Legal Document

478 U.S. 364 106 S.Ct. 2988 92 L.Ed.2d 296 Terry B. ALLEN, Petitionerv.ILLINOIS. No. 85-5404. Argued April 30, 1986. Decided July 1, Syllabus Petitioner was charged in an Illinois Circuit Court with committing the crimes of unlawful restraint and deviate sexual assault, State filed a petition to have him declared sexually dangerous person within meaning Sexually Dangerous Persons Act (Act). Pursuant Act, court ordered petitioner submit two psychiatric examinations. At bench trial on petition, presented examining psychiatrists' testimony, over petitioner's objection that they had elicited information from violation his privilege against self-incrimination. Based as well victim found be under Act. The Appellate reversed, holding improperly relied testimony Supreme not available sexually-dangerous-person proceedings because are "essentially civil nature." Held: 1. Proceedings "criminal" Fifth Amendment's guarantee compulsory Act's aim is provide treatment, punishment, for persons adjudged dangerous. That cannot file unless it has already criminal charges question, thus chosen apply larger class mentally ill who might dangerous, does transform proceeding into one. must prove more than just commission assault. It existence mental disorder one year propensity commit assaults, addition showing through fact provides some safeguards applicable proceedings—rights counsel, jury trial, confront cross-examine witnesses, requirement dangerousness proved beyond reasonable doubt—cannot itself turn requiring full panoply rights there. And committed maximum-security institution also houses convicts needing care make conditions person's confinement amount "punishment" render led confinement. In re Gault, 387 87 1428, 18 527, distinguished. Pp. 368-374. 2. Fourteenth due process require application self-incrimination designed enhance reliability factfinding determination but stands Constitution entirely independent reasons. 374-375. 107 Ill.2d 91, 89 Ill.Dec. 847, 481 N.E.2d 690, affirmed. REHNQUIST, J., delivered opinion Court, which BURGER, C.J., WHITE, POWELL, O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. STEVENS, dissenting opinion, BRENNAN, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, joined, post, p. 375. Verlin R. Meinz, Ottawa, Ill., petitioner. Mark L. Rotert, Chicago, respondent. Justice REHNQUIST Court. 1 question by this case whether (Act), Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 38, ¶ 105-1.01 et seq. (1985), 2 Allen Peoria County Shortly thereafter Act.1 After preliminary hearing information, were dismissed lack probable cause, apparently well. then recharged indictment, declare reinstated. 3 counsel present, examinations; explained procedure indicated he understood nature proceedings. psychiatrists, ruled statements psychiatrists themselves admissible, allowed each psychiatrist give based upon interview Both expressed view propensities assaults. did testify or offer other evidence at trial. assault been indicted, Consistent requirements law, see People v. Pembrock, 62 317, 321-322, 342 28, 29-30 (1976), made three specific findings: time suffering less year; sex offenses; actions demonstrated such propensities. 4 Third District dissent. Relying Estelle Smith, 451 454, 101 1866, 68 359 (1981), held obtained 123 Ill.App.3d 669, 78 957, 463 135 (1984).2 5 unanimously reversed reinstated court's finding person. 690 (1985). nature," statute being "treatment, punishment." Id., 99-101, Ill.Dec., 851, 852, N.E.2d, 694-695. support its ruling Mathews Eldridge, 424 319, 96 893, 47 (1976). Observing State's interest treating, protecting public from, would "almost totally thwarted" allowing those refuse answer questions posed interviews, "of minimal value assuring reliability," concluded "due privilege." Ill.2d, 102-103, 853, 696. Finally, "a defendant's examination provisions here involved may used any subsequent proceedings." 104, We granted certiorari, 474 979, 380, 88 333 now affirm. 