Document: 465 U.S. 555 104 S.Ct. 1211 79 L.Ed.2d 516 GROVE CITY COLLEGE, Individually and on Behalf of its Students, et al., Petitionersv.Terrel H. BELL, Secretary Education, al. No. 82-792. Argued Nov. 29, 1983. Decided Feb. 28, 1984. Syllabus Section 901(a) Title IX the Education Amendments 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in "any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance," § 902 provides that a recipient's compliance with regulations federal agency awarding assistance may be secured by termination "to particular program, part thereof, which . noncompliance has been found." Under statute federally assisted must identified before coverage is triggered. Petitioner Grove City College (College), private, coeducational, liberal arts college, accepts no direct assistance, nor does it participate Regular Disbursement System (RDS) Department (Department), whereby amounts for grants to students are advanced institution, then itself selects eligible calculates distributes grants. However, enrolls who receive Basic Educational Opportunity Grants (BEOG's) under Department's Alternative (ADS). The concluded that, applicable regulations, was "recipient" "Federal when refused execute an Assurance Compliance IX's nondiscrimination provisions, as required initiated administrative proceedings, resulted order terminating until executed satisfied regulations. four filed suit District Court, held students' BEOG's constituted assistance" but could not terminate aid because College's refusal Compliance. Court Appeals reversed, holding force Held: 1. triggered some pay their education. In view structure 1972, clear statutory language, legislative history (including postenactment history) showing Congress' awareness student assistant programs established significantly aided colleges universities, longstanding construction phrase "receiving including uses at foreclosed merely funds granted rather than educational programs. Pp. 563-570. 2. receipt trigger institutionwide IX. purpose effect, represent own properly regulated provision. program-specific limitations §§ 901 902, choice participating ADS RDS mechanism administering BEOG neither expands contracts breadth "program assistance." fact eventually reach general operating budget cannot subject coverage. 570-574. 3. A proper warrants program. contention preceded finding actual supported 902's language. 574-575. 4. Requiring comply prohibition condition continued eligibility infringes First Amendment rights students. 575-756. 687 F.2d 684 (CA3 1982), affirmed. David M. Lascell, Rochester, N.Y., petitioners. Paul Bator, Cambridge, Mass., respondents. Justice WHITE delivered opinion Court. 1 Pub.L. 92-318, 86 Stat. 373, 20 U.S.C. 1681(a), assistance,"1 directs agencies most types promulgate ensure recipients adhere prohibition. departmental found" other means authorized law." 1682.2 2 This case presents several questions concerning scope operation these provisions Education. We decide, first, whether applies all College, used purposes. If so, we identify "education activity" determine terminated solely violates refusing Finally, consider application 3 * college sought preserve institutional autonomy consistently state assistance. City's desire avoid oversight led decline participate, only programs, also would assess loans, work-study funds, they should receive.3 has, however, enrolled large number (BEOGs), 1070a, Education's4 Alternate (ADS).5 4 those terms defined implementing IX, 34 CFR 106.2(g)(1), (h) (1982),6 and, July 1977, requested 106.4 (1982). had signed Assurance, have agreed 5 "[c]omply, extent it, requirements imposed pursuant regulation end person shall, basis sex, subjected any [it] receives benefits from Department." App. Pet. Cert. 126-127.7 6 When persisted proceedings declare ineligible BEOGs.8 Administrative Law Judge received obligated entered "corrects satisfies compliance" 97. 7 commenced this action Western Pennsylvania, BEOGs held, grounds, v. Harris, 500 F.Supp. 253 (1980).9 reversed. 1982). It first examined language indirect, well direct, institutions whose financed educations were within meaning Although recognized program-specific, court likened flowing through nonearmarked aid, one judge dissenting, declared "[w]here government furnishes indirect non-earmarked apparent us institution 'program.' " F.2d, 700.10 upon execution acted despite lack evidence discrimination. 