Document: 410 U.S. 113 93 S.Ct. 705 35 L.Ed.2d 147 Jane ROE, et al., Appellants,v.Henry WADE. No. 70-18. Argued Dec. 13, 1971. Reargued Oct. 11, 1972. Decided Jan. 22, 1973. Rehearing Denied Feb. 26, See 959, 1409. Syllabus A pregnant single woman (Roe) brought a class action challenging the constitutionality of Texas criminal abortion laws, which proscribe procuring or attempting an except on medical advice for purpose saving mother's life. licensed physician (Hallford), who had two state prosecutions pending against him, was permitted to intervene. childless married couple (the Does), wife not being pregnant, separately attacked basing alleged injury future possibilities contraceptive failure, pregnancy, unpreparedness parenthood, and impairment wife's health. three-judge District Court, consolidated actions, held that Roe Hallford, members their classes, standing sue presented justiciable controversies. Ruling declaratory, though injunctive, relief warranted, court declared statutes void as vague overbroadly infringing those plaintiffs' Ninth Fourteenth Amendment rights. The ruled Does' complaint justiciable. Appellants directly appealed this Court injunctive rulings, appellee cross-appealed from Court's grant declaratory Hallford. Held: 1. While 28 U.S.C. § 1253 authorizes no direct appeal denial alone, review is foreclose when case properly before specific arguments both are necessarily identical. P. 123. 2. has sue; Does Hallford do not. Pp. 123-129. (a) Contrary appellee's contention, natural termination Roe's pregnancy did moot her suit. Litigation involving 'capable repetition, yet evading review,' exception usual federal rule actual controversy must exist at stages simply initiated. 124-125. (b) correctly refused but erred in granting federally protected right assertable defense good-faith him. Samuels v. Mackell, 401 66, 91 764, 27 688. 125-127. (c) complaint, based it contingencies, any one more may occur, too speculative present controversy. 127-129. 3. State like involved here, criminality only life-saving procedure behalf without regard stage other interests violate Due Process Clause Amendment, protects privacy, including woman's qualified terminate pregnancy. Though cannot override right, legitimate protecting health potentiality human life, each grows reaches 'compelling' point various approach term. 147-164. For prior approximately end first trimester, decision its effectuation be left judgment attending physician. 163-164. subsequent State, promoting interest mother, may, if chooses, regulate ways reasonably related maternal viability regulate, even proscribe, where necessary, appropriate judgment, preservation life mother. 163-164; 164—165. 4. define term 'physician' mean currently by person so defined. 165. 5. It unnecessary decide issue since authorities will doubtless fully recognize ruling unconstitutional. 166. 314 F.Supp. 1217, affirmed part reversed part. Sarah R. Weddington, Austin, Tex., appellants. Robert C. Flowers, Asst. Atty. Gen. Texas, reargument. Jay Floyd, Gen., original argument. Mr. Justice BLACKMUN delivered opinion Court. 1 This Georgia companion, Doe Bolton, 179, 739, 201, constitutional challenges legislation. under attack here typical have been effect many States century. statutes, contrast, modern cast legislative product that, extent least, obviously reflects influences recent attitudinal change, advancing knowledge techniques, new thinking about old issue. 2 We forthwith acknowledge our awareness sensitive emotional nature controversy, vigorous opposing views, among physicians, deep seemingly absolute convictions subject inspires. One's philosophy, one's experiences, exposure raw edges existence, religious training, attitudes toward family values, moral standards establishes seeks observe, all likely influence color conclusions abortion. 3 In addition, population growth, pollution, poverty, racial overtones tend complicate simplify problem. 4 Our task, course, resolve measurement, free emotion predilection. seek earnestly this, and, because we do, inquired into, place some emphasis upon, medical-legal history what reveals man's over centuries. bear mind, too, Holmes' admonition his now-vindicated dissent Lochner New York, 198 45, 76, 25 539, 547, 49 L.Ed. 937 (1905): 5 '(The Constitution) made people fundamentally differing accident finding certain opinions familiar, novel, shocking, ought conclude upon question whether embodying them conflict with Constitution United States.' 6 * concern us Arts. 1191-1194 1196 State's Penal Code,1 Vernon's Ann.P.C. These make crime 'procure abortion,' therein defined, attempt one, respect 'an procured attempted mother.' Similar existence majority States.2 7 enacted statute 1854. Laws 1854, c. 49, 1, set forth H. Gammel, 1502 (1898). soon modified into language remained substantially unchanged time. Code 1857, 7, 531-536; G. Paschal, 2192-2197 (1866); Rev.Stat., 8, 536-541 (1879); Rev.Crim.Stat., 1071-1076 (1911). final article these compilations provided same exception, does Article 1196, 'medical mother.'3 II 8 Roe,4 residing Dallas County, instituted March 1970 Attorney county. She sought were unconstitutional face, injunction restraining defendant enforcing statutes. 9 she unmarried pregnant; wished 'performed competent, physician, safe, clinical conditions'; unable get 'legal' appear threatened continuation pregnancy; could afford travel another jurisdiction order secure legal safe conditions. claimed unconstitutionally they abridged personal First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, Amendments. By amendment purported 'on herself women' similarly situated. 