Legal Document

416 U.S. 802 94 Supreme Court Reporter 2191. 40 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 566 Atlantic Y. ALLEE et al., Appellants,v.Francisco MEDRANO al. Number 72—1125. Argued Nov. 13, 1973. Decided May 20, 1974. Syllabus Appellee union and the individual appellees, who attempted from June 1966 to 1967 unionize farmworkers persuade them support or join a strike, were subjected persistent harassment violence by appellants other law enforcement officers. In July state court issued temporary injunction against proscribing picketing on near property of one major employers in area. Appellees brought this federal civil rights action, 42 Code KF62 §§ 1983, 1985, attacking constitutionality certain Texas statutes alleging that officers conspired deprive appellees their First Fourteenth Amendment rights. A three-judge District declared five unconstitutional enjoined enforcement, addition permanently intimidating organizational efforts. Held: 1. The did not moot controversy, since it was appellants' officers' conduct, injunction, ended strike. Nor has case become because abandoned unionization efforts as result harassment, for appellee still is live organization with continuing goal unionizing farmworkers. Pp. 809—811. 2. portion Court's decree enjoining police intimidation an appropriate exercise court's equitable powers. 811—816. (a) could properly consider question under concededly constitutional grant relief jurisdiction ancillary conferred attack plainly required court. 811—812. (b) This interfere pending prosecutions, so special considerations relevant cases like Younger versus Harris, 401 37, 91 746, 27 669, do apply, nor there any requirement first exhaust remedies before bringing suit. Pacific KF135 P2 814. (c) Irreparable injury shown evidence unchallenged findings intimidation, no remedy at would adequately protect such lawful effort 814—815. (d) Where pattern misconduct, opposed isolated incidents, injunctive appropriate. Hague CIO, 307 496, 59 954, 83 L.Ed. 1423. 815—816. 3. holding accompanying relief, must be vacated. 816—820. three have been repealed replaced more narrowly drawn provisions decision are prosecutions them, judgment relating these will moot. Since cannot definitely determined opinion record whether even intended enjoin if were, remanded further findings. If should vacate superseded statutes. some pending, make they bad faith, and, so, enter subject review both propriety intervention merits striking down 818—820. determination two remaining statutes, reconsideration light Steffel Thompson, 415 452, 1209, 39 505. determine faith. only threatened declaratory sought, then controls showing need made. 820. 347 F.Supp. 605, affirmed part, vacated remanded. Larry Federal KF105 F3 York, Austin, Tex., appellants. Chris Dixie, Houston, appellees. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered Court. 1 action,1 It alleges defendants, members Rangers Starr County, Texas, Sheriff's Department, Peace Amendments, unlawfully arresting, detaining, confining without due process legal justification, threatening, harassing, coercing, physically assaulting prevent free speech assembly. convened which enforcement. 634. addition, defendants variety unlawful practices formed core alleged conspiracy. Five all Rangers, perfected appeal. 28 § 1253. consist Farm Workers Organizing Committee, named plaintiffs,2 class represented whose behalf also rendered.3 2 From until 1667, engaged organize into predominantly Mexican-American lower Rio Grande Valley. led considerable local controversy conflict authorities, found below organizing crushed. lawsuit followed. 3 factual challenged here. early 1966, beginning effort, Eugene Nelson, strikers' principal leaders, stationed himself International Bridge Roma, attempting laborers Mexico He taken custody County Sheriff, detained four hours, questioned about told he investigation Bureau Investigation. No charges ever filed him. F.Supp., 612. 4 October 25 sympathizers picketed alongside Rancho Farms exhorting strike; ordered disperse sheriffs although peaceful. When Raymond Chandler, officer conversation contesting validity order, arrested Article 474 Vernon's Ann. Penal breach peace. Although maximum punishment offense $200 fine, bond set Chandler $500. Chandler's friends came courthouse bond, verbally abused, had business there, leave placed jail themselves. 