Document: 535 U.S. 564 ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY GENERALv.AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION ET AL. No. 00-1293. Supreme Court of the United States. Argued November 28, 2001. Decided May 13, 2002. certiorari to united states court appeals for third circuit In Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U. S. 844, this found that Communications Decency Act 1996 (CDA) — Congress' first attempt protect children from exposure pornographic material on Internet ran afoul First Amendment in its regulation indecent transmissions and display patently offensive material. That conclusion was based, part, crucial consideration CDA's breadth wholly unprecedented. After Court's decision Reno, Congress attempted address concern Child Online Protection (COPA). Unlike CDA, COPA applies only displayed World Wide Web, covers communications made commercial purposes, restricts "material is harmful minors," 47 C. § 231(a)(1). defining draws three-part obscenity test set forth Miller California, 413 15, see 231(e)(6), thus requires jurors apply "contemporary community standards" assessing material, 231(e)(6)(A). Respondents who post or have members sexually oriented Web filed a facial challenge before went into effect, claiming, inter alia, statute violated adults' rights because it effectively banned constitutionally protected speech, not least restrictive means accomplishing compelling governmental purpose, substantially overbroad. The District issued preliminary injunction barring enforcement concluded unlikely survive strict scrutiny. Third Circuit affirmed but based ground relied upon by Court: COPA's use standards," 231(e)(6)(A), identify minors rendered Held: reliance "community what "is minors" does itself render overbroad purposes. Court, however, expresses no view as whether suffers substantial overbreadth reasons other than standards, unconstitutionally vague, survives Prudence dictates allowing examine these difficult issues. Because petitioner did ask vacated, could do so without addressing matters has yet consider, Government remains enjoined enforcing absent further action lower courts. Pp. 585-586. 217 F. 3d 162, vacated remanded. THOMAS, J., announced judgment delivered opinion with respect Parts I, II, IV, which REHNQUIST, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, BREYER, JJ., joined, an Part III-B, O'CONNOR III-A, III-C, III-D, joined. post, p. 586, 589, opinions concurring part judgment. KENNEDY, judgment, SOUTER GINSBURG, 591. STEVENS, dissenting opinion, 602. Solicitor General Olson argued cause petitioner. With him briefs were Acting Assistant Attorney Schiffer, Deputy Kneedler, Irving L. Gornstein, Barbara Herwig, Jacob M. Lewis, Charles Scarborough. Ann E. Beeson respondents. her Christopher A. Hansen, Steven R. Shapiro, Stefan Presser, David Sobel, Alexandra Harris.* JUSTICE THOMAS THE CHIEF SCALIA join, JUSTICE, join. 1 This case presents narrow question Act's (COPA Act) violates Amendment. We hold aspect facially unconstitutional. 2 * "The ... offer[s] forum true diversity political discourse, unique opportunities cultural development, myriad avenues intellectual activity." 230(a)(3) (1994 ed., Supp. V). While "surfing" primary method remote information retrieval today,1 App. 99-1324 (CA3), 180 (hereinafter App.), individuals can access about topics ranging aardvarks Zoroastrianism. One read thousands newspapers published around globe, purchase tickets matinee at neighborhood movie theater, follow progress any Major League Baseball team pitch-by-pitch basis. 3 also contains wide array explicit including hardcore pornography. See, e.g., Union 31 2d 473, 484 (ED Pa. 1999). 1998, instance, there approximately 28,000 adult sites promoting pornography Web. See H. Rep. 105-775, 7 (1998). "[n]avigating relatively straightforward," 852 (1997), widely available homes, schools, libraries across country,2 177-178, may discover either deliberately accessing stumbling them. 2d, 476 ("A child minimal knowledge computer, ability operate browser, skill type few simple words be able sexual images content over Web"). 4 enacting (CDA), 110 Stat. 133. CDA prohibited knowing transmission obscene messages recipient under 18 years age. 223(a). It forbade individual knowingly sending displaying certain "patently offensive" manner persons 223(d). prohibition specifically extended "any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image, communication that, context, depict[ed] describ[ed], terms measured contemporary excretory activities organs." 