8 certiorari, 459 ----, 103 1181, 75 429 (1983), now affirm Appeals' judgment II 9 defending contends virtue use them disagree. 10 well-rounded variety services. question activities "receiv[es] finance BEOGs. Congress both created requirement, strongly suggests affirmative conclusion. aptly characterized "centerpiece bill," 118 Cong.Rec. 20297 (1972) (Rep. Pucinski), "relate[d] directly [its] central purpose." 117 30412 (1971) (Sen. Bayh). connection express recognition administration programs,11 indeed anomalous discover primary components comprehensive "package aid," id., 2007 Pell), intended 11 surprising find, therefore, contains hint perceived substantive difference between school linchpin argument none distinction finds support text 901(a).12 Nothing elevated form over substance making principle dependent manner There themselves apply checks regulation. Cf. Bob Jones University Johnson, 396 597, 601-604 (SC 1974), aff'd, 529 514 (CA4 1975). As observed, "by inclusive terminology [§ ] appears encompassall forms education, indirect." 691 (emphasis original). need 'accord [Title IX] sweep broad language,' North Haven Board Bell, 456 512, 521, 102 1912, 1918, 72 299 (1982) (quoting United States Price, 383 787, 801, 1152, 1160, 16 267 (1966)), reluctant read into limitation face. 12 Our reluctance grows pause available intent. economic effect often indistinguishable, see Mueller Allen, 463 3062, 3065, 77 721 (1983); 3071 (MARSHALL, J., dissenting); Committee Public Nyquist, 413 756, 783, 93 2955, 2970, 37 948 (1973); Norwood Harrison, 455, 463-465, 2804, 2809-2810, 723 (1973), structured effectively supplements program.13 undoubtedly comprehended reality enacting 1972. amendments replete statements evincing universities.14 fact, stated purposes "provid[e] higher education." 1001(c)(1), 381, 1070(a)(5). 13 reflected sparse itself. patterned after VI Civil Rights Act 1964, 88-352, 78 252, 42 2000d seq. (1976 Supp. V). Cannon Chicago, 441 677, 684-685, 99 1946, 1951, 60 560 (1979); 5807 drafters envisioned coverage,15 since approved identical discern reason believe Congressmen voted different result. 14 few contemporaneous attempted give content while admittedly somewhat ambiguous, consistent Senator Bayh's declaration authorizes "all comes Health, Welfare." 30408 (1971).16 Such individual legislators given controlling but, least instances where plain remarks "an authoritative guide statute's construction." U.S ., 527, S.Ct., 1921. history, short, believing somehow inconsistent underlying See 1094(a)(3). 15 Persuasive intent gleaned subsequent treatment twice probative value unique supra, 535, 1925; 687, n. 7, 702-703, 1952, 1960-1961, do so once again. made "[s]cholarships, [and] extended payment to" constitute entity. 40 Fed.Reg. 24137 (1975); 6, supra. "laying before" procedure General Provisions Act, 93-380, 88 567, amended, 1232(d)(1), afforded opportunity invalidate aspects deemed IX.17 clear, Weinberger left doubt position "the furnishing [is] covered statute."18 Yet, House passed disapproval resolution. failure disapprove dispositive, 533-534, 1924-1925, implies accurately reflect congressional never disavowed implication occasions.19 With benefit powerful intent, coherent little trouble concluding remains question, identifying can "receiving" attending College.20 III 17 An analysis conclude 538, 1926, agency's authority 902." isolated suggestions entire provision whenever 1975 Hearings 178 Bayh), accept conclusion circumstances present here entirety. Nevertheless, find merit decision treating reconciled tied specific activity." 18 participated RDS, College; rather, program.21 directly, subsidize expand recruit might otherwise unable enroll. earmarked Only ignoring awarded students, paid back tuition due institution. 19 elected ADS. disburse awards, clearly augment resources devotes aid. true mechanisms, hold, activity"—the program—that To rests possibility free up elsewhere, reasoning doubly flawed. First, there results diversion areas institution.22 Second, more important, assumption larger share school's limited result elsewhere nature statute. Most ripple effects throughout difficult, if impossible, derive such benefits. theory, small departments grant. squared 21 analogy plausible justification holding, too faulty. Student believe, sui generis. fairly unrestricted whatever desire. designed, increase total institutions, enable offer services previously afford true, course, substantial portions ultimately way provide whom pass. found persuasive suggesting regulatory follow classroom classroom, building building, activity. addition, considering far former, unlike latter, increases institution's obligations. 