Document: 471 U.S. 773 105 S.Ct. 2407 85 L.Ed.2d 764 Jonathan GARRETT, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. No. 83-1842. Argued Jan. 16, 1985. Decided June 3, Rehearing Denied Aug. 28, See 473 927, 106 20. Syllabus In March 1981, petitioner was charged in a multicount indictment the Western District of Washington for his role off-loading and landing marihuana from "mother ship" at location on specified days October 1979 August 1980. He pleaded guilty to one count importation sentenced five years' imprisonment $15,000 fine. The remaining counts were dismissed without prejudice Government's right prosecute any other offenses he might have committed. Thereafter, July indicted Northern Florida several drug counts, including engaging continuing criminal enterprise (CCE) January 1976 1981 violation Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention Control Act 1970, 21 U.S.C. § 848. Court denied petitioner's pretrial motion dismiss CCE charge asserted ground that it encompassed operation Double Jeopardy Clause Fifth Amendment. At trial, evidence underlying prior conviction introduced prove three predicate must be shown make out violation, convicted counts. 40 $100,000 fine count, prison term being concurrent with terms but consecutive conviction. Rejecting contention barred subsequent prosecution Florida, Appeals held offense not same under Clause, hence successive prosecutions cumulative sentences these permissible. Held: 1. language, structure, legislative history 1970 show Congress intended separate is punishable addition to, as substitute for, offenses. It would illogical intend choice made between pursuing major dealers. Pp. 777-786. 2. did violate after "same" or more its within meaning Clause. Nor "lesser included" offense. Brown v. Ohio, 432 161, 97 2221, 53 187, distinguished. conduct which when compared Washington, does lend itself simple analogy single course comprising lesser included misdemeanor felony. alleged spanned than years, whereas acts occurred But even assuming offense, double jeopardy claim sustainable. had been completed time returned, could used Diaz United States, 223 442, 32 250, 56 L.Ed. 500. 786-793. 3. bar punishments. presumption creates two distinct defenses, here, permit sentences. To disallow anomalous effect many cases converting into ceilings large fines provided by 848 deprive big-time dealers their enormous profits. Logic, well history, supports conclusion punishments substantive 793-795. 727 F.2d 1003 (CA11 1984), affirmed. Philip A. DeMassa, San Diego, Cal., petitioner. Mark I. Levy, D.C., respondent. Justice REHNQUIST, delivered opinion Court. 1 This case requires us examine implications "continuing enterprise" (CCE), 848, facts are offered violation. Petitioner Garrett contends charge, and, therefore, 187 (1977). 2 Between directed an extensive distribution involving off-loading, transporting, storing boatloads marihuana. These activities related meetings telephone calls Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Texas, Washington. 3 approximately 12,000 pounds Neah Bay, named co-conspirator, indicted, fourth charging conspiracy import Having learned investigated charges moved consolidate proceedings "all anticipated, currently pending against [him]." Government opposed no then filed Garrett, it. 4 §§ 952, 960(a)(1), 960(b)(2) 18 fine; him, possession intent distribute, him may 5 Approximately months plea conspiring marihuana, 960, 963, possess 841, 846, using facilitate illegal activities, 843(b), enterprise, Garrett's 6 ongoing widespread proof smuggling court instructed jury find beyond reasonable doubt committed "a felony Title States Code" "was part series violations," defined "three violations over definite period substantially similar purpose." further acted "in concert persons," respect them occupied position organizer, supervisor, management," "received substantial income this operation." As making up "series," indictment, distribute it, qualify 14 Record 16-20. evidence, tended latter 7 facilitation count. received totaling years $45,000 8 On appeal, Eleventh Circuit rejected importing enterprise. (1984). Clause; We granted certiorari consider question. 469 814, 78, 83 27 9 * presents aspects identified North Carolina Pearce, 395 711, 717, 89 2072, 2076, 23 656 (1969): protection second conviction; multiple focuses primarily former protection, we address first. 