Document: 523 U.S. 1118 S.Ct. 978140 L.Ed.2d 43 Randy G. SPENCER, Petitioner,v.Mike KEMNA, Superintendent, Western Missouri Correctional Center, et al. No. 96-7171. Supreme Court of the United States Argued Nov. 12, 1997. Decided March 3, 1998. Syllabus * On October 17, 1990, petitioner began serving concurrent three-year sentences for convictions felony stealing and burglary, due to expire on 16, 1993. April 1992, he was released parole, but September 24, that parole revoked returned prison. Thereafter, sought invalidate revocation, first filing habeas petitions in state court, then present federal petition. Before District addressed merits petition, petitioner's sentence expired, so dismissed petition as moot. The Eighth Circuit affirmed. Held: expiration has caused his be moot because it no longer presents an Article III case or controversy. (a) An incarcerated convict's (or a parolee's) challenge conviction always satisfies case-or-controversy requirement incarceration restriction imposed by terms parole) constitutes concrete injury redressable conviction's invalidation. Once however, must show some continuing other than now-ended parole)-some "collateral consequence'' conviction-if suit is maintained. In recent decades, this presumed wrongful collateral consequences (or, what effectively same, counted are remote unlikely occur). Sibron v. New York, 392 40, 55-56, 88 1889, 1898-99, 20 917. However, Lane Williams, 455 624, 102 1322, 71 508, refused extend presumption revocation parole. adheres refusal, which leaves only question whether demonstrated consequences. Pp. ___-___. (b) Petitioner's asserted injuries-in-fact do not establish sufficient That could used detriment future proceeding merely possibility rather certainty probability. increase sentencing is, like similar claim rejected Lane, contingent violating law, being caught convicted. Likewise speculative allegations consequence-that impeach him should appear witness proceedings, directly against defendant criminal proceeding. (c) finds merit remaining arguments-that since foreclosed from pursuing damages action under 42 U.S.C. §1983 unless can revocation's invalidity, see Heck Humphrey, 512 477, 114 2364, 129 383, invalidity cannot moot; falls within exception mootness doctrine cases "capable repetition, yet evading review''; ignored dilatory tactics attorney general's office district court delays. P. ___. 91 F.3d 1114, SCALIA, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, SOUTER, THOMAS, GINSBURG, AND BREYER, JJ., joined. filed concurring opinion, opinion. STEVENS, dissenting John W. Simon, Columbia, MO, petitioner. James R. Layton, Washington, DC, respondent. Justice SCALIA Court. 1 writ corpus, Spencer seeks order revoking Because completed entire term imprisonment underlying we decide 2 3-year burglary. Board Probation Parole, after hearing, issued Order Revocation concluded had violated three conditions, set forth Missouri's Code Regulations, Title 14, §80-3.010 (1992), inmate comply with remain parole: 3 "NOW, THEREFORE, careful consideration evidence presented, said charges warrant sustained, wit: 4 #1-LAWS: I will obey all laws, municipal county ordinances. report arrests my Parole Officer 48 hours. 5 #6-DRUGS: have possession use any controlled substance except prescribed me licensed medical practitioner. 6 #7-WEAPONS: will, if probation based misdemeanor involving firearms explosives, charge, own, possess, purchase, receive, sell transport firearms, ammunition explosive device dangerous weapon defined federal, laws ordinances.'' App. 55-56. 7 specific conduct these conditions described citation violation making its determination: "Evidence relied upon Initial Violation Report dated 7-27-92.'' Id., at 56. 8 report, prepared State Jonathan Tintinger, summarized June police Kansas City, Police Department, according woman alleged petitioner, smoking crack cocaine her local house later own home, pressed screwdriver side raped her. According City admitted woman, claimed sexual intercourse between them been consensual. Tintinger's interview again denied side, did respond allegation rape. Finally, noting "Spencer [was] registered sex offender, having given five-year prison Sodomy 1983,'' 75, tentatively recommended continued, placed drug treatment center. withheld "an ultimate recommendation [rape weapon] violations'' until prosecuting attorney's chance dispose those charges. 