Legal Document

542 U.S. 466 RASUL ET AL.v.BUSH, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AL. No. 03-334. Supreme Court of United States. Argued April 20, 2004. Decided June 28, 2004*. Pursuant to Congress' joint resolution authorizing the use necessary and appropriate force against nations, organizations, or persons that planned, authorized, committed, aided in September 11, 2001, al Qaeda terrorist attacks, President sent Armed Forces into Afghanistan wage a military campaign Taliban regime had supported it. Petitioners, 2 Australians 12 Kuwaitis captured abroad during hostilities, are being held custody at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Naval Base, which States occupies under lease treaty recognizing Cuba's ultimate sovereignty, but giving this country complete jurisdiction control for so long as it does not abandon leased areas. Petitioners filed suits federal law challenging legality their detention, alleging they never been combatants engaged acts, have charged with wrongdoing, permitted consult counsel, provided access courts other tribunals. The District construed habeas petitions dismissed them want jurisdiction, holding that, Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U. S. 763, aliens detained outside sovereign territory may invoke relief. Appeals affirmed. Held: consider challenges detention foreign nationals connection hostilities incarcerated Bay. Pp. 473-485. (a) has hear petitioners' 28 C. § 2241, authorizes district courts, "within respective jurisdictions," entertain applications by claiming be "in violation ... laws States," §§ 2241(a), (c)(3). Such extends over exercises plenary exclusive "ultimate sovereignty." Pp.473-484. (1) rejects respondents' primary submission these cases controlled Eisentrager's lacked authority grant relief German citizens forces China, tried convicted war crimes an American commission headquartered Nanking, occupied Germany. Reversing judgment finding Eisentrager found six critical facts: prisoners were enemy who (b) resided States, (c) there custody, (d) (e) offenses committed there, (f) imprisoned all times. S., 777. here differ from detainees important respects: They countries deny plotted acts aggression country; afforded any tribunal, much less wrongdoing; more than two years control. also made clear noted facts relevant only question prisoners' constitutional entitlement review. Ibid. Court's statement on statutory was passing reference its absence. Id., 768. This cursory treatment is explained then-recent decision Ahrens Clark, 335 188, Columbia claims Ellis Island because statute's phrase jurisdictions" required presence within court's territorial id., 192. However, later held, Braden 30th Judicial Circuit Ky., 410 484, 494-495, such "an invariable prerequisite" exercise 2241 upon person prisoner, prisoner himself, court [its] jurisdiction" if custodian can reached service process. Because overruled predicate holding, preclude claims. 475-479. (2) Also rejected contention limited principle legislation presumed extraterritorial application unless Congress clearly manifests intent, EEOC Arabian Oil Co., 499 244, 248. That presumption no operation statute respect "the [United States'] jurisdiction." Foley Bros., Inc. Filardo, 336 281, 285. By express terms agreements continue do permanently chooses. Respondents concede would create federal-court citizen base. Considering draws distinction between Americans little reason think intended geographical coverage vary depending detainee's citizenship. Aliens base, like citizens, entitled courts' authority. 480-482. (3) contend laws, custodians unquestioned, cf. Braden, 495. Section requires nothing therefore confers Court. 483-484. Al Odah complaint invoking 1331, federal-question statute, 1350, Alien Tort Statute. Appeals, again relying correctly petitioners privilege litigation courts. Nothing categorically excludes privilege. traditionally open nonresident aliens. Cf. Disconto Gesellschaft Umbreit, 208 570, 578. And indeed, 1350 explicitly suing actionable "tort nations States" alone. fact immaterial. 484-485. Whether what further proceedings become after respondents respond merits addressed. P. 485. 