Document: 428 U.S. 52 96 S.Ct. 2831 49 L.Ed.2d 788 PLANNED PARENTHOOD OF CENTRAL MISSOURI et al., Appellants,v.John C. DANFORTH, Attorney General of the State Missouri, al. John Appellant, v. Nos. 74-1151 and 74-1419. Argued March 23, 1976. Decided July 1, Syllabus Two Missouri-licensed physicians, one whom performs abortions at hospitals other supervises Planned Parenthood, a not-for-profit corporation, brought suit, along with that organization, for injunctive declaratory relief challenging constitutionality Missouri abortion statute. The provisions under attack are: § 2(2), defining "viability" as "that stage fetal development when life unborn child may be continued indefinitely outside womb by natural or artificial life-supportive systems"; 3(2), requiring before submitting to an during first 12 weeks pregnancy woman must consent in writing procedure certify "her is informed freely given not result coercion"; 3(3), requiring, same period, written spouse seeking unless licensed physician certifies necessary preserve mother's life; 3(4), proviso, parent person In loco parentis unmarried age 18; 6(1), exercise professional care fetus' health, failing which he deemed guilty manslaughter liable action damages; 7, declaring infant who survives attempted performed save health abandoned ward State, depriving mother consenting father parental rights; 9, prohibiting after saline amniocentesis "deleterious maternal health"; §§ 10 11, prescribing reporting recordkeeping requirements facilities physicians performing abortions. District Court ruled two had "obvious standing" maintain suit it was therefore unnecessary determine if Parenthood also standing. On merits, court upheld foregoing exception 6(1)'s professional-skill requirement, held "unconstitutionally overbroad" because failed exclude prior viability. Held: 1. physician-appellants have standing challenge Act declines decide. Doe Bolton, 410 179, 93 739, 35 201. Pp. 62, n. 2. definition viability 2(2) does conflict Roe Wade, 113, 160, 163, 705, 730, 731, 147, point fetus "potentially able live womb, albeit aid," presumably capable "meaningful womb." Section maintains flexibility term recognized Roe. It proper legislative judicial function fix viability, essentially judgment responsible attending physician, specific gestation period. 63-65. 3. provision 3(2) unconstitutional. decision abort important often stressful, awareness its significance constitutionally assured extent woman's consent. 65-67. 4. spousal comport standards enunciated supra, 164-165, S.Ct., 732-733, unconstitutional, since cannot " 'delegate veto power (S)tate itself absolutely totally prohibited from exercising trimester pregnancy.' 67-72. 5. impose blanket such condition minor's her substantially reasons case provision, there being no significant state interests, whether safeguard family unit authority otherwise, conditioning on respect under-18-year-old pregnant minor. As stressed Roe, "the effectuation left medical wom's physician." U.S., 164, 732. 72-75. 6. Through 9 would prohibit most commonly used country safer, mortality, than even continuation until normal childbirth force terminations methods more dangerous method outlawed. so viewed (particularly another safe technique, prostaglandin, yet available) outright proscription fails reasonable protection health. arbitrary regulation designed prevent vast majority weeks, plainly 75-79. 7. requirements, can useful State's interest protecting female citizens value, are offensive themselves, particularly view confidentiality retention provisions. They thus do interfere physician-patient relationship. assumed will administered unduly burdensome way patients required execute forms accordance invalid Act. 79-81. 8. sentence 6(1) impermissibly requires Fetus' whatever pregnancy. second sentence, provides criminal civil liability where "to take measures encourage sustain Child, death Child results," alter duty imposed limit pregnancies reached inseparably tied whole section invalid. 81-84. D.C., 392 F.Supp. 1362, affirmed part, reversed remanded. FranSusman, St. Louis, Mo., appellants No. appellees Danforth, Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, appellant 74-1419 74-1151. Mr. Justice BLACKMUN delivered opinion Court. 1 This logical anticipated corollary 147 (1973), 201 raises issues secondary those were then Indeed, some questions now presented forecast reserved And Doe. 165 67, 733. 