Legal Document

346 U.S. 156 73 Supreme Court Reporter 1077 97 L.Ed. 1522 STEINv.PEOPLE OF STATE NEW YORK. WISSNER versus PEOPLE COOPER Nos. 391, 392 and 393. Argued Dec. 18, 1952. Decided June 15, 1953. [Syllabus from pages 156-158 intentionally omitted] Messrs. John Judge Duff, Bertram Wegman Peter L. Federal KF105 F3 Sabbatino, New York City, for petitioners. O'Brien, C. Marbach, White Plains, N.Y., respondent. Mr. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Petitioners were found guilty felony murder1 by a jury in Westchester County, York, sentenced to death. The Appeals affirmed without opinion.2 We granted certiorari, because questions raised use two confessions.3 2 trial lasted over seven weeks record runs more than 3,000 pages. Evidence proffered heard, subject rejection or acceptance judgment jury, included written confessions petitioners Cooper Stein, together with testimony as their incidental oral admissions. Each confession implicated all three defendants objected introduction each on ground that it was coerced. Wissner further moved that, if Cooper's Stein's admitted, reference him be stricken them. court heard evidence presence issue coercion left determination question jury. claim such these creates constitutional infirmity which requires this set aside conviction. 3 I. Facts About Crime. 4 main office Reader's Digest is thirty-one miles relatively rural area northern near town Pleasantville. From secluded headquarters truck several times day makes run town. On April 3, 1950, William Waterbury driver 2:50 p.m. trip into He picked up Andrew Petrini, fellow employee, various bags containing mail, about $5,000 cash, $35,000 checks, started down lonely country roads Neither armed. After few hundred yards, cut off halted another had been meandering slowly front him. observed man wearing false nose eyeglasses revolver his hand running toward an unsuccessful attempt open door, assailant fired one shot Petrini's head. then ordered back where tied up. His captors took bag money checks abandoned side road bound gagged therein. A minutes later he released passer-by Petrini hurried hospital died shortly effects .38 bullet lodged skull. 5 Near scene crime police used killers block way Waterbury. It learned property Spring Auto Rental Co., York's lower East Side at time murder have out hire who rented same prior occasions identified himself producing driver's license Number 1434549, issued W. Comins, 228 West 47th Street, City. address turned hotel name fictitious. However, managed establish procured Cooper. 6 figure speech say ironclad alibi: serving sentence federal penitentiary. Suspicion attached members family. Nearly months ran no solution crime, however, until end May beginning when William's brother, petitioner Calman Cooper, served prison 'working partner' chess-playing buddy Brassett, having rifled mails addressed while working appeared during association Brassett told opportunity awaiting enterprising clever robber. 7 5, arranged Arthur Jeppeson, 'W. Comins,' street City they expected pass. Jeppeson testified recognized said 'this me killing upstate nothing do * *.' asked questions: 'Why hell didn't you report police?' '* why did give *?' reply stated be, 'That gave me.' inquired officers shown any pictures not identify police. 8 At conversation, Jeppeson's signal, policemen closed arrested That night (2 a.m., 6) Stein arrested. 7, 9 arraigned charged evening 8. fourth suspect, Dorfman, sought but remained large voluntarily surrendered 19, 1950. All four indicted murder. When came trial, case against Dorfamn, state's evidence, severed. motion separate denied, proceeded remaining defendants. 10 Other alibi witnesses offered halfhearted insanity, defense consisted almost entirely attempts break prosecution's case. None testified. 11 constituted only part submitted can learn context obtained received summary whole testimony. 12 Waterbury, murdered up.4 8th brought Hawthorne Barracks upon entering room present, defendant pointed truck.5 cross-examination, recounted lineup killer.6 13 rental let previous occasions, alias before stated, given occupation 'bookseller.' also conversation morning latter's arrest. 