Document: 471 U.S. 84 105 S.Ct. 1785 85 L.Ed.2d 64 UNITED STATES, et al., Appellantsv.Madison D. LOCKE al. No. 83-1394. Argued Nov. 6, 1984. Decided April 1, 1985. Syllabus Section 314 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act 1976 (FLPMA) establishes a federal recording system that is designed to rid lands stale mining claims provide land managers with up-to-date information allows them make informed management decisions. 314(b) requires located prior FLPMA's enactment be initially recorded Bureau (BLM) within three years enactment, § 314(a) claimant, in year initial "prior December 31" every after that, file state officials BLM notice intention hold claim, an affidavit assessment work performed on or detailed reporting form. 314(c) provides failure comply either these requirements "shall deemed conclusively constitute abandonment" claim. Appellees, who had purchased before 1976, complied requirement but failed meet time their first annual filing requirement, not until 31. Subsequently, notified appellees been declared abandoned void due tardy filing. After unsuccessful administrative appeal, filed action District Court, alleging effected unconstitutional taking property without just compensation denied process. The Court issued summary judgment appellees' favor, holding created impermissible irrebuttable presumption claimants fail timely intended abandon claims. Alternatively, court held 1-day late "substantially complied" implementing regulations. Held: 1. 314(a)'s plain language—"prior read conjunction regulations makes clear filings must made 30. Thus, did act ultra vires concluding was untimely. Pp. 97-100. 2. Congress extinguish those for which were made. Specific evidence intent irrelevant by 314(c); time, itself, causes claim lost. 1794-1796. 3. deadline cannot with, substantially otherwise, late—even one day. 100-102. 4. unconstitutional. 103-110. (a) well its affirmative powers enacting imposing penalty extinguishment 314(c), applying sanction FLPMA enacted. 104-107. (b) Appellees' loss they could have avoided minimal burden; it Congress' action, caused rights extinguished. Regulation does "take" private when individual's reasonable, investment-backed expectations can continue realized as long he complies reasonable 107-108. (c) all process constitutional due. Act's provisions clearly afford reach opportunity both familiarize themselves general imposed requirements. As constitutes purely economic regulation, entitled conclude preferable place substantial portion burden national work. 108-110. 573 F.Supp. 472 (1983), reversed remanded. Carolyn F. Corwin, Washington, D.C., appellants. Harold A. Swafford, Reno, Nev., appellees. Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion Court. 1 primary question presented this appeal whether Constitution prevents from providing holders unpatented (FLPMA), 43 U.S.C. 1744, shall forfeit 2 * From laws 19th century sought living locating developing minerals virtually unconstrained fetters control. laws, 30 22 seq., still effect today, allow United States citizens go onto unappropriated, unreserved public prospect develop certain minerals. "Discovery" mineral deposit, followed procedures required formally "locate" gives individual right exclusive possession purposes, 26; $100 annually, may extract sell paying any royalty States, 28. For nominal sum, statutory conditions are fulfilled, patent thereby purchasing Government obtaining ultimate title them. Patenting, however, required, remains fully recognized possessory interest. Best v. Humboldt Placer Mining Co., 371 334, 335, 83 379, 381, 9 350 (1963). 3 By 1960's, become 19th-century laissez-faire regime virtual chaos respect lands. In 1975, estimated more than 6 million existed other forests; addition, half National Forest System thought covered such S.Rep. 94-583, p. 65 (1975). Many dormant decades, many invalid reasons, absence system, no simple way determining subject locations, locations valid invalid. Ibid. result, proceed slowly cautiously affecting lest unlawfully disturbed. Each proposed sale conveyance land, search county recorder's office necessary; if outstanding found, matter how apparently abandoned, formal adjudication determine validity claim.1 4 decade studying problem context broader inquiry into proper modern era, enacted FLPMA, Pub.L. 94-579, 90 Stat. 2743 (codified at 1701 seq.). decisions.2 enactment,3 imposes two First, registered filing, copy official record certificate location. 