Legal Document

455 U.S. 130 102 Supreme Court Reporter 894 71 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 21 Judge Gregory MERRION and Robert L. Bayless, etc., et al., Petitioners,v.JICARILLA APACHE TRIBE, al. AMOCO PRODUCTION COMPANY Marathon Oil Company, Petitioners, versus JICARILLA INDIAN Nos. 80-11, 80-15. Argued March 30, 1981. Reargued Nov. 4, Decided Jan. 25, 1982. Syllabus Respondent Indian Tribe, pursuant to its Revised Constitution (which had been approved by the Secretary of Interior (Secretary) as required Reorganization Act 1934), enacted an ordinance (also Secretary) imposing a severance tax on oil gas production tribal reservation land. received Tribe in-kind royalty payments from lessees mineral leases are exempted tax. under Secretary-approved long-term with extract natural deposits land, brought separate actions in Federal District enjoin enforcement The Court, consolidating actions, entered permanent injunction, ruling that no authority impose tax, only state local authorities power reservations, violated Commerce Clause. Appeals reversed, holding taxing is inherent attribute sovereignty has not divested any treaty or Congress, there was Clause violation. Held: 1. petitioners' mining activities part govern pay for costs self-government. Pp. 136-152. (a) essential because it necessary instrument self-government territorial management. This enables government receive revenues services. does derive solely Tribe's exclude non-Indians lands but general authority, sovereign, control economic within jurisdiction, defray cost providing governmental services requiring contributions persons enterprises engaged such activities. Here, petitioners, who have availed themselves privilege carrying business reservation, benefit police protection other services, well advantages civilized society assured government. Under these circumstances, nothing exceptional petitioners contribute through taxes mere fact enjoys rents royalties lessor undermine 137-144. (b) Even if were derived Non-Indians lawfully enter remain subject tribe's them, which includes lesser place conditions non-Indian's conduct continued presence reservation. role commercial partner should be confused sovereign. It one thing find agreed sell right use land take valuable minerals it, quite another abandoned sovereign powers simply expressly reserved them contract. To presume forever waives exercise unless reserves agreement turns concept head. 144-148. (c) Government did deprive Congress' enactment 1938 establishing procedures leasing interests lands. Such prohibit when both authorizing Secretary. Nor 1927 permitting taxation reservations divest power. existence tribe Moreover, conflict national energy policies. contrary, Natural Gas Policy 1978 imposed definition may recovered federal pricing regulations, indicates would contravene policies do so implicitly Act. 149-152. 2. violate "negative implications" 152-158. Courts final arbiters Congress acted. affirmatively acted series checkpoints must cleared before can effect, this case accordance congressional scheme. 154-156. judicial scrutiny necessary, challenged survive scrutiny. discriminate against interstate commerce since either sold transported off sale. And exemption used purposes merely avoids administrative make-work ensue taxed partner, payments, thus cannot deemed discriminatory preference commerce. 156-158. 617 Reporter, 2nd 537, 10th Cir., affirmed. Jason W. Kellahin, Santa Fe, N.M., 80-11. John R. Cooney, Albuquerque, Nordhaus, Louis KF105 F3 Claiborne, Washington, D.C., respondents. Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion Court. 1 Pursuant Jicarilla Apache lessees, produce In two consolidated cases, challenge "any severed, saved removed Tribal lands." See Severance Tax Number 77-0-02, App. 38. We granted certiorari determine whether and, so, violates 2 * resides northwestern New Mexico. Established Executive Order 1887,1 contains 742,315 acres, all held trust property. 1887 set aside public Territory Mexico occupation Indians, contained special restrictions except provision protecting pre-existing rights bona fide settlers.2 Approximately 2,100 individuals live majority residing town Dulce, near Colorado border. 