Legal Document

335 U.S. 1 68 Supreme Court Reporter 1375 92 L.Ed. 1787 SHAPIROv.UNITED STATES. Number 49. Argued Oct. 23, 1947. Decided June 21, 1948. Rehearing Denied 11, [Syllabus from pages 1-3 intentionally omitted] Mr. Bernard Tomson, of New York City, for Petitioner. Philip baron Perlman, Sol. Gen., Washington, D.C., respondent. Chief Justice VINSON delivered the opinion Court. Petitioner was tried on charges having made tie-in sales in violation regulations under Emergency Price Control Act.1 A plea bar, claiming immunity prosecution based § 202(g)2 Act, overruled by trial judge; judgment conviction followed and affirmed appeal, 2 Cir., 159 Federal Reporter, 2nd Series 890. contrary conclusion reached district judge United States versus Hoffman, 77, 1413. Because this conflict involves an important question statutory construction, these cases were brought here heard together. Additional minor considerations involved Hoffman case are dealt with a separate opinion. The petitioner, wholesaler fruit produce, September 29, 1944, served subpoena duces tecum ad testificandum issued, Administrator, authority Act. directed petitioner to appear before disignated enforcement attorneys Office Administration produce 'all duplicate invoices, books, ledgers, inventory records, contracts records relating sale all commodities 1st, 28, 1944.' In compliance subpoena, appeared and, after being sworn, requested turn over subpoenaed records. Petitoner's counsel inquired whether granted 'as any matters information obtained as result investigation examination records.' presiding official stated that 'witness is entitld whatever which flows matter law production books required be kept pursuant M.P.R.'s 271 426.'3 thereupon produced but claimed constitutional privilege. 3 bar alleged name purchaser transactions invoices other similar documents. And it had used unspecified leads documents search out evidence violations, occurred preceding year. 4 Circuit Appeals ruled compelled valid regulation Act; thereby they became public documents, no privilege against self-incrimination attaches; accordingly 202(g) did not extend properly court. 5 It should observed at outset decision instant turns construction compulsory testimony-immunity provision incorporates reference Compulsory Testimony Act 1893. This provision, conjunction broad record-keeping requirements, has been included merely temporary wartime measure also, substantially same terms, virtually major regulatory enactments Government.4 6 contended broader scope than approved would more consistent congressional aim, conferring investigatory powers upon secure prompt disclosure private enterprises subjected OPA regulations. support contention, urged language legislative history indicate nothing 202 purpose 'obtaining information' throws light afforded subsection(g). We cannot agree contentions. For, thr statute its history, viewed background settled judicial Congress means enforcing intend frustrate use those action granting bonus individuals disclose their Administrator. 7 very 202(a) discloses inspection requirements designed 'obtain assistance prescribing or orders statute, also aid 'in administration regulations, orders, price schedules thereunder.'5 8 casts even stronger meaning words section. On July 30, 1941, President States, message Congress, price-control legislation effective curb evasion bootlegging.6 Two days later Bill introduced House Representative Steagall, referred Committee Banking Currency. 9 As introduced, reported November 7, bill investigatory, record-keeping, licensing, exercised Administrator.7 While House, Wolcott offered substitute 201 series amendments, one authorized Administrator 'to witnesses obtaining respect establishment ceilings, review ceilings.'8 amendment adopted. Thereupon moved strike 'redundant' much far rigorous provisions (§ 202), 'require making keeping reports,' require furnishing such oath affirmation otherwise, he deems necessary proper assist him order act, thereunder.'9 too accepted House.10 10 significant note Senate Currency began consideration December 9, day declared existence state war between country Imperial Government Japan. Appearing setting, proponents original secured restoration stricken.11 They asserted aspect contained originally drafted enable ferret violations enforce violators.12 pointed striking down given committee maintenance stripped his powers, 'because power can without right insist By simple device failing keep pertinent transactions, destroying falsifying person may violate impunity little fear detection. Especially true legislation, operates many diverse industries commodities, each industry own trade practices methods operation. 11 'The deprives reports make inspections copy deprivation Administrator's supervision operation act rendered most difficult. He expeditious way checking compliance. left ready discover violations. 