Legal Document

128 S. Ct. 1520 (2008) Ralph BAZE and Thomas C. Bowling, Petitioners, v. John D. REES, Commissioner, Kentucky Department of Corrections, et al. No. 07-5439. Supreme Court United States. Argued January 7, 2008. Decided April 16, *1525 Donald B. Verrilli, Jr., for petitioners. Roy T. Englert, respondents. Gregory G. Garre, the States as amicus curiae, by special leave Court, supporting Matthew Hellman, Ginger Anders, Carrie F. Apfel, Jenner & Block LLP, Washington, DC, David M. Barron, Counsel Record, Anthony Palombi, Assistant Public Advocates, Advocacy, Frankfort, KY, Jeffrey Middendorf, Cummings, Justice Safety Cabinet, Office Legal Services, Stumbo, Attorney General Kentucky, A. Smith, Criminal Appeals, General, Respondents. Chief ROBERTS announced judgment delivered an opinion, in which KENNEDY ALITO join. Like 35 other Federal Government, has chosen to impose capital punishment certain crimes. As is true with respect each these altered its method execution over time more humane means carrying out sentence. That progress led use lethal injection every *1526 jurisdiction that imposes death penalty. Petitioners this caseeach convicted double homicideacknowledge procedure, if applied intended, will result a death. They nevertheless contend protocol unconstitutional under Eighth Amendment's ban on "cruel unusual punishments," because risk protocol's terms might not be properly followed, resulting significant pain. propose alternative protocol, one they concede been adopted any State never tried. The trial court held extensive hearings entered detailed Findings Fact Conclusions Law. It recognized "[t]here are no methods legal satisfactory those who oppose penalty moral, religious, or societal grounds," but concluded Kentucky's procedure "complies constitutional requirements against cruel punishment." App. 769. affirmed. We too agree petitioners have carried their burden showing pain from maladministration concededly failure adopt untried untested alternatives, constitute punishment. below I A By middle 19th century, "hanging was `nearly universal form execution' States." Campbell Wood, 511 U.S. 1119, 114 2125, L. Ed. 2d 682 (1994) (Blackmun, J., dissenting denial certiorari) (quoting Frampton, 95 Wash.2d 469, 492, 627 P.2d 922, 934 (1981)); Denno, Getting Death: Are Executions Constitutional? 82 Iowa L.Rev. 319, 364 (1997) (counting 48 Territories employed hanging execution). In 1888, following recommendation commission empaneled Governor find "`the most practical known modern science into effect sentence death,'" New York became first authorize electrocution Glass Louisiana, 471 1080, 1082, n. 4, 105 2159, 85 514 (1985) (Brennan, certiorari); supra, at 373. 1915, 11 had followed suit, motivated "well-grounded belief less painful than hanging." Malloy South Carolina, 237 180, 185, 507, 59 905 (1915). Electrocution remained predominant mode nearly although several methods, including hanging, firing squad, gas were time. Brief Fordham University School Law Amici Curiae 5-9 (hereinafter Brief). Following 9-year hiatus executions ended our decision Gregg Georgia, 428 153, 96 2909, 49 859 (1976), however, state legislatures began responding public calls reexamine assuring See Banner, Death Penalty: An American History 192-193, 296-297 (2002). 1977, legislators Oklahoma, after consulting head anesthesiology department Oklahoma College Medicine, introduced bill proposing State's execution. 4; 21-22. total 36 now exclusive primary implementing penalty, making it far *1527 prevalent States.[1] also used Government. 18 U.S.C. § 3591 seq. (2000 ed. Supp. V); Amicus 1a-6a (lethal Bureau Prisons). Of States, least 30 (including Kentucky) same combination three drugs protocols. Workman Bredesen, 486 F.3d 896, 902 (C.A.6 2007). drug, sodium thiopental (also Pentathol), fast-acting barbiturate sedative induces deep, comalike unconsciousness when given amounts injection. 762-763, 631-632. second pancuronium bromide Pavulon), paralytic agent inhibits all muscular-skeletal movements and, paralyzing diaphragm, stops respiration. Id., 763. Potassium chloride, third interferes electrical signals stimulate contractions heart, inducing cardiac arrest. Ibid. proper administration drug ensures prisoner does experience associated paralysis arrest caused drugs. 493-494, 541, 558-559. B replaced 1998. 1998 Ky. Acts *1528 ch. 220, p. 777. statute specify categories during execution, instead mandating "every shall executed continuous intravenous substance substances sufficient cause death." Ky.Rev.Stat. Ann. 431.220(1)(a) (West 2006). Prisoners sentenced before option electing either injection, default ifas case petitionersthe refuses make choice 20 days scheduled 431.220(1)(b). If invalidates method, law provides revert electrocution. 431.223. Shortly adoption officials working Corrections set about developing written comply 431.220(1)(a). called 2 grams thiopental, 50 milli-grams bromide, 240 milliequivalents potassium chloride. 2004, litigation, chose increase amount 3 grams. 768. Between injections, members team flush (IV) lines 25 milligrams saline prevent clogging precipitates may residual comes contact bromide. 761, 763-764. reserves responsibility inserting IV catheters qualified personnel having year professional experience. 984. Currently, uses certified phlebotomist emergency medical technician (EMT) perform venipunctures necessary catheters. 761-762. up hour establish both secondary peripheral sites arm, hand, leg, foot inmate. 975-976. Other responsible mixing solutions containing loading them syringes. 761. facilities consist chamber, control room separated one-way window, witness room. 203. warden deputy remain chamber prisoner, strapped gurney. administers remotely through five feet tubing. 286. If, determined visual inspection, unconscious within 60 seconds delivery site, new 3-gram dose administered site injecting 978-979. addition successfully administered, watch problems physician present assist effort revive event last-minute stay 764. statute, prohibited participating "conduct execution," except certify 431.220(3). electrocardiogram (EKG) verifies prisoner. Only Eddie Lee Harper, since Commonwealth There reported Harper's C Baze Bowling two counts *1529 murder upheld convictions sentences direct appeal. Commonwealth, 965 S.W.2d 817, 819-820, 826 (1997), cert. denied, 523 1083, 118 1536, 140 685 (1998); 873 175, 176-177, 182 (1993), 513 862, 115 176, 130 112 (1994). After exhausting federal collateral remedies, sued Franklin Circuit seeking declared unconstitutional. 7-day bench received testimony approximately witnesses, numerous experts, finding there minimal various claims improper protocol. 765-769. On appeal, stated violates Amendment "creates substantial wanton unnecessary infliction pain, torture lingering 217 S.W.3d 207, 209 (2006). Applying standard, 212. granted certiorari determine whether satisfies Amendment. 