Document: 347 U.S. 128 74 S.Ct. 381 98 L.Ed. 561 IRVINEv.PEOPLE OF STATE CALIFORNIA. No. 12. Argued Nov. 30, 1953. Decided Feb. 8, 1954. Rehearing Denied March 15, See 931, 527. Mr. Morris Lavine, Los Angeles, Cal., for petitioner. Miss Elizabeth Miller, Clarence A. Linn, San Francisco, respondent. Justice JACKSON announced the judgment of Court and an opinion in which The CHIEF JUSTICE, REED MINTON join. 1 This case involves constitutional questions growing out methods employed to convict petitioner on charges horserace bookmaking related offenses1 against antigambling laws California.2 Petitioner exhausted all avenues relief under state procedures then sought review here duly raised federal issues. 2 We granted certiorari3 a petition tendered four questions. However, petitioner's counsel has now presented two additional questions, one concerning application immunity statute California another attacking certain instructions given jury by trial court. Neither these was mentioned petition. disapprove practice smuggling into after we grant certiorari. issues are fixed unless limit grant, as frequently do avoid settled, frivolous or law not take up numbered 3 6 brief because they improperly presented. Upon his arrest, had person wagering tax stamp bearing name, home address date, November 5, 1951. Against objection, it other documentary evidence from office United States Collector Internal Revenue received show return law. These documents were made pursuant Federal Act imposing taxes, 65 Stat. 529, 26 U.S.C. (Supp. V) § 3285 et seq., U.S.C.A. held this v. Kahriger, 345 22, 73 510, 97 754. claim is that error matter admit also payment resulted license conduct business. does make such records stamps confidential privileged but, contrary, expressly requires name place business each taxpayer be public. 53 395, 3275, 3275. Petitioner's contentions without substance merit view express provision exempt any penalty punishment authorize commencement continuance 3276, 3276; 531, 3292, 3292.4 4 But officers' while investigating serious. police strongly suspected illegal but proof it. On December 1, 1951, Irvine wife absent their home, officer arranged have locksmith go there door key. Two days later, again absence occupants, officers technician entry use key installed concealed microphone hall. A hole bored roof house wires strung transmit neighboring garage whatever sounds might pick up. Officers posted listen. surreptitious moved microphone, time hiding bedroom. Twenty later entered placed closed, where device remained until its purpose enabling overhear incriminating statements accomplished. 5 should note conventional instance 'wire tapping.' Here apparatus way connected with telephone facilities, no interference communications system, interception message. All heard through what eavesdropper, hidden hall, bedroom, closet, heard. suppose testify say merely he saying telephone. cannot sustain contention reception violated Communications Act. 48 1103, 47 605, 605. Cf. Nardone States, 308 338, 60 266, 84 307; Goldman 316 129, 62 993, 86 1322; Schwartz State Texas, 344 199, 232, 231. At trial, allowed conversations listening installations. snatches conversation prosecution thought useful evidence. They lingo race track need recited, well regarded them incriminating. testimony properly raising question constitutionally inadmissible since obtained violate Fourteenth Amendment. 7 Each repeated entries search warrant process trespass, probably burglary, unofficial be, would severely punished. Science perfected amplifying recording devices become frightening instruments surveillance invasion privacy, whether policeman, blackmailer, busy-body. That break enter secrete device, even listen occupants over month almost incredible if admitted. Few measures come our attention more flagrantly, deliberately, persistently fundamental principle declared Fourth Amendment restriction Government 'The right people secure persons, houses, papers, effects, unreasonable searches seizures, shall violated, Warrants issue, upon probable cause, supported Oath affirmation, particularly describing searched, persons things seized.' decision Wolf People Colorado, 338 25, 27, 69 1359, 1361, 93 1782, first established '(t)he security one's privacy arbitrary intrusion police' embodied concept due found 8 Wolf, reasons set forth therein, declined subsidiary procedural evidentiary doctrines developed courts limitations states. declared, 'We, hold, therefore, court crime forbid admission seizure.' 