Document: 410 U.S. 179 93 S.Ct. 739 35 L.Ed.2d 201 Mary DOE et al., Appellants,v.Arthur K. BOLTON, as Attorney General of the State Georgia, al. No. 70—40. Argued Dec. 13, 1971. Reargued Oct. 11, 1972. Decided Jan. 22, 1973. Rehearing Denied Feb. 26, See 959, 1410. Syllabus Georgia law proscribes an abortion except performed by a duly licensed physician when necessary in 'his best clinical judgment' because continued pregnancy would endanger pregnant woman's life or injure her health; fetus likely be born with serious defect; resulted from rape. § 26—1202(a) Ga. Criminal Code. In addition to requirement that patient resident and certain other requirements, statutory scheme poses three procedural conditions 26—1202(b): (1) hospital accredited Joint Commission on Accreditation Hospitals (JCAH); (2) procedure approved staff committee; (3) performing physician's judgment confirmed independent examinations two physicians. Appellant Doe, indigent married citizen, who was denied after eight weeks for failure meet any 26 1202(a) conditions, sought declaratory injunctive relief, contending laws were unconstitutional. Others joining complaint included Georgia-licensed physicians (who claimed statutes 'chilled deterred' their practices), registered nurses, clergymen, social workers. Though holding all plaintiffs had standing, District Court ruled only Doe presented justiciable controversy. Doe's case court gave declaratory, but not injunctive, invalidating infringement privacy personal liberty limitation situations specified provisions State's interest health protection existence 'potential human existence' justified regulation through 1202(b) 'manner performance well quality final decision abort.' The appellants, claiming entitlement broader directly appealed this Court. Held: 1. presents live, controversy she has standing sue, Roe v. Wade, 113, 705, 147, do physician-appellants (who, unlike charged violations), it is therefore unnecessary resolve issue appellants' standing. Pp. 187—189. 2. A constitutional right absolute. supra. P. 189. 3. perform must rest upon its necessity unconstitutionally vague, since may made light attendant circumstances. United States Vuitch, 402 62, 71—72, 91 1294, 1298—1299, 28 601. 191—192. 4. 26—1202(b) violate Fourteenth Amendment. 192—200. (a) JCAH-accreditation invalid, shown hospitals (let alone those JCAH accreditation) fully protecting patient; failing exclude first trimester invalid ground alone, see 193—195. (b) interposition committee abortion, applicable matter state criminal surgical situations, unduly restrictive patient's rights, which are already safeguarded physician. 195—198. (c) Required acquiescence copractitioners also no rational connection needs infringes practice. 198—200. 5. residence violates Privileges Immunities Clause denying persons enter medical services there. 200. 6. Appellants' equal argument centering 26—1202(b), invalidated grounds, without merit. 200—201. 7. No ruling question relief. Cf. 201. D.C., 319 F.Supp. 1048, modified affirmed. Margie Pitts Hames, Atlanta, Ga., appellants. Dorothy T. Beasley, appellees. Mr. Justice BLACKMUN delivered opinion 1 appeal, recently enacted challenged grounds. §§ 26—1201 26—1203 Code, formulated Laws, 1968 Session, pp. 1249, 1277 1280. we today have struck down, constitutionally defective, Texas representative long effect majority our States. legislation, however, different merits separate consideration. 2 * reproduced Appendix A, post, p. 202.1 As appellants acknowledge,2 patterned American Law Institute's Model Penal 230.3 (Proposed Official Draft, 1962), B, 205. ALI proposal served model recent legislation approximately one-fourth States.3 new replaced been more than 90 years. Laws 1876, 130, 2, at 113.4 predecessor statute paralleled considered supra, abortions 'to preserve life' woman. tested grounds courts. 