Document: 127 S. Ct. 1786 (2007) UNITED HAULERS ASSOCIATION, INC., et al., Petitioners, v. ONEIDA-HERKIMER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY al. No. 05-1345. Supreme Court of United States. Argued January 8, 2007. Decided April 30, *1790 Evan Tager, Washington, DC, for petitioners. Michael J. Cahill, Holbrook, New York, respondents. Caitlin Halligan York as amicus curiae, by special leave the Court, supporting M. Counsel Record, Miriam R. Nemetz, Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP, Petitioners. Germano PC, Judy Drabicki, Dexter, NY, Peter Rayhill, Kernan P.C., Utica, Bruce Rogow, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority, Richard A. Frye, Frye Foley Carbone, Oneida County Thomas E. Kelly Horrigan, Lombardo Amsterdam, Herkimer County, NY. Chief Justice ROBERTS delivered opinion except to Part II-D. "Flow control" ordinances require trash haulers deliver solid waste a particular processing facility. In C A Inc. Clarkstown, 511 U.S. 383, 114 1677, 128 L. Ed. 2d 399 (1994), this struck down under Commerce Clause flow control ordinance that forced private case, we face quite similar one invalidated in Carbone. The only salient difference is laws at issue here bring facilities owned and operated state-created public benefit corporation. We find constitutionally significant. Disposing has been traditional government activity years, favor such areasbut treat every business, whether in-state or out-of-state, exactly samedo not discriminate against interstate commerce purposes Clause. Applying test reserved regulations do commerce, uphold these because any incidental burden they may have on does outweigh benefits confer citizens Counties. I Located central Counties span over 2,600 square miles are home about 306,000 residents. Traditionally, each city, town, village within responsible disposing its own waste. Many had relied local landfills, some more environmentally fashion than others. By 1980's, confronted what could credibly call "`crisis.'" Brief Respondents 4. landfills were operating without permits violation state regulations. Sixteen ordered close remediate surrounding environment, costing *1791 tens millions dollars. These environmental problems culminated federal clean-up action landfill County; defendants case named 600 businesses several municipalities school districts third-party defendants. "crisis" extended beyond health safety concerns. an uneasy relationship with management companies, enduring price fixing, pervasive overcharging, influence organized crime. Dramatic hikes uncommon: 1986, example, county contractor doubled disposal rate six weeks' notice. Responding problems, requested York's Legislature Governor created Authority (Authority), See N.Y. Pub. Auth. Law Ann. § 2049-aa seq. (West 1995). empowered collect, process, dispose generated 2049-ee(4). To further Authority's governmental purposes, impose "appropriate reasonable limitations competition" by, instance, adopting "local requiring all ... be specified management-resource recovery facility." 2049-tt(3). 1989, entered into Agreement, which agreed manage Private would remain free pick up citizens' from curb, but take job trash, sorting it, sending it off disposal. fulfill part bargain, purchase develop recyclables collected "tipping fees" cover maintenance costs facilities.[1] tipping fees significantly exceeded those charged removal open market, allowed average disposer. addition transportation disposal, enabled provide recycling 33 kinds materials, well composting, household hazardous number other services. If debt service recouped through charges, agreement provided make difference. As described, flaw: Citizens might opt their hauled lower fees. avoid being stuck bill voted then chose use, enacted "flow sites.[2] must obtain permit *1792 collect Penalties noncompliance include revocation, fines, imprisonment. Petitioners Haulers Association, Inc., trade association made when was filed. 1995, sued Rev. Stat. 1979, 42 U.S.C. 1983, alleging violate discriminating commerce. They submitted evidence associated $86-per-ton fees, out-of-state between $37 $55 per ton, including transportation. District read our decision 399, categorically rejecting nearly laws. court ruled haulers' favor, enjoining enforcement Counties' Second Circuit reversed, reasoning Carbone dormant precedents allow distinction opposed facilities. 261 F.3d 245, 263 (C.A.2 2001). Accordingly, held statute favors expense industry. remanded let decide nevertheless placed if so, ordinances' outweighed burden. On remand after protracted discovery, Magistrate Judge found did show imposed cognizable affirmed, assuming exacted toll finding possible "modest" compared "clear substantial" ordinances. 