321 F. 3d 1134, reversed remanded. STEVENS, J., delivered opinion Court, O'CONNOR, SOUTER, GINSBURG, BREYER, JJ., joined. KENNEDY, concurring judgment, post, p. SCALIA, dissenting opinion, REHNQUIST, THOMAS, joined, 488. CERTIORARI TO STATES COURT APPEALS FOR DISTRICT COLUMBIA CIRCUIT. John J. Gibbons argued cause both cases. With him briefs petitioner Rasul et al. 03-334 Joseph Margulies, Barbara Olshansky, Michael Ratner. Thomas B. Wilner, Neil H. Koslowe, Kristine A. Huskey Solicitor General Olson brief Assistant Attorney Keisler, Deputy Clement, Katsas, Gregory G. Garre, Douglas N. Letter, Robert M. Loeb, Sharon Swingle, William Taft IV.† JUSTICE STEVENS 1 These present narrow whether lack Bay Cuba. * On agents network hijacked four commercial airliners used missiles attack targets. While one attacks foiled heroism plane's passengers, three killed approximately 3,000 innocent civilians, destroyed hundreds millions dollars property, severely damaged economy. In response passed "all those he determines . harbored organizations persons." Authorization Use Military Force, Pub. L. 107-40, 1-2, 115 Stat. 224. Acting pursuant authorization, 3 Australian Kuwaiti Taliban.1 Since early 2002, them—along with, according Government's estimate, 640 non-Americans abroad—at naval base Brief 6. comprises 45 square miles land water along southeast coast 1903 Lease Agreement executed newly independent Republic Cuba aftermath Spanish-American War. Under agreement, recognizes continuance sovereignty [leased areas]," while consents period occupation shall said areas."2 1934, parties entered providing absent agreement modify abrogate lease, remain effect "[s]o America station Guantanamo."3 4 petitioners, through relatives acting next friends, various actions All alleged none ever combatant acts.4 tribunal. App. 29, 77, 108.5 5 Australians, Mamdouh Habib David Hicks, each petition writ corpus, seeking release freedom interrogations, 98-99, 124-126. Fawzi Khalid Abdullah Fahad 11 informed charges them, allowed meet families some impartial 34. claimed denial rights violates Constitution, international law, treaties Invoking U.S.C. 1331 among bases, asserted causes action Administrative Procedure Act, 555, 702, 706; Statute, 1350; general corpus 2241-2243. 19. 6 Construing writs jurisdiction. reliance our 763 (1950), "aliens [may not] invok[e] corpus." 215 Supp. 2d 55, 68 (DC 2002). Reading hold "`the litigation' extend `any sovereign,'" 1144 (CADC 2003) (quoting U.S., 777-778), actions, well remaining sound habeas. We granted certiorari, 540 1003 (2003), now reverse. II 7 Constitution States." traces ancestry first jurisdiction: 14 Judiciary Act 1789 authorized issue colour trial before same." Sept. 24, 1789, ch. 14, 82. 1867, extended protections where restrained his her liberty constitution, Feb. 5, 385. See Felker Turpin, 518 651, 659-660 (1996). 8 Habeas is, however, "a antecedent throwing root deep genius common law." Williams Kaiser, 323 471, n. (1945) (internal quotation marks omitted). appeared English several centuries ago, became integral part common-law heritage" time Colonies achieved independence, Preiser Rodriguez, 411 475, 485 (1973), received explicit recognition forbids suspension "[t]he Privilege Writ Corpus when Cases Rebellion Invasion public Safety require it," Art. I, 9, cl. 2. 9 As evolved past centuries, expanded "beyond limits obtained 17th 18th centuries." Swain Pressley, 430 372, 380, 13 (1977). But "[a]t historical core, served means reviewing Executive context strongest." INS St. Cyr, 533 289, 301 (2001). Brown Allen, 344 443, (1953) (Jackson, result) ("The historic purpose relieve executive authorities without judicial trial"). Justice Jackson wrote respecting availability custody: 10 "Executive imprisonment considered oppressive lawless since John, Runnymede, pledged free man should imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, exiled save peers land. judges England developed largely preserve immunities restraint." Shaughnessy ex rel. Mezei, 345 206, 218-219 (dissenting opinion). Consistent writ, recognized power review wide variety involving wartime times peace. has, example, entertained installations Civil War, Ex parte Milligan, Wall. (1866), admitted declared Quirin, 317 (1942), insular possessions, re Yamashita, 327 (1946). us right sovereignty."6 III Respondents' answer jurisdictional Eisentrager. case, we Federal 21 Landsberg Prison reasoning "any deprived officials purported Government, show confinement prohibition writ." Forrestal, 174 F.2d 961, 963 1949). reversing determination, summarized case: "We confronted whose basic premise entitled, right, sue corpus. To support assumption must constitutionally even though alien; States; war; Commission sitting 15 set facts, concluded, "no appears." 