3 Section 26—1201, referenced exception, makes crime, provides person convicted crime shall punished imprisonment less one nor 10 states exception removes 1201's definition thus noncriminal, 'performed licensed' when, 'based his . because: 4 '(1) continuation woman seriously permanently 5 '(2) very grave, permanent, irremediable mental physical 6 '(3) forcible rape.'5 7 26—1202 requires, numbered subdivisions subsection (b), that, authorized noncriminal procedure, additional fulfilled. These Georgia; reduction writing reasons 26—1202(a), written concurrence least physicians, based woman; (4) Board Health Hospitals; (5) advance approval members hospital's staff; (6) certifications rape situation; (7), (8), (9) maintenance confidentiality records. There provision (subsection (c)) judicial determination legality proposed petition circuit officer close relative, therein defined, unborn child, expeditious hearing petition. (e)) giving admit employee member right, moral religious participate procedure. II 8 On April 16, 1970, Doe,6 23 individuals (nine described seven nurses State, five workers), nonprofit corporations advocate reform instituted federal action Northern against attorney general, district Fulton County, chief police city Atlanta. unconstitutional entirety. They relief restraining defendants successors enforcing statutes. alleged: 9 She 22-year-old married, nine pregnant. living children. older ones placed foster home poverty inability care them. youngest, July 19, 1969, adoption. Her husband abandoned forced live parents husband, become reconciled. He construction worker employed sporadically. Hospital. advised could danger if birth child carrying. unable support child. March 25, applied Abortion Committee Grady Memorial Hospital, therapeutic under 26—1202. application 16 days later, 10, pregnant, situation 26—1202(a).7 11 Because denied, either relinquish 'her decide how many children will bear' seek illegal This invaded rights matters related family, marriage, sex, deprived choose whether bear violation guaranteed First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, Amendments. due process and, they deterred doctors abortions. sued 'on own behalf others similarly situated.' 12 alleged them practicing respective professions purported sue situated. 13 three-judge convened. An offer proof identity made, deemed receive proof. then tried pleadings interrogatories. 14 Court, per curiam, 1048 (N.D.Ga.1970), held merits, concluded 'number sought,' id., 1056, improperly restricted articulated Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 85 1678, 510 (1965), 'personal liberty,' both thought 'broad enough include abort pregnancy,' F.Supp., 1055. consequence, portions (b)(3) limiting legal specified; 26—1202(b)(6) relating 26—1202(c) authorizing test. Declaratory granted accordingly. court, Georgia's health, potential (emphasis original), 1055, 'the manner abort,' refused strike down It request injunction, 1057. 15 Claiming entitled injunction took direct appeal pursuant U.S.C. 1253. We postponed jurisdiction merits. 941, 1614, 29 109 (1971). 1253, dismissed want jurisdiction. 936, 1633, 104 appellees, Brief 42, alternative part pending Appeals Fifth Circuit. extent, therefore, adverse defendants, is, extent unconstitutional, technically now before us.8 Swarb Lennox, 405 191, 201, 92 767, 772, 31 138 (1972). III Our ante, establishes despite pseudonym, accept true, case, 1970; substantial; interim termination pregnancies 1970 rendered moot; maintain action. 17 Inasmuch class recognized, appellants—physicians, workers, corporations—present perhaps great consequence. conclude, physician-appellants, consulted women, present fact record does disclose prosecuted, threatened prosecution, whom these operate event he procures exceptions conditions. assert sufficiently threat detriment. should required await undergo prosecution sole means seeking Crossen Breckenridge, 446 F.2d 833, 839—840 (CA6 1971); Poe Menghini, 339 986, 990—991 (Kan.1972). 18 while theoretically possessed did controversy, seems relied primarily Ullman, 367 497, 81 1752, 989 (1961). There, sharply divided real justifying adjudication issue. But Connecticut statute, prohibit advice use contraceptives, 1879, apparently single ever prosecuted it. contrast, moribund. Furthermore, successor another which, told,9 prosecuted. closer Epperson Arkansas, 393 97, 89 266, 21 228 (1968), where recognized school teacher, though yet criminally, challenge anti-evolution statute. U.S., 481, 1678. 19 parallel claims nurse, clergy, worker, corporation-appellants step removed them, directly. Not being position render advice. reached capacity accessories counselor-conspirators. conclude need pass status suit, issues adequately nothing gained lost presence absence corporations. 127, S.Ct., 714. IV 20 attack several remain decision: undue restriction marital privacy; vagueness; deprivation substantive process; improper residents; denial protection. A. sets forth conclusion absolute demand. What said there here repeated. 