438 150, 160 (2006). Because Sixth recently issued conflicting holding favoring entity facially see National Wastes Assn. Daviess Cty., 434 898 (2006), granted certiorari, 548 ___, 35, 165 1013 II provides "Congress shall Power . [t]o regulate foreign Nations, among States." Const., Art. I, cl. 3. Although Constitution terms limit power States long interpreted implicit restraint authority, even absence statute. Case State Freight Tax, 15 Wall. 232, 279, 21 L.Ed. *1793 146 (1873); Cooley Board Wardens Port Philadelphia ex rel. Soc. Relief Distressed Pilots, 12 How. 299, 318, 13 996 (1852). determine law violates so-called "dormant" aspect Clause, first ask discriminates American Trucking Assns., Michigan Serv. Comm'n, 545 429, 433, 125 2419, 162 407 (2005); Gratiot Sanitary Landfill, Dept. Natural Resources, 504 353, 359, 112 2019, 119 139 (1992). context, "`discrimination' simply means differential treatment economic interests former burdens latter." Oregon Systems, Department Environmental Quality Ore., 93, 99, 1345, (1994); Energy Co. Ind. Limbach, 486 269, 273, 108 1803, 100 302 (1988). Discriminatory motivated "simple protectionism" subject "virtually se rule invalidity," Jersey, 437 617, 624, 98 2531, 57 475 (1978), can overcome showing no advance legitimate purpose, Maine Taylor, 477 131, 138, 106 2440, 91 110 (1986). B Following lead argue vigorously town hired build transfer station. According deal, operate facility five charging above-market fee $81 ton; buy dollar. guaranteed receive certain volume year. good promise, Clarkstown passed nonhazardous deposited U.S., 387, 1677. This ordinance, discriminated "hoard[ing] waste, demand get rid preferred Id., 392, dissent pointed out Court's cases involved entities, ones. 411, 1677 (opinion SOUTER, J.). dissent, Clarkstown's ostensibly station "essentially municipal facility," id., 419, should saved nature different company. majority comment dissent's public-private distinction. parties draw opposite inferences majority's silence. say proves characterization facility, thought there entities disagree, arguing studiously avoided private, therefore question favored properly *1794 before Court.[3] believe latter interpretation correct. explained, "in Justices divided fact rather import distinction." F.3d, 259 (emphasis original). offered reasons why treated differently ones 419-422, It hard suppose definitively rejected arguments explaining why. viewed "just instance requirements invalid." 391, cited cases, discrimination enterprise.[4] description acknowledges "offending hoard resourcebe meat, shrimp, milkfor it." added). extending line government, expect said so. Cf. Burr, 25 F. Cas. 55, (No. 14,693) (CC Va. 1807) (Marshall, C.J.) ("[A]n establish principle never recognized, expressed plain explicit terms"). stated "[t]he conceivable distinction" single group *1795 them. public, additional merely "conceivable"it conceived, discussed length, three dissent. cannot regarded having decided question.[5] clearly while treating companies same. now squarely presented facts us, Compelling justify competitors. "Conceptually, course, notion assumes comparison substantially entities." General Motors Corp. Tracy, 519 278, 298, 117 811, 136 761 (1997) (footnote omitted). But businesses far it. Unlike enterprise, vested responsibility protecting health, safety, welfare citizens. Metropolitan Life Ins. Massachusetts, 471 724, 756, 105 2380, 85 728 (1985) ("The traditionally great latitude police powers legislate protection lives, limbs, comfort, quiet persons" (internal quotation marks omitted)). important responsibilities set apart typical business. supra, 313, 811 (SCALIA, J., concurring) ("Nothing negative jurisprudence" compels conclusion "that marketers engaged sale natural gas similarly situated utility companies"). Given differences, sense regard industry equal skepticism. demonstrate, business competition, rigorous scrutiny appropriate *1796 often product protectionism." Wyoming Oklahoma, 502 437, 454, 789, 1 (1992); 626-627, 2531. Laws contrast, directed toward goals unrelated protectionism. Here enable pursue policies respect handling Counties, allocating according generate. contrary approach same unprecedented unbounded interference courts government. roving license activities undertake, province market competition. chosen services, limited role sector arranging transport curb left entire matter sector, regulation undertook also them vest adopt support effort. office voters "The limits ability localities otherwise elevate above values." 