2743, 314(b), 1744(b). Second, recording, claimant 314(a), 1744(a). abandonment . owner." 1744(c). 5 second requirements—the obligation has dispute underlying appeal. four individuals engaged "in business operating properties Nevada,"4 1960 1966 10 near Ely, Nevada. These major sources gravel building material: valued several dollars,5 and, 1979-1980 alone, gross income totaled $1 million.6 Throughout period during owned claims, state-law satisfied properly location, putting purposes FLPMA. At end 1980, Government. allegedly receiving misleading employee,7 waited 31 submit proof under noted above, section documents annually 31." Had checked, further would discovered quite "on each calendar year." CFR 3833.2-1(a) (1980) (current version 3833.2-1(b)(1) (1984)). day too late. 7 This fact brought painfully home received letter Nevada State Office informing cases, practical effect; simply locate same again then rerecord BLM. case, relocation predecessors 1952 1954, prohibited Common Varieties 1955, 611; prospectively barred location sort yielded deposits thus escheated 8 losing present Their complaint alleged, inter alia, On judgment, indeed deprive constitutionally (1983). reasoned Rather relying presumption, obliged, Court's view, individualized danger being lost, post-filing-deadline hearing demonstrate not, fact, Because civil suit party, we probable jurisdiction 28 1252. 467 1225, 104 2218, 81 42 (1984).8 We now reverse. II Appeal 1252 brings merely decided below, entire case. McLucas DeChamplain, 421 21, 31, 95 1365, 1371, 699 (1975); Raines, 362 17, 27, n. 7, 80 519, 526, 524 (1960). case includes nonconstitutional questions actually lower grounds to, passed on, court. Clark, 445 23, 27-28, 100 895, 899-900, 63 171 (1980).9 principles important aids prudential exercise our appellate jurisdiction, arrives here 1252, will pass constitutionality construction fairly possible, some ground available, avoided. See Heckler Mathews, 465 728, 741-744, 1387, 1396-1398, 79 646 (1984); Johnson Robison, 415 361, 366-367, 94 1160, 1165, 39 389 (1974); cf. Industrial Organizations, 335 106, 110, 68 1349, 1351, 92 L.Ed. 1849 (1948) (appeals former Criminal Appeals Act); see generally Ashwander TVA, 297 288, 347, 56 466, 483, 688 (1936) (Brandeis, J., concurring). turn pressed below. III 11 Before asserted year" should construed require argued, statute, acted voiding 12 Although address argument, argument raises sufficiently legal nature choose even analysis. See, e.g., supra. It us language statute sustain gloss put it. counsel conceded oral "is statement wanted 30th. I think ." Tr. Oral Arg. 27; also id., U.S., 37, S.Ct., 904 ("A literal reading 30th ."). While produce result "demonstrably odds intentions drafters," Griffin Oceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 564, 571, 102 3245, 3250, 73 973 (1982), deadlines words only words. To attempt decide date set out "intended" sail aimless journey, purpose served nearly might statute. "Actual sometimes unknown," Railroad Retirement Board Fritz, 449 166, 180, 101 453, 462, 66 368 (STEVENS, concurring), deadlines; expected, nothing legislative history suggests why chose over September (the 28), last But "[d]eadlines inherently arbitrary," while fixed dates "are often essential accomplish necessary results." Boyle, 469 241, 249, 687, 692, 622 (1984). Faced inherent arbitrariness deadlines, must, least apply terms Cf. supra, 179, 461.10 13 Moreover, absolutely since means what says. current states: 14 "The owner previous claim." (1984) (emphasis added). 15 (1982) (same); (1981) (1979) 3833.2-1(a)(1) (1978) ("prior to" Dec. 31); (1977) 31). Leading treatises similarly inform "[i]t note done year, i.e., 30." American Law 7.23D, 150.2 (Supp.1983) original); 23 Rocky Mountain Mineral Institute 25 (same). If appellees, businessmen involved running operation 20 years, about incumbent upon them, businessmen, checked consulted attorney advice. Pursuit courses, rather submission last-minute surely led conclusion safely. 