551 ___, 34, 168 809 (2007). hold does. II Constitution, applicable Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment, see Robinson California, 370 660, 666, 1417, 8 758 (1962), "[e]xcessive bail required, nor excessive fines imposed, punishments inflicted." begin principle, settled Gregg, constitutional. U.S., 177, 2909 (joint opinion Stewart, Powell, STEVENS, JJ.). necessarily follows must out. Some inherent executionno matter how humaneif only prospect error required procedure. clear, then, Constitution demand avoidance executions. do claim Rather, prohibits procedures create "unnecessary risk" 38. Specifically, argue courts evaluate "(a) severity risked, (b) likelihood occurring, (c) extent feasible, modifying existing adopting procedures." envision quantum vary according availability Reply 23-24, 9, "significant" trigger scrutiny, 39-40; 25-26. responds standard tantamount requirement "`least risk'" contends cast recurring doubt Respondents 29, 35. Instead, urges approve "`substantial test below. 34-35. *1530 This invalidated Wilkerson Utah, 99 130, 345 (1879), we squad imposed territorial court, rejecting argument such constituted 134-135. noted difficulty "defin[ing] exactness provision 135-136. Rather undertake effort, simply "it safe affirm torture, . others line cruelty, forbidden" 136. way example, cited cases England "terror, disgrace sometimes superadded" sentence, where condemned "embowelled alive, beheaded, quartered," instances "public dissection murder, burning alive." 135. contrast, observed routinely military officers. 137. What forbidden common deliberate sake pain"superadd[ing]" like. principles further re Kemmler, 136 436, 10 930, 34 519 (1890). rejected opportunity incorporate challenge electrocution, York. 449, 930. passing question, "[p]unishments involve death; meaning word Constitution. implies something inhuman barbarous, mere extinguishment life." 447, "was passed devise reaching result." particular themselves Quite contrary, "if performed properly," would "humane constitutional." 31. because, counsel admitted oral argument, eliminates meaningful subsequent injections Tr. Oral Arg. 5; 493-494 (testimony petitioners' expert that, "properly administered" "[i]n virtually case, then death"). followedin particular, achieve intended effectresulting severe chemicals administered. Our recognize subjecting individuals future harmnot actually inflicting paincan qualify To exposure conditions presenting *1531 "sure very likely serious illness needless suffering," give rise "sufficiently imminent dangers." Helling McKinney, 509 25, 33, 34-35, 113 2475, 125 22 (1993) (emphasis added). explained prevail "substantial harm," "objectively intolerable harm" prevents prison pleading "subjectively blameless purposes Amendment." Farmer Brennan, 825, 842, 846, 1970, 811 Simply accident inescapable consequence death, sort qualifies unusual. Louisiana ex rel. Francis Resweber, 329 459, 67 374, 91 422 (1947), plurality attempt executing mechanical malfunction interfered attempt. principal "[a]ccidents happen man blame," id., 462, "an accident, suggestion malevolence," 463, did violation, 463-464, 374. Frankfurter separate based Clause, "a hypothetical situation" involving series abortive attempts electrocution" different case. 471, 374 (concurring opinion). analysis, situation unlike "innocent misadventure," 470, 374would demonstrate ignore. Farmer, 1970. words, isolated mishap alone precisely event, while regrettable, suggest issue gives harm." Much rests contention identified harm can eliminated procedures, one-drug dispenses additional monitoring trained ensure adequately delivered. Given what said nature actionable cannot merely slightly marginally safer alternative. Permitting violation established threaten transform boards inquiry charged determining "best practices" executions, ruling supplanted another round litigation touting improved methodology. Such approach finds support cases, embroil ongoing scientific controversies beyond expertise, substantially intrude role proceduresa accounts fulfilled earnest desire provide progressively manner Bell Wolfish, 441 520, 562, 1861, 447 (1979) ("The wide range `judgment calls' meet statutory confided *1532 outside Judicial Branch Government"). Accordingly, reject proposed well dissent's "untoward" variation. post, 1567, 1572 (opinion GINSBURG, J.).[2] proffered alternatives effectively address qualify, readily implemented, fact significantly reduce face documented advantages, without legitimate penological justification adhering current refusal change viewed unusual" Amendment.[3] III applying standards facts note outset difficult regard practice intolerable" widely tolerated. Thirty-six sanction preferred Government well. 1527, 1. broad consensus goes just specific three-drug Kentucky. Thirty varying amounts. 1527. No ever belatedly urged *1533 probative conclusive aspect order "heavy burden" "cruelly inhumane," JJ.), point aspects opportunities error. Their hinges thiopental. uncontested failing render unconscious, substantial, constitutionally unacceptable suffocation 27. shown inadequate substantial. And requires identified. doses mix solution load syringes; fails rate could lead IV; possible infiltrate surrounding tissue, causing vein; training; reliable anesthetic depth 12-20. improperly prepared, employs untrained unqualified calculate adequate dose, especially light omission volume concentration 45-46. specifically found "[i]f manufacturers' instructions reconstitution Sodium Thiopental followed,. mixing, despite converse layperson performing task." say clearly erroneous, Hernandez York, 500 352, 366, 111 1859, 395 (1991) (plurality opinion), particularly substantiated describing task reconstituting powder "[n]ot all. You take liquid, you inject vial powder, shake until dissolves you're done. package insert." 5 695 (Apr. 19, 2005). Likewise, asserted related sufficiently put place important safeguards assistant, phlebotomist, EMT, paramedic, corpsman. currently daily establishing inmates population. 273-274; *1534 27-28. Moreover, members, along rest team, participate sessions per year. These sessions, encompass complete walk-through siting volunteers. addition, backup prepare sets commences. 975. redundant measures insufficient initially line, last injected. 279-280, 337-338, IVs, length "not rather necessary," 762, contrary using inserted "more ten fifteen minutes unsuccessful dangerous almost unreliable," 47. And, access mean spend entire futile so. qualifications infiltration. presence allows signs problems, Three Commonwealth's experts testified identifying infiltration "very obvious," even average person, swelling result. 385-386. 353, 600-601. redirect flow lose consciousness seconds. safeguards, risks so violation. Nor First, switch single barbiturate. 51-57. below.