Legal Document

450 U.S. 398 101 Supreme Court Reporter 1164 67 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 388 or Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 L., etc., Appellant,v.Scott M. MATHESON et al. Number 79-5903. Argued Oct. 6, 1980. Decided March 23, 1981. Syllabus A Utah statute requires a physician to "[n]otify, if possible," the parents guardian of minor upon whom an abortion is be performed. Appellant, while unmarried living with and dependent on her parents, became pregnant. advised that would in best medical interest but, because statute, refused perform without first notifying parents. Believing she should proceed appellant instituted suit state court seeking declaration unconstitutional injunction against its enforcement. She sought represent class consisting minors "who are suffering unwanted pregnancies desire terminate but may not do so" their physicians' insistence complying statute. The trial upheld as unconstitutionally restricting minor's right privacy obtain enter into doctor-patient relationship. affirmed. Held: 1. Since did allege offer evidence either any member mature emancipated, lacks standing challenge being face ground overbreadth it could construed apply all girls, including those who emancipated. Harris versus McRae, 448 297, 100 2671, 65 784. Moreover, State bound by ruling another case does emancipated minors, has had no occasion consider statute's application minors. Pp. 404-407. 2. As applied unemancipated girl making claim showing maturity relations serves important interests, narrowly drawn protect only violate guarantees Constitution. 407-413. (a) Although constitutionally legislate blanket, unreviewable power veto daughter's abortion, Bellotti Baird, 443 622, 99 3035, 61 797; Planned Parenthood Central Mo. Danforth, 428 52, 96 2831, 49 788, setting out mere requirement parental notice when possible constitutional rights immature, minor. 407-410. (b) give over decision. immature considerations family integrity protecting adolescents well providing opportunity for supply essential other information physician. failing specify what furnish physicians, provide mandatory period delay after notifies parents; allows pregnant consent procedures formal carries child term; inhibit some from abortions. 411-413. 604 Pacific Reporter, 2nd 907, David S. Dolowitz, Salt Lake City, Utah, appellant. Paul Tinker, appellees. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER delivered opinion Court. 1 question presented this whether which dependent, prior performing violates federal guarantees. 2 * In spring 1978, was 15-year-old them support. discovered consulted social worker interest. However, Code Ann. § 76-7-304 (1978), he appellant's 3 Section 76-7-304, enacted 1974, provides: 4 "To enable exercise his judgment [in considering abortion], shall: 5 "(1) Consider factors relevant well-being woman performed including, limited to, 6 "(a) Her physical, emotional psychological health safety, 7 "(b) age, 8 "(c) familial situation. 9 "(2) Notify, possible, performed, husband woman, married." (Emphasis supplied.)1 10 Violation section misdemeanor punishable imprisonment more than one year fine $1,000.2 11 Appellant believed "for [her] own reasons" According appellant, concurred decision.3 While still trimester pregnancy, action Third Judicial District Utah.4 76-7-304(2) prohibiting appellees, Governor Attorney General enforcing "minor women 76-7-304(2). judge declined grant temporary restraining order preliminary injunction.5 12 held hearing at witness. affirmed allegations complaint giving monosyllabic answers attorney's leading questions.6 attempted cross-examine about reasons wishing notify counsel vigorously objected,7 insisting "the specifics really irrelevant Constitutional issue."8 permissible prerequisites performance insisted, were approval physician.9 sustained objection, tentatively construing require "if able physically contact them." 13 Thereafter, entered findings fact conclusions law. He concluded "is appropriate representative purports represent."10 possible." "do[es] restrict relationship."11 Accordingly, dismissed complaint. 14 On appeal, unanimously 907 (1979). Relying our decisions 788 (1976), Carey Population Services International, 431 678, 97 2010, 52 675 (1977), 797 (1979) (Bellotti II ), "significant interest[s]" present respect absent adult women. 15 looked subsection (1) 76-7-304. This provision, observed, expressly incorporates we identified Doe Bolton, 410 179, 93 739, 35 201 (1973), pertinent physician's Doe, stated: 16 "We agree . exercised light emotional, psychological, familial, woman's age—relevant patient. All these relate health. attending room needs make judgment." same 192, 747 (emphasis supplied). 17 76-7-304(1) suggests legislature reflect language Doe. 18 "substantially logically related" set ordinarily possess concerning child. P.2d, 909-910. also encouraging seek advice decision carry term promotes significant supporting role child-rearing. Id., 912. reasoned since decision, unduly intrude rights. 