12 'It forgotten administered emergency statute. To put teeth into imperative strong, clear, well adapted objective * *.'13 13 Emphasis placed licensing provisions, deleted drafted. General Counsel backbone regulations.14 World War & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions prototype Lever license distribution necessaries whenever deemed essential carry effect purposes *.'15 general prescribed applicable licensees, (rule 1), permitting 2), 3).'16 noted employed connection fuel method information, insuring universal compliance, refunds overcharges payment penalty charities.'17 middlemen, 'Violations readily discovered licensee submit.'18 14 With background,19 restored enacted, 205, 50 U.S.C.A.App. 925(f), U.S.C.A.Appendix, 925(f) provided suspension court found have violated requirements. Nonretail dealers, including present case, licensed 9a Maximum Regulation 426, Register 16411 (1943). 15 difficult believe whose attention invited vital importance recordkeeping aiding effetive could possibly intended proffer 'gratuity crime' custodians non-privileged Nor easy conceive attach express supposition inserting 'teeth' since check prevent committed 'with impunity.' 16 conformance views, passed empowered persons subject compel, legal process, oral testimony proviso, subsection (g) 202, special seems paid debates, although undoubtedly included, statutes, 'usual administrative provision,'20 fulfill customarily fulfilled provision. 17 inescapable implications related above concerning subsections so confer otherwise obtainable. 18 Moreover, there presumption reenacting 1893 aware immunity. adopting earlier 'must considered adopted language, part enactment.'21 That up doctrines enunciated spelling status validly kept, Wilson 1911, 221 361, 31 538, 55 771, Ann.Cas.1912D, 558, inapplicability Heike 1914, 227 131, 33 226, 57 450, Ann.Cas.1914C, 128. 19 former Wilson, president corporation, corporate custody grand jury. jury refused deliver ground contents tend incriminate him, Fifth Amendment. committing contempt, defense theory protected sworn witness, government's failure permit deprive protection.22 argument disposed simply officer possession, though contain entries himself crim. Hughes, announcing Court, reasoning (which recently cited approval, Davis 1946, 328 582, 589, 590, 66 1256, 1259, 90 1453), 20 'the physical incriminating does itself protect custodian production. still remains nature capacity held. yet character subjects them scrutiny demanded voluntarily assumed duty overrides claim principle applies only offices, suitable appropriate governmental regulation, restrictions established. There exists papers maintained.'23 21 illustrations meeting 'required records' test, approval supreme decisions business requirement unincorporated "public defendant keep, uses, benefit public, inspection."24 non-corporate treated concerned druggists record intoxicating liquors.25 businesses embrace greater number similarly regulated states municipalities. But, conceded increased render unconstitutional, rquired doctrine applied businessmen equally bar. 22 per Holmes, J., laid standard provisos clearly requires affirmance circuit here: '* obvious available got. see reason supposing gratuity crime. construed, fairly allow coterminous what concerned.'26 view clear rationale taken together ruling how inevitable must proviso Since assert question, entitled thus viewed. 23 traditional rule re-enactment creates adoption previous here, regarded 1903 49 Code Annotated KF65 U5 47, construed identical, policy furnished, 1893, reenacted incorporation 24 addition, precise wording latter indicates draftsmen section went some pains ensure courts limited. somewhat because neither nor explicit self-incrimination, nonetheless held coterminous. Section 202(g), hand, follows pattern set e curities 1933, 77a et seq., expressly refers privilege, apparently seeking doubly certain construe privilege: 25 'No shall excused complying February apply individual who specifically claims privilege.' 26 comparison statutes27 suggests function drafters performed additional phrases referring 'privilege'—viz., underlining intention requiring exchange immunity, intent previously thought discernable less terms statutes. Thus relied if two prerequisites forth satisfied: (1) avail actually excused, absence (2) Obviously prerequisite fulfilled, mere fact non-existent entitle particular grammer, historical genesis, rational function. 27 deny actual genuine absolute attainment requiredr ecords; that, ruling, assertion unavailing where claimant officer. while conceding officials concerned, necessarily attributes paradoxical awarding engaged business, control, are, rationale, non-privileged. 28 implausibility interpretation highlighted unquestioned enforcible entrepreneurs industry. unquestionable go unpunished, relevant buying selling If aspects conceded, comprehend why differentiated sub silentio, corporations. Such assumption carries incongruous forced rendering enterprise useless purposes,28 whereas disclosing type enterprise, bonus. effect, say aim men, officers.29 29 we devitalize, meaningless, phrase 'any requirements'30 appears opening clause 202(g): *.' includes among oath, reports, copying appearing testifying producing cover short answer contention grant privilege.31 background, reasonable interpretation. Even oppose do concede removing excuse absent ordered concession made, surely logic reading outset. 