Document: 443 U.S. 55 99 S.Ct. 2642 61 L.Ed.2d 365 William G. BARRY, etc., et al., Appellants,v.John BARCHI. No. 77-803. Argued Nov. 7, 1978. Decided June 25, 1979. Syllabus The New York State Racing and Wagering Board (Board), which is empowered to license horse trainers participating in harness horse-race meets York, has issued regulations specifying the standards of conduct that a trainer must satisfy retain his license. trainer's responsibility rules provide when postrace test reveals presence drugs, it be presumed—subject rebuttal—that drug was either administered by or resulted from negligence failing adequately protect against such occurrence. Under statute (§ 8022), suspended licensee entitled postsuspension hearing, but specifies no time hearing held, affords as long 30 days after issue final order, ordains "[p]ending determination thereon, action [Board] . suspending shall remain full force effect." Pursuant evidentiary presumption created therein, summarily appellee's for 15 on basis revealed system trained him. Without resorting § 8022 procedures, appellee filed suit Federal District Court, challenging constitutionality under Board's rules. court upheld presumption, concluded unconstitutional Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment, since permitted sanction without presuspension prompt also violated Equal Protection prohibited stay suspension pending administrative review, whereas laws applicable thoroughbred racing, suspensions could stayed appeal. Held: 1. Section does not violate authorizing summary hearing. Although property interest state law sufficient invoke due process protections, although magnitude avoiding substantial, an important assuring integrity racing carried its auspices. In these circumstances, impose interim suspension, judicial will definitely determine issues, whenever satisfactorily established probable cause believe been drugged at least negligent connection with drugging. Here, adduced assertion testing official proof had drugged, and, stage, expert's affirmance would appear sufficiently reliable constitutional requirements. As culpability, light rules, inference, predicated fact drugging, accepted defensible, put further complied Pp. 63-66. 2. However, assured timely post-suspension unconstitutionally applied this respect. statutory provision neither face nor applied, proceeding disposition outstanding issues between State, being likely others subject relatively brief have opportunity until they suffered penalty imposed. Once imposed, speedy resolution controversy becomes paramount, there little appreciable delay going forward P. 66. 3. State's prohibition stays context like deny equal protection laws. legislative history makes clear other provisions conclusion should strict regulation, demonstrated acute problems attending plague both types treated identically. Also, procedural mechanism selected mitigate threats public arising rationally related achievement goal. 67-68. D.C.N.Y., 436 F.Supp. 775, affirmed part, reversed remanded. Robert S. Hammer, City, appellants. Joseph A. Faraldo, Kew Gardens, N. Y., appellee. Mr. Justice WHITE delivered opinion Court. 1 (Board) York.1 setting forth license.2 Among things, forbid drugging horses within 48 hours race make responsible condition soundness their before, during, race.3 A forbidden permit custody start "if he knows, if exercise reasonable care might known believe" him drugged.4 Every required "guard guarded each manner prevent any person employed connected owner administering .."5 And post-race test, finishing first, second, third, "was occurrence."6 2 On 22, 1976, Be Alert, appellee, John Barchi, finished second Monticello Raceway. Two later, Barchi advised steward urinalysis Alert's system. proclaimed innocence, two lie-detector tests supported lack knowledge July 8, relying thereunder, days, commencing 10.7 Unconsolidated Laws,8 section order adjudicating case. United States 3 alleged protected Amendment Constitution because prior culpability review provided statute. challenged rule permitting presume rebuttably responsible. His claim "there rational proved, illegally ultimate presumed guilty act carelessly occurring," App. 15a (complaint), impossible, alleged, guard all those who stealth gain access it. Barchi's third that, prohibiting denied laws, contrast can appeal.9 4 Court face, concluding: "[T]he duty oversee occurrence tampering support 'insurer' state's definition reasonably interests involved given rebuttable nature 4120.5 high standard accountability unconstitutional." v. Sarafan, 784 (SDNY 1977). went hold, however, "to irreparably pre-suspension violation plaintiff's right process." Juris. Statement 2a (order judgment).10 difference procedures so unwarranted Amendment. 