Document: 500 U.S. 44 111 S.Ct. 1661 114 L.Ed.2d 49 COUNTY OF RIVERSIDE and Cois Byrd, Sheriff of Riverside County, Petitioners,v.Donald Lee McLAUGHLIN, et al. No. 89-1817. Argued Jan. 7, 1991. Decided May 13, Syllabus Respondent McLaughlin brought a class action seeking injunctive declaratory relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that petitioner County (County) violated the holding Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 103, 95 854, 43 54, by failing to provide "prompt" judicial determinations probable cause persons who, like himself, were arrested without warrant. The combines such with arraignment procedures which, policy, must be conducted within two days arrest, excluding weekends holidays. moved dismiss complaint, asserting lacked standing bring suit because time for providing him determination had already passed he failed show, as required Los Angeles Lyons, 461 95, 103 1660, 75 675, would again subject allegedly unconstitutional conduct. District Court never explicitly ruled on motion dismiss, but accepted filing second amended complaint—the operative pleading here which named respondents James, Simon, Hyde additional individual plaintiffs representatives, alleged each them been warrant, not received prompt hearing, was still in custody. court granted certification subsequently issued preliminary injunction requiring all warrant provided 36 hours except exigent circumstances. Appeals affirmed, rejecting County's Lyons -based argument ruling merits practice accord promptness requirement no more than needed complete administrative steps incident arrest. Held: 1. Plaintiffs have Article III standing. At complaint filed, satisfied doctrine's core they allege personal injury fairly traceable unlawful conduct likely redressed requested injunction. See, e.g., Allen Wright, 468 737, 751, 104 3315, 3324, 82 556. supra, distinguished. Although plaintiffs' claims rendered moot their receipt hearings or release from custody, preserved controversy this Court's review obtaining certification. Gerstein, U.S., at 110-111, n. 11, S.Ct., 861, 11. This is deprived jurisdiction fact certified until after became moot. Such are so inherently transitory, see, id., 110, "relation back" doctrine properly invoked preserve case's resolution, Swisher Brady, 438 204, 213-214, 98 2699, 2705-2706, 57 705. Pp. 50-52. 2. current policy do comport fully determination. 52-59. (a) Contrary Appeals' construction, implicitly recognized Fourth Amendment does compel an immediate upon completion In "promptly" before neutral magistrate determination, 114, 125, 863, 868, struck balance between rights individuals realities law enforcement. Id., 113, 862. makes clear Constitution impose jurisdictions rigid procedural framework making allows choose comply different ways. 123, 867. contrast, approach permits flexibility error. 52-55. (b) order satisfy requirement, chooses combine other pretrial proceedings soon reasonably feasible, event later 48 Providing frame will, general matter, immunize systemic challenges. hearing may nonetheless violate if can prove his her delayed unreasonably, courts evaluating reasonableness delay allow substantial degree flexibility, taking into account practical procedures. Where receive hours, burden proof shifts government demonstrate existence bona fide emergency extraordinary circumstance, cannot include intervening particular case it take longer consolidate proceedings. 55-58. (c) entitled arraignments, immune challenges action. Its regular exceeds constitutionally permissible 48-hour period Thursdays wait following Monday receiving even there holiday. Moreover, lower courts, remand, determine whether arrests occur early week—whereby arraignments usually place last day possible—is supported legitimate reasons constitutes delay's sake. Pp.58-59. 888 F.2d 1276 (CA 9, 1989), vacated remanded. O'CONNOR, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, KENNEDY, SOUTER, JJ., joined. MARSHALL, filed dissenting opinion, BLACKMUN STEVENS, joined, post, p. ----. SCALIA, Timothy T. Coates, Beverly Hills, Cal., petitioners. Dan Stormer, Angeles, respondents. Justice O'CONNOR Court. 1 54 (1975), held requires prerequisite extended detention warrantless us define what Gerstein. 