Legal Document

521 U.S. 203117 S.Ct. 1997138 L.Ed.2d 391 Rachel AGOSTINI, et al., Petitioners,v.Betty-Louise FELTON al.CHANCELLOR, BOARD OF EDUCATION THE CITY NEW YORK, Petitioners.v.Betty-Louise al. Nos. 96-552 and 96-553. Supreme Court of the United States Argued April 15, 1997. Decided June 23, 1997.* Syllabus * In Aguilar v. Felton, 473 402, 413, 105 3232, 3238, 87 290, this held that New York City's program sent public school teachers into parochial schools to provide remedial education disadvantaged children pursuant Title I Elementary Secondary Education Act 1965 necessitated an excessive entanglement church state violated First Amendment's Establishment Clause. On remand, District entered a permanent injunction reflecting ruling. Some 10 years later, petitioners-the parties bound by injunction-filed motions in same court seeking relief from injunction's operation under Federal Rule Civil Procedure 60(b)(5). They emphasized significant costs complying with assertions five Justices Board Ed. Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. Grumet, 512 687, 114 2481, 129 546, should be reconsidered, argued was proper 60(b)(5) Rufo Inmates Suffolk County Jail, 502 367, 388, 112 748, 762, 116 867, because cannot squared Court's intervening Clause jurisprudence is no longer good law. The denied motion on merits, declaring Aguilar's demise has "not yet occurred.'' Second Circuit agreed affirmed. Held: 1.A federally funded providing supplemental, instruction neutral basis not invalid when such given premises sectarian government employees containing safeguards as those present program. Accordingly, Aguilar, well portion its companion case, Grand Rapids Ball, 373, 3216, 267, addressing "Shared Time'' program, are Pp. ____-____. (a) Under Rufo, supra, at 384, S.Ct., 760, 60(b)(5)-which states that, "upon terms just, may relieve party . final judgment [when] it equitable have prospective application''-authorizes if moving shows change either factual conditions or Since exorbitant were known time decided, see, e.g., U.S., 430-431, 3247-3248 (O'Connor, J., dissenting), they do constitute sufficient warrant relief, accord, 385, 760-761. Also unavailing fact expressed view reconsidered overruled. Because question propriety before Justices' views said effected Thus, petitioners' ability satisfy 60(b)(5)'s prerequisites hinges whether later cases so undermined (b) To answer question, necessary understand rationale upon which Ball rested. One programs evaluated Rapids, Michigan, analogous Applying three-part Lemon Kurtzman, 403 602, 612-613, 91 2105, 2111, 29 745, test, acknowledged satisfied test's first element served purely secular purpose, 383, 3222, but ultimately concluded had impermissible effect advancing religion, violation second element, id., 3223. That conclusion rested three assumptions: (i) any employee who works religious school's presumed inculcate religion her work, see 385-389, 3223-3226; (ii) presence private creates symbolic union between state, 389, 391, 3225-3226, 3226-3227; (iii) aid directly aids educational function impermissibly finances indoctrination, even reaches consequence decisionmaking, 393, 395-397, 3223, 3227-3228, 3228-3230. Additionally, set forth fourth assumption: necessitates third teach must closely monitored ensure religion. See 409, 412-414, 3236, 3237-3239. (c) more recent assumptions relied. Contrary conclusion, placing full-time campuses does matter law through indoctrination. Subsequent modified two respects approach uses assess advanced inculcating beliefs. First, abandoned Ball's presumption placed grounds will inevitably their constitutes Zobrest Catalina Foothills Dist., 509 1, 12-13, 113 2462, 2468-2469, 125 1. No evidence ever shown City instructor teaching attempted students. Second, departed rule all invalid. Witters Washington Dept. Servs. for Blind, 474 481, 487, 106 751, 88 846; Zobrest, 10, 12, 2467, 2468-2469. relevant respects, provision instructional services here issue indistinguishable sign-language interpreter Zobrest. make clear current law, not, deemed both precedent experience require rejection (d) give recipients incentive modify beliefs practices order obtain services. Although completely ignored consideration, other since examined criteria identifies beneficiaries determine themselves creating financial undertake Cf. Witters, 488, 751-752; 2467. Such where, here, allocated neutral, neither favor nor disfavor made available nondiscriminatory basis. circumstances, less likely Widmar Vincent, 454 263, 274, 102 269, 276-277, 70 440. meet eligibility requirements, what where go school. (e) erred concluding resulted state. Regardless considered course assessing Walz Tax Comm'n York, 397 664, 674, 90 1409, 1414, 25 697, factor separate apart "effect,'' considerations used excessiveness similar: looks character purposes benefited institutions, nature State provides, resulting relationship authority. Id., 615, 2112. It simplest recognize why treat it-as did Walz-as aspect inquiry statute's effect. finding "excessive'' grounds: would "pervasive monitoring authorities'' religion; required "administrative cooperation'' schools; might increase dangers "political divisiveness.'' 