10 James Hubert granted leave intervene action. he arrested previously violations such He described conditions patients came him seeking abortions, cases he, determine fell within outside recognized 1196. consequence, uncertain, violation violated own patients' rights privacy doctor-patient relationship practice medicine, guaranteed 11 John Mary Doe,5 couple, filed companion Roe. They also named defendant, deprivations, relief. couple; Mrs. suffering 'neural-chemical' disorder; 'advised avoid until time condition materially improved' (although would 'a serious risk' life); pursuant advice, discontinued use birth control pills; should become want performed themselves couples situated.' 12 actions heard together duly convened district court. suits thus situations woman, practicing joining Upon filing affidavits, motions dismissal summary judgment. class, Dr. controversies, failed allege facts sufficient standing. concluded requests abstention warranted. On merits, 'fundamental women persons choose children through Amendment,' face constituted overbroad infringement then warranted injunction. therefore dismissed void, application 1225 (N.D.Tex.1970). 13 plaintiffs intervenor 1253, denying cross-appeal, statute, court's Both sides taken protective appeals Appeals Fifth Circuit. That ordered abeyance here. postponed hearing merits. 402 941, 1610, 29 108 (1971). III 14 might preferable Rule 20, petition certiorari prayer decisions Mitchell Donovan, 398 427, 90 1763, 26 378 (1970), Gunn University Committee, 399 383, 2013, 684 authorize alone. conclude, nevertheless, aspects kind property is, relief, Carter Jury Comm'n, 396 320, 518, 24 549 (1970); Florida Lime Avocado Growers, Inc. Jacobsen, 362 73; 80-81, 80 568, 573-574, 568 (1960). destructive energy concerned otherwise. Cf. 201. IV 15 next confronted issues justiciability, standing, abstention. Have established 'personal stake outcome controversy,' Baker Carr, 369 186, 204, 82 691, 703, 663 (1962), insures 'the dispute adjudicated adversary context form historically viewed capable judicial resolution,' Flast Cohen, 392 83, 101, 88 1942, 1953, 20 947 (1968), Sierra Club Morton, 405 727, 732, 92 1361, 1364, 31 636 (1972)? And pendency charges propriety plaintiff-intervenor? A. Despite pseudonym, suggestion fictitious person. purposes case, accept true, established, existence; state, inception suit late May 21 year alias affidavit Court; inability obtain Texas. 16 Viewing thereafter May, there can little wholly apart aspects, she, thwarted challenge Abele Markle, 452 F.2d 1121, 1125 (CA2 1971); Crossen Breckenridge, 446 833, 8380-839 (CA6 Poe Menghini, 339 986, 990-991 (D.C.Kan. 1972). Truax Raich, 239 33, 36 60 131 (1951). Indeed, read brief really asserting anything contrary. 'logical nexus between status asserted claim adjudicated,' U.S., 102, S.Ct., necessary degree contentiousness, Golden Zwickler, 394 103, 89 956, 22 (1969), present. 17 notes, however, record disclose 1970,6 following June filed. suggests now longer 18 appellate review, date Munsingwear, Inc., 340 36, 71 104, 95 (1950); supra; SEC Medical Committee Human Rights, 404 403, 577, 30 560 (1972). 19 But when, significant fact litigation, normal 266-day gestation period short come process complete. If makes moot, litigation seldom survive much beyond trial stage, effectively denied. law rigid. Pregnancy often comes than once general population, man survive, always us. provides classic justification conclusion nonmootness. truly review.' Southern Pacific Terminal Co. ICC, 219 498, 515, 279, 283, 55 310 Moore Ogilvie, 814, 816, 1493, 1494, 23 (1969); Carroll President Commissioners Princess Anne, 393 175, 178-179, 347, 350, 351, 325 (1968); W. T. Grant Co., 345 629, 632-633, 73 894, 897-898, 97 1303 (1953). We, therefore, agree undertake rendered moot. B. doctor's position different. entered plaintiff-intervenor, alleging he: '(I)n past violating Abortion stands charged indictment said laws Criminal to-wit: (1) vs. C-69-5307-IH, (2) C-69-2524-H. . .' intervene, doctor representations repeated executed support motion seeking, court, simultaneously Although stated allegation substantial immediate threat prosecutions. Neither harassment bad-faith prosecution. escape articulated cited paragraph absent bad faith, affirmatively prosecuting distinguish 'potential defendant' assert latter see merit distinction. 688 (1971), compels instead refraining doing. correct refusing doctor. reasons supportive action, expressed supra, Younger Harris, 37, 746, 669 (1971); Boyle Landry, 77, 758, 696 Perez Ledesma, 82, 674, 701 Byrne Karalexis, 216, 777, 792 Dombrowski Pfister, 380 479, 85 1116, (1965). note, passing, decided after case. Hallford's intervention, dismissed.7 remitted defenses proceedings reverse insofar dismiss intervention. Does. view significance. claims essentially Roe, Nevertheless, briefly note posture. Their pleadings desire having received 'other highly reasons.' 'fear prospect becoming parents.' ensues, 'would terminate' legally consequently, obtaining illegal going obtained competently. have, injury, 'detrimental (their) marital happiness' forced choice sexual relations endangering Doe's possible pregnancy.' sometime failure measures, very phrasing character. rests Any several take combine. estimation, real imagined impact happiness. prepared say bare indirect 41-42, 749; 109-110, 960; F.2d, 1124-1125; 839. falls far resolved otherwise urge us, namely, investment Institute Camp, 617, 1091, 367 Association Data Processing Service Organizations, 397 150, 827, 184 Epperson Arkansas, 97, 266, 228 (1968). (1915). 