76. "In event formal ultimately filed,'' said, "a separate forthcoming.'' Ibid. Petitioner never charged, follow-up Institutional Peggy McClure "there [did] significant ha[d] stated,'' revoked. 64. McClure's mentioned Revocation. 9 prison, efforts He relief courts, DeKalb County, Appeals, and, finally, Then, 1, 1993, just over six months before sentence, 28 §2254, Missouri, alleging received process proceedings.1 Over objections, granted two requested extensions time deferring deadline 2, July 7, receiving State's response, lengthy "Motion Request Final Disposition Matter,'' expedite decision prevent becoming responded motion, August re-released that, expired. February 1994, "noted'' stating " [t]he resolution delayed beyond requirements Court's docket.'' 127. 23, 1995, "Because,'' "the issue here "in custody' meaning §2254(a), corpus moot.'' 130. 10 Appeals affirmed judgment,2 concluding our 632, 1327-28, 508 (1982), become suffered consequences'' order. 1114 (1996). (It acknowledged interpretation accord Second Ninth Circuits Parker, 952 F.2d 31 (C.A.2 1991), Robbins Christianson, 904 492 (C.A.9 1990)). We certiorari. 520 ----, 117 1425, 137 534 (1997). II 11 conclusion Spencer's release satisfied custody'' statute error. reason filed, provision §2254 requires. See Carafas LaVallee, 391 234, 238, 1556, 1559-60, 554 (1968); Maleng Cook, 490 488, 490-491, 109 1923, 1924-25, 104 540 (1989) (per curiam). more substantial question, subsequent presented controversy III, §2, Constitution. "This subsists through stages judicial trial appellate . parties continue "personal stake outcome' lawsuit.'' Lewis Continental Bank Corp., 494 472, 477-478, 110 1249, 1254, 108 400 (1990). also Preiser Newkirk, 422 395, 401, 95 2330, 2334-35, 45 272 (1975). This means throughout litigation, plaintiff "must suffered, threatened with, actual traceable likely redressed favorable decision.'' Lewis, supra, S.Ct., 1253. 12 validity requirement, injury, invalidation conviction. parole-some conviction-must exist See, e.g., Carafas, 237-238, 1559-60. willing presume count 917 (1968). 13 does attack concedes were lawful; asserts termination status. reincarceration incurred result now over, undone. Subsistence requires, therefore, either proven presumed. And confront applied extended well revocations To answer helpful review origins basis presumption. 14 Originally, required specifically identified, accepted satisfy disadvantages disabilities fact occurred, imminently threatened, matter law (such deprivation right vote, hold office, serve jury, engage certain businesses). Thus, St. Pierre States, 319 41, 63 910, 87 L.Ed. 1199 (1943) curiam), one recognize avoiding mootness, allow Pierre's contempt 5-month "petitioner [has not] shown further penalties judgment satisfied,'' id., 43, 911. argument [could] impair credibility [a] legal proceeding'' such penalty disability, moral stigma affects rights review.'' Similarly, permitted individual identifying specific, attached law: 15 "It clear cause consequence conviction, businesses; official labor union specified period time; vote election held York State; juror.'' U.S., 237, 1559 (footnotes omitted). 16 Fiswick 329 211, 221-223, 67 224, 229-30, 196 (1946) (conviction rendered liable deportation denial naturalization, ineligible office); Morgan, 346 502, 74 247, 98 248 (1954) current recidivist law); Parker Ellis, 362 574, 576, 80 909, 911, 963 (1960) (Harlan, concurring) (since other, unchallenged took away same civil challenge, moot); Ginsberg 390 629, 633, n. 1274, 1277, 195 (1968) license operate luncheonette business). Cf. Tannenbaum 388 439, 2107, 18 1300 (1967) curiam); Jacobs 431, 2098, 1294 17 gateway abandonment fastidious approach Pollard 352 354, 77 481, 393 (1957). There, allowing convict who already served length almost offhandedly, imposition sufficiently justify dealing merits,'' 358, 484-citing earlier alien (which there believe was), Pino Landon, 349 901, 75 99 1239 (1955). support jurisprudence "abandoned inquiry into existence effect they existed.'' 