Document: 476 U.S. 747 106 S.Ct. 2169 90 L.Ed.2d 779 Richard THORNBURGH, et al., Appellantsv.AMERICAN COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS al. No. 84-495. Argued Nov. 5, 1985. Decided June 11, 1986. Syllabus Appellees brought an action in Federal District Court alleging that the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act of 1982 violated Constitution and seeking declaratory injunctive relief. The court denied appellees' motion for a preliminary injunction, except as to one provision which it held was invalid. Appeals, after granting enjoin enforcement entire Act, unconstitutional, on basis intervening decisions Akron v. Center Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 416, 103 2481, 76 687, Planned Parenthood Assn. Kansas City, Mo., Inc. Ashcroft, 476, 2517, 733, Simopoulos Virginia, 506, 2532, 755, following provisions Act: (1) portions § 3205 that, with respect requirement woman give her "informed consent" abortion, require be informed name physician who will perform "particular medical risks" abortion procedure used carrying child term, facts there may "detrimental physical psychological effects," assistance benefits available prenatal care, childbirth, neonatal father is liable assist child's support, printed materials are from State describe fetus list agencies offering alternatives abortion; (2) 3208 requires such include statement willing help mother carry term born description probable anatomical physiological characteristics unborn at "two-week gestational increments"; (3) 3214(a) (h) report, among other things, identification performing referring physicians, information woman's residence, age, race, marital status, number prior pregnancies, any judgment emergency existed or determination nonviability, method payment further provide reports shall not deemed public records but inspection copying form lead disclosure identity person filing report; (4) 3211(a) physician, first trimester, report his viable; (5) 3210(b) postviability exercise degree care required preserve life health intended use technique would best opportunity aborted alive unless present significantly greater risk pregnant health; (6) 3210(c) second during performed when viability possible, take all reasonable steps necessary health. validity might depend evidence adduced trial accordingly remanded these features case Court. Held: 1. In situation presented by this case, where below final development facts, has no appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 1254(2). But jurisdictional here treated petition certiorari, writ granted. Pp. 754-755. 2. With full record before issues Akron, hand, Appeals justified proceeding plenary review those issues. It limited determining whether abused its discretion denying injunction. 755-757. 3. States free, guise protecting maternal potential life, intimidate women into continuing pregnancies. invalidated wholly subordinate constitutional privacy interests concerns effort deter making decision hers make. 758-771. (a) §§ nothing less than attempt wedge State's message discouraging informed-consent dialogue between physician. Similarly, 3205's advised responsible financial support poorly disguised elements discouragement decision. And requirements inform effects" antithesis consent. 759-765. (b) scope availability belie assertions advancing legitimate interest. reporting sections raise specter exposure harassment choose their personal, intensely private, right, end pregnancy. Thus, they pose unacceptable danger deterring right must invalidated. 765-768. (c) Section facially invalid being unsusceptible construction does bear increased order save viable fetus. 3210(c), failing medical-emergency exception mother's endangered delay physician's arrival, chills performance late which, more earlier date, tends conditions. 768-771. 737 F.2d 283, affirmed. BLACKMUN, J., delivered opinion Court, BRENNAN, MARSHALL, POWELL, STEVENS, JJ., joined. filed concurring opinion, post, p. 772. BURGER, C.J., dissenting opinion. WHITE, REHNQUIST, joined, 782, 785. O'CONNOR, 814. Andrew S. Gordon, Harrisburg, Pa., appellants. Kathryn Kolbert, Philadelphia, appellees. Justice BLACKMUN 1 This appeal United Third Circuit reviewing Court's rulings upon unconstitutional several Pennsylvania's current Pa.Laws, 138, now codified 18 Pa.Cons.Stat. 3201 seq. (1982).1 Among ruled were 3205, relating consent"; 3208, concerning "printed information"; (c), having do abortions; (h), regarding requirements.2 2 * approved Governor Commonwealth 1982. By own terms, however, see 7 become effective only 180 days thereafter, is, December 8. had been offered amendment pending bill regulate paramilitary training. 3 Commonwealth's attempt, 1973 Roe Wade, 410 113, 93 705, 35 147, Doe Bolton, 179, 739, 201, impose restraints. post-1973 1974 209, passed over Governor's veto. After extensive litigation, various statute including spousal parental consent, choice proscription advertisements. See Fitzpatrick, 401 F.Supp. 554 (ED Pa.1975), summarily aff'd part sub nom. Franklin Fitzgerald, 428 901, 96 3202, 49 1205 (1976), vacated Beal Franklin, 3201, 1204 modified remand (No. 74-2440) Pa.1977), Colautti 439 379, 99 675, 58 596 (1979). also Zimmerman, 405 534 (MD Pa.1975). 4 1978, Legislature attempted restrict access limiting medical-assistance funding procedure. 1978 16A (pp. 1506-1507) 148. effort, too, successfully challenged federal court, Casey, 464 487 Pa.1978), affirmed Circuit. 623 829 (1980). 5 1981, legislation proposed House Senate outlaw "tough-guy competitions."3 suggested amendment, aimed abortions, patterned model developed Chicago-based, nonprofit anti-abortion organization. Note, Toward Constitutional Legislation: Approach, 87 Dick.L.Rev. 373, 382, n. 84 (1983). underwent change legislative process but, passed, vetoed Governor. 288-289 (CA3 1984). Finally, formulated, enacted, approved. 6 passage litigation instituted Eastern Pennsylvania. plaintiffs, appellees here, American College Obstetricians Gynecologists, Section; certain physicians licensed Pennsylvania; clergymen; individual purchases insurer health-care disability insurance extending counselors providers. Alleging Constitution, pursuant 42 1983, sought defendants named complaint Commonwealth, officials, Attorney Montgomery County, Pa. plaintiffs promptly Forty-one affidavits accompanied motion. defendants, part, submitted what described "an equally comprehensive opposing memorandum." F.2d, 289. then ordered parties submit "stipulation uncontested facts," authorized local rule. produced stipulation "solely purposes plaintiffs' injunction," "without prejudice party's controvert prove additional later action." App. 9a-10a. 8 Relying substantially opinions respective Courts City 651 1198 (CA6 1981), rev'd 687 (1983), 655 848 (CA8 733 concluded exception, 1, supra, failed establish likelihood success merits thus entitled 552 791 (1982). 