Legal Document

543 U.S. 499 JOHNSONv.CALIFORNIA ET AL. No. 03-636. Supreme Court of United States. Argued November 2, 2004. Decided February 23, 2005. The California Department Corrections' (CDC) unwritten policy racially segregating prisoners in double cells for up to 60 days each time they enter a new correctional facility is based on the asserted rationale that it prevents violence caused by racial gangs. Petitioner Johnson, an African-American inmate who has been intermittently double-celled under policy's terms ever since his 1987 incarceration, filed this suit alleging violates Fourteenth Amendment right equal protection. District ultimately granted defendant former CDC officials summary judgment grounds were entitled qualified immunity. Ninth Circuit affirmed, holding constitutionality should be reviewed deferential standard articulated Turner v. Safley, 482 U. S. 78, not strict scrutiny, and survived scrutiny. Held: Strict scrutiny proper review protection challenge CDC's policy. Pp. 505-515. (a) Because "immediately suspect" as express classification, Shaw Reno, 509 630, 642, erred failing apply thereby require demonstrate narrowly tailored serve compelling state interest, see Adarand Constructors, Inc. Peña, 515 200, 227. "[A]ll classifications [imposed government] ... must analyzed scrutiny," ibid., order "`smoke out' illegitimate uses race assuring [government] pursuing goal important enough warrant [such] highly suspect tool," Richmond J. A. Croson Co., 488 469, 493. claim its exempt from categorical rule because "neutral"— i. e., all are "equally" segregated—ignores Court's repeated command "racial receive close even when may said burden or benefit races equally," Shaw, supra, at 651. Indeed, rejected notion separate can equal—or "neutral" — 50 years ago Brown Board Education, 347 483, refuses resurrect today. previously applied heightened evaluating segregation prisons. Lee Washington, 390 333. need no less here. By perpetuating matters most, inmates "may exacerbate very patterns [violence is] counteract." 648. Virtually other States Federal Government manage their prison systems without reliance segregation. In fact, argues possible address security concerns through individualized consideration using segregation, unless warranted necessary temporary response serious threat race-related violence. As transferees, particular, whom already evaluated least once, clear why more determinations possible. 505-509. (b) declines invitation make exception instead Turner's ground applies only context. never standard—which asks whether regulation burdens prisoners' fundamental rights "reasonably related" "legitimate penological interests," S., 89—to classifications. itself did involve such cast doubt Lee. That unsurprising, test "inconsistent with incarceration." Overton Bazzetta, 539 126, 131. discriminated against one's susceptible logic necessarily compromised sake administration. On contrary, compliance Amendment's ban discrimination consistent administration, but also bolsters legitimacy entire criminal justice system. Cf. Batson Kentucky, 476 79, 99. Deference particular expertise managing daily operations does relaxed relax Lee, do so Rather, explicitly reaffirms "necessities discipline," 334, government interest justifying those necessities, see, e. g., Grutter Bollinger, 306, 353. would allow use race-based policies there race-neutral means accomplish same goal, practice advance too lenient ferret out invidious race. Contrary protest, will render administrators unable legitimate problems remand, have demonstrating regard well transferees. 509-515. (c) decide protection, leaves Circuit, Court, first instance. See, e.g., Consolidated Rail Corporation Gottshall, 512 532, 557-558. P. 515. 321 F. 3d 791, reversed remanded. O'CONNOR, J., delivered opinion which KENNEDY, SOUTER, GINSBURG, BREYER, JJ., joined. concurring opinion, SOUTER joined, post, p. 516. STEVENS, dissenting 517. THOMAS, SCALIA, 524. REHNQUIST, C. took part decision case. 1 CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR NINTH CIRCUIT. 2 Bert H. Deixler argued cause petitioner. With him briefs Charles Sims, Lois D. Thompson, Tanya L. Forsheit. 3 Acting Solicitor General Clement amicus curiae urging reversal. brief Olson, Assistant Attorney Acosta, David B. Salmons, K. Flynn, Tovah R. Calderon. 4 Frances T. Grunder, Senior California, respondents. her Bill Lockyer, General, Manuel M. Medeiros, Robert Anderson, Chief Sara Turner, Supervising Deputy General.