Legal Document

418 U.S. 87 94 Supreme Court Reporter 2887 41 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 590 William L. HAMLING et al., Petitioners,v.UNITED STATES. Number 73—507. Argued April 15, 1974. Decided June 24, Rehearing Denied Oct. See 419 885, 95 157. Syllabus Petitioners were convicted of mailing and conspiring to mail an obscene advertising brochure with sexually explicit photographic material relating their illustrated version (hereafter Illustrated Report) official report on obscenity, in violation 18 Code KF62 §§ 2, 371, 1461. The indictment under § 1461 charged petitioners the language statute, which provides pertinent part that written information as where it may be obtained is nonmailable '(w)hoever knowingly uses mails for . anything declared by this section .' commits a crime. jury was unable reach verdict counts charging allegedly Report. Following affirmance convictions Appeals, decided Miller versus California, 413 93 2607, 37 419, companion cases collectively cases), after considering which, Appeals denied petition rehearing. challenge based upon pre-Miller obscenity test Memoirs Massachusetts, 383 413, 86 975, 16 1, also failing meet standards cases; various procedural evidentiary rulings District Court, well its instructions. Held: 1. Title 1461, 'applied according proper standard judging do(es) not offend constitutional safeguards against protected material, or fail give men acting adequate notice what prohibited,' Roth States, 354 476, 492, 77 1304, 1313, 1 1498. Pacific KF135 P2 98—99. 2. jury's determination supported evidence consistent formulation. 100. 3. inability distribution Report had no relevance finding obscene, consistency verdicts being required, separable from Pp. 100—101. 4. established case do not, applied petitioners' conduct, require reversal convictions. 101—117. (a) Defendants like petitioners, who prior decisions but whose direct appeal at time, should receive any benefit available them those decisions. 101—102. (b) instruction application national community constitutionally improper, since rejecting view First Fourteenth Amendments proscription uniform standards, did matter substitution some smaller geographical area into same sort formula; stated terms understanding 'average person, applying contemporary standards.' Court's holding California could proscribe 'statewide' mean such precise geographic required law. Reversal only there probability excision references 'nation whole' dealing would have materially affected deliberations jury. 103—110. (c) Construing limited 'patently offensive representations descriptions specific 'hard core' sexual conduct given examples California,' statute unconstitutionally vague, plain form hard-core pornography within permissibly proscribed depictions described Miller. enumeration categories purport proscribe, purposes previously been thought criminal instead added 'clarifying gloss' construction, making statute's meaning 'more definite.' Bouie City Columbia. 378 347, 353, 84 1697, 1702, 12 894. 110—116. (d) Miller's rejection Memoirs' 'social value' formulation vague time because provide sufficient guidance value,' formula having rejected vagueness reasons departed Roth's definition entailed virtually impossible prosecutorial burden. 116 117. 5. sufficiently definite. 117—119. 'too support conviction crime,' supra, U.S., 480, S.Ct., 1306. gave charges them, indicted statutory term 'obscene,' legal art generic expression, definite meaning. Russell 369 749, 82 1038, 8 240, distinguished. 6. err instructions scienter, including '(petitioners') belief non-obscenity irrelevant,' prosecution show defendant knowledge contents materials he distributes, knew character nature materials. Rosen 161 29, 434, 40 L.Ed. 606, followed; Smith 361 147, 80 215, 4 205, 119—124. 7. correctly concluded substantial verdict. 124. 8. abuse discretion excluding comparable (materials second-class privileges, judicially found nonobscene, newsstands), since, inter alia, expert testimony allowed relevant standards; similar judicial determinations respect thereto necessarily prove nonobscenity accused circulating; whether proffered cumulative, clearly relevant, confusing, trial court has considerable latitude. 125—127. 9. deciding predominant prurient interest sex consider portions appealed specifically defined deviant group average person erroneous, measuring appeal, (which instructed must find whole generally sex) material's groups. Mishkin New York, 502, 508—509, 958, 963—964, 56. 127—130. 