9 appealed denial appellants cross-appealed single statutory allowed granted appeal. expedited briefing argument, withheld anticipated 221 Va. 1059, 277 S.E.2d 194 (1981), accepted argued, submission. Those three cases decided 15, 1983. 687; 733; 755. reargument light decisions, judge unconstitutional. 283 (1984). Appellants' rehearing en banc denied, four judges voting grant petition. Id., 316, 317. When we postponed consideration question our hearing merits. 471 1014, 105 2015, 85 297 (1985). II 10 We confronted initially have case. Appellants purport taken 1254(2).4 seems clear, appear agree, Brief 21, ordinary meaning term. did hold ruled, instead, some Simopoulos, trial, 299-300, procedural rules promulgated Supreme Pennsylvania, id., 296-297. 304. 11 Slaker O'Connor, 278 188, 189-190, 158, 159, 73 L.Ed. 258 (1929), McLish Roff, 141 661, 665-666, 12 118, 119-120, 893 (1891), surely suggest circumstances, jurisdiction.5 South Carolina Electric & Gas Co. Flemming, 351 692, 100 1439 (1956). Although authority questioned, date found unnecessary put issue rest. Doran Salem Inn, 422 922, 927, 95 2561, 2565-2566, 45 648 (1975); Renton Playtime Theatres, 475 41, 43-44, 925, 89 29 (1986). raising jurisdiction, finality satisfied facts. See, e.g., New Orleans Dukes, 427 297, 302, 2513, 2516, 511 (1976); Chicago Atchison, T. S.F.R. Co., 357 77, 82-83, 78 1063, 1066-1067, 1174 (1958). cases, avoided utilizing 2103 certiorari. Doran, U.S., S.Ct., 2565-2566; El Paso Simmons, 379 497, 503, 577, 580-581, 13 446 (1965); Escambia County McMillan, 466 48, 50, 4, 104 1577, 1578, 80 36 time undecided resolved. therefore hold, reasoning 665-668, one, final, nevertheless treat appellants' writ, move merits.6 III 14 assert erred holding since injunction should finding presence absence irreparable harm probability succeed Such normally appropriate, 931-932, 2567-2568; Brown Chote, 411 452, 456-457, 1732, 1735-1736, 420 (1973), inasmuch primary purpose relative positions parties. University Texas Camenisch, 451 390, 395, 101 1830, 1834, 68 175 (1981). Further, necessity expeditious resolution often means issued stringent prevails subsequent application Steel Corp. Fraternal Steelhaulers, 431 1046, 1048 1970); Mayo Lakeland Highlands Canning 309 310, 60 517, 520, 774 (1940). 15 approach, inflexible. occasion area proceedings deviating stated norm. Youngstown Sheet Tube Sawyer, 343 579, 72 863, 1153 (1952), restraining Secretary Commerce seizing Nation's steel mills. stayed ripe review, despite early stage went address 585, 865-866. Smith Vulcan Iron Works, 165 518, 17 407, 41 810 (1897), injunctions two patent referred them Master accounting. reversed. acted properly deciding interlocutory appeals designed permit defendant obtain immediate relief expense litigation. 525, 410. 16 Circuit's constitutionality finds unconstitutionality particular state challenge need abstain addressing state-court review. Bailey Patterson, 369 31, 33, 82 549, 551, 512 (1962); Turner Memphis, 350, 353, 805, 807, 762 Zwickler Koota, 389 241, 251, 14, 88 391, 397, 19 444 (1967). Singleton Wulff, 106, 121, 2868, 2877, 826 (1976). generally Spann, Simple Justice, Geo.L.J. 1041, 1055, 77 (1985).7 indicate, if district court's ruling rests solely premise applicable rule law, established controlling relevance, reviewed even though entry injunction.8 recognized applied principles observed: "Thus, although arises request us unusually complete factual legal presentation important stake. customary accorded yields law." 290. That ordinarily limit kind abuse orderly judicial administration, power. us, IV 20 comes six struck down invalid: ("informed consent"); ("printed information"); (reporting requirements); (determination viability); (degree abortions); (second-physician requirement). reason Court.9 21 Less years ago, challenges municipal regulating abortions. specifically reaffirmed 147 (1973). 420, 426-431, 2487, 2490-2493. Again today, reaffirm general laid Akron. 22 Roe, municipalities adopted measures seemingly prevent woman, advice exercising freedom choice. example. led still compelling recognizing dimensions decide "[I]t go without saying vitality cannot yield simply because disagreement them." Board Education, 349 294, 300, 75 753, 756, 1083 (1955). claim today Commonwealth. Close analysis provisions, shows B turn statutes: 23 consent") information"). 3205(a) "voluntary abortion. Failure observe subjects suspension revocation license, obligated consent criminal penalties. 3205(c). A truly voluntary proposition, course, proper Central Missouri Danforth, 52, 67, 2831, 2840, 788 delivery "to influence childbirth." 443-444, 2500. 24 refer ordinance, itself, 445, 2500, "a litany information" " 'a parade horribles' dubious plainly They distinguish situation, one. statutes "describing subject matter relevant consent," ibid., stating "in terms disclosed," 447, 2501, permissible, that. 25 agree. conclude like Akron's fail measurement. prescribe detail securing consent." Seven explicit kinds least hours given, five are: "fact detrimental effects accurately foreseeable," risks associated employed," (d) (e) "medical term." remaining categories (f) childbirth care," (g) assist" "even instances pay abortion." 3205(a)(1) (2). supplied If she chooses unable read, "shall read her," answer seeks "provided language." 3205(a)(2)(iii). She certify writing, done. 3205(a)(3). statement": 26 'There many private able you your born, keep place him adoption. strongly urges contact about law agent call undergo abortion.' 3208(a)(1). 27 "probable two-week increments fertilization possibility survival." 3208(a)(2). noted: "The interest woman." 443, 2499. state: "This mean, unreviewable given remains primarily responsibility ensure appropriate conveyed patient, depending circumstances. Danforth recognition ensuring justify regulations 30 informational ordinance "equally decisive" reasons. "much rather persuade withhold altogether." 