22 B. go argue, viewed historically, prior Act 'preserve mother. suggested well, emphasis mother's fetus. Appellants contend clear given little, certainly first, consideration Yet, child's asserts justification cannot advanced late date. argue protect right. so physically emotionally damaging bring into poor, 'fatherless'10 advances medicine techniques safer medically induced Thus, 'a requires carry unwanted term fundamental itself.' 27. 24 recognize century ago knowledge today, antisepsis known, dangerous To restrict necessary, judgment, preservation natural exercise legislative time. reproached, past judgmental then-existing knowledge. unfair do, early focus professed embryonic fetal downgraded. That denies readjust views emphases day. 25 C. statutes, left Court's decision, vague. centers proposition having statutorily reasons, still remains reads, vbased necessary.' word 'necessary' warn what conduct proscribed; wholly objective standards subject diverse interpretation; err side caution arbitrary. net result determination, far concerned, professional, 'best clinical,' originally specified. Instead, range farther afield wherever properly professionally exercised, dictates directs him. 27 vagueness set 1298 1299, 601 (1971), raised respect Columbia making 'unless same done direction competent practitioner medicine.' construed psychological wellbeing. so, 'health' problem vagueness. 'Indeed, particular operation obviously called make routinely whenever surgery considered.' Id., 72, 1299. equally here. Whether, words 'an necessary' professional routinely. agree 1058, exercised factors physical, emotional, psychological, familial, age relevant well-being patient. All relate health. allows attending room judgment. And operates benefit, disadvantage, D. next declared demands statute: Hospitals:11 privacy, subjecting doctor's individual confirming consultations, impermissibly restricts practice profession deprives him process. 30 accreditation. organization governmental sponsorship overtones. whatever concerning integrity high purpose accreditation process.12 process, generally particularized concern procedure.13 nonabortion requirements imposed such licensing operating surgeon, met. Code 88—1901(a) 88—1905 (1971) 84—907 (Supp.1971). until year. 230.3, B hereto, contains Uniform (Final Aug. 1971),14 Bar Association February 1972, JCAH-accredited specification.15 Some courts overbroad righs problems dangers operation. E.g., 993 994. hold withstand scrutiny context. simply differences reasonably purposes found.' Morey Doud, 354 457, 465, 77 1344, 1350, 1485 (1957). 32 say not, end trimester, adopt facilities legitimately seeks accomplish. relationship lacking even lesser hospital, opposed facility, clinic, possess staffing safely (including adequate handle complications emergency, arrangements nearby provide services). various amici us mass data purporting demonstrate some entirely qualifications. hand, persuasive show acknowledged insuring full feel compelled order prove resources rather appropriately institution, satisfy interests. law, fails pregnancy, 163, 732, invalid. naturally express involved facility. 33 approval. second aspect relates asserted lack access committee. Relying Goldberg Kelly, 397 254, 1011, 287 (1970), welfare benefits, Wisconsin Constantineau, 400 433, 507, 515 posting alcoholic's name, argues presentation record, consulting or, indeed, herself explicitly If point involved, persuaded unsupported assumption provided. 34 discretion leaves most concrete suggestion badge infamy 'in minds' illegitimate system enables members' extramarital sex relations, punishment therefor, govern decisions. approach founded suspicion discloses confidence guided decisions predilections narrows outside marriage. (Doe's involve product.) necessarily somewhat degrading conscientious physician, particularly obstetrician, whose activity concerned welfare, woes, emotions, female patients. He, anyone else, knowledgeable area care, aware fraitly, so-called 'error,' needs. good physician—despite rascals profession, others, trust 'good'—will sympathy understanding probably exceeded areas counseling. worth noting function own. composed institution's staff. membership usually changing one. way, work burden shared readily accepted. committee's protective. posture activities accord requirements. remembered entity it, too, obligations. 36 Saying this, settle propriety requirement. Viewing whole, justifiable pertinence structure With regard life, completed stage, review once diagnosis basically redundant. cited law. accordance administer substantially limited overview. itself otherwise protected. Under 26—1202(e), free abortion. Further refrain, participating afford appropriate denominational hospital. 