10. Since pandering can determining long applied, Ginzburg 463, 942, 31, improper instruct connection pandered looking manner editorial intent. 130—131. 11. refusing reverse failure comply Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. 30 denying counsel's request make additional objections out presence jury, independent examination record confirms Appeals' prejudiced thereby. 131—135. 12. Petitioners' argument abused grant continuance until new presumably greater ratio young people drawn—it almost four years wheel last filled—is without merit, showing discriminatory exclusion identifiable entitled group-based protection. 135—138. 13. voir dire qualifications competency prospective jurors complied 24(a), asking certain questions propounded petitioners. 138—140. 481 Federal Reporter, 2nd 307, affirmed. Stanley Fleishman, Hollywood, Cal., Hamling others. Sam Rosenwein, Kemp Allan Atlantic Tuttle, Raleigh, N.C., respondent. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. On March 5, 1971, grand Southern Hamling, Earl Kemp, Shirley R. Wright, David Thomas, Reed Enterprises, Inc., Library Service, 21 use carry book, Presidential Commission Obscenity Pornography, advertisement, where, how, whom means might obtained, conspiracy commit above offenses, 1461.1 Prior trial, moved dismiss grounds failed inform charges, insufficient before return improperly challenged petit panel strike venire ground unconstitutional all persons 25 age. these motions. 2 advertisement.2 Ninth Circuit 307 (1973). regard Report.3 advertisement single sheet mailed approximately 55,000 parts States; one side contains collage photographs Report; other gives order blank ordered. 3 accurately follows: 'The folder opens full page splash pictures portraying heterosexual homosexual intercourse, sodomy variety deviate acts. Specifically, picture nine persons, male engaged masturbation, female masturbating two males, couples intercourse fashion while participant engages fellatio male; second six males masturbating, fellatrices practicing act, each bearing clear depiction ejaculated seminal fluid faces; act masturbation hand; separate cunnilinction; film strip frames depicting lesbian love scenes cunnilinguist action another's hand vibrator, frames, woman mouthing penis horse poising entrance her vagina.' 316—317.4 5 facsimile Report's cover, It following language: 6 'THANKS A LOT, MR. PRESIDENT. monumental work research investigation now become giant book. All facts, statistics, presented best possible format completely black white color. Every facet most controversial public ever issued covered detail. 7 book MUST shelves every library, private, seriously concerned intellectual freedom adult selection. 'Millions dollars funds expended determine PRECISE TRUTH about eroticism today, yet attempt suppress made very highest levels. 9 'Even President dismissed hand. volume inexcusable insult directed country. Each individual his own decision; facts are inescapable. Many adults, MANY OF THEM, will just reading REPORT. In truly free society, wouldn't even necessary.' 10 indicated actual Pornography Government document printed Printing Office. major difference between Report, indictment, contained illustrations, publishers said included "as type subject discussed shown projects basis Report." F.2d, 315. 11 adduced showed postal patrons country received mailings consisted outer envelope, inner envelope addressed post office box San Diego, itself, identified address, party responsible mailing. envelopes bore postmark they North January 12, postage affixed Pitney-Bowes meter number. brochures accomplished through businesses. Approximately 55,000—58,000 placed envelopes, Richard Venita Harte, operate Academy Addressing Mailing Service. number, postage, supplied Bernard Lieberman Regent House, who, 11, paid Postal Service set $3,300 worth House billed $541.15 Hartes services. turn services costs Hartes' service bill 19, check signed petitioner Hamling. 13 Those individuals responding sent copies number installed direction employee Pitney-Bowes. rental agreement dealt matter. 14 officers corporate involved selling brochure. Petitioner president corporation's behalf payment advertisement. editor vice Greenleaf Classics, publisher Report.5 He itself. Thomas used affixing sending 15 Wright secretary Incorporated assisted superintendent obtaining Kemp's signature Diego. memorandum London Press, printer representative confirming shipment 28,537 Various documents tended involvement Both introduced witnesses concerning vel non both affirming brochure, contentions rehearing suggestion en banc. We granted certiorari, 414 1143, 893, 39 97 (1974), affirm judgment Appeals. 