16 so saying, insensitive problems posed congressional reliance post, 117 dissenting). greater clarity foresight give courts carte blanche redraft statutes effort achieve perceived do. "There basic difference between filling gap left silence rewriting rules affirmatively specifically enacted." Mobil Oil Corp. Higginbotham, 436 618, 625, 98 2010, 2015, 581 (1978). Nor Judiciary licensed soften import chosen whenever believes lead harsh result. Northwest Airlines, Inc. Transport Workers, 451 77, 98, 1571, 1584, 67 750 (1981). contrary, deference supremacy Legislature, recognition Congressmen typically vote bill, assume "the expressed ordinary meaning used." Richards 369 9, 82 585, 591, 492 (1962). "Going behind possibly contrary 'a step taken cautiously' best circumstances." Tobacco Co. Patterson, 456 63, 75, 1534, 1540, 71 748 (quoting Piper Chris-Craft Industries, 430 26, 97 926, 941, 51 124 (1977)). When remotely words, neither nor dissenters pointed anything suggests, steps take realm interpretation domain legislation. phrase clumsy, clear.11 Under circumstances, obligated terms. 68, 1537; Consumer Product Safety Comm'n GTE Sylvania, 447 102, 108, 2051, 2056, 766 (1980). 17 agency's clarify confirm making conclusive answer where completely consistent language, found "sufficiently unreasonable" unacceptable. FEC Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, 454 39, 38, 46, 70 18 press "to point disingenuous evasion" avoid question. Moore Ice Cream Rose, 289 373, 53 620, 622, 77 1265 (1933) (Cardozo, J.).12 therefore B 19 states §§ next consider provision expresses made, specific adopted latter interpretation, basis concluded abandonment. once findings claimant's nonfiling concerned filings, began itself defines term "abandonment" appears 314(c). correctly common law traditionally drawn distinction occurs showing relinquish "forfeiture" noncompliance shown. 8.2, pp. 195-196 (1983) (relied Court). Given expressly stated depart term-of-art law, incorporate traditional common-law forfeiture. intend cause forfeiture focus actual intent. corollary, understood piece factual his property. 21 scheme withstand reference conceptions helpful guide interpreting open-ended undefined terms, see, NLRB Amax Coal 453 322, 329, 2789, 2794, 69 672 (1981); Standard 221 59, 502, 515, 55 619 (1911), principle intent, talisman it, applied defiance statute's overriding logic. couched "abandonment," there little doubt met. begin Senate provided presumed void." S. 507, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., 311 (1975).13 Committee Report accompanying 507 repeatedly indicated "void." 65, House legislation Reports repeat offering explanation Conference undisputed Senate—to "void" made—was Chambers. stated: "Both bill amendments recordation claims." H.R.Rep. 94-1724, 62 (1976), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 6175, 6233 fails "deemed conclusively" shifts prove intends keep "conclusive" achieved automatically recordings, opposed made; attempted justify recordings dominant forcing "awesome task searching local record" establish system. F.Supp., 477. Once admits filings: do abandonment." And analysis misguided, serve similar requirement; millions undoubtedly recorded, presence established up yearly basis. through own status situation self-executing. self-executing implicated similarly, somewhat less substantially, empowered thwart recordings. 24 find Western Council Watt, 643 F.2d 628 (CA9 1981). C A final resolved Relying primarily Hickel Shale Corp., 400 48, 91 196, 27 193 (1970), 30, accept view 26 notion sometime falls is, say least, surprising notion, limiting principle. acceptable, 10-day equally cascade exceptions engulf rule erected deadline; yet regardless cutoff line set, always fall side Filing like limitations, necessarily operate harshly arbitrarily concept content, enforced. "Any rigid standard risk encouraging lax attitude toward dates," 692. support conclusion. suggested, although hold, 28, "not worth labor improvements year," render void. Instead, circumstances able retain suggestions safe haven mine owners obligations law. Failure physical amount significantly different complete commands filed. issue lost open indicium Full compliance full force case-by-case determination nonetheless Hickel, 56-57, 200-201. 