26—1202(e) affords little provided prescribed 26—1202(b)(5). 37 point, delineated substantiated ask serves neither State. 38 Two-doctor concurrence. third 'time availability personnel.' imposes substantial irrational roadblocks 'is patently unsuited' prompt decision. Time, course, critical Risks during admittedly lower later months. 39 purport local study16 Hospital (serving residents DeKalb Counties) 'mechanics discontinuance process' median time workup days. study shows, 27% candidates application, beyond applications. too much say, 'were victims over (had) control.' higher risk incurred delay cumbersomeness system. note, passing, appellant herself; within trimester. 40 manifest rejection accredited-hospital important, eliminates major system's facilities. remains, confirmation recommendation consultant (making total six including committee). provision, fall. 41 statute's emphasis, repetitively noted, sufficient. apparent, insufficient challenge. Again, voluntary us. capable exercising acceptable censure license available remedies. co-practitioners know consultation advisable—the doubtful situation, assurance delicate one, like. Physicians followed routine historically usefulness benefit concerned. true '(r)eliance license, issued authority judge respect, (the physician) possesses requisite qualifications.' Dent West Virginia, 129 114, 122—123, 231, 233, L.Ed. 623 (1889). 71, 1298. 42 E. residency 26—1202(b)(1) (b)(2), violative travel stressed Shapiro Thompson, 394 618, 629 631, 1322, 1328—1330, 600 (1969), cases. kind, post-procedure aborted 43 Nevertheless, uphold constitutionality policy preserving state-supported residents, bar applies private privately retained intimation, either, utilized caring residents. Just Clause, Const. Art. IV, protects ply trade, Ward Maryland, Wall. 418, 430, 449 (1871); Blake McClung, 172 239, 248—256, 165, 168—172, 432 (1898), Toomer Witsell, 334 385, 396—397, 68 1156, 1162—1163, 1460 (1948). contrary mean limit general borders. approve. 44 F. last phase often namely, discriminates poor. urge wealthy can better poor non-physicians procedures 'nondiscriminatory terms' suggest produced invidious discriminations. rejected out hand. 1056. rests discussed above, assertion counties aside accreditation, approval, discrimination collapses significant aspects. V 45 complain, finally, like claim 147. declined insofar decline assume prosecutorial authorities give recognition 46 summary, committee, Specifically, following remaining invalid: 47 Subsections (2). 48 portion Subsection '(s)uch reduced writing.' 49 (5). 50 accordingly modified, Costs allowed APPENDIX TO OPINION OF THE COURT 51 (The italicized Court) 52 CHAPTER 26—12. ABORTION. 53 26—1201. Abortion. Except section 26—1202, commits administers medicine, drug substance uses instrument intent produce miscarriage 54 Exception. apply Chapter 84—9 84—12 1933, amended, 55 56 57 58 unless each met: 59 requesting certifies oath penalties false swearing proposes bona fide Georgia. 60 believes information lead believe otherwise. 61 Such concurred certify woman, enumerated above. 62 Hospitals. 63 performed. established maintained promulgated Hospitals, vote proposing counted purpose. 64 raped, statement oath, swearing, date, place name rapist, known. attached certified copy report enforcement agency solicitor occurred allegedly according information, probable cause occur. 65 (7) opinions, statements, certificates, concurrences permanent files reasonable times located. 66 (8) filed Director Department Public 67 paragraphs confidential records public inspection Any section, relative degree consanguinity, superior county taking compliance section. respondents. heard expeditiously adjudges fetus, declare restrain 69 (d) death rise wrongful death. 70 (e) Nothing require hereof appoint contemplated (b)(5). associated authorized, objection refusal form basis damages account disciplinary recriminatory person. 71 26—1203. Punishment. Institute MODEL PENAL CODE 72 230.3. 73 Unjustified purposely unjustifiably terminates felony twenty-sixth week, degree. 74 Justifiable terminating continuance gravely impair mother grave defect, rape, incest, felonious intercourse. illicit intercourse girl below subsection. emergency unavailable. (Additional hospitalization incorporated take sparsely settled accessible.) 