Legal Document

367 U.S. 643 81 Supreme Court Reporter 1684 6 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 1081 Dollree MAPP, etc., Appellant,v.OHIO. Number 236. Argued March 29, 1961. Decided June 19, Rehearing Denied Oct.9 , See 82 23. Mr. Atlantic L. Kearns, Cleveland, Ohio, for appellant. Bernard Berkman, American Civil Liberties Union and the Ohio Union, as amici curiae. Mrs. ,Gertrude Bauer Mahon, appellee. Justice CLARK delivered opinion of Court. 1 Appellant stands convicted knowingly having had in her possession under control certain lewd lascivious books, pictures, photographs violation § 2905.34 Ohio's Revised Code.1 As officially stated syllabus to its opinion, found that conviction was valid though 'based primarily upon introduction evidence books pictures unlawfully seized during an unlawful search defendant's home * *.' 170 St. 427—428, 166 North Eastern Reporter, 2nd 387, 388. 2 On May 23, 1957, three Cleveland police officers arrived at appellant's residence city pursuant information 'a person (was) hiding out home, who wanted questioning connection with a recent bombing, there large amount policy paraphernalia being hidden home.' Miss Mapp daughter by former marriage lived on top floor two-family dwelling. Upon their arrival house, knocked door demanded entrance but appellant, after telephoning attorney, refused admit them without warrant. They advised headquarters situation undertook surveillance house. 3 The again sought some hours later when four or more additional scene. When did not come immediately, least one several doors house forcibly opened2 policemen gained admittance. Meanwhile Mapp's attorney arrived, officers, secured own entry, continuing definance law, would permit him neither see nor enter It appears halfway down stairs from upper front this highhanded manner, broke into hall. She A paper, claimed be warrant, held up officers. grabbed 'warrant' placed it bosom. struggle ensued which recovered piece paper result they handcuffed appellant because she been 'belligerent' resisting official rescue person. Running roughshod over policeman 'grabbed' her, 'twisted (her) hand,' 'yelled (and) pleaded him' 'it hurting.' Appellant, handcuffs, then taken upstairs bedroom where searched dresser, chest drawers, closet suitcases. also looked photo album through personal papers belonging spread rest second including child's bedroom, living room, kitchen dinette. basement building trunk therein were searched. obscene materials ultimately discovered course widespread search. 4 At trial no warrant produced prosecution, failure produce explained accounted for. best, 'There is, record, considerable doubt whether ever any page 430, 389. believed 'reasonable argument' could made should reversed 'because 'methods' employed obtain (evidence) such 'offend sense justice,'" court determinative fact 'from use brutal offensive physical force against defendant.' 431, pages 389—390. 5 State says even if authority, otherwise unreasonably, is prevented using unconstitutionally trial, citing Wolf versus People Colorado, 1949, 338 25, 33, 69 1359. 1364, 93 L.Ed. 1782, indeed hold 'that prosecution crime Fourteenth Amendment does forbid admission obtained unreasonable seizure.' appeal, we have noted probable jurisdiction, 364 868, 111, 90, urged once review holding.3 I. Seventy-five years ago, Boyd States, 1886, 116 616, 630, 524, 532, 29 746, considering Fourth4 Fifth Amendments running 'almost each other'5 facts before it, doctrines those 7 'apply all invasions part government employes sanctity man's privacies life. breaking his doors, rummaging constitutes essence offence; invasion indefeasible right security, liberty private property *. Breaking opening boxes drawers are circumstances aggravation; forcible compulsory extortion testimony used convict forfeit goods, within condemnation (of Amendments).' 8 'constitutional provisions security liberally construed. duty courts watchful constitutional rights citizen, againt stealthy encroachments thereon.' 635 U.S., 535 9 In jealous regard maintaining integrity individual rights, gave life Madison's prediction 'independent tribunals justice will naturally led resist every encroachment expressly stipulated Constitution declaration rights.' & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions Annals Cong. 439 (1789). Concluding, specifically referred 'unconstitutional.' 