612—613. They left.4 5 Later month, when president others arrest, shouted 'viva la huelga' deputy sheriff struck official held gun his forehead, ordering him repeat those words 'respectful place.' Id., 613. As strike continued through year called area, serious incidents violence. pickets gathered Mission, protest carrying produce valley Missouri-Pacific Railroad. initially charged trespass private property; changed assembly, finally complaints secondary picketing. Reverend Edgar Krueger Magdaleno Dimas Rangers. train passed, prisoners' bodies faces inches train. 615. 6 few weeks later sought arrest allegedly brandishing threatening manner, 'tailing' Moreno, members. explanation assaulted Captain Allee time. These men assisting evade Allee's own testimony never Indeed, warrant formal complaint Dimas, him, put call justice peace arrived scene filled out forms carried broke house Rodriguez, another member, violent brutal fashion. hospitalized days brain concussion, X-rays revealed hard back spine curved shape. Rodriguez cuts bruises ear, Elbow, upper arm, back, jaw; fingers broken nail torn off. 616—617. 7 Earlier, May, Nelson gone office, according complain acting force farms life despite fact conceded threat. directed censure something happened 8 During entire period office regularly distributed aggressive anti-union newspapers. driving car pick up papers each week, bring office; various deputies. 617. included copies paper appendix its opinion; typical headline 'Only Mexican Subversive Group Could Sympathize Valley Workers.' views similarly explicit. On number occasions offered farm jobs demand wage, return end 613, 614. member area break done so. 9 Among selectively enforced assembly law, 439 Code, treating criminal inoffensive gathering, 613; solicited persons knowledge offense, id., 615; baseless impersonating officer.5 10 officials 'took sides what essentially labor-management controversy.' 618. virtually assault upon anyone people during 'concluded maintenance order inextricably bound preventing success strike.' Ibid. Thus, series but prevailing throughout controversy. 11 * argued injunction6 11, 1967, thus rendered That case. 12 After summarizing defendants' practices, concluded '(t)he union's collapsed pressure suit seek relief.' Thus suit, afterward. With protection decree, again begin 13 Moreover, quite limited. proscribes concert owned La Casita Farms, Inc., plaintiff But agreed oral argument involved occurred locations. Moreover temporary, appeal Civil Appeals, after finding most trial unsupported, limited nature review, injunction. appellate 'nothing ruling us issuance permanent . ..' Comm. Tex.Civ.App., South Western Reporter, 2nd 398, 403. We advised issued, we assume be. 14 can very restrain There continue themselves physical restrictions liberties pendency action preserve face vindicate rechanneled direct attempts workers seeking hence amended complaint, aimed common cause 'chill(ed) willingness rights,' resulting, found, 'collapse' drive. prosecute won December 1972. may judicial battle, cause. Rather, purpose renewed. settled does merely conduct complained terminated, possibility recurrence, otherwise 'would '(their) old ways." Gray Sanders, 372 368, 376, 801, 806, 821; Walling Helmerich & Payne, 323U.S. 43, 65 14, 89 29; W. T. Grant Co., 345 629, 632, 73 894, 897, 97 1303; NLRB Raytheon 398 25, 27, 90 1547, 1548, 26 21; SEC Medical Committee Human Rights, 404 403, 406, 92 577, 579, 30 560. remains much continues essential therefore moot, alive. II 15 appellees.7 part complements places boundaries just based single plan pervasive authorities suppress appellees' blunderbuss relied constitutionally deficient, concurrently exercised authority valid laws manner. While presented it, court.8 16 here prohibits using stop, disperse, imprison efforts, 'adequate cause.' 'Adequate cause' defined (1) actual obstruction public passways causing unreasonable interference, (2) violence, threat thereof, actually committed person, aiding abetting or, (3) probable believe good faith State violated, than ones remainder decree. require abide requirements; contention restraining engaging lawful. 17 note creates interference courts, apply claims Rights Act 1871 McNeese Board Education, 373 668, 1433, 622; Monroe Pape, 365 167, 81 473, 492. Nonetheless necessity irreparable injury, 'the traditional prerequisite obtaining injunction' Younger, supra, U.S., 46, S.Ct., 751. 