29 explicitly applicable leads Part II-B, unnecessary ascertain room inquire indicative intent—intent discussion inapposite here. miners latitude have.14 IV Much deems forfeited invalidation rested heavily creates "irrebuttable miner file" documents—that presumes signify But, held, intent; forfeited. provision, cases Vlandis Kline, 412 441, 93 2330, 37 (1973), Cleveland Bd. Education LaFleur, 414 632, 791, 52 (1974), suggest particular There automatic permissible. framework question, substantive procedural dimensions, forth recent decision Texaco, Short, 516, 781, 738 (1982). upheld pursuant severed interest used lapsed reverted surface property, unless passage. 32 power: authorized "provide character extinguished the" Id., 525, 790. Even vested rights, legislature power impose new regulatory constraints used, condition continued retention performance duties. constraint duty restriction legitimate objectives, acts Village Euclid Ambler Realty, 272 365, 47 114, 303 (1926); Turner New York, 168 90, 94, 40, 392 (1897); Vance Vance, 108 514, 517, 854, 856, 808 (1883); Terry Anderson, Otto 628, 365 (1877). "[L]egislation readjusting burdens unlawful solely because upsets otherwise settled expectations." Usery Elkhorn 428 16, 96 2882, 2893, 49 752 (1976) (citations omitted). 33 qualify existing particularly broad "character" interests (1963), "unique form property." Ibid., 382. fee domain, maintains leased, acquired. Kleppe Mexico, 426 529, 539, 2285, 2291, 34 (1976). "A gone higher quality immune attack investigation homestead kindred laws. valid, desert arises kind. All conform initiated; appropriation derogation public." Cameron 252 450, 460, 40 410, 412, 659 (1920). 35 Claimants knowledge retains interests. Energy Reserves Group, Kansas Power Light 459 400, 413, 103 697, 706, 74 569 flow production Similar Government's regulate good carried redistribute benefits life. Passenger Corporation Atchison, T. S.F.R. 470 451, 468-469, 1441, ----, 432 (1985); supra; Walls Midland Carbon 254 300, 315, 41 118, 121, 276 (1920) ("[I]n community, [government may] limit [right] others enjoyed"). 36 Against background, receipt agreement perform filings. That already applies alter analysis, "retroactive application [FLPMA] supported furthered rational means." Pension Benefit Guaranty R.A. Gray 717, 729, 2709, 2717-2718, 601 passed—to centralized collection comprehensive claims—are legitimate. severe, furthering goals; sanctioning powerful motivation enables know certainty ease currently valid. Finally, attached most claimants; paper indicating claim.15 Indeed, protected against additional patenting passed. look works intrusion rights. With regulation protection come Fifth Amendment's proscription compensation. point, Texaco controlling: "this never [Congress] compensate consequences neglect." 530, 792. Appellees fashion time—not Congress—that restrictions imposed. Miller Schoene, 272, 279-280, 48 246, 247, 72 568 (1928); Otto, 632-633, 632-633; Hawkins Barney's Lessee, Pet. 457, 465, 190 (1831) ("What complain, given him, vigilant asserting rights?"). 38 altering applicability, adequate publishing extent regulates conduct, affording 532, 793; Anderson Bank Luckett, 321 233, 243, 599, 604, 88 692 (1944); North Laramie Hoffman, 268 276, 283, 45 491, 494, 953 (1925). Here October 1979. 3-year period, familiar surpasses 2-year grace Texaco. triggered initially; thus, position indicates know, existence need demands.16 unlikely attention period.17 Despite meets standards laid down imposition restraints seemed believe required. felt "overly burdensome" great benefit claimants. sound administering Act.18 offers warrant desirable Congress; reaching efficacy alternative routes alone consider. "It enough approaches [developing system] rationally; [different scheme] wiser dimension." Mining, 19, 2894. deal legislation, ibid.; Weinberger Salfi, 422 749, 2457, 522 Mourning Family Publications Service, 411 356, 1652, 318 (1973). erred invoking supplant Congress. below reversed, remanded proceedings opinion. ordered. O'CONNOR, concurring. agree 1744(c), violates creating presumption" Whatever 2230, beyond facts comports later violate Amendment satisfies corresponding regulations, reversed. Nonetheless, share concerns dissenting opinions POWELL STEVENS. alleged allowing active worked seem unfair inconsistent disputed faith deadline. contend order 314, contacted agency personnel materials 1980. relied advice hand-delivered appropriate date. accepted months sent stating "abandoned void" contained imply unjustified confusion concerning BLM's office. 