Legal Document

335 U.S. 410 69 Supreme Court Reporter 170 93 L.Ed. 100 UPSHAWv.UNITED STATES. Number 98. Argued Nov. 12, 1948. Decided Dec. 13, Mr. Joel D. Blackwell, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Robert S. Erdahl, respondent. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion Court. 1 The petitioner was convicted grand larceny in United States District Columbia and sentenced to serve sixteen months four years prison. Pre-trial confessions guilt without which could not have been convicted1 were admitted evidence against his objection that they had illegally obtained. made during a 30-hour period while held prisoner after police arrested him on suspicion warrant. 2 Petitioner's admissibility rested Rule 5(a) Federal Rules Criminal Procedure, 18 U.S.C.A., our holding McNabb versus States, 318 332, 63 608, 87 819. provides 'An officer making an arrest * shall take person unnecessary delay before nearest available' committing magistrate when appears 'a complaint be filed forthwith.' Petitioner contended officers violated this rule detaining as did taking magistrate. In case we improperly where plain result interrogating persons carrying them 'forthwith' law commands. 3 thought NcNabb ruling apply because detention 'was unreasonable under circumstances matter law.' Consequently, court admissible. On appeal Appeals Columbia, attorney assistants detailed petitioner's confessed error. They concluded from these 'delay' urpose it, stated by themselves, only furnish opportunity further interrogation.' Under circumstances, district inadmissible regard whether 'voluntary' legal sense. judicial thought, words attorney, 'for purposes inimical letter spirit requiring prompt arraignment.' 4 rejected confession error, one judge dissenting. App.D.C., 168 Reporter, 2nd Series 167. It read explained Mitchell, 322 65, 64 896, 88 1140, 'A voluntarily given is admissible evidence' conversely involuntarily inadmissible.' That no more than extend meaning 'involuntary' proscribe induced psychological coercion well those brought about physical brutality. Finding facts case, 'fruit illegal detention.' also laid stress fact unlike McNabb's, aggravated continuous questioning many hours numerous officers.' 5 We hold falls squarely within taken out it what decided Mitchell case. (318 614), purpose requirement prisoners should promptly magistrates check resort 'secret interrogation accused crime.' then pointed petitioners interrogated confessed. This done show record left doubt McNabbs required, but instead secret questioning, 'that took place custody arresting any commitment made.' thus questioned 'plain disregard duty enjoined Congress upon officers' officer. there 'induced detention,' supra, at page 70, 698, found exist 6 although defendant eight days, accepted showing spontaneously few minutes arrival station. Mitchell's therefore occurred. 'the illegality does retroactively change he disclosures.' Thus subsequent render prior confessions. involve 'use Government fruits wrongdoing its 332 68, 898, however, reaffirms if due failure carry magistrate, or 'confession torture, *.' are why himself carried Friday Saturday mo ning a.m., 'not sufficient case' him, adding even 'if would lose & N Immigration Nationality Decisions longer able question him.' effect conceded here wrongdoing' officers. He more: detained least thirty very securing challenged thereby refutes possibility argument 'without delay.' 7 trial method arresting, holding, people mere suspicion, accordance with 'usual procedure suspect However usual practice, violation law, obtained rule. adhere rule.2 8 Reversed. 9 REED, whom CHIEF JUSTICE, JACKSON BURTON join, 10 When inconsistent statute, Constitution, power institute, own initiative, reforms federal practice criminal trials courts.1 reform, existed time, March 1, 1943, 819, decided, not, believe, restricted language 26 effective 21, 1946. Procedure 59; 91 Cong.Rec. 12545. evidence, like competency witnesses, 'governed common principles interpreted applied courts light reason experience.' Wolfle 291 7, 54 279, 78 617.2 While innovations explicitly expanding contracting rare, occasions establish precedent legislative acceptance exists. 