55, 1898 (citing Pollard, supra).3 summary fashion, proceeded accept most generalized hypothetical avoid challenges For example, Evitts Lucey, 469 387, 105 830, 83 821 (1985), respondent's despite "his rights, including suffrage public [had been] restored,'' 391, 4, 833, 4. Since pardoned, "some remain, would testimony might give subject persistent offender prosecution go future.'' Benton Maryland, 395 784, 790-791, 89 2056, 2060-61, 23 707 (1969); Pennsylvania Mimms, 434 106, 108, 330, 332, 54 331 (1977) Minnesota Dickerson, 366, 113 2130, 124 334 (1993). There several relevant observations made regarding developments: First, practice presuming accepting adequate III) sits uncomfortably beside "long-settled principle standing "inferred argumentatively averments pleadings,' affirmatively record,''' "it burden "party exercise jurisdiction favor,' "clearly allege facts demonstrating proper party invoke dispute.''' FW/PBS, Inc. Dallas, 493 215, 231, 596, 608, 107 603 (1990) (internal citations developed during era thought function constitutional "to assure adverseness sharpens presentation issues,'' Baker Carr, 369 186, 204, 82 691, 703, 663 (1962). appears volume Reports Flast Cohen, 83, 1942, 947 (1968), said: 19 "The particular person maintain not, force, raise separation powers problems related improper interference areas committed branches Federal Government. Such arise, all, substantive issues adjudicated. limitations jurisdiction, dispute adjudicated adversary context form historically viewed capable resolution.'' 100-101, 1953. 2060-61 ("Although [of consequences] may one, enough cast make justiciable''). parsimonious view yielded acknowledgement "means "defin[ing] role assigned judiciary tripartite allocation power,''' Valley Forge Christian College Americans Separation Church State, Inc., 454 464, 474, 752, 759, 70 700 (1982),4 part basic charter provid[ing] interaction [the federal] government governments States,'' 476, 761. Lujan Defenders Wildlife, 504 555, 559-560, 112 2135-2136, 119 351 (1992). relevance termination: comport reality. As Sibron, "obvious life entail adverse consequences.'' 1899. revocation. 21 reasons, perhaps, hitherto willingness consequences) area contention convicted felons their years' mandatory fixed violated) proceedings ever crimes. 22 applicable case. No finding parole.'' 1327. 24 [Carafas] concerned existing disabilities; presently barred holding offices, voting elections, juror. involves disability.'' 632-633, 13, 1328, 13. 25 It violations found enable board deny respondents future, 639-640, 1331-1332 (Marshall, dissenting) (quoting Illinois rules governing parole). render law[,] [but were] simply factor, among many, considered authority '' And, event, respondents' records affect determination violate eligible Respondents themselves able-and indeed law-to occurring.'' addition, keep alive individuals' "employment prospects, [upon them] proceeding.'' These "non-statutory dependent discretionary decisions employer judge,'' "not governed mere presence absence recorded parole,'' "take consideration, influenced by, formed violation.'' 1328.5 26 adhere principles announced decline meet III's injury-in-fact resulted remains, then, 27 four attributable claims law; done so, currently 7-year imprisonment. But nonetheless, still even Under prior [does] parole[,] is] determining risk candidate conform reasonable [w]hen probability without community himself, discretion person.'' Mo.Rev.Stat. §217.690 "giv[es] "almost unlimited discretion' grant release.'' Shaw 937 S.W.2d 771, 772 second A likewise "Respondents course analogous contexts. 29 [W]e unable conclude general assertions inferences activities prosecuted valid laws. assume conviction.'' O'Shea Littleton, 414 497, 94 669, 677, 38 674 (1974). 30 Los Angeles Lyons, 461 95, 102-103, 103 1660, 1665, 675 (1983). reject third fourth contentions, (and, specifically, "finding forcible rape armed action,'' Brief 34) litigant proceeding; directly, pursuant Rule Evidence 4056 equivalent, Durbin Cassalo, 321 (Mo.App.1959)) 4137, purely speculation appearance occur. O'Shea, 496-497, 676-677. Moreover, appearing behalf) impeached far prosecutor examining counsel (a "discretionary decision'' judge discussed 1327-1328); presiding admit it, particularly light reliable past achieve purpose impeachment, Comstock, 647 163, 165 (Mo.App.1983). Indeed, legally Newman, 568 276, 278-282 (Mo.App.1978). object prosecution, least itself recite constituting violation) used.8 IV 32 raises arguments, none seems us taken. contends 383 (1994), foreclose great non sequitur, believes (as not) everywhere available. certain, foreclosed. If, seek "for using wrong procedures, reaching result,'' Heck, 482-483, 2370, procedural defect "necessarily imply of'' 487, 2372, application all. Edwards Balisok, 1584, 1587-1589, 906 (1997); 1585 (Ginsburg, concurring). 