Document: 431 U.S. 678 97 S.Ct. 2010 52 L.Ed.2d 675 Hugh CAREY, etc., et al., Appellants,v.POPULATION SERVICES INTERNATIONAL al. No. 75-443. Argued Jan. 10, 1977. Decided June 9, Syllabus Section 6811(8) of the New York Education Law makes it a crime (1) for any person to sell or distribute contraceptive kind minor under 16; (2) anyone other than licensed pharmacist contraceptives persons 16 over; and (3) anyone, including pharmacists, advertise display contraceptives. In appellees' action against appellant state officials challenging constitutionality § 6811(8), three-judge District Court declared statute unconstitutional in its entirety First Fourteenth Amendments insofar as applies nonprescription contraceptives, enjoined enforcement so applied. Held : The judgment is affirmed. Pp. 682-703; 707-708; 713-716. D.C., 398 F.Supp. 321, Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered opinion with respect Parts I, II, III, V, finding that: 1 1. Appellee Population Planning Associates (PPA), corporation that mail-order sales nonmedical devices from North Carolina offices regularly advertises products periodicals fills mail orders residents without limiting availability particular age, has requisite standing maintain not only own right but also on behalf potential customers, Craig v. Boren, 429 190, 451, 51 397, therefore there no occasion decide appellees. 682-684. 2 2. Regulations imposing burden decision fundamental whether bear beget child may be justified by compelling interests, must narrowly drawn express those interests. 684-686. 3 3. provision prohibiting distribution over except through pharmacists clearly burdens such individuals use if they desire, serves It cannot an interest protecting health nonhazardous life, nor can concern young people being designed serve quality control device facilitating provisions statute. 686-691. 4 4. prohibition advertisement seeks suppress completely information about price ground advertisements would offend embarrass exposed them permitting legitimize sexual activity people. These are classically justifications validating suppression expression protected Amendment, here question merely entirely legal constitutionally protected. 700-702. 5 BRENNAN, joined STEWART, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, concluded Part IV 16, applied permissible regulation minors' morality furtherance State's policy promiscuous intercourse among young. 691-699. 6 (a) privacy connection decisions affecting procreation extends minors well adults, since State impose blanket prohibition, even requirement parental consent, choice terminate her pregnancy, Planned Parenthood Missouri Danforth, 428 52, 96 2831, 49 788, fortiori foreclosed. 693-694. 7 (b) argument deterred increasing hazards attendant been rejected justification restrictions freedom choose child. Eisenstadt Baird, 405 438, 448, 92 1029, 1035, 31 349; Roe Wade, 410 113, 148, 93 705, 724, 35 147. Moreover, substantial doubt access will fact substantially discourage early behavior. When State, here, exercise right, attempt justify rational means accomplishment some requires more unsupported assertion (appellants having conceded evidence teenage extramarital increases proportion contraceptives) connected policy. 694-696. 8 (c) That another supplied physician does save challenged provision, especially where appellants asserted medical necessity limitation minors. 697-699. 9 WHITE primarily because demonstrated measurably contributes deterrent purposes advances justification. 702-703. 10 POWELL defective both infringes interests married females between ages 14 prohibits parents distributing their children, thus unjustifiably interfering rearing children. 707-708. 11 STEVENS denies which, available, reduce exposure venereal disease unwanted discouraging 12 13 Arlene R. Silverman, City, appellants. Michael N. Pollet, 15 (Parts V), together (Part IV), which BLACKMUN joined. Under Ed. (McKinney 1972) age years; contraceptives.1 A Southern Federal Constitution 321 (1975). We noted probable jurisdiction, 426 918, 2621, 371 (1976). affirm. 