Document: 422 U.S. 454 95 S.Ct. 2178 45 L.Ed.2d 319 James R. MUNIZ et al., Petitioners,v.Roy O. HOFFMAN, Director, Region 20, National Labor Relations Board. No. 73—1924. Argued March 24, 1975. Decided June 25, Syllabus After their request for a jury trial was denied, petitioners, labor union officer and the union, were adjudged guilty of criminal contempt violating temporary injunctions issued by District Court pursuant to § 10(l) Act (NLRA) against picketing an employer pending Board's final disposition employer's unfair practice charge such picketing. The suspended sentencing placed him on probation, but imposed $10,000 fine union. On appeal Appeals rejected petitioners' claims that they had statutory right under 18 U.S.C. 3692, which provides in cases arising any federal law governing issuance 'in case' growing out dispute, also Constitution (the latter question being limited this whether constitutional right). Held: 1. Petitioners are not entitled 3692. Pp. 458-474. (a) It is clear from NLRA, as added Management (LMRA), related sections, particularly 10(h)(which courts' jurisdiction grant injunctive relief or enforce set aside NLRB order shall be Norris-LaGuardia Act), legislative history Congress only intended exempt authorized NLRA LMRA Act's limitations, including original 11 (now repealed) requiring trials actions Act, civil proceedings enforcing those afford contemnors trial. By providing outside framework, necessarily contemplated there would no proceedings. 458-467. (b) Absent express provision indication Reviser's Note 3692 substantive change contemplated, intention Congress' part its injunctions, shown fact repealed replaced 1948 revision Criminal Code. Just may read apart other relevant provisions law, section likewise isolated process it emerged, all place definite limitations Court's latitude construing it. 467-474. 2. Nor does petitioner have Art. III, 2, Constitution, Sixth Amendment. Despite 1(3), defines petty offenses crimes 'the penalty exceed imprisonment period six months more than $500, both,' need considered serious crime circumstances where punishment unaccompanied imprisonment. Here, appears collects dues some 13,000 persons, magnitude deprived whatever might 475-477. 9 Cir., 492 F.2d 929, affirmed. Victor J. Van Bourg, San Francisco, Cal., petitioners. Sol. Gen., Robert H. Bork, respondent. Mr. Justice WHITE delivered opinion Court. 1 issues case individual, when charged with injunction added, 61 Stat. 149, amended, 29 160(l), has violation much imposed. 2 * Early 1970, Local 21 Francisco Typographical Union commenced publishing plant daily newspaper Rafael, Cal. Shortly thereafter, filed activity, Regional Director Board, response filing, petitioned activities Court, after hearing, granted requested and, two later, second petition dispute. certain officials found injunction. entry order, tempo illegal both increased, locals, 70, participating. Various unions officers, subsequently ordered show cause why should held injunctions. been severed proceedings, petitioners demanded case; denied appropriate Muniz probation one year; court 70 which, purposes case, $10,000.1 judgment Appeals, argued, inter alia, disputed fact, relying 3692;2 argued these made 929 (CA9 1974), who then writ certiorari. granted, 419 992, 302, 42 264 (1974), questions case. II 3 claim simply stated: dispute; here, arose dispute most classic sense hence subject 3692's requirement Were we consider language hard pressed disagree. But unusual exceptions applicability statute's otherwise all-inclusive contained enactment itself another statute dealing particular situations first apply.3 Tidewater Oil Co. v. United States, 409 151, 93 408, 34 375 (1972); MacEvoy ex rel. Tomkins Co., 322 102, 64 890, 88 L.Ed. 1163 (1944). 47 101 seq., example, categorically withdraws States courts issue conduct disputes permits if procedural formalities satisfied. contains respect dealt Wagner passed 1935, Taft-Hartley 1947. Yet Acts expressly impliedly, Boys Markets, Inc. v . Retail Clerk's Union, 398 235, 90 1583, 26 199 (1970), various kinds impliedly exempted jurisdictional extent necessary effectuate Acts. 4 crucial enacting Acts, Norris-LaGuardia's Surely, provided requirements, difficult argue nevertheless requires insist bars place. Section 10(l), course, so provide; think reasonably sections result precisely what intended. 