Document: 462 U.S. 862 103 S.Ct. 2733 77 L.Ed.2d 235 Walter ZANT, Warden, Petitionerv.Alpha Otis O'Daniel STEPHENS. No. 81-89. Argued Feb. 24, 1982. Question Certified May 3, Decided June 22, 1983. Syllabus In a bifurcated trial in Georgia state court, jury found respondent guilty of murder and imposed the death penalty. At sentencing phase trial, judge instructed that it was authorized to consider all evidence received during guilt as well facts circumstances presented mitigation or aggravation proceeding, must find designate writing existence one more specified statutory aggravating order impose The stated had prior conviction capital felony, he "a substantial history se ious assaultive criminal convictions," committed by an escapee. While respondent's appeal pending, Supreme Court held another case circumstances—"substantial serious convictions"—was unconstitutionally vague. case, two other adequately supported sentence. After Federal District denied petition for habeas corpus, Appeals penalty invalid. response this Court's certified question, 456 410, 102 1856, 72 222, explained state-law premises its view failure circumstance does not invalidate sentence is otherwise circumstances. Under law finding serves limited purpose—it identifies those members class persons convicted who are eligible penalty, without furnishing any further guidance exercise discretion determining whether should be imposed. Held: 1. function served jury's render Georgia's scheme invalid under holding Furman v. Georgia, 408 238, 92 2726, 33 346. scheme, required identify at least valid circumstance, individualized determination made on basis defendant's character crime, State reviews record every proceeding determine arbitrary disproportionate. narrowing properly achieved upheld Court, because these findings differentiate objective, evenhanded, substantively rational way from many cases which may Moreover, reviewed arbitrary, excessive, Thus statute applied here. Pp. 873-880. 2. Stromberg California, 283 359, 51 532, 75 L.Ed. 1117 require vacated. requires general verdict set aside if could rely independent grounds, grounds insufficient, have rested exclusively insufficient ground. however, did merely return stating but instead expressly were legally sufficient support Nor second rule derived —requiring single-count indictment information where rests both constitutional unconstitutional ground—applicable There no suggestion involved conduct protected Constitution. 880-884. 3. Respondent's impaired asserted ground instruction with regard unduly affected deliberations. Although struck down failed provide adequate distinguishing such imposed, underlying convictions fully admissible trial. 884-891. 631 F.2d 397 (5th Cir.1980) 648 446 Cir.1981), reversed. Daryl A. Robinson, Atlanta, Ga., petitioner. John Charles Boger, New York City, respondent. Justice STEVENS delivered opinion Court. 1 question vacated three subsequently although specifically upheld. answer depends statute, reasons issue particular 2 January 1975 Bleckley County, Roy Asbell sentenced him death. his included confessions testimony number witnesses, described events: On August 19, 1974, while serving sentences several burglary also awaiting escape, again escaped Houston County jail. next days auto thefts, armed robbery, burglaries. 21st, interrupted accomplice course burglarizing home Asbell's son Twiggs County. Respondent beat Asbell, robbed him, and, aid accomplice, drove own vehicle short distance into they killed shooting twice through ear point blank range. 3 relied adduced established counts five burglary, count murder. testified "sorry" knew deserved punished, actually shot been "pretty high" drugs. requested argued identified subparagraphs (b)(1), (b)(7), (b)(9) statute.1 4 "every person Murder shall punished imprisonment life, fixed trying case." He extenuation, mitigation, proceeding. then stated: 5 "You following you evidence. One, offense Capital has convictions. Two, outrageously wantonly vile, horrible inhuman torture, depravity mind aggravated battery victim. Three, lawful custody peace officer place confinement. These possible will out your deliberations case. They here, I send you. If fixes punishment electrocution writing, signed foreman, proven beyond reasonable doubt. Unless proved doubt fix death."2 6 followed It designated "One" "Three" judge's instruction.3 respect "Two".4 noted encompassed alternatives instructions subsection (b)(1) statute—that felony escapee parties jury, viewed circumstances, grounds. 