* 5 JUSTICE O'CONNOR Court. 6 Corrections reception centers facility. We consider 7 * A 8 institutions house male transferred facilities upon arrival. During time, evaluate determine ultimate placement. Double-cell assignments number factors, predominantly admitted chances being assigned cellmate another "`[p]retty close'" zero percent. App. Pet. Cert. 3a. further subdivides within group. Thus, Japanese-Americans housed separately Chinese-Americans, Northern Hispanics separated Southern Hispanics. 9 prevent Brief Respondents 1-6. It cites numerous incidents identifies five major gangs State: Mexican Mafia, Nuestra Familia, Black Guerilla Family, Aryan Brotherhood, Nazi Low Riders. Id., 2. notes prison-gang culture violent murderous. 3. An associate warden testified if considered making initial housing assignments, she certain conflict yard. 215a. Other expressed belief result segregated. id., 305a-306a. claims therefore segregate while determines pose danger others. See 29. 10 areas, rest facilities—dining yards, cells—are fully integrated. After 60-day period, allowed choose own cellmates. usually grants requests together, reasons denying them. B 11 Garrison Johnson custody CDC. He incarcerated and, during facilities. Fourth Amended Complaint 3, Record, Doc. 78. Upon arrival Folsom 1987, he was thereafter, inmate. ibid. 12 complaint pro se Central 24, 1995, reception-center violated assigning cellmates basis alleged that, 1991, Director James Rowland instituted enforced unconstitutional according Second 2-4, 21. made allegations Gomez period 1991 until filing complaint. Ibid. dismissed failure claim. Appeals remanded, had stated violation Equal Protection Clause Amendment. 207 650, 655 (2000). 13 appointed counsel leave amend July 5, 2000, Complaint. 81. claimed Clause. sought damages, Directors Gomez, individual capacities, constitutional formulating implementing injunctive relief Stephen Cambra. 14 consistently challenged, defended, whole—as relates both segregated entered Folsom. Since subject one another. 15 discovery, parties moved judgment. defendants immunity conduct clearly unconstitutional. affirmed. 791 (2003). held we 78 (1987)—not 3d, 798-799. Applying refuting "common-sense connection" between 802. Though believed "close case," 798, concluded standard, 807. 16 denied Johnson's petition rehearing en banc. Judge Ferguson, joined three others, dissented "[t]he panel's ignore[d] unequivocal imposed reviewing court fail[ed] recognize [the] analysis inapplicable cases, one, inconsistent objectives." 336 1117 (2003) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks citations omitted). certiorari applies. 540 1217 (2004). II 17 "all . scrutiny." 227 (1995) (emphasis added). Under proving "are measures governmental interests." insisted every context, so-called "benign" classifications, race-conscious university admissions policies, 326 (2003), preferences contracts, Adarand, 226, districting intended improve minority representation, 650 (1993). 18 familiar. Racial raise special fears motivated purpose. admonished again "[a]bsent searching judicial inquiry into justification measures, simply way determining what fact notions inferiority simple politics." 493 (1989) (plurality opinion). tool." Ibid.1 19 our is, "neither benefits nor group than any individual." 16. words, argument ignores equally." 483 (1954), refuse Powers Ohio, 400, 410 (1991) (rejecting peremptory challenges permissible equally white black jurors "[i]t axiomatic become assumption persons suffer them degree"). 20 333 (1968) curiam), upheld three-judge court's striking down Alabama's 333-334. Alabama desegregation undermine discipline, contention. Three Justices concurred "to explicit something left gathered implication opinion" "that authorities right, acting good faith particularized circumstances, take account tensions maintaining security, prisons jails." emphasized "unwilling assume local might mistakenly pronouncement evincing dilution firm commitment prohibition discrimination." 21 here, where cite reason recognized past, "threaten stigmatize individuals membership incite hostility." 643 (citing opinion) added)). insisting race, breed hostility among reinforce ethnic divisions. 648; Trulson & Marquart, Caged Melting Pot: Toward Understanding Consequences Desegregation Prisons, 36 Law Soc. Rev. 743, 774 (2002) (in study desegregation, finding "over [10 years] rate surpassed integrated"). Former State Officials Amici Curiae (opinion corrections six integration tends diffuse thus diminish interracial violence" "a blanket contrary sound management"). 