33, 1364. Stefanelli Minard, 342 117, 119, 122, 72 118, 119—121, 96 138. holding seem control here. 9 An effort made, however, bring sway Rochin California, 165, 205, 183. involved, among things, defendant's person. element totally lacking here—coercion (as noted, at page 173, 210), applied physical assault compel submission stomach pump. feature led result contrary Wolf. Although search-and-seizure question, studiously avoided never once case. Obviously, seizure alone did call reversal. However obnoxious facts before us, involve coercion, violence brutality person, rather trespass property, plus eavesdropping. 10 It suggested, although affirmed conviction reverse shocking, offensive, than involved there. opinions written entirely abstract disclose details violation. Actually, offensive same respect, degree, deputy sheriff others went doctor's seized appointment book, searched learn names patients, looked interrogated them, filed information doctor District Attorney books. books introduced trial. 11 urged inroads applies only seizures produce minds mild shock, shock serious, states must exclude will conviction. think overruled, so persuasively stated therein. think, too, distinction kind leave rule indefinite could know order keep processes solid ground. 12 Even substantive governing violation Amendment, both individual Justices wavered considerably. Compare Harris 331 145, 67 1098, 91 1399; Trupiano 334 699, 68 1229, 92 1663; Rabinowitz, 339 56, 70 430, 94 653; Brinegar 160, 1302, 1879; Lee 343 747, 967, 1270. Never June 1949 hold basic prohibition applicable time, pointed out, thirty-one following excluding illegally evidence, sixteen agreement Now doctrine known may wish further reconsider rules. upset convictions adequate opportunity adopt reject unwarranted power. chief burden administering criminal justice rests courts. To impose hazard reversal noncompliance standards members been inconstant inconsistent justified. adhere stating cases decline introduce vague subjective distinctions. 13 Whether trials left largely discretion, admissibility governed 'by principles common interpreted light reason experience.' Fed.Rules Crim.Proc. 26, 18 As differing conclusions, about two-thirds acceptance What actual experience teaches really know. Our fact exclusion sanctions put end officers. 1914 Weeks 232 383, 34 341, 58 652. extent curtailed, all, doubtful. lower courts, Court,5 repeatedly constrained enforce There reliable us inhabitants those suffer less lawless seen fit perpetrated wrong. Private detectives obtain open Burdeau McDowell, 256 465, 41 574, 1048; see McGuire 273 95, 99, 259, 260, 71 556; cf. Feldman 322 487, 64 1082, 88 1408; Lustig 74, 1372, 1819. And treating personal asserting it, who objects some proprietary possessory interest unlawfully seized. E.g., Connolly Medalie, Cir., F.2d 629; Steeber 198 615, 617. Goldstein 114, 121, 1000, 1004, 1312; supra, pages 30—31, 1362. Jeffers, 48, 93, 59. 14 remembered invoking Constitution prevent punish recognized recover reparations He aside own crime. results escape guilty capable demonstration deters invasions police. far concerned, when announce arrested man. Rejection nothing wrong-doing official, may, likely will, release defendant. deprives society remedy lawbreaker pursued another. protects whom discovered, protect innocent victims fruitless searches. disciplinary educational effect court's releasing defendant misbehavior indirect deterrent best. Some discretion still cases, responsible, determine best serves them. 15 exonerate aides rights. remedies available official lawlessness, too often practical avail. difficulty part failure interested parties inform offense. No raid turns up, unlikely themselves other. If incriminating, victim usually care steps air suspicion. prospect capitalize wrongdoing defense, higher court, removes motive inform. 16 appears writer, THE lack unconstitutional wrong done upsetting justifiable gambler. officials willfully deprived citizen privilege secured him being searches, defined constitute 696, III) 242. section provides whoever, color law, statute, ordinance, regulation custom, subjects inhabitant deprivation rights, privileges immunities protected fined imprisoned. Williams 341 97, 576, 95 774; Screws 325 91, 1031, 89 1495. appear yet bars prosecutions. 