7 direct challenge sufficiency supporting jury. argue there infirmity definition Arnold State, 236 Ga. 534, 539-542, 224 S.E.2d 386 (1976), clause (b)(1)—"a convictions" vague.5 Because motion, considered concluded wo Stephens 237 259, 262, 227 261, cert. denied, 429 986, 97 508, 50 599 (1976). court reaffirmed conclusion subsequent denial corpus relief. Hopper, 241 596, 603-604, 247 92, 439 991, 99 593, 55 667 (1978).6 8 United States Fifth Circuit challenges That first rejected contention permitted life rather than even circumstance.7 held, later unconstitutional. 9 gave conclusion. First, read (1931), requiring based multiple reviewing cannot ascertain concluded: 10 "It impossible satisfactorily decisively circumstance. authority jurors believed established, would recommended decision having convictions, ground." 11 Second, presence "made [respondent] before it." 397, 405-406 (CA5 1980). 12 rehearing, pointed hearing circumstance.8 modified deleting ts reference possibility inadmissible maintained, "may directed attention convictions." concluded, determined degree certainty make critical difference penalty." 1981). 13 We granted Warden Zant's certiorari, 454 814, 90, 70 82 (1981). briefs merits revealed different appellate courts reached varying conclusions concerning significance invalidation case.9 consistently supported,10 we exposition assist framing precise federal issues Appeals' holding. therefore sought pursuant certification procedure. Ga.Code Ann. § 24-4536. 222 (1982).11 14 our distinguished might single ground, noting verdict. treatment analogizing entire body governing homicides pyramid. explained: 15 "All homicide category contained within consequences flowing perpetrator increase severity proceed base apex, applying only few space just beneath apex. To reach pass planes division between 16 "The plane above separates fall This legislature statutes defining terms murder, voluntary manslaughter, involuntary justifiable homicide. deciding given falls below plane, trier facts. remains unless moved legislative act. 17 punishment. definitions factfinder making certain established. Except treason aircraft hijacking, move exists. Code 27-2534.1(c). 18 third separates, absolute itself factfinder. establishing considers 27-2503 27-2534.1. final limitation imposition resting automatic procedure: determines influence passion, prejudice, factor; evidence; excessive disproportionate similar cases. 27-2537. Performance cause remove can never opposite result. 19 purpose limit large degree, completely, factfinder's discretion. ten exists, event. exists decline do so giving reason. Waters 248 355, 369, 238 (1981); Hawes 240 327, 334, 833 (1977); Fleming 142, 37 (1977). takes consideration guilt-innocence phases relate defendant. 20 "A area found. However, passed regardless found, long one. Once enters discretion, determine, metaphor, passes imposed." 250 97, 99-100, 297 1, 3-4 (1982). 21 why expressed mere fact improperly "statutory" "inconsequential impact" decision. Finally, result reason believe that, failure, factor. Id., S.E.2d, 4. 22 indebted helpful question. makes clear confront separate decide allow measure forbidden 346 (1972), cases? Se ond, violated? Third, though admitted, aside? discuss turn. 23 * unlike some States,12 give special weight significant balance against mitigating standard. Thus, play role guiding apart For reason, argues Georgia. 24 A fair statement consensus "that afforded matter grave human taken spared, suitably minimize risk wholly capricious action." Gregg 428 153, 189, 96 2909, 2932, 49 859 (1976) (opinion Stewart, Powell, Stevens, JJ.). thus summarizing central mandate Furman, plurality forth procedures satisfy concerns id., 189-195, S.Ct., 2932-2935. But stated, "We intend suggest above-described permissible system constructed along lines inevitably each distinct examined individual basis." 195, 2935. turned specific constitutionality procedures. 