Document: 429 U.S. 245 97 S.Ct. 546 50 L.Ed.2d 444 John CONNALLYv.State of GEORGIA. No. 76-461. Jan. 10, 1977. PER CURIAM. 1 Appellant Connally was indicted, tried, and convicted in the Superior Court Walker County, Ga., for possession marihuana violation Georgia Controlled Substances Act, Ga.Code Ann. § 79A-801 et seq. (1973). On his appeal to Supreme Georgia, he asserted trial error four respects: constitutional impropriety fee system governing issuance search warrants by justices peace Georgia; deprivation right confrontation when revelation an informer's identity refused; failure give a requested instruction on joint occupancy premises; enter judgment acquittal because alleged absence proof type cannabis involved. The affirmed, with two dissenting (one first issue) one justice concurring as second, third, fourth issues judgment. 237 Ga. 203, 227 S.E.2d 352 (1976). appellant, direct here,1 raises questions. We deem challenge warrant procedure worthy consideration. 2 Pursuant issued peace, appellant's house raided found there seized. arrested. At moved suppress evidence so seized ground that who had not "a neutral detached magistrate"2 pecuniary interest issuing warrant. court denied motion, affirming, rejected challenge. 3 Under 24-1601 (1971), "shall be" $5, "and it shall be lawful said (justice) charge collect same." If is refused, collects no reviewing denying application. charged apparently goes into county funds from compensation. 4 pretrial hearing Connally's case, testified cross-examination primarily "interested livelihood." Record 502; received salary, ibid.; compensation "directly dependent how many warrants" issued, since January 1, 1973, "some 10,000" arrests or searches, legal background other than attendance at seminars reading law, id., 506-508, 512-515.3 5 Fifty years ago, Tumey v. Ohio, 273 510, 47 437, 71 L.Ed. 749 (1927), considered state statutes permitted violating State's prohibition laws tried without jury before village mayor. Any fine imposed divided between State village. latter's share used hire attorneys detectives arrest offenders prosecute them When mayor convicted, fees costs, these were addition salary. Court, opinion Mr. Chief Justice Taft, unanimously held subjecting defendant judge having direct, personal, convicting defendant," is, $12 costs imposed, 523, 531, 441, effected denial due process Fourteenth Amendment. 6 This approach reiterated Ward Village Monroeville, 409 57, 93 80, 34 267 (1972). There, Ohio statute authorized mayors sit judges ordinance violations certain traffic offenses. petitioner fined Monroeville. Although personal financial stake outcome cases him, major portion village's income derived fines, fees, mayor's court. 59-60, cited repeated test formulated namely, "whether situation 'which would offer possible temptation average man forget burden required convict defendant, which might lead him hold balance nice, clear, true accused . .' " U.S., 60, 83. Dugan 277 61, 48 439, 72 784 (1928), where judicial functions but only "very limited executive authority," power rested city manager commission, distinguished "the Mayor's relationship finances policy too remote presumption bias toward conviction prosecutions (a) judge." 60-61, 83, possibility later de novo another relevance "entitled instance." Id., 61-62, 84. 7 present course, precisely same Ward, principle those cases, we conclude, applicable peace. salaried. He paid, far are concerned, receipt prescribed warrant, receives nothing His welfare, therefore enhanced positive action negative action. situation, again, offers clear accused." It words, subjected what surely officer has substantial, interest" conclusion issue deny See Bennett Cottingham, 290 F.Supp. 759, 762-763 (N.D.Ala.1968), aff'd, 393 317, 89 554, 21 513 (1969). 8 Shadwick City Tampa, 407 345, 92 2119, 32 783 (1972), does weigh contrary. centered qualification municipal clerks breaches ordinances. clerks, although laymen, worked within branch under supervision qualified determine existence probable cause. They were, therefore, "neutral magistrates purposes Fourth Amendment." 346, 2121. There element gain clerks' nonissuance warrants. Cf. Coolidge New Hampshire, 403 443, 449-453, 91 2022, 29 564 (1971). 9 disagree Georgia's rulings, 205-206, 354-355, amount minimis context, unilateral character justice's adjudication cause distinguishes case Tumey, that, instead, this equates Bevan Krieger, 289 459, 465-466, 53 661, 77 1316 (1933), notary public's taking deposition measured folios testimony taken. 10 protections afforded Amendments United States Constitution. vacated, remanded further proceedings inconsistent opinion. 11 So ordered. Stone Powell, 428 465, 96 3037, 49 1067 (1967). Johnson States, 333 14, 68 367, 436 (1948); 453, (1971); 350, "Q In I believe you receive ultimately $5.00, if do not? "A That's true. choose receive? don't know. You compensation? Well, never have, I'll put way. Now respect Murphy, that's way get your mind you're sitting contemplating whether warrant? has. As matter fact, quite honestly candidly told me day preliminary up here, on, best can recall, 18th May, liar didn't mind? said. Is now, It's human nature me. Okay. Now, been J. P. 1st correct? Yes, sir. All right. have run office, appointed office? Yes sir, it's elected office. ran office purpose employment earning living, part it. Of like people's motivations interested livelihood? True. support yourself salary down P.? Uh huh, yes And all, directly issue, 1st, day, let ask some 10,000 either warrants, pretty close, total Total warrants? Criminal That about them? huh. qualifications people County law qualify you, prescribes must prior time elected, qualifications? resident militia district running registered voter, sound stupid all remember. selected district, mentioned age forth, those, any background, instruments No, So, sole holding job, Up elected. "MR. DANIEL: Okay, have. "THE COURT: Have done anything improve necessary? WITNESS: What done? attended several training sponsored our Association, I'm leaving afternoon out here go 2-day seminar Warner Robbins, Association. "I've bought manual, study course Judson-Pace my own expense attempted learn little bit more duties." 499-500, 501-502, 506-508.

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