10 heart argument entails steps: First, notwithstanding Jeffers 137, 2207, 168 (1977) (plurality opinion), because completion objective merely agreement. Thus predicates way object conspiracy. Cf. Pinkerton 328 640, 643, 66 1180, 1181-82, 90 1489 (1946). Second, applying test Blockburger 284 299, 52 180, 76 306 (1932), each purposes require fact necessary Because additional facts, concerted activity persons, supervisory role, income, provision. relationship same, argues, joyriding auto theft statutes involved supra, thus greater earlier 11 Where violates statutory provisions, first step analysis determine whether legislature—in Congress—intended If there only offense—that is, defendant either provision act, both—there authorization end analysis. Albrecht 273 1, 11, 47 253-54, 71 505 (1927). 12 question arose context imposed prosecution. Based sale, both selling original stamped package pursuance written order purchaser. sale violated "the accused one." U.S., 303-304, S.Ct., 181-82. rule stated applied construction help intent. Significantly, setting rule, cited paragraph Albrecht, following statement: "There nothing Constitution prevents punishing separately leading consummation transaction has power prohibit also " (emphasis added). recently indicated controlling clear face statute history. Missouri Hunter, 459 359, 368, 103 673, 679, 74 535 (1983); Albernaz 450 333, 340, 101 1137, 1143, 67 275 (1981); Whalen 445 684, 691-692, 100 1432, 1437-38, 63 715 (1980). Indeed, difficult contend otherwise what essentially factual inquiry conclusive law. 13 present application determinant intent, rather useful canon construction, lead urged Garrett: issue both. Abuse, however, plainest Insofar yield plainly expressed contrary view Congress. language set full margin,1 affirmatively states punishment will imposed. begins: "Any person who engages shall less life imprisonment, $100,000, forfeiture prescribed (2)." 848(a)(1). 15 point reference offenses, penalty out, multiplier established some incorporates own recidivist provision, providing twice repeat violators section. Significantly expressly refers "one convictions . section." Next, subparagraph (2), sets various "who (1) enterprise," again suggesting convicted. 16 Subsection (b) defines constitutes "engaged enterprise": 17 "(1) subchapter II chapter [establishing offenses] felony, "(2) such chapter— 19 "(A) undertaken persons whom occupies position, management, 20 "(B) obtains resources." A common-sense reading definition reveals carefully crafted prohibition aimed special problem. designed reach "top brass" rings, lieutenants foot soldiers. 22 drafted drafted. Indeed 848(a)(1), already noted, contains typical sort Moreover, very next section entitled "Dangerous Special Offender Sentencing" starkly contrasting create For example, provides hearing before sitting determination dangerous offender preponderance information court. 849. Congress' fortified H.R. 18583 bill enacted become 1970. section-by-section analysis, House Committee Report states: 24 "Section 408(a) [21 848(a) ] upon section, receive imprisonment. ." H.R.Rep. 91-1444, pt. p. 50 (1970), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News pp. 4566, 4618 25 hardly clearer. 26 originally House, "Continuing Criminal Enterprises" reality like current 849, enhanced offender," "committed [a drug] pattern applicable laws jurisdiction, constituted source manifested skill expertise." substituted amendment Representative Dingell ultimately became "Instead post-conviction-presentencing procedure, [the amendment] engagement new all elements triable court." 83-84 4651 (additional views); see 116 Cong.Rec. 33302 (1970) (remarks Rep. Eckhardt). During consideration Poff restore Explaining differences approaches, Eckhardt stated: 28 "[T]he created parts admissible brought court, post-conviction presentence [procedure] provisions report sentence based available judge, cross-examination those presented report, contributed it." Ibid. 29 Later debate, explained proposed further: 30 "Mr. Chairman, most field organized crime offender, habitual professional criminal. 31 need penalties my criminals. Constitutional scholars suggested approaches deal offenders. creation penalties. approach imposition longer basic approach, taken 408 848]. found I just adds sections bill, 409 410 849 850]." Id., 33630. 