32 litigation. affirm dismissal. V 33 principal thrust appellant's improperly invade possessed Appellant discover concept 'liberty' embodied Amendment's Clause; marital, familial, Bill Rights penumbras, Griswold Connecticut, 381 1678, 510 (1965); Eisenstadt Baird, 438 (1972); id., 460, 1029, 1042, 349 (White, J., concurring result); reserved 486, 1682 (Goldberg, concurring). Before addressing claim, feel desirable survey, abortion, insight examine behind laws. VI 34 perhaps generally appreciated restrictive today relatively vintage. Those proscribing during preserve ancient common-law origin. Instead, derive statutory changes effected, most part, half 19th Ancient attitudes. precise determination. told Persian Empire abortifacients known abortions severely punished.8 told, practiced Greek times well Roman Era,9 'it resorted scruple.'10 Ephesian, Soranos, greatest gynecologists, appears opposed Rome's prevailing free-abortion practices. found think standard, felt advisable.11 afforded protection unborn. prosecuted places, seems father's offspring. religion bar abortion.12 Hippocratic Oath. What famous Oath stood long ethical guide profession bears name great (460(?)-377(?) B.C.), Father Medicine, 'wisest practitioner art,' 'most important complete personality antiquity,' dominated schools time, typified sum past?13 varies somewhat according particular translation, translation content clear: 'I give deadly medicine anyone asked, nor suggest counsel; manner I pessary produce abortion,'14 neither drug anybody asked it, effect. Similarly, abortive remedy.'15 37 mentioned briefs represents apex development strict concepts endures day. Why authority Hippocrates dissuade Rome? Edelstein theory:16 uncontested Hippocrates' day; Pythagorean school philosophers frowned act suicide. Most thinkers, hand, commended least viability. Plato, Republic, V, 461; Aristotle, Politics, VII, 1335b 25. Pythagoreans, matter dogma. embryo animate moment conception, meant destruction living being. clause Oath, 'echoes doctrines,' '(i)n stratum views proposed spirit uncompromising austerity.'17 38 concludes originated group representing small segment certainly accepted physicians. points out writings down Galen (A.D. 130-200) 'give evidence almost every injunctions.'18 antiquity change took place. Resistance suicide became common. popular. emerging teachings Christianity agreement Phthagorean ethic. 'became nucleus ethics' 'was applauded embodiment truth.' Thus, Edelstein, manifesto expression standard conduct.'19 39 This, satisfactory acceptable explanation Oath's apparent rigidity. enables understand, historical context, long-accepted statement ethics. 40 common law. undisputed law, 'quickening'-the recognizable movement fetus utero, appearing usually 16th 18th week pregnancy20-was indictable offense.21 absence pre-quickening developed confluence earlier philosophical, theological, civil canon begins. disciplines variously approached terms 'formed' recognizably human, 'person' being, infused 'soul' 'animated.' loose concensus evolved early English events occurred conception live birth.22 'mediate animation.' Christian theology fix animation days male female, persisted century, formation animation. There agreement, regarded destruction, homicide. continued uncertainty occurred, lack empirical basis 40-80-day view, Aquinas' definition principles Bracton focused quickening critical point. significance echoed later scholars way country. 41 Whether quick felony lesser crime, still disputed. Bracton, writing 13th thought homicide.23 predominant scholars, was, most, offense. frequently passage, Coke 'quick childe' misprision, murder.'24 Blackstone followed, saying while considered manslaughter (though murder), 'modern law' less severe view.25 precedents argues, contradict post-quickening never crime.26 importance American courts ruled, holding dictum, unquickened law,27 others followed stating 'misprision,' translated 'misdemeanor.'28 reliance aspect uncritical apparently reported cases, dictum (due probably paucity abortion), doubtful ever firmly fetus. 42 England's Lord Ellenborough's Act, 43 Geo. 3, 58, 1803. fetus, capital penalties quickening, preserved 'quickening' contrast revision 1828, 4, 31, 13. disappeared, death penalty, 1837, Will. & Vict., 85, 6, reappear Offenses Against Person Act 1861, 100, 59, formed core anti-abortion liberalizing reforms 1967. 1929, Infant Life (Preservation) 5, 34, Its child born alive.' willful intent felony. contained proviso guilty offense 'unless proved caused done good faith preserving notable Rex Bourne, (1939) K.B. 687. answered affirmative excepted 1861 Act. instructions jury, Judge MacNaghten referred 1929 observed killed ordinary course nature.' Id., 691. Act's word 'unlawfully,' imported meaning mention construed phrase 'preserving mother' broadly, 'in reasonable sense,' include permanent health, instructed jury acquit Bourne acted belief purpose. 693-694. acquit. 44 Recently, Parliament 1967, Eliz. 2, 87. permits perform physicians 'that continuance involve risk physical mental existing family, greater terminated,' suffer abnormalities seriously handicapped.' making determination, 'account foreseeable environment.' concurrence others, 'is immediately save prevent grave woman.' 45 country, few mid-19th century pre-existing enact legislation, adopted 1821 child.'29 penalty imposed. 1860.30 York legislation31 respects, serve model barring unquickend former misdemeanor, second-degree manslaughter. Second, incorporated therapeutic providing excused 'shall shall advised purpose.' 1840, law,32 eight dealing abortion.33 War Between legislation began replace initial dealt lenient quickening. punished attempts equally completed abortions. included provision disappeared required actually 46 Gradually, middle distinction increased. 1950's large jurisdictions banned however whenever performed, unless mother.34 exceptions, Alabama Columbia, health.35 Three 'unlawfully' 'without lawful justification,' leaving interpretation courts.36 years, trend liberalization resulted adoption, one-third States, stringent patterned ALI Model Code, 230.3,37 Appendix B 205, 754. 