413-414, 3238-3239. understanding, last insufficient create "excessive entanglement'' offered, offered off-campus. E.g., supra. Further, consideration been simply happen environment, there need assume pervasive required. There suggestion record system place monitor prevent detect inculcation. Moreover, failed find involving far onerous burdens institutions. Bowen Kendrick, 487 589, 615-617, 108 2562, 2577-2579, 101 520. (f) run afoul primary currently evaluate religion: result governmental define reference entanglement. Nor can carefully constrained reasonably viewed endorsement P. 2016. (g) stare decisis doctrine preclude recognizing overruling portions inconsistent decisions. Gaudin, 515 506, ----, 115 2310, 2318, 132 444. light decided differently adherence decision undoubtedly work "manifest injustice,'' case apply. Accord, Davis States, 417 333, 342, 94 2298, 2303, 41 109. 2.The post-Aguilar entitles petitioners general practice apply announcing it, Rodriguez de Quijas Shearson/American Express, Inc., 490 477, 485, 109 1917, 1922, 104 526, Adarand Constructors, Inc. Pe%25na, 200, 2097, 2116, 158. acknowledges holds courts conclude have, implication, overruled earlier precedent. Rather, lower follow controls, leaving prerogative own Quijas, 484, 1921-1922. Respondents' various arguments granted case-that different analysis reviewing abuse discretion denial relief; unprecedented use vehicle effecting changes rather than means them, encourage litigants burden federal deluge motions; 60(b) context erode institutional integrity; wait "better vehicle'' continuing vitality-are persuasive. F.3d 1394, reversed remanded. O'CONNOR, delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C. SCALIA, KENNEDY, THOMAS, JJ., joined. SOUTER, filed dissenting opinion, STEVENS GINSBURG, joined, BREYER, joined Part II. STEVENS, Walter Dellinger, respondent. Paul A. Crotty, City, petitioners. Stanley Geller, respondents. Justice O'CONNOR Court. 1 290 (1985), Amendment barred city sending congressionally mandated Eastern our Twelve injunction-seek operation. Petitioners maintain ask we explicitly already dictate: We agree consistent subsequent decisions further facts presented entitled injunction. 2 1965, Congress enacted 79 Stat. 27, modified, 20 U.S.C. §6301 seq., "provid[e] full opportunity every child regardless economic background.'' S.Rep. No. 146, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. 5 (1965), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News pp. 1446, 1450 (hereinafter I). Toward end, channels funds, "local agencies'' (LEA's). §§6311, 6312.* LEA's spend these funds education, guidance, job counseling eligible —§§6315(c)(1)(A) (LEA's "help participating student performance standards''), 6315(c)(1)(E) "counseling, mentoring, pupil services''); also §§6314(b)(1)(B)(i), (iv). An one resides within attendance boundaries located low-income area, §6313(a)(2)(B); failing, risk State's standards, §6315(b)(1)(B). children, attend schools, §6312(c)(1)(F), provided attending "equitable comparison benefits children.'' §6321(a)(3); §6321(a)(1); 34 C.F.R. §§200.10(a), 200.11(b) (1996). 3 LEA enrolled subject number constraints imposed provides schools. only students aid, "school-wide'' Compare §200.12(b) §6314 (allowing schools). addition, retain complete control over funds; title materials services; persons independent institution. —§§6321(c)(1), (2). "secular, nonideological,'' §6321(a)(2), "supplement, supplant, level services'' school, §200.12(a) 4 Petitioner (Board), LEA, applied 1966 grappled how jurisdiction. Approximately 10% total App. 38, 620. Recognizing 90% Board's jurisdiction sectarian, Felton Secretary, Ed., 739 F.2d 48, 51 (C.A.2 1984), initially arranged transport after-school instruction. But enterprise largely unsuccessful. Attendance poor, tired, parents concerned safety children. Ibid. then moved onto campuses, contemplated I. Wheeler Barrera, 422, 2274, 2285-2286, 159 (1974). After yielded mixed results, implemented plan (1985). called during hours. plan, could serve instructors counselors. 