Document: 448 U.S. 1 100 S.Ct. 2502 65 L.Ed.2d 555 State of MAINE et al., Petitioners,v.Joline THIBOUTOT, vir., etc. No. 79-838. Argued April 22, 1980. Decided June 25, Syllabus Held: 1. Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983—which provides that anyone who, under color state statute, regulation, or custom deprives another any rights, privileges, immunities "secured by the Constitution and laws" shall be liable to injured party encompasses claims based on purely statutory violations federal law, such as respondents' state-court claim petitioners had deprived them welfare benefits which they were entitled Social Security Act. Given Congress attached no modifiers phrase "and laws," plain language statute embraces claim, even ambiguous this Court's earlier decisions, including cases involving Act claims, explicitly implicitly suggest 1983 remedy broadly well constitutional law. Cf., e. g., Rosado v. Wyman, 397 397, 90 1207, 25 442; Edelman Jordan, 415 651, 94 1347, 39 662; Monell New York City Dept. Services, 436 658, 98 2018, 56 611. Pp. 4-8. 2. In view its legislative history, Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards 1976, 1988 attorney's fees may awarded prevailing (other than United States) in "any action . enforce" a provision 1983, inter alia, makes exception for actions—authorizes award actions. Moreover, it follows from history Supremacy Clause fee is part whether brought court or, was instant action, court. 8-11. 405 A.2d 230, affirmed. James Eastman Smith, Augusta, Me., petitioners. Robert Edmond Mittle, Portland, respondents. Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered opinion Court. The case presents two related questions arising §§ 1988. Respondents suit Maine Superior Court alleging petitioners, Commissioner Human violated depriving respondents benefitsto Act, specifically 602(a)(7). present issues: (1) (2) if so, an action.1 2 * Respondents, Lionel Joline Thiboutot, are married have eight children, three whom Lionel's previous marriage. Department Services notified that, computing Aid Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) he children exclusively his, would longer make allowance money spent support other five though legally obligated them. challenging State's interpretation 602(a)(7), exhausted their administrative remedies then sought judicial review By amended complaint, also claimed relief themselves others similarly situated. judgment enjoined enforcing challenged rule ordered adopt new regulations, notify class members pay correct amounts retroactively prospectively eligible members.2 court, however, denied motion fees. Supreme Judicial Maine, 230 (1979), concluded entitlement but pursuant Stat. 2641, 1988.3 We granted certiorari. 444 1042, 727, 62 728 (1980). affirm. II Section provides: 3 "Every person ordinance, custom, usage, Territory, subjects, causes subjected, citizen States within jurisdiction thereof deprivation secured laws at equity, proper proceeding redress." (Emphasis added.) 4 question before us used means what says, should limited some subset laws. phrase, undoubtedly 5 Even ambiguous, doubt meaning has been resolved our several suggesting, implicitly, 442 (1970), example, "held suits secure compliance provisions participating States." 675, 1362, 662 (1974). 700-701, 2040-2041, 611 (1978), conclusion municipalities "persons" reasoned "there can [of 1871] intended provide remedy, construed, against all forms official violation federally protected rights." Similarly, Owen Independence, 445 622, 649, 1398, 1415, 63 273 (1980), holding common-law immunity discretionary functions provided basis according good-faith noted "looks only municipality conformed requirements Federal statutes." Mitchum Foster, 407 225, 240, n. 30, 92 2151, 2161, 32 705 (1972), Lynch Household Finance Corp., 538, 543, 7, 1113, 1117, 31 424 1983's predecessor "was enlarged protection law." Greenwood Peacock, 384 808, 829-830, 86 1800, 1813, 16 944 (1966), observed "officers made respond damages not rights conferred equal civil laws, well." availability alternative sanction helped 28 1443(1) did permit removal prosecution defense law conflicted defendants' rights. As final Stone, writing Hague CIO, 307 496, 525-526, 59 954, 969, 83 L.Ed. 1423 (1939), expressed product "exten[sion] include privileges Constitution." 