444, rigid specific body irrespective needs intrudes thereby imposes "undesired uncomfortable straitjacket" 8, 2840 concerned. 31 These reasons apply equal force intrusive prescriptions statutes. seem outright mandated fetal 2-week intervals, how objective, overinclusive. always decision, serve confuse punish heighten anxiety, contrary practice.10 Even listing presents serious problems; contains names well out step places awkward position infringes professional responsibilities. Forcing counselor makes effect treating imprimatur both list. Women's Medical Providence, Roberts, 530 1136, 1154 (RI 1982). All close being, medicine imposed guidance seeks, officially structures—as obviously do—the 32 3205(a)(2)(i) (ii) available, similarly Much nonmedical beyond expertise and, patients, irrelevant inappropriate. For patient life-threatening pregnancy, "information" very rendition cruel destructive physician-patient relationship. As experienced social worker knows, theoretical equate fulfillment. victim rape hear gratuitous unidentified perpetrator continues pregnancy Under dissemination thus, advances 33 3205(a)(1)(ii) (iii) compound problem attendance, increase patient's intrude judgment. type compelled not, compel similar every possible peril surgery simple vaccination, reveals character real purpose. "has gone far merely describing addition, recite "regardless [the patient's] personal decision." Ibid. defects saved forthcoming hearing. unconstitutional.11 34 assert, so, remedy allow remainder severed effective. otherwise. radical dissection leave little resemblance Legislature. rejected suggestion 37, broad severability clause. reach same conclusion clause present, reject plea severance. Carter Coal 298 238, 312-313, 56 855, 873-874, 1160 (1936). Sections (reporting) viability). 3214(a)(8), section, incorporates 3211(a). "that viable." applies trimester. detailed include, facility agency; political subdivision pregnancies; last menstrual period age; existed; nonviability; signed attending 3214(b). Despite fact 3214(e)(2) provides records," within "Right-to-Know Law," Pa.Stat.Ann., Tit. 65, 66.1 (Purdon 1959 Supp.1985), each made receipt report." complications, 3214(h), open copying." willful failure file 3214 "unprofessional conduct" noncomplying license revocation." 3214(i)(1). 37 Mo. 80, 2846, recordkeeping reasonably directed preservation confidentiality permissible." health-related served Danforth. require, payment, history, bases judgments. "only statistical purposes." 87, 2849. maintained confidence, sole officers. explained said: decisive factor met burden demonstrating furthered concerns." 430, 2492-2493. 38 reports, while claimed "public," nonetheless copying. Moreover, limitation copiers them. proved persuasive absent here. terminate protected way assures anonymity. Bellotti Baird, 443 622, 3035, 61 797 (1979), aptly 39 "It inherent make exercised scrutiny defiance sovereign third parties." 655, 3054. 40 necessarily reluctant exists known publicly. name, amount circumstances so likely. Identification obvious extreme requirements.12 "impermissible limits" mentioned approached, 81, 2846-2847, exceeded note, conclusion, consistently refused government chill rights requiring protected, sometimes unpopular, activities. Lamont Postmaster General, 381 301, 1493, 398 (1965) (invalidating Post Office addressee affirmatively "communist" receive them); Talley California, 362 60, 64-65, 536, 538-539, 559 (1960) (striking ban unsigned handbills); NAACP Alabama ex rel. 449, 462-465, 1163, 1171-1173, 1488 (1958) membership list). abortions) possibly viable). 3210(b)13 sets forth independent First, demands "which aborted." Second, "the employed unless," good-faith judgment, "would An intentional, knowing, reckless violation standard felony degree, violator imprisonment seven fine $15,000. 1101(2) 1103(3) 43 "trade-off" survival, paramount consideration. citing 397-401, 686-689, (1979) (where reviewed). Colautti, undesirability 'trade-off' percentage points 400, 688. 44 proposition. 84-86. argue F.Supp., 806-807, statute's words "significantly risk" mean (in apparently conceded) "meaningfully increased" risk. interpretation, said renders constitutional. 807. disagreed, pointing reading inconsistent language intent reflected language; adverb "significantly" modifies woman; "patently surplusage"; "is susceptible fetus." 300. agree find invalid.14 3210(c)15 possible. "take control . child, taking necessary, health." Violation degree. 46 5-4 vote, joined THE CHIEF JUSTICE, provided assurance fully attendance. 482-486, 2520-2523.16 POWELL pass muster, contain arrival Recognizing "no clearly expressed exception" face implicit 485, 2522, 47 Like statute, express situation. While view worded sufficiently imply comforting helpful evinces protect whose 3210(a)17 defense liability concluded, good faith, nonviable "or relate second-physician emergency. 48 clear knows so. defined "[m]edical emergency" 3203, requirements, 3205(b); 3206; post-first-trimester hospitalization, 3209; official's issuance 3215(f). legislature's intentional. factors chilling perhaps V easily ascertainable boundaries, controversy most majestic guarantees frequently turbulent. judges, sworn uphold content gives rise bitter dispute. Cooper Aaron, 358 1401, beginning 116, 708, raises moral spiritual questions honorable persons can disagree sincerely profoundly. disagreements relieve duty faithfully. 50 Our long embodies promise sphere liberty kept largely government. Carey Population Services International, 678, 97 2010, 52 675 (1977); Moore East Cleveland, 494, 1932, 531 Eisenstadt 438, 92 1029, (1972); Griswold Connecticut, 479, 1678, 510 Pierce Society Sisters, 268 510, 571, 69 1070 (1925); Meyer Nebraska, 262 625, 67 1042 (1923). Whalen 429 589, 598-600, 869, 876-877, 51 64 (1977). extends men. Few intimate, basic dignity autonomy, decision—with limits specified —whether freely fundamental. Any result, view, inadequately central all. correctly Act. Its ordered. 53 concurring. 54 protection Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment conscientious disagreed. I believe broader WHITE does,1 highest views subject.2 ultimate conclusions differ, useful emphasize areas agreement clarity fundamental propositions obscured forceful rhetoric. 