5 employers orders Board cease-and-desist orders. Those orders, many them, kind Norris-LaGuardia, face, prohibited; 10(h) 'granting restraining setting sitting equity by' §§ 101—115. In 1947, passing unions; 10(j) gave management, special interim 'notwithstanding law' unions. retained form. 6 No party suggests 1935 1947 Norris-LaGuardia. Neither can seriously that, at time charges violations statutes tried jury. historic rule absent contrary statute, required either contempt. See Green 356 165, 183, 189, 78 632, 643, 646, 672 (1958). 111 (1946 ed.),4 disputes. among limit power Moreover, own terms judicial decision 'arising under' Act. Mine Workers, 330 258, 298, 67 677, 698, 91 884 (1947). Injunctions 'under,' spite Norris-LaGuardia;5 charging 'cases thus face inapplicable Taft-Hatley Acts; do contend otherwise. They say: 'From effective date late summer, until 28, 1948, new alleged contemnor probably guaranteed because itself.' Brief 41. 7 seems beyond doubt since understood enforcement referred requirements When subjected cases, equally plain apply framework cases. 8 That congressional understanding revealed Act.6 House Managers' statement explanation Conference Report 'Sections 10(g), (h), (i) present act, concerning effect upon review making before courts, unchanged bill Senate amendment, carried into conference agreement.' H.R.Conf.Ref. 510, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., 57 (1947), U.S.Code Cong.Serv. p. (emphasis added).7 10 Such Senator Ball, unchallenged point his colleagues floor during debate Taft-Hartley. Ball '(T)he completely current whenever goes obtain decisions. Organized did object suspension I suppose presumably act ones whom could employers. perfectly willing wiped off books came employers.' Cong.Rec. 4835 12 This context Ball's proposed amendment reported committee. generally required, circumstances, seek secondary boycotts strikes ..' effects; first, permitted private parties, addition identical practices directly Court; second, left giving defendants As 13 '(W)hen regional attorney seeks (pursuant reported) suspended. We go quite far our amendment. provide apply, exceptions. leave 12. give individual trial.' 4834 14 defeated, authorized. necessity them explained Report: 15 'Time usually essence matters, consequently relatively slow procedure hearing followed later decree circuit appeals, falls short achieving desired objectives—the prompt elimination obstructions free flow commerce encouragement collective bargaining. Hence acting public interest vindication purely rights, types defined practices.' S.Rep. 105, (1947) added). III 16 however, changed Code, course formerly Title revised titles recodified 18. insisted, involved. Thenceforward, claimed, appeals must 17 argument unpersuasive. Not word said connection recodifying Code suggest important settled Congress, enacted sought 'acting rights.' cannot accept proposition without providing, rules agency court. Cf. U.S., 269—276, S.Ct., 684—688.8 was, suggest, massive undertaking, but, legislation clear, '(t)he intent preserved.' 1620, 2d (1948). arguable work stated '(r)evision, distinguished codification, meant substitution awkward terms, reconciliation conflicting laws, omission superseded consolidation similar provisions.' H.R.Rep. 304, Revisions carefully explained9 series Notes printed Report. Id., A1 seq. Riviser's indicates substance law: 19 'Based title 29, U.S.C., 1940 ed., (Mar. 23, 1932, ch. 90, 11, 72). 20 'The phrase 'or Columbia laws involving dispute' inserted reference specific (sections 101—115 ed.) eliminated.' supra, A176; pp. 4442—4443. long 'familiar thing within letter yet spirit nor makers.' Holy Trinity Church 143 457, 459, 511, 512, 36 226 (1892). Whatever regard application contexts, unequivocally principle embedded 'has construction Woodwork Mfrs. Assn. NRLB, 386 612, 619, 87 1250, 1255, 357 (1967). like predecessor, created exception To substantial accepted support insupportable. Ryder, 110 729, 740, 196, 201, 28 308 (1884): 'It will inferred legislature, revising consolidating policy, unless clearly expressed.' 