Legal Document

363 U.S. 1 80 Supreme Court Reporter 961 121 4 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 1025 1096 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff.v.STATES OF LOUISIANA, TEXAS, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA AND FLORIDA. Number 10, Original. May 31, 1960. [Syllabus from pages 1-3 intentionally omitted] Messrs. Judge Lee Rankin, Sol. Gen., George S. Swarth, Washington, D.C., for the Government. Jack Pacific KF135 P2 Federal KF105 F3 Gremillion, Atty. Gen. Louisiana, W. Scott Wilkinson, Sp. Asst. Victor Atlantic Sachse, Baton Rouge, La., State Louisiana. Joe T. Patterson, Mississippi, John or Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Price, Mississippi. Richard Ervin, Florida, Spessard L. Holland, Senate, Florida. Will Wilson, Texas, Price Daniel, Governor James Hart, Chrys Dougherty, Austin, Tex., Texas. Mr. Gordon Madison, Alabama, Alabama. Justice HARLAN delivered opinion Court. The States, invoking our original jurisdiction under Article III, § 2, Constitution, brought this suit against and seeking a declaration that it is entitled to exclusive possession of, full dominion power over, lands, minerals, other natural resources underlying waters Gulf Mexico more than three geographical miles seaward coast each extending edge Continental Shelf.1 complaint also asks be enjoined interfering with rights in area, they required account all sums money derived by them therefrom since June 5, 1950.2 case now before us on motions judgment pleadings dismissal Alabama's cross bill establish its such submerged lands within marine leagues coast. 2 controversy another phase 20 years' dispute between coastal Government over their respective exploit oil offshore lands. In 1947 held that, as California, possessed paramount Ocean low-water mark California outside inland waters. versus 332 19, 67 1658, 91 L.Ed. 1889; 804, 68 S.Ct., 20, 92 382. And 1950, Court, following principles announced case, made like holdings respect similarly lying off coasts Louisiana directed both those areas after date. 339 699, 70 914, 94 1216; 340 899, 71 275, 95 651; 707, 918, 1221;340 900, 276, 652.3 3 On 22, 1953, Congress, earlier repeated unsuccessful attempts at legislation dealing state federal lands,4 passed Submerged Lands Act, Statutes-at-Large 29, 43 Code KF62 §§ 1301—1315, Annotated KF65 U5 1301 1315. By Act relinquished certain limits, confirmed own therein beyond limits. was sustained Alabama 347 272, 74 481, 98 689, constitutional exercise Congress' dispose property, Const.Art. IV, 3, cl. 2. Since concededly did not impair validity Texas cases, which are admittedly applicable draws question only geographic extent statute ceded established decisions. purposes described title follows: 5 'To confirm titles beneath navigable boundaries waters, provide use control said resources, seabed Shelf boundaries.' 6 To effectuate these pertinent part— 7 1. relinquishes entire interest (§ 1311, 1311);5 8 defines area terms 'as existed time (a) became member Union, heretofore approved Congress,' extending, however, any leagues6 Oceans 1301, 1301);7 9 3. confirms boundary miles, without 'questioning manner prejudicing existence State's if so provided constitution laws prior has been 4, 1312, 1312);8 10 4. For commerce, navigation, national defense, international affairs, reserves powers regulation proprietary interests recognized 6(a), 1314, 1314);9 retains limits 9, 1302, 1302).10 11 concedes grants defendant land but contends none anything more. conceding limit statute's grant contend much. wide-ranging arguments parties, reflecting no doubt magnitude economic stake,11 can reduced basic contentions: 12 starts premise distance show, accordance 2(b) either had legally excess admission thereafter Congress passage Act. It contended purport determine, fix, change State, left courts ascertain whether particular meeting requirements. then urges, relying boundary, contemplates measure subsequent one admission—in words, carrying legal consequences event admission. reasons cannot greater maritime relevant times never could have regardless what may claimed Further, undertakes show irrespective ever valid even admission, State. 13 hand, make several alternative arguments. At extreme, ipso facto makes three-league least establishes some notably leagues. Alternatively, argue 'at time' judicial determination, controlling inquiry just If, fixed whatever an irrelevant factor. Florida further when readmitted Union 1868, boundary. finally way relevant, material fact Mexico. 14 Both sides presented support positions massive array historical documents, we take notice, substantially agree issues tendered properly disposed basis documents. 15 consider arising common claims depend upon boundaries. involve primarily readmission considered separate opinion. 121, 1026. I. 16 Common Issues. 17 Statute Its Face. 18 States' contention shortly answered. require rejection construction. Rather entirely location later Congressionally subject limitation grant. 19 We turn next whether, contend, first two requirements 2—a 'existed Union'—is satisfied merely showing preadmission claims, requirement carries While manifest second 'heretofore Congress'—must into effect Congressional action, clear face same true requirement—a Union.' argues construing action ignored because do would mean 'prior time.' However, might equal force 'after Indeed, were taken perfectly literal sense, refer timeless instant being obtain, statehood follow, leaving unanswered not. short, term given content must read referring times. 21 As aid construction points last sentence states: 22 'Nothing section construed questioning Congress.' (Emphasis supplied.) 23 urged disjunctive to' shows latter used phraseology otherwise redundant, meaning should attributed thereby including action. But, already indicated, inherently period, excluding there redundancy phrase meant immediately referred admission; yet nonetheless exclude So far itself concerned, Government's argument thus inconclusive. 24 Nor illumine They explained clarified According them, Union' 2) 'it * *.' Under view, time,' statutory provision conclusively contemplated character appears definitional granting sections (§§ 3), purpose approve negative prejudice result miles. does define grant, most describes protected likely nature. A fair reading point conclusion nature deemed self-proving. 25 Finally, indication Executive policy territorial circumstance ascertaining 26 Because inconclusive issues, legislative history. 27 baron Legislative History. 28 This early virtue sovereignty acquired through revolution Crown, owned boundaries, subsequently admitted similar inseparable attribute guaranteed Pollard's Lessee Hagan, How. 212, 565.12 assumed many, reason,13 rule applied marginal sea, is, outer beginning 1930's, Government, while Pollard disputed applicability limit, ownership States.14 centered oil-rich California. maintained constitution, adopted 1849 English coast,15 ratified admitting therefore rule, refused apply Pollard, supra, sea rather sovereignty, 29 Meanwhile extended series underway secure vesting theirs application sea.16 strongly urged, decision many years relied equitable definitively follow cases severely criticized having it.17 30 Thus virtually every 'quitclaim' introduced 1945 ultimately enacted, framed 'lands framework employed sponsors understood established, decision, defined located below mark.18 Since, involved mark, occasion precise method determining open circumscribe rule. chosen frame called resolve questions light Act's history purposes. 