Document: 468 U.S. 1032 104 S.Ct. 3479 82 L.Ed.2d 778 IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Petitionerv.Adan LOPEZ-MENDOZA et al. No. 83-491. Supreme Court of the United States Argued April 18, 1984. Decided July 5, Syllabus Respondent Mexican citizens were ordered deported by an Immigration Judge. Lopez-Mendoza unsuccessfully objected to being summoned deportation hearing following his allegedly unlawful arrest and Naturalization Service (INS) agent, but he did not object receipt in evidence admission, after arrest, illegal entry into this country. Sandoval-Sanchez, who also admitted arrested INS admission offered at proceeding, contending that it should have been suppressed as fruit arrest. The Board Appeals (BIA) affirmed orders. reversed respondent Sandoval-Sanchez' order, holding detention agents violated Fourth Amendment, was product detention, exclusionary rule barred its use a proceeding. court vacated Lopez-Mendoza's order remanded case BIA determine whether Amendment had course Held: 1. A proceeding is purely civil action person's eligibility remain purpose punish past transgressions rather put end continuing violation immigration laws. Consistent with nature various protections apply context criminal trial do hearing. Pp. 1038-1039. 2. "body" or identity defendant never itself suppressible even if conceded search, interrogation occurred. On basis alone, Appeals' decision must be reversed, since only against him. mere fact has no bearing on subsequent 1039-1040. 3. does proceeding; hence, so require excluded from Under balancing test applied v. Janis, 428 433, 96 3021, 49 1046, whereby likely social benefits excluding unlawfully obtained are weighed costs, balance comes out applying proceedings. Several factors significantly reduce deterrent value such First, regardless how alien effected, will still possible when derived directly sufficient support deportation. Second, based statistics indicating over 97.7 percent aliens agree voluntary without formal hearing, every agent knows unlikely any particular arrestee up challenging lawfulness Third, own comprehensive scheme for deterring violations agents. And finally, proceedings undermined availability alternative remedies practices might violate rights. As costs proceedings, they would high. In particular, application cases compel courts release custody persons then immediately resume their commission crime through continuing, presence country, unduly complicate INS's deliberately simple system. 1040-1050. 705 F.2d 1059 (CA9 1983), reversed. Andrew L. Frey, Washington, D.C., petitioner. Mary Heen, New York City, respondent. Justice O'CONNOR announced judgment delivered opinion respect Parts I, II, III, IV, Part V, which BLACKMUN, POWELL, REHNQUIST joined.aa1 1 This litigation requires us decide country made We hold need 2 * Respondents Adan Elias both Mexico, separate California deported. They challenged regularity those grounds related respective arrests officials (INS). administrative appeal (BIA), agency Department Justice, 3 Ninth Circuit, sitting en banc, order. (1983). It ruled granted certiorari, 464 1037, 697, 79 163 (1984). A. 4 1976 place employment, transmission repair shop San Mateo, Cal. Responding tip, investigators arrived shortly before 8 a.m. sought warrant search premises occupants. proprietor firmly refused allow interview employees during working hours. Nevertheless, while one engaged conversation another entered approached Lopez-Mendoza. response agent's questioning, gave name indicated Mexico close family ties States. placed him under underwent further questioning offices, where born citizen inspection authorities. Based answers, prepared "Record Deportable Alien" (Form I-213), affidavit executed, admitting nationality 5 held counsel moved terminate ground illegally. judge legality relevant therefore declined Matter Lopez-Mendoza, A22 452 208 (INS, Dec. 21, 1977), reprinted App. Pet. Cert. 97a. Form I-213 executed received objection Judge found LopezMendoza deportable. option departure. 6 dismissed appeal. noted "[t]he proceeding," re (BIA, Sept. 19, 1979), 100a, 102a, observed executed. Id., 103a. redress injury privacy victim, previously concluded deter conduct inappropriate. Sandoval, 17 I. & N.Dec. 70 (BIA 1979). 7 determination rights arrested. B Sandoval-Sanchez (who same individual involved supra) 1977 potato processing plant Pasco, Wash. Agent Bower other officers went plant, permission personnel manager, check aliens. During change shift, stationed themselves exits uniformed Border Patrol plant. lunchroom identified officers. Many people room rose headed milled around; others left equipment started running; entering turned around walking back out. two eventually main entrance looked passing averted heads, avoided eye contact, tried hide group. Those individuals addressed innocuous questions English. Any could respond English otherwise aroused Bower's suspicions questioned Spanish right 9 line workers testified realize checking see standing man uniform appeared police officer. probable he, partner, absolutely positive. employee thought remembered "very evasive," head, around, walked away saw Bower. 