Legal Document

381 U.S. 139 85 Supreme Court Reporter 1401 14 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 296 The UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff,v.The STATE OF CALIFORNIA. Number 5, Original. Argued Dec. 7 and 8, 1964. Decided May 17, 1965. [Syllabus from pages 139-141 intentionally omitted] Archibald Cox, Sol. Gen., for plaintiff. Richard or Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Keatinge, San Marino, Cal., defendant. George N. Hayes, Anchorage, Alaska, State as amicus curiae, by special leave Court. Mr. Justice HARLAN delivered the opinion 1 present case requires us to determine extent submerged lands granted California Submerged Lands Act 1953,1 in particular declare whether specified bodies water on coast are 'inland waters' within meaning that Act. A substantial amount background is necessary place issues perspective. I. 2 THE SETTING CASE. 3 This a suit begun 1945, brought against dominion over mineral rights under three-mile belt sea off California. In 1947 decreed: 4 'The America now, has been at all times pertinent hereto, possessed paramount in, full power over, lands, minerals other things underlying Pacific Ocean lying seaward ordinary low-water mark California, outside inland waters, extending three nautical miles * *. no title thereto property interest therein.' versus 332 804, 805, 68 20, 21, 92 L.Ed. 382, Order Decree. 5 After entry this decree, asked awarded it be defined greater detail certain areas where there was oil well activity, which asserted lay waters. appointed Special Master,2 directed him consider seven segments coast3 line low outer limit These included various bays, and, problem evolved, so-called 'overall unit area' consisting waters inside encompassing islands shore southern some far 50 out.4 Master's Report, generally favoring position States, filed with November 1952, 344 872, 73 163, 97 676. He adopted his criteria defining those applied conduct its foreign affairs date October 27, 1947—in particular, rule only bay having closing across mouth more than 10 length enclosing sufficient area satisfy Boggs formula5 would water, qualification had historically considered so continue.6 Both parties noted their exceptions but before any further action taken, Congress enacted 6 Act7 grants ownership beneath navigable boundaries respective States.' § 3(a). 'Boundaries' includes 'as they existed time such became member Union, heretofore approved Congress,' subject limitation 'in event shall term 'boundaries' interpreted geographical into Atlantic Ocean, marine leagues Gulf Mexico.' 2(b). 8 'Coast line' then composite 'line along portion direct contact open marking waters.' 2(c). For previously provides '(a)ny admitted subsequent formation Union not already done may extend distant *.' 4. 9 Thus effectively each shoreward miles8 'coast line', derivatively terms 'the 'Inland later measure related Act, declared owned land continental shelf States. Outer Continental Shelf 67 Statutes-at-Large 462, 43 Code KF62 1331 et seq. 11 passage marked beginning long halt proceedings case. Depth California's coastal increases very rapidly, 22, 1953, enactment, impractical drill except close shore. By granting belt, vested interests were thought important, taken Report. That Report neither adopted, modified, nor rejected Court, simply allowed lie dormant. 1963, however, drilling techniques improved sufficiently revitalize importance demarcation between state federal lands. an amended complaint reviving redescribing modified Act; both new now ready decision. 12 basic contention moved out established decree. Therefore, contends used decree just relevant acted, slight modifications, drawn Master should purposes asserts whereas determined have claimed international relations, entirely different sense mean inland—in case, entered Union. according standards wholly 13 focal point interpretation placed Since does define term, we look legislative history. II. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY REVEALS THAT CONGRESS MEANT TO LEAVE DEFINITION INLAND WATERS COURTS. 15 Two changes our made bill sent Senate Committee Interior Insular Affairs passage. 