6 While might dismiss dictum foregoing statements, numerous specific are, analysis (SSA) relied cause claims. Constitutional raised these cases, providing jurisdictional base, allowed go forward, decided merits, court's pendent jurisdiction. each following necessarily exclusive because, held U.S, 673-674, S.Ct., 1360-1361; id., 690, 1369 (Marshall, J., dissenting), SSA affords private right State. Miller Youakim, 440 125, 132, 13, 99 957, 963, 194 (1979) (state foster care program inconsistent SSA); Quern Mandley, 725, 729, 3, 2068, 2072, 658 (1978) emergency assistance consistent Van Lare Hurley, 421 338, 95 1741, 44 208 (1975) shelter Townsend Swank, 404 282, 502, 30 (1971) prohibition AFDC aid college students King 392 309, 311, 88 2128, 2130, 20 1118 (1968) cohabitation SSA). Cf. Hagans Lavine, 528, 532-533, 1372, 1376-1377, 1382, 577 (1974) (District decide recoupment Carter Stanton, 669, 670, 1232, 1233, 569 (1972) absent-spouse 7 face treatment provision, nevertheless persist suggesting read laws.4 Petitioners when 1871, 17 accorded deprivations "the States," divided 1874 revision into remedial section, Rev.Stat. 1979, sections, 563(12) 629(16), same change 629(16) sections well. circuit courts model current 1343(3), applied On hand, expanded apply 563(12), granting district courts, States, 8 need repeat length detailed debate over scanty concerning addition laws." See Chapman Houston Welfare Organization, 441 600, 1905, 60 508 (1979); 623, 1919. (POWELL, concurring); 646, 1930. (WHITE, concurring judgment); 672, 1944. (STEWART, dissenting). One emerges clearly does definitive answer. Id., 610-611, 1912-1913; 674, 1945 There express explanation offered insertion one principal purpose added "ensure legislation equality ambit authorized statute." 637, 1926 concurring). there indications purpose, Congress' attention directed language. Representative Lawrence, speech House Representatives began observing revisers very often changed existing statutes, Cong.Rec. 825 (1874), referred statutes "possibly [showing] verbal modifications bordering legislation," 827. He went original revised versions. short, aware doing, demonstrate intended.5 Petitioners' arguments amount more careful, fully thought out relationship among various sections,6 acted differently. That argument, best addressed Congress, which, important note, remained quiet many pronouncements scope 1983. TVA Hill, 437 153, 2279, 57 117 (1978). III 9 next argue intend covered sentence (emphasis added): 10 "In enforce 1981, 1982, 1985, 1986 title, title IX Public Law 92-318 [20 1681 seq.], proceeding, behalf America, enforce, charging of, Internal Revenue Code, VI 1964 [42 2000d discretion, allow party, reasonable costs." 11 Once again, given Part II, supra, states available action. Since we hold properly since actions, plainly applies suit.7 12 entirely true major benefit those claiming Principal sponsors measure both Senate, stated during floor debates broadly. Drinan explained "authorizes local officials upon For example Blue Craig, 505 F.2d 830 (4th Cir. 1974)." 122 35122 (1976).8 Senator Kennedy included "enforc[ing] promised Constitution" embrace.9 33314.10 passed anticipating 13 Several amici curiae, courts. merit argument.11 said above, Mar- tinez California, 277, 553, 481 actions described "authoriz[ing] courts." (1976). And viewed "an integral necessary obtain" S.Rep.No.94-1011, p. (1976), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1976 5913. It court.12 14 Affirmed. 