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401 U.S. 154 91 Supreme Court Reporter 720 27 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 749 LAW STUDENTS CIVIL RIGHTS RESEARCH COUNCIL, INC., et al., Appellantsv.Lowell WADMOND al. Number 49. Argued Oct. 15, 1970. Decided Feb. 23, 1971. Syllabus Appellants challenge, primarily on First Amendment vagueness and overbreadth grounds, the system for screening applicants admission to New York Bar. To carry out statutory requirement that Appellate Division of State 'be satisfied such person possesses character general fitness requisite an attorney counsellor-at-law,' Committees Character Fitness receive affidavits from two persons (one whom must be a practicing attorney) acquainted with applicant, questionaire completed by applicant. The also conduct personal interviews each As final step before Bar, applicant take oath he will support Constitutions. attack procedure, not because any has ever been unjustifiably denied permission practice law in York, but basis it works 'chilling effect' upon exercise free speech association students. three-judge District found certain items questionnaire so vague, overbroad, intrusive applicants' privacy as doubtful constitutional validity, upheld statute rules valid their face, exceptions noted, sustained validity procedure. Held: 1. 'character fitness' Bar is violative Constitution. Pp. 159—160. (3) construed appellees encompass no more than 'dishonorable relevant legal profession.' Pacific KF135 P2 159. (b) current third-party affidavits, setting forth nature extent affiants' acquaintance do infringe applicant's right privacy. 160. 2. York's Rule furnish proof 'believes form government loyal government,' constitutionally invalid light appellees' construction places burden 'form government' 'government' refer solely Constitution, 'belief' 'loyalty' mean willingness ability good faith. 161 164. 3. challenged modified are invalid, one precisely tailored conform this Court's decisions organizational membership association, other merely supportive task ascertaining faith taking oath. 164—166. 4. carefully administered does necessarily result chilling freedoms, whether different policy might wiser rests State's policy-making bodies. 167. 299 F.Supp. 117, affirmed. Norman Dorsen, City, appellants. David W. Peck, appellees. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered opinion Court. 1 An citizen States, have lived at least six months, pass written examination conducted Board Law Examiners. In addition, requires judicial department where resides counsellor-at-law.' Judiciary § 90, subd. 1, par. (McKinney's Consol.Laws, chapter 30, 1968).1 provision, Civil Practice Rules require appointment, four Judicial Departments into which divided, Committee or Fitness.2 Section 528.1 Appeals Admission Attorneys Counsellors-at-Law specified 90 'must shown reputable residing city county (the applicant) resides, State.'3 himself fill questionnaire.4 After receipt questionnaire, interview actual Constitutions York.5 2 This case involves broad attack, appellants, plaintiffs trial court, organizations individuals claiming represent class students graduates similarly situated, seeking planning seek York. They commenced separate actions declaratory injunctive relief Southern naming defendants members Divisions judges.6 complaints attacked statutes, rules, procedures face applied Second Departments. A court was convened consolidated suits. 3 thorough opinion, considered appellants' claims questionnaires they then stood private lives validity.'7 It granted partial indicated these findings, approving further amending revised questions submitted its opinion.8 statutes and, system. appeal followed, we noted probable jurisdiction. 396 999, 560, 24 492.9 4 We note outset involved refused Indeed, appellants point claim unjustificably under earlier procedures. basic thrust is, rather, very existence rights who anticipate having meet requirements. 5 * Court, although divided questions, unanimous finding infirmity statory possess 'the counsellor-at-law.'10 difficulty affirming holding. See Konigsberg versus 366 36, 40—41, 81 997, 1001—1002, 6 105; Schware Examiners, 353 232, 247, 77 752, 760, 796 (Frankfurter, J., concurring). Long usage elsewhere given well-defined contours requirement, narrowly encompassing profession,' see F.Supp., 144 n. 20 (separate Motley, J.); supra, U.S., S.Ct., 760 few reported cases bar grounds all appear instances misconduct clearly inconsistent standards lawyer's calling.11 itself 'their professional characters shall good.'12 Every State, plus Columbia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, some similar qualification.13 7 But, contend, even though standard may valid, methods used satisfy themselves not. Specifically, object terms attesting moral character. During litigation, affidavit forms several respects. Whatever said formerly used, can find nothing present remotely vulnerable attack. Department, example, affiant asked state visited home if so, how often. think borders frivolous say inquiry offends 'right protected First, Fourth, Ninth, Fourteenth Amendments.' selects people sign his behalf, reasonably inquire affiant's applicant.14 II 8 stated eligibility resident months' standing. And finally admitted practice, swear (or affirm) Reflecting requirements, 9406 directs certify 'unless satisfactory resided complied applicable government.' 