16 (1) As first written, include 17 'all estuaries, ports, harbors, channels, straits, historic sounds, join sea.' 18 definition removed Committee.9 19 (2) originally contained could claimed. provision limiting boundary claims coastline Oceans Mexico added floor late stages debates.10 20 Removal addition Pacific, when together, unmistakably show cannot prevail cntention intended identify states always waters.'11 deleting original plain intent elaborated courts, independently 21 response objections hearings bill's broad grounds prejudice take future affairs,12 Senator Cordon, manager bill, recommended obtained elimination definition. he authored explained: 22 words 'which sea' deleted reported because committee's belief question what constitutes left finds it. committee convinced adds takes away anything way underneath behind it.' S.Rep.No.133, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 18, U.S.Code Cong. Adm.News Page 1493.13 23 understanding 'neither it,' appears acceptance prior opinions, whatever usage might been. Various concepts during Hearings, based elements depth water,14 width opening indentation,15 formula, common designation etc.16 When clear highly technical aspects (see, e.g., n. supra) one differences arise, expedient solution leaving matter found it, accepting rejecting formula.17 It unaffected judicial view responsibility particularizing 24 Reference Cordon's request deletion objectionable clause confirms understanding. said: 25 again not, & N Immigration Nationality Decisions believe, all-inclusive definition, felt (by who objected hearings) use these (sic) attempted waters,' inadvisable transfer title, attempt make law field water. 26 language, felt, probably raise questions raised, definitions decisions available court.' 27 'Senator MALONE. master job, did consideration, is, report consideration Court? 28 CORDON. With respect coast; yes. Hearings 1304—1305. 29 Shortly thereafter follows virtually conclusive statement: 30 chairman's attempting draw delimiting using known instance, Louisiana assume. still defined, even though same legal status before.'18 Id., 1376. (Emphasis added.) 31 fastens statement regard eliminated definition: 32 opinion, consistent philosophy Holland Federal Government century half, create situations thereto.' S.Rep.No. 133, 18. 33 From reasons must encompass 'thought' can effectuate fully supposed 'philosophy' boundaries. 34 If purpose accepted nonetheless, inconsistency whatsoever courts without restriction; yet incorporated thus boundaries, how defined. affected which, adequate pre-existing chose pursuant stated Cordon 35 'this two approaches determination application. approach came Union; second, election coastline, described tense bill.' 1374. 36 Only adoption three-league interpetations become operationally related, created shows that, come play, modified.19 amendment few Committee, result continuous criticism throughout course debates grant indefinite,20 engage 'claiming race'21 points language stating worked significant change bill. 99 Cong.Rec. 4114—4116 (remarks Holland). But statements reflect major supporters Texas Florida (on side) provable beyond miles, go leagues.22 indeed effect, run afoul vast up coasts, leagues, historical proof, Mexico, impaired. Holland, author proposed meet fears Senators criticized indefiniteness 37 '* think little effect. am perfectly willing suggestions my friends, whom opponents, joint resolution, effect like clearly spelled measure, intention either knows possible situation leagues; knows, although indicate situation.' 4116. 38 aware expansive claims, them altogether untenable. 39 'Mr. HOLLAND. My mainland; islands, around islands. matter. 40 DOUGLAS. consummation devoutly desired, satisfied Senator's resolution accomplish, 41 Under maintained. 42 Is that? every authority consulted believes. Incidentally, reason why contrary wording omitted, farther provided resolution. continues made. 44 if mind constituted limits degree, up, own initiative, reach much talking about here. 45 believes laws, announced delimitation fixed, definite, require complete, cataclysmic Court's afford hope extension good line. There foreclose changing mind. reference delimitation. failing change, see how, possibly serious affecting State.' 