Document: 340 U.S. 162 71 S.Ct. 224 95 L.Ed. 173 McGRATH, Attorney General, et al.v.KRISTENSEN. No. 34. Argued Oct. 19, 20, 1950. Decided Dec. 11, Mr. Robert W. Ginnane, Washington, D.C., for petitioners. David Louisell, respondent. Justice REED delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Review was granted by this Court to determine whether General justified in refusing suspend deportation an alien under § 19(c), as amended, 62 Stat. 1206, Immigration Act 1917,1 39 874, 889, 8 U.S.C. §§ 101, 155(c), U.S.C.A. 155(c) on sole ground that ineligible naturalization. The alien's eligibility naturalization, substantive question case, depends upon 'residing' United States and therefore liable military service Selective Training Service 1940, 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, 301 seq., when he made application be relieved from liability. Section 3(a) applicable section, provides 'any person who makes such shall thereafter debarred becoming a citizen States'.2 2 grant certiorari also covered procedural question: General's refusal stated suspension subject judicial review otherwise than habeas corpus. 3 allegations complaint have not been controverted. Kristensen, Danish citizen, entered August 17, 1939, temporary visitor sixty days, attend New York World's Fair visit relatives. outbreak World War II prevented his return Denmark. Successive extensions stay were applied granted, but eventually economic necessity compelled Kristensen become employed thereby violate visitor's status. process violation status begun May stayed duration II, reopened 1946. A warrant issued 1941 withdrawn June 10, 1946, permit submit 19(c) Act, supra, which allows would result serious detriment wife alien. This relief refused Kristensen's asserted ineligibility citizenship resulting having filed with Board March 30, 1942, after registration, supra. Eligibility is statutory prerequisite exercise discretion case.3 4 Respondent, then nor custody, sought declaratory judgment other immigration naturalization officials must, passing deportation, decide basis eligible States.4 He enjoin exercising their authority assumption respondent's ineligibility. 5 District dismissed without opinion, apparently failure state relief. Appeals Columbia reversed that, facts alleged, could 1940 at time claim exemption, effect did render him 86 U.S.App.D.C. 48, 179 F.2d 796. ruled only aliens 'residing States' 'absent any showing acts declarations indicating intention remain form filed, authorities erroneously construed they held it country visa whose had ordered because war.'5 6 We importance administration laws. principle decision below conflict Benzian v. Godwin, Cir., 168 952. An important exists view Government's insistence corpus available remedy proceedings. Before we consider these questions, however, turn jurisdiction problem. 7 Federal Jurisdiction.—The Government properly presents our consideration issue federal heretofore raised. quaere proceeding involves justiciable Article III Constitution.6 It said merely recommendation Congress, courts cannot intervene point court order does finally control alien.7 argument founded if suspended longer six months, detailed report must and, Congress fails approve before termination session next following case reported, thereupon proceed deportation.8 While jurisdictional may raised time,9 do think there objection here. statute gives power minimum months until or action elapses. final deferment deportation. That forces come into play later take steps detract finality. relies particularly Chicago & Southern Air Lines Waterman, S.S. Corp., 333 103, 68 431, 92 568. congressional here quite distinct Presidential concerning overseas licensing case. license ineffective President acted. delay effective despite subsequent action. litigation, whatever its ultimate effect, aimed delay. binding conclusive parties justiciable. 9 Declaratory Judgment.—The challenge finality purpose review.10 However, contend provision, 19(a), making 'final' precludes except thus narrowed administrative against requested can challenged free custody through whether, secure redress, await traditional arrest 10 1917, 155(a), authorized found laws, always provided 'shall final.' end creates situation test constitutional grounds one custody.11 find necessary applicability Administrative Procedure 60 243, 1009, proceeding. Where official's act affected, citizenship, status, dispute, determined exhaustion remedies. Under appropriate suspending prohibited citizenship. proscribed ruling Since determination final, remove bar actual controversy between over legal right considered suspension. As within courts, 28 1331, terms Judgment 2201, 2201. 11 so Perkins Elg, 307 325, 59 884, 83 1320, where brought Secretary Labor, executive official charge aliens, State, Commissioner Immigration, settle Department Labor notified Miss she illegally remaining States, State her passport 'solely lost native born American citizenship.' sustained motion dismiss function passports discretionary, declared contention Elg On appeal, affirmed both dismissal holding Act. 69 App.D.C. 175, 99 408. no petition propriety obtained defended add gave additional remedy.12 In brief expanded 'by permitting substitute departments matter belonging proper latter.' rejected point, saying, 'The below, recognizing existence defendants (Aetna Life Ins. Co. Hartford Haworth, 300 227, 57 461, 81 617), 'to natural States,' decree should include well defendants. sense way interfere Secretary's respect simply preclude denial 349—350, 896, 1320.13 12 So barred declares has entitles present proper.14 13 Naturalization—Under meaning liability' neutral excused citizenship.15 14 If relief, 'such service. 'liability' service, disqualification penalty clause arise applicant 'application' referred application.' 