781. 16 17 Not differently situated detainees, quite disposition far say Its subject absence authorization: "Nothing text nor anything statutes." 18 Reference decided explains why devoted attention 1948, just months Columbia, issued case concerning 120 Germans then Island, New York, deportation naming respondent. detainees' expressly reserved "of process, any, confined area employ assert rights." 192, 4. dissent noted, truly requirement, could question. 209 (opinion Rutledge, J.).7 19 When reviewed thus Ahrens. 767, 790. Although implicitly conceded interpreted instead secured Suspension Clause, Const., 2, "if cannot omission statute." 2d, 965. essence, concluded Ahrens, created unconstitutional gap filled "fundamentals." F.2d, 963. decision, proceeded "nothing statutes" conferred accordingly evaluated Appeals' resort "fundamentals" own terms. 768.8 20 subsequent decisions occasioned "fundamentals," longer need rely source 495 contrary prisoner's statute. Rather, act seeks relief, holds unlawful custody," meaning process." 494-495. reasoned departure rule warranted light developments "had profound impact continuing vitality decision." 497. included, notably, "confined overseas (and court)," "held, implicitly, obstacle consideration claim." 498 (citing Burns Wilson, 346 137 (1953), rehearing denied, 844, 851-852 Frankfurter, J.); Toth Quarles, 350 (1955); Hirota MacArthur, 338 197, 199 (1948) (Douglas, (1949))). established viewed establishing inflexible rule," strictly forum, claim heard all. 499-500. plainly claims.9 IV 22 Putting side, discern limit "longstanding law" congressional intent manifested. 248 (1991). Whatever traction extra-territoriality might contexts, certainly 285 (1949). "complete control" Agreement, III; 1934 Treaty, III. themselves Tr. Oral Arg. 27. citizenship.10 2241. 23 Application consistent reach At exercised realm,11 so-called "exempt ordinary did run,12 dominions sovereign's control.13 Lord Mansfield 1759, realm," doubt" "under subjection Crown." King Cowle, Burr. 834, 854-855, 97 Eng. Rep. 587, 598-599 (K. B.). Later confirmed depended formal notions rather practical exact extent nature dominion Mwenya, [1960] Q. 241, 303 (C. A.) (Lord Evershed, R.).14 24 end, presented clear. States.15 No party questions custodians. terms, more. Base. V 25 addition invoked founded "deal conditions habeas," "privilege litigation" 3d, Specifically, "necessarily rest violations same category listed statute," they, itself, courts." 1144-1145. 26 above, itself erects bar It merely implicate "same event, "`privilege litigation'" 1139. 578 (1908) ("Alien policy practice country, ordinarily redress wrongs protection rights"). immaterial nonhabeas VI 27 make matters address now. What presently stake determine Executive's potentially indefinite individuals wholly wrongdoing. Answering affirmative, reverse remand instance ordered. Notes: Together 03-343,Al al., certiorari court. &#x2020; Briefs amici curiae urging reversal Hungarian Jews Steve W. Berman, R. Brent Walton, Jonathan Cuneo, Stanley, Waldman, Samuel Dubbin; International Jurists Butler Hays Butler; National Institute Ronald Meister; Al-Joaid Mary Patricia Michel; Diego Asencio Hannay; Brahms James Schroeder; Honorable Dalton Harold Hongju Koh, Gerald Neuman, Phillip Rudolph, Daniel Feldman; Leslie Cullen, Jr., Christian Vergonis; Nathaniel Jones Bradford; Omar Ahmed Khadr E. Pottow; Fred Korematsu Stephen Schulhofer, Evan Chesler, Dale Minami, Eric K. Yamamoto. affirmance State Alabama Park, Alabama, Richard Kevin Newsom, General, Attorneys follows: Jim Petro Ohio, Greg Abbott Texas, Jerry Kilgore Virginia; Bill Owens, Governor Colorado, Westfall Allan