19 rejected argument phrase possible" discretion required under circumstances, reasonable diligence, can ascertain identity location feasible practicable notification." added, however, time element factor, there must sufficient expedition effective abortion." 913. 20 challenges face. contends overbroad We need reach proffer emancipated.12 found unmarried, fifteen years resides home parents." That affords insufficient basis finding Under 320, 2690, 784 (1980), therefore personal stake controversy needed confer standing" advance argument. 21 There particularly strong applying established rules case. that, so applied, unconstitutional. L. R. Hansen, Civil C-80-0078J (Feb. 8, 1980). appeal ruling, controlling State. cannot assume challenged proper case, will exempt demonstrably minors.13 See 132, 146-148, 2857, 2865-2867, 844 (1976) & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions ). Nor reason emergency treatment treated way different similarly situated adult.14 such situations. InBellotti I, supra pass regulation "susceptible construction judiciary 'which might avoid whole part necessity adjudication, least materially change nature problem.' " 147, S.Ct., 2866, quotingHarrison NAACP, 360 167, 177, 79 1025, 1030, 1152 (1959). Kleppe New Mexico, 426 529, 546-547, 2285, 2295, 34 (1976); Ashwander TVA, 297 288, 346-347, 56 466, 482-483, 80 L.Ed. 688 (1936) (concurring opinion). reaffirm approach find here insofar purported statutory exclusion 22 issue before us, then, facial constitutionality requiring daughter, marriage otherwise, (c) made III Atlantic 23 recognized cases places primary reliance II, U.S., 642, 655, 3047-3048, 3054. struck down statutes imposed written patient's spouse prerequisite abortion. 24 "does have authority third party absolute, possibly arbitrary, patient regardless withholding consent." 74, 2843. 25 emphasized, "that holding suggest every minor, age maturity, termination pregnancy." 75, 2844, citing supra. logical relationship between capacity become wisdom 26 dealing concededly Massachusetts judicial State's highest allow overrule even capable making, made, informed held, among things, statue failure decide undergo abortions consent. Four Justices flaws court, permitted overruling abort pregnancy; "it consultation notification instance, affording receive independent determination enough interests." 651, 3052-3053. defect subject party, parent judge, "no matter how decisionmaking" be. 653-656, 3053-3055. 27 abortion,15 "mere notice" minor.16 joined stating: 28 "[Plaintiffs] [unduly burdens abortion]. stated Part above, qualifications typically decisions. often lack ability fully choices take account both immediate long-range consequences, reasonably determine desirable 29 It further determine, general proposition, decision—one people raises profound moral religious concerns.. 30 'There little doubt furthers end help very bear grave tender years, stress, ill-equipped seems unlikely adequate support clinic, where frequently place.' 640-641, 3046-3047 (footnotes omitted), quoting 91, 2851 31 Accord, 657, 3055 (dissenting 32 addition, "constitutional interpretation consistently parents' household direct rearing children basic structure society." Ginsberg York, 390 629, 639, 88 1274, 1280, 195 (1968). Quilloin Walcott, 434 246, 98 549, 54 511 expanded theme: 33 numerous occasions protected. See, e. g., Wisconsin Yoder, 406 205, 231-233 [92 1526, 1541-1542, 15] (1972); Stanley Illinois [405 645, 92 1208, 551 (1972)]; Meyer Nebraska, 262 390, 399-401 [43 625, 626-627, 1042] (1923). 'It cardinal us custody, care nurture reside whose function freedom include preparation obligations neither nor hinder.' 255, 554-555, Prince Massachusetts, 321 158, 166, 64 438, 442, 645 (1944). Parham Judge R., 442 584, 602, 2493, 2504, (1979); Pierce Society Sisters, 268 510, 535, 45 571, 573-574, 69 1070 (1925). "guiding role" play upbringing children, supra, 633-639, 3043-3046, presumptively includes counseling B 36 gives judges decision.17 "we concerned directed toward unquestionably greater risks inability 2866. plainly integrity18 adolescents19 II. class, medical, consequences serious lasting; immature.20 An history Parents data, refer sources history, authorize physicians data. 37 intimates declare, terms, detailed description parents,21 renders notion itemize supplied finds logic, experience, And recognized, 913, likely essence calculated enhancing potential potentially traumatic permanent consequences.22 38 undermined term.23 But state's interests full-term sufficiently justify line statutes. Cf. Maher Roe, 432 464, 473-474, 2376, 2382, 53 484 (1977). If elects term, entail few—perhaps none—of abort. 39 valid void properly us. Constitution compel fine-tune encourage facilitate To contrary, "encouraging childbirth except most urgent circumstances" "rationally related legitimate governmental objective life." 325, 2692. 2382.24 40 Constitution.25 41 Affirmed. 42 Justice POWELL, STEWART joins, concurring. 