Document: 364 U.S. 177 80 S.Ct. 1482 4 L.Ed.2d 1650 Leon WOLFE, George Simkins, Jr., et al., Appellants,v.STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. No. 7. Argued Oct. 19 and 20, 1959. Decided June 27, 1960. Mr. J. Alston Atkins, for petitioners. Ralph Moody, Raleigh, N.C., appellee. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of Court. 1 The appellants were convicted violating a North Carolina criminal trespass statute,1 their convictions upheld by Supreme Court Carolina, 248 N.C. 485, 103 S.E.2d 846. This appeal, grounded on 28 U.S.C. § 1257(2), U.S.C.A. 1257(2),2 attacks constitutional validity statute as applied in this case. Because doubt to whether any substantial federal question was presented or decided state courts, we postponed further consideration jurisdiction until hearing case merits. 358 925, 79 312, 3 299; 359 951, 737, 759. For reasons be stated, have concluded that appeal must dismissed.3 2 There is no dispute basic circumstances which led prosecution ultimate conviction appellants. In December, 1955, Gillespie Park Golf Club, Inc., operated an 18-hole golf course land it leased from City Greensboro, Board Trustees Greensboro Administrative Unit. bylaws lessee limited use its 'members' persons certain other specifically restricted categories.4 On December 7, appellants, who are Negroes, entered club's shop requested permission play course. Their request refused. Nevertheless, after placing some money table shop, proceeded teed off. After they had played several holes manager ordered them leave. They then summoned deputy sheriff, and, again leave refused, arrested upon warrants sworn manager. tried statute. Pending others commenced action against Education, Federal District Middle asking declaratory judgment injunction forbidding defendants operating racially discriminatory basis. court granted injunction. Simkins v. D.C., 149 F.Supp. 562. Its affirmed Appeals Fourth Circuit 28, 1957. 246 F.2d 425. same date acting court, held there been fatal variance amendments under tried, judgments them. State Cooke, 518, 98 885. de novo Superior Guilford County, At outset made motion quash, denied. evidence what happened 1955. conclusion trial judge instructed jury explicitly at length could not if excluded because race. Specifically, charged '* * law would permit therefore, lessee, discriminate citizen maintenance operation It exclude either defendant his race reason applicable alone; say, entitled rights provided complied with reasonable rules regulations required comply unreasonable course.'5 returned verdict guilty. A set aside 5 convictions. doing so recognized '(s)ince operator club making public semipublic property, deny property citizens simply Negroes. Since decision Brown 347 483, 74 686, L.Ed. 873, separation races cannot required.' page 491, 850—851. quoted approval judge's instructions aspect present taken. 6 contend Supremacy Clause, U.S.Const. art. Fourteenth Amendment hold findings fact civil 562, conclusively established, contrary case, used here enforce practice racial discrimination agency. took cognizance court's published commented respect it: 7 'Examining opinion, appears ten people, six whom action, sought injunctive relief assertion Negroes discriminated permitted probably involved We do know plaintiffs produced action. is, however, apparent much Judge Hayes (in Court) before when tried. appear entry one incident relied support unlawful discrimination, but manifest all had. left dark incidents happening prior subsequent conduct complained of, might tend discrimination. facts him, issued order enjoining Presumably has being with. No contrary.' 493, 852. 8 did decide, bound Constitution give unpublished conclusive effect urged matter it.6 9 settled may avoid deciding questions thus defeat putting forward nonfederal grounds without fair support. N.A.A.C.P. Alabama, 357 449, 455, 78 1163, 1168, 1488; Staub Baxley, 355 313, 318 320, 277, 280, 281, 302; Ward County Com'rs Love 253 17, 22, 40 419, 421, 64 751. Invoking principle, urge independent untenable inadequate, compelled collateral estoppel properly decision. becomes Court's duty ascertain procedural independently adequately judgment. 10 stated affirmance 'defendants best known themselves elected offer record case.' S.E.2d, statement borne out court,7 so-called 'case appeal' prepared themselves.8 now advise us offered judge. ascribe 'some quirk inadvertence' failure include part transcript indicate.9 And assert that, since 'wide discretion' go outside get true facts, refusal amounted exercise discretion 'to entertain claim while passing kindred issues raised manner.' Williams Georgia, 349 375, 383, 75 814, 818, 99 1161. 