406, 3234-3235. Assignments voluntary without regard affiliation wishes Ibid.; F.2d, 53. As Appeals observed, large majority worked nonpublic affiliations own. vast among spending fewer days week 6 Before she detailed written oral instructions emphasizing purpose setting out rules followed compromised. Specifically, told accountable supervisors; exclusive responsibility selecting met I; equipment program; (iv) engage team-teaching cooperative activities teachers; (v) introduce become involved way All symbols removed classrooms 407, 3235. consult student's regular classroom teacher particular needs progress, admonished limit consultations mutual professional concerns regarding education. compliance rules, publicly employed field supervisor attempt least unannounced visit each teacher's month. 7 1978, six taxpayers-respondents here-sued York. Respondents sought declaratory injunctive claiming permitted receiving intervene codefendants. summary Board, reversed. While noting "done much little, any, detectable harm,'' 72, nevertheless Meek Pittenger, 421 349, 95 1753, 44 217 (1975), Wolman Walter, 433 229, 97 2593, 53 714 (1977), compelled declare unconstitutional. 5-4 decision, affirmed ground administration [Title I] benefits.'' 414, 3239. permanently enjoined 8 "from using extent requires, authorizes permits guidance counselors City.'' Pet. Cert. 96-553, A25-A26. 9 like across continue serving attended Rather offer reverted prior sites, leased mobile units (essentially vans converted classrooms) parked near computer-aided instruction, "on premises'' physically 315. disputed additional mandate significant. 1986-1987 year, spent $100 million leasing sites units, transporting sites. 333 ($93.2 1993-1994 years); 336 (annual average around $15 million). Secretary Education's regulations, "incurred implementing alternative delivery systems comply requirements Felton'' paid deducted grant distributed student. §200.27(c) These "Aguilar costs'' thus reduce amount money cut back receive benefits. From years, deduct $7.9 "off-the-top'' Aguilar. 333. When handed down, estimated some 20,000 economically 431, 183,000 nationwide, L. Levy, 176 (1986), decline 100-222, p. 14 (1987), 1988, 101, (estimating "resulted about 35 percent served''). 11 October December 1995, new group services-filed remand 867 (1992), "decisional [had] changed legal [injunction] designed prevent.'' pointed statements 546 (1994), calling motion. recognized petitioners, "at bottom,'' "a procedurally sound get [propriety injunction] Court,'' A12, "the ha[d] properly proceeded seek injunction.'' A19. Despite observations landscape changed,'' A10, " [t]here reason imminent,'' A20, merits "affirmed substantially reasons stated in'' opinion. 5a. certiorari, 519 117 759, 136 695 (1997), now reverse. II 12 simple one: Are 60(b)? 60(b)(5), subsection below, states: 13 "On [or] application.'' appropriate consent decree show law.'' A statutory decisional Railway Employees Wright, 364 642, 652-653, 81 368, 373-374, 349 (1961) (consent vacated amendments Labor Act); 764-765 (vacating remanding consider Bell Wolfish, 441 520, 99 1861, 60 447 (1979)); Pasadena Bd. Spangler, 427 424, 437-438, 96 2697, 2705-2706, 49 599 (1976) (injunction Swann Charlotte-Mecklenburg 402 1267, 28 554 (1971)). errs refuses changes. 647, 371 (" [T]he disregard doing turned circumstances instrument wrong'') (internal quotation marks omitted). 15 point believe justify claim contend development warranting modification Brief Agostini 38-40. argue developments decided: overruled, __; event decisions, including 846 (1993), Rosenberger Rector Visitors Univ. Va., 819, 2510, 700 (1995). 16 counter off-site changed, err denying motions. Obviously, supporting original litigation decide turn threshold 17 respondents establish Rufo. Both were, aware incurred classrooms. 66-68 (Defendants' Joint Statement Material Facts Not Dispute, 1982, detailing off-premises services); dissenting) (observing cause students). predictions accurate 760 ("Ordinarily relies events actually anticipated [the entered]''). 