15 POWELL, THE CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST join, dissenting. holds today, almost casually, creates right. Having transformed "civil rights" concludes permits "prevailing party" recover his These holdings dramatically expand liability virtually eliminate "American Rule" officials. reflects little consideration consequences judgment. relies "plain" assertedly "consistent treatment" statute. Ante, 4, 6. But reading adopted today anything placed historical context. until never Past subject incidental far consistent. firm decision evidence, convincingly shows now finds so clear was—and remains—nothing shorthand reference enacted Congress. To ignore lessons logic, policy. 18 I examines construes "plain meaning" while reviews evidence enactment. considers practical today's decision. substantive section demonstrates precedents do ruling today. 19 relevant "[e]very [state law,] subjects ." asserts 'and laws' says," because "Congress 4. Finding "definitive" contrary suggests who narrowly address 8. If forbidden look behind enactments, force suggestion must statutes. 4.1 inflexible imagines. Although always starting point, Chip Stamps Manor Drug Stores, 723, 756, 1917, 1935, 539 concurring), rarely ignores aids construction. See, Cass 417 72, 77-79, 2167, 2170-2171, 40 668 (1974); Harrison Northern Trust Co., 317 476, 479, 361, 362, 87 (1943), quoting American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc., 310 534, 543-544, 1059, 1063-1064, 84 1345 (1940). recognized consistently interpreted " 'not words themselves, considering, well, context, purposes circumstances employed.' District Columbia Carter, 409 418, 420, 93 602, 604, 34 613 (1973), Puerto Rico Shell 302 253, 258, 58 167, 169, 82 235 (1937); see generally 204-205, 14, 2306-2307, (POWELL 21 different derived Reconstruction Era. Those "must sweep" dictated "their origins language"—not alone. 549, 1120, (1972). When reflect reveals intent, readily construed Acts inadvertently omitted. Examining Board Flores de Otero, 426 572, 582-586, 96 2264, 2272-2273, 49 (1976) (interpreting 1343(3) confer territorial courts). Thus, too simplistic guide construction 22 Blind reliance particularly inappropriate where, here, inserted critical without explicit discussion 1874. ante, 6-7. Indeed, single shred adoption mentions change. alter infra, previously insisted apparent changes scrutinized care. Holmes observed, Revised Statutes "not lightly making Sischo, 262 165, 168-169, 43 511, 512, 67 925 (1923). 23 discussed detail opinions last Term. Compare Org., 1919, 1930 judgment). recount full presented myChapman opinion. Nevertheless, abrupt dismissal proposition 1874," 8, 5, misconception fundamental require summary record. A. 24 derives only. "Laws" mentioned. Apr. 20, 13. 1874, consolidated volume subject-matter arrangement. 827 (Jan. 21, 1874) (remarks Rep. Lawrence). Consequently, intent central case. creating 1871 concurrent States. revision, portion codified 1979 Statutes, terms identical conferring jurisdiction, came source, worded laws"; "by States"; encompassed citizens States."2 merged 1911, narrower ultimately became 1343(3). Mar. 24(14), 36 1092.3 B 26 my view, unmistakably variations phrasing introduced inadvertent, precisely scope. 631-640, 1922-1927 defensible contemporaneous record "laws" "to ensure [§ 1979]." U.S., 1926. Careful study materials leaves serious completely odds 640, 1927. 27 reasoning "flawed premise," instructed Revision Commission certain respects. 5; 27, 1866, 2, 75. premise flawed. Commission, worked six years project, submitted draft contain changes.4 Joint Congressional Committee, appointed early 1873 transform bill, "utterly impossible carry through, understood contained legislation." 646 Poland); 1873, 579. Therefore, Committee employed Thomas Jefferson Durant "strike law" "wherever changed." 826 Lawrence); 129 (Dec. 10, 1873) Butler). December Durant's completed work solemn assurance bill "embodies is." Ibid.5 met series evening sessions restore where necessary. During sessions, Lawrence relies. 