Legal Document

366 U.S. 420 81 Supreme Court Reporter 1218 6 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 393 Margaret McGOWAN et al., Appellants,v.STATE OF MARYLAND. GALLAGHER, Chief of Police the City Springfield, Massachusetts, Appellants. versus CROWN KOSHER SUPER MARKET MASSACHUSETTS, INC., al. TWO GUYS FROM HARRISON-ALLENTOWN, Appellant, Paul Atlantic McGINLEY, District Attorney, County Lehigh, Pennsylvania Abraham BRAUNFELD Appellants, Albert N. BROWN, Commissioner Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Nos. 8, 11, 36, 67. May 29, 1961 [Syllabus from pages 420-421 intentionally omitted] Mr. Harry Silbert, Baltimore, Md., for appellants. John Martin Jones, Jr., Baltimore appellee. Justice WARREN delivered opinion Court. 1 The issues in this case concern constitutional validity Maryland criminal statutes,1 commonly known as Sunday Closing Laws or Blue Laws. These statutes, with exceptions to be noted hereafter, generally proscribe all labor, business and other commercial activities on Sunday. questions presented are whether classifications within statutes bring about a denial equal protection law, laws so vague fail give reasonable notice forbidden conduct therefore violate due process, respecting an establishment religion prohibiting free exercise thereof. 2 Appellants seven employees large discount department store located highway Anne Arundel County, Maryland. They were indicted sale three-ring loose-leaf binder, can floor wax, stapler staples, toy submarine violation Md.Ann.Code, Article 27, § 521. Generally, section prohibited, throughout State, merchandise except retail tobacco products, confectioneries, milk, bread, fruits, gasoline, oils, greases, drugs medicines, newspapers periodicals. Recently amended, also now excepts general prohibition foodstuffs, automobile boating accessories, flowers, toilet goods, hospital supplies souvenirs. It further provides that any which does not employ more than one person owner may operate 3 Although appellants only under 521, order properly consider several broad contentions, we must examine whole body laws. Several sections particularly relevant evaluation presented. Section 492 forbids persons doing work bodily labor permitting children servants day engage fishing, hunting unlawful pastimes recreations. works necessity charity. 522 disallows opening use dancing saloon, opera house, bowling alley barber shop However, addition above, 509, exempts, operation bathing beach, bathhouse, saloon amusement park, incident thereto sales customarily sold at, incidental to, aforesaid occupations businesses. 90 2B, makes alcoholic beverages section, immediately succeeding ones, provide various immunities different kinds beverages, at hours during day, by vendors holding types licenses, political divisions State—particularly County. See 28(a). 4 remaining statutory myriad counties, districts cities towns State. Among allowed certain areas such sports football, baseball, golf, tennis, bowling, croquet, basketball, lacrosse, soccer, hockey, swimming, softball, boating, skating, horseback riding, stock car racing pool billiards. Other immunized permitted some regions State include group singing playing musical instruments; exhibition motion pictures; dancing; recreation centers, picnic grounds, swimming pools, skating rinks miniature golf courses. taking oysters killing game is forbidden, but shooting conducted organized rod gun clubs county. In subdivisions exempted sanctioned day; others, they commence until early afternoon evening; many, late evening. Certain localities do permit activity carried hundred yards church where religious services being held. Local ordinances regulations concerning limited supplement State's scheme. example, slot machines, pinball machines bingo played 5 things, contended trial charged contrary Fourteenth Amendment reasons stated outset opinion. convicted each was fined five dollars costs. Appeals affirmed, 220 Md. 117, 151 Reporter, 2nd 156; appeal brought 28 Code KF62 1257(2), Annotated KF65 U5 probable jurisdiction. 362 959, 80 874, 874. I. argue 'Equal Protection' Clause counts. First, contend contained commodities without rational substantial relation object legislation.2 Specifically, allege exemptions mentioned above render arbitrary statute convicted. 521 capricious because amusements have been listed pin-ball legalized freely 7 standards proposition evaluated set forth many times no precise formula has developed, held permits wide scope discretion enacting affect groups citizens differently others. safeguard offended if classification rests grounds wholly irrelevant achievement objective. legislatures presumed acted their power despite fact that, practice, result inequality. A discrimination will aside state facts reasonably conceived justify it. Kotch Board River Port Pilot Com'rs, 330 552, 67 910, 91 L.Ed. 1093; Metropolitan Casualty insurance company New York Brownell, 294 580, 55 538, 79 1070; Lindsley Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 61, 31 337, 369; Atchison, T. & S.F.R. Matthews, 174 96, 19 609, 43 909.3 8 would seem legislature could find necessary either health populace enhancement recreational atmosphere day—that family takes ride into country need gasoline pleasant soft drink fresh fruit; those who go beach wish ice cream item normally there; people prefer games chance add relaxation; drug products should always available public. 9 record barren indication apparently basis exist, distinctions invidious, local tradition custom might rationally call legislative treatment. Salsburg Maryland, 346 545, 552—553, 74 280, 284, 98 281; supra. Likewise, these exist deny operators rest contemplated violative since there appear valid exemptions, evidence dispel them. 10 Secondly, arrangement retailers sell essential cutomarily beaches, parks cetera it discriminates unreasonably against counties. But Equal Protection relates equality between such, rather territorial uniformity prerequisite. With particular reference prescription substantive offenses counties matter discretion. We invidious here. 11 Thirdly, same provision, violates merchants (operators beaches cetera) places while forbidding its merchandise, appellants' employer.4 Here again, commodities, citizens, locations most likely put use. Such determination serve consuming public time secure employees, like appellants, establishments. addition, enforcement problems accrue establishments, employer, remain open restricted question far greater accruing park exempted. unreasonableness differentiation. On before us, cannot say II. 12 Another exempts 'merchandise of' unconstitutionally vague. believe ordinary intelligence position employer able know what encompassed knowledge simply making investigation nearby Harriss, 347 612, 617—618, 808, 811—812, 989. Under circumstances, guess statute's meaning determine criminal. Connally General Construction 269 385, 391, 46 126, 127, 70 322. Questions proof items of, raised Appeals, nor Thus, matter. Whitney People California, 274 357, 362—363, 47 641, 643—644, 71 1095. III. 13 final decision conflict Federal Constitution's provisions liberty. here applicable guarantee freedom statutes' effect prohibit contravention First Amendment, made Amendment.5 economic injury themselves; infringement own freedoms closing. fact, silent beliefs are. Since rule 'a litigant assert his rights immunities,' Raines, 17, 22,80 519, 523, 524, hold standing raise contention.6 Tileston Ullman, 318 44, 46, 63 493, 494, 87 603. Furthermore, specifically infringe upon store's present prospective patrons, occasion Pierce Society Sisters, 268 510, 535—536, 45 571, 573 574, 69 1070. Those whose allegedly impaired effective ways rights. Cf. N.A.A.C.P. Alabama, 357 449, 459—460, 78 1163, 1170—1171, 1488; Barrows Jackson, 249, 257, 73 1031, 1035, 97 1586. weighty countervailing policies cause exception our principles. 14 separation Amendment. If purpose 'establishment' clause insure 'free exercise' religion, then said contention true writings Madison, Amendment's architect, demonstrate equally feared tendencies tyranny subversion civil authority.7 Everson Education, supra, district taxpayer challenge, authorized boards education reimburse parents fares paid transportation both Catholic schools. concededly suffered direct injury, imposition them tenets Christian religion.8 complain religion. 15 essence argument Sabbath predominant sects; enforced stoppage facilitate encourage attendance; setting universal induce marginal join tranquility created closing aid observance sacred day. substantiating argument, rely wording earlier versions current prior judicial characterizations Appeals. constitutionality convicted, us litigation, inquiry history country, examination entirety history, law There dispute original dealt motivated forces. decide legislation, having undergone extensive chances earliest forms, still retains character. 16 back American colonies background English legislation dating thirteenth century. 1237, Henry III forbade frequenting markets Sunday; showing wools staple banned Edward 1354; 1409, IV prohibited VI proscribed fairs churchyards 1444 and, four years later, showings goods merchandise; disallowed injunctions mid-sixteenth century; 1625 Charles Lewis, Critical History Legislation, 82—108; Johnson Yost, Separation Church 221. Revolution 29 II, chapter (1677). provided, part: 17 'For better observation keeping holy Lord's called Sunday: enacted * force repairing thereon, carefully execution; every whatsoever shall apply themselves same, exercising thereon duties piety publicly privately; tradesman, artificer, workman, laborer, whatsoever, worldly callings part thereof (works charity excepted); cry, show forth, expose wares, fruit, herbs, chattels, *' (Emphasis added.)9 18 Observation language, mandates, reveals clearly established church. colonial restrictions arose soon after settlement. Starting 1650, Plymouth Colony servile work, unnecessary travelling, sports, attendance. Massachusetts Bay Connecticut Haven Colonies similar prohibitions, even seventeenth orientation apparent. For 1629 instruction began, 'And end celebrated manner. 1653 enactment spoke 'which things tend much dishonor God, reproach profanation Sabbath, sanctification whereof sometimes service God. op. cit., Pages 160—195, 167, 169.10 persevered adoption, had sort restricting labor. note, Harv.L.Rev. 729—730, 739—740; 222—223. 20 But, strongly origin laws, beginning eighteenth century, nonreligious arguments began heard distinctly lose totally flavor. middle 1700's, Blackstone wrote, '(T)he holy, relaxation refreshment well worship, admirable considered merely institution. humanizes, help conversation society, manners lower classes; otherwise degenerate sordid ferocity savage selfishness spirit; enables industrious workman pursue occupation ensuing week cheerfulness.' Bl.Comm. 63. 1788 dealing chimney sweeps, Geo. III, 48, providing affairs, regulated work. preamble 1679 Rhode Island reason ban employment 'persons evill minded, requireth, servants. Records Providence Plantations 31. omitted term 'Lord's day' substituted 'the first Sunday.' N.Y. 1785 1788, 680. Similar changes marked discussed below. advent requiring attendance repealed. Note, Harv.L.Rev., 729—730. 