17 * address preliminary various appellees action. conclude appellee Associates, Inc. (PPA) have appellees.2 18 PPA engaged retail sale Carolina. published circulated York, accepts residents, mailing purchasers. Neither order forms accompanying limit PPA's age. 19 Various advised activities violate law. letter December 1, 1971, notified college newspaper violated citing each three provisions, requested "future compliance" second letter, dated February 23, 1973, notifying magazine statute, referred particularly nonpharmacists, threatened: "In event you fail comply, matter our Attorney General action." Finally, was served copy report inspectors Board Pharmacy, September 4, 1974, recorded advertised male had cease selling violation 20 challenge settled 192-197, 454-456, 397 held vendor 3.2% beer advocate rights third persons, gender-based discrimination prohibited men, women, 21. this case, did Craig, inflicts "injury fact" satisfies Art. III's case-or-controversy requirement, "(t)he duties created statutory sections addressed directly vendors (PPA. It) obliged either heed (prohibition), thereby incurring direct economic injury constriction (its) market, disobey command suffer" sanctions. U.S., at 194, S.Ct., 455.3 Therefore, "vendors like positions (who) uniformly permitted resist efforts restricting operations acting advocates parties who seek market function." Id., 195, 456. See 443-446, 1033-1035, 349 (1972); Sullivan Little Hunting Park, 396 229, 237, 90 400, 404, 24 386 (1969); Barrows Jackson, 346 249, 257-260, 73 1031, 1035-1037, L.Ed. 1586 (1953). As such, "is entitled assert concomitant 'diluted adversely affected' should constitutional fail." supra, 455, quoting Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 481, 85 1678, 1679, 510 (1965).4 II 21 Although explicitly mention privacy," recognized one aspect "liberty" Due Process Clause Amendment "a personal privacy, guarantee certain areas zones privacy." 152, 726, 147 (1973). This includes "the independence making kinds important decisions." Whalen Roe, 589, 599-600, 869, 876, 64 (1977). While outer limits marked Court, clear individual make unjustified government interference "relating marriage, Loving Virginia, 388 12, 87 1817, 1823, 1010 (1967); procreation, Skinner Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 535, 541-542, 62 1110, 1113-1114, 86 1655 (1942); contraception, 453-454, 1038-1039; id., 460, 463-465, 1042, 1043-1044 (White, J., concurring result); family relationships, Prince Massachusetts, 158, 166, 442, 88 645 (1944); education, Pierce Society Sisters, 268 510, 45 571, 573, 69 1070 (1925); Meyer Nebraska, (262 390, 399, 43 625, 67 1042 (1923))." 152-153, 726. Cleveland LaFleur, 414 632, 639-640, 94 791, 796-797, 39 (1974). 22 very heart cluster choices. holds place history first holding most prominently vindicated recent years contexts supra; abortion, Doe Bolton, 179, 739, 201 (1973); Central 788 understandable, field definition concerns intimate human accomplish prevent conception private sensitive. "If anything, individual, single, free unwarranted governmental intrusion into matters fundamentally child." 453, 1038. (Emphasis omitted.) 23 individual's liberty choices regarding contraception not, however, automatically invalidate every area. business manufacturing regulated ways do infringe And burdensome validated sufficiently interest. example, after determining "right . encompass(es) woman's pregnancy," 153, 727, we cautioned absolute, (in "interests safeguarding health, maintaining standards, life") point "become sustain factors govern abortion decision." 154, 727. "Compelling" course key word; involved, regulations 155-156, 727-728, cases cited. With these principles mind, turn correct invalid III 25 consider wider restriction 6811(8)'s adults pharmacists. 26 Appellants argue accorded contraceptives" status liberty. They emphasize struck down discuss laws "regulating manufacture sale." 485, 1682. decided Equal Protection Clause, "whatever be, same unmarried alike." Thus neither case treated reflecting upon power prohibit unmarried. But see 463-464, result). 