196-207, 2936-2941. 25 includes important features discussion guide channel procedure, see 190-191, 2933-2934, mandates meaningful review sentence, not, follow Model Penal Code's recommendation weighing governed standards. See 193, 2934. Instead, unambiguously advised us, performs 26 violated permits unbridled after defendant member statute. argument accepted overruling Gregg. approved clearly enunciating standards circumstances.13 27 plurality's approval procedure primarily scheme: supreme elements, wanton freakish penalty.14 rested, course, fundamental requirement standard principles itself. "could vague fail patterns juries pattern like occur." U.S., n. 46, 2935, 46. avoid flaw, genuinely narrow ligible reasonably justify severe compared others murder.15 28 Godfrey 420, 100 1759, 64 398 (1980), Stewart's (b)(7) construed create "inherent restraint infliction sentence," ordinary sensibility almost fit criteria. 428-429, 1764-1765.16 distinguish "no rincipled not." 433, 1767. 29 Our indicate, then, constitutionally necessary stage definition: circumscribe Constitution ignore factors process selecting, among class, defendants death.17 What selection crime. Eddings Oklahoma, 455 104, 110-112, 869, 874, 71 (1982); Lockett Ohio, 438 586, 601-605, 98 2954, 2963-2965, 57 973 (1978) (plurality opinion); Roberts (Harry) Louisiana, 431 633, 636-637, 1993, 1995, 52 637 Gregg, supra, 197, 2936 Proffitt Florida, 251-252, 2966 Woodson North Carolina, 280, 303-304, 2978, 2990-2991, 944 opinion).18 30 provides categorical stage, stage. remain convinced, 1976, structure constitutional. Court—that confinement, felony. r tional disproportionate.19 absence court-imposed govern either II 31 Petitioner contends cases, invalidity aside. evaluate contention, related rules their source 32 Stromberg, Communist Party displaying red flag violation California Code. prohibited display (1) "sign, symbol emblem" opposition organized government; (2) invitation stimulus anarchistic action; (3) seditious propaganda. repugnant unnecessary validity clauses first. appellant specify upon rested. As purposes them, independently considered, say obtained. clauses, separable, invalid, clause." 367-368, 535. 34 35 being face, appellant, far discloses exclusively, aside." 369-370, 536. 36 One verdicts left uncertain actual See, e.g., Williams 317 287, 292, 63 207, 210, 87 279 (1942); Cramer States, 325 45, 65 918, 935 89 1441 (1945); Terminiello Chicago, 337 6, 69 894, 896-897, 93 1131 (1949); Yates 354 298, 311-312, 1064, 1072-1073, 1356 (1957). vacated, illustrated Thomas Collins, 323 516, 528-529, 315, 321-322, 430 (1945), Street York, 394 576, 586-590, 1354, 1362-1364, 572 (1969). reasoning encompasses situation labor organizer's contempt citation predicated speech expressing group nonunion workers, speech, solicitation individual. declined State's judgment sustained alone,20 showed account solicitations. affirmed neither." 529, 322. Similarly, Street, indicated petitioner's words arguably unprotected conduct, flag-burning. "unless negates alleged violations," valid. 588, 1363. 38 take rationale when charges commission crime virtue done act unprotected, ensues elucidation, unacceptable danger regarded acts 'intertwined' together. 540-541 [65 327]. comparable hazard explicitly declared rest counts, instances positive separately others." Ibid. (footnote omitted). 39 applies uncertainty about rests. If, committing charged perform Constitution, separately, difficult theoretical scheme. precisely same engaged type charge, wider range considerations former determination. hand, multiple-count indictment,21 qualitatively channeled need embodied prosecution, part, charge activity unlawful. No 40 Thomas, courts' judgments expressive First Amendment. contrast, Amendment provision Accordingly, sometimes apply context, simply "invalid" sense "substantial imposing raised none holdings treat III 41 Two themes reiterated opinions discussing determinations. comments indicated, 192-195, 2934-2935, CHIEF JUSTICE 605, 2965, opinion), perfect governmental used death." Beck Alabama, 447 625, 638, 13, 2382, 2390, 392 (1980). qualitative form punishment, "there corresponding reliability appropriate 305, 2991. vital importance community be, appear caprice emotion." Gardner 349, 358, 1197, 1204, 393 imperfection deliberative sufficient, judgment, careful scrutiny colorable claim error. 