Legal Document

362 U.S. 440 80 Supreme Court Reporter 813 4 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 852 HURON PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY, etc., Appellant,v.CITY OF DETROIT, MICHIGAN, et al. Number 86. Argued Feb. 29, 1960. Decided April 25, Mr. Alfred E. Lindbloom, Detroit, Mich., for appellant. John Federal KF105 F3 Hathaway, appellees. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of Court. 1 This appeal from a judgment Michigan draws in question constitutional validity certain provisions Detroit's Smoke Abatement Code as applied to ships owned by appellant and operated interstate commerce. 2 The is corporation, engaged manufacture sale cement. It maintains fleet five vessels which it uses transport cement its mill Alpena, Michigan, distributing plants located various states bordering Great Lakes. Two ships, S. Crapo Boardman, are equipped with handfired Scotch marine boilers. While these docked loading unloading necessary, order operate deck machinery, keep boilers fired clean fires periodically. When cleaned, ship's boiler stacks emit smoke density duration exceeds maximum standards allowable under Detroit Code. Structural alterations would be required insure compliance 3 Criminal proceedings were instituted Recorder's against agents violations city law during periods when at Port Detroit. brought an action State Circuit enjoin further prosecuting pending litigation Court, otherwise enforcing ordinance vessels, 'except where emission caused improper firing or use equipment upon said vessels.' refused grant relief, affirmed, 355 Mich. 227, 93 North Western Reporter, 2nd 888. An was lodged here, we noted probable jurisdiction, 361 806, 53, 53. In support claim that cannot constitutionally appellant's two basic arguments advanced. First, asserted since their equipment, including boilers, have been inspected, approved licensed commerce accordance comprehensive system regulation enacted Congress, City may not legislate such way as, effect, impose additional inconsistent standards. Secondly, argument made even if Congress has expressly pre-empted field, municipal (materially affects matters uniformity necessary.' We concluded neither contentions can prevail, Constitution does prohibit application criminal ordinance.1 5 manifest purpose promoting health welfare city's inhabitants. Legislation designed free pollution very air people breathe clearly falls within exercise most traditional concept what compendiously known police power. power, instrumentalities act, many areas maritime activities, concurrently federal government. Gibbons versus Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L.Ed. 23; Cooley Board Wardens Philadelphia, 12 How. 299, 13 996; Steamboat New York Rea, 18 223, 15 359; Morgan's Louisiana & T.R. S.S. company Health, 118 455, 1114, 30 237; Minnesota Rate Cases, Simpson Shepard, 230 352, 33 729, 57 1511; Wilmington Transp. R.R. Commission California, 236 151, 35 276, 59 508; Vandalia Public Service Commission, 242 255, 37 93, 61 276; Stewart Rivara, 274 614, 47 718, 71 1234; Welch Hampshire, 306 79, 438, 83 500. limitations local legislative power this area clear enough. controlling principles reiterated over years host Court's decisions. Evenhanded effectuate legitimate public interest valid unless action, Erir People 233 671, 34 756, 58 1149; Oregon-Washington R. Nav. Washington, 270 87, 46 279, 70 482; Napier Atlantic Coast Line Co., 272 605, 207, 432; Missouri Pacific Porter, 273 341, 383, 672; Storage Transfer Commonwealth Virginia, 359 171, 79 714, 717, unduly burdensome on activities commerce, Barber, 136 313, 10 862, 455; Morgan 328 373, 66 1050, 90 1317; Bibb Navajo Freight Lines, Inc., 520, 962, 1003. 7 determining whether state 'the intent supersede covered legislation inferred mere fact seen fit circumscribe occupy limited field. other words, implied act fairly interpreted, actual conflict state.' Savage Jones, 225 501, 533, 32 715, 726, 56 1182. See also Reid Colorado, 187 137, 23 92, 108; Asbell Kansas, 209 251, 28 485, 52 778; 500; Maurer Hamilton, 309 598, 60 84 969. 