137, 138. certain about status unless actions given reason believe undocumented alien. 10 Thirty-seven employees, including briefly detained taken county jail. About one-third availed departure bus Mexico. exercised further, recorded entry. contends aware silent. 11 At contended considered rejected claim illegally arrested, 346 925 Oct. 7, 104a. written record admissions deportable Feb. 1980). circumstances affected voluntariness again invoke rule, relying earlier supra. 12 statements accordingly II 13 entry, though remaining crime. U.S.C. §§ 1302, 1306, 1325. looks prospectively respondent's future. Past insofar may shed light remain. See 1251, 1252(b); Bugajewitz Adams, 228 585, 591, 33 607, 608, 57 L.Ed. 978 (1913); Fong Yue Ting States, 149 698, 730, 1016, 1028, 37 905 (1893). 14 judge. judge's sole power deportation; cannot adjudicate guilt "a reasonable opportunity present [the] fails avail himself proceed absence. § 1252(b). many show alienage; burden shifts prove time, place, manner 1361; deportability "reasonable, substantial, probative evidence," 1252(b)(4). part required "clear, unequivocal convincing" deportability, proof beyond doubt. CFR 242.14(a) held, example absence Miranda warnings render statement inadmissible case. Navia-Duran INS, 568 803, 808 (CA1 1977); Avila-Gallegos 525 666, 667 (CA2 1975); Chavez-Raya 519 397, 399-401 (CA7 1975). Abel 362 217, 236-237, 80 683, 696, 668 (1960) (search permitted incidental pursuant issued INS); Galvan Press, 347 522, 531, 74 737, 742, 98 911 (1954) (Ex Post Facto Clause deportation); Carlson Landon, 342 524, 544-546, 72 525, 536-537, 547 (1952) (Eighth bail cases); ex rel. Bilokumsky Tod, 263 149, 157, 44 54, 57, 68 221 (1923) (involuntary confessions admissible hearing). short, intended provide streamlined nothing more. III 15 Gerstein Pugh, 420 103, 119, 95 854, 865, 43 54 (1975); Frisbie Collins, 519, 509, 511, 541 (1952); supra, U.S., 158, S.Ct., 57. similar applies forfeiture directed contraband forfeitable property. See, e.g., Eighty-Eight Thousand, Five Hundred Dollars, 671 293 (CA8 1982); One (1) 1971 Harley-Davidson Motorcycle, 508 351 1974); 1965 Buick, 397 782 (CA6 1968). 16 alone arrest; correctly proceeding."1 A22452208 1979, 102a. IV more substantial claim. He compelled general result unlawful, warrantless link between too attenuated. Wong Sun 371 471, 83 407, 441 (1963). reach prosecution, however, less clear. Although once stated dictum "[i]t assumed [Labor] seizure finding proceedings," 155, 56, squarely question before. Lower decisions dealing sparse.2 18 1046 (1976), set forth framework deciding what types appropriate. Imprecise exercise be, recognized Janis there choice weigh seized costs. benefit side "the 'prime purpose' [exclusionary] one, 'is future conduct.' " 446, 3028, quoting Calandra, 414 338, 347, 94 613, 619, 38 561 (1974). cost loss often all secondary flow accurate cumbersome adjudication occurs. 19 stake federal tax assessment state, federal, officials. outset "[i]n complex turbulent history exclude state." 447, 3029 (footnote omitted). Two suggested deterrence slight. state law enforcement already "punished" exclusion conduct. 448, 3029. excludable held. Both contribute little balance, focused simply "concededly reliable evidence." that, outweighed achievable 20 While seems higher than quite clear very much greater well. Applying concededly we conclusion Janis. 21 difficult assess. hand, complement extent resembles review suggest continue enters remains prospect losing used prosecution undoubtedly supplies some residual But acknowledged small percentage expected lead prosecutions. Thus arresting officer's primary objective, practice, Moreover, here, contrast effect subsequently bring action. most effective "intrasovereign" violations. 22 Nonetheless, several recognized, matters necessary Government establish alienage—at point entry." N.Dec., 79. Since person suppressible, 1039-1040, alienage, sometimes using gathered independently of, sufficiently attenuated from, original 79; see, 666 task simplified regard Brandeis stated: "Silence persuasive character. . [T]here prohibits charged administration drawing inference silence called upon speak. preliminary protected presumption citizenship comparable innocence There provision forbids adverse mute." 153-154, 55-56. 23 second factor practical one. year average almost 500 Brief Petitioner 38. Over 97.5% apparently F.2d, 1071, n. 17. Among remainder request (apparently dozen all, per officer, year) few challenge arrests. Appeals, able find reported 1899 bar evidence, rule's specifically addressed, fewer fifty 1952 introduction raised." 1071. Every knows, therefore, highly When occasional brought, consequences view overall trivial. these circumstances, officer shape anticipation 24 perhaps important, Most border occur farm, factory, workplace surveys. Large numbers conditions understandably chaotic. Delgado, O.T.1983, 82-1271, pp. 3-5. To safeguard lawfully inspected workplaces developed rules restricting stop, interrogation, practices. 