Document: 444 U.S. 85 100 S.Ct. 338 62 L.Ed.2d 238 Ventura E. YBARRA, Appellant,v.State of ILLINOIS. No. 78-5937. Argued Oct. 9, 1979. Decided Nov. 28, Rehearing Denied Jan. 21, 1980. See 1049, 741. Syllabus On the strength a complaint for search warrant based on an informant's statements that he had observed tinfoil packets person bartender and behind bar at certain tavern been advised by latter would have heroin sale date, judge Illinois state court issued authorizing "evidence offense possession controlled substance." Upon entering to execute warrant, police officers announced their purpose those present they were going conduct "cursory weapons." The officer who searched customers felt what described as "a cigarette pack with objects in it" his first patdown appellant, one customers. did not then remove this from appellant's pocket but, after patting down other customers, returned frisked him again, retrieved pants pocket, found inside it six containing heroin. After appellant was indicted unlawful substance, filed pretrial motion suppress contraband seized tavern. trial denied motion, finding conducted under authority statute which empowers law enforcement executing detain any premises order protect themselves attack or prevent disposal concealment anything warrant. Appellant convicted, Appellate Court affirmed, holding unconstitutional its application facts case. Held : searches seizure contravened Fourth Fourteenth Amendments. Pp. 96-96. (a) When authorities no probable cause believe tavern, aside bartender, be violating law. allege frequented persons illegally purchasing drugs informant ever seen patron purchase person. And still absent when executed warrant; upon recognize reason committed, committing, about commit offense. possess where happened executed, but person's mere propinquity others independently suspected criminal activity does not, without more, give rise Sibron v. New York, 392 40, 62-63, 88 1889, 1902, 20 917. Although gave them invade constitutional protections possessed individually tavern's 90-92. (b) Nor action constitutionally permissible theory constituted reasonable frisk weapons doctrine Terry Ohio, 1, 1868, 889 yielded carrying narcotics, thus justifying second required light exigencies situation coupled ease could disposed illegal substance. A belief is armed presently dangerous must form predicate weapons. Here, State unable articulate specific fact justified scene even suspecting dangerous. 92-93. (c) Amendments will construed permit evidence who, commencement search, are "compact" subject "reasonable belief" such "are connected with" drug trafficking "may concealing away contraband." Cf. United States Di Re, 332 581, 68 222, 92 L.Ed. 210. 94-96. 58 Ill.App.3d 57, 15 Ill.Dec. 541, 373 N.E.2d 1013, reversed remanded. Alan D. Goldberg, Elgin, Ill., pro hac vice, special leave Court; Ralph Ruebner Mary Robinson, Deputy Defenders, briefs. Melbourne A. Noel, Jr., Oak Park, appellee. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered opinion Court. 1 An authorizes being pursuant warrant.1 question before us whether case violated 2 * March 1976, agent Bureau Investigation presented "Complaint Search Warrant" Circuit recited spoken known reliable and: 3 "3. related . over weekend 28 29 February [Aurora Tap Tavern, located city Aurora, Ill.] fifteen twenty-five tin-foil 'Greg' bar. He also has least ten occasions drawer used past knows common method packaging 4 "4. conversation Monday, 1976. This took place described." 5 complaint, "the following place: [T]he Aurora Tavern. Also 'Greg', male white blondish hair appx. 25 years." authorized substance," wit, "[h]eroin, contraband, substances, money, instrumentalities paraphernalia manufacture, processing distribution substances." 6 In late afternoon day, seven eight proceeded it, all One each 9 13 while remaining engaged extensive premises. 7 patrons Ybarra, front standing pinball machine. it." Ybarra's pocket. Instead, moved completing process Ybarra once again. approximately 10 minutes first. relocated Inside brown powdery substance later turned out 8 subsequently grand jury At hearing sought justify reference question. suppress, subsection statute, "prevent [the] things particularly warrant." sitting jury, guilty appeal, held "in facts" 64, 545, 1017. acknowledged that, directed "large retail commercial establishment" searched, read "authorize 'blanket search' found" therein. Id., 62, Ill.Dec., 544, 1016. interpreted only if there "some showing connection premises, reasonably attack, destroy conceal items 61, N.E.2d, Accordingly, because "conducted one-room [was] obvious sold dispensed," id., 1016, easily [have been] concealed defendant thwart warrant," "innocent strange[r] having premises," ibid, court, therefore, affirmed conviction, Supreme petition appeal. There followed appeal Court, we noted jurisdiction. 