Document: 479 U.S. 157 107 S.Ct. 515 93 L.Ed.2d 473 COLORADO, Petitionerv.Francis Barry CONNELLY. No. 85-660. Argued Oct. 8, 1986. Decided Dec. 10, Syllabus Respondent approached a Denver police officer and stated that he had murdered someone wanted to talk about it. The advised respondent of his Miranda rights, said understood those rights but still the murder. Shortly thereafter, detective arrived again rights. After answered come all way from Boston confess murder, was taken headquarters. He then openly detailed story subsequently pointed out exact location held overnight, next day became visibly disoriented during an interview with public defender's office sent state hospital for evaluation. Interviews psychiatrist revealed following "voice God" in confessing On basis psychiatrist's testimony suffered psychosis interfered ability make free rational choices and, although not preventing him understanding motivated confession, trial court suppressed respondent's initial statements custodial confession because they were "involuntary," notwithstanding fact done nothing wrong or coercive securing confession. also found mental vitiated attempted waiver right counsel privilege against self-incrimination. Colorado Supreme Court affirmed, holding Federal Constitution requires suppress when defendant's state, at time confessed, "rational intellect" "free will," very admission evidence law being sufficient action implicate Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment. further condition precluded valid State met its burden proving by "clear convincing evidence." Held: 1. Coercive activity is necessary predicate finding "voluntary" within meaning Clause. Here, taking their into constituted no violation While may be "significant" factor "voluntariness" calculus, this does justify conclusion condition, itself apart relation official coercion, should ever dispose inquiry constitutional "voluntariness." Pp. 163-167. 2. Whenever bears proof motion statement allegedly obtained doctrine, need prove only preponderance evidence. Lego v. Twomey, 404 477, 92 619, 30 618, reaffirmed. Thus, erred applying evidence" standard. That analysis question whether waived Notions will" have place area law. Respondent's perception coercion flowing matter which speak. 167-171. 702 P.2d 722 (Colo.1985), reversed remanded. REHNQUIST, C.J., delivered opinion Court, WHITE, POWELL, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, JJ., joined, Part III-A BLACKMUN, J., joined. filed concurring part judgment, post, p. 171. STEVENS, dissenting part, BRENNAN, opinion, MARSHALL, 174. Nathan B. Coats, Denver, Colo., petitioner. Andrew J. Pincus, Washington, D.C., U.S., as amicus curiae, support petitioner, special leave Court. Thomas M. Van Cleave, III, respondent. Chief Justice REHNQUIST 1 In case, United States constitution defendant, made will." Because decision seemed conflict prior holdings we granted certiorari. 474 1050, 106 785, 88 763 (1986). We conclude admissibility kind governed rules evidence, rather than our previous decisions regarding coerced confessions waivers. therefore reverse. 2 * August 18, 1983, Officer Patrick Anderson Police Department uniform, working off-duty capacity downtown Denver. Francis Connelly without any prompting, immediately remain silent, anything could used court, attorney questioning. See Arizona, 384 436, 86 1602, 16 694 (1966). these Understandably bewildered asked several questions. denied been drinking, drugs, that, past, patient hospitals. told under obligation say anything. replied it "all right," would conscience bothering him. To Anderson, appeared understand fully nature acts. Tr. 19. 3 Homicide Detective Stephen Antuna arrived. "what on mind." Id., 24. murder Mary Ann Junta, young girl whom killed sometime November 1982. headquarters, search records body unidentified female April 1983. Sergeant Haney, readily agreed take officers scene killing. Under Connelly's sole direction, two proceeded vehicle crime. Throughout episode, perceived indication whatsoever suffering illness. 33-34. 4 overnight. During morning, disoriented. began giving confused answers questions, first time, "voices" followed directions voices confessing. 42. initially incompetent assist own defense. By March 1984, however, doctors evaluating determined competent proceed trial. 5 At preliminary hearing, moved statements. Dr. Jeffrey Metzner, employed hospital, testified chronic schizophrenia psychotic least 17, before confessed. Metzner's interviews God." This voice instructed withdraw money bank, buy airplane ticket, fly When Boston, God's stronger either killing commit suicide. Reluctantly command voices, 6 Metzner expert experiencing "command hallucinations." 