47 adoption Constitution, throughout major portion disfavor Phrasing way, enjoyed broader today. At possibly limitation, opportunity country Even later, treat punitively 48 6. Association. mood prevalent shared profession. attitude played role enactment period. An AMA appointed 1857. report, Trans. Am.Med.Assn. 73-78 (1859), Twelfth Annual Meeting. report investigate 'with suppression.' deplored frequency listed three causes 'this demoralization': 50 'The wide-spread popular ignorance true character crime-a belief, mothers themselves, foetus alive till 51 second agents alluded supposed careless foetal 52 third reason frightful defects regards independent birth, errors, instances conviction, based, mistaken exploded dogmas. With strange inconsistency, acknowledges utero inherent rights, purposes; personally criminally affected, fails denies protection.' 75-76. 53 offered, adopted, resolutions protesting 'against unwarrantable life,' calling legislatures revise requesting cooperation societies pressing subject.' 28, 78. 54 1871 vivid submitted Abortion. ended observation, 'We deal entertain compromise. honest judge bench call things proper names. less.' 258 (1871). proffered resolutions, Association, 38-39, recommending, things, 'be unlawful unprofessional induce premature labor, concurrent respectable consulting safety child-if possible,' attention clergy denominations perverted morality entertained females-aye, men also, question.' Except periodic condemnation abortionist, further formal year, Reproduction urged policy opposition induced 'documented evidence' 'may incapacitating deformity deficiency,' 'resulting forcible rape incest constitute patient,' 'chosen professional competency examined patient concurred writing,' hospital accredited Joint Commission Accreditation Hospitals.' information consideration regarding 'to consistent ethics Association.' recommendation House Delegates. Proceedings Delegates 40-51 (June 1967). 56 1970, introduction variety Board Trustees, reference committee noted 'polarization controversial issue'; division testified; difference councils committees; remarkable shift testimony' six months, influenced 'by rapid freely available;' feeling continue.' 25, preambles committee. emphasized best 'sound judgment,' 'informed consent,' 'mere acquiescence patient's demand.' consultation conformity party principles.38 220 1970). Judicial Council complementary opinion.39 57 7. Public Health October Executive APHA Standards Services. five number: 58 'a. Rapid simple referral readily available local public departments, societies, non-profit organizations. 59 'b. function counseling expedite services; delay services. 'c. Psychiatric mandatory. As specialized services, psychiatric definite indications routine basis. 61 'd. wide range individuals appropriately trained, sympathetic volunteers skilled qualify counselors. 62 'e. Contraception and/or sterilization discussed patient.' Recommended Services, Am.J.Pub.Health 63 Among factors pertinent risks associated 'are important': 64 skill 65 environment above 66 duration determined uterine size confirmed menstrual history.' 397. 67 well-equipped hospital' offers cope unforeseen difficulties office clinic resources. factor gestational age overriding importance.' recommended trimester presence complications hospitals inpatient procedures. pregnancies overnight stay safest practice.' extramural facility, alternative 'provided arrangements advance admit promptly develop.' facility listed. osteopaths 'adequate training.' 398. 68 8. Bar meeting February 1972 ABA approved, votes, Uniform drafted approved preceding August Conference Laws. A.B.A.J. full margin.40 appended enlightening Prefatory Note.41 VII 69 advanced explain justify existence. 70 argued occasionally Victorian social discourage illicit conduct. commentator argument seriously.42 appellants amici contend, moreover, were, unwed mothers. procedure. When enacted, hazardous woman.43 particularly antisepsis. Antiseptic discoveries Lister, Pasteur, announced 1867, employed turn mortality high. 1900, antibiotics 1940's, techniques dilation curettage nearly enacting protect restrain submitting placed jeopardy. 72 Modern altered situation. refer data indicating although risk, safe. Mortality rates undergoing legal, low lower childbirth.44 Consequently, inherently procedure, dangerous forgo largely disappeared. Of areas remain. seeing circumstances insure maximum patient. extends performing staff, facilities involved, availability after-care, adequate complication emergency arise. prevalence high 'abortion mills' strengthens, rather weakens, regulating performed. Moreover, increases continues. retains interest-some duty-in prenatal Some theory conception.45 obligation extends, argued, Only mother stake, balanced carries her, prevail. Logically, area need stand fall acceptance begins birth. assessing interest, recognition given rigid potential 74 Parties sharply disputed contention life.46 Pointing designed solely woman. Because advances lessened concern, argue justified interest. scholarly purpose.47 called interpret 20th centuries focus fetus.48 Proponents Texas,49 interpretation, self-abortion cooperating another.50 tacitly recognizes hazards impliedly repudiates conception. 