42 analyzing essential keep "invalid." authorizes draw adverse inferences protected. example, characterize flag, cf. expression unpopular political views, (1949), request Jackson, 390 570, 88 1209, 138 (1968), attached "aggravating" label impermissible totally irrelevant process, example race, religion, affiliation defendant, Herndon Lowry, 301 242, 732, 81 1066 (1937), militate favor lesser perhaps mental illness. Cf. Miller 373 So.2d 882, 885-886 (Fla.1979). these, due 43 fails nn. 16, supra. nevertheless phase. 163, 2920, hearing, 44 "shall hear additional including pleas nolo contendere pleas: Provided, known admissible." (emphasis supplied).22 45 objection wide scope allowed presentence hearings. 46 think wisely chosen restrictions offered approve open far-ranging argument. . So introduced arguments prejudice preferable restrictions. desirable much decision." 203-204, 2939. 206-207, 2940-2941; 17, 47 previously offenses, concedes been, pro erly subject explanation defendant.23 supra (requiring opportunity rebut theory proceeding); Presnell 14, 235, 236, 58 207 (same).24 involves invalidated vagueness, whose plausibly aspects background accuracy unchallenged. Hence erroneous implicate repeated recognition "qualitative penalties calls greater 604, 2964 BURGER, C.J.). 48 acknowledged rehearing admissible, concern court's conviction." But, assuming induce emphasis done, right. answering compare given, p. 866, unobjectionable. Henderson Kibbe, 145, 154-157, 1730, 1736-1738, 203 Nothing prohibits instructing determination, noncapital justification stating, substance: "If appro riate remainder record." effect consequence "aggravating circumstance." caused somewhat given. erred "mere 'statutory' " "an inconsequential impact regarding instructions, 866 ultimate Instead "consider throughout you" extinuation [sic ], Defense." App. 18. More importantly, discussed above, fairly defect process.25 part procedural safeguard, mandatory arbitrariness assure proportionality.26 accept automatically reversal assured capricious. 101, submitted thereafter failed." 204-205, 2939-2940, substantially note express weigh exercising discussed, pp. 873-880 adopt adopted system. weight. Whether merited "substantial" "assaultive," plainly entitled record, together it, Reversed. 53 WHITE, concurring judgment. 54 Claassen 142 140, 169, 966 (1891), eleven instructed. six-year affirmed, saying "count returned considered." 146, 170. Barenblatt 360 109, 79 1081, 1115 (1959), said, 115, 1087, "Since less maximum Count, Counts sustainable." Pinkerton 328 640, 641 66 1180, 1181 90 1489 (1946); Whitfield 431, 438, 56 80 778 (1936); Abrams 616, 619, 18, 1173 (1919); Evans 153 584, 595, 934, 939, 830 (1894), holdings. Barenblatt, problem. Here, appeal, agree problem since suggests constitution, says, ante, 883, indictment, procedure." omitted) Claassen-Barenblatt line applicable proceedings grasp distinction, surer here counts. Those sustain my Stromberg-Thomas-Street problem, such, evidence, invalidates Perhaps would, room application harmless error rule, seems me, per Thomas. foregoing, join well. REHNQUIST, 59 agreeing write understanding Eighth Fourteenth Amendments factual characterization questions review. brief, imposes comports Amendments; whether, violates (1931); presentation vacating 60 comprehensively detailed state, decisions courts, issued (1982), materials reveal, traditional innocence. offense, conducted. 61 introduce "extenuation, punishment." 27-2503. decisions. decides specific, statutorily-defined 27-2534.1(b). addition, finds deserves decision, sentencer aggravation. sent ncer formally "weigh" receives conventional expedited 62 violative Amendment, body. particular, urges renders (1972). is, opinion, completely foreclosed precedents. minor detail, current identical POWELL, STEVENS, JJ.), 2941 (WHITE, J., concurring). recognized weighed formal sense. evident description 196-197, 2936, proposed system, 2934, noted. Notwithstanding lack explicit "balancing" directive, since, whole, provided prevent "freakish" barred Furman. Likewise, WHITE's concurrence, 211, 2942, squarely approved. rejecting permit death.1 alid impermissibly (1976).2 establishes based, factor." Resp.Supp.Br., 8. According respondent, test. Careful examination compels rejection claim. straightforward violating prohibiting purposes. acted proscribed purposes; indicating motivated detailing unconstitutional, remaining clauses. observed prosecutor "emphatically urged convict alone, clauses." 