9 issue citizenship minimum-residence nor dealing Their mounted against belief 'in of' loyalty Government those parts directed thereto. 10 understand question constitutionality practice. event, there doubt validity. affirm 'support constitution States' well Knight Regents, D.C., 269 339, aff'd per curiam, 390 88 816, 19 812; Hosack Smiley, 276 876, 744, 1442, 275; Ohlson Phillips, 304 1152, 397 317, 1124, 25 337.15 11 If had us were language 9406, seems Government, would case. For lends could raise substantial both permissible context Due Process Clause Amendment, Speiser Randall, 357 513, 78 1332, 1460, scope political beliefs Amendments, e.g., Baggett Bullitt, 377 360, 84 1316, 12 377; Barenblatt 360 109, 79 1081, 1115; 527, 1342, Beilan Public Education, 399, 1317, 1414; Sweezy Hampshire, 354 234, 1203, 1311. But comes significant unusual posture: every authorities entrusted definitive interpretation Rule. therefore accept interpretation, however construe left so. regarded courts, course bound construction. See, 375, 1324; Kingsley International Pictures Corporation Regents University, 684, 688, 1362, 1365, 1512; 519, 1338; Terminiello Chicago, 337 5—6, 69 894, 896—897, 93 L.Ed. 1131. viewed administrative agencies charged enforcement Rule, view entitled 'respectful consideration,' Fox Standard Oil Co., 294 87, 96, 55 333, 337, 780 (Cardozo, J.), reason made aboundantly clear extremely narrow fully cognizant freedoms.16 There three key elements proof.17 Second, mentions. Third, 13 Accepting construction, invalidity 9406. 'no showing intent penalize beliefs.' 54, 1009. At most, authoritatively interpreted performs only function 'swears pro forma while declaring manifesting disagreement indifference oath.' Bond Floyd, 385 116, 132, 87 347, 17 235. III 14 panel, complete contains numbered relecting disputed provision 9406.18 follows: 15 '26. (a) Have you organized helped organize become member organization group which, during period your knew advocating teaching subdivison thereof should overthrown overturned force, violence, unlawful means? _ answer affirmative, facts below. 16 '(b) did you, specific aims overthrow overturn subdivision violence '27. Is why cannot subscribe affirmation constitutions York? please explain. 18 Can conscientiously, are, without mental reservation, ready Constitution States?' _. emphasize again either answers refusal them. Necessarily, therefore, consider administration. Question 26 Our establish associations kind referred limitations observed here. held knowing force part sharing organization's illegal goals, criminally punishable. Scales 367 203, 228—230, 1469, 1485—1486, 782. settled examiners ask about Communist affiliations preliminary exclude answer. 46—47, 1004—1005. also, Robel, 389 258, 419, 508; Keyishian 589, 675, 629; Elfbrandt Russell, 384 11, 86 1238, 321; Garner Works, 341 716, 71 909, 95 1317.19 Surely make profession dedicated peaceful reasoned settlement disputes between men, man government. invoke stands living embodiment ideal. 21 27, hardly our discussion simply 'without reservation' same phrase appears required federal uniformed civil service personnel. Code KF62 3331 (1964 ed., Supp. V). however, less demanding Taking employment, indication opportunity explain 'mental still gain IV 22 Finally, emerges briefs oral argument fundamental thus far adverted. suggest that, whatever facial various details York's, inheres constant threat deprivations inevitable. implication beyond academic minimal checking serious, concrete deficiencies. principal means policing deterrent punitive effects post-admission sanctions contempt, disbarment, malpractice suits, criminal prosecutions. 23 Such approach wise policy, based alone make. whose agents evidently scrupulous use powers keep investigations within limits. persuaded careful administration need freedoms. Consequently, choice systems like approaches urged legislatures bodies individual States. choice. disturb power judgment Affirmed. APPENDIX TO OPINION OF THE COURT (1968): Article 4—Appellate Division. s 90. removal appellate division; committees 28 a. Upon board certifying passed examination, dispensed with, division supreme certified examiners, counsellor-at-law, admit him counsellor-at-law courts state, provided respects appeals divisions relating attorneys. 