[4] result, left findings effectiveness barbiturate-only scattered references sole pentobarbital *1535 18, 6. continued posing study equally effective imposing 760-761, ("Plaintiffs presented indicating better injection"). Indeed, Tennessee, reviewing proposal longer "required dosage predictable variable mechanism producing ." Workman, F.3d, 919 (Appendix A). need endorse accuracy conclusions comparative efficacy constitutes should omit serves therapeutic purpose suppressing muscle reveal drug. purposes. involuntary physical accompany interest preserving dignity convulsions seizures misperceived distress. Second, respiration, hastening include offend Amendment.[5] Petitioners' contend, untested; veterinarians putting animals sleep. 23 bar neuromuscular like expressly or, directing pentobarbital. Dr. Kevin Concannon 5. animals, goes, Whatever rhetorical force carries, 909 (describing comparison animal euthanasia debater's point"), overlooks States' providing quick, Netherlands, physician-assisted permitted, Royal Dutch Society Advancement Pharmacy recommends relaxant (such dibromide) prolonged, undignified Kimsma, Euthanasia Euthanizing Drugs reprinted Drug Use Assisted Suicide 193, 200, 204 (M. Battin Lipman eds.1996). concern compelling veterinary context, approved veterinarianssuch *1536 stunning severing spinal cord, 6 758-759 20, 2005)make clear appropriate guide practices humans. fault lacking systematic "anesthetic depth" Under scheme, employ equipment, Bispectral Index (BIS) monitor, blood pressure cuff, EKG verify achieved final inspection warden, maintain, substitute sophisticated envision. 58. At outset, reemphasize obviates sedated. All agreed point. thus "remote" attenuated posed alleged inadequacies designed Hamilton Jones, 472 814, 817 (CA10 2007) (per curiam); Taylor Crawford, 487 1072, 1084 (C.A.8 But this, cuff utility assessing level prisoner's introduction depresses circulation. 578. Furthermore, community yet BIS brain function, indication awareness. Anesthesiologists, Practice Advisory Intraoperative Awareness Brain Function Monitoring, 104 Anesthesiology 847, 855 (Apr.2006); Brown Beck, 445 752, 754-755 (C.A.4 2006) (Michael, dissenting). anesthesiologist interpret monitor readings nothing law, 431.220(3), Anesthesiologists' own ethical guidelines, Anesthesiologists 2-3, prohibit anesthesiologists pertinent "the care surgery requiring anesthesia," dissent points Post, 1570. supplementary drawn avoid suffering. believes rough-and-ready tests checking consciousnesscalling inmate's name, brushing his eyelashes, him strong, noxious odorscould materially decrease administering taken effect. ibid. Again, already attenuated, steps scenario posits involves allegedly detection anesthesia 1570-1571. basic advocates fine distinctions. bloodstream, 1570, record confirms *1537 achieves objective. 1534.[6] continue (and presumably many abeyance pending case) send back lower added redress 1572. inmate succeed step failsafe other, independently measures. serve frustrate timely manner. Parker, 371 310, 317 2004) (petitioner 1994); 138 821, 840 (E.D.Ky.2001) 1991). STEVENS suggests leaves disposition uncertain, 1542-1543, forth here resolves challenges he acknowledges. grounds unless establishes creates demonstrated He show compared available alternatives. similar uphold today meets standard. * Reasonable people good faith disagree morality punishment, it, acceptable. stressed "[o]ne guard personal disapproval reflection prevailing condemnation." ruled enact laws specifying sanction. "[T]he power pass little enforce them." McCleskey Zant, 499 467, 491, 1454, 517 (1991). efforts implement certainly risk," possibility believed available, shares painless suggestedsuch setting IVs experienced personnelcannot characterized intolerable." adhere risks, protect them, *1538 Finally, own, tried State. Throughout history, whenever challenged unusual, challenge. society nonetheless steadily moved electric chair, turn culminating today's Gomez Dist. Northern Cal., 503 653, 657, 1652, 293 (1992) (STEVENS, dissenting); 755. framework accommodated toward approval past precluded taking deem appropriate, developments, reason suppose different.[7] concluding consistent is, accordingly, ordered. ALITO, concurring. join write separately explain my view holding implemented. concludes [of execution] `cruel unusual' Amendment" State, "without justification," rejects "feasible" "readily" "significantly pain." Ante, 1532. Properly understood, not, THOMAS predicts, enables "those abolish never-ending concerning adequacy 1562 concurring judgment). notes, constitutionality us therefore proceed assumption 1530. From assumption, (1976) JJ.) ("[I]n selected democratically elected legislature measure, presume validity"). Lethal thought *1539 abandoned favor replacedexecution squad. Since assume constitutional, blocked procedural practicably satisfied. Prominent among constraints account considering feasibility suggested modification restrictions professionals. protocols anesthetization properly, agreed, remainder Every day, general anesthetics surgical patients country, professionals surgeries participated prisoners facing minimized. ethics rules professionalsfor reasons question hereprohibit participation Guidelines issued Medical Association (AMA) "[a]n individual's moral individual," "[a] physician, member profession dedicated life hope doing so, participant legally authorized execution." AMA, Code Ethics, Policy E-2.06 Capital Punishment (2000), online http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/369/e206capitalpunish.pdf (all Internet materials visited Apr. 14, 2008, Clerk Court's file). guidelines explain: "Physician includes, limited to, actions: prescribing tranquilizers psychotropic agents medications part procedure; vital electrocardiograms); attending observing physician; rendering technical advice regarding AMA reportedly opined "[e]ven helping design disregard code." Harris, Will Medics' Qualms Kill Penalty? Nature 8-9 (May Nurses (ANA) takes position "is breach traditions nursing, Nurses." ANA, Position Statement: Nurses' Participation (1994), http://nursingworld.org/Main MenuCategories/HealthcareandPolicyIssues/ANAPositionStatementsEthicsandHumanRights.aspx. means, ANA explains, nurse "take assessment, supervision prisoner; procuring, preparing solutions; catheter; solution; witnessing nurse." National Emergency Technicians (NAEMT) holds "[p]articipation inconsistent precepts goals [Emergency Services] profession." NAEMT, Statement EMT Paramedic (June 2006), http://www.naemt.org/aboutNAEMT/capitalpunishment.htm *1540 NAEMT's advises technicians paramedics refrain activities outlined statement. Recent California rules. Michael Morales, 1981 filed civil rights action challenging California's which, Kentucky's, sequential drugs: pentothal, District enjoined proceeding (1) pentothal (2) ensured Morales throughout process. Hickman, 415 1037, 1047 (N.D.Cal.2006). Ninth affirmed order, 438 926, 931 (2006), arranged However, subsequently "they ethics," Tilton, 465 972, 976 (N.D.Cal.2006), neither executed, Injection Quandary: How Medicine Has Dismantled Penalty, 76 Ford. Objections features considered backdrop constraints. Assuming, previously discussed, se, regarded require participationeither training carry executionby persons whose impede participation. 