368, "impossible obtained," ibid., complete uncertainty, stand. 5-6, Of indicate elements verdict, valid, inapplicable. points out, doctrine extended—albeit lengthy analysis. 1362-1365, (1969), conviction, casting flag. petitioner criminalized "words act." 578, 1358. filed burned shouted derogatory statements it. bench speech. rights thought, moreover, solely Stromberg. 67 "unacceptable together." 1363-1364. short, element defined include actions, leges, offers proof satisfied element, aside, element. indicates "intertwined" combination sufficiently 68 Neither nor appreciable support. distinguishable, concededly thereby conclusively negating inference conclude analysis inapposite.3 explaining proceedings. initially applicability inapplicable "when 1364 exception extends existed. listing affect findings, "positive evidence" Stephens's "on this, questioning which, supported, go Street's logic namely, theory, according Street. Whatever proper elsewhere, extended context. below, differences played allegations preclude developed fact-finder returns charge. returning state. guilty, carefully enumerated Only relevant exclusion prejudicial distract factfinding task performs. Based comprising observation 241, 246-247, 1079, 1082-1083, 1337 accurately captures leading conviction: "In accused. Rules fashioned trials narrowly confin[ing] contest ." significantly model described. literally countless subjects: '[f]or sentences, justice generally propensities offender." 2932 added). considering attempt proved, unique, deserves. 602-605, 2963-65, (1978). 73 serve principally restrict sentence; once specified, aggravation-mitigation Part I, An latter seeking 74 probable alone appropriate—is minimal. theories proves improper theory. follows necessarily decision-making routed paths instructions. When ordinarily diminish probative value considered. diminution alter nonexistent. Given sensibly resulting involving Part, factors. inapplicable, submission bound vague, 2, consistent accorded finality 76 Ordinarily, limits Gore 357 386, 393, 78 1280, 1284, 1405 (1958). 588 9, cited (1891); "general sentences," linked challenged appeal. well-settled 1087. "it settled country generally, containing reversed error, good warrants because, anything show contrary, presumption awarded only." 146-147, practical articulated clear. far-reaching inquiry does. erroneous, misleading, assumed Nonetheless, non-capital resentencing. Tucker, 404 443, 589, 592 uncounseled—and obtained—convictions "explicit" "specific" attention, 444, 447, 590, 591, "appeared dramatically light" true known: dealing man imprisoned, beginning age years, one-half years chain gang. reemphasized opined stand "erode" Gideon Wainwright. improper, remanded Townsend Burke, 334 736, 1252, 1690 (1948), uncounseled repeatedly i correct assumption crimes. duration invalid; careless designed pronouncement foundation extensively materially false, prisoner services counsel provide, lacking process." approach Townsend, begins sentencer's variables, portion most turns crimes committed. adduce likely differently occurred. prevail claim, convincing showing introduction infirm ascertainable "dramatic" authority. supra; present whatever above. real capable labelled "aggravating." convictions—plainly factor, free consider. added jurors. Yet, right (1978), remote judgment; MARSHALL, whom BRENNAN joins, dissenting. 83 Even prevailing scarcely upholding "whim" 541, 391 84 deemed "in Ante, 874 apprised assume factor suffered defect—a whatsoever establish anything, "standardless discretion" Amendments. 47, (Opinion citing 85 event, informed "threshold" invented time seven later. juror construing essentially balanced knowing drawn 86 continue adhere cruel unusual 231, 2973 (MARSHALL, dissenting); 314, 2765 Today upholds amorphous invited "subjective minimal, objective guidelines application." 