22 general announced Ryder applied Fourco Glass Transmirra Corp., 353 222, 77 787, 786 (1957). venue patent infringement governed 1400(b), discrete actions, 1391(c), provision, brought corporations. Both underwent wording Judicial Code.10 respondents arguing favor took position 1391(c) 'clear unambiguous include 228, 791. stating respondents' 'merely points up nothing answer it,' ibid., determined fashion consistent 1400(b). contended, predecessor govern irrespective revenue Stonite Products Melvin Lloyd 315 561, 62 780, 86 1026 (1942), undergone effectively reversed dictated Stonite. 23 acutely '(N) o changes policy,' said, 'are presumed make 227, 790. Furthermore, enough establish change, 'every text detail Revisers' Notes,' id., 226, 790, failed change. relied Reports position, nn. 7, 790; quoted virtually see n. 9, supra. view disavowals revisions 468-469, 10, seem best effected tenable although words deleted bother explain all, less detail, admittedly conferred potential defeat previous year historically, never enjoyed.11 24 (1972), construed Notes. 1292(a)(1), modified longstanding policy Expediting 1903, 32 823, exclusive appellate over antitrust Government. revised, susceptible constructions, resulted policy. emphasizing function Revisers codification,' invoked 'well-established interpretation altered 'no expressed." 162, 415, quoting going committee reports, went affirmative basis, refused 1292(a)(1) 'plausible' urged there. 25 caution repeatedly reading revision, gives absolutely contemplated. canon expected Codes, require us conclude, along lower having save one, behest Act.12 IV agree (1958), reaffirmed state punish Barnett, 376 681, 84 984, (1964), Cheff Schnackenberg, 384 373, 1523, 629 (1966), presaged rule. doctrine emerged decisions Bloom Illinois, 391 194, 1477, 522 (1968); Frank 395 147, 89 1503, 162 (1969); Baldwin New York, 399 66, 1886, 437 (1970); Taylor Hayes, 418 488, 94 2697, 41 897 Codispoti Pennsylvania, 506, 2687, 912 capsuled follows: (1) Like minor crimes, 'petty' contempts jury, system Amendment trial; (2) contempt, imposed, offense declaration contrary; (3) lacking authorization punishment, sentence prison, plus normal periods (4) longer constitutionally impermissible given opportunity 27 addressed imposition imprisonment, defendant. presents unincorporated denying union's insists meaning demand therefore erroneously denied. agree. determining boundary between pourposes applying Amendment's guarantee, holding prison available defendant, regimes, definition 1(3). Under section, both.' referring definition, accorded talismanic significance; hold deprivation individual's liberty six-month term protections trial, regardless greater $500 From standpoint seriousness risk possible faced contemnor, fines intrinsically different. grasp jail matter possibility $501 large corporation Indeed, reach decide tendered respondent—that Respondent 36—we say interposed guard bias mistake. respondent suggests, persons; insubstantial, affirm Appeals. Affirmed. 30 DOUGLAS, dissenting. 31 believe here material: 'In gowing accused enjoy speedy impartial 33 purpose originally expressed 72, ed.). shield organized movement intervention judiciary perceived hostile labor. severely constrained person 'participating interested dispute.' 'all contempt.' now us, affording, very least, proceeding participant 'labor Any accordance prescriptions.1 evident interposition disobedience alleged.2 For reasons STEWART, post, 485-486, am persuaded anti-injunction disturb 11. broad mandate continued 3692.3 217, 660, (1958) (black, J., dissenting). 35 reverse grounds.4 Article Trial Crimes, except Cases Impeachment, Jury And pertinent part: prosecutions, State district wherein committed (Emphasis added.) 37 fails declares 'of mistake.' Ante, 477. previously protested refusal recognize deems 'petty.'5 even 'petty offense' justify today's result, impossible fairly characterize 'petty.'6 Disobedience obtained hardly transgression trivial nature; locals take lightly. event, deprives whthhold depending assessment substantiality penalty. Framers 'small' Justices McReynolds Butler Clawans, 300 617, 633—634, 666, 81 843 (1937) (separate opinion), apt: 38 suit common recover above $20, assured. improbable while protection trifling framers considerable liability fifteen times $20 confronts accused.' 