6 Self-Incrimination Clause Amendment, applies States Malloy Hogan, 378 84 1489, 12 653 (1964), no "shall compelled witness himself." This long "not only permits himself defendant, 'privileges official put proceeding, criminal, formal informal, where answers incriminate future proceedings.' " Minnesota Murphy, 465 420, 426, 104 1136, 1141, 79 409 (1984) (quoting Lefkowitz Turley, 414 70, 77, 94 316, 322, 38 274 (1973)); McCarthy Arndstein, 266 34, 40, 45 16, 17, 69 L.Ed. 158 (1924). whom attempts protected use defendant. What we here, then, claim instead "criminal," entitled all. 7 particular purposes first all statutory construction. See United Ward, 448 242, 248, 100 2636, 2641, 65 742 (1980); One Lot Emerald Cut Stones Ring States, 232, 236-237, 93 489, 492-493, 34 438 (1972). Here, expressly provided 105-3.01, indicating when files intends proceed nonpunitive, noncriminal manner, "without regard procedural protections restrictions prosecutions." supra, 249, S.Ct., 2641. As correctly points out, however, label always dispositive. Where defendant "the clearest proof" scheme [is] so punitive either purpose effect negate [the State's] intention" civil, considered applied. U.S., 248-249, think failed proof case. 8 reviewed own law these proceedings, while similar accompanied strict safeguards, essentially nature. 100-102, 851-852, unpersuaded efforts challenge conclusion. Under obligation "care treatment [persons dangerous] recovery," 105-8, facility set aside care, ibid.3 "[i]f patient longer shall order discharged." 105-9. While burden dangerous,4 release time. Ibid.5 short, disavowed commits, established system released after briefest appear promote traditional aims punishment—retribution deterrence." Kennedy Mendoza-Martinez, 372 144, 168, 83 554, 567, 9 644 (1963). Cf. Addington Texas, 441 418, 428, 99 1804, 1810, 60 323 (1979) (in Texas "civil commitment state power exercised sense"); French Blackburn, 428 F.Supp. 1351, 1358-1359 (MDNC 1977), summarily aff'd, 443 901, 3091, 61 869 (State need accord proceeding). offers several arguments despite nonpunitive should far concerned. He notes brought question. 105-3. addition, seeks perpetrated "at least act attempt molestation." 105, 954, 697. To petitioner, factors serve distinguish commitments, typically tied charge concedes Clause. Tr. Oral Arg. 23-24. disagree. somehow assault: noted above, construed demonstration ----. 10 discussion Addington, involuntary-commitment insofar doubt concerned, fully supports our conclusion here: 11 "[T]he initial inquiry very different central issue delinquency prosecution. latter cases basic straightforward factual question—did accused alleged? There issues resolve aspects represent beginning inquiry. Whether individual others confined therapy turns facts interpreted expert psychologists." 429, 1811 (emphasis original). antecedent conduct received punish past misdeeds, primarily show accused's condition predict behavior. 13 places great reliance usually trials. particular, observes right 105-5, demand ibid., Nastasio, 19 524, 529-530, 168 728, 731 (1960). hearing, trier determine prosecution doubt. 57 105-3.01; 28 But quite clearly intent nature; decision nevertheless trials prosecutions English, 31 301, 304, 201 455, 458 (1964). 14 chiefly 527 (1967), urges indeterminate period Menard Psychiatric Center, run Department Corrections persons. Whatever whatever alleged purpose, argues, sort punishment—total deprivation liberty setting—that Gault teaches imposed absent believe readily distinguishable. 15 First, Gault's sweeping statement "our guarantees 'compelled' threatened liberty," id., 50, 1455, plainly good law. Although incarceration result relevant applies, demonstrates involuntary trigger entire range protections. Indeed, privilege. Only Terms ago, 435, n. 7, 1147, stated merely revocation probationary status. Middendorf Henry, 425 25, 37, 1281, 1288, 556 (1976) ("[F]act will loss ipso facto mean 'criminal prosecution' Sixth Amendment"). 16 obviously persuaded intended juvenile offenders, observing many juveniles placed "adult penal institutions" if adult crime. 49-50, 1455. contrast, serves treating rather punishing them treatment. Center prisoners institutions treat punish. Nor affect analysis: 17 "The legitimate parens patriae powers providing citizens unable emotional disorders themselves; authority police protect community tendencies ill." 1809. Illinois' supplement concerns measures welfare safety punitive. demonstrated, record suggest, "sexually persons" incompatible asserted Had shown, example, imposes regimen identical felons tells us little nothing about center, certainly there differences between parts prison complex. assures treated like ordinary prisoners. 