Legal Document

443 U.S. 31 99 Supreme Court Reporter 2627 61 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 343 State of MICHIGAN, Petitioner,v.Gary DeFILLIPPO. Number 77-1680. Argued Feb. 21, 1979. Decided June 25, Syllabus At 10 o'clock at night, Detroit police officers found respondent in an alley with a woman who was the process lowering her slacks. When asked for identification, gave inconsistent and evasive responses. He then arrested violation ordinance, which provides that officer may stop question individual if he has reasonable cause to believe individual's "behavior . warrants further investigation" criminal activity, it is unlawful any person so stopped refuse identify himself produce evidence his identity. In search followed, discovered drugs on respondent's person, charged drug offense but not ordinance. The trial court denied motion suppress obtained search. Michigan Appeals reversed, holding ordinance unconstitutionally vague, both arrest were invalid because had been pursuant should have suppressed federal constitutional grounds even though as result presumptively valid Held : Respondent's arrest, made good-faith reliance time declared unconstitutional, regardless subsequent judicial determination its unconstitutionality, therefore suppressed. Pp. 35-40. (a) Under Fourth Fourteenth Amendments, arresting may, without warrant, validly arrested. fact lawful standing alone, authorizes 35-36. (b) Constitution permits suspect warrant there probable committed or committing offense. Here, abundant conduct violated ordinance: presence circumstances described clearly warrant[ing] under responses request identification constituted refusal required. 36-37. (c) these circumstances, did lack simply known would be judicially unconstitutional. A prudent officer, course determining whether such required anticipate later hold 37-38. (d) Since valid, followed incidental arrest. Torres versus Puerto Rico, 442 465, 2425, 1; Almeida-Sanchez States, 413 266, 93 2535, 37 596; Sibron New York, 392 40, 88 1889, 20 917; Berger 388 41, 87 1873, 18 1040, distinguished. 39-40. 80 Mich.App. 197, 262 North Western Reporter, 2nd 921, reversed remanded. Timothy Atlantic Baughman, Detroit, Mich., petitioner. James C. Howarth, respondent. Mr. Chief Justice BURGER delivered opinion Court. 1 presented by this case unconstitutionality. 2 * approximately Page m. September 14, 1976, duty patrol car received radio call investigate two persons reportedly appearing intoxicated alley. they arrived alley, young woman. One what doing, replied she about relieve herself. identification; asserted Sergeant Mash, Police Department; also purported give badge number, unable hear it. again changed answer said either worked knew Mash. Respondent appear intoxicated. 3 Section 39-1-52.3 Code City behavior investigation activity. 1976 Common Council amended § provide thereto identity.1 4 failed himself, taken into custody 39-1-52.3;2 searched one package marihuana shirt pockets, tinfoil packet secreted inside cigarette other. subsequently opened station; analysis established contained phencyclidine, another controlled substance. 5 possession substance phencyclidine. preliminary examination, moved following arrest; motion. allowed interlocutory appeal reversed. It held 39-1-52.3, vague concluded since invalid. 6 expressly rejected contention Accordingly, remanded instructions quash information. 921 (1977). 7 leave appeal. We granted certiorari, 439 816, 76, 58 107 (1978), review court's grounds, although That contrary holdings Fifth Circuit arrests are valid. See Carden, 529 Federal (CA5 1976); Kilgen, 445 287 (1971). II 8 tried contends i. e., officers, subject being argues equally violating face, violative rights Amendments. correctly 9 Robinson, 414 218, 94 467, 38 427 (1973); Gustafson Florida, 260, 488, 456 (1973). constitutionality incident does depend indication possesses weapons evidence. supra, U.S., 235, S.Ct., 476. Here effected himself; contraband If when made, illegal admissible Whether authorized make ordinarily depends, first instance, state law. Ker California, 374 23, 37, 83 1623, 1631, 726 (1963); Johnson 333 10, 15, n. 5, 68 367, 370, 92 L.Ed. 436 (1948). contend, however, Mich.Comp.Laws 764.15 (1970). His sole allegedly likewise III 11 disputed Adams Williams, 407 143, 148-149, 1921, 1924-1925, 32 612 (1972); Beck Ohio, 379 89, 91, 85 223, 225, 13 142 (1964). validity actually crime; mere acquitted irrelevant clear kinds degree proof procedural requirements necessary conviction prerequisites Gerstein Pugh, 420 103, 119-123, 95 854, 865-867, 43 54 (1975); Brinegar 338 160, 174-176, 69 1302, 1310-1311, 1879 (1949). 12 respondent, terms commits given investigation, stops him, refuses himself. complete. woman, described, clearly, words investigation." officer's stating Mash Department Assuming, arguendo, constitutionally questions put some false plain language 14 remaining question, then, whether, can lacked observed spoken law negative. 15 This repeatedly explained "probable cause" justify means facts within knowledge sufficient caution, believing, shown, committed, committing, commit 111, 861; 148, 1924; 225; Draper 358 307, 313, 79 329, 333, 327 (1959); 175-176, 1310-1311; Carroll 267 132, 162, 45 280, 288, 543 (1925). 