Document: 387 U.S. 294 87 S.Ct. 1642 18 L.Ed.2d 782 WARDEN, MARYLAND PENITENTIARY, Petitioner,v.Bennie Joe HAYDEN. No. 480. Argued April 12, 1967. Decided May 29, Franklin Goldstein, Asst. Atty. Gen. of Maryland, for petitioner. Albert R. Turnbull, Norfolk, Va., respondent, pro hac vice, by special leave Court. Ralph S. Spritzer, Washington, D.C., the United States, as amicus curiae, Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered opinion 1 We review in this case validity proposition that there is under Fourth Amendment a 'distinction between merely evidentiary materials, on one hand, which may not be seized either authority search warrant or during course incident to arrest, and other those objects validly including instrumentalities means crime committed, fruits such stolen property, weapons escape person arrested might effected, property possession crime.'1 2 A Maryland court sitting without jury convicted respondent armed robbery. Items his clothing, cap, jacket, trousers, among things, were home, admitted evidence objection. After unsuccessful state proceedings, he sought was denied federal habeas corpus relief District Court Maryland.2 divided panel Appeals Circuit reversed. 363 F.2d 647. The believed Harris v. 331 145, 154, 67 1098, 1103, 91 L.Ed. 1399, sustained search, but held correct contention clothing improperly because items had 'evidential value only' therefore lawfully subject seizure. granted certiorari. 385 926, 290, 17 210. reverse.3 I. 3 About 8 a.m. March 17, 1962, an robber entered business premises Diamond Cab Company Baltimore, Maryland. He took some $363 ran. Two cab drivers vicinity, attracted shouts 'Holdup,' followed man 2111 Cocoa Lane. One driver notified company dispatcher radio Negro about 5 tall, wearing light cap dark house relayed information police who proceeding scene Within minutes, arrived at number patrol cars. An officer knocked announced their presence. Mrs. Hayden answered, officers told her they house, asked house. She offered no objection.4 4 spread out through first second floors cellar robber. found upstairs bedroom feigning sleep. when floor reported Meanwhile adjoining bathroom noise running water, discovered shotgun pistol flush tank; another who, according Court, 'was searching money' washing machine jacket trousers type fleeing said have worn. clip ammunition mattress Hayden's bed, bureau drawer room. All these introduced against trial. II. agree with neither entry robber, nor him invalid. Under circumstances case, 'the exigencies situation made imperative.' McDonald 335 451, 456, 69 191, 193, 93 153. informed robbery taken place, suspect Lane less than five minutes before reached it. They acted reasonably began description been given used use them. does require delay investigation if do so would gravely endanger lives others. Speed here essential, only thorough persons could insured present control all them effect escape. 6 rely upon supra, sustaining search. principal issue whether properly regarded lawful since custody seized. Here, seizures occurred prior immediately contemporaneous part effort find suspected felon, armed, within into run arrived. permissible scope must, therefore, least, broad necessary prevent dangers large resist 7 It argued that, while weapons, ammunition, looked clothing. But even we assume, although decide, exigent it cannot record clothes weapons. testified money, failure explicitly absence specific question effect, can hardly accorded controlling weight. knew did know time opened machine.5 In inference fact also looking fully justified. III. come, then, whether, though lawful, holding seizure introduction violated are 'mere evidence.' distinction our cases evidential instrumentalities, fruits, contraband has criticized courts6 commentators.7 Appeals, however, felt 'obligated adhere it.' F.2d, 655. today reject based longer accepted rules governing application Amendment.8 9 examined many occasions history purposes Amendment.9 reaction evils general England writs assistance Colonies, intended protect invasions sanctity man's home privacies life,' Boyd 116 616, 630, 524, 532, 29 746, from searches indiscriminate, authority. Protection interests assured prohibiting 'unreasonable' seizures, requiring warrants, particularly describe place searched, things seized,' thereby interposing 'a magistrate citizen police,' U.S., 455, S.Ct., 193. 