638 536 10 Less than 30 Boyd, Court, Weeks 1914, 232 383, 391—392, 34 341, 344, 58 652, 11 'the 4th put Federal officials, exercise power limitations restraints forever secure(d) people, persons, houses, papers, effects, searches seizures guise law giving effect obligatory entrusted our system enforcement laws.' Specifically dealing seized, concluded: 12 'If letters documents can thus citizen accused offense, protection Fourth declaring secure value, and, so far concerned, might well stricken Constitution. efforts officials bring guilty punishment, praiseworthy are, aided sacrifice great principles established endeavor suffering resulted embodiment fundamental land.' 393 344 13 Finally, case clearly involved denial accused.' 398 346 Thus, year case, 'for first time' 'in federal barred illegal supra, 28, 1361. This has since required strict adherence command clear, specific, constitutionally required—even judically implied—deterrent safeguard insistence reduced form words.' Holmes J., Silverthorne Lumber company 1920, 251 385, 392, 40 182, 183, 64 319. meant, quite simply, 'conviction means enforced confessions find sanction judgments *,' 'shall all.' 183. 14 There cases passing references rule evidence. But plain unequivocal language Weeks—and paraphrase Wolf—to origin, remains entirely undisturbed. Byars 1927, 273 29—30, 47 248, 248—249, 71 520, unanimous declared doctrine (cannot) tolerated system, evidences officer making lawful may victim timely challenge interposed.' (Emphasis added.) o urt, Olmstead 1928, 277 438, 462, 48 564, 567, 72 944, unmistakable restated rule: 15 'The striking outcome followed sweeping Amendment, although referring limiting court, really forbade amendment.' 16 McNabb 1943, 318 332, 339 340, 63 608, 612, 87 819, note statement: 17 '(A) courts, foundation disregard liberties deemed Constitution, cannot stand. And has, Constitutional grounds, set aside convictions, both state based 'secured protracted repeated ignorant untutored whose minds greatly magnified' 'who incommunicado advice friends counsel' 18 Significantly, McNabb, pass formulate evidence, saying, '(i)n view take however, becomes unnecessary reach issue (for) (t)he governing admissibility criminal trials restricted derived solely Constitution.' 340—341 613 II. 19 35 announced, time,6 discussed operation Due Process Clause Amendment. said: 20 '(W)e hesitation saying affirmatively incursion privacy run counter guaranty Amendment.' 28 1361 21 Nevertheless, 'security one's arbitrary intrusion police' 'implicit concept ordered liberty' enforceable Clause,' cf. Palko Connecticut, 1937, 302 319, 149, 288, announcing 'stoutly adhere(d)' decision, decided exclusionary imposed 'an essential ingredient right.' 27—29, 1362. Court's reasons privacy, curb Clause, decades posited parcel Amendment's bottomed factual considerations. 22 While basically relevant decision theexclusionary embodies vouchsafed consider current validity grounds based. 23 '(t)he contrariety views States' adoption 'particularly impressive' (338 1362); 'brush experience deem incidence conduct too slight call deterrent remedy overriding (States') rules evidence.' 31—32 pg e 1363 prior almost two-thirds opposed rule, now, despite half legislative judicial wholly partly adopted adhered rule. Elkins 1960, 206, Appendix, 224—232, 80 1437, 1448 1453, 1669. among now following California, which, according highest 'compelled conclusion other remedies completely failed compliance Cahan, 1955, 44 Cal.2d 434, 445, 282 Pacific 905, 911, 50 Law Reports, 513. California basis elaborated support enforce 'other protection' afforded privacy.'7 30, worthless futile buttressed States. obvious futility relegating moreover, recognized Wolf. Irvine 1954, 347 128, 137, 74 381, 98 561. 24 Likewise, time face what called 'weighty testimony' Defore, 1926, 242 N.Y. 13, 150 Northeastern KF135 N59 585. (then Judge) Cardozo, rejecting New York, said either lax.' 22, 588. However, reasoning largely vitiated decisions These include discarding 'silver platter' allowed agents, supra; relaxation formerly requirements standing procedure exclusion, 'ultimately referable safeguards,' available anyone 'legitimately (the) premises' searched, Jones 362 257, 266—267, 725, 734, 697; finally, formulation method prevent Rea 1956, 350 214, 76 292, 100 233. Because fixed formula, admittedly met 'recurring questions reasonableness searches,' less expected rate, '(r) easonableness instance (trial court) determine.' Rabinowitz, 1950, 56, 63, 70 94 653. 