440 970, 99 1532, 59 787. II suppose "Greg," law.2 drugs. It "Greg" Nowhere, fact, mention 11 Not time issued, federal made gestures indicative conduct, movements might suggest attempt said nothing suspicious nature officers. short, agents knew particular except present, along several public sale. 12 true executed.3 But, Where standard cause, supported particularized respect requirement cannot undercut avoided simply pointing coincidentally exists seize another may happen be. "legitimate expectations privacy" persons, places. Rakas Illinois, 439 128, 138-143, 148-149, 421, 427-430, 433, 387; Katz States, 389 347, 351-352, 507, 511, 19 576. Each walked into Tavern clothed protection against unreasonable seizure. That individualized separate distinct Amendment proprietor "Greg." whatever customers.4 14 Notwithstanding absence argues searching seizing nonetheless permissible. We asked find 889. If made, possible conclude, argues, justified. argument take step argument. initial dangerous, invariably weapons.5 Adams Williams, 407 143, 146, 1921, 1923, 32 612; supra, U.S., 21-24, 27, S.Ct., 1879-1881, 1883. entered lighting sufficient observe seeing neither recognized history nor inclined assault them. Moreover, Police Agent Johnson testified, whose hands empty, indication possessing weapon, actions intent assault, acted generally manner threatening. suppression hearing, most point wearing 3/4-length lumber jacket, clothing admits expected almost early March. 16 created exception "narrow scope" "has careful maintain."6 Under officer, own safety, believes suspects accosted. See, e. g., supra (at night, high-crime district, lone approached believed gun narcotics). Nothing can understood allow generalized weapons" indeed, less than suspicion frisked, though happens narcotics taking place. 17 What largely disposes State's alternative Emphasizing important governmental interest effectively controlling traffic hard drugs" around person, contends suspicion" should applicable aid evidence-gathering function More precisely, construe 18 Over 30 years ago, rejected similar 583-587, 223-225, case, investigator told transaction counterfeit gasoline ration coupons occur went location appointed saw car parties transaction. man driver's seat, (Di Re) passenger's back. seat given coupons. Thereupon, three men arrested searched. Among arguments unsuccessfully advanced Government support constitutionality Re contention lawfully car, since contained correspondingly occupant sort "which person."7 deciding "not convinced presence loses immunities otherwise entitled."8 course, completely control hand. proceeding here conceded house warrant.9 makes concession Yet governing principle both cases basically same, follow today. "long-prevailing" embodies " 'the best compromise accommodating often opposing interests' 'safeguard[ing] citizens rash interferences privacy' 'seek[ing] fair leeway enforcing community's protection.' "10 For these reasons, conclude Amendments.11 judgment reversed, remanded Second District, further proceedings inconsistent opinion. 21 so ordered. 22 Chief BURGER, whom BLACKMUN REHNQUIST join, dissenting. 23 I join REHNQUIST's dissent subscribe Court's unjustifiable narrowing rule (1968). require condition search. goes beyond rationale overlooks practicalities doubt confronts valid manifestation practical poverty judge-made exclusionary rule. "The truth grievous necessity best, more especially inquiry concerns interest; opposed private supreme." McMann SEC, 87 F.2d 377, 378 (CA2 1937) (L. Hand, J.). operates hindrance already difficult effort takes terrible toll human beings. 24 These validly obtained named rather small, narcotics. arrival, room occupied persons. Were ignore individuals assume unarmed uninvolved? Given setting reputation trade go too far pay easy assumption lives. foolhardy. precisely Warren's stands for. Indeed, balance struck between privacy safety performing duty. hold conducting They harmed kind establishment shown here, something quite different ballroom Waldorf. need absolutely individual armed; issue prudent circumstances warranted danger." do actually until "cigarette noticed "second search," return retrieve discovered. delay dispositive context, on-the-spot package immediately. make sure none returning appellant. Thus treat fruits just taken immediately noticing plainly 26 analysis, reach validity sustained Parenthetically, failure pass puzzling Terry. 