341, 613, 819.3 11 Such used established rules 'fundamentally altered conditions,' note 2, call such interests justice. Otherwise bad results well-established quite likely outweigh good. lack necessity changing protect led me dissent murder assumed commit apparently relied partial basis denying certain 12 My Court's action today seems extension scope nonadmissibility so act advisability additional step. Unless majority modifies rule, feel bound follow my understanding similar cases may arise, impose obligation accept Upshaw compound unfortunate decision extending beyond ruling. attitude leads (I) analyze offspring, (II) point think present goes (III) extended. 13 approach problem, course, must cooperation officials administration directly charged responsibility maintenance order same arm discharge their duties manner consistent Constitution statutes. prevention punishment crime difficult dangerous task, most part performed security prosecuting personnel public service community. Only rights abiding elements population protected. As has cases, constitutional problem involved deciding voluntary evidence. A prisoner's self-incrimination process protected involuntary admitted. pages 339, 340, 612, 819 cited; Haley Ohio, 596, 68 302; Malinski New York, 324 401, 65 781, 89 1029; Ashcraft Tennessee, 143, 921, 1192. I. 14 Our first inquiry, then, doctrine behind decision. 15 Atlantic Were barred penalty disobeyed command statute? 16 baron unlawful imprisonment apt followed justify exclusion all received kept reasonable time being m gistrate? 17 C. particular produce exclusion? sudden departure former confessions4 initiated Court, benefit brief knowledge actual commitment,5 can hardly expected desirable explicitness trite Consequently confusion immediately arose meaning. direction exclude 'because addition petitioners, failed magistrate.' concluded: 'The Alcohol Tax Unit disciplined overturning conviction.' 349, 617. Some committment inadmissible. Hoffman, Cir., 137 416, 421; U.S.App.D.C. 171, 138 426, 427. Others understood determine test.6 Varying impressions McNabt announced appear cases.7 Special Committee Bill Rights American Bar Association date May 15, 1944, advised Subcommittee Judiciary House Representatives 'there operation. 19 'Then came drastic penalty. seven Justices shut confession. speedy production statutes really mean something. free enforce disobeying Pacific KF135 P2 20 Five members Committee, Chairmanship Professor Zechariah Chafee, Jr., submitted Memorandum said, excluding Acts Congress.' 19. added: 21 'Congress reluctant away now existing fundamental right continuance determined uncontrolled will police, however devoted be.' 25.8 22 Notwithstanding some gain impression intended discipline statutes, reading later negatives conclusion. 23 true phrases condemn magistrate.9 Further Benjamin's though 'five six hours' slightest suggestion force, surrender heard looking him. Perhaps strongest indication misconduct occurs another day McNabb, Anderson 350, 599, 829. There man Sunday night two Monday morning. Nevertheless authority McNabb. 355, 601. 24 However, clear misconduct.10 arrival. days explanation protest through desire aid clearing up housebreakings pronounced statement 'These, seen, elicited illegality. Their admission, therefore, use Being relevant, excluded punitive measure unrelated police. shaping relates propriety admitting indirect mode disciplining misconduct.' 71, 1140. correct. function provide penalties sanctions acts forbidden neither nor equity them. 25 For above reasons, reach conclusion sanction statute. bases theory physicar psychological. *" holds adheres it. do unwarranted taught reasons follow. 