75 Physicians' Certificates; Presumption Non-Compliance. circumstances justify certificate submitted intercourse, prosecuting police. Failure comply gives presumption unjustified. 76 Self-Abortion. week birth, instruments, drugs violence (2), induces knowingly aids week. Pretended if, representing act adapted although actor is. unjustified attempt commit offense thereof prohibited Subsection. 78 Distribution Abortifacients. sells, offers sell, advertises, displays sale anything specially designed terminate useful purpose, misdemeanor, unless: 79 sale, display druggist intermediary chain distribution druggists; 80 prescription physician; possession sell (b); 82 advertising addressed named paragraph confined trade channels reach public. 83 Inapplicable Prevention Pregnancy. prescription, administration substances avoiding preventing implantation fertilized ovum method before, immediately fertilization. 84 Chief BURGER, concurring. I Amendment Constitution, using broadest am troubled taken notice scientific reaching conclusion; scope accepted contexts. 86 oral argument, counsel informed permitted exceptional cases, nonconsensual resulting incest. face rigid narrow Texas, dependence discretion. Of broad power, limits indicated regulate abortions, consequences intervention severe, uncertainty avoided possible. For my part, inclined allow certification holds burdensome, complex steps JCAH. 87 read holdings sweeping attributed dissenting Justices; discount reality vast observe carefully deliberated judgments Plainly, rejects Constitution 88 DOUGLAS, While join Court,1 add few words. questions cases vagueness, 484, 1681, 510, guarantees Bill Rights create zones privacy.2 forbidding contraceptives. people unconstitutional: 'We deal Rights—older political parties, Marriage coming together worse, hopefully enduring, intimate sacred.' 486, 1682. 'establish Constitutional encompass stages, obtaining abortion.' 1054. 94 Supreme California expressed view People Belous,3 Cal.2d 954, 963, Cal.Rptr. 354, 359, 458 P.2d 194, 199. 95 Ninth federally enforceable rights. merely says, 'The enumeration deny disparage people.' catalogue includes customary, traditional, time-honored amenities, privileges, immunities come sweep Blessings Liberty' mentioned preamble Constitution. Many view, meaning 'liberty' used 96 First autonomous control development expression one's intellect, interests, tastes, personality. 97 protected absolute, permitting exceptions. Terminiello Chicago, 337 1, 894, 1131; Roth States, 476, 508, 1304, 1321, 1498 (dissent); Kingsley Pictures Corp. Regents, 360 684, 697, 1362, 1369, 1512 (concurring); New York Times Co. Sullivan, 376 293, 710, 733, 686 (Black, J., concurring, joined). Free Exercise facet silent respects beliefs, Watkins 178, 196 199, 1173, 1183—1185, 1273, Fifth. grants first-class mail, Van Leeuwen, 249, 253, 1029, 1032, 282. aspects 'retained people' 98 Second freedom choice basic respecting divorce, procreation, contraception, education upbringing 99 Amendment, power. Fourth speaks 'unreasonable searches seizures' 'probable cause.' 'fundamental,' narrowly precisely drawn 'compelling interest' limitation. Kramer Union School District, 395 621, 1886, 583; 600; Carrington Rash, 380 89, 775, 675; Sherbert Verner, 374 398, 1790, 965; NAACP Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 449, 1163, 1488. 100 marry choosing, Loving 388 1817, 1010; Skinner Oklahoma, 316 535, 1110, 1655; children, Pierce Society Sisters, 268 571, 1070, relation, category.4 Only Term Eisenstadt Baird, 438, 349, contraceptive expanded concept saying: 101 'It inhered relationship. Yet couple mind heart own, association intellectual emotional up. anything, individual, single, unwarranted intrusion fundamentally affecting beget child.' 453. 102 Brandeis let alone.' Olmstead 277 478, 564, 572, 944 (dissenting opinion). privilege plan affairs, for, "outside plainly harmful conduct, every shape thinks best, pleases, pleases." Kent Dulles, 116, 126, 1113, 1118, 1204. 103 Third person, bodily restraint compulsion, walk, stroll, loaf. fundamental, likewise showing interest.' stated Papachristou City Jacksonville, 156, 164, 839, 844, 110, walking, strolling, wandering 'are amenities known (them).' Jacobson Massachusetts, 197 29, 358, 362, 643: 105 'There sphere supremacy rightfully dispute government, especially government existing constitution, interfere will.' 106 Pacific R. Botsford, 141 250, 252, 1000, 1001, 734, said, inviolability compulsory stripping exposure blow.' 107 Terry Ohio, 392 8—9, 1868, 1873, 889, speaking stated, 'This inestimable security belongs citizen streets cities homeowner closeted dispose secret affairs.' 