1961). sum, wield additional assuming role, decreases. 200, 231.12 III rejected show disciplined" unlawful discipline" secured LMRDA.13 members," 999, conclusion, although reasoning.14 30 Finnegan Leu, 431, 1867, 239 (1982), removal appointive 609's prohibitions, section "meant punitive diminishing termination appointed 438, 1871 (footnote joined misapplied Finnegan, prohibit expelling rank-and-file members-only leadership, permit impose sanction included few token non-members well. Either way, purpose hardly served able coerce into obedience threatening them loss Under reading urged States, positions perquisites enjoyed exclusively leaders; protections "nonpolicymaking member-employees." 443, 1874 (BLACKMUN, 31 precise import find intend meant instead rules. "Discipline criminal government." Summers, Law Discipline, 178 (1960). "undertaken membership." Miller Holden, 535 915 1976). 32 statute structure. enumerated fine, suspension—imply officers.15 2A C. Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction 47.17, 166 (4th ed. 1984) (ejusdem generis). "written charges" imposed, time" defense, contemplate imposition (1971) (expulsion trial committee, subsequent review). altogether, seeks "safeguards action," indicates A expected hearing every job. 33 supports interpretation "discipline." Early drafts elaborate "due protections," presumption innocence, venue restrictions, counsel, confront cross-examine witnesses, guarantees context.16 envisioned entail official capacity. Cong.Rec. 5812 (1959) (remarks Sen. McClellan) (referring action" followed "expelled punished," "tried," "suspend[ed]" union); 6023 Kuchel) (noting imposed usual constitutional [criminal] charges brought"). 34 forerunner Senate penalties organization, agents, employees" use person force violence, economic reprisal threat thereof, restrain, coerce, intimidate, attempt intimidate interfering preventing entitled Act." S. 1555, reported, 86th 1st 53 added); 53-54, 94 (1959), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News, 1959, 2318; 15120 (comments Goldwater). 1555 Senate,17 earlier bill separately coercion shows believed distinct, unauthorized "economic reprisals" suffered bipartisan compromise introduced Representatives Landrum Griffin, passage Senate, substituted penalties. Representative Griffin explained covered "denial 13091 added), apparent reference capacity organization. Discipline "must name organizational entity." Etelson Smith, Landrum-Griffin Harv.L.Rev. 727, (1969). 35 supported one rivals. amounting statute. According complaint, officers. tribunal, correctly LMRDA.18 IV 36 express view suit, remand consistent 37 ordered. 38 whom SCALIA joins, part. 39 school officials inflict corporal schoolchild, speak child being "disciplined."1 prison inmate summarily "good credits "discipline."2 So too soldier misconduct superior duties.3 none "tribunal" "proceeding by" official. Ante, 94. Rather, distinguishes correcting behavior considered deviant. today holds, deemed deviant, nonetheless discipline. analysis disposition opinion, restrictive 40 Title "Bill Rights" "was product widespread leadership." 435, 1870, took least forms. run autocratically accord self-governance. Lynn, 488 347, 356, 639, 644-645, 700 (1989); Steelworkers Sadlowski, 457 102, 112, 2339, 2346, 707 Accordingly, decreed voting freedom speech assembly 412 court. evidence members' adequate safeguards.4 442, 1873 (Congress concerned "protecting officers") deleted); 243-245, 615-617, (1971). address concerns, LRMDA 101(a)(5)5 609,6 U.S.C.§§ written expansive language. They "organization officer thereof," officer, agent, shop steward, thereof." 