151, 2440. Exxon Maryland, 117, 127, 2207, (1978) (Commerce protect "the structure method operation" market). particularly hesitant interfere efforts guise "[w]aste both typically function." 264 (case below) (Calabresi, concurring); USA Recycling, Town Babylon, 66 1272, 1275 1995) ("For ninety settled garbage collection core function States"); Melosi, Garbage Cities: Refuse, Reform, Environment, 1880-1980, pp. 153-155 (1981). Congress itself recognized government's vital management, making clear "collection wastes continue primarily State, regional, agencies." Resource Conservation Recovery Act 1976, 90 2797, 6901(a)(4). policy "displac[ing] competition monopoly area. agree approach, nothing vests judgment Federal Judiciary.[6] *1797 Finally, bears mentioning most palpable harm ordinancesmore expensive removalis likely fall upon very people who Our shifts States, falls outside state, unlikely alleviated operation political restraints normally exerted affected." Southern Pacific Arizona Sullivan, 325 761, 767-768, n. 2, 65 1515, 89 1915 (1945). Here, bear There reason step hand victory process. hold ordinances, ones, "discriminate commerce" Clause.[7] D analyzed forth Pike Church, 397 137, 142, 844, 174 (1970), "directed concerns, effects incidental." Under test, will nondiscriminatory like "unless [interstate] excessive relation putative benefits." 844; Northwest Central Pipeline Corporation Comm'n Kan., 489 493, 525-526, 109 1262, 103 509 (1989). After years detect disparate impact businesses. alluded to, endorse, "rather abstract harm" exist removed national marketplace services." 160. unnecessary arguable exceed *1798 give convenient effective way finance integrated package waste-disposal While "revenue generation interest commerce," 393, added), think test. At time, financing tools. increase least two ways, conferring significant First, create enhanced incentives proper Oneida-Herkimer, accept many forms free, effectively encouraging sort trash. Second, facilities, markedly increased enforce site, achieving level much costly, impossible. For reasons, benefits. * exercises effort address concern us almost invalidity, asserted discrimination. alternative, maintain survive permissive common thread arguments: invitations rigorously scrutinize legislation auspices power. time presumed binding judgments society, interpreting Due Process Lochner 198 45, 539, 49 937 (1905). seek reclaim ground judicial supremacy banner Appeals affirmed. so ordered. SCALIA, concurring part. join Parts II-A II-C opinion. write separately reaffirm my view `negative' unjustified invention, expanded existing domain." 312, concurring). historical record grounds reading saysan authorization commerce." Tyler Pipe Industries, Washington Revenue, 483 263, 107 2810, 97 199 (1987) dissenting part). willing stare decisis "negative" self-executing situations: "(1) (2) indistinguishable type previously unconstitutional Court." West Lynn Creamery, Healy, 512 186, 210, 2205, 129 157 (1994) *1799 judgment). today's makes clear, flow-control meets neither condition. performing local-government treats precisely way. "Disparate constitutes objects are, relevant situated." Camps Newfound/Owatonna, Harrison, 520 564, 601, 1590, 137 852 dissenting). None concludes purposes. "would broaden scope, intrude regulatory sphere occupied am unable II-D principal opinion, plurality performs "Pike balancing." Generally speaking, balancing various values Congresswhich (the real Clause) envisions. THOMAS, judgment. concur joined longer correctly decided. basis proved unworkable practice. 610-620, (THOMAS, dissenting); 259-265, part); License Cases, 5 504, 578-586, 256 (1847) (Taney, C.J.). debate shows, application turns solely considerations, Constitution. regulating discard jurisprudence. Indian Tribes." language allows prevent Bd. Todd Shipyards Corp., 370 451, 456, 82 1380, 8 620 (1962); Gibbons Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 23 (1824). Expanding interstate-commerce explicitly conferred Congress, tool strike believes inhibit interpretation. contest point, begins analysis appealing decisis: "Although 279[, 146] *1800 318[, 996] (1852)." Ante, 1792-1793. reliance Tax curious abandoned recent premised exclusive grant areas.