75 interests, weight attached them, concerned. VIII 76 explicitly privacy. line decisions, back Union Botsford, 141 250, 251, 1000, 1001, 734 (1891), guarantee zones Constitution. varying contexts, individual Justices indeed, roots First Stanley Georgia, 557, 564, 1243, 1247, 542 Fourth Amendments, Terry Ohio, 8-9, 1868, 1872-1873, 889 Katz 389 507, 510, 576 (1967); Boyd 116 616, 524, 746 (1886), Olmstead 277 438, 478, 572, 944 (1928) (Brandeis, dissenting); penumbras 484-485, 1681-1682; concurring); liberty section Meyer Nebraska, 262 390, 399, 625, 626, 1042 (1923). clear deemed 'fundamental' 'implicit liberty,' Palko 302 319, 325, 149, 152, 288 (1937), extension activities relating marriage, Loving Virginia, 388 12, 87 1817, 1823, 1010 procreation, Skinner Oklahoma, 316 535, 541-542, 1110, 1113-1114, 86 1655 (1942); contraception, 453-454, 1038-1039; 463465, 1043-1044 relationships, Prince Massachusetts, 321 158, 166, 442, 645 (1944); rearing education, Pierce Society Sisters, 268 571, 573, 1070 (1925), supra. 77 founded restrictions or, determined, reservation people, broad enough encompass detriment impose altogether apparent. Specific harm medically diagnosable involved. Maternity, additional offspring, force distressful future. Psychological imminent. Mental taxed care. distress, concerned, unwanted child, problem bringing already unable, psychologically otherwise, care it. continuing stigma motherhood All responsible consider consultation. 78 elements these, appellant entitled whatever alone chooses. agree. Appellant's either valid decision, strong limitation sole unpersuasive. recognizing regulation appropriate. above, safeguarding maintaining standards, respective sufficiently compelling sustain govern decision. absolute. fact, unlimited body pleases close decisions. past. Jacobson 197 358, 643 (1905) (vaccination); Buck Bell, 274 200, 584, 1000 (1927) (sterilization). 79 includes unqualified regulation. recently reached conclusion. majority, addition unconstitutional, vagueness overbreadth abridgment 342 800 (D.C.Conn.1972), docketed, 72-56; 351 224 72-730; 319 1048 (N.D.Ga.1970), today, 201; Scott, 1385 (N.D.Ill.1971), 70-105; 986 (D.C.Kan.1972); YWCA Kugler, (D.C.N.J.1972); Babbitz McCann, 293 (E.D.Wis.1970), dismissed, 400 People Belous, Cal.2d 954, Cal.Rptr. 354, 458 P.2d 194 cert. denied, 915, 920, 96 Barquet, So.2d 431 (Fla.1972). 81 Others sustained General, 344 587 (E.D.Ky.1972), 72-256; Rosen Louisiana Examiners, 318 1217 (E.D.La.1970), 70-42; Corkey Edwards, 322 1248 (W.D.N.C.1971), 71-92; Steinberg Brown, 741 (N.D.Ohio 1970); Rampton, 366 189 (Utah 1971), 71-5666; Cheaney Ind., 285 N.E.2d 265 Spears 257 876 (Miss.1972); Munson, S.D., 201 N.W.2d 123 (1972), 72-631. results divided, agreed cover decision; nonetheless, limitations; dominant. approach. 83 Where rights' limiting 'compelling interest,' Kramer Free School District, 395 621, 627, 1886, 1890, 583 Shapiro Thompson, 618, 634, 1322, 1331, 600 Sherbert Verner, 374 398, 406, 1790, 1795, 965 (1963), enactments narrowly drawn express stake. 485, 1682; Aptheker Secretary 500, 508, 84 1659, 1664, 992 (1964); Cantwell 296, 307-308, 900, 904-905, 1213 (1940); 463-464, result). principles. striking scrutinized limitations Courts sustaining determinations dominant constitutionally justifiable. IX meet burden demonstrating statute's 'several justifications abortions,' outstripped swept 'far interest.' F.Supp., 1222-1223. contest holding. Appellant, indicated, bars imposition area. Appellee argues determination constitutes formulation. Amendment. outline length detail well-known fetal development. personhood collapses, fetus' specifically conceded reargument.51 reargument52 holds words. Section contains references 'person.' first, defining 'citizens,' speaks 'persons naturalized Equal Protection Clause. 'Person' used places Constitution: listing qualifications Representatives Senators, Art, I, cl. 3; Apportionment Clause, Art. 3;53 Migration Importation provision, 9, 1; Emoulument 8; Electros provisions, II, superseded outlining President, 5; Extradition IV, Fugitive Slave Twelfth, Twenty-second §§ instances, postnatally. None indicates, assurance, application.54 practices freer persuades 'person,' unborn.55 accord squarely presented. McGarvey Magee-Womens Hospital, 751 (W.D.Pa.1972); Byrn City Hospitals Corp., N.Y.2d 194, 335 N.Y.S.2d 286 887 72-434; 72-730. N.E.2d, 270; Montana Rogers, 278 68, (CA7 1960), aff'd sub nom. Kennedy, 308, 1336, 313 (1961); Keeler Superior Cal.3d 619, 481, 470 617 Dickinson, Ohio St.2d 65, 275 599 Vuitch, 62, 1294, 601 inferentially effect, indulged favorable specified consequence protection. conclusion, itself answer contentions raised pass considerations. isolated accepts definitions developing young uterus. Dorland's Illustrated Dictionary 478-479, 547 (24th ed. 1965). situation different intimacy, bedroom possession obscene material, Griswold, Stanley, Loving, respectively intimated becomes significantly possesses measured accordingly. urges difficult trained arrive consensus, judiciary, knowledge, speculate answer. divergence question. begin Stoics.56 predominant, unanimous, Jewish faith.57 represent Protestant community, ascertained; organized groups conscience family.58 noted, Physicians scientific colleagues event tended interim 'viable,' potentially able womb, albeit artificial aid.59 Viability seven months (28 weeks) occur earlier, weeks.60 Aristotelian animation,' sway Middle Ages Renaissance Europe, official Catholic dogma despite 'ensoulment' Church conception.61 now, Church. amicus discloses, strongly non-Catholics well, Substantial problems posed, embryological purport indicate 'process' event, extraction, 'morning-after' pill, implantation embryos, insemination, wombs.62 reluctant endorse unborn defined contingent example, traditional tort denied recovery injuries alive.63 changed jurisdiction. viable, quick, sustained, held.64 development, commentators, permit parents stillborn maintain wrongful injuries.65 Such vindicate parents' acquiring inheritance devolution property, represented guardians ad litem.66 Perfection again, short, whole sense. X 94 adopting repeat, resident non-resident treatment there, separate distinct. Each substantiality approaches 'compelling.' point, light trimester. now-established childbirth. follows relates Examples permissible requirements abortion; licensure person; less-than-hospital status; licensing facility; like. means, patient, determine, terminated. reached, effectuated interference State. presumably capability meaningful womb. logical biological justifications. interested viability, go period, 98 Measured restricting 'procured mother,' sweeps broadly. limits reason, 'saving' 99 grounds vagueness. 