Document: 508 U.S. 602 113 S.Ct. 2264 124 L.Ed.2d 539 CONCRETE PIPE AND PRODUCTS OF CALIFORNIA, INC., Petitionerv.CONSTRUCTION LABORERS PENSION TRUST FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. No. 91-904. Argued Dec. 1, 1992. Decided June 14, 1993. Syllabus * The Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1980 (MPPAA) amended the Employee Retirement Income Security 1974 (ERISA) to provide that in certain circumstances an employer withdrawing from a multiemployer plan incurs as "withdrawal liability" share plan's unfunded vested benefits, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1381, 1391. Withdrawal liability is assessed by means notification "plan sponsor" and demand for payment. § 1399(b). An unresolved dispute referred arbitration, where (1) sponsor's factual determinations are "presumed correct" unless contesting party "shows preponderance evidence determination was unreasonable or clearly erroneous," 1401(a)(3)(A); (2) actuary's calculation benefits presumed correct evidence" that, inter alia, "the actuarial assumptions methods" used "were, aggregate, unreasonable," 1401(a)(3)(B). Petitioner Concrete Pipe charged with withdrawal trustees respondent, pension (Plan). After losing filed action set aside modify arbitrator's decision raised constitutional challenge MPPAA, but court granted Plan's motion confirm award. Court Appeals affirmed. Held: 1. MPPAA does not unconstitutionally deny impartial adjudicator placing sponsor, here trustees, subject 1401's presumptions. Pp. ____. (a) Even assuming possibility trustee bias toward imposing greatest possible would suffice bar serving adjudicators Pipe's because their fiduciary obligations beneficiaries Plan, Due Process Clause violated first adjudication this case arbitration proceeding, trustees' initial determination. statutory taken enforcement capacity. (b) Nor did its right procedural due process. While 1401(a)(3)(A) presumption shifts burden persuasion employer, statute incoherent respect degree certainty required overturn In light assumed bias, deference raise substantial process question. uncertainty resolved applying canon requiring ambiguous be construed avoid serious problems such construction plainly contrary Congress's intent. Thus, place on disprove alleged fact permitting independent review arbitrator determinations. approach courts below inconsistent Court's interpretation presumption. (c) 1401(a)(3)(B) also raises no issue. methods calculating selected instance actuary, 1393(c), who trained professional regulatory standards. technical nature methods, necessity same ones several contexts, limit opportunity act unfairly employer. Moreover, since speaks about reasonableness conclusions historical fact, aggregate dollar figure, employer's overcome simply show apparently unbiased professional, whose tend moderate any claimed inclination come down hard employers, has based combination falls outside range reasonable practice. 2. applied, substantive violation Fifth Amendment. imposition rational proportion contributions during participation Plan. 3. take property without just compensation. application otherwise within powers may defeated private contractual provisions, those protecting beyond what specified collective-bargaining trust agreements. See Connolly v. Benefit Guaranty Corporation, 475 211, 223-224, 106 1018, 1025, 89 166. Examining relationship three factors said have particular significance takings claims confirms this. First, Government physically invade permanently appropriate assets own use. Second, failed having pay out estimated 46% shareholder equity economic impact experience diminution property's value, however serious, insufficient demonstrate taking. See, e.g., Euclid Ambler Realty Co., 272 365, 384, 47 114, 117, 71 L.Ed. 303. Third, conditions promises give expectation it faced promised benefits. At time began making payments plans had long been federal regulation. Indeed, employers already contingent under ERISA, reliance ERISA's original limitation 30% net worth misplaced, there being basis expect legislative ceiling never lifted, see Usery Turner Elkhorn Mining 428 16, 96 2882, 2893, 49 752. 