56. "volitional abilities; is, choices." Ibid. illness did significantly impair cognitive abilities. 56-57. admitted reality interpretation guilt, explained 7 decided must "involuntary." Relying Townsend Sain, 372 293, 83 745, 9 770 (1963), Culombe Connecticut, 367 568, 81 1860, 1037 (1961), ruled admissible if product intellect 88. Although destroyed volition compelled confess. 89. compulsory Accordingly, suppressed. 90. 8 affirmed. (1985). court's view, proper test are "the 728. Indeed, absence duress foreclose involuntariness. One's judgment choice overborne much certain forms severe external pressure." Amendment Constitution. supported will. considered waiver. 729. thus affirmed II provides shall "deprive person life, liberty, property, due process law." Just last Term, Miller Fenton, 104, 109, 445, 449, 405 (1985), virtue "certain interrogation techniques, isolation applied unique characteristics particular suspect, so offensive civilized system justice condemned." Moran Burbine, 475 412, 432-434, 1135, 1147, 89 410 10 government misconduct catalyst Court's seminal Brown Mississippi, 297 278, 56 461, 80 L.Ed. 682 (1936). extracted accused through brutal torture. little difficulty concluding even though Fifth apply States, actions "revolting sense justice." 286, S.Ct., 465. has retained focus, after holding, Malloy Hogan, 378 1, 84 1489, 12 653 (1964), self-incrimination applies States. supra, 109-110, 449. 11 Thus cases over 50 years since Mississippi focused upon crucial element overreaching.1 each case turned set factors justifying conduct oppressive, contained substantial conduct. Absent causally related there simply actor deprived criminal defendant law.2 correctly notes interrogators more subtle psychological persuasion, courts significant calculus. Spano New York, 360 315, 79 1202, 1265 (1959). But relies Blackburn Alabama, 361 199, 274, 242 (1960), proposition "deficient defendants render involuntary." Brief 20. reading ignores integral overreaching present both cases. Blackburn, petitioner probably insane learned history problems. exploited weakness tactics: eight- nine-hour sustained tiny room occasion literally filled officers; Blackburn's friends, relatives, legal counsel; [and] composition Deputy Sheriff Blackburn." 207-208, 280. These tactics involuntary. specifically condemned "wrings 206-207, presented similar instance wrongdoing. physician given drug truth-serum properties. 298-299, 749-750. subsequent who knew demonstrate while surely relevant individual's susceptibility mere examination confessant's mind can never inquiry. 13 Our "involuntary confession" jurisprudence entirely consistent settled requiring some sort "state action" claim course, committed wrongful acts, neither challenged nor disturbed Colorado. latter concluded State. P.2d, 728-729. 14 approach fails recognize essential link between State, one hand, resulting other. flaw argument expand line far-ranging requirement divine motivation speaking acting governmental decision. 15 most outrageous behavior private party seeking secure inadmissible Walter 447 649, 656, 100 2395, 2401, 65 (1980); Coolidge Hampshire, 403 443, 487-488, 91 2022, 2048-49, 29 564 (1971); Burdeau McDowell, 256 465, 476, 41 574, 576, 1048 (1921). observed "[j]urists scholars uniformly recognized exclusionary rule imposes cost societal interest enforcement proscription what concededly Janis, 428 433, 448-449, 96 3021, 3029, 49 1046 (1976). Havens, 446 620, 627, 1912, 1916, 64 559 Calandra, 414 338, 94 613, 38 561 (1974). Moreover, suppressing serve absolutely purpose enforcing guarantees. excluding seized substantially deter future violations Leon, 468 897, 906-913, 104 3405, 3411-3415, 82 677 (1984). Only establish brand new right—the crime totally properly motivated—could sustained. previously cautioned expanding "currently applicable erecting additional barriers placing truthful probative juries. . ." 488-489, 626, 618 (1972). abide now. "[T]he central decide factual guilt innocence," Delaware Arsdall, 673, 681, 1431, 1436, 674 (1986), exclusion protect guarantees, necessity collateral deflect basic purpose. now us require sweeping inquiries quite divorced brought bear think rightly leaves resolved laws governing erects standard area. A rendered might proved unreliable, evidentiary forum, see, e.g., Fed.Rule Evid. 601, "The aim exclude presumptively false prevent fundamental unfairness use true false." Lisenba California, 314 219, 236, 62 280, 290, 166 (1941). 