43 again divisive questions raised intended involvement (1978) burden join understanding leaves open served notification. ante, 412, n. 22. write clear continue entertain views my infra. 44 minor."1 attacks independently involvement, react obstructively notice. 405. threshold question, Court's notes, challenge. Standing depends initially alleges, Warth Seldin, 422 490, 498, 501, 95 2197, 2204-2205, 2206, 343 (1975), courts "only redress otherwise injury complaining party." 499, 2205. carefully drawn. Appellant's herself situation few laconic. alleged "not wish inform condition believe[d] [was] condition." Complaint ¶ 6. understood "what involved decision," 9, told "he informing aborting her." 7. lived filed mature, aver they obstructive notified, why Similarly, contains allegation physician—while apparently willing abortion—believed adverse consequences. fact, nothing record shows situation, examined 46 come alone. evidentiary occurred denied motion injunction. witness, testimony—and statements counsel—make beyond "bare bones" averments deliberate, arguing invalid per se regard obstructive, interests. 47 examination, merely verified affirming each paraphrased lawyer series questions.2 testimony cross-examination added complaint.3 insistently objected parents.4 initiative, pressed unsuccessfully elicit reasons, inquiring "find validity [appellant's] [the lawyer] Tr. 9. replied: 48 "It position [c]onstitutionally abortion] counselor concurs then— 50 "In terms going allegations], point issue." 9-10 51 When insisted facts particular irrelevant, statute.5 sum, emphasizes, alleges desires decided—for reveal—that required. rule standing, bald notification.6 They explain anyone wanting parents.7 Numerous compete decides pregnancy. burdened. Roe Wade, 113, 154, 705, 727, 147 (1973); 74-75, 2843-2844. effectuating abort, makes. 2844; 647, 3035. State, aside rather cf. (1977); fostering assist wisely possible. (STEWART, J., concurring); post, 422-423 (STEVENS, concurring judgment). itself, institution through inculcate many cherished values, cultural." Moore East Cleveland, 494, 503-504, 1932, 1937-1938, 531 traditional substantial in, responsibility for, welfare especially during years. 637-639, 3045-3046. None absolute. Even unqualified. 727. Particularly becomes considers circumstances vary widely depending mental physical condition, stability like. accept asserted normally would—as insisted—be immaterial. Supra, 417. wishes virtually sure, emphasized consult never single desirability outweighs interests.8 55 validly cases, decisionmaker recourse believes My three Justices, length needed. 642-648, 3047-3051.9 substantially absolute none10—would create inflexibility consideration above. Our gone extreme, view not. STEVENS, judgment. 57 points out, represents 'minor so' 76-7-304(2)" Code. Ante, 401. members class. squarely presents consistent States. Court, declines instead narrower factual Because believe duty answer broader decided am unable 58 72-75, 2842-2844, conditioned dissent holding, id., 102-105, 2856-2857, qualify 652-656, 3053-3055, noted Bellotti, Danforth "determines veto." 654, 1, 3053, outcome controlled principles considered dispositive dictate now upheld. 59 impact begins, ends, inquiry. Once identified, evaluated underlying attempts essentially Danforth. fundamental substantial: 60 "The young citizens justifies variety protective measures. foresee enforceable bargain. lawfully work travel pleases, attend exhibitions protected pictures. Persons below certain marry Indeed, already person harm imposition restraints though comparable adults impermissible. Therefore, Wade [410 (1973)] entitled protection emphasizes importance decision; lead conclusion enact legislation purpose incorrect is, course, picture, long hours factory. necessarily run away marry. kind ever make, assumption enhances quality maximizing probability correctly full alternative." 102-103, 2857. 62 opinion, special MARSHALL dissent, 435-436, provides justification efforts ensure made. Such surely procured licensed And, [abortion] character," 103, 2856, ensuring well. legislature's advice. 63 Of prevent voluntarily legitimately probable decision: "If parental-[notice] requirement, submit procedure reaction hostile, disparaging, violent persuades simply bypass loving, supportive, and, indeed, indispensable. unrealistic, judgment, parent-child perfect communication accord place routinely imperfect absence reflects child's correct prediction [act] arbitrarily selfish conclude primarily interested children,1 further, method foster helping distressed implement decision." 