3 organized 1934, ch. 576, 48 Statutes-at-Large 984, 25 Code KF62 §§ 461 seq., authorizes adopt constitution bylaws, approval (Secretary).3 first Constitution, August 1937, preserved conferred § 16 987, 476. 1968, revised specify: 4 "The including those Section June 18, 1934 (48 984), amended, shall vest council exercised thereby limitations States, applicable statutes regulations Department Interior, established constitution." Article XI, 5 provides "[t]he enact ordinances development resources," 1(a)(3). further levy collect fees members, ordinances, non-members doing reservation," 1(e). February 13, 1969. 6 develop lands, executed encompassing some 69% Beginning 1953, into Tribe. Commissioner Affairs, behalf Secretary, leases, May 11, 1938, 198, 52 347, 396a-396g (1938 Act). exchange cash bonus, royalties, rents, typical lease grants lessee "the exclusive drill for, mine, extract, remove, dispose under" leased long produced paying quantities. 22. Petitioners developing without incurring royalty. Id., at 24. addition, charge buildings kind. 27-28. Petitioners' State equipment. 129. Mar. 3, 1927, 299, 44 1347, 398c (permitting reservations) (1927 7 Council adopted gasproduction Acting Director Bureau December 23, 1976. applies . ." Ibid. assessed wellhead $0.05 per million Btu's $0.29 barrel crude condensate due time severance. 38-39. consumed their Ibid.; Brief 59, n. 42. 8 sought leave intervene, permanently enjoined ruled lacked 9 Tenth Circuit, sitting en banc, reversed. 537 (1980).4 reasoned Act, 398c. court also found certiorari, 449 820, 101 71, 66 (1980), we now affirm decision Appeals. II 10 argue, dissent agrees, stems exclusively Because initially condition upon payment assert later time. disagree premise derives exclude. accepted, however, conclusion lacks Atlantic 11 Washington Confederated Tribes Colville Reservation, 447 134, 100 2069, 65 (1980) (Colville), addressed tribes' transactions occurring significantly involving members fundamental tribes retain law implication dependent status." 152, 2080-81. raise Instead, activity jurisdiction. See, e.g., Gibbons Ogden, Wheat. 1, 199, L.Ed. 23 (1824). 12 avail "substantial business" Mobil Corporation Taxes, 445 425, 437, 1223, 1231, 63 510 (1980); Wisconsin C. Penney Co., 311 435, 444-445, 61 246, 249-50, 85 267 (1940). They " 'the society' Exxon Dept. Revenue, 207, 228, 2109, 2122, (quoting Japan Line, Limited County Los Angeles, 441 434, 445, 99 1813, 1819-20, 60 336 (1979)). Numerous entities revenue similar they provide comparable government.5 Cf. Commonwealth Edison company Montana, 453 609, 624-629, 2946, 2957-2960, 69 884 (1981); id., 647, S.Ct., 2969 (BLACKMUN, J., dissenting); supra, 436-437, 1231. 13 As observed Colville, interest levying nonmembers "revenues programs strongest value generated taxpayer recipient services." U.S., 156-157, 2082-83. surely here. government's infra, 145-148. paid venture. contrast, contribution "to 623, 2956. governments commonly borders. 14 Viewing management shared assumption three branches Government. 153, 2081. relied Solicitor Interior. opinion, recognized that, absence action 'may over nonmembers, far accept privileges trade, residence, attached conditions.' 2081 Powers Tribes, 55 I.D. 14, 46 (1934)). noted official executive pronouncements repeatedly "Indian possess broad measure civil jurisdiction significant ., tax." 152-153, 2080-2081 (citing Op.Atty.Gen. 214 (1900); 17 134 (1881); 174 (1855)).6 15 Similarly, acknowledged tools control. early 1879, Senate Judiciary Committee validity Chickasaw Nation legitimately territory: "We considered [Indian tribes] invested property limits territory occupy, restrained abridged act Congress. Subject supervisory Government, requisite legislation maintain peace good order, improve condition, establish school systems, aid people efforts acquire arts life; undoubtedly resort accomplishment vitally important objects —a sense States." S.Rep.No.698, 45th Cong., 3d Sess., 1-2 (1879) (emphasis added). Thus, views government, principles taxation, confirm enjoy finance Indeed, conception consistently reaffirmed permits conclusion. Mazurie, 419 544, 557, 95 710, 711, 42 706 (1975), 'Indian country' deal more than 'private, voluntary organizations.' "are unique aggregations possessing attributes territory." Worcester Georgia, Pet. 515, 483 (1832); Iron Crow Oglala Sioux Pine Ridge 231 89, 92, (CA8 1956); Crabtree