30 advanced our valid, erred case. 46, construing, provides attending papers, tariffs, contracts, agreements, Interstate Commerce Commission evidence, documentary criminate forfeiture. But prosecuted account transaction testify, *'. extended might immunity-seeker maintained common carriers Act,32 hence obviously within definition decisions. proposed then devitalized, phrase, 'documentary otherwise' Actually, expounded renders meaningless concerns writings regulation. Of course return privilege.33 32 confronted further immediately when 'there imperious popular demand inside working trusts investigated, people cared willing guilty escape, reward end.'34 statements role hardly tenable Yet elements plausibility, difficulty rejecting favor Government's limited nearly boundaries consitutional whih takes place.'35 final answer, understanding full context, suffice explain contemplated incorporating 1942 enacted provide sufficiently adequate Counselman Hitchcock, 1892, 142 547, 195, 35 1110, coextensive unconstitutional privileged testimony.36 34 suggestion ascertained, above, Trade American Tobacco Co., 1924, 264 298, 307, 44 336, 338, 696, Law Reports 786, construing avoid attributing 'an defy Fourth Amendment come near doing raise serious law.' interesting enacting Bill, rely circumstances applied: Namely, insure prohibition unreasonable searches seizures Senator Brown, chairman sub-committee managers appointed conferees 202(a), authorization him' duties, solely empower data discharge functions, preferably determine. intended, Constitution States. See Holmes 337, 786.'37 36 abuse obtain irrelevant 'fishing expedition' sought access challenged 'plainly incompetent lawful Administrator,'38 objection sustain refusal issue writ compel inspection. indication govern (g), particularly demarcated prior re-enactment. insignificant has, past, directly proviso—that concerned'39—was gave sign repudiating subsequent 37 clear-cut persuasive, doubts us, sould unconvinced applicability relation undeniably relevant, recording advance. immunities circumstances, heed well-settled read assuming susceptible either opposed interpretations, manner effectuates rather frustrates draftsmen. canon avoidance must, like 'plain meaning' rule, give application futile result, variance whole.'40 merl y forward manifested shuts illumination emanates key considered, context provisos, 38 constitutionality raised construed. duly becomes all, now said interpreted above. 39 limits government constitutionally exceed inspected agency prosecuting record-keeper himself. misgiving bounds overstepped evoked sufficient activity concern regulate forbid basic questioned prescribe commodity prices measure, represent legitimate exercise power.41 Accordingly, reaffirmed namely, 'records established.'42 40 dissenting Justices difference protection possessors exclusively aspects,'43 essence 'once legally obtained, evidence.'44 doubted 'public aspects.' doubt through 202(b) 'legally obtained' 'available evidence.'45 relevance unquestioned, recorded lawfully engage virtue statute.46 41 find unnecessary consider event, attaches tenuous justify claim. 42 For foregoing reasons, affirmed. 43 Affirmed. FRANKFURTER, dissenting. 45 decides prescribes Governmental purpose, enforceable sanctions, form corporations individuals, everyday seizure. Decision issues times unavoidable. necessary. makes drastic break past disregard constitional adjudication pass issue—and grave involving civil liberties—if violence English permits avoidance. it.1 Instead, goes equated attributed gratuitous concededly it, persuasive underlying it. Monia, 317 424, 63 409, 87 376. 46 Instead respecting 'serious constitutionality' giving least allowable legitimately avoids doubts, outo f far-reaching pronouncement Rights. almost cursory fashion, needlessly conduct affairs, fall Government, become thereby, ipso facto, outside 'shall criminal witness himself.' 47 reaching adjudication, especially moment, solution avoiding lay disregarded constantly professed approach toward legislation. 'When validity drawn raised, cardinal will first ascertain possible avoided.' Crowell Benson, 285 22, 62, 52 285, 296, 76 598, quoted Brandeis supporting citations Ashwander Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 288, 348, 8, 56 466, 484, 80 688. see, generally, Rescue Army Municipal 331 549, 568 67 1409, 1419, 91 1666. 48 Departure singularly uncalled this, fair promptest millions Administration. contradict attribute conflicting hampering free flow knowledge businessmen's inviting controversies regarding undetermined Amendment, expression propose manifest conferred controversies. poor eventually extent supplying equivalent unprivileged furnish refute withholding them. Business men guided abstractions. Obedience freely uncertain laws involve sensitive business. so, strong incentive hold back forcing process. Apart opportunities obstructive tactics circumvented new tested, delays litigation dam needed information. litigation. supra, page 428, 411. 51 Monia 'if desires, trap witness.' Id., 430, 412. need speculate potential entrapment. asked, attorney, 'being behalf reply MPRs (Maximum Regulations) 426.' Petitioner, himself, Constitution, 'these conditions' sought. produced, petitioner's justifiable belief advice acquiesced official—that legislated litigating limitation powers. meant begin carefully said: (U.S.C.1934 edition, title 49, sec. 46), Statutes-at-Large U.S.C.Supp. V, 922, Appendix, 922. 