27 fatal fallacy overlooks underlying premise protects "forbidding rather regulating sale," Connecticut maximum destructive impact" rights. sacred precincts marital bedrooms" made "repulsive." 485-486, subsequent protection autonomy childbearing dependent element. limited couples, characterized "decision 1038 (emphasis added). Similarly, pregnancy." 727 876-877, n. 26. put proper perspective. longer read couple's Read light progeny, teaching State. 28 Restrictions decisions. total intrude harshly ban use. Indeed, practice, all sales, easily less offensively enforced, might devastating effect contraception. Cf. Poe Ullman, 367 497, 81 1752, 989 (1961). 29 An instructive analogy found statutes abortions outright variety them. Bigelow 421 809, 95 2222, 44 600 significance establish test pregnancy effectuating entirely. Both types "may 'compelling interest' legitimate stake." 155, 728.5 463, 1043 independent contraceptives," essential foundation holdings Griswold, Wade. 30 Limiting imposes significant so. 461-464, 1042-1044 is, course, great distribution. Nevertheless, channels small fraction number possible outlets renders considerably accessible public, reduces opportunity selection purchase,6 lessens possibility competition.7 503, 1691 judgment). Of relevance down, unconstitutionally burdening woman requiring performed accredited hospitals, absence proof related patient's health. 193-195, 748-749. infirmity infuses 6811(8). "Just conviction giving advice exercise, sanction proved hazardous impair right." 464, There remains inquiry Clearly life," invoked Insofar contraceptives,8 bears relation 450-452, 1036-1038, result).9 Nor life implicated 163-164, 731-732. 32 suggest furthers none comparable heretofore compelling. expresses contraceptives"; "allows purchasers inquire relative qualities varying prevents tampering them"; facilitates Brief 14. hardly statute's incursion rights, obviously goal preventing contraceptives.10 device. Nothing record suggests qualified give merits different necessary purchaser consumers items. Why better able inclined retailers prepackaged products, or, are, why singled out special protection, unexplained.11 ease enforcement, prospect additional administrative inconvenience thought invasion See, e. g., Morrissey Brewer, 408 471, 2593, 33 484 Goldberg Kelly, 254, 1011, 287 (1970). IV12 unconstitutional, age.13 contend minors, 34 extent regulate conduct regulable when committed vexing one, perhaps susceptible precise answer. reluctant define totality relationship juvenile state." re Gault, 387 13, 1428, 1436, 527 (1967). Certain principles, recognized. "Minors, possess rights." 74, 2843. "(W)hatever impact, Bill Rights alone." 1436.14 On hand, children reaches beyond scope authority adults." 170, 444, (1944). Ginsberg 390 629, 1274, 195 (1968). McKeiver Pennsylvania, 403 528, 91 1976, 647 (1971). adults. consent parent loco parentis condition during weeks spousal-consent 67-72, 2831 party possibly arbitrary, veto," 2843, " 'which itself absolutely totally exercising.' 69, 2841. inhibiting valid "any present adult." 75, 2844.15 consent.16 36 Since mental physical pregnant minor, contraceptive. 37 argue, lead increased young, behavior.17 it. argument, support indeed abortions, unmarried, whose public many States. Yet, areas, noting "no court commentator taken seriously." 724. reason unanimous rejection stated Baird "It plainly unreasonable assume (the State) prescribed birth (or psychological dangers abortion) punishment fornication." 1036. remain attribute "scheme values" State.18 38 themselves "there F.Supp., 332, n.10, accordingly offered none, here. Appellees, cite considerable body indicating effect.19 take judicial notice, 331-333, incidence high,20 consequences frequently devastating,21 studies cited play part decision. enough again confirm principle bare assertion, based complete supporting evidence, policy.22 B unconstitutional. flat unqualified 6807(b) (McKinney, Supp. 1976-1977), nn.1, 7, provides nothing §§ 6800-6826 shall construed "(a)ny supplying his patients drugs (he) deems practice." narrow exception, above limitations significantly pass scrutiny. Rather, seriousness views engage stage.23 form difficult obtain. poorly suited attempting justify, appellants' construction delegates disapprove behavior physicians, arbitrarily,24 deny people, undermine illicit do. 2841, 2843.25 V 40 Court's "advertisement display" correct. Only last Term Virginia Pharmacy Citizens Consumer Council, 425 748, 48 (1976), "completely dissemination concededly truthful lawful activity," could categorized "commercial speech." 