17 * These December 23, 1971. App. affirmed filed 7, 1973. originally banc July 9, That withdrawn reconsidered light decisions, announced 21, 1973, related cases,6 submitted court, dated August 20, 1973.7 22, entered principal question rules law shall govern occurred date decision handed down, point final. mount series challenges so-called obscenity. (Memoirs (1966).) They attack judgments enunciated cases, conclude challenging 19 Questions constitutionality 1461,8 primary convicted, strangers decision. 1498 (1957), held speech press guarantees Amendment, deny due process guaranteed Fifth Amendment crime.' Id., reaffirmed Reidel, 402 351, 91 1410, 28 813 (1971). Manual Day, 370 478, 1432, 639 (1962); 31 (1966). Miller, therefore, prohibited.' 1313. 20 tried significantly refined plurality supra. 'as elaborated subsequent three elements coalesce: dominant theme taken appeals sex; patently affronts description representation matters; utterly redeeming social value.' 418, 977. 22 contention inconsistent plurality. argue ruled score, concluding correct. length sex, offensive, value. Examining below, we test. Expert necessary enable judge here, evidence. Paris Adult Theatre & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions Slaton, 49, 56, 2628, 2634, 446 (1973); Kaplan 115, 120 121, 2680, 2684—2685, 492 465, 944. case, alleged bound accept weighing 23 nevertheless contend presumed therefore Amendment. From premise fairly advertised nonobscene. contention, noting '(t)he false. Report.' acquit accordingly, mistrial counts. 9—10. has, course, rule required. Dotterweich, 320 277, 279, 64 134, 135, 88 48 (1943); Dunn 284 390, 393, 52 189, 190, 76 356 (1932). mere fact juries different conclusions does rights abridged. As observed n. 30, 1313 ((I)t common experience results statute. consequences our system. Cf. Dunlop 165 486, 499—500, 375, 379—380, 799." 26 2616. stands accordingly judged. suggest, inseparable cannot contended prepared nonobscene material. If identical true fortiori materials, regardless similarities. 24 Our aspects prosecutions guilty establish general change occurring event effect review. Schooner Peggy, Cranch 103, 49 (1801); Linkletter Walker, 381 618, 627, 85 1731, 1736, 601 (1965); Bradley School Board Richmond, 416 696, 711, 2006, 2016, 476 (1974). final, examine principles laid down cases. While remained throughout litigation, defines offense 'obscenity,' least indicate limitations borne mind defining term. Thus principle serve case. Recognizing represented sharp break reformulated non: basic guidelines trier be: 'the standards' work, whole, .; depicts describes, way, applicable state law; lacks serious literary, artistic, political, scientific 2615. 27 prescribed more relaxed review Constitution convictions, derive concede observation many particulars, not. treatment concept 'national invalidates charge judged, further is, vague. reference 'what reasonably accepted .. Contemporary matters pertaining sex. This phrase means, aptly stated, conscience present critical compromise candor shame, arrived here now.' 241. describe embodying although existed when tried, sustained stated: 29 'Nothing requires hypothetical unascertainable attempting fact.' 32, 2619. Paradoxically, however, avoid federal ones, relying 488, 1437 (opinion Harlan, J.), Palladino, 490 499 (CA1 1974). assert Miller9 definitively nationwide prosecutions. think misunderstanding holdings. describing 'hypothetical unascertainable,' But so doing When approach coupled reaffirmation need produce 'expert' testify import quoted becomes clear. juror draw views vicinage comes determination, propensities 'reasonable' areas Stone C. St. L.R. Co., 344 407, 409, 73 358, 359, 441 (1953); Schulz Pennsylvania 350 523, 525—526, 608, 609—610, 100 668 (1956). 32 analysis difficulty formulating emphasis ability ascertain sense evidence, indicates interpreted requiring proof criticized 200-ft. Reels Film, 123, 2665, 500 (1973), said: 33 'We today testing legislation regulating 23—25, 2615—2616. legislation.' 129—130, 2670. 34 Included pages referred hold incorporates 35 result permit sitting conclusion district 'community' draw. say liberty admit existing place outside particular district, if felt assist resolution issues decide. 