Document: 420 U.S. 619 95 S.Ct. 1164. 43 L.Ed.2d 501 Robert REID and Nadia Alice Reid, Petitioners,v.IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE. No. 73—1541. Argued Jan. 20, 1975. Decided March 18, Syllabus The Immigration Naturalization Service, relying on § 241(a)(2) of the Nationality Act, instituted deportation proceedings against petitioners, a husband wife who had entered this country after falsely representing themselves to be United States citizens, thereafter two children were born in country. Section 241(a), inter alia, specifies that an alien shall deported (1) at time entry was within class aliens excludable by law existing such entry, or (2) without inspection. 241(f) states: 'The provisions section relating ground they as have sought procure, procured visas other documentation, into fraud misrepresentation not apply otherwise admissible is spouse, parent, child citizen lawfully admitted for permanent residence.' Petitioners found deportable, petition review Court Appeals affirmed, rejecting petitioners' contention saved 241(f). Held: deportable under which establishes separate deportation, quite independently whether his arrival, failure present himself inspection he made entry. Aliens like petitioners accomplish making willfully false representation citizenship are only 212(a)(19) but also so significantly frustrated process inspecting incoming persons 'entered inspection.' INS v. Errico, 385 214, 87 473, 17 318, distinguished. Pp. 622-631. Affirmed. Benjamin Globman, Hartford, Conn., petitioners. Jewell S. LaFontant, Washington, D.C., respondent. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 wife, citizens British Honduras. Reid Chula Vista, California, November 1968, States. employing same technique, Vista port months later. since their 2 In 1971, Service (INS) began resolved adversely them first special inquiry officer then Board Appeals. On review, Second Circuit divided vote affirmed finding deportability. We granted certiorari resolve conflict between holding contrary conclusion Ninth Lee Fook Chuey INS, 439 F.2d 244 (1970).1 419 823, 39, 42 46 (1974). 3 Because complexity congressional enactments immigration, some understanding structure these laws required before evaluating legal contentions McCarran-Walter enacted Congress 1952, 66 Stat. 163, amended, 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq., although frequently amended date, remains basic format immigration laws. 'Although Act has been repeatedly it still statute dealing with nationality. amendments fitted parent most original enactment undisturbed.' C. Gordon & H. Rosenfield, Law Procedure 1—13 1—14 (rev. ed. 1975). 4 212 1182, various grounds exclusion seeking admission 241 1251, already 241(a) 18 different bases among need directly concern us: 5 'Any . shall, upon order Attorney General, who— 6 '(1) one more classes entry; 7 '(2) any place than designated General violation chapter ..' seeks deport 241(a)(2), asserting inspection.2 dispute none factual predicates its claim, instead argue case 241(f), provides pertinent part follows: 9 75 655, 1251(f). (Emphasis supplied.) 10 contend entitled benefits 'by virtue explicit language.' This plainly wrong, reason. 11 language tracks 212(a)(19), 1182(a)(19), excludable, providing 12 'Except provided chapter, following ineligible receive excluded from States: 13 '(19) Any visa enter States, fraud, misrepresenting material fact 14 Thus 'explicit language' rely, waives 'excludable entry' reason specified 241(a)(1). If ground, would applied because birth 15 But does rely nor indeed excludability 212, turn It provision depend way 212(a). established facts, nothing waiver terms grants relief 'on entry,' bearing case. Cf. Costanzo Tillinghast, 287 341, 343, 53 152, 153, 77 L.Ed. 350 (1932). 16 issue us, then, turns accomplished country, can held Obviously every said amount courts accomplishes may charged Ex parte Saadi, 26 458 (CA9), cert. denied, 278 616, 49 21, 73 540 (1928); ex rel. Volpe Smith, 62 808 (CA7), aff'd grounds, 289 422, 424, 665, 666, 1298 (1933); Ben Huie 349 1014 (CA9 1965). agree holdings, conclude represents if detected reaching we subscribe reasoning Chief Judge Aldrich, writing First Goon Mee Heung 380 236, 237, 389 975, 88 479, 19 470 (1967): 'Whatever effect misrepresentations arguably alien's being legally considered inspected entering do now consider; here concerned solely fraudulent claim citizenship. rather aliens, treated substantially differently authorities. examination subjected likely considerably perfunctory accorded aliens. 316d (1966). Also, fill out registration forms, copies retained C.F.R. §§ 235.4, 264.1; 1201(b), 1301—1306. Fingerprinting 1301—1302. net effect, therefore, person's authorities, addition closer right place, require obtain information variety records enable keep track Since requirements applicable enters claiming effectively put position comparable person slips over border has, clearly inspected.' Court's decision 318 There decided companion cases involving representations connection quota existed Errico decided, prospectively repealed 1965. native Italy, represented authorities skilled mechanic specialized experience repairing foreign automobiles. basis first-preference-quota status statutory preference scheme later fathered her. Scott, Jamaica, contracted marriage proxy purpose obtaining nonquota her She never lived intended so. After 1958, she gave illegitimate child, thereby became American birth. 20 When discovered each cases, both Scott 'within time' therefore did documentation subsections Instead relied entirely portion statute, 211, 1181(a) (1964 ed.), 1965,3 reading, 21 'No immigrant unless application valid unexpired subsequent issuance accompanying properly chargeable visa, (3) (4) proper (5) chapter.' 