18 Such clearly made show. better situation economically oppressed classes country. Because workers, leaders organizers fear exercising protected expression, association. Potential supporters lending support. able regain furthering means, concerted conduct. adequate provide protection. Dombrowski Pfister, 380 479, 485—489, 85 1116, 1120—1122, 22. 19 Isolated misconduct not, course, '(w)e hesitated applications unconstitutionally applied.' Cameron Johnson, 390 611, 620, 88 1335, 1340, 20 182, citing Cox Louisiana, 379 559, 476, 487; Wright Georgia, 284, 1240, 349; Edwards Carolina, 229, 680, 697. Where, here, Industrial Organization, 1423, granting strikingly similar facts. crush nascent labro union. interfered distribution pamphlets, prevented meetings, ran labor town. municipal ordinances unconstitutional. 'exercising personal restraint over (the plaintiffs) production prompt hearing interfering access streets, parks, city,' 'interfering right (plaintiffs), agents communicate individuals streets orderly peaceable manner.' 517, 965. courts granted cases.9 For reasons stated, holdings modified. respects proper.10 III 21 Finally, declaring unconstitutional, relief. pressed arguments parts inconsistent teachings Samuels Mackell, 66, 764, 688. explained below, unnecessary reach contentions present. 22 companion grounded asked intervene prosecutions. Thompson parties assumed relevance unable find precise indication time decision. chronology events gives rise contrary inference. 1972, source contest interrupted years earlier. seems likely initiated unless restrained issued. appear proceedings.11 23 impact future might invoked live, ordinarily justified 821. situation, Legislature. breach-of-the-peace provision, 42.01, 42.03, 42.05 new codification; 482, abusive-language statute, 42.01; 439, unlawful-assembly 42.02. enactments, earlier January 1, 1974, predecessors. Whatever conclusions challenge presents different 24 portions moot.12 certainty proper disposition remand Cf. Differenderfer Central Baptist Church, 412, 574, 567. them. appellees,13 particular genuine expectation conviction.14 finds, ultimately circumstances case, Ann.Tex.Civ.St., Arts. 5154d 5154f, necessary questions statutes' constitutionality. none force. governed all, 505, decided Term.15 Court, benefit our think Thompson. harassing deterring rights, allowing proceed summary, affirm modifications delete reference proceedings consistent opinion. ordered. Decree directions. 29 POWELL took Chief BURGER, whom WHITE REHNQUIST join, concurring dissenting part. 31 AFL-CIO union), Texas. six active strike1 Southern Deputy Sheriffs, Special Peace, suppressed plaintiffs purported represent association strike.2 suppression caused claimed court, statutes3 entered prohibiting acts associated 605 (1972). appealed noted jurisdiction. 411 963, 93 2143, 36 683 (1973). 32 today vacates deals remands reconsideration, respect 505 (1974). doing avoids significant issues fairly resolved now. deserve full treatment wrestle myriad problems applying doctrine 669 (1971). N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions undertake deal issues. neither accepts rejects my reasoning ultimate resolution issues; majority simply chooses I, therefore, concur remand. affirms slightly modified reflect stated dissent result. 33 facts dispute. understanding difficult 34 8, leader, hours being activities informed Investigation investigating regarding threats buses used transport jobs. custody, international bridge 35 Another 12, site refused obey became altercation loud vociferous language County. apparently violating Tex. 474, disturbing-the-peace statute. Bond $500 violation fine. Two abused sheriffs. 24, deadly subdue who, while courthouse, fellow arrestees. 37 November 9, help keep served Reynaldo De Cruz, charging Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat., 3, packing sheds located Missouri Railroad tracks. Cruz statements arrestee. 