33 Secondly, argues Reply 5. [T]he capable-of-repetition applies exceptional situations,'' 109, 1669, "where following circumstances [are] simultaneously present: ""(1) challenged [is] duration too short fully litigated cessation expiration, (2) expectation complaining [will] again,''''' 1255 Murphy Hunt, 478, 482, 1181, 1183, 353 (1982) curiam) Weinstein Bradford, 423 147, 149, 96 347, 349, 46 350 (1975) curiam))); Norman Reed, 502 279, 288, 698, 704-705, 116 711 neither conditions. (and doubt could) evade review. Nor likelihood once paroled 34 moot, delay however come about, deprives power act; nothing remedy, disposed so. business pronouncing actions demonstrable wrong. concern enforcement officials judges repeat impunity mootness-producing abuse alleges occurred here: confident matter, courts litigants unduly rulings; where appropriate, corrective mandamus appeals. 35 36 foregoing affirm Appeals. 37 ordered. whom BREYER join, concurring. 39 join judgment, though added reach, spoke while One arguments interest custody says, press officers §1983. assumes entails conclusion, leave access forum unconstitutionality If point, provide reason, dispositive, litigate claim. wrong; prisoner out claim, reasons explained concurrence, unsound read requiring result. here, free bring action, corresponding accordingly. 40 direct appeal pending, brought acted unconstitutionally arresting him. Drawing analogy tort malicious ruled inmate's unavailable demonstrate terminated favor. 41 sure, majority suggest favorable-termination element unconstitutional leading confinement continued when filed. 483-484, 486-487, 2370-2371, 2372-2373. although facts, implying satisfying requirement. 490, 10, 2374, 10. Concurring suggested different rationale blocking proceedings. manner Rodriguez, 411 475, 93 1827, 439 (1973), "general'' "specific'' statute, persons custody,'' requires exhaust remedies, §2254(b). 2378 (SOUTER, judgment). agreed statutory scheme precluding attacks,'' 498, 2378, necessarily custody, "simple way collisions intersection §1983.'' bound apparent scope limitation sake honoring weighty policy, instance habeas. Accordingly, important subjecting inmates seeking malicious-prosecution tort's requirement,'' 500, 2379, lest plain breadth unjustifiably limited expense statute. (1997), was, itself, purposes left Heck. Now, forced suits plaintiffs produce patent anomaly: (as, case, service full imprisonment), exactly former succeeded cutting habeas.* 44 indirect granting serving. joined Mindful "real-life example[s],'' cf. agree SOUTER's reasoning: Individuals recourse (people fined whose served, example) fit §1983's "broad reach.'' 503, 2380 judgment); Henslee Union Planters Nat. & Trust Co., 335 595, 600, 69 290, 293, 259 (1949) (Frankfurter, ("Wisdom often comes, ought comes late.''). understanding both dissenting. 47 crime kinds injury. tangible harms imprisonment, loss bear arms, greater punishment another committed. severely injure person's reputation good name. relies heavily (STEVENS, J.). ante, __-__. inapposite. factual findings revocations. 1328. Instead, sentences; reached us, 631, 1326-1327. "Through passage time, obtained sought.'' 49 based. His rape.1 Assuming, does, remained framed continues personal outcome lawsuit'' decision. Ante, ----.2 50 Given serious character guilty rape, answered affirmatively. true many prisoners self-inflicted wounds names additional guilt de minimis impact reputations. believe, say about felony.3 wisdom providing remedy redress surely vindicating one's constitutionally insufficient4to qualify outcome.''5 confer standing,6 follows defeat mootness.7 respectfully dissent.8 syllabus Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Timber Lumber 200 321, 337, 282, 287, 499. Specifically, brief, contended: "1.The preliminary hearing accusation 2.The cancellation conditional date. 3.The : cross-examine witnesses b gave notice out-of-court statements report. c representation choice. 