7-8. separated substantive, remedial, criminal accord organization topic. versions illustrate arrangement, [to] show 1874). After mentioning "[a] comparison will fair specimen manner done, judge accuracy translation." 828. Observing "[t]his mode classifying extent duplicates portions statutes" one, praised general accuracy" revision. Ibid. Nothing sequence remarks supports mention nor hint reach extended. intention, statement singularly disingenuous way proposing piece legislation. 29 "bordering legislation" introducing Rather, emphasizing modify reveal errors eliminated. No doing." meeting specially attempt detect strike proposed despite efforts Committee. 1871. silence reflected understanding statute.6 Members participated yearlong effort expunge alterations evinced whatever enact far-reaching modification largely ignored painstakingly avoid just changes. alone refutes assertion 43d compelling reasons reject First, encompass every enactment, extends beyond counterpart. Second, broad departs significantly Such unexpected unintended avoided whenever reasonably purpose. Sorrells 287 435, 446-448, 53 210, 214-215, 77 413 (1932); Ryan, 284 175, 52 65, 68, 76 224 (1931); Holy Trinity Church 143 457, 459, 226 (1892). acknowledges supplies 6.7 "inherent illogic" view. gap logic wide indeed light consider Sections derive 15-16. originally enacted, coextensive. 616, 1915. emphasized repeatedly forum crucial ingredient afforded stated, "involve judiciary" exert control refused 427, 607. time impartial forum. 426-429, 607-608. Monroe Pape, 365 174-183, 81 473, 477-482, 492 (1961); Developments Law—Section Federalism, Harv.L.Rev. 1133, 1150-1153 (1977). elected afford "uniquely remedy," 239, 2160, is, 'federal courts,' 428, 608, 180, 480 added). Four Terms ago, considered meant be, complementary." 583, 2272; 1117. 33 perceptions dismisses proposition, accepted Flores, cites ever fundamentally plan, am none.8 Nearly commentator supply 19, concurring) (collecting citations).9 covers arise citizens, 615-618, 1914-1916, limitation implicit regard counterpart war nature litigation authorized. effect, governments, officers, employees10 believes administration federal-state cooperative program, rights.11 35 cursory survey Code literally hundreds regulatory social enactments affected.12 participate enforcement governing migrant labor, noxious weeds, historic preservation, wildlife conservation, anadromous fisheries, scenic trails, strip mining. Various authorize agreements most aspects land management. addition, grants administered governments area public administration. Unemployment, Medicaid, school lunch subsidies, food stamps, inviting litigation. includes variety subsidies education, housing, health care, transportation, works, enforcement. potential plaintiffs. predict harass officials; foresee number filings already overburdened substantial. advances reason believe Congress—from day-intended expansion imposed defendants. 37 bear entire burden involved equally affected program. few programs expressly terms. litigants sue responsible relatively rare implied Transamerica Mortgage Advisors, Inc. Lewis, 11, 242, 146 Touche Ross Co. Redington, 560, 2479, 61 (1979). defines intended—without discussion—to impose 38 likely focus defendants order obtain liberal standard being appended complaints solely obtaining kind afterthought. case, count complaint after initiated, apparently response enactment 1976. Imperial Irrigation Dist., 595 525, 529 (CA9 1979), rev'd grounds sub nom. Bryant Yellen, 447 352, 2232, 184 uses technique explored fully. rules quite liberal, plaintiffs prevail win awards Maher Gagne, 122, 2570, 653 ingenious pleaders find ways defendant.13 remove defendants.14 hardly could anticipated subsequent proliferation Yet, congressional power Spending Commerce Clauses known foreseen ultimate powers consequences. Today's confers unprecedented authority oversee nothing individual defined enforced Era.15 This result cannot reconciled enacted. imposes unequal burdens joint expose Member suggested embodying results, proposal certainly hotly debated. simply inconceivable professing intention approving—without discussion—the earlier. IV 41 finally insists foreordained line precedent strong further unnecessary. 