67-72, 1296-1299. XI To summarize repeat: 100 current type, excepts violative 101 102 103 104 'physician,' paragraphs Part opinion, 105 procedural considered. together.67 106 holding, feel, relative weights lessons examples history, lenity demands profound leaves increasing lengthens, tailored interests. vindicates administer up provide Up points, inherently, primarily, basic responsibility rest abuses privilege exercising remedies, intra-professional, available. XII 107 unit, fall. struck separately, procedures how urgent stopped issuing enforcement considerations enter other. Zwickler Koota, U.S 241, 252-255, 391, 397-399, 444 abridge expression, refined 50, 753. 109 find withholding assume prosecutorial credence 110 reversed, intervention dismissed. affirmed. Costs allowed appellee. 111 ordered. 112 Affirmed STEWART, concurring. 114 1963, Ferguson Skrupa, 372 726, 1028, 93, sound knell doctrine substantive due process, Black's Skrupa put it: returned proposition substitute economic beliefs bodies, elected laws.' 730, 1031.1 115 Barely years Connecticut understandably ground Yet, Constitution.2 So me then, rationally understood substantively invaded Amendment.3 understood, pre-Skrupa such. 'In doubt indeed.' Regents Roth, 408 2701, 2707, 548. nowhere mentions matters marriage covers freedoms Rights. Schware 353 232, 238-239, 752, 755-756, 796; 534-535, 1070; 399-400, 626-627, 1042. 629-630, 1328-1329, 600; Guest, 383 745, 757-758, 1170, 1177-1178, 239; Carrington Rash, 89, 96, 775, 780, 675; 505, 1663, 992; Kent Dulles, 357 116, 127, 1113, 1118, 1204; Bolling Sharpe, 347 497, 499-500, 693, 694-695, 884; 41, 10, 131. 117 Harlan wrote: '(T)he scope limited guarantees elsewhere series priced taking property; freedom speech, press, religion; keep arms; unreasonable searches seizures; on. rational continuum which, broadly speaking, arbitrary impositions purposeless restraints recognizes, must, require careful scrutiny needs abridgment.' Ullman, 543, 1752, 1776, 989 (opinion dissenting appeal) (citations omitted). words Frankfurter, 'Great purposely gather experience. relate domain statesmen Nation knew stagnant society remains unchanged.' National Mutual Ins. Tidewater Transfer 337 582, 646, 1173, 1195, 1556 (dissenting opinion). 118 Several liberties 1010; 645; 541, 1655. last Term, 453, 1038, 349, individual, single, unwarranted governmental intrusion affecting beget child.' 'Certainly giving self affected raising intimacy send private teach foreign (1923).' 224, 227 (D.C.Conn.1972). 119 Clearly, embraced 120 evident infringes directly. imagine worked inflexible 'particularly scrutiny' requires. 121 her. objectives, amply surgical procedures, stringently prohibit thoroughly demonstrated Accordingly, join invalid 122 REHNQUIST, dissenting. brings troubling extensive wealth scholarship. commands my respect, myself nonetheless fundamental disagreement parts invalidate question, dissent. 124 decides virtually restriction performance previous predicate plaintiff lawsuit. vindication others. Moose Lodge Irvis, 407 163, 1965, 627 clear, indicates plaintiff. know woman; aught record, 125 Nothing apply proscription written Nonetheless, uses fulcrum deciding hypothetical lawsuit, departs longstanding 'formulate applied.' Liverpool, Philadelphia S.S. Emigration, 39, 352, 355, 899 (1885). Ashwander TVA, 297 288, 345, 466, 482, (1936) 126 litigating decides, reach opposite difficulty concluding, does, 'privacy' challenged, transaction resulting operation 'private' usage word. Nor finds distant seizures (1967). 127 means consensual transactions similar upheld liberty. STEWART 'liberty,' deprivation protects, embraces absolutely deprivation, test traditionally applied challenged relation objective. Williamson Lee Optical 348 483, 491, 461, 563 (1955). undoubtedly limit, power this. jeopardy, objective Williamson, sweeping invalidation impossible conscious weighing competing substitutes one. 128 eschews interest' test. Weber Aetna Casualty Surety 406 164, 1400, 1408, 768 (1972) adds wrinkle transposing arising Unless misapprehend consequences transplanting test,' accomplish feat confused 129 quotes Holmes 74, 551, (1905), result closely attuned Peckham applying welfare inevitably policies wisdom forward break distinct partakes drafters 130 reflecting, sentiment indication, me, 'so rooted traditions ranked fundamental,' Snyder 291 105, 330, 332, 674 (1934). society's changing, debate 'right' universally believe. result, Scope completely unknown 1821, Legislature. Conn.Stat., Tit. 14, 16. territorial abortion.1 amended updated books 1868 remain today.2 1857 'has time.' Ante, 119. 132 concerning validity adopted. intend withdraw legislate matter. 133 enunciation proper, disposition justify. toto, concedes periods selfsame My understanding plaintiff, whole, 'struck down' instead, Yick Wo Hopkins, 356, 1064, (1886); Street 576, 1354, 572 (1969). 134 foregoing reasons, respectfully 'Article 1191. 'If designedly knowingly procure administered consent towards violence externally internally applied, thereby confined penitentiary years; consent, punishment doubled. 'abortion' destroyed womb thereof caused. 'Art. 1192. Furnishing 'Whoever furnishes knowing intended accomplice. 1193. Attempt fail offender nevertheless shown calculated fined hundred thousand dollars. 