27 expressed supports idea every isolated sentences lend credence context, expound rule.11 conditions restraint emphasized, 335, 338, 344, 345, 610, 611 614, 615, Attention called examination, stripped, man. 337, 611.12 67, 897, removes doubts says: 'Inexcusable extracting accused, successful extraction inculpatory statements pressure, decisive features us conviction stand.'13 28 During statute likelihood strong conform magistrate? not. hearing gives obtain lawyer;14 secure advice maintaining absolute silence questions, how innocuous; complete freedom bailable offenses;15 privileges valuable illiterate inexperienced educated well-briefed accused. Proper protection ignorant course desirable, forces restraint. shift inquiry legality restraint, rather voluntary. becomes automatic proof commitment. analogous search seizure compulsion denial process. explicit law. 29 inadmissibility Rights, Fourth Fifth Amendments is, me, inapplicable analogy situation here.16 By assumption 'disregard liberties deemed Constitution,' i.e., Rights. applies Upshaw. assumption, believed commitments. Confessions, coerced Fourteenth Amendment. 404, 783, 302. other direct unconstitutional Amendment, permit impair major guarantee country.17 When, observe statutory directions shown extracted defiance apply.18 30 Amendment degree violates admission imperil efficacy rights. If alone, constitutionally guaranteed nevertheless made. trials, obtaining never barring except violated.19 prohibition wiretapping § 605 Communications Act, 47 Code Annotated KF65 U5 605, prosecutions based section information divulged.20 could, pass prohibit detention. Olmstead 277 438, 466, 48 564, 568, 72 944, 66 Law Reports 376, derived affected conduct investigators guaranty stands unimpaired. 31 secured adhered to, thinks 'third degree' outlawed per se. reference but, indicated above, (69 177), reliance coercive sense.21 detention, se, sufficiently require make knows bars uncontroverted Chambers Florida, 309 227, 238, 239, 60 472, 478, 84 716; 1029. alone wwere coercive, both state courts.22 So factor, surely violative Due Process Clause. But courts.23 se necessary create exclusion. 32 foregoing conclude information, 33 brings understand purposeful, extract limited periods, makes paraphrase interpretation referred preceding subdivision. means pressure short Obviously wide range discretion much necessary. material amount sufficient, differs little almost differ suppose, confessions, jury decide enough improper II. 34 says bar proceed application Upshaw's situation. warrant cause believe committed felony. opinion. far concerned, difference less McNabbs. precedent, properly Part I, subdivision C, declare McNabbs' caused set below.24 footFootnote 24--Continued. 35 gone Jasper, schooling stopped third grade. Barney placed separate room Building period. scene killing, back Building, hour, finally removed county jail three blocks away. 36 'In meantime, investigation Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Taylor, supervisor Unit, headquarters Louisville, Kentucky. Taylor Government's chief witness central issue Arriving Chattanooga early Thursday morning, spent study beginning prisoners. Freeman, Raymond, Emuil, who five o'clock afternoon, evening. According began nine o'clock. Other hour earlier. 37 'Throughout present. At lawyer relative friend defendants telling 'each officers, investigating, statement, need fear them, answer questions asked unless desired so.' 38 men singly together. described 'They in, possibly various times, half maybe hours.' testified continued until jail. 39 resumed probably sometime between ten down several don't know. finish sent try reconcile told, connect made, get together trying statements. knew truth told Footnote 24--Continued 40 knew. damned liars, say lying me. impossible tell motions hands didn't threaten anyone. None prejudiced towards bitter toward find killed fellow officer.' 41 'Benjamin office morning surrendered. Benjamin twenty old, before, lived Settlement life, got fourth grade school. entirely innocent connection crime. clothes off because, testified, 'they wanted look scared pretty much.' Commissioner judge. Instead, hours. afternoon confronted others having fired shots, 'If going accuse that, whole truth; you your pencil paper write down.' shot, denied second. 42 'Because 'certain discrepancies stories, anxious straighten out', night. again questioned, sometimes separately, 'We Freeman second (Friday) one-half remember particularly certainly hard anything of. admit lied over again. things truth, story said fit better told. satisfactory nearer started.' 