Document: 453 U.S. 367 101 S.Ct. 2813 69 L.Ed.2d 706 CBS, INC., Petitioner,v.FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION et al. AMERICAN BROADCASTING COMPANIES, Petitioner, v. FEDERAL NATIONAL COMPANY, Nos. 80-207, 80-213, and 80-214. Argued March 3, 1981. Decided July 1, Syllabus Section 312(a)(7) of the Communications Act 1934, as added by Title I Federal Election Campaign 1971, authorizes Commission (FCC) to revoke any broadcasting station license "for willful or repeated failure allow reasonable access permit purchase amounts time for use a legally qualified candidate elective office on behalf his candidacy." On October 11, 1979, Carter-Mondale Presidential Committee (Committee) requested each three major television networks (petitioners) provide 30-minute program between 8 p. m. 10:30 day from 4th through 7th December 1979. The intended present, in conjunction with President Carter's formal announcement candidacy, documentary outlining record administration. petitioners refused make available. CBS emphasized large number candidates nominations potential disruption regular programming accommodate requests equal treatment, but offered sell 5-minute segment at 10:55 daytime; American Broadcasting Cos. replied that it had not yet decided when would begin selling political 1980 campaign, later indicated such sales January 1980; National Co., noting candidates, stated was prepared programs early then filed complaint FCC, charging violated their obligation "reasonable access" under § 312(a)(7). FCC ruled statute, concluding reasons refusing were "deficient" FCC's standards reasonableness, directing indicate specified date how they fulfill statutory obligations. networks' petition review, Court Appeals affirmed orders, holding statute created new, affirmative right broadcast media individual federal has authority independently evaluate whether campaign begun purposes statute. court approved insistence responding candidate's request broadcasters must weigh certain factors, including needs (as expressed candidate); amount previously provided candidate; programming; other likely invoke opportunity rights if broadcaster granted before it; timing request. determined supported conclusion failed apply proper thus statute's requirement. also rejected petitioners' First Amendment challenge applied. Held: 1. an affirmative, promptly enforceable stations seeking office. It went beyond merely codifying prior policies developed public interest standard. Pp. 376-386. (a) is clear face Congress did prescribe simply general duty afford some measure programming, which already for. Rather, focuses "legally candidate" air advocate "his candidacy," guarantees him specific governmental sanction. Further, sanction may be imposed either "willful repeated" access. 377-379. (b) legislative history confirms enlarged responsibilities licensees. 379-382. (c) Since enactment 312(a)(7), consistently construed extending policy imposing additional requirement afforded This construction comports its language received congressional so departure unwarranted. 382-385. (d) observation Columbia System, Inc. Democratic Committee, 412 94, 113-114, n. 12, 93 2080, 2091-2092, 36 772 relied petitioners, "essentially codified" existing practice all respects coextensive no duties broadcasters. That case purport rule precise contours since issue Court. 385-386. 2. Contrary contentions, effectuate 312(a)(7)—which evolved principally case-by-case basis are embodied formalized rules—do contravene objectives unduly intrude editorial discretion, properly applied determining grant required 386-394. FCC'S determining—by examining objective evidence considering position both well factors—whether obligations have attached does improperly involve electoral process significantly impair broadcasters' discretion. Nor standard requiring individualized improper alleged ground attaches inordinate significance candidates' needs, thereby precluding fair assessment concerns. mandates careful consideration of, blind asset to, desires time. Although proscribe blanket rules concerning access, broadcaster's granting only spots fixed duration consistent 312(a)(7)'s guarantee arbitrary capricious, represent reasoned attempt requirement, giving room exercise discretion demanding act good faith. 388-390. decisions interpretations, adequate notice conduct Committee's about status accorded announced vesting adequately factors relied. And circumstances here, cannot concluded abused finding 390-394. 3. defined violate circumscribing instead balances public, industry entitled "the widest journalistic freedom [duties]," supra, 110, S.Ct., 2090, "[i]t viewers listeners, broadcasters, paramount." Red Lion Co. 395 367, 390, 89 1794, 1806, 23 371. creates limited media, makes significant contribution expression enhancing ability receive, information necessary effective operation democratic process. 