32-33. therefore say 20 Our completely dispose obliquely suggests even nonetheless required contends "grossly miscalculated" weighing interests out never Due Process force requires claimant decline do today. 21 parties, extent Illinois, their Eldridge misconceived decision. dealt Amendment before deprived property, focus necessary guard risk erroneous deprivation. both pointed difficult, impossible, how way advance reliability. takes plausible denying evaluating opportunity decrease dangerousness. "to adopt standard gives assurance" reach "better" result. 430-431, 1811-1812. 22 enjoined determination; Rogers Richmond, 365 534, 540-541, 81 735, 739, 760 (1961) (involuntary confessions excluded unlikely true methods extract offend underlying principle enforcement law: ours accusatorial inquisitorial system"). Just "criminal case" argument granting process, place among discussed process. 23 For reasons stated, conclude Constitution, independently "[t]he essence federalism states free develop variety solutions problems forced common, uniform mold" urged 431, 1812. judgment 24 Affirmed. 25 BLACKMUN join, dissenting. 26 Paragraph 105 Criminal Code authorizes special individuals persons."1 respects, virtually sex-related crimes. When casts shadow putatively I clear deemed Amendment.2 27 * reaffirms today, attaches "civil" Ante, 369. Such change character proceeding. (1967). Moreover, words consistently encompass certain characteristics.3 And, course, duty respect commands avoided names procedures accuses wrongful conduct. substance procedure, title, inquiry.4 Neither word nor unsettling term applied person"—should permitted obscure analysis. impact adverse person" serious guilty verdict typical Humphrey Cady, 405 504, 1048, 394 (1972), referred potentially indefinite "sex facility" located Wisconsin Prison, 506, 1050, massive curtailment liberty." 509, 1052. arising review ex rel. Stachulak Coughlin, 520 F.2d 931 (1975), Appeals Seventh imprisonment mere guilt analogous charge.5 stigma associated adjudication most convictions "is damning delinquency." 936. 29 distinctive element relationship Quite simply, occupies role Like offense, begin "when offense."6 initiate entrusted Attorney General county wherein charged."7 doubt."8 prosecutor sustains proof, appoint Director guardian stand custody guardian."9 30 defines rather, propensities": "All disorder, existed year, immediately prior filing hereinafter for, coupled offenses, toward acts molestation children, hereby persons."10 32 According Court's interpretation definition, moreover, offense: "It . 'propensity'; 'demonstrated' propensity. language can 854, 697 33 Thus, triggered incident; initiated sovereign prosecuting authorities; law; offense established; consequence case, Menard. seems me, consequences conviction heavy justice system—for definition prohibited conduct, discretion prosecutor, custodian—that Amendment.11 II principal advanced State—and accepted ante, 369-370—is benign purpose. statute, appointing guardian, recovery";12 ward "in portion thereof persons";13 "found dangerous."14 35 unambiguously statute." 100-101, 695. court, final legislation. Nevertheless, ultimate characterization remains federal constitutional 36 A goal sufficient, itself, inapplicable prevent "criminal." With conventional "treatment" "rehabilitation," obvious still apply. similarly escape simply "treatment." If creating corpus "dangerous statutes code. Indeterminate derive proven violations statutes, combined findings propensities," defendants inapplicable. "treatment"; evisceration accompanying 37 argues importance significance. recognizing silence impossible correct diagnosis concerning However, Assembly squarely rejected protects individual's silence.15 Quoting Governor's Commission Revision Mental Health unequivocal policy: "Experience private sectors shown seriously impair ability achieve valid objectives commitment." Rizer, 795, 799, 42 768, 771, 383, 386 (1980). 