31 From very outset, believed lands.19 earliest bills waters' include State.20 contained definition of'boundaries,' apparently miles.21 Opponents quickly pointed out based three-mile claim expressly most, lacked boundary,22 therefore, avail themselves restricted actual assuming capable mark.23 Proponents alleged defective granted lay passing question, cast coast.24 result, new added, third sentences present (see note 8, 968), permitted done extend extensions theretofore made, miles.25 32 theory concluded coast, distance. agreed Colonies custom nation far.26 Some proponents seem retain formation operation equal-footing clause.27 suggested came about law adherence waters.28 speakers factors gave boundary,29 others eschewed technical reliance matter thought sufficient always confer ought restored position formerly occupied.30 suggestion view indisputable remainder treated parity technically justified.31 upshot differing views confirmation 33 Whatever uncertainty attending relevance find understanding turned aware throughout repeatedly asserted independent republic statutes public lands.32 secession Civil War, along 73, Union.33 1812, 701, includes 'all islands coast.'34 Mississippi six provisions Acts Union.35 34 clearly entitle sea. Hence, right prove preserved. treatment carried numerous language found confirming negating that.36 Repeated expressions absolutely proceedings.37 individual boundaries—notably statements give rights38—while undoubtedly representing sincere beliefs speakers, serve relieve making adjudication subject, Congress. 35 presently existing boundaries,39 circumscribed measures soon ascertained reference historic events. advanced during consideration identical asserted.40 noted, depended either, allegedly acquiescence, or, express hardly surrounding determination suggestions effectively extended, able extend, admission.41 possibility extravagant unilateral extensions, recently Louisiana,42 drafts twofold test Act—boundaries Congress.43 apparent alter assure theory—that 'restored' determined, jointly State.44 framers conceived fix consent long-standing equities intended recognize.45 36 Somewhat later, specific assuring preserved.46 part alone, protects 'provided That claim, rest Union.47 If remain vital dispelled effect.48 37 conclude, standing suffice meet tenable. 38 Question Policy Respecting 'Three-Mile Limit.' 39 During various raised constantly recurred. embarrassed dealings nations, first, permitting miles,49 and, second, recognizing coast.50 objection laid testimony Tate, Deputy Legal Adviser Department. Tate stated exploitation special limited character, he assured Committee assertion conflict traditional He world, exercised wholly domestic concern resolve.51 40 objection, however—that recognize possible embarrass country nations—was persistently pressed Department opponents bill. bill's supporters consistently took it, events,52 constituted exception country's limit. instances where exceptions policy, purportedly shallowness Spanish claiming waters.53 41 Department, confronted argument, tenaciously miles.54 insisted supremacy field foreign relations, exceed Nation, effectiveness relied-on events despite Department's refusal violate consistent policy. urges closely contention. says formula ascertainment judicially hold waters—allegedly times, evidenced miles—worked decisive Act.55 42 contain followed matter, hearings debates, regarded purely see irreconcilable think contentions score oversimplification problem. easily concept. marks place ends begins. concept elusive one. high seas, distinguished generally conceded modern nations single nation.56 recognized, authority adjacent hundreds years, fish, smuggling, enforce sanitary varying distances seacoasts.57 Early history, notion begun develop belt adjoining coast.58 vessels innocent passage.59 assertions different purposes.60 speaking, purports But delimits confers respecting results establishment 'national boundary.' admit resides President, representative nations. former springs boundaries; comes determine how will Any course, binding States. consequences, entails Nation need decide fixing constitutes overriding country, much territory water matter. Such fully effective circumscribes Were sea—the proceeded enacting Act—it Shelf, For, readily concedes, subsoil internationally 44 conclude consonant limitation, task II. 45 Particular Claims 46 status (it) 1845. Whether depends proper Union. 47 declared independence March 1836, Laws, Republic 3—7, Vernon's Ann.St.Const. December Texan 48 'beginning mouth Sabine river, running west land, Rio Grande, thence up principal stream river. *' Id., 133. added.) See diagram 65, 998.61 49 1837 Texas.62 April 25, 1838, entered convention countries survey it.63 12, 1844, President Tyler Treaty Annexation Republic, Senate retify it.64 1, 1845, signed Joint Resolution annexation provided: 50 'That doth included within, rightfully belonging erected *. Said formed, adjustment government arise governments *.'65 51 Pursuant Resolution, people Const. Ann.St., submitted previous Resolution.66 1836 Boundary remained Constitution continued forward repugnant Annexation.67 52 continuously before, during, follows, says, entering 'three-mile limit,' automatically discussed, 24—36, 976—982, takes back 53 Paris, 30, 1803,68 France Territory. conveyed uncertain, description treaty Spain, 'the colony province Louisiana.'69 stop River Texas—but westward Grande Texas.70 February 1819, line Sabine.71 Those who Territory decried breach faith violation covenant 1803 inhabitants incorporated Union.72 Subsequently, attempted unsuccessfully occasions acquire purchase.73 54 Meanwhile, revolted 1822, proclaimed 1824. compound Coahuila-Texas, eventually sovereign state. After difficulties central government, sent diplomatic representatives negotiate annexation, nothing consummated time.74 Shortly thereafter, promulgated above. 55 background negotiated 1844 document 56 'The cedes territories, property *.'75 57 One objections floor purported cede her large parts title, assertedly domination Spain Mexico.76 countered delineation general designation, clause territories' belonged notwithstanding.77 58 letter instructions written Secretary Calhoun Charge d'Affaires week signed, latter, known Mexico, 'to Mexican his (the President's) desire settle grow treaty, cause, liberal satisfactory terms, (The States) precaution little objectionable possible; among others, specification, fairly discussed settled according each, mutual security countries.'78 59 Despite controversial aspects Treaty, quite desired press Texas' utmost degree possible. Tyler, response Senate's request, transmitted map western southwestern Act.79 Senator Walker insisting 'only embraced (Texas') lawful boundaries,' she away acquiesced 1837, protested Convention 1838 validated boundary.80 Breese Illinois, Treaty's future avowed acknowledged statute, favor recovery old 'for 'republic' lawfully claim.'81 Senators Woodbury New Hampshire Buchanan Pennsylvania, expressing portions Nueces maintained.82 60 failure annexed proposals session State.83 doubts pretensions frontiers reiterated Resolutions, rejected assailed purporting embrace territory.84 designation ceding rightfully, properly, duty settling amicable negotiation.85 clauses 1845 (363 37, 983), appear, background, formulation precisely thing. initially undefined scope, governed truism ceded. negotiation exact territory, 'subject governments.' 