11 difficulty argument, beyond apparently ask purpose, consistently repeatedly cases will make inquiry determine accuracy it.10 Illustrative decisions are: Robinson, 229 647, 50 740; Wolfe, 227 461, 42 515; Gause, 26, 463; Stiwinter, 211 278, 189 S.E. 868; Dee, 214 509, 199 730; Weaver, 228 39, 44 360; Davis, 231 664, 58 355; Franklin, 695, 104 837. 12 Thus Robinson reversed insufficiency evidence, although noting that: 13 'The below, charge (referred) incriminating testimony included us. seem indicate fails State. 14 'Be may, imports verity, thereby. (Citing cases.) even though counsel (citing cases); cases) *. 15 certified clerk Court, opportunity review it, decide comes here, indulging assumptions occurred.' pages 649—650, 741—742. 16 Wolfe ground error jury, pointing 17 excerpts reflect clarity thought conciseness usually found utterances eminent experienced jurist presided below. Even so, (the record) appeal. thereby 463, 516—517. 18 Gause also charge, 'Doubtless words 'greater weight evidence' instead 'beyond doubt' slip tongue transcribing. record, accept us.' 30, 466. 20 Stiwinter involving similar issue, said: 21 'We constrained believe instruction erroneously reported, duly it.' 279, S.E., 869. 22 Dee issues. noted: 23 'It suggested Attorney-General probability, typographical crept into word 'disinterested' where 'interested' appears. he supported letter trial, certiorari correct lodged behalf (T)he subject change correction. Moore, 210 188 421. it. 'Under C.S. 643, served appellant approved respondent appellee, connection (proper), alone considered determining parties interested heard determined agreed appearing record." 512, 732. 24 pattern supra. power proffered clear exception refused so.11 failed discretionary appeallants' 'federal rights' occasions exercised favor 'kindred issues.' 25 additionally brought courts two ways: (a) quash (b) trial's conclusion. existence alleged proceedings, 'the full roll said incorporated reference contained summary requesting take judicial notice same. Both motions denied opinion. 26 As sustained ruling "court, motion, consider extraneous evidence. Therefore, defect established aliunde denied." 489, 849. upholding denial second declined judgment, discussed 'were not, right, aside.' 495, 854. An examination convinces both instances following well-established local rules; ad hoc determination discriminatorily these particular litigants. 27 least Turner, 170 701, 86 1019, 1915, rule '(a) lies only face warrant indictment.' 702, 1020. rest matters dehors proper has, far investigation reveals, rigidly adhered decisions.12 See Brewer, 180 716, 717, 655, 656; Cochran, 230 523, 524, 53 663, 665; Andrews, 561, 565, 745, 748. followed practice. reached end trial. That '(t)hat rendered aside, withhold arrest discharge defenadants notwithstanding verdict, grant new *.' Whether technically dismiss defendants, clearly conformity law. 'A addressed such reviewable appeal.' McKinnon, 223 160, 166, 606, 610; Chapman, 221 157, 250; Johnson, 220 252, Wagstaff, 219 15, 19, 657, 660; Brown, 218 415, 422, 321, 325; Caper, 215 670, 864. can based proper, schould, proper. includes those essential proceedings itself, self-preserving. consequence, defects aid judgment.' Gaston, 236 499, 501, 73 311, 313; Foster, 72, 447; McKnight, 196 259, 145 281; Shemwell, 718, 721, 29 Examination whole precludes inference arbitrarily claim. court. 'Without rests each prescribe appellate mode time invoking jurisdiction, exercise; regard less controversy than turns entirely general Callan Bransford, 139 197, 519, 35 144; Commonwealth Massachusetts, 144 573, 757, 36 546; Jacobi 187 133, 48, 47 106; Hulbert Chicago, 202 275, 617, 618, 1026; Newman Gates, 204 89, 220, 51 385; Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. McDonald, 191, 195, 546, 548, 963.' John Paullin, 583, 585, 34 178, 381. '(W)hen pretence (state) adopted view evade relation question, accepts right wrong.' Nickel Cole, 256 222, 225, 41 467, 468, 65 900.13 30 emphasis appropriate, concluding, explicit not. issue free From first last fully held. Cf. Constantian Anson 244 221, 93 163. Upon jury's occurred. 'On convictions, termed open reconsideration Observance restriction our calls utmost scruple.' Watts Indiana, 338 49, 50, 69 1347, 1348, 1801. 31 What quite different claim—that Clause require While intimating merits claim, note completely novel one. Hoag New Jersey, 356 464, 470—471, 829, 833—834, 913. asserted question. requirements within Constitutional States define, delineated even-handedly applied. choice dismissed principles administration long alike litigants, irrespective race, color, politics, religion. 