103-104, 2856-2857. J.). Utah's parental-notice diminished guarantee meaningful actually occur. Good-faith compliance requirements tend daughters regarding possibility compassion predicament receptive, incorrectly advise her, undercut legitimacy attempt establish enhance 66 pregnancies" well-reasoned not, view, utilize, purposes implementing yardstick based chronological imprecise unjust render use impermissible Federal 104-105, reserved hold certified class.2 68 MARSHALL, BRENNAN BLACKMUN join, dissenting. narrow. shortcomings denies relief. Thus, sends signal drafted pleadings secure plaintiff's success merits.1 70 Nonetheless, dissent. defective, majority's legal analysis yields improper disposition here. More important, complaint, analysis. reverse Utah. 71 defective fails neglects result, statute.2 72 rests prudential concerns limitations Article III. Gladstone, Realtors Village Bellwood, 441 99-100, 1601, 1607, 498-499, 517-518, 2214-2215, (1975). For due falls within legally ambit interest, relief requested remedy harm. 407-409 (majority opinion); 418-419 (opinion blanket neglected characteristics, groups undoubtedly deserve exemption requirement.3 familiar principle individual heard raise persons. principle, precluded instances where, here, requisite requested.4 Duke Power company Carolina Environmental Study Group, 438 59, 80-81, 2620, 2634-2635, 595 (1978); Singleton Wulff, 106, 113-118, 2868, 2873-2874, 826 (plurality BLACKMUN, J.); 188-189, 745-746, Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 481, 85 1678, 1680, 510 (1965); NAACP Alabama, 357 449, 459-460, 78 1163, 1170-1171, 1488 (1958); Barrows Jackson, 346 249, 259, 73 1031, 1036, 1586 (1953). bar persuaded establishes interests.5 "believes [pregnant] condition," App. 4, consulting physician, attorney, worker, "she understands decision" 4.6 supported, albeit detail, hearing. testified feel discuss issue. 26.7 adequately persistently believing seeks definitively permit exception offered 913 (Utah 1979). jurisdictional issue, separate distinct merits, evaluate persuasiveness opposing concrete determining valid.8 74 Yet correct, prudence calls denying claim, erroneously concludes represented suffers identical disability. doing, indifferent federalism comity issues arising presumes supervise procedural determinations law governing actions majority misapplies disturbing definition approved court. acknowledges, 401, 404 (BURGER, C.J.); 417, (POWELL, J.), granted undisputed inasmuch provisions 76-7-304(2)." 10, 5. women, self-supporting sophisticated naive, interferes others call avoiding notification, remand. remand permitting representative, claims similar warrant action.9 enjoys considerable latitude approving actions, rare reviewing discerns abuse discretion.10 record, ensue, result redefinition dismissal addition named plaintiffs advance, creation subclasses additional parties.11 contrast, entire defined redefine deemed represent, deny basis.12 exactly course selected today. 75 represents—all obstacle. then conduct review claims. 76 cursory, attention precedents. 77 choose pregnancy term. (1973).13 choice, like deeply intimate marry,"14 procreate,15 contraceptives,16 guarded unwarranted intervention privacy.17 Grounded Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment, privacy18 protects "interest independence kinds decisions" "individual disclosure matters." Whalen 429 589, 599-600, 869, 876-877, context, shields undue intrusion external scrutiny of, choice. 164, 732, maternal life fetus override private, unfettered consultation. restricted scope area when, 198-200, 750-751, state-imposed subjected private hospital committee. settled privacy, rights,19 extends 3046, ) 653, 3053 T. Jones, 425 F.Supp. 873, 881 1975), summarily aff'd grounds, 986, 2195, 811 (1976). probably crisis adult, postponed until majority, "there situations indelible." 646, 3048 J.).20 justified restrictions "important accord, 61, 2837. Before examining necessary "imping[e] abortion" "plac[e] obstacles path Brief Appellees examination imposes ideal supportive pervades culture seem incongruous examine "burdens" pregnancy.21 deferred bonds mutual sustenance. 534-535, 573, (1925); May Anderson, 345 528, 533, 840, 843, 1221 (1953); 486, 1682; Illinois, 405 1212, 504-505, 1938-1939, (1977) Especially times adversity, relationships security constant caring aid. 505, 1938. Ideally, facing naturally turn respond comfort wisdom.22 confides family, relinquishes telling involving them. circumstance, hardly burden. 81 Realistically, families conform ideal. Many oppose preserve fundamental, privacy. creates problem. wishes23 effectively cancels 876-877. publicizes doctor interjects parties conference confidential 732. Besides revealing limit "access means 688, 2017, encounter interference notification.24 disappointment disapproval, confront abuse, withdrawal financial support, actual obstruction Furthermore, threat cause past increase significantly.25 Other self-abort illegal risk notification.26 Still foresakean child, which, given "probable education, employment skills, resources exceptionally burdensome." problems occur alter hardship created face.27 disincentive State,28 obstacle free choice.29 onerous desired abortions.30 Significantly, sanctioned operate neutral fashion. No pregnancy-related care,31 right, turns next proffered justifications infringements posed 82 Missouri survive unless interest."32 Further, demonstrate closely tailored serve interest.33 Where regulations adults, "protection health, standards, prenatal 155, 728. concluded, none reached 162-163, 731. appellees assert advances implicated adult's Specifically, contend improves two ways: permits encourages woman. preserving autonomy. turn.34 83 upholding provision transmission "additional information, prove invaluable exercising 'best judgment.'"35 itself specifies contemplated purpose, available herself. Most expertise supplement history. doubtful initiative unwilling crucial obligated form judgment,36 bars necessary. 