936 F.2d 576 (CA9 1991), SOUTER, J., delivered opinion Court, which unanimous except insofar O'CONNOR, join sentence n. attached, SCALIA, Part III-B-1-b, THOMAS, III-B-1. concurring opinion. part judgment. Dennis R. Murphy, Sacramento, CA, petitioner. John S. Miller, Jr., Los Angeles, respondent. Carol C. Flowe, Washington, DC, Ben. Guar. Corp. amicus curiae special leave Court. Justice SOUTER Court.1 1 Respondent Construction Laborers Trust Southern California (the Plan) fund established Agreement executed 1962. Products California, Inc. (Concrete Pipe), former contributor withdrew provisions (ERISA), 1301-1461 (1988 ed. Supp. II), added (MPPAA), Pub.L. 96-364, 94 Stat. 1208. contends MPPAA's assessment worked And, although we upheld against component Takings Clause, Corporation R.A. Gray & 467 717, 104 2709, 81 601 (1984); 166 (1986), applied it, violates these well. We merit none contentions. 2 A like one issue, more than contributes, characteristically maintained fulfill terms made participating pooled general available benefit obligation plan. To receive employee need work continuous period. Because service credit portable, employees done obtains secure upon retirement after accruing length employers; vest when accumulates 10 essentially years credit. Brief 28. 3 before us features beneficial industries 4 "there [is] little if likelihood individual could establish single-employer . ., hundreds perhaps thousands small countless numbers going business each year, [and where] nexus employment focused workers union they belong, and/or industry employed, rather employer." Termination Insurance Program: Hearings Subcommittee Oversight House Committee Ways Means, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., 50 (1979) (statement Robert A. Georgine, Chairman, National Coordinating Plans). 5 labor market offer program (a significant covered employees' compensation package) cost risk-sharing mechanisms advantageous plans, consequence, help ensure will access force members able move job another CFR 2530.210(c)(1) (1991); accord, Washington Star Co. International Typographical Union Negotiated 582 F.Supp. 301, 304 (D.C.1983). 6 Since enactment ERISA 1974, "defined plan." Such qualify " 'individual account plan' 'defined contribution plan,' provide, among other things, solely amount contributed employee's account. 1002(35), 1002(34), 1002(7). challenged definition defined plan, issue 7 canvassed history before. supra. designed "to deprived anticipated termination sufficient funds accumulated [them]. Congress wanted guarantee worker retirement—and he fulfilled whatever obtain benefit—he actually it." Id., U.S., at 214, S.Ct., 1020 (citations internal quotation marks omitted). As enacted created Guarantee (PBGC) administer enforce insurance program, contributors both single-member were premiums. 1302(a), 1306 II). Under originally enacted, basic terminated mandatory until 1978, terminations prior time, discretionary PBGC. 1381(c)(2)-(4) (1976 ed.). If PBGC choose extend five preceding liable shortfall 5-year period, up 30 percent worth. 1362(b), 1364 "In words, dependent next PBGC's exercise discretion guaranteed benefits." Gray, supra, 721, 2713. 8 "As date coverage approached, became concerned number experiencing extreme financial hardship." Ibid. incentive withdraw weak plans. Connolly, 215, 1021. consequent risk system unacceptable Congress, 1978 postponed pending preparation report "analyzing recommending solutions." issued July 1978. Study Required P.L. 95-214 (1978). "To alleviate problem withdrawals, suggested new rules liabilities attributable participation." 216, 1021 (citation 9 ultimately agreed, id., 217, 1022, passed signed into law President September 26, 1980. (which effective April 29, 1980, 1461(e)(2)(A) ed., V)), withdraws form "a fixed debt 725, 2715. "proportionate 'unfunded benefits,' is, difference between present value benefits" (benefits currently paid retirees future completed some period service, 1053) "and current assets. 1391." 2715.2 B provides procedure assessing liability. standards, 1241, 1242; 26 7701(a)(35), must determine benefits.3 absence regulations promulgated PBGC, actuary employ "actuarial which, (taking expectations) combination, best estimate 1393(a)(1).4 cover matters mortality employees, vesting, and, importantly, interest rates. settling calculates portion deducting 1393(c). 11 order liability, allocated provided law. case, presumptive method 1391(b), bases total periods. 