8 imposed undue burden must borne mind 'conferring * never intended cut off legislating all subjects relating health, life, safety citizens, though might indirectly affect country. Legislation, great variety ways, persons without constituting it, meaning Constitution.' Sherlock Alling, 99, 103, 819; Austin Tennessee, 179 343, 21 132, 45 224; Louisville Nashville Kentucky, 183 503, 22 95, 298; Boston Maine Armburg, 285 234, 336, 76 729; Collins American Buslines, 350 528, 582, 100 672. But materially necessary. Hall DeCuir, 95 24 547; Southern Arizona, 325 761, 65 1515, 89 1915; Although verbal generalizations do own motion decide concrete cases, nevertheless framework issues present case determined. I. For maintained extensive set controls shipping. inspection steam first 1838, Statutes-at-Large 304, requirement continued ever since. 626; 61; 14 227; 16 440; 346; 699; 34; 68; 1097; 73 475. Steam carry passengers pass annually, KF62 § 391(a), Annotated KF65 U5 those not, every years. 391(b), 391(b). Failure meet invoked results revocation certificate, refusal issue new one, 391(d), 391(d). unlawful vessel certificate. 390c(a), 390c(a). 11 These inspections broad nature, covering unfired pressure appurtenances thereof, propelling auxiliary electrical apparatus subject *.' 392(b), 392(b). provides 'No shall allowed used constructed whole part defective material because form, design, workmanship, age, any reason unsafe.' 392(c), 392(c). As apparent face legislation, however, statutes seagoing inspection. Thus makes related seeing 'may safely employed service proposed.' passengers, crew, criterion. thrust laws affording protection perils navigation. Cf. Ace Waterways Fleming, D.C., 98 F.Supp. 666. Steamship Joliffe, Wall. 450, 17 805. By contrast, sole aim elimination protect enhance cleanliness community. recently recognized importance legitimacy purpose, 1955 provided: '(I)n recognition dangers welfare, injury agricultural crops livestock, damage deterioration property, hazards ground transportation, pollution, hereby declared policy preserve primary responsibilities rights governments aid technical research devise develop methods abating provide services financial government control agencies private institutions formulation execution abatement programs.' 69 322, 42 1857, 1857. Congressional problem peculiarly matter concern legislation. Such underlined Senate Committee Report: 'The committee recognizes responsibility prevent pollution. bill propose Government no provision invades sovereignty States, counties, cities.' S.Rep. 389, 84th Cong., 1st Sess. 3, U.S.Code Administrative News 1955, Page 2459 conclude there overlap between scope ship here involved.2 find action. To hold ignore teaching decisions seeking out conflicts none exists. 1182; advanced, based existence standards, but actually licensed. 263, enrolled, §§ 259, 260, national thus given dominant right navigable waters impediment ordinance. 19 privilege granted licensing scheme well delineated. A exclude operating license. 23. require occupation license, addition federally granted, condition precedent waters. Moran Orleans, 112 69, 38, 653. enrolled share costs benefits enjoys, Huse Glover, 119 543, 487, pay fair taxes domicile, Transportation Wheeling, 99 273, 25 412, subjected license imposts exacted waterway, Harman Chicago, 147 396, 306, 216. Sinnot Davenport, 243. 20 possession immunize operation normal incidents direct Thus, such, exempt pilotage laws, 996, quarantine 237, inspections, Kelly 302 82 wharves docks, Packet Catlettsburg, 105 559, 26 1169. Indeed gone so far state, seize pronounce forfeiture 'licensed coasting trade, while trade.' Smith Maryland, 71, 74, 269. obviously approach extreme, requires more than orderly reasonable community regulation. nor destroy passage. burdens invalid. II. ordinance, quite apart effect imposes needs extended discussion. regulation, discriminate disrupt uniformity, stand. Hennington Georgia, 163 1086, 41 166; Lake Shore Railway Ohio, 173 285, 465, 43 702; Pennsylvania Gas 252 23, 40 64 434; Milk Control Eisenberg Farm Products, 346, 752; Bob-Lo Excursion 333 28, 68 358, 92 455. suggested applicable alike 'any person, firm corporation' city, discriminates such. general application, better And argues differing requirements pointed none. record contains nothing suggest competing conflicting regulations. impermissible