223(d)(1). 5 provided two affirmative defenses those prosecuted statute. took "good faith, reasonable, effective, appropriate actions" restrict obscene, indecent, Internet. 223(e)(5)(A). second shielded restricted such "by requiring verified credit card, debit account, code, personal identification number." 223(e)(5)(B). 6 Notwithstanding defenses, we held transmissions, 223(a), 223(d), "the lack[ed] precision when regulates speech" because, "[i]n order deny potentially suppress[ed] large amount speech adults ha[d] constitutional right receive one another." S., 874. Our holding three considerations. First, "existing technology include effective sender prevent obtaining denying adults." Id., 876. Second, "[t]he coverage [was] unprecedented." 877. "Its open-ended prohibitions embrace[d]," entities, "all nonprofit entities posting them their own computers presence minors." Ibid. addition, define "indecent" offensive," "cover[ed] amounts nonpornographic serious educational value." As result, regulated subject matter "discussions prison rape safe practices, artistic nude subjects, arguably card catalog Carnegie Library." 878. Third, neither defense "constitute[d] sort `narrow tailoring' [would] save otherwise invalid unconstitutional provision." 882. Consequently, ban survived scrutiny enjoys protection. id., 883. 8 our explored restricting minors' particular, passed President signed law Act, 112 2681-736 (codified 231 V)). prohibits person "knowingly character interstate foreign commerce mak[ing] purposes minor includes 9 Apparently responding objections coverage, limited scope ways. while applied whole, including, example, e-mail messages, unlike "for purposes."3 And third, communications, narrower category 10 Drawing 15 (1973), defines 11 communication, picture, graphic image file, article, recording, writing, kind 12 "(A) average person, applying would find, taking whole minors, designed appeal to, pander prurient interest; 13 "(B) depicts, describes, represents, actual simulated act contact, normal perverted act, lewd exhibition genitals post-pubescent female breast; 14 "(C) taken lacks literary, artistic, political, scientific value 231(e)(6). Like provides prosecution An qualify if he, "in good (A) number; (B) accepting digital certificate verifies age; (C) reasonable measures are feasible technology." 231(c)(1). Persons violating both civil criminal sanctions. A penalty up $50,000 imposed each violation Criminal penalties consist six months and/or maximum fine $50,000. additional intentional 231(a). 16 month scheduled go respondents lawsuit challenging constitutionality States Eastern Pennsylvania. diverse group organizations,4 most maintain sites. vast majority free, all derive income Some, sell advertising sites, others goods directly charge artists privilege 487. All 480. Respondents' contain "resources obstetrics, gynecology, health; visual art poetry; resources gays lesbians; books stock photographic offered sale; online magazines." 484. 17 complaint, alleged although they believed valuable adults, feared some "could construed `harmful communities." 63. claimed, Fifth Amendments (1) "create[d] adults"; (2) "[was] purpose"; (3) overbroad."5 100-101. granted respondents' motion injunction, until merits claims adjudicated. 499. Focusing claim abridged free had established likelihood success merits. 498. reasoned constitutes content-based expression Amendment, statute, precedents, "presumptively invalid" "subject scrutiny." 493. then likely establish trial withstand among reasons, apparent preventing "harmful 497. 19 appealed ruling. 162 (CA3 2000). Appeals affirmed. Rather reviewing "holding succeed surviving analysis," entirely below "virtually ignored parties amicus respective briefs." 173-174. "Web publishers limit geographic location particular users," require might deemed puritan communities state" placed behind age verification system. 175. Hypothesizing step shield "vast material," ibid., "persuaded COPA, reference provisions, must lead inexorably unconstitutionality entire statute," 174. 20 General's petition certiorari, 532 1037 (2001), review Appeals' determination relies, standards now vacate II 21 "Congress shall make abridging freedom speech." provision embodies "[o]ur profound national commitment exchange ideas." Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. Connaughton, 491 657, 686 (1989). "[A]s general matter, `the government power message, ideas, content.'" Bolger Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 60, 65 (1983) (quoting Police Dept. Chicago Mosley, 408 92, 95 (1972)). However, principle, like principles, absolute. Cf. Hustler Magazine, Falwell, 485 46, 56 (1988). 22 Obscene long been fall outside purview e. g., Roth States, 354 476, 484-485 (1957). But struggled past impose impermissible burden speech. Interstate Circuit, Dallas, 390 676, 704 (1968) (Harlan, part) (referring "intractable problem"); 20-23 (reviewing somewhat tortured history th[is] decisions"). difficulty resulted belief area press courts always remain sensitive infringement genuinely expression." 22-23. 23 Ending decade turmoil, governing unprotected Amendment: "(a) [W]hether standards' find work, (b) work depicts way, conduct defined applicable state law; (c) 24 (citations omitted; emphasis added). adopted Roth, repudiated earlier approach objectionable Beginning 19th century, English allowed evaluated perspective particularly persons. Queen Hicklin [1868] Q. B. 360; 488-489, n. 25 (listing relevant cases). standard "unconstitutionally freedoms press" approved judged standards." 489. preserved formulating test, explaining furnish safeguard: "[T]he [material] will impact rather susceptible indeed totally insensitive one." Miller, supra, 33 (internal quotation marks omitted); Hamling 418 87, 107 (1974) (emphasizing principal purpose criterion assure basis juror's nor effect group"). III Appeals, prior jurisprudence "has applicability Web" currently control recipients communications." 3d, 180. therefore decide technological limitation renders infirm.6 26 question, dispute nature instructed assessing, prosecutions works interest minors.7 contend evaluate using "local Brief 40, maintains consider area, "instructed specification." Petitioner 38. 27 context case, involves never enforced, think prudent engage speculation hypothetical jury instructions consistent deciding us so. sufficient note need precise area. Jenkins Georgia, 153, 157 State choose offense `contemporary specification more terms, done California Miller"). Absent specification, juror inevitably draw "knowledge vicinage he comes." Hamling, 105. concedes latter point, Reply 3-4, admits even population variance country still juries different locations reach inconsistent conclusions 39. B 28 country, lack basis, component force speakers abide "most puritan" community's standards. requirement, concluded, "imposes overreaching restriction 177. 29 evaluating expressed similar statute's noted `community nationwide audience offended message." 877-878. heavily observation, stating "not persuaded sufficiently remedied COPA." 30 problematic light unprecedented vagueness. covered depicting describing "sexual organs" prong Miller's three-prong test. limiting resembling prongs. 873. contained requirement excluded value. tremendous magnified caused differences openly significant constituted run others. contrast, appear suffer same flaw significantly less harmful-to-minors parallel definition obscenity. 569-570, 574-575. To within "depic[t], describ[e], represen[t], acts parts anatomy,8 and, "taken lac[k] 32 These restrictions Material interest, sense erotic. Erznoznik Jacksonville, 422 205, 213, (1975).9 Of significance, exclusion minors. 231(e)(6)(C). emphasized "requirement important `patently offensive' `prurient interest' criteria, 873 (citing Pope Illinois, 481 497, 500 (1987)). [a] [does not] vary degree local acceptance won." Rather, "whether whole." 501. Thus, "allows appellate limitations regularity setting, law, floor socially redeeming (emphasis added), safeguard nowhere present CDA.10 C When narrowed "serious value" "prurient interest" prong, speaker disseminating observe varying violate 87 (1974), considered 1461, federal prohibiting mailing Although obscenity, petitioners tried convicted Book Named "John Cleland's Memoirs Woman Pleasure" Mass., 383 (1966), included "`utterly social value.'" 99 Memoirs, 418). 34 here, rely regulate Justice Brennan maintained "[n]ational distributors choosing send products travels forced cope every hamlet [might] wander." 144. claimed inevitable result situation "debilitating self-censorship abridges people." 