Document: 433 U.S. 623 97 S.Ct. 2881 53 L.Ed.2d 1009 VENDO COMPANY, Petitioner,v.LEKTRO VEND CORPORATION et al. No. 76-156. Argued Jan. 19, 1977. Decided June 29, Rehearing Denied Oct. 3, See 434 881, 98 242. Syllabus Petitioner vending machine manufacturer acquired most of the assets another manufacturing company controlled by respondent Stoner and his family. As part acquisition agreement latter undertook to refrain from owning or managing any business engaged in manufacture sale machines, Stoner, who was employed petitioner as a consultant under 5-year contract, agreed not compete with such machines during term contract for five years thereafter. Subsequently, sued respondents (Stoner, which he family controlled, corporation had relationship) an Illinois state court breach noncompetition covenants. Shortly thereafter, Federal District Court, alleging that it violated §§ 1 2 Sherman Act covenant against competition unreasonable restraint trade. After protracted litigation state-court action, Supreme Court affirmed judgment petitioner's favor amount exceeding $7 million. Then antitrust which, meantime, lain "dormant," granted respondents' motion preliminary injunction collection judgment, holding § 16 Clayton (which authorizes person seek injunctive relief violations laws) constituted "expressly authorized" exception Anti-Injunction Act, 28 U.S.C. 2283 prohibits federal enjoining proceedings "except expressly authorized Congress, where necessary aid its jurisdiction, protect effectuate judgments"), further found court's jurisdiction within meaning preserving case controversy, since efforts would eliminate two corporate then be petitioner) plaintiffs suit. The Appeals affirmed, also finding express 2283, but reaching issue whether Court's jurisdiction. Held: is reversed, remanded. Pp. 630-643; 643-645. 545 F.2d 1050, reversed Mr. Justice Rehnquist, joined Stewart Powell, concluded Act. 630-643. (a) Having been enacted long after on face, far may fairly read virtually incorporating prohibitions 631-632. (b) test Congress qualifies "Act clearly creating right remedy enforceable equity, could given intended scope only stay proceeding." Mitchum v. Foster, 407 225, 238, 92 2151, 2159, 32 705. Here, while private action conferred meets first brought court, does meet second test, since, demonstrated 16's legislative history suggesting merely extend citizens enjoin violations, (which) Mitchum, supra, distinguished. 632-635. 3 (c) To hold "intended scope" allowing pending completely eviscerate because this mean all statutes authorizing exceptions While embodies important congressional policy favoring enforcement laws, importance 'protected' control purposes exist separate apart traditional principles equity comity determine proceeding can enjoined. 635-639. 4 (d) For countenancing come 'expressly authorized' must necessarily interact with, focus upon, judicial proceeding, 640-641. 5 (e) "necessary jurisdiction" supported neither precedent nor factual premises upon based. Although cases has obtained over res prior here both actions are personam actions, traditionally proceed concurrently, without interference either "preserve" controversy fit 'necessary jurisdiction' exception. It appear even if ceased litigate lose standing vindicate rights, defendants removed action. 641-643. 6 Blackmun, Chief Justice, that, although limited circumstances 'pattern baseless, repetitive claims' being used anticompetitive device, prerequisites equitable satisfied, way give laws their staying proceedings, California Motor Transport Co. Trucking Unlimited, 404 508, 609, 30 642, failed properly apply rule did find itself therefore authorize injunction. 7 Earl E. Pollock, Chicago, Ill., petitioner. 8 Barnabas F. Sears, respondents. 9 REHNQUIST announced delivered opinion STEWART POWELL join. 10 * nine courts, $7,363,500. afterwards United States Northern enjoined, at behest respondents, collect judgment. 403 Supp. 527 (1975). order 1050 (1976), we certiorari consider question relationship between courts raises. 