[1]Cooley, 319-320 (holding "[w]hatever subjects [Commerce Clause] national, admit uniform system, plan regulation, justly [C]ongress" th[e] [of pilotage laws] legislation" upholding challenge); 279-280 (applying rationale). however, Congress' analyzing "admit system," Cooley, 319. Rather, modern jurisprudence focuses permissible. E.g., ante, 1792-1793, 1796-1797. entirely, foundation decision. Unfazed, proceeds analyze "discriminat[e] [their] 1793. Again, none cites explains how presence deciding permissible, affirmatively admits nondiscrimination 623, bounds appear nowhere words emerged gradually decisions giving effect basic purpose"). Thus cloaked "purpose" applies exists untethered written instead depends preferences Court. unsuitable constitutional doctrine shift demonstrated theories principle. early rule, enactment composing Union result destruction Minnesota Barber, 321, 10 862, 34 455 (1890); Foster-Fountain Packing Haydel, 278 13, 73 147 (1928) (stating occur "directly obstruct commerce"). More recently, sometimes based preference unity, see, e.g., (2005) (justifying non-discrimination *1801 stating "[o]ur framed theory peoples states sink swim together" omitted)), times antiprotectionist sentiment, 98, (noting "avoid[ing] tendencies Balkanization"); (1988) "prohibits protectionismthat is, measures designed burdening competitors"); 390, rationale prohibit whose object protectionism, excite jealousies retaliatory prevent"); Toomer Witsell, 334 385, 403-404, 68 1156, 92 1460 (1948) (striking "impose[d] artificial rigidity pattern industry"). above-cited (and dissent) rest erroneous assumption choose protectionism market. fundamentally legislative choice Congress. extent exercise authority choice, States' congressional silence, balance Instead accepting reality, gives nine balance. foregoing demonstrates, despite doctrine, principled current law. Notably, consider "[i]n light context." Alden Maine, 527 706, 743, 2240, 144 636 (1999). Likewise, follow cardinal construe provisions Balsys, 524 666, 673, 118 2218, 141 575 (1998). And text construe, account Founders' "deliberate words" "their meaning." Wright 583, 588, 58 395, 439 (1938). Furthermore, reveals, case.[2] Explaining "government citizens." 1795. requires "is `simple protectionism.'" 1796. "may *1802 Ibid. razor thin: contrast deferential (apparently trust government), applied equivalent strict where unchallenged legitimate, nonprotectionist reason. 319, 862 State's inspection livestock though challenge presumption enacted, faith, Minnesota"). doubt faith municipality attempting deal ordinance. 386-389, participate 390-395, distinguishes favoritism less suspect entities.[3] drawing conclusion, which, anything, suggests policy-driven privatization. 1796 "waste function" (alteration internal Whatever reason, make. Like previous leaves future whim Judiciary. III Despite acceptance jurisprudence, expresses "unprecedented government." explains: ..... "There process." 1795-1796, 1797. "roving license" victories failed differ powerful rhetoric completely undermined applies. regard, analogy (1905), reject tweak located "right contract" provision says sort. 57, 539. whole cloth, just illegitimate "right" vindicated Lochner. Yet repudiate doctrinal error. *1803 propagates error narrowing reasonsreasons later majorities entirely illegitimate. doing, revisits familiar territory: Just Lochner, narrowed right contract overrule Muller Oregon, 208 412, 422-423, 28 324, 52 551 (1908) (upholding maximum-hours requirement women "two sexes" "justifies legislation"). trifles unsound yet fails abandon given ALITO, whom STEVENS KENNEDY join, dissenting. "a require[d] processed designated leaving municipality," invalid "depriv[ed] competitors, firms, access market." 386, challenged essentially identical respectfully "interpreted invalidate commercial barriers article origin destination State." acknowledges, "`"discriminat[es]"'" context mandates "`differential interests'" "`that latter.'" 1793 (quoting (1994)). sustainable serves purpose served means. "Solid value, [trash] State," serve specific concluded "hoard[ed] explained not: "It ensures town-sponsored profitable, *1804 back nominal cost years." "In measure." concluded, "Clarkstown alternatives addressing alleged ordinance"  "uniform regulations" "ensure competitors underprice cutting corners safety." Thus, accomplished 392-393, meaningfully distinguished difference" privately whereas "facilities corporation." 1790. relies ownership laws, straightforward result. 