1391(b)(2)(E)(ii), (b)(3)(B), (b)(4)(D)(ii). essence, imposes proportional participation. 12 (here 1301(a)(10)(A)) requires "[a]s soon practicable complete partial withdrawal." 1399(b)(1). "complete withdrawal" 13 "occurs — 14 "(1) Permanently ceases contribute 15 "(2) all operations 1383(a).5 16 "[T]he cessation operations." 1383(e). 17 objects notice parties cannot resolve dispute, 1399(b)(2), shall arbitration. 1401(a)(1). Two presumptions attend "any sponsor [29 1381-1399 1405 II) ] shows erroneous." 1401(a)(3)(A). 18 "is that— "(i) were, expectations), 19 "(ii) error methods." 20 judicial district enforce, vacate, 1401(b)(2). presumption, rebuttable only clear evidence, findings correct." 1401(c). II 21 creating 1962 District Council (Laborers) associations contractors, Building Industry Inc., Engineering Contractors Association, App. 75, ¶ (stipulation facts Court). 302(c)(5)(B) Labor Management Relations Act, 1947 (LMRA), 186(c)(5)(B), participates management permitted LMRA, administered jointly representatives management. Accordingly, half Laborers, contractors' associations. member Agreement. 22 1976, Pipe, wholly owned subsidiary purchased company, Cen-Vi-Ro, including concrete pipe manufacturing plant near Shafter, continued operate much Cen-Vi-Ro done. agreements unions abided agreement latter contributing rate hour employee.6 negotiated 3-year contract called continuing hours unit.7 remain effect 30, 1981, thereafter year either gave desire renegotiate terminate it. 'Such written [was to] given least sixty (60) days if] [was] reached Employer [Laborers might] [at least] fifteen (15) [thereafter] [should] considered terminated.' 76. 23 August 1979, stopped production Shafter facility. Although details do matter here, October virtually ceased, eventually spring sent timely agreement. subsequently bargained impasse November letter recognition representative, giving intent however, reopened produce 7,000 tons needed fill two orders successfully bid. It hired classifications work. 24 January 1982, notified $268,168.81. 89-94. specify contended place, failure make February stated "[w]e further advised you renewal collective bargaining obligating continue behalf laborers your employ." 90. 25 suit seeking liability; countersued collection, contending occurred ceased challenging grounds. These cases consolidated United States Central sua sponte ordered arbitrate whether MPPAA.8 took phases. first, determined withdrawn MPPAA. 216. second phase, explicitly 1401(a)(3)(B), found meet showing aggregate. 400. For reasons rule partially favor, reduced $268,168.61 $190,465.57. 27 then third decision, again challenge. 406. treated subsequent summary judgment petition vacate award, denied, Products, CV-82-5184-HLH (CD Cal. 5, 1989), 416-425.9 On appeal, Board Trustees 431-432. certiorari limited questions presented, margin. 504 ----, 112 2273, 119 200 (1992).10 III 28 challenges grounds, 1401, unconstitutional denies adjudicator. This legal question Yahn McDonnell, 481 735, 107 2171, 95 692 (1987), aff'g equally divided Retail Wholesale Employees Teamsters Local 115 787 128 (CA3 1986). amici point potential sources emphasize most strongly roots "all fiduciaries fund, 1002(21)( [A] ), thus owe exclusive duty fund." 139 (emphasis discussing LMRA: "Under principles equity, bears unwavering loyalty beneficiary trust, exclusion interests parties. deter temptation prevent injury beneficiary, dividing his loyalties enforced 'uncompromising rigidity.' 31 32 sum, management-appointed 302(c)(5) directly antithetical agent appointing party. codified strict standards meet. [Title 1104(a)(1) 'discharge duties participants [i.e., employees] beneficiaries.' NLRB Amax Coal 453 322, 329-332, 101 2789, 2794-2795, 69 672 (1981) omitted; footnote 33 resulting tug away fueled threat personal breach responsibilities, obligations, duties, 1109, civil actions brought Secretary 1132(a)(2). 34 biased fashion reasons. obvious attempting maximize enhance so selfless, existing underfunding consequence decisions could, offset, open American Trucking Associations, Amicus Curiae 9. inhere mere aside, appointed employers. thought incentives, unrelated withdrawal, impose greater lesser responsive concerns contribute, burdens high competitive position enhanced boot. Midwest Motor Express, et al. Amici 8, citing Note, Trading Fairness Efficiency: Constitutionality Dispute Resolution Procedures Geo.L.J. 161, 168 (1982). 