21 More recently, secular justifications advanced rest, when recover labors just passed physically mentally prepare week's come. England, World War, committee investigating conditions munitions workers reported 'if maximum output secured maintained length time, weekly period allowed. social alike best provided Sunday.'11 22 proponents longer exclusively representatives interests. Recent Jersey supported trade associations, 730—731; modern promoted National Federation Grocers Chamber Trade, Drapers' Union Shop Assistants. 308 Parliamentary Debates, Commons 2158—2159. 23 Throughout years, modified, deleted added statutes. As evidenced commonplace. Almost presently type regulation over forty possess relatively comprehensive system. 732—733; Rutgers L.Rev. 506. Some enforce through Departments Labor, e.g., S.C.Code.Ann. (1952), 64—5. Thus evolved sanctions originally enacted. 24 Moreover, litigation novel. Scores cases found appellate courts relating sundry phases enactments.12 Religious objections numerous occasions sustained once, Ex parte Newman, 1858, Rptr. California (West’s) 502, overruled three Andrews, 678. number varying postures bearing reached Court.13 none raising gained plenary hearing, language used evidences evolution temporal Field wrote Soon Hing Crowley, 113 703, page 710, 730, 734: 25 'Laws upheld, right government legislate promotion observances, protect physical moral debasement comes uninterrupted deemed beneficent merciful especially poor dependent, laborers factories workshops heated rooms cities; highest states.' 26 While member Court, dissented 519 520, 528, saying: 27 'Its requirement cessation enactment, Legislature given sanction conduct, entire civilized world recognizes well-being society. Upon subject concurrence opinion, among philosophers, moralists statesmen nations, periodical cessations One rule, founded experience, science. advocated ground welfare advanced, protected, society promoted.' This quoted approval Harlan Hennington Georgia, stated: 'It less running freight trains kept sense duty. having, disputed, enact promote comfort, happiness people, fix limits excepted, cease.' Id., 163 304, 1088. 30 And Fuller cited passages Petit Minnesota, Before turning attack, historical occupied undertaken, 14, 711. 32 happenings surrounding Virginia Assembly's 'An act establishing freedom,' Hening's Statutes 84, written Thomas Jefferson sponsored James reflecting long intensive struggle America, search meaning. opinions 1776, nine bill's passage, Madison co-authored Virginia's Declaration Rights inter alia, 'all men entitled according dictates conscience *.' Henning's 109, 111—112. penalizing 'maintaining matters forbearing repair church, mode worship whatsoever' (emphasis added), repealed, dissenters freed taxes levied support 164. prohibitions remained; apparently, believed inconsistent newly Rights. sought expressly condemn existing establishment.14 hope finally realized 'A Bill Establishing Freedom' 1785. year, legislators Punishing Breakers' 33 'If himself labouring calling, apprentices, slaves labour, business, household offices daily necessity, charity, he forfeit sum ten shillings offence, deeming apprentice, servant, slave employed, employed constituting distinct offence.'15 34 became following year remained fought Congress. Virginia, States, ratification convention: 35 'Happily states, enjoy utmost Fortunately commonwealth, majority decidedly exclusive establishment. N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions states. my uniform subject, warmly freedom.'16 36 1799, pronounced freedom' exposition principles bill constitution,' repealed subsequently Shepherd, Large 149. banning stood.17 37 Reynolds 145, 244, relied heavily bill. That concerned Mormon's attack bigamy crime. said: 38 'In connection considering, significant 8th December, passage freedom, convention recommended amendment Constitution declaration equal, natural, unalienable conscience,' substantially I., death penalty included, because, recited preamble, 'it hath doubted polygamy punishable Commonwealth.' Statutes-at-Large 691. From think safely never offence cognizable severity. face evidence, impossible guaranty intended respect important feature life.' 165. 39 bar, place enlightening persuasive. 40 dispose measured. Here, brief review proves helpful. states 'Congress make U.S.Const., Amend. proposed June 1789, House Representatives. read, 41 'The abridged account belief national established, full manner, pretext, infringed.' added.) Annals Congress 434. 42 told word 'national' meet scruples Stokes, 541. After referred committee, House, August 15, acting Committee Whole. assistance determining proscription debate. report amendments submitted, insertion 'no law.' 729. Gerry 'said read was, doctrine 730. 'said, apprehended words be, establish legal compel God manner conscience. He sect obtain pre-eminence, two combine together, others conform.' 730—731. 44 Representatives days Senate, 1A—C2 (U.S.Nat.Archives). Senate September 9, reading, articles faith, worship. Ibid. 48 An commentator opined 'real prevent ecclesiastical establishment, shold hierarchy patronage government.' Story, Commentaries 728. form, did bar congressional church; 'broad interpretation light evils designed forever suppress 14—15, 511. Amendments afford forbid Illinois ex rel. McCollum 333 203, 68 461, 92 649, action board education, school buildings chose attend classrooms, 'Establishment' Clause. 49 federal happens coincide harmonize religions. instances, conclude apart considerations, demands regulation. purposes, murder illegal. agrees Judaeo-Christian religions disagree invalidate So too adultery polygamy. Davis Beason, 133 333, 299, 637; theft, fraud, etc., Decalogue. 50 specific arising few number. discussion Clause's latitude 15—16, 511—512: 51 'establishment religion' means least this: Neither Government up pass religions, another. influence away him profess disbelief No punished entertaining professing disbeliefs, non-attendance. tax amount, small, institutions, whatever called, form adopt teach practice can, openly secretly, participate affairs organizations vice versa. Jefferson, erect wall State." 52 challenge authorizing repayment children's expenses speaking Black, recognized undoubtedly helped get schools,' '(t)here possibility sent schools compelled pay bus out pockets State.' 512. 'public legislation,' id., 16, 512; 'very real hazards traffic,' expenditure funds transportation, policemen 'such police fire protection, connections sewage disposal, highways sidewalks,' 17—18, 512.18 53 centuries, recent emphasis difficult discern administered, them, least, character, bear relationship States. 54 century longer, governments oriented very largely toward improvement health, safety, citizens. Numerous affecting safety factors industry, women children, week-end diversion cultural kinds, point way good life all. Laws, become parcel great governmental purposes connotations. citizens; Sunday, significance dominant sects, achieving goals. To prescribe solely centuries ago genesis hostility mere reach reivew. title major series closing—Art. §§ 492—534C—is 'Sabbath Breaking'; proscribes day,' 'profane gaming, fishing cetera; refers day.' services, course, morning Finally, previously noted, totality gleaned operative effect. 56 predecessors undeniably origin. activities, 1649, Act Religion.' Archieves 244—247. Lords frequent swearing, drunkennes uncivill disorderly recreation, working absolute doth require it.' 245. 1692 Service Almighty Establishment Protestant Religion Province,' Archives 425—430, stating importance Day sanctified expressing breach obvious precursor 492.19 re-enactment 1696 Sanctifying Commonly 418—420. By 1723, Sabbath-breaking assumed 492, omitting swearing patently religiously title. Bacon, (1723), XVI. 57 statements decisions position. 1834 involving contract calling delivery remarked 'Ours christian community, consecrated resurrection Saviour, embraces twenty-four nect midnight Saturday.' Kilgour Miles, Gill Judge 268, 274. Judegind 1894, 514, 405, 406, L.R.A. 721. there: 58 tendency foster sects denominations, observe probably so. scarcely asked court professes land, declare unconstitutional requires thereby promotes Christianity. is, incidentally otherwise, benefited fostered (as is,) preserve 'civil regulation,' weight shown accordance divine human.' 515—516, 407. 59 Judefind decision, rejected interfered liberty laws' 'advantages 'from standpoint." 513, 406. 60 Considering oeprative blanket contrary, violated, tobaccos sweets list enumerated above; 509 facilities; 28, strictly predecessor statutes; allows condemned legislation.20 Certainly, necessity. 521's stipulation shops employee purpose. provisions, along entertainments fashioned cheerfulness, repose enjoyment. Coupled air 61 verbatim re-enactments antecedents. Only appellation recitation talk terms 'profan(ing) thought profane. Prior denunciation drunkenness gone. Contemporary dozen 1959 exceptions. 62 pronouncements announced religious. Hiller 1914, 124 842, ordinance baseball. 'What eminent enactments deal morals, peace, order, quiet community heads power. Can peace city Baltimore?' 393, 844. Levering Williams, 1919, 134 54—59, 106 176, 178—179, Law 374. 64 declared instant case: plan plain. recreational.' McGowan 123, 159. engaging close scrutiny demanded liberties issue, accept Court's recreation. 65 answer contentions. disposal accomplish purpose, courses remotely basis, invalid regulate interest executed unduly unnecessarily Cantwell Connecticut, 310 304—305, 903—904, 84 1213. However factual supportable. periodic respite demanding everyone seven, leaving choice individual, suffice. 66 one-day-in-seven stoppage. this, seeks repose, tranquility—a members opportunity spend exists relative disassociation everyday intensity visit friends relatives days.21 Obviously, empowered rest-one-day-in-seven purpose; activity, special tranquility, together. seems plain involved enforcing provision exceedingly common-day-of-rest provision. common come country. regard visiting relatives, sleeping, passive active entertainments, dining out, like. 'Vast masses literally millions, countryside fine afternoons Summer. 2159. others.22 irrelevant; exists. unrealistic perhaps detrimental choose select accord. reasons, finding Clause, lend substantiation conclusion. McCillum, scheool required students attending classrooms time. system coercing coercion situation bar. McCollum, alternative nonattending classrooms; alternatives nonlaboring diverse. cooperation officials ministers; participation tax-supported religion; case, monies clear deals us. demonstrated purpose—evidenced conjunction effect—is coercive Accordingly, affirmed. 72 Affirmed. (For FRANKFURTER, joined HARLAN, see 459, 1153.) dissenting DOUGLAS, 561, 1218.) Appendix Opinion 75 Ann. Code, 27. 76 Breaking. 77 's 492. Working Permitting game, fish, hunt, etc.