53 text normally fellows, explicitly linked section.' Effective control depended unimpeded end, impose 'requirements' section, whom exacted (e), barred self-crimination assurance prosecution.2 54 Subsections (a), (b), (c) (e) four requirements: vast range (3) documents; others (4) 'appear testify both, designated place.'3 An unconstrained insured self-crimination. Here 'keep kind 14(b), MPR 9546. contends 'customarily kept,' incriminated really Surely devitalize section' meaningless. supports devitalization 'short answer' bearing mind Court's conclusions fourth covered. wish stress singular plural 'requirements.' Plainly, construes according foresight kept.4 'complying 'appearing Construction, doubt, mechanical process scrupulously pursued judges wholly escape retrospective infusion line substitution sometimes thin. rewriting adhere deletes reshapes literary freewheeling justified expressed attentive consideration.5 concluded present, answering: us add pretermitted.' 58 Both authority, apart due regard function, demonstrate wisdom text. reach spelled incorporated These where, incriminate, produces 'be forfeiture transaction, thing, 443, KF62 46. finespun exegesis puts 202(g). admits acknowledging literal read' urges 'language history' exact. 59 yiedls sophisticated anything transmute import esoteric significance. So bears problem, shows entirety information.'6 Nothing (g).7 What silence speaks loudly Court? 'inescapable extraordinary statute? Surely, stricken passage reinserted, finally regulation.8 60 reads 'they' reinserted bill. 'They,' 'general OPA,' testified orally Hearings9 urging 205(f)) permission file various briefs Committee.10 Counsel's sheds exhibits filed correctly determined rejected 'redundant.'11 task determine, best can, meant—not sponsoring however disinterestedly, hoped mean. counsel's views Committee,12 views. remained silent, furnished meaning. 61 familiarity with, let alone acceptance of, research reveals presence 60,000-word memoranda Chairman permitted i le, actualities Is slenderest members submission contentions brief, report utterance floor House.13 smaller footnotes opinion, volume hearings comprising 560 (part three volumes Hearings containing 2,865 pages). submitting sustaining claims, pretend brief proffered. read, presumptively agreed memorandum allowed printed appendix bill, both Houses voting gloss bear, Pickwickian sense. hard conscientious care charged underwriting reliance interpretive suggested implies, practice submitted interests, private, often high-minded enough axes grind, great encouragement temptations self-serving 'proof' confirmation materials. Hitherto unsuspected assuring desired glosses innocent-looking afforded. 62 enforcement14 inserted unhampered self-incrimination.' Certainly. follow silentio effectuate confining accorded undefined controversial Amendment? One suppose object, taking away sufficed dispose controversy holding possession others, 202. adapt strained doubtful question. Blodgett Holden, 275 142, 148, 276 594, 105, 107, 72 206. 64 facile treatment disposition interest clarity oft co-extensive self-incrimination. since, hypothesis, affords Brown Walker, 161 591, 644, 819. vice construction—and point warrants reiteration—is precisely necessitates instead it.15 precedents mean every future 65 finds problem disposing implications, change relations hitherto conceived. treats self-evident needs form, instruments Ready-made catch-phrases conceal solve problems. 'Too broadly generalized conceptions constant source fallacy.' Lorenzo Wirth, 170 Mass. 596, 600, Northeastern KF135 N59 1010, 1011, L.R.A. 347. fallacy traced rephrasing which, lawyers, accustomed,' Ibid.; then, treating rephrased issue, axiomatic familiar, authoritative. Subtle question-begging nevertheless question-begging. Thus: records; non-privileged; facto indeed living glass houses. Virtually enactment—to State local legislation—has provisions. addition network filing reports. Exhaustive efforts track reporting Unquestionably enormous volume. Chapter Laws First Session Congress—'An Time Manner administering Oaths' oaths officials. 24. V—'An Collection Duties imposed tonnage ships vessels, goods, wares merchandise imported States'—contained importer invoice consigned goods collector port arrival. 39—40. 69 Every 1789 added Indeed, plethora led Roosevelt establish Central Statistical Board 1933 induced enactment, 1942, 1078, 139 seq. See, Report Board, Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Doc. 27, 76th Cong., 1st Sess.; Centralization Coordination Statistics—Report Appropriations Representatives, 4, 1945, Cong. Rec. A5419. April 25, 1939, 'Since end reviewe advance dissemination 4,600 questionnaries forms plans agencies. years show received agencies interdepartmental committees.' Expenditure Executive Departments H.R. 5917, Sess., Page 32. basis comprehensive survey financial returns 88 farms, during fiscal year ending 1938, informed follows: 70 'Counting nonadministrative returns, Board's inquiry revealed 49,000,000 total collected accordance authorizing directing collection types called for. Approximately 55,000,000 performance functions statutes specify carrying functions. Nearly 27,000,000 indefinite definition. remaining 5,000,000 variety authorities authorizations implied appropriations 71 'Somewhat half mandatory law, sense respondent report. Some elaborate, consequence percent answers forms, applications, requirements.' (H. 11-12.) exposition cast or, general, serve indispensable purposes. today's fail hamper execute securing intelligent Government. 