35 supposed threats neutrality, "neutral detached judge instance," Ward Village Monroeville, 409 57, 61-62, 93 80, 84, 267 (1972), command different legislature delegates adjudicative functions Schweiker McClure, 456 188, 195, 102 1665, 1669, 72 "That officers acting quasi-judicial capacity disqualified controversy decided course, rule." Tumey Ohio, 273 510, 522, 437, 441, 749 (1927). Before protected interest, criminal setting, Marshall Jerrico, 446 238, 242, 2, 100 1610, 1613, 64 182 (1980), entitled situation 'which average man might lead him hold balance nice, true. .' Ward, 60, (quoting Tumey, 532, 444). appeal trial de novo cure neutral 61, 83. 36 "[J]ustice," indeed, "must satisfy appearance justice, stringent sometimes [even] judges actual very weigh scales justice parties." 243, 1613 This, too, less true authority adjudicate assume stemming role obligation, 37 assumption win strand governing applied. Not affecting adjudicative, 'rigid requirements' officials performing functions, applicable prosecutorial plaintiff-like capacity." 248, 1616. Where capacity, satisfied providing "conduct issues." Cf. 245, 1614; 247-248, 9, 1615 9; cf. Withrow Larkin, 421 35, 58, 1456, 1470, 43 712 (1975) ("Clearly, view derived nonadversarial processes practical foreclosed fair consideration adversary hearing leading ultimate raised"). 38 distinction disposes claim alone similar Jerrico. agency administrator violations child penalties statute, concluded held "whose final impartiality serves meaningful proceeding our regime." 250, 1617. Of said, "He judge. He performs functions. hears witnesses disputed questions. function akin prosecutor plaintiff." 247, 1615. 39 analysis applies equal who, find, notify payment, 1399(b)(1), bear hallmarks assessment, adjudication. hearing, examine witnesses, disputes law.11 Marshall, observed "except[ing] penalty administrative judge," 1615, "initial adjudication," Likewise conclude occurs arbitrator, liability.12 40 end inquiry, goes argue preserve limiting autonomy thereby 41 provision 1405] argues denied date, raising Courts divided.13 42 agree determinations, Reply 17; (deferring brief ); 10, 11, consistent regulation "[i]n reaching [to] follow law, embodied statutes, regulations, decisions, interpretations agencies pertinent authorities," 2641.4(a)(1) (1992). purposes reflects sound reading statute.14 favoring proof rebut how probability persuade wrong. text refers concepts identifying burden: "preponderance," "clearly "unreasonable." 44 something "preponderance evidence," common standard "simply trier 'to believe existence probable nonexistence [he] find favor [judge] fact's existence.' re Winship, 397 358, 371-372, 90 1068, 1076, 368 (1970) (Harlan, concurring) (brackets original) "A finding 'clearly erroneous' support reviewing [body] entire left definite firm conviction mistake committed." Gypsum 333 364, 395, 68 525, 542, 92 746 (1948). "unreasonableness" require even body. Anderson Liberty Lobby, 477 252, 2505, 2512, 91 202 (1986). 45 combined strange way. descriptions indicate, customarily prescribe instance, proponent proposition loses proves contested evidence. term belongs category "clear convincing" "beyond doubt," (but degrees necessary). can factfinder evaluate raw sufficiently reliable probative truth asserted requisite certainty. 46 differ important They describe, proven concluding proof. are, review, normally adjudicatory (unlike here). Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 52(a). readily body examines way factfinder's deference. makes sense many costs duplicative proceedings outweigh render useless), because, usual better judgments reliability forms record Evaluation credibility live witness example. erroneous" significantly deferential, "definite And deferential reviewer sustain unlikely person true, 48 strangeness language arises (burdens proof) (standards review). apparent confusion categories resulted hybrid classic sense, obliged enquire soundness challenged, course adopt fact. conduct manner Title State Code, 1401(b)(3), authorized, example, hear (indeed subpoena) 7; 1401(b)(3) (making specific reference subpoena power). then, (as absent showing, deem