773, 1831. Just contraceptives.26 left open Bd. ; there, contention mere time, place, manner restriction," 771, 1830, misleading deceptive advertisements, ibid., "that transactions proposed forbidden illegal way. Pittsburgh Press Co. Human Relations Comm'n, (413 376, 2553, 669 (1973))." 772-773, addition "substantial societal interests" flow commercial enumerated Bd., 763-766, suppressed "related least respects, interfere." 760, 1825. 41 offensive embarrassing them, Amendment. At obscenity consistently speech suppression. Cohen California, 15, 1780, 284 (1971).27 "legitimation" behavior, whatever incited remotely "directed inciting producing imminent lawless likely incite produce Brandenburg Ohio, 395 447, 89 1827, 1829, 430 (1969). services legal, cf. Commission Relations, 413 (1973), supra.28 arguments advertising concerning contraceptives.29 42 Affirmed. THE CHIEF JUSTICE dissents. WHITE, result. I join concur result IV.* 46 saw (1972), reach novel restrict forbid unmarried," 465, 1044 (concurring result), four seven Justices participating were equal married. Given given reached appears warranted. regard opinion, declaring law forbidding relations. assumption III. 47 restriction. Again, legality premarital issue here; and, STEVENS, "I describe 'frivolous' appellee's intended use, notwithstanding combined objection State," post, 713. joining say agree expressed separate opinion. POWELL, judgment. 50 action, am persuaded severe constraints places legislative apparently subject adult relations strictest standard review. today's decision, interests." Ante, 686. Even now "significant interest," "apparently rigorous" otherwise apply. 693 15. my view, extraordinary sex required supported prior A. relies "compelling interest" sweeping adopts today. Those generally involved (1965), invalidated physicians viewed "operat(ing) husband wife physician's role relation," 482, 1680, "seek(ing) achieve goals impact relationship," reviewed Texas criminal sanctions personnel nontherapeutic effectively foreclosing safety desired service. just Term, Missouri's spousal state-imposed "absolute obstacle interference." 71 11, 2842. 53 Parenthood, proposition entirely." 688. refers test. procedural requirements Georgia "reasonably related" "patient's needs." 199, 751. obstacle" written woman. Despite normally require surgical procedures, sustained demonstration abort important, often stressful one," assure aware 67, 2840. 54 sum, quite unnecessarily Roe. precedents sound analysis legislation meet exacting whenever implicates freedom. frustrates heavily Bellotti 132, 147, 2857, 2866, 844 rarely imposed courts deliberate restraint view properly judgments. 55 subjecting heightened cases, States broad latitude legislate adolescents. permissibly determine that, precisely delineated possessed full capacity choice" 649-650, 1285-1286, (1968) (Stewart, decisions, ostensibly reaffirmed plurality, ante, 692, Restraints "even though restraints impermissible." 102, 2856 (Stevens, dissenting part).1 56 exercised responsibility falling within "cluster choices" relating marriage. 685. set below marry N.Y.Dom.Rel. 15-a 1964 established legally activity, Penal 130.05(3)(a) 1975). 130.25, 130.30, 130.35 highlight citizens lack maturity understanding marriage relationships. 57 Until today, arguably review sort practical approaches standard. face material defined obscene basis appeal 'to protect welfare children' 'safeguarded abuses' 'growth well-developed men citizens.' 640-641, 1281, U.S, 165, 441. Consequently, "only remaining" "whether Legislature rationally conclude, has, materials proscribed statute) constitutes 'abuse.' 641, 1281. relevant impinge 58 considerations specific 59 years. 