394-397. 202 U.S.App.D.C. 369, 629 F.2d affirmed. Floyd Abrams, New York City, petitioners. Stephen M. Shapiro, Washington, D. C., respondents. Chief Justice BURGER delivered opinion 1 We certiorari consider 47 U.S.C. . station" 449 950, 353, 66 213 (1980). 2 * A. 3 Gerald Rafshoon, 4th, 5th, 6th, 1979.1 president carter's 4 declined Petitioner Republican two segments one daytime.2 campaign,3 subsequently 1980. App. 58. 1979.4 5 29, Commission, violatedtheir amended. Act, 86 Stat. 4, states: 6 "The 7 permit— 9 "(7) 10 11 At open meeting November 20, 4-to-3 vote, In memorandum order, directed 26, 74 F.C.C.2d 631. 12 Petitioners sought reconsideration decision. petitions denied same and, 28, issued second order clarifying previous arguments create new substituted judgment evaluating set file plans compliance 657. 13 networks, pursuant 402, petitioned review Commission's orders United States District Circuit. Thecourt allowed Association intervene, stay pending review. 14 Following seizure Embassy personnel Iran, postpone planned during period 4-7, However, believing needed President's obtained five minutes 4. addition, ABC NBC offers January, offer eventually accepted. Throughout these negotiations, reserved relating appeal. B 15 302 (1980), As implementation "broadcasters address non-frivolous matters time." Id., 386, F.2d, 18. For example, as: "(a) grants him; (e) request." 387, 19. reviewing decision, will confine itself questions: "(1) adverted deciding (2) explanation decision terms those standards?" 16 Applying principles, sustained determination accordingly, attached. supports standards." 389, 21. particular, "across-the-board" asserted Committee. 22. From this correct 17 Finally, applied, reasoning "is constitutionally acceptable accommodation between, hand, public's informed elections speak broadcasters." 25. concurring adopted majority, id., 117, 25, Judge Tamm view saved constitutional infirmity "as long [Commission] maintains very 'overseer' role neutrality ." 34. II 18 first scope contend impose codified however, argues 19 enacted 1972, included four Titles Reform (Title I). contained provision 312(a)(7).5 20 often observed starting point every involving employed Congress." Reiter Sonotone Corp., 442 330, 337, 99 2326, 2330, 60 931 (1979). unambiguous language, 21 22 suggests that, time, revocation follow even single instance denial willful; where recurring, penalty absence showing willfulness. command differs preceding adoption been described follows: 24 "Prior [statute], we recognized fourteen basic elements meet interest, community. No had, station. reasonable, faith judgments importance particular races. Based upon judgments, licensees 'determine much should made available race paid unpaid basis.' There 'uses' 315 'equal opportunities' applicable." (Footnotes omitted.) Report Order: Policy Enforcing 68 1079, 1087-1088 (1978) (1978 Order). 25 Under pre-1971 assure renewal, given issues, could claim personal unless opponent used distinction drawn federal, state, local elections.6 See Farmers Educational & Cooperative Union WDAY, Inc., 360 525, 534, 79 1302, 1307-1308, 1407 (1959). By terms, singles out them special basis, violation carries serious consequence revocation. inescapable more than codify pre-existing 26 When subject reform taken up bills introduced Senate—S. S. 382, 956. All measures, while differing approach, "intended increase accessibility reduce level spending use." 1971: Hearings 956 Subcommittee Senate Commerce, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., (1971) (remarks Sen. Pastore). subsequent Commerce primary 1971 "give greater better explain stand fully completely inform voters." S.Rep. No. 92-96, U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News pp. 1773, 1774 (emphasis added). neither explicit interpretation became nor discussion impact, noted: 27 "[The amendment] provide[s] licensee station's facilities lagally [sic] candidacy shall grounds adverse action FCC. 28 generally offices inherent serve interests [communities] license. Id. 34, 1787. 29 While acknowledging "general" treated separately prescribed proposed legislation. 28. 30 initially reported Senate, broadly person who Conference confined S.Conf.Rep. 92-580, (1971); H.Conf.Rep. 92-752, (1971). During floor debate House attention called substantial impact industry: 31 "[B]roadcasters [are required] [for office] 'reasonable time' advertising. Any found lose thrown business, total service notwithstanding. 32 33 "[U]nder provision, broadcaster, whose retained performance charged being unreasonable therefore, fall license." 