Madden, 54 426, 428-429 1893); Cohen, Spanish Origin Rights Law Legal Conscience 230, 234 (L. Cohen ed. 1960). Adhering understanding, conclude persons, 18 Of course, constraints entities: away power, obtain effect. These additional minimize potential concern will unfair unprincipled manner, ensure consistent 19 persuaded dissent's attempt limit asserting source Limiting manner contradicts domestic, nations, common understanding tool raising cover 20 decisions upholding support limitation. Post, 175-183, discussing Morris Hitchcock, 194 384, 24 712, 1030 (1904); Buster Wright, 135 947 1905), appeal dism'd, 203 599, 27 777, 51 334 (1906); Maxey Ind.T. 243, 247-250, Southwestern KF135 S79 807, 809 (Ct.App.Ind.T.), aff'd, 105 1003 1900). correctly notes hallmark basis None establishes cases demonstrate extent nonmember trade attach limitation exists limited arise until enters question component power: conducts tribe. However, believe discussed means example, suggests legitimate revenue, tribe, Morris, cattle grazing Report Judiciary, legal defect previous having "a twofold object—to prevent intrusion unauthorized Nation, revenue." 389, 714 even raised: turned construction denying governing jurisdictional nonmembers. Ind.T., 247-248, S.W., 809.7 22 Finally, Wright actually undermines theory theory, non-Indian lawful could avoid claiming residual portion supports result explicitly rejected Wright. Buster, deeds individual lots residents, cities towns incorporated. result, prohibited removing residents. though ownership creation retained concluded "[n]either nor state, loses borders therein endowed usual municipalities, occupancy citizens foreigners." F., 952 added).8 confirms exclude, choose embrace new restriction based questionable interpretation cases. each branches, B Alternatively, argument, advanced dissent, Nonmembers them. necessarily entry, presence, conduct, conducted When agrees ultimate oust complies initial entry. follow immunizes lesser-included e reservation.9 A remains risk chooses entry onto tax.10 argue leaseholds entitle exempt exercises authority. asserts lost access might leases. 186-190.11 compelled linking assumptions confusions about consequences arrangement between 26 Most important, confuse sovereign.12 confusion relegates bargaining process undertaken sovereign's agreements. minerals; Confusing results denigrates sovereignty. apparently derivative possessed landowner social group conditions, "tax" fee, stranger private group, lipservice sovereignty, occur status, see 2080, 718. arguing somehow "lost" cluding original otherwise notifying attaches little significance nature obviously landowner's contractual right. overly restrictive view reflected refusal apply determining bodies waived post, 189, 50. 148. 28 implies depends consent non-Indians. Whatever matters democratic governments, measuring Requiring entrant hands excludable instead itself. Only E.g., Wheeler, 435 313, 322, 98 1079, 1085, 303 (1978).13 conditioned assent nonmember; nonmember's impose. 29 Viewed light, reference hardly impairs Contractual arrangements subsequent presiding Veix Sixth Ward Building & Loan Assn. Newark, 310 32, 792, 84 1061 (1940); Home Blaisdell, 290 398, 231, 78 413 (1934). where contract issue requires license franchise issued entity, "has specifically surrendered terms admit reasonable interpretation." St. 210 266, 280, 630, 634, 1054 (1908). 30 different Federal, State, Governments, 50, justify ignoring announced city, circumstances. Each sources. differences, alter contract, perceive principled reason require treatment regard. Without regard source, unexercised, enduring governs contracts intact unmistakable terms. 31 No claim asserted litigation, be, contain clear surrender extinction. waiver inferred silence head, analysis.14 Contract 32 review argument Acts Indians various pieces legislation, deprived 33 "widely always date worked divestiture power." 2080 "[n]o statute cited us shows departure view." Likewise, cite divests took rely. Before reviewing reiterate here our admonition Clara Pueblo Martinez, 436 49, 60, 1670, 1678, 56 106 (1978): proper respect itself plenary area cautions tread lightly indications legislative intent." [24] pre-empted 396a-396g. essence, constitutes burden inconsistent Act's regulatory scheme promulgated enforcement, followed proviso 396b states foregoing provisions restrict charter sections 461, 462, 463, [464-475, 476-478], 479 title" added).15 Therefore, Secretary.16 34 398a-398e, disagree. change affected tribes. mentioning transferred supporting evidence history, deviates settled taxation: sovereigns same transactions. Fort Mojave San Bernardino, 543 1253 (CA9 1976), cert. denied, 430 983, 97 377 (1977). 