Legal Document

356 U.S. 44 78 Supreme Court Reporter 568 2 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 603 Clemente Martinez PEREZ, Petitioner,v.Herbert BROWNELL, Jr., Attorney General of the America. Number 44. Reargued Oct. 28, 1957. Decided March 31, 1958. Mr. Charles Atlantic Horsky, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Sol. Gen. Judge Lee Rankin, respondent. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered opinion Court. 1 Petitioner, a national by birth, has been declared to have lost his American citizenship operation Nationality Act 1940, 54 Statutes-at-Large 1137, as amended September 27, 1944, 58 746. Section 401 that Act1 provided 'A person who is States, whether birth or naturalization, shall lose nationality by: 3 '(e) Voting in political election foreign state participating an plebiscite determine sovereignty over territory; '(j) Departing from remaining outside jurisdiction time war during period President be emergency purpose evading avoiding training and service land naval forces States.' 4 He seeks reversal judgment against him on ground these provisions were beyond power Congress enact. 5 Petitioner was born Texas 1909. resided until 1919 1920, when he moved with parents Mexico, where lived, apparently without interruption, 1943. In 1928 informed had Texas. At outbreak World War II, petitioner knew duty male citizens register draft, but failed do so. 1943 applied admission alien railroad laborer, stating native-born citizen granted permission enter temporary basis. returned Mexico 1944 shortly thereafter permission, again Mexican citizen, temporarily continue employment laborer. Later once more. 1947 at El Paso, Texas, States. Board Special Inquiry hearing (and subsequent appeals Assistant Commissioner Immigration Appeals), admitted having remained avoid military voted elections Mexico. ordered excluded expatriated himself; this order affirmed appeal. 1952 petitioner, claiming permitted agricultural surrendered 1953 immigration authorities San Francisco unlawfully claimed right remain virtue citizenship. After before Officer, deported not possession valid visa; appeal Appeals. 6 brought suit 1954 District declaring States.2 The court, sitting jury, found (in addition undisputed facts set forth above) November July armed 'political election' 1946. concluding thereby himself, denied relief sought Appeals Ninth Circuit affirmed. 235 Federal Reporter, 2nd 364. We certiorari because constitutional questions raised 352 908, 77 153, 117. 7 Statutory expatriation, response problems international relations, first introduced just half century ago. Long that, however, serious friction between other nations stirred consideration modes dealing difficulties arose out conflicting claims allegiance foreign-born persons naturalized particularly they country their origin. 8 As starting point grappling tangle problems, 1868 formally announced traditional policy it 'natural inherent all people' divest themselves any state, 15 223, R.S. § 1999.* Although impulse legislation refusal nations, notably Great Britain, recognize Americans subjects shed former allegiance, held apply divestment 14 Op.Atty.Gen. 295, 296. addition, while debate proceeding, negotiations completed series treaties adjustment some disagreements constantly arising concerning These instruments typically each signatory would regard such its own became other. E.g., Treaty North German Confederation, Feb. 22, 1868, Treaties, Conventions, International Acts, etc. (comp. Malloy, 1910), Page 1298, 615. This initiated country's automatic specified conduct affecting our relations. 9 On basis, presumably, force, practice Department State last third nineteenth make rulings forfeiture individuals performed various acts abroad. See Borchard, Diplomatic Protection Citizens Abroad, §§ 319, 324. Naturalized origin abandoned actions accepting public office there assuming duties. Davis Weile, Apr. 18, 1870, Moore, Digest Law, 737; Taft, Jan. 1883, id., 739. Native-born (as well origin) generally deemed only if acquired Bayard Suzzara-Verdi, 1887, 714; see also Comitis versus Parkerson, C.C., 56 KF105 F3 556, 559, 22 L.R.A. 148. 10 No one seems questioned necessity Department, relations Nation, pass validity incidents diplomatic protection. However, recognized Executive Branch no specific legislative authority nullifying citizenship, several Presidents urged define which should themselves. Message Grant Congress, Dec. 7, 1874, Messages Papers (Richardson ed. 1899) 284, 291—292. Finally 1906, bill Naturalization Senate resolution recommendation House Committee Foreign Affairs called examination relating expatriation protection suggestions Secretary appointed Citizenship composed Solicitor Minister Netherlands Chief Passport Bureau. board conducted study late 1906 made extensive report recommendations legislation. 