36 Brother BRENNAN suggests dissent local violence congressional prerogative Constitution. arguments foreclosed Term 'contemporary formulation, legislation. distributors subjected varying districts transmit render degrees liability violations statutes; see impediment 2619, cited approval Chief Warren's statement: '(W)hen 'community standards,' meant standards—not standard, sometimes argued. believe provable standard,' perhaps none. At events, able enunciate one, unreasonable expect courts divine one. another, and, probability, true. communities Nation diverse, remembered that, confronted task reconciling conflicting diverse society individuals.' Jacobellis Ohio, 184, 200—201, 1676, 1685, 793 (1964) (dissenting opinion). 38 Judging principles, doubt occasional delineated wider than warranted construction herein, 105. Whether question. Certainly giving void emphasized occasion concern assure judged neither juror's personal opinion, nor particularly sensitive insensitive group. 33, 2620; 56 (1966); 489, 1311. whole,' undoubtedly purpose. frequently rather picking isolated phrases them. Boyd 271 104, 107, 46 442, 443, 70 857 (1926). unusual posture agree seek claim casts correctness it, Namet 373 179, 190—191, 83 1151, 1156—1157, 278 (1963); Lopez 427, 436, 1381, 1386, 462 (1963). convinces us exist takes reaching conclusion, insisting witness, Miss Carlsen, assertedly conducted survey Diego accorded trial. noted, infra, 124—125, wide exclude testimony. Stillwell Bierce Mfg. company Phelps, 130 520, 527, 601, 603, 1035 (1889); Barnes Smith, 305 226, 232 (CA10 1962); Judge Wigmore, Evidence 561 (3d ed. 1940).10 assuming erred witness' counsel urging admission re-emphasize confusing often gossamer distinctions 'national' types standards. counsel, survey, already experts testified bring others defense cities. Tr. 3931. 42 'This witness experiences she city. typical city decide.' 3932. 43 'Now supports survey. something alone. findings overall picture, taking account, ago, Dr. Abelson performed.' 3934—3935. 44 permitted Wilson, spent several days there. 3575. then asked 'similar than' cities visited bookstores. responded 'essentially kinds States.' 3577. statements, colloquies confirm error nation instructions, errors enunciated.11 B 45 next contain language, construed apply to, Such argument, neglects fundamentally misconceives thrust 491, 1312, upheld 'not ascertainable guilt violate(s) requirements process.' punishable 'obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy (and of) publication(s) indecent character,' Roth: 47 'Many recognized statutes precise. consistently lack precision itself process. '. (T)he standards'; 'conveys warning measured practices. Petrillo, 332 7—8, 67 1538, 1542, 1877. words, discussed, mark boundaries distinct judges administer marginal difficult line situation falls reason too ambiguous define offense. 1542.' 491—492, 1312 (footnote omitted). Other interpretation contexts retreated Roth. See, e.g., (1971); (1962). And Harlan been, authoritatively Miller: words indecent, vile,' connote portrayed unacceptable current mores. usage shades meaning, inception always aimed obnoxiously debasing portrayals Although condemns irrespective hands falls, early Bennett, Fed.Cas. Page 1093, 14,571, put limiting gloss reaches expressed 1311, 'taken interest." 482—484, 1434 (footnotes omitted) (emphasis original). 50 intimate cast doubt. Indeed, contrary readily apparent opinions 6, 2615, intended inadequate, heretofore hereafter, adequate.' recognition 200—ft. come dismissal Government's forfeiture 1305(a), unconstitutional. vacating remanding involved, 51 note leave legislation, duty construe 'a raised' "a avoided." Thirty-Seven Photographs, 363, 369, 1400, 1404, 822 (1971) White, quoting Crowell Benson, 285 62, 285, 296, 598 'serious doubt' raised 'lewd,' 'lascivious,' 'filthy,' 'indecent,' 'immoral' regulated 1305(a) 1462, Orito, (413 U.S.,) 140 2676, 25, 369—374, 1404—1407 J.). Of Congress conduct.' undertook forth 25—26, 2615—2616, went prosecuted 'sale exposure unless depict law, construed.' 27, noted above, 2670, 1462 California.' provision substantive brought. construed, sustained. 53 proscribed, speaking Amendments. Jenkins Georgia, 153, 160—161, 2750, 2755, 642. exhaustive, limit beyond legislative draftsmen go offensive' refer 'specific prerequisites' 'will fair dealer materials,' 2616, immediately thereafter 1312—1313, words: 54 "That ." 10, 2617. 55 important enunciating majority subscribed first years, drafting handbooks manuals invulnerable Roth; repeated along adjuration proscriptions either construction; willingness cover. Whatever complaint distributor previous Dennis 341 494, 511—515, 71 857, 1137 (1951) Vinson, C.J.). Nor merit Columbia, 894 (1964), crime stood enumerated statute' 1707. deprivation right unforeseeable retroactive expansion narrow language.' 