2756—2757. 46 wish arguing (as here Master) appropriate permit claim remote prevail. wished purely domestic See Louisiana, 363 1, 30—36, 80 961, 979—982, 1025. theory, other. Instead, hands. reveal broadly interpret restore expectations regardless be.23 Indeed, inference structure most plausible Congress, adopting limitation, base dependent upon State's subjective concept prove none all, show. III. 47 MEANING 'INLAND WATERS' IN SUBMERGED LANDS ACT SHOULD CONFORM CONVENTION ON TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE. 48 We turn, then, determining immediately bulk cases cited Congressmen proposition 'been courts' deal interior lakes rivers, provide assistance classifying sea.24 latter context ever precisely term. indicated content since Country's particularize definition.25 task subsequently led appointment Master. 49 internationally decided, circumstances, took controlling. policy 1947. therefore assertion letters Department written 1951 195226 declaring him. At decision required great many materials dating back 1793 discern thread ultimately decided less formula.27 filing changed significantly. Indeed said settled On March 24, 1961, ratified Convention Territorial Sea Contiguous Zone (T.I.A.S. 5639) September 10, 1964, requisite number nations went force. do straight-base-line method28 (see Kingdom Norway, (1951) I.C.J.Rep. 116), permits 24-mile maximum bays 'semicircle' test testing sufficiency enclosed. semicircle comprise least diameter equal Unquestionably together represents States.29 51 ignore performing duty giving restrict ourselves presented enactment. accord best evidence (although strenuously contested California) refused treat conclusive. 52 restricted us. passing Court.30 tie hands time. Had rubber-stamp readily itself.31 fill employed workable available. Zone, President,32 definitions. adopt establishes single administration relations (barring unexpected rules Convention). Furthermore comprehensiveness answers lesser problems coastlines absent Convention, troublesome.33 53 argues, alternatively embraces ocean judicially accordance usage, possess ambulatory quality practice. Thus, years amended, say automatically shift, enlarge reject open-ended several reasons. Before today's assurance contemplated hence tenable reliance today will changed. Expectations define. Allowing shifts undertanding respecting alter substantially undercut definiteness expectation attend Moreover, unduly inhibit making vis-a -vis continually nations. 'Freezing' largely avoids this, also serves fulfill requirements stability congressional belonging IV. 54 SUBSIDIARY ISSUES. 55 Once apply, subsidiary fall place. 56 1. Straight Base Lines.—California argues nation method deeply indented cut into, fringe immediate vicinity,' free lines openings islands.34 agree recognizes validity straight countries, Norway chose, traditional expressed opposition national conducting obviously accommodated legitimate territory sovereign. contraction recognized imposed name questionable. sovereignty claiming necessarily sovereignty, unless Government's external hollow, prevent enlarging themselves. conclude choice rests Government, individual 57 relies Manchester Com. Massachusetts, 240, 559, 159, pleases Although dicta read support view, opinion. involved expansion State. 58 2. Twenty-four-mile Closing Rule.—The recognizes, position,35 boys States.36 Applying tests dispute, Monterey Bay dispute37 test. hold. 59 Santa Barbara Channel 'fictitious bay' ends channel miles.38 all; strait useful route communication classified waters.39 60 analogy directs attention Breton Chandleur Sounds 66—67, 108, 997—998, Each analogies States' argument treated bay. Sound cul de sac. Sound, separately joins, leads Sound. Neither sea. fact shallow navigable.40 Strait Juan Fuca. connect 61 Evidence submitted sparse. What usefulness route, specify ships international.41 regards Corfu Case, (1949) I.C.J. Rep. 4, International held country if, natural state, served controlling importance. past opposes now. regarded geographically. drawing lines, hold choose employ order framing Channel, forced therefore, unnecessary reinstitute factual passageway useful. 