391. surprising result, embraces infers question,1 screen threshold applies. drop picture entirely Relying concludes eight ago new focus instructed, defective basic Until 1972, delegated judges plenary "practically untrammeled let accused live insist die." 248, 2731 (Douglas, concurring) incompatible proposition nothing else: "where standardless Amendments." 195 teaching leave lives dies unfettered "pregnant discrimination," 257, 2735 concurring), results "wantonly freakishly imposed," 310, 2763 (Stewart, [the penalty] 313, 2764 concurring).2 (noting "ruled withhold Amendments"). 91 Four decided, Texas attack, concluding safeguards promised eliminate deficiencies Georgia; 2960, 913 (1976); Jurek Texas, 2950, 929 premise ensured sentencers "given representing society, deems particularly 192, 2934 JJ.).3 identification put end discretion: "These recommends longer Furman's did: direction, die. crime: Was felony? money? judicial officer? heinous manner endangered persons? focused characteristics Does offenses? Are mitigate still 'the exercised produce nondiscriminatory application.' 197-198, JJ.) added; footnote "must 'clear standards' 'specific guidance.' 428, 1764-1765 opinion) (citations "the inflicted fashion." 427, 1764. "[I]f wishes authorize responsibility tailor avoids B 94 learn mean what said Greg now "to standards," 198, told spare life. 95 today's finding. made, large, them whims prejudices. applicable. Their product else. discretion," know is. Today's mockery precedents legislatures stands for, reenact books discretionary approves today differs decade ago. pre-Furman unchecked conferred circumscribing selected. Ohio victim police officer, Duling 936, 2861, 753 summarily rev'g St.2d 254 N.E.2d 670 (1970). Rev.Code 2901.04 (1953). endorses today. establishes, (such officer) leaving prohibit murder) permitting officer). sentencer, unguided standards.4 preliminary irrelevant; channels made.5 forbids forbid assumption, 891, attribute aggravation, mitigation. place, 101 "everything highlighted Not turn absolutely indication judge, should, could, discard list officially sanctioned Zant Stephens, 1864, (1982) dissenting). die, assaults unimportant assertion flatly inconsistent previous characterizations here,6 joint opi ion Justices took great pains apprise "of [to] provid[e] use information." slightest hint receive emphasized thought identifying reaching 2935 very 104 Coker 433 982 (1977) opinion). App., 75-5444, 298-302. Coker, inherent warrant notwithstanding circumstances: 105 rape robbery Allen Carver. present, outweighed 589-590, 2865 106 how deliberations, interpreted recently last Term ask clarify meant. "different conflicting ., yet asked [death sentence] guided." Bollenbach 326 607, 613, 402, 405, 350 (1946). "ought equivocal direction issue." patently unfair spondent somehow understood "entitled [his appraised tried court," Cole Arkansas, 333 196, 202, 514, 517, 644 (1948); fact. 107 deserve weight, injustice becomes apparent. always 108 prosecution "we [that circumstance] decisive [jury's] choice sentence." 1205, J.). 109 Stewart "under Drake Zant, 449 999, 1001, 541-542, (1980) (dissent certiorari) labors mightily effort demonstrate escape conclusion—reached POWELL Term—that misled jury." 429, 1865, (POWELL, dissenting).7 Where man's stake, inconvenient swept rug. C 110 deny Rather, assumes done." 888. concludes, amount process," 889, stat tory addition [a death] defendant's] record," 111 hypothetical errs elaborated die—and sentence—must guided nonexistence certainty. Since fashion, unwarranted.8 IV 112 foregoing reasons, vacate Section 27-2534.1(b) provided, part: offenses authorized, consider, evidence: "(1) rape, kidnapping "(7) mind, "(9) in, from, confinement." 18-19, quoted full 412-413, 1857, findings: 23. broad contended language "does control Coley [231 829, 834, 204 612 (1974) ]; [92 346] (1971)." agreed too nonspecific evenhandedly 540-542, 386. petition, unsuccessfully admittedly 27-2534.1(b)(1), referring sentencing. rejected. 602-603, 96-97. renewed correctly interpretation law. F.2d, 405. 404-405. aspect us. 27-2503(a); 92; 886-887, infra. Brief 40-45; Missouri, South Utah Support Petitioner, Amici Curiae 13-15. 