1978 explanatory pamphlet year. Ante, 89-90, 7. evidently understand sends reminder notices warning approaching 44 unusual actions estop obliterate family's livelihood decades. notes estoppel addressed remand. regard, my decisions preclude context. Community Health Services Crawford County, 51, (1984), declined adopt "a flat run Government." 60, 2224. Such reluctance "there ensuring enforce free outweighed countervailing minimum decency, honor, reliability dealings 60-61, 2224 (footnote "it estopped litigant," omitted), legally actively maintained poorly worded consequently missed ultimately determines reasonably communications bar doctrine equitable estoppel. Accordingly, reverses 46 POWELL, dissenting. much STEVENS' dissent. write separately special intended. correct believing next-to-the-last than, reasonably, uncertain satisfy definite protect acknowledges, ante, 86, encouraged discover locates finds 26. valuable discovery, performs conditions, sum obtain 29. Until recently, uncertainty lands, 2769, 1744.1 claimholders More specifically, "within three-year following thereafter," 1744(a), work, form, 1744(a)(1) (2). subsequent "be 50 Lockes) have, 1960, earned producing present, produced approximately $4 materials. During million. sense stale. Lockes 314's requirements, daughter, office, Nevada, she inquired told, among things, Reno 1980." 472, 474 (Nev.1983). Following advice, 4, 1981, void," App. Juris. Statement 22a, 31.2 good-faith rise controversy. STEVENS points number cast care drafted meaning. Specifically, (i) describe filed, let filed; (ii) rewording considered confusing; (iii) possible confusion, described distributed requiring 31"; (iv) BLM, charged enforcing section, interpreted flexibly; (v) irrationally trap unwary," 123. states, facts, last, inartfully before," to," certainly policies Act. believe, today recognizes, Takings Clause limitations forfeitures. 103-108. identified permanent [a] conditions. 790 added); accord, Jackson Lamphire, 280, 290, 679 (1830) ("Cases occur [forfeiture] provisio[n] unreasonable denial right, call interposition Furthermore, here, standards. 16-17, 2892-2893, require, 532-533, 793-794. Together Due Process Clauses prevent depriving arbitrarily. 54 unreasonable. Rather, ends.3 natural tendency interpret "by violated definiteness requires. publications 31," Department Interior, Staking Claim Lands (1978), supports Terminating holder believed arbitrary terminating time. Wilson Iseminger, 185 55, 62, 573, 575, 804 (1902); rest impossibility, rests easily before. Neither serves State. fulfill created. invalid.4 accordingly 57 STEVENS, whom BRENNAN joins, 58 Congress, engages adjudication, unjustly unwary owners. choice 1744(a)1 ambiguous, best, consequence accident, perhaps unfortunate busy carefully should."2 authorize close 31st, pertains.3 amendment Julian Calendar B.C., large part recognize compliance. Further, long-followed avoided,"4 dispose case."5 59 planners cope "an easy discovering locations."6 diminish importance purposes; entirely despite "inartful draftsmanship" language.7 60 careful discloses respects text reflect description obviously garbled. Read literally, 314(a)(2) seems report 28-1 Title One substitute word "or" "on" provision. error pause commanded blind allegiance remainder 314. 61 express unambiguous describing inflexibly, "file Bureau" documents.8 Yet drafted, construe mailbox, document January made.9 mailed 1982, 1983, 1982 "filing." comfort eliminated injustice. 