Document: 373 U.S. 113 83 S.Ct. 1158 10 L.Ed.2d 235 BROTHERHOOD OF RAILWAY AND STEAMSHIP CLERKS, FREIGHT HANDLERS, EXPRESS STATION EMPLOYES, et al., Petitioners,v.Anna Mae ALLEN al. No. 316. Argued March 25, 1963. Decided May 13, [Syllabus from pages 113-115 intentionally omitted] Milton Kramer, Washington, D.C., for petitioners. Whiteford S. Blakeney, Charlotte, N.C., respondents. Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of Court. 1 By terms an agreement (the Agreement) authorized by § 2 Eleventh Railway Labor Act1 between Southern Company and a number railway labor organizations including two petitioners herein, employees are obligated, as condition employment, to pay periodic dues, initiation fees assessments uniformly required acquiring or retaining membership in union representing their particular class craft.2 The individual respondents herein such belonging classes crafts represented petitioners.3 When Agreement was adopted were not members. They refused any part moneys under Agreement, instead bringing this action Superior Court Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, restrain its enforcement.4 After trial granted injunction upon jury's separate findings that exacted used purposes reasonably necessary related collective bargaining, namely, (1) support oppose legislation, (2) influence votes elections public office, (3) make campaign contributions elections, (4) death-benefits system operated petitioner Brotherhood Clerks. restrained 'from placing compulsion nature (respondents) * whereby they against free will choice would be join Defendant Unions money said Unions.' It provided, however, showing proportion expenditures funds modified appropriately. On appeal, Supreme Carolina reversed, Allen v. R. Co., 249 N.C. 491, 107 S.E.2d 125, holding judgment our decision Employes' Dept. Hanson, 351 225, 76 714, 100 L.Ed. 1112, where we held valid exercise Congress powers Commerce Clause did violate First Amendment Due Process Fifth. However, rehearing granted, pending thereon decided International Assn. Machinists Street, 367 740, 81 1784, 6 1141. Upon reconsideration Court's light decision, divided equally, which had effect affirming lower court's judgment. 256 700, 124 871 (per curiam); see Schoenith Town & Country Realty 244 601, 94 592 Ward O'Dell Mfg. 126 946, 36 S.E. 194. We certiorari, 371 875, 147, 9 113, consider whether might stand consistently with Street. reverse remand further proceedings inconsistent opinion. 3 First. Street 'that 2, is construed deny unions, over employee's objection, power use his political causes he opposes.' U.S., at 768—769, S.Ct., 1800, Respondents' amended complaint alleges sums 'have been regularly continually defendant carry on, finance activities directly cross-purposes plaintiffs.' This allegation sufficiently states cause action. impracticable require dissenting employee allege prove each distinct expenditure objects; it enough manifests opposition union.5 But made clear 'dissent presumed—it must affirmatively known employee.' 774, 1803, 1141.6 At trial, only 14 testified objected causes. No respondent who does course case objects entitled relief. cannot See note 4, supra. 'The receiving union-shop should fairness subjected sanctions favor makes no activities.' 4 Second. also relieving all obligation due impermissible. Such 'remain obliged, continued payments respective unions called agreement. Their grievance stems spending Act face enforcement mere collection funds.' 771, 1801, thus improper, even though subject modification if come forward germane bargaining. Even remedy, think, 'sweeps too broadly (and) well interfere unions' performance those functions duties places them attain goal stability industry.' Ibid. 5 follows erred granting interim relief compliance financial obligations imposed Agreement. As result none has taken steps toward since suit instituted. think lest important unduly impaired, (at least absence special circumstances shown here) can until final entered. Therefore, on given reasonable time within bargaining representative craft arrears, owing; failing do this, dismissed. Third. suggested among permissible remedies 'an opposed complaining sum, spent purposes, so much him union's total budget,' restitution sum already complainant expended objection. 774—775, predicate division former, extent dissenters, Eleventh. evidence offered either side, nor jury findings, amount breakdown budget according kinds expenditure, period.7 remand, order frame decree embodying remedies, determinations have made: what disclosed record political; percentage expenditures. presently intimate view, 7, supra, because here, 768—770, 1799—1801, 1141, courts below attempt draw boundary inappropriate first instance present record. insufficient enable calculation. 7 Since possess facts records calculated, basic considerations compel they, employees, bear burden proving proportion. Absolute precision calculation not, course, expected required; mindful difficult accounting problems may arise. And proper appeared likely infringe right expend uniform exactions and, well, nondissenters' activities. 8 Fourth. While adhering principles governing remedy announced 771—775, 1801—1803, appropriate suggest, addition, practical entitled. refund portion same expenditures, reduction future recognize difficulties attend reducing unionshop fixed proportion, devoted constant. judicially administered relief, although insurmountable (a once entered modifiable changed circumstances), should, encourage adoption some voluntary plan dissenters afforded internal remedy. There precedent plan.8 If agreed formula ascertaining budget, available simple procedure allowing excused having agreement, prolonged expensive litigation averted. instant action, example, before years yet run course. lesson national history industrial relations resort settle rights very often proves unsatisfactory. shrink affording may, regard legitimate interests parties; but remind parties availability more alternatives vindication accommodation here involved. Reversed remanded. BLACK, while views expressed Ass'n 780 797, 1805—1814, concurs believes both accord case. 11 GOLDBERG took consideration 12 (For HARLAN, 129, 1167.) APPENDIX 13 Trade Union 1913, Geo. V, c. 30, reads follows: 3.