14 substance, partners auto business approached them six suggestion collaborate robbery Digest. conspirators driven Pleasantville 'case' determine whether conditions favorable success crime. times, other, owned Dorfman-Wissner agency. truck, car, tan valise guns Wissner. They car mile got truck. distributed, Dorfman getting black automatic nickel-plated revolver. holdup manner described short holdup, see it. back, expressed regret necessity shooting guard. threw away guns, inside, place parked commission drove car. Bronx, went subway taxicab Dorfman's apartment Brooklyn, divided proceeds separated. Subsequently, Homishak Bronx 15 Under law, testimony, since accomplice, required corroboration.7 afforded following ways: (1) Mrs. come her husband carried robbery. established searched contain fragment paper order form 1950—an subscribers frequently cash removal portion would (2) Police thrown 3. (3) killed (4) saw company 38 accompanied pick night. (5) An employee seen premises occasion. (6) substantiated story truck.9 (7) absented job (8) Waterbury's events identification checked story. (9) confessions, accepted corroborative accomplice many details. 16 made contradict explain damaging counsel, colloquy court, admitted involved explanation how fact could consistent client's innocence. effort summation convince criminal record, killer accused other three, wife's cooperation, save own life. tenor appears counsel summation: 17 'I don't care innocent guilty, insignificant fundamental problem state troopers enforcing authorities themselves violated far principles *. 18 Don't narrow yourselves mere petty Of course, we want secondary, means are going weaken very foundations republic; unfit jurors.' 19 Wissner's devoted half arguing 'premeditated'—a point legal significance under law. II. Confessions. 20 Against background, controversy confessions. Uncontroverted establishes following: 21 Cooper.—Cooper, first most crucial confession, o'clock Monday morning, circumstances previously described. father, time, Both taken station held (but booked) early afternoon. Thence, Hawthorne, county offense, arriving o'clock. 22 Coopers separated; father detained barracks son across courtyard, known Bureau Identification room, interrogation ultimate place. 23 Although continuously guard handcuffed, questioned p.m., interrogated five hours. During period, confronted former mate, Brassett. confess. Questioning resumed (Tuesday) a.m. continued participating. Just after began discuss confessing. being Howthorne; brother Morris terms parole rendered disciplinary action. commitment confessed. official Parole Board obtain assurance confessed, prosecuted violation. Accordingly, Reardon, Board, latter satisfied interview. Reardon's superior, Commissioner Donovan, sent for. Donovan arrived satisfactory unmolested 'cooperated.' confessed orally Reardon Donovan. Thus imparted, brutality, visiting officials so called request. Thereupon, typewritten prepared signed making certain corrections, 1:30 7th. twelve long, great detail; corroborated throughout its general character fabricated person gifted extraordinarily creative imagination. 24 Stein.—Stein brother's home 6th, immediately confined basement. Captain Glasheen, commandant barracks, hour. lunch questioning resumed, officer joining questioning, evening, Glasheen returned result. informed advice 'sleep it.' ready By afternoon, statement prepared, corrected signed. This seven-page statement, like Cooper's, complete detailed dovetailed extrinsic true, author 25 day, 26 Pleasantiville explained committed. 27 Wissner.—Wissner subsequent him—and arraignment. confession. 28 There direct subjected physical violence threat detention.10 witness stand substantiate claims. With exception, every contact detention defense. exception except others witnesses. unshaken threats used, food mealtimes and, exceptions allowed sleep 29 defendants' contentions rest circumstantial evidence. utterly support inferences, urge, physically examined, arraignment, showed bruises injuries sustained violent 'third-degree' methods. 