Document: 465 U.S. 770 104 S.Ct. 1473 79 L.Ed.2d 790 Kathy KEETON, Petitioner,v.HUSTLER MAGAZINE, INC., et al. No. 82-485. Argued Nov. 8, 1983. Decided March 20, 1984. Syllabus Petitioner, a resident of New York, brought libel suit against respondent magazine publisher (hereafter respondent), an Ohio corporation, in Federal District Court Hampshire, alleging jurisdiction by reason diversity citizenship. Petitioner's only connection with Hampshire is the circulation there that she assists producing. Respondent's contacts consist monthly sales some 10,000 to 15,000 copies its nationally published magazine. The dismissed on ground Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment forbade application Hampshire's long-arm statute order acquire personal over respondent. Appeals affirmed, holding petitioner's lack contact rendered State's interest redressing tort petitioner too attenuated for assertion respondent, and view "single publication rule," which would require award damages caused all States, as well unusually long (6-year) limitation period actions, it be "unfair" assert Held: regular magazines forum State sufficient support action based contents Pp. 773-781. (a) complaint this satisfies Clause's requirement nonresident defendant predicated "minimum contacts" between State. 774-775. (b) In judging minimum contacts, court properly focuses "the relationship among defendant, forum, litigation." Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 186, 204, 97 2569, 2579, 53 683. Thus, relevant jurisdictional inquiry here seeking recover suffered States one suit. must judged light claim, rather than claim sustained Hampshire. P. 775. (c) combination injuries occur within cooperating other applying rule" demonstrate propriety requiring answer multistate 775-778. (d) Any potential unfairness limitations aspects nationwide has nothing do adjudicate claims. And chance duration statutes nonforum 778-779. (e) fact very limited does not defeat jurisdiction, since plaintiff required have before permitted defendant. A plaintiff's residence separate requirement, will established basis defendant's contacts. victim libel, like any tort, may choose bring "certain . such maintenance offend 'traditional notions fair play substantial justice.' " International Shoe Co. Washington, 326 310, 316, 66 154, 158, 90 L.Ed. 95. 779-781. (f) Here, where continuously deliberately exploited market, reasonably anticipate being haled into And, can charged knowledge seek damages. There no calling national wherever number are regularly sold distributed. 781. 682 F.2d 33 (CA1 1982), reversed remanded. Norman Roy Grutman, York City, petitioner. Stephen M. Shapiro, Chicago, Ill., amicus curiae judgment below at invitation Court. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion 1 Petitioner Keeton sued Hustler Magazine, Inc., defendants United her district because believed Constitution First Circuit summarizing concerns statement tail small wag so large out-of-state dog." Id., 36. We granted certiorari, --- ----, 103 813, 74 1012 (1983), we now reverse. 2 York. Her bears name several places crediting editorial work. Respondent principal place business California. sale 10 each month. See J.A., 81a-86a. claims been libeled five issues respondent's September, 1975, May, 1976.1 3 Appeals, affirming Court's dismissal complaint, held observed ordinarily applicable cases "damages states" should prevail suit, even though bulk alleged had outside F.2d, 35.2 also stressed actions. was time-barred when filed. Under these circumstances, concluded minimal unusual to, awarding for, occurring State, particularly proportion total claimed injury 35-36. 4 conclude erred affirmed jurisdiction. This if courts, thus under Klaxon Stentor Co., 313 450, 61 1064, 85 L.Ed.1453 (1941), apply so-called enable from "publications" throughout States.3 5 found "[t]he general course conduct circulating state purposefully directed inevitably affected persons state." Pet., 5a. Such thousands cannot stretch imagination characterized random, isolated, or fortuitous. It is, therefore, unquestionable those satisfy World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. Woodson, 444 286, 297-298, 100 559, 567, 62 490 (1980); 317, 95 (1945). acknowledged, adopted "long-arm" authorizing service process corporations whenever Clause. 33.4 requisites present. 6 think three advanced whether considered singly together, sufficiently weighty merit different result. limitations, otherwise proper both law 7 683 (1977). Rush Savchuk, 320, 332, 571, 579, 516 (1980). certainly That "fair" compel defend lawsuit question, portion were distributed 8 expressed "interest" asserting minimal. agree "fairness" haling depends extent activities relating give legitimate answerable related activities. 292, 564, McGee Life Insurance 355 220, 223, 78 199, 201, 223 (1957). But insofar adjudicating dispute part due equation, surrogate factors already mentioned, see Compagnie des Bauxites, 456 694, 702-703 n. 10, 102 2099, 2104-2105 72 492 (1982), sufficient. 9 acknowledged suing, least part, 34. beyond significant actually 'A especial exercising judicial who commit torts territory. involve wrongful seeks deter, attempts afford protection, providing tortfeasor shall liable proximate result his tort.' Leeper Leeper, 114 N.H. 294, 298, 319 A.2d 626, 629 (1974) (quoting Restatement (Second) Conflict Laws § 36, Comment c (1971)). 