22 unwritten. Although oral two follow similar policy, Tr. Oral Arg. 30-31, assertion unsubstantiated, confirm deny accuracy.2 Amicus 24. regulations governing Bureau Prisons (BOP) expressly prohibit 28 CFR § 551.90 (2004) ("[BOP] staff shall discriminate religion, national origin, sex, disability, political belief. This includes administrative decisions providing access work, programs"). contends actually "leads BOP's better prepares re-entry society." 25. argues, experience BOP, "concerns riot violence." 23 suspect." 642; Washington Seattle School Dist. 1, 458 457, 485 (1982). hold failed interest. 24 invites us (1987), decline invitation. Missouri restricting marriages inmate-to-inmate correspondence asking burdened 89. 25 think reasonable-relationship 131 (2003); Pell Procunier, 417 817, 822 (1974) ("[A] retains First status prisoner objectives system"). privileges limited O'Lone Estate Shabazz, 342, 348 (1987) ("`[L]awful incarceration brings about withdrawal limitation many rights, retraction justified considerations underlying penal system'" (quoting Price Johnston, 334 266, 285 (1948))). example, relied addressing regulations, including restrictions freedom association, Overton, supra; limits correspondence, Murphy, 532 223 (2001); inmates' courts, Lewis Casey, 518 343 (1996); receipt subscription publications, Thornburgh Abbott, 490 401 (1989); work rules limiting attendance religious services, supra. some due process claims, involuntary medication mentally ill prisoners, Harper, 494 210 (1990); marry, 26 Turner. Race "especially pernicious administration justice." Rose Mitchell, 443 545, 555 (1979). And public respect system undermined discriminates 99 (1986) ("[P]ublic law strengthened ensure citizen disqualified jury service race"). When permitted proxy gang tailored, society whole suffers. For reasons, used Eighth cruel unusual punishment prison. judge violations "deliberate indifference" rather standard. Hope Pelzer, 536 730, 738 (asking displayed "`deliberate indifference' health safety" Hudson McMillian, 503 (1992))). integrity depends full Spain 600 2d 189, 193-194 (CA9 1979) (Kennedy, J.) ("[T]he protections eighth amendment most certainly remain force [in prison]. point protect convicted crimes.... Mechanical deference findings context reduce provision nullity precisely necessary"). 27 government's power apex, guard discrimination. Granting exemption "unceasing efforts eradicate prejudice system." McCleskey Kemp, 481 279, 309 "[d]eference difficult task operations" requires 18. But refused defer officials' judgments areas traditionally exercise substantial discretion. despite broad discretion given prosecutors challenges, strike impermissible. Batson, 89-96. Similarly, redistricting traditional design electoral districts, subjected plans draw district lines Compare generally Vieth Jubelirer, 541 267 (partisan gerrymandering), 630 (1993) (racial gerrymandering). 29 reaffirm implicitly Lee: necessities. Grutter, 353 (THOMAS, part) principle "protecting justify discrimination"); 521 (SCALIA, judgment) proposition "only social emergency rising level imminent life limb riot, requiring embodied `[o]ur Constitution color-blind, neither knows tolerates classes citizens'" Plessy 163 537, 559 (1896) (Harlan, dissenting))); Pell, 823 ("[C]entral goals institutional internal themselves"). 30 THOMAS because, view, instance run Nation's prisons." Post, 542. goal. 803 (case below) (reasoning "not agree advances [that] `defendants reasonably thought interests'"). 90 (warning "least restrictive alternative test" omitted)). 31 THOMAS' world, could visiting mixing unrest charged atmosphere. prove riot[.] [But] [i]t `plausible' ensue: society, prisons, contains racists almost interaction potentially lead conflict." 1120 (Ferguson, denial banc). obvious limit readily apparent why, justified, dining halls, general permissible. Any these potential site If approach carry day, struck stand chance survival management. reject rank easy defend. 32 protests handcuff 531-532, 546-547 dissenting). Not so. "strict theory, fatal fact." 237 omitted); 326-327 ("Although invalidated it"). preclude ability safety. Prison administrators, however, end. 327 ("When action violate guarantee long narrow-tailoring requirement satisfied").3 33 "says nothing validity law; determination job applying 229-230. At juncture, made. dangerous places, circumstances present contexts. Such designed relevant differences account. III 34 remand case 557-558 (1994) (reversing remanding lower correct legal instance); Lucas South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 1003, 1031-1032 (1992) (same). reversed, remanded proceedings opinion. 