429 815, 55, 50 74 (1976). II 11 arose out commercial dealings In 1959 Vendo Co., located Kansas City, Mo., Manufacturing, thereupon reorganized Investments, Inc. Respondent Harry H. members owned stock Investments. Manufacturing dispensed candy, machines. Pursuant employment salary $50,000, thereafter 12 1965, respondents1 these Illinois, complaining 15 2. Respondents alleged covenants were restraints trade they reasonably time place, purpose lawsuit "unlawfully harass" "eliminate competition" App. 22, 25. 13 set up claim affirmative defense Id., 31-32. However, ruling merits defense, voluntarily withdrew it. 82. 14 ran course,2 including trials, appeals State Appellate appeal Illinois. September 1974, 58 Ill.2d 289, 321 N.E.2d 1. predicated breached fiduciary duty owed petitioner, rather than noncompetitive covenants.3 This denied petition writ certiorari. 420 975, 95 1398, 43 655 During entire nine-year course litigation, suit was, words Appeals, allowed lie "dormant." F.2d, 1055. But day Circuit execution moved due motion. "appear(ed) (noncompetition) . overly broad," F.Supp., 533, there "persuasive evidence Vendo's activities interests genuine attempt use adjudicative process legitimately." 534-535. Recognizing "paucity authority" issue, id., 536, held provision 26, constitutes "Anti-Injunction Act." three thus 2283. 17 reach Court. 18 renews contention comity, federalism, well barred issuance asserts brief required full faith credit entered courts.4 Because agree none other contentions. III 19 provides: 20 "A grant except judgments." 21 origins development present preceded it, have amply described our opinions need restated here. recent 705 (1972), Atlantic Coast Line R. Brotherhood Locomotive Engineers, 398 281, 90 1739, 26 234 (1970). Suffice say absolute prohibition unless falls one specifically defined Act's forestall inevitable friction ensues court. Oklahoma Packing Gas & Electric 309 4, 9, 60 215, 218, 84 L.Ed. 447 (1940). Respondents' principal held, redress comes 22 We proposition mindful admonition 23 "(a)ny doubts propriety should resolved permitting orderly fashion finally controversy." 297, 1748. 24 cautious approach mandated "explicit wording 2283" "fundamental principle dual system courts." Ibid. no occasion construe section more broadly: 25 "(It is) clear beyond cavil whittled away improvisation." Amalgamated Clothing Workers America Richman Bros. 348 511, 514, 75 452, 454, 99 600 (1955). Our inquiry, course, begins language statute claimed authorize" issued provides, pertinent part: 27 "(A)ny shall entitled sue relief, having parties, threatened loss damage violation when same conditions conduct will cause rules governing .." 38 Stat. 737, 26. On violations. Not mention granting terms "the principles" proceedings." 1793 predecessor limit general powers Smith Apple, 264 274, 279, 44 311, 313, 68 678 (1924); Toucey New York Life Ins. 314 118, 130 n. 2, 62 139, 142, 86 100 (1941). When 1914 bar constrained power injunctions. Thus, restrictive found, example, 42 1983. discussion infra. 29 rely, following Mitchum: ". (I)t qualify anti-injunction statute, created specific uniquely remedy, frustrated empowered proceeding. must, face every provisions, totally incompatible statute. rather, U.S., 237-238, S.Ct., 2159. (Emphasis added, footnote omitted.) 31 think Mitchum's ratio decidendi supports result contended damages "uniquely remedy," based courts. General Investment Company Lake Shore Mich. So. 260 261, 287, 106, 117, 67 244 (1922). laid down quoted Mitchum. 33 authorization test; proceeding," 2160. Crucial determination U.C.S. s 1983 fulfilled requirement wholly lacking recognition concerns underlying enactment possibility branches government, might instrument deny rights Constitution. review 1983; similar demonstrates aspect test. 34 Section contains reference injunctions proceedings. But, recognized, invariably exists sufficient demonstrating recognized Part IV examined extenso 1983, originally Civil Rights 1871. recounted detail statute's made abundantly direct explicit concern make available civil unconstitutional 35 summarized conclusion words: 36 "This makes evident conceived altering Nation respect protection federally rights; concerned instrumentalities those realized officers might, fact, antipathetic vindication believed failings extended 242, 2162. 