4.The failed apprise revoke doing months, regulations parolee provided [such a] statement ten working days date 5-6. By Circuit, attempted stealing. there, informs scheduled January 1999. 8, purported rely Morgan Fiswick, establishing "mere possibility'' suffices, 54-55, 1898-1899, described, involved much that. internal quotation portion 1949-1950, recited general. minimum relates alone. 1952-1953, quoted text. pointed attacking sentences, convictions, evidently excluding Sibron. out, near independent ground decision, unnecessary. contest dissenters' "respondents declared void, expunged,'' 635, 1329 dissenting), "would removing parole-violation status relieve flowing status,'' 636, 1330, 1. 405 provides, part, [i]n trait essential defense, proof instances conduct.'' 413 accused offense assault, defendant's commission offenses assault admissible, bearing relevant.'' dissent felony'' renders "interest [s]ufficient'' mootness. Post, __. obviously regarded past-even board, solemn condemnation full-dress entirely unnecessary cases, see, Benton, 2060-2061; 1559-1560; 220-222, 229-230 (at convictions) Sibron's consequences, Of limiting dissent's novel theory felonies: damage produced board's spent last seven years model citizen. Perhaps obvious rest himself. fine alone, onerous, sentenced permit expeditious litigation continuances relief. (1994) better view, prisoner, impossible satisfy. bars effect. After prisoner's exhaustion Throughout conditions: Condition #1, allegedly rape; #6, possessed cocaine; #7, (i.e., rape). 60-64 (alleging Conditions #7); 72-76 (same); 112-114 #1 #6). declared, "after presented,'' ("Spencer condition committing rape''). apart finding, undisputed drugs, outcome'' formulation test, repeatedly articulated excerpt (1962): "Have appellants largely depends illumination difficult questions? gist standing.'' Liberty Lobby, Anderson, 746 1563, 1568 (C.A.D.C.1984) (Scalia, J.) ("It shameful Benedict Arnold traitor; shoplifter boot, able charge knowing falsity Even outcast's reputation, be, inconsequential''), vacated remanded, grounds, 477 242, 106 2505, 202 (1986). While "property'' "liberty'' trigger protections, Paul Davis, 424 693, 712, 1155, 1165-1166, (1976), distinct stated, individual's protection name "reflects concept dignity worth every human being-a root decent system ordered liberty.''' Gertz Robert Welch, 418 323, 341, 2997, 3008, 789 (1974) Rosenblatt Baer, 92, 86 679, 597 (1966) (Stewart, concurring)); Milkovich Lorain Journal 497 2695, 2702, 111 (""[H]e filches / Robs enriches him, makes poor indeed''' Shakespeare, Othello, act sc. 3)); 706, 1163, (1976) ("The recognized inflicted branding employee "disloyal,' thereby stigmatizing name''); Wisconsin Constantineau, 433, 437, 507, 510, 515 (1971) (emphasizing importance name, honor, [and] integrity''; respondent entitled notices posted prohibited buying alcohol); re Winship, 397 363-364, 90 1068, 1072, 368 (1970) (" [B]ecause [one behavior] stigmatized , society values freedom condemn man guilt''); Wieman Updegraff, 344 183, 190-191, 73 218, 97 216 (1952) ("There visited excluded employment disloyalty grounds. community, stain deep one; indeed, badge infamy''). main defamation constitute stake.'' Paul, 697, 1159 [R]espondent's complaint classical actionable virtually State. Imputing behavior generally defamatory per se, special damages''); Gertz, 349-350, 3012 ("We need define "actual injury' Suffice out-of-pocket loss. customary types harm falsehood include impairment humiliation, mental anguish suffering''); L. Eldridge, Law Defamation §53, pp. 293-294 (1978) historical thousand ago; Anglo-Saxon history became protected comparatively soon bodily integrity protection''). Meese Keene, 481 465, 472-477, 1862, 1866-1869, 415 (1987). compelling consider sooner later. stated context: arise contexts, concerned. preferable principally dispute, central conducted fresh may, necessary, taken die memories fade. eliminate source potential disability require citizen suffer possibly unjustified indefinite secure adjudication impose action.'' 56-57, 1899, (citation perfectly clear, SOUTER explains,

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