18 themselves, furnish changed. Joel, constitutionality carved district coincide village enclave Satmar Hasidic sect. created, wishing special Individuals Disabilities (IDEA), §1400 outside village. rarely created stay IDEA instructors. observed response cease 692, 2485-2486. Five opinions reconsideration 718, 2498-2499 concurring part judgment); 731, 2505 (Kennedy, 750, 2514-2515 (Scalia, dissenting, Rehnquist, C.J. Thomas, J.). us. 19 conclusions, inquiry. III eroded cases, 267 21 Michigan. district's Shared Time most I, "enrichment'' classes, expense, classes taught hours teachers, purchased courses subjects supplement "core curriculum'' 375-376, 3218-3219. Of 40 ""pervasively sectarian''' character-that is, purpos[e] [those] [was] advance religions.'' 379, 3220. 22 conducted applying test 745 (1971): 23 "First, statute legislative purpose; second, principal advances inhibits finally, foster religion.'' 382-383, 3222 (quoting Lemon, 2111) (citations internal 24 thereby satisfying so-called test. 3222. Nevertheless, found Clause's prohibition against "government-financed government-sponsored indoctrination faith'' ways. drawing intentionally inadvertently tenets beliefs.'' invalidated Pennsylvania supplemental "auxiliary services''-remedial accelerated testing, speech hearing services-to 367-373, 1764-1767. auxiliary secular, mostly dispensed "an atmosphere dedicated advancement belief constantly maintained.'' Meek, 371, 1766. Instruction [t]he potential fostering 372, 248, 2605 (upholding employing away school). 26 Rapids' shared defects. 386, 3223-3224. ""substantial risk''' teachers-even schools- "subtly (or overtly) conform [pervasively sectarian] environment [taught].'' 3225. danger "state-sponsored indoctrination'' exacerbated failure content. 387, 3224. Notably, disregarded lack specific incidents irrelevant, reasoning witnesses indoctrination-the students, parents, officials-might unable little report incidents. 388-389, 27 related effect: "graphic symbol "concert dependency' state,'' 3226 Zorach Clauson, 343 306, 312, 72 679, 683, L.Ed. 954 (1952)), especially perceived "children formative years,'' 390, 3226. feared perception "conve[y] message religion'' violate purpose'' Third, financed subsidizing mission institutions affected.'' separated evaluating aided categories: "indirect, remote, incidental'' (and upheld aid); direct substantial enterprise'' aid). 3228 Wolman, fell latter category. ruled loan form "direct aid'' "advanced primary, religion-oriented school,'' 395, omitted), "in-kind'' (e.g., materials) freeing up otherwise devoted Given holdings program-which materials-was surely 3228-3229. likewise weight mitigated supplemented challenged resembled struck down fault Ball: "adopted content schools.'' 3236. Even though being concluded, "certain'' exclusively "inevitably resul[t] running Lemon's prong. 3236; 619, 2114 (invalidating Rhode Island [a] comprehensive, discriminating, surveillance th[e] restrictions [against indoctrination] obeyed''); 370, 1765-1766 certain officials religion). majority's view, suffered "same critical elements Meek: "in pervasively teachers,'' requiring "ongoing inspection absence message.'' 412, 3238. authorities infringes precisely values root entanglement.'' noted forms inherent program: implement "dangers political divisiveness'' grow day-to-day 30 Distilled essentials, work; state; decisionmaking. B 31 Our sure, principles violates decided. For example, acted inhibiting remained unchanged. 485-486, 750-751; 602-604, 2570-2572, 520 (1988) (concluding Adolescent Family Life purpose); Westside Community Schools (Dist.66) Mergens, 496 226, 248-249, 110 2356, 2370-2371, 191 (1990) Equal Access cf. Edwards Aguillard, 482 578, 107 2573, 510 (1987) (striking Louisiana creationism discussed evolution lacked legitimate purpose). Likewise, explore "effect'' What understanding 32 repeatedly recognized, inculcation however, erected placement results state-sponsored IDEA, constitutional deaf bring his state-employed him Roman Catholic high permissible, expressly disavowing notion [laid] [an] absolute bar school.'' 13, 2469. "Such flat rule, smacking antiquated notions "taint,' indeed exalt substance.'' refused presume pressured surroundings "add[ing] subtract[ing] from'' lectures translated. contrary, assumed instead dutifully discharge responsibilities ethical guidelines profession accurately translating said. interpreter, herself messages, took able assistance Clause.'' therefore rejected notion-relied Aguilar-that, solely property, implicitly repudiated another assumption turned: property "symbolic link'' 33 SOUTER contends undermine "presumption inculcation'' contrary rests "mistaken reading'' Post, __. tolerates "only limited circumstances''-i.e., "simply translates material class benefit students.'' unlike signing, explains, [cannot] understood inject [is] supposed instruction.'' He distinguishable from-and perfectly with-Ball rely distinguishing If thought signers "opportunity content'' translations, inaccurate translations. signer duties employees, genuine confine Zobrest's underlying rationale-that religion-to interpreters. Indeed, dissenters shift criticized "stray[ing] nearly decades jurisprudence.'' 