94. rely apparent obvious. use 31;" instead, year."10 Bureau's drafting using "plain," 93, assumes; plain, doubtful change all. Bureau, aegis "Staking Lands" information: "Owners sites Oct. 22, 1979, preceding site. site 9-10 "Plain language," indeed. reason supportive reaches today: deviation mail-filing regulation. timely—just mail timely—it inconceivable anyone appears, awkwardly enlightened manner Court.11 light foregoing, adopts today. periodic calendar-year course, understandable author inadvertently meant refer demonstrate, scrivener's faith. greatest me suggested omitting presume deliberately omission. treat 1980 interfere established, apparently, functioning.12 active; aware Additionally, sensible locations."13 claims; blinking reality did. August 29, 1980; declare 1981. reason, hypertechnical interprets "filings" far inflexibly others.14 Appellants acknowledge wished earlier resulted careless draftmanship." Brief 42, focused precise issue. DelCostello Teamsters, 462 151, 158, 2281, 2287, 76 476 (1983).15 Measured this, duties 1744 late."16 grounded (1970). reads: "On 10th May 1872, therefor, [U]pon occurred ever original locators, heirs, assigns, representatives, resumed location." (Emphasis added.) Recognizing "possessory title" disturbed "flimsy insubstantial grounds," 57, 201, wrote: "We default Defaults, equivalent abandonment; token 'maintain' Leasing help defeat policy prospective recipient royalties, beneficiary oil shale [Wilbur Krushnic, 280 306 [50 103, 445] (1930),] [Ickes Virginia-Colorado Development 295 639 [55 888, 1627] (1935) ], ground. dicta confined situations demonstrates substantial-compliance dispute.17 They paid taxes, taxes amicus register recorded" 1979; met requirements.18 designated Secretary location."19 third existence, sizes, ownership separate (1) recorder; (2) Bureau. claimants—including appellees—had mandated, practice mailing receive notice.20 Nevertheless, responsibly year; 1980."21 700-mile round trip Ely hand-deliver 75 unique matrix unequivocally contradicts presents ambiguous which, strictly construed, destroy apart "late" ambiguity acceptable. technical assess activity, possessed needed carry functions. claimed affected land-use planning functions manner, interfered measurable way" information.22 necessitates significant proof; whose destroyed convinced respectfully Strauss, Claims Public Lands: Study Interior Procedures, 1974 Utah L.Rev. 185, 193, 215-219. provides, relevant part, follows: "Recordation "(a) lode placer shall, thereafter, instruments paragraphs subsection. "(1) File (including limited suspension deferment work), thereon, relating thereto. "(2) instrument paragraph subsection, including sufficient "(b) Additional mill tunnel ninety days "(c) constituting defective untimely subsections subsection owner; permitting thereof, behalf site." took effect. Complaint ¶ 15. total exceeded An submitted employees told employee Affidavit Laura C. Locke erroneously Later versions corrected bring accord seek uncontroverted 117, 122, 128. However, then-current pamphlets dissenters' better directed equitably forfeiting agent objective crediting given. Without expressing whether, prevail theory, leave treatment issue, fuller development record, affect case; unconstitutionality lies directly Rock Royal Co-operative, 307 533, 541, 993, 997, 1446 (1939). Another West based fashion. Rogers 575 (Mont.1982). court, vacate remand instructions decided, Youakim Miller, 425 231, 1399, 701 ourselves Clark. options depends factfinding useful disposition questions. Statutory defenses waiver, estoppel, tolling. Zipes Trans World 455 385, 392-398, 1127, 1131-1135, 234 Whether favor "unable usual diligence" allowed learn existence. 253, 694, (1985) (BRENNAN, Of Boyle explicit Internal Revenue Code reasonable-cause exception Code's contains analogous Legislative books filled replaced "before," R. Dickerson, Materials Legal Drafting 293 (1981), seen suggestion before"—a content. sprinkled date, contemplate 609(b)(5); 1709(o)(1)(E); 1823(g); 1841(a)(5)(A); 3784(c); 503(d)(1); 1319(a)(5)(B); 415(a)(7)(E)(ii) (1982 ed., Supp. III); 1962(d)-17(b); 5614(b)(5); 7502(a)(2); 7521(b)(2); 1744(a); U.S.C.App. 1741(b)(1). Dozens ordinances deadlines. legislatures employ 609(b)(2); 3303(b)(3)(B) (c); 256a. unclear arguments advanced provisions, them; latter, guidance eclectic choosing "flexibly." Understandably enough, disavow assure case," (POWELL, dissenting), involving matrix," 128 thing willing tortured reasoning evade factor Committee; structure whatever Since postmarked 19. 