35 rejected Brennan's argument mail compelled distribute materials tailor tolerant community: fact allegedly subjected various judicial districts transmit unconstitutional." 106. 36 Fifteen later, Hamling's reaffirmed Sable Cal., FCC, 492 115 addressed 223(b) (1982 V), statutory telephones "dial-a-porn" operator, challenged, portion banning phone messages. operator impermissibly "message senders community." 124.11 Relying once again rebuffed attack scope: "There barrier though If Sable's comprised ultimately bears complying messages." 125-126 37 "are easily distinguished case" cases defendants distribution controversial released it" whereas comparable control." 175-176. Sable, speaker's target release areas integral legal analysis. targeted mentioned, let alone upon,12 dial-a-porn operator's screen incoming calls referenced supplemental 125.13 effort how burdensome dial-aporn operators callers Nation, instead concluding rested companies. 126. 38 KENNEDY STEVENS Internet, believe medium's "unique characteristics" justify adopting Sable. 594-595 (KENNEDY, judgment). publisher chooses community, teaches publisher's responsibility change simply decides Nation. 125-126. Nor wish speak where avant garde culture norm," 595 judgment), nonetheless utilizes medium transmits coast coast. wishes communities, take utilizing enables communities.14 39 offer grounds distinguish involved reason practical given greater statutes. noteworthy, fail point out single exhibit record depend statutes Web,15 tension suggestion application constitutional. 877, 44, 882-883. D 40 argue overbroad" screens many Nation 33-34. "[T]o prevail challenge," "it enough plaintiff show `some' overbreadth." 896 (O'CONNOR, part). real, well." Broadrick Oklahoma, 601, 615 (1973). At stage litigation, failed satisfy burden, solely standards.16 range analogous conclude, holdings IV 41 today quite limited. express correctly analysis adjudication completed below. urge resolve questions time, prudence 42 entered event, Appeals. Court. 43 For foregoing remand proceedings. 44 ordered. Notes: Briefs ofamici curiae urging reversal County DuPage Richard Hodyl, Jr., Joseph Birkett, Nancy J. Wolfe; Center Law Jay Alan Sekulow, James Henderson, Sr., Colby May, Walter Weber; Morality Media, Inc., et al. Paul McGeady, Robin Whitehead, Janet LaRue; Wallbuilders, Barry Hodge; Senator John McCain Bruce Taylor; Raymond N. Haynes D. Ackerman Gary G. Kreep. amici affirmance Society Journalists Authors Carl Solano, Theresa Loscalzo, Jennifer DuFault James, T. Lukens, Dionna K. Litvin; Association National Advertisers, Brody Gilbert Weil; Publishers, Rich Jonathan Bloom; Chamber Commerce Jodie Kelley, Smith, Robert Corn-Revere; Scientific Study Sexuality Marjorie Heins Joan Bertin; Volunteer Lawyers Arts Kerr, Elliot Mincberg, Lawrence Ottinger. thorough explanation history, structure, operation seeReno 849-853 (1997). litigation commenced "[a]pproximately 70.2 million people ages use[d] States." 171. estimated 115.2 Americans 176.5 home work. More Online, New York Times, Nov. 19, 2001, C7 "[a] engaged business making 231(e)(2)(A) term "engaged business" mean person: "who makes offers devotes attention, labor activities, regular course person's trade business, objective earning profit (although necessary offering sole source income)." 231(e)(2)(B). Androgony Books, d/ b/a Different Light Bookstores, Booksellers Foundation Free Expression, Artnet Worldwide Corporation, BlackStripe, Addazi d/b/a Condomania, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Privacy Information Center, Speech OBGYN.net, Philadelphia Gay News, PlanetOut Powell's Bookstore, Riotgrrl, Salon West Stock, known ImageState North America, Inc claims, resolving hand, infringed older "communicate anonymously," vague." 101-102 contends possesses communicate located 29, 3, stipulated "[o]nce provider posts all, generally cannot entering 187. stipulation finding fact, seeAmerican 1999), points evidence suggesting clearly erroneous. phrase appears theMiller indicated decided (1987). here agree similarly mentioned definition, well 231(e)(6)(B). depicted described organs," delineates anatomical features, depictions offensive: "an breast." 