24, 2475 (Blackmun, dissenting). Zobrest-and "fresh refusal despite "misreading'' relied issuing vocational tuition blind person wished Christian college pastor, missionary, youth director. recipient clearly grants ""made generally sectarian-nonsectarian, public-nonpublic institution benefited.''' 751 Committee Public Religious Liberty Nyquist, 413 756, 782-783, n. 93 2955, 2970-2971, 37 948 (1973)). disbursed pay choice. transaction paycheck knowing donate check situations, went genuinely choices of'' individuals. logic allowed mouthpiece IDEA's ensured interpreter's "result individual parents'' [could] attributed decisionmaking.'' 2467 (emphasis added). own, indirectly finance "reliev[ing] schoo[l] [it] borne educating [its] 2468. 36 reach valid. enters classroom, depart assigned embark think altering translation lectures. Certainly, National Coalition Harris, 489 F.Supp. 1248, 1262, 1267 (S.D.N.Y.1980); 53, aff'd. sub nom. us reject respondents' remarkable argument "uncontrollable sometimes very unprofessional.'' Tr. Oral Arg. 39. above, repudiates will, more, impression union'' maintains dispositive implicit grounds. him, continues mandates involvement schools,'' ibid., "fus[es] faculties,'' post, disavow notion, uniformly adopted courts, off-campus locations, __, necessarily presupposes evaporates once Taking difference unconstitutional location degree cooperation faculty provided. perceptible (let alone dispositive) campus van just curbside. draw line based "sensible'' "sound,'' it. 38 interpreters IDEA. recipients. whatever choose attend. several once, whereas single student, distinction constitutionally curricula. therefore, "reliev[e] 39 finds similar "puzzling,'' points differences he perceives programs: "directly schools'' formal application process; "necessarily reliev[e] expense assumed'''; __-__. None distinctions meaningful. true services, premise fact, not. coffers compare Regan, 444 646, 657-659, 100 840, 848-849, 63 (1979) (involving giving cash reimbursement'' performing state-mandated tasks), school-wide basis, agency (an LEA) dispenses boundaries, 6312. fail greater financing submit application. persuaded supplant begin __-__, claims rest speculation impossibility violating regulations unwilling speculate curtailed willing depends aid. James had, litigation, Mueller Allen, 463 401, 103 3062, 3070, 77 721 (1983) ("We loath adopt grounding facially annual reports reciting citizens claimed law''). fatal subsidizes applies equal force off-campus, implied entirely resists impulse upset contending justified "less inside schools] subsidize remains'' explain "make patently cut-backs'' curriculum ostensibly excused having I-type itself. way, logical subsidy on-campus, 42 beneficiaries, indoctrinate State. identifying respect, enabling 752 neutrally "create education''); "creates school''); __ (SOUTER, [E]venhandedness condition scrutiny''). This present, 277, 440 (1981) ("The broad spectrum groups important index effect''). 43 gave weight. sustained See, Everson Ewing, 330 16-18, 67 504, 511-513, 711 (1947) (sustaining local ordinance authorizing tax returns buses); Central 392 236, 243-244, 1923, 1926-1927, 1060 (1968) loaning textbooks children); 398-399, 3068-3069, Minnesota allowing actual tuition, textbooks, transportation returns); 487-488, 751-752 granting assistance); 2467-2468 section "disabled'' §200.10(b) (1996); Act's §6312(c)(1)(F). 45 Whether consistently analysis. 697 (1970), 2111. characterized issue, factors examine "effect.'' entanglement, looked benefited, authority.'' Similarly, assessed law's examining "predominantly religious''), 363-364, 1762-1763; Hunt McNair, 734, 743-744, 2868, 2874-2875, 923 (1973), nonideological), Everson, 18, 512-513; 244, 2603. itself, "independently'' necessitate program's invalidation 620, 2115 [W]e ignore modern power intrude ''). 46 entanglements, course, Interaction inevitable, 614, 2112, always tolerated two. Entanglement runs 2577-2579 (no reviews adolescent grantees, monitors periodic visits); Roemer Works Md., 426 736, 764-765, 2337, 2353-2354, 179 conducts audits categorical colleges 47 pre-Aguilar previously, Clause, supra (limiting holding on-premises Walker San Francisco Unified 1449 (C.A.9 1995) (same); Pulido Cavazos, 934 912, 919-920 (C.A.8 1991); 942 842 (E.D.N.Y.1996) (same). undermined. tempted standards uphold. after environment. instructed faithfully, discard monthly visits supervisors employees. here. Bowen, 2577-2579. 