5 We noted jurisdiction 435 921, 98 1482, 514 (1978). appellants adhere fundamental position matter, more than available before imposed became effective. hand, continues insist event become effective establish culpable. 6 agree affront we reject contrary contention. disagreement appellants, conclude 7 It conceded law, only upon satisfactory showing threshold therefore, Clause.11 do basic contention, effectuation suspension. Unquestionably, substantial; seems us Cf. Gerstein Pugh, 420 103, 111-112, 95 854, 861-862, 43 54 (1975); Mitchell W. T. Grant Co., 416 600, 609, 94 1895, 1900, 40 406 (1974); Bell Burson, 402 535, 542, 91 1586, 1591, 29 90 (1971). preserving sport protecting harm most acute. At same time, substantial assurance baselessly compromised. 8 standard, received official, purported examine pursuant prescribed procedures. To cause, need postpone adversary resolve questions credibility conflicts evidence. affirmance, untested beyond error, 9 approved negligent. duties placed accept inference defensible Furthermore, formal license, immediately notified 16 elapsed imposition one present side story investigators. fact, stated course taking examinations. He points nothing record demonstrating convincingly negligent, investigators apparently failed unearth explanation completely exonerate Even then, were adequate finally fairly accurately, sufficed purposes 10 That satisfactory, still leaves unresolved how adequacy grounds ultimately determined. found, consequences even temporary severe; held heard "at meaningful manner." Armstrong Manzo, 380 545, 552, 85 1187, 1192, 14 62 (1965). case, State. Indeed, insofar requirements are concerned, Yet, possible may fault all. us. discern interest, suggested none, contrary, seem much early respect state-supervised racing. 11 necessary proceed delay. Because case deficient respect, constitutionally infirm question remains whether denies acknowledged inquiry "whether classification basis." F.Supp., 783. Put another way, overturned "unless varying treatment different groups persons unrelated combination legitimate legislature's actions irrational." Vance Bradley, 440 93, 97, 939, 943, 59 171 (1979). holding Clause, misapplied standard. regulation,12 industry. shown industries identically regulated respects; convinced "the facts based conceived true governmental decisionmaker." supra, 111, S.Ct., 950. burden disprove resort "current empirical proof," U.S., 110, bare assertions 12 swift fraud foster confidence sport. Accordingly, think erred disapproving courses 13 thus affirm judgment ruled reverse judgment, extent declared accordingly part remanded proceedings consistent opinion.13 ordered. BRENNAN, whom STEWART, MARSHALL, STEVENS join, concurring part. I properly declined abstain require exhaustion remediesthat themselves unconstitutional.1 17 clothes cannot deprived process. What said automobile drivers' licenses 539, 1589, (1971), occupational Barchi's: 18 "Once issued, continued possession essential pursuit livelihood. Suspension involves adjudicates licensees. cases taken away Amendment." 19 See Dixon Love, 431 105, 112, 97 1723, 1727, 52 172 (1977); Gibson Berryhill, 411 564, 93 1689, 36 488 (1973); cf. Motor Vehicle Bd. Cal. Orrin Fox 439 96, 403, 58 361 Regents Roth, 408 92 2701, 33 548 (1972), stated, identifying interests, Burson example situations "[t]he made extend well actual ownership real estate, chattels, money."2 20 Appellants seek avoid characterizing "privilege" arguing benefits precluded conditions attached it, including revocation. Arnett Kennedy, 134, 1633, (1974) (plurality opinion). rejects contention—indeed, mention 571, 2706, emphasized fully rejected wooden distinction 'rights' 'privileges' once seemed govern applicability rights." Having determined stake occasion inquire what due. 1727; Mathews Eldridge, 424 319, 332-333, 96 893, 901, 47 (1976). 