16 On record satisfy prerequisite time, course, no controlling precedent constitutional, hence all shown record, 17 enforce laws until unless enactment forecloses speculation enforcement concerning constitutionality—with possible exception grossly flagrantly unconstitutional prudence bound see flaws. Society ill-served took upon themselves determine entitled enforcement. Pierson Ray, 386 547, 1213, 288 (1967), statute sought damages Amendment 42 KF62 1983. Warren speaking Court, action based defense good faith, observed: "A policeman's lot unhappy must choose between dereliction cause, mulcted does." 555, 1218. "the faith available common-law imprisonment, them 1983." Id., 557, 1219. risk "being [they did] had] basis observed.3 IV 19 exclusionary rule requires suppression searches carried out statutes, previously authorize warrant. See, e. g., (1979); 596 917 (1968); 1040 (1967). Our today decisions; statutes involved those cases bore different relationship challenged than Those decisions which, their own terms, traditional probable-cause Amendment. For example, we Border Patrol vehicle "reasonable distance" border, cause. Attorney General, regulation, fixed 100 miles from border. 268, 2537. distant point entry unreasonable Constitution. struck down authorizing "particularly describ[e] place searched, things seized," 55-56, 1882. 21 contrast, here misdemeanor "investigation" "refuse himself"; directly search.4 Once refused required, presence, Michigan's general statute, (1970), independent relevant only pertains "facts circumstances" 22 determined invalidity vagueness undermine proceedings opinion. 23 Reversed 24 BLACKMUN, concurring. 25 & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions join Court's opinion, add few concern evident BRENNAN'S dissenting today's decision will allow municipalities circumvent requirement There danger, acknowledge, use stop-and-identify improper discover other crime, arrestee offense; do released. manner, stopand-identify open challenge, itself could perpetually evade review. 26 case, used pretextual manner. Tr. Oral Arg. 8. defendant proper showed habitually prosecute, think suffice rebut claim acting reasonable, challenge and, 27 BRENNAN, whom MARSHALL STEVENS join, dissenting. 28 disagree conclusion authority my view, conduct, law, exceeded bounds set rights. 29 (1976) read follows: 30 "When person. shall section verifiable documents identification. event true identity, transport him nearest precinct order ascertain identity." police, purely suspicion, Gary DeFillippo demanded furnish rebuffed inquiries Thereafter, drugs. challenges assumes unconstitutionality upholds nonetheless. reasons actions expected know reasonable. errs, focusing rely dispute Cf. (1967).1 Michigan. ultimate issue gathered against through means. responsible legislative bodies well hardly defend charge arguing defect product merely executing faith. "may trenches rights, labels attaches conduct. state-approved seizure 'is [or seizure] rather Amendment.' " 61, 1902, (1968), quoting part Cooper 58, 788, 790, 730 33 inquiry directed faithfully applied invalidation inescapable. assumption founded; indeed patently so. And infirmity explored, assumed, obvious application trenched resulted seizure. 34 touchstone Amendment's protection privacy interests prohibition seizures intrusions cause—" 'the best compromise accommodating [the] often opposing interests' 'safeguard[ing] citizens rash interferences privacy' 'seek[ing] fair leeway enforcing community's protection.' Dunaway 200, 208, 2248, 2254, 60 824 (1979), 176, 1311, 35 Because policies underlying it, accost suspicion "narrowly drawn," Terry 1, 27, 1868, 1883, 889 carefully circumscribed. supra. less Even frisks permissible reason dealing armed dangerous individual. 24, 1881. Furthermore, while briefly detained "while pertinent obliged answer, answers compelled, furnishes ." 34, 1886 (WHITE, J., concurring). context interest silent cannot overcome whim suspicious officer.2 "[W]hile right voluntarily unsolved crimes compel answer." Davis Mississippi, 394 721, 727 6, 89 1394, 1397 676 (1969). 36 sum individuals accosted remain silent, corollary, silent. purports abridge concomitant limitations authority. demand suspects search, comply. commands denies power command makes "a crime crime." Coates Cincinnati, 402 611, 616, 91 1686, 1689, 214 transparent expedient making protected substantive offense—sanctions circumvention during full-scale Clearly, sheer piece legerdemain countenanced. 726-727, 1397-1398; analysis. Rather, cooperate inquiries, henceforward regarded null void. Yet, holds prior Given assumptions rest tacit defects requiring convictions entered require But brief reflection pervasiveness ordinance's infirmities demonstrates fallacy assumption. 39 major forces solely forgoing prosecutions solve dilemma. chose forced relinquish (and seized them), forgo Hobson's choice avoided invalidating fast progeny: answers, questions.3 40 plainly limitations. commanded validate impermissible affirm judgment suppressing fruits. As amended, provided: While construed oneself meriting 201 923 preamble amendment indicates enacted response emergency caused marked increase particularly street gangs juveniles. disorderly conduct; case. purpose deter action. No conceivable deterrence served To never remotely contemplation most zealous advocate rule. detain "unable However, disclaims provision who, like "refuse[s] himself." 5. 1218, exposes ante, nonetheless, relying exercising right. unfair penalize undertaken good-faith, mistaken interpretation penalized way actions, support position. exercise reasonably believed counsels validation. mistaken, Constitution, surely correct addition Amendment, Katz 389 347, 507, 576 find source privilege self-incrimination, Haynes 390 85, 722, Grosso 62, 709, 906 Albertson SACB, 382 70, 86 194, 165 (1965), or, more generally, let alone—the comprehensive valued civilized men." Olmstead 277 438, 478, 48 564, 572, 72 944 (1928) (Brandeis dissenting). Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 494, 1678, 1687, 510 (1965) (Goldberg, ordinances collateral Jurisdictions minded avoid prosecuting investigative tools gather searches. possibility evasion yet error approval

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