11 Among 'be assumed' when, peace, engaged involved taking oath domiciled five years intention return. Expatriation, H.R.Doc.No. 326, 59th Cong., Sess. 23. It recommended woman married foreigner regarded losing her coverture. Id., 29. two stated 'no man deliberately place himself position services may more than government due one.' third, going abroad live 'and question causes increasing embarrassment Government powers.' 25. 12 Within month submission Representative Perkins New York based board's recommendations. Perkins' 'deemed himself' peacetime, took state; presumed ceased take husband. 41 Cong.Rec. 1463—1464. designed discourage people responsibilities both countries 'to save (from) becoming trouble reason.' 1464. What little centered around domicile provision; issue canvassed. passed House, and, after substantially adoption committee amendment adding presumption termination origin, 4116, Expatriation 1907. 34 1228*. 13 enact depriving courts Mackenzie Hare, 239 299, 36 106, 60 L.Ed. 297. plaintiff action, Mrs. Mackenzie, resident 1909 she subject Britain continued reside When, 1913, defendants, members California, registered voter, application refused reason marriage Her petition writ mandamus sued error here, 1907 intended Congress. Court, through McKenna, finding merging identity husband wife, done instance, 'purpose be, necessity, policy,' continued: 'As government, invested attributes sovereignty. character powers nationality, especially those concern intercourse countries. hesitate long limiting embarrassing powers. * concur counsel tangible worth, we sympathize desire retan earnest assertion it. But personal considerations. seen, conditions moment. conception under review act bring into embarrassments controversies. *' pages 311—312, page 108. observed voluntary same consequences, 'involve complications like kind,' expatrication sense. concluded: 'This arbitrary exercise government.' 312, Ex parte Griffin, 237 445; Ng Fung Sing, 670. 16 By early 1930's, law including naturalization denationalization, expressed large number scattered throughout statute books. Some laws enacted different times seemed inconsistent others, growing importance emerged left unheeded. request Naturalization, 86 11943, Franklin D. Roosevelt established State, Labor recommend revisions codify comprehensive Congress; particular about 'existing discriminations' law. Exec. Order 6115, 25, 1933. necessary research entrusted specialists representing three departments. Five spent officials formulation draft code. letter submitting code reviewed within Brnach, Cabinet noted special loss asserted none 'designed punitive interfere freedom action'; deprive shown 'their real attachment Codification Laws H.R.Comm.Print, Pt. 1, 76th 1st v—vii. 17 omnibus chapters. chapter 'Loss Nationality' 'lose nationality' country; entering serving being employed post nationals are eligible; voting plebiscite; using passport thereof; renouncing consular officer abroad; deserting wartime (upon conviction court martial); residing acquires or, years. 66—76. 18 support reported: 19 'Taking active part affairs therein believed involve practical state. event participate retain nationality. seem other.' 67. 20 reference plebiscites language, states: 'If provision effect Saar Plebiscite held, expatriated.' Ibid. clear most immediate entire participation many January 1935. H.R.Rep.No.216, 74th 1. Dickstein York, Chairman 'international dispute' could properly participate, N.Y. Times, 4, 1935, 12, col. 3, 1935 similar language code, 79 2050, but, although favorably reported, did 21 June 1938 submitted Committee's supporting course, H.R.6127, referred committee. 1940 hearings subcommittee full interested agencies others testified. With respect provision, spoke said, vote, matters subdivision.' Hearings 287. Flournoy, Legal Adviser said 'particularly applicable' dual 132; suggestion applicable nationals, 398, adopted. Upon conclusion new drawn up H.R.9980. changes deletion residence result 11960—11961. debated day 1940. briefly summarizing bill, 'this put end relieve responsibility lands claim serves purpose.' 11944. Rees Kansas, served chairman studied clarifying needed, among reasons, 'because protect abroad.' 11947. day. 11965. 23 also, favorable Immigration, very briefly. amendments adopted making treason providing procedure administratively might obtain judicial determinations passed. 