43 'got disnote.25 significant. supra. indications press re lead experience mcNabbs, 'breaking' confrontation charges relatives confederates, greater number group interrogated.26 III. 44 agree saying arraignment magisterial trial. Those concerned proper extension. 45 (1) methods condemned acted Senate.27 46 (2) Officer enforcement objected deterred delays commitment.28 (3) State laws refused example.29 (4) Review comment generally condemns rule.30 49 Preliminary Draft, 3, included 5(b) purported codify rule.31 response widespread opposition codification,32 omitted final draft. These drawn representative committee bench participation membership interested parties groups. transmitted December 26, Attorney General reported Congress, year hearings bill nullify Neither restored proposal. 50 Instead left, originally was, 51 condemnation responsible enactment actualities prevention, hesitate long pushing farther legislation conception proprieties investigation. takes step belief strengthens protecting prisoner. essential prerequisite all. Today's puts weapon hand world. Apparently intends delay'33 iron flexibility meet emergencies conspiracies, examining into ramifications criminality. failing distinguish uses 'promptly' destroys leeway investigations. All, think, since generations. position envisage evils handling criminals. prevalent abuse prisoners, sounder remedy lies discipline, offending officials, vigorous pressures enactments inquiries surrounding crimes suspects—for example, sealed 52 affirm verdict instructed After 'nothing case.' acquit 'voluntarily beaten.' violence petitioner, grounds. Since consider provisions Statutes-at-Large 688, KF62 687, 687 (now 3771). Courts Notes Rules, 79th Cong., 2d Sess., Doc. 175. No Public Laws (in Statutes-at-Large) 772, 62 683, 80th September 1948, 20. 595, superseded States: '5 (a) Appearance Commissioner. An issued available commissioner nearby enpowered offenses States. officer, Funk 290 371, 383, 212, 216, 369, 1136: amend repeal principle claim power, courts, absence congressional subject, effectua e, common-law principles, subject fundamentally conditions, previously declared practiced.' Of cited, Wood, Pet. 430, 527, 1136, become firmly entrenched jurisprudence. choice conflicting establishment none theretofore existed. 819: 'Relying guarantees 'shall compelled Case himself, deprived liberty, property, law', contend itself forbade counters urging proscribes judged appropriate criteria 'voluntariness' petitioners' admissions hence admissible.' establishing 'civilized standards evidence.' 613. raised prolonged commitment, committed. Dissent lasted Raymond twelve miles Chattanooga, completion morning; forty-eight later. One cannot what. Benjamin, 334, 611. facts, opinion, 10:30 a.m. operating illicit still, than, connected with, convicted. surrender. Petition Rehearing, Pages 3—5. See new trial, 142 904. different compliance conf ssions view Circuit Sixth Circuit. Brinegar 165 512, 515; Ruhl 148 173, 175; Paddy 143 847, 852; Grote, 140 413, 414, 415; Klee, F.Supp. 679. following concerning McNabb: Behler, Idaho 464, 146 340. practices accused.' People Fox, Cal.App., 424, 431. '* clause Thompson Harris, 107 Utah 99, 152 91, 97. To Cavazos State, Tex.Cr.R. 144, 172 South Western 348, 351; Goldblatt, 383 Ill. 176, North Eastern 36, 41; Royse, J., dissenting, Scoopmire Taflinger, 114 Ind.App. 419, 728, 733. Hon. Francis Biddle, General, Hearings Judiciary, Representatives, 78th 1st H.R. 3690, Page 27. E.g.: 'For treatment functions subjected wholly incompatible vital investigating tends undermine integrity proceeding.' 342, democratic society, respect dignity central, naturally guards misuse Experience counseled safeguards provided dangers overzealous despotic.' 343, 614. Transformed, Col. L. Rev. 1214. Cf: them.' 'Plainly, resting flagrant commanded allowed stand themselves accomplices wilful disobedience 615. 'And justice requires fair procedures imposed 347, 616. hand, repeated expressions disclosed here,' 'evidence revealed 616, way. examination considered coercion. 