17 hold statements, constitute III A. 18 went affirm ruling later custody consult silent. passing "heavy" waiver, Tague Louisiana, 444 469, 652, 622 (1980) (per curiam ); North Carolina Butler 441 369, 373, 99 1755, 1757, 60 286 (1979); 475, 1628, appropriate one. 19 upheld procedure established voluntariness reasons. First, determination do reliability jury verdicts; rather, designed determine presence coercion. irrelevant elements crime, beyond reasonable doubt. re Winship, 397 358, 90 1068, 25 368 (1970). Second, rejected Lego's assertion high required values protected rule. surveyed various reasons including requirements "[i]n instance, regard value, kept trier innocence wholly enhancing verdicts." 488, 626. importance served demonstration doubt." "no accumulated federal determining 20 reaffirm Lego: claims Nix Williams, 467 431, 444, n. 5, 2501, 2509, 377 (1984); Matlock, 415 164, 178, 14, 988, 996, 39 (1974) ("[T]he controlling suppression hearings impose greater ."). Cf. Moore Michigan, 355 155, 161-162, 78 191, 195, 167 (1957). If, auxiliary protections MIRANDA higher proof. "[E]xclusionary aimed deterring lawless prosecution doubtful escalating prosecution's sufficiently productive respect outweigh juries arriving innocence." 489, 3411-3415. B 21 mistaken case.3 Of minimum effective accused. Miranda, 1612, 1628; Butler, 1757. addressing relied court-appointed effect capable making silence confer lawyer talking police." 22 importing notions there. There obviously reason context context. concern Amendment, based, 431 181, 187, 97 1814, 1818, 52 238 (1977); 460, 1620. concerned "with moral pressures emanating sources other coercion." Oregon Elstad, 470 298, 305, 105 1285, 1290, 222 always depended overreaching, choice" broader word. 421, 1141 relinquishment voluntary deliberate intimidation, deception. [T]he record devoid suggestion resorted physical pressure elicit statements"); Fare Michael C., 442 707, 726-727, 2560, 2572-2573, 61 197 (1979) (The "not worn down improper lengthy questioning trickery deceit. intimidate threaten way. Their restrained abuses Miranda"). 23 urges adopt rationale, find invalid whenever feels waive compulsion, compulsion flow police. such treatment issue "cut [Miranda ] completely loose explicitly rationale." Beckwith 425 341, 345, 1615, 48 protects leading them surrender Amendment; goes that. God," however important disciplines, IV 24 accordingly reversed, cause remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion.4 It ordered. 26 judgment. 27 I join Parts I, II, III-B, 28 refrain, joining opinion. Whatever merits discussed there, concerns level State's showing (1966), raised briefed parties, my part. incriminatory handcuffed custody. District Attorney certiorari petition precustodial Pet. Cert. i, 14-15.1 agree reaching conclusion, unlike am perfectly willing accept 31 view "overwhelming Defense," meet demonstrating voluntary. App. 47-48. Nevertheless, involuntary violate compulsion. well unreliable conviction, stage proceeding force whatever. involuntary—just Lady Macbeth's nightmare involuntary2—does mean whatever value fundamentally unfair denial process. 32 postcustodial raise distinct question. elected handcuff custody, assumed different relationship Prior moment, duty give warnings every continue exploratory conversation him.3 Once established, character. 467, 1624, thereafter go forward unless provided counsel. Since undisputed stand trial, silent.4 33 seems believe exercise " 'free will.' Ante, 169. position incomprehensible me; foreclosed recent pronouncement 1141, choice. ."5 sense, coercive. unquestionably correct post-custodial inadmissible. 34 concur insofar respectfully dissent disposition petition. 35 MARSHALL joins, dissenting. 36 Today denies Mr. vital sane mind, involving allow deprive liberty life. unprecedented: "Surely civilization affronted spectacle incarcerating human insane. 207, (1960). mentally ill person's antithetical notion fairness embodied Clause, dissent. 37 seriously impaired clear case. "longstanding disorder," diagnosed paranoid schizophrenia. Record 16. hospitalized psychiatric five times confession; longest hospitalization lasted seven months. 12. heard imaginary saw nonexistent objects. believed father God, reincarnation Jesus. 15. problems included "grandiose delusional thinking." known "thought withdrawal insertion." 14. physicians treated wide variety medications past antipsychotic medications," six months Following arrest, psychiatrist, "wasn't confident consistently relate accurate information." 68. unable "to choices" auditory hallucinations: "[W]hen read know [but] wasn't able information hallucinations experienced." achieved competency sedative medications. 