118 Cong.Rec. 326 (1972) Rep. Keith). 34 Such emphasis thrust seem unnecessary nothing reiterate 35 Perhaps most telling intent, contemporaneous amendment 315(a) Act.7 "conforming amendment" necessitated 22; Prior amendment," sentence (1970 ed.) read: "No candidate." common carriers rather responsive, result amendment, now contains important qualification: subsection retreated statement "no obligation" exists presumably because compels context elections. If reaffirmed revocation, conforming needed. Thus, plain meaning broadcasts candidacies,8 without reference secured C 37 held execution followed there compelling indications wrong, especially alter administrative construction." 381, 1801-1802, 371 (1969) (footnotes omitted). Accord, 121, 2095-2096, (1973). deference particularly appropriate where, agency's involves issues considerable controversy, acted misperception objectives." Rutherford, 544, 554, 2470, 2476, 61 38 policy. "now imposes overall operate office." Use Broadcast Cablecast Facilities Candidates Public Office, 510, 537-538 (1972 Statement) Notice Concerning Licensee Responsibility Amendments Made 516 (1974). 1978 Order, stated: 39 "When mandate interest. Licensees specifically 'use' candidates. 40 "We see merit contention meant codification broadcasts. reason commit enforced Commission. F.C.C.2d, 1088. 41 Primer, 2286-2289. adhered rulings inquiries complaints. See, e. g., Labor Party, 67 589, 590 (1978); Ken Bauder, 62 849 (Broadcast Bureau 1976); Don C. Smith, 49 678, 679 1974); Summa 43 602, 603-605 (1973); Robert H. Hauslein, 1064, 1065 1973). 42 aware 1973, hearings conducted 1971. 1973: 372 93d Sess. Chairman Dean Burch testified regarding experience 136-137. He noted 1972 Statement "widely distributed represented our best requirements law intent 135. discussed difficult questions implicit office, brought approach problems form Congress. erred construction, would, course, welcome guidance." 137. Senator Pastore, Subcommittee, replied: didn't draw differently you legislate guidelines, standards, criteria, know what run against. think enough, enough well. 44 45 "I suppose cases kind, get But, frankly, worked pretty well." 137-138. 46 joined Vice Frank Stanton objected fact "grants 190. strongly urged "repeal" plea unsuccessful. Ibid.9 affording Therefore, "Congress' repeal revise [the statute] [is] persuasive Zemel Rusk, 381 85 1271, 1278, 179 (1965). D 48 support narrow reading restatement obligation, cite (1973), requires accept advertisements citizens large. several occasions private group facilities," altered though amended times. 113, 2091. footnote, here rely, referred recently stating candidates." 12. always parsed dealing statute." U.S., 341, 2332. us. Like opportunities 315(a), reflects airwaves Yet hold expanded predecessor persons election office.10 III 50 give guidance implement Essentially, "rule reason" enforcement. Pursuant 303(r), empowers "[m]ake regulations restrictions conditions, inconsistent law, carry provisions Act]," agency 154(i). interpretative statements, implementing rules. relevant criteria employ can summarized Order opinions cases. 51 Broadcasters free deny sale commencement once begun, good-faith qualified" candidates11 considered tailor responses accommodate, reasonably possible, requests, weight sold candidate, disruptive likelihood rival 315(a). These considerations invoked pretexts denying access; justify negative response, realistic danger disruption—perhaps caused insufficient adjustments schedule—or excessive requests. facilitate making counteroffer. take into account faith, analysis differed instance. But adopt "across-the-board policies" do respond situation compelled sustain 665-674; 642-651; 1089-1092, 1094. argue contrary 52 (1) 53 threshold matter, determine 665-666. assert undertaking task, becomes involved seriously impairs 54 fail recognize campaign. alleging access," examines find commenced, "taking factors." 665 noted, "determination attach control process, controlled process." U.S.App.D.C., 384, 16. not, be, purely judgment. 55 Moreover, serves might read soon he regard supra. confining applicability after commences, substance 56 basis. view, concerns prohibiting uniform 57 admonishing " 'second guess' 'political' wisdom effectiveness" format clearly acknowledged means conclusive question any, appropriate. Other displacement (particularly affected probability candidates), balance." 667-668. assent 58 examined own merits. prove convenient strategies exigencies ignored. A "evenhanded" response "unreasonable" less advertisement longer discuss substantive issues. essence, seek unilateral advance assures guarantee. (3) 59 experienced entrusted regulation broadcasting, responsible enforcing Act. Accordingly, judicial "unless wrong." 