84 regard, it. Simply put, transfer information; conversation letter satisfy brief telephone moments abortion.37 patently underinclusive aim known unavailable specifically excludes married requirement; planned makes possesses valuable 78-14-5(4)(f) (authorizing care). surgical removal amniotic fluid, caesarian delivery, enhanced much yet triggers requirement. anomalous comparatively lesser associated contrasted care.38 promote claimed, contexts exchange less important. goal promoting sustain ill-fitted it.39 improving dispute practically consultation.40 contest ultimately make.41 contribute 86 facilitation difficult experience. Again, measured rationality employed, goal. timely discussion relation hostility opposition. light, overbroad. Parental resulted incest, hostile abusive response assured, fears deter desires. unavailable, fundamentally interest.42 unique act sensitivity legislates matter." 3047 demonstrates sensitivity, approve Contract 87 Finally, integrity.43 "primary debate enduring American tradition." 232, 1541, (1972). (1944); 1042 "those child] destiny coupled high duty, recognize prepare him obligations." 573. "have respected realm enter." 442. critical thrust been intrusion.44 Ironically, invoke normal functioning family. Through enters leaving unaltered pattern interactions chosen Whatever motive, resurrect themselves preserve.45 rejecting inPlanned 89 "providing determination, patient, strengthen unit. Neither control nonconsenting conflict existence fractured structure." 90 recently, 638, 3045. POWELL observed guide development "in large competence impersonal political institutions." maintain, "merely safeguards know activities attempting denial deception.' 3. Casting salvage originates invocation "reserved" mandated runs counter domain breach; conflicts limits traditionally placed authority. threatens safety children. E. 169-170, 443-444. tempered replaced concern interest.46 elsewhere, deserves de minimis reinforcement 91 assertion interests.47 defended existing rights, reaches applies, exception, minors,48 minors,49 needs,50 whom, recognizes, unencumbered involvement. restriction applies interests—as physician—call "believed along aborted felt so." Civ.No. C-78-2719 (Dec. 26, 1978) (Findings Fact 7). counselor, attorney assess see 643-644, 3046-3047, 3048-3049 rejection cut off avenue just that. area, legislatures acknowledged undoubted reality: "[a]ny weighty competent pregnant."51 allocated entirely minor.52 understand consent, pursue requisites procedures.53 adding scheme affect children's development, concerns. assure child-rearing role, pregnancy.54 IV eagerness precedents, today relies mistaken class-action requirements. avoidance nonetheless precedents intact. infringes attached complete intrusion, Rather serving appellant's, prevents implementation recommendation. anything respecting life, invokes criminal justice machinery influence attack. Whether liable expense aftercare disclosed record. "voluntary consent" obtained informed," minimum adoption services, fetal foreseeable complications 76-7-305 (1978). 65-67, 2839, 2840, attack provisions. §§ 76-7-314(3), 76-3-204(1), 76-3-301(3) statement oral argument, corrected conceded assertion. Oral Arg. 17. reveal proceeded allowed appointment ad litem. follows: "BY MR. DOLOWITZ[, counsel]: "Q At signed, you pregnant? "A Yes. You pregnancy? Yeah. determined talking get abortion? want your parents— Right. —of decision? them? After discussing parents? shouldn't notified? couldn't came me filing suit? discussed wanted do? discussion, try Now, signed spoke me, twelve weeks thinking wished home? felt, Right." 5-7. McCARTHY[, State]: Are money comes How old now? Fifteen. Aside can't talk problems? What reasons? "MR. DOLOWITZ: Now moving problem indicated. ." 8. 10. repeatedly despite court's "conceive wouldn't tell parents" "might [u]nconstitutional relates [c]onstitutional situation." "surmise" 24, "appellant expects 18. adopted, verbatim, prepared findings, conclusions, mention whatsoever precise ruled KF62 1983. principal consisted "unmarried [to involve 626, 3039 "all affected" 627, 5, 3039-3040, argued inquire degree maturity. 11. STEVENS argue described Post, 421, 430, 431, 432-433. shown, mentioned conclusions. construe ambiguity expressed "minors needs." 450-451. contend, took pains say specific cases. 630, 3041. true situations, referred amici curiae 437-441. 