21 Turning then satisfied mandates process, argue repute income derived justify trainers' traces drugs allegedly found horses' urine.3 Prior decisions "[b]efore afforded some kind 'except extraordinary where valid justifies postponing event,' " 570 n. 2705, quoting Boddie Connecticut, 401 371, 379, 780, 786, 28 113 (1971); see Smith Organization Foster Families, 816, 848, 2094, 2112, 53 1591. State'sinterests action, informal proceedings, temporarily infringes later promptly deprivation occurs. North Georgia Finishing, Inc. Di-Chem, Inc., 419 601, 719, 42 751 Goldberg Kelly, 397 254, 266-267, 1011, 1019-1020, 25 287 (1970). event, 22 "[t]his consistently form individual interest. [Citations omitted.] 'right condemned suffer grievous loss kind, though involve stigma hardships criminal conviction, principle our society.' Joint Anti-Fascist Comm. McGrath, 341 123, 168, 71 624, 646, L.Ed. 817 (1951) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). requirement 'at manner.' 1191, Grannis Ordean, 234 385, 394, 34 779, 783, 1363 (1914)." 333, 902. 23 "[o]n balance absence denie[d Barchi] requires." 782 Given "in alternative" phrasing Court's cross appeal Barchi,4 reach assuming interests,5 identify suspended. Yet immediate available. damage Not lose races during also, harmful, clients collected over span career.6 Where, here, short threatens inflict irreparable harm, "initial" quickly "final," de facto barred lost aptly described "exercise futility," 782, certainly qualify "meaningful time." meaningful, potentially caused avoided—i. e., 24 therefore join parts refused did assure determination. holding, failure possibly significant changes future suspensions,7 additional flat violates Clause. nullifies Like express view modified subsequent legislation; vacate portion declares enjoin enforcement. Unconsol.Laws 8010(1) (McKinney 1979) authorizes "state commission," whose powers now exercised Board, §§ 7951-a, 8162 1979), "license drivers meets, commission prescribe .." N.Y.C.R.R. 4101.24 (1975). particular, series care, 4116.11, 4120.5, 4120.6 (1974): "4116.11. Trainer's responsibility. condition, fitness, equipment, thereafter starts race." "4120.5 Presumptions. Whenever [certain place race] disclose drug, stimulant, depressant sedative, amount whatsoever, presumed: "(a) having control and/or intent thereby affect speed result participated; "(b) period [by 4120.4(d), 3, infra ]; "(c) quantity animal. "4120.6. times No started believe, depressant, medicine, substance positive test. resulting test." Title 4120.4 provides part: "No shall, attempt to, conspire to: Stimulate depress through administration medication, hypnotic narcotic. * "(d) Administer medicant, narcotic quoted n.2, supra. (1974), Ibid. 76 Civ. 3070 (SDNY, Dec. 23, 1976), reprinted 24a; 1977); 25a (affidavit Barchi). Assistant Attorney General interpreted way three-judge oral argument Court: "QUESTION: get matter rebutted "MR. HAMMER: Absolutely, Your Honor. This permissive presumption. evidence, more." Tr. Oral Arg. 7. id., 5; 33-34 (trainer absolutely culpable, he, himself, administer supervising people him"). 4105.8(f) presiding judges "[w]here suspected take appropriate 8010(2) states revocation suspension: ". suspend revoke (a) applicant (1) convicted crime involving moral turpitude; (2) engaged bookmaking illegal gambling; (3) breeding; (4) regulation jurisdiction; (5) rule, commission, [that (b)] experience, character general fitness [that] participation activities inconsistent convenience necessity best generally." full: "If refuse grant act, granted monetary fine participant party fined demand, ten notice give hear reference thereto. Pending refusing revoking imposing effect. continue parties. Any parties affected represented counsel, attorney-general, deputy attorney-general