'properly' 'rightfully' neither legitimately hers, nor serve, independently 'adjustment' clause, self-operating standard measuring Rather, fixation negotiations 61 circumstances Resolution's attention focused great political annexation—primarily slavery embroil received except related larger issues. Public agitation become proposed abstract, details worked later.86 Although matters—notably slavery, debt, mode annexation—the postpone sake achieving immediate importance attached verbal achieve postponement.87 tenor opposition changed fear cession covered too criticisms indefinite really asserted.88 isolated indicate speaker Resolutions readjustment.89 context, attempt sustain proper. Be may, overwhelming evidence passed, inescapable settlement. 62 unavoidable regards exist applies unable debates instance significant advertence problem Furthermore, manifests total lack Prior independence, successive treaties Mexico,90 63 countries, shall begin Gulph river Sabin, continuing north, bank Just 14, 'Articles Agreement Solemn Compact,' acknowledging setting 64 commence estuary thereof, pursue *.'91 65 Thereafter minister seek recognition broach annexation. With instructed November 18, 1836: 66 'As (w)e Bravo del Norte. Taking basis, follows. Beginning middle thereof *.'92 Yet month inexplicably, find, run land.93 Quite contrast, reaffirmed 1819 1828 Treaties regarding marking 'that portion extends Sabine, enters Red river.'94 69 Again, previously mentioned (note 79, 41, 985), unratified requested transmit information concerning southern, southwestern, 26, memoir compiler. flagrantly misquoted describing "Beginning *."95 foregoing abundantly plain though train leading Given effect, actually course proceedings, incumbent protest reject regard, validation ratification merit proposition factor Annexation. There indeed, strong 'properly,' 'rightfully,' applying rise qualifications, validate protest. applicability, hesitate additional unexpressed well 72 met. settled, moment operated rejected. obligations via-a -vis 30—36, 979—982. indeed Executive, power, enjoyment incidents conferred employs uncertain nevertheless endeavor 73 back, then, inquiry: First, 'properly Republic. Second, pursuant reserved adjust observed, evident operate self-executing less illusory best. parties devote considerable discussion invalidity law. propriety nation's viewed context vis-a family surely import especially drawn leave receive consideration. say 'proper' 'rightful' sense. necessary, look carry not, foreclose statute. regard opinions ventured probable settlement occur group particularly encompassed possibly maintained.96 remarks warnings enough pay debt form free Much observations Supporters alike probably maintainable. rightful boundaries.97 Others receiving notice bound, maintain behalf.98 given, although purposely anticipated greatest 75 prediction borne assent, army threatened invade 15, Polk wrote informal confidential d'Affairs indicated repel invasion lower Grande: 76 'In contingency my judgment, —the necessity interposition—will such, stand—quietly by—and permit—an invading enemy—either occupy devastate Texian territory. Of & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions be, permit enemy—to foot soil East Grande.' Andrew Donelson Papers (Library Congress), Vol. folios 2068—2070. 77 Nine days manifested intention Sam Houston, influential spokesman annexation: 78 'You apprehensions your once suffer sacrificed.' Congress) (1845), 84. 79 attitude toward explicit interview superior, State: 'I justifying tenacity reenforce preexisting 81 feature interfere statutes—that specification shewing injustice Texas—that practically obligated all, respect, do, nation.'99 82 consented statehood, crossed war 11, 1846, declare part: 83 'Texas, final integral act Norte republic. Nueces. Del represented congress Texas; itself; congressional districts. Our had, moreover, unanimity, revenue system; officer, reside district, appointed, advice Senate. became, urgent defence country.' H.R.Exec.Doc. 60, 30th Cong., 1st Sess. 7. 84 message disposition, 29th 13—14. 7, 1847, proposal 85 'It dismember surrendering republic, 9. 86 interested in, by, explanation, time, firmly Executive's responsibility delegation out, independently, determinative case. argued naturally mandated data utterly devoid contrary, subordinates events, turn. 87 Nicholas Trist appointed Commissioner peace treaty. Among project 88 Republics opposite Miller, Other International America (1937), 265. 89 verbatim V Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848, 922, coast.100 disagreement departed provision. op. cit. 270, 288, 289, 315, 317, 325. 90 Tirst notes object predecessor, him, get 'would throw east Grande. Or, stands instructions, specifically expressed, prevailing wit: Grande; *.'"101 misquotation again demonstrates insensitivity attempting negotiating boundary.102 More important Guadalupe-Hidalgo, five Gadsden 1853103 long conventions,104 repudiated. 93 unquestionably acting 'adjust' extension Gulf, basis. line, seaward. constitute unsettled Annexation, post hoc moment. requires intended, substance, mandate establishing execution occurred short significance types 'extraterritorial' customs smuggling. believe denominated 'boundary' itself, separates countries. No gleaned negotiations. Being denotes obvious common-sense analogous 96 relies correspondence evidencing contrary conclusion. Great Britain replied sea.105 1875, Hamilton Fish explanation Lord Derby England, added 'probably' officials board bound four coast.106 1936, denying right, rationales addition 'one area' boundary.107 seems shifting grounds pronouncements after-the-fact patently bring accord obligations. Undoubtedly accorded where, here, touches relationships created mandate, control, affect 97 intimate Accordingly, BOUNDARIES CLAIMED BY TEXAS* III. THE PARTICULAR CLAIMS LOUISIANA Louisiana's "at time" judged standards. 1812107a 99 "beginning Sabine; thence, thirty-second latitude; due northernmost thirty-third north parallel latitude, Mississippi; down Iberville; lakes Maurepas Ponchartrain, gulf Mexico; bounded gulf, beginning, coast...." 100 concluding "including coast" supported insists well.108 Admission 101 position. Iberville Mexico,' 'by gulf,' beginning,' Sabine,' somewhere Gulf. islands' included, well. evidently whatever. 