1194. Murder producing occasioned produced murder.' 'Nothing chapter applies Articles, compose Chapter Title Code. reads: 1195. Destroying parturition destroy vitality alive, years.' Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. 13-211 (1956); Conn.Pub.Act (May special session) (in Conn.Leg.Serv. 677 (1972)), Conn.Gen.Stat.Rev. 53-29, 53-30 (1968) (or child); Idaho 18-601 (1948); Ill.Rev.Stat., 38, 21-1 Ind.Code 35-1-58-1 Iowa 701.1 Ky.Rev.Stat. 436.020 (1962); LaRev.Stat. 37:1285(6) (1964) (loss license) (but 14-87 (Supp.1972) containing statute); Me.Rev.Stat.Ann., 17, Mass.Gen.Laws Ann., 272, (1970) (using exclude Kudish Bd. Registration, 356 Mass. 98, 248 264 (1969)); Mich.Comp.Laws 750.14 Minn.Stat. 617.18 Mo.Rev.Stat. 559.100 Mont.Rev.Codes Ann. 94-401 Neb.Rev.Stat. 28-405 Nev.Rev.Stat. 200.220 N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann. 585:13 (1955); N.J.Stat.Ann. 2A:87-1 (1969) ('without justification'); N.D.Cent.Code 12-25-01, 12-25-02 (1960); Rev.Code 2901.16 (1953); Okla.Stat.Ann., 21, 861 (1972-1973 Supp.); Pa.Stat.Ann., 18, 4718, 4719 (1963) ('unlawful'); R.I.Gen.Laws 11-3-1 S.D.Comp.Laws 22-17-1 Tenn.Code 39-301, 39-302 Utah 76-2-1, 76-2-2 Vt.Stat.Ann., (1958); W.Va.Code 61-2-8 (1966); Wis.Stat. 940.04 Wyo.Stat.Ann. 6-77, 6-78 (1957). Long ago, definitional deficiencies. disposed peremptorily, only, 'It insisted arrest describe concur counsel Jackson Tex.Cr.R. 79, S.W. 262, (1908). again overbroad. Thompson 493 S.W.2d 913 71-1200. life'; 1191 homicide 1205 birth' implicitly birth'; legislature courts; 11196 Columbia (United v.) Vuitch' (402 601); indefinite overbroad.' physician's conviction S.W.2d, 920 n. proof exemption us.' Veevers 172 162, 168-169, 354 161, 166-167 (1962). 69-71, 1298-1299, pseudonym. names pseudonyms. twice states July 1970. Brief docket entries, App. transcript, reveal error. reporter's transcription. 77. any, follow class. His 'and situated' guess goes further, asserts adequately (and) ..' application, complaint. contrary, 1225, perceive essentials Castiglioni, History Medicine (2d 1947), E. Krumbhaar, translator editor (hereinafter Castiglioni). J. Ricci, Genealogy Gynaecology 52, 84, 113, 149 1950) Ricci); L. Lader, 75-77 (1966) Lader); K. Niswander, Practices Law 38-40 (D. Smith 1967); Williams, Sanctity 148 (1957) Williams); Noonan, Almost Absolute Value History, Morality 3-7 (J. Noonan 1970) Noonan); Quay, Justifiable Abortion-Medical Legal Foundations, (pt. 2), Geo.L.J. 395, 406-422 (1961) Quay). (1943) Edelstein). Castiglioni 227. 12; Ricci 113-114, 118-119; 13-14. 148. 154. 15-18. 18; Lader 76. 63. 64. 1261 Coke, Institutes *50; Hawkins, Pleas Crown, (4th 1762); Blackstone, Commentaries *129-130; M. Hale, Crown 433 (1st Amer. 1847). discussions 78; 223-226; Means, Concerning Status Foetus, 1664- 1968: Case Cessation Constitutionality 1), N.Y.L.F. 411, 418-428 Means I); Stern, Abortion: Reform Law, J.Crim.L.C. P.S. Stern); Quay 430-432; Williams 152. Early believed male, female. See, Hist.Anim. 7.3.583b; Gen.Anim. 2.3.736, 2.5.741; Hippocrates, Lib. de Nat.Puer., 10. Aristotle's derived three-stage life: vegetable, animal, rational. vegetable animal 'animation,' theory, 40/80 day thinkers. theological reflected St. Augustine, inanimatus, endowed soul, animatus. Exodus 21:22. powers occurs. De Origine Animae 4.4 (Pub.Law 44.527). Reany, Creation Soul, 83-86 (1932); Huser, Crime Canon (Catholic Univ. America, Studies Washington, D.C., 1942). Galen, treatises embryology, Aristotle followers. 426-427. Later, Augustine Gratian Decretum, published 1140. Decretum Magistri Gratiani 2.32.2.7 2.32.2.10, Corpus Juris Canonici 1122, 1123 (A. Friedberg, 2d 1879). Decretal Decretals definitive 1917. canon-law treatment, pp. 411-412; 20-26; 426-430; Contraception: Treatment Theologians Canonists 18-29 blow poison 'if animated, animated.' Legibus Consuetudinibus Angliae 279 (T. Twiss 1879), puts quickened, especially quickened,' Customs England 341 (S. Thorne 1968). 431; Fleta 60-61 (Book 23) (Selden 1955). *50. *129-130. Phoenix Abortional Freedom: Is Penumbral Ninth-Amendment Right About Arise Nineteenth-Century Legislative Ashes Fourteenth-Century Common-Law Liberty?, (1971) II). author examines marginally contrary traces commentators. himself participated advocate 1601, intentionally misstated reason: Coke's feelings coupled (secular) assess exclusively ecclesiastical crime. 78-79, notes seem lost 1527; preamble 1803, text, infra, 136, 'no hitherto prevention offenses.' Commonwealth Bangs, 387, (1812); Parker, (9 Metc.) 263, 265-266 (1845); Cooper, N.J.L. (1849); Abrams Foshee, 274, 278-280 (1856); Gaffard, Ala. (1857); Commonwealth, Ky. 210 Eggart Fla. 527, 532, So. 144, 145 (1898); Alcorn, 599, 606, 1014, 1016 (1901); Edwards Neb. 252, N.W. 611, 612 (1907); Gray 221, 178 337, 338 (1915); Miller Bennett, 190 Va. 169, S.E.2d 217, 221 (1949). Contra, Mills Pa. 631, 633 (1850); Slagle, N.C. 630, 632 (1880). Me. 48, (1851); Evans People, N.Y. 86, (1872); Lamb Md. 533, 208 (1887). (1821). Conn.Pub.Acts, 71, (1860). N.Y.Rev.Stat., pt. p. 661, 694 (1829). 177-178 Grigsby Reib, Tex. 597, 600, 153 1124, (1913). 435-438. 85-88; Stern 85-86; 375-376. 1961, interpretations quoted 447-520. Comment, Survey Present Statutory Contradictions Problems, U.Ill.L.F. 177, classifying permitting Ala.Code, D.C.Code 22-201 (1963). Fourteen statute. Ark.Stat.Ann. 41-303 41-310 (Supp.1971); Calif. Safety 25950-25955.5 (Supp.1972); Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. 