Hale; Center Law & Jay Alan Sekulow, Monaghan, Stuart Roth, Colby May, Henderson, Sr., Joel Thornton, Ash; Citizens Common Defence Carter Phillips; Washington Legal Foundation Popeo Samp; Professor Kenneth Anderson Rivkin, Lee A Casey, Darin Bartram, Ruth Wedgwood, Charles Fried, Max Kampelman; Barr Andrew McBride. Bipartisan Coalition Non-Governmental Organizations Freiman; Accountability Nicholas Van Aelstyn, Warrington Parker III, Brown, Mammen, Elizabeth Brown; Commonwealth Lawyers Association J Pollak Townsend Rich; Human Rights Bar Pamela Rogers Chepiga; Expert Klimaski; Sir Baker Oldham Wishnie; Barton Mr. Barton, pro se, Barry Carter; 175 Members Both Houses Parliament Kingdom Great Britain Northern Ireland Edwin Matthews, Edward Tillinghast ofamicus 03-343 Assigned Defense Office Commissions Neal Katyal, Shaffer, Philip Sundel, Mark Bridges, D Mori. included British Shafiq Asif Iqbal. released Lands Coaling Stations, 23, 1903, U.S.-Cuba, T. 418 (hereinafter Agreement). supplemental July obligates pay annual rent amount "two thousand dollars, gold coin maintain "permanent fences" around Certain Areas Arts. I-II, 426 Treaty Defining Relations May 48 1683, 866 Treaty) Relatives allege taken captive "by local villagers promised bounties financial rewards" humanitarian aid Pakistan, subsequently turned custody. 24-25. Hicks allegedly Alliance, coalition Afghan groups opposed Taliban, StatesId., 84. arrested Pakistan Pakistani Egyptian authorities, turn transferred 110-111. counsel. Rutledge wrote: "[I]f body having jailer creates total irremediable void capacity act, hard see how extraneous considerations place remedy ...." 209. SCALIA disputes basis holding,post, 491 opinion), most pertinent purposes understood grounds. 767 ("[The Appeals] person, including alien, anywhere extension limitations illegal; [and] although given, possess ..." (emphasis added)). argues thatBraden overrule Ahrens' simply distinguished Post, Of course, indicated otherwise, 495-500, line scholarly interpretations, beginning then-JUSTICE REHNQUIST'S decision. See, e.g., 502 ("Today overrules Ahrens"); Moore Olson, 368 F.3d 757, 758 (CA7 2004) ("[A]fter ..., location collateral best matter venue"); Armentero INS, 340 1058, 1063 (CA9 ("[T]he [Braden] overruled"); Henderson 157 106, 126, (CA2 1998) ("On Braden"); Chatman-Bey Thornburgh, 864 804, 811 1988) (en banc) ("[I]n cut back substantially indeed territorially-based holding)"). also, Patterson McLean Credit Union, 617, 618 (1988) (per curiam); Eskridge, Overruling Statutory Precedents, 76 Geo. 1361, (1988). disingenuously contends irrelevant cases, "inasmuch pass issues Eisentrager." 494. describes — "that, unaided canon avoidance, confer alien 493—is cloaked garb facts. plausibly survived minimum find textual jurisdictions"— which, read petitioner's physical Two references provisions relating recordkeeping pleading requirements circuit hardly suffice regard. 489-490 2242). appears agree neither plain interpretation provides treating aliensPost, resisting consequences position, suggests nevertheless recognize "atextual exception" beyond See,e.g., Schiever, 765, 551 1759) (reviewing neutral deemed aboard French privateer France); Sommersett Stewart, How. 1, 79-82 1772) (releasing African slave purchased Virginia ship docked bound Jamaica); Case Hottentot Venus, East 195, 104 1810) "native South Africa" private custody). followed similar Republic. Villato, Dall. 370 (CC Pa. 1797) (granting Spanish-born treason ground States); D'Olivera, Cas. 853 (No. 3,967) Mass. 1813) (Story, circuit) (ordering Portuguese sailors deserting ship); Wilson Izard, 30 131 17,810) NY 1815) (Livingston, enlistees discharge status aliens). Bourn's Case, Cro. Jac. 543, 79 465 1619) (writ Cinque-Ports town Dover); Alder Puisy, Freem. 