1001(a), 375, 1070e; S.Rep. 346, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. 43 (1971); 20331 Badillo). sense, closely resembles many 22 institution-wide IV 23 Since operates demand contends, sign invalid, face interpreted Department, failed comport character. Whatever objection time, valid 24 not, face, impose Recipients assurance "each operated [them] will part." added). apply, terms, every recipient each 106.11 These like issue (1982), "conform enacted Id., 539, 1927. Nor claim beyond Furthermore, currently use, execute, purport certifies respect 2, opinion, 25 plainly sanction "[c]ompliance requirement adopted section." Regulations authorizing promulgated, 45 80.4 (1964), upheld, Gardner Alabama, 385 804 (CA5 1967), cert. denied, 389 1046, 773, 839 (1968), long enacted, anticipated similar developed implement conclude, conduct accordance V 26 final challenge decision—that conditioning students—warrants brief consideration. attach reasonable unambiguous conditions accept. E.g., Pennhurst State School & Hospital Halderman, 451 1, 17, 101 1531, 1539, 67 694 (1981). participation thus 901(a). Students affected either take attend without 27 Accordingly, 28 Affirmed. 29 POWELL, Chief BURGER O'CONNOR join, concurring. 30 I agree dictated join Court's decision. reluctantly write briefly record my unedifying example overzealousness Government. 31 (Grove City) among our country; certainly others it. Founded century ago 1876, independent, coeducational college. describes having "both Christian world freedom philosophy," perceiving "interrelated." Joint Appendix, A-22. At time suit, about 2,200 surprisingly low private college.1 Some 140 (BEOGs),2 342 obtained Guaranteed Loans (GSLs).3 loans guaranteed government. Apart followed unbending policy federal, local. remain wholly independent recognizing—as illustrates—that acceptance surrenders certain measure Americans always cherished. 32 involves Regulation (20 1681(a)). bear mind what provides: 33 "No excluded in, denied of, ." sole make unlawful "discrimination" "basis sex." undisputed discriminate—and shows—never discriminated against anyone account race, national origin. nothing past present. therefore complied letter 35 describes, arises obtain "Assurance Compliance" issued thereunder. outset litigation, insisted accepting policies principles independence non-discrimination, objected executing Assurance. One thought confronted cases importance involve discrimination, respected admirable But common sense good prevail. chose litigate, instituted proceeding compel agreement operate full promulgated date spirit heard September 15, 1978, did relish his task. 36 On evidence, included formal published statement strong "non-discrimination policy," he stated: noted slightest save submit obviously matter conscience belief. J.A., 94. added)4 38 further evidenced emphasizing "binding" him. J.A. 95. He scholarship "federal "terminated." 96. 1978 challenging validity seeking declaratory judgment. 39 Indeed, themselves. Absent availability abandon choose another school. serious consequences instituted. prevailed lost Appeals. brought retreat office. narrow prevailed, taken acknowledges engaged whatever, six years litigation weight opposing rejoice "victory." STEVENS, concurring 41 For two reasons, am joint opinion. advisory unnecessary today's decision, second, advice predicated speculation evidence. controverted IX" tendered continue provided affirmed reversed today holds (in opinion) IV) holdings fully sufficient sustain reviews, affirming refrain except stating, decides dispute. requires it." ante, 560. Secretary, responsible construes All seeks promise discriminate correctly But, hold ask make, signing soon enough decide discussed day asks 44 Moreover, adequate raised III. Consolidated Rail Corp. Darrone, --- 1248, ----. Assuming moment factual inquiry nevertheless necessary said import