—No command, wittingly willingly suffer excepted), profane fowling, pastime recreation; transgressing hereof justice dollars, applied county.' 509. Beaches, parks, groves, County.—It lawful operate, operating selling novelties, souvenirs, businesses, retail, amusements, games, rides, devices, shows hiring renting boats, tables, chairs, umbrellas, week, article extent and/or shows, County.' Sale, '(a) prohibited; excepted articles—No sell, barter, in, retailers, deliver tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, candy, sodas drinks, ice, cream, ices confectionery, oils greases. '(b) Additional County; establishments excepted.—In hereinbefore mentioned, merchandise: butter, eggs, soap detergents, disinfectants, vegetables, meats, food stuffs prepared human consumption, accessories parts, artificial natural flowers shrubs, supplies, thermometers, camera films, surgical instruments, rubber paper drugs, patent relief pain prescribed physician; however, nothing subtitle construed entail person, including proprietor. '(c) Penalty violation; second subsequent offenses; revocation license.—Any violating liable indictment jurisdiction, conviction twenty fifty court, offense, offending $50 $500, imprisoned days, his, her license, issued, null void judge court; another license twelve months conviction, obtained carry premises elsewhere, therein, derive profit therefrom; twice thirty sixty double imposed last preceding conviction; new issued fron anyone else wherein she anywise interested, section; fines 82 '(d) Apothecaries; periodicals.—This apothecaries medicines days; 83 522.—Keeping using tenpin alley, ball Sunday.—It keep politic corporate, knowingly violated offense; persons, corporate dollars; imprisoned, convictions second, him, her, 2B. 85 28.—Anne 86 Special licenses.—(1) Notwithstanding article, commissioners (except 'special licenses' article) authorize holder A.M. Sundays, hereinafter provided. '(2) Any Class BP, WP, LP, LT 'Package Goods—off license,' 'six tavern licenses') shall, application licenses 67(c) payment fee therefor herein. 88 '(3) license' kind, limitations hours, content thereunder, govern beverage class 89 '§ 90—Sundays.—(a) Bar counter sales.—(1) dealer B Contract Provided, vend, serve, consume first, third, fourth, fifth, seventh eighth law. restrictions.—(1) jurisdictions subsection applicable, licensed deliver, delivering, giving disposing Sundays guilty misdemeanor thereof, exceeding ($50.00) offense ($100.00), county jail (30) court. Caroline, Carroll, Cecil, Dorchester, Garrett, Harford, Kent, Queen Anne's, Somerset, Talbot, Washington, Wicomico Worcester conties, Washington temporary use.' 93 Separate whom HARLAN joins. 94 deeply raied cut surprising express views result. Individual controversies history.* expression differences view converging clarity candor enhances authority process. 95 me considerations determinative separate statement. decisive 96 (Note: applies Number Two Guys Harrison-Allentown, Incorporated McGinley, 582, 1135, 551; 67, Braunfeld Brown, 599, 1144, 563; Gallagher Crown Kosher Super Market, Inc., 617, 1122, 536.) attacked perspective wider furnished necessarily outlook, conveyed partial recital isolated instances events. derives continuity fullness—from massive testimony bears controlling forces have, Anglo-American changed transmuted vehicle mixed complicated aspirations. insights controllingly am constrained detail. deem incumbent how arrive THE CHIEF JUSTICE'S principal conclusions drawing 1, 504, Because disestablishment—the men, theological views, state-compelled obligation acknowledge state-favored faiths—made indisputably fundamental culture principle legitimate government, embodies loosely indicated rigidly revealing phrase 'separation 466, 648. church-state included Due Process presuppositions infuse concept 'liberty' protected clause. source akin central because—as speech Cardozo Palko 302 319, 149, 288—it accurate neither belief, 'With rare aberrations pervasive recognition truth traced legal.' 327, 152. Zorach Clauson, 343 306, 679, 954, sufficiently 'separation' self-defining concept. '(A)greement, abstract, 'wall State,' preclude clash separates.' 213, 466 (concurring opinion). nature, religion—in uses word—is aspect profoundly man lives. pervade, institutions traditionally regulated, virtually activity. postulate life, reflected alone, continue, needs longings inspire function, grow, wither, exert innate strength contain influences men's directions state. furnish adherents creeds insulation civic obligation. state's individual becomes comprehensive, concerns perforce overlap. codes faith touch activities. Both aim good, respective concur conflict. command leaves avoid quality interplay. 99 Innumerable harmonizes canons. murder, theft reinforce commands decalogue. Nor regulations, coincidence sects: witness usury monogamy. ends appropriate interest, proscribe, sanction, condemns. 244; Cleveland 329 13, 12. 100 appropriateness secular, invariably effects sphere value demonstrably outweighed impediment subjects practices curtailed it, achieved impede practices, sustained. 296, 900, struck down municipal colporteurs Follett Town McCormick, 321 573, 717, 938; Murdock 319 105, 870, 1292, Jones Opelika, 103, 890, 1290. revenue, satisfied taxing variety sources, levy viewed sacramental. Cox Hampshire, 312 569, 762, 1049, balancing benefits regulatory measure degree impairment expressive entailed, similarly regarded practicants Prince Commonwealth 158, 438, 645. 101 Within discriminating phraseology distinction drawn questions. attempt formulate bright-line bound founder. competition creeds, 'establishes' disadvantages another, possible historically, helpful analytically—no illuminated First—to isolate overlapping phrases, exercise,'1 emerge events impulses gave phrases birth. 102 assuring Framers sensitive persecutions impositions disability sectarian majorities visited deviation conscience.2 unpopular intrusion faith. battle hardly won, led disestablishment successful opposition Patrick Henry's Assessment levying teachers,3 vital compelling memory 1789. lesson battle, Jefferson's Freedom, verbal embodiment,4 'that contributions money propagation disbelieves, sinful tyrannical; forcing teacher persuasion, depriving comfortable pastor, morals pattern, powers feels persuasive righteousness, withdrawing ministry rewards, proceeding approbation personal additional incitement earnest unremitting labours mankind *.'5 What practiced, end, extension government's interdependent, thus threatened each. assure purely end; not, done, legislation. 103 Of immediate England Colonies. foresight drafted adopted words, religion,' limit particular, dated state-supported venture. withdrew competence specific, area conduct: man's verity transcendental idea disbelief. matters, nor, now, may, device, sake, served, 104 objectives separationist expresses, concerned. fall afoul Where instance prejudice. once determined challenged supportable implementing interests satisfied. 105 ask objective, serves, psychoanalyze legislators, primary affirmation doctrine—primary, purportedly serves derivative from, independent advancement religion—the beyond McCollum. Or furthers effectuation alone attained consequences stand. endow although inculcate parishioners concepts raison d'e tre opposed civilly serviceable predication doctrine. inasmuch individuals free, will, build churches guard people's extending built. reasoning send parochial educational 1070, kind security buses, left walk hitchhike, 'establishment,' though division nice applying proposition, undeniable practical affronts separation. sense, availability exercise, insofar fusion former invoked operator seven-day injures financially—or statute—as Orthodox Jewish retailer consumer claims prejudices ability forgotten behalf narrower posed Jew.6 Their prevail absence appear. Selective Draft Cases (Arver U.S.), 245 366, 159, 349. 107 sellers customers, attacking consecrate, urge, legislators' motives private unformulated probing. assumption judiciary restrain wrongful motive caused exerted.' McCray 195 56, 769, 776, 78. 'Inquiry hidden move (a legislature) constitutionally conferred competency courts.' Sonzinsky 300 506, 513—514, 554, 556, 772. Veazie Bank Fenno, Wall. 533, 482; Arizona 283 423, 522, 1154; Oklahoma Phillips Guy KF105 F3 Atkinson 313 508, 1050, 1487. litigants argue, context apparent face: 'Sabbath' 'desecration,' held, explicit vicinity churches, condition allowance consistency 'due observance' regarding exemption cases, issue. forward here, look which, urged, demonstrates creedal appraising preliminary survey development present-day 108 span saw enunciation Fourth Commandment,7 Constantine's edict proscribing venerable Sun,8 Carlovingian, Merovingian Saxon rulers, later kings fourteenth over.9 institution Colonies, Constitution. regulation, 1448 reciting, abominable injuries offences done Saints, high feasts, festival earthly covetise, vexed, labour soiled, remember horrible defiling souls buying selling, deceitful lies false perjury, strifes, specially *,' ordained cease Good Friday, feast days.10 short-lived limiting purpose,11 I, announcing 'there acceptable sincere God,' meetings parishes bear-baiting, bull-baiting, interludes, plays, exercises day.12 king reproachful hence unlawful, butchers slaughter carriers, drovers, waggoners, travel day;13 then, 1677,14 Holy Day,' statute, 7, basic Britain, enacted: Person Persons Duties Piety Religion, publickly Tradesman, Artificer, Workman, Labourer wordly Labour, Business Work Callings, Day, (Works Necessity Charity excepted;) shew Wares, Merchandizes, Fruit, Herbs, Goods Chattels *.'15 1781, 49, reciting explications scriptural texts incompetent tended 'to encouragement irreligion profaneness,' closed houses entertainment, debates, admission charge, held.16 109 Establishment. prefatory inspiration,17 inviolable service,18 administration spirit inquisitorial evident.19 predominance, notes secondary heard. Apart counsel Reformation insisted Commandment itself embodied precept sacramental significance,20 asserted part, sevice welfare.21 '* besides notorious indecency scandal transacted Christianity, corruption usually follows profanation, state, classes, cheerfulness; imprints minds duty yet worn defaced unremitted continuance recalling Maker.'22 schedule act, obligated master sweeps apprentices washed apprentice allow instruction, wear sweeping dress; sweeps' 1832 Select Observance medical doctor injurious labor,23 primarily cast mind, discloses sensitivity plight journeyman bakers, thousand petitioned day's weekly, wishes shopkeepers tradesmen forced 'most desirous rest.'24 severer violations: objects Legislation solemn decent outward Lord's-day, portion Divine Command Public Worship; next, securing Community exception, however low station, enjoyment Rest Mercy privilege employing Exercises ordained, well-being, nevertheless importance.'25 110 nature propulsions underlying state-enforced twentieth, creation apart. origins religious, certainly, long-established usage people.26 physical, hygienic recurrent cycle rhythms existence changed, associations came autonomous