12, 89 1671) (same); Jobson's Latch 160, 82 325 1626) (entertaining County Palatine Durham). Blackstone, Commentaries Laws (1769) Blackstone) ("[A]ll prerogative (as prohibition, mandamus) exempt jurisdictions; privilege, king's runs not, party, king" (footnotes omitted)); Sharpe, 188-189 (2d ed. 1989) (describing "extraordinary ambit" law). Overton, Sid. 387, 1173 1668) Isle Jersey); Salmon, Keb. 450, 84 282 1669) (same). Blackstone (habeas "run[s] parts dominions: king [e]ntitled account, subjects restrained, wherever restraint inflicted" (footnote Hale, History 120-121 Gray 1971) Channel Islands, "they Parcel Realm England"). Mwenya ran described "foreign [the Crown] ha[d] treaty, grant, usage, sufferance, lawful means." B., 265 (Parker, J.) Earl Crewe Sekgome, [1910] 576, 606 (Williams, (concluding run territory); (Farwell, Sellers explained: "Lord gave greatest breadth circumstances conceived.... `Subjection' fully powers exercisable irrespective dominion, embraces outlook Crown concerned.'" 310. cites Ning Yi-Ching, 56 Vac. Ct. 1939), broad proposition unavailable territory. 504. casts considerable doubt view writ. 295 R.) (noting Yi-Ching relied Kennedy's Sekgome despite opinions members "took different matter"). subjects," person... detained" R., 620 (Kennedy, J.)). Moreover, result peculiar Chinese accused criminal offenses, pending transfer governing Concession Tientsin "certain administration control," administer justice" them. 4-6. Petitioners' allegations—that, combat terrorism long-term, counsel wrongdoing— unquestionably describe "custody 2241(c)(3). CfUnited Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 259, 277-278 (1990) (KENNEDY, concurring), cited therein. 29 judgment. correct, my view, conclude Base I conclusion, analysis follows course. exposes weakness conclusion 484 "overruled holding," ante, 479. explains, approach plausible reading (1950). correct course follow framework 31 scope backdrop command separation powers. prison Germany following cessation Europe. entertained. proper realm power. concerned province Executive, Congress, determine. 32 began noting "ascending scale rights" 770. Citizenship longstanding "gave act." 769, 771. contrasted "essential pattern seasonable constraint aliens." 773. question, noted. Physical "implied protection," 777-778, whereas "th[e] sovereign," 778. "were actual enemies" proven trial, justify opening courts" distinguish "many [aliens] friendly personal whom enemy" unproven. Finally, "hamper effort bring comfort enemy." 779. existence harmful Nation's affairs, appropriately left Branch 33 indicates political affairs enter. acknowledges Commander Chief, role conduct affairs. faithful then, initial inquiry considering presented. corollary responsibility protect implicated. (1866). 34 distinguishable ways, leading petitions. First, every territory, removed hostilities. history possession sense, leases Bay; states retains sovereignty" 418. time, lease. term discretion unchallenged From perspective, produced belongs extending protection" supra, 777-778. 35 second indefinitely, benefit legal proceeding status. violating sentenced Having already procedures status, disposition" Indefinite presents altogether considerations. allows friends foes alike detention. weaker necessity greater alignment traditional function Perhaps, zone justified weeks; stretches years, continued exigencies becomes weaker. 36 pretrial avoid creating automatic adjudicate located remains true For reasons, concur 37 CHIEF THOMAS join, dissenting. 38 today overseas, borders jurisdictions novel holding; contradicts half-century-old precedent undoubtedly relied, somehow negated (1973)—a dealt mention Eisentrager—is implausible extreme. irresponsible overturning settled extreme importance currently field. leave change unprecedented holding. 39 repeatedly said: "Federal decree. lies jurisdiction...." Kokkonen Guardian Life Ins. Co. America, 511 375, 377 (1994) (citations argue independently here.1 Accordingly, words ignores. Even shows presupposes detainee. 2241(a) states: 40 "Writs justice thereof, judge jurisdictions." (Emphasis added.) 41 order records wherein complained had." (Emphases 2242 "addressed thereof state reasons making applicant held." directed, detainee, clearer requirement issuing Here, allows, 478, One end 42 asserts, placed gloss so. fact, point opposite says). understand implications dispute, discuss earlier 188 (1948), Braden. 43 "whether prerequisite filing 189 (construing 452, precursor 2241). brought Columbia. Interpreting behalf "not sufficient alone 190. 