Document: 426 U.S. 67 96 S.Ct. 1883 48 L.Ed.2d 478 F. David MATHEWS, Secretary of the Department Health, Education, and Welfare, Appellant,v.Santiago DIAZ et al. No. 73-1046. Argued Jan. 13, 1975. Reargued 12, 1976. Decided June 1, Syllabus Title 42 U.S.C. § 1395O (2) qualifies for enrollment in Medicare supplemental medical insurance program residents United States who are 65 or older, but subsection (B) denies eligibility to aliens unless they have been admitted permanent residence also resided at least five years. Appellee Diaz filed a class action suit District Court attacking constitutionality (2)(B), thereafter granted leave add appellees Clara Espinosa as plaintiffs file an amended complaint, which alleged that had disqualified same reasons (lack citizenship, nonadmission residence, inability meet five-year requirement), explained Espinosa, though lawfully not attempted enroll because he could durational requirement. Appellant motion dismiss on ground exhausted their administrative remedies. Two days later, applied so advised court. Though none completely available avenues review, appellant acknowledged applications raised no disputed factual issues interlocutory denials should be treated final purposes this litigation, conceded Espinosa's application allowed under statute. The overruled appellant's held requirement violated due process that, since it severed from admission alien provisions (2)(B) were entirely unenforceable. Held : 1. jurisdiction over claim, (unlike other appellees' claims) squarely raises question Pp. 74-77. (a) Epsinosa's filing application, made until become party, met nonwaivable jurisdictional condition imposed by 405(g) claim benefits Social Security Act shall presented pleadings may properly supplemented stipulation application. P. 75. (b) Appellant's would denied failure was tantamount denial constituted waiver exhaustion requirements, thus satisfied statutory hearing decision. Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 749, 95 2457, 45 522. Cf. Wiesenfeld, 420 636, 640 n. 6, 641 8, 1225, 1229, 1230-1231, 43 514, 520, 520-521. 75-77. 2. classification does deprive liberty property violation Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment. 77-87. Congress, has broad power immigration naturalization regularly makes rules regarding unacceptable if citizens, constitutional duty provide All with welfare provided citizens; real here is whether discrimination between citizens permissible, clearly is, Within permissible. 77-80. political branches government considerable flexibility responding changing world conditions, judicial review decisions Congress President area narrow. party challenging particular line drawn burden advancing principled reasoning will once invalidate yet tolerate different separating some others. 81-82. (c) This case essentially involves only more reasonable select somewhat requirements kind. chosen render eligible those reasonably assumed greater affinity especially reluctant such policy choice degree. 82-84. D.C., 361 F.Supp. reversed. Harriet S. Shapiro, Washington, D. C., appellant. Bruce Rogow, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., appellees. Mr. Justice STEVENS delivered opinion Court. 1 Secretary's appeal alien's participation federal continuous period residence. first unconstitutional second. Since we conclude both conditions constitutional, reverse. 2 Each resident less than years ago. Appellees Cuban refugees remain country discretion Attorney General; appellee three old Part B established 1831 seq. 1935, 49 Stat. 620, added, 79 301, amended, 1395j (1970 ed. Supp. IV).1 They brought challenge basis denial. Specifically, attack 1395o ed., IV), grants older comparable years.2 neither requirement; meets first. 3 On August 18, 1972, complaint Southern Florida alleging his citizen nor immediately preceding He further numerous persons reasons. sought relief behalf IV). prayed declaration injunction requiring approve all applicants solely comply its three-judge court constituted. 4 September 28, complaint. That pleading Diaz, although 1971, requirement, therefore any attempt futile. subclass represented well Clara.3 5 October 24, moved ground, among others, lacked subject matter remedies Act. 26, Secretary. promptly fact attention Court, without formally supplementing pleadings. 6 None review. Nevertheless, e purpose litigation. 405(g). 763-767, 2465-2467, 522, 537-539; 1230, did make equally unambiguous concession respect colloquy statute.4 decided merits cross-motions summary judgment. 7 Amendment5 alien-eligibility Weinberger, (1973). reasoned "even fourteenth amendment notions equal protection congruent fifth concepts process," Id., 9, danger unjustifiable against enactment programs great, view complete lack representation process, statute tested pledge state So tested, concluded invalid rationally based free invidious discrimination. It rejected desire preserve fiscal integrity program, treat deserving adequate justification Accordingly, enjoined refusing members 8 appealed directly Court.6 We noted probable jurisdiction. 416 980, 94 2381, 40 757. After argument last Term, set reargument. 959, 1346, 436. now consider (1) claim; discriminate favor providing benefits; (3) so, specific discriminatory constitutional. 9 * years' necessarily claims Clara. For valid, even ineffective.7 must decide claim. 