correct), invested finder power correctness bound "findings fact," 1401(c)). dual sort empowered draw conclusions, describe respectively review. not, use does, refer each; refers, rather, single conclusion drawn previously sponsor. By purports findings, defines using categorically ill-matched. reading. distinct context, phrase authorizing reject "preponderance" implies record, supplemented simple error. effect, probably wrong rejected, substituted. hand, "unreasonable" grant great deal But say context erroneous meaningless. One intelligibly say, court, prove element doubt. sponsor.15 proper response incomprehensibility obviously deciding case. preponderance, merely affording constitutionally unremarkable. "[w]here lies rarely frequently dispositive outcome litigation application, [o]utside area, attend, locus moment." Lavine Milne, 424 577, 585, 1010, 1016, 249 (1976) (footnote points distinguish normal indeed entirely sensible likely information relevant amounting occur alleged. W. Bailey, Onus Probandi (1886) Powell Evidence 167-171) ("In every onus probandi wishes peculiarly knowledge, cognizant"). 51 "unreasonable fairness Clause. accept incorrect, instill made. 1470. seem 52 b 53 Having itself incoherent, turn, textual ambiguity, purpose revealed shed.16 Unsurprisingly, direct discussion conclusions. Report Education bill describes plan," lumps together discussed below, choice methods. H.R.Rep. 96-869 pt. p. 86 (1980); 1401(a)(3)(B).17 states 54 "[t]hese necessary enforceability presumptions, effectively nullify refusing forcing involved committee believes extremely begin annual though 96-869, 86, U.S.C.C.A.N. 2954. 55 comment prepared Senate Human Resources, speak directs unique "technical matters." 1076: 1980: Summary Analysis Consideration, 2d 20-21 (Comm.Print 1980) (hereinafter Print); infra, ____, 21. 56 sheds odd chosen burden. All tells provision's "forcing determination." served heavy be, nothing drafter's included text. 57 c 58 muddle construction. hoary "where acceptable problems, construe Congress." Edward J. DeBartolo Florida Gulf Coast Trades Council, 485 568, 575, 108 1392, 1397, 99 645 (1988). "Federal statutes doubt constitutionality. 'When validity question, constitutionality raised, cardinal principle ascertain fairly avoided.' Crowell Benson, 285 22, 62 [52 285, 296, 76 598 (1932) ]." Machinists Street, 367 740, 749-750, 1784, 1790, 1141 (1961). Parsons Bedford, (3 Pet.) 433, 448-449, 732 (1830) (Story, J.) should avoided); Murray Charming Betsy, (2 Cranch) 64, 118, 208 (1804) (Marshall, C.J.). 59 ambiguity degree, incoherence, meaning, resolving terminology renders incoherent. supported language, intended shift over objective realized construing preponderance. pretense read congressional mind perfection. argument extends. hardly call wondering why included. enough attain coherence obviating "plainly DeBartolo, 1397. 60 foreclose again, inapplicable issues law), infirmity reason, avail concededly derivative defect infecting afford 61 d recognize spite contention contrary, determining presents apply mixed closure (such plant, expression intent, activities while operating, plant's reopening), 63 truly issues, fails reveal correct, ordinarily reverse extent today. (urged neither party) course: contains statement justifying demand, entered stipulation commencing circumstances, deferred. disputed, found, closing cease permanently. 213-214.18 express constitute meaning today, involve misapplication deprive 65 attends 1393(a)(1). 66 67 concern subsection (i). 70 counterpart implicated same. indicates, actuary. variety reasons, vulnerable suggestions appearance. sponsors them, actuaries professionals 7701(a)(35). requirement (of methods—which, .") employs identical 1082(c)(3) minimum funding requirements contained statute. contexts tends check them. "Using [for purposes] well attacked presumptively "[This] reasonably greatly limits discretion, overly favorable offsetting unfavorable consequences contexts. low rates) increase fund's difficult 1082." F.2d, 146-147 (Seitz, dissenting part). 73 blunted calculations "supplemented liability." 26. shown manipulable create operate, arguably (in attacks terms, 18-20) critical well.19 74 major attending disproven attacking assumptions, Following interpretation, carries whenever appears Atlantic Cleaners Dyers, States, 286 427, 607, 608, 1204 (1932), "reasonable" 1401(a)(3)(A), denote correct. think quite differently. 