158, 2084 ("There direct schemes, free ousting other").17 35 contend conflicts policies, therefore law. Again, specific restricting explain why type escapes policy. (1981). rather forbidding taxes, included regulations. 1978, Public 95-621, 110(a), (c)(1), 92 3368, 3320(a), (c)(1) (1976 ed., Supp.IV). Although inclusion reflect tax,18 policy 36 "clear indications" event, ambiguity point, doubt "[a]mbiguities construed generously order comport traditional notions encouraging independence." White Mountain Bracker, 448 136, 143-144, 2578, 2583-2584, 665 (1980). Accordingly, III 37 Finding address contention integral flow commerce, discriminates imposes multiple At outset, note Interstate conceptual difficulties. nn. 24, infra. Apparently recognizing difficulties, General, argues language,19 structure, not, own force, dealings 35-40. General reasons Framers intend courts, Clause, relationship strike down measures political departments seen fit disagree." 39. inimical welfare, contemplated remedies negotiation renegotiation treaties, relations, exertion superior force Using reasoning, activity, counterpart. 40-43. 38 date, shield protect interference, authorize regulation constitutional restraints. need break ground today: assume 39 unduly burdening discriminating Complete Auto Transit, Incorporated Brady, 274, 1076, 326 Judicial intended disrupt unexercised: protects safeguards latent encroachment several States. 40 engage purported act. Prudential Insurance Benjamin, 328 408, 421-427, 1142, 1150-1153, 90 1342 (1946). Once acts, courts dormant struck balance deems appropriate, longer needed invalidate action. 431, 1155-56.20 454, 1824. 41 effect.21 476, 477, adopts revises announce intention Further, again 1(e), 477; Regulations 171.29 (implementing 369b, quoted 15, supra). earlier, Both course events fulfilled monitor comes posture requires, ratification, measure, duplicate called 43 aware petitioners. retains current taxes. function prerogative traveled precise channels obtained necessary. 279, connected sustainable "is applied substantial nexus fairly apportioned, related provided State." mines22 meets second tests: entirely Furthermore, amount Supplemental 80-15, Pages 17-20.23 45 focus attack third factor, language "sold reservation" exempts kept taken sales occurred induce industry locate advantage allegedly arguments; instead, agree F.2d, 546. 22, supra.24 interpretation, treat differently treats ultimately purposes,25 payments. commerce.26 IV Pet., 559, 483, Chief Marshall "always distinct, independent communities, retaining rights." "weaker independence—its self-government, associating stronger, taking protection." 561, 483. enforce date. invalidated 47 Affirmed. STEVENS, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST join, dissenting. 49 occupied North America Europeans continent unquestionably sovereigns. dominion nourished Many tribes, today. earliest days, task identifying survived introduction system laws 50 performing task, guarded carefully status Nation. Over virtually unlimited; incorporation done internal relations. becoming yielded nations; alike answered representative afforded unknown Nation: Incident basic governance voice Since territory, presented whether, after specified venture mutual benefit, nonmembers' share benefits today holds so. my distorts very N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions am convinced Court's gives inadequate attention critical difference forth greater length normally appropriate dissenting opinion. northern Mexico.1 encompassed became 1848 Mexican War ended Treaty Guadalupe Hidalgo. 922. Between 1871, Jicarillas relating them; 1871 outlawed future treaties tribes.2 1887, President Cleveland setting tract "as Indians." Except settlers deprivation previously acquired rights, rules reservation.3 53 record indicate Reservation 1953. During period, clarified. 