1972). element York's program said well-being assured encouraged guidance. framed serving purpose two respects. First, 695 18, physician. authorizing partners expressly recognizes once exists presumed procreation. justifies counseling general simply inapplicable whom affirmatively approved 60 Second, interferes 639, 1280 7. "(C)onstitutional interpretation parents' claim household basic structure society. 'It cardinal us custody, care nurture reside parents, primary function include preparation obligations supply hinder.' Ibid., 442. Wisconsin Yoder, 406 205, 231-233, 1526, 1541-1542, 534-535, 573-574, 262 399-401, 626-627, (1923). allow "to enquire into, prove, punish," 548, 1779, (1961) (Harlan, dissenting), responsibility. points sufficient magnitude guidance appropriate sensitive area development.2 61 room plurality's seems me, further end adolescents before deciding intercourse. 91, 2851 concurring). justifiably note pressures influence time lives understand responses. Participation consequences. risks obvious emotional problems society long adhered promiscuously, adolescent adult. Requiring consistent cases. considered conditioning (a minor's) (decision) 2844. Observing necessarily consulting aspects special-consent exercisable physician, prerequisite minor's termination (did) restriction." Ibid. suggested materially presented assuring instances consultation 90-91, 2850-2851 63 illustration permitted, minors.3 aged over. serious facilitate invalidates pharmacy lacks sustained. 65 enact measure. Restricting justified,4 respect, works By buy counter, freedom.5 66 lawfully me too broadly. flatly dismisses, "classically" irrelevant, contentions indiscriminate settings unduly legitimation promiscuity. advertising, cast carefully tailored young.6 68 For reasons join, Inc., grant monopoly conclusion invalid, differ forth BRENNAN' s wish add emphasis V. IV. 72-75, 2381, 2842-2844, conditioned dispositive options available already nonpregnant former unless she aborts; latter category avoid abstention. measure female's abort. 70 leave "frivolous" explained Powell, parents. persuaded, glaring defects alone injunction applications plaintiffs wishes others Episcopal minister sponsors disease, firm, presumably way customers. satisfied, follow, 72 protective measures. part). Such premised unwise harmful consequences; ameliorate providing, honor bargain. almost unprecedented, ill-advised act rise greater risk irreparable harm similar adult.1 Common sense indicates regardless what does; further, affected unavailability theoretically harms practicing abstention, inevitably not. pregnancy. 74 desire inhibit 16. seriously numbers abstain abstaining fear disease.2 Rather central symbolic communicating disapproval essence, therefore, defended propaganda, behavior.4 75 perform function, persuade inflicting listener unacceptable conveying message legitimate. propaganda technique used disease. dramatize motorcycles helmets. One need posit ride motorcycle characterize irrational perverse. 76 defective. Assuming uniform self-inflicted operating motorcycles, engaging surely deliberately injuring cyclist infecting If administered deliberately, trial guilt, manifestly legislature, indiscriminately random. government-mandated harm, judgment, appropriately deprivation due process 77 346. Specifically, reader listener. holding. 78 content minimize character. foreclose zone 79 type communication immune regulation. Young American Mini Theatres, 427 50, 65-71, 2440, 2449-2553, 310 (opinion Stevens, J.). editorial contain expression, censored while 80 exhibiting motion pictures profit character factor affect expressed. supra. sometimes deprive protection; equally existence offensiveness. picture included instruction book excluded billboard. 82 REHNQUIST, dissenting. 