352, 1702. criminal, purpose criminal. requirement definite' Judged adopt claims distributing fail. Contract 57 final Miller-based third revision provided plainly deprive defendants notice, departure Roth, calling 'prove negative,' imposed '(prosecutorial) burden discharge' 2613. permits imposition lesser phase Memoirs, concededly test, II 58 sufficiency reasons: first, them; second, 354, 1411. 59 informs defend, enables him plead acquittal bar future Hagner 417, 861 (1932); Debrow, 346 374, 74 113, 98 92 (1953). 'those themselves fully, directly, expressly, uncertainty ambiguity, constitute offence punished.' Carll, 105 611, 612, 1135 (1882). 'Undoubtedly offence, accompanied statement circumstances coming description, charged.' Hess, 124 483, 487, 571, 573, 516 (1888). 60 240 (1962), relied insufficient. Russell, recited 192, refused answer 'were inquiry' committee Congress. inquiry, 61 '(T)he core criminality 192 pertinency inquiry answer. What actually was, central Where depends crucially identification fact, uniformly simply repeat statute.' 764, 1047 added). 62 word merely descriptive term, art. 487—488, 1310—1311; 482—487, 1434—1437 J.); Thevis, 484 1149, 1152 (CA5 1973), cert. pending, 73—1075; Luros, 243 F.Supp. 160, 167 (N.D.Iowa), denied, 382 956, 433, (1965). indictment; him. 1312—1313; component sufficiency, adequately them.12 63 obscene. Consistent intent demonstrate 'knew packages containing Interstate Commerce, materials.' 236. irrelevant.' Ibid. scienter requires, 'at least, awareness material.' Brief 31—32. urge, must, overrule 606 (1896). decline invitation, properly scienter. 65 faced whether, forerunner Rev.Stat. 3893, Statutes-at-Large 90, chapter 186, believed (material) justly characterized ..' 41, 438. stating: 66 interpreted. paper lascivious character, deposited contents, complete, himself forbade carried mails. intend depend assumed responsibility putting States. evils sought remedy continue increase violated.' 41—42, rule, interpretation, purported defendant's status distributes. 68 205 (1959), Los Angeles ordinance proprietor bookstore absolutely liable criminally possession store later determined though eliminate altogether requirement, distributor, 'knowledge book.' 218. '(w)e definitely pass mental element requisite permissible bookseller carrying stock.' 154, 219. 69 totally dispensed suggest otherwise. There Harlan's recognizing unnecessary administrative Post Office Department section. advertisers offering sell deemed lacking administratively prohibited publications.13 Significantly, substantially instant examining York 'authoritatively interpreted' 'vital scienter' 'A (New York) aware distribute punished. innocent calculated purveyance filth exorcised .,' 510, 964 original), People Finkelstein, N.Y.2d 342, 344—345, 214 N.Y.S.2d 364, 174 Eastern 470, 471 (1961). 72 'foreclosed' hazard self-censorship compensate ambiguities inherent (the statute) amply serves ends, fully meets demands 495 496, 1314—1315 (Warren, C.J., concurring).' 511, 965. Ginsberg 390 629, 1274, 195 (1968). again another 'knowing' minors. 'Knowingly' 'knowledge' of, 'reason know' content Citing Mishkin, provision. 75 'knowingly' kand satisfied distributed, To claiming brushed up 'Whenever draws near opposite sides. course uncertain, knowing so, thinks, familiar take risk.' Wurzbach, 280 396, 399, 167, 169, 508 (1930). broad favorable Government, it.' Glasser 315 60, 80, 457, 469, 680 (1942). reviewing rests agree. Based officials directly activities organizations, solicitation scheme, likewise existence indicating acted concert achieve goal. Blumenhal 539, 556 558, 248, 256—257, 154 (1947). III 78 much laboring oar reversible error, 'in trials, tendency illuminating largely hears evidence.' National Labor Relations Donnelly Garment 330 219, 236, 756, 765, 854 (1947); Michelson 335 213, 220, 168 (1948); Salem Lines 35, 1119, 1122, 313 79 offered argued standards: (1) privileges; (2) litigation 'constitutionally protected'; (3) openly newsstands. 'they tend confuse jury' 'would probative value comparison amount confusion deluge therefrom.' 158. correct stating 'cured offer entertain advice jury.' 320. Here called extensively prosecution, opportunity adduce competent tried. availability newsstands automatically admissible tending circulating. issue 'are sale purchased stores around virtue.' Or, Manarite, 448 583 (CA2 1971): 81 'Mere nothing activities.' 