48 summarize, indoctrination; hold 488-489, mere circumstance [an recipient] chosen help [does not] confer religion''); 613-614, 2576-2577 (finding ""symbolic link''' counseling). acknowledge C often noted, [s]tare inexorable command,'' Payne Tennessee, 501 808, 828, 111 2597, 2609, 720 (1991), reflects policy matters applicable settled right,'' Burnet Coronado Oil Gas Co., 285 52 443, 447, 76 815 (1932) (Brandeis, weakest interpret Constitution interpretation altered amendment Seminole Tribe Fla. Florida, 517 ---------, 1114, 1128-1129, 134 252 Payne, 2609-2610; St. Joseph Stock Yards Co. 298 94, 56 720, 744, 80 1033 (1936) (Stone Cardozo, result) previous 2319, (1995) (stare yield decision's "underpinnings [have been] eroded, Court''); Alabama Smith, 794, 803, 2201, 2207, 865 (1989) (noting "later law'' decision); Planned Parenthood Southeastern Pa. Casey, 505 833, 857, 2791, 2810, 120 674 (1992) "development left behind survivor obsolete thinking''). significantly overturn doctrinal disposition come [1985].'' 864, 2813-2814. overrule 50 "law case'' doctrine, reopen issues stages litigation. Messenger Anderson, 225 436, 444, 739, 740, 1152 (1912). "convinced [its decision] erroneous manifest injustice.'' Arizona California, 460 605, 618, 8, 1382, 1391, 75 318 (1983). (1974) (Court adhering precedent). IV "significant[ly] change[d]'' 760. does. announce 526 long standing announced controls bar''). adhere case. Pena, 158 (1995), racial classifications strict scrutiny, relying Metro Broadcasting, FCC, 497 547, 2997, 445 (1990). certiorari hesitate vacate judgments courts. so, principle withstood time. 237-238, 2115-2116. Hubbard 514 695, 715, 1754, 1765, 131 779 (overruling reversing court's case). acknowledge, hold, reaffirm "if appears decisions.'' Adherence insulate review continued vitality. trial entertaining allegations, correct unless until reinterpreted binding GINSBURG urge discretion. Browder Director, Corrections Ill., 434 257, 7, 98 556, 560, 54 (1978). discretion, exercise stand sustained. Cooter Gell Hartmarx Corp., 405, 2447, 2460-2461, 359 standard employ practice. Adarand, supra; Hubbard, spite contexts. way-not them. sanction argue, premised nothing judges (GINSBURG, (contending "invitations reconsider old "speculat[ions] chances membership]''). fears overstated. judge's so. 55 Most importantly, today intimately tied arose. involves party's request ago bona fide, clause invoke "judgment[s] hav[ing] Intervening extraordinary 60(b)(6), remaining avenue lacking component. J. Moore, Moore's Practice, §60.48[5][b], ¶60-181 (3d ed.1997) (collecting cases). ordinary civil issue. Teague Lane, 288, 1060, 334 (applying stringent "new rules'' "interests comity'' habeas corpus proceedings). specifically contemplates hardly somehow warped "allowing "anytime' rehearing.'' [p]etitioners' [p]roposed [u]se [w]ill [e]rode [i]nstitutional [i]ntegrity Court.'' 26. undermines legitimacy. Instead, focus harm occasioned violence fide And legitimacy derive reliance doctrine. 865-866, 2814-2815. 57 matter, impact "integrity procedural signals departure responsive, non-agenda-setting particularly inequitable bide waiting arise while labors forcing millions dollars better chance success life 58 reasons, reverse September 26, 1985, order. 59 ordered. whom join, BREYER joins II, dissenting. 61 novel proceeding, seriously mistaken. misapplication equally reading describes underpinnings repudiate reasonable drawn authorize unparalleled scale, central subsidies government. 62 respectfully dissent. now, ante, agencies Immediately reading, mathematics, English language system, counselors, psychologists, social workers many Time,1 "supplementary'' math art, music, physical 375, 3218. 64 schemes ran promoting ways: first, state-paid conducting intentionally) sympathy aims purposes, 3225; government's produced tended convey supported 390-392, and, subsidized functions assuming provide, 395-396, similarity programs, reason. 65 indicate along, sensible my reservation emphasis obscured independently jurisprudence. forbidden act endorsement. 3223 ("Although few absolutes, absolutely prohibit government-financed faith''); 3225 ("Government promotes effectively fosters close identification powers any-or all-religious denominations attempts doctrines.'') (citing Lynch Donnelly, 465 668, 688, 1355, 1367, 604 (1984) (O'CONNOR, concurring)). 