regulation, upheld today, 574-575, states overlooks disjunctive; depend tell how important City, absolute relative terms; anything allocated just Ante, 572-573. why judged hypothetical instead one? What showed—and suggest does—that money reserved for, happened by, talented athletes payments athletic abandoned? Would IX?1 And plausibly contended survive? Until know something character inappropriate us. subscribe parts I, II, 46 BRENNAN, MARSHALL joins, dissenting part. 47 concludes persuasively demonstrates Part accord language," 564; reference analogous 566; reliance 567-568; "substantive students," 564, 565-566, 569-570, nn. 12-14, 19. same interprets limits monies. By conveniently indicia ignores result—allowing rejecting even though monies College—may superficially pleasing uncomfortable intrusion relationship scheme Congress. 48 occasion ascertain precise (1982); (1979). cases, emphasized enactment Cannon, confers cause plaintiffs, behind discriminatory practices," "is generally served practices." 704, 1961. Haven, employment expressed "no 'if origins dictate, language.' U.S., 1917-18 (1966)). although acknowledged 902," explicitly define "program" 540, 49 reaching today,1 completely disregards remedial controlled prior interpretations civil careful examination accepted VI, demonstrate definition contrary 50 genesis separate proposals considered Senate, 1970 1971, respectively. House, Special Subcommittee leadership Representative Edith Green, extensive hearings during summer "Discrimination Against Women." Labor 805 H.R. 16098, 91st 2d (1970) (1970 Hearings). subcommittee package legislation simple amendment adding word "sex" list discriminations prohibited 2000d.2 523 13, 1919 13; 16, 1956 16. Testimony offered hearings, focused pervasive institutions.3 version subcommittee's proposal assistededucation activities. 39248-39261, 39353-39354 (1971). More purposes, House-passed bill retained overall format proposal, incorporate enforcement VI. 39364-39365. 51 began Bayh introduced floor being considered. 398 Higher reprinted 30156 written, cover conducted particular, expressly "under public department graduate explained sponsor, 30157.4 52 1971 ruled nongermane, 30415, forced renew efforts next session. reintroduced, modified conform House. 5803 (1972). change apparently adoption antidiscrimination Conference convene. 5813 (remarks Sen. Pell, principal Senate Manager bill) ("As [Senator Bayh] knows, him earlier advocated conference chosen bring now."). retreated premise original proposed 1971—that willingness already proved successful, Committee, S.Conf.Rep. 92-798, pp. 221-222 (1972), law. 53 sum, definitively explain lends interpretation moreover, mirror procedures utilized B 54 "Title 1964." 694, 1956. Except substitution replace words "race, color, origin" "education" activities, statutes describe scope. critical existed crucial understanding using 55 voluminous easy comprehend, especially considers emotionally politically charged atmosphere enactment. committee reports explaining compromises expected, various Members cited whole range definitions instance legislator equated grant statute,5 defining broadly.6 56 Without canvassing volumes Congressional Record, safe say programmatic allay fears violation wholesale funds. "Congress primarily concerned facets power: single district lead state; unrelated highways." Comment, U.Pa.L.Rev. 1113, 1119-1120 (footnotes omitted). 1116-1124. 684, 697-698 57 uncertainty 1964 activity," overly surrounds any, 88th ascertaining 696-698, 1957-1958. indicators enacted—the existing judicial decisions provisions. 58 Welfare 1960's, remaining clearer applied institutions. 80 example, 80.4(d) assurances from, others, assistance: 59 "(d) Assurances (1) construction, research, special training project, loan purpose), section shall extend admission practices relating "(2) insofar relates individuals individuals, unless applicant establishes, satisfaction official, designated affect sought, beneficiaries participants facility facility, event facilities therewith." (Emphasis added.) 61 illustrative applications demonstrated illustrations aimed particularly education: 62 "In training, demonstration, university school, prohibited, extends official interfere, indirectly, fulfillment school." 