37 absence cured presence relevant history. case, however, below called attention connection suggested violate Acts. Indeed, seems safe many varied schemes combat, focused scheme using simply suggests enacting interested extending citizens.5 critical aspects led us conclude absent void filled authorization. undoubtedly strong national interest enforcement.6 contrary certain "importance protected" inquiry. Presumptively, policies into law important, arise particular situations fostered If accept injunctions, eviscerated ultimate logic position less statutes.7 Certainly provide suspension antithetical related statutes. practice requiring, inter alia, showing irreparable injury some sense viewed frustrating restricting activity inconsistent enjoined 2283's bar.8 accede respondent's interpretation language, always "necessary" scope, place additional limitation fixture 1793, virtual dead letter whenever plaintiff seeks Whether rest solely comity. emphasized 243, 2162, principles, cannot 'intended scope' rendering longstanding statutory inoperative sought. policies, ordinary Given sit balance weigh various seeking sufficiently override historical concepts federalism 2283; enacted, reserved unto itself.9 39 "importance," potential restriction consistent analysis very few past 234-235, nn. 12-16, 2157-2158. original version amended 1874 allow interfere administration bankruptcy Rev.Stat. 720. Interpleader 1926, 2361, Frazier-Lemake 203 (1940 ed.), Habeas Corpus 2251, directly referring nonetheless explicitly 1851 limiting liability shipowners, 46 185, provided deposit funds shipowner, "all claims owner matter cease." procedures removal acts 1446(e). 40 By predecessors instances, proceeding.10 essence contemplate envision interaction 41 addition authorized," jurisdiction," rationale follows: "The holds plaintiffs, Investments Lektro-Vend Corp., parties provisions Article Vendo. offer problem substance defendant, requiring dismissal III. Thus Court." 536-537. Insurance Company, 134-135, 144, acknowledged existence res, of" rem exception, see C. Wright, Law Courts 47, p. 204 (3d ed. 1976), personam. notion alter balance. never parallel interfering court; stated Kline Burke Construction 226, 79, 226 (1922): "(A)n enforce (a personal liability) tend impair defeat pending. Each free own time, Whenever rendered pleaded other, effect determined application adjudicata 230, 81 (emphasis added). 45 No ever fits exception; directed decisions so holding. legal unsupported precedent, rests persuasive. First, cease indication himself go forward. Nor lawsuit. record indicates, currently minority shareholders corporations whose ownership affected majority corporations. Under applicable shareholder derivative Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 23.1, presumably pursue inure benefit, themselves chose do so. Finally, offered enter consent decree assuredly acquiring 209-210, 258. Courts' theory, 47 bases relied doubt 1748, demonstrably involve "judicial Workers, 454. 48 Reversed 49 BLACKMUN, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE joins, concurring result. I decision reasons differ significantly expressed plurality. According plurality's analysis, "an 'Act proceeding.' (Mitchum (1972))." Ante, 632. case; am opinion, concur 51 my deciding shows narrowly circumstances. Nevertheless, consistently 642 (1972),* "pattern claims" Cf. 513, 613. Otter Tail Power States, 410 366, 380, 93 1022, 1030, 359 (1973). 52 view, rule. enough single involved attempts legitimately. conclusion, looked conducting several negative consequences claims," done Only resulted considered affirmance therefore, said device itself. believe below, ground reverse. STEVENS, BRENNAN, WHITE, MARSHALL join, dissenting. 54 Quite properly, plurality appropriate findings fact,1 Judge understanding unique,2 entry unanimously Appeals. 55 McLaren substantial monopolize market; overt performed furtherance thereof already severely harassing eliminating competition; prevent, marketing promising, newly developed products. F.Supp. 527, 534-535, 538 (1975).3 implicitly endorsed noted "(h)ere thwart judgments object violations." 1057 (CA7 1976). 56 presented statute4 deprives prosecuted basic charter economic freedom5 1890 answered today. 