55 Let me begin reference (1965), totally forbid birth devices. relied "right privacy" "penumbra" Bill Rights, 481-486, 1679-1683, WHITE's heart issue. He wrote: unduly repetitious, belaboring obvious, expound impact guaranteed against arbitrary capricious denials nature liberty. Suffice say articulate includes 'to marry, home bring up children,' 399, [43 626, 1042] 'the direct upbringing education 534-535, [45 573, 1070] civil man.' Skinner Oklahoma, 316 535, 541 [62 1110, 1113, 86 1655]. affirm 'realm family enter' substantial justification. Prince Massachusetts, 321 166 [64 442, 645]. Surely invoked free regulation intimacies marriage relationship, 'come[s] momentum lacking liberties derive shifting economic arrangements.' Kovacs Cooper, 336 [69 448, 458, 513] (opinion Frankfurter, J.)." 502-503, 1691-1692 (WHITE, judgment). 57 could constitutionally married persons, explaining: "I justifying sweeping telling freedoms deprives due 507, 1694. 59 involved "sensitive liberty"3 colorable justification applying couples. (1972), Massachusetts whom identify either unmarried, 464-465, 1043-1044, (1977), he subscribed explanation holdings Eisenstadt: fatal fallacy appellants'] argument overlooks underlying protects y(3)27 unwarranted governmental intrusion beget child.' [Eisenstadt U.S.] 453 [92 1038]. 'forbidding contraceptives manufacture sale,' Connecticut maximum impact' rights. 485 [85 1682]. sacred precincts bedrooms' particularly 'repulsive.' 485-486 1682-1683]. autonomy matters childbearing dependent element. couples, characterized 'decision 1038] (emphasis added). pregnancy.' 153 [93 727] [429 589,] 599-600, [97 26, 64]. perspective. longer prohibit couple's contraceptives. Read progeny, teaching unjustified State." 2017; 702, 2025 pertinent result). 62 aspect stake childbearing. Griswold, arrangements. 63 unmarried persons. Consistently agrees ability species 'liberty' protections Clause." Post, 790. His "indisputable" qualified indeed, strange limited. Up point analysis, consistent teachings major premises Wade. entirely abruptly announces "liberty" implicated few conception comparable conception. 791-792. There may, significant difference strength countervailing interest, becomes day before. Indeed, "fundamental" individual's other, postconception serious. difficult understand reaches restraints "call play anything minimal scrutiny." 790.4 65 correct relatively unimportant, second-class sort conform majority. commands traditionally liberty" reproductive 1691-1692, surrender herself "value preferences" shared majority.5 sense, "abortion decision" majority unrestrained imposition own, extraconstitutional value preferences." 794. quite wrong suggesting imposing preferences anyone else. Ibid.6 66 moment until birth. 795. Again, recognize powerful theological position, evaluation secular interests.7 think embryo—even "protecting citizens," ibid. increases progressively dramatically organism's capacity feel pain, experience pleasure, survive, react surroundings day. fetus—and itself—are static conditions, assertion government's ignores reality. Nor itself condition, "there nonarbitrary line separating adult human being," 792. For, religious "person" adopted—a refuses embrace, ibid.—there well-recognized being; difference, permissibility terminating scarcely left legislatures.8 distinctions drawn protection—even represents "those citizens"—it odd freshly fertilized egg 9-month-gestated, sentient eve Recognition distinction supported logic, history9 experiences. Turning comments stare decisis, course hesitated overrule whole lines experience, scholarship, reflection demonstrated Constitution." 787. disavowed "fundamental premises" Wade rests. approach interpretation word or, narrowly, culminated unequivocal holding, alike, Carey, 2617; part).10 doctrine decisis absolute bar reexamination past interpretations values side. strong stability, conduct affairs, adjudication. Acceptance underlie squarely sector society.11 preach evils others faced reality consequences importance future—perhaps salvation immortal soul—remains seek sympathetic share preferences. 70 presumes better individuals incorrect deny profound destiny. Arguably primitive society evil eating apples; familiar Adam's favor lawmakers placed special premium transient majority.12 71 Chief dissenting. much O'CONNOR's dissents. my concurrence companion 1973, attributed Justices; discount vast standards profession, act carefully deliberated judgments Plainly, rejects abortions demand." 208, 755-756, 201 74 Later, Maher 432 464, 481, 2376, 2386, 484 "[t]he Bolton create barrier based statements principle unqualified considered regulation." 154-155, 727. short, Member idea demand. undermines principle, regretfully Justices separate realized. extent departed limitations readily apparent. emphasized preserving woman. ." 162, 731. 79 Yet astonishingly goes contemplating accurate state-funded elects run risks. Can doubt procedures? doctors routinely countless procedures health, emotional malpractice lawsuit so? concludes information-dispensing context fraught physical, psychological, order. forbids communication critical woman?* already invalidated, "demand" result 81 another interest" "separate distinct" i.e., potentiality life." "compelling" 163, 731-732. Today, abandons solemnly states mere shallow viability, Essentially cared for, destroyed. No power life. Undoubtedly added mistaken assumption meant "compelling viability. 83 recent indication distance traveled Roe. Perhaps road marker (over dissent REHNQUIST myself) minors Parents, workers, advise children sensitivity consequence. imagine surgeon amputation appendectomy 14-year-old girl parent guardian situation? remanding minor authorization. undergoing certainly approval required. keeping longstanding common-law courts function loco parentis parents unavailable neglectful, satisfactory substitutes 12-, 14-, 16-year-old discovering infirmities accord history tradition, lured "roaming large field." 