642-643, 3053-3055; 640, 649, 3051; 90-91, 2850-2851 145, 2865, ); 709-710, 2028-2029, main premise functional equivalent equate 3055. short shrift "parental integrity," 447, contrary cited 410. 634-637, 3043-3045. Abortion increased complication subsequent pregnancies. Maine, Does Affect Later Pregnancies?, Family Planning Perspectives effects experience markedly severe girls adults. Wallerstein, Kurtz, Bar-Din, Psychosocial Sequelae Therapeutic Young Unmarried Women, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 828 Babikian Goldman, Teen-Age Pregnancy, 128 Am.J. 755 (1971). five containing waiting periods. La.Rev.Stat.Ann. 40:1299.35.5 (West Supp.1981) (24 hours' constructive court-authorized abortions); Mass.Gen.Laws Ann., ch. 112, hours); Me.Rev.Stat.Ann., Tit. 22, 1597 (1980) N.D.Cent.Code 14-02.1-03 (Supp.1979) Tenn.Code 39-302 (two days). Members lieu 2590. alternatives (permitting female "to prohibited connection childbirth"). 3048-3049; 148-149, 2866-2867; 79-81, 2839-2840, 2845-2847; Connecticut Menillo, 423 11, 170, 171, 152 (1975); West Side Women's Services, Incorporated City 796, 798 (N.D.Ohio), affirmance order, 582 1281 (6 Cir.). argues who, notified. decline question. 3, 405-407. dissenting "a signal" future goes forecast successful merits. Today, predict resolution Speaking unanimous note impropriety deciding 'an full-bodied record.' 546, 2295; Public Affairs Associates, Rickover, 369 111, 580, 582, 694 (1962). quoted opinion. 400. 402-403, 403, cross-examination, relevancy facts," Tr., 17; [a doctor] irrelevant," 18; "[t]he ridiculous weak are, ibid. summarizing position, "Our doctor/patient key. determines go ahead should. wrong irrelevant." Ibid. hearing, framed 'if possible' [as used "physically possible"] whatever violation closed." 19. action, presumed notice, interfere presumption members. "are typical class," consists supports presents: claiming short, appellant—assert themselves, everyone Paragraph reads: plaintiff determined, 76-7-304(2), Annotated, 1953, 1978). Precisely paragraph ambiguous. least, "consulted" agreed final portion finding—"he so"—could read best" "perform provisio[n]" Or, testimony, lawyer, saying hostilely respected, proposition conscientious overall equated clinics, readily urban communities, operated commercial "on demand." 91-92, 2, 2851, 641, 21, 2590, 21. rationale plurality applicable face, elevates status ignoring conclusion, rationally will, mind "pages human teach generally interests" relied 602-603, 2504-2505 BRENNAN's Parham, joined. 625-639, 2515-2522. rebutted "experience reality." 2504-2505. pregnant, confronted undercuts presumption. surrender custody thereby destroy ongoing relationship, inference 631-632, 2518-2519 (BRENNAN, part). commitment gravity, experience" former latter. unwillingness presumably obtaining 406. Almost definition, intellectually emotionally assistance disapproval. uniform voting suspect. Instead promulgated legislature, perhaps hearings persons desirous establishing confining privilege thus reaffirms employed 406, 12. enjoined contemplates meet future. example, Hansen accorded intervenor awarded resides. difference instant latter's express expulsion destruction parent. Conclusions Law 4) (Oct. restrictions. essence, "lacks 'the standing' argument," (quoting (1980)). assumes raising reach. quotation refers issue: lacked failed Medicaid, adverseness Medicaid funding. appeal. O'Shea Littleton, 414 488, 94 669, 674 (1974) (plaintiffs injury); Bailey Patterson, 31, 32, 550, 512 (1962) (petitioners "lack enjoin prosecutions Mississippi's breach-of-peace statutes, prosecuted threatened prosecution them"). limitation roots context analogous defendants indisputedly core, National Dairy Products Corp., 372 29, 594, 561 (1963); Harriss, 347 612, 808, 989 (1954); Williams States, 341 97, 576, 774 (1951), rulings right. (1973). relevant, believe, affects liberties, guaranteed First Amendment. freedoms chilled broad regulation, party's core. Gooding Wilson, 518, 1103, 408 Coates Cincinnati, 402 611, 1686, 214 (1971); Robel, 389 258, 419, 508 (1967); Shuttlesworth Birmingham, 394 935, 162 (1969); Cox Louisiana, 379 536, 453, 471 Aptheker Secretary 378 500, 1659, 992 (1964); Kunz 340 290, 312, 280 (1951). Reese, 214, 563 (1876) (facial Fifteenth Amendment). exceptions 48, infra, choosing 406-407. 3052-3053 J.) depart explicit POWELL's 3052-3053, so. articulated anew 420, bolstered acknowledges treatment, 407, 14, parents," "hostile situatio[n]," 14. (Utah, Feb. 1980, noteworthy refrained according prosecution, asserting patients. 62, 2837-2838; supra; (1965). causes commingling merits issues. third-party rebut First, burdened Only countervailing autonomy rebuttal ban regulates name prudence, evaluation complicated professionals casts suggestion, 418, "desires transcript reports, 416-417, in-chambers elicited inquiries exact matters. note, counsel's objections stemmed sanctions reasons. 14-20, 31-36. below, judge's comments pinning challenging judges, opposed regularly adolescents. 