10 Nothing language supports evidence' crime, contraband. On its face, provision assures 'right people secure persons, houses, papers, effects * *,' regard any applied. This people' certainly unrelated limitation. Privacy disturbed more directed purely object instrumentality, fruit, intervene both situations, requirements probable cause specificity preserved intact. Moreover, nothing nature renders private seized, example, instrumentality; quite opposite true. Indeed, wholly irrational, since, depending circumstances, same 'papers effects' 'instrumentality' another. See Comment, 20 U.Chi.L.Rev. 319, 320—322 (1953). 11 Gouled 255 298, 309, 41 261, 265, 65 647, warrants 'may gaining access office papers solely purpose making criminal penal *.' derived resorted primary right interest public complainant it, valid exercise ol ice power accused unlawful provides taken,' 265; is, instrumentality fruit Since 'impossible say, government interest' involved 'other 'to permit be, ruled Case, compel defendant become witness himself.' Id., 311, 265. 12 'testimonial' 'communicative' nature, himself violation Fifth Amendment. Schmerber State California, 384 757, 86 1826, 16 908. thus consider whose very precludes being reasonable 13 ruling dual, related historically seize depended assertion Government claim superior interest, enough obtain apprehending convicting criminals. common law after Entick Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, reflected Lord Camden's view, doubt political thought time, 'great end, men society, property.' 1066. Warrants 'allowed where seized.' History Development States Constitution 133-134. Thus property—the crime—was always And graudually extended cover 'any permitted possess,' included (because early notion forfeited State) Kaplan, Search Seizure: No-Man's Land Criminal Law, 49 Calif.L.Rev. 474, 475. No separate governmental seizing apprehend convict criminals recognized; required asserted. remedial structure dual premises. Trespass, replevin, redress aggrieved proof interest. presupposed claim, inconceivable recover As Camden pointed 1066, enabled party's own (to be) conviction, reclaim goods, innocence cleared acquittal.' 14 premise discredited. Searches asserts law. recognized protection privacy rather increasingly discarded fictional procedural barriers rested concepts. Jones 362 257, 266, 80 725, 733, 697; Silverman 365 505, 511, 81 679, 682, 734. shift emphasis come subtle interplay substantive reform. Weeks 232 383, 34 341, 58 652, arguably explainable terms. petition trial return illegally necessarily inconsistent Adams People New York, 192 585, 24 372, 48 575, issues collateral proceeding.10 finally escaped bounds limitations Silverthorne Lumber Co. 251 385, 40 182, 64 became established suppression trial, sustain action trespass replevin. Recognition role demanded remedy condemn Silverthorne, possible existed copies suppression, involving limited, functional consequence excluding satisfied demand. 15 development replete examples transformation brought interaction need unreasonable flexibility rulemaking exclusion. held, intangible well tangible suppressed, Wong Sun 371 471, 485—486, 83 407, 416—417, 441, actual local unnecessary support remediable Amendment, supra. determining someone 'person seizure' refused import distinctions, developed refined evolving body which, almost branch law, shaped distinctions largely historical.' 733. particular relevance here, recognition despite complete suppressing impunity: Henry 361 98, 168, 134; Beck Ohio, 379 89, 85 223, 142; supra; contraband, Trupiano 334 699, 68 1229, 92 1663; Aguilar Texas, 378 108, 84 1509, 723. simply proving likewise requirement assert addition material seizes long fiction,11 obscuring reality solving crime. settled reasonable, terms conduct otherwise obtaining aid There course, nexus automatically provided contraband—between item behavior. vi dence,' must believe will apprehension conviction. doing, consideration required. Cf. Kremen 353 346, 77 828, 876. problem presented case. matched worn identification culprit. moreover, device allowing conducted For just entail declaration aggrieved, enabling suppress unlawfully inability demonstrate (as contraband), refusal carries State, should enable introduce And, unlike owner rendered remediless prove itself entitle (as, retention. Where officials 'unlawfully hold citizen's realty chattels, recoverable appropriate equity true 'bring possessory wrongfully withheld.' Dollar, 330 731, 738, 1009, 1012, 1209. (Emphasis