2 * After decisions Doe, remanded reconsideration pending federal then-existing legislation, Mo.Rev.Stat. 559.100, 542.380, 563.300 (1969), constitutional challenge. Rodgers 4 949, 1410, 682 (1973). A three-judge Western unreported decision, thereafter declared challenged statutes unconstitutional granted relief. appeal here, summarily affirmed. Danforth Rodgers, 414 1035, 94 534, 38 327 3 June 1974, somewhat year Had been decided, Missouri's 77th Assembly, Second Regular Session, enacted House Committee Substitute Bill 1211 (hereinafter Act). legislation approved Governor 14, became effective immediately reason emergency clause contained set forth full Appendix this opinion. imposes structure control all stages II Three days effective, present litigation instituted United States Eastern Missouri. plaintiffs Central corporation facility Columbia, performance abortions; David Hall, M.D.; Michael Freiman, M.D. Doctor Hall resident chairman Department Professor Obstetrics Gynecology University Medical School facility. He described 1973 four "eminent, obstetricians gynecologists." Jurisdictional Statement, App. A7, 73-426, O.T.1973. Freiman instructor Clinical Washington School, Louis clinic city. 5 named defendants Circuit city "in his representative capacity" "as class similar Prosecuting Attorneys various counties Missouri." Complaint 10. 6 their own behalf and, purportedly, "on entire consisting duly surgeons presently desiring perform termination pregnancy, within Id., 9. Plaintiffs sought enjoin enforcement ground, among others, certain deprived them rights: right privacy relationship"; physicians' "right practice medicine according highest practice"; patients' bear children; due inherent risk involved childbirth" procedures alternative abortion; give plaintiffs' receive adequate advice treatment, pertaining carry termination"; Eight Amendment free cruel unusual punishment "by forcing coercing each they conceive"; placed position making beset . possibilities bias interest," physician's process law guaranteed Fourteenth Amendment. At 10-11. 7 particular remained end trial "viability"; woman, certification she consents spouse, certified order mother"; eighteen years, fetus" such, deeming him infant, "an mother," jurisdiction juvenile court," mother, consented abortion, finding known "is deleterious health," pregnancy; imposing maintenance record 8 convened pursuant 28 U.S.C. 2281 2284. 1362 (1975). physician-plaintiffs inasmuch prescribed standard shall manslaughter, 14 any aids contrary misdemeanor. F.Supp., 1366-1367. Due 1367, several sections Act, Court, largely divided vote, except withstood attack. That impermissible upon degree skill, diligence "would intended born." Inasmuch overbroad." 1371. One judge concurred part dissented part. 1374. agreed 10, respectively relating "viability," consent, records, records. unconstitutionally overbroad. upholding relati, respectively, rights, amniocentesis. 11 74-1151, Court's denying against application enforcement. 74-1419, defendant cross-appeals holding enjoining thereof. We stay appeal. 420 918, 95 1111, 43 389 Probable both appeals noted. 423 819, 31, 46 36 For convenience, we usually refer "appellants" "appellees." III 13 Wade concluded privacy, founded Amendment's concept personal liberty restrictions action, feel is, or, determined, Ninth reservation rights people, broad enough encompass terminate pregnancy." 153, 727. emphatically rejected, however, proffered argument absolute entitled time, way, alone chooses." Ibid. Instead, right'must considered interests regulation." 154, went say "pregnant isolated privacy," "carries embryo later, fetus." 159, 730. "reasonable appropriate decide time interest, potential human life, becomes significantly involved. longer sole possesses measured accordingly." measure light knowledge." 731. permissibility three stages: "For approximately trimester, physician," without interference State. participation responsibility thus, emphasized. stage, described, may, chooses, reasonably regulate protect Finally, subsequent purposefully flexible determination, dependent developing skill technical ability,1 proscribe necessary, judgment, preservation mother. 163-165, 731-733. IV 15 With specified 2, Infra, agree clearly established 188, 745. Like Georgia case, "(t)he (the Act) directly operate(s) event procures meet statutory exceptions conditions. physician-appellants, therefore, assert sufficiently direct threat detriment. should await undergo prosecution means relief."2 16 Our primary task, then, consider new opinions To turn, assistance helpful briefs sides Amici. A. 17 defines systems." Appellants claim violates conflicts discussion our particular, object failure contain reference gestational incorporate reflect presence word "indefinitely," extra burden imposed. suggested expands expressed amounts determination what properly matter judgment. said "mere possibility momentary survival viability." Brief 67. 18 "viable," thought, signify womb," noted placed" about seven months but occur earlier. 