32-40, 25. These regulations suspicion alienage strong thereof. receive instruction examination law, periodic refresher courses law. 39-40. Evidence intentionally policy obtained. Memorandum Benjamin R. Civiletti Heads Offices, Boards, Bureaus Divisions, Violations Search Seizure Law (Jan. 16, 1981). procedure investigating punishing commit Office General Counsel, Dept. Arrest, Search, Officers 35 1983). attention interests guarantee constitutional occur, rule. Deterrence measured margin. 25 Finally, institutional single agency, central control, operations broad scope repetitive possibility declaratory relief thus offers means validity practices, requirements bringing can met. Cf. 466 210, 1758, 247 26 contend retention ethnic Americans, particularly Hispanic-Americans recognize respondents raise here legitimate important concerns. justified add significant protection provides remedy completed wrongs; interested serve misconduct. For reasons discussed conclude "is significant, additional deterrence." 458, 3034. Important protect persons, convincing indication materially end. 27 scale, unusual significant. first unique prevent continuance renewal eyes ongoing accepted character 28 Presumably argue invoked ordering corrective leaking hazardous waste dump underlying improperly obtained, return explosives drugs owner seized. rare occasions type extend far. Jeffers, 48, 93, 96, 59 (1951); Trupiano 334 699, 710, 1229, 1234, 92 1663 (1948). rationale holdings find. "Both Jeffers concerned objects possession which, more, constitutes repossession se subjected them penalties. clearly frustrated express public objects." 1958 Plymouth Sedan Pennsylvania, 380 693, 85 1246, 1250, 170 (1965) Precisely said here. whose unregistered crime.3 His within our borders subject frustrate alien's Even objective result. constable's blunder go free, allows involves free borders.4 29 Other currently operates system, permit quick resolution large actions, backdrop assessed. like benefits, 30 handles six hearings day. 27, 16. Neither nor attorneys participating well versed intricacies invocation described problems follows: 31 "Absent applicability relating routinely involve factual allegations proof. issues raised hearings, diversion created resolve, terms expertise makers structure forum accommodate inquiries questions. frequently long, confused defined voluminous testimony. ensuing delays inordinate amount time spent levels impact true delay 'defense' available exist dilatory tactics." N., 32 sober administer least tiers application, brushed off lightly. BIA's concerns reinforced staggering dimension problem confronts. apprehend million year. 85. investigatory justify violations, compile elaborate, contemporaneous, reports detailing completes introduced hearing; rarely attend suppression considerably laws correspondingly severe. 34 advances credible argument amounts information entirely lawfully. crowded circumstances. Though instructed follow procedures adequately interests, usually testify followed rules. demand precise account exactly happened each plainly preclude mass arrests, confronted, is, massed ascertainably aliens, conducted full compliance requirements. persuaded INS. By appearances sensible steps officers, makes small. Sandoval-Sanchez', "There courts, consistent duty create barriers pursuit supervisory role properly Executive Legislative Branches." 459, That reached V 36 condone occurred Sandoval-Sanchez. internal regulations. Our conclusions concerning change, good widespread. Leon, 897, 928, 3405, 3424, 677 (BLACKMUN, J., concurring). deal egregious liberties transgress notions fundamental fairness undermine obtained.5 Rochin California, 165, 205, 183 (1952). issue connection peaceful Reversed. 39 BRENNAN, dissenting. 40 I fully WHITE analysis (1974), However, today my dissenting ante, 677, derive effectiveness deterrent, instead itself. My would, course, affirmance Appeals. case, secured view, infringe bears obligation obey Amendment; lifted because Service, 41 WHITE, 42 holds Because majority incorrect respectfully dissent.1 paradigmatic prosecutor seeks case-in-chief trial. classes cases, applicable likelihood unwanted outweighs societal imposed evidence. 454, 3032, (1976). Thus, has, number situations, example, Stone Powell, 465, 3037, 1067 reduced refusing prisoner litigate habeas corpus afforded fair court. Similarly, 351, 621, "[a]ny incremental achieved extending grand jury uncertain best." unconstitutionally unquestioned gathered; collateral permitted. Civil sense "collateral." acknowledges "primary objective" "to proceeding" action." Ante, 1043. likewise concedes "in business conducting searches seizures deportation." 37. unlike situation falls offending zone interest." nonetheless concludes deterrence. mission closely analogous trials assessment. 45 rests Court's belief imposition, abandoned long principled distinguishing attempts distinction asserting sufficient. 1043-1044. cases. crime, conviction 46 suggests elect dilutes infrequency challenges mean trivial." 