'Such application' refers liability.' applying nonexistent duty create By statute, comes resident asks relieved. 15 question, then, 'residing,' regulations thereunder, application, 1942. conclude Denmark country. Nor need removed 1940.16 16 phrase 3(a), 'every male residing used is, juxtaposition citizen',17 falls short saying every But define 'male training December 1941. 55 845.18 Such precisiveness left regulation. 10(a) (b), 54 893, 894 prescribe rules delegation. prescribed first September 23, Director amendments. Exec. Order 8545, C.F.R., 1943 Cum.Supp., 719, 722. Amendments promulgating issued, February 7, Fed.Reg. 855. They are set out below.19 seem never classified 16, Otherwise, occasion 611.13(b), remains resident. Until date same category newly arrived nondeclarant who, three months. 17 regulations, quoted above, either nonresident nondeterminative period.20 absence determinative regulation, word requires examination. word, course, 'residence.' 'Residence' sometimes equals domicile, voting. Again, taxation, mere transient sojourner 'resident.' 29.211—2, Income Tax Regulations. definition varies statute. Restatement, Conflict Laws (1934), 9, comment e. See Carroll 133 690, 693. depended required residence enforced German army 1914—1918 foreign 1921 account lack means inability obtain break continuity residence. said, 'We try what attitude mind retain how differs choice 'home,' domicile. Frankly doubtful yet agreement question. substantial unanimity however some choice, again like presence elsewhere constraint it.'21 18 When obviously intended require all advantages life protection flag, conclude, defining residence, sojourn borders conditions times 19 affirmed. 20 Affirmed. 21 BLACK concurs 22 DOUGLAS dissents respondent Judge Frank 23 CLARK took part JACKSON, concurring 24 I concur since contrary which, rendered owe explanation. Op.Atty.Gen. 504. am entitled say discriminating reader it—that foggy asked interpret. difficult borderline questions posed unanswered, covering precision generalities off overtones assurance nearly caught almost circumstances overnight. 25 aspects diplomatic history, now think, thought, ought conscription aliens. 26 gone by, many citizens returned lands. There frequently governments recognize general expatriation. consistently seizure reason lawful Immunities own deny those friendly nations. construe legislation penalize prejudice asserting national policy dealing Of acquires permanent sense, submits himself law assumes obligations toward 27 language interpreted history international contentions. today so. Failure light explain fact personally urged arguing 1320. Its details briefs cited sources. charitable assume neither nominal addressee author read it. doubt, explains Stimson's acceptance answer inadequate questions. confession avoidance excuse General. Precedent, lacking ways judge recede prior proven untenable perhaps misled others. Chief Taney, License Cases, How. 504, 256, recanting views pressed Maryland Brown Maryland, Wheat. 419, 678. Baron Bramwell extricated somewhat similar embarrassment appear me appears appeared then.' Andrew Styrap, L.T.R.(N.S.) 704, 706. And Story, accounting contradiction former put matter: 'My error, furnish being adopted * *.' Gooding, 460, 478, Perhaps Dr. Johnson really went heart explained blunder dictionary—' Ignorance, sir, ignorance.' escape less self-depreciating taken Lord Westbury, rebuffed barrister's reliance earlier Lordship: 'I amazed man my intelligence guilty giving opinion.' gracefully good naturedly surrendering better position, invoke them all. '(c) deportable proved moral character preceding five years, (2) ineligible, solely race, finds (a) legally spouse, parent, minor child alien; *. provisions subsection more complete statement pertinent reported reasons These reports submitted 1st 15th day each calendar month session. during close passes concurrent resolution stating substance favors cancel pass resolution, deport manner law.' 885, 845, part: 'Except land naval States: Provided, liability if, induction forces, accordance President, note 1. alleged erroneous advice received member local selective Board, sufficiently, though inartistically, true gravamen ineffectiveness filed. construction presentation 56, 796, 804. cases controversies give advisory opinions. Hayburn's Case, Dall. 409, 436; Muskrat 219 346, 31 250, 246; Chigago Waterman 113—114, 437, Cf. Gordon 117 697, 702; Jefferson Electric Co., 291 386, 400—401, 443, 448, 78 859; King Iron Bridge Mfg. County Otoe, 120 225, 226, 552, 30 623; Corrick, 298 435, 440, 56 829, 831, 80 1263. remedies exhausted. Compare Levers Anderson, 326 219, 66 72, 90 26. Ng Fung Ho White, 259 276, 42 492, 938; Mahler Ehy, 264 32, 43, 44 283, 287, 549; Wong Yang Sung McGrath, 339 33, 70 445. Gusik Schilder, 128, 149, 152; Estep 327 114, 122, 423, 427, 567. Aetna 240, 463, 617; West Virginia, 295 475, 789, 793, 79 1546; Casualty Surety Quarles, 321, 324, cited. 903, enacted, providing 'If claims privilege denied agency, thereof, person, regardless abroad, institute head agency district declaring States.' 2. 16(b), 897, 166, 181, 342; 952, 956. original version register, subjected 885. words lives place abode otherwise, established, 505. '§ 611.12. States. Every hereafter enters unless categories specifically excepted 611.13, 'a section amended. 611.13. amended: '(6) laws entry, whichever later. '(b) later, Alien's Application Determination Residence (Form 302) 611.21 (1) pending resulted events period Certificate Nonresidence 303) (54 885; U.S.C., Sup. 301—318, inclusive (50 301—318); E.O. F.R. 3779)' Apparently enable file Residence, see 2084, 611.21(b)(1), leave 'residents,' fixed. Neuberger 541, 542. Stadtmuller Miller, 732, 738, 45 A.L.R. 895.

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