11 extends actions nonresidents. False statements harm subject falsehood readers statement. rightly employ laws discourage deception citizens. "no constitutional value false fact." Gertz Robert Welch, 418 323, 340, 94 2997, 3007, 41 789 (1974). 12 extend concern in-state causes nonresident. generally offending material circulated. Torts 577A, reputation suffer he hitherto anonymous.5 communication create negative residents previous was, however small, unblemished. 13 clearly protecting safeguarding populace falsehoods. Its criminal defamation restriction libels victim.6 Moreover, 1971 specifically deleted committed "against Hampshire."7 14 through provide efficiently litigating damage arising out unitary proceeding.8 rule reduces serious drain resources. serves protect harassment resulting multiple suits. comment f sum, Hampshire.9 15 thought element "unfairness" every except run case.10 Strictly speaking, however, "The issue choice law." Hanson Denckla, 357 235, 254, 1228, 1240, 1283 (1958). question applicability presents itself litigation after established, complicate distort inquiry. 16 jurisdictions action. Whether Ohio's six months years alter calculus successful search lengthy strategy countless plaintiffs favorable substantive procedural rules sympathetic local populations. Certainly chose enter doubt benefit them subscriber, distributor, commercial partner. 17 Finally, implicit Appeals' analysis emphasis extremely date permitting On contrary, upheld entirely lacking. Perkins Benguet Mining 342 437, 413, 96 485 (1952), none parties State; indeed, neither nor subject-matter relation Jurisdiction solely corporation carrying "a continuous systematic, but limited, business." 438, S.Ct., 414. instant case, cause unrelated activities.11 "part business" arises activity conducted, 18 not, course, completely irrelevant As noted, relations litigation. Plaintiff's important role determining entertaining forum. may, plaintiff, enhance focus arises. Calder Jones, ---- - 1482, 1486 1487, ----; Ins. 19 undoubtedly true done occurred almost somewhere domicile. justification restricting home forum.12 Milliken Meyer, 311 457, 463 [61 339, 343, 278]." 20 Where, produces aimed audience. 21 reversed13 remanded proceedings consistent opinion. 22 ordered. BRENNAN, concurring judgment. 23 I "[r]espondent's magazine." Ante, 773-774. These underlying foreclose limits violated. so, moreover, irrespective state's enforcing unique limitations. Indeed, recently explained interests they bear upon liberty protected Amendment. sovereign power described [v. 291-292, (1980) ] seen ultimately function individual preserved source makes mention federalism concerns." 10. Initially, invasion privacy Ohio, published. barred "migratory." then filed present October, 1980. summarized follows: "As single publication, maintained; recovered action; merits bars same jurisdictions." 577A(4) "It defamatory matter defamer, new person person, distinct arises." (1971). exception rule. Section 300:14 Revised Statutes Annotated (N.H.R.S.A.) provides part: "If foreign commits whole act[ deemed doing equivalent appointment secretary successors lawful attorney whom served growing tort." construed courts fullest federal constitution. See, e.g., North American Newspaper Alliance, 106 92, 95, 205 844, 846 (1964). rely our appears fine print N.H.R.S.A. 644:11(I) misdemeanor anyone "purposely communicate[ orally writing, information knows tend expose living public hatred, contempt ridicule." (Emphasis added). 300:14, History. great majority follow rule." Reporter's Note. Of should, fact, awarded case libel. actual peculiar circumstances law, entertain traditional principles, governs matters procedure. 122 procedural. Gordon Gordon, 118 356, 360, 387 (1978); Barrett Boston & Maine R.R., 70, 178 291 (1962). considerable academic criticism permits own regardless significance Weintraub, Commentary 9.2B 517 (2d ed. 1980); Martin, Constitutional Limitations Choice Law, Cornell L.Rev. 185, 221 (1976); Lorenzen, Laws, 28 Yale L.J. 492, 496-497 (1919). find unnecessary express time arguable rises level violation. corporation's more case. Perkins, mining operations, located Philippine Islands, halted during Japanese occupation. president, manager stockholder company, returned carried systematic supervision necessarily wartime company." U.S., 448, 419. company's files kept directors' meetings there, accounts maintained banks, key decisions made Ibid. principal, temporary, noted reject categorically suggestion invisible radiations addition Larry Flynt, publisher, editor owner magazine, L.F.P., Hustler's named asserted either defendants. today employees act their official capacity somehow shielded capacity. employee automatically employs him; parent establish wholly owned subsidiary. Consol. Textile Gregory, 289 85, 88, 529, 530, 77 1047 (1933); Peterson R.I. Railway 364, 391, 27 513, 522, 51 841 (1907). Each assessed individually. ("The requirements met exercises jurisdiction.") Because could did inquire open remand.

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