39 follow command 70. 40 MARSHALL POWELL join, ed.), broadly guaranteeing '(i)n conclusion action significance 49 449, 151 Accordingly, us. International Rafael Independent Journal. represents Journal's composing room employees. Following expiration old collective-bargaining agreement Journal, negotiations reached impasse. instituted strike 21, 188 N.L.R.B. 673, enforced, 465 53 (CA9). primary escalated boycott four unions, participated. through bring halt activity. proscribed continued, apparently willful injunction, instituted. ante, 2180. 43 unambiguously guarantees 44 committed.' applies just encompasses several is, assuredly laws. 46 official adjudication he 'reasonable cause' organization agents engaged specified practices.1 Although potentially arise dispute,' activity concerned 'terms conditions employment' members. Thus, subsequent involved Act.2 come explicit There rather meager indicate despite comprehensive covered revisers merely recodification Act.4 Rather, 'based on' noted additional comment inclusive 'laws A176. contrast, 402, constituting prior specifically transferring numerous phraseology not, substance.' A30; 4192. brief accordingly, section. 48 Nothing different sure, filing proper, notwithstanding finding member entirely compatible provision. way limits Similarly, eliminate Act.5 '(w)hen granting 'An amend define equity, purposes,' approved 1932 (U.S.C., Supp. VII, secs. 115).' cites parenthetically 11's codified 111, solely means identifying Substantively 10(h), indicates, 'and purposes.' based, jurisdiction; contemnors, 'other 50 national emergencies 176—180, inapplicable. 178(b).6 51 If, discussion, ambiguity about nonetheless extending firmly established mandating resolved accused. See, e.g., Bass, 404 336, 347, 92 515, 522, 488; Rewis 401 808, 812, 1056, 1059, 493; Smith 360 1, 79 991, 996, 1041. hand, sound limiting scope A guarantee restrict ability seek, grant, immediate recognitional interfere authority insure compliance use coercive sanctions.7 written, affect impose sanctions. facts judge whose violated.8 52 sum, absence meaningful contradictory history, together method statutes, interpreted $25,000 initially, $15,000 remitted based 70's obedience reads outset '(b)y (§ 3692) dispute," dissenting 482, dissent imply criminal, opposed civil, so, suggested, accused,' inference properly denominated 'accused.' Post, 487-488, 7. accused' taken verbatim leaves little applicable establishes compromise version bill, compromise, House, contempts, 75 6336—6337 (1932). Senate, Norris himself 'As act. it, contempts. confine 'criminal,' act.' 6450. And, continued: 'Under made, agreed to, anyone proceedings.' 6453. Certainly used mean describing STEWART 'consistent' placing 1948. If consistency suggestion, dissent's expressing whatsoever trial—including outright repeal disputes, thereby reversing thoroughly decided years relies implications finds language, opinion, infra, 463-467, too rely well provisions, suggesting suggestion emergency, Apparently 178(b), 208 'provided (Norris-LaGuardia) inapplicable.' 486. 115 title, applicable,' remarkably convey re-enacting Taft-Hartley; 'making H.R.Conf.Rep.No.510, Cong.Serv.1947, 1163. 6, infra. STEWART's directed inescapable analysis least empanel juries, certainly represent novel procedure, 690—691, 989—990, (1964). newly (it employees involved) reason included exempting Very furnish ground inapplicability ed. read, part, (as herein defined), dissenting, 478-479, Congresses 464-467, every question, cited 12, addressing witness, 304(a) S. 2926, uncontradicted history: whole theory .. (T)he board Federal court, punished Now, ordinary won't great majority instances defendants, permissible bill.' Hearings 2926 Committee Education Labor, 73d 505 (1934). dissents 'jurisdiction' technical 'an identifying' supports Act,' Act' Support comes memorandum introduced Congressional Record decade Representative Celler, concluded unequivocal waiver Government action.' 