19 conclude fact, believe s read conjunction (proscribing "not certainty viable"), explicitly reflects attempt Assembly comply observations Appellant deposition, difficulty definition.3 above, ability, preserved term. same. might argue, do, statute's words "continued indefinitely" favor, rather disfavor, appellants, for, arguably, womb" well later 20 event, legislature courts place concept, achieved vary viable be, physician. merely fact. contend insist rests judgment.4 21 accept appellants' contention number fixed statute See Wolfe Schroering, 388 631, 637 (W.D.Ky.1974); Hodgson Anderson, 378 1008, 1016 (Minn.1974), dismissed want Sub nom., Spannaus Hodgson, 903, 42 832 (1975).5 22 circumvent limitations outlined hold Act's comports withstands made litigation. B 23 Under coercion." argue requirement violative layer decision. 195-200, 749-751. overbroad vague. 24 relied propositions course, stressful one," "insures retains over discretions consulting 1368, 1369. felt "does single out procedure, includes category operations required."6 third joined added chilling" manifested "a legitimate has fact empowered so." observe interposes parties decision-making process." 1375. 25 disagree 3(2). true establish restrict patient regarding Despite apparently statute, referred 6, Supra, patient's surgical procedure,7 imposition view, requirement. abort, indeed, important, one, desirable imperative knowledge nature consequences. primarily concerned, assured, constitutionally, 26 could surgery consequence, see defect only types as, example, intracardiac elevated above mortality level, matter, abortions.8 C 27 spouse's 3(3) mother."9 defend ground Assembly's "perception marriage institution," Appellee 34, major change status jointly partners. Reference abortion's possible effect childbearing potential. always entailed legislatively limitations: adultery bigamy offenses; general 453.030.3 adoption born wedlock parents necessary; joint-consent insemination legitimacy children conceived; laws voluntary sterilization; long-established disposition real property. argued "(r)ecognizing generally begin family, determined motion mutual terminated consent," 38, did policymaking "for believed best people 40. 29 hand, obviously afford husband unilaterally fetus, and.Doe decided cases. See, e. g., Poe Gerein, 517 F.2d 787, 794-796 (CA5 1975), docketed, 75-713; 636-637; Rampton, 366 189, 193 (Utah 1973). situation husband's obtained located. vague 30 specifically question parents, parent, minor, require dissenting whose cited "delegate Clearly, make delegate person, 31 unaware deep concern devoted protective wife's growth carrying. Neither appreciate importance marital relationship society. E. Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 486, 85 1678, 1682, 510 (1965); Maynard Hill, 125 190, 211, 723, 729, L.Ed. 654 (1888).10 Moreover, recognize forego profound effects future marriage, physical mental, possibly deleterious. Notwithstanding these factors, ability wife terminating lacks right. Eisenstadt Baird, 405 438, 453, 92 1029, 1038, 349 (1972).11 32 seems manifest that, ideally, husband. No harmonious successful partners fundamentally vital issue. But difficult goal fostering mutuality trust strengthening institution, giving exercisable whatsoever all. Even exercise, likely further, phrased it, "interest relationship." 1370. 33 recognize, approval husband, decides acting unilaterally. obvious prevail. physically bears affected between two, balance weighs favor. Cf. 726. 34 inconsistent us additional challenges based vagueness overbreadth. D Parental 3(4) requires, unless, again, mother." observed need ways. subject minors stringent permissible adults, cite, cases, Prince Massachusetts, 321 158, 64 88 645 (1944), McKeiver Pennsylvania, 403 528, 91 1976, 647 (1971). law, said, replete reflecting assuring welfare minors," citing guardian Ad litem proceeding, delinquent neglected children, labor, compulsory education. 42. Certain scope act public, proscribing sale firearms deadly weapons minors' exposure literature, purchase pawnbrokers property minors, cigarettes alcoholic beverages minors. pointed contains testimony tender years (even ages 11) Thus, permitting obtain counsel adult "who constitute irresponsible abdication minors." 44. discretion, too, protected unwarranted unreasonable Meyer Nebraska, 262 390, 625, 67 1042 (1923); Pierce Society Sisters, 268 510, 45 571, 69 1070 (1925); Wisconsin Yoder, 406 205, 1526, (1972). passage 37 emphasize minor legally services (excluding abortion), venereal disease, drug abuse. 431.061-431.063 (Supp.1975). ultimate supremacy parents' desires child, patient." 93. marries contemporary chosen marry approval. contrast 3(4). found compelling basis," safeguarding seriously submit insist, "why self-determination accorded women, provided mature understand intelligent assessment circumstances 1376. 