35 ordered. CHIEF Notes: Briefs ofamici reversal American Civil Liberties Union et al. Elizabeth Alexander, Fathi, Steven Shapiro, Jordan Budd, Alan Schlosser, Mark Rosenbaum; Michael Small. amici affirmance Utah Shurtleff, Utah, Gene Schaerr, Attorneys respective follows: Troy King Alabama, Gregg Renkes Alaska, Jane Brady Delaware, Lawrence G. Wasden Idaho, Brian Sandoval Nevada, Kelly Ayotte New Hampshire, Wayne Stenehjem North Dakota; National Association Enforcement Officers, Inc., Goldberg. John Findley Pacific Legal Foundation curiae. takes hands-off suggesting "compelling showing [is] needed overcome owe administrators."Post, (dissenting fundamentally odds jurisprudence. put actors justified. Though, points out, seepost, 544-545, n. 12, Oklahoma Texas "`are randomly integrated cells,'" "these precluded cell assignments," Dept. Corrections, Policies Procedures, Operations Memorandum OP-030102, Inmate Housing (Sept. 16, 2004), available http://www.doc.state.ok.us/docs/policies.htm (as visited Jan. 21, 2005, Clerk file); Criminal Justice, Security SM-01.28, Assignment Population Two-Person Cells (June 15, 2002). 20, ("To extent assignment calculus Oklahoma, appears factor many, result, inmates"). knowing whether, practice, Texas, like chance, 3a, celled person different 19-20 ("[W]e aware assumes incoming incapable getting along mate acted adopting inflexible absolute centers"). characterizes "limited" 525, sweeping application. centers, newly Moreover, suggestion considers nonracial factors placements, percent 517-518, (STEVENS, inmate's "age, physical size, mental health, medical needs, [and] history," dissenting), categorically precludes explain, infra page, sufficient BREYER join, concurring. I join reservation 344-346 (GINSBURG, concurring). today resoundingly state-imposed cannot "`all [the separation] degree.'" Ante, 506 (1991)). While declaration reservation, write my conviction ought control inspection official classification. recently Gratz 244, 301 opinion): "Actions groups citizenship stature sensibly ranked taken hasten day entrenched aftereffects extirpated." concurring); 271-276 There pretense installed "correct inequalities." Wechsler, Nationalization Rights, Supp. Tex. Q. 10, (1968). Experience federal ante, 508-509; 519-520 strongly suggests administratively convenient be, safe management institution. Disagreeing scrutiny" properly 505-509, 511-513, 514, agreeing stereotypical classification hand warrants rigorous dissenting. after transfer another, ample opportunity course litigation, utterly judged set (1987). incentive below withhold evidence supporting policy; offer proof suggest factual development purpose postpone inevitable. submission current record. policy1 conclusive presumption together creates unacceptable risk logic, membership, CDC, offered scant empirical expert minimal undoubtedly overbroad. effort fraction members gangs, shown disproportionately greater intraracial Proclivity toward unquestionably varies inmate, yet blunderbuss regardless histories records previous incarceration. car thieves history involvement, violence, matter barred months derives living conditions dangerous. countenanced prophylaxis. To establish link relies views officials. They attested double-celling spill yards. One officials, warden, "[W]ith Asian population, sergeants careful Blacks, Whites, you Japanese Chinese You cannot. kill other. won't tell it. just Laotians, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Filipinos. Asians Asians. It's culturally heavy." 