38 (e) Charges 28, wearing badge around hall. witnessed offense; shield type, sheriff's deputies wore badges shape stars. admitted aware worn directing traffic Union functions. Also date Librado grab nonstriking employee coat, immediately assault. (f) evening 26, Courthouse peaceful prayer vigil arrests day. group mounted steps, grounds, steps 439. One Gilbert Padilla, chronology. minister. (g) February nine disturbing peace, field quit work. 41 (h) Three months later, occurred: appellant strikers get job within minutes union-demanded wage. day Ranger shoved connected including plaintiffs, David Lopez. Both file county attorney insufficient go forward complaint. (i) following day, allowed peacefully picket accordance 5154d, mass depart short site. 43 (j) take seriously, accepted tax records checked weekend, reason waiting tendered knew well surety landowner person substance 44 (k) trespassing. charge boycott charge. Ten block produce. second evening. unsuccessfully encouraging bystanders boycotting railroad agent left prior arrests. Included plaintiff. recite Mrs. Krueger, group, 'either taking picture her husband's camera defense.' arrestees roughly handled. concerning incident charity. 45 (l) 31, 5154d. 46 (m) home Kathy Baker, plaintiff, having previously brandished manner presence arrest. Benjamin third same apprehended explain why arrested. accomplished 47 (n) progress assisted regular strongly newspaper. Each week locally distribute paper. 48 mootness standing. Part III, discuss (1971), applicability instant dealt IV. 49 declaration overcome burden imposed was, empowered challenges recited filed, explicit specific commencement possible now crucial matters mootness, standing, 50 Legislature codification Code. Articles (unlawful assembly), (breach peace), 482 (abusive language) longer employed class. standing commence respecting 'It 'has sustained danger sustaining injury' statute Massachusetts Mellon, 262 447,488, 597, 67 1078 (1923).' O'Shea Littleton, 414 488, 494, 675, 674 Even operation, i.e., prosecution, operation obliged resolve 'question existence acute 459, 1216. (Emphasis original.) See Indiana Employment Sec. Division Burney, 409 540, 883, 62 prosecution suffice establish faced repealed. 51 repealed, say, record, real. examine guidelines applicable except hypothetically 1215. 52 recently 493, satisfied 'those invoke power courts.' Bailey Patterson, 369 32—33, 82 549, 550, 551, 512 (1962); Long Columbia, 152 U.S.App.D.C. 187, 190, 469 927, 930 extant Prosecutions instituted form basis action. particular, acquire sue suffered afforded plaintiffs; bears repeating predicate share. Standing acquired door supra; 550—551.4 53 itself long recognized Amendment's guarantees important role play disputes. Thornhill Alabama, 310 88, 102, 60 736, 744, 84 1093 (1940); Thomas Collins, 323 516, 532, 315, 323, 430 (1945). agree unions, entities, organizers, entitled 1983 enforce 54 Here deprived actions enforcing If, union, activity derivatively position suffer real action.5 person's present individually inability freely restricts ability communicate. states, ante, 819 n. 'can act members.'6 55 (A) 56 issue relation depend meet standards 57 To extent prove identity interest between prosecuted members; members,7 insuring cease interests violated. stands place asserts comity name inequity requiring suing requirements opportunity proceedings. Any allow easy circumvention assert violations unincorporated immune burdens. 58 reached (1974), where demonstrator imputed purposes petitioner application arrestee antiwar handbills. Furthermore, Steffel, departed avoid handbilling stayed. joint ceased companion. petitioner's proceeding, unfair await outcome party apparent connection with. unfairness inheres trials holds members.8 determining applies becomes complex dealing met. (and derivatively) hurdle met stated. solely pursued only, apply. supra. threatened, answered 463, 1218. arise premature attempt it. development requested matter best remand.9 sues members, since, challenged, must, behalf, though burdened individually. evaded artificial niceties. (B) 61 next step analysis define burdens Harris. great immediate 'above beyond defense faith.' 48, 752. include, extremely rare cases, usual prerequisites harassment.' 53, 755. clear mere proceeded 'does justify good-faith it.' 54, described 'important necessary' State's task incidental inhibiting effect 'against socially harmful believes punishable Constitution.' 