502, 1691, (Harlan, concurring). soundness tested follow today's really say, reexamine joins, Today carries forward "difficult venture substantive process," (1976) dissenting), began afield handed down. am today. Part below, why continue fundamentally misguided inception. II, accepting command results reached precedents area, manner sound adjudication, reversal ground constitutional.1 essential case-by-case decisionmaking reconciled governing revision will, unpredictable results. constraint decisionmaking. Cases—like one—that involve assumed set aside grounds representing democratically people considerations play. Because ordained States, adjudication theory rate, frustrate govern themselves through institutions devising accordance choosing. fairly document usurp people's authority, represent choices never disavow corrective legislation. reason, maintain restore possessors correcting reconsideration, mistaken. adhered rigidly involving issues, Glidden Zdanok, 370 530, 543, 1459, 1469, 671 (1962) Harlan, J.), Constitution. Stare stand who, 1930's, swept away doctrines restrictions Governments enact legislation, Darby, 312 100, 451, 609 (1941); West Coast Hotel Parrish, 300 578, 703 (1937). different Justices, later, rejecting theretofore prevailing permitted system racial segregation. 347 483, 686, 98 873 (1954). instances, kinder precedent blindly followed decisis. Term, author reminded once again "when apparent understanding" overruled. Garcia San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 528, 557, 1005, 1021, 1016 come overruled just cited, "departs it. arguments proposition new ones succeeded Cf. 419-420, erroneous novel overruling precedent, Lochner York, 198 45, 539, 937 (1905), Plessy Ferguson, 163 537, 1138, 256 (1896), remain announced nowhere eloquently incisively criticized Holmes Lochner) Harlan cases). flaws evident hardly adhering A. 91 posits restricted service interests: (which hazardous term) reader surprised encompassed rules, text references nor, reproduction generally; highly doubtful authors believed giving show, subscribe simplistic "plain meaning" Constitution's subjective intention Framers. deed setting precise metes bounds matter; rather, announcing value-laden ample normative charged interpreting particular, Amendment, deprivation "life, liberty, property law," enough infringement range interests. 541-552, 1957-1962, (1977) dissenting). afforded extremely limited: impinging rational survive Clause, rationality heavy dose deference policy legislature. Only strict impinges 499, 1935 J.); 1955 (Stewart, dissenting); 547-549, 1960-1961 proposition—which deem indisputable—that Clause. scrutiny. Fundamental textual existence importance. firm deems Rights incorporated Amendment's guarantee deprive law. ventures defines (or so-called "penumbras" enumerated rights), must, necessity, caution, lest accusation identifying consented framing done controversial people. 94 Attempts constraints operate employs varying definitions liberties." One class "implicit concept "neither nor justice exist [they] sacrificed." Palko 302 319, 325, 326, 149, 152, 288 (1937); Another, define "deeply rooted tradition." 1938 501, 1690, distillations approaches unenumerated tests "mechanical yardstick[s]," Poe Ullman, 367 544, 1752, 1777, 989 (1961) Their utility lies source reflects philosophical predilections constituting government—"the balance country," 542, 1776 added)—and achieve locating traditions consensus logical implications recognizes democratic Whether can, hoped, "judges roaming field," debatable. What debate, liberties, seriously, indicates illegitimacy invoking upholding claims connection rearing children, privacy, contraceptives, procreate. supra; 1655 (1942); grounded tradition," cited differ appropriately isolated privacy," 730; termination typically involves destruction entity: However answers metaphysical "human being" recognize, first, entity bears cells genetic characterizes member homo sapiens distinguishes others, second, being. Given continued development—that life—of directly sui generis, rubric autonomy.2 Accordingly, valid, dictate classification. fundamental, then, (aside itself) result; unique perhaps, neither. convincingly refutes notion deeply tradition people, deep division egalitarian, presuppose again, men high commitment sides strengthens conviction animating denominating engages preferences.3 error infects articulated refined elaborated presupposes (or, it, "potential life," 730) viable. O'CONNOR pointed ago 461, 2508, arbitrary. "explanation" "because presumably meaningful outside womb." 732. critic observed, "mistakes definition syllogism." Ely, Wages Crying Wolf: Comment Yale L.J. 920, 924 citizens lives ended womb. substantiality capable surviving womb development, survival contingent practice technology, essence morally irrelevant. conventional wisdom. viability.4 C Both characterization denigration fetuses devised States' facets rejected, (including prohibition) possibilities. affairs desirable standpoint hotly contested society, resolved adopted.5 implies debate weaving never—not 1787, 1791, 1868, since—done thing. return evolved progeny essentially negative goals coercion are, outweighed damage entails. words, forbidding Stanley Georgia, 394 1243, 542 (1969). precisely premised (either entitlement policy), fund encourage approve Rather, legitimately adopt encouraging normal implemented compulsion Harris McRae, 448 2671, 784 (1980); Doe, 2366 implement policy. 102 majority's toward outset disapproves legislate area. decade-long recounted sinister conspiracy. ante, 751-752. fact, predict evolution understandable condemnation. willingness pursue permissible policies existing sign mens rea. majority, respond changing invalidate seemed permissible. previous holdings, departs (and compelling) preference begins striking informed—that aware alternative attractive otherwise appear. At blush, extraordinary: all, purports choice, enhance helping maximization choice—not restriction liberty—is perceived principal physicians: root concept, jurisprudence, '[e]very mind determine body. .' True happens one's self entails evaluate knowledgeably options attendant each. average understanding arts, look enlightenment intelligent From almost axiomatic springs need, requirement, divulgence possible." Canterbury Spence, 150 U.S.App.D.C. 263, 271, 772, 780 (1972). searches vain convincing laudable promoting controlling. advance tendentious unanswerable begins, offer speculative descriptions carried "parade horribles" dangerous procedure." 444-445, 2500-2501. quarrel stand, campaign state-promulgated disinformation "freedom choice." accused sharing concedes, face, false unverifiable. unquestionable Why, unconstitutional? rhetorical, appears answers. true. pertinence constitutionality, me. Legislators proceed generalizations feature performs counterproductive) render suspect. heightened virtue impingement employment suspect classification imprecision "fit" ends potentially damning. Here, trigger scrutiny, infringe allegedly issue—the providing information—whether irrelevant—could ever impair (even if, hypothesizes, upset her). observation irrelevancy. 