108 Katz 389 347, 350, 576, emphasizes 'protects kinds intrusion.' Meyer Nebraska, 262 390, 399, 625, 626, 1042, said: 110 'Without doubt, (liberty) denotes contract, engage common occupations acquire knowledge, marry, establish up worship God conscience, enjoy privileges essential orderly pursuit happiness men.' 111 war message cases—that Elaborate hardly childbirth deprive preferred lifestyle force radically undesired future. example, applicants endure discomforts pregnancy; incur pain, mortality rate, aftereffects childbirth; abandon educational plans; sustain loss income; forgo satisfactions careers; tax further providing care; lifelong stigma unwed motherhood, haunt, deter, legitimate family relationships. 112 reasoning beginning problem. interests protect. Vaccinations prevent epidemics Jacobson, holds. sterilization imbeciles afflicted hereditary forms insanity imbecility another. Buck Bell, 274 200, 584, 1000. affects endangers lives regardless impinge rightful society. concern; quickening. concerns treating 113 One difficulty 'psychological well-being' women patients saved void But, apart enactment infirmity because, 'limits number sought.' sheltered privacy.' 114 vicissitudes unwanted, Vuitch sense term, imperil mother, setting suffering, dislocations, misery, tragedy civilized take. hardships embraced factor appraised insight. Or 'appropriate' strict sense. 115 rooted qualified stated. liberties corrective 'narrowly supposed evil,' Cantwell 310 296, 307, 900, 905, 1213, dealt 'unlimited indiscriminate' manner. Shelton Tucker, 364 490, 247, 231. Talley California, 362 60, 536, 559. Unless regulatory measures specific compelling concern, power leveler liberties. 116 doubt personnel. clearly supports laws. Their impact minimal. outlaws virtually operations—even earliest stages pregnancy. modern evidence suggesting healthwise itself,5 urged comprehensive ban aimed Rather, expansive proscription along temporal spectrum goal life. 117 balance between favor latter. prepared equate, done, phases maturation preceding birth. preclude spouses attempting avoid joinder sperm egg. difficult perceive overriding might attach moment conception. Clark said:6 118 'To conception potential, actual. unfertilized egg fertilized, takes proportions. deals reality, obscurity—the unknown. When meets eventually form, quite not. speculation. phenomenon develop, actually present, destroyed. Its interruption formation homicide, seen, society such. rites Baptism certificates occurs. prosecutor returned murder indictment charging fetus.7 119 constituted life.' 120 overbroad. closely correlated aim prenatal fact, permits destruction acts unmarried females consent. At time, measure broadly aborting severe disorders. Additionally, equates value 121 Act, Two concur judgment.8 Moreover, hospital;9 hospital.10 122 Physicians, speak amicus brief, complain Act's interference profession. 123 conspicuous physician-patient relationship, priest-penitent 124 thing consult about case. compulsorily impose layer privacy—the Amendment—becomes theory, multiple-physician-approval mandated 125 licenses derelict faithless, punish sanctions imposed. re Ruffalo, 390 544, 1222, 117. Crucial here, state-imposed interrupted. good-faith chosen overriden passed selection part. intimacy relation entails. 126 reliance values. liberties, contained controlled discretely preserves regulates concern. imposition group controls be. oversight 'liberty,' viz., compelling, discernible interest. 127 warrant performance. 128 acquired rational, score.11 developmental stage irrelevant try resolve. experts, Clark,12 caught religion morality. short, endangering injuring stake. 130 superstructure supervision erected inherent 131 WHITE, REHNQUIST joins, dissenting. 132 recurring pose whatsoever are, nevertheless, variety reasons—convenience, planning, economics, dislike embarrassment illegitimacy, etc., reason all, asserting able find advisor willing undertake 133 sustains position: During period becomes viable, values convenience, whim, caprice fetus; prompted 134 dissent. language history judgments. fashions announces scarcely action, invests sufficient override upshot legislatures disentitled weigh importance possible impacts raw today; improvident extravagant extends 135 convenience carries. Whether marshaling values, imposing priorities sensitive involving men easily heatedly differ, interposing barrier efforts investing exterminate issue, processes devised affairs. 