103 8685 Celler chairman subcommittee hearings offer lead reject 10(h). Petitioners' contention insupportable light Note, forth 469, February 15, 1945, Workers three H.R. 2200, adopted July 16, 1946, again 5, began eventually led introduction Taft-Hartly April May almost House's acceptance Representatives legislation, time, unchanged, states reviser's notes text.' H.R.Rep.No.304, (1957), inquiry parallel courses Codes. prepared staff experts drawn sources completed same turned attention jointly Judiciary. Revision Titles Subcommittee Judiciary, Sess. respects, statements respecting revisions. Compare text, supra H.R.Rep.No.308, (1947): 'Revision, presserving undergoing revision. S.Rep.No.1620, (1948), S.Rep.No.1559, (1948) ('great care exercised existing meet substantially unanimous approval'). Testimony joint confirms methods themselves Hearings, 6. Law Counsel Codes: 'There construction. principally done keeping minimum, mere evidenced. 'To find intent, report bills reports comprehensive. incorporated each bills, code code. indicated revisers' language—we get uniform style, avoid expression, concisely succinctly—but evidence law.' persuasive maker, Zinn, served Laws eight years; pointed Zinn had, Committee, 'exercised close constant supervision' nature force law. Madden Grain Elevator, Flour & Feed Mill 334 1014 (CA7 1964), cert. 379 967, 85 661, 560 (1965) proceeding); Schauffler 1291, Longshoremen's Assn., 189 F.Supp. 737 (ED Pa.1960), rev'd grounds 292 182 (CA3 1961) proceeding). Robinson, 449 925 1971) (suit agency); Brotherhood Locomotive Firemen Enginemen Bangor Aroostook 127 U.S.App.D.C 380 570, 389 327, 437, (1967) (proceeding Railway seq.); Red Arrow Freight Lines, 193 979 (CA5 1952) amended 157); re Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., 309 1967) (proceedings Mitchell Barbee Lumber F.R.D. 544 (SD Miss.1964) Fair Standards 201 Piccinini, 548 (WD Pa.1964) consent seq.). contrary, Nacional de Trabajadores, 502 113 (CA1 panel divided correct 121—122 (Campbell, initially S.Rep.No.163, 72d (1932); 4510—4511, 4757—4761 House-Senate conferees 6336 6337, remark '§ operative Act', already restriction (sic) case.' entire makes 'not operative' underlying addressed. 274—280, 686 690. 328—330, 712—714 (Black Douglas, JJ., concurring deal Whether affords presented opinion. Petitioner raise certiorari extended (1974). E.g., 74—76, 1891—1892, (1970) (Black, joined judgment); 159—160, 1510—1511, (1969) Johnson Nebraska, 949, 212, 169 (1974) (Douglas, denial certiorari). my 386—391, 1527—1530, (1966) effort identify 'petty,' prescribed factor characterizing offense. formulation, controlling significance. 2691, truth boycotting minority picketing, 'shall,' behalf adjudication. Once reasonable found, mandatory. S.Rep.No.105, 8, 27. 1959 hot cargo agreements mandatory 73 544. 'Labor 'any controversy employment, association representation persons negotiating, fixing, maintaining, changing, seeking arrange disputants stand proximate relation employee.' 73. 2(9) 152(9), language. While concedes often argues essentially 'governing orders' 'involving true authorizing classified were. Otherwise, 'sitting equity' requests 113, 118 (CA1). inconsistent replace worded 'Crimes Procedure.' questioned relevance (and 'if vacation,' 10(e)) modify following administrative findings significant amendments Act: (House statement), 57, procedures issuing principal piece offered Senator's 4834. Particularly complete expansive see, 27; expression weight statute. McCaughn Hershey Chocolate 283 493—494, 1183; Lapina Williams, 232 78, 199, 58 515. 18, procedure. independent cause,' Michaelson Chicago, St. P., M. O.R. 266 42, 64, 19, 69 extensions equitable action. 64—65, 19—20. 10(l)'s affected renders F.2d, 119—121. (l) vindicate economic interests, considering justifications Regardless deliberately disobeyed. existence unbridled judges factors leading passage requirement. generally, A. Cox D. Bok, Materials 75—76 (7th accommodation 'which fullest central (statutes),' Sinclair Refining Atkinson, 370 195, 216, 82 1328, 1340, 440 (Brennan, dissenting), permit coerce after-the-fact says—the 121.

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