27 REHNQUIST, THE CHIEF JUSTICE Ill. information confidential occasions. affiant 1. empowered bartender. arrived Tap, drab, dimly lit dozen everyone stand Jerome Johnson, testify below, explained patrons, including Ybarra. During patdown, finished frisking time, reached removed previously. package, inspection, confirmed officer's previously aroused cigarettes Confronted facts, concludes Because analysis faulty, dissent. 31 posed proper scope policeman's power very few opportunities consider searches. Marron 275 192, 48 74, 72 231 (1927), thing describing thing. Steele 267 498, 45 414, 69 757 (1925) (warrant building garage connecting rooms). Three cases, Berger 388 41, 1813, 1040 (1967); Kahn, 415 94 977, 39 225 (1974); Donovan, 429 413, 97 658, 50 652 (1977), examined context electronic surveillance. number involving warrantless offered dicta Bivens Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 388, 394, n. 7, 91 1999, 2004, 619 (1971) (Fourth confines "strictly within bounds set warrant"). Closest our purposes, concededly dispositive, 587, 225, 210 (1948), automobile. suggested police, "armed residence only," "all residence. Faced dearth authority, sense begin language itself: 33 right people secure houses, papers, effects, seizures, shall violated, Warrants issue, Oath affirmation, seized". 34 As noted, consists two independent clauses joined conjunction "and." Go-Bart Co. 282 344, 356-357, 51 153, 157-158, 75 374 (1931). clause forbids "unreasonable seizures" "persons, effects. describes arrest requiring specification well seized. 35 Much modern debate meaning focused relationship reasonableness requirement. particular, central entitled "reasonable" securing summarized: 36 "Some argued determination magistrate precondition essential whenever failed so. Others equal force test reasonableness, applied introduce evidence, affords ample safeguard rights question, '[t]he relevant procure reasonable.' Coolidge Hampshire, 443, 474, 2022, 2042, 564 (1971), quoting Rabinowitz, 339 56, 66, 70 430, 435, 653 (1950). 37 current accommodation 357, 514, 576 (1967): "[S]earches outside judicial process, prior approval magistrate, per se specifically established well-delineated exceptions." Schneckloth Bustamonte, 412 218, 219, 93 2041, 2043, 854 (1973). 38 however, look answer wholly question: regard, Amendment, itself, offers guidance. merely standards met "issue." restrictions derive, prohibits "unreasonable" searches, not. 158. Reading together, infer some seizures unreasonable: extending specified, cf. specified. (1927). No presumption available specify "persons" searched.1 surveillance, requires describe seized," seized.' 155, 15, 984, Fiorella, 468 688, 691 1972).2 Nor, matter, advance is, definition, anticipatory authorization. offer confine enough flexibility react enter absolute frustrate placing interpretation result, sanction precise it. 40 Recognizing must, circumstances, include premises,3 courts legislatures struggled define contours power. Some courts, example, "connection" Purkey Maby, Idaho 281, 193 P. 79 (1920); Massie, 95 W.Va. 233, 120 S.E. 514 (1923). explain, how manifest itself police. relied Uniform Arrest Act, allows up hours. Wise, 284 A.2d 292 (Del.Super.1971). Proponents approach fail detention questioning produce hidden contraband. Amendment's "seized," arguable substitutes greater intrusion lesser. Several included, passed identifying purposes specifying conducted. Illinois' provision, permits 41 "(a) To himself 42 "(b) instruments, articles Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 38, § 108-9 (1975). 43 generality attempts limits mean, exist. forfeit during execution limits, ask whether, reasonable. Significantly, concept prevailing earlier, tension giving full inferred resolved allowing "jealously carefully drawn" exceptions Jones 357 493, 499, 78 1253, 1514 (1958); 514. drawing closely obvious. Loosely drawn, swallow itself. 44 fully satisfied. judging measure jealously drawn Only before, my knowledge, relieved concern extent notion reasonableness. (1968), considered applicability on-the-street encounter policeman suspicions. upholding ensuing "stop frisk," inapposite "on-the-spot" interactions "historically [have] been, matter be, subjected procedure." 20, 1879. judged solely general proscription seizures." Ibid. petitioner "rigid all-or-nothing model justification regulation [Fourth] Amendment," all. Such model, overlooked utility limitations scope, initiation, means regulation." 17, 1878. opted flexible balancing justification: 46 "In assess [the challenged search] proposition, necessary 'first focus allegedly justifies official protected interests citizen,' 'no ready determining [or seize] invasion seizure] entails.' 