102 Similar Paris September 1783, States.109 St. Croix Bay Fundy Mary's Georgia added: 'comprehending twenty shores Jefferson's observation, approximately powers;110 accompanying placed waters;111 American British 54, conceivable (60 miles) shore.112 reason differently. defining Georgia,113 provides: 103 'along Mary's) Ocean, mark; northeasterly direction mouth, inlet, Savannah River; inlet River, beginning; islands, jurisdictional seacoast.' 104 Nothing Alaska Fisheries 248 78, 40, 138, tends designating Indian reservation body Annette Islands' intervening Indians' fishing grounds, bed, lands.' 89, 42. here would, sweep bear proximate relation seas. 105 contends, 162 725, 867; 202 408, 913, determined Greer County, northwest 106 issue holding eastern Iberville, went deep-water sailing channel rough Court's around bore Admission. statement 107 'Questions breadth sway riparian states here. facts render unnecessary.' 52, 422. 108 page 1667. Preadmission 109 Preliminarily, observed said, 24—30, 976—979, aids thrust comprised Purchase, effected 1803; traces cessions 1762 1800, 1682; originally 120 110 thesis documents relies, shown leads Admission, stopped 111 La Salle 1682, southward 112 Mississippi's) twenty-seventh elevation North Pole *.'114 113 Salle's proclamation southerly claim. His expression belief 'about' 27th intent parallel, south Mississippi's mouth. event, proce s-verbal Jacques de la Me tairie, notary expedition,115 issued reached party returned upstream solid ground erection monument, thought, mistakenly fact, parallel. whatever.116 114 secret executed Fontainebleau 1762, name Orleans island stands.'117 San Ildefonso, October retroceded 'colony Louisiana' France.118 Certainly 115 argues, France, intent. Four French fish possessions relate all.119 another, undertook subjects navigate occupied 'in South Seas,' prevent illicit trade settlements.120 imposed obligation alone. reasoning treaties, Tripoli, 1794, prohibiting capture vessel dominions Spain.121 Reliance ordinance Philip II 1565, asserting visual horizon possessions.122 questioned today, until achieved independence. 32—33, 1665. Even did, 200 affecting 250 later.123 116 1803, appurtenances above-mentioned (Treaty Oct. 1800), Catholic Majesty,' Louisiana.'124 III territory' fail taking scope at, 117 5. asserts variety documentation contention, unequivocally Assuming, defendants argued, reasonable chosen, difference country. convincing persuade correct. few shore. 81, 82, 1005 1006. reflect difficult understand why six-league 118 Postadmission Events. 119 postadmission boundary' help discussed. sense measured unless shore, approval infer since, today holds, 64, 996) 1026), starting treat equally. inference relates which, construction, leagues, discern actions Cf. 418. operative overcome footing equally 716, owned, equality. fortiori supra; supra. Certain successively indicating Governments threeleague Louisiana.125 corner southeastern valid, refutes began land. recited '(t)he 1828, river.'126 122 answer complaint, acts acquiescence therein.127 abandoned ear prescription estoppel apart practical proved, allegation assertions, considered. police Skiriotes 313 69, 924, 1193. touching development themselves, activity assert itself. conflicted Nation's lain 123 1954 1954, LSA-Rev.Stat. 49:1. legislating coastline regulations Commandant Coast Guard, 1895, 672, 151, this, considerations convenience certainty, enactment accepted postponed stage submerged-land coastlines, wherever lines be. IV. 124 largely led 125 comprises 31st 1763.128 designated West 1763, King 126 'bounded Apalachicola Lake Pontchartrain *.'129 127 embracing Florida.130 128 Louisiana.' 72, 1001. Ildefonso. 74, 1002. arose (including Florida), Paris. 27, 1810, Madison area,131 Territory.132 1817, authorized creation 129 'thence westwardly, junction Pearl Borgne *.'133 130 1817,134 254. Foster Neilson, Pet. 253, 415, Purchase 1819. 131 refers shore appear islands. Louisiana's, cause depart instance. almost defeats used, 1763 Proclamation Enabling implicitly mesne conveyances. 132 draftsmen shallow shifting. strengthen focused, 133 told coast.135 V. 134 essentially conveyances 1812,136 formed Admission137 135 south, eastwardly, Perdido *.'138 136 compel coast.139 VI. 137 Conclusions. 138 opinion, reach conclusions: 139 decree (1) declaring entitled, ordinary Shelf; (2) resources; (3) enjoining therein; (4) directing appropriately 1950:140 (5) dismissing Alabama.141 140 waters; entitled. 141 Jurisdiction retained proceedings necessary adjudicated herein. 142 depositions denied, renewal connection matters opinion.142 deciding unmindful liberality 'allowing facts.' 715, 1221. think, conclusions dispute, justified postponing relief States.143 token otherwise. 143 submit appropriate giving ordered. 144 Decree 145 CHIEF JUSTICE CLARK cases. 146 (For FRANKFURTER, joined BRENNAN, WHITTAKER STEWART 129, 1030.) 147 BLACK, concurring dissenting part. 148 concur owns resources), dissent denial 149 interpretation 1953.1 Two 1953 vetoed President.2 veto coasts. products, oil.3 then-existing lands—but equitably keep own,4 restore 'rights (them) case.'5 150 accomplish provides outright coastlines.6 (about 1/2 things, predecessors expansive country; constitutions definitions interpreted, seaward; possessory products limitations; historically disputes leases late 1930's.7 Moved arguments, concessions, 'boundaries 1301(b), 1301(b). upheld convey 689. 151 kind particularizes criteria it. usual number accept 'legal' 'legally accepted' date expected retroactively reconstruct 1889, claimed. 1800's order satisfy succeeded doing so, overruling passed. try allow equitable, strictly legal, principles. DOUGLAS forcefully difficulty, impossibility, finding ocean. impossible task, prefer return will. Alcea Band Tillamooks, 329 167, 174, (concurring opinion); Northwestern Bands Shoshone Indians 324 335, 354—358, 690, 700—702, 985 opinion). 152 Moreover, prescribes standards conveyancer's art. are, markers admitted. anywhere ago living witnesses testify time. difficulties, best can. legalistic tests understandings, expectations uses expressions, powers. seas relations. Everything reports idea. Instead, sources broad equity—not saw it.8 must, produced do. references illustrate guides interpreting 153 Ellender invoked Congress.9 Holland author bill, 'look moral involved. *'10 presiding officer Committee, conducted reported 'justice, equity, served legislation.'11 Report printed powers, confined rules bind litigants. committee believes instance, individuals, National states.'12 paragraph report 'an simple justice reestablishes inside Nation. gift; restitution.'13 154 emphasized 'technical rules' but, 'equitable standards' justice.14 meant, One, illustrative, Indiana Kentucky, 479, 1051, 329.15 Kentucky. crucial 1890 Kentucky 1792. backward-looking Indiana-Kentucky markers, value. challenged Emphasizing value said: 'This potential recollection side. principle universally conclusive authority.' 