40-2-50 40-2-53 (Cum.Supp.1967); Del.Code 24, 1790-1793 Apr. 1972, 72-196, Fla.Sess.Law Serv., 380-382; Ga.Code 26-1201 26-1203 Kan.Stat.Ann. 21-3407 Md.Ann.Code, 43, 137-139 Miss.Code 2223 N.M.Stat.Ann. 40A-5-1 40A-5-3 N.C.Gen.Stat. 14-45.1 Ore.Rev.Stat. 435.405 435.495 S.C.Code 16-82 16-89 (1962 Supp.1971); Va.Code 18.1-62 18.1-62.3 (Supp.1972). Clark 'led way.' Religion, Morality, Constitutional Appraisal, Loyola U. (L.A.) L.Rev. four repealed requirements. Alaska Stat. 11.15.060 Haw.Rev.Stat. 453-16 N.Y.Penal 125.05, subd. (Supp.1972-1973); Wash.Rev.Code 9.02.060 9.02.080 unclear 'Whereas, Abortion, requires mere demand; informed determinative merits case; 'RESOLVED, surgeon acting chosen conformance Practice State; personnel compelled violates hospital, personally-held withdrawal Principles Ethics accordance community Delegates.' 'UNIFORM ABORTION ACT 'Section (Abortion Defined; Authorized.) '(a) 'Abortion' intention remove dead '(b) performed: '(1) osteopathy) employ government (and clinic, or) (Department Health) operated department, agency, political subdivision either;) female physician; '(2) (20) weeks commencement cause believe (i) endanger gravely impair (ii) defect, (iii) incest, intercourse girl years). (Penalty.) performs procures authorized (felony) thereof, sentenced pay fine exceeding ($1,000) imprisonment penitentiary) (5 years), both. (Uniformity Interpretation.) effectuate uniform (Short Title.) (Severability.) circumstance invalid, invalidity affect provisions applications severable. (Repeal.) acts repealed: '(3) (Time Taking Effect.) ___.' 'This liberal subject. Recognition show 'Recognizing number appeared shorter 'unlimited' advisable. bracketed insert figure keeping states. Likewise, account brackets adopt contain committees prohibitions sanctions imposed participate related, pertain where, whom performed; wishing same.' 1048, 1074 800, 805-806 (D.C.Conn.1972) (Newman, result), Walsingham 250 857, 863 (Ervin, concurring) (Fla. Gedicke, (1881); 381-382. Haagensen Lloyd, Hundred Years (1943). Potts, Postconceptive Control Fertility, Int'l O. 957, 967 (England Wales); Mortality, Morbidity 208, 209 1971) (U.S. Dept. HEW, Service) (New City); Tietze, States: Therapeutic Abortions, 1963-1968, Family Planning Induced (Japan, Czechoslovakia, Hungary); Tietze Lehfeldt, Eastern 175 J.A.M.A. 1149, 1152 (April 1961). Other sources 17-23. Amicus Committee; Drinan, Inviolability Be Born, Louisell, U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 233 e.g., 72-56. II. Murphy, 112, (1858). Watson Tex.App. 237, 244-245 (1880); 552, 561, 287, 290 (1897); Shaw 339, 165 930, 931 (1914); Fondren 169 414 229, immunity father Hammett 635, 661 (1919); Tex.Cr.App., pending. Me., 55; re Vince, N.J. 443, 450, A.2d 141, 144 discussion Comment ALI's 207.11, 158 nn. 35-37 (Tent.Draft 1959). Tr. Oral Rearg. 20-21. 24. aware census clause, counted. person, faces dilemma. prohibited. proscription, exists. typical. deprived determinant, command? inconsistencies pointed out, accomplice why accomplice? Further, 1195 murder prescribed 1257 different? Wisconsin 'unborn child' alive,' 940.04(6) Pub. Special Session), declaring conception.' 97-99; D. Feldman, Birth 251-294 stricter I. Jakobovits, Views Ethical al. Churches denominations, 99-101. Hellman Pritchard, Obstetrics (14th 1689 493. position, Callahan, Choice, 409-447 Brodie, Biology Prenatal Child, J.Family Gorney, Future Man, 273 Note, Law-abortion-The 'Morning-After Pill' Pre-Implantation Birth-Control Methods Ore.L.Rev. 211 Taylor, Biological Time Bomb Rosenfeld, Second Genesis 138-139 Smith, Through Test Tube Darkly: Artificial Insemination Mich.L.Rev. 1968 203. Prosser, Torts 33k-338 F. Harper James, 1028-1031 (1956) ; Harv.L.Rev. 173 63, 336-338; Annotation, Action Death Unborn A.L.R.3d 338; Child: Logical Inconsistencies, Notre Dame Law. 354-360 233, 235-238 994, 999-1000 351-354 discuss No paternal cognizance father. circumstances. North Carolina, (Supp.1971), permission husband minor, age, N.C.A.G. 489 required. constitutional. 733, 1032. Fourth) kinds intrusion, protections nothing all. forms invasion. person's privacy-his let people-is 350-351, 510-511, (footnotes Black, opinion); Harlan, 499, judgment); White, 502, 1691 judgment). Harlan's thorough thoughtful 522, 1765, 989. Jurisdictions 1868: Alabama-Ala.Acts, (1840). Arizona-Howell (1865). Arkansas-Ark.Rev.Stat., 44, div. III, (1838). California-Cal.Sess.Laws, 99, (1849-1850). Colorado (Terr.)-Colo.Gen.Laws Terr. Colo., 1st Sess., 42, 296-297 (1861). Connecticut-Conn.Stat. replaced Florida-Fla.Acts 1637, subs. subc. (1868), amended, Fla.Stat.Ann. 782.09, 782.10, 797.01, 797.02, 782.16 Georgia-Ga.Pen.Code, 4th Div., (1833). 9. Kingdom Hawaii-Hawaii Pen.Code, (1850). (Terr.)-Idaho (Terr.) Laws, Crimes Punishments 441, 443 (1863). 11. Illinois-Ill.Rev. 40, 46, 130, (1827). enactment. Ill.Pub.Laws (1867). 12. Indiana-Ind.Rev.Stat. Ind.Laws, LXXXI, (1859). (Terr.)-Iowa Legis., (1843). 14. Kansas (Terr.)-Kan. Stat., (1855). Kan. 15. Louisiana-La.Rev.Stat., 138 (1856). Maine-Me.Rev.Stat., 160, 17. Maryland-Md.Laws, 315 (1868). 18. Massachusetts-Mass.Acts Resolves, (1845). 19. Michigan-Mich.Rev.Stat., 153, 32, 662 (1846). 20. Minnesota (Terr.)-Minn. (1851). 21. Mississippi-Miss.Code, 64, 958 (1848). 22. Missouri-Mo.Rev.Stat., 168, (1835). 23. (Terr.)-Mont. Acts (1864). Nevada (Terr.)-Nev. Hampshire-N.H.Laws, 743, 266 26. Jersey-N.J.Laws, (1849). 27. York-N.Y.Rev.Stat., 12-13 (1828). superseded. N.Y.Laws, 260, 285-286 28. Ohio-Ohio Gen.Stat. 111(1), 112(2), 252 (1841). 29. Oregon-Ore.Gen.Laws, Crim.Code, 509, 528 (1845-1964). 30. Pennsylvania-Pa.Laws 87, 88, 31. Texas-Tex.Gen.Stat.Dig., 531-536, 524 (Oldham White 1859). 32. Vermont-Vt.Acts amended. Vt.Acts 57, 33. Virginia-Va.Acts, 34. Washington (Terr.)-Wash. Stats., (1854). 35. West 36. Wisconsin-Wis.Rev.Stat., 133, Wis.Rev.Stat., 11; applicable 1970: Arizona Indiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Missouri Hampshire Jersey Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia

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