life.27 When pressures Industrial Revolution, agitation traditional Sunday.28 111 At turn Factory Workshop Act, 1901, industrial establishments.29 Shops 1912, five-and-a-half-day assistants, built base law.30 war defense continuous factory operation, Ministry Munitions appointed investigate fatigue affected efficiency workers, Parliament reinauguration stoppage: 112 problem materially is—as regards Works actually maintain energy periods. Intervals needed overcome mental fatigue. taken (overtime, 12-hour shifts, 8-hour shifts), environment strain involved, boredom resulting attention Manager monotony kills—the sick (I)f *.'31 114 1936 resistance culminated (Sunday Trading Restriction) complex pattern exceptions, trading penalties severe, calculated obedience, nominal ban.32 Debates instructive. extremely exceptions,33 intimation discovered them.34 Loftus introduced representative: 115 (I)t hundreds thousands people. explain hate Sunday—they dislike idea—but neighbours open. sake trading, let customers habit going week-day custom. holiday summer asking, behind Bill, Early Association, affiliated Grocers, representing 400,000 shops, Boot employe s—and important—it Assistants Distributive Workers.'35 116 Speakers maintaining country.'36 staunch Labour supporter argued: 117 Frankly, afraid week. coming gradually, six days' worked nobody pay. shopkeeper opens street, street opens, town automatically. Sabbatarian. stand six-day want arranged lines suggested hon. Member who, wants Tuesday Wednesday. Friday Tuesday. disturbed everybody home talking week?'37 118 groups38 overwhelming margin.39 119 experience intimate preserving recurperation strains labors. also, doctrines Long emergence notions Through generations, accustomed ceased. once—or elsewhere—have practicable fulfill traders selection cycle, England. hypothetical one-day-in-eight, one-day-in-four, Englishman one-day-in-seven. tradition, character asset importance: release grind, self-disposition. fiat attempted switch Parliament, naturally enough, concluded prove futile ephemeral decade French Republic 1792.40 120 England's settlements, too, shaping life. Every quarter continued preceded adoption Rights.41 itself, indicative restraining Government, secured. Most partly disestablished 1789.42 Virginia43 Island, establishment,44 ideal complete realized. fast approaching ideal, everywhere ascendant. Ratifying Conventions York, Hampshire North Carolina, anti-establishment signified understanding safeguard.45 All spoke. Indeed, five, reaffirmed date.46 121 unquestionably preambles recite Reproach Religion,'47 Godly welafected us,'48 suppressed; God';49 neglecting 'pulls downe judgments *.'50 announces 'That Looseness, irreligion, Atheism Creep pretense Conscience *.'51 Sometimes element offense.52 Prohibitions frequently coupled admonitions 'carefully Piety, privately *,'53 blasphemy,54 lay church,55 services.56 122 preoccupation. speaks suppression atheism ordains 'for ease Creation,' solicitude servants, masters, spiritual pursuits wish.57 Assembly 123 'Voted, Whereas complaint alsoe hire mens' week: bee *. servant (he penalized).'58 latter half 'immorality' prohibit, prefixed treatises.59 Now appears Deity, York's Sunday.'60 appear, display duplicity 1792 begins: 125 'Whereas highly promotive affording seasons cares business; reflections *; Maker, Governor world; acts adorn society: whereas thoughtless irreligious inattentive pursuing recreations damage, society; disturbance well-disposed damage producing dissipation immoralities 126 Vermont 1797 similar.61 127 Virginia. Even worship62 labor.63 1766, Convention Williamsburg Rights, providing, *,'64 punishing void, suspended.65 Eight Bill. Madison's leadership supporting definitive quietus Freedom 1786: 128 'I. mind free; attempts punishments burthens, incapacitations, beget habits hypocrisy meanness, departure author Lord propagate coercions either, do; impious presumption ecclesiastical, fallible uninspired dominion modes thinking infallible, endeavouring impose greatest world, time; magistrate intrude field profession supposition ill tendency, dangerous fallacy, enough rightful officers interfere break overt order; finally, herself, 129 'II. Be place, enforced, restrained, molested, burthened belief; profess, maintain, wise diminish, enlarge, capacities.'66 130 breathed amplitude inspired looked bill, surrounded gloss signification Revised returned Wythe 18, 1779.67 Revision provided: 131 *.'68 132 1785,69 1786.70 Apparently repugnant freedom. thirteen repealing it.71 1786 IV. currently forty-nine Fifty illegalizes performed weekdays.72 banned—the beverages,73 hunting,74 barbering,75 pawnbroking,76 automobiles77—but thirty-four broadly sale, categories affairs. state-wide ubiquitous.78 product amendments. armatures all, cases,79 recently reconsidered expressions policy, contemporary latest-enacted favor moving pictures80 bans motor trading.81 reflect widely felt need, satisfaction old shaped sure, 'Sabbath.' States.82 continuation successors twentieth retained modified know, Committees Legislature, considering apart, repeal involve 'any partisan rest,'83 rested views.84 clerical Alliance, groups.85 interlocking Labor construct six-day-week premise rest.86 laws.87 pictures lord's day-of-rest-in-seven picture personnel exempting fill gap.88 Puerto Rico's weekday purpose.89 South Carolina portions Labor.90 fairly denied differ scene Constitution; millions hebdomadal rhythm note repose.91 Cultural establishes gone.92 nonecclesiastical well-ordered restrictions? 135 take Sunday.93 argued, individual; or, alternatively, day—Monday fairness, unreasonable unsatisfactory. per option enterpriser, disruptive families enterprises.94 Enforcement difficult, easily seconded, community's temper. important, one-day-a-week accomplished believe, generations recuperative effects. 136 single ceases. sacramentally, special, temper haven provide. process scores presumably prefers leisure Sunday.95 expresses goodly heritage links past. Disruption unnatural Claudius' shipwrights, divide ill-designed desirable designed. events, thirty-one find. failure substitution socially surcease subjection routine derived 137 one. During disregarding Church-State separation, infringing freedoms, subserved compass 1858 California's unconstitutional.96 later.97 regulations98 freedom.99 assailed latter-day specious overlooked concealed judges ultimately guarantees observed undercut. mean indifferent unanimous conscientious discharge obligations own, ignore Friedman 341 907, 623, 1345; McGee 802, 50, 334; Kidd Ohio, 358 132, 235, 225; Ullner 131, 230, 225, dismissing appeals sustaining obnoxious urged cases.100 consensus now. fusions state.101 V. 138 Appellees effect, deter runs stores unavailable shopping one-seventh observance—an faith—or forego advantages enjoyed non-Sabbatarian community. moreover, prevailing five-day proportion population, peculiarly profitable convenient shoppers. records this. 139 claim urge assumes aspects. one-commonday-of-closing selected ipso facto preferring creating Sabbatarians usage. pressure said, day-of-rest weighed Sabbatarian entails. Six-day-week choice, alternative. 140 Second, legitmate minority. choosing Sunday-observing Christians abstain discriminate observer competitor, latter's disadvantage. shoppers jobs occupy do. Leisure duration, assured equivalent treatment accorded evening Saturday services. feel coerce accords withheld creeds. avoided, impairing effectiveness fixing sect, abstaining Saturday. Failure lieu constitute means. 141 if, means, goals seek attain, sufficient disadvantage attainment imposes Sabbatarians. 142 contentions already discussed. convincingly seven. fully commonday-of-rest 143 urging defeat unnecessary—hence unconstitutional—burden Sabbatarians, appellees twenty-one Sunday.102 Actually, extend labor.103 tenable why exception. disturb reintroduce tempos Administration violations evident instead demand approximately Sabbatarian, numerous, incur competitive advantage non-Sabbatarian, position, presumably, religion.104 Employers wished avail co-religionists,105 differentiation undesirable.106 144 consideration lawmakers reject observers belief. requisite qualify abstinence enterpriser slowest trade, converting ban, individual. consideration. Ten claiming 'conscientiously' sanctity Sabbath.107 Five 'holy time.'108 Three 'religious' observing day,109 fourth membership certificate preacher adherents.110 claimant 'Sabbath,' devotes exercises.111 benefit file prosecuting attorney.112 145 Indicative administrative difficulties arise consistently conscientiously British 1950,113 continuing substance 1936.114 forms proved unsatisfactory,115 rejection alternatives.116 registered p.m. Applications registration occupier 'conscientiously carrying Sabbath,'117 procure registration, 'knowingly recklessly untrue statement representation,' imprisonment. Whenever representations authorities objection genuinely held,' particulars tribunal consultation London Deputies Jews,118 tribunal, authorities; occupier's revoked.119 Surely, delicate witness, faiths unreasonable. produce harmful collateral effects, entail, inconsiderable preferable, personally, compels 146 cannot, therefore, gratuitous aim. outweigh restraint restriction 645; 1049. preservation assures released distractions increasingly machanized competition-driven claimed small enterprisers, merchandisers, finds three-quarters balanced inconvenience consumer, adhere 147 criminal, onus disability, create financial burden observance. 938. unlike Follett, feasible goal. again fixed decree, alter. earn livelihood considerable. Like Market inconvenienced shopping. assessed preponderant weight. competing non-observing considerably greater, minimizing disadvantage, severity offset industry initiative merchant. admittedly, material sacrifices, Sabbath. competitors chose—like 'Two Harrison-Allentown'—to balance, wrought nonexempting impermissible Sabbatarian's freedom? not.120 1345. criteria constitutionality, desire conclusion reached. VI. 148 unconstitutionality based excluded ban. argued enumeration imperfectly aim—show little it—that accounted range deprive basis. claimed, unsupported reason. claimants discriminations sold, identical items, 149 separately particularity States' attacked, same. fashioning remedies fit needs, large.' Bain Peanut Pinson, 282 499, 501, 228, 229, 482. where, customs. 1093. treated same.' Tigner Texas, 141, 147, 879, 882, 1124. 'Evils dimensions proportions, remedies. think. reform step addressing phase acute mind. remedy there, others.' Williamson Lee Optical, 348 483, 489, 465, 563. 150 logical tidiness. Metropolis Theatre Chicago, 228 441, finicky exact conformity abstract correlation responds living deals. points suitably re-examination. satisfy disregarded. Goesaert Cleary, 335 464, 198, 163. function complexity accommodate. extreme evident. so, prime subtle desideratum, peculiar changing circumstances traditions. formulated, compromises made. Not halt operations doings contribute rush clamor well, depends cost stopping restarting great, continue. Many aspect: entertainment workday tedium others.121 Cogent intricate countervalent pose Lloyd course debate 1936: 152 staffs normal hand, met agree fewest cater needs. agreement requirements Therefore, strike balance bulk engaged distributive trades share 153 accepted, crux *'122 154 variation entails, degrees temptation flout absorb penalties, devising effective, comprehensively fair, schemes sanctions. 