57 relies form Judiciary 1793.6 ensuing century, changes economy persuaded adequately deal contracts commerce jurisdiction.7 pernicious effects regulation cartel vest adequate "exert remedies fully accomplish intended."8 Between 1914, litigants recover treble damages, invoke prevent restrain Act.9 broad possess Government.10 "a laws."11 59 jurisdictional just definition laws. That deliberately phrased sure "every conceivable act possibly spirit prohibition" covered regardless actually foreseen Congress.12 decades formulation Rule Reason 1911, perfectly prosecution constitute patent fraud,13 known invalid reasons,14 independent Act; court.15 frivolous objection before regulatory bodies, agencies, laws.16 license trademark17 may, sought Similarly, lease,18 fair agreement,19 become guaranteed court.20 classic example typically takes court.21 61 These examples demonstrate "litigation ante, 635 6. Since construction much written legislature, illegal method monopolizing restraining plainly each foregoing violation. species kinds violates plain excepts kind coverage.22 63 There nothing precedents arguably obvious reading language.23 least occasions grants Providence N. Y. S. Hill Mfg. 109 578, 599-601, 379, 392-394, 1038;24 Porter Dicken, 328 252, 66 1094, 1203;25 64 though contain creates proceeding.26 formulated applied test: 65 includes cases. sponsors explained, "this excellent man wait until ruined remedy."27 legislation correct, litigant indeed "ruined remedy" patent, compete, executory merger agreement, take consummated litigation. assumes distinguish yet filed consummated; latter, powerless former. 635-636, Nothing logic-chopping distinction.28 squarely odds Senator Sherman's explanation "to remedial writs proper .."29 demean eloquent rhetoric accompanied denying concluded.30 A faithful Foster requires like case. expresses fear "would eviscerated" 636-637, 7. fear, strongest terms, 184 qualified extent. why argument panic. early indicates primarily exercising sort appellate function equal competence. imposed existed exercised subsequently diversity seldom, ever, construed implement pursuant jurisdiction.31 resolve confess now concept view inapplicable later exclusively litigation.32 policy, foreclose 69 Second, event, Packers Stockyards 1921, gives little any, relevance issues Whatever answer be,33 56-year-old exacerbate federal-state relations jeopardize vitality "our federalism." identified extremely doubtful generate much, significant, 1871 laws.34 depend speculation about relatively Nation. 70 Third, ability enlarge 635-639, disingenuous best. contained all. Those century half product concrete situations. codification Judicial Code, 1948 modify accommodate overriding expressions embodied Ku Klux Klan 1890.35 71 votes BLACKMUN decisive, comment BLACKMUN's required. 72 His establishes future. dispositive but, briefly summarized, finds support law. 73 Unlike plurality, draw distinction ongoing future 6, differentiates committed multiplicity lawsuits involving rejects distinction. 512-513, 613, stated: "Yet unethical setting adjudicatory often results sanctions. Perjury witnesses example. Use fraud exclude competitor market Walker Process Equipment Food Machinery Chemical 382 172, 175-177, 347, 349-350, 247. Conspiracy licensing authority transgression. Continental Ore Union Carbide Carbon 370 690, 707, 82 1404, 1414, 777; Harman Valley National Bank, 339 564 (CA9 1964). bribery, public purchasing agent 2(c) Robinson-Patman Rangen, Sterling Nelson Sons, 351 851 1965). "There forms reprehensible corrupt administrative processes 76 excerpt involves Manifestly, Douglas wrote 'a pattern claims,' illustration violation, thereby circumscribe category remotely implies reason "(u)se market," 512, 77 reviewing Affirmance exercise discretion erroneous. And narrow, Faulkner Gibbs, 338 267, 268, 25, 94 62; Dickinson, 331 745, 751, 1382, 1386, 91 1789; Allen Trust 326 630, 636, 389, 392, 367. Without careful record, conclusions inappropriate reverse basis facts 78 mere fact state-law meritorious disprove serious did, patents, price-fixing agreements, how blatant V 79 Apart argued create Brief 36-39. facts: period years; guilty duty; 80 Unfortunately, periods