shown. affirmed. DOUGLAS, whom FRANKFURTER concurs, dissenting. treats controversy merely supplementing Washington did 3. There touched 'which regulations' left 'untouched.' Id., page 13, 93. Not type case. Nor rare adopts exact permit one demanded law. California Zook, 336 725, 735, 841, 1005. Here prosecution shipowner officers using says used. At stake possible fine $100 owner both 30-day jail sentence officers. Appellant certificate each W. S.S.S.T. Crapo, others. issued March 21, 1956, Guard typical. permitted navigated year Lakes.' specifies used—'Main Boilers Year built 1927, Mfr. Manitowoc Boiler Wks.' fuel boilers—'Fuel coal.' 27 Appellant, dock, about fined criminally precise because, said, will violate give inspect boilers' freight years,1 approves her throughout, made.2 29 squarely statute. Section 2.2A prohibits kind times prevented hand-fired use. 2.16 furnace combustion device only after 2.17 annual city. 2.20 previously notified three consecutive 12-month period he show cause before Commissioner why should sealed. hearing, finds adequate corrective means remedy situation, 3.2 imprisonment days conviction violation day exist constitutes separate offense. plain approval inspected sealing Guard. Under boiler, had Guard.3 muster 31 If observe speed obey traffic regulations, dock prescribed conditions, war complementary it. supra, pages 14—15, 94, marked precisely distinction. hull machinery tugs above statutes, rules changed 'for structure vessels' different fate: code. excepts deemed fall class regulations alone provide. example, establish designs prescribe operation, could properly diverse states. designs, sort, Oregon another, on. follow respects fail.' case, like 432, involves collision gives agency specify approve licensee. automatic fire doors locomotives trains another cab curtains winter months. Interstate Commerce Inspection Act, particular door curtain. speaking through Brandeis, 612—613, 210: directed same subject—the locomotives. They object. delegated exerted respect minor changes additions. this, true, legal significance. urged that, firebox curtain, done so, This, also, authority full extent conferred, bearing construction delegating precluded, construe field.' entitled insist equipment. so. boats appellant, therefore, credentials good port; N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions allow work derogation them. certifying applies seems immaterial. pre-emption occurs specified No can, my view, change specifications. Yet here. 36 seen, making providing period. sanctions presently issue, reserves decision validity, concerns itself enforcement provisions' send them regulatory certified approved' owners officers, particularly risk imprisonment, indeed serious considered, crippling. However stated comes down port paramount Mintz Baldwin, 289 53 611, 77 1245, upheld been, issued. Thompson, 313 109, 112, 930, 931, 85 1219. Never before, believe, make unquestionably What today disregard doctrine long accepted succinctly 1851 Term Wheeling Belmont Bridge 518, 566, 249, hinder obstruct Congress.'4 confusion arising imposition emphasized passage already quoted. too lax port. Cunard White Star, Ltd., 280 N.Y. 413, Eastern 489. underlines letting serve use, our ports, certifies. 2.16, 2.17, event repeatedly ignored, 2.20. indicate time attempted enforce ships. Accordingly, reach sections they limit consideration solely presented record—the provisions. Compare, (Locomotive) Act (45 seq.) 613, 210, 432. 392, 392. 399, part: 'When completed Secretary Department subscribe effect.' trial court said: 'It agreed impossible prohibited scotch Boardman jet door. jets being installed suggestion Benjamin Linsky, former Chief Bureau City. 'Testimony showed plaintiff chemical attempt reduce smoke. Plaintiff urges everything possibly shown periodic coast guard, search (sic) twenty-two average docking 23.9 hours stay 16.2 hours. Both constantly foreign period.' 269, contrary. forfeited Maryland dredging oysters enrollment serves purpose. explained 1234. privileges flag.' 618, 720. Enrollment pilotage, famous Port, 996 (written Curtis who wrote Maryland), obeyed vessels. qualified ply penalized movement instant specifically describes criminal.

Classification Label: 9