155 developed mechanisms served adapt exigencies evolving desires frequency violations, singled harsher punishment.123 popular ban.124 'Works Charity';125 laws,126 descended force.127 'necessity.'128 jurisdiction legislatures, fitter tribunals courts, resolve against, banned.129 Others permitted: resiliency change, proliferated.130 Today, II 551, 1201, England131 similar. Broad qualified often bolstered named atypical regard, patterns. 156 explicitness intricacy adjustments make. How strikingly illustrated, remark sponsor 1936, extensively documented statute. Supporting opening, frequented seaside resorts, 157 elasticity. Association Fish Fryers, asking fish-frying agreed took Schedule (which meals refreshments). Blackpool, by, suppose, cotton operatives cheap fried fish evenings, grant case. difficulty putting abuse submit safeguard. approve granting unless two-thirds locality favour exemption. Having hardships inflicted Clause.'132 158 policy find, accord classify delineate. attitude issue charge discrimination. arbitrary133 legislation.134 classes legislation.135 diversity classification—like conflicting 'necessity' operations—testifies inclusion differ, determinations fair fact. U.S.Const.Amend. 14. standing. 79, 340—341, 369. offensive obviously arbitrary, conceivable challenges affirmative demonstration actual surround lack rationality. 159 applied, Clauses untenable. Counsel prohibition, Md.Code Ann., 1957, rendered periodicals, apothecaries—by them—and permissibility beer liquor sales, bingo. short commodity Rico, countries uniform-day-of-rest legislation.136 Surely unreason widespread. notion lacks foundation baseless. relate repose. forbidden. fewer rationality irrational trace customs population suggests devised related failed proof. 160 allowance, bathhouses, saloons, compete articles.137 Clearly county, ordinarily out-of-county merchants; event, record, dubious adequately Suffice say, raise, arbitrary. Missouri 22, 31, 989.138 161 beach-side enterprisers suburban merchandising line demarcation. logic scope. seeking convenience purchasing perhaps, vacationer outing. off allowing convenience. resolution, surely, used. outlets adjacent counters shelves, limitation on-the-premises extraneous facilities. 162 contains but, baseless impermissible. below allow, digging dredging oysters, professional 1:30 6:30 amateur counterparts 6, statute) pushcart vending building. below, enjoin clam-digging oyster-dredging, indicate anything common—requiring treatment—than pursuit mollusca. athletic certainly pushcarts indoor both.139 situations not. supposition. true, claim, day: bread innkeepers, victuallers, confectioners fruiterers, bakery bakers), frozen desserts dessert mix, soda water druggists), druggists, regular newsdealers), etc. (The generally.) suffers irrational. dealers specializing distribution necessary, necessaries together specialize, fostering dissemination minimum disseminate newsdealers, tend, smaller, noisy, distributed access residential entails traveling, stores. employees. present, specialize permitted, policing products.140 Again distinguishable Crown. goes here.' Okl., 164 Nor, McGinley act. punish sale—or offense—the laboring four-dollars-per-Sunday statute,141 protection. found, act,142 responsive appearance Commonwealth, shortly act's large-scale mercantile enterprise absorbing four-dollar-a-week fine, persistent enterprises attracted disturbing volume traffic; salesmen, conditions, businesses State; believed.143 danger long-standing threat merchandisers—if quite obviously, arise. Rather singles evident, treats equally. sofa cover, hundred-dollar seat dollar '(A) evil prevented, discriminated define mainly feared, picked out. symmetry dependent experience. ignores difference supposed mark class. thing unpunished, characteristic named.' Holmes, Patsone 232 138, 144, 281, 282, 539. 165 hew exactness sets differing severity, divides unlawful. 'Judgment deterrent weapons armory scientific judgment prophecy meager uninterpreted 166 deterrence operates. traditions obedience lawenforcing agencies, place. competence.' 148, arbitrariness challenge. entirely carry. Towery 925, 532, 1079. Missouri, K. T.R. Texas Cade, 233 642, 678, 1135. 167 posture. plaintiffs amended three-judge dismissed claim. Speaking myself point, summary disposition. allege, cases. remand 168 APPENDIX TO OPINION MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER. 169 Principal Colonial Continuation Until End Eighteenth Century. Connecticut: Colony: 170 1656: Prophanation Haven's Settling (1656), reprinted Hinman, (1838), 206. 171 Prince, Examination Peters' 'Blue Laws,' H.R.Doc.No.295, 55th Cong., 3d Sess. 95, 113—114, 123—125. 172 1668: 1665 1678 (1852), (traveling, playing). 173 1672: 1673 (Brinley reprint 1865), 58. 1676: 280. 175 Observation, Day; Preventing, Disorders, Prophaneness Acts His Majesty's New-England (1750), 139; Lord's-Day, (1784), 213; (1796), 368. Delaware: 176 1740: Breach New-Castle, Kent Sussex Delaware (1741), 121. 177 1795: effectually Delaware, 1700 (1797), 1209. Georgia: 178 1762: preventing Vice, Profaneness, Immorality, Passed 1761—1762 (ca. 1763), 10. 179 Marbury Crawford, Digest 1755 1800 (1802), 410. Maryland: 180 1649: (Proceedings Assembly), 1637/8—1664 (1883), 244. 181 1654: Concerning Sabboth 343. 182 1674: Prophaning 1666—1676 (1884), 414 (innkeepers). 183 1692: Province, 1684—1692 (1894), 425. 184 1696: Comonly 1693—1697 (1899), 418. 185 1723: Blasphemers, Swearers, Drunkards, Sabbath-Breakers . ., (1765), Sf2. 186 Dorsey, Statutory 1839 (1840), 65. Massachusetts: 187 1650: Prophanacon Compact Charter (1836), 92. 188 1658: (traveling). 189 1671: Plimouth, (1672), 247. 190 1653: (reprinted edition 1672 supplements 1686) (1887), sporting, drinking). 191 Prevention 134. 192 Keeping Province Massachusetts-Bay New-England, (1759 (sic)), 13. 193 1761: Repealing Force effectual Provision 392. 194 1782: Making Effectual 1782 1890), 1792: 1780—1800 (1801), 536. 196 Blakely, Papers (4th rev. ed. 1949), 29—30. Hampshire: 197 1700: Majesties New-Hampshire 1726 1886), 7. 198 1715: Inspecting, Supressing Disorders Licensed Houses, 199 1785: Better (First Constitutional Period), 1784 (1916), 75. 200 1789: 372. 201 1799: (Second 1801 (1917), 592. Jersey: 202 1675: Leaming Spicer, Grants, Concessions Original Constitutions New-Jersey proprietary Governments 1752), 98. 203 1683: Against prophaning 204 1693: Profanation 519. 205 1704: Suppressing Nevill, New-Jersey, 1703—1752 (1752), 3. 206 1790: Interest Morality, suppressing Vice Jersey, 311 (1790), 619. 207 1798: immorality, Published Authority (1800), 329. York: 208 1685: breaking, 1664—1775 173. 209 1695: 356. 210 1788: 1785—1788 (1886), 679. Carolina: 211 1741: (1821), 142. Pennsylvania: 212 1682: Great Body 1682—1700 (with Duke Yorke's Book 1676—1682) (1879), 107. 213 1690: Liberty (A Petition Right, Law), 192. 214 Conscience, (1896), 215 1705: Restrain Week, 175. 216 1779: Suppression (1903), 333. 217 Immorality (1906), 313. 218 1794: (1911), 110. Island: 219 1673: Plantations, 1664—1677 (1857), 503 (alcoholic beverages). 1679: 1678—1706 (1858), (employing servants). 221 Prohibiting Sports Labours Rhode-Island Providence-Plantations (1730), 222 1784: Resolves, Aug. (excepting societies; mechanical compact places, etc.). 223 (1798), 577. 224 (1837), 74. 225 1712: 396. 226 Grimke, South-Carolina 19. Virginia: 227 1610: Virginea Britannia, Lawes Divine, Morall Martiall (1612), Force, Tracts Relating America (1844), (gaming). 1629: Hening, (1823), 144. 229 1642—1643: 261 shooting). 230 1657: 434 shooting, lading). 231 1661—1662: profaned, 48. 1691: severall sins swaring, cursing, profaineing Gods name, abuseing, drunkenness, ffornication, adultery, 71. vice, punishment blasphemous, wicked, dissolute 358. 234 disturbers Worship breakers, 336. 235 See, Martin, Collection North-Carolina (1792), 379. 236 237 Analysis Important Currently Force. 238 regulating reducing tabular simplification required. Provisions category, 'Trade Alcoholic Beverages,' 'Racing,' references to: (1) declaring non-business (2) (3) excepting prisoners; (4) parts codes, laws; (5) jurisdictional arrest detention offenders interest; (6) definition prosecution, ancillary provisions. 239 [The graphics seprerate files] 240 dissenting.* 241 rest. majority. 242 constitutions, 'respecting proscribed, understand predominantly civilization, anyone's burdensome 243 start, promulgated change asserted. classic firmness Government. Lovell Griffin, 303 444, 450, 666, 668, 949; Minersville School Gobitis, 586, 593, 1010, 1012, 1375; 108, 872, 1292; West Education Barnette, 624, 639, 1178, 1186, 1628; Staub Baxley, 355 313, 321, 277, 302; Talley 60, 536, 559. 1186. 244 weighing parties distinguish instrument transmitting sake. test collides definite involved. Much vagueness disappears standard. regulate, utility include, concerned, 'rational basis' adopting. press, assembly, infringed slender grounds. susceptible grave lawfully protect. directly case.' starting protesting refrain innocent offends sentiments neighbors. 246 higher powerless alter; possesses rights, Creator, respect. 247 Independence familiar theme: 248 'We Truths selfevident, Men endowed Creator Life, Pursuit Happn ess.' 249 enshrined 250 Puritan shape Dean Pound 'put place.' Spirit Common (1921), Page 42. 684, presuppose Being.' 251 decided measures government. thereof'—such Fourteenth. leaven groups, dogma, creed, scruples, preferred others; practicing choice; offend idea, (West supra; 649), restrict atheists agnostics. 252 theology ritual; admonishes interested flourish—whether Catholics, Jews, Protestants, path Buddha, Moslem nation, run neutral. plainly includes speak, write, publish advocate antireligious programs. Certainly embrace minority sect. prevents, 'official' Yet extends farther 511, 711, financed churches. 'establish' fund it? protects selects custom, ritual, puts fines, imprisons, penalizes decree symobolic circumcision. baptized baptized. 253 Could sunrise sunset month Ramadan? acts, eating, revere? 254 overlaid connotations dei ving roots civilization color philosophers 'word magic.' 255 judges, lawyers, beings, unconscious patterns oxygen breathe.' Cohen, Legal (1960), 169. 256 focus imagined legislature, controlled orthodox Jews Seventh-Day Adventists, crime Saturdays. Would Baptist, Catholic, Methodist, Presbyterian obey fine? suppose Moslems grew got Fridays. fear sanctions? 257 Dr. Cogley summed up1 dominance three-religion affairs: 258 foreseeable future, seems, nation. characteristically 'American,' flavorlessly almost uniformly 'respectable,' bourgeois, prosperous. 