52, 754. principles mandate abstention faith-enforcement facially unconstitutionality, facial invalidity, presented, instance, involving deprivation pending. Perez Ledesma, 82, 674, 701 upheld Louisiana anti-obscenity face10 ruled defendants-federal seizure obscene materials invalid lack adversary character materials. improper: 63 'The admissibility tribunals, see Stefanelli Minard, 342 117, (72 118, 96 138) (1951), subject, certiorari habeas corpus. Ledesma permitted State. Only proven undertaken hope conviction perhaps extraordinary nothing suggest undertook laws.' 84—85, 676. 64 presumed capable fulfilling 'solemn responsibility 'to guard, enforce, every secured constitution Robb Connolly, 111 624, 637 (4 544, 542) (1884)." 460—461, Yet effectively fulfill prosecutorial deliberate unfairly reasonable vindication individual, meaningful magnitude, either substantial likelihood 'repeated subjected,' 49, 753, demands breakdown system allegation (1965). prove, inter alia, prosecutor hearings photostatic illegally seized evidence, already use documents grand jury obtain indictments. proved, allegations checks balances system. lost control embarked campaign appellants, designed discourage Under authorized. 66 test show manifest great, immediate, irreparable, constituting resulting courts. requisite injury. judging commenced consideration range surrounding district cautious, however, recognize works broad discretion laws. Santobello New 257, 495, 427 regard, prosecutors often, choose discontinue entirely legitimate reasons. An once arrested, 'right' Conversely, less 'open shut' defendants. 621, 1341, 182 (1968), noted: '(T)he guilt innocence charged; convictions erroneous amount disruption proceedings.' 485, 1120. trial; guilty proceeding escape securing convictions.' (Footnote omitted.) 68 removed policeman bad-faith sometimes inferred employ conclusion too readily alone. Just prosecutors, possess Police reasonably expected realization cross line legality thay willfully; contours cause, Fourth stricture search seizure, far clear. willfully engages patently illegal course convincing proof, scheme, Willful, random brutality police, abhorrent themselves, remedies, may, embark assistance authorities. lie reaching directly abuses primary level. Lankford Gelston, 364 197 (CA4 1966). See, infra. 69 Unless confronting defendant constitutes Younger. severity standard reflects extreme reluctance 70 seeks invalidity derive currently facing alleged, probability Evidence multiple bear degree separately challenges. rule encourage insubstantial attacks hoping strict accumulating effects many few. underlie ill pretext searching statutory code down. Boyle Landry, 77, 81, 758, 760, 696 71 perforce, scope, way applied, affect (as face), imminence prosecution. arrests, color irrelevant proof indeed, provides quantum harm interference. hand, prospect conviction, constitute sufficient 72 problem arises union: shall aggregate injuries independently union? expressed above attributed purposes—that Younger—the confronted member.11 operates realistically said mind turn applicable, held, error. 74 deferring satisfied, would, apparently, chance proving element 1968, handed 1971. September 1971, supplemental briefs briefs, abstain, alternatively, request adduce harassment. is, reopening remand, valuable relitigating Failure decide needless delay precipitated satisfy. failed satisfy expedite remove controverted ripe determination. 75 can, amend one-year judge nearly seven 'justice requires' amendment. Fed.Rule Cov.Proc. 15(a). 76 suffering constituted facts, injuryharassment issue, 77 Tex.Penal vigil. thereafter At persons12 trespassing, latter dropped boycotting. sustain inference appellee, repeated defend unusually onerous seriously damaging defending charges. 78 peace): (apparently Chandler13) 1967. Thereafter, provision. unwarranted hardship differing 79 appears midway strike.14 absence clearer 80 example instance persons, occasion, (mass picketing). totally Fourteen trespassing days, 5154f 1966. grounds issuing 10, objectionable whatever inadequate harm. resulted Very relates Office, prosecutors. bearing restricted items: first, mildly critical investigation, inadequate, Attorney shoving subsequent shoved; second, conceivably excessively high point; third, instructions Attorney, appeared post bond.15 contain promptly dropped; subsequently instances (even assuming arrests), terror remedied recourse Excluding antiunion newspaper, hardly disruptive daily Union, acted improper fashion sympathizers; average per month. 