25 It, therefore, plainly considerations supporting enforceability while consideration, not, analysis, controlling. III. 26 Some five Wolf, answer plea here Term overturn applicability indicated done until 'adequate opportunity adopt reject (Weeks) rule.' 134, 384. 27 'Never 1949 basic search-and-seizure prohibition way applicable states Ibid. only last Term, carefully re-examining pointed controlling principles' seizure problem 'seemed clear' (364 212, 1441 S.Ct.) announcement itself require rule' case. 213 1442 same time, out, underlying prohibits officers' undermined 'foundation stateseized originally rested concluded therefore obliged hold, chose narrower ground do so, unconstitutional inadmissible regardless source. Today examine Wolf's documentation free intrusion, dozen close courtroom remaining open lawlessness flagrant abuse right, reserved persons specific guarantee very conduct. We court. IV. Since Fourteenth, exclusion Government. Were otherwise, just eks assurance words', valueless undeserving mention perpetual charter inestimable human liberties, too, freedom epemeral neatly severed conceptual nexus brutish coercing merit high liberty." seen, steadfastly included provisions. Even adhered' proposition. conceded operatively susceptible destruction avulsion enjoyment always dependent cases. Therefore, extending substantive protections due process searches—state federal—it logically necessary doctrine—an privacy—be insisted newly short, new consistently tolerate most important privilege, namely, forced give reason seizure. To grant reality whthhold privilege enjoyment. Only purpose 'is deter—to compel respect effectively way—by removing incentive it.' 217, 1444. Indeed, aware restraint, similar rejected today, conditioning right. particularly stand marked contrast 'basic society.' 27, hesitated strictly Government speech press, notice fair, public including, does, coerced confession, however be, reliability. Rogers Richmond, 1961, 365 534, 735, 760. nothing confession involved, evidence' overridden police,' frequent. Why apply tantamount effect, documents, etc.? that, Government, unconscionable convictions enjoy 'intimate relation'8 perpetuation 'principles humanity civil (secured) struggle.' Bram 1897, 168 543—544, 187, 42 568. express 'supplementing phases purpose—to maintain inviolate areas privacy.' Feldman 1944, 322 487, 489—490, 1082, 3, 88 1408. philosophy complementary to, upon, sphere influence—the together assure man Cf. Rochin 1952, 342 165, 173, 205, 210, 96 V. 31 Moreover, holding logical dictate cases, makes good sense. war between common Presently, prosecutor make illegally State's across street may, he supposedly operating prohibitions Thus State, admitting serves encourage disobedience bound uphold. Elkins, healthy federalism depends avoidance needless conflict courts.' 221, 1446. Such conflict, hereafter needless, arose Wilson Schnettler, 632, 620, spite promise Rea, full recognition practice refusing restrain testifying performance duties. Yet double standard today hardly thesis practice. non-exclusionary human, invited did, indicate, step Prosecution utter If fruits inducement evasion sooner eliminated. need reconcile pointing hazardous uncertainties heretofore ambivalent approach. 32 Federal-state cooperation solution standards promoted, mutual obligation criteria approaches. 'However much particular appear technicality inures benefit person, history proves tolerance shortcut methods impairs enduring effectiveness.' Miller 1958, 357 301, 313, 78 1190, 1197, 1332. Denying shortcuts two cooperating agencies tends breed legitimate suspicion 'working arrangements' results equally tainted. 520; Lustig 74, 1372, 1819. 33 say, go constable blundered.' 21, 587. undoubtedly result.9 But, 'there another consideration—the imperative integrity.' 364U .S. 222, 1447. goes free, must, sets free. Nothing destroy quickly observe laws, worse, existence. Brandeis, dissenting, 485, 575, 944: 'Our potent, omnipresent teacher. For ill, teaches whole people example. lawbreaker, breeds contempt law; invites become unto himself; anarchy.' Nor lightly assumed practical matter, fetters enforcement. considered contention 'pragmatic sort' contrary wanting. 