136 infirm serve Nor plaintiff, assertedly implicates This, reversal 137 Likewise, forbid who, plaintiff fall code, occasion, none, consider posing hazards reverse REHNQUIST, 139 interest, compels Since, dissent compelling-state-interest standard inappropriate laws, respectfully majority's holding. n. 5; Tr. Oral Arg. 9. 140 37, 720 37. pertinent 1876 were: 'Section I. Be enacted, passage wilful killing developed ordinarily 'quick,' injury guilty felony, punishable jury trying recommend. 'Sec. II. drug, whatever, employ means, thereby destroy shall, produced, assault murder. III. wilfully substance, procure conviction, 4310 Revised Georgia.' noted contrast reference construed, line demarcation. Taylor 846, S.E. 190 (1899). model, assured reargument 'rape' intended Rearg. 32. complaint, App. 7, allege pseudonym. answers interrogatories, Baptist May 5, charity money pay 64. implications defendants' 21—22. 25. reargument, Aearg. Since founding, pursued 'elusive goal' defining 'optimal setting' 'quality service hospitals.' JCAH, Manual Foreword (Ded. 1970). Manual's Introduction organization's programs optimal benefits science offer.' ambitious admirable illustrated JCAH's 1966 '(t)o raise strengthen level minimum optimum achievable ..' 'optimum achievable' are: disclosure ownership control; dietetic policies; disaster emergencies; nuclear program; hematology, chemistry, microbiology, microsocopy, scro-immunology; library document delivery service; radiology administered worker; special unit. advocates opposes elective abortions.' Letter dated 9, 1971, John Brewer, M.D., Commissioner, Rockefeller Foundation. curiae, College Obstetricians Gynecolgists A—3. 146—147, 40, 723—724, 40. Alaska Stat. 11.15.060 (1970); Hawaii Rev.Stat. 453—16 (Supp.1971); N.Y. 125.05, subd. (McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. Supp.1972—1973). Washington couples facility approved. board health.' Wash.Rev.Code 9.02.070 (Supp.1972). Florida's similar provision. Apr. 72—196, 1(2). contain specification. Ark.Stat.Ann. 41—303 41—310 Calif.Health & Safety 25950—25955.5 (Supp.1972); Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. 40—2—50 40—2—53 (Cum.Supp.1967); Kan.Stat.Ann. 21—3407 Md.Ann.Code, 43, 137—139 Del.Code Ann., Tit. 24, 1790 1793 (Supp.1972) specifying nationally authority,' 1790(a). L. Baker M. Freeman, Surveillance Center Disease Control (June 1971) (U.S.Dept. HEW, Service). disagree dismissal Dr. Hallford's disagreement Younger Harris, 401 746, 669, revealed persists progeny mention amendments fountainhead Boyd 616, 524, taxpayer concede Government's allegations offended Bradley, found intruded 'sanctity man's privacies 630, 532. Prior Boyd, Kilbourn 168, 190, 377, Miller House Congress 'possesses inquiry affairs citizen.' Kilbourn, Field stand bulwark invasion unlimited investigation congressional committee.' Railway way Comm'n, C.C., 241, 253 (cited Sinclair 279 263, 268, 271, 692). Harlan, ICC Brimson, 154 447, 1125, 1134, 1047, administrative inquiries, saying permit 'general vein Harriman ICC, 211 407, 115, 253; Louisville Nashville Co., 236 318, 335, 363, 368, 598; FTC Tobacco 264 298, 336, 696. Belous help mother's) Cal.2d, Cal.Rptr., P.2d, 197. My Brother STEWART, says reintroduced Ferguson Skrupa, 372 726, 1028, 93. Skrupa governing business enterprise; Holmes earlier occasions, idea Due Process vessel filled choices laissez faire school, socialistic technocrats. touching conviction contraception. covers item. terms association. periphery 462, 1171, Other peripheral educate chooses, German language, 1042. decisions, think Rights. play believed went further. Murphy Rutledge. Adamson 332 46, 123, 124, 1672, 1711, 1683, 1903 Perhaps right; bridge joined crossed. studies months rate operations 100,000 operations. Mortality, Morbidity Mortality 208, 209 (U.S. Dept. maternal childbirths births. Tietze, Contraception Induced Abortion, Studies Family Planning (1969). Tietze Lehfeldt, Legal Eastern Europe, 175 J.A.M.A. 1149, 1152 (Apr. 1961); Kolblova, Czechoslovakia, 371 1966); Mehland, Combating Illegal Socialist Countries World Med.J. (1966). Religion, Morality, Abortion: Appraisal, Loyola U. (L.A.) L.Rev. 9—10 Keeler Superior Amador Cal.3d 619, 470 617, cover 'viable,' extend unborn. 'born alive charge homicide sustained.' 639, 494, 630. Ga.Code Ann. 26—1202(b)(3). 26—1202(b)(4). Rochat, Tyler Schoenbucher, Epidemiological Analysis Am.J. 543 Supra, 6, 10.

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