9, examined physician. custody between days, days days. 30 Testimony doctor predicated mainly notes broken rib abrasions side, legs, stomach buttocks; chest, stomach, right arm, both bruise arm. Counsel petitioners, 9th 10th June, extensive those doctor's 31 stands nature might arrest;11 indeed, petitioners—Wissner, exhibited perhaps worst never confessed—was undergoing treatment arrested.12 32 III. Constitutionality Procedures Employed Below. 33 In setting facts, issues involve procedural features heretofore adjudicated view uncontradicted well defendants, part, any, played conviction uncertain. instructed consider voluntary. verdict guilty. 34 circumstances, cannot sure accepting relying, least rejected Indeed, rely presumption jurors followed instructions, know some may acted basis, convicted other. Also, opinion, properly relied even adequately supported.13 35 procedures therefore must constitutionality, consequence valid, weight conclusions reached. 36 ideal fair procedure self-imposed long imposed her. Constitution has enjoined observance due process law 1821,14 statute provided exclusion coerced 1881.15 State authority adjudge redress violations mandate. 37 Their appeal, matter right, review latitude much wider permitted us. death case, empowered new errors 'against evidence', reason whatever 'that justice trial'.16 Even finds 'reasonably credit denial police', considers prosecution failed produce reasonably available clear charges coercion, will 'a there adequate search truth.' People Mummiani, 258 N.Y. 394, 403, 180 Northeastern KF135 N59 94, 97, 98. Although, within range, cause upsetting conviction, our penetrates searches court. 39 adopted excluding relies heavily preliminary hearing admissibility, does permit judge make final admissible. must—exclude convinced freely But, thus cast die prosecution, accused. If voluntariness presents fact, receive leave proper voluntary truthfulness. Weiner, 248 118, 161 441. exclude hears voluntariness, Brasch, 193 46, 85 809, so, Randazzio, 194 147, 159, 87 112, 117. 40 admissibility No requested absent. advised cross-examine offer behalf, privileges exercised. ruled resulted, instructions authorized find 'force intimidation fear' 'implied (the confessors) kept custody,' grounds burden prove beyond reasonable doubt placed State.17 41 outcome finally caprice lay unfamiliar techniques practice. judge, too, heavy responsibility resulting broad powers thinks warrant it.18 motion, adding approval verdict. 42 attack fairness take support, oaths, becoming cross-examination. disputed error cross-examination.19 Respondents, contend, deny, practice courts limit cross-examination cites records prosecutions confirm firm position. 43 impossible employed work process. But basis laid contention here. Appellate exceptional discretion provent abuse injustice. here step call exercise discretion. request ruling readiness testify, however restricted be.20 whether, far, line nor what specific limitation claimed. constructive imputing proposition put 44 Petitioners' unbounded unqualified prevail Fourteenth Amendment construed allow testify police, shielded whatever. conflict decision depend believable. Certainly prohibit tests credibility American uniformly applies free it, obliged admit incriminating bear facts response beating. And became witnesses, compel forego showing convictions? now impressive including perjury.21 Doubtless, resulted disclosing silence keep light think, realistic stayed improper vulnerable one. 45 seek draw inference adverse choice silence, cf. Adamson California, 332 67 1672, 91 1903, obvious repudiated, charge testimonial account undenied. issue, go choose disadvantage testifying. safeguards remain silent; assure silent still enjoy advantages denied charge. 46 suffer inseparable raise definite, issue. Being cloaked verdict, result really attacking For know, decided favor. agreed coerced, met proving method submission is, believe, constitutional, leaves us hypothetical alternatives. 