1795-1796. drawn illusory precedent. government-owned enterprise distinguish was, sure, nominally built town's behalf, misleading describe private. exchange contractor's promise charge sell $1, that, during facility's existence, minimum 120,000 tons year" fee. "received year, [would] deficit." residents, businesses, taking elsewhere pursuit (leaving covering shortfall revenue stream), "requir[ing] at" observed arrangement amortize station: new income fees." words," [wa]s measure," everyone Courtregarded counterpart title formally municipality. exalts form substance technical distinction, since, barring obstacle *1805 law, transaction restructured passage beginning, end, 5-year period. surprising dispute observation practical J.) ("Clarkstown's facility"); 416, (describing "proprietor" agent government"). contrary, repeatedly referred suggesting belong town. (explaining added)); (observing "ensur[e] profitable"); 394, (concluding "having elected use earn revenues project, employ discriminatory project advantage rival State" added)). Today dismisses statements "at best inconclusive." 1794, offer explanation meaning possibly attach Carbone's repeated references ignores itself, included entirety appendix 396, 398, likewise acknowledge openly acknowledged character Pet. Cert., O.T. 1993, 92-1402, p. contractor, town" Petitioner, O.T.1993, 26 (arguing "it purported [the ordinance] derive continued viability facility" added; omitted)); Respondent, firm ambiguities statements, dismiss inconclusive"; reflect understanding event, greater deference enterprise. otherwise, unduly passing "`offending businesses.'" ____9 word "businesses," insists, somehow reveals "extending" "to "exten[sion]" required. subjected *1806 scrutiny, never, until today, exception state-owned entity. ago violated monopoly. 1890's, South Carolina agency selling alcoholic beverages Scott Donald, 58, 17 265, 41 632 (1897), Vance W.A. Vandercook Co., 170 438, 18 674, 1100 (1898). barred prohibiting residents purchasing alcohol vendors, 442, surmount problem allowing shipments personal use. 452, 674. fundamental Carbone.[1] put Vance, "`cannot bringing [lawful] articles importing States'" "`a hindrance unjust products enacting States.'" 443, 674 Scott, 101, 265). Cf., bars "impose State"). Twenty-first Amendment, creating liquor monopolieswhich todaywould deemed Granholm Heald, 544 460, 489, 1885, 161 796 Amendment "assume direct distribution state-run outlets"); 517-518, 1885 dissenting) although "state monopoly" "discriminat[e]" "within ambit Amendment" immune Clause). comparable authorizing providers either otherwise. Nor ever suggested entitled favorable treatment. accorded status market-participant doctrine. applicable here. permitted "`independent discretion [it] *1807 deal.'" Reeves, Stake, 447 438-439, 2271, 244 (1980). thus engage otherwise-discriminatory practices (e.g., exclusively buying from, residents), "acting participant, regulator," South-Central Timber Development, Wunnicke, 467 82, 104 2237, 81 71 (1984) doing cannot: acting participants fee-for-service area established respondents manner claiming insulates challenge. ibid. insist asserting defense 24-25, argument misses point. Regardless assert unless participants. Today, suggests, prior holdings, participant regulator. IV precedent condemning enterprises, attempts logical justification creates today. That rests assertions. insists "does skepticism," "often protectionism,'" 1795-1796 (1992)), protectionism," especially considering "`[w]aste function.'" 2001) concurring)). Third, respondents' "treat ones." unpersuasive. "legitimate Discrimination "`local interests,'" 404, (O'Connor, judgment) Raymond Motor Transp., Rice, 444, 18, 787, 54 664 (1978)), inuring employed supply goods workers *1808 Experience countries, country, teaches governments (by shielding international competition) employees.[2] Such amounts realistic term.[3] token, in-state, ends, promotion safety. enact produce grown inspectors easily monitor pesticides, fertilizers, feed farms borders. certainly unconstitutional, notwithstanding potential promote 627, presumably goal sought achieved isolating economy"). fallacy illustrated comparing corporation shares publicly held, Those disfavored major exception: corporate corporation's shareholders, probably understand latter, consistent condemn protectionist other, equally lawful proposition enterprises exempt *1809 usual standards. Proper involves inquiry protectionism"; realized. "`either effect'" government] demonstrate `serves purpose,' available means." 2440 Hughes 441 322, 336, 99 1727, 60 250 (1979)). themselves discriminatory, regardless underlying be, scrutiny. Similarly, [in sense] nondiscriminatory. existence relevant, stand then, enough; upheld adequately See, Philadelphia, 2531 ("[T]he evil reside ends," "whatever State's] coming origin, differently"); Hunt Apple Advertising 432 333, 352-353, 2434, 53 383 (1977) "we need ascribe motive to" laws; "if declared consumers deception fraud marketplace"). Dean Milk Madison, 340 349, 295, 95 329 (1951), instructive milk sold Wisconsin, city's square. 