'church' mentality triumphed venturesome 'sect.' mystical muted booming organization efficiently administered works. prophet honor, synagogue focused togetherness. rules, course; communities continues prophets, rebels radicals. Jeremiah, fears, positively embarrassing Jews; Francis Assisi upsetting complacency Catholics rudely fanatic; Kierkegaard, accent, welcome Norman Vincent Peale pulpits.' 259 extended far, Amendments. student knows Commandment: 260 'Remember sabbath holy. 'Six shalt thou thy work: 262 'But God: thou, son, daughter, manservant, maidservant, cattle, stranger gates: 263 heaven earth, sea, wherefore blessed halo wed Exodus 20:8—11. 264 mandate Seventh became, Emperor Constantine, 'in Church.' Richardson Goddard, How. 41, 412. checkered authorities, both, centuries.2 derives, directly, Judicial comment bag. 'purely' aim, i.e., leisure. existed maintenance significance. general, threads interweave subject. Fourteenth, obiter dictum approved occasions: 1145, 1885; 1086, 166, 1896; 164, 716, 1900. 1345, divided vote, dismissed3 question' upholding 265 Hing, Hennington, State—the observances.' 734.T followed cases,4 75, 80, Eastern 184, 186. 266 'Our ancestors devoted meditation undisturbed ammusements. penal force, modification, time.' 267 Dextra, Mass. Northeastern KF135 N59 756. White, 578, 581, 636, 637, L.R.A.,N.S., 320, refused liberalize construction 'necessity.' word, 'was inserted ancestors, ever stood stands purpose.' McCarthy, 484, 486, 835, 836, reiterated reverence received construction. 'Rest quiet, employment, exactly protect.' Sparhawk Passenger R. Pa. 401, 423. Nesbit, 398, 406—408. pronouncement Baseball Club, 290 136, 143, 497, 1027: 'Christianity Christians.' 721, Park Commissioner,5 270 denominations wha 271 quoted. 54—55, 178. 272 Exodus, Virginians Puritans, today maintained, construed, justified 273 accurately summarized Terry 509: disguised, idea. Derived Sabbatical ancient Hebrew, Mohammedan, Israelite, Christian, affections followers, eradication, Confederacy, civil, municipal, regulation.' 275 guaranteeing Calif.Const., 1849, 4. Burnett clothing constitution: 276 'Had Monday, compulsory voluntarily keeps compulsory. citizen omit, election. Jew. object, invades omit pleases. do, 277 'Under forcibly truth, observances. When, anything, observance, unconstitutional.' 513—515. 278 picks chooses bolster regulations.' written, parentage Commandment; predispositions communities.6 labels binding confronted decision. pa ctical constitutionality. Carpenter Shaw, 280 363, 367—368, 121, 122—123, 478; Dyer Sims, 557, 713; Memphis Steam Laundry Cleaner Stone, 342 389, 392, 424, 426, 436; Savings Cleveland, Ohio Bowers, 349 151, 607, 950; Gomillion Lightfoot, 364 339, 341—342, 125, 279 one, majority's symbol adherence. Refraining deference feelings person's choice. immoral category today, confined (Reynolds 244) situations. latest example 645, upheld child papers, spite perform narrow turned solicitation child-solicitor: 281 broader actions adults. employment. democratic rests, continuance, healthy, well-rounded growth young maturity implies. impeding restraints dangers selection. crippling harms diverse street. doubt appropriately power, parent's control dictate action.' 168—169, 443. None implicates minors. involves immoral. crimina pure, impure, food; wholesome, noxious, articles. Adults, minors, classified emphasize drastic tradition. 284 conduct. strange heel minority, intrinsically wholesome antisocial, defer beliefs. eating pork. bizarre some, ambit Ballard, 322 78, 87, 886, 1148. Is nonbeliever pork? slaughtering cattle. dominated group, abattoir? 285 balances bow realm room balancing. minorities conform regime Moslems, Hindus. respected—unless crosses reading Free Exercise imports, fear, societies foreign Nigeria Constitution, adds, 'Nothing defence, morality, health.' Indian adds sharp 286 closed. Quite requirement.7 Then 'day rest' measure. differently. proper community; spur 'weaker brethren,' apathy scruple. Christians, aligned vigorously prosecuted scruples? 287 th interference Hence complaining parties, observes 288 accentuated. constitutional, kosher minorities, Sunday-minded, recourse. powers—here law—to undertakes 'prefer another'—contrary 289 adherence one's 11—14, 509—510. education. fight tax, writing famous Memorial Remonstrance 12, result, defeated 'Bill Liberty,' U.S 510. provided:8 291 reverse side Receipt directly; laying extra nonmembers indirectly. burdens Requiring reduces work-week scruples. adhering 292 serious economically preaching,'9 constitute, view, religion.10 293 dissent complainants mandate.11 Reverend Allan C. Parker, Pastor Church, Seattle, views: forget Sundayworshiping deems error intolerant intolerance 295 friend mine Jew respects difference. closes fashion. Fine! 296 'Around corner Baptist Baptists 'seventh worship.' neighbors fellow o od congregation gather God's house easy Church—keep sacrifice business. all—they 297 also. Why favored faith?'12 298 deference, filed answered question. entirety, 492—534C; 28(a), 106; 66C, 132(d), 698(d). hereafter 453, 1119. Companion sale's undermine alleged process; declared: perennial admitting doctrinaire definition. Evils Semler Oregon Dental Examiners, 608, 570, 1086. A.F. L. Sash 258, 222. discrimination.' Whether unclear. 303, 903, 1213; 5, 911; 210, 649. BLACK contention. believes merit expressed 602—610, 1145—1149, 563, 630—631, 1129, Assessments, Par. Rutledge's 68, 537. Doremus 429, 394, 475, detriment. 111—142. 1695 'Whereas, commandments, profaned neglected inhabitants sojourners province, accustom travel, laboring, working, playing, horse-racing, tippling pastimes, enacted, etc.' 200—201. Munitions, Health Munition Workers Committee, Report Memorandum (1915), 5. collected Am.Jur. 802 sep.; Reports, 813 seq.; 975 seq. 1145; 166; 716; Gundaker Central Motors, Gassert, 354 933, 1397, 1533; Grochowiak 47, 40, 44; 225. Brant, Revolutionist, 246. 555. Elliot's (2d 1836) 330. 515, 407, stated, 'Article liberty; distinguished constitution blow inserting article.' Rutledge, Frankfurter, Jackson Burton, lengthy studied defined follows: 'Compulsory went separating ceremonies. Test oaths qualification office later. bringing back. efforts inject training schools, surviving permanent function.' 525. '(N)o Occupation wilfully permitt Servants Slaves (the mercy allways Excepted) Children Prophane Swearing Gaming, fowling Pastimes Recreations whatsoever.' 426. 1674 '(T)hat noe Keeper publication indirectly draw strong Liquors tipling gaming att Cards, Dice, ninepinn unlawfull whatsoever. 414. articulated times. parliamentary debates 'I realise to-day interfering liberty, family, responsible introducing them.' 2157—2158. 'As week?' 2198. International Conferences revealing: 'Social rest-day whole. rest-day, coincides custom; Office proposes maintained.' Rep. VII, Conference, 1921, 127—128. study usual collectively specified ensure namely enable days.' VII(1), 39th 1956, 24. calculation presidential veto. pursuance questions, this.' Johnson, concurring Cherokee Nation Pet. 20, 25. dissenting, Briscoe Kentucky, 329, 709, 928; Taney, 657, 752, 1233. Bradley, concurring, Tender Cases, 457, 287: importance. presented, hesitate views.' Cong. Commenting 'he conscience.' Cobb, Rise (1902), passim; Sweet, Story (rev. 1939), 54, 76—77, 98—112, 129, 139—142; (1942), Channing, (1933), 356—381, 470—474. Notes Writings (Memorial 1903) 217—219. ratified it: owe discharging directed violence; conscience, ought preference 659. declined ratify, 334, 328. 326. James, Struggle (1900); Eckenrode, (1910); Randall, Life 219—223; 490—499; 276—279. episode 85. appellant McGowan, 365 —-, 1101 Harrison-Allentown 1135 524. averments proofs, behalf. Unlike Braunfeld, Gallagher, shut causes peculiarly. week—a economic, interest. potential customers. 1586; Nowhere customer disadvantaged. 20:8—11, 23:12, 31:12—17; Deuteronomy 5:12—15. Codex Justin, liber Tit. XII, Schaff, (1867), 380, n. 1. Later edicts emperors unequivocally temper, 386 A.D., Theo., VIII, Pharr, Theodosian 209. (1888), 1—90; Neale, Feasts Fasts (1845), 86—137; (1948), 219—221; XII Encyclopedia Ethics (Hastings 1921), 103—106; Savage, History, Shall Keep (1898), VI, Edw. 'Forasmuch mindful land praise ready resort hear communion laudable rites, congregation, bounden require: remembrance duty, infirmity, wholsomly appointed, labours, unto aforsaid works, pertaining Violations censures bishops, archbishops cease, multiplication saints' risen alarming year. Mary. prescribing preserved concurrent breaking. 2. 115—142. shillings, forfeiture goods. herders traveling repeated, shillings. Dressing meat dressing inns victualling provided' crying milk a.m. ban: see, Anne, 23, hackney coaches; Entertainments 1932, V, 51, stipulated lectures museums, galleries, zoological botanical gardens, etc.; baking, 61; IV, 11; P., 106, 16; Wm. 37, 14; Baking Industry (Hours Work) 1954, Eliz. 57, Prosecution 1871, Vict., prosecutions consent chief officer, stipendiary magistrate, justices peace. informer abolished. Informers 1951, 39. Fennell Ridler, baron 407—408 (1826): (of II) advance thoughts concerns, check career traffic. eye, decency, interferes duties.' published 1618 republished 1633 'as pleasure dancing, leaping, vaulting, harmless likewise recusants, women, service, unworthy pleasure, belongeth office, sharply 106—107. Govett, King's (1890). proviso 24, Billingsgate Market. importation 'before Sundays' prohibited. seen royal proclamations enjoining strict Whitaker, Eighteenth-Century (1940), 172—173, charges grand juries encouraging performance 53, 57—58. Private formed self-appointed agents orientation. 62, 69, 121—123, 195—197. injunction 5:14 thine ox, ass, gates; manservant maidservant thou.' explicators Old Testament inspiration ascribed language. Milton, Treatise Doctrine, book 2, V Prose Milton (Sumner trans. 1877) Luther, Catechism, Third Commandment, wrote: holydays intelligent learned Christians; Nature teaches mass people—servants mechanics, retire recreation.' Lenker, Luther's Catechetical (1907), 60. (1520), XVII, Luther 241. Compare Calvin's Institutes: 'resolved toil.' Calvin, Institutes (Battles 1960), 395. Hooper, D.D. (Carr 1843) 337: 'Then commandment provideth man, expedient beast endure travail earth. intendeth conservation wealth use, commandeth creatures youth offspring 1778 appeared essay Vicesimus Knox, M.A., 148. 1728 Gloucester Company Fraternity Barbers undertaken self-imposed wanted 59—60. (Lewis 1897) *63. Judiciary petition praying Mass.Leg.Docs., H.Doc. (1851), 9—10. H.C., Sessional (1831—1832), 117. 6. 5—8. Trevelyan's foreword Skottowe, (1936); Tudor Stuart Times (1933); 192, 199—201. Addison, Specitator, July 1711: pleased think, institution, method polishing civilizing mankind. certain, savages barbarians, returns village faces, cleanest habits, converse subjects, explained adoration supreme Being. clears rust refreshes sexes appearing agreeable exerting qualities apt figure eye village.' Spectator (Am. 1859), 160. capture Crabbe's Village (1783). 1895 president grocers' association testifying recommend House; grocers alarmed increased (Early Closing) (Commons 1895) 158—159. (Shops) (H.L.) (1905) ascertained. Committee's Report, VI—VII, quotes clergyman, noted), impresses busy noise lives brain body, question, moment, stress practically they, self-defence, feeling week.' (See 3—4, 30, 40.) 