47 trying informative disposition. Sometimes permits guess inference, guilt strong reviewing reject guilt. Perhaps serious, practical dissatisfaction absence serve makeweights compromise overcome lingering guilt, rejecting finding doubts yet reaching definite conclusion returning unanalytical impressionistic based heard. Courts disapprove verdicts admonitions ascertain control Defendants, submitted, entitled appropriate discountenance, discourage forbid respect 48 civil cases, certainty exposure sometimes special interrogatories. E.g., 49 Fed.Rules Civ.Proc., United States Code Annotated KF65 U5 developed procedure. Our Rules Criminal Procedure provision anything departure resisted impairment Tessmer, 171 Mich. 522, 137 Northwestern N69 214, L.R.A.,N.S., 433; Boggs, W.Va. 738, 106 Southeastern S6 47, Law Reports 1360, usually implies simple convicts frees Nor favored public private post-trial inquisition reasoned, lest operate intimidate, beset harass accept disclosure forbidden quotient damage cases. McDonald Pless, 238 264, 783, 59 1300. whereby exchanged convictions return concession Hyde States, 225 347, 793, 56 1114. 'If secured intended deliberation, constant investigation; destruction frankness freedom discussion conference.' supra, 267—268, page 784. 50 inability done inherent issues, instruction risk secrecy independence. uncertainty, concern literature profession, render customary unconstitutional. 51 states allocate functions fit. Cf. Walker Sauvinet, 92 90, 678; Minneapolis & St. L.R. Bombolis, 241 211, 595, 60 961. Many emulate practice,22 hold error.23 Despite difficult problems strike unconstitutional widely approved judiciaries, regardless personal wisdom. 52 have, therefore, effect alternatives court's instruction, assuming different considerations best 53 discussed separately. IV. Was Unconstitutional These Confessions Were Used Basis Conviction? 54 Since constitutionally permissible foundation 55 Inquiries are: obtained? Has repugnant essential concept justice'? Lisenba 314 219, 236, 62 280, 290, 86 166. identical litigated second within, with, considered appellate As questions, courts. threshold inquiry, lies question: What, rulings court? argument essentially judges mistaken reweighing we, superjury, should misapprehends function scope review, misconception shared feel diminished sense protecting cases.24 57 itself completely else frustrated distorted finding. mean below, approach de novo courts, Appeals. Brandeis, Court, ago warned not, guaranteeing process, immunity judicial error. Milwaukee Electric Railway Light Wisconsin ex rel. Milwaukee, 252 100, 106, 306, 309, 64 476. miscarriages gravity magnitude happen enlightened system justice, tolerated do, intervene Constitution, conflicting 58 common courtroom knowledge extortion methods falsely falsely. true false. Primary, cases final, determining contested rests, rest, judge—knowing local conditions, close events, observing parties—have undeniable tribunal fairly tried reviewed, indication standards disregarded, accord impeachment conceded decisive respect. Gallegos Nebraska, 342 55, 60, 72 141, 144, 96 86; Lyons Oklahoma, 322 596, 602—603, 1208, 1212, 88 1481; resolution contradictions inferences unless, urged, undisputed indicate incorrect judgment. determined examination conclusions, implicit judgments below: extorted coercion; which, though oppressive inadmissible; illegal inadmissible. 61 1. Physical violence.—Physical custodian prisoner serves lawful purpose, invalidates otherwise convincing, universally condemned need weigh measure individual victim. tendency innocent, remote results rather immediate pain necessary treating concurrently torture brutality too untrustworthy Admitted bodies arraignment mute unanswerable persons recently source. Slight interested occurred period hands failure meet tipped scales below.25 here, force connect interrogation. word record. 63 contrary, positive materially inconsistent inherently improbable, expert becomes possibility neither anyone tell just life us, nights secure violence. This, concerning throwing decisions unless simply prefer unsworn claims drawn unexplained injuries, defer day-to-day demeanor attitudes reactions; personalities photographs periods observe whose conduct question, knew answered answered, opinions attitudes—of characteristics get printed belief unbelief cruelty 65 threats. 