22 contended fell proscription 211(a)(4), 211(a)(3), 211(a) prohibited apparently reasoned facts 'excludable' meaning 23 211 181—182, Documentary Requirements. 182—188, Classes Ineligible Receive Visas Excluded Admission. could proceeded either procuring misrepresentation. Just asserted benefit waiving based given admissible. 211(a), deal general subject necessary immigrants, Rather questioning comply 211(a)(3) itself rendered term used 241(a)(1), implicitly doing went hold 'saves misrepresents evading restrictions, familial relationship lawful resident.' U.S., 215, S.Ct., 475. 24 strong dissenting opinion. Even expansive view avail construed applies 'the entry.' Here, noted, Yet there no doubt broad portions led indistinguishable petitioners', 1970), decisions Courts related areas summarized Macduff: 'Confusion hath masterpiece.' 25 temporary visitor permits, acquire relationships described argued varying results intent remain permanently cloaks immunity even though overstayed permits.4 Acceptance theory leads substantive overstay affirmatively prove exactly unable satisfactorily establish dishonesty. See Cabuco-Flores 477 108 denied sub nom. Mangabat 414 841, 94 98, 38 78 (1973); cf. Jolley 441 1245 (CA5 1971). Balking irrational result, court gone far declare deportability 241(a)(1) involved able merely requisite tie. re Yuen Lan Hom, F.Supp. 204 (SDNY1968). Nor agreement those waive delineated waived. While charge 'germane'5 others 'quantitative' 'qualitative' where met.6 Still 'but for' misrepresentation, meet Act7 while least discerned test requiring aliens' statement taken true, determination hypothetical deportable. supra, 110. 27 believe interpreted requires results. adhere case, take chooses seek obviously available procurement visas, asserts compliance requirements, showing 211(a). cognate Errico's read extend 212(a) subsection (19). conclusion, extending satisfy gives due weight expressed admissions procedure. likewise our belief Congress, enacting granting limited whose nature counter-balanced after-acquired family ties;8 intend arm dishonest sword avoid numerous unrelated set forth Act. 28 judgment affirmed. 29 30 DOUGLAS took consideration 31 BRENNAN, whom MARSHALL joins, dissenting. 32 (1966), respondent evaded restrictions mechanic. Once citizen. barred added, instant settling here, too parents citizens. today finds bar deportation. I find difference dissent. 33 provides: 34 35 full legislative history, concluded 'not close relatives complied escape 223, 479. 'to give light humanitarian preventing breaking up families composed Id., 225, 481. 36 Thus, governs Court, however, distinguishes 1181(a)(4) dealt whereas deals requirements. distinction grounded argument alien. fraud.' Indeed entire approach explicitly rejected itself: 37 'At outset should noted Government agrees cannot strict literalness. Literally, when excludes '(a)ny fact.' Under interpretation, having defective documentary irregularities committed fraud. concedes interpretation inconsistent manifest section, administrative consistently regardless brought, 'otherwise entry." 217, 476 (emphasis added; footnote omitted). unclear favor 'deportation drastic measure times equivalent banishment exile.' Fong Haw Tan Phelan, 333 6, 10, 68 374, 376, 92 433 (1948). Barber Gonzales, 347 637, 642—643, 74 822, 825, 98 1009 (1954); 480. Today strains construe 39 contends succeed sky fall Service.'1 Apart lack credible support dire prediction,2 unworkable, remedy amend it, distort construing it. Osuna-Picos, 443 907 1971); Gonzalez de Moreno 492 532 1974); 493 461 Bufalino 473 728 (CA3), 412 928, 93 2751, 155 (1973). Entry 4.8b rev. (1975). wholly independent exist Oct. 3, 1965, 79 917, revision numerical system looked prior amendment. 215 n. 2, 475, For example differing Circuit, see Muslemi 408 1196 1969); Vitales 343 1971), vacated, 405 983, 1245, 449 (1972); Other Circuits generally similar facts. De Vargas 409 335 1968); Ferrante 399 (CA6 Milande 484 774 (CA7 1973); Preux 396 (CA10 1973). 1199. See, e.g., Godoy Rosenberg, 415 1266 is, course, difficult determine fit characterization. Arguably, example, certification Secretary Labor easily characterized 'qualitative.' 244, 246 (1970), evasion Third F.2d, 731, waiver. Loos 407 651 1969). history provision, designed primarily prevent refugees totalitarian nations harmless persecution, fully consistent provision. H.R.Conf. Rep. 2096, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 128 (1952), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News, p. 1653; H.R.Doc. 329, 84th (1956); 85, 85th 1st (1957); H.R.Rep. 1199, (1957), 1957, 2016; 103 Cong.Rec. 15487—15499, 16298—16310 1086, 87th 37—38 (1961), 1961, 2950. predecessor current 71 640, during debate supporters minor adjustments naturalization system. Congressman Celler, sponsor bill 7, House words (after summarizing nonrelated 7): 'This leniency applications residence past misrepresentation.' 16301 (1957). Tr. Oral Arg. 44. contends: 'An submits investigations supplementary Records eligibility subsequently made. They provide substantial determining later, sought, thus 'In contrast, contemporaneous investigation citizenship; unlikely record extremely difficult, impossible, Brief Respondent 10—11. argument, overrates effectiveness Fifth Circuits, conflicting below, urges: 'Almost invariably, invoked, integrity long violated. problem breach occurred. '. identity issuing process, elicited him often valueless. discovered, derived tainted useless little ultimate disposition case.' 250—251 1970). 'Lies concerning identity, occupation, origin well render initial worthless all, fruitless inquiry.' 532, 537 1974). As held, very essence '(w)hen processing proved ineffective. reasonable choice interest unity outweighs deterrent effects draconian policy.' Chuey, 251.

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