510, 1054. quote Rhode Island Massachusetts, 591, 639, 1116, 'For rights, protected; 511, 155 Accepting, should, ancient long-unchallenged subtle refined inferences, am prevail 1937 to, possession, ownership, limit.16 Committees spent agencies grantees improvement borders.17 Not belts notorious, coupled century departments belts.18 own.19 us, ample 156 kept 'including coastline. more.21 standpoint paper stronger Florida22 beneficiaries simply Nevertheless, color add weight coastlines all. belts, settled.'23 157 case24 uniformly shores. fortunate. Their places. islands—which mainland. Thus, irregular saw-toothed projecting retreating mainland points. condition follows concession mere jagged raises serious problems. element fundamental unfairness sister bordering frustrate whole 158 plight leaves assigned oil. rested better large,25 unconscionable solely responsible bringing use.26 record leased 1920.27 still wells there. royalties gone treasury income life State.28 public-school system. claims—when limit—seems me completely incompatible fairness wanted sure upset Act.29 159 indicates Had refuse so. Attorney General it.30 Time 160 solved, quieted stilled.31 interpret withholds prolongs costly disquieting controversy. award deny 161 DOUGLAS, (9 108) (5 797) claimed, shows, 'three land.' (8 252) 372) commencing 'on sea.' Moreover 511) river.' going earlier, leagues' 163 inter alia, 'boundary republics' Can sat conference table claim? Was it? 164 word derivatively approving 1836. 1848 essence undertaking convention. 165 for, 'from point. indulge mental gymnastics capacities. agreement reflected Mexico.' 32, 731, 867. 166 failed Commission marked River—not Mexico.1 167 situation envisaged changed. broke 1846; close. started thinking dimensions. longer been. put representative, Trist, projet part, Upper sum exceeding millions dollars, sine qua non You modify, change, omit proje t needful, ultimatum.'2 Lower $25,000,000.3 recorded Commissioners 'our indemnity expenses war.'4 acquisition 1847.5 '* acquired, obtained.'6 doctrine indemnity.'7 remove sole preoccupation Mexico.8 168 commissioner entrance intersection southern latitude thirty-two degrees, obtain provinces Californias, privilege across isthmus Tehuantepec. ultimatum was, circumstances, yield. 169 advantage feeble wresting provinces, towns cities, conquered military occupation, willing spirit liberality, stipulate restoration conquests. 170 estimated equivalent demands, payment pecuniary reasonable.' (Italics 171 speak stated, extensive valuable territories past.'9 expounded valued additions domain.10 mention claims. surprising, empire building, 172 played question. 867, resolved 1850 446). quoting land' border, say: 173 admitted, Texas.' together engaged constituting compromises 1850. above 1850, chapter 49, promptly contract north' 100th meridian intersects northern ran 103d meridian, 32d Norte, 39, 733. 174 Drawing Mexico' cry drawing What inconsistent unanimous decided 1896. earlier. 175 Though belt, compromise paid $10,000,000 relinquish purchase price claim.11 De Baca 1901, Ct.Cl. 407. suggest 'territory boundaries.12 behalf acquiring 176 Compromise lie Sabine.' recognized. irresistable inconsequential side 177 Why 'Boundary line' Mexico? 178 Grande.'13 guide duties instruction. sure, Trist's Slidell, advised Buchanan, dated (Rio Grande), source, republic.'14 knew instructions.15 literally mouth' mouth.'16 And, mission Slidell's. Slidell dispute. fruits conquest Slidell's demonstrate 'total agree. step insensitive trying stand shoes deduce, sheer speculation. 179 speculative 1875 Fish, 180 1874 Spain's coast.17 January follows:18 181 honor inform you uniformly, administration objected pretension adverted instruction Earl Derby. 182 'We law, league 183 sometimes revenuecutters coasts, Hidalgo, called, February, begins 184 believed, boarded, boarded as, hailed, answered port infancy trespass commander revenue-cutter flag 185 remarked designed purpose, preventing turning files legation, Bankhead, April, 1948, Her Majesty's 19th August, year, stipulation trench Britain, nations.' 186 1799 (1 627), collectors, naval officers, inspectors, officers cutters ships 'within coast' smuggling.19 187 gains collateral half nineteenth China,20 Dominican Republic,21 El Salvador,22 France,23 Germany,24 Netherlands,25 Norway Sweden,26 Kingdom,27 league' (or broader one) enforcement. 188 These practice exercising extraterritorial speaks 'boundary.' separated good comers. intended. When 'is washes states,' Buchanan's (which, communication 1875) follows:28 189 state, enter arrangement, complaint. possess 190 1875. 1935 nine miles,29 Ambassador Josephus Daniels protested, reserving concerns effects commerce enforcement legislation.'30 reply31 things smuggling.'32 191 metes bounds presumed aim. aim zone contracting patrols. else, purposes, whereas discovered whatsoever becomes thin nominally behalf, 192 acted precision meticulous care demanded disputes, 193 substandards (lessening proof claimed), Black discrimination unjustified. 194 southeast offshore, southwest move hard accompany border 'a 43, 419, 44, 419. 195 enabling authorizing coast.' 641. 702. 196 respects (3 348) specified 'westwardly, shore.' coast.'33 197 east-wardly, 371. 489. 198 sufficiently enclosed entry 565. 199 ordinarily met burden proof. lax her, heart 'boundary'; tried demonstrate, demarcation zones parties' activities approved. presents peculiar problems documented 1848.34 persuasive behind 201 zone, describe ambiguous. words reasonably difficulty belt. All benefit 1026, ask meet. relax claimants. posture, 'long-unchallenged,' Black, BLACK 203 involves States—Florida, Alabama—in heard together, treats opinions. deals Florida's 961. 204 coastlines. Union,' 'approved 'more Mexico.'2 350 990, 541, 856, ART. maximum motion related, just, orderly, determination' 354 515, 516, 1373, 1525. defendants, denies, extensively briefed parties. States-Florida 205 approval, unnecessary 206 approving3 Reconstruction 1867. 428. carefully mainland' northwestwardly point.4 1868 day Gulf.5 admits denies 'approved' Act.6 207 18677 supplemented 23, 1867.8 efficient Rebel States,' divided districts strict authority. Detailed registration voters, election delegates conventions, framing conformity provisions' Acts, submission approval—all supervision commanding generals. Constitutions 'submitted examination approval,' Fourteenth Amendment 'declared representation written, voted directions eye Army general. debated, Southern Representation Congress.'9 73. preamble 'Admission Act' pursuance 1867 'examination approval' prerequisite representation. description, Acts. turn, contemplates. 208 enactments contemplate scrutiny constitutions, duly republican form. Congressmen constitutions.10 closer constitutions.11 209 printed, read, amended proviso rejecting Constitution.12 scrutinized amendments persuasively Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, set below.13 Stevens Chairman all-important Reconstruction, role architect reconstruction plan Father Reconstruction.'14 210 voluminous examined. know, description. examined whole, thorough been, this. Hearings brief whereby minds boundaries.15 forth S.Rep.No. 133, 83d 64-65.16 opportunity remedy felt Upon standard—'boundaries Congress'—the 'confirm' 'restore' 1221; 1889. shown, held, enact. 1663, 211 judgment. three-marine-league coastline, Constitution. matters. 212 denied. 213 214 whom join, concurring.* 215 Considering evoked deem joined. 216 thing incontestable 'approval' successfully ascertainable lesser established. explicitly implied process. vest 'equity' layman's loose term, largess policy; benevolence behalf. 