32 Dismissed. 33 Chief WARREN, BLACK, DOUGLAS, BRENNAN join, dissenting. I agree below adequate grounds. And—whether does not—it seems me should developments argument. crucial holding Simkins1 'for (it) evidence.' 846, goes saying invoked—that rely trial—is, reasonable. fact, elementary most types rule, application light acknowledged State,2 relevant few. When occasion 565. exclusion, complete defense State's charge. 491—493, 851—852. during trial.3 claimed, Amendment, barred prosecution. However, objected appellants' proof, objection.4 Thereafter, convicted. 37 contention binding proceedings. point mistake deprived reviewed. proof rejected exhibits objection. With resulting defective because, indicated, 38 holds contrary, 'is record' read record—appellants' appeal—as adequate. But were, follow must—or should—be dismissed. Rather, stipulation—a supervening event critical significance law—requires disposition, interests justice, controlling precedent. 39 First. said, indicates portions opinion5 entire reasonably offer, objection sustained. result factual premise lacks record. ground, Creswill Grand Lodge, 225 246, 822, 56 1074; Union Pacific R. Public Service Comm., 67, 24, 63 131; Cedar Rapids Gas Light Rapids, 389, 594; see United Texas, 303 123, 143, 625, 82 702. 'Whatever springes endeavoring confers, rights, plainly made, defeated name practice.' Davis Wechsler, 263 13, 14, 68 143. mentioned proceed directly or—if deemed desirable remand consideration. Second. adequate, argument furnished copy actual stenographic stipulated transcript. shows, peradventure, 'upon supposed exist.' Gorham Mut. Life Ins. Co., 200, 569, 572. recognizes infirmity cases. Marsh, 134 184, 6, 67 L.R.A. 179. stipulation, 'which supervened (below) entered,' very well 'affect result.' Patterson 294 600, 607, 55 575, 578, 1082. Accordingly, firmly principles, remanded legal stipulation,6 ourselves.7 To review, sense term, non-federal deal appropriately arising having bearing disposition supra, 578. Tax Commission Utah Van Cott, 306 511, 515—516, 59 605, 83 950. Third. assumed grounds, preclude remanded. stipulation create decision, remaining obstacle practice, omission re Smith's Will, 163 465, 977. records corrected. refers show corrections proper8 appeal.9 authorize fault attributable lower court,10 chargeable parties.11 pursuant agreement between parties12 parties.13 Indeed, able own motion.14 inquire established— extent least—by recent decisions,15 send up 'additional papers parts rules.16 correction record—and consequently question—if language cases, called attention, agreement—rather court—may corrected agreement. Smith Capital Coca-Cola Bottling 202, 626; 730, 732, another connection, suggests disinclined parties. 43 Gorham—that agreement—is qualification. Gorham, observed, denying losing party's '(T)here concession (prevailing party) sham issue,' exist,' nor yet misconception Cook Mfg. (183 110 608); (supra). These allegations (losing party), prevailing says allegation. She interpretation placed 'was absolutely correct'; admits interpretation.' 45 Here, hand, establish precisely party concede. governed Gorham. 46 Likewise, concede itself expressed skepticism about claim: solicitor pointed expression.' 48 us, perhaps understandable discretion. 49 remanded, likely stipulation. And, allowed am sure object, interest depriving liberty accord fact. clear, law, reviewed—unless dismiss.17 finding rise serious doubts. Unless dismissal avoided, Our precedents presents. 'If person forbidden shall enter lands another, license therefor, guilty misdemeanor, conviction, fined exceeding fifty dollars, imprisoned more thirty days: N.C.Gen.Stat. 14—134. enacted 1866. Laws, Special Session, Jan., 1866, c. 60. 'Final decrees highest had, reviewed follows: '(2) By drawn repugnant Constitution, treaties laws States, validity.' treated petition improperly 2103, 2103. considerations certiorari. 1257(3), 1257(3). provisions 'Section 1—Membership. Membership corporation members Directors membership Club. membership; one, payment fee $30.00 more, plus tax, cover greens fees. type $1.00, member pay fees uses amount changed two-thirds vote Board. 2—Use Facilities. facilities members, invited guests, good standing clubs, Association, pupils Professional guests.' entirety 'Now, satisfied you corporation, possession intentionally agent employee authorized tell golf, then, nothing else appearing, constitute violation prove accused still escape showing affirmative bona fide right. 