66 explained elsewhere, ban subsidization antedates Bill Rights unwavering qualified Terms exactions sort revenues ban. 2534-2539, dissenting); 2526-2527 concurring). expresses hard lesson learned again American past experiences countries come, religions governments compromised freedom burdened supports "When favors sect, disadvantage others obvious, favored fear "taint[ed] corrosive secularism.' figures reshape religion's purposes; reformed largesse brings regulation.'' Lee Weisman, 577, 608, 2649, 2666, 467 concurring) 3223); Memorial Remonstrance Assessments 1785, Complete Madison 299, 309 (S. Padover ed. 1953) ("Religion flourishes purity, Gov[ernment]''); M. Howe, Garden Wilderness (1965) Roger Williams's "worldly corruptions consume churches sturdy fences wilderness maintained''). addresses historical lessons. Governmental approval tends reinforce (at short run) token, carry exclusion views. [A]n concern effects action sufficiently adherents controlling endorsement, nonadherents disapproval, choices''); Lee, 606-607, 2665 ("When puts imprimatur conveys asserts God prefers some''); Engel Vitale, 370 421, 429, 82 1261, 1266, 601 (1962) ("Anguish, hardship bitter strife'' "when zealous struggl[e] Government's stamp approval''). human tendency, forget lessons, overlook history partnership worthy, bureaucrats programs. tendency (along Constitution's structural libertarian guarantees), hope stopping corrosion starts. features common covering wide range core secondary mathematics; termed "supplemental,'' obligated 243, 2602-2603, (1977) (provision diagnostic tests incidental benefit); carrying considerable 2469, (1993) (sign-language transmit exactly said); 616-617, 2113, (1971) (distinguishing, books State); well), participation extensive, 751-752, (1986) (only education); flowed distinct indirect choice, 2469 [A]ny attenuated attributable parents''') 400, (1983)); (aid issued reached recipients''); Mueller, 399-400, 3069-3070 68 What, settings consequent temptation reflect schools' missions rhetoric certainty 3237-3239 (monitoring); (risk indoctrination). themselves. obligation extends math. Calling distinguish basic subjects, however inadequately 69 scheme reverts today. taxpayers' identified formally religious. obvious sham, say, channel credited "secular'' "supplemental'' impossible draw. enter manner free assume, payment for, entire cost 394, 396, 3228, 3229, although concentrated Judge Friendly's subjects. Education, 66-67 sub. objected takes off premises, subsidy, administered too, does, do; save makes easier them survive concentrate resources objectives. may, prove too much, strong enough basics pupils today), sense off-premises. arguably open door relieving presumably legally unable) dispense curriculums cut-backs offset instruction; remains. top substantial. Sharing objectives telegraph keeping distance do. level. symbolism [effected influence tender whose consequently choice.'' When, moreover, goes overwhelmingly denomination, minimal contact feed resentment access worthy projects. 71 sum, barring Aguilar-Ball capable principled adherence. sound, necessary, ignores elemental Ball. errs. Its "no law,'' mistaken reading. 73 13-14,, 2469-2470 support contention "abandoned [v. (1975)] Ante, 74 lays per se hinged employee's job, signing) circumscribed role signer. received enrolling school) itself way: task seems quite counselor Nothing suggests whole. "transmit everything intended.''' seen teacher, signing accordingly 13-14, 2469-2470. 617, [T]eachers ideological [and][i]n faith morals textbook's ascertainable, handling not''). careful insists signer, asserting "there [this] '' Whatever position merit), enjoy authority disagree assertion working apt beliefs, disagreement fresh tries press service beyond reach. says "that link' religion,'' assumption. "mere presence'' addressed schoolday reference, otherwise, implies aim. unions strength implications, merely less. next "any decision-making.'' continues, "all invalid.'' mischaracterizes discussion point, misreads repudiating modest proposition 78 all'' taking 396-397, 3229-3230. "never accepted possibility invalidate program,'' enquired proffered substantial'' (and, unconstitutional) "indirect incidental,'' permissible) "is degree.'' 784-785, 39, 2971-2972, 314, 684, (1952)). principle, expended whole end flowing education.'' 