12817—12818. agreed insisted, 13250, October 14, 1137. 24 constituted small portion statute. surprising, then, received attention nothing basis enactment. whole primarily codification—and secondarily revision—of statutes force years, them, provisions, beginnings 150 old. so often case guided relied heavily upon advice Branch, Department. e.g., 11943—11944. effect, treated normally does committees charged studying problem formulating considerations emphasize importance, inquiry congressional field, keeping mind historical background challenged legislation, history will disclose fairly attributable enacting 25 step must answer question: what source assumed drawn? Constitution grant effective regulation affairs, can doubt existence law-making organ Nation. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 304, 318, 57 216, 220, 81 255; 108, joined together form single Nation create, Constitution, indispensable functioning effectively company sovereign nations. able deal affirmatively maintenance them sojourning territories. reduce minimum frictions unavoidable world sovereigns sensitive touching dignity interests. 26 inference read light country, (among behavior) seeking effectuate regulate affairs. legislators, counseled whom rightly advice, concerned create allegiance. Moreover, cannot ignore fact primary 1907, codification expansion. 27 Broad National necessarily limitation. restrictions confining expressly delegated equal vigor body Since arbitrarily, rational nexus exist content action carrying execution. More simply stated, means—in case, withdrawal citizenship—must reasonably related end—here, inquiry—and, us, sole inquiry—into concluded unreasonably relevant connection fundamental ultimate action.3 28 Our ascertain include participation, way voting, elections. Experience amply attests travel, rapid communication widespread use propaganda, activities nation another easily cause fellow citizens. deny reasonable belief become acute, jeopardizing successful chooses governmental country. unwittingly promote encourage course contrary interests government; moreover, least reflection expression policy. Cf. Preuss, Responsibility Hostile Propaganda Against Am.J. L. 649, 650. 29 follows activity regulable And ad hoc subtle influences repercussions generalized, clearly limited, category used defining area regulation. That description carries scope meaning context purpose; classes elections—nonpolitical colloquial sense—as possibly construction phrase. classification inappropriate dealt with. Specific applications open challenge, general categories law, 'gradual process inclusion exclusion.' Davidson Orleans, 96 97, 104, 616.4 30 finally faced whether, given attach sort consequence election, acting Necessary Proper Clause, Article I, 8, cl. Is means, calculated achieve, avoidance elections? extreme delicacy here regulated demand ample selecting appropriate accomplishing purpose. critical committing makes potentially pregnant possibility embroiling disputes terminates problem. significance interpreted conduct, irrationally, importing something less complete unswerving elements measure, least, 31 Of voluntarily. mockery Court's decisions suggest person, intend few ago supra: 'The give citizenship.' Savorgnan 338 491, 501, 70 292, 298, 94 latter sustained denationalization disputed 'had endangering U.S., 495, 294.5 women voluntarily engage Acts attached irrespective of—and, cases, absolutely to—the intentions desires individuals. Those cases mean nothing—indeed, deceptive—if essential rejection notion terminate depends citizen's assent. distortion explain away theory assent inferred amounts 'abandonment citizenship' 'transfer allegiance.' Certainly invalidated resting decisive precedents gross fiction—a fiction baseless contradicted cases. 32 acted warrant pursuant countries, anyone votes politically life To disregard allocation functions solemn guard. 33 Because view 401(e) find unnecessary consider—indeed, improper us adjudicate—the constitutionality 401(j), decline rule important time. Judgment 35 WARREN, BLACK DOUGLAS join, dissenting. decreed performing certain designated acts.1 American,2 election.3 Whether exceeds bounds us. resolved 37 Generally, challenged, express implied sweep surely broad. circumstances, adequate itself. initial government. 38 whose asserted? power? answers foundation Republic. secure inalienable rights individual, 'Governments instituted Men, deriving consent governed.' & N Decisions believe passage lessened truth proposition. basic citizens, maintains itself continuing relationship my judgment, sever gives rise existence. conceived spirit ours right. 