20-21, 1879, Camara Municipal 387 523, 534-535, 536-537, 1727, 1733-1734, 1734-1735, 930 (1967). 47 eschew favor Presumably, entitle completely. But reintroduces rigidity condemned inTerry, renders existence irrelevant. possesses drugs, body incident arrest. Chimel California, 395 752, 763, 89 2034, 2040, 685 (1969). precedes vice versa. Gorman, 355 151, 159 1965), cert. denied, 384 1024, 86 1962, 1027 (1966); Holt Simpson, 340 853, 856 (CA7 1965). error analyze obligation act narrow requirement, yet do. Whereas inapposite, either Amendment. Thus, extends justification. 49 Viewed sequentially, satisfy scope/justification confronting people, bar, aware involved trafficking. assumption, full-scale Nevertheless, conscious possibility preparation intrusion. business, "firearms much 'tools trade' commonly paraphernalia." Oates, 560 45, 1977). potential danger innocent minimized. By immediate eliminated "froze" area "individualized" While factor stop, singling population, reasons why significance situation, thrust confrontation small potentially group people. First, "individualized guard arbitrary exercise neutral detached necessary. Fisher 425 391, 400, 96 1569, 1576, (1976), Framers "struck incriminating becomes sufficiently great, issue." decision intrude, addition, task performed inherently perilous momentary street. suspect close proximity longer period investigative responsibilities direct attention person." W. LaFave, Seizure 4.9, pp. 150-151 (1978). same stop defeat gauging terms surrounding encounter. 52 suggests additional admitted case,"[t]he tool control." 13, 1875. Premised hypothesis avoid threatened exclusion "it powerless deter invasions guaranteed prosecuting willing forgo successful prosecution serving goal." 14, 1876. Where, preliminary well-honed self-preservation, little [exclusionary] ineffective deterrent." 53 Measured substantial one's privacy. 1877. justified, threat lives bystanders. rubric "man caution" appropriate vicinity 21-22, 1879-1880. legitimate. 54 Officer suspicious: record below entirely clear shape texture objects, subjective like directly "for App. 49. point, suspicion. 55 necessarily objective subjective, see Johnson's suspicions help fill cryptic description "objects" clearly feel cigarettes.4 decide rule, carry pockets examine material dealing item Whether level certainty labeled "probable cause," suspicion," indeterminate, intermediate cognition, limited pursuit extracting linked tailored conform 56 conclusion. correctly "[i]t 350 floor Marshall Field, we're talking about, description, tavern." 43. "reasonableness" circumstances. agreed. earlier People Pugh, Ill.App.2d 312, 217 557 (1966), concluded brother owner According "[t]he Constitution .; Raymond Pugh classified." 316, 559. expressly reasoning violation findings overturned lightly. 57 acting exceed locating retrieving secreted mercy overly zealous "engaged competitive enterprise ferreting crime." 333 10, 13-14, 367, 369, 436 (1948). contrary, determined, contemplated duties fashion. more. (1975), provides full: time: authorize ." Had issuing intended every hardly alone. employee concedes insofar purported directs "no seized." "open-ended" "general" warrants prohibited. Lo-Ji Sales, Inc. 442 319, 2319, 60 920; Barlow's, Inc., 307, 311, 98 1816, 1819, 305; Chadwick, 433 7-8, 2476, 2481-2482, 538; Stanford Texas, 379 476, 480-482, 506, 509-510, 431. follows normally provided basis departing Consequently, situations unnamed Since Amendments, Dunaway 200, 210, 2248, 2255, 824. 586, 224. 225. says contend only, readily car. Necessity, seem strong guests issued. parity disclaims occupants house, execution. How say confers latitude permit?" 208, 2254, Brinegar 160, 176, 1302, 1311, remotely cause. addition 889, see, Delaware Prouse, 648, 1391, 660; Martinez-Fuerte, 428 543, 3074, 1116; South Dakota Opperman, 364, 3092, 1000; Brignoni-Ponce, 422 873, 2574, 607; Biswell, 406 1593, 87; 930. Our last Term Michigan De Fillippo, 443 31, 2627, 61 343, direction. committed committing substantive offense, creating declared unconstitutional. elements purports instead warrants. law, falls category statutes purporting hesitated invalid Torres Puerto Rico, 465, 2425, 1; Almeida-Sanchez 413 266, 2535, 596; 917; 1873, 1040. Technically, temporarily "seize" him. incidental never infra, 104-105. prohibit specification. Greg, critic employed admitted, realistic appraisal facing compels conclusion essential." Seizure: Course True Law Has Run Smooth," 1966 Forum 255, 272. exactly were: ("I heroin"). believed—"). defense counsel interposed objections characterization sustained.

Category: 0