1532 Showing some reduction insufficient. offer few studies. well-established consensus. refused evidence conduct comparable circumstances 836, illustrates type evidence. Although proliferation protocols, defects supposed advantages strikingly haphazard unreliable. THE CHIEF JUSTICE BREYER note, much-discussed Lancet article, Koniaris, Zimmers, Lubarsky, Sheldon, Inadequate Anaesthesia Execution, 365 1412 2005), prompted criticism questioned, Groner, 366 *1541 1073 (Sept.2005). lack guidance literature dramatically illustrated reached superior chief anesthetic. "relying anesthetic," "would eliminate 51. three-gram minutes." 54, 16. universally accepted. authorities assisted suicide legal, recommended petitioners, Robert Truog, Professor Ethics Harvard School, made comments barbiturate: "A number g[rams] absolutely going lethal. none "If go Holland, look 2000 535 euthanasia, 69% agent. Now, know haven't figured yet? think it's kill someone big fact, report 6% completion. those, person woke up, came coma." Perspective Roundtable: Physicians ExecutionHighlights Discussion Injection, 358 J. Med. 448 (2008). advocate argues "States wishing delay invalidate reconsider bromide" protocol.[*]Post, 1546 euthanasia. My citing multi-drug advisable policy stirs deep emotions, dictated *1542 judicial testimony. seemingly endless proceedings years documented. 1989, Report Conference's Ad Hoc Committee Habeas Corpus Cases, chaired lengthy delays produced cases. Proposal 2-4. Antiterrorism Effective Penalty Act 1996 (AEDPA) problem. See, e.g., Woodford Garceau, 538 202, 206, 123 1398, 155 363 (2003) ("Congress enacted AEDPA criminal sentences, (citing Williams Taylor, 529 362, 386, 120 1495, 146 389 (2000) J.))); H.R.Rep. 104-23, (1995) (stating "designed curb abuse habeas corpus process, problem repetitive cases"). Misinterpretation favored grave danger extended delay. dissenters "untoward, avoidable (GINSBURG, dissenting) added); 1563 (BREYER, Determining "untoward," told, weighing factorsthe occur, methods. 1568 informed "[t]he factors interrelated; strong reduces importance others." "unfortunate" "marked trouble unhappiness." Webster's Third International Dictionary 2513 (1971); Random House English Language 1567 (1967). vague malleable open gates flood long bringing end matter. While intent Justices test, consequences predictable. casethe executionshould kept controversial itself. wishes latter issue, directly, suggests. 1548-1549. produce de facto method-of-execution gridlock. judgment. When assumed bring debate close. seems not. remains open, answered differently basis record. Instead ending controversy, am convinced *1543 generate agent, Because masks outward sign distress, suffer excruciating occurs. understanding proscribed animal's being terminated.[1] knowledgeable professionals, Statesincluding Kentuckyhave legislation prohibiting Admin. Regs., tit. 201, 16:090, 5(1) (2004).[2] unseemlyto leastthat permit pets. disturbing becauseas caseit "no purpose." *1544 drug's movements, stop view, justify preventing movement distress." 1535. woefully justification. ensuring dies dignified witnesses uncomfortable incorrect (which easily corrected) vastly outweighed experiencing detect.[3] necessity included cocktail inhibit respiration immediately causes quickly stopping heart. nationwide endorsement merits presumption respect. majority approving drugs.[4] Colorado Legislature focused specified consisting solely Colo.Rev.Stat. 18-1.3-1202 (2007).[5]*1545 unelected Correction specialized knowledge benefit assistance guidance. such, selections entitled kind deference afforded legislative decisions. legislatures, Congress, outlaw unnecessarily practice. Even review decisions persuaded me product "`administrative convenience'" "stereotyped reaction" careful analysis relevant considerations favoring disfavoring conclusion. Mathews Lucas, 427 495, 519, 520-521, 2755, 651 fell line" behind critical best alternative.[6] 756; 1569 Jersey's creation illustrative. Jersey restored 1983, "fell "continuous, dead quantity ultrashort-acting chemical N.J. Stat. 2C:49-2 (DOC) officials, doctors administrators, expressed concern. Sentencing Unit's doctor, warned Commissioner "`concerns classes selected.'" Edwards, Long Waltz With Death, 170 N.J.L.J. 673 (2002).[7] Based concerns, former DOC lobbied amend discretion select "`[We wanted] generic statement, `drugs commissioner, attorney general, Health' `Who knew bring?'" concerns DOC's omitted bromidedespite legislature's act *1546 amendment. Legislatures Delegate Troubling Paradox Behind Uses Says About Us, 63 Ohio St. L.J. 63, 117-118, 233 (2002) (explaining 2002 two-drug chloride). seemed harbor undertook revise 2005. hearing amendment, Supervisor Legislative Affairs told attendees undetermined: "Those [DOC] research state-of-the-art months once somebody decide humane. "And things change. understand changing becomes later wouldn't sense us." Hearing Proposed Amendments Protocol (Feb. striking agencywith guidancefocused disagreed reaction," Mathews, 521, 2755 dissenting), bromide.[8] therefore, bromide.[9] thoughtful opinions GINSBURG Congress retain habit inattention acceptable deliberative process weighs costs identifiable benefits, faulty retributive *1547 "gratuitous suffering" sanction: incapacitation, deterrence, retribution. 183, 28, decades, rationales question. incapacitation rationale 1976, recent statutes imprisonment parole demonstrates penalty.[10] poll indicates drops option.[11] sociological juries sentence.[12] legitimacy deterrence questionable, best. Despite empirical area, statistical deters potential offenders.[13] absence evidence, uniquely irrevocable left, retribution indeed, animates much remaining enthusiasm penalty.[14] Lord Denning argued *1548 1950, "`some crimes outrageous insists wrong-doer deserves irrespective deterrent not.'" 184, 30, 2909. jurisprudence narrowed class offenders eligible committed defined aggravating factors. treatment victims persuasive arguments prosecutors natural response heinous thirst vengeance.[15] time, pellucidly away towards forms State-sanctioned killing becoming anachronistic. evolving decency, increasingly previous barbaric archaic. relatively painless, enduring suffering inflicted victim.