217 foundation particularized, authoritative deliberately preserved participation amounted forth.* 218 stirred resulting compendiously Reconstruction. Lincoln's address, 1865. Basler, Collected Works Abraham Lincoln, 399. readjustment relationship seceded major branches Insofar perplexing recalcitrant solutions, evolution indispensable process healing wounds sanguinary conflict. formulated expressed famous White: provisions, looks indestructible composed States.' Wall. 700, 277. 219 fruitful means devised. unrelated namely, entirety membership undoubted explicitly, gloss speech chairman. fine writing insurance resumption responsibilities. deceptive subtlety Congresses 1867—1868 formal, text sanctioned, 220 HARLAN, dissenting. 221 regret myself 'three-league' relating litigation 36, 971—982), satisfying carry, supplies 968, 7). 222 conceives 'general of' 'examined whole.' 'whether forth.' adequately characterizes accepting abstract branch standard. 223 My 'readmission' incident newly absence articulated rely adopt entity State.1 Colorado, 267 202, 499, 275 279, 126, 280; 276 557, 437, 698.2 224 Different considerations, 'representation War. renounced suppose same. finds sound doctrines evolved so-called White, 726, 227; White 646, 649—652, 685; Gunn Barry, 610, 623, 212; Keith Clark, 454, 461, 1071. (80 1036), Unlike presumption arises 225 painstaking materials 1868. (Act 73), affords provision.3 undertake let alone 'An 652.4 226 impliedly searched vain reference—even causal one—to affirmatively concerned validly structure, instances, palpable Constitution.5 figured debates. Virginia Tennessee, 503, 728, 537, inapposite. compact them. Subsequently judicial, revenue, election, appointive interstate compact. 521—522, 735—736. affirmative proffered comparable 227 inferred bare moving forgotten. 're-establishing broken relations State(s) lately rebellion form, guarantee government. 727—728. raise preclude resort exerted idea boundary.6 228 analysis provision, failing silence acceptance perceive exist. uphold novel 39—40, 1668 1669. misconceive statutes. sort adoption ratification, acceptance. representation, structure. lend attributing 'deceptive subtlety' tantamount Especially realm act. 'Great State' period 229 sum, readmitting disqualified Representatives seats represent advertent, 'approve' 230 fares briefly rejection. 231 England 1763.7 1763,8 ocean Pontchartrain. 232 Versailles 'East Florida.'9 Amity, Settlement, Limits belong (Spain), situated eastward Florida.'10 Territory,11 Union,12 233 George's necessarily disposes 66—82, 997 1006), 234 amounts Without elaborating 73—74, 1001, 1002), nature, varied widely disstances uniform practice. 235 instituted broadened 140, infra. 1945, proclaimed, Shelf. Presidential 2667, Sept. 28, Fed.Reg. 12303, 884. Order '(n)either aforesaid states, bed continental shelf limit.' Exec.Order 9633, 12305, 485 note. 'continental shelf,' geological gently sloping underlies masses, increase gradient decline slope bottom defined, lies Christopher, Outer Act: Key Frontier, Stan.L.Rev. 24; H.R.Rep. 215, 6. 1937—1938, 75th Congress: 2164, S.J.Res. 208. House. 1939, 76th Session: H.J.Res. 176, 181, 24, 83, 92. 1945—1946, 79th bills, 225, 48. quitclaimed bound- aries. Houses Truman. 80th H.R. 5992 1988 (quitclaim measures); 2222, 5890, 2165 (to sea). 1949—1950, 81st Sess: 5991, ('compromise' bills); 155, 1545 923, 2153, seas); 1700 reserve). 8137 measure); (interim management bill). 1951—1952, 82d 131, 274 4484, 940 measures). 4484 House Session; amending substituting therefor 940, Session. prevailed conference, 2948 drafting 4198 5134, 1901 Shelf). Section '(a) hereby manage, administer, lease, develop, hereby, hereof, confirmed, vested persons thereto located, grantees, lessees, successors thereof; '(b)(1) releases unto aforesaid, herein, has, improvements, damages operations marine, nautical, 101/2 means— '(2) permanently periodically tidal tide distant Mexico) '(b) 'boundaries' Lakes hereof interpreted '(c) 'coast low direct contact line. hereafter otherwise, 6(a) navigational servitude include, management, administration, leasing, use, Act.' wise appertain confirmed.' Later 462, 1331—1343, detail S.Rep. Sess., pt. (minority views), See, e.g., Smith Maryland, How 71, 269; Mumford Wardwell, 423, 436, 756; Weber Board Harbor Commissioners, 57, 65—66, 798; McCready Virginia, 391, 394, 248; Shively Bowlby, 26—28, 548, 557—558, 331; Manchester 240, 259—260, 559, 562—563, 159; Mission Rock Co., 404, 606, 608, 865; 422, 913; Abby Dodge, 166, 310, 312, 390; Borax Consolidated Ltd., Los Angeles, 296 15—16, 25—26, Martin Waddell, 367, 410, 997. 1667, tidelands soils jurisdiction, not.' 21, U.S.Code Cong. Adm.News Page 1385 et seq. English, mile equals .87 mile. conventional '3-mile limit' 3.45 6, 966. directly similar. predecessor record, Subcommittee Judiciary, 1—2 (hereinafter cited hearings); Interior Insular Affairs 6—8 Hearings), past Cong.Rec. 2554, 2613, 4097. 1778, 5992, (Apr. 1948); 'H.R. (T)he aforementioned (were) preserve quo enjoyed highest universal law.' 1592, 1988, 17—18 (June 1948), noting profession comment: eminent jurists court supreme lawyers authors treatises. overrule authorities error belief. drew distinction bays, harbors, sounds, other, draw distinction. termed rule' lands; offshoot earlier.' 695, (July 1951): 'Title fixes 1947, land; owners Therefore, recognizes, confirms, vests, attributes ownership.' 13, 7—8 (Mar. 1953). 1481: 'All possessed, Hagan write past—that seaward, governmental delegated Constitution.' example, Congress—H.J.Res. 118, 'Resolved That, premises, releases, quitclaims interest, demand tidewaters Confirmation Boundaries Three Miles. 8867 (remarks Representative Gearhart); 10310 Sumners). 9519 Overton). Sess.; tidewaters' denote 927, 17, 1945): coextensive line.' 9541 Cordon): '(T)he joint resolution exception, be—and conceivably whose go sea—then cover 1849, XII, West's Ann. 452. 9614 Knowland). Clark testified unilaterally Union—Massachusetts 1859 Stat.1859, amended, Mass.Gen.Laws 1872, (R.I., Gen.Stat.1872, 1), Jersey 1906 N.J.Stat.Ann., Tit. 18—5), N.H.Laws 115), 1916 1916, Ga.Code 15—101). 9524—9526 Donnell); Judiciary S.1988 885—895 1948 Hearings). 93—95, 884—886. fears permission protect inserted Hearings, (Exec. Sess.), 1316; 2697. 8137, 2886. 8858; 10310. Com. 257, 258, 562, 159. 2884—2885 Holland). 3351 Holland); Brownell); 2757, 2922—2923, 4095 Solicitor Perlman, nautical opposed Affairs, 1951 Cordon); id., 9619 Capehart); Cong.Res. 3265 Hill). Leander Shelley, counsel authorities, 'My everybody impression out. 'Whether immaterial us. were.' 894. 9515 9516 O'Mahoney); Overton); 3351—3352 Beyond E.g., 8867; 9518; 1545, 1700, 1949 Hearings); 212—234; 2620, 2830, 4171—4175. 9516; 2621, 2752, 4096. 187; 3352; 47—48, 536, 1093, 1115; 2896. 228—230 1946 420. structure Cordon, Long. 1317—1318; 2698, 4095—4096. 9441—9442, 48—49; 1318, 1414—1415; 2558 2559, 2620—2622, 2632—2633, 2694—2695, 2703, 2746, 2754—2755, 2896—2897, 2933, 4095—4096, 4116. 3347, 3350 (Senators Connally (Secretary McKay); 957 (Attorney Eisenhower Porter, Republican Committeeman, 1957, Houston Post, Pages 1—2; Anderson, Apr. reprinted 3865; Nov. 294 brief. 