39 man's rights. Remove priceless remains stateless disgraced degraded eyes countrymen. lawful nation, assert behalf.4 His sufferance borders happens be. expatriate presumably enjoy, most, limited privileges aliens,5 even deportation deprived rights.6 decree fate. 40 created endowed broad They function sovereign, Whatever jurisdiction, branch conceivably wanting crystallizing sentence section Fourteenth Amendment. 'All thereof, wherein reside.' thus birth-right every alter Wong Kim Ark, 169 703, 456, 477, 42 890. provides bestowed 'uniform Rule Naturalization,'7 corresponding authorizing divestment. procured aside.8 apart circumstance, status secure. Osborn Bank Wheat. 738, 827, 204: '(The citizen) becomes member society possessing native standing, constitution, footing native. constitution authorize enlarge abridge simple Legislature, prescribe uniform exhausts it, far respects individual.' (Emphasis added.) 43 Under lawfully taken them. There relinquished. 1868.9 'the natural *.'10 declaration establishing reciprocal abjure allegiance.11 days matter controversy. common-law doctrine perpetual evident opinions Court.12 And, impressment seamen British 1812, executive unwavering expatriation.13 Prior efforts enactments failed.14 ill-suited doors immigrants last. Nine Black notable opinion:15 45 'Here, thought giving (the expatriation) entertained principle populated. owe nation. 46 Ever since independence upheld maintained words acts. promised come seek transferring fealty stand pledged face world.' 47 renounced derogation undivided country.16 While qualities citizen-state preclude establishment impair showing transfer abandonment Nearly sovereignties acquisition ordinarily shows renunciation citizenship.17 Nor show Any manifests retention status.18 recognizing implement regulatory powers, for, previously indicated, immune Rather, formal recognition inevitable surrender 48 Twice before, results impairment 287, 'From beginning, obvious forms nation.' 498, 297, national. decision suspended duration marriage. sometimes proposition examine precisely involved. 49 citizenship.19 'any marries husband.'20 'At marital relation,' continues, 'she resume *.' away; abeyance. 50 borne history. responded requests houses laws, legislation.21 One recommendations, incorporated Act, follows:22 51 'That coverture husband; relation death absolute divorce revert registering year convenient consulate returning therein.' 52 'reversion familiar law,23 states.24 merely declarative then understood.25 Hare contains reasoning consistent terms upheld. Thus, speaks Mackenzie's entered 'condition,' 'Therefore,' concludes, 'as lasts, tantamount expatriation.' 53 A sustaining relies unity interest community—a now largely relic past—may outdated.26 However foregoing demonstrates understood sanction Rather Savorgnan, acknowledges abandoned, permanently, enactment pertinent indicates proceeding accordane approach. designation apparent further clarification necessary. 1933 Roosevelt, Naturalization,27 prepare revision laws.28 Committee, Labor, preparing 1938. divested Government's abandons compromising proposed President, described loss-of-nationality words:29 55 'They persons, acts, inaction, Furthermore, discussed Naturalization—the group subjected detailed examination,30 protected control considering situation child parentage, Congressmen Poage Rees, Richard representative, following colloquy:31 'Mr. Poage. Isn't thereof? Flournoy. Yes. words, over. 59 No; wants change that. course. 61 abroad, expatriation. provide proposes provisions. 62 Rees. went 63 You 64 Surely, way.' governing specification assume empowered weapon aid we. 65 added citizenship: 66 'Voting territory 67 specifically represented Flournoy indicative 'a choice nationality,' 'using thereof.'32 68 precise posed describes invariably involves dilution undividued sufficient Doubtless circumstances vote effect. For example, desiring represent one.33 Conduct American-born youth Canadian parents. suggested young manifest advantage Canadian.'34 bothered Dickstein—Americans plebiscite—might dividing Congressman follows:35 69 'I know lot Nazis, so-called go Europe annexation Germany, Germany says yet citizens.' behest advance territorial compromise 71 fatal defect situations rationally constitute specifying encompasses fails citizenship.36 proved sufficient.' Manley Georgia, 279 215, 217, 73 575; Tot 319 463, 1241, 87 1519; Bailey Alabama, 219 219, 145, 191. reach best indicated attorney general, holding town beer wine sold.37 equivocal