62 3. Historic Inland Waters.—By apply 'historic' bays.42 Essentially traditionally maintained acquiescence nations.43 dispute understood. primarily Constitution bays,44 plus court Monterey, Monica, Pedro Bays.45 counters maintain endorsed decide because, him, concluded exercised 63 Bay, Monica 64 studies report46 wrong standards, vitiating conclusions. erroneously exception general requiring rigorous standard proof. find indication report. 65 evidence, constitution set arguable, statutes county supposedly indicating shore.47 Furthermore, declaration jurisdiction active establish claim.48 district Carrillo, F.Supp. 121 (1935), dismissed criminal charges offense ground federal, jurisdiction; difficult dismissal dominion. successfully prosecute shore, People Stralla, Cal.2d 617, 96 Reporter, 2nd 941 (1939). However, stands aware.49 66 disclaims disputed reluctant disclaimer decisive arise doubt. us, questionable exclusive assertions decisive. Harbors Roadsteads.—The disagree anchorages harborworks harbors. (Art. 8) outermost permanent harbour works form integral part system forming coast.' roadsteads loading, unloading anchoring ships, 9) territorial sea, implication, interpretation. 69 5. Line Ordinary Low Water.—Along tides day, lower agreed, taking average tides. 70 better defines water.' 3) uses large-scale charts officially State' (i.e., States). conform, official Coast prepared Geodetic Survey, marked. 71 6. Artificial Accretions.—When Master, contended enclosed reclaimed means artificial structures. ruled filled belonged coastline. through control protect encroachment unwarranted structures, agreement parties. 72 confirmed modifications shoreline meant recognize after makes specific accretions, nowhere history anyone focus question.50 belongs owner onto deposited. Marine R. Coal company 257 47, 65, 32, 34, 124. extends domain pushing sea; land, opinion.51 considerations possibility wholesale location caused Law, supra, Pages 166—167, force relatively sporadic artificially. Arguments inequity allowing met, pointed out, ability itself approve recommendations parties, them, may, 1965, submit carry prepare enter next Term 74 ordered. 75 Recommendations modified. 76 CHIEF JUSTICE CLARK 77 BLACK, DOUGLAS dissenting. 78 19, 1658, 91 1889, adjacent coastlines. mainland 1953 believing unfairly denied passed upset believed rightfully theirs. decides basis 13-year-old Instead relying 1952 forcefully emphatically refer hearings, findings light statutory exists. 79 issue California.1 Most called popular marginal California.2 One large segment, issue, touches opposite chain approximately mainland, separated Catalina.3 bottom separating while owns strip geographic wide island intervening Government. understand contentions year controversy aftermath decades bordering shores. Their usually distance statute lines.'4 line,' modern descriptions, shore; rather, legally facing flow indentations land. Such offshore 81 raised objection including extended outward distances 1930's apparent shores rich valuable reserves resources. spite limits, waters.'5 owners admissions beyond. To settle 1945 aftermath, alleging fee simple of, powers value State, vague narrowly answered 1849, coast, coast,' 'outside 382. 339 699, 914, 94 1216; Texas, 707, 918, 1221. deciding exact 'there why, involved, later, necessary, detailed boundary.' U.S., 26, S.Ct., 1662. 82 themselves sharp disagreement coast. assumed passed, given derived upholding relied necessity protection seas incident sovereignty. doctrines confused contradictory exactly measurements conditions sides able precedents supporting them. State.6 342 891, 198, 668. 14, 676, depended 'by customary, Law effective behalf relations.' totally irrelevant, substance Whether correctly need concern point. exceptions, Then picture years, steps dormant, appeared dispute. 