[16] trend, prohibition undermines premise based. Kaufman-Osborn, Regulating Late Liberal Yale 681, 704 (2001) tension between realize kill, killing, satisfy intuitive equivalence informs conception justice"); Sarat, Kills: Condition 60-84 (2001). Full recognition diminishing retaining recently Salinas, Texas prosecutor judge: "Is Penalty?" Am. J.Crim. 39 dispassionate, impartial enormous *1549 benefits produces surely arrived.[17] "[A] valid Furman 408 238, 331, 92 2726, 33 346 (1972) (Marshall, concurring); 332, 2726 thrust short, `that excessive'"). sanctions "excessive," relied heavily "objective criteria," enactments. Solem Helm, 463 277, 292, 103 3001, 77 637 (1983); Harmelin Michigan, 501 957, 2680, 836 (1991); Bajakajian, 524 321, 2028, 141 314 (1998). Atkins Virginia, 536 304, 122 2242, 153 335 (2002), mentally retarded defendant, White crime raping 16-year-old woman, Coker 433 584, 97 2861, 53 982 (1977), murderer intend Enmund Florida, 458 782, 102 3368, 73 1140 (1982). acknowledged though great importance, `wholly determine' `for contemplates brought bear acceptability *1550 Amendment.'" Atkins, 312, 2242 Coker, 597, 2861 opinion)). exercising 1972 provided decisive vote Furman, reexamination His conclusion amounted sense" "dictionary sense," rested uncontroversial factual admittedly "prove" objective criteria. 313, correctly "needless extinction marginal contributions discernible social patently excessive" violative 2726. stated, "like Brethren, arrive judgment; hundreds penalty." occasions Member duty judgments data falls short absolute proof. 1976 upholding discriminatory application Douglas' 240-257, arbitrary 306, (same), excessiveness Brennan Marshall. "death different" minimizing Gardner 430 349, 357-358, 1197, 51 393 (1977) Ironically, endorsed protections defendants ordinary offenders. deprive defendant jurors representing fair cross section community. Litigation peremptory obtaining jury" really jury biased conviction. prosecutorial verdicts rarely returned 12 randomly excessive.[18] Another greater often sure unpunished overcome identity offender. emphasis supported *1551 emotion, Gardner, 393, undercut placing thumb prosecutor's side scales. Thus, Kansas Marsh, 548 163, 126 2516, 165 429 imposition mitigating equipoise. Payne 808, 2597, 720 (1991), overruled earlier "victim impact" relating characteristics victim emotional impact victim's family admissible sheds guilt innocence culpability encourage emotion reason. reduced, allowed play Kemp, 481 279, 107 1756, 262 (1987), "strong probability [the defendant's] sentencing ... influenced [he was] black white." 1756 Evans 396 Md. 256, 323, 914 A.2d 64 552 65, 169 (2007) (affirming existence statistically pursued murders white racial combination"). real me. Whether innocent abundant accumulated resulted exoneration guilty offenses. Garrett, Judging Innocence, 108 Colum. 55 (2008); Risinger, Innocents Convicted: Empirically Justified Factual Wrongful Conviction Rate, 761 entirely treating excessive. sum, ultimately countless represents pointless negligible returns [is] (White, concurring).[19] *1552 itself makes difficult. precedents law. evaluating precedents, interpreted adduced prove SCALIA, whom joins, needed STEVENS' opinion. follows: 1551 judgment) (internal quotation marks omitted; bracket original). insupportable interpretation generally contribution Besides proposition, text document recognizes permissible choice. Fifth presentment indictment grand answer capital, otherwise infamous crime," deprivation "life" due Const., Amdt. 1790, offenses punishable 1 (1st Cong., Sess. 1790); 176-178, Writing Hugo Bedauno friend himselfobserved "[u]ntil ago, save mavericks, gave credence law." Courts, (1977). authority proposition (1972), *1553 moratorium hand four Gregg. prompts repudiate prior astounding mentioned Constitution? begins "uncontroversial premise" "`extinction excessive' 1550 concurring)); ante, 1546-1547 2909). abstract occurs punishments"), assuredly (indeed, flat-out wrong) explicitly sanctioned purposes, business judges aside. grant premise," [that] attack representatives people." say, terms. According promotes purpose. 1546-1547. parole" ready "[d]espite offenders." 1547. Taking together, describes unavailability "reliable evidence," renders punishment imprisonmentare costs. data. barely acknowledges "significant body effect, possibly quite powerful one." Sunstein Vermeule, Is Morally Required? Acts, Omissions, Life-Life Tradeoffs, 58 Stan. 703, 706 (2006); 706, 9 (listing half dozen studies conclusion). "leading national study," "each eighteen murders, average." 706. roughly correct condemn course, incorrect, scholars disputed value. 1547, *1554 13. choose interpreting foolproof studies, commonsense predictions human behavior. "The value complex resolution results local flexibility courts." 186, Were sanctionlife parolemay fail unclear enough supports parole. assertion correct, (as concedes) served indeed purposea strikes inherently subjective insusceptible review. "protect[s] victim," 1548. punishments, lacks inflicts commensurate caused. enough, refute understood. extreme expression community's grievous affront humanity refuge cost-benefit familiar one: deaththough quantify, example commit system. 1550-1551. sweeping condemnations seriously, justice him, excessive." 1550. undoubtedly unanimous conviction jurors. why they, defense counsel, permitted troubling, sides believe *1555 inclined conclusion, erroneous) offender." rationale, unconstitutional, suspectincluding, "discriminatory 1551. parole; proof distinctive. criticisms hardest bemoaning society," "burden finality families." 1548, 17. Those costs, burdens, large measure opposed "encumber[ed][it]... unwarranted contained reflected centuries it"the views shared vast (2006) (SCALIA, concurring). matters. "`objective [does] wholly 1549 (2002); added; internal omitted). "I penalty" Purer principle rule fiat. experience, appears, consequence. Congresswho punishmentis dismissed process." 1546. scientists indicate relegated footnote. fellow citizens described, thinly veiled condemnation, stemming "thirst vengeance." reigns desirability *1556 eminently debatable subject deeply, passionately, viewswhich me, preeminently resolved here. THOMAS, SCALIA failed subscribe opinion's formulation governing poses reduced procedures. standardalong "untoward 1567finds original Cruel Unusual Punishments cases; casts long-accepted execution; injects matters institutional capacity resolve. Because, deliberately inflict concur "inflict[ion]" punishments" understood historical Framers Bill Rights. ruminations notwithstanding, 1546-1552 judgment), evident ubiquity founding era, Banner) (noting late 18th crimes"), Constitution's express see, (requiring law). permits early colonial practice, uniform 1791, enactment "An harshest disposal seventeenth- eighteenth-century state." Banner 70. did, quick "[o]fficials wielded tools capable intensifying sentence," "ways worse 54. One "tool" stake. burning, always destroyed body, supercapital itself." 