44 today, shortly thereafter resolved insofar noncitizens concerned. involved Prison, reversed. According "implicitly Ahrens," "[i]n essence `fundamentals.'" Ante, 477, 478. arrived applying avoidance: existing substantive unconstitutional. construed, possible, result." 966 lie respondent directive "It too violent `custody' construe immediate comply requirements. lest invalid constituting provision." 967 added).2 Appeals. rejecting lower analysis, doctrine avoidance underlay conclusion. judgments obviously rested statutorily right.3 wording held: 768 added). "[T]hese sovereign, scenes offense, capture, punishment 781 appears"); 790 (finding district"). brevity signifies obvious is) 46 directly-on-point makes exceedingly difficult desires today. neatly cleanly, either admit overruling former laugh test, inasmuch detainee court, mentioned latter explain almost categorical stare decisis aside complicate war, and, aside, mean says. So tries oblique course: "Braden," claims, 479 added), assuming, moment, aspect case's "statutory predicate" impaired. 47 Ahrens; Alabama. Kentucky, indictment Kentucky pending. detainer serving agent Kentucky. existed Braden's detainer, notwithstanding careful situation "A further, development emergence new classes able adoption expansive definition McNally Hill, 293 (1934), possible sentence yet begun serve. enabled lodged another State. demanding State, presumably indifferent detainer. dispute circumstances, serve useful apply Alabama." 498-499 footnotes omitted; emphases 49 conceivably circumstances. 499-500 establish dictating choice inconvenient forum class foreseen decision" Thus, stands proposition, multiple seek suffers confinement, challenge confinement. Outside (much Eisentrager). Where, here, issue, inapposite, controls.4 50 convenience drove call littered venue sort: "The expense risk transporting Western hearing prove necessary, likelihood outweighed difficulties witnesses confined." (on Braden) prescribes today: domestic abroad, dealing events transpired abroad. 51 Attempting paint refutation thereby, suggested, Eisentrager), today's imprecisely citing approval post-Ahrens "habeas petitioners" proceed (without issue) "[w]here court) sought unaddressed defects precedential effect," Lewis 343, 352, (1996) cases), "overrule" implicit holdings decide exception way impugn "With citizen," said, "we concerned, except apart untouched take measure difference categories 769. erroneously attributed exist regard justifying strained construction (more honestly) determination Neither atextual courts; possibility thought justification abandoning raises doubt. 52 reality this: Today's alone, Eisentrager; given result; acknowledgment made. spurious evades explaining disregarded, wrong. Normally, interests decisions. Today, springs trap subjecting oversight foolish housed detainees. 53 venerable drawn boldly corners earth. Part asserts `within jurisdiction' `the process.'" 478-479. Endorsement repeated IV. 483-484 ("Section [than custodians]"). 54 consequence applied breathtaking. permits theater active Secretary Defense. Over last century, Department Army, Mewha, Prisoner War Utilization Army 1776-1945, Pamphlet 20-213, 244 (1955) "[b]y [in World II], million soldiers"). great many about capture detaining 600 alone; complaints real contrived unheralded expansion mitigated comforting assurance legion ensuing will easily merits. contrary, says "[p]etitioners' allegations `custody States.'" 483, concurring)). forward, prisoners, others world, away, forcing oversee war. 55 carefree disregards, word acknowledgment, dire warning circumspect Eisentrager: "To army transport across seas hearing. allocation shipping space, guarding personnel, billeting rations. transportation whatever desired defend sentence. equally available enemies twilight trials hamper enemy. diminish prestige commanders, wavering neutrals. devise effective fettering field commander allow very ordered reduce account civil divert efforts offensive defensive home. Nor unlikely litigiousness conflict highly 778-779. 57 results lightly, strength ability 58 puzzlement. (a vain one, discuss) flatly approach, bearing "is forum." rejection IV: "In more." Once entirely here. (according Court) domestically, "petitioners' custodians," statutes application. 