29 (1963): 94 Practice. 9401. 30 appoint committee lawyers district department, purpose investigating counselor state. Each serve until death, resignation appointment successor. lawyer appointed another department. 31 9404. Certificate 32 Unless otherwise ordered division, certificate proper investigated respects, admission. enable investigation committee, subject approval justices authorized prescribe time amend statement set usual handwriting information data justices, including specifically past residence, listing street number, any, place. Proof 33 No unless effect: 34 That believes government; 35 States; 36 months prior filing application practice; 37 requirements rule pending, law. 38 Appendix (Supp. 1970): Counselors-at-Law. PART 528—PROOF MORAL CHARACTER 39 General regulation. 40 produce file evidence section Law, State. 41 528.2 Supporting 42 much knowledge affiant, detail based. conclusive, through otherwise. 43 528.3 Examiners 44 pursued study pursuant compliance rules. 45 528.4 Discretion 46 adopt respective departments additional seem proper. 47 APPIDAVIT WITH RESPECT APPLICANT 48 49 Division: Department Matter Application 50 51 _________________________* County ss.: 52 ____________________, being duly sworn, makes following statement: Residence affiant: Nature business: 5. Business address 53 6. Length applicant: 54 b. Persons (if known affiant): 56 7. Affiant's conclusions character: 57 8. Facts based: 58 9. IF THIS AFFIDAVIT IS MADE BY SPONSORING ATTORNEY, sponsors' (see instruction sheet) here: (Signature) Sworn me _____ day _______________, 19____ (DO NOT FORGET HAVE ALL AFFIDAVITS NOTARIZED) (Note: back put Affidavits) Form Affidavit PLEASE NOTE written, preferably typewriting, direction affiant. desired matter supplied Nothing personally stated. NEW YORK SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DIVISION, SECOND DEPARTMENT IN MATTER APPLICATION 59 (Insert name 60 Practise Attorney Counselor-at-law STATE ________________ COUNTY _______________ 61 _________________________, 62 (Name Affiant) 63 deposes says en read true own knowledge, except belief, give answers, them true. 64 Home (including County). 65 address. 66 business? (If lawyer, and/or country jurisdiction, specifying place approximate date admission.) How long personally? 67 related blood marriage, business, relationship family? 68 Describe briefly began, indicate what activities (business, scholastic, cultural, recreational, athletic, social otherwise) participated sufficient repeat above words parenthesis, particular specified. often come contact entire acquaintance? ('Frequently' 'often' indefinite answer.) 70 What conclusion character? (Reserve next question.) 72 parental home: 73 marital home, any: 74 (c) abode had? 75 10. parental, applicant? Note most visits frequent contacts mentioned Q. 6, above.) 76 years (stating dates)? addresses (listing specifically)? (Affiant here) (Attesting officer (Official designation) BLACK, DOUGLAS joins, dissenting. Of & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions agree attorney.' remembered valuable expensive be. Therefore when seeks deny disbar proceed according exacting demands due process mercies prospective competitors. When deprive law, accord property. Perhaps almost anyone stunned sought away man's house failed prove beliefs. attempting reasons, actions. Here upholds proof' Rules. approves From holdings dissent. my view, absolutely prohibits penalizing American Communications Assn., C.I.O. Douds, 339 382, 445, 674, 707, 925 (1950) (Black, dissenting). Hence established lawyer. Roberts Cantwell Connecticut: 'Thus embraces concepts,—freedom believe freedom act. first absolute but, things, second be.' 310 296, 303—304, 900, 903, 1213 (1940). Assuming delegate interrogate flatly Amendment. Questions 26(a) 26(b) state: '(a) (D)id means?' can, consistently belonged advocate violent 'knowing' shared aims. Yates 298, 1064, 1087, 1356 (1957) concurring intended control, dangerous unpopular. included protection association; join ideas. NAACP Alabama, 449, .s.Ct. 1163, 1488 (1958); Bates City Little Rock, 361 516, 80 412, 418, 480 (1960) Douglas, concurring); Schneider Smith, 17, 682, 799 (1968). follows governments able designed identify 27(b) asks: 'Can invades areas probe mind ascertain reservation Constitution.' asking attitude toward probes beliefs, business Connecticut, supra; supra dissenting); cf. re Summers, 325 561, 573, 1307, 1314, 89 1795 (1945) reverse Wholly aside views dissent demands, today's decision reconciled later. majority avoid conflict narrowing states: 'First, proof. mo faith.' Ante, 163. Thus despite law's command loyalty, holds assert 'construction' avoids problems posed 1460 (1958), taxpayers order obtain tax exemptions bear proving Government. pointed allocation 'can deterrence free' 'man knows bring persuade lawfulness steer wider zone burdens.' Id., 526, 1342. here determined, contend otherwise, 'coming forward evidence' Committee. 