delay characteristic show special deference courts; quite contrary, emphasizes seriousness abstain, grounds prompt question. obligation large recovery rested appraisal legality trade.36 valid irrelevant issue. If, instead excluding market, lesser sell prices fixed bound violative highlights different standards evaluating trade.37 provides withdraw exclusive litigation.38 award complete judges unfamiliar complexities area law, sometimes unsatisfactory nationwide adverse inference drawn defendant's election reserve 83 election, withheld ignores require abstention abstain raised tantamount asserted Such reconciled confer plainly, proper. invoked defend inevitably reminded fundamental passed. Perhaps Constitution, Commerce Clause transformed ineffective coalition Articles Confederation great 85 "It secure freedom trade, break barriers flow, Annapolis Convention called, adjourn Philadelphia. generating source Constitution lay rising volume check. proximate "So stroke bold proved successful, founded nation, reduce restrictions. So solved causative historic introducing clause new structure power. 87 safely vast industrial nation. credited largely pendent democratic country today." W. Rutledge, Declaration Legal Faith 25-27 (1947). 88 ignoring chapter "Magna Carta enterprise"39 Congress' plenary regulate among States. 89 respectfully dissent. Corp. radically machine, Stoner's formed Appeals' summary illustrative: Kane County, August 10, 1965; complaint charged covenants; theft secrets. bench trial December 16, 1966 Judgments $250,000 $1,100,000 granted. competition. "An taken January 30, 1969, 105 Ill.App.2d 245 263. secrets involved, enforceable, defendants. affirmed. erred striking correct remanded "Upon remand defendant hearing evidence, totaled decided, 12, 1973, Ill.App.3d 291, 300 632, measurement damages. assessment accordance opinion. 27, 1, constructed theory Vendo." 1055 "Quite sales duties director officer plaintiff." Ill.2d, 303, N.E.2d, 9. certiorari, discuss Prior Paine Lumber Neal, 459, 718, 1256 (1917). sole (§ drafts) relief. passage, entirety H.R.Rep. 627, 63d Cong., 2d Sess., (1914), what mind 16: "Section person, firm, association July 1890, injured property combinations acting wrongful act. is, existing corporation, commission unlawful acts, defect keeping recommendation President message subject trusts monopolies." S.Rep. 698, 17-18 (1914). Transportation sham nature conspiracy. (1973), allegations federal-court instituted "(i)nstituting, supporting engaging indirectly, cities towns, officials thereof, voted establish municipal systems ." Jurisdictional Statement, O.T.1972, 71-991, A-115. vacated consideration, light intervening Transport, came "mere sham" Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference Noerr Freight, Inc., 365 127, 523, 464 (1961). together cited repetitive, play. today cuts back holdings cases; decide commenced, notwithstanding not, prevents commencement concludes outcome With realization true bona fides initial apparent: "One claim, agency unnoticed; emerge leads factfinder abused." Any "disadvantage" put diminished reviewable 1257(3), resulting vexatious catalogued statutes, affected: "E. g., 216 315 1921); 2050a (Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act); 2305(a) Agricultural Fair Practices 1967); 1731b(i) 513 Housing 1976 (Bank Holding 78aa (Securities Exchange 1934); 298 (relating false stamping gold silver); (providing suits farmers' cooperative associations discrimination boards trade); 1114(2), 1116, 1121 trademark infringement); 2073 (Consumer Product Safety 2102 (Hobby Protection 112 secured copyright laws); 9011(b) (Presidential Election Campaign Fund 412 (Labor-Management Reporting Disclosure 2000e-5 (Title VII (Equal Employment Opportunities) 1964); 6305, 6395(e) (Energy Policy Conservation 547 Rail Passenger Service 1970); 1(20), 322(b)(2), 916, 1017(b) (Interstate 1487(a) (Federal Aviation Act). 1540(g) (Endangered Species 1973); 1365 Water Pollution Control 1415(g) (Marine Protection, Research, Sanctuaries 1972); 1515 (Deepwater Ports 1974); 300j-8 (Safe Drinking 1857h-2 (Clean Air 4911 (Noise 1972)." Reply 10-11, STEVENS dissent, post, 649-654, types follow premise include disagree, supra. supportable preference construction. Stevens' force "express authorization" presumed. flies decisions. 