83 19537 gave 'title resources *.'8 'lands State,9 turn elsewhere waters.'10 said, extreme time, 'to State'11 Congress,'12 Oceans, Mexico.13 (or leagues) line.' looking carrying 84 transferring pending California.14 channels ceased recognition exploitation undersea deep concerning lay. depends edge measured case; correctness used. replies boundary, words, proposes measuring start out. governing restoring right. holding precipitated hotly political post-war decade. Critics complete surprise others houses designed 'restore' decision.15 Many opposed 'give away' public domain, President Truman prevented vetoing it.16 Even doing, frankly 'Even careful zealous guardian Secretary Interior, Harold Ickes, States.'17 86 continued, January 9, himself introduced Joint Resolution 13,18 identical previous amendments, signed Eisenhower, 1953. 87 'To confirm titles seabed boundaries.'19 88 witness testify 89 recognize, confirm, establish, vest them—the therein exercise regulation commerce, navigation, defense, affairs, rights. maritime States—of 20—the respectively enjoyed founding Nation constitutional boundaries.'20 90 Its object, 'restoring plenary rights, property, jurisdiction, 150 boundaries.'21 dealt only, boundaries.'22 Those testified favor objective way. McKay 'I believe States.'23 doubt, question, others, unquestionably give going brief another deliberations 'historic boundaries' 813 times, 'original 'traditional' 114 times.24 concedes purpose, ante, 153—154, bother forth proponents House flatly purpose. 93 conceded be. pins denying calls 'relevant,' fundamental, changes, 150, passage, says sponsors suddenly altered instead lines' restrictively current policies adhered Department. study convinces me relies, They expressly, vigorously repeatedly avowed unchanged. REMOVAL WATERS.' 95 drafted, sea.'25 straits quite apart Deputy Legal Adviser limited 'a matter,'26 embarrass nations.27 Attorney General warned increase rather diminish litigation.28 result, Acting Chairman conclusion quoted 98 'That Justice. isn't, itself, strike sound. water.'29 explained struck 100 'It sought get you where, attempts care matter, putting record precedent domestically internationally.'30 emphasized 101 Chair understands were, sound Union.'31 102 Daniel leading advocate sponsor 103 chairman striking manner want record, future.'32 104 replied: 105 appreciate Senator, concur concerned.'33 106 And Anderson, reporting agreed: 107 subscribe awhile ago pointing seek add Union.'34 108 Senate, everything 'obvious fact'35 'giving 160 namely, reserving that.'36 109 consent legislatively field, measure. 110 discussions high island.'37 111 'By summary, assign *.'38 112 'Until recently never until possession legislation keep foundation Union.'39 113 enough removal courtesy Departments substantive version bill: wishes emphasize seen comparison introduced, introduced. section confirmed.'40 115 continued confer reiterated. 2, 116 'because it.'41 117 case42 criteria, decision, formula disapproved specifically law. Clearly really cared harbors boundaries—their coastlines—and sea.43 saw spell embarrassing repercussions American prevailed. Lest misconstrue it: 118 thereto.'44 119 reads showing restriction.' Ante, 154. agrees made, admits foreignpolicy concludes standard, (except insofar abandoned treaty) adopt. fair reading discussion members one. aberration, judged tests, had.45 put concerned. did: freed 'having matters technical,'46 facts Kuchel familiar alert properly, think, 120 'In recognizing wisely are. substance, extending, littoral boundary.'47 drafted boundaries; slightest boundaries,' half.'48 122 baron THREE-MILE OR THREE-LEAGUE LIMITATION. 123 significance attributed small entire vital (of Bill) modified.' surprising, introduced—by himself—and almost being voiced, 'just minor verbiage,'49 'minor clarification.'50 dramatic attributes certainly 'not depart resolution.'51 occupying Congressional Record, roll-call vote, floor. Fundamental bills Holland's explanation verbiage' doubt Senate. 124 'minor' thinks whole depends, merely adding: 125 'but Mexico.'52 126 implicitly wherever lay, honored i.e., destroying waters—which course, sea—and substituting restrictive above shows. holds significance, silently repudiated intention, proclaimed proclaim end, 127 reason, Record reaffirming abandoning offering similar bills: farther. 