10 little difficulty after joined action. Although establishes jurisdiction, Mathews Eldridge, 424 319, 328, 893, 899, 47 1829 (1976); U.S., 764, S.Ct., 2466, L.Ed.2d, 538, while pending A eliminated issue;8 record discloses, affidavit stipulation, satisfied, too late, now, supplement allege fact.9 Under these circumstances, 11 problem absence formal denying Section requires decision prerequisite supra, 328-330, 899-900, 29-30; 763-765, 2465, 2467, 537-539. However, Salfi waive provision contemplates done case. 765-767, 2467-2468, 538-540; accord, 29-30 (dictum); reach similar conclusion here. 12 local regional offices one law, beyond competence decide. These allegations satisfy regulations, failed sufficiency ground. interpreted determination futile deferred judgment issue 13 applies present exhaust remedies, stipulated facts dispute, ripe disposition judgment, before statute.10 As competence. Indeed, twice stated requirement.11 purposes, Distct requirements. 14 conclude, submission hold Clara, decided. II 15 There literally millions within States. Amendment, Fourteenth protects every deprivation life, liberty, law. Wong Yang Sung McGrath, 339 33, 48-51, 70 445, 453-455, L.Ed. 616, 627-629; Wing States, 163 228, 238, 16 977, 981, 41 140, 143; see Russian Fleet 282 481, 489, 51 229, 231, 75 473, 476. Even whose presence unlawful, involuntary, transitory entitled protection. Sung, supra ; Wing, supra. persons, alike, protected lead enjoy advantages citizenship or, indeed, placed single homogeneous legal classification. host rest premise legitimate distinction justify attributes accorded other;12 itself heterogeneous multitude wide-ranging variety ties country.13 17 In exercise immigration, citizens. exclusion aliens14 reservation deport15 permissible counterpart Federal Government's regulate conduct own citizenry.16 treats differently imply disparate treatment "invidious." 18 particular, require like aliens. Neither overnight visitor, unfriendly agent hostile foreign power, diplomat, illegal entrant, can advance colorable share bounty conscientious sovereign Some guests. our guests take into account character relationship country: tie grows stronger, strength munificence. 19 permissible; rather, allowing others turn question. III 20 long recognized responsibility regulating visitors committed Government.17 matters implicate relations powers, wide classifications defined light economic frequently appropriate either Legislature Executive Judiciary. very illustrates need choices rather rigidity often characteristic adjudication. two 440,000 arrived 1961 1972.18 And parolees several categories order humane response natural catastrophe international situation.19 Any rule law inhibit respond adopted greatest caution.20 preclude questions21 dictate narrow standard naturalization. 21 obvious challenged first, resident, and, second, duration But eliminated, surely entry lawful; then, mere transients constitutionally benefits, certainly appropriate. short, unquestionably depend wholly irrational, nothing 22 assume longer necessary protect program.22 unnecessary hardship incurred just short qualifying. remains true essential, produce harsh apparently arbitrary consequences, importance, qualify test presumed do not. most qualify. Those 23 task classifying drawing lines tax inevitably almost strong favored sides line; differences ineligible degree respective claims. When kind made, congressional judgment.23 case, identified prescribing selected have, effect, merely invited us substitute deciding participate supplementary decline invitation. IV 24 cases rely consistent them 25 Graham Richardson, 403 365, 91 1848, 29 534, provides strongest support position. holds statutes deny aliens, meeting violate Equal Protection Amendment encroach upon exclusive entrance Of course, latter actually supports holding today business Government, Judiciary, analysis significantly considerations concerns Government. 26 Insofar concerned,24 there little, any, treating another State country. Both groups noncitizens far State's interests administering concerned. Thus, division category subcategories apparent justification, whereas, Government routine normally part business. Furthermore, whereas Constitution inhibits restrict travel across borders, explicitly empowered type control borders States.25 27 limits grant explains why reliance Memorial Hospital Maricopa County, 415 250, 1076, 39 306, misplaced. involved Arizona's county receive nonemergency care county's expense. No alienage involved. sole impinged guaranteed right Shapiro Thompson, 394 618, 89 1322, 600, required justified compelling interest.26 Finding Clause. however, impairment indeed whatever States; predicate simply present. Contrary characterization, "political hypocrisy" recognize Amendment's powers substantially applicable 28 Finally, reject suggestion U. Dept. Agriculture Moreno, 413 528, 93 2821, 37 782, lends relevant involving Rather, found food stamps households containing unrelated unsupported rational intended certain politically unpopular groups. freedom association deprived 30 Reversed. aged covers cost physicians' services, home health care, outpatient physical therapy, care. 1395k supplements hospital plan, 1811 291, 1395c financed parts monthly premiums paid individuals choose enroll. 