529. And fines, suspension, sanctions unspecified discipline[s]" 41 plain language, "punishment correction training." Webster's Third New Dictionary 644 Random House English Language 562 (2d 1987) ("punishment training"); Oxford 735 1989) (same). easily charged punish opposition. "fines," trial, suggests reach informal affects 42 policy, exclude abuse protected. measures protection. "[I]nterference constitute[s] powerful tool leaders [can] affairs, workers' rights." Vandeventer 513, Operating Engineers, 579 1373, 1378 1978); (1969) ("Since motivation one's employee, seems manifest very effective method disciplining interests"). inconceivable broadly compass. 43 concludes denial attributable errs At pleading stage, allegations accepted "only clear set facts proved allegations." Hishon King Spalding, 467 69, 73, 2229, 2232, 59 (1984); Conley Gibson, 355 41, 45-46, 78 99, 101-102, 80 (1957). "that failing defendant, manager, Williams, Michael Duffy, plaintiff." "been opposition." A-21. elsewhere acknowledges hall" ante, 88, sufficient liability breaching used union-granted "under of" "opprobrium "visited petitioner." 44 states "established process" tribunal" proceeding." 91, But, aware,7 informally formally unwritten formal structure evince intention restrict coverage tribunals detailed whatsoever. Nor history, Congress' wide range crabbed reading.8 here ironically protection Act's most needed—when act secretly receives advance notice, opportunity heard, explanation action. organization's perverse Congress. 45 Finally, controlled, concluded, 437, 1871; 353, 644, 5. stated "it members—not such—whom sought protect," 1871, "Congress [did not] inten[d] establish security tenure employees," 1871. Amicus Curiae, Solicitor cogently why controlling: 46 question presented far participation Union's program benefit unit, withdrawal though extended Union. emphasis distinction situation. appeals' reliance drew turns approach head. conclusion surely class benefits, rank-and-file, withdrawn appeals implicitly acknowledged (see Pet.App. A3) 'a ' (456 437 [, 1871] ). alter characterization. either demotion characterized taken sets apart rank-and-file. id. 437-438 1871]. bears similarity fall residual category sanctions—encompassed disciplined'—that provision."9 48 Today refuses reasoning, just flawed Appeals. Retaliation effected ex parte, hoc, unrecorded respectfully dissent 1959. word "exclusive" systems art denoting degree reserved "exclusive," retains sole supply designated percentage period time, hours, hire own. 608 (Various Employers), 279 747, 754 (1986), 811 (CA2), 484 817, 72, (1987). agents restrain "employees guaranteed 157 title NLRA]: Provided, paragraph shall impair prescribe acquisition retention therein." 158(b)(1)(A) makes subsection (a)(3) denied terminated tender periodic dues initiation fees condition acquiring retaining 158(b)(2). utilizing barred unfair, invidious employees. Pipe Fitters, 392, 252 417, 421 (1980), 712 225 1983) departure results applicant falls inherently encourages owed users, violates (2), unless demonstrates interference valid union-security clause performance function." 406, 262 50, 701 504 curiam); Teamsters, 174 (Totem Beverages, 226 698-700 Boilermakers, Lodge 169 (Riley Stoker 140, 144-145 (1974). Deviation unambiguous standards prima facie 8(b)(2), irrespective deviation related membership. Association Bridge, Structural Ornamental Iron 600 776-777 445 915, 1275, 63 599 Heat Frost Insulation, (Rosendahl, 212 nonexclusive 577 (Tri-State Steel Erectors), 199 (1972); Hoisting Portable (Carlson 189 366 242 (CA1 Chauffeurs' 923, (Yellow Cab 2137, 2138 (1968); cf. 17, 251 1248, 1256-1259 (1980). intimate views decisions. share invaded 298, 1923, "Complexity," prevented arbitrate fairly, (1957), welfare. characterization argument. note strict party arrangement proof practices. Frank Mascali G.C.P. 219, 222 697 294 988, 341, 383 (1982); 1351 Marine 122 692, 696 (1958); Engineers (Associated Contractors), 113 655, (1955), modified grounds, 237 670 1956), 353 77 666, 664 recently abandoned principle, reasonably notice system." 