655-656, 3054, Eisen Carlisle Jacquelin, 417 156, 176, 2140, 2152, 732 (1974), "was insure favorable bind request suit." binding effect action's poses process presented. 7A C. Wright Miller, Practice Procedure 1785 impaired obvious homogenity reconsideration definition," Kremens Bartley, 119, 134-135, 1709, 1717-1718, 184 Martin Thompson Tractor Co., 486 (CA5 1973). Bogus Speech Hearing Assn., 277 (CA3 1978); Dellums Powell, U.S.App.D.C. 275, 566 167 cert. denied, 916, 3146, 1161 Barnett W. Grant 518 543 (CA4 1975); Arkansas Ed. Assn. Board Portland, School Dist., 446 763 (CA8 1971); Gold Strike Stamp Christensen, 436 791 (CA10 1970). abused classes plaintiffs, Gary-Northwest Indiana Bowen, 421 734 (ND Ind. 1976) (unmarried 16-year-old restriction), aff'd, 1067, 799, 785 Conflict moreover, unlikely, imagine seeing statute] upheld." Sosna Iowa, 419 393, 13, 553, 559, 532 redefined, Gesicki Oswald, 336 371, 374 (SDNY 1971) (three-judge court), divided sub-classes, Francis Davidson, 351 (D.C.Md.1972) modified, members' 1758-1771 (1972 Supp.1980). mistakenly assumes, rewrite submissions plaintiff. practice whereby certification proposes party. Newberg, Class Actions 644 1376, 1403. success, questioned 420-421 disclose quite contrary. members, unequivocally 17, provided representative. approving, obliged subsequently alters plaintiff, adequacy 684-685, 2015-2016, 482-485, 1680-1682. Zablocki Redhail, 374, 384-386, 673, 680-681, 618 Loving Virginia, 12, 1817, 1823-1824, 1010 (1967). Skinner Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 1110, 1655 (1942). Cleveland Education La Fleur, 632, 791, (1974). Eisenstadt 1029, 1038, 349 Poe Ullman, 367 497, 539, 1752, 1774-1775, (1961) (Harlan, dissenting) (ban contraception "intolerable unjustifiable invasion individual's life"). Union Botsford, 141 250, 251, 1000, 1001, (1891) ("No sacred, guarded, common law, possession person, restraint others, unquestionable law"). termed let alone." Olmstead 478, 564, 572, 944 (1928) (Brandeis, (quoted Georgia, 557, 1243, 1247, 542 (1969), 453-454, 1038-39, 349). Defining spheres government justification, "emanates totality live." 521, 1765 (Douglas, dissenting). "Constitutional magically attains state-defined majority. Minors, Breed 519 [95 1779, 346] Goss Lopez, 565 729, 725] Tinker Des Moines 393 503 [89 733, 731] re Gault, 387 [87 1428, 527] somewhat regulate 170 [64 444]; 629 [88 195] (1968)." Brown Education, 483, 686, 873 (1954) (children equal schools). "every 2844. assigns care, requirements, 78-14-5 910, striking prohibition planning "financial, teenage motherhood recognition adults." Appellee "[i]t contemplate formulated confines nuclear family." Realization ideal, depend attachments patterns 554, 506, 1940. Nothing strenuously objects remain excluded inhibits surmise BURGER, steadfast belief records instructive 1980) (preliminary alleging expelled sister abortion); Community Health Center, Cohen, 477 542, 548 (Me.1979) (expert affidavits "will pressure causing great distress disrupting relationship"); Baird 997, 1001 (Mass.1978) (uncontested "would insist undesired marriage, continuance punishment" minor); Wynn Carey, 1375, 1388, (CA7 (suggesting problems); Diane, 318 630 (Del.Ch.1974) (father opposes grounds); Koome, Wash.2d 901, 908, 530 260, 265 (1975) (parent thinks forcing daughter pregnancies). Margaret Edwards, 488 181 (ED La.1980). Smith, Md.App. 209, 295 238 KF105 F3 Furstenberg, Unplanned Parenthood: Social Consequences Teenage Childbearing Jolly, Young, Female, Outside Law, Women Juvenile System: Changing Values 102 ("When refuse back home"); Osofsky Osofsky, Pregnancy: Considerations, Clin.Obstet.Gynecol. 1161, 1164-1165 Bedger, Pregnancy 123-124 (large sampled opposition abortions). (affidavits "may adolescent increasing hazardousness one"); Cates, Adolescent Abortions Care 18, (1980); Bracken Kasl, Delay Seeking Induced Abortion: Review Theoretical Analysis, 121 Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1008, 1013 Hofmann, Consent Confidentiality Their Legal Ethical Implications Medicine, Medical 42, (J. Gallagher, Heald D. Garell eds., 3d ed. 1976). faces risks. 163, 731, Benditt, Second-Trimester 358 Schulz, Crimes, Tyler, Effect Method Choice Risk Morbidity, 266 Care, 24; Cates Tietze, Standardized Mortality Rates Associated 1972-1975, 109 (abortion safer carrying term); Earlier Safer" Applies Abortions, 243 Zackler, Andelman, Bauer, Obstetric Risk, 103 305 (1969) (complications minors). notified). Kahan, Baker, Freeman, Legalized Morbidity Resulting Criminal Abortion, 114 (illegal rate drops available). herself, Alice Department Welfare, Cal.App.3d 1039, 1044, Cal.Rptr. 377 Holder, Issues Pediatrics Medicine 285 commit suicide, Teicher, Solution Chronic Problem Living: Attempted Suicide, Current 129, 136 Schoolar 1973) (study approximately one-fourth suicide pregnant). presence signifies intrusion. (availability veto, unconstitutional). Despite objection "expressly requirements," 411, authorizing decision—as alternative consent—precisely notified interfere. wrote four Court: "As 'there obstruct, altogether prevent, court.' withheld. home, vulnerable obstruct access court." 