80.5(c).7 63 similarly expansive approach. otherwise; "[i]t appropriate assume representatives, citizens, 696-697, 64 outstanding much narrower announced Fifth Circuit. desegregation case, guidelines, noting prohibitory Jefferson County 372 836, 881-882 1966), en banc, 380 1967) (per curiam) (" 'The legality based power conditions. general, seems Government abet color origin granting kinds aid.' ") Congressman Celler). "states enforce withdrawal Bossier Parish Lemon, 370 847, 852 1967). significantly, went equate local system "School November thereby class 601 discrimination." Ibid. 65 Instruction Finch, 414 1068 1969), spoke defects automatically infect whole," 1074, rejected term 1077, cutoff best effectuated consideration statute," 1078. "there state, county, district, insulated activities," "if administered manner, infected environment." end, remanded findings relationship, three (federal children low-income families, supplementary centers, adult education) system's practices. 66 Parish, supra; County, sanctioned broad-based funded practices, Note, Geo.L.J. 325, 344-345 (1966) (supporting program). Lau Nichols, 563, 568, 94 786, 789, (1974) (treating "educational program" VI). Like Because "repeated[ly] refer[ed] modes enforcement, justified presuming representatives aware reflects IX." 697-698, C removed "Although developments accorded 'the contemporary remiss ignored expressions .' 1925 7). 567-568. 68 proposed, 22228 (1974), finally adopted, 24128 (1975), specificity outlined above. academic, extracurricular, occupational 24140 (now codified 106.31 (1983)). Introductory decision: 69 "[T]itle contained title 1964. Therefore, thereof assistance.8 specifically ruling 'are environment.' Fed.Reg., (quotingFinch, 1078-1079). 70 Thus, implementation initially above—to allow comprised 71 431(d)(1) submitted review. 531-532, 1923-1924 1232(d)(1)), "inconsistent derives authority." interpreting Houses Congress, resolutions Legislature. programspecificity resolution blanket S.Con.Res. 46, 94th premised "[t]he athletics extracurricular 121 17300 Helms). monies, 52, (1975).9 Neither resolution, referral committee. 73 subcommittees Labor. Of interest days Postsecondary review "solely law Sex Discrimination Regulations: Labor, Sess., (1975) (1975 Hearings) Rep. O'Hara). Among numerous witnesses testifying Bayh, chief sponsor legislation, 585-586, HEW Weinberger. Both See, e.g., Hearings, 169-171 (statement Bayh); (testimony 438, 485 Sec. Weinberger); 487-488 (letter Weinberger).10 Specifically focusing legal 74 "[o]ne places you look guidance courts statutes. Finch ones regardless go words, That essentially 485. 76 Then, subcommittee, addressed posed case: "[I]f 488 original).11 Despite attention upon, defense resistance mentioned aspect H.R.Con.Res. 311, (disapproving "would assistance"); 19209 (1975). determinative, "len[d] argument" 534, 1924. relatively insubstantial significant proceeded amend disagreed [the Department's] statute." amendments, exempting understands encompass activities.12 conclusion, factors relevant program-specificity individually collectively, unintended conclusion: 81 peradventure unjustifiably reach. approximately utilize (BEOGs) College. "receives notes universities whole. necessarily follows, view, undergraduate A. 82 determining coverage, focus meant institution.13 indicated repeatedly recognizes, [Education 1972] universities. 'provid[e] education.' 1070(a)(5)." 565-566 (footnote 564 (Title "contains students"); 565, ("student designed assist universities"); 569, ("The reenactments authorization BEOGs] makes regards source institutions"). 83 respects, views BEOGs, functional equivalent Given undeniable purpose, seem self-evident enrolling covered, entirety, all, 84 contrast, discriminating "financial program," "programs activities" Underlying unstated unsupportable fees budget, most, perhaps together comprise College.14 85 absurdity examining practical effect. According admissions, academic departments. sanctions intended: segregate male female classes run mathematics department. ever certain, described defensible holding. doubt" received, (ADS) syllogism, simply begs presented; considerable RDS. covers procedural argument, restating presented case. 87 rejects notion disbursed "free up" theory. Instead, research laboratory professor, freeing-up theory irrelevant Third, contradicts claiming "student generis." 