33 distinction emphasized debate. "Under amendment, if you going man guilty, come every element offense." concurred characterization "which embodies penalty." distinguished "authorizes judge impose extended dock charge." 33631. adopted, id., 33634, contained statute, 850. 34 indisputable One still argue, having where applicable, Nowhere operator prosecuted absence statement, surprising; given motivation behind legislation temper statement obvious. seeking add enforcement tool prosecutors. debate Fascell "I reason treat trafficker harshly racketeer. Their equally heinous, consequences severe, justified." Weicker "The structure accommodate types offenders, casual user experimenter syndicates engaged unlawful transportation illicit drugs." continued, "This goes enforcing wide variety tools enable effectively combat meet increased demands them." Taft "[T]his do much least coordinated attack problem purview legislation. Hopefully, coming along broadening further." 33630-33631 (1970). runs counter common sense infer comments these, pervade entire stand unrebutted, dealer 35 Finally, While instant claims aware possibility bringing catch future commit. forced choose prosecuting releasing idea continue drug-dealing so able Such situation absurd clearly intended. 36 determined now constitutional provides: 37 "[N]or subject offence put limb." 38 critical considered "same offense" 39 Quite obviously not, commonsense literal term, organizer manager, obtained resources violations. properly analyze issue, enacted, form basis here. May 26, "multi-ton quantities 'Thai sticks' 1981; time; time. moment "consolidation" later Florida. 41 points permitted "predicate offenses" relies (1977), use placed Amendment Constitution. 42 Ohio that, theft, think good difference classic relation Brown, hand, case, other. stolen automobile driven days. conduct—driving car. support depending defendant's state mind while Every relevant charge. 43 quite different. Bay returned 17, entered 18, 1981. Two causing interstate travel about 24, 1979, subsequently 44 had, 1976, "up [July 1981]," conspired district "divers districts" multiton "Thai sticks" federal Another years. third 51/2-year period. 45 Obviously stealing car—comprising Here years; 1980, respectively. Whenever during required prosecution, said certainty necessarily go ahead commit render liable minute Nathaniel drove possessed simultaneously committing simply true Garrett. His boatload operations incidents wholly boat" significant caution ready transposition principles classically multilayered conduct, place, case. 46 Were sustain claim, proceed ways. withheld charges, alleging crimes grand until prepared been, be, dates; submitted though continued 1981.2 employed force hand manner, however resolve lesser-included-offense argument. insists music stop piper paid particular stopped dancing himself seek accounting. urges "[w]here arise occurrence, episode, transaction, they tried proceeding. 170, 2227-28 (BRENNAN, J., concurring)." steadfastly refused adopt "single transaction" seem strain doctrine describe multifarious multistate transaction." reasons previously stated, serious doubts latter. assume, decision our 48 500 (1912), initial assault battery, followed homicide victim eventually died injuries inflicted assault. jeopardy, holding offense": 49 First Instance battery justice peace, although identical elements, law fact. death injured principal homicide, battery. trial ensued, ensue Then, before, possible 448-449, 251. Diaz, event took place showed, arrested traffic 23, bail sentencing told arresting officer caught "somebody big" "smuggler." arrest, carrying $6,253 cash. About $30 quarters. needed long-distance phone calls, sometimes spent $25 $50 day. agent interviewed morning bought truck driving $13,000 cash smuggling. yacht Hawaii purchased $160,000 consistent jury's verdict 51 permits begun mid-July different indictment. cannot tell, considerable sifting speculating juries do, successfully ending speculation behest engage STEVENS suggests dissenting opinion, indicate post, 804-805, therefore grounds rendered informed motion. can charged, drawn Court: date Therefore, offenses.3 concluded bars connection, prevent prescribing legislature intended." 