4-5. become commonplace decade. pattern. implies, inconsequential reaffirmation settled authoritatively years. tempting confronting issues withstand analysis. Far long-accepted fact, invention seesaw approach century room certainty (1961). Term, neither undertaken directly thoroughly—a Commentators chronicled tortuous path War. Gressman, Unhappy History Legislation, 50 Mich.L.Rev. 1323 (1952); Note, 1133 (1977); Proper Scope Acts, 66 1285 (1953). writer found first history. Comment, Act: Emergence Adequate Remedy?, Ind.L.J. 363 (1951). Another lamented, late 1952, effect "judicial upheaval magnitude." 1357. take place, constitute substantial share caseload.16 dealing remain nearly Holt Indiana Manufacturing 176 272, 374 (1900), appears reported deal dismissed want patent "refer inapplicable here." 273. later restriction application 45 "personal" wake Stone's influential 531, 971, (1939),17 unrecognized. Appeals Second Circuit half Holt, "in privilege stake 'law' Bomar Keyes, 162 136, 139, cert. denied, 332 825, 68 166, 400 (1947). plaintiff teacher alleged board discharged her absences incurred exercising serve jury. F.2d, 139. 46 Bomar, cited reviewed provoked widespread commentary. Propriety Granting Hearing Statutorily Based Actions Reconstruction-Era Acts: Geo.Wash.L.Rev. 1343, 1363-1364, 169 (1975). effect.18 issue frequency 1960's, challenges commonplace. lower responded conflicting conclusions. Some applicable claims.19 Others rights.20 Yet believed nonconstitutional sources.21 Numerous scholarly comments possible solutions, reaching consensus.22 47 commentators debated period obtuse if, asserts, long going back 1939. know extinguished today.23 48 quotes 1361, (1974), 'held States.' true, confusion remaining inexplicable. course, established premising claim. retained adjudicate based, moot. 402-405, 1212-1214. merits plaintiffs' argument comport 407-420, 1215-1221. assume existence discuss purport assumed silentio claimants challenge adequacy observes, recent decisions construing unspoken assumption. follow rather itself.24 did, "[W]hen prior silentio, itself bound brings us." 535, 1378, 663, 2022; More, Cranch 159, 172, (1805). greater exists—unlike jurisdiction—may decided. Burks Lasker, 471, 1831, 1836, past squarely raised. Here, "as open calling canvass considerations."25 "numerous specific" dicta decisions. 5. none contains bare proved. Most say much less that. occasionally "federally 2040-2041; 650, 1414, 673 generalized references merely restate They shed protected. relevance countered frequent occasions statutes.26 meaningless, offhand remotest positions taken case.27 51 "consistent" 1813-1814, 1361. asserted—without course disposing issues—that coverage extended Neither question; authority.28 Nor uncritically stand. day Edelman, 1378. point reserved again Southeastern Community College Davis, 404-405, 2361, 2366, 980 rest landmark statements examination extraordinary context unprecedented. Our era repudiated "blind adherence principle stare decisis 831, 1814. Frankfurter once concern "a basic problem federalism" "has significance approximating dimension." 222, 503 (dissenting opinion). Frankfurter's Monroe, heeded admonition ordinary concerns forcefully areas E. supra. Against backdrop, justification unexamined extension V expands concept intrusion sovereignty system. probative pervasive oversight flow consequences, brushes aside national policy, precedent. reverse Maine. APPENDIX TO OPINION OF DISSENTING 54 A small sample arguably give rise created typically fall categories: (A) encouraged participate, either establishing own plans regulation meet conditions set entering (B) resource management between agencies; (C) grant agencies subsidize activities matching funds standards. endeavors 55 Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide 973, amended, 136 seq. (1976 ed. Supp.III); see, 136u, 136v ed., Supp.III). Noxious Weed 1974, 2148, 2801-2813; 2808. 