39 Of much applies equal Other parental-consent issue like withstand scrutiny. Gerstein, F.2d, 792; 193, 199; Koome, 84 Wash.2d 901, 530 P.2d 260 40 just Just party absolute, arbitrary, regardless withholding 41 Constitutional come into magically attains state-defined majority. Minors, Constitution possess rights. Breed Jones, 421 519, 1779, 44 346 (1975); Goss Lopez, 419 565, 725 Tinker Des Moines Dist., 393 503, 89 733, 731 (1969); re Gault, 387 87 1428, 527 (1967). long broader activities adults. 170, 444; Ginsberg New York, 390 629, 1274, 195 (1968). remains, examine signifant adult. authority. difficult, providing overrule patient, serve strengthen unit. enhance nonconsenting very existence already fractured structure. Any independent daughter's weighty competent become pregnant. suggest every maturity, Bellotti 132, 2857, 844. fault special-consent prerequisite sufficient justification restriction. strictures E Saline prohibits use amniocentesis, technique describes whereby amniotic fluid withdrawn fluid" inserted amnioticac. places form finding. operates preclude virtually trimester. so, claimed, substantial percentage, neighborhood 70% According testimony, effected through stress hysterotomy hysterectomy critical technique; rate exceeds employed. note perhaps safer prostaglandin installation, strongly appellees, least trial, widely country. promoting ways related health." flat prohibition restriction "reasonably relates urge done here consistent guideline buttressed supporting evidence defer. district basis does, exceed used. Therefore, acknowledged, inducing weeks. 1373. Referring hysterotomy, hysterectomy, "mechanical abortion," injection, latter techniques saline. Consequently, concluded, 47 majority, reaching conclusion, facts. First, prevalence, conclusively demonstrates, accepted country; employed ranges 68% 80%) post-first-trimester Second, severe availability which, although promising, experimental less before. 637, (1974), "no Kentucky amnio infusion." offered available Missouri.12 Third, inseron appears include intra-amniotic injection developed prove highly completely safe. anomaly proscribes many times death. 1378 (dissenting opinion). 48 These unappreciated overlooked factors bar different light. shows nationally childbirth. practical forces viewed, unavailability demonstrated comes focus, instead, inhibit, having inhibiting, 637. F 50 Recordkeeping. Sections concerned irrespective stage. supplied purpose adding sum compilation relevant data monitor assure law." states information "shall confidential statistical purposes." "records, inspected acquired local, state, national public officers." records kept permanent files performed. 51 they, regulation, apply throughout All judges Distrt panel, "essential advancement knowledge," nothing "restrict either abortion." concede conflicting requirements. indeed pertinent stated regulations governing Furthermore, readily apparent namely, fades insignificance 53 Recordkeeping directed permissible. surely period enact substantive forcefully, differ other, comparable, procedures. conclude, while approaching limits, themselves. kind, abused overdone, citizens, resource involving experience judgment.13 confidentiality, officers, lengthassist persuade limits. regarded, impact consequence naturally assume, furthermore, record-maintaining interpreted enforced Division Health provisions, utilized accomplish, sheer detail, otherwise Obviously, execution invalidated today. G 54 Standard care. unanimous provides: 55 "No induces fail aborted. assisting results, Further, damages." 56 reach 57 argues interpretation erroneous unnecessary. claims establishes applies, results procedure. despite birth results. 58 though takes face effectively precludes meant that. 59 federal-court abstention Constantineau, 400 433, 437-439, 507, 510-511, 515 (1971); Kusper Pontikes, 51, 54-55, 303, 306-307, And, unable appellee's sophisticated care, Fetus. specify taken reached. reads, refers penalty results" (emphasis supplied), simply modify previous 60 finally survive attack, severability B, severable first. ruling unconstitutionality, 1371, conclusion 6(1). 1374; Statement A-34 Danforth's amend far denied A-39. 61 stand fall Its inextricably bound together. person's live-born statutes. 62 further proceedings 63 ordered. APPENDIX TO OPINION THE COURT H. S. HOUSE BILL NO. AN ACT clause. 65 Be follows: 66 intention assembly conformance supreme States. Unless language context indicates meaning intended, following phrases ascribed them: 68 (1) "Abortion," intentional destruction increase probability remove dead dying child; (2) "Viability," systems; 70 (3) "Physician," board registration theealing arts. 71 twelve except: 72 By licensed, clinical 73 coercion. 74 75 (4) 76 satisfied hospital. 