3050. produces predictable disincentives 338, 2701, 2706, (MARSHALL, dissenting); 330, 2702 'direct activity,' 315, 2687 475, 2383, (1977)). (1973) (invalidating availability 687-689, 2017-2018 (partial contraceptives challenge). Regardless hold, secures choice another. improperly inverts reasoning reiterates previous 'State's alternative,' added). text accompanying nn. 20, 25, childbirth, Compare 388, 682; Button, 371 415, 328, 340, (1963). [state] interests," "compelling interest" test commonly somehow overcome interest," sensible inapplicable burdening 728; 485, 1682. laws rape, fornication, adultery, incest. 28-30. These too tenuous seriously "[C]onsider Violations years' $1,000 fine. 76-3-301(3), 76-7-314(3) secured patient: names addresses agencies services agencies, nonagency arranged; details unborn procedures, complications, risks, post-operative recuperation period; deems voluntary 76-7-305(2) malpractice suits ensures acquire "[i]f acceptable clinical this, professional censure deprivation license remedies." 199, 751. 18-19, 48. baffled abort," 412-413. Choosing participate diagnostic tests involves mother knowledge handicapped. Institutes Health, Prevention Embryonic, Fetal, Perinatal Disease 347-352 (R. Brent Harris, eds. 1076); Risks Modern Obstetrics 59-81, 369-370 (S. Aladjem 1975). surgery save certainly "emotional consequences" abort; instances, confronts task calculating birth 59-81. unwed adolescent, educational job opportunities, offspring her. Michael Sonoma County Superior 470, 1200, 1205, 437 (REHNQUIST, mother's ethical dimensions proportion. produce upheaval. flexible defer emergencies proposed. IJA-ABA Standards Justice, Rights Minors 4.2, 4.6, 4.8 (minor care; permission parent, "could jeopardize minor"). 912 ("the (but require) child"). (notification impose pregnancy"). (woman pregnancy). 2843 (State delegate abortion). State-sponsored dialogue improve decisionmaking process. supported counselors facilitating adjustment Follow-Up Who Request Orthopsychiatry 574, 583-585 although appellees' vigorous fall "Offenses Against Family" chapter Code, 400 bigamy, 76-7-101, 76-7-102, 76-7-103, 76-7-104, nonsupport sale 76-7-201 76-7-203 F.2d, 1385-1386; Note, Minor's Right Privacy: Limitations Action Colum.L.Rev. 1216, 1224 indicates once diminished, evaporated entirely. single, decision—at near status—by instrument blunt extremely restore control." Gerstein, 517 787, 793-794 3202, 1205 Amendment labor. 233-234, 1542, (1972) (discussing exercises parens patriae themselves. 1281, Some earliest applications "objectionable" Wellesley Wellesley, Bli.N.S. 124, 133-134, Eng.Rep. 1078, 1082 (H.L.1828). Kleinfeld, Balance Among Infants, III, L.Q. 64, 66-71 Every defend abuse. Wilcox, Child Abuse Laws: Past, Present, Future, Forensic Sciences 71, arise varied rule. cite recent (1979), inapposite several respects. committed incompetent himself. 623, 2154 determinative, experts. Here, judgment—that interest—not ultimate, defeated "personal substantive right" 623-624, 2514-2515, adopted common-law freed disabilities status—and release obligations—prior date Certain acts, emancipation. Cal.Civ.Code 1954 (emancipation entry Armed Services); 15-2-1 marriage); Crook Crook, Ariz. 296 951 (1956) (same). partially self-supporting, assistance. Katz, Schroeder, Sidman, Emancipating Children—Coming Age America, Fam.L.Q. 211, 215 Several emancipation 34.6 Supp.1981); Mont.Code 41-1-402 care); (same), 26-6-39.1 venereal disease); Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. 4447i (Vernon (person drug dependency). Pilpel, Minors' Albany L.Rev. 462 Ky.Rev.Stat. 214.185(2) authorized offspring. 78-14-5(4)(a) Cohen Delaware, 150 Misc. 450, 453-457, 269 York Supplement 667, 671-676 (1934); (self-supporting mature); Goldstein, Risk: Supervention Autonomy, Yale L.J. 663 (recommending criteria case-by-case emancipation). "mature minor" doctrine appreciating (this done consult" decision); Ark.Stat.Ann. 82-363(g) Lacey Laird, 166 Ohio St. 139 North Eastern (physician battery acting consent); Smith Seibly, 16, 21-22, 719, 723 Younts Hosp. Nursing, Inc., 205 Kan. 292, 300-301, 469 337 (1970). embraced concept 23. suggested withstand administrative expose arduous public rigors process, advisory odds stake. 654-656, 3054-3055, BRENNAN, JJ.). Not preclude individualized harmful 214.185(3) 26-31-8 1979 Laws, 98, Clark, Op.2d 86, 89-90, 185 128, 131-132 (Com.Pl. Lucas 1962); Sampson, Misc.2d 658, 317 N.Y.S.2d 641 (Family Ct.), App.Div.2d 668, 323 253 (1970); 12F Miss.Code 41-41-7 treating nonemergency may, emergency, reason, illogical. Memorial Hospital Maricopa County, 415 261, 265, 1076, 1083, 1085, 306 needs, addressed emergency: located afford phrase, modifies reached, applies; sanction affirmative defense "reasonable diligence" locate draw observed: "One sexually active ., responsible problem, ipso facto care." 51. L.J., 663. 36, 1388.

Classification Label: 4