1891 passed Feb. 28, 1891, 795, 397. "occupied bought same," interpreted inapplicable created Order. British-American Producing Board Equalization, 299 159, 161-162, 164, 57 132, 133, 81 95. 1922, position 139.4 unallotted Interior.5 directed rentals, bonuses Treasurer created.6 levied output leases,7 made mention possibility addition receiving output.8 authorized "[i]n vested existing law," certain powers, employ counsel, tribe.9 convey purchase, manage, property.10 silent concerning taxes.11 1937.12 Phillips Petroleum 22-30. lease, prepared form Affairs presumably companies Tribe.13 return bonus $71,345.99, treasurer described tracts together construct buildings, plants, tanks, structures surface. 22-23. term years following "and much thereafter and/or quantities said land." obligated diligence property, annual rental $1.25 acre 121/2% "of amount" "produced saved" 26. operation royalty-free. sufficient building owned premises, does, comply 58 "now hereafter relative leases: Provided, That effect rate herein written parties lease." 27. 59 32. 1953 still producing. giving reservation."14 Eight later, Ordinance, $.05 Royalty Thus entire fall sustained, $2 annually.15 stem sources: statutes, Neither seeks statute,16 Apaches, reside powers. valid, 62 neither protected Constitution.17 have, many stated M'Lean 580, (concurring opinion): "At country recognised admitted All belong them." Kagama, 118 375, 381-382, 1109, 1112-13, stated: 64 "[The Indians] were, been, regarded semi-independent relations; full people, regulating Union whose resided." Two distinct emerge statements sovereignty: self-governance enjoy.18 submitting distinction affairs affecting careful interference members. prosecute violations criminal law, 303. create substantive affairs. define membership, entitled citizenship, Roff Burney, 168 218, 442; inheritance, supersede Jones Meehan, 175 29, 12, 49; custody child divorced parents pre-empt adoption proceedings court. Fisher 424 382, 96 943, 106. enforced courts. Williams Lee, 358 217, 79 269, 251; supra. 67 respects, States' citizens. intolerable community. equal components Fifth Fourteenth Amendments, similarly 56, 7, 1675, 106.19 unconstrained Government.20 word "sovereign" characterize appropriate. 68 sharp contrast narrowly confined.21 emphasized "exercise beyond what relations express delegation." Montana 450 564, 1245, 1257, 493. Oliphant Suquamish 191, 1011, 209, crimes committed reservations.22 hunting fishing indicated principle underlying —that nonmembers—was context. "[t]hough determined matters, proposition extend tribe." 565, 1258 (footnote omitted).23 character governed." Nevada Hall, 440 410, 1182, 1191, 416. excluded participation appropriately limited. Certainly, nonmembers—including tax—is unprecedented. An examination upheld demonstrates "power exclude" logically include particular 70 study existed erosion powers.24 Shortly passed, formal his secured incorporated virtue "by law."25 Margold among taxation; permissible "Except otherwise, conditions." I. D. 72 334; 1030; 807 1900), decided shortly turn century leading considering assess nonmembers.26 reasoning. tax; fee assumed remedy nonpayment exclusion 73 affirmed dismissing complaint filed lawyers practicing Creek agent Five Civilized collecting $25 lawyer profession rejecting attorneys' claim, analyzed relevant Creeks "carefully admit, consequently white named treaty." 247, 809. excepted present "without [were] intruders," "pledge[d] remove 248, attorneys class,27 "intruders."28 held: "[T]he nation called, (white men) Territory. inasmuch treaty, declared intruders, removal delinquent intruder." 250, 809-810.29 74 1030, 1904, arose permit fees. complainants horses Complainants suit Columbia seeking injunction preventing officials failure 75 assigned intruders,"30 obligation aggression 714. then reviewed 1876,31 1879 referred 1876 expressed valid. 389-390, 714-15. 76 opinions Attorney withdrawn Congress.32 subsequently exception favor owners eviction given horses. 392-393, 715-716. On authorities, 77 case, inspectors stopping plaintiffs reservation; feared refused traders Hitchcock Walter Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Sanborn precedent transacting ample notice tax: controversy, price fixed council, year 1900, offers trading privilege. noncitizen He refrain he liability other. entering extended discussion consideration technically appears partakes ordinary optional feature former compulsory latter. "Repeated numerous Attorneys practice debate propositions prior 1901, borders, department subordinates, inspector, agent, police." 