71. Reserved pose *1557 threat ordersuch slaves killed masters women husbandsburning alive dreadful sheriffs hanged offender "as charity." 72. "gibbeting," iron cage decompose 72-74, dissection," Blackstone 4 W. Blackstone, Commentaries 376 (1769) Blackstone). worst fate meet. reserved reprobate offenders traitors. high treason," wrote, solemn terrible," 92, involved "embowelling beheading, quartering," 376. pronounced seven men treason England: "`That you, whence came, thence hurdle necks, till dead; severally down, your bowels burnt faces heads cut off, bodies quarters, King's disposal. God Almighty mercy souls.'" Scott, 179 (1950).[*] object aggravated terrorize criminal, thereby deter crime. defining characteristic purposely "in atrocious crimes, terror, [were] superadded." "superadded" "were carefully handed apply terror needed," "to slow painful, frightening contemplate." discussion debates Rights, enhancements falling Clause. violent modes "dwindled away," 76, "unusual" "regularly customarily employed," 976, J.); Weems 395, 544, 54 793 (1910) *1558 "prior formation protection guarantee ceased concern, bodily times imposed"). Embellishments upon pain's fallen comfortably "cruel." Johnson, 459 (1773) (defining "cruel" "[p]leased hurting others; inhuman; hard-hearted; void pity; wanting compassion; savage; barbarous; unrelenting"); N. Webster, 52 (1828) "[d]isposed others, mind; willing pleased torment, vex afflict; destitute pity, compassion kindness"). disable torturous punishments. restriction Congress' drafted Philadelphia 1787 delegate Massachusetts ratifying convention complain "nowhere restrained inventing unheard-of annexing crimes; check racks gibbets amongst mild instruments discipline." Elliot, Debates Several Conventions Adoption (2d 1891). Similarly, ratification Patrick Henry objected "tortures, barbarous punishment[s]." 447-448. Early commentators likewise referring commentator "horrid torture": spirit age, tolerate rack stake, horrid devised ingenuity gratification fiendish passion." Bayard, Exposition 154 1840). "sufficient reasons" "barbarous enlightened countries: "Under [Eighth] amendment prohibited. countries, profess nations earth civilization refinement, furnish prohibition. Breaking wheel, flaying rending asunder horses, species horrible tortures inquisition, maiming, mutilating scourging alien constitution." Oliver, Rights Citizen 186 (1832) (reprint 1970). So Joseph Story "wholly free government, scarcely possible, government authorize, *1559 conduct." Story, 750 (1833). Consistent repeatedly akin formed Estelle Gamble, 97, 102, 285, 251 ("[T]he drafters proscribe `torture[s]' `barbar[ous]' punishment"); Weems, 390, 544 ("[I]t doubted, questioned one, atrocious, sanguinary criminals"). permeated Thrice thrice challenge, emphasizing aimed doing, reviewed catalogued repeating observation "safe [Blackstone], Amendment]." "fal[l] category." 446, (1890), unanimously manifestly crucifixion, breaking like": "Punishments cruel, petitioner's executioner threw but, difficulty, 460, Characterizing petitioner ha[d] subjected electricity [did] execution": cruelty protects extinguish *1560 humanely. unforeseeable prevented prompt consummation cannot, us, add element 464, forbidding surprising ardent abolitionist constrained acknowledge 1977 unbroken interpreters framers compound simple cruelties indignities." H. Bedau, plurality's willingness discard disclaimers "threaten[s] `best practices' methodology." 1531. pain "substantial," "unnecessary," "untoward"that strains credulity disemboweling, drawing quartering, plainly, enhancing sentence; accomplish evil targets intentional gratuitous implicitly invoked. inquire precise execute individual alleviated 134-135, plainly fall "same cruelty" described Kemmler. searches vain versus replace cases.'" 444, sift "voluminous mass evidence... [in below] death," *1561 442, confirm hanging. "act result," "courts bound possessed took action." Treating court's adjudication repugnant Constitution," ibid., "so right," hesitation" denying writ error, Likewise confronted dramatic fashion reality chair 480, 2, (Burton, affidavits brief recounting "`lips puffed squirmed tensed jumped rocked floor'"). absent "malevolence" "purpose pain," opinion); (Frankfurter, 326-327, concurring) Resweber "that purpose, thwarted inadvertently increased case"). malfunction. insisted irrelevant. 477, lessen excuse result"). Aside history precedent, risk-based flaws, switching attacked 654, 656-657, (arguing namely, injection); 1093, "other 662, 715 (C.A.9 1994) (Reinhardt, mutilation injection). notion *1562 anesthetized squared ironicand tellingthat hailed ago deemed relic past, appears "evolving" faster suspected. obvious grounds, evolution exercise raw unsupported contemporary consensus, strike down circumstances. meantime, though, next abusive vindicating small meting fashion," Nelson Campbell, 541 637, 644, 124 2117, 158 924 (2004), engender litigation. become "substantial"? Which "readily implemented"? "significant"? justifications "legitimate"? questions grapple wake decision. Needless resembling bright-line rule. brings comparative-risk standards: resolve largely ken. Little here, refer colleagues today. competing advanced dissent, difference come one's hairsplitting eyelash stroke assurance unconsciousness. Compare 1569-1570 (criticizing "[n]o shakes brushes eyelashes reflex, applies stimulus gauge response"), 1537 (rejecting measures"). expertise micromanage "unelected" scientific, medical, suited delicate issues administrative task. Cf. 1545 guidance"). *1563 unprecedented unworkable weigh relative disadvantages inquiry, traditional Gray 1237, 1239-1240, 211, 1453 (1983) (Burger, cyanide degree implicate eighth right'" 710 F.2d 1048, 1061 (C.A.5 1983))); 43 Ariz. 424, 441, 32 (1934) [lethal gas] completely charge Amendment]"). V Judged easy undisputed humane, elements swift Sixth Tennessee's "do situation (or anything approaching intent) pain; complaint pain-avoidance executioners mistake it." 907 negligence death-penalty procedure... cognizable claim." 907-908. fail. accordingly affirming BREYER, Assuming lawfulness itself, forbidden, usual punishmen[t]." 8. claim, GINSBURG. She highlights untoward, (dissenting "degree "magnitude "availability alternatives"are interrelated considered. 1568. inevitably wording intermediate find, subject, pain" *1564 assert. 28. literature, examined periodical article widespread attention 1532, 49, 105, (collecting study). Leonidas Teresa Zimmers (of Miami Medicine), appeared 2005, Lancet, eminent, peer-reviewed journal. Study). authors "autopsy toxicology Arizona, North Carolina." 1412-1413. usually consists (sodium thiopental), (pancuronium bromide) heart-attack-inducing (potassium anaesthetizing 1412. 