414, 1857-58; 201, 53, 2938, sentence). question: "What jury?" 416-417, 1858-59. 274 Ark. 621 S.W.2d 686, 687 (Ark.1981); Irwin, 304 N.C. 93, 282 439, 448-449 (NC 1981); Moore, 614 348, 351-352 (Tenn.1981); Hopkinson 632 P.2d 79, 171-172 (Wyo.1981). advances shows power Ark.Stat.Ann. 41-1302(1); N.C.Gen.Stat. 15A-2000(b); Tenn.Code 39-2-203(g); Wyo.Stat. 6-4-102(d)(i). terms: "Georgia act, murderers specifying exist ever (Supp.1975). mercy binding 27-2302 (Supp.1975), recommending 2936; 161, 165, 2919, 2921, 2940-2941. 208, 218, 2941, 2945-2946, 2947 judgment). day balancing required. action "narrowing categories murders imposed" lists Florida adopted. 270, 2955. bring attention. 273-274, 2957. certainly other. "While channeled. circumscribed guidelines. affords assurance prompted here." 2941. address voiced 11, 2731, concurring); 294, 2754 (BRENNAN, ("it highly implausible worst criminals commit selected punishment"); 309-310, 2762 ("of people rapes 1967 1968, reprehensible petitioners capriciously random handful imposed"); ("there not"). criteria crimes: "[T]he sanction extreme community's belief themselves grievous affront humanity 184, 2930. efforts "define probably effective deterrent." 186, 2931. WHITE over time, applied, types [would] become [would be] appropriate." 2947-2948. 636, (the performing regular duties, interest affording protection public servants regularly guard safety property.") analogous "too history" subjective 542, 386; principled Arnold's 164, 206, 2940; 256-257, 2968-2969, draft sets ALI 210.06 (Proposed Official Draft, 1962). offer hearing. Gillers, Deciding Who Dies, 129 U.Penn.L.Rev. 101-119 (1980); see, 41-1301(4); Pa.Cons.Stat.Ann. 9711(a)(2). 26-27. conducts propriety objections 260, 261. comparison 27-2537(c)(3), uses appendix requires. 263, Ross 233 361, 364-367, 211 356 (1974); Tucker 245 68, 74, 263 neither conceded unequivocally acts. "Nevertheless maintains O'Sullivan them." 528 321 14. stand, (1959). Fair 868, 873, 268 316 ("Any tends motive remorse, moral character, predisposition notice provisions statute."). 27-2503(a) examine his, represented counsel, documents pre-sentencing trial." Herring 288, 290, 232 826 Franklin 141, 149-150, 666 447-449, 591-593, "misinformation magnitude" 740-741, 1255, (1948) (reversing "extensively false" assumptions record). acknowledges material presented. Supplemental Memorandum Tr. Or.Arg. 18-20. inaccurate misleading information. affirmance implicitly accurate reflection response, 872 "Unless jury: "Now arriving determinations You (sic), Defense. recite exact [If recommend imprisonment] find, prison." 411-12 1856 providing "weighing" claims necessary. faced questions—whether deliberately expectation death; probability violent constituting continuing threat society; sort provocation. recognized, sole circumstances" "narrow[ ] sentencing, contain "balance" circumstances—as assume, decided correctness application. confined situations outside category, asserts us" "merely penalty" function, 875, states "is one," "all 100, nonstatutory, heir apply. majority characterized majority. 2735-2736 eorgia, 221, joined C.J., judgment) ("The Legislature death.") omitted); 251, 2966, imposed."); 2970 ("although susceptible mechanical application, means overbroad unfettered"); 2957, ("It appears capital-sentencing guides focuses particularized offender death."); 279, 2959 ("the brutal aims limiting occurring circumstances"). satisfies "genuinely th murder." 877. history, E.g., Delgado Connecticut, 940, 2879, 764 rev'g, 161 Conn. 536, 290 A.2d 338 (1971) (see Conn.Gen.Stat.Ann. 53-10 (1967)); Moore Illinois, 786, 2562, 706 (1972) Ill.Ann.Stat. ch. 38, 1-7 (1964)); Scoleri Pennsylvania, 2852, 747 432 Pa. 571, 295 (1968) Penn.Stat.Ann. tit. 4701 (1965)). creation guilt, bifurcating obviously sentencer. substitute legislatively 890. reduce "[w]here decision," ascertaining certifying 411, 217-218, 2945-2946. dissent "whether doubt," curiam permissible, phrase "prior record;" intelligence consists past By common expected history. thing readily identifiable receive. quite individuals way, resolved Both invite vice haphazard way. flip coin proper, injected process.

Category: 0