66 2. Psychological coercion.—Psychological claimed secondary contention. urged show psychological pressure interrogation, overpower petitioners' mental resistance induce involuntary prolonged unremitting, especially deprivation refreshment, relief, accomplish inquiry allegations departure. Interrogation coercive, social value solving not. answers suspects themselves, information points something chief duty disclose rests citizens. vital detained, bail, material witness.26 prohibits suspect coercive. 68 inquiries limits. limits defined merely calling 'inquisition,' adds emotions inherited medieval experience. weighing power What overpowering weak mind ineffective experienced criminal. 69 hours intermittent questioning. stretched 32-hour sleeping eating interim. substantial spent driving bargain officers. number times. successive indicated overwhelm resistance. While reversed founded through interrogations 'relays,'27 when, relay technique employed.28 gone one-to-one ratio interrogators prisoners, automatically gives prohibited. 70 inward consciousness committed deny seems enough men young, soft, ignorant timid. inexperienced ways detection, dumb rights. spectacle naming deciding whom negotiate, wanted consideration telling knew, reduces absurdity present spontaneous, priest, lawyer, psychiatrist. 71 obviously dance pay fiddler. then, situation dicate quid pro quo already enough, implication inevitable. him.29 'voluntary,' arrest suspicion ever are. coercion. Illegal detention.—Illegal alone void prisoners incommunicado 8, nearby magistrate arraigned. delay unreasonable violation statutes York.30 necessarily inadmissible law.31 To meanwhile holding incommunicado, facilitates accompanies Therefore, regard occurrences relevant such, goes farther—it delayed compelled 74 confuse rigid rule supervisory power,32 promulgated limited requirements Amendment.33 held, impose rules bind because, uncounseled illegally detained. Stroble 343 181, 197, 599, 607, 872; 75 foregoing considerations, conclude resolved admissible 76 V. Jury Rejected Confessions, Could Constitutionally Base Conviction Sufficient Evidence? 77 acquittal. refused. principal Malinski 324 401, 781, 89 1029, justices therein 404, 783: 'And introduced apart sufficient sustain jury's verdict.' Similar expressions 78 hard stand. prevents foredoomed illegal? alternative, acquittal, asked. 79 far-reaching. bringing contents. evolved learning, otherwise, plays Hence dilemma always presented earlier uncertainty grave matter, states, acquittal.34 impracticable submit traditional assumed advantage additional protection 80 novel. reception acquittal discharge defendant. retrial, obtaining attempted require 81 deniable similar utterances. 597 (footnote) 1210, 190, 603, 63, 146, 86. clear, statements dicta result, instance affirmed. And, consequences asserted argued bar anticipated appearing opinions. 82 Except Malinski, decided. Court's reverse exerted Brown Mississippi, 297 278, 461, 682, admittedly mob reasoned defendant's 'trial' solely 'mere pretense' trial; actual proceeding formal ratification mob's Such Due Process Clause view. Ashcraft Tennessee, 143, 145, 921, 922, 1192, Ward Texas, 316 547, 1139, 1663, noted Lyons, credible confession; 'would logically impossible' 83 factual think disqualifies rejects confession.35 Here consisting surviving victim, well-corroborated unexplained, legally insufficient omitted rested alone, mention 84 written. sends admitting erroneous, normally, fall tentatively, binding ignored hypothesis point, ample possible, assumption, error, provisional contingent presentation precludes deemed enact exclusionary guarantee refused Wolf Colorado, 338 25, 1359, 93 1782; Schwartz 344 199, 232; Snyder Commonwealth Massachusetts, 291 330, 674. See 1903; Carignan, 36, 48. Coerced stained illegality reliance vitiates combines persuasiveness apparent conclusiveness experience shows illusory deceptive beaten seizure, wire-tapping, larceny often utmost verity. lawlessness forced so. refusing exhaust arsenal objections. argue aside. affirmance thought harmless. statute,36 Procedure,37 Commands disregard irregularities affect legislative mandate question. prohibited, propriety application this, lasting weeks, objections excess deliberation debate possible consideration, miracle judge. harmless-error overlook Appeals, base decision, harmless, although justification able discover. 