75 disproving analogous applies. Section instead employed figure. "method" "accurate" "true" range, understood kind judgment, methodology assumptions. recognized discipline, profession considers scope acceptability calculation. (by unreasonable) practice, accuracy predictive calculation, consonance justify confidence results sound. understood, supports objection. sure, "mere" practice described art" science, Keith Fulton Sons New England Teamsters, 762 1137, 1143 (CA1 1985) (en banc) (internal omitted), covers often 'correct' approaches." Print 20-21.20 imprecision inheres difficulty beast. fall whichever stake allocation IV 77 takes compensation, principal guidance. 78 Unlike complaint retroactively predicating passage prewithdrawal enactment, rests antedates far weaker premise claiming rejection compelled 752 (1976), relied. 79 'It now Acts adjusting life constitutionality, complaining acted arbitrary irrational Ferguson Skrupa, 372 726 [83 1028, 93] (1963); Williamson Lee Optical 348 483, 487-488 [75 461, 464, 563] (1955). 80 '[I]t imposed employment. legislation readjusting rights unlawful upsets settled expectations. Fleming Rhodes, 331 [67 1140, 1368] (1947); Carpenter Wabash 309 [60 416, 84 558] (1940); Norman Baltimore Ohio 294 240 [55 407, 885] (1935); Home Bldg. Loan Assn. Blaisdell, 290 398 [54 231, 413] (1934); Louisville Nashville Mottley, 219 [31 265, 297] (1911). past acts. Lichter 334 742 [68 1294, 1694] (1948); Welch Henry, 305 134 [59 121, 83 87] (1938); Funkhouser Preston 163 134, 243] (1933).' 729-730, 2718, quoting Elkhorn, 15-16, 2892 (footnotes 82 reasoning, relies retroactivity, irrationality. company 31/2 years, argues, earned through withdrawal. consequently, exists payment ignores above, pooling liabilities. alone. presupposition coming additional service. Another vesting Pipe. attained working credits entitlement built rational, credits. When (and coincident credits) rational. 85 depending (or less) strictly exactly accepted joined scheme spread hopes above way, appreciates foreseeable opposite result.21 spreads approximately seen venture through, risks joining (however hopes). event, mathematical precision fit justification means. 19, 2894. limitations variously Agreement,22 "1977-1980 Laborer's Craft Master Agreement")23 appendix "Southern Agreements 1977-1980."24 Pipe,25 runs holding legislation, constraints coextensive Contract Art. I, Federal Constitution, 733, 2719; York Jersey, 431 17, 13, 97 1505, 1515, (1977), rationality, 87 "before [Concrete Pipe] [the Plan]" led alter calculus 31. enter voluntary, implications Similarly, rely represented control increased Again, identity enter.26 rationally related suffices scrutiny legislation. 88 Given arguments unavailing, "it surprising discover" nonetheless violating 223, 1025. violation. relied agreements, helpful adduced facial opinion: "By sole ended pays Trust. agreed Plan." 218, 1022 footnotes primarily substantially Connolly. Compare "[a]ppellants' illegal taking gains agreed. 'Contracts, express, fetter Congress. Contracts property, contracts congenital infirmity. Parties remove transactions reach dominant them.' "If therefore, provisions." 1025 Nothing changed words written.27 step operative facts, relationship, cases. 224-225, 1026. identified "ad hoc, inquir[y] case." 224, governmental action. Instead, safeguards incurred association interference public adjusts promote good cases, compensation." 225, analytical framework dealing permanent physical occupation destruction economically real property. Lucas South Carolina Coastal 505 2886, 2890-2892, 120 798 tries shoehorn asserting "[t]he taken, entirety," 37, rejected ago Penn Transportation City, 438 104, 130-131, 98 2646, 2662, 631 (1978), claimant's parcel demonstrating hence compensable. always entirety; all, Accord, Keystone Bituminous DeBenedictis, 480 470, 497, 1232, 1248, 472 (1987) ("[O]ur test compare remains [and] define unit 'whose furnish denominator fraction' ") There impermissibly "for [a government body] forced honor insurance." 38; 12. That solvency redound event failure, incidental primary trusts "[H]ere, use, nullified impose." 