1040, 1041 determine plaintiffs position simply contrary. "inextricably interdependent," 66-67, 1566, (Stewart, judgment), DelCostello 462 151, 164, 165, 2281, 2290, 2291, 476 (1983) hybrid representation/§ "comprises causes may, chooses, sue defendant other"); 66, 1566 judgment) (§ "its discrete base"); 2, 1569, part) ("[D]espite close relationship, inseparable. chose so; defendant"). pari materia requiring showing 676, 840, (1961) 8(b)(1) condemns "which encourage discourage tenure, employment"); 277, Painters 717 805, 808-809 1983); 633, Plumbers, 668 921, 922-923 1982) ); 143, Moving Picture Projection Machine 649 610, 612 1981). expansively bar prohibit, absent procedures. 3, supra. wisdom interpretation, proper 8(b), note, arguments inconsistent. On hand, disturb efforts uniform body governing excess authorizes. so, seem particularly "expert" area. void beyond permits, overlap less Similarly, deciding Fuel, Second explicitly juxtaposed statement narrowness acknowledgment broader concept. 176. otherwise. context; reconciled Courts Lewis 100, Laborers' 750 1368, 1376 (CA7 1984); Beriault 40, Super Cargoes Checkers Longshoremen's 501 258, 264-266 Smith 500 741, 748-749 51, 57; 754-755; 421-422; Bricklayers' Stonemasons' 235 1001, 1006-1008 (1978). Mountain Chapter, Associated Contractors, 119 883, 270 1959), incorporate (1961), exceeded mandate confined purport careful retained determin[e] practiced" "eliminat[e] discrimination" 677, 840. invalid prophylactic particularized findings bearing case—a appears already sections. 439, 1872, clearly 613, To extent otherwise, error. circumvent developing novel suspensions, expulsions. suspension qualify sentence Contrary Stevens' suggestion, 99-100, nn. "formal" proceedings, opposed "informal" "summary" ones. punishments signify H.R. 4473, 12-16 (1959); 7265, 19-20 1137, traced 242-245, 435-441, 1870-1873. portion became 530 criminalizes violence 610 reprisals. "infringed" conduct, decided below, us. Delta Air Lines, August, 450 346, 362, 1146, 1155, (1981). certiorari ("Whether jobs [LMRDA]?"). Ingraham Wright, 1401, 711 (1977) (use punishment, predeprivation hearing, schoolchildren); Goss Lopez, 419 565, 580, 729, 725 (1975) (suspension discipline). Preiser Rodriguez, 411 475, 478-481, 93 1830-1832, 439 (1973) (unauthorized deprivation Manual Courts-Martial, 1968, Ch. (detailing nonjudicial minor offenses). mistaken suggesting predecessor interfere signifies reprisal. 93-94. provision, later embodied aimed. follow, assume, "all LMRDA," employ safeguards. forth provides: "No fined, suspended, expelled, disciplined except nonpayment (A) charges; (B) given defense; (C) afforded full hearing." "It suspend, expel, chapter. enforcement section." Contemporaneous sources replete examples summary Industrial Conference Studies Personnel Policy, 150, Handbook Government Structure Procedures 71-72 statements constitutions offenses. 569,857"); Power Trade Unions Their Members, U.Pa.L.Rev. 537, 541 (1948) ("[H]earings indicate physical 'goon squad' opposing factions"). testified methods workers. Hearings 3540, 3302, 4474 Joint Subcommittee Committee Education Labor, pt. 4, 1483 (testimony George Meany, President Federation Organizations (AFL-CIO)); Cong.Rec.App. 3294 (AFL-CIO Legislative Department Analysis Provisions Senator McClellan's Amendment) ("Often usually wholly informal"). Brief Curiae depriving reprisals Guidry 882 929, 940-941 1989); Murphy 18, 774 114, 122-123 1985), 475 1017, 1201, 315 (1986); Keene 569 1375 Moore 569, 653 F.Supp. 767 (SD Cal.1987); T. Kheel, 43.06[4], 43-105 Beaird Player, Membership Landrum-Griffin: What "Discipline" How Much Process Due?, Ga.L.Rev. 383, 392 (1975); 733 But Comment, Applicability Interference Employment Opportunities, 114 (1966). Two agreement. Turner 455, 755 866, 869-870 (CA11 Hackenburg 694 1237, 1239 (CA10 1982); Figueroa 342 1965) (although compliance seaman

Classification Label: 6