90 VI. Case. somewhat disposition involves considerations. did. party. regards justify takes position involuntary, Wissner's. 410—412, 786—787, 1029. Rudish, codefendant named Rudish's deleted 'X' substituted Use device appear controlling Rutledge, dissenting, questioned, 'The devices emphasize identity purported conceal.' 430, 795. remand, initiative Rudish Malinski. 294 500, North Eastern Reporter, 2nd Series 77. Surely deletion diverted anonymous nobody. 94 Wissner, contends rights infringed unable accusing i.e., confessors. 'privilege confrontation' Amendment, relying 107, 332, 674.38 words cited quoted verbatim Dowdell 221 325, 590, 592, 753, language describe purpose Sixth confrontation transposed distinction trial.39 specifically refrained Amendment,40 clearly contrary Louisiana, 258, 650, 965, preclude Louisiana using affidavits trial. 95 Basically, objection hearsay. hearsay-evidence rule, subtleties, anomalies ramifications, read Amendment. supra. protect State's effective conceivable. 'Its foul seem thinking fairer wiser surer promise bar.' 105, 332. VII. Third-degree denounced useful repetition invectives. Screws 325 91, S.Ct 1031, 1495; Koehler Cir., 189 711; Id., 852, 75, 643. 98 penalty death, judges, tempted strain even, doubtfully chance. slightest reading us.41 99 willing discredit doctrines technical loopholes escape review. people 100 Affirmed. 101 BLACK, dissenting. 102 N Immigration Nationality Decisions concur DOUGLAS' opinion. 103 More here—one, arbitrary secret confinement bludgeoning relative, friend counsel; another, confront swear Tyrannies liberty inquisitorial practices. Chambers Florida, 309 227, 472, 716, violative extracted incommunicado. greatly weakened repudiated today's sanction seizure wishing seize green light. Moreover, actually holds (unnecessarily, think) them, counter guarantees re Oliver, 333 257, 273, 499, 507, 682.* Lastly, Fifth Amendment's 'shall himself.' Bram 168 532, 544, 183, 187, 568, forbids 'browbeat' accused, 'push corner, entrap fatal repudiates today, apparently agreeing Professor Wigmore White's represents 'the height 104 short, barriers stood governmental action directed suspected political unorthodoxy. My agent agency illustration, 1192; 327 274, 667 (alleged mercy officers); 682 (secret present); Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee McGrath, 341 123, 142, 624, 633, 817 (Attorney General's condemnation groups treasonable subversive notice hearing); dissenting opinions, 73, 151, (arbitrary arrest, imprisonment systematic alleged confession); Carlson Landon, 524, 525, 537, 547 bail informers affording Ludecke Watkins, 335 160, 173, 1429, 1435, 881 judicially unreviewable banishment alien undisclosed Shaughnessy Mezei, 345 206, 216, 625, 631 hearing). 105 join FRANKFURTER DOUGLAS protesting FRANKFURTER, 107 course applied turn revision occasion my hamper imposing decency deeply felt Anglo-American jurisdictions, either penalizing defining securing obedience penal laws. autonomy curtailed capital 108 third degree—the colloquial term subjecting pressures extract confessions—may reach force, human equally meaning 'voluntary' sense. Differences inevitably arise among differences reflected series important factor, doubt, influencing varying intensity feeling coercive bring trustworthiness tend brutalize habits thereby adversely affecting moral tone community. 109 serious deference accorded reached concurring 412, 786, 1029; Haley Ohio, 601, 302, 304, 224. imperceptibly slide abdication obligation particular candor conscience, unburden himself, release tightening screws. confirmation details reliable influenced irrelevant certitude Above all, knowledge, revealed itself, bad tenderness stage civilization. 