593. magazine privilege.14 former 4354 (1964 ed.); Regulations Pt. 132 lay issuance permit, inspectors power censorship. Hannegan Esquire, 327 146, 456, 90 586 (1946). publication acquired privilege create presumption Finally, magazines,15 Pinkus Pitchess, 429 (CA9), aff'd sub nom. Pinkus, 400 922, 185, 183 (1970); Burgin South Carolina, 404 806, 46, (1971), rev'g 255 S.C. 237, 178 325 (1970). less mandate Much demonstrated enlightenment minds court's treated witnesses. retains latitude admittedly brought attention done likely body. abused.16 instructing introduced, over objection, groups.17 general, concede, groups appear brochure.18 person. 239—241. instruction, 'manifest considered Brochure appeal' 321. measure (1966), i.e., 'dominant sex,' consideration deviants somehow precluded. York: 'Where designed primarily disseminated group, large, prurient-appeal members 'average' 'normal' 489—490, foreclose holding. adjust realities permitting assessed interests probable recipient group; specificity immature avoids inadequacy most-susceptible-person (Regina v.) Hicklin ((1868) Q.B. 360) test.' 963 Mishkin. recent 89 'As 963, far impact susceptible person—or indeed one.' 2620 similarly merit. three-part 977, could, close, pandered, '(m)anner distribution, production, sale, (and) 245. below caused 'convicted' pandering. Pandering issue, applied. enactment 3008, enabling cease forwarding advertisements addressee, authorize, advertisements. insulate 'which addressee sole believes erotically arousing provocative,' sender refrain Rowan Dept., 397 728, 1484, 736 authorize legally advertisements, continues 3011(e). IV irregularities during committed closing parties give. After retired, approached bench requested excused charge. declined excuse saying: 'You suitable of. want send Jury out. you statement, statement.' 257. refusal violated provisions reversal. Rule provides: 96 'At close earlier directs, file requests requests. furnished adverse parties. proposed completed. No assign portion omission therefrom objects retires verdict, distinctly objection. Opportunity objection hearing party, (Emphasis added.) Nothing transfers function practice, court. wishes kind attention, runs risk waiving fourth sentence retires. comments, formulated approaches constitutes error.19 Some demonstrates prejudiced. Hall, 200 957 1953); Titus, 221 571 (CA2), 832, 66, 742 (1955); Fernandez, 456 638 1972); Hodges 281 1957); Sultan 249 385 1957). Others adopted whereby affirmatively appears Schartner, 426 470 (CA3 1970); Lovely 169 386 (CA4 1948). position automatic reversal, attenuating circumstances. Hall 349 1967). 99 Third appropriate with. Schartner 'out 'unless demonstrable denial prejudice' 480. Applying prejudice 30. 1966 amendment; significance Advisory Committee accompanying Rule, mentioned change. Courts principally subtle psychological pressures arise hear antagonism toward judge. 391; 234 283—284; 479. goal served low-tone conference, ultimate way Rule. 101 urge strict declare noncompliance unduly mechanical, pari materia Rules Criminal Procedure, 52(a) '(a)ny defect, irregularity variance affect disregarded.' soundness examined 102 somewhat stricter supra; Fernandez (456 1972)), places carry.' 324. instruction-objection session conference indication discussion heard colloquy purely issues, 257—265, counsel. express view, follow apparently lenient 643 644. 103 constituted cognizable class citizens, 'young adults,' ages systematically excluded.20 drawn. 104 jury-selection plan pursuant 1863(b) (2), (4), 55, periodic emptying refilling master voter registration lists. point, slightly filled. filled 1968, youngest potential old. Clerk month refilled names appeared voters' list age over. 94—98. 1972 amendment 1863(b)(4) (1970 ed., Supp. II) occur specified intervals, (to) exceed years.' Pub.L.No. 92—269, motion venire, 'it wheel.' 93. month, drawn 95—98. motion. assumed, deciding, class, 'failed show, let alone establish, purposeful systematic names, otherwise selected wheel,' discretion. 314. 106 cite authority proposition protection Hernandez Texas, 347 475, 479—480, 667, 671, 866 (1954); met little success courts.21 Assuming, prima facie discrimination overcome it. plan, plans districts, periodically emptied Persons lists filling refilling. play joints accommodate practical problems administration. procedures 'an impartial (is) cross-section community,' Thiel 328 217, 984, 985, 1181 (1946); 311 128, 130, 164, 165, (1940), account Unless daily wheel, delay updating reasonable orderly administration justice.22 Invariably goes on, date, especially end statutorily period wheel. updated refilling, 'purposeful discrimination' belatedly eligible becoming registered voters. Whitus 545, 551, 643, 647, 599 (1967); Avery 345 559, 891, 1244 Alexander Louisiana, 405 625, 1221, 536 (1972). exercised continuance. 