Document: 413 U.S. 472 93 S.Ct. 2814 37 L.Ed.2d 736 Arthur LEVITT, as Comptroller of the State New York, and Ewald B. Nyquist, Commissioner Education Appellants,v.COMMITTEE FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY et al. Warren M. ANDERSON, Majority Leader President pro tem. York Senate, Appellant, v. COMMITTEE CATHEDRAL ACADEMY al., Appellants, Nos. 72—269 to 72—271. Argued March 19, 1973. Decided June 25, Syllabus The Legislature appropriated $28,000,000 reimburse nonpublic schools in 'for expenses services for examination inspection connection with administration, grading compiling reporting results tests examinations, maintenance records pupil enrollment thereon, health records, recording personnel qualifications characteristics preparation submission state various other reports . ..' Tests most expensive these mandated services, are two kinds: (a) state-prepared tests, such 'Regents examinations' 'Pupil Evaluation Program Tests,' (b) traditional teacher-prepared which constitute overwhelming majority schools. Qualifying receive annually, per pupil, $27 (grades one through six) $45 seven 12), not required account moneys received how they spent. While Act states that it shall be construed authorize payments religious worship or instruction, churchsponsored eligible thereunder. three-judge District Court found unconstitutional under Establishment Clause permanently enjoined its enforcement. court rejected appellants' argument made only 'secular, neutral, non-ideological' services. held greatest portion funds is paid teachers testing students an integral part teaching process. dismissed 'fanciful' contention a may church-related costs incurred performing any service 'mandated' by law. Held: 1. statute constitutes impermissible aid religion contravening Clause, since no attempt means available assure internally prepared 'an process,' free instruction avoid inculcating precepts sponsoring church. Committee Public 756, 2955, 948. Pp. 479—481. 2. inquiry whether should permitted pay activity, but challenged has primary purpose effect advancing education leads excessive entanglement affairs institution. 481—482. 3. provides single per-pupil allotment variety some secular potentially religious, courts cannot properly reduce correspond actual reimbursable legislative judicial function. P. 482. 342 F.Supp. 439, affirmed. Jean Coon, Albany, N.Y., appellants Levitt others. Leo Pfeffer, City, appellees. Porter R. Chandler, non-public [Amicus Curiae Information from page 473 intentionally omitted] Mr. Chief Justice BURGER delivered opinion Court. 1 We asked decide Chapter 138 State's Laws 1970 reimburses private throughout certain recordkeeping, violates First Amendment. A Court, judge dissenting, unconstitutional. 439 (S.D.N.Y.1972). noted probable jurisdiction. 409 977, 316, 34 240. 2 * In April 1970, reimbursing 3 provided law regulation.'1 c. 138, § 4 As indicated quoted above, essence sought 'services' 'mandates.' Of far 'administration, examinations.' Such 'tests appear Tests.'2 drafted school measuring pupils' progress subjects taught law.3 nonpublic, well public, latter variety. 5 Church-sponsored Act. findings had 'construed applied' 'to include permissible beneficiaries impose restrictions on admissions; require attendance pupils at activities; (c) obedience doctrines dogmas particular faith; (d) attend theology doctrine (e) mission church it; (f) have substantial inculcation values; (g) faculty appointments; (h) what teach.' F.Supp., 440—441. 6 seeking submit application Education, who direct applicant file 'such additional reports' he deems necessary make determination eligibility. 4. annual payment each average daily grades six 12.4 Payments installments: Between January 15 year, one-half 'estimated total apportionment' directly school; balance between 15. empowered 'later adjusting correcting apportionments.' Id., 5. 7 Section 8 states: 'Nothing contained this act making instruction.' However, contains provision authorizing audits School financial determine school's complying less than lump sum payment. Nor does return excess expenses.5 appellant Nyquist's answers appellees' interrogatories, parties stipulated could 'taken accepted facts purposes case,' stated 'qualifying accounting expended.' II Appellees taxpayers unincorporated association. They filed suit United States claiming abridges An injunction was enjoining respectively, enforcing Senator Earl W. Brydges Catholic Jewish parochial qualified were intervene defendant. 