110 am product pressure. believe elicited, England, Canada, Australia India. reaches conscientious interpretation differing mine. 111 evaluation needlessly overturns settled principle sua sponte. emerged Unless profoundly hope am, highest State, involving entered disregards prohibition deprived affords him; unconstitutionally excised authorize 112 body expression principle. confessions; governed aspects trials. refer inter alia discrimination selection personnel grand indictment. itself. 113 4. painful taking retrogressive administration justice. temporary, ad hoc, deviation decisions. change direction inducement prosecutors employ degree, Wickersham Commission 'widespread' thirty years unsparingly 'conduct liberty.' IV Reports, National Observance Enforcement, 1, 4, (1931).* 114 'to facts—the naked, ugly facts—of existing abuses public,' id., 6, arousing awareness, condemnation, abuses. surely self-deluding boastful helped educate arouse wholesome fear resort lazy, brutal 115 addressing enforcement officials, Director Edgar Hoover Investigation observations: 'One quickest disrepute organization entire profession Civil regrettable unnecessary. Professional provide fighting intelligence force.' (FBI Enforcement Bulletin, September, 1952, Page 1.) coerce risk, extorting sustained, future past easy path degree. remotely suggest contemplated desired foreseen followed. 116 5. matters briefly deep full exposition. promptness factors civilized content myself views elaboration. 117 DOUGLAS, BLACK concurs, 118 says, regime citizen pause. Heretofore greater dignity inviolable. bulwark overzealous investigators, inhuman unscrupulous prosecutors. practices history infamous. indulged prohibited acting lawlessly; products lawless activities infringed. prejudice shown, convict invasion citizen's 119 chooses short-cut scheme. 120 guaranteed treated proceedings below rights, disregarded. 121 Powell Alabama, 287 45, 158, requires, least, appoint represent indigent includes appointed preparation validity Smith O'Grady, 312 329, 572, 859; Williams Kaiser, 323 471, 363, 398; Tomkins Missouri, 485, 370, 407; De Meerleer Michigan, 329 663, 584. Hawk Olson, 326 271, 116, 120, 61, said: 122 'Continuance importance assistance speculation effect. 123 'Petitioner good alleges kind clause requires.' 124 prevails knowing perjured Money Holohan, 103, 340, 341, 791; Hysler 315 411, 642, 688, 932; Pyle Kansas, 317 213, 117, 214. weed nonperjured degree resulted. 125 contempt him, prepare defense, represented counsel. one, suppose, quite conclusively 126 Moore Dempsey, 261 86, 265, 543, dealt dominated mob. Lee. professed innocence Holmes disposed assertion words: 127 Lee whites, deal preserved.' 128 Another illustration discriminating Negroes juries. none Neal Delaware, 567, Carter 177 442, 443, 687, 839, Avery Georgia, 559, 891, 892, lack precluded reversal. indeed commissioners nondiscriminatory selecting 'conviction reversed—no petitioner's guilt.' plain. juries community, hand-picked white alone. Must Negro suffered race jury? 129 requirement charge, impartial tribunal, cross-section community—none precise 130 announced dealing 597, 303, 224; 131 characterization correct. supported (where question) noted, 598, objection. Yet spite analysis California challenged excluded. 189, 603. disapproved examine surrounding 190—191, 603—604. 132 merits coerced—a wholly unnecessary task controlling. 133 despite dissent Justices, violates 134 instant premised untrustworthiness. radical rationale 166, Roberts, speaking inadmissibility 135 aim presumptively prevent unfairness false.' 136 civilization respecting worthy raises stature builds atmosphere trust confidence government. sanctioned plain command applicable Fourteenth, 286, 465, 682; 238, 477, himself* guide amended incorporate today announces. homicide engaged felony. first-degree carries mandatory recommends imprisonment. Penal Law, §§ 1044(2), 1045, 1045—a, McK.Consol.Laws, chapter 88. recommendation 303 856, 917. 