218, themselves operated century; yet suggested Bureau Investigation10 thereby rendered ineffective, administration disrupted. impressive movement towards halting seemingly inexorable.' Id., 218—219, 1444—1445. ignoble left entire rest.11 Having embodied rude longer remain empty promise. manner like revocable whim who, name itself, chooses suspend Our founded truth, gives guarantees him, honest entitled, true justice. 36 judgment cause remanded further proceedings inconsistent opinion. 37 Reversed remanded. 38 BLACK, concurring. 39 nearly fifty years, States,1 n effects 'unreasonable seizures' 1948, seizure.'2 concurred these grounds: 'For my dissenting Adamson (People of) 332 46, 68 (67 1672, 1683, 91 1903), agree states. Consequently, reversal thought prohibited seizures,' also, obtained. implication judicially created Congress negate.'3 41 am still persuaded alone, enough bar commands. contain provision precluding extremely doubtful properly inferred seizures. Reflection problem, light coming me conclude ban compelled self-incrimination, emerges justifies actually requires interrelationship Amendments, problem,4 long indeed, States.5 fully relationship 'unable perceive substantially different compelling witness himself.'6 Rutledge relied case.7 And, argument least, thorough understanding brought final seems doctrine, perhaps construed, amply justified historical standpoint, soundly reason, consistent proper approach interpretation Bill Rights—an Bradley case: 43 '(C)onstitutional literal construction deprives efficacy, leads gradual depreciation consisted sound substance. thereon.'8 California,9 authenticated, think, soundness Bradley's Rutledge's reliance requiring acting cause, entered Rochin's conducting occupied wife. entry saw pick swallow small capsules. immediately took handcuffs hospital capsules stomach pump. Investigation showed contained morphine 45 question here, presented perfect example Amendments. member participated extent justifying conviction. majority, careful '(n)o shall himself,' unaware exists, stating: 'Coerced offend community's fair play decency. stultification responsibility cast order extract mind stomach.'10 were, 'too rack screw differentiation,'11 violated treatment accorded kind 'shocks conscience,' 'offend(s) justice" fails 'respect decencies civilized conduct.'12 46 sef -incrimination given broad rather narrow construction, 'capsule' forbidden words speak.13 reaching cited was, course, disposition definitely minority Douglas flexible uncertain 'shock-the-conscience test' majority opinion.14 Two Rochin, California,15 arguably shocking conscience. opinions written demonstrate confusion uncertainty about decisions. concurring, emphasized unsatisfactory nature test,' 'test' 'makes unpredictability impossible foretell—other guesswork—just how brazen intimate must shock protective arms ad hoc simply Justices sufficiently revolted local action, overturned free.'16 thing emerged complete clarity case—that seven 'shock-the-conscience' enunciated lessen area continued existence mutually precedents inability settle before.17 clear uncertainty. understand confusing instead, precise, intelligible predictable rests vital importance scheme entitled liberal niggardly interpretation. country know certainty possible scope cover. judgment, dissipates field persuaded, stated, depart views, accept join accordance doctrine. 49 DOUGLAS, Though joined add few words. proceeding started lawless forcefully, occupant crime. 51 alone fifteen-year-old second-floor flat duplex Cleveland. 1:30 afternoon rang bell, appearing window, asked wanted. According testimony, confidential source bombing.'1 question, replied subject talk. 52 retained pending told ask let in. attorney's advice, next hours, laid siege o'clock, number increased seven. Appellant's lawyer appeared scene; show it. Instead, going back door, tried kick proved unsuccessful, glass opened inside. 53 steps flat, warrant; waved face. thrust dress. officer. upstairs, bound, larger bedrooms apartment; sit bed. Meanwhile, rooms 54 concerning nonconflicting. officers; wait outside watching doors; reinforcements armed paper;2 house; putting hands handcuffing her; numerous ransacking room furniture, sat, prisoner bedroom. direct found. meaning knowing possession3 little pamphlets, couple pencil doodle—all alleged pornographic. 