3. Historic Sites, Buildings, Antiquities 666, 461-467 462(e). Fish Wildlife Coordination 401, 661-666c; 661. Anadromous Conservation 79 1125, 757a-757d 757a(a) Wild Free-Roaming Horses Burros 85 1331-1340 1336. 7. Marine Mammal Protection 1972, 1027, 1361-1407 1379. Wagner-Peyser National Employment System 113, seq.; 49g (employment farm laborers). 9. Surface Mining Control Reclamation 1977, 91 447, 1201 1253 64 10. Interstate 548, 11502(a)(2) Supp.III) (enforcement highway transportation law). B. Resource Laws parks areas: May 15, 1965, 6, 111, 281e (Nez Perce Historical Park); Sept. 1959, 73 591, 410u (Minute Man Oct. 1302, 460bb-3(b) (Muir Woods Monument). forest lands: 1, 961, 563; Aug. 29, 567a-567b. water projects: Water Supply 1958, 301, 72 319, 390b; Boulder Canyon Projects 1058, 1062, 617c, 617g; Rivers Harbors Appropriation 1899, 9, 1151, 401. Trails 919, 1241-1249 1246(h) 69 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Amendment 1978, 208, 652, (oil leasing). C. Grant 70 familiar welfare, unemployment, medical include: 71 Food Stamp 1964, 78 703, 2011-2026 2020(e)-2020(g) Small Business Investment 602(d), 698, 636(d) Education Amendments 2153, 2701 2734, 2902. 74 Federal-Aid Highway legislation, 128, 131 75 Comprehensive Training 1909, 801 823, 824. Housing 1937, added, 653, 1437 1437d(c), 1437j. School Lunch 1751 1758 Works Economic Development 552, 3121 3132, 3151a, 3243. Improvement 1167, 3701 3742, 3744(c). Juvenile Delinquency Prevention 1109, 5601 5633 80 11. Energy Production 6801 6805, 6836 12. Developmentally Disabled Assistance Bill 89 6000 6011, 6063 Urban Mass Transportation 302, 1601 1602, 1604(g)-(m) hear rests Any entertain dispelled Martinez 283-284, 558, There, reserving barred doing so. appeal it. remanded exercise discretion determine appropriate disposition request. Where language, supported interpretation, ordinarily "it 184, 2296, POWELL's proceeds flawed changes, obeyed instructions. second 75, mandated commissioners "mak[e] reconcile contradictions, omissions, amend imperfections text." Furthermore, mandate "copy arrange order, classify heads actual text force." (1874). "customary stout assertions codifiers clarified reorganized changing substance" value. Price, 383 787, 803, 1152, 1161, 267 (1966) (holding broadened forerunner 242). inherent illogic mean unless 1331(a)'s $10,000 satisfied. appearing Hutto Finney, 678, 2565, 522 left Fourteenth Amendment, States' Eleventh opposed cases. Hutto, alternatively bar costs, "have traditionally immunity." 695, 2576. present, terms, restrains "[t]he North Carolina's Medicaid plan SSA. pending, screening fact Bond 528 688 (7th 1976)." 33314 list examples, La Raza Unida Volpe, F.R.D. (N.D.Cal.1972), demonstrated 1966 housing displacement relocation." 95. Reports accord. Senate Report "redressing pp. 5908, 5911. Report, determination eligibility fees, recognizes special "[i]n instances involve question. H.R.Rep.No.94-1558, negative pregnant reached result. 239 (Me.1979) (case below); Ramirez County Hudson, N.J.Super. 455, 1271 Tobeluk Lind, 589 P.2d 873 (Alaska 1979); Young Toia, A.D.2d 377, N.Y.S.2d 530 Lange Nature Conservancy, Wash.App. 416, 422, 601 967 Trustees Holso, 584 1009 (Wyo.1978); Thorpe Durango District, Colo.App. 591 1329 Colorado federalism choice bring stating cognizable absent 1331(a), forced still financial disincentives asserting elusive admits. expect referring employ disjunctive "or." 31, 1870, 141 (now 241). penalties conspiracy deprive persons Five later, federal-question matters "arising 1875, 470 added) 1331). contrast, natural conjunctive "and" incorporated re-enacted 1870. 