815, 51. recollection inaccurate 25% vision eye. says constitutes confession—Stein custody. admission fact. Reilly, 181 App.Div. 528, 169 Supplement 119, affirmed, 224 113, utterances restrictions (3d ed.) § 821(3). face reliability 7. that: identifying Wissner; troopers, inches taller ladies lurking vicinity lineup, Long Island constructed identified. N.Y.Code Crim.Proc. 399, 442. Goldstein, 285 376, 362. placing conspiractors were. Saturday contradicts junket morning. testifying recollection, unaided sought, unsuccessfully, introduce affidavit according brief forth brutality. (This affidavit, marked identification, here.) allusions police; outburst lying, become witness. contentions. Prior County suppressed obtained. misconduct advanced postponed Dr. Vosburgh, physician exactly there; old (he days); bave hearsay, indicates whenever Leyra, 302 353, 364, 553, 559. probable applying doctrine, doubt. Fisher, 249 419, 426, 164 336, 338; Samuels, 163, 757, 762; 304 468, 673. N.Y.Const., Article I, 6. Crim.Proc., 395. 1881, excluded common-law Mondon, 496; McMahon, 384. 528. follows: 'Ladies gentlemen, Harry Atlantic Stein. voluntarily. hand, behalf valueless contended visited implied apprehension made. You defendant, person, influence produced contents, true. portions to. construe instructing coercion' involuntary. agree construction event, object unavailable 465. Trybus, 219 538. done, success, Witt 196 285. Witt, jury—as procedure—as admissible, advance direct. order, Raffel 271 494, 497, 566, 1054. 1928 Waycross, Ga. Theft Probation years. 1930 Norfolk, Va. theft Atlanta 1934 N. Y. Attemped ---- larceny. (suspended). Murder Sing 1948 U. S. N.Y.C. Dyer Act Lewisburg STEIN 1918 Grand Larceny Sentence suspended. Petty 1921 Robbery 1931 1933 Perjury Reform School, Elmira, Westchester, 861. Annotation 148 546. 38, 98, 48, Texas Newman Tex.Cr.R. 645, 651—652, 187 South Western 562—563, confess participation independent examination, uncontroverted facts. (T)here potential jurisdiction 'Such occupies relation unique difficult—unique, laws Const. sec. Vernon's Ann.St.; 812, C.C.P., last society, 26, expressly appeal barred seeking voluntary, reviewed States.' Barbato, 254 170, 172 458. 618b; 46(b), Watts Indiana, 49, 1347, 1801; Turner Pennsylvania, 62, 1352, 1810; Harris Carolina, 68, 1354, 1815; 1192. 229, 239, 291. 'He (Stein) said, rotten —- did; *' (continuing)—into seat; had; well, go, promptly magistrate, 165, renders arresting liable prosecution. 1844. factor voluntary; per se. 538; 94. Admissibility 'principles interpreted experience.' Compare McNabb 318 608, 819, Weeks 232 383, 652, Nardone 379, 275, 314, Weiss 308 321, 269, 272, 298, 232. 541, 186, authority, reversal, language: 'Having proof admissibility. reversible vouched tending end, avoiding caused wrongful admission, assert prejudicial, language, superficially detective allegation commit vantage ship's wheel, 'he (X) there.' Government admit, answer out, theory tended sentences preceding brings out: 'It manifest sole tendered conceivable concerned Thus, erroneous incriminate precisely subsequently 310 530, 1032, 1342. exercised enforced rock build doctrine. According ed., Vol. Pages 240—241, n. 2), misapplication law,' discredited 542. 52(a). "It depositions parte affidavits, particularly preserve test cross-examination." Petitioner erroneously assumes 'It' refers prevented along Among bases Cardozo, (and not) offend describing confrontation. 'For purposes assume privilege reinforced squarely held. (Citing Louisiana)', Hall, Laws Democratic Society, Ind.L.J. 133, 175—176; Inbau, Confession Dilemma Ill.L.Rev. understand contrary. 263—264, 'been once witness, *, nonresident permanently findings attested Commission. Chairman, George Wickersham, notable Attorneys General office; Newton D. Baker, distinguished career Mayor Cleveland Secretary War, leader bar; Grubb esteemed bench; Kenyon Senator judge; Monte M. Lemann contributed balanced derived Frank Loesch, qualifications, specialized competence law; Paul McCormick district conspicuous courage hardheadedness; Dean Roscoe Pound's 'Criminal America' bit speaks field. school prevailed 1810, 1815, dominant

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