Legal Document

445 U.S. 253 100 Supreme Court Reporter 1127 63 United States Reports Lawyer’s Edition 2d Series KF101.8 U54 373 UNITED STATES, Petitioner,v.Glen M. CLARKE et al. Number 78-1693. Argued Jan. 15, 16, 1980. Decided March 18, Syllabus Held : Title 25 Code KF62 § 357, which provides that lands allotted in severalty to Indians may be "condemned" for any public purpose under the laws of State or Territory where located, does not authorize a state local government "condemn" Indian trust by physical occupation. Under "plain meaning" canon statutory construction, term 357 refers formal condemnation proceeding instituted condemning authority acquiring title private property and paying just compensation it, an "inverse condemnation" action landowner recover taking intrusion. Thus, Appeals erred holding permitted acquisition inverse certain cities Alaska, even though Alaska law might allow exercise power eminent domain through condemnation. Pp. 254-259. 9 Cir., 590 Federal Reporter, 2nd 765, reversed. Harlon L. Dalton, petitioner. Robert S. Pelcyger, Boulder, Colo., respondent Tabbytite supporting Richard Atlantic Weinig, Anchorage, respondents Municipality Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 We granted petition certiorari this case, 444 822, 41, 62 28, decide question "[w]hether [§] authorizes 'condemn' occupation." Pet. Certiorari 2. That statute, turn, pertinent part: 2 "[L]ands condemned located same manner as land owned fee condemned, money awarded damages shall paid allottee." 31 Statutes-at-Large 1084. 3 think is case meaning statute determined admittedly old-fashioned but nonetheless still entirely appropriate construction. further believe word "condemned," at least it was commonly used 1901, when enacted, had reference judicial it. 4 Both factual legal background are complicated, these complications lose their significance our interpretation 357. For conceded neither city Glen Alps nor both municipal corporations, ever brought condemn here federal court required Minnesota versus States, 305 382, 59 292, 83 L.Ed. 235 (1939). And since we hold only such acquired, complex history dispute between Government, Clarke al., Bertha Mae need recited detail.1 5 The Ninth Circuit held permits what has come known condemnation." 765 (1979. In so holding, reasoned "once been accomplished serves little interpret refuse permit suit maintained on groun[d] should have filed prior taking." Id., 767. disagree with accordingly reverse judgment. 6 There important practical differences proceeding. Although landowner's intrusion referred "inverse" "reverse" condemnation, simple terms "condemnation" describe action. Rather, understood Government its domain. Lynah, 188 445, 23 349, 47 539 (1903), example, Government's permanent flooding plaintiff's constituted compensable "taking" Fifth Amendment, consistently made separate proceedings cause taking. 462, 467, 468, S.Ct., 353, 355, 356.2 7 More recent decisions reaffirm well-established distinction actions takings governmental bodies entitle sue compensation. Ivanhoe Irrigation District McCracken, 275, 291, 78 1174, 1183, 1313 (1958), discussing rights necessary carry out reclamation project, stated must acquired "paying therefor, either or, if already taken, owners courts." Dickinson, 331 745, 749, 67 1382, 1385, 91 1789 (1947), choice "not bring about continuous process events." See also id., 747-748, 1384; Dugan Rank, 372 609, 619, 999, 1005, 10 15 (1963).3 8 phrase appears one coined simply shorthand description recovers his instituted. As defined use planning expert, "[i]nverse 'a against defendant value taken fact defendant, no attempted agency.' " D. Hagman, Urban Planning Land Development Control Law 328 (1971) (emphasis added). A entitled result "the self-executing character constitutional provision respect . ." Pacific KF135 P2 Nichols, Eminent Domain 25.41 (3d rev.ed.1972). proceeding, contrast, typically involves condemnor effect acquire title. condemnation," common understanding would suggest, describes landowners Condemnation proceedings, depending applicable require various affirmative part authority. To accomplish seizure, other hand, occupy question. Such thus shifts burden discover encroachment take lands, present 'with almost staggering problem attempting discharge obligations thousands upon scattered allotments,' Poafpybitty Skelly Oil Co., 390 365, 374, 88 982, 986, 19 1238 (1968), placed significant disadvantage shifting initiative from condemnee. Likewise, invasion rather than monetary consequences. body ascertained date Miller, 317 369, 276, 280, 87 336 (1943). generally occurs sometime during course based relatively current valuation land. Orgel, Valuation 21, n.29 (2d ed. 1953). When invasion, usual rule time constitutes act taking, "[i]t event gives rise claim fixes valued Dow, 17, 22, 1039, 1044, 1109 (1958). 