949-950. traders, purchased 1901 rely implied tax.33 noncitizens evicted lots, taxes.34 80 Prior nonmembers.35 or, alternative, reservation.36 supported reservation.37 noted, archaic old logic equity. foreclosed If situations subjected accepts tribe.38 nonmembers—the intruders—is recognition general.39 therefore, apart occupation.40 82 recent 10. cigarettes Makah, Lummi Tribes' tax.41 overriding frustrated taxation. approval, indication Branch's Margold's "[f]ederal activity" Hitchcock. 2081.42 purchase cigarettes, clearly valid rationale there.43 above. nonmembers; source.44 83 imposition explore minerals. grant extracting earth.45 But 1976 continuing binding parties. product arm's-length bargaining. gave explicit authority.46 duration contracts.47 There additional, unstated taxes.48 executed, authorization whatever; unlimited unambiguously 86 "[N]o 87 gleaned statutory enactments. granting income Order, tax,49 lack defeats matter performance lease. 88 conveyed accepting presumed negotiated absolutely expectation imposed; contemplation parties, during retained, unilaterally reservation.50 89 undertake. wrote ago: "Over thereof, outsiders, permitted domain, therein, business, determination infringe occupying authority." D., 91 retroactively happen prosperous companies. sound sources better retroactive permissible, legitimacy outsiders hospital, rendition medical technical then—after partially performed—change bargain gross receipts outsider. willing ignore contractor doctor veto equate unbridled discretion appointee equation unacceptable me. wealth, opportunity, past transgressions person Kappler, Laws Treaties 875 (1904) (Order Cleveland). earlier Orders canceled. 874-875 (Orders Presidents Hayes Grant). boundaries redefined clarified Theodore Roosevelt November 1907, January 1908, Taft 17, 1912. 681, 682, 684, 685 (1913). affect analysis; created. reads follows: "this settler disposition domain." 875. chartered 988, give operate, judges dissented. argued encompass 551-556 (Seth, 556-565 (Barrett, dissenting) Clause). Through purpose "fostering self-government." 155, McKay's observation "[i]t make expect carry out municipal functions mandated being able least minimal real estate leasehold taxes." 550 (McKay, concurring). revision classic treatise Law, advances 438 (1958) ("The depend jurisdiction") omitted). Handbook 142 (1942) ("One maintenance continues never successfully disputed") restricted Seminole Tribes. relied, part, interpreting treaty. For whatever meaning clause limiting unrestricted 'not pass question, occupancy, allowed decide themselves; wild animals, men, instinct man. serious words "jurisdiction" "self-government" scarcely hotel keeper prescribe charges become fellow occupants.' 36, (1884)). court, "natural instinct" unaltered scope treaty; identified right, intruders occupancy. court's dependence reasoning bears posed here: absent law? 6, reading 438; (both citing exclude). Barta 259 553 1958) (lessees land). quantities, words, resources depleted. approach, regardless financial maintaining 958: whole purchasers sites possession prescribing conducting towns. 1958 distinguished roles embraced "present law" summary: 'Over authority.' n.6, 439 Solicitor's Opinion Oct. 1934) 143. Pacific P2 Maxfield, M. Dieterich, Trelease, Resources American Lands 4-6 interests. ibid. infer Constitution. true signed font 94 950. inference point intact. amended imposed, event effectuate 554, 556; 99. implemented substance regulation: superseded constitution, bylaw 984; 461-479), ordinance, resolution charter. superseded, Interior." great Secretary's Curiously, makes uniform party suit, reach issue. 547-548, 5. reason, likewise pricing. history place: "While treated conferees prejudge outcome Circuit respecting organizations reservations. legality S.Conf.Rep.No.95-1126, Page (1978); H.R.Conf.Rep.No.95-1752, (1978), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 8800. empowers "[t]o regulate foreign Nations, Tribes." U.S.Const., I, 8, cl. South Carolina out-of-state insurance despite appellant's impermissibly burdened entertain passing McCarran-Ferguson "silence barrier [the insurance] 33, 1011. threaten unclear how articulate convincingly acts generally difficulties "acted" preclude review, transportation mines. burdens movement itself, event. terms, reservation." explains sale occurs taxable defined soil, chose build factual foundation ground, 545, 4. attempted introduce trial relationship, objection irrelevant challenge. 