107 "anxiety" "influence" observations undoubtedly true; cast question. produce anxiety existence, and—provided nonmisleading—it salutary reason. affect information; arguably Appleton, Doctors, Patients Wash.U.L.Q. 183, 211 forgo suggests ostensible objective maximizing Maher, Beal, McRae indicate fair achieving objective. 108 Third, "intrud[e] physician," 762, violate "officially structur[e]" dialogue, 763. constitute "state medicine" "infringes physician's] responsibilities." nonsensical. concede zones 1691 judgment), understand, share, extend practices profession "dialogues" participate patients. thought medicine, professions generally, peculiarly competence legislatures, rationality. Williamson Lee Optical 348 563 109 Were "judgment" professionals, "structure" relations medicine," (not mention tort law) condemned. concern confined profession: lawyers, accountants, bakers, brickmakers. doctor example, attorneys disclose clients client proceeding. Of upheld Term. Zauderer Disciplinary Counsel, 2265, 652 110 rationale efforts vocation simple: trust members police themselves, legislature business public. infringing them: "Respect self-determination therapy themselves." U.S.App.D.C., 275, 784. Unless recast legitimacy conduct, defeat "professional freedom" "physician-patient relationship." 111 invocation signals retreat unconcerned aspects relations. Clearly, uninterested undermining edifice post-New Deal assumes, do, unwilling commit rhetoric smacks talk "infringement responsibility" window dressing fall grounds. abortion—the foundation. 112 strike extraordinary. purposes. contained enforce 3210(a) complications serves goal knowledge 2846. considerable (constrained extent, pre-emptive ill-conceived decisions), collection demographic detailed, undue impede patients 486-490, 2522-2525, (1983) 505, 2532 79-81, 2845-2847. 113 Nonetheless, strikes notwithstanding anonymity, patient] likely," 767, "[i]dentification requirements," Where "findings" mysterious, least. findings expressly 3214(e) invasion legally 791, 804 Rather demonstrates erroneous, resorts handy, mistaken, solution substituting statute. 114 accept intimidation procedurally substantively indefensible. disregard embodied Rule Civil Procedure 52(a), defer erroneous. refusing General Dynamics Corp., 415 486, 1186, (1974). 115 seriously purporting conclusive doing, relief, binding merits" customarily formal merits." (1981) Camenisch true case: consisted undisputed none sufficient complex motive adequacy anonymity Issuing amounts 116 addition flawed, identifies "political subdivision" residence; included implausible identified combination know (at minimum) obtained threat privacy. 117 sum, 118 linguistic nit-picking aborting likely woman" methods. unlawful chance survival. Not unreasonable says means. 119 adopts Appeals' 'not fetus.' Ante, 769 (quoting 1984) ). "significant" context, naturally synonymous "meaningful," "cognizable," "appreciable," "nonnegligible." identifiable Surely, purported demand subordinated insubstantial. 120 interpreted endure chosen protective convinced incorporating tradeoffs impermissible thing: "serious ethical difficulties" tradeoff present. 688.6 Nothing compels per se "tradeoff" 121 conceded concession. holds quantifiable abort fetus: attempting injury kill accords usual interest," weighty impositions individual—impositions thought, infliction harm. illustration elder Jacobson 197 29, 358, 362, 643 (1905): secured consists, live work will,' Allgeyer Louisiana, 578 [17 427, 832 (1897) ]; yet compelled, be, regard wishes pecuniary interests, ranks army country shot defense." actual sustained Cambridge, vaccinated smallpox, vaccination illness death. If, examples demonstrate, individual, held, fetus, unwillingness tolerate nonnegligible baffling. 122 trade-off life; contradicts —that evident, permits statistically safer medically necessary.7 kind: conducted spare (to greatest possible) troublesome prohibition nonnecessary forced pregnancies term; whereas devises indistinguishable foreclosed. 123 framework using standard, statute—which fetus—is D 124 because, prosecution Ashcroft emergencies vindicating fetuses. departure decisions. 125 disturbing rests, applied. brushes section "[i]t charge violating health" advances: namely, mother. 126 rejection "does requirement" "its emergency." 771. eludes "relates" appears, section. evidently requirement. True, "words" "words emergency," necessity. Why unclear: "emergency." falls back, "knows so." doubt. how" medical-necessity insufficient unexplained inexplicable. 127 perfectly plausible flies principle—which enactments—that "[w]here construe avoid unconstitutionality." 493, 2526. principle: costs. viewpoint, equivalent emergency.8 E 128 vacate entered notice 758, 9. propriety depends recently desiring speedily confidentially instance 129 directing operation enjoined promulgation rules; accordingly, rules. recognized, identical ; implementing challenging defect: this, establishing called POWELL's explained, scheme, "[t]here State] expedite mandate opinions." 491, 16, 2525, 16. adequate, contemplated statute; 130 symptomatic insecurity handiwork Aware created something basically illegitimate, responds defensively. Perceiving, preferring criticism indiscriminately contravene warped tortuous path treads us. dissent. 131 132 worked distortion jurisprudence. 2504, (O'CONNOR, Today's further, painfully safe ad hoc nullification divided, but—except let disagreements, however felt, evenhandedly uncontroversial Heckler Chaney, 470 821, 838, 1649, 1659, 714 (1985); 839-840, 2, 1660, (BRENNAN, concurring) (differences death penalty Eighth administrative law). unworkable scheme constitutionalizing institutionally debilitating surprising, suited expansive role series 133 Act." prematurely decides inadequate record, contravention settled fairness. merits, develop bearing restrain 755 warrant overturning outlined adhere, clearer issued. 134 appellees, parties' memoranda Legislature, Judge noted, "was injunction." 