231(e)(6)(B) argues "substantially covered" "[a]rguably depiction nudity partial full eroticwith 607-608 (dissenting opinion) original). agree. great understanding pictures war victim's wounded body reasonably circumstances erotic, especially Webster's Ninth Collegiate Dictionary (1991) (defining erotic "of, devoted tending arouse love desire"). marginally limits sweep just valuefor 608. His refer supporting counterintuitive assertion, certainly none CDA. Moreover, serves "as text, ed.). Smith 431 291, 299 (1977). perhaps omitted issue inHamling defendant district through route destination, 143-144 (Brennan, dissenting), postal customer obviously lacked path his letter traveled way intended recipient. STEVENS' contention "upheld medium" inSable due "[it] possible" inaccurate. 605 opinion). hinge assessment step. companies required transmitted communities. 126 ("If messages"). not, suggests, "`foreclose expression.'"Post, 596 City Ladue Gilleo, 512 43, 55 (1994)). repeatedly imply banishes see, (opinion judgment); 608-609, 612 opinion), thing. screens. explicitly falls COPA. 231(e)(6) V) contrary little "speculation." See,e. 598 cited proposition "will communities" anecdotes compiled brief. 611, Amici Curiae 4-10). willing represent relate understand reluctance brief, them, unaffected Lawyer 4-10 (describing, incidents, controversies regarding Maya Angelou's I Know Why Caged Bird Sings, Judy Blume's Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret, Aldous Huxley's Brave World, Salinger's Catcher Rye, 1993 Academy Award Best Picture nominee Piano, Broadcasting Corporation television network's NYPD Blue, songs "popular folkrock duo" Indigo Girls). questionable relevance hand constitute invalidating KENNEDY'S revisit remand. 597-599. presented indicate "we should consideration." Post, 599. indicates respondents, "speculation," meet demonstrating 45 46 plurality shown (COPA) variation ante, 577-579. 589 write separately my views desirability plurality's between alone, agree, failure provide examples judging elements things appropriateness sex education adoption same-sex couples. 43. topic, seems highly seen former must, inquiry, 579, 48 prove leaves open possibility problems children, future cases. as-applied challenge, litigants theirs challenges convincing overbreadth. Where concerned, disagreement interest. 49 resolved speakers' inability audience, expecting bear controlling too much ask, suppress inordinate expression. 594-596 contra, 580-584. 50 precedents forbid standard. Local community-based originated whole. doing so, "[n]othing requires" determining something fact. 31. held, Maine Mississippi accept public tolerable Las Vegas, City." 32. said nothing contemplate i. e., live places themselves 51 Later, confirmed "Miller [instructions standards]; mandate use." charged designating "community." 157, left number standard, material's 52 sure, stated "unascertainable," 31, "[un]realistic," share skepticism. diverse, encompass diversity. itself, (today, people, Commerce, Bureau Census, Statistical Abstract (120th ed. 2000) (Table 20)) Berkeley Bakersfield. generalizations possible, capable possible existence facilitation dialogue, aware asked base assessments extent experience BREYER lesser inherent system necessarily pose problem. view, permissible, reasonable. 53 prefer demonstrate join THOMAS' 54 word "community" Nation's geographically separate areas. language describe specific refers. says "average ...." legislative clear intend ambiguous differ House Representatives Report says: 57 Committee recognizes controversial, understands `adult' `geographic' constant America suitable (1998) 58 statement, reflecting apparently uniform Congress, adult. 59 avoids problem exist. Almendarez-Torres 523 224, 237-238 (1998); Ashwander TVA, 297 288, 348 (1936) (Brandeis, concurring) ("`When validity drawn doubt raised, cardinal principle ascertain construction fairly avoided'"). locality heckler's veto affecting rest technical difficulties associated efforts confine serious. 175-176 special weaken authority present. (1989); (1974). nationally adult-based Report, alleviates regional remain, variations problematic. 105-106. 60 reasoning III-B insofar explains referred, namely, 61 whom GINSBURG 62 justified, challenge. very real Indeed, regulations presumptively abridgments V. St. Paul, 505 377, 382 (1992). Yet major enacted wake previous predecessor 844 decision, assume seeking comply careful new enactment. considerable merit, Judiciary proceed caution care Act. 63 against broad several dimensions. affirmed, ground. V); theory place place, dooms "without provisions." 