107 ask religious biases jurors.23 jurors' educational, beliefs 78—81. 'was full, complete (petitioners) contemplated Procedure.' Noting submission numerous panel, 108 submitted, altered consolidated form, cumulative argumentative. handling range shown.' 109 24(a) examination, deems proper. jurors. reliance Aldridge 283 308, 1054 (1931), Ham 409 524, 848, misplaced. situations inquire racial prejudices satisfy bias beards, 'to distinguish beards host 528, 851. Here, Ham, Failure level violation,' Ibid., exercise supervisory justice courts. questions. 110 111 Affirmed. 112 DOUGLAS, dissenting. 113 1970 President's report. Dean D. Lockhart chairman. Eighteen members. 646-page One member, Charles Haw. Hawai‘i KFH45 A2 Keating, Jr., dissenting exhibits. facets sex: petting, coitus, oral sexuality, activities. 114 supply glossary dictionary visually. item depicted Perhaps reports imbedded philosophy know.* Sex importance all. allows factually illustrate discusses. 115 BRENNAN, STEWART MARSHALL join, government regulate oriented Amendments, my State Governments wholly distribution. For remain absence juveniles obtrusive unconsenting prohibit governments 'obscene' contents.' 2662, (1973) (Brennan, J., dissenting). amended aims total suppression overbroad invalid face. alone, indictment. Several reasons, compel aside. 117 1962 'that (§ 1461,) population reflects ethnic cultural backgrounds, decency'; further, said, 1958 amendments authorizing delivery evince national.' 1437, overrules construes 'draw case.' Ante, Apart trespasses prerogative, Blount Rizzi, 410, 423, 429, 498 (1971),1 'local' employed delineate expression Pennekamp Florida, 331, 335, 1029, 1031, 1295 (1946)—since '(i)t all, expounding,' 195, 1682, Brennan, J.)—the applies raises problem. 118 continuing 3237.2 amendment—intentionally purpose—is disseminator) received, passed route mailes.' Cong.Rec. 15610—15611 (1958) (remarks Rep. Hillings); H.R.Rep.No.2624, 85th Cong., Sess. (1958); 8991 Keating); id., 17832; 8992 Poff). Under today's innocence locale chancy transit 499, 503 1974) (Coffin, choosing products interstate travels forced cope hamlet goods wander. Because variegated discern, distributors, fearful risking expense defending remote communities, inevitably led retreat debilitating abridges people. restrict public's access forms (of materials) (United States) censorship hardly virulent privately administered (, for) (t)hrough (sexually materials), impeded.' (1959). Thus, 'protected' government's renders facially suspect 119 assumption attack, indefensible followed Enterprise's decency. holds error. Yet, says harmless 'materially jurors') 108. transcript lays bare utter fallacy conclusion. First, appraises 'isolated,' cites (1926), ante, 107—108, probably understood sense, represent misread criterion times, space pages.3 impression returned room reread 4989—4990.4 121 much—if more—significance, judge's evidences how mistaken surmise affected' Virginia Carlsen witness. Trial covers Imperial Counties. supervision professor University, polled residents reaction despite side-bar 718 interviewed public. excluded solely '(y)ou can't piece thus emphasizing predicated 122 'MR. KATZ. self-explanatory. She survey—I questionnaire, recorded responses age, entitled, your Honor, tests (sic) weight 123 'THE COURT. Well, don't you, Katz, 'I here. You going stay standard. 125 admissibility. true, defeat entire 126 'So am this.' 3932—3933 supplied). 127 FLEISHMAN. whatever Honor correct, admitted has. 128 standard.' 3937 129 denies Saunders Shaw, 244 317, 638, 1163 (1917). There, plaintiff enjoin collection drainage tax. inadmissible plaintiff's land improvements. Defendant lands prevailed reversed permanent injunction tax be, benefited. reversed, absolute, succeeded immaterial introduce rebuttal Saunders. Petitioners, too, proof. Had obviously strategy different. affording try civil surely prison sentences involved. 131 essential Due Process Clause. fundamental proceeding McKeithen, 395 411, 1843, 1853, (1969) MARSHALL, addition palpable absurdity surmises introduction study deliberations, known assertion differently local, national, evinces omniscience mortal. remarkable supposition 133 'It realistic sound read Maine Mississippi tolerable Las Vegas, City. vary tastes attitudes, diversity strangled absolutism uniformity.' 32—33, 2620. 134 ground, allow permissive test: 135 implies places, criteria, unavailable acceptable.' 