59 Nevertheless, spends invocation applies including, Bivens Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 388 (1971), captors damages. Fortunately, discussion happens 60 gives elaboration) `complete control' [under agreement], chooses Treaty]." 480; 471. 418, head "exclusively responsible" "conduct diplomatic affairs," 789 affirms render 21. 61 enclave laws. "jurisdiction acquired arms, Iraq logically regarded Indeed, Germany, 62 General's concession "Considering citizenship." 481. special Bay: "Our Souter, Statute interpret it." 40. 27-28. position throughout world precisely adopted 769-770, rights. Quite obviously, whatever. 63 digresses directed "consistent None comes close supporting claim. involves indisputably 481-482, 11. Those purport involve issuance "`exempt jurisdictions'" "other control." 482, nn. 12-13. inapposite reasons: were, subjects. 64 "Exempt Cinque Ports Counties (located modern-day England) franchises Crown. Holdsworth, 108, 532 (7th rev. 1956); 78-79 (1768) Blackstone). "exempt" sense ceded management municipal residents (although still royal error). 79. regions theory delegation King's include writs. Ibid.; Sharpe). comparable pre-existing 65 fare better. stand proper. Jersey 13, territories "dominions crown Britain" "part kingdom England," 102-105 (1765), colonies 104-105, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, 93. 853-854, 598 (even Berwick "dominion Crown"). lists dominions, 93-106 Crown: colonies, acquisitions conquests, on. enormous particular nation sovereignty. 66 fails reason: writ's jurisdictions, outlying like, sources majority relies so: Sharpe "broader "said depend effectiveness, subjects." Likewise, dominions" restrained." 241 (C.A.), evidence confirms ongoing relevance sovereign-subject relationship There, Queen's Bench [can] debarred favour unlawfully arbitrarily Rhodesia, protectorate 300 R.). Each material case. 300, 302 R.); 305 (Romer, ("[I]t High validity territory"); 311 (Sellers, ("I am prepared say, solely asked appeal, ad subjiciendum protectorate"). exempt-jurisdiction someone 67 lands when, Tientsin, "therewith certain foreigner there. Solicitor-General "[t]here record territory," "listened 6.5 sum, wrenching precedent.6 69 Departure always extraordinary; ought unthinkable Chief subordinates expect internment bringing cumbersome machinery session. If wished judges' previously be, done intelligent revision statute,7 clumsy, countertextual reinterpretation Rumsfeld Padilla, 426, strange 94 districts. extraterritorially converted factor precludes frees wish result, forum-shop. monstrous scheme frustration commanders' stated prior adventurism worst sort. dissent. ("Question: you don't raise potential debating right? [Answer]: That's correct...") parties' submissions inJohnson do. Pet. Cert., O. 1949, 306, pp. 8-9 felt constrained `respective jurisdictions' put terminology previous permit Germany"); Respondent, ("Respondent bar"). briefing mainly Petitioner, 15-59; 9-27, 38-49. seriously inEisentrager. Instead, "understood grounds." 8. inherently implausible, basis, supra. misunderstanding adduces description ." 767. misunderstanding, accurate penultimate step went imperative, supplying 965-967 immediately foregoing tied language statute: "[W]here deprivation official occurs jailer." points describedBraden "overruling" 479-480, 9. (rather "distinguishing") accepted, relied. ratio decidendi exists. unable produce single agrees KENNEDY controls, judgment), misconstrues opinion. He thinks apparently, length 487-488. impossible conditioning geographic Among inquire know certainty prisoner-of-war camp immune raises: definite indefinite? How process stave off jurisdiction? suddenly fall "far hostilities," 487? KENNEDY's enticing law-school-exam imponderables called for. thatEx calls Yi-Ching. 15, 14. explained, 504, out premised fact. grasps bases (ATS), 1331. us. ATS, below, repudiated oral argument. Cert. 03-334, ("Petitioners withdraw Claims ."); 03-343, 13; arising treaties, focused spoke broadly: pointed aliens, enemy, permitting implied protection. dooms least erected raising could, provide placing court; Panama Canal Zone, 3841(a) (repealed 1979)

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