—(1) trade shall applied, conjunction other union, association, body, otherwise indirectly, furtherance section applies (without prejudice objects), unless approved object resolution being force passed ballot members accordance purpose majority voting; force, rules, approved, registered Registrar Friendly Societies, providing— 15 (a) That out fund (in referred union), exemption member contribute gives notice contribute; 16 (b) exempt excluded benefits placed respect indirectly disability disadvantage compared (except relation control management fund) reason exempt, contribution admission union. 17 aggrieved breach rule pursuance section, complain after giving opportunity heard, considers committed, remedying thinks just circumstances; binding conclusive without appeal removable into court law restrainable injunction, recorded county court, enforced court. 18 money— 19 payment expenses incurred candidate prospective election Parliament before, during, connexion candidature election; 20 meeting distribution literature documents candidate; 21 (c) maintenance person holds office; 22 (d) connection registration electors selection 23 (e) meetings kind, main statutory meaning Act. 24 expression 'public office' means office county, borough, district, parish council, board guardians, body raise money, rate. 25 A approving take rescinded manner provisions rule. 26 (5) application apply whole association combination component unions; nothing prevent collecting behalf combination. 27 4.—(1) rules purpose, Societies approve satisfied every equal right, possible, fair voting, secrecy properly secured. 28 satisfied, certifies, approval Registrar, voting delegates notwithstanding alteration making new complied with. 29 5.—(1) give notice, form set Schedule like effect, acquainting contributing obtained post head branch Societies. 30 Any existing practice character 31 objection contribute, long withdrawn, day January next given, or, one month objects, date member's given. 32 6. Effect levy provide than raised carried fund, periodical towards far possible occasion enabling know respects contribution, portion, any, payable 33 SCHEDULE. 34 FORM EXEMPTION NOTICE. Name 35 POLITICAL FUND (EXEMPTION NOTICE). I hereby Political Fund Union, am consequence provided Act, fund. 37 A.B. Address 38 10. 39 concurring part. 40 agree reversal qualified permanent state respecting dues. disagree amounts affirmance respects. believe dismissal entirety for. 41 ago, stated unmistakable plaintiff claiming kind show things: candidates whose wish dues used; purposes. 42 statement these reinforced Lathrop Donohue, 820, 845—846, 1826, 1839, 1191, Wisconsin integrated bar case, plurality said: 43 'Even demurrer admitting factual allegations complaint, most expansively, if, Court, judicial State Bar, still issue impingement speech through concretely presented adjudication (Railway v.) Hanson (351 1112). Compare Association (ante), (p.) 747—749, 1788 1790, Nowhere clearly apprised appellant legislative issues Bar position, way degree compulsorily organization's pp. 846—848, p. 1191. 44 These requirements met best alleged proved respondent's still-unpaid so-called connected matters relating None could specify objected. 45 understand how, now hold 'it member) union' (ante, 118), how say 'we with' pains point (albeit constitutional context), id., 5. truth matter departed strict substantive limitations (and, it, case's remedial limitations, compare 772—775, 778—779, 779—780, 796—797, 1805, 1813—1814, ante, 122-123 Appendix) expansive thrust hardly fail increase volume sort future. 46 Believing decisions lasting accorded respectfully dissent. complaint. Section Eleventh, U.S.C. 152 provides part: 'Notwithstanding chapter, statute United States, Territory thereof, State, carrier carriers defined chapter organization duly designated represent permitted— '(a) agreements, requiring, sixty days following beginning effective whichever later, become class: Provided, employment whom conditions generally applicable denied terminated failure tender fees, (not fines penalties) membership.' Although requires 60-day period, fact insist actually complete therewith. commenced subsequent filing added plaintiffs amendment thereto; herein. Southern, disclaimed interest merits dispute judgment, appears respondent. In opinion, term 'respondents' refers respondents, excludes Southern. predicated Carolina's 'right work' law, shop unlawful. N.C.Gen.Stats., §§ 95—78 95—84; Hudson Atlantic Coast Line 242 650, 89 441. sought temporary injunctive named plaintiffs, similarly situated, nonsuited except when proof belonged Also, limited 'the individually caption case.' limitation obviously indeed required, 'action true there existence workers specifically exaction purposes.' 1802—1803, 1141; 119, infra. commencement ex parte temporarily restraining agreement; hearing, pendente lite, subsequently 'effective protection persons thirty hereof.' modified, improper. 120, Respondents introduced asked hypothetical questions following: 'If you compelled passage laws, defeat certain candidates, your position uses money?' answer question typical respondents' testimony: 'I it. my laws individuals own about matters.' Some somewhat specifically. testimony adequately specific, observed, concluding constitutionality ripe '(n)owhere *.' observation context adjudication, here. petitioners' filed action; early enough. conclude, necessarily finding put distinguishing 117, answers supported evidence, verdict, fairly read, constitutes adequate reenacted Disputes 1946, VI, 52; Comment, U. Chi.L.Rev. 371, 381—388 (1952); Rothschild, Government Regulation Great Britain: II, Col.L.Rev. 1335, 1360—1366 (1938). Pertinent portions Appendix end solution problem dissenters' rights, adopt substantial equivalent legislation; mean perfect model conform discussion aspects English essential, example actual segregation funds, drawn sound. noted fluctuating 122, calculated basis projected anticipate fluctuations, contract fees. Alternatively, fixing ceiling out. McAlister, Labor, Liberalism Majoritarian Democracy, Ford.L.Rev. 661, 687—693 (1963). Cf. Dudra, Approaches Security Switzerland, Canada, Columbia, 86 Monthly Lab.Rev. 136

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