174 unnecessary construe reasoning. 64 single, proposition, high level generality, suffice sustain ignore antecedent question: what? Whether produces invalidation Broadrick, depends being invoked. Only identifying universe burdened discern short, separated overlooked. "communication purposes." 231(e)(2)(A). speakers, Likewise, notion familiar media, unclear page, multipage site, interlocking Some examination categories comprehend 66 subjects puritanical one, invalidate ambit reason, vacating remanding unproblematic. dimensions, enjoining leave instance. 67 conjunctive [that it] interest." (The 231(e)(6)(B), likewise invokes implicitly. 576, 7.) nub is, said, viewed place. observation linchpin analysis, suffices support 68 quoted sentence casual dicta; rather, rationale case. [COPA's predecessor] unprecedented," assess strength Government's equally strong throughout statute." illustrated example: parent e-mailed birth 17-year-old college "even child, anyone `indecent' offensive,' town's thought otherwise." Variation broader 69 true, out, 580-583, 106 (obscene mailings); 115, (1989) messages). cases, utility analyzing us, mode characteristics, "must assessed suited it." Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. Conrad, 420 546, 557 (1975). purports abridge medium, attentive distinct attributes, "differences characteristics media them." Red Lion Co. 395 367, 386 (1969). economics affect maintaining it. 70 By upholding "hire determine engag[e] telephone company arrange screening blocking out-of-area fin[d] another providing compatible 125. obvious lends restriction. occasion venue proper "every [obscene mailings] wander," 144 face.) uses mails audience. 71 ways mail. Paradoxically, found, easy cheap worldwide 482, expensive impossible subset, norm desire market; neighbors; nevertheless, eavesdropper traditional, rural listen in, do. arbiter propriety answer say "take [different] medium." Ante, 583 (principal J.). "Our decisions voiced laws foreclose .... [T]he danger readily eliminating common speaking, (1994). 72 alleviate construing "Nation's whole," drawn. 586-589 statement "reflecting," writes, "what Congress." 590. perhaps, reflects committee, Representatives, "uniform 73 conclude vacatur order. incorporate concept bound concedes. 577 J.); 74 correct focus incorporation standards; imposes country. observed "neither realistic sound On beyond Vegas York. "People tastes attitudes, strangled absolutism uniformity." 33. striking down predecessor, identified problem, Courts fatal, media. 75 itself" enjoin 585. not. know 76 dictate sees 1996, Reno. 577-578 ("The vagueness"); 578 country"). explain finds sections elided Though necessity interpretation undertaken arguments briefing altogether persuasive, task comes accepted strike merely comprehensive 77 degrees depending posed community. Defining therefore, absolute pages covered, 609-610 opinion); proportion overbreadth, "judged relation plainly legitimate sweep," 615. amicus" 173, question. Instead, meets speculation. "no suggest everywhere 178. statutes." 583-584. key evidence" side believe" other, indication consideration. 78 dimensions potential obviated concerns. dismissed footnote: 79 "[W]e `commercial purposes'; forms narrowly tailored; crime itself; inclusion excessive; chat rooms, discussion groups links sites; entitled continue sources them; `as whole' Internet; year old versus sixteen problematic." 174, 19. 80 explained, vacuum. creates invokes. 81 crucial, remarked limitation. if: 82 83 So dimension predecessor; debate. contended professional panderers, contention, "nothing text so-called pornographers only." plain hopes indirect result. affects hence significance 84 essential vexing §§ (C), everything connected else. merit scene.... considering scene narrative, become isolation offensive." Ashcroft Coalition, 248. appeal, value, unclear, denominator 483 ("Although computers, protocols allows knowledge"); ("From user's perspective, [the Web] integrated system"). Several extensive small fear disagreed, noting "includes" logically follows [COPA] site material." 85 Another worthy mention, inform venue, seem [an] begun, continued, completed." 3237(a). element, 231(a)(1), "[a]ny involving inquired from, through, moves." originates viewed. moves "through" venues certain. since, discussed above, choice determinative chilled 86 summary, issues depends, turn, communication; ultimate correct. grave doubts Amendment; unanswered. undertake dissenting. 