83 valiantly vainly heights Bunker Hill 1775 James Madison later sit Congress draft Constitution. post-Civil War Congresses drafted Civil accomplished task blood brave sides shed Shiloh, Gettysburg, Cold Harbor. responsible Amendments, feats valor draftsmanship, lived know enshrined peddle window displays vending machines located men's truck stops, contrary, imagine reaction.1 84 believe discussed result, debate treatment case-by-case concede validity willing do.2 comes endless ill-considered extension originally formulated produces indefensible logic chopping obvious. moral jurisdiction subjected, goes representatives majority carrying issues fully aired. No questions religious belief, compelled allegiance secular creed, couples another. scarcely go far itself. legislature chosen woman, fait accompli remedy enable instead sought deter faits accomplis. told however deeply concerned problem teenagers, adopt dealing police concept pertains denial self-government must, run, prove temporary departure wise adjudication contrary. reverse Court. provides: class misdemeanor for: "8. Any instrument article, recipe, drug medicine prevention sixteen authorized articles, premises pharmacy, hereby prohibited." After dispute exception prohibitions "This article prevent: "(b) owner registered store, employ owner, practice ." "drugs" 6802(7) nn. text, infra, 329-330, 8. PPA, Services International, nonprofit disseminating services; Rev. B. Hagen, director distributes devices; specializing planning, pediatrics, obstetrics-gynecology; resident alleges inhibits information, Hagen standing, unnecessary plaintiffs. 327-330. defendants provisions. suffered shown prosecution imminent. Steffel Thompson, 415 452, 459-460, 1209, 1215-1216, 505 (1974) argument. past, continues regular business; authorities enforcing violation; occasion, threatened prosecution. threat 508, 1758, (plurality opinion), "chimerical." fallen virtual desuetude years, alleged explicit Here, prosecutions brought predecessor recently 1965. People Misc.2d 478, N.Y.S.2d 947 (1965). vendor's product fall privacy. chilled (of rights) (they vindicate) publicity suit." Singleton Wulff, 106, 117, 2868, 2875, 826 Contrary suggestion advanced POWELL's hold "whenever freedom," "affect(s) relations," 703, "burden(s) Supra, page. observe below, definitively answered (private consensual sexual) adults," 17, purport answer now. notes, 711, practiced relations." provided permits "who store" "such practice" expand little notice "not potentially dangerous." 1037, (1972). federal comprehensively devices, see, U.S.C. 351-360, 353(b); N.Y. Educ. 1972 6810, unclear health-related 1037. employment work clerks pharmacies. To employed stores undesirable comments gestures," 3-4, corrupted working pharmacies hazards. pointed out, insufficient reasonably objective control. on, machines, case. 336. MARSHALL BLACKMUN. Subject apparent practice. 697-699, n.23. speech, Tinker Des Moines School Dist., 393 733, 731 (1969), West Barnette, 319 624, 1178, 1628 (1943); racial discrimination, Brown Education, 347 483, 686, 98 873 (1954); civil contexts, Goss Lopez, 419 565, 729, 725 (1975); proceedings, reasonable doubt, Winship, 358, 1068, 368 (1970), double jeopardy, Breed Jones, 519, (1975), counsel, confrontation, cross-examination, incriminate oneself, (1967), coerced confessions, Gallegos Colorado, 370 49, 325 (1962); Haley 332 596, 302, 224 (1948). rigorous n.16, infra. lesser scrutiny States' (1968), decisions," -, (1977), regarded capability "does maturity, effective (428 (1976)). fault Parenthood) Appellees comprehends Note, Privacy: Constitutional Personal Liberty, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 670, 719-738 question, mores, broader event, appellees, proceeds bar note, moreover, strongly deterrence girl 14, judge. 15-a, 15(2), 15(3) 1976-1977). Yet although violates law, her. recipients programs, "of sexually active." N.Y.Soc.Serv. 350(1)(e) 1976); 602(a)(15)(A) (1970 ed., V). 