55 search, articles found, dressers som suitcase cardboard box basement; beside All material, appellant—and friend hers—said odds ends boarder, suddenly York detained there. read statute charged, whichever story true. 56 sustained admissible 'defendant's Mapp, 427, 388, 2; Lindway, 131 166, 490. prosecution. 652; For, 344. (which correspondence) 57 1359, sanctions chose. That position votes carry day. voice principle. accused, 'his seizures, 393, 'shabby business' (to expression Murphy, 1371), rob meaningful force. theoretical remedies. One disciplinary action hierarchy Murphy 42, 1369 'Self-scrutiny lofty ideal, exaltation reaches heights expect District Attorney prosecute himself associates well-meaning violations clause raid ordered.' 59 remedy, required, trespass homeowner offending onerous difficult meagre relief prevails. 44, 1369—1370. truth actions mainly illusory 60 Without Colorado dead letter,' dissent. 47, 1368. 61 . 1949. immediate storm controversy finds end. believe appropriate end asymmetry imported law. Stefanelli Minard, 117, 118, 138; 233; Monroe Pape, 167, 473, 492. presents show—as cases—the casual arrogance untrammelled invade seize 62 technical issues illegality duly raised Rule Practice.4 jurisdictional statement brief merits.5 mostly directed often fact. 535—540, 736—739, Of earnest advocate believes argument, side win. discretion halt. especially arguments antagonists proponents many times marshalled lengthy elaboration here.' 216, 1443. continuance vigor unseemly shopping around revealed 620. Once 'double standard' exists points undercut reduce aspects shabby business. supports behind Memorandum STEWART. 65 Agreeing Part HARLAN'S merits decides. would, reverse Code, petitioner's based, HARLAN, 'consistent assured 66 whom FRANKFURTER WHITTAKER join, dissenting. 67 overruling forgotten restraint stare decisis, element deciding past overruled. Apart represents sounder replaces From gather central, controlling, appeal ile gally state-seized Constitutionally us situation. below subordinate points, pivotal Code mere material,1 convicted, Amendment.2 principal Court,3 tendered Jurisdictional Statement,4 briefed5 argued6 posture things, think say members 'reached out' overrule With recognizing decisis carries weight adjudication nonconstitutional justification regarding occasion avoided wherever possible. instead 2905.34, chosen questions. submit construed punishes irrespective purposes (with exceptions applicable)7 reasonable rid material discovering obscene,8 surely simpler far-reaching decides today. overturning justifiably relied. demands furnishes singularly inappropriate reconsideration warranted. cursory examination reveal certainly regards 'nonexclusionary' aspect, articulate existing assumption enforcing 'do bind (the States), construe states.' 20, 585, Though, reflecting measure reliance, Terms, instance, inadmissibility state-obtained average fifteen per forma pauperis summarily disposed us. indicate untoward ramifications respecting determined re-examine lack future opportunity. context briefed argued tangentially. unwisdom full-dress aggravated circumstance comparatively (1949) present subscribed, sure explicit misgivings.9 impose orderly processes demand seek aid adequate briefing lends determination issue. never postulate altered disposition, subsequent membership sufficient deliberately 73 bent reconsidering soon argument. event, reargument, inadequate received point. intents amounts summary likely promote adjudicatory stability unable, persuade procedural turn decision. 75 Essential majority's props ition 362, excluding derives 'supervisory power' requirement. one, suppose, suggest possesses general supervisory courts. Although entertain foundational proposition 39—40, 1367—1368 (concurring opinion), assume, purposes, origin.' heart syllogism: (1) product 'part parcel' Amendment; (2) 'privacy' protected (3) 'logically necessary' States.10 77 unsound premise carried principle whatever configurations developed particularizing likewise 'ordered liberty,' me, follow all. facet process, 26, 1360), discredited, 'which core precise equivalence, implementation, Fourth, unlike only; command, setting pre-existing legal interpreting enabling statutes build. 