189a. musings inspire little confidence. comment supports suspicion stereotypes outmoded dangers integration. give credence cynical, reflexive conclusions Palmore Sidoti, 466 429, 432 (1984) ("Classifying likely reflect concerns; person, dictates category"); Watson Memphis, 373 526, (1963) city's plea delay desegregating tumult inability preserve peace demonstrated trial anything personal speculations vague disquietudes city officials"). real (whether conscious not) partly underlies counsels favor relaxing usual pay matters. insist hard evidence, especially California's outlier compared nationwide practice. administers 104 institutions; Countless operated aggregate over 120 Wisconsin, Georgia, Kansas, makes runs counter great weight professional 19. Tellingly, States, areas. doubtful record States' sweep California's, beside point. What vast majority resorting expedient support offers poignant infested involves series riots place 1998 2001 Pelican Bay Prison. houses State's offenders, "validated" involved incident, involving 250-300 inmates, "Southern Hispanic" members, attacked inmates. Our role, scratch surface lest sheer gravity authorize name. inspection, post hoc, generalized tenuously related Significantly, cited single specific incident much pattern prompted adoption unique ago. Nor indication antagonism played role recent mentions. focus recruit committing stays recruitment, identified instances committed common yard cafeteria. Perhaps provide arguing experienced riots, tailored. 333, (Black, occurred center's applicable cellmates, disturbances Given inherent indignity shameful historical connotations, came last resort. Distressingly, so: experimented with, carefully considered, methods achieving goals. reflects, think, evident lack deliberation preceded creation. Specifically, explain not, automatic rely assessment center. difficulty. represent approximately 85% examine known affiliations engaged threatened observe petitioner years; surely determined placement subjecting segregation.2 presentence reports, contain information offense conduct, record, affiliations. county probation officer transmit report papers. Cal. Penal Code Ann. 1203c (West 2004); Rule 4.411(d) (Criminal Cases) 2004). Despite rich records, rarely centers. primary explanation inefficiency says, arrive time. conceded reports "have fair amount information," "in always accompany frequently not. follows later county." 33. state-law informed counties preparing timely fashion." assignments. 28. Even inefficiencies systemwide convenience pitted latter prevail. "serious, workable alternatives achieve [desired goal]," 339 "obvious, alternatives" available, 90, conclusion inescapable chooses apply.3 demand undercuts sincerity concern process. unreliable underinclusive predictor Without inmate-specific found will, nevertheless rival Bloods Crips.4 Accordingly, appropriate resolution issue immunity, respectfully dissent refusal decide, before us, operates All transferring funneled permanently placed. either dormitories, cells, (of few). determinative placing decisions. once Hispanic "raised Crips," 184a, flexible, 9, strains credulity. routinely allows opt informs supposed explaining prescreen concedes unnecessary. 42 ("If assess arrived, perhaps used. unlike system, moment arrested, CDC") theTurner boil tailoring test, conclude best, "`exaggerated response'" concerns, find unnecessary specifically "alternative means" exercising demonstrates "[h]ow describes infringes often far consequence[s] actual demands uphold regulation." 100 part). counterproductive ways. initiate arrivals corrosive lending view feared alliances necessary. encourage gain valuable cross-racial experiences, facilitate formation asAmici balance decreases violence). 37 SCALIA joins, 38 questions presented resolve conflicting precedent. hand, stresses, reviewable strictly scrutinized.'" 270 224 (1995); emphasis other, "the [relaxed] adopted [v. (1987),] needs implicate rights." 210, (1990) 39 Emphasizing line resolves disagree. demanded walls. Time again, faced "fundamental" free state-sponsored discrimination, deferred reasonable running oversees roughly 160,000 breeding America organized lines. atmosphere, segregates portion periods days, arrange permanent housing. concerned sparing stigma 507-508. safety saving lives. dissent. 40 understand case, how is. background provides. (CDC), currently serving sentence murder, robbery, assault deadly weapon. 255a-256a, 259a. began June Institution Men Chino, California. 79a, 264a. 79a-82a. 41 institutions, initially men. 303a-305a. Manual 61010.3 (hereinafter Manual), http://www.corr.ca.gov/ RegulationsPolicies/PDF/DOM/00_dept_ops_maunal.pdf (all Internet materials Feb. 18, file). 2003, processed 40,000 72,000 returned parole, 14,000 254,000 Movement center, "particularly facility." 303a. classified process, evaluates "physical, emotional health." reviews jail level. 304a. Finally, investigates enemies 43 underway, one-person cell, two-person dormitory. 305a. few reserved problems, heinous crimes protective custody. 61010.11.3. end spectrum, dormitories. 