9 convened pursuant 28 U.S.C. §§ 2281, 2284. After hearing merits, enforcement concluded case controlled our decision Lemon Kurtzman, 403 602, 91 2105, 29 745 (1971), Clause. 10 reaching decision, constitutional because nonideological' character. 616, S.Ct., 2113. stated: 11 'By students, process.' 444. 12 Likewise, III 13 Religious Liberty 948, today struck down 'direct money grants used 'maintenance repair facilities equipment ensure health, welfare safety enrolled pupils." 762, 2960 (footnote omitted).6 infirmity Nyquist lay undifferentiated treatment devoted functions recipient sectarian Since '(n)o restrict those expenditures related upkeep exclusively purposes,' is, therefore, violative 774, 2966. 14 now before us, written applied same flaws led Nyquist.7 previously, grant performance 'services.' Among regular program internal designed measure achievement. Yet, despite obviously role process, statute, available, instruction. ignore risk authority institutions, will eye, unconsciously otherwise, inculcate do 'assume guilty bad faith conscious design evade limitations imposed Amendment.' U.S., 618, 2114. But potential conflict 'inheres situation,' constitutionally compelled state-supported activity being indoctrination. See id., 617, 619, 2113, failed so here, we left choice hold religion; identifiable separable activities. 16 insisted merely provide partial reimbursement totally nonsectarian activities performed behest State. words, contend decisions Everson Board 330 1, 67 504, L.Ed. 711 (1947), Allen, 392 236, 88 1923, 20 1060 (1968). Jersey parents children transporting buses their And Allen upheld requiring local boards lend textbooks all residing district twelve public complies compulsory law.' 239, 1924. 17 case, however, faced substantially different character bus rides state-provided textbooks. Routine And, '(i)n terms involving aspect morals subjects, textbook's content ascertainable, teacher's handling subject not.' 18 To extent argue regulation, must reject contention. might, example, 'mandate' minimum lighting sanitary buildings, commands would support church-sponsored essential expressed prior decisions, supra, 772—773, 2965—2966; 612—613, 2111. That irreversibly frustrated if read permitting whatever requires do. 19 lump-sum under, violate specified neither nor can amount corresponding legislative, judicial, Accordingly, judgment 21 Judgment 22 DOUGLAS, BRENNAN, MARSHALL view affirmance Sloan Lemon, 825, 2982, 939. 23 WHITE dissents. N.Y. Law 305, McKinney's Consol.Laws, 16, charges duty maintaining general supervision over sure 'examined inspected.' Regents' examinations described 'state-wide matter achievement.' evaluation so-called 'PEP also administered three, six, nine. there doubt within scope uncertainty due 'only Regents Scholarship Examinations might regarded specifically mandated.' 441 (emphasis original interrogatory). unnecessary resolve factual ambiguity, stating: 'While constitutionality turn question presented, mention illustrate lack certainty actually used, or, indeed, 'mandated." Ibid. regulation included reimbursed former proposition, cite 176.1(b) Regulations 'shall conduct offered continuing individual adequate basis evaluating achievement, addition administer, rate report specific prescribed commissioner.' N.Y.C.R.R. 176.1(b). contest validity construction Act, accept litigation. Exactly figures arrived somewhat unclear. Appellant his answer interrogatories below, gave following explanation: 'That enactment conference representatives Office Counsel Governor, Division Budget Executive Department participated; said dollar reasonable best reasonable; record made.' Subsequent conducted several studies exceeded 'cloudy': 'If items 'teacher 'entrance list 'mandated services,' appears schools' least great amounts state. excluded, greater expenses.' 441. did intended compensate testing. n. 3, supra. Court's holding .' sufficient case: author joined while dissenting tuition tax credits unconstitutional, course, bound parts judgment. 'secular purpose' enacting 138. Epperson Arkansas, 393 97, 89 266, 228 first section 'primary responsibility' youth education; 'duty authority' examine inspect borders educational opportunities provided; legitimate interest assisting insofar fulfilling responsibility.

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