2 * 1983 challenging manner Riverside, California (County), provides issue combining its Under tracks closely provisions Cal.Penal Code Ann. 825 (West 1985), unnecessary and, any event, 2-day excludes computation Thus, late week some cases long five Over Thanksgiving holiday, 7-day possible. 3 parties dispute combined cause/arraignment procedure available arrestees. Testimony Attorney Grover Trask suggests warrants felonies 10 arraignment. App. 298-299. Before however, represents regardless nature charges against them. Ibid. See also Tr. Oral Arg. 13. We need resolve factual inconsistency here. For present purposes, we accept representation. 4 August 1987, Donald United States Central California, behalf himself " 'all others similarly situated.' then currently incarcerated Jail He 'an judgment defendants in-custody arrestees, warrants, cause, bail hearings.' Pet. Cert. 6. Shortly thereafter, 675 (1983), conduct—i.e., 5 light pending continued certify class. Various papers submitted; then, July 1988, From record appears defendants' rather took off court's calendar 1988. 6 three plaintiffs—Johnny E. Diana Ray Michael Scott Hyde—individually representatives. neither nor 3. November comprising "all future prisoners including those detainees 1, 1987 present, who denied hearings." 7. 7 March 1989, asked 21. injunction, existing decision Without discussion, adopted rule "retained indefinitely" ensure established new complied 333-334. 8 Ninth Circuit consolidated another identical San Bernardino. McGregor Bernardino, decided (1989). 9 On 8, affirmed granting County. One aspect Bernardino reversed Appeals; us. rejected argument, relief. F.2d, 1277. It reasoned that, custody suffering result proceeded determined "not 's 'promptly arrest' "to arrest." 1278. 11 thus joined Seventh Circuits interpreting immediately Llaguno Mingey, 763 1560, 1567-1568 (CA7 1985) (en banc); Fisher Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 690 1133, 1139-1141 (CA4 1982). By Second understands "stres[s] flexibility" permit Williams Ward, 845 374, 386 (1988), cert. denied, 488 1020, 109 818, 102 807 certiorari conflict among II 12 As initial renews claim lack explains main thrust insists is, definition, time-limited violation. Once sufficient has passed, argues, constitutional violation made point "prompt." least plaintiffs, too show subjected 13 reject argument. plaintiff "allege defendant's relief." 556 (1984), citing Valley Forge Christian College Americans Separation Church State, Inc., 454 464, 472, 752, 758, 70 700 (1982). being having otherwise. direct detention, continue suffer entitled. Plainly, moment capable through "completed" relies crabbed reading complaint. easily distinguished objectionable ceased altogether 14 true, course, since moot; eventually, either released. Our leave doubt, certification, our review. factually similar "the termination representative's unnamed members class." Sosna Iowa, 419 393, 553, 532 (1975); Schall Martin, 467 253, 256, 3, 2403, 2405, 81 207 (1984). That become deprive jurisdiction. "[s]ome transitory trial will enough proposed interest expires." Parole Comm'n Geraghty, 445 388, 399, 100 1202, 1210, 63 479 (1980), cases, resolution. 2705 705 (1978); Sosna, 402, 559, Accordingly, proceed merits. A. 15 Florida could remain police 30 cause. reaching conclusion attempted reconcile important competing interests. one hand, strong protecting public safety suspected engaged criminal activity, where opportunity prior 112, prolonged based incorrect unfounded suspicion unjustly "imperil [a] suspect's job, interrupt source income, impair family relationships." 863. sought these concerns "must fair reliable condition significant restraint liberty, officer promptly 868-869 (emphasis added). 16 "practical compromise" permitted Significantly, stopped short compelled suspect completing booking acknowledged proliferation places justice system interests everyone involved, arrested, might disserved introducing further complexity intricate system. 119-123, 865-868. left integrate differing systems 123-124, 867-868. 17 doing, gave proper deference demands federalism. "state vary widely" number provide, noted single "preferred" approach. 868. explained "flexibility experimentation States" respect integrating desirable State should settle [the] State's viewed whole." purpose make every framework. Rather, 18 Inherent invitation experiment adapt recognition finished "booked," room whatsoever States." Incorporating "into setting fixing conditions release"—which contemplated, 124, 868—would impossible. Waiting few same amount Clearly, inflexible. 