13, 136 Yet possibly whole.5 137 affirmance, principle, way. abundantly violating settled treating Cole Arkansas, 333 196, 514, 644 Eaton Tulsa, 415 697, 1228, 693 distaste, however strong, commercial vendors justification Arkansas Oklahoma Ours voice, meticulous discharge dispense evenhanded justice. vacation remand reproduced 14—31. 1—5 7—13 sentenced imprisonment year count, consecutive concurrent counts, fined $32,000. day suspended one-half probation five years. Services, $43,000 $12,000, respectively. 16, 17, 21. presentation (6, 14, 18, 20) 7; appearing interfold are: 'In Katzman Studies (1970) (see 180), rated five-point scales 'sexually stimulating' control Group activity illustrated, 90. Danish Porno Club 3, supposedly filmed 'live show' night club Copenhagen. clubs.' indicted, acquitted involving count. 139, 2674, 513 Upon withdrawing original reconsideration (Pet. Certiorari 40): meet, compliance with, Roth-Memoirs Reel (481) (206) (1st Cir. 73—1181) slip problem, succinctly states: "A met. "(W)e remand, adequacy 200-Ft. Super 8mm. U.S.L.W. 4963, 500)." part: 'Every vile article, matter, thing, device, substance; and— card, letter, circular, pamphlet, information, indirectly, whom, matters, articles, things 'Is conveyed letter carrier. 'Whoever mailing, carriage mails, 3001(e) title nonmailable, causes thereon, addressed, thing circulating disposing thereof, aiding circulation disposition $5,000 imprisoned both, offense, $10,000 ten thereafter. framed framed. '(A) sufficient, naming untenable tenable existed.' 1940), citing Kansas S.R. Jones, 241 181, 513, 943 (1916). student University worked KF105 F3 W. Woolworth, composition layouts newspaper company's Fashion Valley. undertaken 'Special Studies' journalism professor, Haberstroh, circulated random 'adults buy 3926. sequence events quite (1917), relies. Louisiana entry intervening plaintiff, respond. irrelevant, controvert rebutting factual rely cross-examination contradiction countervailing seems closer misses mark. reviewed upholding remanded Reels, had, prosecutions, reversing rulings. joined WARREN Postmaster General employ ban 495—519, 1441—1453, (1962) (separate Nude Living, 63. foundation admissibility privilege. 212—213. 69. comparable, magazines films, supra) reactions 71. Bill Particulars. 49—50. variance, 'such wise surprise interwove field completely.' 322. Civ.Proc. states '(o)pportunity Though Committee's attending 'correspond Civil Procedure seemed procedure cases.' argues 51, 'if ignoring prejudicial.' Swain Boeing Airplane 337 940, 1964), 380 951, 1083, 969 Second tolerant older 88. Butera, 420 564 Camara, 451 1122 1971); Gooding, 473 425 1973); Kuhn, 179 Gast, 457 141 (CA7), 406 969, 2426, delays wheels E.g., Pentado, 463 355 1972) (three years); months); (five years). actions attorney body member Grand biased degree (petitioners), except reacted regularity attaches proceedings still abides. assignment merit.' (citations India (Mar. 1963) Article 19(1) '(a)ll citizens right—(a) expression'; 19(2) clause bars 'reasonable restrictions exercise' decency morality.' qualification certainly Jefferson Madison drafted great vulgarity beauty. wanted censor edit publications, explicit. obliged strain enactments attacks. cannot, emasculate perceived difficulty, Aptheker Secretary State, 500, 515, 1659, 1668, 992 (1964); George Moore Ice Cream Rose, 289 373, 379, 620, 622, 1265 (1933). history slightest contemplated. remarks sponsor intended: 'If anywhere else character—of corrupt morals youth generally—then circulate literature published.' 696 (1876) Cannon) read, deposits changed overruled Ross, 619 1953), unlawful deposit deposit,' 621, 3237, transportation foreign commerce, expressly Congress, inquired from, through, commerce moves.' Note, Venue: Its Impact Obscenity, S.D.L.Rev. 363 'Now, whole. part. exceeds customary limits nudity acceptable community, offensive. 'Contemporary now. arriving judgment, good bad. condemn know held, exculpate held. yourself learned residing locality locality. Rather, call everything learned, seen, gained observations affairs life. shows nudity. 'substantially' greatly considerably, largely. nation, say, large ought refuse accept. customs may, formerly unacceptable. magazines, books, newspapers, television, burlesque, clubs, novels, pictures, stage, media communications insofar concerned.' 4948—4951; 241—243 Four 4945, 4953, 4960 transcript. object national-standards shift shoulders demonstrating prejudice. O'Connor 92, 252, 189 1156 1157, L.Led.2d (1963), erroneous 'plain error,' inapt. unarticulated 'unascertainable.' cry saying jurors—instructed solemn pronounced Court—would so; or, indeed, differed community.

Classification Label: 2