'Bona means faith faith. seek excuse taking place burden things: greater merely satisfaction first, believed enter; second, belief. plea guilt every element offense charged, say remained arises instruct ladies gentlemen pronounced them, leasing subjected obligations itself. responsibilities; 'Furthermore, your prompted manner whatsoever defendants. you. Under equal responsibilities facilities, maintained governmental unit live, therefore certainly prejudice State.' Although reaching compel way obiter dicta: mere given due recognition 'When doctrine always easily solved. Schuyver State, Okl.Cr. 150, P.2d 688, prosecuting witness ownership domestic fowl estop him larceny. Similar conclusions jurisdictions property. Hogard, Minn. 293, Gil. 191; People Leland, Hun 162, N.Y.S. 943; Hill Tex.App. 579, S.W. 764. annotation Mitchell 140 Ala. 118, So. 76, Am.St.Rep. 17: previous arose commonwealth prosecutor plaintiff bar defendant, material bar, res judicata applies. (citations) apply proceeding party, apply. (citations)' announced differing situations. Compare Baltimore O.R. 244, 850, 57 1169, 325 226, 1092, 89 1577. Other illustrations in: Dula, 535, 168 836; Warren Pilot 402, 17; Powers Davenport, 101 286, 747; Boland, 241 Iowa 770, N.W.2d 727; McKenna, 116 Cal.App.2d 207, 255 452; Morrow, 158 Or. 412, 737; Cornwell, 97 N.H. 446, 91 A.2d 456; Greenberg, N.J. 568, 109 669. Extensive annotations Green Ind. 349, 184 N.E. 183, 87 A.L.R. 1251; 30A Am.Jur. 518.' 852, 853—854. 471, 834, 913: 'Despite wide employment, grave doubts regarded requirement. Certainly never held.' '(t)he 'transcript (to consists (1) 'record proper' (i.e., summons, pleadings, judgment) (2) appeal,' exceptions taken, prayers, occurring necessary excepted review.' Cressler Asheville, 138 482, 53, 54. 'only self-preserving,' 313. term 'record' refers, unless otherwise appeal', i.e., containing witnesses, proffers rulings thereon, etc., selected All reproduced entirety, 'My Myrtle D. Cobb Deputy Clerk my keep concerning al. Course. original Eight later, witness, following, entirety: 'Mrs. Kennedy: If Honor please, we'd like, possible, admissible. Court: going sustain Exhibits, #6 #7.' 'these' meant, 'Exhibits 7' identified 977, submitted Carolina. appendix brief excerpt available reads 'Direct Mrs. 'Q. Will address, please? A. Cobb. Greensboro. records? Yes, is. Do al, vs. Course, al? went filed office. Were record? Yes. Your Honor, like decree, 'Mr. Kornegay: Objection. anything want introduce that? addition Let later. '(The documents referred marked identification Defendants' Exhibits 7.) Anything else? Not Honor.' 'a (trial) 'case' already (but) (except incorporate days adjournment (Cameron Power 137 99, 76)), judge, opportunity.' Slocumb Philadelphia Construction 142 351, 196, 197; Sherrill Western Telegraph 429; Broadwell Ray, 111 457, 408; Lowe Elliott, 107 383. made. Aycock Richardson, 247 233, 100 379, Mason Moore Board, 626, purpose taken accordance General Statutes §§ 1—279 1—280. cause completion (as opposed appeal) lacked primary essentials. Butts, 524 (record grand drawn, sworn, charged); Farrar, 411, 449 (same); Daniel, 121 574, organization held). Kearnes Gray, 173 92 149. category 203 513, 166 396 (error transcription verdict); Mosley, 212 766, 194 486 (omission verdict). 179 (case indictment appeal). important distinction n. statutory departure rule. statute, 70 years ago, providing '(a)ll jurors account disqualifications indictment, waived.' 9—26. employed attack qualification jurors, Gardner, 739, 146; Peoples, 131 784, 814; Speller, 537; Miller 237 29, 513; Perry, 334, 404. dismissed, 'event.' significant 'change, entered' Attorney General's Office, accurate. questioned 9. involve situation intervening Gulf, C. S.F.R. Dennis, 224 503, 542, 860; Pagel MacLean, 283 266, 416, 1023; affirmed, Cir., request. Of course, denies relevance notes 8, 8. supra; 950; Yor ex rel. Whitman Wilson, 840, 1083; Ashcraft Tennessee, 322 155—156, 921, 927—928, 88 1192; Missouri Wabash Comm'n, 273 126, 71 575; Steamship Joliffe, Wall. 450, 805. 486; 396; 255; 449; 159; 524; cf. 379; 6. Cameron-Barkley Thornton 76; Arnold 114, 552; Tel. 654, 400; 383; 255. Scott, 185 93, 86. 408. 6; 159. N.C.S.C. Rule 19(1). 19(1) sets form content transcripts setting requirements, recites: 'Provided, further, additional sent up.' unnecessary broad powers frequent 8—16, consistent rejection 1161, gone truth E.g., 379. worth Aycock. 10. limit 732 (quoted Court), equally inflexible cited numerous See, representative, Hagan Jenkins, 234 425, 380; Bame Palmer Stone Works, 232 267, 812. example, conversely, Weaver purports be, Yet shows rigid articulation. distinguishes verify lack jurisdiction. 11. distinction. logical, assume clear.

Category: 1