73 affairs interest, 'public' lies implications. touches federal laws, revenue measures, labor census feeling treat call 74 publicly owned, governmental, follows. 602, 1262, 1265, 1453 (dissenting opinion). No notion dealing cease accused crime, startling. 75 pul ic record. sort action? qualify nature. maintainable barrier utilization here? were, fact, (and 'public') quite Int.Rev.Code, 54(a), U.S.C.A.Int.Rev.Code, Treas. Reg. 111, 29.54—1. processing non-essential production, example, utilized prosecutions priorities selective service legislation? Cf. Harris 145, 1098, 1399; cf. Trupiano 334 699, 1229. able enter man's home examine seize warrant, time. home, do, place technical sense, library? Compare 1453, 'well-stated' Mulligan, 268 KF105 F3 893; supra. 'a parade horribles.' self-crimination, publicness inheres situations. 77 peruse, use, 'of character, purposes, eyes community inaccuracies, exist, exposure.' Evanston Gunn, 99 660, 666, 306. seem follow, therefore, generally private. 78 guilty, perhaps, curious inconsistency 202(h) confidential records.16 seeming Pages 28; 1079, seq.; H.R.Rep. 1651, 77th 2d 4—5; ('We (the Bureau Census) supply Department anybody else information') Expenditures 7590, 74th 63. 79 matter, except wordplaying determine truly i.e., denudd essentially significances, take custody, wisdom, judges, victimized words. Records regardless kept' 'they duty' acting direction. example kept. 81 however, law. Private continue V Acts 82 there, foundation privileged? Reliance Ann.Cas. 1912D, 558. real problem. subpena surrender corporation's him. appealed contempt. 'his personal books,' 'physical production,' refuse him.' 378, 380, 382, 543, 544, 545. 83 whether, justice. When appellant charge, direction, continuously control. another took place, yield. retain corporation bound recognize. 84 'We overlooked early controlling. duty, discharge, laws. perform obligations pertaining holds subpoena. None writ, refusing fully warranted commitment contempt.' 385, 386, 546. 85 decided. boiled proposition 'what's yours yours.' gives sanction bold legislate hands owner, custodian, observation scant justification resolving, needlessly, security, privileges citizen.' Boyd 116 616, 618, 524, 526, 746. 86 today lean Court: principal (that custody) maintained.' 544. writer 'There abundant decisions' just papers. resorted McKenna, accepting premise privileged, quarreled custodian's non-public 'As guaranty liberty, qualified distinction ownership immaterial. exhibited authorities.' 388, 547. Hughes meet challenge dissent stand (a) (b) non-privileged, Before analyzing eleven employed, worthy derived brief. Solicitor Frederick W. Lehmann, well-known learning, doctrine. that: purely personal.'17 89 'illustrations decisions': Bradshaw Murphy, C. Pacific P2 612, 'it vestry clerk not, object Geo. III, chap. 69, 2.' 211 Comment.—This instance (for such, England, parish clerk). Clearly his; Farnum, S.C. 165, Southeastern S6 83, dispenser Dispensary institution. 93 Comment.—Under South Carolina State; custodian. 94 Donovan, N.D. 203, Northwestern N69 709, 711, register liquor druggist providing open hours, desiring copies thereof' 95 Comment.—The cuso dian State. property state, citizen, memorandum.' 209, 711. Are infer thereof'? Ibid. 96 Davis, 108 Mo. Southwestern S79 894, Am.St.Rep. 640, prescriptions filled liquor. 97 Comment.—Here law' constituted pure belonged physicians patients, 'and (was) custodian.' 671, 895. 98 (5) W.Va. 639, L.R.A.,N.S., 501, Ann.Cas.1912A, 996 (prescription-keeping identical 188 640). (6) People Combs, 158 N.Y. 532, 527, coroner inquest county clerk, false office. 100 Comment.—'The office, city. face, such.' 539, 529. 101 (7) Louisville N.R. company Commonwealth, Ky., 167, railroad tariff sheet. 102 sheet posted station, posted.' 167. 'publicly 103 (8) Smith, Iowa 580, 492, pharmacist monthly auditor requirement. 104 auditor's office parties, competent, determination.' 583, 584, 494. Petitioner's 105 (9) Cummins, 133, 124 (same supra). 106 (10) Henwood, 123 Mich. 317, (liquor valid). 107 (11) Langdon People, 133 Ill. 874 seizure warrant unlawfully appellant's 'They papers.' 398, 878. summary recognized misconstrue 109 Were safely resolved itself. After reviewing illustrative cases, observed: fundamental class rules applc them, demanding incident obligation inspection.' 381, 110 Evidently dictum therein bolstered told 'Other decisions, kept.' five instances cited: 111 Paladini Superior 178 Rptr. California (West’s) 369, 173 588, procedure whereby Market Director fish dealers valid. 112 'non-privileged,' proceeding market director nature, compelling petitioners prohibits Col. 373, 590. because, State, purchase conditional therein.' vegetables 113 St. Louis Baskowitz, 273 870, municipal ordinance junk registry purchases police citizen upheld 114 court's citizen' 'one stolen.' 576, 880. statute,' true, occasion to, 'non-privileged.' 115 Legora, 162 Tenn. 122, Western 1056, upheld. Comment.