Legal Document

434 U.S. 575 98 Supreme Court Reporter 866 55 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 40 LORILLARD, a Division of Loew's Theatres, Inc., Petitioner,v.Frances Pacific KF135 P2 PONS. Number 76-1346. Argued Dec. 6, 1977. Decided Feb. 22, 1978. Syllabus In private civil action for lost wages under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1967 (ADEA), trial by jury is available where sought one parties, since, although ADEA contains no provision expressly granting right to such cases, ADEA's structure demonstrates congressional intent grant right. Pp. 577-585. (a) The directive § 7(b) that be enforced accordance with "powers, remedies, and procedures " Fair Labor Standards (FLSA) significant indication Congress' intent. Long before was enacted, courts had uniformly interpreted FLSA afford actions pursuant Act. Congress can presumed have been aware interpretation incorporating certain remedial procedural provisions into ADEA. demonstrated its intention trial. 580-582. (b) By directing treated as unpaid minimum or overtime compensation FLSA, dictated then enforce liability would also This conclusion supported language empowering court "legal equitable relief" 7(c) authorizing individuals bring relief." It inferred knew significance term "legal" providing specifically relief, it intended there on demand amounts deemed compensation. 582-583. (c) A contrary cannot found comparing Title VII Civil Rights 1964. Assuming, arguendo, did not intend trials VII, material difference between VII. contrast ADEA, does not, so many words, authorize "legal' availability backpay matter discretion. appears, moreover, rejected course adopting favor procedures. 583-585. 549 Federal Reporter, 2nd 950, affirmed. Thornton Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Brooks, Greensboro, N. C., petitioner. Norman baron Smith, respondent. Mr. Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion Court. 1 case presents question whether (ADEA Act), 81 Statutes-at-Large 602, amended, 88 74, 29 Code KF62 621 et seq. (1970 ed. Supp. V). Respondent commenced this against petitioner, her former employer, alleging she discharged because age violation She reinstatement, wages, liquidated damages, attorney's fees, costs. demanded all issues fact; petitioner moved strike demand. District granted motion but certified issue interlocutory appeal 28 1292(b). Appeals Fourth Circuit allowed vacated court's order, ruling Seventh Amendment1 respondent claim 952-953 (1977).2 We certiorari, 433 907, 97 2971, 53 1090 (1977), resolve conflict Circuits3 important administration now affirm. 2 * broadly prohibits arbitrary discrimination workplace based age. 4(a), 623(a). Although trial, nonetheless contends Alternatively, argues Amendment requires parties must given option having heard jury. turn first statutory since 'it cardinal principle will ascertain construction statute fairly possible which [constitutional] may avoided.' versus Thirty-seven Photographs, 402 363, 369, 91 1400, 1404, 822 (1971), quoting Crowell Benson, 285 62, 52 285, 296, 76 L.Ed. 598 (1932). Accord, Pernell Southall Realty, 416 365, 94 1723, 1724, 198 (1974). Because we find dispositive, need address constitutional issue. 3 enforcement scheme complex—the product considerable attention during legislative debates preceding passage Several alternative proposals were considered Congress. Administration submitted bill, modeled after §§ 10(c), (e) National Relations Act, 160 c), (e), power Secretary cease-and-desist orders enforceable appeals, aggrieved individuals, S. 830, H.R. 4221, 90th Cong., 1st Sess. (1967). Senator Javits introduced an proposal make unlawful (FLSA), 201 seq.; normal 216 seq., V), applicable, permitting suits either injured individual, 788, third adopted pattern 1964 utilized Equal Opportunity Commission. 42 2000e-4, 2000e-5 4 bill ultimately enacted something hybrid, reflecting, hand, desire use existing bureaucracy employers employees familiar and, other dissatisfaction some elements each pre-existing schemes.4 Pursuant 626(b), violations generally are FLSA. "Amounts owing . result violation" "unpaid compensation" rights created "enforced powers, remedies procedures" specified sections 626(b).5 5 Following model establishes two primary mechanisms. Under incorporated suit behalf individual injunctive monetary relief. 216(c), 217 together 626(c), addition, "such legal relief effectuate purposes of" ADEA.6 required prior initiation any action, give notice his sue order attempt eliminate alleged practice through informal methods. 7(d), 626(d). After allowing 60 days conciliate practice, file suit. own terminates, however, if commences behalf. 7(c), 626(c). II 6 Looking statute, 7(b), 626(b) (emphasis added). well established Indeed, every consider held.7 administrative judicial adopt when re-enacts without change, see Albemarle Paper company Moody, 422 405, 414 n. 8, 95 2362, 2370, 45 280 (1975); NLRB Gullett Gin Co., 340 361, 366, 71 337, 340, 337 (1951); Lead States, 252 140, 147, 237, 239, 64 496 (1920); 2A C. Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction 49.09 cases cited (4th 1973). So too, where, here, adopts new law law, normally knowledge at least insofar affects statute. 7 That presumption particularly appropriate here enacting exhibited both detailed their willingness depart from those regarded undesirable inappropriate incorporation. For example, construing consistently declared only Secretary. Powell Washington Post 105 U.S.App.D.C. 374, 267 651 (1959); Roberg Henry Phipps Estate, 156 958, 963 (CA2 1946); Bowe Judson Burns, 137 37 (CA3 1943). made plain decision follow different he [the ADEA] including limitation judgments compelling employment, reinstatement promotion" "in brought enforce" Similarly, while awards altered circumstances mandating damages awarded willful.8 Finally, declined incorporate criminal penalties FLSA.9 8 selectivity modifying practices strongly suggests changes made, fully Javits, floor managers indicated describing section became part Act: "The techniques provided directly analogous Act; fact incorporates reference, greatest extent possible, [FLSA]." 113 Cong.Rec. 31254 (1967).10 And 9 inference buttressed examination chose describe Section empowers authorizes (emphases word art: determined, th provides See Curtis Loether, 415 189, 195-196, 1005, 1008-1009, 39 260 "[W]here words employed time well-known meaning common country they used sense unless context compels contrary." Standard Oil 221 1, 59, 31 502, 515, 619 (1911). Gilbert 370 650, 655, 82 1399, 1402, 750 (1962); Montclair Ramsdell, 107 152, 391, 394, 27 431 (1883). infer, therefore, "legal," "enforc[e] compensation." 626(b).11 10 Petitioner strives 1964, 2000e maintains provide trials. We, course, intimate view supra, U.S., 197, S.Ct., 1009. However, examining petitioner's argument analogy unavailing. There similarities statutes, sure, aims—the elimination workplace—and substantive prohibitions. fact, prohibitions derived haec verba VII.12 But deciding exists, laws crucial differences. 11 defining available, note Compare 2000e-5(g) ed., "shall liable" compensation, discretion, 421, 2373.13 rather than actions, even VII's Thus, correct sheds light congression l Petitioner's reliance misplaced.14 12 unmindful difficulty discerning express answer. assume, face extensive operation illustrated selective incorporation amendment unaware afforded Nor believe using oblivious long-established significance. therefore persuaded parties. judgment is, accordingly, 13 Affirmed. 14 BLACKMUN took consideration case. Judge Butzner filed concurring specially. Since agreed entitled occasion 954 (1977). decide according opinion, "conceded triable jury." 69 F.R.D. 576 (1976). claim. Morelock NCR Corp., 546 682 (CA6 1976) (no trial), cert. pending, 77-172; Rogers Exxon Research & Engineering 550 834 1977) (right denied, 1022, 749, 54 770. Hearings 788 Subcommittee Senate Committee Public Welfare, Sess., 24 (1967) (remarks Sen. Javits); id., Smathers); 396 (statement Retail Merchants Assn.). 3651, 3768, 4221 General House Education Labor, 12-13 Labor); 413 Legislative Representative, AFL-CIO). set forth provides: chapter shall 211(b), (except subsection thereof), title, section. Any act prohibited 623 title 215 title. Amounts person title: Provided, payable willful chapter. jurisdiction chapter, promotion, enforcing Before instituting section, discriminatory alleged, effect voluntary compliance requirements methods conciliation, conference, persuasion." "Any competent chapter: terminate upon commencement employee chapter." See, e. g., Wirtz Jones, 901, 904 (CA5 1965); Lewis Times Publishing 185 457 1950); Olearchick American Steel Foundries, 73 F.Supp. 273, 279 (WD Pa.1947). Note, Right Jury Trial Acts, 44 U.Chi.L.Rev. 376 (1977); Jury, 65 Colum.L.Rev. 514 (1965). recognized enjoining pay unlawfully withheld 217. Sullivan Wirtz, 359 426 1966); supra. terms, 216(b) response provision, Portal-to-Portal Pay 1947, 61 84, which, inter alia, grants authority deny limit "employer shows satisfaction omission giving rise good faith reasonable grounds believing 11, 7(e) 626(e), 255 259 reference 629, interference performance authorized representative engaged duties Cf. 216(a). specific history He said: whole test somewhat like accident care. answer yes no. is: Was discriminated solely age? proved burden proof who assert actually case." 31255 difficult tell referring said say specify listed categories equitable. clear "employment, equitable, Moore, Practice ¶ 38.21 meant phrase refer "enforcing respect race, color, religion, sex, national origin, employer "to fail refuse hire discharge individual," otherwise "discriminate conditions, privileges employment," bases. 2000e-2(a)(1); 623(a)(1). 2000e-2(a)(2) V) 623(a)(2). held discretionary should do "would frustrate central eradicating throughout economy making persons injuries suffered past discrimination," U.S, 2373, discretion exists. correctly interprets very suggest mind drafting later law.

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