77 viable. 78 conviction punished 559.140, RSMo. damages 537.080, 79 Whoever, intent premature aborted alive, murder degree. 80 alive type scientific, research, laboratory kind experimentation alive. 81 wherein occurred, father, obligations 211.411, forthwith notify infant. 82 verbally informed. 83 finds amniotisac killing artificially labor hereby Every promulgated division law. 86 hospital, preparing reports received purposes. Such officers. 11. documents maintained years. 12. practitioner medicine, surgery, nursing, personnel willfully knowingly assist unlawful license, profession surgeon, nurse rejected revoked licensing board. 13. misdemeanor conviction, 90 14. 15. defined attempts subdivision act, felony, imprisoned department corrections nor seventeen 16. Nothing construed exempt firm, malpractice negligent acts act. Because necessity immediate lives welfare, peace safety, constitution, B. If thereof circumstance invalid, invalidity affect efft application, severable. Approved 1974. Effective 97 STEWART, POWELL joins, concurring. 98 While joining opinion, I write separately indicate my understanding raised 99 me consideration almost operative significance. Certify certification, erroneously concluding There little chance "chilled." 100 patient-consent constitutional. regulates including statement 732, (approximately trimester) consultation terminated. reached, effectuated State." invalidating aimed thwarting abortion. enacting ensuring knowing, intelligent, fashion. 101 participate conceived child. problem acknowledges. Previous man's enjoy association offspring freedom. Stanley Illinois, 645, 1208, 551; Skinner Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 535, 1110, 1655. protects Woman's 727 added). assessing validity called choose competing "it favor." Ante, 71. 102 law's think clear deficiency lies limitation today 147-148, 2866, 844, suggests materially cases prompt (i) resolution disagreement (ii) concurrence interest. instances child.1 103 doubt furthers encouraging seek help grave girl emotional stress, ill-equipped support. unlikely support clinic, frequently place.2 104 fully views STEVENS. 105 WHITE, CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST join, concurring 106 prohibition. task policing police continuing venture process. However, accepting articulated justifies invalidation (hereafter 1974 response Wade. Accordingly, dissent, 107 holds viable, represents outweighed choosing "whether married strikes down sentence. says "since ." Ante 69. delegating vindicate fetus. instead recognizing extinguished unilateral wife.1 follows, deciding pregnancy" outweighs father's unmatched life. 651, 1212, 551 (1972), cited. truly surprising Constitution, justify reaches, rule assign greater value cut off let there, supra. matters suffocating judge, purporting name Constitution. 108 describing mentioned post-birth burdens rearing 726, controlling body prevents putting up objection, 453.030 (1969). avoiding outweigh snuff participating bringing valid, us, resting precisely 109 Once again states: "Just 74. rejects notions Parent "independent interest" concludes created supra unquestionably irrevocable consequences whichever made. seeks achieve traditional immature improvident decisions;2 why utilize here. 110 passed Legislative history reveals Legislature so-called method. below took summarized 111 "The discloses exposes danger complications, precaution taken. cause conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation 'consumptive coagulapathy' (disruption blood clotting mechanism (Dr. Warren, Tr. 57-58; Dr. Klaus, 269-270; Anderso 307; Defts' Exs. H & M)), bleeding 58); hypernatremia (increase sodium level), lead convulsions 268); water intoxication (accumulated tissue oxytoxin saline), resulting damage central nervous system 76; 270-271; 310; Ex. L.) causes massive inside uterus 308)." 1372-1373 112 considerable establishing safer. Chief Yale University, "physicians chose facts methods." nevertheless reverses sustaining passed; seldom available; banned. bottom majority's Factual unavailable women ban i"an weeks," 79. factual below. supports What conclusion.3 country's common 42, 89-90; previously basis, was, "small country," 342; absence prevalent Anderson doctor quite sensibly testified banned, quickly switch 113 relies January 1974; manufacturer, Upjohn Co., restricted sales large centers six months, unrestricted. 334-335. manner proposition escapes me. decree overtus entered 1975; declares case. Without strike laws. Absent proof essential remains effect. 114 offers citation Another Case (WDKy.1974) showed ago. record. am prepared notion rules adjudication suddenly irrelevant solely touches banned wholly unjustifiable. 