3833.0-5(m) transform blank check authorizing "substantial compliance" disagree reasons. validate purported account holiday delays treating rationally situation—requiring mailings hand-deliveries date—is authority promulgate construing Assuming correctness suggestion, interpretations substantively adequately relate conception involved. if, lain years; according 20-year dormancy abandonment, Common-law entitle abandoned. Legislatures enact indicate 467, having property? community liberty itself"). exists, wholly disproportionate face highly regulated society people forced "alone bear fairness justice, borne whole," Armstrong 364 49, 1563, 1569, 1554 (1960), right. redefine holders, takes so. sufficient, character, commonplace, average citizen regard triggering event calling heightened awareness one's obligations." 547, 801 adjudicative availed appealing, Appeals, discretion, Government, state: "[Y]ou 12/30 [of year]. your abandoned." 31-32, 22. entirety: said located, subsection: [sic] ground." "[s]ubject intervening parties relocated refiled periods prescribed regulations." 22a. Unlike claimants, unable relocate 611 withdrawn coverage refiling, irrevocable claims—the source livelihood. "obligated 'prior 31' terms" "its clear." 96. clarity, themselves. Courts, example, contexts mean AMF Jewett, 711 1096, 1108, 1115 (CA1 1983); Bay Gas Commissioner, 689 1982), contrasted phrases "[f]rom 1," NYSA-ILA Vacation Holiday Fund Waterfront York Harbor, 732 292, 295, (CA2), cert. denied, 832, 175, 109 "after Peabody Lowis, 708 266, 267, (CA7 1983), ways strongly Various agencies usage promulgating E.g., 570.423(b) 515.560(i) 52.1174 Parties, ordinarily bound failing true, specified. Stevens identifies unique. reads "(d) Validity waiver assessment, etc., unaffected "Such Nothing law." Delaware Tribal Business Weeks, 73, 97, 911, 925, 173 dissenting) July 1977: expire inartful draftsmanship Subsection 31.' 31st bears relationship ends noon locator arisen." Sherwood, Mining-claim Recordation Prospecting (footnotes 899, Escambia County McMillan, 466 1577, 1579, (per curiam ); agrees regarding fist purpose, inexplicably citation concludes another decisions." 87. "purpose" mentioned history; rather, variation "purpose," citation, offered 45, 47. 3, 1744(a)(2). provides: " 'Filed file' stamped complying 3833.2-1 title, 'timely filed' envelope bearing dated postmark affixed Postal Service 3833.1-2 title. (See 1821.2-2(e) closed.)" chargeable constructive contents Register acceptable 1947. "To mind, absurdity farmer insures crops knows publication. peruse voluminous dull publication sure promulgated affects crop insurance, get plant crops." Crop Insurance Merrill, 332 380, 387, 5, (1947) (Jackson, 102-103, 14, criticizes departed "plain" breath, acknowledges "administering statute." mail-delivery judicially "up-to-date" utterly lacking foundation. adoption illustrates 30; provision; Several amici listing numerous suck vacuum cleaner, watched closely, jewelry loose money. Foundation Amicus Curiae (claiming "overwhelming pitfalls 314"), 1977 1984 "unpatented almost 20,000 rigors 314"); 1-86 (listing cases); Alaska Miners Association, California Advocacy Council, Association Amici Curiae, Exhibit (letter 1,400 invalidated 1979-1983 31), Billings, Montana 198 Wyoming 1980-1982 1744(a)(2) D Arizona "approximately 500 late"); 2-4 appellees'). According calculations, thousands terminated representations picture painted bureaucracy amok, hardworking, productive country. "caused extinguished." 107. hand, avoids mentioning 3-month elapsed describes needing "up-to-date 87, 96-97, 12, lists somehow occasional various provisions. them." cited illustrate lack justification approach, highlight uniqueness Eleven one-time date; continual basis, unwary. past; premise, future action. 609(b)(5) 1937"); 1709(o)(1)(E) 1976"); 1823(g) 1950"); 1841(a)(5)(A) 1970"); 503(d)(1) 1955"); 1319(a)(5)(B) 1974"); III) 1983"); 1962d-17(b) 1969"); 5614(b)(5) ("after 1977, 31"); 7502(a)(2) 1982"); 7521(b)(2) U.S.C., 1741(b)(1) 1946"). remaining 3784(c), Panama Canal transferred Republic 1999." added "clear President accelerate transfer 1999, Treaty 1977." H.R.Conf.Rep. 96-473, (1979). Art. II, terminate noon, Therefore, 3784(c) tailored treaty 479 474. Reply 13, 12. 45.

Category: 3