39 General's emphasis interference create indeed significance, suggests. For, lead deprive liberty. unique—neither wholly civil—surely justify unique protection. III 40 is, substantial persons." 102, danger denial privilege; so, violent difficult obtain applicability Amendment; justified, could said effect. elements—the continuing "propensity" proved, instance—prevent anything, subject greater, lesser, concern.16 41 end, consideration Amendment. sometimes making truth-seeking function reliable.17 reports propriety concern.18 justification protection, rests society. distinguished leader Bar years ago: constant reminder high standards Founding Fathers, experience tyranny. ever-present belief individual, symbol highest aspirations. such, eloquent expression opposition collectivism, unlimited state. communists, regarded signs sets off communism." E. Griswold, Today (1955).19 43 implicated today prosecution-initiated prison-destined, my permitting without fundamental protection conflicts dignity characterized, continues characterize, 44 respectfully follows: 105-1.01. testified act. act, victim's sufficient satisfy 105-106, regulations, progress facilities every six months staff psychiatrist, request Ill.Reg. 14501 (1984). Even fails meet conditionally released: "If finds appears certainty institutional recovered, enter go large supervision adequately public." further "[u]pon discharge outstanding basis reason present detention, quashed." Ibid. Boyd 116 616, 633-634, 533-534, 746 (1886) ("We instituted declaring forfeiture man's property offences him, though form, criminal"); Coin & Currency, 401 715, 718, 91 1041, 1043, 434 (1971) ("From standpoint difference man 'forfeits' $8,674 [to Government nominally proceeding] money illegal gambling activities pays fine' same course conduct"). settled realities motives non-criminal labels relevance policies. Winship, 397 [358, 365-366, 90 1068, 1073, 368 (1970) ]. 21, 27, [87 1440, 1443, 527] (1967); Breed Jones, 421 [519, 528, 95 1779, 1785, 346 (1975) ]." 931, 936 (CA7 1975). instant illustrates potential disparity magnitude loss. originally Indecent Solicitation Child Ill.Ann.Stat., § 11-6 (Smith-Hurd 1969). carried maximum penalty $500 fine penitentiary. Instead charge, culminated commitment, last five years, Division Penitentiary Menard, institution." 936, 4. 105-3 105-3.01. 105-8. shares characteristics "have represented counsel." 105-5. construction, witnesses. Significantly, requirements, courts See, e.g., 1975) (requiring doubt); (same); 105-3.01 (1985) (codifying requirement). 105-8 ("The keep safely until recovered provided"). 911/2, 3-208 ("Whenever executed pursuant Section 3-507, 3-601, 3-701, certification over, conducting inform examined simple comprehensible manner examination; talk examiner; makes disclosed admission. informed, examiner respondent's admission"). O. Holmes, Common Law (1923 ed.) ("Intent crime criminal. intending murder day to-morrow. deals conduct"); Thompson Bowie, Wall. 463, 471, 423 (1866) ("When trying prisoner crime, general disposition permitted"). recognized eliciting admissions careful scrutiny. Dean Wigmore states: 'The ground distrust situations rough way, judicial experience. collection statistics untrue confessions, number instances loosely reported enough verified fortify conclusion, observation human stresses person, especially defective mentality peculiar temperament, falsely acknowledge guilt. possibility arises wherever innocent situation acknowledgment promising alternatives obliged choose; chooses acknowledging guilt, preference worse alternative silence.' 44-45, 1452-1453, (1967) J. Wigmore, Evidence 822 (3d ed.1970)). psychiatrist's part: wanted felt better guilty. definite impression unreliable telling truth." App. 36-37. doctor admitted "sexual intercourse" victim—a she denied. None incidents described doctor's report (the occurred old) corroboration identified partner victim. Amnesty International, Political Abuse Psychiatry USSR, reprinted Soviet Union, Hearing Subcommittee Human Rights International Organization House Committee Foreign Affairs, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., 72-73 (1983) (In "[t]wo commonly hospitals will: whose health called loses her left passive honest fair hearing").

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