19 Notwithstanding discussion permitted. construed "requir[ing] arrest completed, require only brief period." 1278 added) (internal quotations omitted). advanced dissents. 59 (opinion J.); post 61-63, 65 J.). foregoing readily demonstrates error prompt—not immediate. experimentation" "desirab[le]"; "[t]here preferred procedure"; shaped SCALIA disregard statements, relying instead selective opinion. explained, interests; understanding possible takes both sides equation. 20 find support common law. points several statements 1800's effect arresting person 'as can.' Post, 61 original). vague admonition offers dissent's inflexible standard statement follow "promptly 869. mentioned outset, question today answer recognizing B 21 Given incorporate procedures, delays inevitable. example, where, arraignment, caused paperwork logistical problems. Records reviewed, charging documents drafted, appearance counsel arranged, appropriate determined. weekends, when often higher resources tend limited, get pushed back further. view, reasonable postponement while cope everyday problems processing suspects overly burdened 22 But limits; blank check. A detaining periods promptly. 23 Unfortunately, decisions applying demonstrated, say simply guidance. Instead, led flurry city county practices, putting federal judges role legislative judgments overseeing local jailhouse operations. (CA9 1989); Gates, Civ. 84-8647 (CD Cal. Oct. 1988); see Bernard Palo Alto, 699 1023 1983); Sanders Houston, 543 F.Supp. 694 (SD Tex.1982), aff'd, 741 1379 (CA5 1984); Lively Cullinane, 451 1000 (DC 1978). 24 task articulate clearly boundaries Amendment. hesitate announce compels specific limit, certainty counties establish confidence fall bounds. Taking articulated believe reason, 25 passes muster hours. unreasonably. Examples unreasonable gathering evidence justify motivated ill individual, unreasonable, flexibility. Courts ignore unavoidable transporting facility another, handling late-night bookings available, presence busy securing premises realities. 26 calculus changes. case, bear proving delay. circumstance. qualify Nor, weekends. offer 27 urges outer boundary determinations. 9. arguing beyond arranging unconstitutional, effect, adopts view Appeals. Yet ignores entirely court, better situated one, concluded process advocating 24-hour rule, County—and countless across Nation—to speed up mechanisms substantially, presumably allotting tax dollars hire officers magistrates. There times interference control, one. contemplated accommodation concerns. recognize running afoul 28 Everyone agrees attempt minimize presumptively innocent spends jail. way arrest—i.e., booked, photographed, fingerprinted. explains, States, laudably, schedule, however. proceedings, necessarily means certain candidates combination. Only arise very process—such arraignments—may chosen. Even effort expedite IV 29 articulated, conclude arraignments. indicates, principles outlined. days, exclusive Saturdays, Sundays, result, deem permissible, meaning challenges, week, "arraignment[s] tak[e] day" 82. well practice; alternatively, constitute 31 vacated, remanded consistent 32 ordered. 33 whom STEVENS join, dissenting. 34 detained liberty. 114-116, 863-864, I agree probable-cause sufficiently "administrative arrest," 62-63. Because correctly completes 1276, affirm dissent. 35 story told elderly judge looking over career, observes satisfaction "when young, probably let stand convictions overturned, old, set aside stood; overall, done." sometimes think analog jurisprudence, alternately creates contain denies does. Compare Roe Wade, 410 93 705, 147 (1973) (right abortion exist), Maryland Craig, 497 836, 110 3157, 666 (1990) confronted witnesses, Const.Amdt. 6, not). Thinking course correct, combined, dissent today's decision, eliminates old right indeed. 