1025-1026. character strengthened lacked investment size here: voluntarily chose participate notwithstanding supra factor bearing determination, severity "out 226, 1026, equity. threshold matter, contests arguing "formed facilitate purchase Cen-Vi-Ro," turns parent Tr. Oral Arg. 29. resolved, measure out, 303 (1926) (approximately 75% value); Hadacheck Sebastian, 239 394, 405, 143, (1915) (92.5% diminution). "reasonable investment-backed expectations." 1027. controls. regulation, '[t]hose regulated field object buttressed amendments achieve end.' FHA Darlington, 358 91, 141, 146, 132 (1958). cited therein." 227, ed.); 1362(b) 226-227, 1027; Thus "ignores bargained-for [its contractual] promises," 235, 1031 (O'CONNOR, concurring), 1027 (opinion "legislation expectations acts," 2983, misplaced,28 lifted.29 "The employe[r] strictures ERISA." "which, borne whole." Armstrong 364 40, 49, 1563, 1569, 1554 (1960). V deprivation process, constraint Amendment, affirm Appeals. 103 ordered. O'CONNOR attached. 105 concurring. I opinion, petitioner "rel[y] worth." Ante, reasoning generally my views retroactive explained 228-236, 1027-1032, (1986) restate here. "imposition type constitutional, rest treat responsibility." 229, otherwise. Rather, Pipe," "was responsible "share" prospect "basis responsibility" am sure "accept" 1976. yet (MPPAA); exist. 1364, 1362(b)(2) Petitioner's amounts ante, addition, "Taft-Hartley" contributions. Taft-Hartley benefit" contribution" therefore 230, 232-235, 1028-1029, 1029-1035 concurring). decide 27. 109 argued permissible, exceed cap short, adduce demonstrated full result reasoning. 110 cannot, precluded "rely[ing] seizes passing petitioner's brief, 28, issuing unnecessary ignored. briefing note imply subjected "pension [have] regulation." Surely promulgated—before benefits—might strong presented ERISA—and address djQ 111 III-B-1—the grapples finds "incoherent sponsor." view, Clause" sponsors' erroneous, proceeds interpret unconstrained evidentiary issue" concerning Until provided: "For [arbitration] section, sections 1381 1399 title section (Emphasis added.) Now provides, examination decline redrafting 114 missteps analysis. "incomprehensib[le]," different, mutually inconsistent, "degree[s] certainty," "probability," incorrect—in large overlooks grammatical structure sets parallelism "by establishes "[B]y adverbial modifies "show[ing]" "Unreasonable" predicate adjectives show. incoherence follows "confus[ed]" signify Standards intimates, ____). leads "meaningless," interpreted) "defines ill-matched," ____.* 116 preoccupation understandable, usage. Bessemer 470 564, 573-575, 1504, 1511-1512, 518 (1985); compelled. provision, himself undeniably factfinder, appellate tribunal. 1401(c) (establishing arbitrator"). undertake factfinder; "by" "evidence." sees "hybrid," acts found. "reviewing body," innocence jury reviewer, trier, 117 conundrum apparent. elements proceeding. prevail second, erroneous. put focus literal phrase. "Clear" mean obvious, plain, gross, significant, manifest miscalculation. Black's Law Dictionary 250 (6th 1990). natural (for is) art, drop City trapped majority. "unreasonable," sharply unusual something—an interstate carrier's rate, Reiter Cooper, 507 1213, 122 604 (1993)—is susceptible gives coherent meaning. 118 conforms neatly today unproblematic. "significant error." offers persuasive explanation suffer incoherence. indistinguishable error" false 1397-1398, rule, alternative "cannot stretched alternative] 'fairly possible.' Public Citizen Department Justice, 491 440, 481, 2558, 2580, 377 (1989) (KENNEDY, judgment) 62, (1932)). "And too broad lest whole proscribed interpretive shadows cast invalidate Citizen, 2580. Here shield behind "fairly possible" Rather reading, adopted declaration unconstitutional. Which final, fundamental, disagreement appropriately invoke Crowell/DeBartolo construction, higher problematic adopted. troubling lack "impartial" hearing. "assumption" "risk" "possibility" ____ existed, "preserve[d]" correctness. structural flow interested parties, elaborately detailed criteria channel cabin discretion. III). checked, particular, consistency governs Sons, Fund, 1142 banc). simultaneously them excessive discourage future. 1142-1143. consider countervailing forces. 