189a-190a. Placement dormitory except attempt maintain 250a. Inmates placed dormitories lives: distinguish comes jobs, meals, recreation vocational educational 44 Yet confinement safely period. pairing indisputably predominant factor. 305a, 309a. simple: Its dominated 1-5. largest gangs' names indicate Guerrilla Riders, La Familia Part II-B, infra. 45 According State, threatens staff. 305a-306a, 310a-311a. high, tightly confined, private hazard going them, cover windows seeing inside cells. 306a. privacy grave, confined day. Ibid.; 187a-188a. 46 Nevertheless, hardly one. dividing subset divides geographic origin. belong respectively. 185a. Likewise, Filipinos, Vietnamese. addition host age, history, affiliation. 304a, instance, member Crips, street gang. 93a. ineligible nonblack 183a; 9. 47 shows affiliated Crips asked center request. 183a-184a, 199a. complete one.1 311a-312a. 48 Traditionally, courts themselves "adopt[ing] attitude administration."2 Procunier Martinez, 416 396, 404 (1974). law-abiding citizens Constitution: forfeited possessed chose extend 223, 228 Ruffin Commonwealth, 62 Va. 790, 796 (1871). decades, decided divest protections. Wolff McDonnell, 418 539, 555-556 (the process); Cruz Beto, 405 319, 322 (1972) religion).3 49 quickly extension Constitution's behind walls accommodate reached accommodation "adopted unitary, claims," 229. govern governed challenging confinement, otherwise occasioned passes muster interests. Well judges, best position supervise across country. Jones Prisoners' Labor Union, 433 119, 125 (1977) (courts "appropriate administrators"); ("[C]ourts equipped deal increasingly urgent reform"). board policies. 51 pair marriages. proceeded steps. First, entirely rights. proof, listed retained "protected ..., (1968)." 84. Second, " `make concerning operations,'" 89 Jones, 128), impinge relate interests, Nowhere Lee's immune review. "[w]e quite 52 Consistent understanding, outside walls.4 adhered urged adopt standards issue. (Turner's "appl[ies] cases asserts Constitution, invokes Amendment" added)); ("We refusal, Amendment, substitute sensitive formidable prison" citation omitted; steadfast adherence sense: 530, uniformly confinement. 53 all, rationale. passage bears repeating, explained necessary: 54 "Subjecting day-to-day seriously hamper anticipate innovative solutions intractable distort decisionmaking possibility somewhere solving problem hand. Courts inevitably arbiters constitutes solution problem, unnecessarily involvement affairs administration." alteration 55 majority's heed advice inexplicable, "growing gangs." 91. "intractable problem" America's driven Dawson 159, 172-173, dissenting); Stefanow McFadden, 103 1466, 1472 1996) ("Anyone familiar understands seriousness fueled actively virulent racism bigotry"). 56 decides poses wardens, guards, throughout systems. core policy: maintains thrown confines admission transfer, erupt. 57 seeks real. 12. Controlling central facing officers administrators. Carlson, Interventions: Evolving Strategies Control Threat Groups, Mgmt. (Winter 2001) Carlson). worst regimented sophisticated organizations commit ranging drug trafficking theft murder. 12; Division Enforcement, Organized Crime Annual Report Legislature http://caag.state.ca.us/publications/org_crime.pdf. "`foot soldiers'" outside. Willens, Structure, Content Exigencies War: Twenty-Five Years 1962-1987, Am. 41, 55-56 rise, percentage doubled 1990's.5 58 California,6 country Syndicate originated prisons.7 Unsurprisingly, then, gang-related country, Government. Carlson 59 suggest, Brotherhood Family organize lines, perpetuate hate Irwin 182, 184. Interracial murders assaults perpetrated common.8 And, brutality particularly severe Walker 370 969, 971 2004) (describing "history significant tension Calipatria Prison); 979-980 (Rymer, dissenting) (same); 297a-299a 2-year span Prison, fewer nine dead wounded). C backdrop pervasive centers' assign Viewed light four enunciated constitutional: interest; restricted open inmates; integrating negatively impact staff, administrators; obvious, 61 undeniably Bell Wolfish, 441 520, shows, contested, objective reducing No designated for, afforded to, 188a, "solely [its] implications security," neutral. 401, 415 90. valid, rational connection component impossible ignore. himself afraid violence—based solely color skin.9 combating setting critical alike. protects him, gather information, affiliation, compatibility 249a. "arbitrary irrational." 89-90. 63 perfectly "as overall proclivity facts existing prison." 