Document: 465 U.S. 783 104 S.Ct. 1482 79 L.Ed.2d 804 Iain CALDER and John South, Appellants,v.Shirley JONES. No. 82-1401. Argued Nov. 8, 1983. Decided March 20, 1984. Syllabus Respondent, a professional entertainer who lives works in California whose television career was centered there, brought suit Superior Court, claiming that she had been libeled an article written edited by petitioners Florida published the National Enquirer, national magazine having its largest circulation California. Petitioners, both residents of Florida, were served with process mail and, on special appearances, moved to quash service for lack personal jurisdiction. The Court granted motion ground First Amendment concerns weighed against assertion jurisdiction otherwise proper under Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment. Appeal reversed, holding valid basis existed theory intended to, did, cause tortious injury respondent Held: 1. Jurisdiction appeal does not lie, but 28 U.S.C. § 2103 jurisdictional statement will be treated as petition certiorari, which is hereby granted. Pp. 787-788. 2. over because their intentional conduct allegedly calculated 788-791. (a) permits defendant any State has "certain minimum contacts . such maintenance offend 'traditional notions fair play substantial justice.' " International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 310, 316, 66 154, 158, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945). In judging contacts, court properly focuses "the relationship among defendant, forum, litigation." Shaffer Heitner, 433 186, 204, 97 2569, 2579, 53 683 (1977). P. 788. (b) Here, focal point libelous harm suffered. therefore based "effects" 788-789. (c) Petitioners are charged mere untargeted negligence, rather intentional, tortious, actions expressly aimed at They wrote they knew would have potentially devastating impact upon respondent, brunt felt circulation. Under these circumstances, must "reasonably anticipate being haled into there" answer truth statements made article. 789-790. (d) While petitioners' judged according employer's activities status employees insulate them from jurisdiction, since each defendant's contact forum assessed individually. 790. (e) do enter analysis. Such needlessly complicate already imprecise inquiry. Moreover, potential chill protected activity stemming defamation taken account constitutional limitations substantive law governing actions. 790-791. 138 Cal.App.3d 128, 187 Cal.Rptr. 825 (1982), affirmed. G. Kester, D.C., appellants. Paul S. Ablon, Beverly Hills, Cal., appellee. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 Respondent Shirley Jones Florida. large caused appearances entered behalf, moving superior Clause. rejecting suggestion considerations We now affirm. 2 She her husband this Inc., local distributing company, libel, invasion privacy, infliction emotional harm.1 Enquirer corporation principal place business It publishes weekly newspaper total 5 million. About 600,000 those copies, almost twice level next highest State, sold California.2 Respondent's husband's claims appeared Enquirer's October 9, 1979 issue. Both company answered complaint no objection court. 3 Petitioner South reporter employed Enquirer. He resident though he frequently travels business.3 first draft challenged article, his byline it. did most research relying phone calls sources information contained article.4 Shortly before publication, called respondent's home read so elicit comments Aside frequent trips calls, other relevant 4 Calder also resident. only twice—once, pleasure trip, prior publication once after testify unrelated trial. president editor "oversee[s] just about every function Enquirer." J.A., 24. reviewed approved initial evaluation subject it final form. declined print retraction requested respondent. considering process, surmised causing California, ordinarily sufficient support California.5 But solicitude necessary "chilling effect" reporters editors result requiring appear remote jurisdictions content articles worked. noted rights could "fully satisfied" publisher without parties. court, therefore, motion. 6 reversed. (1982). agreed neither petitioner's action contacts. See Perkins Benguet Mining Co., 342 437, 72 413, 96 485 (1952) (permitting general where "continuous systematic"). concluded fact effects performed outside prevent asserting arising out effects.6 rejected court's conclusion scale 7 A timely hearing denied Supreme 122. On probable postponed. --- ----, 103 1766, 76 341 (1983). conclude lie. Kulko 436 84, 90, n. 4, 98 1690, 1695, 56 132 (1978).7 Treating writ we authorized do, 2103, grant petition.8 8 United States Constitution Milliken Meyer, 311 457, 463 [61 339, 342, 85 278 (1940) ]." Rush Savchuk, 444 320, 332, 100 571, 579, 62 516 (1980). plaintiff's "contacts" defeat see Keeton Hustler Magazine, ---- - 1473, 1480 1482, 78 (1984), may manifold permit when exist absence. plaintiff focus defendants arises. McGee Life Ins. 355 220, 199, 223 (1957). 9 story concerned impugned professionalism California.9 drawn sources, harm, terms distress reputation, suffered sum, World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. Woodson, 286, 297-298, 559, 567-568, 490 (1980); Restatement (Second) Conflicts Law 37. 10 argue responsible editor, claim, direct economic stake sales distant State. Nor ordinary able control marketing activity. can "foresee" circulated effect U.S., 295, S.Ct., 566; 328-329, 577-578. "in appoint [article their] agent process." 296, 566. liken themselves welder boiler subsequently explodes Cases hold manufacturer, Buckeye Boiler 71 Cal.2d 893, 80 113, 458 P.2d 57 (1969); Gray American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., 22 Ill.2d 432, 176 N.E.2d 761 (1961), should applied derives benefit 11 Petitioners' analogy wash. Whatever hypothetical welder, negligence. Rather, petitioner And 297, 567; 97-98, 1699-1700, (1978); 216, 2586, An individual injured need go seek redress persons who, remaining knowingly 12 correct there. hand, somehow Each 579 ("The requirements met whom state exercises jurisdiction"). case, primary participants alleged wrongdoing intentionally directed resident, basis. 13 reject infusion Estin Estin, 334 541, 545, 68 1213, 1216, 92 1561 (1948). libel suits. New York Times, Inc. Sullivan, 376 254, 84 710, 686 (1964); Gertz Robert Welch, 418 323, 94 2997, 41 789 (1974). To reintroduce stage form double counting. contexts procedural protections addition embodied laws. See, e.g., Herbert Lando, 441 153, 99 1635, 60 115 (1979) (no privilege bars inquiry editorial process). Hutchinson Proxmire, 443 111, 120 2675, 2680 61 411 (implying rules apply summary judgment). 14 judgment 15 Affirmed. filed voluntary dismissal complaint. geographic analysis paid September 18, issue showed sales, international, 5,292,200. Sales 604,431. York, 316,911. 39-41. stated during four-year period visited more than 20 times. 32. friend estimated came times year. 66. found least one trip connection hotly disputes finding, uncontroverted affidavit shows never Since rely our visit, 6, supra, find unnecessary consider contention. California's "long-arm" statute nonresident whenever permitted federal Constitutions. Section 410.10 Code Civil Procedure provides: "A exercise inconsistent or States." further suggested South's investigative activities, including visit numerous formed independent him action. light approval test reach alternate ground. involved same here. held case improperly appeal, "drawn question repugnant Constitution, treaties laws States," 1257(2). attempt distinguish argued precluded personam him, whereas below unconstitutional. unpersuaded shift emphasis. construed provides State's broad permits. 5, supra. As Kulko, purport determine constitutionality statute. decided whether itself improper regardless terminology couch defense. Although there yet trial merits appellate "is plainly review courts." Cox Broadcasting Cohn, 420 469, 485, 1029, 1041, 43 328 (1975). Accordingly, several past cases presenting issues posture, "we within meaning [28 U.S.C.] 1257." 195-196, 12, 2575-2576, (1978). drank heavily fulfilling obligations.

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