1323, 1329, 1333-1334 (1952). advocate ambiguity. drew third Court, controversy, "[a]ny account right, privilege, 699(4). actually four separate broaden simultaneously restricting "laws 699(4), easily attributes create litigated senseless results. survive 1911 worth noting, "shall Congress" corrected mode" done directive placing marginal deemed 648 (Rep. Hoar). comment accompanied Drafted Commissioners Appointed Purpose 947 (1872). assurances repeated again. Butler told colleagues attempted [in 1873], word letter, sense." 1873). month Poland exact transcript, reflex, States—that omitted Conkling aim throughout preserve absolute identity meaning. 4220 (May 625-627, 1919-1920, Contrary suggestion, 242." 241. 242 1161. passing binding 1866 1870 recently Amendment. "or section. unrelated adopted. 1092. indication "merges vested vests S.Rep.No. 388, 61st Cong., 2d Sess., pt. 50-51 (1910). author "idiotic" interpret Cover, Establishing Jurisdiction Brought Vindicate Statutory (Federal) Violations Are Alleged, Clearinghouse Rev., 16, (1969). "Only uncertainty conclude up system overlooks minor technicality giving especially reluctant focal subdivisions, employees. refer "state defendants" opinion, notable difference retroactive act good faith. Municipalities, strictly complex Adickes S. H. Kress 398 144, 150-151, 1598, 1604-1605, 142 (1970); cf. Great Fed. L. Assn. Novotny, 366, 2345, 957 An incomplete requiring cooperation collected Appendix Plaintiffs contend burdened Chase McMasters, 573 1011, 1017-1019 (CA8) (authority Secretary Interior Indian lands), 439 965, 453, 423 (1978); Wirth Surles, 562 319 (CA4 1977), (extradition prisoners), 435 933, 1509, 531 139 (CA2), (right sit juries), (1947); Gage Commonwealth Edison 356 F.Supp. 80, (ND Ill.1972) environmental impact agency participates); McGuire Amrein, 101 414, 417, 419-420 (Md.1951) (federal ban taping telephones). Wolf, Pendent Jurisdiction, Multi-Claim Litigation, W. Eng.L.Rev. 193, 249 short demonstrating Provisions Amendment." 13; 545, 1118, (1972); 171, 475, Enforcement Thirteenth Amendments. 33315 Sen. Abourezk); 35123 Drinan). imply post-Civil War proceed suggests, protect enduring limitless entitlements Between 1961 filed increased 296 13,113. Butz Economou, 438 478, 526, 2894, 2921, 895 (REHNQUIST, constant 1977 date. Director Administrative Office Courts Ann.Rep. Table figures prisoner petitions annually included, rises 24,951. A16-A17, C-3. Drawing Stone argued "personal liberty, dependent [their] infringement property 971. widely rejected 1359-1361 restrictions collection taxes. 542-543, 1116-1117. limiting discouraged 17, occasion "equal personal/property distinction served Geo.Wash.L.Rev., 157. 830, 835-838 1974) (Social Act); Gomez Florida Service, 569, 579 (CA5 1969) (Wagner-Peyser 1933); Southern Alameda 904, 908-910 (N.D.Cal.1977) (Uniform Relocation Real Property Acquisition Policies 1970). G., Wynn Welfare, 316 324, 330-333 (N.D.Ind.1970) Act). 1017, (relationship Government Indians embodied Organization 1934 "constitutional dimensions"); McCall Shapiro, 416 246, 249-250 (CA2 rights); First Nat. Bank Omaha Marquette Bank, 482 514, 521-522 (Minn.1979) (National interest rates Schatte International Alliance Theatrical Stage Employees, 182 158, 166-167 1950) Labor Relations enforceable prescribed therein). 24-25; Herzer, Over Statutorily-Based Claims, Harv.Civ.Rights. Civ.Lib.L.Rev. 6-8, 1361-1362; Challenges Programs, Colum.L.Rev. 1404, 1426 1285, 1299-1300 (1953); 263 (1948). 908 (issue yet definitively resolved"). exclude possibility waive 1360-1361. regarded undecided. Holley 605 638, 646-647 Podrazik Blum, 479 182, 187-188 (N.D.N.Y.1979). finding Hagans, declined 1377, 476; Procunier Navarette, 434 555, 561-562, 855, 859-860, Wood Strickland, 420 308, 322, 992, 1000, 214 Slightly gleaned "enlarged" "extended" Constitution. 1117; 968-969 (opinion J.). pure background evident revisers. None implies surprised learn opinion—in rights—stands limitation. 828-829, 1812-1813, leading 30.

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