act, implication compromised. Nothing demonstrate better presidential eligible vote.38 Earlier extended franchise aliens. seriously contended privilege alien's How election? significant 84 compiled Nations, designates expatriating act.39 72 My conclusions follows. American. Amendment recognizes If determines prohibited anticipated injurious consequences legitimate interest, limits proscribe assess punishment. Constitution. denationalize endowed. elect renounce mere attending record voted. bare cast ballot. too dearly won lightly lost. fully compelling lead invalidation judgments involved, intervene. duties, demands diligent performance protecting imperative stake—that status, alone, assures enjoyment precious conferred dissent. 74 DOUGLAS, concurs, 75 join Justice, wish add word. philosophy sustains system. supremacy Legislature incompatible scheme written expected England Commons final say. deference, here. proclaiming forsake much heritage move closer scheme. worse. ours. 76 states historic 702, 890, 'Citizenship defined constitution.' grants away. word document covers numerous mention enough powerful modify wipe never imposed. contrary, relinquishment loyalty another. Paterson Talbot Jansen, Dall. 133, 540, departure leave settle another.' creation world'—a concept creature imagination, refined republic ancient modern times.' So find, have, prior day, unless acquired. true look facts, loose statements decisions. caused Italy. Perez kind. shown, 'is 585. 80 landmark Elg, 307 325, 884, 83 1320, Hughes wrote emphasis 'Expatriation 334, 889. Today's breaks tradition. allows brand ambiguous 'voluntary renunciation' requirement transferred danger penalize withdrawing voter's filled alarm. heated discussions always First Amendment, absolute, utterances, how extreme, unpopular Yet why views unorthodox denounced Resolution field affairs? remembered controversies respecting hated Alien Sedition grew field.1 recently fascism communism profound Could advocated Soviet Russia 1920's citizenship? fate befall Bundist2 1930's 1940's extolled Hitler? happen 1950's pleaded Red China proclaimed Eisenhower Doctrine Middle East? George Kennan 'embarrassed' radio.3 Does permit cancel violated visited Or suppose trades ban. heinous innocent casting ballot penalties imposed expresses disagreement Nation's ways enumerated? 82 irrelevant. explicit withstand invasion power. possible moderate violence sensibilities majority examples Due Process sustain action4 federal action,5 modifies dilutes guarantees, numerous. today drastically revise command Clause Constitution—whether citizenship—may waived citizen.6 waiver second granted. When But, require citizenship—nor quality adhering quality. render exalts Fifth above others. exercised conformity requirements Process. Harriss, 347 612, 808, 98 989; Lambert People 355 225, 240, 228. limitation granted, means whereby wiped watered down. native-born, explained supra. citizen. method him. Citizenship, speech, press, religion, occupies preferred terms. withhold exist. good poor one. criminal charitable, worse, except relinquishes status. turn white black branch. infirmity. deeply rooted history, supra, shows. control. 85 unwise choice. Once Memorandum WHITTAKER. Though agree major premise majority's opinion—that fraught dispute affairs—I reached, plain me broadly ground. section, pertinent, expatriates 'voting state.' aliens dissenting observes. Where so—and petitioner's 1946 entirely legalized nor, believe, act—entirely legal state—be division convictions, dissent legally 88 leaves presented inasmuch adjudicate wholly fruitless question, neither nor imply Limiting myself decided majority, Incorporated 349 1952, 163, 267—268, Code KF62 1481, Annotated KF65 U5 1481. proceeded 503 1171, now, 1503, authorizes individual head agency denies trial de novo need prima facie naturalization. Pandolfo Acheson, Cir., 202 38, 40—41. prove denial "clear, unequivocal, convincing' evidence doubt'.' Gonzales V. Landon, 350 920, 210, 100 806; Schneiderman 320 118, 158, 1333, 1352, 1796. Now 1483. 1481(a), 1482, 1484(a). sets principal (but ones) acquiring 460, 890 (Chief Fuller Harlan dissenting), Chinese parentage 'all States' therefore Exclusion apply. terms, context, drawing restriction otherwise possessed withdraw limit enunciated 329, 887, 1320: treaty principles.' object characterization election.' oral argument, understanding Mexico's president. stated: am satisfied proofs signed Exhibits (application Italian Government) present fixed herself.' F.Supp. 109, 111. 1168—1169, amended, forfeited. 