121 distort inclined proceeding—presumption adequate Mathews Eldridge, 319, 334-335, 893, 902-903, (adequacy procedures involves deprivation). principally (those 1405). Many computations perform 1386, 1388, 1391, result, correspondingly proving (either inadvertently bias). withdrawal-date 1383, especially known trustees. 123 me, plain face statute: want engaging lengthy relatively insignificant errors. correcting miscalculations adequately afforded 1401. concur "did process." syllabus constitutes Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Lumber 321, 337, 282, 287, 499. SCALIA III-B-1-b various places uses "participant" "beneficiary," 1002(7), 1002(8). simplicity, "covered employee" earning withdraws, annually. 1082(c)(9) authorized promulgate 1393(a), so. 7, 7. exception building industry, 1383(b), pertains 1977 $1.14/hour, totaled $29,337.71. laborer $1.20/hour. $49,913.04, 1979 $20,826.60. Ninth Circuit's Shelter Framing Corp., 705 1502 (1983), retroactivity 198. reversed (1984). Subsequent MPAA's provisions. 1461(e)(2)(A). asked modified. award 416. appeal. Our questions: "Do 1401 violate denying decisionmaker?" Multi-Employer Amendment specifically made?" Pet. Cert. i. "may ask relating schedule payments," respond, ibid., "adjudication." exhaust avenue request initiating proceedings. "[W]e function," 1617 Fourth, Ninth, Columbia Circuits Third Circuit struck down. Indus. 1140-1143 banc); Western Conference Fund Thompson Materials, 1396, 1403-1404 1984), cert. 471 1054, 2116, 235 U.S.App.D.C. 729 1502, 1511 Textile Workers Standard Dye Finishing 725 843, 855 (CA2), sub nom. Sibley, Lindsay Curr Bakery, Confectionery Tobacco Workers, 1259, 3554, 856 Republic Indus., Joint Virginia 718 628, 639-641 (CA4 1983), 3553, (1984), 128, 138-142 1986), aff'd (1987). utility finely 1405, formulation others. distinctions preponderance," explain below. THOMAS reads all. attempt description. concludes wrong, stand, "obvious, manifest." post, let presumably material) stand happened deviate overwhelming "insignificant errors," material still truth. cites not. Here, says made, necessarily implying findings. narrow elucidation. 4221 ERISA. version 4203, began: part, 4201 [relating withdrawals] shows. ." 2918. replaced 4219 4225 93-406, IV, 4221, added, 104(2), Sept. 1239, differs somewhat 1405. situation. change referent anything earlier bill. Despite finding, lost, course. subjective irrelevant, 213-215. Appeals, go far, 419-420, untainted #167; 1401(c); theory, replace own, this, aware exercised decisive influence disliked, Huber Casablanca Industries, 916 85, 1990), know own. 1082, suggests acturarial "independently actuary," "inappropriate substitute qualified actuary" S.Rep. 93-383, 70; 93-807, (1974), 4639, 4954, 4761. seems reason [Senate] [on Resources] includes reduce delay approaches. Without helpless resist dilatory tactics employer—tactics to, prohibitive collection 20-21. include hope states: "Section 4.07. Neither Association (sic) officer, agent, Associations Contributions Individual joint operations, incur Trustee hereinafter provided. Collective Bargaining Employers Employers. operation hereafter Agreements. 4.08. Employer, Union, nor debts, Trustees." 80-81, 32. Article X, E(4) 1977-1980 Laborers' provides: created, negotiated, Contractors' regard exclusively agreements." 82, 34. Appendix K "IMPORTANT. BENEFITS ARE NOT HAVE NEVER BEEN GUARANTEED. THEY PAYABLE ONLY TO THE EXTENT THAT FUND HAS ASSETS PAY BENEFITS. NEITHER YOUR EMPLOYER NOR UNION ASSUMED ANY LIABILITY, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, PROVIDE MONTHLY EMPLOYERS'S SOLE OBLIGATION IS MAKE CONTRIBUTIONS CALLED IN ITS COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT. PLAN ALSO CONSIDERED BY EMPLOYERS, TRUSTEES BE DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLAN." 81-82, 33. reflect mentioned incorporated represented, consistently owed 1104(a)(1). characterized plan" seek 36-37 ("The seized"). seeks. Agreement, "if Regrettably, compounds muddles suggesting comparable—that relative certainty." comparing tribunal "probable cause" believe, convincing supporting, ("If defendant moves directed verdict inquiry is] jurors plaintiff verdict") added); Jackson Virginia, 443 307, 318-319, 2781, 2788-2789, 560 ("[T]he sufficiency [a] essential crime doubt") added). Any possible.

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