1044. apprehended departure, lesser smaller criminally prosecuted. diminishes importance sanction defendants plead guilty obviously plays contest either prosecution. concentrating incentives whole neglects "systemic" adopt policies conform standards. Dunaway York, 442 200, 221, 99 2248, 2261, 60 824 (1979) (STEVENS, 47 believes "perhaps important" "comprehensive scheme" points instance invoked.2 3486. Also, examined education why unnecessary. Ibid. contrary lesson discerned existence programs, recalled instituted legal regime commentators uniformly sanctioned proceedings." 1059, 1071 supporting unnecessary, programs ensure dictates Constitution. function furthered alters behavior departments," 918, 3419, led now assertion effect. 48 suggestion remedies, suits, adequate unrealistic. Contrary alien, removed position file courts. legally poor uneducated, speak doubtful threat suits strike fear hearts enforce Nation's exaggerates associated context. automatically suppressed, inquiry burdens take account. acting faith. neither knew known illegal. 50 noted, 1051, results mechanism motions exists utilized, decreasing force majority's predictions dire flowing "even rule." 1048. standard utilized precisely coextensive good-faith exception, increase Leon Likewise, difference standards filed. 51 majority, "unregistered crime." 3487. Section 275 Nationality Act enter 1325.3 offense misdemeanor, offenses constitute felonies. construed statute takes describe offense. Gonzales City Peoria, 722 468, 473-474 1983); Rincon-Jimenez, 595 1192, 1194 statute, interpretation correct, Cores, 356 405, 408, 6, 78 875, 878, 873 (1958), relatively statutory language. Therefore, suppressing "allo[w] 1047. 276 Act, 1326, offense.4 Bruno, 328 F.Supp. 815 (WD Mo.1971); Alvarado-Soto, 120 848 (SD Cal.1954); supra (dictum). DiSantillo, 615 128 (CA3 prior Pineda-Chinchilla, 712 942 (CA5 1983) (illegality records demonstrate deportation) cert. denied, 964, 402, 343 52 relies registration provisions 1302 1306 "continuing crime" argument, laid down register days failure willful misdemeanor. more," 1047, crime; rather, plus willfulness shown. willfully failed register, predicate years age older register; registered parents guardian. reasoning, deport children 14, 53 Application told, seriously interfere "streamlined" "[n]either law." Yet deprecates thorough 1044-1045. implication defer officers' superior understanding principles startling indeed. Prior (1979), Sandoval "fewer fifty" suppress grounds. despite "immigration practitioners informed major treatise field clients facing 1A C. Gordon H. Rosenfield, Procedure 5.2c 5-31 (rev. ed. 1980)." 1048, credit. 1979 interfered ability function. 55 "crowded circumstances" surrounding 1049. keep "precise arrest," impractical considering "massed aliens." 1049-1050. Rather constituting rejection activities If pandemonium attending great ascertained think purposes disciplinary willing throw hands dismay administratively inconvenient violated, neglect subordinate expediency manner. Particularly when, weak showing efficiency compromised. 56 sum, differ way ordinary Unless wholly done effects abandoned, deliberate reasonably competent know Accordingly, dissent. MARSHALL, 58 mode embodied compels 1052-1054. reflect constitutionally mandated 931-938, 3431-3435 (BRENNAN, joined dissenting); 460, 3035 dissenting). achieve twin goals enabling judiciary avoid taint partnership official lawlessness assuring people—all potential victims government conduct—that profit lawless behavior, minimizing risk undermining popular trust government." 357, 624 STEVENS, yet searches, join portion WHITE's do, opinion. aa1 THE CHIEF JUSTICE joins unsettled footnote decision. initially motion "for purposes," Slip opinion, 1765, (Apr. 25, bound report somewhat different stating revised version interpret includes dismiss." 1060, Quong Wong, F. 832 (Vt.1899), District letters appellant Ex parte Jackson, 110 (Mont.), dism'd sub nom. Andrews 267 1022 1920), papers pamphlets petitioner Chung Che 565 166 June 23, 1977. October constituted 1306. not, prosecuted make application. safe assume brought voluntarily registration. initial independent academic, event punishable 1251(a)(2). Sure-Tan, Inc. NLRB, 467 883, 2803, 81 732 (1984), employer unfair labor practice dealings notwithstanding Retrospective sanctions National Labor Relations maintains entitled prospective relief—reinstatement continued employment—that probably note thereby "fundamentally unfair" due process Fifth Amendment. Toro, 340, (1980). Garcia, 319, 321 1980) (suppression repeatedly refused); Ramira-Cordova, A21 095 659 (Feb. night-time aliens' residence). 1040, proper objection, seek conclusion. 8, 8. changes slip volume "unsettled." "not paper procedures" period four suspended terminated misconduct toward 45, 28. assert, disciplined appears rape assault. 60, 42. part: "Any designated (2) eludes (3) obtains false misleading representation shall [crime]. ." who— "(1) deported, thereafter "(2) enters, enter, in, felony." 1326.

Category: 0