365-a(3)(c) 1396d(a)(vii)(4)(C) contrary covered programs others, others. Settlage, Baroff, & Cooper, Sexual Experience Younger Teenage Girls Seeking Contraceptive Assistance Time, Family Perspectives 223 (fall 1973); Pilpel Wechsler, Birth Control, Teenagers Law: Look (July 1971); Stein, Furnishing Information Medical Treatment Minors Prevention, Termination Pregnancy, Clearinghouse Review 131, 132 Reiss, Morality, Journal Sex Research (Apr. 1966). Parental Consent Requirements Privacy Minors: Controversy, Harv.L.Rev. 1001, 1010, n.67 Jordan, Minor's Right Contraceptives, U.Calif. Davis L. 270, 272-273 271-273; Kanter Zelnick, Unmarried Women United States, (Oct. examination problems, following data sketchily indicate extent. According City Department Health statistics, filed Liberties Union amicus curiae, 6,000 live births girls 1975, nearly 11,000 abortions. "(t)eenage motherhood involves host adverse effects baby, continuous stigma associated unwed motherhood, drop school impairment educational opportunities, dislocations (including) forced immature acute anxieties secure abortion." (1975) (footnotes omitted). 273-275. statement "it find condemned minors," contrast right. accurately identify enacting (formerly 6804-b 1142(2)) enacted 1965 modification, response 1142 titled "Indecent articles." Laws, c. 637. back 318 Code 1881, 1881 676, medicine, conception." 6807(b), excepts licensing (subject provisos relevant). bearing several numbers, incorporated 1927, 1361, 1927 85, Public Law. 1893, 187, 1893 661. Thus, predecessors predate inclusion significantly, 1142(2), physicians' 6807(b). 1145 (§ 1881), provided: "An instrument, practicing, direction prescription, cure indecent immoral nature chapter. articles offense chapter." interpreted Appeals permit "in good faith" treat disease," "promiscuous irrespective condition." Sanger, 222 192, 194-195, 118 N.E. 637, 637-638 (1918), dismissed 251 537, 55, (1919) (per curiam ). Byrne, 99 Misc. 163 N.Y.S. 682 (Sup.Ct.Kings 1917); (Sup.Ct.Nassau 1965). history, mind transferred distribu- tion Law, section analogous 1145, (their) practice," than, assert, intending establishing scheme freely physicians. attempts 1974 modify refer, supports construction. legislators debating bills seem reference 196, 749, doubted "predilections sex" interfere judgments all; purports commission reflect evident degree permissive restrictive "counseling." provide he "deems proper." "absolute, arbitrary" discretion condemned. involving emphasized 164, 732, suggestion, obtain reason, 24, prescription products. much "tasteless excessive," offends many. 765, 1827. distinction noncommercial render discredited meritorious speech. directed ideas conveyed core values. Linmark Willingboro Tp., 96-97, 1614, 1620, 155. us, disagree summary II. Stevens examples, rooted traditions law: "Because foresee enforceable He travel pleases, attend exhibitions pictures. Persons consent. pregnant." 2856. .." female severable, "would create actually adopted." Sloan Lemon, 825, 834, 2982, 2987, 939 entire invalidated. Dorchy Kansas, 264 286, 291, 323, 325, 686 (1924); Dollar Canadian C. F. Co., 220 279, 115 713 (1917). perceive authorizes designated counseling. Absent applying articulated aside II-A, warrants marketing Without impossible effectuate counseled purchasing devices. professionals, relying responsibly observing applicable satisfactory preserve anonymity customers outlet. However impersonal marketplace approach home. occasionally circumvention argues unregulated invitation finds advertising. 702 29. electronic media. Judge Leventhal observed context: "(T)here all-out censor, speaking still leaves mature audience. What places. times." Pacifica Foundation FCC, 181 U.S.App.D.C. 157, 556 F.2d (1977) (dissenting opinion). adopted legislation. Planning, Contraception Voluntary Sterilization: Analysis Laws Policies Each Jurisdiction, Report National Center (1971) (DHEW Pub.No. (HSA) 74-16001). publication contains comprehensive survey authors doctor layman successfully prosecuted providing liable damages consent." 70. indicated trend toward removal barriers contraceptives." 59. 1971 display. 60. once, passing. 20. candidly admitted 332. "fact youngsters Rely 5. admittedly never 2, position symbolic. empirical "propaganda" effective. Simply common sense, unlikely influenced indirectly disapproving conduct. striking Whatever imagined intention procure cannot, let comment, 688 5, 694 17. ruled conceivable facial acts "definitively" established. Commonwealth's Attorney, 901, 1489, 751 Hicks Miranda, 422 343-344, 2281, 2288-2289,

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