45 51, 582.* believe Clerk directed forward copy record case, together opinion, General States. join paragraph. 17 Judgment affirmed. CLARK, concurring. 19 Had I decided 1914, 652, refused then, refuses today. Thus remains and, such, entitled respect Court's membership. 20 Of course, sterilize adopting case-by-case approach inchoate notions propriety local guide decisions. makes uncertainty unpredictability impossible foretell—other guess-work—just how brazen intimate privacies itself protective arms Constitution. In truth, ad hoc simply five sufficiently revolted action overturned man free. bears witness this. thus vindicate process, shape whit; unpredictable reversals dissimilar situations curb zeal prosecutors intent racking high percentage successful extension vacillating course beyond clear coercion brutality, Rochin, serve purpose. 21 'incredible' activity great reluctance follow Perhaps strict adherence tenor needed converts extinction. concur affirmance. 22 BLACK, DOUGLAS concurs, dissenting. 23 sentenced prison extorted Fifth 24 punishable fine, imprisonment, both, run gambling making report buying stamp, reveal operations.1 necessary activities bought required stamp. gave used sentence violating California's For my dissent 36, 517, 754, extracted disclosures violates Amendment's command compelled himself. though valid, held, forced confessions confessors amounts compelling himself 25 agree guarantee self-incrimination can spirited away ingenious contrivance using federally crimes vice versa.2 Licensing easy evasion proven heavy drain vitality debilitating interpretation Murdock 1931, hundred forty years Bill Rights adopted.3 construction rested premise separate foreign neither witnesses offenses other.4 treatment wholly conceptualistic justify narrow language resulting frustration forbids agents, legislative, executive judicial, force confess crime; coerced confession federal; will. 27 agents acts—courts, grand juries, prosecutors, marshals officers—to torture, psychological pressure, threats fines, imprisonment prosecution, governmental pressure extract testimony, gamblers confess, provided very least state.5 barred, prohibit extorting testimony.6 plainly agencies power self-incriminatory statements. Consequently, supreme land binding American judges, federal, forbidden. 28 himself; 'sovereign'—federal state—may Otherwise, mandate illusory safeguard collapses whenever anyone Government. 29 Though essential disposition seems appropriate add like therefore barred convicting either give himself.7 Amendments possible me said Ashcraft Tennessee, 143, 155, 921, 927, 1192, stands bar means confession.' 30 So concerned enough convicted frustrates Amendment—to free Americans fear beliefs life, liberty property. Irvine's 31 suggested investigate start prosecutions object Court. judicial function government. Prosecution, anything approaching should, government whose duty is. 32 FRANKFURTER, BURTON joins, 33 Mere arrest search, aggravating circumstances misconduct obtaining invalidates helped seizure. Such deemed Due Process Clause hence Still recently, 183, 'stomach pumping' morphine capsules, prevailing fairness invalidated Clause. comprehending heart 'due process.' enforcement antithesis Procrustean rule. full-dress discussion nature problem 'gradual inclusion exclusion, require, reasoning decisions founded.' Davidson New Orleans, 104, 616. series whereby, attitude, scope unfolded most striking, liveliest, manifestation wide deep areas adjudication 'depends differences degree. whole soon civilized.' Holmes, J., concurring LeRoy Fibre Co. Chicago, M. & St. P.R. Co., 340, 354, 415, 418, 631. especially true between degree inherently undefinable entails 'and simple universality rules Twelve Tables, Leges Barbarorum, lies culture thousand years.' Ibid. 35 rejected absolute. 36 vitiates connection transpires, decide long relevant adequately supports conviction, immaterial acquired. exact addressed itself: 'Does offense deny law' solely admitted rendered infraction 652?' (338 1360.) Thus, change prior applications requirements whereby considered events restricted consideration trustworthiness 37 puts limits enforcing resort offend civilized decency fairness. unauthorized fruit compulsory self-incrimination. concepts, prosecutions, invoked mentioned. While seizure, decisive here, finds repulsive. 