added.) Burdeau McDowell, 256 465, 574, 1048. survival attributable chance considered judgment. Legislation helped perpetuate Thus, Congress never authorized issuance mere Davis 328 582, 606, 66 1256, 1267, 90 1453 (dissenting Frankfurter). Even Espionage Act 1917, warants, limited i nstrumentalities, certain Stat. 228. concluded, needlessly appears, virtually categories.12 Gouled, pressure test conclusion slow mount. Rule 41(b) Federal Rules Procedure incorporated categories authorities Mapp 367 643, 1684, 1081, recently rule courts. Pressure courts form broadening seizure, creating considerable confusion See, e.g., Note, 54 Geo.L.J. 593, 607—621 (1966). rationale most frequently suggested preventing 'limitations gathered tend limit quest itself.' Poller, 43 911, 914 (C.A.2d Cir. 1930). 'would served restriction even-numbered days month. extra advantage avoiding hair-splitting questions. *' op. cit. 479. limitation spawned exceptions numerous great, fact, questionable affords meaningful protection. rejection enlarge area searches, intrusions nevertheless fulfilling particularity intervention neutral detached magistrate. Johnson 333 10, 14, 367, 369, 436. allows viable reason distinguish judgment 21 Reversed. 22 BLACK concurs result. 23 FORTAS, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE joins, concurring. While I exclusion frm join majority's broad—and my judgment, totally unnecessary—repudiation so-called rule. 25 Our envisions ordinarily follow procurement warrant. Such cause, and—as today's decision indicates—in 'hot pursuit.' each have, until today, confined essential fulfill exception: articles strictly tied justified excused warrantless pursuit' arrest satisfies criterion arresting resort. are, justifiable independent grounds: pursuit suspect, restored owner. ground bare 623—624, 528—529, 746 (1886); Kirschenblatt, 202, 203, 51 A.L.R. 416 1926) (L. Hand, J.). 26 Similarly, forbidden unless obtained immediate vicinity. pursuit,' others include permission entire building arrests occurs, rummage locked drawers closets, place. James Louisiana, 382 36, 151, 30 (1965); Stoner 376 483, 486—487, 889, 891—892, 856 (1964); Preston 364, 881, 883, 777 Lefkowitz, 285 452, 52 420, 76 877 (1932); Go-Bart Importing 282 344, 358, 153, 158, 75 374 (1931); Agnello 269 20, 30—31, 46 4, 5—6, 70 145 (1925); supra.1 27 traditional what materials restrictiveness subjected telling criticism,2 approach expansion diffidence imposing provenance commands, identifying commission spirit intendment exception search-warrant requirement. That pertinent hotly pursued being, connection frankly basis. drive enorou § dangerous hole accommodate and, think, exception. 28 Brother DOUGLAS notes, post, opposition fundamental heritage Anglo-Saxon legal principles. pursuant 'writs assistance,' matters over American Revolution fought. outlaw sanctions. fear gratuitously striking down rule, distinguished members acknowledged enforce Amendment's prohibition destroys, root branch, basic liberty's heritage. DOUGLAS, dissenting. start provides: 31 'The effects, shall violated, issue, supported Oath affirmation, describing constitutional guarantee, now applicable (Mapp 1081) Government, thought, two faces privacy: 32 (1) creates zone invaded raids, legislators laws, magistrates warrants. 33 (2) hot issued showing cause. Anglo-American having ancient lineage, Coke. Institutes Bk. pp. 176—177. 35 stated Carington, 1067, authorizing goods disfavor 'crept imperceptible practice.' By Charles II burst original Star Chamber files suspects. Algernon Sidney 1683 treason 'papers, (Sidney's) produced witness' (9 818, 901) executed. 906—907. From grew up practice empowering places, books printing, order see printer licence; libellous church state, them, carry proper magistrate.' 1069. powerful instrument proceedings seditious libel printers authors. Ibid. John Wilkes led campaign 625, 529, 746. won (Entick decided 1765); outlawed (id., 1072) went 'for warrant: 36 'There process civil causes. often tried, prevailed. Nay, adversary force fraud got your evidence, way get back acton . 37 'In heard of; yet crimes, instance murder, rape, robbery, housebreaking, say forgery perjury, atrocious libelling. paper-search help forward 38 'Whether procedeth gentleness towards criminals, pernicious innocent useful public, say. 39 'It certain, obligeth accuse himself; compelling self-accusation, falling guilty, cruel unjust; seem, disallowed principle. too confounded guilty.' 