794, Pa.1982). testimony 135 Judge's governed black letter recapitulated (1981): 136 held. purpose, haste preserved, party hearing, considerations, inappropriate preliminary-injunction 137 "Should 65(a)(2) Rules 'order advanced consolidated application.' Before issue, commonly unambiguous [of consolidate hearing] commences afford cases' (citations omitted). 138 scrupulously principles. provisions. Having seen order, refrained rendering understood proceedings, incontrovertible: 139 traditional criteria injunction: granted, non-moving party, relevant, show met. instance, 24-hour waiting period, 140 "My circumscribed briefs portion preliminarily period. respects, outcome 811 original). 142 discerned plaintiff suffer prevail 931, 2568, (1975). Unsurprisingly, emerged, faithfully motions rendered sense statute." 456, 1735, 143 Circuit, Brown, 457, 1735. committed errors infected assessment addressed inquiry. discretion, done, declaration claims. 144 concedes confine assessing "probability (1897). asserts "if 757. deferential power." Postulating "full us," record," pendency appeal, issues." 145 mischaracterizes unsupported logic. doubts proceeded reviewable. definitive "ruling" imputes him. "likelihood success" stipulated motion, framed record" 394, 1833, unanimously determinations "tantamount merits," "improperly equates 'likelihood success' 'success,' important, differences permanent injunctions." 146 Judge, reliance Citing Apple Computer, Computer 1240, 1242 1983), cert. dism'd 53, 1033, 690, 158 (1984), 290 turn, Friendly's Second Donovan Bierwirth, 680 269, 459 1069, 488, 631 (1982): "Despite oft repeated reversed 'abuse', reverse relief" Donovan's reasoning, reviewed. sound, misapprehension assuming, arguendo, detects error, engage de novo 270, finality. Friendly thing Donovan, 276, 1242. 148 principle. observed occasion: stages formalism. pressures aid provisional." Firefighters Stotts, 467 561, 603-604, 7, 2576, 2601-2602, 483 (1984) (dissenting opinion). fairness reliable disputes side version disputed 149 Equally neglected closely related first: "Ordinarily raised below. contemplates forum vested fact. tribunal alone competent decide; litigants introduce evidence." Hormel Helvering, 552, 556, 719, 721, 1037 (1941). 151 120-121, 2877-2878, cf. Fountain Filson, 681, 683, 754, 971 (1949) (per curiam ) (reversing summary "made opposite court"). relies short shrift 152 President Truman, national precipitated threatened nationwide industry, seize mills running. 583, 864. companies seizure, "motions temporary injunctions" 569, 572 (DC 1952), presented, saw delaying orders." 866. "com[e] fixed defendant's acts illegal. alter reached." 576. rested amounted orders pronounced practice, unusual manifestly essence,* contention Government deprived altered To contrary, "[p]laintiffs moved [d]efendant opposed uncontroverted officials President's order." 934 (Vinson, 154 Neither foregoing justifications remotely cases. wake dispositively Consequently, issued, 155 declared ensuing litigation." Withrow Larkin, 421 35, 43, 1456, 1462, 712 improper enter grants fortiori appraised happened extreme: "most attacked 287. extraordinary step. "Camenisch claim, two." 603, 2601 (BLACKMUN, 156 strays invokes Works resolve benefit cases." 396, 1834. Smith, "upon equity invention decree, adjudging valid infringed, master account profits damages." 407 alleged "error infringed." plaintiff's "whether awarded." plain conferring "from consequently conferred "authority consider damages master. Reliance misplaced, repeat, decide—and 157 comfort analogy abstain, declines doing air proceeds safeguard heard. refusal neither heard "parties fact." Hormel, 721. Whatever exceptions finally resolving stage, grave injustice 2877. shoes below—it 'clear notice' 'afford cases.' attempts veil impropriety posture implying patently too 159 discretionary fashions vexatious administer. Parties initial moving predictable contests full-scale trials tendency serving status quo expensive, reliable, fair. doubted entertain, adopt, precedents. 160 sustained. "intend disposition case," indicated establish. 44-48. oral counsel reiterated offer" Tr. Oral Arg. 13. vacating insofar 120, evidence, any, petitioner would, could, statute," "petitioner proffer persuaded development—for costs problems correct—could 161 Since "what 806 contends supervening alternative, facial record. 162 written suffice sees fit inflict me, "success" success." asked reconsider 459-466, 2507-2512. "throughout pregnancy." 2509 fundamental-rights relationship advancement reserved "undue burden" 461-463, 2508-2510 situations obstacles severe decision," wherever "may 'inhibit' degree." 2510 interfere burdensome, "necessary exacting review," 467, 2512 withstand stricter 473-474, 2515-2516 part). 164 evaluating newly minted Apart Roe's outmoded trimester framework, "unduly burdensome" consistency 314, 2686, (1980), 473, 2382, 446, 2366, 2371, 132, 2857, 2866, 844 distorted misapplied 452-453, 2504-2505 clean break indeed "follow[ed] approach" 463, standard. conceivable test touching poses right." 767. prophylactic test, suffices Simultaneously, strains discover 764, out, invents unprecedented canon costs." 812 (dissenting). belabor extravagance dual hope aberration portent lasting dispute wisdom discredit pre-empt regardless has. correct. "meaningful 'legally burden' defendants' 'undue burden.' 796. begin, Act's 167 condemns blanket condemnation entirety distressing intruding argues criticisms calculated intimidate, know. missing 3205(a)(1)(iii) informed, accurate," procedure, 3205(a)(1)(v) balanced 168 dismiss aloud First concerns. materials, furnished request, "communicate State's] ideology." 472, 2515, Wooley Maynard, 430 1428, 752 incorporate 3208. fuller contents 169 singles description, intervals. shown inspect inflammatory inaccurate ask preclude burden, contemplates. unlikely threshold showing point, rationally burdened father's responsibility. Here indisputably 170 3214, shows, requirements." 767 Court). "finding," 804, consequence developing 807 (dissenting), findings. anyone, disclosed 3214(e)(2). stemming identification. 171 misconstrued 3210(b)'s employ unless, one," falling threshold. enjoined, level burden. 172 factfinding needed 3210(c)'s assume add demonstration effectively inapplicable situations. likewise vacated, since, J.). Ashcroft—that "should instance," 9—does square insistence rest 173 bad 'undesired straitjacket' tailored States. respectfully 3205(a)(2) elapse 797-798, 3215(e) insurers lesser premium, excluding coverage "for services avert caused incest." competition" bout lack unconscious. 