79 'unreasonable'—say tort officers—we merely stretch Procrustean bed reviewing permissible (since evidently not), punish. slightest suggestion 'affirmatively privacy' 1361), compare Marcus Search Warrants, 717, 1708, 1127, doing subt antive 'search seizure' standards. penalizing misconduct, aimed deterring future. remedy. turning seem notably unconvincing. First, based' changed, decided. true, survey indicates one-half adhere common-law Maryland, retains felonies. Berman Oberst, Admissibility Evidence Obtained Unconstitutional Seizure, N.W.L.Rev. 525, 532 533. point, recognize. concern desirability determine, relevance disparity point lies debatable one. relies, lending done, away replacing voluntary compulsion. preservation balance patience things move faster respect. Problems vary widely State. totality picture, embracing pressing unavailable involved. Another, solicitous choose pursue allowing guilt infractions means. Still rough-and-ready intrusions eventuate victims. Further, experimenting decide revert on. standpoint permissibility direction another, why 'time against' chief judge Appeals, remains, been, power, wisdom another. continue forbear fettering adamant embarrass coping peculiar problems 83 imposition 'very sense,' 'mutual criteria' enforcement, avoid "needless courts." Indeed incongruity discriminating perception respects securin perception, resting sensitive remoteness problems, strength 84 An achieving symmetry serving administrative convenience disfigures boundaries functions relation role promulgating extensions Rios11 here. There, implementing tribunal ultimate developing procedures presides. Here commands contours Clause. empowers mould effectuating 'arbitrary suit notions as, reference lower 85 comes sovereign system. Typically tested appellate further. rare reviewed deal finished creation hand, task, over-all supervision, speaking generally, fair. specifics procedure, mature detail, sole competence unfair determines trier fact, obtained, innocence accused. incidental pursuing correct resolution controversies way, empowered much-debated efficacious securing rights. 86 supported involuntary renders invalid. reliable, greatest continues, ample precedent relevance, significant fairness trial. analogy 'coerced confession' statements suppose procured period detention, nsistently statements. Lisenba 314 219, 235, 280, 289, state-coerced 'It (that the) petitioner (by police) deprived preventive access 'But acts, such, committed obtaining furnish decide. gravamen complaint unfairness confessions, occurred procurement bears issue.' supplied.) 89 then, concerned something regarded concepts procedure. operative 'Ours accusatorial inquisitorial characteristic Anglo-American freed practices borrowed Star Chamber Continent whereby interrogated secret end.' Watts Indiana, 49, 54, 1347, 1350, 1801. 541, 740, pressures bear leading apart necessarily involve independent violations. What crucial defense formality wrung (has been) deluded instrument conviction.' Hawkins, Pleas Crown (8th ed., 1824), chapter 34. occurs improperly admitted manifest. safeguards erected witness, formalities guilt, already unsupervised pleasure police. 90 This, disciplining police, sum, works strongly conclusion, rationale reached result. Brother BLACK unwilling subscribe (see 661, 1694), joins achieved bringing 662—665, 1695—1697).12 score 'Fourth-Fifth Amendment' correlation (116 746) Wigmore, (3d ed. 1940), 2184, recently reiterated long-established self-incrimination apl icable Cohen Hurley, 366 954, 156. 92 regret unwise inexpedient motivated increasing analysis increase rigidly places inherent processes. exceed both, reason. provides pertinent 'No obscene, lewd, book (or) picture 'Whoever violates section fined hundred thousand dollars imprisoned both.' testified 'we pry screen gain entrance'; scene 'tried door' 'broke somebody in' broken.' Other but, urge surer favorable insist overruled, amicus curiae, permitted participate oral violated, warrants issue, oath affirmation, describing place seized.' early 1765 Lord Camden, Entick Carrington, Howell's Trials 1029, drew heavily. Camden noted, 1073: certain, obligeth accuse self-accusation, falling innocent guilty, cruel unjust; seem, disallowed confounded guilty.' See, National Safe Deposit Stead, 58, 209, 504, Adams 1904, 192 372, 575. relating directly punitive attempting classified follows: Criminal Liability Affiant Malicious Procurement Warrant.