227, 2154, "were depriving him protected First Fourteenth Amendments." STEVENS' syllogistic formulation, readily ipso facto shortcut resorted short, approach, removes "(l)egislative clear-cut exceptions." 516, 455, argues "considered litigation." Post, 659. adopted employer union "outside authority," vested Relations Board. render inapplicable. tends confuse authorize(d)" 650-654. arises asked subject-matter Here entirely determines All Much dissenting able conceded however persuasive inducing lift determining whether, laments vehicles violator businessman business. 652-654, 657. Power, speculation, solution simple straightforward. foster gravity, greater outweighs amend desire vigorous sight role interpreting command statute; ipse dixit. 2283," lost dissent; dissent's clearest improvisation counseled possible 1203 (1946), regarding 205(a) Emergency Price 1942. response wartime exigencies, expired 1947. 661-662, portion Unlimited contemplated reference, Equipment, 247 (1965), procured Patent Office monopolistic included fraudulent through threats infringement quotation stops short instant continues: "Misrepresentations, condoned political arena, immunized process. Opponents agencies poorly other's tactics, motions, defenses call them baseless. One abused. difficult line discern draw." hesitant equivalent grave abuse Specific likelihood success merits, harm, equities respondent-movants, recited substantiated 532-538 rejecting attack merits. 1058-1059 late Richard served Assistant Attorney charge Antitrust Division Department 1969 appointment 1972. acted Chairman American Bar Association. settled, precise proscribed furthered forbid giving party carrying forbidden Kelly Kosuga, 358 520, 429, 431, 475. 535, citing Wall Paper Louis Voight 212 280, 486. Response Carolina Leasco Response, 498 314, 317-320 (CA5 1974), cert. denied, 419 626, 645; Milsen Southland 454 363 1971); Helfenbein International Industries, 438 1068, 1071 (CA8 Farbenfabriken Bayer, A. G. Drug, 307 207 (CA3 1962); Tampa Nashville Coal 276 766 (CA6 1960); Bayer 135 (SDNY 1955). designed comprehensive liberty aimed unfettered trade." Pacific 356 517, 545. Anti-Trust undue interstate commerce, maintain interest, afford subversive coercive influences endeavor. freedom, generality adaptability comparable desirable constitutional provisions. detailed definitions work legitimate enterprise particularization providing loopholes escape. restrictions imposes mechanical artificial. Its phrases, interpreted attain objects, essential standard reasonableness. They vigilance detection frustration unduly commerce." Appalachian Coals, 288 344, 360, 471, 474, 825. Mar. 5, 335: "(N)or convenience, referred Act"; name speech bill, repeatedly aside hereafter show, State, and, complex admitted unable evil threatens us. bill enable injuriously affect local interests. committee deemed circuit common arising section, Cong.Rec. 2456 (1890). Later said: "(Congress) 'regulate commerce;' nullify turn natural courses, increase price articles, diminish commerce? "(The combinations') mischief greatly crippled bill. Their plan organization evade "Suppose unite all, nearly domestic producers article prime necessity keep foreign cost operation revenue laws? Can prescribe repeal taxes? Surely executive authorities habitually forfeiture charters abused punishment wrongs public. suffered." 2462. Sherman, days later, discussing rise "combinations" preceding twenty years, attempted wrestle difficulty. produced supreme "Take York, sugar trust composed seventeen What people combination? None whatever, seventeen. eager earnest search remedy. combination States? send Then, besides, alone parts submit that." 2568-2569. House debate Congressman Culberson, floor sponsor introductory remarks: "If legislate sphere go, legislatures supplement legislation, devouring effectually suppressed. traffic operates promotes encourages monopoly." 