37 views "balanc[ing] concerns" "protecting safety," avoiding "prolonged suspicion," ante, 52. purports reaffirm 'practical compromise' 53. assuredly resolving novel questions search seizure "reasonableness" sets forth. not, think, existed 1791 generally adhered traditions society ever since. matters, "balance" struck, reached—and function Bill Rights judgment, changing Presidents Members Congress, Justices appoint Congress confirm 38 precisely sort. recently occasion explain, Amendment's prohibition "unreasonable seizures," insofar applies person, preserves citizens traditional protections afforded Hodari D., 499 621, 1547, 113 (1991). those—one most those—was deliver arrestee "as can." M. Hale, Pleas Crown (1st Am. ed. 1847). W. Blackstone, Commentaries 289, 293; Wright 107 Eng.Rep. 1182 (K. B. 1825) ("[I]t duty felony can"); R. Burn, Peace 276-277 (1837) ("When constable party treason felony, examined can") same. Am.Jur.2d, Arrest, §§ 76, 77 (1962); Venable Huddy, N.J.L. 351, 72 10, (1909); Atchison, & S.F.R. Co. Hinsdell, 76 Kan. 74, 90 P. 800, 801 (1907); Ocean S.S. Williams, 69 Ga. 251, 262 (1883); Johnson Mayor City Council Americus, 46 80, 86-87 (1872); Low Evans, Ind. 486, 489 (1861); Tubbs Tukey, Mass. 438, 440 (1849) (warrant); Perkins, Law Iowa L.Rev. 201, 254 (1940). Cf. Pepper Mayes, Ky. 673 (1884). clear, moreover, element bearing circumstances pressing investigation, officer's ability, once prisoner secured, reach detention. Restatement Torts 134, Comment b (1934); Keefe Hart, 213 476, 482, N.E. 558, 559 (1913); Leger Warren, 62 Ohio St. 500, 506, 508 (1900); Burk Howley, 179 Pa. 539, 551, 327, 329 (1897); Kirk Son Garrett, 84 Md. 383, 405, 1089, 1091 (1896); Simmons Vandyke, 138 380, 384, 973, 974 (1894) (dictum); 263; Hayes Mitchell, Ala. 452, 455 (1881); Kenerson Bacon, 41 Vt. 573, 577 (1869); Green Kennedy, N.Y. 653, 654 (1871); Schneider McLane, Keyes 568 (NY 1867); Annot., 51 L.R.A. 216 (1901). Wheeler Nesbitt, How. 544, 552, L.Ed. 765 (1860). Any obtained liable false imprisonment. Twilley 252, 265, 286, 289 (1893); Wiggins Norton, 83 148, 152, S.E. 607, 608-609 (1889); Brock Stimson, 108 520 A.L.R.2d 966 (1964).1 39 discussed relied common-law limited necessary obtain magistrate's 40 "[A] policeman's on-the-scene assessment legal justification crime, . dispensing evaporate." 113-114, 863 said liberty," "either Though how did say, plain intentional unrelated Plain enough, least, considering understood way. Gramenos Jewel Companies, 797 432, 437 1986), 481 1028, 1952, 525 (1987); 1023, 1025 1983) (per curiam); 1140 1982); Mabry Kalamazoo, 626 912, 914 (WD Mich.1986); 694, 699-701 1000, 1004 People ex rel. Maxian Brown, 164 App.Div.2d 56, 62-64, 561 N.Y.S.2d 418, 421-422 (1990), N.Y.2d 422, 575, 570 N.E.2d 223 (1991); Note, Ward: Compromising Constitutional Right Prompt Determination Probable Cause Upon 74 Minn.L.Rev. 196, 204 374 (CA2 1988), Today, discerns something quite finds forth above (not mention tradition liberty based) trumped implication dictum according manifests "recognition Ante, 53 - Of contend, "immediate" required. immediate" attributable magistrate—namely, convenience state learn meant "a arrest" full days. thing. Since hangs much worth quoting relevant passage entirety. "Although adversary widely. procedure, whole. While limit precise Amendment, desirability States. found desirable, first officer, incorporated release. Others minor adjustment, acceleration hearings. Current proposals reform suggest ways testing Whatever adopt, 123-125, (footnotes omitted; emphasis 45 rests "we experimentation." context plainly refers timing. timing given constant italicized phrases, especially concludes passage. specifically addressed previously quoted apparent me, terms "[i]ncorporating 'into release' impossible," 54; impossible, envisioned "experimentation," presentation magistrate, yield. says, poor reason keeping wrongfully citizen jail contrary dictates What revealing frailty nothing dictum, plus own (quite irrefutable value laden) "balancing" State. With here, places—even highly liberal places—have Some Western democracies executive impartially adjudicated England, Prevention Terrorism Act 14(4), 5, charge seven Halsbury's Stat. 1294 (4th 1989). put matter time, place, predilection, incorporating guarantees says word about guarantees, determinative. Gerstein's approval "brief period" accomplish questionable extension formulation, though little perhaps justified de minimis grounds.2 To expand authorization related "completion" seems me utterly unjustified. Mr. impartial liberty—not schedule suits piggybacking various completed procured. 