366, 678; 344, 1145. discussed above, intends sentences, silence specific establish ambiguity rebut presumption: 54 "[The defendants] read nothing. expected specifically arise. But, 'predominantly lawyer's body,' appropriate 'to assume elected representatives know law.' result anything assumed congressional point, legislated mind. function presume 'Congress unaware accomplished.' 341-342, 1143-44. 55 Here, course, silent Blockburger, doing authorize absent indication disallowing ceilings. effort profits, often traced directly purposes. three-time amount $150,000 standing alone—an exceeds ceiling first-time Compare 841(b)(1)(A) bent depriving profits; doubtful election lower maximum attempt obtain 57 156-157, 2219-20, plurality "reflects comprehensive leaves little opportunity pyramiding 1970." focus permissibility 846 reasonably dangers posed purpose cumulating conspiracy, logic, CCE. Jeffers, here logic conclusion, may, provide wishes. 58 judgment 59 ordered. 60 POWELL 61 O'CONNOR, concurring. 62 agree admittedly tension certain opinions E.g., 166, 2225-26, write explain why believe today's comports fundamental method recent decisions. declares: limb. Const., Amdt. 5. proscription serves preserve finality judgments protect prosecutorial overreaching. See, e.g., Johnson, 467 493, 498-499, 104 2536, 2540, 81 425 (1984); DiFrancesco, 449 117, 128, 136, 426, 432-33, 437, Green 355 184, 78 221, 199 (1957), explained: 64 idea, deeply ingrained Anglo-American system jurisprudence, State should allowed repeated attempts convict individual thereby subjecting embarrassment, expense ordeal compelling live anxiety insecurity, enhancing innocent guilty." 187-188, 223-24. 65 Decisions consistently recognized guaranteed absolute, instead societal interest convicting Tibbs 457 31, 40, 102 2211, 2217, 72 652 (1982); Tateo, 377 463, 466, 84 1587, 1589, 448 (1964). accordingly appeals generally retrial. Tibbs, 2217. Similarly, poses another declares mistrial "manifest necessity." Illinois Somerville, 458, 93 1066, (1973). decisions "governmental oppression protect," Scott, 437 82, 91, 98 2187, 2193-94, (1978), public outweigh culpability conclusively resolved 41-44, 2217-19. prohibits acquitted 168-169, 2226-27. concerns absolute contexts. 152, 2216-17, opinion). Instead, justified 449, 251, murder implies depends occurring trial. Dicta apply rests government discovered through due diligence. 169, n. 7, 2227, 7. 151-152. Application affected actions himself. resulted opposition consolidated trials. 152-154, 2216-18. Last Term, relied hold accepts, prosecution's objection, remaining, 501-502, 2542. After noting State's governmental overreaching, Johnson observed "should sword completing charges." 502, 68 Turning circumstances conclude validly argue prevented relating participation am willing arguendo, violating noted ante, ----, Although none events essential Thus, falls somewhere Ohio. dissent reads limiting occur Post, 806-807. merit balancing interests protected 69 advocated Under once believes sufficient exist, bring forgoing appropriately depend concerning adequacy efficient allocation resources, desirability statute's severe sanctions. considerations last continues prosecutes foreclosed 154, 2218. context, guards oppression, relieve voluntary choice." 99, 2198. 70 Court's leave unduly exposed oppressive tactics Government. Any acquittal attempting relitigate issues Ashe Swenson, 397 436, 1189, "treat[ing] dry run prosecution," 447, 1196. note decide valid failed allege Certainly wrongdoing join STEVENS, BRENNAN MARSHALL join, dissenting. 73 began December affirm Appeals. conviction, constitutionally impermissible emphasize limited extent overlap, identify constraint finally flaw 75 indictments other; transactions almost mutually exclusive periods. deals confusion believe, side begin describing indictment—the gave rise reviewing. Indictment 11-count defendants.1 seven four refer 1978 1979. (Counts II) conducting (Count XI) 848.2 77 contours overt Count performed six defendants co-conspirators.3 Each 1979; 34th 25, unloading 30,000 vessel Buck Lee Fourchan Landing, 1976; (2) arrival Mr. Frank multi-ton load boatyard near Crown Point, 1977; (3) voyage Morning Star Mobile, Alabama, Santa Marta, Colombia, pick 28,145 1979.4 Notably, supported 812 XI "from month January, thereafter filing indictment."5 four-count defendants.6 None co-defendants indictment.7 beginning September fishing vessels Washington.8 charge.9 79 There overlap indictments. act meeting Bellevue, discuss plans shipload marihuana.10 apparently year.11 final allegation Sun Chaser III, incident.12 80 appear importations 4-year three, together planning fourth, adequate constitute Bay—which went trial—makes Proper 1980 general prohibiting exception prosecuted. easily stated. "Double Federal trying offense."13 applies "complex crimes."14 proscribed crime. 