606, 302, 307: 'Legislation throughout country refects eliciting secret, persistent, long-continued sentiments deeply embedded feelings people. 819.' discussing Journal Criminology 136, 'There phrased proposition invalidate inducement procuring confession.' 44. §§ 3041, 3141, 3141; 46(a)(1). Amendment: persons, houses, papers, effects, searches seizures, violated, Warrants issue, probable cause, supported Oath affirmation, describing searched, seized.' 'No capital, otherwise infamous crime, presentment indictment Grand Jury, arising land naval forces, Militia, War danger; offense twice put jeopardy life limb; law; private property use, just compensation.' Weeks 232 58 652, L.R.A. 1915B, 834, Ann.Cas. 1915C, 1177; Boyd 116 524, 746; Silverthorne Lumber company 251 385, 182, 319, 1426; Gouled 255 298, 261, 647; Harris 331 145, 150, 67 1098, 1101, 1399. 393, 1177: letters documents seized citizen offense, 4th declaring value, and, might stricken Constitution. efforts bring guilty punishment, praiseworthy are, aided sacrifice great endeavor suffering resulted embodiment land.' Compare Chief Taft: 'Nor we, enactment, subscribe unconstitutional, unethically secured. variance authority. sustains, recognized text-book color view. general shows always receivable, conformity highest ethics. history oathbound conspiracies murder, robbery, crimes, disguised joined organizations, oaths, appearance active engaged promotion Evidence received. standard forbid reception nice ethical government society suffer give criminals immunity known heretofore. controlling realize difficulties bringing offenders deem wise confined it.' 468, 569, 376. E.g., Proceedings Against Bishop Atterbury, How. St. Tr. 323, 495, 629—30 (1723); Sylvester Thornton's Case, Lewin C.C. (1824); Rex Derrington, 419 (1826); Reg. Granatelli, N.S. 979, 987 (1849); Hart 1942, 76 193, 130 456. 'It procured seizure.' 459. English exception careful consideration, Bram 532, 556, 558, 183, 192, 568. Nardone 302 379, 382, 275, 276, 82 314; Goldstein 316 114, 118, 1000, 1002, 86 1312. viewed near measures. 92: MeNabb prevent man's What akin form Cf. 303, stronger ever undisputed suggests force exact confession, judgment submission jury.' Townsend Burke, 334 736, 738, 1252, 1254. 'Immediately arrest, Emuil Chattanooga. (where nothing sit lie on, floor), fourteen hours, afternoon. sandwiches. permitted see friends attempted visit lawyer. requested assistance counsel, entitled assistance. 'Barney local handed authorities twenty-eight old; entire Settlement, crepancies straightened out.' shot. shooting occurred, charge urged shoot. acquitted court, incriminating admissions.' (Footnotes omitted.) appraising severity comparison exerted borne mind 601, 829, questioning. quotation rely obviously permissible limits theory. 8, 175), Upshaw, Negro completed high school, Detectives Furr Culpepper wrist watch Friday, June 6. precinct minutes. influence alcohol time. this. coughing sporadically arres subsequently approximately 6, Furr, guilt. cell block 5:30 p.m. 7:30 day. confessed, 9:30 signed identified p.m., 7. intervened home complaining her. Monday, 9. sooner Police continue 1214, 1217, Transformed. 1392; Rep. 29, Sess. International Chiefs Police, Hearings, 43; National Sheriffs 26; Fry Okl.Cr. 299, 147 803, 810, 811; Folkes, 174 Or. 150 17, 25; Smith, 158 Kan. 645, 149 600, 604; Malinski, 292 N.Y. 360, 55 353, 357, 365; Collett, Ohio App., 417, 427; Nagel, N.D., 665, 679; Ellis, 354 Mo. 998, 193 31, 34; Finley 153 Fla. 394, So.2d 844; Browning, 206 Ark. 791, 178 77, 78—80; Russell 196 Ga. 528, 534. Inbau, Confession Dilemma Ill.L.Rev. 442; Mich.L.Rev. 56 Harv.L.Rev. 1008; Col.L.Rev. Detention Arrested Persons, VI, advocates system dealing devised. (b) Exclusion Statement Secured Violation Rule. agent rule.' Holtzoff, Institute ABAJ 603. 5(a), Procedure. adopted allow prepared Advisory Committee; 39. wih phrase 'within time': 'This advantage saving committal beief reasonably explained; tendency lower regidly harsh government.'

Classification Label: 0