15. does. race: course, Supra, 527. race—it separates intraracially (for northern southern nonviolent offenders). 64 Johnson. submits, contest, facets integrated: vocational, assignments; halls; yards recreational detention select absence overriding concerns. Simply put, spent, continue spend, bulk cellmate. 65 Third, fails seeks—i. race—would significantly personnel, allocation resources. 226-227; all. oversee "would assist several places time." Coordinated attacks nongang respond effectively. event, diverting resources monitor disrupts services elsewhere. 66 Then, too, fights 187a. clear: "When `ripple effect' fellow officials." 90; White Morris, 832 1129, 1130 (SD Ohio 1993) (racially contributed people murdered). united violence.10 sort testimony persuasive itself. 92. 67 look convict 1203(c) Rules Ct., Crim., can. 315a. becomes affiliation known, pointed out: "There forthcoming past episodes activity accurate dependable picture inmate." 806 2003); 185a, manpower receives yearly, leafing know. 521-523 68 presents closer transfers it, (since undergone time). However, mean easy, true alternative. assessment, races. appear arise laziness neglect; leader intelligence gathering. ("The devotes 75 gathering verifying inmate-related streets). short, irrational," aside 69 precedents skepticism wrong scores. 70 Only before, review." 506. bore review, 71 ordered desegregate (1954). 263 327, 331-332 (MD Ala. 1966). doing, "consideration[s] discipline" "complete facilities." 331. noted isolated discipline necessitates period." (footnote provided example—"the `tank' large municipal jails intoxicated kept sober," 331, 6—and unmentioned drunk whites blacks Birmingham Saturday night. 72 per curiam, one-paragraph affirmed order. "unexceptionable" wholesale unconstitutional, "allowance necessities discipline." 334. Black, Harlan, Stewart 73 Those assume" "explicit [would] evinc[e] 74 need. Surely brief, curiam bear interpretation Bancorp Mortgage Co. Bonner Mall Partnership, 513 (noting "our customary dispositions reasoned opinion"); Edelman Jordan, 651, 670-671 announced pertain carved satisfy. concurrence objection, meant "prison Stewart, concurring) 76 policy—which cry Lee—would fall squarely exception. desire "particularized" nature evident: transfers, handful then months. name following create, opts demanding language arguably supports. 77 heavily statement scrutiny.'" omitted) 227). Adarand's classifications" addressed contention favoring disfavoring exempt. accord, None statements overruled, sub silentio, progeny, repeatedly diminished 224; 407; 85; Webster Fall, 266 507, 511 (1925) ("Questions merely lurk brought attention ruled upon, having constitute precedents"). various persuasive. main "Turner's [applies] `inconsistent incarceration.'" 510 (2003)). majority, question "need 510. inconsistency-with-proper-prison-administration begs heart know implicit administered. 139 judgment). second-guessing 79 eviscerates Inquiring "proper administration" calls make. none "proper" speech associational (Abbott, 223; supra); expanded (Lewis (1996)); broader bodily restraint (Harper, additional (O'Lone, 342). steadfastly undertake threshold standard-of-review settled, resurrects. reason: judges courts. 80 deference, gives guesswork hypothesizes incite, diminish, hostility.11 506-508. implausible. strong promptly convincing willingness force. 13-14 commentary congressional findings); cf. Santiago, 885, 888 1995) murder Mafia); Silverstein, 732 1338, 1341 (CA7 1984) (prospective "make bones," eligible membership). falls short 81 "[has] justified," 506, discretion," 512. Terms ago, upholding University Michigan School's affirmative-action program, school's faculty diversity student body. 328 essential mission defer"). seem whatever administering ones. consequences severe. resulted consent decree history). More important, explained, typically exacting 85. back demands, lessened 529. 82 mentions kind, virtually 508-509. irrelevant doubtful. followed decides), satisfies applies, remand. uniqueness show tailored—but deciding depend else, test. commonness now challenged unusual. 83 doubtful, Both centers.12 similarity surprising: historically Hampshire Dakota Relatedly, 10.3% wardens maximum cells—apparently basis. Henderson, Cullen, Carroll, Feinberg, Race, Order Prison: Survey Wardens Integration Cells, 295, 304 2000). survey, 4.3% 302. Presumably, remainder discretionary directives. ongoing debate resolved decree: "of operations." 