Document: 341 U.S. 114 71 S.Ct. 670 95 L.Ed. 809 UNITED STATESv.PEWEE COAL CO., Inc. No. 168. Argued Jan. 2, 3, 1951. Decided April 30, Mr. Oscar H. Davis, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Burr Tracy Ansell, respondent. Justice BLACK delivered the judgment of Court and an opinion in which FRANKFURTER, DOUGLAS, JACKSON joined. 1 Respondent, Pewee Coal Co., Inc., is a coal mine operator whose property was allegedly possessed operated by United States from May to October 12, 1943, avert nation-wide strike miners. brought this action Claims recover under Fifth Amendment1 total operating losses sustained during that period. After considering evidence, court held there had been 'taking' entitling compensation. It found loss be $36,128.96, but rendered only.$2,241.26, amount being portion attributable Government operation mine. 88 F.Supp. 426, 115 Ct.Cl. 626. did not seek review here. We granted Government's petition certiorari2 two questions are presented: (1) Was such taking Powee's as justify compensation Amendment? (2) If was, does record support award of.$2,241.26? 2 First. agree with requiring pay Pewee. The facts upon conclusion rests set out findings below need repeated detail See following sufficient show general picture: On 1, President issued Executive Order 9340, 8 Fed.Reg. 5695, directing Secretary Interior '* * take immediate possession, so far may necessary or desirable, any all mines producing stoppage has occurred threatened, operate arrange *.' same day, 'Order Taking Possession' most Nation's mines, including Pewee's. 5767. To convince operators, miners public possession bona fide purpose formally ceremoniously proclaimed its intention. required officials conduct operations agents Government; American flag flown at every mine; placards reading 'United Property!' posted on premises; appealed dig duty. Under these circumstances view other were found, it should will assumed seizure mere sham pretense accomplish some unexpressed governmental instead actual control. In v. Mine Workers, 330 258, 67 677, 91 884, government presidential secretarial orders, insofar here material, substantially those present case. rejected contention workers 'the role administering bituminous (was) part fictional remainder nominal only.'3 treated making facilities 'in complete sense if full title ownership.' Id., pages 284—285, page 691. follows almost matter course our holding Workers 'took' Pewee's became engaged mining business.4 3 Second. Having taken property, liable Constitution just Ordinarily, fair temporary business enterprise reasonable value property's use. Kimball Laundry Co. States, 338 69 1434, 93 1765; General Motors 323 373, 65 357, 89 311. But case, no consider difficult problems inherent fixing use going concern because neither claimed nor proved amount. proceeded ground Amendment requires bear incurred period operates private name without owner's consent. believe expresses correct principle case supports for.$2,241.26. 4 Like person corporation, normally entitled profits from, must of, conducts. When use, reason appears imposition whom seized. This conceptually distinct obligation taken, although cases raising issue, profit experience well one factor involved computing taking. Of course, might express implied agreement between parties receive losses, event would inapplicable. possibility existed disposed quickly. failure makes unnecessary whether company consented disallowed major And indication expressly impliedly agreed assume of.$2,241.26 mainly increased wage payments made comply War Labor Board decision. 5 Where resulting borne Government, difference caused whole compliance administrative regulations additional wages paid. With order, when employed, thereby expense. Moreover, immaterial resulted smaller than have mines. Whatever left free exercise own judgment, crucial fact chose intervene By doing so, proprietor and, absence contrary arrangements, benefits subject liabilities status involves. 6 affirmed. 7 Affirmed. REED, concurring. 9 I eminent domain owner However, impossible me accept controls consent agreement. Such lead disastrous consequences where properties necessarily benefit Nation long e.g., certain railroads, television broadcasting stations. question who bears not, think, 'conceptually distinct' Losses after declaration factors into consideration determining what owner. 10 relatively new technique useful device: many properties, laundries, subjected only short time meet war emergency needs, can then returned their owners. spawned host problems, Corp., 311; Petty Motor 327 372, 66 596, 90 729; 1765, especially Market value, despite difficulties, provides fairly acceptable test absolutely. Miller, 317 369, 63 276, 87 336; John F. Felin & 334 624, 68 1238, 92 1614; Toronto B. Navigation 396, 70 217, 94 195; Commodities Trading 339 121, 547, 707. Marion Rye Valley R. 270 280, 46 253, 585; America, market too uncertain measure practical significance. rental fully functioning railroad unknowable quantity. led guarantee earnings First World War, 40 Stat. 451. Cf. Westinghouse Electric Mfg. 261, 644, 816. solution determined particular 11 Temporary takings various forms. There owners ousted operation, suspended, devoted uses. 1765. A second kind where, here, safety protection welfare, 'takes' assuming responsibility direction employment national purposes, leaving hands appointed affairs assets equipment controlled company. Examples motor carriers, 667, 884. 12 When, taking, reached owners, courts determine make. nature 'taking,' constitutional requirement 'just compensation.' inflexible incidents used each application test. 13 So concerned, supervision losing ought place burden unless acts, conducted extra over otherwise occasioned operations. they suffered damage due. 585. always owner, gain Government. Boston Chamber Commerce Boston, 217 189, 195, 30 459, 460, 54 725. 14 Here correctly applied principles sum expended legal necessity do. allowance paid recommendation sanction. 50 U.S.C.App. § 1507, U.S.C.A.Appendix, 1507; E.O. 9017, CFR Cum.Supp. 1075, 1507 note. overturn finding therefore affirm. 15 BURTON, THE CHIEF JUSTICE, CLARK MINTON concur, dissenting. 16 find allowing respondent sought 17 within stated 282, 254, 585, follows: '(E)ven technically defendant right. Nothing recoverable compensation, nothing company; pecuniary loss. Nominal damages Claims.' 18 showing due properties. anything compensable company, dissenting judge pointed that—'This expense consisted vacation plaintiff's workmen, refund them occupational charges like rentals lamps. plaintiff (company) could concessions directed Board, intervened continued. think justified awarding expenditures fact, financially harmed acts.' 431, 678—679. 19 Accordingly, reverse allow recovery shall U.S.Const., Amend. V. 340 808, 55. Brief America L. Lewis, p. 32, cited supporting however, 'no occasion law took control' railroad. Instead, dealt problem assumption decision 'was loss.' cannot accepted controlling since light involved.

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