88 interests commonplace Many adults. viewers welcomed decades, recognized acceptability viewer Those developed original form, society. group." sword, shield. village, 89 231(a)(1) improvement five ago (1997) (ACLU I). thoughtfully Nevertheless, preserves explained ACLU 877-878, 90 protecting (1989), upheld public, accessed FCC Pacifica 438 726 (1978). influenced distinctive broadcast expertise agency, 748-750; 867. position acceptable children. 875 74-75 ("[R]egardless government's discourse reaching mailbox sandbox" omitted))); 128; Butler Michigan, 352 380, 91 relies Ginsberg York, 629 (1968), prohibit selling 633 (describing Y. Penal 484-h, unlawful "`knowingly ...'"), implicated posted accessible (prohibiting ..."). numbers invalidated advertisements contraceptives Bolger, Butler, seeks obtained surfing Web.1 mindful Frankfurter's admonition "burn house roast pig," 383. 92 segregated avoid information, posted, network once. listener, pathways transmitted. approving endorses intolerable consequence acceptable, prevailing decency." Manual Enterprises, Day, 370 478, 488 (1962). 93 forwarded mails, telephone, destinations "free serve," "hir[ing] [or] arrang[ing] calls." 125 permissible compliance, 126, assumed compliance acceptable. Given undisputed 575, J.), criminalizes handful message 567, (majority fundamental difference technologies, rules mass montage used judge legality Web.2 94 fit framework overlooks comparison I. confronted accesses turn factor adopt Appellants ACLU, O. 96-511, 19.3 provisions insubstantial 578-579. afford reassurance, addition "appeals Nonetheless, according well, Whatever disparity exists communities' surely matched differing descriptions erotic," 579 (1975)), covered. Arguably minors.4 96 Petitioner's minimizes unpersuasive. objective, (1987), inadequate cure adds qualifying formulation prong. value; instead, works, ("While discussions minors"). total whenever minors.5 inquiry eliminate worry subset 97 misstep, 592 ties According saved represents misconception doctrine. White sweep." (Emphasis added.) Regardless interprets "commercial purposes" whole" remand, relative virtue standards.6 reduce narrowest version regardless construed. 98 acknowledges, concedes, 577; Library" offend others, division attitudes studies showing toward homosexuality, masturbation, nudity.7 Even most, illustrate underlying themes depicted. extends themes, offensive. disappear description longer minors.8 sex, construed, 100 course, message. belong Perhaps "teasers" serve function except invite materials, hidden written site's "metatags" dupe unwitting surfers visiting deserve fate. advertisements, magazines, Web-based bulletin boards photo galleries, diaries, variety illustrations encompassing unobjectionable wrong allow minority consisting harmless burgeoning market. 101 differentiate virtues. originally served aggregating values level, eliminated outliers ends spectrum predictability members, self-sort preferences. abhor tolerate seek like-minded settle sorting mechanism, exist cyberspace; self-segregate. becomes rids offending 102 sum, affirm respectfully dissent. cites magazine racks magazines. 22, 3a. rule statutes, event inACLU 854 "`the receipt series steps deliberate directed turning dial'" scanning rack. hardly solution say, suggests,ante, 583, having doctrine quickly toothless protection substituting price pay. Since invalid, parents enables," forum. reading statute,ante, reading, contradicted directs meaning precedent. impermissible, asking exercise futility," determination," 104 Any lingering dispelled 874, 39, presume legislates backdrop decisions. Therefore, refused rewrite substitute choose. acknowledge, does, national, adult, example "of body,"ante, 9, unless "a breast" 231(e)(6)(B)-(C) notes narrows compared CDA,ante, 569. condition misleading. 231(e)(2)(B), generates revenue merchandise, related noted: only; indeed, liability `that minors,'" Pet. Cert. 52a. 1998 study, percent content. & Giles, Accessibility web, 400 Nature 107-109 (1999); Guernsey, Seek Might Not Find, July 8, 1999, G3. Interestingly, study 1.5 2.8 cataloged accuses vacuum dismissing concerns raised Court,ante, scrutiny, KENNEDY's formulation, why tailored, excessive. asAmici findings People Way Annual Freedom Learn Reports). expect construes

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