—A desire same,' 124, 1057, is, course, supra; 117 Stein, 215 Minn. 308, North 763, raw furs 118 records—'the trust people, wild animals.' 311, 765. 119 Financial Aid Corporation Wallace, 216 Ind. 114, Eastern 472, 125 736, small loan Institutions 120 nt , 121 me, hence, critical sense; make, ordinary term. time war, perhaps economic crisis, remove e.g., Hamilton Kentucky Distilleries 251 146, 155, 156, 106, 108, 194. Just motor vehicles carriers, tax system, supposed, 122 Different public's. sell state-owned Cf., utility, teated 'occupations malum se, closely allied thereto endanger health, morals, safety.' 554, 873; cf., public. inherently dangerous, immoral, unhealthy about fruits vegetables. cloud administered, administering. word 'custodian' frivolous 'unincorporated entrepreneur' corporation. contrary, decisive holding: 'But activity, chartered privileges, raises demands books.' length Hale Henkel, 43, 74, 75, 370, 379, 652: "* submit suit rights citizen. way. His contract unlimited. owes neighbors divulge doors investigation, 126 "Upon creature presumed receives franchises *." 383, 127 deepest shapers policy. 128 law,' magic legislature opens door inroads Statutory inspection, enforcement.18 responsibility conformity 623, 624, 528. disclosures beyond 'private convict forfeit property, principles government. abhorrent instincts Englishman; American. despotic power, abide atmosphere political liberty freedom.' 632, 533. 129 cognizant significance 'books decision, itself, inoperative. document historically, record' position correct erroneously decided.19 130 disregarding spirit disregards clarion case: obsta principiis. petty announced fraught unexplored reconciling freedom strength, admonishes lulled. obnoxious thing mildest repulsive form; illegitimate get footing way, silent approaches slight deviations modes procedure. obviated adhering security liberally close efficacy, gradual depreciation right, consisted sound substance.' 635, 535. 131 Violators detected, tried, convicted, punished cost bringing privileges. officers duties arduous crime detection society complicated, safeguards short-cuts 132 conclude misconstrued narrowing afford. mischief seeks guard.' 563, 198. man nonprivileged, privacy temerarious illfounded ought followed. authority. gain strength persuasiveness enhanced endeavor majority rest ominous determination blind uponn on-persuasive 134 JACKSON, MURPHY agrees, 135 guaranteed nullified deeds misdeeds exhibit inspectors, Today's introduces considerable moment. strips remind ourselves tendency principle, once approved, expand logic.' already expanded area apparent citation twenty-six parallels situation review. would, simplify diary times, was, to. today, applying specially invites facilitates eventuality. 136 narrows protections unless unmistakable alternative, certainly base inference 'legislative dubious plain usual meaning, guarded overstepped, hesitation lose However, choice. require, my view, reversed. 137 RUTLEDGE, 138 reservations noted, FRANKFURTER'S accept reduces Amendment's decided.2 Nor, judgment, reconciled face. 140 compels not.3 clearly, delay required, promises 'for obedience to' subpoena.4 141 consists command promise. promise command. precludes prosecution, thing' subpoena.5 Compelling testify' different promising given, more.' constrict statute's drastically interpret, rewrite purpose. narrow protection, easily adding lead given. be, notwithstanding breadth promissory situations precluded insubstantial good faith.6 if, reason, cut down, restricting excluding restrict misleading connotation cont ruction. departing widely Amendment's, reduction equivalence redundant meaningless; amount invasion 143 Whether accepted, nor, think, strictly body reconstructing done, think results reducing one. 144 excessive presently material portions chaim frivolous, faith, reversed applied. 145 am relieved necessity resulting substantial reasons this. none specified limitations, regulate. specification numerous illustrate. 146 seriously consistently enact persons, corporate, agency's official's examination, limitation, outlawed. difference, delegate executive prohibition. 147 specifies designate restriction 'he him,' (c), under, carried M.P.R. Fed.Reg. 9546, 9549. little, any, indicated o ngress 148 therefore definite seizures. large one, searched seized safeguards. understand amounts stands excesses respect. 149 Although sum execution limitations inquiry, conclusive me reversal conviction. amended, U.S.C.App. (Supp. 1946) 901 (U.S.C., 1934 provides: Commission, commission commission, 9546 (1943) 'Records. shall, long preserve tickets, cash receipts, written evidences delivery relate '(b) fresh date possible, maximum commodities.' include enterprises, listed below: Shipping 1916, §§ 826, 827, 814, 817, 820, 820. Packers Stockyards 1921, 221, 222, 222. Commodity Exchange 1922, 15, 6, 7a, 7a. Perishable Agricultural Commodities 1930, 499m, 499i, 499i. Communications 1934, 211, 213(f), 220, 412, Securities 78q, 78u, 78u. Alcohol 1935, 202(c), 204(d), 2857, 50, 50. Power c t, 825(a), 825f(g), 825f(g). Industrial 3119, 3121(c), 3121(c). Motor Carrier 305(d), 304(a)(1), 311(d), 318, 320, 322(g), 322(g). National Labor Relations 161, 161. Social Security 405(a, d, e, f), d—f). Merchant Marine 1936, 1124, 1211, 1114(b), 1114(b). Bituminous Coal 1937, (1940 ed.) 838, 833(a, k), 840 (terminated, 849), 840, 849. Civil Aeronautics 483, 487, 622(e) 673, 622(e, g.), 673. Fair Standards Natural Gas 717a, 717g, 717m, 717m. Railroad Unemployment Insurance 362(a, b, c, l), 359, 362(a—c, 359. Water Carriers 1940, 916, 906, 913, 917(d), 917(d). Freight Forwarders 1017(a, d), 1005, 1012, 1021(d), 1021(d). response recent exigencies provisions: Second Powers 633, subsec. 