11 assuming were 1901 extent today, there sufficient convince us pursuant Territory, authority.4 12 Respondent municipality Anchorage argues authorized regarded because allows "exercise nature Brief 16. But do reach questions although prescribing "may located," requires they "condemned." It never case. Since construe indispensable prerequisite reliance provisions section, therefore judgment Appeals. 13 Reversed. 14 BLACKMUN, whom WHITE joins, dissenting. Court's sets forth none facts well mention few. 16 Tabbytite, American Indian, 1954 settled 160-acre plot Chugach Mountains southeast Alaska. She initially sought perfect her homestead thereby obtain unrestricted Her applications unsuccessful, however, 1966 agreed accept restricted patent allottee. result, remains Tabbytite's powers alienation restricted. 348. 17 Meanwhile, 1958 wife applied 80 acres adjoining allotment. Two months later, without obtaining easement, constructed road across Clarkes repeatedly contested application prevented perfecting patent. After securing own 1961, subdivided into 40 parcels, most sold others before litigation began. subdivision surrounding incorporated June 1961 third-class called Alps. law, did possess 18 1969, enjoin trespass denied injunction. concluded "way necessity," closing "hardship" defendants. On initial appeal Circuit, reversed grounds entry good everyone except successors interest easement implicitly retained Government. 529 984 (1976). ruling, end September 1975, annexed apparently took over maintenance roadway. remand Court, entered opposed injunction ground effectively exercised position consenting ruled determines propriety indeed, recognized held, accordingly, issue. 20 appeal, affirmed remanded proceedings. (1979). F.2d, observed "it seems contradiction deny beneficial guise protecting rights." predicted encourage political subdivisions "with more circumspection, less, activities conflict ownership lands." Ibid. 21 & N Dec. Immigration Nationality Decisions find persuasive. right remedy. is, course, applies, traditional so. centers, proceeding; issue, then, whether after-the-fact award adequate measure damages. 22 circumstances similar Dept. Highways Crosby, 410 724 (Alaska 1966); City Nesbett, 530 1324 1975).* read prohibit resort law. explicitly specialized definition matter perhaps concerned will earlier subsequent institution inference, appreciated interim, advantage suspect argument form substance. Interest intervening period make up much difference. difference improvement belatedly invoked. reason doubt, very valuable crossed graded, improved, publicly road. 24 reasons, affirm Appeals, respectfully dissent reversal lost decision. This Rule 21(4). counsel brief reply adopting statements arguments set principally devoted matters included States." agree advanced comply 40(1)(d)(2). 40(3). theory agents enjoined implementing he waive demand sovereign U.S., 353. also, e. g., Great Falls Manufacturing 112 645, 656, 306, 310, 28 846 (1884). Cf. Lee, 106 196, 240, 27 171 (1882) (holding could ejectment officials who possession bringing proceedings); Winslow Baltimore Ohio R. 646, 660-661, 443, 448, 635 (1903) (after declining treat action, directed lower temporarily dispossess railroad company "in order enable [the company] proper purpose, cannot suit"). Also, stated: "Broadly speaking, two ways: can enter order; institute Acts Congress providing takings. first method—physical seizure—no instituted, owner provided remedy Tucker Act, §§ 1346(a)(2) 1491, Hurley Kincaid, 285 95, 104, 52 127, 76 521. second procedure employ statutes pay judicially land, proceed immediate amount ascertained." legislative provide meaningful guidance language eventually adopted original bill. inserted, comment discussion, Senate floor. 34 Cong.Rec. 1448 (1901). House Report briefly discussed added. "Fifth. Providing opening highways like Territorial payment compensation." H.R.Rep.No.2064, 56th Cong., Sess., (1900). * clear deliberate means avoiding initiation issue us, assumed responsibility

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