34. Continued, Factories 1937, VIII 77. 3, 4, half-day 'On (§ 1.) indicates interweaving hours-of-labor baking program industry. cinema option, therein next preceding, emergencies, subsequently. (Cmd. 8132) inquiries 'employers labour,' 'so impressed urgency question,' alone. 53. Retail Meat Dealers' 30. 1950, H.C.Deb. 2216 2223 (5th ser. 1935—1936) (suggesting services); 2211. strongest sentiment opponent 311, 497. opposing speakers waved shibboleth discredit 308, 2190—2191; 2097; 2179—2182; H.L.Deb. (two opponents admit effect). compulsion 'make record' concealing clandestine 2157—2159 1935—1936). 2165—2167, 2174, 2183, 21868 2207, 2211, 2213, 2223—2224; 254—255, 2209 453—454, 490. emphasized Restriction seven.' 456; 2106. meant. 2197—2198. 2186, 2194—2195, 2206; 2095. member's 191-to-8 vote. 2230. Continent nineteenth pressed amelioration laborer Germany, Austria, Swiss Denmark, Norway Russia 1870's, 80's 90's employment—in children; industies—or Congre du Repos Hebdomadaire, Paris, 1889, Compte-Rendu (1890), 339—344; Dimanche, Bruxelles, 1897, Rapports Compte Rendu 9—24, 139—159, 229—234; 1900, (1900), VII; Mackenzie, ed., World's Rest-Day, Account Thirteenth Edinburgh, 1908 (1909), 168—187; Joint Revise, Consolidate Arrange 1160 Appendix, 57—66. 1880's German plebiscite Bismarck showed employers 360—364. European Sunday-closing movement proceedings conventions convened reports cited, Twentieth Century, St. Louis, 1904 (1905); Congresso Internazionale Pro Riposo Settimanale, Resoconto, Milano, 1906 (undated); Congress, Oakland, 1915 (1916). meeting Geneva 1876, delegates displayed betterment worker sur I'observation Geneve, Actes (1876), 120, 191, 353—367. objective Conference railroad intervening conventions, Paris presidency Leon Say, clerical. name conservative-religious socialist tendencies, vocal lead formulating Congress' state-enforced, voluntary, 83—93, 103—108, 344—380. resolved indiscriminate '1. suitable worker, possible, all.' (translated French); 197. (Compare Weekly Commerce Offices, Organization, Geneva, H.R.Doc. 432, 85th Sess., 7—12, 'coincide district.' respected. Similarly, Internation Conference's Application Undertakings, Session consecutive fixed, where-ever Recommendations 30.) laborite perspectives represented; George E. McNeill, pioneers movement, spoke, representative Brotherhood Railway Trainmen workers' organizations, S. Coffin, Problem, Its Present Aspects, Presented Rest, 1893 43, 95. Brussels, secular; debated advisable, handled persuasion employers; intervention. Bruxelles 35—47, 161—171, 377—385, 387—393, 538—559. (1900). religion-oriented, voice. 59—77, 85—96; 187. 543, 1198. Hereafter date Colony. 482—517; 274—280. essay, 'Monopolies. Perpetuities. Corporations. Ecclesiastical Endowments.' Fleet, 'Detatched Memoranda,' Mary Q. 534, 554—556 (1946). Proceedings Incorporation Plantations,' 1647 (1847), 50: herein consciences persuade GOD 423—440. 1786. societies, places; 1798 1740. (Plymouth), 1658. 1762. 1696; 1685; 1712. text walking, drinking, 'much Dishonour Grieving Souls Servants, Sanctification Duties, Table 1668. 1682; 1690, 1700. 'Body Laws' 1682 tolerance believing Being: creep Enacted That, primitive Creation, toil Masters, Parents, Children, Scriptures home, fre- quent abroad, sute persuasions.' 1656 provides: 'Whosoever shal prophane sport, wilfully, careless neglect, duly imprisonment, corporally, sinn, offence. examination, satisfying sin proudly, presumptuously, hand committed despising reproaching Lord, death, shun provoaking Rebellious Numb. 15: verse.' 1671 1647, 'deny moralitie commandement' branded banishment. Liberties 1648 1929), 1692. 1700; 1741. patterned 1649; cf. 1705 (atheism). 1692, Province.' 1750; 1762; 1761. Compulsory church-attendance 1650 (1822) 46; Colony's 20. liberation dictated, period, infrequently justifying Ambs, 1854, Mo. 214, 218; George, 1866, N.H. 34; Lindenmuller People, Sup.1861, Barb., N.Y., 548, 564; Johnston 1853, 102, 115. preoccupations favorable aspirations, choose. 35, Sensitive emerging desires, reshape puritanical precisely severely condemned. 1610; briefly 124—131, infra; 1201. marks enduring demands. repose: persistently, continuingly demanded. accommodates. demands, community—whether baseball game. 30—31. dispensing consideringe King granted Collony molested consciences, wee perswaded flourishing loyalty propagated corporall obstructed unchastness doeinge hurt indeavoringe soe doe; forasmuch dayes weeks, usuall masters imploy dayes, accountinge spare debaistnes tipplinge wantonness, abhominably practiced live townes. Assembly, oppose preventinge debaistnes, violence, indeavor worshipper worshipp, disturbant prevaile, compell doe inhuman, imodest practices.' 1795 (this 'profane' day); 1789 (these were, ministers congregations). 1794 prevention immorality 1790 tenor 1693. 1685, 1695. (1808) 275. 1610. 10—11. 1623—1624. 123. 549, 1705, 144; 84—86. (Boyd 1950) 305—324, 545 553. story Revision, Autobiography, 62—67; 202—203, 208, entitled: Disturbers Breakers.' minister gospel preaching performing maliciously worshipping misuse therein. attribute draft 314—321; revisers, reworked revision him. 66. Journal Delegates, Oct. (1828), 12—14. differs slightly revisers. (1835), Alaska Iowa, Wyoming. intoxicants Significantly, alcohol control. ix. justification abusive Admitting cogent underlie bedded anti-tippling acts. 1740; 1674; Bay, 1653; 1761; 1715; 1685. Eskridge, 1852, Tenn. 413. severe tippling. passim. Carolina. hunting. Mississippi, Tennessee, Arizona, Colorado, Montana. Oregon. Michigan, Island. Wisconsin. Cf., Maine, Pennsylvania. enabling municipalities (e.g., Nebraska, Dakota), desecration Island). Often city's charter. McGee, 1953, N.C. 633, 783, 334. charter Hicks Dublin, Ga.App. 63, Southeastern S6 unanimously municipality. E.g., re Sumida, 1918, 388, Pacific P2 823; Theisen McDavid, Fla. 440, Southern S69 234; Karwisch Mayor Atlanta, Ga. 204; Humphrey Chevrolet, Evanston, 1955, Ill.2d 402, 70, 969; Komen 1926, 316 Southwestern S79 838 (subsequently point); Elizabeth Windsor-Fifth Avenue, N.J.Super. 187, 9; Okl.Cr. 66, 533; Nashville Linck, 499; Seattle Gervasi, 1927, Wash. 328; Smith Wertz, 1922, W.Va. 622, 242, 391. seventy past F.Supp. 472, suit 1957. Mass.Acts chapters 300, 356, 18. 1960, 812, Massachusetts' holidays, January Thanksgiving Day. 1959. Pa.Laws 1959, 212. amended. 278, 540, 684. 534A, 232, 236, 248, 503, 715, 811. N.D.Laws 131; Tenn.Acts 219. Fla.Laws 59—295; Me.Laws Okla.Laws 210. Dakota, Oklahoma, Indiana, Missouri. Illinois, Mexico, Ohio. Language interpreting attributes O'Donnell Sweeney, 1843, Ala. 467, 469; Weldon Colquitt, 1879, 451—452; Beaudette, Me. 45, 719, 720; Pearce Atwood, 1816, 324, 348; Bennett Brooks, 1864, Allen 118, 119—121, 119—121; Somerville, 1880, 594, 596; 1906, 580—582, 320; 1923, 836—837; Duffie, Mich. 7—9, Northwestern N69 427, 431—433; Brimhall Van Campen, 1862, Minn. Gil. 6; Kountz Price, Miss. 341, Ruggles, Sup.Ct.1811, Johns., 290, 296—297; Sellers Dugan, 490, 492; Woodruff 1027; Coleman, 1915, Pa.Super. 385—386; Parker 1886, 476, 477—479, 202—203; Graham 285, 292, 983, 985. Boston Maine 493; Visitation Sick, 135. justification, Shover 1850, Ark. 259; 214; Temple Barnes, 1911, N.D. 215, 114; Council Charleston Benjamin, 1848, Strob., S.C., 508. Varney French, 233; Adams Gay, 1847, Vt. 358, 366. era conceptions developed: harm Thomasson 1860, Ind. 454 (speaking 'patriarchal theory government') with, Klinck Packing (sustaining analogy cases). infringements accommodating former, Shuster, 1958, Conn. 196; Rogers 1939, 722, 918; Carr 241, 1071, 1190; Tinder Clarke Auto 302, 808; Scott, 1942, Ky. 585, Western 8; Commissioners, 374; Hoffman Justus, 1904, 447, 325, 510; Louis DeLassus, 1907, Burlington Quincy 196, 785; Malone, 1946, Mo.App. 939, 68; Clymer, 1882, Auto-Rite Supply Tp. Committeemen Woodbridge Tp., N.J. 188, 515; Rodman Robinson, 19, 682; Ricketts, 187; Bloom Richards, 387; McGatrick Wason, 1855, 566; Krieger 1916, 566, 36; Smith, 879; 1908, 197, 617; Francisco Va. 371, 362; 391; Stark Backus, 1909, Wis. latter, Rosenbaum 1917, 251, L.R.A.1918B, 1109; Hurliman, 767; Richmond Moore, 1883, Ill. 429; Mead, 1941, Iowa 1217, 523; Bangor, 1895, 259, 892; Matter Rupp, 1898, App.Div. 468, Supplement 927; Moses, 1893, Moore Owen, N.Y.Sup.Ct.1908, Misc. 332, 585; Melvin Easley, 356; 102. Louisville 291; Mohney Cook, 342; 1859, 398; Jeandelle, Pa.Q.S.1859, Phila. Law, Spec.Sess.1955, Misc.2d 696, N.Y.S.2d 440; Binstock, Spec.Sess.1957, 1039, 133. Second Legislative N.Y.Leg.Doc. (1953), 9. Judiciary, sabbath, &c., Docs., Doc. (1838). report, denying intention retention 'Viewing age fathers, cherished nations christendom shewn occasional toil; interval affords laborious mankind, contributes greatly comfort lives, relieves prospect *." third wished. 6—8. rest; whenever similar, expression, Submitted Research Relative Holidays Observance, S.Doc. 525 24—25. persistently opponents, disavowed speaker Journal, 143d (1959), 1137—1140, 2564—2565, 2682—2685. remarks Walker, 1139: nature. prompted letters something rest.' interests, retailers' influential 2682—2683. Jacoby, Remember Day?—The Causes Changes (Dissertation Sociology, Microfilm, University Library (1942)), 137—140, 147—148, 154—155, 200—202, Kirstein, Stores Unions (1950), 19—21; Unpaid Commission Investigate 2413 (1954), 1139, 2553. resolution 1960 Merchants 6—7 (Feb. 1959); 1960); Frequently lobbying quash unwanted 71, 566 Breyer 1899, 769. Hearings Subcommittee Columbia, Representatives, H.R. 7189 10311, 69th 1st (1926) (labor faction). Increasingly, couch social, transcendental, values. Gilfillan, Viewed Light Reason, Revelation, 1862), 209—227; Floody, Scientific Basis 1906), 315; McMillan, Influence Rest-Day Human Welfare (1927). Mass.Gen.Laws Ann.1958, 51. 'Whoever, request employee, communication occupation, 'Every enaged manufacturing, workshop exceptions: 50) unbroken comprising eight o'clock evening, days. complied fifty-one is: 'Before forty-eight post conspicuous containing designating designated him.' Note 577, codified 52; 1913, Ill.Rev.Stat.1959, 8a 8g; N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann.1955, 275.32, 275.33; N.Y.Labor McKinney's Consol.Laws, 161; Ore.Wage Hour commission Orders Clearing Lab.Law Rep., 57,561, 57,562, 57,564. West's Wis.Stat.Ann.1957, 103.85. Purdon's Pa.Stat.Ann. 1952, 361. Pa.Stat.Ann., Supp., Me.Rev.Stat.1954, 134, 41; Geo.V, 1(1)(a). P.R.Laws Ann.1955, 295. 33, 2201. Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann.1953, 27—1—4; R.I.Gen.Laws 5—16—5. 25—1—6, 25—1—8; S.C.Code 64, Mullis Celanese Corp., S.C. 547. Pattern Culture, Academy Political Social Science 11—12 (Sept. 1957). examples Frazer's Golden Bough, discussions incest Bough (3d Am.Reprint 1951), Magic Art 107—117; Taboo Perils Soul 218—219. fields, Weston, Ritual Romance (Anchor 1957), passim, 81—100; Gilbert Murray, 'Excursus Forms Preserved Greek Tragedy,' Harrison, Themis (1912), Kluckhohn Leighton, Navaho (1946), 162—163; Tawney, Capitalism Mentor 1950), A, 26th 1940 (1939), 2: 'Sunday downwards, intention, observance.' weekly-rest surveyed Organization's pertinent reports, 71—74; 1956 (1955), 24—26. 