147. shifting coming impermissible Randall. defect California procedure bore persuasion 'when speak deterred taxing program unencumbered justify inhibition.' 528—529, 1343 (emphasis added). Although dealt exemption veterans, offer difference all, accorded greater exemption. Part demand asks reservation.'* reasons assists assessing pledge whatsoever (S.D.N.Y.1967), 812 inquisition hoping discredit sincerity namely 'loyal' quite thing oath, President latter promissory oaths declarant promises perform duties future. promise future action. moment, reservation.' Aside serious inhere reservation,' (1964); attempt failure hold belief. forbids impose sanction withhold benefit believes. Baird Arizona, 6—7, 702, 705 706, 639; 9, 707 (Stewart, judgment); West Virginia Education Barnette, 319 624, 1178 (1943); Connecticuit, supra. majority's reasoning employed test ignores holding 235 (1966). Georgia House Representatives excluded elected Julian statements criticizing Vietman war gave 'aid comfort enemies showed 125, 344. exclusion violated Bond's rights. argued strenuously 'sincerity.' Federal judge dissenting, accepted theory. 251 333 reversed below ground office: 'does authorize legislators legislator uphold utilized restrict national colleagues guise judging 347. offers 'sincerity test' legislators. considers yet actually lack 'sincerity' perhaps permit exclusion. Certainly compel approve denial insincere taking. Yet permissible. results interest possibly served beliefs? 705—706; Gibson Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, 372 539, 83 889, 929 (1963). possible follow Floyd feels legislator's worthy representative Farmers intended, freely essential. framers extend limited groups citizens. Just democratic society needs willing criticize defend unpopular causes champion clients. involving men 'like Charles Evans Hughes, Sr., later Chief up socialists public officials threats clamorous protests self-proclaimed super patriots—men Jr., John Davis, who, everything Communists stood, strongly advised Congress 1948 unconstitutional proposed outlaw Party—men Lord Erskine, James Otis, Clarence Darrow, multitude others dared defense clients regard danger themselves. lose nobility glory constantly replenished these. thoroughly orthodox, time-serving, governent-fearing humiliate degrade it.' Anastaplo, 82, 115—116, 978, 996, 135 (1961) 26(b), associational full, 175. fail Stolar, 713, 657. violate assumption punish advocates intends overthrow. On assumption, conclude since punishable, intent. Arizona today 'have force?' Ohio recognized Stolar membership. However, appropriate prelude determining petitioner member. rejected argument, barred supply 717 id., 31, judgment). concede forcible overthrow, aims, help about. 165—166. Since theory met, permitted reference 'specific intent'? five agreed admissions inquired Why here? argued, course, sufficiently taken together include intent' requirement. permits split parts. allows associations, rationale, combined question, 508 (1967), Brandenburg Ohio, 395 U.s. 444, 1827, 430 (1969). Robel Subversive Activities Control Act barring 'communist-action' employment. struck down 'to employment proscribed rroscribed rights.' 266, 425. defective purported account facilities engaged proscribed. banning punishment Cf. 629 (1967). punished act associating assembly achieve reform. advocacy joining 'except inciting producing imminent lawless action likely incite action.' 447, 1829. Clearly nearly drawn. advising excluding knowingly belong Brief Appellees 14—15. specify 'directed action' 'likely Thus, overbroad. threatens chosen livelihood rather jail. fails recognize important welfare society; words, 'dedicated bebetween 166. Unfortunately, proposition special enjoy full measure Cohen Hurley, 954, 156 (1961), disbarred relying privilege self-incrimination refusing misconduct. thought repudiated Spevack Klein, 511, 625, 574 expressly overruled Cohen. Fifth disciplinary proceeding, stated: 'Like school teacher Slochower Higher 350 551, 637, 100 692, policemen Garrity Jersey (385 493, 616, 562) first-class citizenship.' 