1413. (Kentucky system 1528 (of, grams) operations, bloodstream hours more) expect operation. Study 1413-1414. qualifications, "21 (43%)" "had [thiopental] concentrations consciousness," 1413,a considerable unexpressed things, help results. 1414. Study, seriously flawed. September 24, published responses. first, initial referees, Jonathan I. Groner Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, claimed low given, for, diffuse tissues. 1073. pause measurement diffusion occurred. For "expressed article," "concerned" key "may erroneous equipoise study." correspondents, Mark J.S. Heath (petitioners' below), R. Stanski, Derrick Pounder, respectively Anesthesiology, Columbia University, Stanford Dundee, Kingdom, "Koniaris scientifically convincing proportion awareness injection." researchers samples "several after" inmates' *1565 deaths, postmortem thiopentala lipophilic diffuses tissuecould accurate indicators stream life. Robyn Weisman, Bernstein, Richard Miami, Florida Poison Information Center, "[p]ost-mortem extremely variability depending timing, anatomical origin specimen, properties drug." 1074. "requires assessment." replied, defending findings. 1074-1076. Yet, petition briefs amici curiae petitioners) mention trial. responses study, judge, nonexpert matters, weight. contains Journal. author, Deborah used. 63. Table author lists 31 "Botched Executions" 1301, 3235, 2001. 139-141. these, 19 locating suitable vein administer chemicals. Eleven apparently apparent reactions. One, Illinois 1990, "some appearing calm drugs, inmate] suffered 139. adds reports equipment inexperienced personnel." Denno rely aid reveals, found, phlebotomists observers "botched" Denno's documents. shadow uncertainty could, outcry, mask 51-57; euthanize standards. 17-18). blocking euthanizing *1566 animals). lawful suicide. 1535-1536 opinion) (discussing thiopental). 199-202 eds.1996) relaxants). Why, ask, undesirable, interested recommend similar, drugs? pointed physicians suicide, 55. important, conflicting propriety impropriety personnel. Nursing strongly members' 2-3 http://www. ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/369/ e206capitalpunish.pdf 10, file)); http:// nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ HealthcareandPolicyIssues/ANAPosition Statements/EthicsandHumanRights.aspx nurses' fundamental profession"). 431.220(3) death). might, blush, appear. stronger accepted strongest thorough testing 1569-1572. matter, STEVENS. measures, difference. upshot seen, wrong animus (in respect, race victims), role, 1551, row years, perhaps come, Smith 466, 326 certiorari). *1567 controversial. us. giving reasons, SOUTER dissenting. conscious Pancuronium paralyzes lung muscles asphyxiation. 435, 437, 625. chloride intense circulates body. 348, 427, 600, 626. inmate, recognizes, "constitutionally unacceptable." 1533. turns states, "petitioners substantial." dispose swiftly character vacate remand consider occasions. parties amici, govern rank banned ruling, endeavor define affirm," "punishments ..., forbidden." Next, assailed execution.[1] reiterated "torture" "lingering "cruel," observed, "implies inhuman... statements, en passant. *1568 Kemmler's actual 448-449, 930,[2] repudiated, (1962). reelectrocution stated: Anglo-American forbids sentence." varied formulation; referred "[p]rohibition emerges age limits controversy. held, "`must draw decency mark maturing society.'" 311-312, Trop Dulles, 356 86, 101, 78 590, 630 (1958) decided 129 Kemmler 61 ago. shed dimmed passage Further phrases decisions, (1976). Speaking abstract, 173, JJ.); cautioned "be creat[e] capricious manner," 188, Relying 209, 210 respond feasible." 38 settles somewhere between, "feasible, implemented" reduce" risk. risk, magnitude ways plurality, fixed threshold factor. others. *1569 expected, instances, Rare errors be, horrendous undetectable opposing tugs feasible exists. Proof alternative" declines 777, Ky.Rev. Lawmakers development Corrections. "given oversight." "Kentucky's protocol," copied states challenge." "did independent consult injected condemned." 760. noted, path "simply developed 1977. 756. measure: access. Members year's (EMT), 984; 1534 members: years' 273-274. Both annually. access, receives catheters, chamber. 977. forward, 276. Neither training. relies "appears" unconscious. 978. warden's waist face. 213-214. automatic "rapid flow" 978, worked. response. *1570 connected (EKG), 976. drop heart 579-580; 1533 signal 498, 578, 580; 1099 "cause very, low," precipitous "confir[m]" expected 580. EKG, shows, anesthesia. 539.[3] supplementing implemented voluntary movement. Once injected, impractical visible indication.[4] Recognizing window Foundation 19-23.[5] pauses "determine, consultation, unconscious." Lightbourne McCollum, 969 So. 326, (Fla.2007) curiam) touching calling shaking him. 347.[6] *1571 assessment inmate." During monitors closed circuit television. Missouri, "medical examine physically clinical techniques inspect catheter again." 1083 confirmation period elapsed thiopental." speaks halfway again, completion San Quentin Operational Procedure 0-770, Execution V(S)(4)(e) (2007), cdcr.ca.gov/News/docs/RevisedProtocol. pdf. Alabama, "begin[s] saying name. response, gently eyelashes. pinch arm." Respondents' Opposition Callahan's Application Stay Callahan Allen, O.T.2007, 07A630, Indiana, touch ammonia tablets nasal stimulus. Preliminary Injunction 1:06-cv-1859 (SD Ind.), pp. 199-200, http://www.law.berkeley.edu/clinics/ dpclinic/LethalInjection/Public/Morales TaylorAmicus/20.pdf Timberlake Hearing).[7] checks assurancemissing protocol essentially costless employ, work agony searing explanation elementary undetected minimal, urges, mistakenly vein, awake screaming." 30-31. 42; 26-27. ignores passive reliance consciousness, screaming, paralyze able scream experiencing. *1572 tissue vein. 601. point, cites soft tissue. Lightbourne, So.2d, 344 Angel Diaz). receive receiving plane 7 21, quickly, veins burst Cf.App. "blowout"). executioner, training, pushes "by feel" 284, 286-287.[8] resistance catheter, 285; executioner's push fast. easiest [bromide]." Appellants No.2005-SC-00543, 41. (Complaint) (alleging "require chemicals"). argument. NOTES [1] Twenty-seven method. Ariz.Rev.Stat. 13-704 2001); Ark.Code 5-4-617 (2007); Conn. Gen.Stat. 54-100 Del.Code Ann., Tit. 11, 4209 (2006 Supp.); Ga.Code 17-10-38 (2004); Ill. Comp. Stat., 725, 5/119-5 2006); Ind.Code 35-38-6-1 2004); Kan. 22-4001 Cum.Supp.); 431.220 La. 15:569 2005); Md.Crim. 2-303 (Lexis Supp.2007); Miss.Code 99-19-51 Mont.Code 46-19-103 Nev.Rev.Stat. 176.355 (repealed Dec. 17, 2007); N.M. 31-14-11 (2000); N.C. 15-187 N.Y. Correc. 