'or hereafter Congress' limitation. feared assert hundreds Shelf.53 fear expressed, wealth confine boundaries—the belong Government.54 trying word push amendment. hereafter,' claimed, future; Senators' boundaries: Mexico. explained, existing along, Oceans. verbiage'55 seeking authors fully, repeatedly, RECORD debate.'56 reiterated 128 inviting additional claims.'57 129 shows, 'additional.'58 130 Time claims. Said 3-mile limit.'59 Daniel, amendment: 131 coauthors understood write shore.'60 added: 132 exchange minutes boundaries.'61 133 measured. says, lines,' be, unquestionably, undisturbed belts 134 lays stress off-shore persuasive. leaves impression ruling covered nothing kind, opponents too example, proving far. remarks important full, repeated occasions, asking here, denies 135 began Long Louisiana's 136 'Now, correctly, proposing actual determination. 137 Of 138 draft question.'62 Anderson New validated 140 depths exist extrusions appear there, level Again, naturally, rule. displaces function doctrine legislation.'63 141 definitively rim hear (this) legislation'—the doctrine, restored boundaries.' islands.64 referring effect—that boundaries.'65 142 three-miles-from-coast-line affect tried amend measured, failed. Douglas Illinois, leader opposition, main continent, cutting destroy introduce it.66 Illinois submitting waters.'67 Douglas' defeated,68 worth, left, stated, undiminished. 143 review things: proposed, explicit being, views 'change substance'69 States';70 avoid embarrassment law, 'transfer title.'71 (3) verbiage'72 along: allow Shelf, 144 Near explaining fundamental perceptible speech 145 truth restores gives possessed, developed faith years. 146 boundaries.'73 C. HOUSE HISTORY. 147 extensive legislators explicit. Forty bills, one74 Houses Subcommittee Committee. perfecting amendments favorably House.75 Typical testimony Brownell that: 148 want, entitled to, development say, boundaries.'76 149 'Title II country's history, waters.'77 151 House, Congressman Willis supporter 152 'First, boundaries.'78 153 Wilson following exchange: 154 WILSON Texas. Bear II, returns 155 HALLECK. stick provisions boundaries? 156 true.'79 157 considering deems Reed, Judiciary accede prefaced saying: 158 Speaker, trust deem resolution.'80 159 proceeded tell happened Senate: 'Titles H.R. 4198, titles. practically instances phrases clarification. 161 'About thing reassertion boundaries.'81 162 Relying assurances Reed 'no changes' portions version, 163 This, completely allows today. actions plainly explicitly beginning, despite attacks varied. introduced—rights right follow word. 164 part, opportunity try were. expound principles Act's misreading intentions title. seems height irony expressly escape construed announce directly antithetic once all. True, lie. errs cases, claim, devising handling affairs. 165 hearing naturally irrelevant Certainly 1849 frivolous. 1850, outlying lawsuit. Constitution,82 maps, convention 1849,83 tend mainland. sense, jurisdiction. Industries, Incorporated Greene, 862 (D.C.N.D.Cal.) (Monterey Bay); (D.C.S.D.Cal.) (San (Santa Superior 200 Rptr. (West’s) 235, 252 KF135 P2 722 Bay). authorization curiae agreeing attorney jurisdiction.84 166 tends disprove fixed foreign-relations preserving offered supported something prove. litigation won 1025, Florida, 121, 1026, 1096 respectively. Mississippi, Alabama supra. All five opportunity. affirmative defense 1946 presently pass undecided, reasoning readopt violently criticized, chance command chance. APPENDIX B Contract Defendant 29, §§ 1301—1315 (1958 ed.). William Davis York City. follows: Point Conception Hueneme; Bay; extremity western headland Newport Crescent City Luis Obispo 7. Bay. recommend questions: 'Question 1.—What (inland sea) determined? 2.—Are constituting landmarks drawn? 3.—By ascertained?' runs Richardson Rock (21 water), Miguel Island, Rosa Gull Island; thence Begg (35.8 miles), Nicolas Clemente Island (43 miles); Loma (56.8 miles). Islands Map attached Appendix dissenting post, 178. indentation shape indentation; (similar belt) one-fourth entrance; compare remaining one-half line, larger semicircle, Boggs, Delimitation Sea, Am.J.Int'l L. 541, 548. 