48, 183; 9515—9518. 9518, 9628 Connally); 9524 Donnell). La. 1938, LSA—Rev.Stat. 49:1 (27 miles); 16, 1941, L.Tex., 47th Leg., 454 miles), 50th 451 (outer Shelf), Tex.Civ.Stat. 5415a. 490, 1592a (boundaries counties An amendment Capehart 9541, 9619. defeated, altered 9630 McCarran); 9632 (amendment defeated). Eightieth Second Session, Committee's 653—654 Clark), 734 Krug), incorporating 886. change. 5154, Willis 'historic boundaries': 'Mr. Willis. Do know approach? 'Secretary McKay. No, sir. Let agreement. Then preliminary maps exhibited delimiting title; correct? right. memory correct, unusual that. way. lawyer, farmer consult lawyer farm examine papers. patent. deeds chain title. study link chain. talk morning principle, though, are? Yes, sir.' 197—198. House, boundaries' hear deal debate explain mean. 'Each reconveyed transferred Thereafter, influence controlled Territory, existence. 'Obviously, exactly permits accomplishes. approach.' 2504. 4174—4175 Daniel); 698; 558, 344, 699; 499. 1317—1319; 3551—3552, 4095. worth observing 'any 2567. 983) loosely 'treaty' 2568. 301—302. 1919 138—139; 957, 1076—1078; 2504, 2558—2559, 2754, 2755, 4095, 4096, 4116, 4171, 4175, 4477. 2916 Douglas). 618 Clark); 5991 (Solicitor Perlman); 393 9167 (letter Perlman Celler); 5247 (Representatives Mansfield Feighan); (Assistant Morton); 663 (Senator Anderson); 678—679, 680—684 (former 1053—1086 (State Tate); 2502—2503 (Representative Hays); 2568 Yates); 3034 Anderson). 1051—1086. 326; 1415. Special 23; 137—138; 670, 1076—1078, 1082—1084; 4074—4075, 4172—4173. proposing 1349. 319—323, 1056—1057, 1060—1063, 1076 1078, 1080—1082. 2513, 2569, 3041—3042. developed. 9518 316—317 (statement Real); 3037 Gore Morse Hill); 3270 1078 Daniel). undertaken summarizing regard. Secretary's Mouton, 183—192 (1952 ed.). 511. 33, 1074—1075. 145, 164, 648, 668; Anti-Smuggling Aug. 1935, 517, 1701—1711, defense 799, 2152, 1087—1088; Law Institute, Restatement Foreign Relations (Tentative Draft 1958), 8(c), 21. act, civil forty-second beginning: president treaty.' expedient proper, Cong.Globe, 24th 270. S.Exec.J. 631, 17. S.Doc. 341, 28th 10; 652. 797. 108. Const., Thirteenth, Gammel, Laws 1299. 200. Cong.Deb., Pt. II, 229. App. 540; 697. Bravo, 252. 486, 1825 1827, Adams Henry Clay, overtures Justin Smith, 8; 698, 768. Again 1829 1835, Jackson overtures. cit., 9; 698. sought occasion, center desert (1934), 139; 20; 697; Garrison, Diplomatic Correspondence 127, 132—133, H.R.Doc. 1282, 60th 132—133; Van Zandt Henderson Calhoun, 13. 10. Speech Benton Missouri, 474; Jarnagin 685. contested Rivers southwest, upper northwest, 998. 548; McDuffie Carolina, 529; 726; Hampshire, 53, 54. 55—57. 548. 540. 768, 726. required, accomplished treaty-making 367. prescribed 406—407. compromise, procedure pursued power. 359, 360, 362—363. elected Ashley Arkansas, 288: learn Ellis, legislature professedly margin expectation retaining book.' original.) Brinkerhoff Ohio, 346—347. Significantly, Jan. calling communicate inhabitants. 147. 530: convey, solitary square 548: '(W)hen (a nation) name, included.' Rhett Carolina (House) resolutions, 'feel scrupulous means, got; would.' 55. Ingersoll, objecting procedure, ibid., Dayton Jersey, 387. variations question: (Offered App., 287—288.) (Reported Ingersoll 191.) commissioners Weller 192.) adjustment, Douglass same, Burke ibid.) carve Tibbatts Kentucky); 107, 187, 304 Dromgoole Virginia); Robinson York); 359 Mississippi); 362 Miller Jersey). 387, 400. maintainable reaons: assume vacant unappropriated discharge debt; carved degrees minutes—the Missouri line—to slave nearly indicate, 42d McIlvaine Pennsylvania); 369—370 Severance Maine). Hudson Massachusetts 'What propose embrace? Texas—not independent, recognised—not amount Texas—territory city itself.' 336. Rayner 411—412, 98, infra; Haralson Georgia. 195, 97, Limits, Feb. 252; 372. alluded origin 132. 'extend(ing) side, head States; mouth; westwardly 35, 11. illustrates Between Journal stated: '(W)e mound 199, 59. 55, 56. Maine, 369—370; McIlvain 373. Georgia, speaking 'If hold, surrender overplus. doubt, correctly imaginable adjusted 193, 195. 'Texas source. She constitution. transfer herself, limits; length, contract. annexed, precluded concessions resisted towards her? bounded, contracted Union; mutilated. founded plausibility *'. 411—412. Similarly hereafter. delineated so? knowledge acknowledge now, force; acknowledgment vote senator Missouri. small encroach rights. ours sovereignty. more—no less. (t)he Texas—Spanish Texas—the Salle. I, President; claim.' commenting grounds. 548—557. Letter Manning, States: Inter-American 1831—1860 (1939), 400-401. republics deepest branch, emptying sea; channel, one, strikes (which runs town Paso) termination; northward, Gila; intersect nearest same;) empties Colorado; division Ocean.' 446, consummating diagram, hundred Greenwich intersected thirty-six thirty minutes Greenwich; Hidalgo. 60—61, 994, 995. doubtful obviously area. militates contrary. consent, 1917), folio 62071. quotation S.Exec.Doc. 78. n. obtained 100, obscured firm boundary—lying Mexico—the 1031. noteworthy reported: 'Lieut. command brig Morris, repaired soundings trace sea." Emory, Survey (1857), 58. contrast surveyors Convention. 94, conventions Mexico: July 1882, 986; 1884, 1011; 1885, 1390; 1493; Mar. 1512; 1894, 1213; 841; 1896, 857; 1897, 1625; 1898, 1744; 1900, 1936; 1905, 1863. Crampton, Minister, 1831 1860, VII, 31—32; Luis G. Cuevas, Percy Doyle, photostatic copy translation Record Office, London, Gov.Br. 403. 649 650. why, purpose. asserted, China, XI, Regulations Regime High Seas (United Nations Series) 147; 153, 154; Salvador, XXI, 156; 169, 170; Germany, VIII, Netherlands, 171; Sweden, 171—172; Kingdom, 172. Only leagues; kilometers, 10.8 three. chose Boal, interim City, Senor Hay, Minister 3623—3624. testifying 1077—1078. 321—323, 670; 2513—2514, 2893—2895, 3041 3042. avert embarrassing 979—982, maintenance bearing resolved. Interior, Boundaries, Areas, Geographic Centers, Altitudes Several Edition, 1932, Edward M. Douglas, Editor, Geological Bulletin 817, 170. 107a year before. usage, 'shore' mainland, 'coast' plus nontechnical inclusion 'sea 47, 420, Bernard marshes Chandeleur Islands, happen enclose intend, motions, 80, 82. Circular Jefferson Attorneys, ms. Archives, Group Ibid.; Hammond, 1793; H.Exec.Doc.No.324, 553; Edmond Genet, Papers, 183. While, limitations situation. represents (prior, Constitution) nation. 15—101, 1788, Cobb, 150; Watkins' Dig. 713—762, 29. jusq u'a son embouchure dans mer ou golfe Mexique, environ les Degrez d'd le vation du pole septentrional Margry, couvertes E tablissements des Francais L'Ouest Sud L'Ame rique Septentrionale (1877), 191—192. 186, 190—191. Fragment Salle, degree, discharges sea); Letters Patent 1712, Louis XIV Secretary, Antoine Crozat, trading Greenhow, Memoir, Historical Political, Northwest S.Doc.No.174, 26th (Louisiana seacoast Illinois country'); Definitive Peace Parliamentary History 1291, 1296 (domains sea'). 