350, 295. "professe[d] 354, city succeeded guaranteeing purity quality city. concluding "reasonable alternatives," system nonlocal dairy qualify proving compliance requirements. 354-356, inquire interests; nor promoting fact, apparently assumed fairly characterized *1810 S.Ct. "erect[ed] barrier "plac[ed] "not essential interests." 356, overarching intact, invite multiplication preferential areas destructive Clause." "Under circumstances presented," yield `one dealings another place position isolation.'" Baldwin G.A.F. Seelig, 294 511, 527, 55 497, 79 1032 (1935)). dooms Milk, (generally interests), defended environment). goals, offend attained Indeed, [health and] discriminate" ensure [to program] "subsidize the[ir] [program] general taxes bonds." "But for" program, next disagree grounds. standard appraisal `integral' `traditional'" "`unsound practice.'" Garcia San Antonio Transit 469 528, 546-547, 1005, 83 1016 (1985). twice experimented standardsfirst intergovernmental tax immunity, 110, 50 immunity League Cities Usery, 426 833, 96 2465, 245 (1976) analytically unsound. Garcia, 547, 1005 (overruling Cities); 326 572, 310, (1946) States). "traditional" functions *1811 nontraditional counterparts, reconciled country garbage, 419-420, 10, (SOUTER, dissenting), produced still managed sector. Association Amici Curiae 22 ("Today, two-thirds received landfills"); R.W. Beck, Size Industry, ES-3 (Apr.2001) (study sponsored Research Education Foundation) 1999, 69.2% businesses). respect, mistaken "typically" function. Moreover, recognition "`any entities,'" 1795 (1997)), present monopolistic supported kind rooted history tradition, described serving "typically traditionally" performed governments. Equally unpersuasive suggestion critical does, harmed question, sustained imposing alike statute.'" Brimmer Rebman, 138 78, 83, 11 213, (1891) 326, (1890)); accord, 361-363, 2019; 4, apply alike.[4] [flow-control] in-town processors covered prohibition"). *1812 understood case. reverse Appeals. NOTES [1] Tipping charges levied collectors drop called "tipping" trucks literally tip end dump carried pay $86 ballooned $172 ton load contained 25% recyclables. [2] Oneida's part: "From placement roadside approved pursuant person accordance herewith, disposition Authority." App. Cert. 122a. portion Herkimer's similar: "After recyclable materials material Legislature, County." 135a. [3] Each side descriptions point construction project. ("its facility"), project"); 20-22. note "town-sponsored "favored operator," 389, "single proprietor," business," 17, 7. mined decision, appendix, briefs instances allegedly supportive terminology, post, 1804-1805 duel labels inconclusive. [4] (invalidating Alaska Alaskan timber export); (1970) Arizona-grown cantaloupes packaged shrimp fisherman unload, pack, stamp catch shipping State); Louisiana export heads hulls Johnson 16, 6, 155 analogous oysters); (1890) meat examined inspector). (1951) pasteurized center)discussed here, 1809-1810 readily distinguishable ground. [5] asserts "long monopoly." Post, 1806. citesScott (1898)certainly qualifies ago," proposition. businesses; 92-93, 265; 478-479, holding). footnote actually "South Carolina's distribution[,] reject[ing] unconstitutionally discriminatory." Granholm, 507, (citing 450-452, 674). argued "such constituted discrimination." 462-468, Shiras, J.)). excruciatingly arcane pre-Prohibition precedents. 455, Most tellingly, harkens bygone era; past years. [6] THOMAS wrong suggest privatization." 1806 affected locality recognizes [7] asked oral affirmance "Oneida-Herkimer Hamburger Stand," accompanied burgers producer. Tr. Oral Arg. 33-34 (Counties), 45-46, 49-50 (amicus York). adversely [a law] safeguard abuse." Clover Leaf Creamery 449 473, 101 715, 659 Recognizing facilitate customary running afoul hardly prescription economy. retains entities. power, past, franchises. 221, unsupported 261-262, No addresses resolve issue. 1792-1795. argues unwarranted. 1808-1809 ("I standards"). ("These schemes .... monopolies consumers, wholesalers retailers ..." 451-452, 674)). Owen, Sun, Zheng, Antitrust China: Problem Incentive Compatibility, Competition Econ. 123, 131-133 Qin, WTO Regulation Subsidies State-owned Enterprises (SOEs)A Critical Appraisal China Accession Protocol, 7 Int'l 863, 869-876 (Dec.2004). seems strange historically "plac[ing] [themselves] isolation," (1935), construed condone blatantly necessary commandeer service. construction, sends bold enticing message throughout States: Protectionist excludes private-sector granting rights single, excluded (1994). significance alike.

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