658 2003) (held People LaValle, N.Y.3d 88, 130-131, 783 N.Y.S.2d 485, N.E.2d 341, 367 (2004)); Rev.Code 2949.22 Okla. 22, 1014 Ore.Rev.Stat. 137.473 (2003); Pa. 61, 3004 (Purdon 1999); S.D. Codified Laws 23A-27A-32 (Supp. Tenn.Code 40-23-114 Tex.Code Crim. Proc. Art. 43.14 (Vernon 2006 Pamphlet); Utah 77-18-5.5 Wyo. 7-13-904 Nine allow Ala. §§ 15-18-82 82.1 (Supp.2007); Fla. 922.105 S.C.Code 24-3-530 Va.Code 53.1-234 Supp.2007), N.H.Rev.Stat. 630:5 Wash. 10.95.180 gas, Cal.Penal 3604 2000); Mo.Rev.Stat. 546.720 (2007 Cum.Supp.), Idaho 19-2716 2004). Nebraska Neb.Rev.Stat. 29-2532 (1995), struck Mata, S-05-1268, 275 Neb. 1, 745 N.W.2d 229, 261-262 moving then-existing 2-3. regard, different. 29-30 statement Representative sponsored Kentucky: needs done manner" omitted)). [2] difficulties approaches exemplified controversy 2005 edition British journal Lancet. examining inmates, "most anaesthesia, 21(43%) consciousness." 1412, around country motions merits. claimants shortly appeared, peer criticized methodology conclusions. 1073-1074 fat-soluble passively responded defend 1564-1565 purport dispute. cite approach, exceeding expertise. [3] agrees function 1560 1562, concerns. addressed harm'" "`objectively harm,'" 1561, substantive articulated [4] allude "alternative chemicals" post-trial brief, 684, there, heart-stopping 701. arrest, analgesic relieve 38, 39, 40. [5] STEVENS's "vastly outweighed" 1544 depends, explained, insignificant adopted. [6] Resisting obvious, 1571-1572, 600-601, 353. [7] addresses validity 1538. purposes; predominantly [*] recommendation, [this] terminated." 1543. Veterinary (AVMA) pains Association's commenting humans AVMA, 2007), http://avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf. Panel "combination agent." 218 Assn. 669, 680 supplemental AVMA clarified syringe, barbiturate, paralyzed still conscious. 2007 syringes stages discussed report. veterinarians, arguing 16-18. Humane "inhumane" "any Rhoades, Training Manual 133 Alper, Anesthetizing Conscience: Animal Euthanasia, Urb. ___ (forthcoming 2008), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1109258 file) (concluding, comprehensive regulations field process"). also, 828.058(3) ("[A]ny acts dog cat purpose"); 4:22-19.3 1998) ("Whenever dog, cat, domestic destroyed, succinylcholine curare, curariform prohibited"); Agric. Mkts. 374(2-b) ("No T-61, neuro-muscular drug"); Tenn. 44-17-303(c) ("Succinylcholine mixtures non-livestock euthanasia"). 13 implicationi.e., nonparalytic arguably reference preference Conscience, App.1. administrators aesthetic consideredand rejectedthis end-of-life terminally ill families disturbed discomfort. submitted providers ethicists, communities patient Critical Care Providers curiae. one-third Twenty Colorado's 18-1.3-1202. specifies 322 Notably, examiner disavowed asked interview formula, responded: "`It's now, probably it.'" E. Cohen, creator: Maybe http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/04/30/lethal.injection/index.html. Officials advisory paper group recommending "`without drugs,'" supervisor Health Services Unit memo colleague "`will vocal chords breathing, hence asphyxiation.'" N.J.L. 673. [8] Further, played Commission 2006, 2007. [9] advised sufficiency consciousness. euthanasia." 1541 details, 1539-1540, depth, presented. [10] Forty-eight parole, decades. Note, Matter Life Effect Life-Without-Parole Statutes Punishment, 119 Harv. 1838, 1839, 1841-1844 [11] Dieter, Life: Americans Embrace Alternatives 1993), http://www.deathpenaltyinfo. org/article.php?scid=45 did=481. [12] Virginia knowing influence Georgia ineligible years. L.Rev., 1845. insight drove Simmons 512 154, 2187, right ineligibility [13] Admittedly, surge scholarship asserting Mocan Gittings, Off Row: Commuted Sentences Deterrent 46 Econ. 453 Adler Summers, Works, Wall Street Journal, Nov. 2007, A13, equal, greater, criticizing methodologies questioning results, Fagan, Deterrence Redux: Science, Causal Reasoning 255 Donohue Wolfers, Abuses Empirical Evidence Debate, 791 (2005). [14] Retribution 37% supporters eye eye/they life/fits crime" 13% "They deserve reasons"sav[ing] taxpayers money/cost prison" deterrencewere 11% supporters. Dept. Justice, Statistics, Source-book Statistics 147 (Table 2.55), http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t255.pdf. [15] City bombing "`put [Timothy McVeigh] inside bomb blow up.'" Walsh, Arraigned, Two Undergo Questioning, Washington 1995, A1, A13. Commentators overwhelming percentage felt McVeigh enough. Linder, Political Verdict: McVeigh: Not Enough, L.A. Times, June 8, 1997, M1. [16] survivor "`death [lethal] [was] "too good" McVeigh.'" kills: mother, her child's killer die asked: "Do feel anything? Do hurt? pain? Very they've children. kids through. easy. ought something. fire whatever. deleted). [17] financial tangible Kozinski Gallagher, Ultimate Run-On Sentence, Case Res. (discussing, inter alia, families). seem counterintuitive, Gallagher "Death raise issues, gusto vigor courts. reconsideredseriously reconsideredfive, ten, twenty wonder worry victims, live possibilityand realityof retrials, evidentiary hearings, stays decades crime." 17-18 (footnotes conclude "we limbo, machinery immensely expensive, chokes institutions impeded expects courts, [and] visits repeated trauma victims' families. 27-28; Block, Slow Mar. 15, A27 "enormous burdens system" penalty). insistence elaborate appellate [conviction or] sentencing." Knight 528 990, 998, 145 (1999) reluctance numbers imposed. Tempest, Row Often Means Life; condemns murderers, 6, B1 20% Nation's population, 1% executions). compliance guarantees [18] Uttecht Brown, 127 2218, 2238-2239, 167 "[m]illions penalty," includes firmly unjust [19] insulated concurred dissenters, impermissibly framing, proceeded changed intervening 181 rendered 380-384, C.J., joined Blackmun, Rehnquist, JJ., 420, ("Nor punishments' `due law' static concepts scope sealed writing") (Powell, Burger, Blackmun fairness limitations gruesome were, acquainted with. surveying "superadd[itions]" lesser "mutilation dismembering, cutting off ears" stigmatizing slitting nostrils, branding cheek," congratulate countrymen contrast barbarism Continent: "Disgusting catalogue seem, afford pleasure reader, honor compare shocking apparatus torment met codes nation Europe." 377. Hanging Electrocution, "less barbarous," humane" "result instantaneous, consequently 443-444, (1890) election lieu encountered shoal: privilege immunity citizenship entailed, discern deems irrelevant "drawn context." 1536. rate, lives, Considering depends guarding 1526; puzzling. advocating wholesale incorporation involvement. persuaded, highly instructive. tell professional. 418. candidly admitted: honestly don't you'd for." 283. keep secret, survey available. Civil Liberties Union 6-12. Florida's curiam), "probably operating crossed 81-170-CF (Fla. Cir. Ct., Marion Cty.), 511, http://www.cjlf.org/files/ LightbourneRecord.pdf lightly, blink; typically not." name-calling tests, testified, taught courses. 512. examines 199. tubing contributes leaks snakes neighboring hole wall, 280.

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