1254 reads part: "Cases methods: "(2) relying repugnant treaties laws 10, 22-25. continue, respectively. SEC Chenery 318 454, 626 (1943), agency embrace. futility. Illinois ICC, 722 1341, 1348-1349 (CA7 1983); Friendly, Revisited: Reflections Reversal Remand Administrative Orders, 1969 Duke 199. emerge trial. Delaware Hudson R. Transportation Union, 142, 450 620, 403 911, 2209, 689 (1971). Airco, Energy Research Development Admin., 528 1294, 1296 1975); California Younger Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 516 215, 217 (CA9), 423 868, 131, Natural Resources Defense Council, Morton, 458 827, Benda Grand Lodge, 584 308, 314 (CA9 1978), dism'd, 441 937, 2065, 667 (1979); FTC Southwest Sunsites, 665 711, 717 (CA5), 456 973, 2236, 846 3203 (definition "abortion"); (24-hour physician-only counseling); 3207(b) 3214(f) (public reports); 3209 (requirement hospitalization trimester); (penalties "complete defense" thereto); 3215(c) (proscription funds services); (compulsory services). Remanded 3206 (parental assuring promptness disposition); (abortion facilities disclosure); 3214(c), (d), (f), (other requirements—challenges withdrawn). On 17, 1985, 3214(f). 613 656 Pa.). 12, infra. above, November 1984, docketed Orphans' 16.1 16.8, reprinted 20, pp. Supp. 101-2507, 1986-1987). thereupon vacated. 53a. concluding [appellants] seek" 57a, 61a. decline examine instance. Following stricken fetal-description impact. League Bellotti, 641 1006, 1021-1022 (CA1 1981); Charles 627 1980); 848, 868 1152-1154 affirmance concerned provision, requests counseling waiting-period requirements. preceded latter, controls. 38-39, quarterly copying, public-disclosure continuous pattern violence staff clinics; reports; heightening fear pressure forces. draw reads: "Every induces determined skill, diligence faith intentionally, knowingly recklessly violates subsection commits void vagueness. "Any intends arrange room completed, Immediately expulsion extraction somewhat categorically 2532. induced Compare, Meachum Fano, 229, 2540. Stevens, Judicial Restraint, Diego L.Rev. 437, 449-450 invaded pertinent, sure, sensitive 'strict scrutiny,' 541, 1655] 'must viewed drastic purpose.' Shelton Tucker, 364 488 [81 247, 252, 231]. 'Where encroachment subordinating compelling.' Bates Little Rock, 361 516, 524 [80 412, 417, 480]. McLaughlin Florida, 184 222]. statutes, effectuation application, Zemel Rusk, 1271, 179]." 503-504, 1672. times conflicts analysis. emphasis since," 797, stands sharp contrast earlier, forthright meaning' Framers." 789. people," 796, people—the majorities legislatures unwanted moreover, 790, plays prominent "extraconstitutional preferences," "extraconstitutional" reflect simultaneous it." "men government," 793, helps us; disputants controversies characterized. "What wants, plan, good, intimate expressions self-determination, asserting person's substance liberty." C. Fried, Right Wrong, 146-147 (1978). Correspondence, Phil. Pub.Aff. (the "moral belongs himself whole"). womb," 795, influenced allocation responsibilities State. abort, People's Republic China, large. contrast, reproduction, (1942), nurturing soul unborn, parents, sacrament baptism baptize child. Amendment. 129-147, 715-724. has, "definitions" 790-791. Harlan's Ibid.; L.Rev., 449-450. substitute requires, Harlan: "Due reduced formula; code. represented Nation, built postulates organized society. supplying process, felt roam unguided speculation speak country, teaches broke. living radically builds survived sound. formula substitute, restraint. "Each background purposes, historically developed. Though sharply restrained 'mechanical yardstick,' answer.' well-accepted criteria. 'its relation [cut] channel come.' Irvine 128, [74 381, 561] opinion)." 542-544, 1776-1778, "These deal attention, comment, exploitation. deal, family's, implicating 'basic values,' 'fundamental,' dignified tradition. brings origins heritage freedom—the abiding intrusions citizen's intolerable. Guided conscience system, Fitzgerald Porter Memorial Hospital, 523 716, 719-720 1975) (footnotes omitted), 425 916, 1518, 768 withdraw vicissitudes controversy, courts. One's property, speech, press, worship assembly, vote; elections." Virginia Education Barnette, 319 624, 638, 1178, 1185, 1628 (1943). astounding "discouraging abortion," advocated encouraged. odds well. H.L. Matheson, 398, 1164, 388 Utah notify abortion: fine-tune facilitate 'encouraging urgent circumstances' 'rationally life.' 413, 1173 2692, (1980)). shall, rulings. 1254(2), incumbent explain "final" satisfy issuing rare clear. stress preferred contrary. believe, face. exceedingly accepted. Eisenstadt, life) necessitates "fundamental." conceive place. weight affects itself. contraception "fundamental," "serious" "important" 776 (STEVENS, concurring), somehow supports business. where, "isolated privacy." My illustrated drawing found: childrearing. Nebraska children. assaults parents. activities well-being children; activities, nature, STEVENS asserts, 778, "quite else" denominates contradistinction nonfundamental drugs interference) disempowers electoral legislating phrase "imposing encompass action. engaged restricts legislature, unlike forbidden, Contrary STEVENS' suggestion, "theological" compelling. (Interestingly, omits defend judgment.) viability—that life"—is discernible transformed self-evident constitutes "religious" coincides belief religions. Certainly murder Ten Commandments compelling, tainted correspondence subject. simple, unfortunate, correspond beliefs contradict others. faces characterizing asserted humanity tolerance congruent Faced issue: 776-777, contradiction search Framers, 789, ultimately whatever glaring. "clause-bound" interpretivism, J. Democracy Distrust explicit) structure created. explicitly chosen—indeed, hallmark selected philosophies, libertarian authoritarian, value, "extraconstitutional," roots chosen. trade occupation fundamental—an —and well—rests assessments Interestingly, "ethical questions" "constitutional issues" illuminating revelation jurisprudence argued charges defense, 502 (1982), justification, actor believes [it] another," prevented defining offense charged." 503(a)(1). noncompliance prompt companies' certiorari nine "[d]eeming Court." 584, 865.

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