2(a)(3, 4), subsec, 4). Stabilization 967(b), 962, 962. Defense Contract Acts, 1152(a), (3, 1152(a) Disputes 1507(a)(3), (b). Very affected include: Atomic Energy 1812(a)(3), 1810(c) 1947), 1810(c). Management 1947, Pub.L.No.101, 80th 101, subsecs. 6; 207(c), 177(c). Italics quotations appear, noted. existing indirect circumscribed measures circumstances. weakened purport recognize stabilization power. moreover, bootlegging; Civilian Supply openly defied. 'Faced prospect inflationary advances, longer prudently postponed. Our national safety steps extend, clarify, strengthen welfare.' Doc.No.332, Sess. (1941). Cong.Rec. 9148 (1941) numbered 211. '(a) studies investigations, hearings, informa- tion thereunder. authorized, order, commodity, rents offers rent acts broker agent rental housing accommodations, inventories, defense-area accommodations. administer affirmations may, necessary, place. '(c) stify '(d) person's issued thereto, (certified copy), entered stipulation '(e) contumacy by, obey upon, resides transacts jurisdiction both; contempt thereof. 4(a). '(f) Witnesses subpenaed fees mileage '(g) lish request determines thereof security. '(i) Any represented counsel.' amended Extension 637, U.S.C., Supp. 9232; id. 9226. 9231. 9233. Committee, amending sufi ced. proved inadequate, so. swiftly moving pace inflation apparent, leaves luxury experiment. stability urgent S.Rep.No.931, (Jan. 2, 1942). 5998, 192 Administration). 193. statement presented sets sustains affirming accord weight contemporaneous actively sponsored interprets. expressions 'highly probable opinions probably active drafting White Winchester Club, 315 32, 41, 425, 619. Trucking Ass'n, Inc., 310 534, 1059, 1067, 1345; Hassett Welch, 303 303, 310, 559, 858. Hearings, supra 12, 181; 154, 179 (oral testimony), 190—200; 61, 693—94 (1942); 8—9, (1942). 5, 277, Aug. 10, 1917. unlawful charge 'unjust rate charge' handling deai ng necessaries, lack ascertainable guilt L. Cohen Grocery 255 81, 516, 1045, challenged. 183; 154. 184. following noting 'broad power' Food 'was extensively effectively used.' experience Fuel Administration, lacked license, acquiring effective' results. sellers, retailing impossible licensing. facts aware. Licensing direct violators. *' 9. Speaking critically Conference Report, Gifford, Manager Statement Managers, described Canada parallel Bill. Canadian policy: 'These curtail operations placing handles named machinery speedy checks stocks price-fixing instituted.' 672 (Rep. Gifford compiled methods;' appears, Rep. lisensing OPA, 188.) asking unanimous consent next day, Barkley, Majority Leader member January 'hearings (held 9—17) print week two.' 10142. vote approving until weeks form. 242. 26. 689. 27. 725. signed 30. 911. statement, subcommittee 'extensively revised strengthened onslanght war.' assume proceedings merits prs umption regularity Foster Illinois, 332 134, 138, 1716, 1718, 1955. Joint S. 2475 7200 (Fair Act), 75th (1937). Hecht Malley, 265 144, 153, 462, 465, 949; Missouri Ross, 299 72, 60, 46; Sessions Romadka, 42, 799, 802, 609. digest 773. 1913, 143, 228, 128, emphasized 'upon case.' 381 U.S., 544 ability speaking doctrine: regulating Congress. And, administration, action, obligation, hostility requirement.' Baltimore O.R. I.C.C., 622, 621, 627, element determining 'properly 622 626 sin ificant corporate. officers, words, Had regulated, Hughes' undiminished force. Darby, 312 100, 125, 451, 609, 1430, Fair-Labor employer wages hours employees. infra. Other 1918, 372, 374, 590; ordinance, 1931, 127, 1058; Rosenthal York, 1912, 226 260, 268, 269, 212; furs, 1943, 763; money lenders, 474, 476. Heike, analysis Wigmore, Evidence, 511 n. (3d ed.1940), 137, 226. 'new purpose,' 376, procedural case—or careful conventional provision,' dissenters 446, 419, believed, stringent phrasing strengthening earning pre-1933 inapplicable sharply contrast (including Act) claim, entrapment privileged. perceive distinguishing factors here. Judge Delehant's well-reasoned discussion, Bowles Misle, D.C.1946, F.Supp. 835, 843, semi-public' entrepreneur regulation: intercepted altogether quest touching observance ministry fruitless. realistically viewed, administrator's bargain absolves proprietor criminal, disclose. D.C.N.D.N.Y.1920, 893, businessman Like 285. 194, Mulligan extreme unlikelihood distinctiion, anywhere 4(a), comply 202(b), makin unlawful, 205(b), entry filed' 202(b). imagine government, penalties fines imprisonment fails falsifies recorder self-incrimaination. requirements' 1812(a)(3). There, excusable privilege—e.g., 1810(c)), doctrine, non-immunizing) phraseology 1152(a)(3, (1942), d). paraphrase Reports: 21; H.R.Rep.No.1409, (Italics elsewhere noted.) Feb. 1887, chapter 104, carrier tariffs rates, fares, charges, agreements carriers. treatment, respects, inconsistent 4(c) 202(h), intended. 