82 rule,15 government's "An exist unable outset despite exercise (1912); [397 U.S.], 453 1199 concurring)."16 mean clarified somewhat oversimplified It, supervisor it.17 important requirement purposes, subchapter. ."18 words series" contemplate violations, involve more.19 indictments, prosecutor importations.20 written, raise rely indeed, Evidence felonies separate, 86 was, limit importations. dramatic importation. III "can your deliberations called that's in, enterprise."21 87 seems me predicated importations, actually tried, instructed, highly likely rested transactions. error, retrial perfectly instructions inform incident charge.22 88 All returned. claimed conviction.23 compares assumes charge.24 record discloses unclear. reliance alleges week later, damaging admissions.25 Neither significance discern. Further, subscribe thought Member endorsed proposition: "What lies 'the offense.' Wilson, 420 332, 343, 95 1013, 232 (1975)."26 far vindicate principle avoid risk freeing imprisonment.27 respectfully dissent. "§ Continuing "(a) Penalties; forfeitures (2); except final, $200,000, (2). forfeit States— profits against, property contractual rights kind affording influence over, "(b) (Continuing enterprise) "For subsection (a) if— resources. "(c) Suspension probation prohibited "In execution suspended, granted, 4202 title 15, 1932 (D.C.Code, secs. 24-203—24-207), apply. "(d) Jurisdiction courts (including territories possessions jurisdiction section) enter restraining orders prohibitions, take actions, acceptance satisfactory performance bonds, connection deem proper." argues ended pertaining benefit hindsight nor Nothing indicates inclusion unsupported adduced, artificial extend covered claim. Government, courts, responsible initiating limitations wishes indict base Whether correct asserting viewed matter differently. text, 786-793, dispense alternative sustaining likened statute. Graham West Virginia, 224 616, 583, 917 Oyler Boles, 368 448, 501, 446 (1962). disposition submission. Robert Hoskins, Christopher Donald McMichaels, Caesar Garcia, Sr., a/k/a Papasan, Norman Vick. App. 56. 55-65. 960 963; 841 846. co-conspirators Jack Nichols, Thomas Ruth, Gorman, Doug Joe Knowles. 58-62. 58-61. 64. Don DePoe Michael Minikin. referred briefs "cooperating defendant," co-conspirator 59. Joseph Knowles, informer, cases. 4, 3-5. 6-7. 62. 4. 65. 150, 2215-16, (opinion BLACKMUN, J.). 151. wrote: 'same' restates understanding since re Nielsen [131 176, 672, 118] decided 1889. 'where 131 188 [9 676]. "Although formulation precedes lesser, makes sequence immaterial. treated unless not. 188, 190 676-77], citing Morey Commonwealth, supra [108 Mass.], 434. And cited, 190, approval Cooper, N.J.L. 361 (1833), New Jersey Supreme arson felony-murder killed fire. Waller 387, 390 [90 1184, 1186, 435] Whatever forbids Id. 168-169 [97 2226-27] (footnote omitted). 2227 7]. 141-142, 2211-12. 780, Several Courts consists Sterling, 742 521, 526 (CA9 1984); Sinito, 723 1250, 1261 (CA6 1983), cert. denied, 817, 86, Chagra, 653 27-28 (CA1 1981), 455 907, 1252, (1982). fact, concedes much: "Petitioner dispute maintained prosecuted, showed means indispensable establishment Brief count" violation." 10, proved relying A, B, C, D, perhaps C. 18-19. Washington; "[i]mportation marijuana consider." 19. regarding given. following: "Your Honor, investigation Narcotics Section 1977 mother boat operations. Department authorized jury. represent probable cause indictment." Tr. CR81-62M, 6-7 (Apr. 8, 1981) agrees "does Washington." 44. However, "advises" us, contrarily, yet jury." More disturbing, offers outside-the-record, unsworn submission "had Washington" Assistant Attorney acknowledges authority never error." 44, 36. 20, supra. 791-792. 150. 775, 777, 40-year convictions.

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