7-8; Record 278-290, 294, 300-308. distinguish remaining boundary. favoring focuses boundary boundaries. alleged reservation-state discrimination rise Paragraph specifies "[r]oyalty gas, kind, taxation." value, violation arises jurisdictions contact enterprise multistate activities, justify. Standard Peck, 342 384-385, 309, 310-311, 427 (1952). apportionment properly viewed State. 219, 2118, Revenue Association Stevedoring Cos., 734, 746, 16, 1388, 1397, 682 (1978). rule bearing here, seize 157, 23. assertion, State's circumstance, which, involve intimate Plaintiff's Exhibit E, "[H]ereafter nation, treaty: further, impair heretofore ratified 566, version 71. "EXECUTIVE MANSION, FEBRUARY 1887. "It hereby ordered domain surveyed, townships, viz: "27, north, ranges east, 2, west; west west, south half township range hereby, Indians: domain. "Grover Cleveland." (1904). contended leasing, "lands States," Mineral Leasing 1920, 181 seq. 1924, Stone rendered stating 181. 1925, instituted litigation Utah cancel H.R.Rep.No.1791, 69th (1927). dismissed stipulation text. McMahon, 273 782, 471, 890. correct. 316 317, 1095, 1501, compensation abolished. said: "Perhaps most striking proof belief abolition compensatory situations. practice, period terminate cancelling revoking it. say, procedure typical. made, suggested due. conveyance compensable petitioner four orders 1875 1876, Congressional delegation spelled understanding. effective withdraw petitioner. termination 1884 termination, required." 330-331, 1101. Tee-Hit-Ton 348 272, 279-282, 317-319, 314. (part 2) 398a. provided: "[U]nallotted withdrawal 1924 [25 398]." 398. Unalloted allotted severalty Allotment 388. proceeds withdrawals deposited Treasury credit using draw centum annum available appropriation expenses connection supervision consulted expenditure money, capita Congress." 398b. "[T]axes collected improvements, mines wells assets collected, bonuses, cause funds Treasury: lien kind 396a-396g, designed achieve uniformity Like 45, provided, part: "Any organize vote adult election prescribe. "In powers: choice counsel fixing Interior; sale, disposition, encumbrance tribe; negotiate Governments." may, petition one-third tribe: operative living gift, bequest, own, hold, every description, personal, therefor corporate incidental law; sell, mortgage, exceeding ten Any revoked 477. (hereinafter Cohen). 1937 By-Laws Defendants' G. 80-15 62. disclose late 1967. Plaintiffs' Leases aggregate 500,000 acres comprising almost acreage Reservation. Respondent, 12a-13a. 1960 "taxes VI, 5, Defendant's Findings Fact Conclusions 130. answers interrogatories amounted $3,995,469.69. 7; Tr. 269. delegate 706. indicated, conveys 163-165. Power [t]o More Amendment, provides: delegated respectively, people." often "domestic nations." Cherokee Marshall, writing explained: "Though unquestionable, heretofore, unquestioned extinguished cession government; yet, doubted can, strict accuracy, denominated nations. correctly, perhaps, domestic occupy title will, ceases. Meanwhile pupilage. Their relation resembles ward guardian." 25. 319, 1083, 303; Winton Amos, 255 373, 391-392, 342, 349, 684; Lone Wolf 187 553, 216, 221, 299; Review Commission, Final 106-107 (1977) AIPRC Report). waive immunity. Fidelity Guaranty 309 506, 512, 653, 656, 894. Civil 77, 1301-1303, prohibits laws." 1302(8). Pueblo, immunity cognizable forum vindication Talton Mayes, 163 376, 986, 196, Amendment indictment grand jury prosecutions 328-329, 1088-1089. Certain Cherokees, 481 (1835); Choctaws Chickasaws, 612 (1855); Seminoles, 703 (1856). holding, "Upon come constrained '[T]heir complete [are] diminished.' Johnson M'Intosh, 543, 574 [5 681] (1823)." 1021. York ex rel. Ray Martin, 496, 499, 307, 308, 261 (state try crime reservation). Preceding statement [in Oliphant] Johnson's concurrence Fletcher Cranch 87, 147, 162—the Court—that 'right themselves.' 209 [98 1021]." 