1: referred 'over-all baseline instance adjoining island, belt. 2: No precise adjudication (the straight-line rivers drawn, 'Bays ten long. pronounced headlands apart, hereinafter entrance. Where nearest entrance exceed miles. criterion: envelope arcs circles radius entrance, waters; otherwise, 'Harbors (Ports) front embrace anchorage reasonably physical surroundings service port, harbor works. 'River Mouths 'Where empty direction river width. flows estuary, applicable estuary. 'Landmarks tributary waterways, landmark intersection plane headland. headland, bisecting angle trend waterway. 3: 'ordinary California' exists survey) established, approval Survey observations period 18.6 years.' 2—5 (footnotes omitted). part: 'AN re- sources resources, 'Be Representatives assembled, 'Submerged Act.' 'TITLE 'DEFINITION 'SEC. 1301). Act— '(a) means— '(2) permanently periodically tidal tide Mexico) '(3) formerly hereinabove defined; '(b) Great Lakes hereof geo- graphical Mexico; '(c) 'LANDS BENEATH NAVIGABLE WITHIN BOUNDARIES 1311). RIGHTS STATES.— hereby manage, administer, lease, develop, hereby, hereof, recognized, confirmed, assigned persons June 1950, located, grantees, lessees, successors thereof; releases relinquishes unto aforesaid, otherwise reserved herein, right, has, improvements, resources; 1312). SEAWARD BOUNDARIES.—The or, Lakes, boundary. Any body traversed provision, statute, bounda- ries Nothing questioning prejudicing existence laws Congress.' English, mile equals .87 geographical, marine, mile. conventional '3-mile limit' refers 3.45 Adm.Laws 1487. committee. S.J.Res. 1348 (hereinafter Hearings). proposal voted down, id., 1416. Brief 14. 312—315, 1064—1065, 1085, 1304, 1378. 1285 Cordon). 275—280. 1052. 1374—1380. 1380—1385. debates, saying, committee, recall, correct, formula.' 2633. material 23, infra. 1415 See, 2881, 2916, 3038—3040, 3549—3564, 3655—3656, 3884—3886, 4085—4086, 4094—4099, 4109. 3655 Kilgore). 2695, 3039 Daniel), 2746 Holland), 2881 Anderson), 2916 Douglas). 957 Several defeated perimeter 4157, 4203, 4473—4478. unacceptability leaders composed obvious, Section 2(c), read: continent island.' 4240. (Amendments italicized.) colloquy rejection extremely revealing total absence hostility idea pursuing embodied President, ambiguity conform distinguished (Mr. HOLLAND) real intention. 'One connected 'coastline,' Oregon CORDON) whose requested, 'coastline.' debate things. First, mean, hoped mean; mass shorelines 'But particularly 'coastline' tremendously subject. involves areas, used, islands—however out—and LONG. fails striving achieve. 'If examines representative administration, know, administrations, begins ends. synonymous instances. 'However, becomes complicated indentures, coves, like. difference governments located. Louisiana. regret map demonstrating point, Chandeleur another. agreed government, seas, government 'Likewise, wider marks begins. headlands. 'Obviously, States; Department; Justice; department governments. 'There amendment, begin intersect type appeals Illinois. struggled problem. formulas Originally, estuaries. preferable ordinarily suggest. suggestion Justice, suppose 'including sounds,' stricken reached, advice competent officials Department, witnesses testified, retain accept DANIEL. true distant, confuse them? (Douglas) attain. attain reasonable conception, them; shown furnished last Dean Acheson, 26. 4240—4243. 3110—3112 Hill). question—who belt? heavily responsibilities detracts nations, charge among such, separate governmental units. does, do, anywhere ocean, assume treaty obligations.' 35, 1666, 1889 (footnote landlocked actually fixing dividing begin. unresolved. innocent Unquestionably, borrow ' Negotiations Hague 1930 party Letter Webb McGrath, 13, 1951, 460; letter Acheson February 12, 462. 'definitive' position. 'appropriate method' bays. Rusk, Robert Kennedy, General, 15, Materials 527. Part 2633 1960, 11196, Dept.Bull. 609. Treaties Force—January 263. developments practice transpired Act—a Solicitor oral presentation easy maintain—the cites hearings. 