68; Defense" indicated misconduct, held: 40 "[T]here's Defendant will choosing exercised [sic] mandated hallucination, reality, break reality. estimation make." 47. shown "voluntarily, knowingly intelligently." 48. 42 totality circumstances" surrounding unsolicited 722, 728 43 wrongdoing not, itself, person. reflects recognition demands circumstances 44 Today's restricts application term "involuntary" Confessions individuals persons parties "voluntary." failure involuntariness refusal acknowledge consequence. derives conception emphasizes voluntarily: secures invasion silent chooses speak unfettered 1493, (1964). vigilant protection safeguard dignity. 45 right" claim, ante, ----, 200 jurisprudence.1 As (1961): ultimate remains clearly Anglo-American hundred years: voluntariness. Is essentially unconstrained maker? distinction self-direction lost infused, propels helps propel confession." 602, 1879 (emphasis added). 46 commitment obtaining shocking, voluntary'. 7, 1493. 47 confined focus freedom demanded 279-280. (1936), date, see 163-164, ensuring independent concern.2 excluded signifies impression. Until today, reflect cites Townsend, overturned conviction stomach pains induced heroin withdrawal. contacted administered alleviating symptoms. 749. purposely "truth serum," side narcotic addict. 302, 751. examined "many circumstances": "Among [the defendant's] lack addiction, 'near defective,' youth inexperience." 308, 4, 754, 4. According today's properties, drugs. ----. But, fact, [medications] doctor defendant]." 299, 750. And expressly states factor: "It questions unfamiliar hyoscine's properties 'truth serum,' exist. Any produces renders usually test." 754 (footnote omitted; emphasis original). 51 Furthermore, prescient refutation "police wrongdoing" theory, analyzed "demonstrate" mind. stated: "[I]n 199 [80 242] officers. interrogating thought judged probability time." 309, 755 53 interpreted harbored 54 abandons precedent favor inadmissible, form required, form. action. heavily relies. Brown, makes "[t]he clause 'that action, agency another, principles lie base civil political institutions.' 465 added), citing Hebert 272 312, 316, 103, 71 270 (1926). constitutes objective larger safeguarding integrity adversary system." Harris 401 222, 231, 643, (1971) (BRENNAN, dissenting).3 55 logical "flaw" detects "divine decision." 165. Such criticism, traditionally circumstances, competence Even admits "as 'voluntariness' calculus." 164. procured historical insistence reflecting redefines include individuals, becomes concern. inherent system, accusatorial inquisitorial practices. prefers defendants, faith determinations "guilt independently freely secured." Rogers Richmond, 365 534, 541, 735, 739, 760 (1961). Escobedo Illinois, 478, 1758, 977 justified reliance practices: 57 "We lesson history, ancient modern, comes depend 'confession' will, long run, less reliable subject depends extrinsic secured skillful investigation." 1764 (footnotes omitted). 58 shaped preference practices, (1985); 1493; Watts Indiana, 338 49, 54, 69 1347, 1350, 1801 (1949), reliability, Barefoot Estelle, 463 880, 925, 103 3383, 3411, 77 1090 (1983) (BLACKMUN, dissenting); Foster 394 440, 442, 1127, 1128, 402 (1969). 59 distrust due, decisive impact adversarial Triers accord heavy weight introduction aspects superfluous, real practical purposes, occurs obtained." E. Cleary, McCormick Evidence 316 (2d ed. 1972); 466, 1623, (1966); Mapp Ohio, 685, 1684, 1707, 1081 No class profoundly prejudicial. Saltzburg, Standards Proof Preliminary Questions Fact, Stan.L.Rev. 271, 293 (1975). "Thus amounts proof." 316. strongly tips balance process, especially careful confession's reliability. date involuntariness, regardless Jackson Denno, 368, 383-386, 1774, 1784-1785, 908 (1964).4 adoption today restrictive definition heightened scrutiny instant starkly highlights danger admitting findings concerning excludable However, overwhelming points unreliability information, actively hallucinating exhibited thinking concedes "[a] unreliable. 167. barren corroboration links alleged identify victim's woman named defendant. identified verified actually occurred shred linking charged homicide. 63 Minimum standards indicia remand. otherwise allows imprison possibly execute based solely inherently inappropriately reaches address issues prosecutor certiorari: (1) establishing (2) misconduct.5 emphatically automatically explicit Miranda: 66 "If continues taken, rests intelligently appointed re-assert in-custody interrogation." 1628 added; citations 67 characterized "great" "heavy." See, 470-471, 653, Schneckloth Bustamonte, 412 218, 2041, 2052, 854 (1973). Sixth tainted lineups. Wade, 388 240, 87 1926, 1939, 1149 (1967). Imposing weakest possible Miranda's plainly precedent. 