'Section employee adviser consultant capacity, benefit, Further (canged (h)). party confidential, disclosure.' 20, 21. Hepburn 1906, Act: 'Any examiner divulges thereof, subject, competent jurisdiction, fine $5,000 term exceeding years, both.' 20(8), U.S.C.A.s 20(8). Numberous identically worded 322(d), 322(d). these, distinguishes availability effectuation publid curious. Colemen 153 400, 402, 404. foreclosed 141, prepared eminent counsel, Holmesian echo. 1896, 595, 645, 646, 819; 67, 652. Wise, Foreign Commerce, presenting whole known Councilman (sic) case." 503 (1893). 700 Endicott Johnson Perkins, 509, 339, 343, 424. 228 Ass'ns, 1064, Missouri, R. Boone, 1926, 270 341, 'A restrictive chosen depart custom face question.' Sullivan, 1948, 689, 693, 331, 334. Yakus 321 414, 422, 834. 1260, 1453. 1430 ('Since interstate commerce conform conditions (wages hours), employer, showing complied intrastate end. *'); Arrow Alexander, 397, 404, 405; Di Santo 948. Rodgers 992, 995, 996. 1886, 746, repugnant Amendments, 1874 claimant, motion allegations confessed. thes tatute invoice, defendant, throughout appellate defended claimants, rem forefeiture merchandise, claimants intervened. argued compulsion higher sanctity himself' personam. proceeded mainly complex intertwined origins Under owner forfeited (i.e., forfeiture) fifth seizure—and seizure—within amendment.' 634, 635 534 S.Ct., 621 527 returnable describing specific person.' Evidence 368 ed.1940); 71, 377, Holding distinguished 'unreasonable seizure' effected 'search manufacturers (see, 1868, 186, 19, 45, distillers rectifiers): manufacture excisable articles, excepted category examined care, unlikeness consideration. 624 528 602 1265 614 1272. Amato Porter, 157 719; Coleman 400. 2259c 590 1260 S.Ct.: commit entries, criminality choice election, crime; act. existed generically, act; independent official, druggist's sales, pawnbroker's pledges. arises status, acts. compulsion, before, generic acts, anterior party's origin duty.' original.) contradicting possibly, implication.' C.J., Hooper Bradford, 95, 97, 678. entire trana cts '(h) publish Technically requirement—to 'under otherwise'—but covered four. 14(b) 6. practical testimony. Carroll, Through Looking Glass, 6: "The is' Alice, 'whether you things.' is,' Humpty Dumpty, 'which master—that's all." 5479, August 1, Representatives Currency, 8; 5990, (at introduce representing old session; H.Rep. 3); 9; 9073, 9231; 9232 (Wolcott redundant); 9233 House); (H.R. reinstating information'); accompanying 1658, 25—26 (agreeing 202). footnote practically verbatim repetitions struck 'redundant.' 9232—9233. 203(a) Administrative Review commissioner affirmations, attendance Ed., herein claimed. Managers yielded reinstatement mention bills. 68—71, 144—60, 174—81, 550—53. 175, 180—81. 181 brief—an exhibit—, dispute thereto) possibility (but Representative) print. suggest typography, text, chances remote, hazardous positive improbable source. hearings,' heard—it everything read. diligent committeeman transcribed 15: 'Senator Barkley. Chairman, House—or maybe few have'; 26: Taft. ashamed say.' 26, House: 'Compulsory loyalty crack sooner kind.' During last cooperation. yes, food products fuel, else. punished, slap wrist. contribute Red Cross forgiven. length. hour discuss recite experiences ours nations. it.L (88 672.) trace reader reader, hearing, attenuated inferential discredit paraphernalia history. extraneous leave Record Printing published Appendix' 1/2 type.' Cong.Rec., A5039. concluding 'compiled brief' brief—different frequently quote kind,' demonstrating weaknesses Putting 'enforcement' italics construction—for enforcement. enervated extension suppliers buyers from, competitors suppliers, regulations; buyers, established cost-plus proof violation; competitors, sellers closest again Needless say, raised! 5479 (see supra) confidential. changed 'further protection.' H.R.Rep.1409, 'Further' 202(g)! 366, 539. Lehmann Brief deserves reading. 14, Boyds contracted plate duty-free basis. stock hand. shipment replaced Government; furnished. second glass, revoked. covering cases. 'record statute.' 31, 1789, arrival collector. 39—40; 1790, 161—62; March 1799, 655—56 (invoice collector; accompany invoice); 1818, 433, 434, 436; 1823, 729—30 (no bond period), 737 (invoice, certified collector's seal, value States); 1842, 548, 564—65 (collector invoices); 3, 1863, 737—38 (requiredi nvoices triplicate indorsed consular triplicates, wares, merchandise; preserved; soon practicable, transmit merchandise'), 740 (penalty wilful destruction concealment invoices) (district satisfaction fraud attempted authorize 1864, 217—18 weights importation made); 18, 1866, 178, 187 (seizure 1867, 546, 547 1874, 5—seizure invoices—held case). contents, Regulations Customs Navigation (1884) Arts. 314—34; Elmes, (1887) VII. 202(g)), 2. Neither principally approached ruling. own, guaranty. tendered apropos. exact h statutory, arose 'did charge. Not different, things closer dealings sugar company.' 228. authorization, 'transaction, prosecution. precluded, bring play, insubstantial. stressed 'should with' (227 228) unnecessary, negative equivalence. invalidity precluded. ones. excludes volunteered excess subpoena's exclude other.

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