101(b), 1101(a)(22), 1101(a)(22). Hence loses opinion, interchangeably. Rabang Boyd, 353 427, 985, 956. 1909, apprised 1928. Mexican-born 1932 national; seven children. brief periods farm illegally declaratory relying 1169, 1481(5), 1481(5). below additional 401(j) 746, 1481(10), 1481(10): 'Departing declines 401(j). Trop Dulles, 86, 590, involving 401(g) 1481(8), 1481(8). Abroad (1916), 8; Oppenheim, Law (7th ed., Lauterpacht, 1948), 291—294; Holborn. Status Political Refugees, 1920—1938, Am.J.Int'l 680 (1938); Deprivation Nationality, Geo.L.J. 250 (1934); Study Statelessness, U.N.Doc. E/1112 (1949); Yale L.J. 1164 (1955). Konvitz, Asiatic (1946); Comment, U. Chi.L.Rev. 547 (1953). Takahashi Fish Game Commission, 334 410, 1138, 92 1478; Oyama 332 633, 269, 249. Harisiades Shaughnessy, 342 580, 512, 586; Fong Yue Ting 149 698, 1016, 905. Even follow deported. covered statutory definition 'alien,' 1101(a)(3), 'from port place' hence effected 'entry,' 1101(a)(13), 1251, 1251. fundamentally, deporting derived exclude, extend perhaps justification punishment, indistinguishable banishment. Ju Toy, 198 253, 264, 644, 647, 1040; 744, 1034. unnecessary, points out, resolve U.S.Const., 4. See, Knauer 328 654, 1304, 90 1500; Baumgartner 322 665, 1240, 1525; 223. 498 note 11, 296, 287; Relations, 1873, H.R.Exec.Doc. 43d Sess., Vol. 1186 1187, 1204, 1210, 1213, 1216, 1222 (views Grant's members); 295; Tsiang, Question America 97—98, 108—109. Shanks Dupont, Pet. 242, 666; Inglis Trustees Sailor's Snug Harbour, 99, 617. 434—437; 45—55, 71—86, 110—112. 55—61. 356, 359. 297; Bauer Clark, 161 397, 839, 411. Acheson Maenza, U.S.App.D.C. 85, 453. Concerning ST/LEG/SER.B/4 (1954). generally, op. cit. 17. 2, 1228—1229. text follows: 'Sec. 3. consul relation, clause well-understood wife's 'merged' husband's. Cockburn, 24; 450—451, 453; Hackworth, 246—247. community. During obligations woman's gave dominance declined passports 454; 247. ruled income tax 128. Several consummated Americanborn alien, entertain re Wohlgemuth, 1007; Krausmann, 1004; Page, 135. Pequignot City Detroit, 211. S.Res. 30, Sess.; H.R.Rep. 4784, H.R.Doc. Department's covering abundantly 'expatriation.' Consult, 410(2) ('Reversion Nationality'); Van Dyne, 242—255. Numerous contain references 'reverting' alien. Petition Zogbaum, 911, 913; Drysdale, 957, 958; Fitzroy, 541, 542. interpretation. 1890 Blaine that: completely original purposes abeyance coverture, susceptible revival return Rel.U.S.1890, 301. Root 'Under widow obtained divorce, femme sole.' Rel.U.S.1906, 1365. 458—462. 269—538, requested digest forty-four Twenty-five widely varying twenty-five, recover compliance formalities demonstrative proper intent, instance ordinary procedures. 957; fact, Perkins, floor words: takes husband, retake expiration relation. respect, terminated 1465. Cases discussing pre-1907 (such husband) demonstrating intent relinquish Wright, 224; 911; Lynch, 762; 541; Wallenburg Missouri Pacific R. Co., 159 217; Ruckgaber 104 947; State. 449—450; 247—248. repealed 1922 Cable 1021, remnants eliminated 1931. 1511. Roche, Loss 99 Pa.L.Rev. 47—49. 11943. Exec.Order April VII. considered subcommittee. H.R. 6127, hold bill. Hearings, 38—38. 132. deleted subcommittee, appear version printed resumed May 207. Matter P_ _, I. N.Dec. 267 (this Canada subjects). 98. 286—287. Henry Butler. Butler brief, suggesting coverage 'in manner participate.' 387. F_ N. 427. Aylsworth, Passing Suffrage, Am.Pol.Sci.Rev. 114. Andorra (191 sq. mi.; 5,231 pop.) 'exercises country,' 10, likely includes voting. Romania Russia, withdrawn, reason. 396, 463. Miller, Crisis Freedom (1951), 167—168, Federalist laws: lists justified citing common defense welfare, self-preservation. 'some gentlemen say war, war.' 'Threatened faction, actually hostility perfidious foe abroad,' 'necessary safety, Government.' subversive newspapers 'paralyze arm, weaken country.' wiles France adherents dangerous armies: 'Do Jacobin fiends falsehood arms hell,' asked William Cobbett, run famished wolves accomplish destruction country?' precautionary measure danger, blood Republic hands.' Keegan 325 478, 1203, 89 1745. Kennan, Atom West (1957). Betts Brady, 316 455, 1252, 1595; Summers, 561, 1307, 1795; Adamson 46, 1672, 91 1903; Bute Illinois, 333 640, 763, 986; Feiner 340 315, 303, 95 267; Breard Alexandria, 341 622, 1233; Adler Education, 485, 380, 517; Beauharnais 343 250, 725, 919; Groban, 330, 510, 376; Breithaupt Abram, 432, 408, 448. Public Workers (C.I.O.) Mitchell, 330 75, 754; Communications Ass'n, C.I.O. Douds, 339 382, 674, 925; Dennis 494, 857, Adams ex rel. McCann, 317 275, 236, 268.

Classification Label: 1