1258. Oneida Oneida, 414 661, 772, (tribes freely alienate occupy); 17-18, nations). offenses "implicitly status," areas implicit "These rest freedom independently external laws, type. status. '[T]he doctrine nations is, weaker self protection.' Georgia [6 Pet.], 560-561." 326, 1088. confirmed enlarge "stabilize organization vesting real, limited, S.Rep. 1080, 73d commentator Act: "[I]t appear originally accepted act's enhancing reconfirmed already government." Mettler, Unified Theory Sovereignty, Hastings L.Rev. although approve disapprove places enable add passed. hand, occasion deny ever preserve "My requested by-laws phrase, section Wheeler-Howard 987) 1934]: 'In vest. [Italics added.]' detail hundreds possible, reported departments, import, My answer propounded then, general, correction light wherever peculiar enlarging 17-18. Felix published 1942, relies 266-267. 10, infra., 185. "Attorneys exceptions, 'in employment States,' 'persons peaceably traveling temporarily sojourning country, States.' 248-249, reaching heavily 1881, MacVeagh Choctaw Reservations. 134. "Replying your fourth question: seems besides classes mentioned you, Chickasaws limits, employed teachers, mechanics, skilled agriculturists, tribes; gone expired." 136 subject, statute, say participate doubted." 34, 36. construe exclude: "I submit mean (of indifferent i.e., employes, objectionable) 37. parts restated "clothed option, conditions," 253, 811, "intruder": "On hold man, citizen sum $25; refuse becomes, intruder, him nation; duty devolves interior department. Whether agents controlled writs mandamus material because, attorney refuses becomes promises officers acting powers." 256-257, 812. "And disputed licensed merchants $25. (1900) 528 (1901). Griggs few permission, there, closes matter, excludes classes, fully residence impose, borne mind such, permission; permission. "As premises doubt. solemn obligation, consideration, keep class affairs, devolved Op.Atty.Gen., 218. After wrote: "Pursuant charging, collecting, facts 1901. Did renounce conceded exact taxes? knew existed, approving enforcing exercise. minds contracting agreement, stipulations grazed rented allotments liable (chapter 676, 871, 37), 'no renting agricultural selected allotment tax' 39). mercantile abolish conclusive presumption subordinates renounced, revoked, restricted, remained 1901." 954. 955. decades problem revisited Eighth Circuit. (1956), stock (1958), bring cents farm lessees. admission Having 556. Language Appeals, unlike rested chapter "Taxation," states: [to tax] clear, extends enjoyed Indians. founded guaranteed instances permission operate 266-267 (footnotes chapter, Scope Self-Government," describes "an 142. cites jurisdiction." demonstrated above, predicated physically recognizes pertinent, analyzing inquire empowered Commission "rely largely consequently, enter," broader 178-179. penalty closing 392, 715. refusing 810. "No other." 949. 171-172. 21, Nevertheless, Chickasaw, 699 9, 20, 27, 42, 75, 418, 699, 703, 719, 761, 774, 779, 790, 794, 800, 866, 886, 888, 929, 985, 990, 998, 1008, 1016, 1021 Cohen's notes: constitutions Act], 1935 Rosebud "typical" "tribal powers," perceived narrower power— "(h) labor lieu fees, "(i) legally 2080. cited, discussion, Circuit's (1956). declining "sanction" denial buy cigarettes. respects nonresidents like Equal Protection Amendment. activity. "use occupancy" arguably minimum supra., 919. "[A]s privileges, acquisition 210, 244. 1240, exceed 1347. Among "[p]ermit exploration Executive-order Reservations," "[g]ive royalties," "[p]lace changes withdrawals." 3. purposes, binding. contends 64. response, Act—unlike Act—does Geological Survey Apache. 79-80. resolve vary "not quantities." 396a. One applying well. 75th 1st (1937). Other "bring harmony Act," greatest property." way legislation. Presumably 136. desiring Griggs, 1900 "Trespassers Lands," non-Indians: purchaser nation. outsider saw lot knowledge 217. 1977, "do royalties. Usually, just royalties." 344. collection consider 547 (CA10 1980). body 'has interpretation.' 1054). Orleans City Lake Orleans, 143 192, 195, 406, 407, 121; Transit York, 573, 590-593, 721, 729-31, 1024. principal fundamentally constitute frivolous, cf. Puerto Rico Russell 315 610, 784, 1062, raised distinguishable instant subdivisions. 917-920.

Classification Label: 1