1073. things: principle self-incrimination; void. decision, forefront adopted, underlines construction covers something warrant1 official enter. 42 complaint Bostonians, point personal sanctuaries: "A List Infringements Violations Rights' drawn Boston town meeting late 1772 alluded rights allegedly agents crown. list complaints employed royal Bostonians complained 'our houses bed chambers exposed ransacked, boxes, chests, trunks broke open, ravaged plundered wretches, prudent venture employ menial servants." Rutland, Birth Bill Rights (1955). 44 debates concerning focus precise deal. much talk reference one's belongings, wore. Virginia, Patrick said: 45 you now, fortified terrors paramount Excisemen multitudes; numbers knows. may, restrained bill rights, similar restriction, go cellars rooms, ransack, measure, every thing eat, drink, wear. ought bounds.' Elliot's Debates 448—449. indicates aspect mentioned. Certainly nowhere suggest concerned regulating 47 borne happened Congress. House draft read follows: secured issuing oath searched Annals Cong. 754. amended searches,' etc. Benson, Chairman Committee Three arrange amendments, objected words 'by issuing' proposed alter amendment 'and issue.' Benson's defeated. story ended there, clear touched manner issuance. Benson later House, earlier then accepted. 779. Senate agreed. Journal August 25, 1789. 50 privacy, emphasized Lawson, 103 (1937): 'As Eleven corrected Gerry, one-barrelled affair, apparently essentials freedom seems premise, positive inhibition consequently interpreted shown argument clause good far went, sufficient, change advocated obviate contained clauses. security sanction intentionally broader scope. 'unreasonable searches' intended, accordingly, left implication phraseology Amendment.' twofold classification zones Cooley Amendment: allowed crime; offence actually committed. Nor allowable invade sole him, except few supposed concealed, destruction.' Constitutional Limitations 431—432 (7th ed. 1903). 53 1886. Bradley reviewed British history, liable duties concealed avoid payment thereof, different therein contained, using him. differ toto coelo. entitled property; not.' 623. 55 What accurate mean lawful. absolute. If leading discovery illicit article incidental warrant, make constitutional. 705, 1232, US. 153; 103, 171, 56 question. seize, testimonial barred free strictures. teaching inadmissible. 57 doctrine full flowering written Clarke unanimous Holmes Brandeis. prosecution defrauding contracts. Documents defendant's Stolen forged said; lottery tickets; contraband; reasons tracing property. documents fell none inadmissible regular, might, violate whatever intrinsic unwilling source 306, 264), difference 'whether obliged supply illegal papers.' sure, breached barrier, 908, conspicuous example. dissented renew opposing view time. consent violates 59 Gouled; line Judge Simon Sobeloff, writing reversal said, assume guarantees 'in seizures.' Articles covered papers. 60 Learned Hand philosophy Cir., 914: 61 '(I)t fair observe real evil aimed itself, invasion consists rummaging all, perhaps away, interested incriminate, sound policy protecting does. Nevertheless, 62 protected relates precincts o t office. sanctuaries reach. places world. mosque Fez, Morocco, visited, custom sanctuary refugee hide, safe intrusion. here. policeman enter room, building, situations. books, phamphlets, letters, documents, effects. Unless instruments around matter how formally perfect appear be. do, evidence. Any whatsoever meaning States. 63 Some seek explain Carrington dealt tracts letters per se First Fourth. misses main point. unconstitutional bars laws 'abridging speech, press.' penumbra, protects 'speech' 'press' association. NAACP Alabama, 357 449, 460, 462, 78 1163, 1170, 1171, 1488; Bates City Little Rock, 516, 523, 412, 416, 480; Shelton Tucker, 364 479, 486, 247, 251, 231; Louisiana ex rel. Gremillion NAACP, 366 293, 296, 1333, 1335, 301; Button, 415, 430—431, 328, 336—337, 405. So apart probing opinions beliefs essence Watkins 354 178, 197, 1173, 1184, 1273: 'Clearly, command abridging speech press assembly. statute reviewed, lawmaking. adjunct legislative process. invoked infringement freedoms lawmaking.' wider First. forfeiture customs revenue paper beyond reach invoice covering imported goods. 617—619, 638, 525—526, 536. noted, contracts technically unexecuted contract person; signed (3) disbursement professional services attorney defendant. 