629. add speaking Quite obviously, high fulfill enormous responsibilities it. time, aspire disciplined unquestioned Discipline after notice hearing unquestionably impartial tribunal. once turned over whim competitors determine magnificent stripping unbridled new members. My regret strip further. foregoing respectfully MARSHALL, BRENNAN litigation began comprehensive longstanding practices Bar.1 changed appellees; wanting below, court's order. Now residuum original ratifies standing complaint, transcending particulars retains underlying urged, focuses impermissibly viewpoints applicants, scheme thereby operates inhibit expressive freedoms others, effect justified necessary impact winnow demonstrably unfit abstract qualifications made, obvious threshold residence success regularly examination. Accordingly, upset charter 'fitness' absent here, work result. end content politically neutral Screening assess loyalties, scrutinize signs viewpoints. inquiry, laws license down. prescribes: 'No *.'2 rightly notes addressed appellees, instance applications admission, Appellees, now containing uncover loyalties affiliations. 27,3 margin, natural consequence 9406—part commands tell 264 'state facts' concerning affiliation change 'by means.' Under operation job evaluate means, 'satifactory loyalties. says, fall principles, implement equally barred. contents individual's philosophy entertains charters inquisition, fastens, overt conduct, incidentally involve exposure ideas, itself. principle limits one's convictions, 'is absolute.' 303, ago Stanley Georgia, 394 557, 565, 1243, 1248, 542 (1969), 'Our whole heritage rebels giving control men's minds.' premise inviolate whole, Olmstead 277 438, 478, 564, 572, 944 (1928) (Brandeis, dissenting), questioned sharply Amendment's protections. 690, (Vinson, C.J., Court), 446—448, 707—709 systematic excludes officially approved.5 criterion impermissible. However wayward unorthodox be, kept drummed account. purports uphold—not upon—Rule unvarnished. While conceding problematical, asserts judged 'extremely narrow' proffered administering investigatory contemplated According discover promising officers generally.6 then, 'support' validly required, (SDNY 1967), (1968), honesty further, 'construed' sincerity, upheld. flaws analysis. told too sweeping, enough, saves merit embrace unless, instance, meaning sweep points shows means. Nor, think, comfortably guide opinions papers reveal launching duty virtually unlimited associational, political, journalistic activities.7 sometimes helpful clarifying 96—97, (1935), settling doubts reach Appellees' announcement restrained, facus inquiries 'sincerity,' respect reviewing court. Nonetheless, saved announcement. rate, certainly confronted 'long usage' 'well-defined contours,' ante, 159, analysis assimilate purposes, fail. urges assimilation "the (terms 9406) mentions.' BLACK'S clear, looking nature, focus different. assuming affirm, entirely familiar traditional language,8 endeavor lawfully. cry questionnaires, entertains, reservations.' censorial investigating, scrutinizing, interpreting, individuals. sui generis, mistake administer gauge depth 'willingness seeming logic position record taker, encroachment sincerity' 'could 347.9 calls uncertain dimension, patently susceptible abuses. inescapable saving compounds defects. vice remains. licensed investigate affiliations, reservations'—all supposedly sake protecting integrity support. professed rationable enterprise refurbished, search unreserved So construed, plainly overreaching official inquiries. sweeping suffers defects fatal schemes predicate grant benefits person's (1967); gloss vague extreme. conceivable simple definite scope. souggest Motion Affirm useful demur support) moment admission.' objective avoiding embarrassing disruption ceremony adequately handled 27(a), drafted Plainly, deal mind, insistence aid These student, else fair warning evidencing 'insincerity.' fatally vague. Standards definiteness strict trench activities. Button, 371 415, 432 433, 328, 405 National Dairy Prod. Corp., 29, 594, 561 irreducible vices vagueness, arising penalized rule's burdens, Lanzetta Jersey, 306 451, 453, 618, 888 (1939), inevitably heightened activity. Cramp Instruction, 368 278, 287—288, 82 275, 285 (1961). Appellants' complaint throughout concerned inhibitory exacerbated sort condemned number distinguishable occasions. Whitehill Elkins, 184, 228 Dombrowski Pfister, 380 479, 85 1116, (1965); S.Ct word questionnaire. 