1395r(b) IV) provides: "Every individual A, attained age (A) continuously during month part, part." raise (1). certified subclass, defined, respectively, follows: "All immigrants residing Medicare, (1970), apply (42 ). residency IV))." (1973) (footnote omitted). certifications erroneous. possess plaintiff "will denied" enrollment. enrollment, quoted phrase used certification, See 6-7, 7. allege, show, taken follows claims, broadly defined. narrower certified. infra, 76-77, 11. "(N)or person . property, .." U.S.Const., Amdt. 5. asserted direct §§ 1252, 1253. civil officer lies 763 537. contend lawful construed they, paroled General. General, 1182(d)(5), hence cannot "lawfully residence," requires. Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 15(d); Ins. Co. New Haven ex rel. Haydis, 338 F.2d 444, 447-449 (CA9 1964). "Defective terms, trial appellate courts." 1653. defect cured pleading, instead avoiding needless sacrifice defective Schlesinger Councilman, 738, 744 1300, 1306, 591, 600; Willingham Morgan, 395 402, 407-408, 3, 1813, 1816-1817, 396, 401-402. Despite aware application; filed, prejudice him. Record Appeal 224-227. Memorandum Law Support Defendant's Motion Summary Judgment Opposition Plaintiff's Judgment, 259-260. Jurisdictional Statement 3; Brief Supplemental Brief, argues issued resolved unspecified belated confirmation confer Nunc pro tunc. 4, Court's founded subsequent denied, secretary's remained, when stipulated, withdraw reason appears permitted so. privileges immunities 14, 1; Art. IV, 2, cl. vote Amdts. 15, 19, 26. Representatives seven years, I, Senators nine, "natural born Citizen." II, distinguish whole Code, nationality, legitimacy distinguishing include prohibitions restrictions employment e. g., 5571; 1044(e), private 2279; 72, investments businesses E. 619; 17; excluding 931 Supp.IV); 46 1171(a), protections extended 1526; 633a IV); imposing added burdens 6851(d); 1391(d). Several favorably 1586(e); 50 App. 453 Other statutes, 8253; 613(2) Still equate declared intention 161; 22. Yet reciprocal 7435(a); 2502. Immigration Nationality Act, 66 163, 1101 illustrate diversity Aliens nonimmigrants. 1101(a)(15). Immigrants, turn, divided numerical limitations admissions former subdivided preference include: grown unmarried children spouses residence; professionals exceptional ability sciences arts; married brothers sisters perform specified skilled unskilled labor shortage exists; victims persecution catastrophic calamities conditional remained 1153(a)(1)-(7). Immigrants parents old; natives independent countries Western Hemisphere; returning temporary visits abroad; reapply acquisition citizenship; ministers religion; employees abroad. 1101(a)(27), 1151(a), (b). Nonimmigrants officials governments organizations; visiting temporarily pleasure; transit through country; crewmen serving vessel aircraft; entering pursuant treaty commerce navigation carry trade enterprise invested; study coming services serve trainees; representatives press information media; field specialization; engaged continue employers. addition are, entered illegally. Kleindienst Mandel, 408 753, 765-770, 92 2576, 2582-2585, 33 683, 693-696. Galvan Press, 347 530-532, 74 737, 742-743, 98 911, 921-922; Harisiades Shaughnessy, 342 580, 584-591, 72 512, 516-519, 586, 595-599. Zemel Rusk, 381 13-16, 85 1271, 1279-1280, 179, 188-190; Aptheker State, 378 500, 505-514, 84 1659, 1663-1668, 992, 996-1002; Kent Dulles, 357 116, 125-130, 78 1113, 1118-1120, 1204, 1209-1212. "(A)ny toward vitally intricately interwoven contemporaneous policies regard relations, war maintenance republican form government. Such exclusively entrusted largely immune inquiry interference." 588-589, 519, 598 Accord, g. 2582-2584, 693-695; Fong Yue Ting 149 698, 711-713, 1016, 1021-1022, 905, 912-913. Refugee Center Weekly Statistical Report November 13-17, 40. 1153(a)(7), 1182(d)(5). An unlikely, nevertheless possible, consequence extension parolees. "It formulations vary slightly according settings questions arise describe question, each elements identify function separation powers. Prominent surface involve textually demonstrable commitment coordinate department; judicially discoverable manageable standards resolving it; impossibility initial nonjudicial discretion; court's undertaking resolution expressing government; unusual unquestioning adherence already made; potentiality embarrassment multifarious pronouncements various departments question." Baker Carr, 369 186, 217, 82 691, 710, 663, 685. related maintaining "current cost" basis, half appropriations general revenues enrolled individuals; constitute taxes pay federally subsidized taxes; postpones costlier necessary. 10-12. U.S, 768-774, 2468-2471, 540-544; Dandridge Williams, 397 471, 483-487, 90 1153, 1160-1163, 491, 500-503. left open prohibit elective important nonelective positions may, status applicant employee making individualized Sugarman Dougall, 634, 646-649, 2842, 2849-2851, 853, 862-864; re Griffiths, 717, 728-729 21, 2851, 2858-2859, 910, 919-920. "State longtime residency, assertion right, inconsistent policy, abode. laws impermissible." 380, 1856, 546. state-imposed receipt unconstitutionally burdened interstate. interstate conferred predicated expressly "that throughout length breadth land uninhibited rules, regulations unreasonably movement." 629, 1329, 612. 375-376, 377-380, 1853-1854, 1854-1856, 543-544, 544-546. gain Washington Legrant, Thompson. Legrant congressionally year's Columbia benefits. 641-642, 1335-1336, 619-620. Unlike situation deter prevent seriously questioned.

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