306—307, 263—264. clear. ad possessions individual (all like excepted) sacrosanct prying eyes, arm police. involves choice disclose reveal believes, thinks, possesses. nondescript work art, manuscript book, account diary, invoices, jewelry, whatnot. Those wrote needs communicate keep affairs himself. select share secrets decide extent sharing.2 prerogative States'. Framers, knowledgeable we, surveillance meant destroy freedom. tradition Griswold Connecticut, 381 1678, 510, lawmakers not, respects husband wife contraceptives spoke pronouncement Amendments 'of life.' 532. privacy' upheld 656, 1692, controversies 'over penumbral 'privacy repose." 485, 1682. added: 'Would allow sacred marital bedrooms telltale signs contraceptives? idea repulsive notions surrounding marriage relationship. 'We deal older Rights—older parties, school system. Marriage coming together better worse, hopefully enduring, intimate degree sacred. association promotes life, causes; harmony living, faiths; bilateral loyalty, commercial social projects. Yet noble decisions.' Griswold, kin created b enter—whether meticulously warrant—has Gouled. consistently continuously approved.3 opening (apart like) keeping contents secret integrity inviolate. existence privacy. Without ready Framers avoid. 1399; 647; 465—466, 423—424, 877; Rabinowitz, 339 56, 64, n. 6, 430, 434, 94 653; Abel 217, 234—235, 683, 691—695, 668. appeal souht Post Conviction hearing. reversed remanded 233 Md. 613, 195 A.2d 692. hearing, concluding 'that proper.' His resulted, hearing conclusion. claims failed raise deliberately bypassed remedies opportunity court. Mississippi, 443, 564, 408; Fay Noia, 372 391, 822, 837. Whether court's denial post-conviction relief, afforded merits understood Appeals. courts, merits. circumstance, rejecting State's deliberate-bypassing claim. deliberate-bypass applicant by-passed orderly procedure doing remedies.' 438, 849. Nelson 346 73, 82 (C.A.9th 1965). postconviction 'gave home.' accepting findings historical Sodaro concluded resolution unnecessary, 'justified entering robbery.' money. answered stated: 'By gotten basement upstairs, 'There's here." asked: 'What then?' answered: already fit for. Hayden. Thayer, Cal.2d 635, Cal.Rptr. 780, 408 P.2d cert. denied, 1342, 361; Bisaccia, N .J. 504, 213 185. Compare E.g., Chafee, Progress 1919—1922, Harv.L.Rev. 673 (1922); Kamisar, Wiretapping-Eavesdropping Problem: Professor's View, Minn.L.Rev. 891, 914—918 (1960); 478 (1961); N.C.L.Rev. 512 (1967); Col.L.Rev. 355 (1966); 319 (1953); Yale L.J. 518 (1922). Compare, Fraenkel, Concerning Seizures, (1921); 593 approved without, considering rejected today. 908; Cooper 386 58, 788, 730. Stanford 476, 481—485, 506, 509—512, 431; Marcus Warrants, etc., 717, 724—729, 1708, 1712—1715, 1127; Frank 359 360, 363—365, 79 804, 807—808, 877. generally Lasson, (1937); Landynski, Seizure Supreme Both Day, joined several Justices, Holmes. At swear taken. today; unknown unavailable request authorize (under ancient, fictitious theory), perpetrate further holds true, evidence'; prevention least identify capture criminal, instrumentalities. Finally, indeed decides vest itself. limits declared concept seeks deter certified referred 1917 'Are *, June 15, suspected, Amendment?' 250, Oct. Term, 1920, Certificate, p. 4. difficult impossible sensible statutory construction, material.' 699. assumed petitioner's illegality Brief 50. argued, complaining record, revealed accused. Significantly, English siezure Dillon O'Brien, L.R.Ir. 300; Elias Pasmore, (1934) K.B. 164. Although Dillon, 1887, guilty (or guilty) justice. L.R.Ir., 317. vigilant extremely important restrictions searches. 68—86, 436—444, 653 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting); 155-198, 1103—1120, 1399 (1947) opinions). 108 (Traynor, C.J.) (1965), (1961). Virginia Declaration Rights, 1776, Article proclaimed 'general warrants.' definition license everything named discretion officers. Frisbie Butler, Kirby (Conn.). Quincy's Mass.Rep. 1761—1772 Appendix forms writs. mirrored aspects case: has, similarly, complain own, possession. well-settled records avail owner, makes comes Government's hands compulsion exercised privilege extends mails. home. 'On privilege, party pending proceeding. forcible production called witness. 'Nor 361, 375—376. Carroll 267 132, 149 150, 280, 283—284, 543; 464—466, 590, 11, 1260, 1453; 694—695,

Category: 0