26, itself, noting 'reflects' Rule's investigated. isolation 56—57, 185 ('we (related provisions subversives), isolation'). undeniably scheme. saw factual them' 126. potent device uncovering 'factual data' 'ever 'advocating teaching' local, stat, governmental institution 'should Plainly covers wide range along privileged. aimed concerted activity oriented doing acts, 'advocate' 'teach' All kinds degrees covered: indifferent energetic alike, well-disciplined transitory 'group persons.' specificity phrase, 'overthrown thorough-going brought partly acts—acts done now, hypothetical occur—acts bloody atrocious terror, conscientious nonviolent disobedience 'Advocating includes doctrinal discourse, ideological utterances altogether ancillary association. Even reveals indiscriminate highly expose scrutiny authorities. such, principles undertaken predicating Amendment.10 Three difficulties mentioned. overbroad adhere teachings change, aspect association's 16—19, 1240 1242, 321 (1966); Aptheker Secretary 378 500, 510—512, 1659, 1666—1667, 992 (1964). limit concrete, specific, creates likelihood harm conduct. 447—449, 1829 1830, 430; 599—601, 681—682. would-be wonder acts amount 'becom(ing) member' persons'—law embarking activities, guess nebulous formula 26(a), or, point, assessment coincide officials. penalties failing comes. expectedly induce resolve 493—494, 1124—1125; U.s., 367—370, 1320—1321. alone,11 remains generate ultimately operative Doubts propriety intensified realistically 'stat(ing) exposes grave risk latitude exclusion, conjunction overintrusive probing terrorem others. interwoven complexity heighten caution conscientiousness lead forfeiting applicants. Renets, 604, 684. save restrictive amounts, little declaration beneficent intent, intentions 'do neutralize vice' overbreadth. 373, 1323. efforts achieved casting pall overreaches legitimate concerns strike portions discussed herein, 27(b). statute, issues opinion. N.Y.Civ.Prac.Law Rules, 9401 (1963); originally enacted Legislature, amended legislature Conference. N.Y.Judiciary 229, (1968); 102 N.Y. (Supp.1970). section, recently renumbered wording, VIII Appeals. Answers treated confidential. 466 N.Y.Const., XIII, suits 1343(3) 1983. 117. already, commencement eliminated raised objections. 129 cross-appeal requested injunction. occasion correct. jurisdiction 1253, panel properly relief, 2281 partially denied. Departments; members; York; justices. 'persons' acting capacity injunction inhibiting performance duties. 123—124. press motion affirm. pursue 124—125 (majority Friendly, 143—144 J.). Cassidy, 268 App.Div. 282, N.Y.S.2d 202, 296 926, North Eastern Reporter, 2nd 41; Portnow, 253 395, 553; Greenblatt, 391, 569; Peters, 221 607, 225 Supplement 144, 250 595, 166 Northeastern N59 337; Anonymous, N.Y.2d 454, 216 612. 657, previously litigation. moreover, Hughes fears reflected Black's dissenting post, 180—181, encountered gaining U.S.Sup.Ct. 5(1). 1971 Martindale-Hubbell Directory, passim (103d ed. 1970). unsuccessfully—the conducting interviews. objections generally U.S.Const., VI, cl. 2: 'The Senators mentioned, Members Legislatures, executive Officers, Oath Affirmation, *.' U.S.Sup.Ct.Rule 5(4), requiring States.' directly impinge applicants; touching filtered sum total 'burden' placed submit appellee committees. infra. elimination revision contained commenced: way teaches taught) advocated) '27(a). Do America? _' '31. incident life called favorable detrimental bearing fitness? 'Yes' facts.' (In 'favorable or' appear.) None wholly approved Party goals. Moreover, narrows appropriate. negative, matter. Give 165. statewide text printed, 169. addition text, violates (1958). provides admitted' condemns placing evidentiary burdens benefit, Difficulties innocence deter substantive privileged terms. 13, prescribing oath: 'I solemnly faithfully discharge office _, best ability.' Judge Motley's states original, unrevised idea conception mission both, inter alia list 'unfavorable incidents life.' 'each club, member,' 'any articles publication' 'contributed signed petition for' subversive organization, 'participated whatsover' '(s)tate words' 'principles 137—139. departments, ones questionnaires. Still, remaining opinion—for precursor 26. fact, reflect insincerity taker—Question 27(a)—was rewording rejected. el. 3; U.S.Sup. Ct. 5(4). rely Bond: 'Nor swears negative characterization Bond, barely dictum, taker contemporaneously 'declares' 'manifests' contempt taking, onus comport officials' notions dictum handles remote oath-taking disrupted unwilling pressing cast assertion reinforce rendered harmless fact somewhat breadth whole. place, neither latitude, affirmative excluded, falling admitted, problematical. cured adding narrower follow-up questions. Obviously hope informational series culminates question. questioning criteria denying benefit. 24, 686, Shelton Tucker, 364 488, 252, 231 (1960). justification disclosure chills interests. 546, 893, 524, 462—463, 1171—1172, respect: affiliated characterized (a), endorse affirmative. Naturally (a). 'Specific agreement tenets associations—or, brief, "specific advocacy' drastic Again 'unlawful means' bloodthirsty. lasting week. contingent now; innocuous cause harm. evinces not—or whether, perhaps, infer mind.

Classification Label: 2