'Those view—and us—that tense. discuss 1783, whenever Revolutionary War signed—and recall date—if seem difficulties what, envisioned place, were.' 1354—1355. reply expresses ancient determine. reveals Article provides: '1. localities vicinity, baselines joining breadth '2. appreciable closely linked re gime internal '3. Baselines low-tide elevations, lighthouses installations built '4. paragraph account baselines, economic peculiar region concerned, reality evidenced usage. '5. '6. charts, due publicity given.' 527; Answer Exceptions 148. text article relates coasts articles, well-marked penetration proportion contain constitute mere curvature An as, than, semi-circle indentation. measurement, points. Where, presence mouth, sum lengths mouths. twenty-four marks, thereby exceeds enclose length. foregoing applied.' longer 'international principle bays." question. states: expression originated Experts, Fifth Session Commission, suggesting 10-mile providing groups group bay.' Rapporteur Addendum Second Regime Session, English text, U.N.Doc. A/CN.4/61/Add.1, Annex, postponed Commission 1954 (Article 11, Covering Work Sixth (U.N.Doc. A/CN.4/88), 42), finally adopted. Eighth 45, fn. (U.N.Doc.A/C.6/L.378), formulate existence.' Exceptions, 149—150, 112. 1951. 460. 1084—1085 Jack Tate). ranges feet Chart 1270, connecting sounds. sounds 'navigable parts navigation. Turner, Cir., 175 644, 647, cert. denied, 338 851, 92, 521. Testimony rough alternate 'coming down Northwest.' (Tr. 595. Tr. 608.) appendix, 57, Davidson, Pilot Oregon, Washington (4th ed. 1889), 53, break westerly swell winter lee southeast gales.' 7, 6, 36. generally, Juridical Waters, Including Bays, A/CN.4/143 (1962). XII running west miles; northwesterly 42d degree north latitude, latitude beginning. Also Coast.' (1927); (D.C.N.D.Cal.1926) (1939) (D.C.1935) A/CN.13/1 (1957), E.g., Diego County, Cal.Stat.1850, chapter 58; Cal.Stat.1851, 172; Cal.Political 1872, 3907, 3944; 1923, 3945; Cal.Stat.1919, 470, 38, 895; Cal.Stat.1923, 160, 361; Cal.Govt.Code 23137; Cal.Stat.1947, 424, 1069. Los Angeles 3, 59; Cal.Stat.1856, 46, 53; 877; 3927; 343; Cal.Govt.Code, 23119; 1055. A/CN.4/143, 80—105 Southern District participated Stralla Compare 39—40, 1668—1669, 1889. 2697 Cordon); 1344—1345, 1353—1358, Statement Moses 137. interpretations Swamp Land 519, swamp specific: overflowed remain unsold act, *'; nature B, landward nautical) 1.15 English) league S.Rep. Sess. (hereafter Report), 21. proper 30, 1311 2(a)(2), 1301(a)(2) 1301(c) 2(a)(2). 2(b), 1301(b) supplied.) Ibid. enact upheld 347 272, 481, 689. 82d summary earlier dealing 966, Message S.Doc. 139, 2948, House. 29. clause, Other Bills, Hearings), 31—32. 49. 34. 512. Unlike Administration, Eisenhower Administration 50, 989. 1378 (Senator 33, 981. 1053 (Deputy 30—32, 979—980. 926. suggested describe characteristics surely result.' 1304. 1383. 1384. 1385. 2746. 2634. 2744. 2830. 1493. 1211—1229. reprinted favorable session 'identical introduced.' report, S.Rep.No.1592, 80th quoted, criticised creating uncertainty federal-external-sovereignty answer as: 'At sea? Are waters? uplands formed lowwater power' opinion?' 61. 'extreme complexities,' ibid., enacting consonant law,' 'Unless S. 1988 reported, enacted, confusion taxability commence series vexatious lawsuits sovereign recover looked pronouncements reflecting lands.' 62. infra, 212. '(T)he 19—20, 973. 1383 2984. supplied. 44. 4115. 4114. 2917, 2975—2977, 3040, 3273, 3336 3337, 3381, 3549, 3552—3553, 3655, 3885—3886, 4085. 1331—1343 (1958) ed.), year, 'jurisdiction, control, disposition' 48—49. 3039. 3051. 48. 50—51. 4175. 4477, 4478 Daniel). aimed 'preventing between.' 4242. 4241. substitute 3957—3960, 'net result' 'would arbitrary itself. act 4106. Monroney 4157. Long, (which fundamental) protested: vesting proprietary are?' 4160. defeated. 4203. Magnuson, likewise 1384 1304 4115 4361. H.R.Rep. 215, 2948 Similar 219—220. 2504. 2567. 4897. (Act Sept. 452), 'Commencing forty-second hundred twentieth longitude Greenwich, south intersects thirty-ninth latitude; southeasterly Colorado, thirty-fifth middle boundary-line 1848; direction, H.R.Doc. 357, 59th 405. inclusion Reproduced D, Attorney, sub nom. Adams, Proceedings 6—22.

Classification Label: 9