573. assertion serves limit severely unexplained, light forceful contrary. accurate prototypical method funneling 89 rationale, defer Government's represented briefs argued 562, 10, 20, 570. latest Government, irrespective motivations underlie recent change, entitled little, deference. 522-523, 12, 538-539, (deference regulations"). easily shifts executive branch. 90 serve Any weakens 901(a), provides, pertinent part: Nine exemptions, disposition follow. 901(a)(1)-(9), 1681(a)(1)-(9). 1682, "Each empowered activity, grant, loan, contract insurance guaranty, directed effectuate [901] issuing rules, orders applicability achievement objectives taken. No rule, become effective President. effected record, hearing, political entity, recipient, made, found, (2) law: Provided, advised persons determined voluntary means. terminating, continue, section, head file committees jurisdiction involved written report grounds action. thirty elapsed filing report." 1071 seq.; pt. 674 (National Direct Loans); 2751 675 (College Work Study Program); 1070b; 676 (Supplemental Grants). Welfare's functions transferred 301(a)(3) Organization 96-88, 678, 3441(a)(3). refer DOE discretion, computing disbursing (RDS), estimates amount advances sum crediting accounts checks. 690.71-.85 option schools wish minimize involvement Institutions certifications awards disbursements 690.91-.96 recodified 1980, 106 establishment 30802, 30962-30963 (1980). references herein 106.2(g)(1) include: "A for: (ii) Scholarships, grants, wages entity behalf admitted entity." 106.2(h) "[A]ny agency, organization, person, indirectly 106.11, 106.31(a) differs quoted text. Brief Respondents Hillsdale O.T.1982, 1538, p. 1a-2a. substance, refers (GSLs), 1071, GSLs "contract[s] guaranty" appeal, reasoning. Subpart E employment, invalid. recognized, E. alternative, permitted justify reasoned discontinued. respondents oral model clarity. Tr. Oral.Arg. 33-35. took construed affect. pressed lower courts. opposition petition defend resolved merits conceded erred represented, hence concession, binding foreclose below. Women: 16098 Before Subcomm. Comm. 235 May); 433 Mink); 739 Griffiths); 3935-3940, 5803-5809 recognizes problematic advances. logically exclude districts agencies, see, 3801 seq., wisely attempt concedes "[b]ecause type leads Petitioners principled differently agency. Their conditioned enrollment satisfactory progress studies. 1091(a)(1), (3). "cost attendance" 1070a(a)(2)(B)(i), includes fees, room board, books, supplies, miscellaneous expenses. 690.51 families reasonably expected contribute subtracted maximum expenses, 1070a(a)(2)(A)(i), affidavits stating "used expenses related City. 1091(a)(5); 690.79, 690.94(a)(2) analogize food stamps, Social Security benefits, welfare payments, general-purpose governmental unavailing. control over, knowledge opt out Fourth, individuals' attendance H.R.Rep. 554, 244 U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News, 2462 Views); Pell); 37778, 37782 Quie); 39256 Steiger); 20295 Reid); Pucinski); 20312 Isaac K. Beckes); 20315 Kingman Brewster, Jr.); 20324 Mitchell). 914, 104-105 (1963); 110 13388 (1964) McClellan). Appendix initial applied, 16298, 16304 enacted. 80, app. 597 current GSLs, 100, operational baseless. 30158-30159 McGovern); 39260 Erlenborn); 5814 Bentsen). relies heavily colloquy Senators Dominick: "Mr. talking HEW? Bayh: Let me imagine sitting [HEW], leverage "It unquestionable, judgment, applied." answer probably exerted elsewhere. actions summarized 531-534, 1923-1925. 482 added: "Our furnishes, goes remedy. Simply not. base that." 484. HEW's 1924, acquiesced assessment 1976 Amendments, McClure "assistance government." 122 28144 (1976). Pell remove pointed "[w]hile dollars flow 28145. objection, 28145-28146, rejected. 28147. 28013-28016 (treatment Hatfield amendment). clarifying Privacy serving agents contractors maintaining records accomplish function Secretary. 94-328, 2(f), 727, 1070a(c). responded concerns additional burdens [they] 'contractors.' 954, (1976), 1373, 1375. sharp respond repeated requests renewed times. 94-482, 121(a), 2091; 95-566, 92 2402; 96-374, 402(a), 1401. Each believed re-enactments Reauthorization Related Measures: 96th 3, 400 (1979) Ford). feel discerned." 