752. instance beneficiary, 4, 2464, (who previously interpretive determined used, limited, relieved puzzling insisting comparable Instead aiding isolated individuals 22,000 313-314.2 such, revived) (remedial skills, language) furnish, assumed,'' freed other, uses. Finally, comes distribution distributes fair say applicants scale systemic supplement. (which Education) funding proposing approved need, 28-29, 60, 242-243; funds.3 accordingly, becomes feature 264, 2614 (opinion Powell, J.)). incidental.'' breached now. notes suspect, "gave weight,'' conflict thinks clear, evenhandedness scrutiny. but, elsewhere am recognizing, Rosenberger, _________, 2525 concurring); 2541-2544 621, 2580-2581, (1988), degree, value, neutrality render helpless inapposite. 83 Stare barrier eyes reads exaggerated propositions Patterson McLean Credit Union, 491 164, 173-174, 2363, (1989). dispensation convincing cases. came doctrine; incidental; fusing faculties endorsement; subsidization. 84 continuity indeed, matched persistence facts. everyone knew efficiency, convenience, money. begun all, dissatisfaction arrangement led put place. 51. arrangement, unchanged: difficult move around, lot became before, Members be. gone awry excuse precedent, 449-450, let 85 deny recited regrettable; object doubt, high. unfortunate rule. lines drawn, side sympathetic provokes impatience line. price 86 rehear ago. says, immediate reconsideration. Rules countenance rehearing granted. reason, lead defer rehearing, 44, petitions entry question. 44.1. "shorte[n] exten[d]'' period, extended publication adjudication merits. Reid Covert, 354 1222, 1148 (1957) (original 11, 1956; Nov. 5, 1956); Jones Opelika, 319 103, 890, 1290 (1943) (per curiam) Term 1941; 1942). procedures allows timely "except concurred decision.'' bold candid) style plea taken petition Stevens, still-sitting member majority. 89 Lacking directly, accepts substitute governing orders Fed. Civ. Proc. impressed unprecedented, urging otherwise. __-__; (acknowledgment counsel "we know way''). fortunately, future efforts expand today's ruling favored. ----. anticipate remain aberrational. part: [district] representative judgment, order, proceeding following reasons: (5) renders inequitable. (addressing institutional-reform setting); Practice §60.47[2][c], 60-163 60-166 ed.1997); Charles Alan Arthur R. Miller, Mary Kay Kane, §2863, 336-347 (2d ed.1995) Kane). 92 Appellate denials (1978); Employes 648-650, 371-373, (1961). unanimous Browder, appeal review.'' 7. context, [w]e framing decree. asking ourselves anything happened changing injunction, right wrong, impeachment existed making. liberty guise readjusting.'' Swift 286 106, 119, 460, 464, 999 (1932). Illinois 184 77, 91-92, 300, 305-306, (1902) (cautioning successive appeals questions dispute initial appeal, observing tolerance allow parties, inter alia, ""speculate [a court's] members''') Roberts Cooper, How. 467, 969 (1858)). short, relitigation therefrom. 340 (Rule "does resolved judgment.''); Fortin Commissioner, Mass. Welfare, 692 790, 799 (C.A.1 1982) (warning transformation "modification procedure collateral attack''). practice, sole legitimately be: Did alteration injunction? conditions. recognizes day. acted, respect declared Those "follow [Supreme Court] 1921-1922, (1989); disobeyed plain command Express tension Without kind. firm inquired Rowe Peyton, 383 709, (C.A.4 1967), aff'd, 54, 1549, (1968); Perkins Endicott Johnson 128 208, 217-218 1942), 317 501, 339, 424 (1943); Healy Edwards, 363 1110, 1117 (E.D.La.1973), remanded mootness, 772, 2410, 571 (1975) curiam); Gayle, 142 707, 716-717 (M.D.Ala.), summarily 352 903, 145, (1956). choice 2460, (cited __), error determining appellate determination. "entertai[n]'' option decision. office perform no-competence Express. pass bends purpose-allowing "anytime'' case-unrelated governance proceedings Procedure, directed. effort appear palatable, determination exploration "so disguise reality today, Good bad, problematic 60(b), "see[s] vehicle.''' vehicles motion, (PEARL II); Helms Cody, 856 1102 (E.D.La.1994); challenge -based decision). appealed Fifth Circuit, Louisiana's PEARL aspects plaintiffs notice stipulated withdraw prejudice reinstatement, pending Stipulation Withdrawal Appeal 96-6329 (C.A.2) (filed Mar. 20, 1997). Unlike majority, await arrival Helms, perhaps appropriately sought, deciding land. lies maintenance integrity preservation avoidance invitations membership].'' 92, 305. implicate evaluation point. (noting, factors, [n]o indicating activity program''). analogy fails, ----; individually interpretative (1993).

Classification Label: 2