counsel. bound technical evidence offered reduced writing, together exhibits, any, findings permanently preserved constitute member power oaths witnesses, subpoenas compel attendance production material relevant reports, books, papers, documents, correspondence may, require, refer members officers, testimony report thereon therein except commission. Within thirty reasons copy thereof served fined, be. reviewable supreme article seventy-eight civil practice rules." N.Y.Unconsol.Laws 7915(3) provides: revoked unless meeting licensee, refusing, Such chairman commissioner designated witnesses witnesses. thereof, thereto findings, concurred commission." courts construe adjudication claims merits. maintained construed discretion outcome 8022. thought language unequivocally foreclosed construction. say (Emphasis added.) gives "thirty [the] hearing." appellants' contention commenced exhausting procedure contemplated existing authority, remedies remedy [is] practical identical merits [the plaintiff's] lawsuit." 575, 1696, (1973). authorities. Bishop Wood, 426 341, 2074, 684 Rather, ensue certain contingencies. 8010 n.7, Notably, horse's knew negligently engendered expectation enjoyment absent culpable trainer. asserted "claim entitlement Perry Sindermann, 593, 2694, 2699, (1972); response slaying union employees track disclosure "a pattern clearly inimical interest," Governor Dewey appointed into tracks. N.Y. Legis. Doc. 86, 177th Sess., (1954). investigation disclosed lush attractive field every abuse." Id., 4; Report Commission, Public Papers Thomas E. 505 Commission recommended major enactment 1954 Laws, ch. 510, 8; 512. 8022, legislation, strictures After rendered decision, Appellate Division Supreme nullified veterinarian's medicine racetracks ground "any finding health, safety, welfare imperatively emergency Gerard Barry, A.D.2d 399 N.Y.S.2d 876 (1977). relied 401(3) Administrative Procedure Act, Admin.Proc. Act Supp.1977), agency finds requires incorporates effect ordered, date specified service certified whichever action. These instituted determined." September 1, months bearing date. 103(3) Supp.1977). address constitutional; appeal, challenge brief, agreement greater relief awarded FEA Algonquin SNG, 548, 560 11, 2295, 2302, 49 (1976); Raines, 362 17, 27 80 519, 526, 524 (1960). Lower conflict irrebuttable constitutional. Compare Brennan Illinois Ill.2d 352, 247 N.E.2d 881 (1969) (irrebuttable unconstitutional), Hubel West Virginia Comm'n, 513 F.2d 240 (CA4 1975) constitutional). generally Note, : Validity Statutes Making Horse Trainer Absolute Insurer Condition Horse, 74 Dick.L.Rev. 303 571-572, 2706. Roth explained "[t]o [protected] benefit, abstract desire unilateral must, instead, it." 577, 2709. extended "rules understandings secure benefits," ibid., here. 599-603, 2698-2700 (1972). Appellee's duly confirmed statutes issuance licenses. 1979). 1975), Virginia's follows: "The served. humanitarian health horse, broader weighty purity sport, standpoint own revenues taxes legalized pari-mutuel betting patrons defrauded. If fleeter slower normal irretrievably lost. Of course, stimulated, artificial finish corrected purse won. But bettors protected. Winning tickets paid end disqualification obvious reasons, accomplished." F.2d, 243-244. My reservation imply matter. my raises serious doubts Mackey Montrym, 25-26, 2612, 2621, 321 (1979) (STEWARD, dissenting). importance York's plainly depreciated claimed staying appropriate. Arg., 10-12; 27-30; affidavit M. Dailey, Aug. 26, 34a. Moreover, urine order. practices hardly serve positive. "Race entrusted number trotters time. large measure proceeds (as opposed salary), since, 'meetings' sporadic, recapture opportunities missed meetings. suspended, period, services change often permanent disruption Significantly, plaintiff proffered third-party trainer/driver experienced just similar infraction. ex parte reversed. recovered reversal [a] reasons. defendants dispute stable occasioned irremediable injury, erroneous justification." 778 12, 23a; Lucien Fontaine, 39a. ante, 68-69, 13.

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