128. 84 observes (2002). "[a] official's `deliberate harm Amendment." Farmer Brennan, 825, 828 (1994). Setting cognizable 18-19 bolster argument. anything, test: subjects liability subjectively fail abate risk. Farmer, 847. wisdom imposes actions 85 competing demands. averred random 245a-246a, 251a. definition deliberate indifference. Robinson Prunty, 249 862, 864-865 (prisoner releasing yards); Jensen Clarke, 94 1191, 1201, 1204 (CA8 (court constituted indifference, injunction attorney's fees awarded officials). victimized anticipated attack; ignored condition chronic ongoing—like closely quarters 843-844. thing turn blind eye: 86 parade horribles grant unbounded 513-514. treated blank check Quite "confidence reasonableness toothless." 414 monitor—unlike "dining areas." 514. Were narrow, disposal capable accommodating sacrificing 90-91. say ably polices infirmities, apply—for ever—a "fundamentally odds" 1. Instead, refusal—for ever—to IV 87 analysis, "it possible, likely, meets test." 1117, 1121 2003) Pregerson, Nelson, Reinhardt, concedes, Reply 18; 404. Thus interest.13 question, 518-521 J.), fault. 88 From outset, alleged, interest." 2000) (discussing Third Complaint). reinstating dismissal, allegation, indicating Court.14 "is interests CDC." 51a (Fourth ¶ 23). defendants, appealed. Appeals, assumed applied, them; indeed, nowhere mention words Appellant 01-56436 (CA9), pp. 26, WL 34091249. discuss second decision, Turner; favor. 799. accepted face value: "`in circumstances.'" 797. equate mentioned quoted rejects 798. leap equating requested rehear Appellant's Petition Panel Rehearing Suggestion En Banc 4-5. Appeals' 1118 now, stringent pleadings, below. narrow tailoring, obligated appearance (remanding standard); 1033 (KENNEDY, framework [constitutional] [because] [t]he developed record"). 91 92 permanent, temporary, Of incarcerated, year (and probably months); years, choice. Nothing (or prisoner) (though way). lives fear survive event won Pyrrhic victory. admittance, subsequent 106a, 112a-113a, 175a. barrier request; grievance policyId., 124a-125a. Neither discusses exhausted Stat. 1979, 1983, required Litigation Reform Act 110 1321-66, amended, 1997e(a). Booth Churner, 731, 734 (2001). statutorily mandated exhaustion jurisdictional, waived Richardson Goord, 431, 433-434 (CA2 Perez Wisconsin 182 1999). refers "hands-off" accord Seeante, label inaccurate. prior 1960's declined merits claims. Fliter, Rights: Standards Decency 64-65 Feeley E. Rubin, Judicial Policy Making Modern 30-34 (2000); Krantz Branham, Cases Materials Sentencing, Rights 264-265 (4th ed. 1991). surrender gates,Bell 545 (1979); 129 (1977), liberties him. claim, possesses divested 140 judgment); Coffin Reichard, 143 443, 445 (CA6 1944). See,e. 132 association Amendments); 228-229 (2001) communicate Amendment); 343, 361 (1996) Due Process Clauses); 223-225 forced Clause); 413-414 349-350 religion Amendment). Gang Research Center, Assessment Gangs Groups (STGs) Adult Correctional Institutions: Results 1999 Survey, http://www. ngcrc.com/ngcrc/page7.htm Fraise Terhune, 283 512-513 (CA3 2002) gang, Five Percent Nation, Jersey facilities); Conroy Dingle, Civ. 01-1626 (RHK/RLE), 2002 31357055, *1-*2 (D. Minn., Oct. 11, Minnesota's Moose Lake facility, medium prison). Orlando-Morningstar, Gangs, Special Needs Offenders Bulletin, Center (Oct. 1997); Irwin, Turmoil 189 (1980) Irwin) establishment rise Family);United Shryock, 342 948, 961 (detailing Mafia system). 962-969 attempted members); 1341-1342 Brotherhood); Kell, 1019, 1024-1025 (Utah stabbing supremacists); 126 Ariz. 569, 570-571, 617 521, 522-523 (en banc) recruits Brotherhood). testified: "I broke inmates.... stayed there, went lot got hurt injured your skin color. I'm black, hurt." 102a Seeid., 245a-246a (Cambra declaration) disregarded entirely, am certain, emanate onto yards"); 250a-251a (Schulteis ("At CSP-Lancaster, disregard [according race], worked them"). sole speculation higher cellsAnte, 507-508 (2002)). study's authors note Texas—like —does integrate "initial diagnostic facilities" "transfer 753, 13. says admittance transfer. preferred option. door: room whomever ("Upon [f]or received cells") (available http://www.doc.state.ok.us/docs/policies.htm); newly-received offenders offender's victimization processing completed") account, application presumably [that prisons] present,"ante, disagree normally scrutinizing qualification bothTurner protections, setting. finds.

Classification Label: 1