'abuses' persons. confiscated, passing train, 'roughly handled,' 615, All Allee16 Union-demanded '(P)icketing day,' exception Sundays, 612, yet months, months. surprising governing picketing, community, attain goals assembling, making heard Judging infrequency object obsessive personnel sum, read Youner IV term 'police misconduct.' represent, 86 'to-wit, Plaintiff AFL—CIO, sympathy voluntary aims in, hereafter engage Plaintiffs solicitation agricultural pertaining work workers.' 87 paragraph Final Judgment. remarkable reads follows: '16. ordered, adjudged decreed Defendants, successors, employees, toward applied to-wit: 'A. Using Defendants' discouraging 'B. Interfering stopping, dispersing, imprisoning solicitation, 'C. Arresting accompanied intention written competent 'D. Stopping, arresting person. 'E. Paragraph 16, Subparagraphs A, B Defendant above, mean passway, road, street, entrance causes ingress, egress, flow traffic; aiding, abetting, participating person; violate herein ordinance.' lacks Court; final judgment, along judgment. reverse. 95 entry fresh timely Appeals Fifth Circuit. Edelman Townsend, 412 914, 915, 2733, 141 hear 'an denying, notice hearing, interlocutory Congress judges.' 98 provided, 2281 execution ground unconstitutionality 99 'This Three-Judge construed 'any loose construction Act) defeat narrow confines docket.' Phillips States, (312 246, 250, 480, 483, 800).' Goldstein Cox, 396 471, 478, 671, 663 (1970). consonance philosophy Public Service commission Brashear Freight Lones, 312 784, 1083 (1941), unanimous Black, denial Judge motion assess damages arising application. 100 duties specially fully performed assessment filed. section 266 Judicial judges, instead judge, adjudication type injunctions orders pursuant thereto repugnant Constitution. raised additional judges called. Those ordinary jurisdiction, application.' 625, 787 (footnotes omitted). 101 careful litigation afford authoritative parties.' 625 5, 787. 102 reaffirmed informations parish ordinance. 'held' constitutional,17 seizures view ordinance invalid. referred adopted ordinance, stating: 103 'Even (which not), capacity single-judge Moody Flowers, 387 97, 1544, 643 (1967), 1253 'required determined' panel, question. 104 give controversies independent jurisdictional base. parties, necessarily exist Lines, 306 204, 608 (1939).' 86—87, 677.18 105 Lines proposition s restrict So claim nonconstitutional urged alternatively Florida Lime Avocado Growers Jacobsen, 362 73, 568, 568 (1960).19 priority claim. Rosado Wyman, 397 397, 402, 1207, 1212, 442 However, concerned relief—injunctive—directed claim, solving 'other controversy' parties. Perez, Similarly, noninjunctive unconstitutionality. Not concomitant 106 venture exceptions general convening. example, retain damages, insure adjudging Hamilton Nakai, 453 152, 160 161 (CA9 1971), cert. denied, 406 945, 2044, 332 107 'encumber calendars overburdened, consuming court.' 1213. 108 And expansion semblance reasoned compelling intermediate tribunal sort occur. glaring undue Court: inadequately digested analyzed untouched scrutiny Appeals. almost impressionistic scope perceived viewed rather many, brief time, year. remoteness intervening provided salutary perspective factually impassioned debate waged 109 aid considered confer Enjoining enterprise misconduct; separate appeals fragmented 'bad harassment' look types quasi-jurisdictional merits. principally denies fair whereas, weighing overlap possibly Harris same, different. 110 related foreclose Upon dissolved originally assigned necessary. 112 Assuming, arguendo, 113 penultimate sole discussion entered: 114 'In void, represent. Hairston Hutzler, 334 251 (W.D.Pa.1971).' 115 catch-all overcoming barrier rationale misconduct. injunction's defined, declarations Evidently, integrity encompasses seem logical send premised conclude entered, 116 (C) 117 am 118 contempt proceedings, sub judice ongoing offense. preceded permit Judgment, par. 16(C). 688 citation situation. contemplates face. 'A intrusive unworkable.' 500, 678. purport punish potential concern O'Shea, However 119 'Such intrusion sharp 502, 679. 120 (B), room suspicious constitutional. Terry Ohio, 392 1868, 889 (1968). 121 created manifold. collision O'Shea. whole compelled illustrates reckless meant super-police chiefs, disciplining infractions rules searches seizures. improperly intrudes functions undermine values self-restraint self-respect.' 