226. Utrecht, 1713, Commons 329; Preliminary 1241, 1243; 1295; Friendship Versailles, Commons, 718, 719. Escurial, 1790, 30. Estevan Ferrater, Codigo Derecho Internacional (Barcelona 1846), 488. Ernest Nys, Le Droit International, involving ended Pedro Cevallos, Charles Pinckney Monroe, Envoys, 1805, 660, 662; Onis, Ambassador, Quincy Adams, 452, 453; Onis 1818, 480, 484. 200, 202. (between Spain), Mexico), 372; enforcing regulating fishing, trawling dredging cultivation, propagation oysters, shrimp, removal sand, gravel shells, leasing oil, gas minerals.' discovery when, occasions, 'requested Chief sites game preserves houses, jetties navigation.' 1296. Collection Charters Local Ordinances (1839), 292, 293. 722, 723. Richardson, Messages Presidents 465. 734. 348. 472. 108, ante. 608. 489, 490. forgave monetary relinquished. remains accounting liable accounting, decreeing 1950 plainly decrees fortiori, overruled. 'unconsented' disposition averment answer. severance rendered moot District denied reasons, 10660; 6251. 'Therefore, enact wisdom deems advisable solve decision.' 56, reprint, Appendix E, Daniel. decisions exists token, placing differently want Nation.' 4080—4081. 'Finally, case.' 75. closing 6: growing development—rights recent enjoyed. etc., 32. 1311(a), 1311(a). 1301(a). 'Moreover, Actually, lease 'Furthermore, 25—26. Miss Lucille Grace, Register, Land Louisiana: '(I)t highly incongruous date, slightest 1908 1915 Office office records office, explaining mistake select Swamp 'Let respectfully request urge favorable business invest feel persons—once all—claims sacred 1812.' H.R.Res. 82—83. heading 'Equity ownership,' summarizes features involved: capacities; invested received, anticipate taxes thereon; bonded indebtedness, school funds, tax structures dependent legislative, executive, properties private person possession. 67, reprinting Report: 'By equity expects citizens.' 24. 4393—4394. 69. 4382. 68, 67. Daniel 695. Text 280. 'States expended dollars build piers, breakwaters, jetties, structures, install sewage-disposal systems fill beaches reclaim decades substantial gas, mineral development. commenced 1921 1926. levied collected improvements utilization S.Rep.No.133, S.Rep.No.1592, figure 'billions money.' 74. Truman, 'Even careful zealous guardian Harold Ickes, undersea H.R.Rep.No.215, 104. noted executive State.' Ickes 1933 68. text. incomplete list prepared 66, Daniel's 233. Const.1845, XIII, Ann.St.Tex., Texas,' leagues). Ala.Const., (leagues); Miss.Const., (6 leagues); La.Const., LSA—Const., slight differences language. reappeared hearings. illustration, eight-page Dean Borchard Yale appeared 'Appendix B' S.Rep.No.1260, 1946. 'Examining conduct more.' 16. Long 'Senator State? replied, studied mentioned. thinks rim court.' handed day, continue delaying intensive delay Forrestal, 'contrary viewpoint security.' controls promptness desirable. fixed, inflexible delays remoteness centralized committee's improvident.' 70, concludes avoid injustices S.1988.' 8—10, Registrar 1945. fiscal 1944 productive tidewaters. gentlemen revenues size financial Terrebonne Parish, $45,500 production. funds jury parish. certainly loss taxpayers parish listing (e.g., 67). misunderstanding, mind 3-mile prevail.' 957. 926, 931—933, 957—958, Jackson's comments, 279—281. imperative clarify endless confusion multitude speedy termination Otherwise inequities, injustices, vexatious interminable litigation, retardment needed inevitably result. enacts exist, clouded, vexations complicated result.' 61, 1840, Washington 25th throwing earth circular fifty feet diameter, seven centre. S.Doc.No.199, S.Exec.Doc.No.52, 83. 'President's founding war. causes war, thereto, totally message. arbitration justly U. Cong.1917), fol. 61009. H.R.Exec.Doc.No.8, 8. Ibid. 8—9. President's Message S.Exec.Doc.No.60, Fillmore 1525—1526; Webster, Bell, 1526—1527; Pearce, sponsor 1540—1542. suggests, ante, 'obviously behalf.' supports (H.R.Exec.Doc.No.60, 7) republic.' (S.Exec.Doc.No.52, 75) insofar communications silent fanciful me. 86. exterior province, H.R.Exec.Doc.No.1, 44th 649—650. Marshall Church Hubbart, Cranch 235, 249, wider range, vigilance assented to. Europe, passes narrow seizure suspicion trade, seldom frequented somewhat further; monopoly colonial possessions.' 'Article XI. considering tide, everything customs-house prevention smuggling.' 15. ports, loading discharging ships, custody merchandise effects, Powers local ordinances. 'With comprehended ordinances promulgated, future, dispositions police. kilometres, counted lowest tide. custom-house inspection, observance regulations, smuggling; party, Power proceeds 154. XXI. tide: police, 156. kilometres 'At executing ordinances, contraband, applied, likewise VIII. reckoned mark. coastguard service, contraband trade. application. consider, Nevertheless 171. VII. understood, Contracting Parties excepting criminal Moore, Digest (1906), 730. Hackworth, (1940), 639. 3623. 3624. 756. 252, 984; 828—829; 1403. 1301(a)(2), (b), (b). 1301(b) 1311(a) 1312 Fla.Stat.Ann. 411, 413, southeastwardly (Atlantic Ocean) Stream; southwestwardly Stream Reefs Tortugas Islands; northeastwardly mainland; river; beginning.' Emphasis 449, current Language above, provides, 717. Debates discussions 40th 2412 2413, 2445—2456, 2461—2466, 2498—2499, 2858—2860, 2861—2872, 2895 2900, 2901—2904, 2927—2935, 2963—2970, 2998—3022, 3023—3029, 3052, 3090—3097, 3466, 3484—3485, 314—316, 329—338, 347—354. Sherman. 'When securing guaranty legislate transcend bounds.' 2969. Williams laws, revise (otherwise) 2999. opposing Readmission Paine, powerful scrutinize character. himself concurrence.' 3091. Arkansas microscopic majority looked strike provisions.' 3094. 'Now, this: weeks, printed. suspicion, for. Now, fault, i conceive allowed acquainted done, man constitution.' Globe, 2399. 500 copies members Representatives, 2333, 2372. close attention. Brodie, (1959), Dictionary Biography (1935), 620, 624, biographies 625. goes it?' 294, amendment, 317. 323 326 'Congress approved' 931 Brownell's 21—23 contains helpful material. (NOTE: al., 161, 961.) issue: debate, 3-league approved, believe, court, Coast, 'So oppose pending something fear, spell measure. show—if 'Likewise claim—and come claim—that there, unsafe insecure, him friends convinced strength afraid supportable weak disturbed wording resolution, gives court?' 2923. drawn. 44—47, 986—988. upon—the 37th Colorado physical ws former, correct survey. Grande's Mexico's reads: 'Whereas have, rebel eighteen sixty-seven, supplementary post), republican, majorities votes elections same: 'Be enacted assembled, Thirty-ninth article fourteen, conditions: deprive citizen class citizens herein punishment crimes felonies whereof convicted Provided, alteration residence voters; condition: subdivisions seventeen fifth subdivision, null void, assembly solemn assent condition.' 1867, 428, providing 'constitution legislation, 2; 14; warrants excerpts typical others: sir, considering? Five forming voluntarily them; pronounced form; forever. Subject requirement, 2465. conditions affected great, Sherman 2968, consents. inquire source affects 1296, 1301. 292. lots squares, edifices, fortifications, barracks, buildings, archives article.' 654. 742.

Classification Label: 9