4091. Letwin, Law: 1887-1890, U.Chi.L.Rev. 221 (1956). "(F)ounded conceptions individual doing prohibited harm occasioned evils prevented, hence co-extensive conceptions. (T)he Court(s) 'jurisdiction act,' besides amplest join exert intended." Wilder Corn Products 236 165, 174, 398, 401, 520. Securities 193 197, 343-347, 436, 459-462, 679 (opinion Harlan, J.). Attorneys; 209-210. sections, Government obtain, cf. Borden 347 518-520, 703, 706-707, 903, difference cases: "(T)he serve high enforcing 518, 706, 903 (1954). .. availability 'conditioned necessities protect.' (Hecht Bowles, 321, 330, S.Ct.: 587, 592, 754.)" Zenith Hazeltine, 395 100, 130-131, 1562, 1580, 129. rules, thin. identical Senate Reports, 634 comments idea intent. McGillicuddy, member Committee, perceived need: "Under damage. irreparable. practical advantage condition costly rights? proposed solves remedy." 9261 consideration Report Floyd remedy: "(S)o discriminatory tying competing corporations, someone unlawfully banks committing acts." 16319. generic designation sections (Sherman Act), together, embraced regard garb clothed. say, (in Standard Oil 502, 619,) manifested, resorting disguise subterfuge form, resort impossible escape indirection statute." Tobacco 181, 649, 663. Equiment, MacGregor Westinghouse 329 402, 421, 380. Pratt Paris Light Coke 168 255, 260, 62, 64, 458. 359; 417 901, 2594, (summary remand); 642. Timken 341 593, 971, 1199; Gray Line, Sightseeing Companies Assoc., 246 495 (ND Cal.1965). Salt 332 20; Shoe 258 451, 363, 708; Phillips Crown Central Petroleum 376 1250 (Md.1973). Janel Sales Lanvin Parfums, 396 (CA2 1968), 393 938, 275; Katz Drug Sheaffer Pen (WD Mo.1933). franchisee franchisor former challenge validity rely heavily controlling franchisee's conduct. obtain possession disputed equipment powerful weapons status quo. Chmieleski City F.R.D. 141-142, 158 Mo.1976). perhaps best illustrated common-law survive scrutiny Nordenfelt Maxim Guns Ammunition (1894) A.C. Lords 25-year, worldwide arms bargain. party. situation, accepted, text Rather surprisingly 600, position. Taft-Hartley Board rejected parties: "Congress gave district behalf 'the regional attorney referred.' 10(j), (l), 149, 160(j), (l). interim ignore closely circumscribed generalize chosen specify. accords 456. requested obviously literally 234, relies, argue unsuccessfully "that 'to effectuate' denial 1967, jurisdiction." 284, 1742. inapposite dramatic character refusal written. "But questioned, 335, declared (by courts) State.' subsequent 4th benefit declaring compliance requirements transfer ship freight claimants trustee appointed declared, 'from (such) owners cease.' applies 'claims proceedings' 599-600, 393. portions 1942, 33, provided: "Sec. 205. Administrator engage practices practices, provision, permanent temporary injunction, order, bond. "(c) criminal concurrently Territorial 205 "In said, 'no prescribed formula required; refer 2283.' 600. previously reference. Secondly, Three six Thirdly, 2159 (footnotes omitted). 11, 635, equally "preventing arresting suits," N.Y.S.S.Co. 596, 391, 617, 1038. "instituting prosecuting" runs citizen access forum prosecute conclusion. controversy. justify timing rarely controlling. 7, passed, address Acts." 634. construed, settled instruments litigants, public, deprived violated, debates noted, 654-655, 23, 234. Black's 1203, assumption enforced Cases seldom worthy note predate Congress" (fully last years). Reviser's Note Report, 308, 80th 1st A181-A182 (1947), states judgments," overrule revised restores generally understood decision." be, duty, plaintiff. misappropriating (machine) intertwined, being, speak, means bear 306-307, (1974). "conducted bad faith" Huffman Pursue, Ltd., 611, 1200, 1211, 482. Younger Harris, 401 37, 746, 669, addressing extent violation: secret non-meritorious, considering whole harass lend Lektro-Vend. appears lengthen run. purely anti-competitive." 646. clashes motivated conducted faith, indicate Freeman Bee Machine 448, 1146, 1509; 244. "Antitrust general, particular, Magna enterprise. preservation free-enterprise Bill freedoms. business, small, assert vigor, imagination, devotion, ingenuity whatever muscle muster." Topco Associates, 405 610, 1126, 1135, 515. Mandeville Island Farms Crystal Sugar 334 219, 235 236, 996, 1005-1006, 1328.

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