194, 934 (1972) (Wright, J., concurring). 122 create, Comment, Injunction Remedy Unconstitutional Conduct, Yale L.J. 143 (1969).20 123 ineffective providing provoke resentment among restrains21 adhere relations notions comity. 124 event, Court22 prohibitory mandatory 125 '(R)ecognition balance concurrent counsels administration "both immediate." (Younger (1971).)' 499, 126 Injunctions see, e.g., 1966), 'unnecessarily involve dictate situations flexibility important. risk occur.' U.S.App.D.C., 192, F.2d, 932. scattered. Jurisdiction 1343, 2281. Named caption Francisco Medrano, Lopez, Rodriguez. Other body Farmworkers AFL-CIO, 'all abuse bonding process. Ranger, infra, 807, rejected good. Paul Pena seen star 616. Incorporated Comm., Dist. Ct. 3809, Appellants' exhibit D—1 Brasher 1083, pay fees assessed suit; judge. completely unrelated convened, tribunal. '(o)nce (a is) disposed ground, calling Georgia Comm'n, 371 285, 287—288, 399, 317. 85, 575, 568; 442. identical Milky Way Productions, Leary, 98, 817, 78, summarily assertedly York constitutional; D.C., 305 288, 296 (SDNY). intimately 'in followed 701, obscenity convening went 304 662, 667 (ED La.), suppressing reviewed merits, 'from denying civil' 89, 679 (Stewart, least compelling. true us. wholly enactment detailed inquries supporting central 'was Boyle, judge.' 87, obviously NAACP 357 831 (CA5), reversed concluding believed plaintiffs' demonstrations 'must that, intend advantage however inapplicable slight transgression, harass intimidate (the) plaintiffs.' 838. much. (CA4) (en banc), 'raids officers.' 202. Wolin Port Authority, (CA2). as, generally intimidated regard asserted fro actions. involvement consisted warrants basis. terms 'arresting, imprisoning, filing charges, advising suggesting (appellees) of' reading suggests requested. guidance 'plaintiffs (are) .,' impossible failure treat speculate five-year informal agreement indicate trial. Indeed bar delay. Ann.St.Tex.Const., Ann.Tex.Code Crim.Proc., 32.01. determines considers Roe Wade, 410 113, 125, 705, 713, 147. represented. Appellants stipulated representative represent.' Document 33, 2, Record Appeal. raise raise. Unions Constitution laws, American Fed. State, Mun. Emp. Woodward, 137 (CA8), implicitly unions organizers. Carpenters Joiners Ritter's Cafe, 315 722, 1143; cf. Button, 415, 428, 328, 335, 405. Amendment, impeded, 490, 1123, 22: '(A)ppellants attacked claiming invoked, threaten invoke, success, activities.' 619—620, 1339—1340, 693, (separate Brennan, J.). reserved Note, Relief Against Threatened Prosecutions: Implications Lake Carriers Roe, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 965 2201, 2202, 2281, 2284, 1985. (1952), picketing) (secondary boycotting) states represented.' Ante, 13. class; purportly represented, accord right. 550—551, Sierra Club Morton, 405 727, 739, 1361, 1368, 636 (1972); (1963). qua litigant outlined injured but, rather, 6, impute is. imputation interest. open repeal exist, conceivable 'chilling effect' justification disappeared, then, permitting By repealing 'remove(d) seeming deterrence expression,' 'strong medicine' overbreadth doctrine, sparingly last resort' hold Broadrick Oklahoma, 413 601, 2908, 2916, 830 18, Proof 7.20 615 (SD Tex.1972). 7.13 S.Supp., 7.11 warning. usually looked first. service retired According Department Safety. Supplemental Brief (filed Oct. 1971). dismissed rely (1970), proposition: precedential value summary affirmance somewhat diminished briefs. fact, Brashear, concede possesses Motion Dismiss Affirm Frank S. Hogan (No. 992, O.T.1969). noted, further, affirmed. constitutional, derived condemnation incorporated therein protecting liability occurring obscenity. La.1969). effect, broadly render nullity 673 (Rubin, dissenting), we, invalidating hearing. Jacobsen '(t)o whenever 2281.' 80, 573. pose risk. author Comment wrote: 'For tolerated violations, refrain useless—the lies doing. Purely subordinate policemen illegally. willing policemen. approach highly inefficient means policemen—a proceeding—would cumbersome heavy-handed large numbers violations. 'If utility abuse, affirmative responsible conduct.' L.J., original; footnote run defendant. enjoins 'Defendants, them.' forbid anticipatory Parts

Classification Label: 8