1925. STEVENS' puzzling. Unless identified, ordering understood overturned, certificate certificate, relieved issues addressed, deal undisturbed Even changed longer agrees Appeals, still odds program; event, stance hardly overturn modify below eliminate legitimate submissions adjudicated. regulate Just employees "work receive[s] 1927, protected salaries "not money," ibid., sex. "continue spend [their] student-aid program[s], sources programs], less average expenditure per year period fiscal years." 1088c altered 451(a), 1451, 1094(a)(2), Yearly 1983 room, board $4270. Petitioner's 253, 259 (WD Pa.1980). F.Supp., 259. questioned. speculate comparable Blum Yaretsky, 457 991, 2777, 534 90% patients sources? 1011, 2789. theoretically possible entirely tuition, virtually subsidy. Again, improper examples selected commend suggestion, JUSTICE unsupported 579 (concurring result). heeded compelled decided "[n]o ground origin, reasons infra, 557 Also branch objections subcommittee. Specifically, traditionally noncoeducational dormitories physical recreation areas, 657 Peter Muirhead, Associate Commissioner Education). Frankie Freeman, Commissioner, Commission Rights). alleged overreaching, proposal. Nonetheless, scope, alternative sex-based "recipient 5191, 1001(a) (1971), 678 Jerris Leonard, Assistant Attorney General, Division). favor reported Green her ("I very public, assistance.") 7100-7101 Javits); 8359-8361 Eastland); 13331 Gore). 7059 Pastore); 7063 7067 Ribicoff); 8507-8508 Sens. Smathers Allott); 12714-12715 Humphrey); 12818 Dirksen); 14330-14331 Williams). Another illustration referred elementary secondary schools: Federally-affected area schools, acquisition equipment, vocational counseling services, process, prohibited. following dormitory, eating, recreational, grantee recipient." 80.5(b) "it" sentence "recipient." 539 30, 1927 30. limiting benefits" text, unjustified. Fact Sheet Accompanying Final Implementing (June 1975) ("Except exemptions set forth below, programs."). second colleagues: "[T]here anywhere country intercollegiate "HEW attempts surmount obvious inconsistency recourse semantics. separable. argues, pressed, actually well. according tortious logic, football athlete library funding. Needless say, slender reed social magnitude." 22941 Laxalt). rhetorical flourish, endorsed affirmatively 844, 612 prepare publish include sports."). Council Collegiate Women Athletic Administrators Amicus Curiae 4-16. Haffer Temple University, 524 531 (ED Pa.1981), 688 "[s]tudent [that] generis," 573, (discussing department). also, Kathy Kelly, President, National Association); 163-166 187-191 (memorandum American Division, Library Congress); 191-196 Center Policy Review); 284-285 Norma Raffel, Head, Women's Equity Action League); 385-388 Dr. Bernice Sandler, Director, Project Status Women, Association Colleges). Darrell Royal, Football Coaches 98-99 John Fuzak, 231-232 Dallin Oaks, Brigham Young University); 403-406 Janet L. Kuhn). summarily 1975), veterans' college's "First, veterans defray costs releasing would, absence spent student. "[S]econd, who—but funds—would enter enlarging pool qualified applicants draw "Finally, [g]rant frequently conduits pass ultimate beneficiaries. Clearly, attaches acting capacity. [under students] basic role [T]he nondiscriminatory essential regard race." 602-603 604. 1974, excepted fraternities sororities youth service organizations 93-568, 3(a), 1862 (codified 1681(a)(6)); 120 41390-41394 (1974). Later, 1976, Boys/Girls State/Nation conferences, father-son mother-daughter (if opportunities exist opposite sex), collegiate scholarships "beauty" pageant winners. 412(a), 2234 1681(a)(7-9)); 27979-27987 Obviously, support, superfluous Other issuance statute, lend broader After 1975, Helms mean "only integral curriculum institution." S. 2146, 2(1), 23845-23847 bill. Similarly, sponsored "such graduation institutions." 2657, (1976); 28136 recorded vote. 98th recently reaffirmed commitment originally (414-8) expressing belief "should amended lessen eliminating gender system." H.Res. 190, 129 H10085-H10095, H10100-H10101 (Nov. 1983). 98-418 (1983). S.Res. 149, reaffirmation frustrated. targeted examine carefully received. STEVENS point, 580-581 result), concede obvious, 573 ("It pass."). nonetheless concession evidence" situation. quite persuasive, convincing.

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