38 basis adjudicated laid down Rochin: 'Regard 'inescapably imposes exercise proceedings (resulting conviction) ascertain canons English-speaking peoples toward charged heinous offenses." U.S., 169, 208, quoting Malinski York, 324 401, 416—417, 781, 788—789, 1029. 39 brings specific summary police: 40 (1) secretly Irvines' front door. (2) By boring enter, secret post listened relays. 42 (3) Using key, twice move cut fluorescent lamp. Mrs. bedroom closet. 43 (4) night warrant. 44 violence, Rochin. powerful life single, limited trespass. Certainly bare devised hear every word household month. Those affirming find conduct, entirety, 'almost admitted.' Surely propose new absolute, namely, reprehensible securing taint verdict body accused touched officials. Considering progress scientific extracting bodily harm, satisfaction depend astuteness subtlety engage practices drastically invade authority words prophetic '(d)iscovery invention government, effective stretching rack, disclosure whispered closet.' Brandeis, dissenting Olmstead 277 438, 473, 564, 570, 944. underlying notion form skulduggery violence. coercive infringements dignity 'sports general principle. instances requirement decencies conduct. historic generative principle, precludes defining, thereby confining, precisely brought 'a sense justice." 210. 46 Since mechanical yardstick, afford answers. applying empiric predetermined mechanically ascertainable. different thing conceiving opprobrious hoc. Empiricism implies variant wisdom experience. Ad hocness particular relation meaning guides future. difference world disposing discrete recognizing judgment, taking cutting channel come. imprison within tidy categories misconceives futile endeavor save pains judgment. pertinent recall dealt craving unattainable certainty case: contours judges large. draw private disregard bind function. final fixed, derived considerations fused process. Cardozo, Nature Judicial Process; Growth Law; Paradoxes Legal Science. deeply rooted traditions legal profession. places exercising confines reviewing convictions, interests pushing opposite directions.' 170—171, 208. 49 Nor dispose satisfying ourselves guilt trustworthy finding, devising, discouraged acquire 50 incontestable stand, secured. Observance innocence mode ascertained. errors swath Courts matters. elementary justice, invoke protection guarantees fundamentally fair idea incorporated If, '(o)n Clause', 174, 210, answer offending policemen utilize outrageous punished misconduct.1 51 loss community indefensible squared commands necessitated, unfair aspects escape. miscarriages justice. sturdy, self-respecting democratic prosecutors. 'Our tolerate many mistakes performance, unerring instinct, intentionally rights responsible committed ordinary nature, subtly encouraged condemn punish, certainly leads road totalitarianism.'2 52 DOUGLAS, conducted smack state, America envisaged. 54 suspect. Then house. house, attached wire ran nearby Twice adjust microphone. First suspect slept. Next, warrant; ransacked Moreover, examined suspect's hands ultraviolet lamp handled betting slips earlier impregnated powder. 55 send suspect, prison. 56 transpired revolting abuses arising writs assistance James Otis complained. speech writs3 say: 57 'Now branches English freedom man's castle; whilst quiet, guarded prince castle. writ, legal, annihilate privilege. Custom-house houses please; commanded permit entry. Their menial servants locks, bars, way: malice revenge, man, inquire. Bare suspicion oath sufficient.' sanction behind unlawful issuing permitted unlimited Today throw weight side based compound grievance Not invaded. officially approved sending 59 protest doubtless guilty. designed history showed oppressive liberty. contained safeguards. unanimous Lawless police, said, 'should judgments * *.' Id., 392, 344. departure deterioration civil liberties suffered recent years. Murphy, dissenting, peril step, 44, 1370, 61 conclusion inescapable exists deter violations clause. excludes Only impress zealous prosecutor good. point driven expected emphasize importance observing demands police.' Exclusion indeed sanction. used, 'might stricken Constitution.' 