115 available. promises result, operative, it. inquiry, purport continuous convention Ex officio powers approve disapprove practices 116 117 microscope, "fetus (may have) capability meaningful handled notwithstanding desire looked microscope go further. "That fetus," wanted Plainly, wom desires. appear operate gray area Might still "with viable." flatly absent certification. Since kill 118 Incredibly, reads pregnancy," 83, thereby attributing strange passing surviving 119 compounds error striking unseverable unobjectionable produces steps explains sentences: 120 "We together." 83. 121 Entirely legislature. slightest suppose babies fetuses. Missou Only Intent baby resulted 122 worst, ambiguous points abstain construction courts. point.4 V 123 join insofar upholds portions 124 STEVENS, Parts IV-D IV-E, 126 protection. answers discussed Part IV-E poses IV-D. 127 equally accessible legisture outlawing consensus Howeve enacted, tantamount stand. 128 young variety measures. foresee enforceable bargain. lawfully work travel pleases, attend exhibitions pictures. Persons harm restraints freedom comparable adults impermissible. emphasizes decision; incorrect 129 avoid picture, hours factory. necessarily run away home marry. oa ever make, assumption enhances quality maximizing correctly alternative. 130 recognizes benefit advice. character, seem legitimacy, well. Whatever choice makes marry, wisely moral play decisionmaking irrational. perfectly involve decisional 131 informing parents. An reaction hostile, disparaging, violent persuades bypass loving, supportive, indispensable. unrealistic, assume parent-child (a) perfect communication accord routinely (b) imperfect child's correct prediction arbitrarily selfish interested opportunity foster helping distressed tomplement 132 estimate total place. sometimes better performed; advise Similarly, doctors omniscient; specialists incorrectly advantages disadvantages evaluate perspective. individual mere weigh heavily scales. overriding exercised possible. 133 assumes appreciating alternatives. predicate underlies make. situations chronological restraint yardstick imprecise unjust capacity conceive yardsticks determining independently accuracy empirical correct, select standard. 134 short, sufficient, Viability (28 weeks) earlier, weeks." wardship "where state" infant." obligation operation injures receives custody "sufficiently concrete" satisfy "case controversy" court's Art. jurisdiction. Singleton Wulff, 106, 112, 2868, 2873, 826. portion 1366-1367 decline appropriately remand. 7's constitutionality. "(A)lthough 'viability,' understood assess." 369. rests, should, case-by-case basis." 26. "Because advancements technology, judgment." 28. "Defendant agrees 'viability' vary, assess 29. Minnesota potentially 'viable' half Noting "unreasonable stand." 1016. Apparently, relate persons committed chest 199.240 (Supp.1975), mental correctional institutions, 105.700 taking custom. areas definitely refrain characterizing extremely universal profession," do. 32. "informed." wonder, offhand, "informed consent" is. composed content accept, meaning, ascribe confine undesired uncomfortable straitjacket profession. conditions deal older Rights political parties, school system. Marriage coming together worse, hopefully enduring, intimate sacred. promotes causes; harmony living, faiths; bilateral loyalty, commercial social projects. Yet noble decisions." 1682. couple entity mind heart own, individuals separate intellectual makeup. anything, Individual, single, governmental intrusion affecting beget child." 1038 original). Brother WHITE overlook implications insure marriage. accordingly, unilaterally, reason, discourage normally expected precede also, importantly, interposed obstacle interference. WHITE's criticism observations. demonstrates view. Until few centers. proscribed saline, distributor "restricted around twenty coast coast." 68. clear, available, sense undisputed incumbent show so. appellees' expert witness, relies, fill void. limited shortly think" trial. 335. births deaths. 193.100 193.140 communicable diseases, 192.020 192.040 controlled substances rigidly monitored 195.010-195.545 (1969 Supp.1975). considerations Post, 102-105. mode revealed accurately case: counseling occurs entirely day lasts groups strangers Counseling typically description procedures, five minutes contact (clinic), busy scheduled groups, physician) spends brief others group recovery room 75-73, O.T.1975, pp. 43-44. countless conduct objected private closely Thus forbid anyone enter owner's enforce trespass unauthorized entrances. transfer tenancy entireties transfer. delegations parties; neither deprive STEVENS 102: pregnant." litigating strategy binding reading treated validly parts Dombrowski Pfister, 380 492, 1116, 1124, (1965).

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