—Ala.Code, Tit. 15, 99; Alaska Comp.Laws Ann.1949, 66—7—15; Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann.1956, 13—1454; Cal.Pen.Code 170; Fla.Stat.1959, 933.16, F.S.A.; Ga.Code Ann.1953, 27—301; Idaho Ann.1948, 18—709; Iowa Ann., 751.38; Minn.Stat.Ann.1947, 613.54; Mont.Rev.Codes Ann.1947, 94—35—122; Nev.Rev.Stat. §§ 199.130, 199.140; N.J.Stat.Ann.1940, 33:1—64; N.Y.Penn.Law, 1786, N.Y.Code Crim.Proc. 811; N.C.Gen.Stat.1953, 15—27 (applies 'officers' only); N.D.Century Ann.1960, 12—17—08, 29—29 18; Okla.Stat., 1951, 1239; Ore.Rev.Stat. 141.990; S.D.Code, 1939 (Supp.1960) 34.9904; Utah 77—54—21. Magistrate Issuing Warrant Supporting Affidavit.—N.C.Gen.Stat.1953, 15—27; Va.Code 1960 Replacement Volume, 19.1—89. Officer Willfully Exceeding Authority Warrant.—Fla.Stat.Ann.1944, 933.17; 751.39; 199.450; N.Y.Pen.Law, 1847, 812; 12—17—07, 29—29—19; Okla.Stat.1951, 536, 1240; 34.9905; Tenn.Code Ann.1955, 40—510; 77—54 22. Invalid Warrant.—Idaho 18—703; 613.53, 621.17; Mo.Ann.Stat.1953, 558.190; 94—3506; 33:1—65; 1846; 12—17—06; Okla.Stat.Ann.1958, 535; 76—28—52; Ann.1960 19.1—88; Wash.Rev.Code 10.79.040, 10.79.045. Waley Johnston, 316 101, 104, 964, 965, 1302, Chambers Florida, 309 227, 236, 472, 477, 716, 1782. assertion pursuance collateral challenges prosecutions respected. note, class possibly affected relatively compass compared Burns 360 252, 1164, 1209; Griffin Illinois, 351 12, 891 Commonwealth Pennsylvania ex rel. Herman Claudy, 116, 223, 126. unfounded. delay compound difficulties. remarks Hoover, Director Investigation, FBI Enforcement Bulletin, September, Pages 1—2, quoted 1444—1445, 8. Warrant, 1708. 1914. 1367. justify narrowing operate separately. 502—503, 1089, 1408 (dissenting opinion); Frank 359 360, 374—384, 804, 812—818, 877 opinion). 746. 633, S.C. 534. 47—48, 1368—1369. 635, 535. Rights stemmed spirit offered House Representatives framer, James Madison: ten Amendments) incorporated guardians rights; impenetrable bulwark Legislative Executive; 210. 172, 209 174—177, 210 212. concurring id., 177—179, 213. 138, 386. 66—68, 444—445, 653 'confidential source' breath, purported disappeared attempt prove existence, issuance contents, hearing preliminary motion suppress. home. Admittedly authorizing 'lewd, print, picture." Rev.Code, 2905.34: book, magazine, pamphlet, writing, advertisement, circular, drawing indecent immoral Whoever forth fairly comprised court.' 10, subd. 2(c), Rules Annotated KF65 U5 'Did procuring violate IV, V, XIV Section *?' parts 643, 1685. 646, 1686, turned upside relative various appeal. 387. unusual concurrence judges' (except affirmance unconstitutionality Appeals), Const. Article 2, uphold constitutionality judges Respecting 'substantiality' Statement following: substantial reasons: Statute defendant sacred property, 'to read, disbelieve, governmental supervision adult library infringement individual' (Justice Herbert's Opinion, Appendix 'A'). Many Courts statute. Unless Honorable hears matter contends, appeals. Sections 2905.37 3767.01 latter providing coverage related obscenity statutes) together, obviously contravene provisions; herein, Defendant-Appellant denied sentence (7) penal institution pursuit happiness, provisions, herself motion, punishment inflicted Constitutions.' cite appellee theA merican Unions, amici, short concluding paragraph 'request' argumentation. quote brief: 'This proceeding. respectfully request guaranteed thereof, proceedings.' Counsel brief, pressed bench urging counsel disavowed purpose. '2905.37 Legitimate publications obscene. 'Sections 2905.33 2905.36, inclusive, affect teaching regularly chartered medical colleges, publication regular practitioners medicine druggists business, distribution bona fide art. No specified sections 2905.33, 2905.36 work art unless article made, published, distributed association artists advancement demonstrated 2905.06 2905.44, organized profit.' 3767.01(C) newspaper, post-office department.' import provided 7, supra. Instead looks forthwith, legislation, (170 OhioS t. 391.) 1367—1368; 133—134, 138—139, 383—384, 386—387, Jackson, writing (347 384): 'We persuasively therein.' Compare Schwartz Texas, 199, 232, 97 231, disapproved. Pugach Dollinger, 458, 650, 678, Schwartz. Actually, reasoning. 685—686, 1669; Rios 253, 1431, 1688. My STEWART concurs

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