393, 63 suggestion relegates lowly status. already overburdened Department Justice, busily engaged enforcement, devote energies supervising prosecuting officers, except rare occasional instances.4 hostility (see 138 1053, 1495) hardly encourages putting short cuts laws.5 outlawed, occasion acts clean action. receive act lawlessly suffer. alert America. Appendix. General, creation Civil Section Justice. February 3, 1939. 1947 Clark, reported eight existence investigated nearly 850 complaints, instituted 178 130 defendants. Prosecutor Looks Statutes, Col.L.Rev. 175, 181. Report President's Committee Rights: Secure (1947), pp. 114 seq. 66 account work Putzel, Enforcement: Current Appraisal, 99 U. Pa.L.Rev. 439 (1951). average prosecuted year, acquittals equally divided. p. 449, n. 43. figures confirmed Administrative Office Courts. Records number district 1947: Fiscal year.1947 1948 1950 1951 1952 1953 Total cases. defendants More detailed past three fiscal table shows actually sentences imposed convicted: year........ defendants.....22.50.54 Total.11.20.45 Dismissed.............4.2.18 Acquitted court.. ----. ---- jury.....7.18.26 Convicted: Total.....11.30.9 Pleas nolo contendere Convicted ----.5 jury.....8.4.8 Type sentence: Imprisonment total 1-6 months.......... months day. Probation suspended sentence.............2.20 Fine only.2 Average (months) 10.9 16.5 9.4 Note: include Sections Criminal Code called Sections, is, §§ 241—244, 241—244. Use 243 244, rare, quoted 241 second appellate entered, post-judgment motions disposed year question. provisions read follows: 's 241. Conspiracy citizens 'If conspire injure, oppress, threaten, intimidate enjoyment having exercised same; 75 disguise highway, premises another, hinder secured— 76 'They $5,000 imprisoned ten years, both. 77 Deprivation 78 'Whoever, regulation, State, Territory, privileges, punishments, pains, penalties, alien, color, race, prescribed citizens, $1,000 79 243. jurors 80 'No possessing qualifications disqualified service petit juror previous condition servitude; selection summoning jurors, fails summon $5,000. 81 244. Discrimination wearing uniform armed forces 82 proprietor, manager, employee theater public entertainment amusement Columbia, Possession causes discriminated uniform, $500.' Keeping paraphernalia registering bets horse racing; receiving money equivalent thereof wagered races, races. Deering's Cal.Penal Ann.1949, 337a(1), (2), (3), (4). 903, 646. 2, challenges State's 'compelled evidence' answered 32, 515. Silverthorne Lumber 251 385, 182, 319; Gouled 255 298, 261, 647; Amos 313, 654; Agnello 269 20, 4, 145; Byars 28, 248, 520; Gambino 275 310, 137, 293; Go-Bart Importing 282 344, 153, 374; Lefkowitz, 285 452, 420, 877; Taylor 286 466, 951; Grau 287 124, 38, 212; Nathanson 290 41, 11, 159; Di Re, 332 581, 222, 210; Johnson 333 10, 367, 436; McDonald 335 451, 191, 153; 1819; cited approval Perlman 247 7, 417, 950; Carroll 267 132, 280, 543; Marron 192, 231; 944; Palko Connecticut, 302 319, 149, 288; McNabb 318 332, 608, 87 819; Davis 328 582, 1256, 90 1453; Zap 624, 1277, 1477; Wallace Tiernan 336 793, 824, 1042; Appendix Frankfurter 1121. 3282. 529. U.S.C.(Supp. 3285, 3287, 3287. 494, 1085, 1408. 284 141, 63, Saline Bank Virginia, Pet. 100, 69; Brown Walker, 161 591, 606, 644, 650, 651, Ballmann Fagin, 200 186, 212, 433; Vajtauer Commissioner Immigration, 103, 302, 560; Murdock, 389, 396, 223, 226, 381. Reliance mainly King Sicilies Willcox, Trials (N.S.) 1050, Queen Boyes, B. S. 311. 64. Grant, Immunity Compulsory Self-Incrimination, Temp.L.Q. 57—70 194—212, 59—62 196—204. Counselman Hitchcock, 142 547, 195, 1110. Barron, Mayor City Council Baltimore, 243, 672. Adamson 46, 68, 1672, 1684, 1903 (dissenting opinion); 183 (concurring opinion). flouted legislatively philosophy miscreant policy paper, 167, 207. Statement Director J. Edgar Hoover Bureau Investigation FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September 1952, 1. Tudor, Life (1823), 66—67. analysis suits opinion. current towards actions—both civil—under evidenced Williams, 70, 758; Tenney Brandhove, 783, 1019; Collins Hardyman, 937, 1253; Whittington Johnston, 201 810, certiorari denied, 346 867, 103; Francis Crafts, 203 809, 835,

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