'This world-wide ILO reporters observe: 'Quite originated persisted disappearance decline structure. stage backed traces constitutions by-laws endeavoured terms, supplement, supplant, prohibitions. other: for, deficiencies day—simply Sunday—the 52. child-labor regulations. concluding distance amicus indicating amici secularization implications adverted insufficient supermarkets 101, infra. applications possibly afternoon-hour presented; suffice litigation. intentions amici, attributed Massachusetts. 9: wave materialism strengthen bulwark civilization—the home.' Commercial Employment, 1921 127: whole.' 92, 502. Field's leading comports analogue exercise,' 716. 734, McClelland Denver, Colo. (barbering prohibited); 1938, 530, 760 (automobile Mosko Dunbar, 172, 309 581 Walsh W.W.Harr. Del. semble; Gillooley Vaughan, 943, 956, 653, 657 (cabarets Dolan, Idaho 693, 995, L.R.A., N.S., 1259; Cranston, McPherson Chebanse, 1885, (ordinance power); Voglesong 1857, 112; Foltz 1870, 215; Linsig, 995; DeRose, 1925, 180, Berman, 344 598, furniture Dean, 410, 275; Power Nordstrom, 967, 733 cinema, theater, Paramount-Richards Theatres, Hattiesburg, 271, So.2d 574; Loomis, Mont. 88, (closing dance halls); 1533 Havnor, 1896, 195, 541, 689, writ 408, 631, 1087 Weddington, 1924, 643, Haase, App. 377, 224; 533 theaters 1943, 360, 599 Northrup, 1902, Or. 445 Nicholls, 415, 473; 769 Sopher, 1903, Utah 318, 482, 468; Norfolk 749, 837, (statute railroads sustainable Nichols, 628, 372; 328 (comprehensive power). Kreider 450; Miller, 373, 377—378, 795, 796; Diamond, 854, 857—858, 831, 832—833; Rich 445, Pacesetter Homes, Holland, 247, striking rationale. Frolickstein Mobile, 1867, 725; Lane McFadyen, 205, (issue litigants; considers it); Elliott Ariz. 340, (dictum); Scales 769; Koser, 177; 204, settling Sanders 526; 969 (at parties); Blair, 1930, Kan. 863, 729; Haining, 853, 952; Strand Amusement 1931, Bott, La.Ann. 663 (forbidding sales); Walker Judge, 1887, 437; 721 (considered dictum); 842 (prohibiting sports); Has, 1877, 40; Chernock, 336 384, 920; Scougale 1061 Petit, 376, affirmed Weiss, 1127; bakeries) Caldwell, Neb. 544, 133, Stewart Motor Omaha, 332 sales), Furman, 199, 265; 1861, 548 theaters); Neuendorff Duryea, 557 (same); Friedman, Powell, 854 Kidd, 413, Wolf, 1817, Serg. R., Pa., 48; Specht 312; Bauder, 915; Strob.L., 508; Xepapas Richardson, 1929, 52, 686; Sundstrom, 1888, Tex.App. 207; Sayeg Tex.Cr.R. 153, 865, Clark 726, Pirkey Bros. 713, 764, 1290 Crook 565, 1043 Bergfeldt, 1905, 234, 177, 1138 barbering); Grabinski, 1949, Wash.2d 603, 1022. Following relying Quarter Sessions incidence discriminatory operates Common- Cavalerro, Intelligencer (Phila., Ap. 1960) (Pa.Q.S. 1960). impression thereafter conclusions. Bargain U.S.A., Dilworth, (Pa.C.P.1960). state-court as, Columbia App.D.C. 283, recognizing 1723 obsolete inapplicable O'Hanlon Myers, 1856, Rich.L., 128. Brunswick-Balke-Collander Evans, D.C.D.Or.1916, 991, 587, 434, Oregon's Swann Swann, C.C.E.D.Ark.1884, 299; King, C.C.W.D.Tenn.1891, 905. challenging 1533, 44. imply legitimacy antecedents 594; 756; 549. Sampson, Stone Graves, 353, 906. rationale 42, Brattle Films, Safety, 58, 891. Wisconsin, Wis.Stat.Ann., 218.01(3)(a), par. 21. cover Acts, 59—1650, local-option shop-closing Orange Michigan clauses attached barbering auto-trading Mich.Stat.Ann., 1957 Rev.Vol., 18.122, 9.2702, Comp.Laws 1948, 338.682; Supp.1956, 435.252. Kansas, Kan.Gen.Stat.Ann., 21—953, Starr, 359, Kirshen, 2; Vernon's Mo.Stat.Ann., 563.700; N.J.Stat.Ann., 2A:171—4; N.Y.Laws, Pen.Law, 2144, Adler, 301, 539 (manufacturing activities); Century 12—21—17; R.I.Gen.Laws, 11—40—4 (shops, etc.); S.D.Code, 13.1710; Tex.Stat., Pen.Code, 284; Wash.Rev.Code, 9.76.020, 1022; Conn.Gen.Stat.Rev., 53—303; Me.Rev.Stat., 1127. Burns' Ind.Stat.Ann., Replacement Vol., 10—4301; Ky.Rev.Stat., 436.160, Cohen Webb, 828; Rev. 18.855, 18.856(1), 338.775, 435.8, Builders Detroit, 1940, 272, 677, Neb.Rev.Stat., Reissued 28—940; Page's Rev.Code 3773.24; Okla.Stat.Ann., 21, 909, Va.Code, 18.1—359; W.Va.Code (6073). 38, clear. 430 1935—1936); discriminatory. Shreveport Levy, 1874, 671; Kislingbury Treasurer Plainfield, C.P.1932, 654, N.J.Misc. 798. 1022, reserving Johns 1881, (6073); 91. hiring. 951 963; 151B, Wisconsin's Washington. inoperative. impliedly 265, posture conscientious-Sabbatarian operated himself, Saturdays agents, Sundays. 28. Principally Hairdressers' Barbers' 439, 442 502 1930 Eighth Schedule, Scotland. Sections children. altered (1905), 71—83, 142—147, 153—157. elect 447—461 strenuously Act. 2188 2192, 2202—2203, 2217 263, 270, 427—434 447—461, 478—507 inadequacy 8) area, 2087, 2090—2091, 2103—2104. Regulations, S.R. O., Schedules IV(a) IV(b). Adventists (see 119, infra) procedures Reg. (Procedure Tribunals) 1038. raises. 53(3) partnership partners directors. prohibits Saturday, firm employs 112, Subsection (9) cancellation occupier, cancelled made; (10) precludes registering 53(12) regularly Secretary represent persons.' Fass, Ct.1960, 608; Silverberg Douglass, 824; S.C.1848, Strob.L. 686 barbering). 437, 444; 207. Consider Loftus' comments 'During people—a better. Vast Summer, health; Going facilities obtaining refreshment, vegetables regretted, stop amenities countryside. frame 2159 2200—2201. drovers 1692; 1798. Constantine A.D. farm 'necessary victual' markets; harvest well: victuals cookshops, watermen landing passengers, fishermen summer, worded latter. Williams 1928, 160, 745, 747 (sale necessity); Jacobs Clark, 369 (same (operating W. B.R.W. Bankruptcy KF1515.3 W47 Lehman, 209; 401 Needham, 155, 493 (distribution 761 Augusta Renz, 1875, streetcar Turner 595 (cutting ripe wheat Goff, Wilkinson 416 (hauling watermelons 320 (picking cranberries 549 (where widespread groceries rebutted, jury 617 Corologos, 1541 confectionary find); Thompson 1934, 915, 1109 (operation theater 741, 750, 496 opinion) (loading ship navigation-closing weather impending 407 (gathering seaweed tide threatens float Hennersdorf 597, 926 McBee, 638 (pumping oil Ohmer, (retail (jury necessity). barbering. Kennedy, 270; 468. voided Jentzsch, 803, 664; Eden 1108, 659; Armstrong 646; Granneman, 326, 784; Ragio 126; Bellet, 1094, 696; 1087; 599; 445; overruling Tacoma Krech, 255, 68. Hogriever, 652, 921, 1190, prohibition. liquor, refreshments (whether consumption premises, excluding chips chip shop), cooked tripe, table waters, chocolates, sweets, sugar confectionery fruit (other tinned), appliances (by shops), aircraft, smokers' requisites, newspapers, periodicals magazines, books stationary rail terminals aerodromes, guide books, photographs, reproductions, photographic films plates souvenirs passport photos, requisites sport played, fodder horses, mules, Post funeral permitted. Fifth Schedule.) flour, grocer's products. Sixth (exempted Schedule) on. 49.) designates (not exceed eighteen year) articles, toys, fancy stationery, reproductions postcards, food. councils (in regions) opened 'having district,' undue hardship; made, shops. 54.) orders, affected. (§§ 54(1), 2.) arriving departing ships aircraft club cooking invalids residents hotels 56.) digest suggest text. 465 (banning businesses; distinguishes exceptions); Bocci Sons Lawndale, 720, 654 (exceptions businesses); Justesen's Food Stores, Tulare, Cal.2d stores; Deese Lodi, Cal.App.2d 1005 Colorado Springs, 498, commodities); Henderson Antonacci, Fla.1952, Kelly Blackburn, Fla.1957, cinema); Mt. Vernon Julian, Anto-Rite Mayor, Woodbridge, 515 Chan Sing Astoria, 411, 378 Broadbent Gibson, 939 Gronlund Salt Lake City, 464 (sales commodities; scheme exceptions). Trahan, La. 100, Arrigo Lincoln, 537, 643 business), Denver Bach, 1089, 848 Spring-field entertainments); Ferguson, 1094 commodities) (alternative holding); Hodges, businesses) holding). McKaig Kansas 363 1033, 815 disapproving 838. Taylor Pine Bluff, 309, 679 business); Hickinbotham 897 823 767 weekdays); 1259 682 Ness Supervisors Elections, 529, (unspecified); Krotkiewicz, 644, 852 People's Appliance Furniture Flint, 34, 510 Liberman 419 ('common' banned); Somberg, 761, 788 Masters-Jersey, Borough Paramus, 841 Richman N.J.L. 501 semble); 1345 Medlin, 682, 597 (exception Trantham, 334 Towery, 274, 1079 831 915 Bothwell 499 Kirk Olgiati, 471 Searcy 460, 699, 111., 865 1022 commodities). trading); 653 amusements); ABC Liquidators, Mo.1959, 876 auctions); (banning, Consolidated Enterprises, theaters). Hogreiver, 504; Grochowiak, Sherman Paterson, 345, 889. localities, 689; Bohl 1878, 683; compare Sarner Township Union, 265. 1201; 27—52; 82—127. unclear assume procedure recognize geographical permissible desires. job adapting circumstances. consequences. Eldorado Ice Cream (1938) K.B. box tricycle 823, housing remains transaction five-foot-high partition screen erected areas. Friedeborn 1139. 1142—1143, 2568. Problems Pluralism, Danforth Lectures, Miami University, Oxford, (1960). writers customary nonlegal 'Protestant establishment' surface issues. Rabbi Arthur Hartzberg analyze 'religious issue' campaign terms: seen, battleground, 18th transition yield newer ethos non-conformity. Today witnessing entry post-bellum immigrant Though raging around foregoing analysis symbolic non-Protestant—whether Jew, avowed atheist—as President States.' Hartzeberg, 'Establishment,' Dogma, Presidency,' Commentary (October 285. Blackstone's Commentaries, Bk. 'Of Offenses Religion,' says 'IX. vulgarly (but improperly) Sabbathbreaking, ninth For, christianity, it's humanizes spirit: cheerfulness: Maker.' Cent. compulsory, support, taxation religion.' characterized 'fixed 'an ad hoc improvisation' 'because realization vulnerable motivation explicitly avowed.' 473. Has 345—346; 596, Am.Rep. 399, 400, Bowman Secular Society, Limited (1971) A.C. (opinion Sumner). retreat jealous handy implement disguised persecution.' 1188 majority, exists.' Sunday's determinative; swept society's avoided arguing lawgiver indeed, strictures, purposes. 'sophisticated simple-minded modes' violation. Wilson, 307 275, 876, 1281. miximum hours' straight across board. gathered 44,500 desirability shared overtones. Joseph Burstyn, 495, 505, 777, 782, 1098. Stat.Va. 86. Pfeffer, 235. assuming idle 'institution' religion? honored recognition? assist Christianity idleness commending strengthening devotees, 'preference' Hebrew days? aspect, extraordinarily pray, especial 'peace' neighbor earning avocation exercises, Christian's benefit, followers Mahomet, Confucius Buddha?' Ringgold, Aspects Week (1891), 68—69. acceptance presence numbers had, unsettling consistent progress mind.' 1904), 41. solid minuscule. ,'despite roseate estimates safe million colonies. Newport heyday totaled seventy-five Jews. Perhaps more. Savannah smaller communities. combining populations lonely impressive total.' Goodman, Overture: (1947), Liberty, January—February 1961, 21—22.

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