47 discussing consider principal factors postarrest (as requires) "reasonably prompt." factors, disagree, third factor—the believing, "combining" justifies delay—we disagree subsequent question, described absolute limit. determinant "reasonable promptness" control availability personnel facilities "combined procedures" are) restricted else guarantee worthless. If, year authorized perform throughout point, illegitimate. know calculated confess, either, thought "desire combine." standards "combination," "vary So far discern (though pretend able better), "combining," bad If should) delay, determining objective manageable task. undertake declined—wisely, data figure choose. notes, engendered addressing scope "incident duration. conclusions reached surprisingly similar. frankly prefer information, reargument convince certainly needed.3 50 exception, regarded inadequate exception actually selected (The count Sunday limit.) 1025; McGill Parsons, 484, 485 1976); F.Supp., 701-703; 1003-1004. Dommer Hatcher, 427 1040, 1046 (ND Ind.1975) (24-hour maximum; included), rev'd part, 653 1981). (four "requires explanation"); Brandes, Post-Arrest Detention Amendment: Refining Standard Colum.J.L. Soc.Prob. 445, 474-475 Federal Rule Criminal Procedure 5(a), presentment "without delay." Thomas, Poisoned Fruit Pretrial Detention, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 413, 450, 238 (1986) (citing cases). And applied statutes New York, App.Div.2d, N.Y.S.2d, 421-422. Twenty-nine York's, delay" "forthwith"; eight hours; permitting 478, 230. York Alaska, unlikely population geography demand period. Twenty-four American Institute's Model Code. ALI, Pre-Arraignment 310.1 (1975). Bar Association rules initially delay," six required, night. Uniform Rules Procedure, U.L.A. App., 10-4.1 (Spec.Pamph.1987). Finally, commissions judges, federal, commentators question. 478-485 (discussing national rule); Minn.L.Rev., 207-209. my absent circumstances, seizure" police, (1) arrangement (2) Like treat presumption; exceeded adduce unforeseeable justifying 52 weeks issuance appeared Post protracted litigation arising student entered restaurant Charlottesville, Virginia, evening, look friends. Failing them, tried leave—but refused pay $5 fee (required restaurant's posted rules) return red tab keep track orders. According story, "was taken Charlottesville jail" request. "There, warrant," Apr. 29, 1991, used be; future. now, lawfully arrange maximum Story wrote "is affirmance great law." J. Story, 748 (1833). less that. hears nowadays, guilty; benefits career (through exclusionary rule) directly, ordinary remotely all. protect arrestee, reinforces view. primary beneficiaries innocent—not whose overturned scold police; avoid conviction evidence, convincing, guilt doubt; blameless good recent years invented applications unquestionably guilty, repudiate Hereafter law-abiding await grace Dickensian bureaucratic machine, churns cycle days—never absolutely hold him, mistake made. image lost ancient sense priority, own. 55 respectfully dismisses reliance ground "vague admonition" "an can' Pugh's, language "inflexible standard" propose. 55. response totally confuses portion addresses Part below, (no inflexibly, latter—how functions beforehand, can" arrest"—is obviously helicopters telephones. delay-legitimating are—whether, investigation crime says) "mixing" proceedings—is governed law, "vague": qualifies. really this. rescinds guarantee. Ordinarily, plenty steps" arrangements if, precinct entertaining in, basis intentionally delaying cataloging effects, fingerprinting, photographing, etc. ought exposed indignities constraining freedom movement, "concluded County." 57. (the imposed Court) "ample" contrary. turn, evidentiary finding necessary, unexplained "declines adopt hour [generally courts], circumstances." CV87-5597 RG 19, 332. "nearly percent less," Brief Attorney, Amicus Curiae 16, examples explain unpersuasive (heavy traffic Southern freeways; arrestees detainable visibly influence drugs come out questioned crimes; blood urine samples drug cases) exception: awaiting investigations reports agencies. 16-17. held, latter reason—effecting Judge Posner aptly called "imprisonment suspicion, 1568 1985)—is improper. 120, 21, 866, Mallory 354 449, 456, 1356, 1360, 1479 (1957).

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