68 bases four-Member evidence.6 rationale rested premises. excluded, truthful, doubt 364, 1072, (1970), applicable, Winship verdicts. 482-486, 623-625. four Justices constituting majority petitioner's best meant protect. emphasized excluded. imposing rules. 487-489, 625-626. adhere ideal deserves highest proof—proof 491, 627. lower results "in standard." 493, 628. "Compelled alien American justified." 494, 629. 70 correct, presumption underlying reasoning result longer My II-B shows become major confessions. verdicts stake, standard.7 Finally, involved situation contrast, atmosphere poses increased overreaching. isolated conditions document disinterested witnesses recordings. 1628. 72 irony accepting standard, failed testify, "clearly established" "was incapable" decision" respecting failed—even modest imposed today—to voluntarily 73 imports analysis, evaluation II-A, 176-181, fortiori 460. repeat here 74 turn second requirement, satisfy Besides voluntary, knowing intelligent. recently noted full awareness abandoned consequences abandon it." independent: "Only 'totality interrogation' reveals uncoerced requisite comprehension waived." 75 "clearly" "intelligent" decision, reverses entire explaining how "mistaken voluntariness" "taint" justification leaving remand reconsider issues, include, intelligent satisfied. 171, remand, preclude contrary resolution separate South Dakota Opperman, 396, 3092, 3110, 1000 (1976) (MARSHALL, dissenting). 76 E.g., Mincey 437 385, 98 2408, 290 (1978) (defendant subjected 4-hour incapacitated sedated intensive-care unit); Greenwald Wisconsin, 390 519, 1152, (1968) (defendant, medication, interrogated hours food sleep); Beecher 389 35, 189, (1967) (police gun head wounded confessant extract confession); Davis Carolina, 737, 1761, 895 (1966) (16 days incommunicado closed cell windows, limited food, tactics); Reck Pate, 1541, 948 (1961) inadequate medical attention until obtained); repeated Payne Arkansas, 356 560, 844, 975 (1958) three food; informed preparing admit lynch mob jail); Ashcraft Tennessee, 322 143, 921, 1192 (1944) questioned relays opportunity sleep). where causal connection follow Frazier Cupp, 731, 1420, 1424, 684 Petitioner conceded oral respondent, For purposes concession, similarly assume "interrogated" Miranda. grounds. nonetheless reverse entirety belief Colorado's influenced sense. Reconsideration course open states: "[Respondent's] involves issue, petition." "What, hands ne'er clean? "Here's smell blood still: perfumes Arabia sweeten hand." W. Shakespeare, Macbeth, Act V, lines 41, "eyes open," "but shut." 23. 247, 2058, (1973) ("Miranda, reach investigative found: "Here, estimation, there's make. did, manner unusual people suffer schizophrenia." 170. Obviously dichotomy exhaust possibilities; suspect Bram 168 532, 547-548, 183, 188-189, 568 (1897) (reviewing "rule [of law] England Amendment" Hawkins, Pleas Crown (6th 1787): therefore, discourse persons, flattery hope, impressions fear, slightly emotions implanted, evidence; prisoner deluded instrument conviction") 398, 2416, ("It hard imagine conducive 'a will' Mincey's"); 521, 1154, ("Considering credible choice"); 37, 190, ("Still 'kind slumber' morphine injection, feverish, intense pain, signed written prepared him"); 742, 1765, ("His intelligence prompted comment below, deciding Davis' mentality executed"); 1546, ("If [a overborne], cannot deemed 'the "); 583, 1868, ("[A]n extra-judicial offered man, 567, 850, omitted) obvious conduct, particularly culminating threat violence, 'expression choice' 147, 923, ("He fear violence officers"). knowledge insanity supports accepts since, judge's none 83-84. plenary review record, 115, 452, erroneous. confessed officer's "crackpot." 8. describes "[u]nderstandably bewildered." 160. warnings, drugs alcohol. disorders, responded 17. concludes "Detective illness," 161, indicates hospitalizations institutions. 18. wrongdoing, incapacity confessions, bottom, "a guarantee untrustworthy Stein 346 156, 192, 1077, 1096, 1522 (1953). hear took unprecedented step rewriting prosecutor's him, enabling seek reversal ground himself." Connelly, 1051, 786, (1986) briefing order). Despite this, directed brief ineffective. addition, decides yet another party. holds readdress invalid. Quite involuntary, unaffected forced reinforce "appearance merely champion, arm prosecution." 1052, 787. Contrary assertion, nowhere 168. Twomey. distinguish exerted sources. criticized affirmatively preponderance-of-the-evidence clear-and-convincing-evidence 278 Here chose rejection intermediate

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