1802. 120, 2095, "remain posture flexibility chart workable 'middle course' quest preserve balance essential accountability desired media." Appeals, say capricious odds 706(2)(A). Indeed, satisfied represents faith.12 doubt achieved clarity cases.13 However laudable raises petitioners.14 conclude establish campaigns unique: "For instance, presidential full swing almost year election; short concentrated period...[W]e believe generally, least periods [when 'lowest unit charge' applied]. periods; access' races facts present... 63 [W]e expect convention caucus. licensee's area basis." 1091-1092 64 Anthony R. Martin-Trigona, 743 (1978), observed: "[T]he licensee, ultimately look 746, "Federal beneficiary therefore method conducting her access." 1089, 14. 65 "[A]n 'blanket' ban class length reasonable. pursuing honored possible 'reasonable' limits licensee." 1090. Here, approximately months Convention. national underway point, stressed: formally intention nomination, done nomination; various states started delegate selection process; traveling across country speeches attempting raise funds; organizations established operating; Iowa caucus following month; (f) officials groups endorsements; (g) print activities prominent coverage months. 645-647. Nevertheless, 1979 "too season." 41-43, 52-74; nn. counteroffers, "blanket" despite admonition against Order. Cf. Donald W. Riegle, 1314 (1976); WALB-TV, 1246 (1976). Likewise, petitioner barring completely, across-the-board notwithstanding directive "a campaign." 44-45, 75-93; 2, responded separate segments, present comprehensive launching re-election broadcast, flexible prime slot 4-day period, accompanied pay normal commercial rate, preceded Carter 27-40; complaint, claims "speculative unsubstantiated best." 674. circumstances, 312(a)(7).15 warrant substitution confided problem latter." WOKO, 329 223, 229, 213, 216, 91 L.Ed. 204 (1946). "[C]ourts overrule disagree wisdom." Radio Corp. America States, 341 412, 420, 71 806, 810, 95 1062 (1951). IV implemented violates 2094, 70 "Th[e] Government ultimate arbiter guardian 'free agent' call delicate balancing competing interests. maintenance years regulators walk 'tightrope' values written successor, Act." disrupts "delicate balanc[e]" achieve. disagree. 72 licensed "granted exclusive valuable part domain; accepts franchise burdened obligations." Office Communication Church Christ 123 328, 359 994, 1003 (1966). license: 73 "A permits holds monopolize frequency exclusion fellow citizens. prevents share others 1806. Citizens Comm. Broadcasting, 436 775, 799-800, 98 2096, 2114, 697 (1978). that: 75 "It paramount. purpose uninhibited marketplace ideas truth prevail, countenance monopolization market receive suitable social, political, esthetic, moral, crucial here." 1806 (citations omitted) 76 voters, implicated "it views known electorate intelligently qualities positions vital choosing among day." Buckley Valeo, 424 52-53, 96 612, 651, 659 "speech affairs essence self-government," Garrison Louisiana, 379 64, 74-75, 209, 215-216, 125 (1964). "has fullest urgent application precisely Monitor Patriot Roy, 401 265, 272, 621, 625, 77 never media. Midwest Video 440 689, 1435, 692 (1979); Miami Herald Publishing Tornillo, 418 241, 94 2831, 730 (1974); today. "reasonable" pertains advancing candidacies commenced. "provide leeway de novo reasonableness 672. uphold decisions. 393, type programming. 78 effort resource—the airwaves—will cases, Affirmed. 80 WHITE, whom REHNQUIST STEVENS join, dissenting. 81 Court's disarmingly simple seemingly straightforward: office; right; within zone accepted preferred different course. conceals fundamental negate longstanding deferring destructive goals require acceptance network range networks. demonstrable intend aside traditional policy, misconstrued assumed insist entailed rejection representing nevertheless reactions litigation demonstrates, administratively which, light far broader allow. unfortunately underlying themes With due respect, dissent. 82 provides untenable suggest suggested section. What minds easily differ. litigation: language," said, "does expressly define procedures enforce them." 631, 637. Furthermore, thought "[t]he little clarify procedures." Ibid. debates "equally uninstructive." "[i]n further direction, assume wanted broad responsibility duties." 638. Having conferred carte blanche themselves, seven members proceeded produce printed pages proscriptions, prescriptions, permissions, instructions balancing, clarifications, summaries, conclusions, purporting why circumstances. initial covering felt write reconsideration, place. fell error arbitrary, abuse otherwise law. least, judgment." Preserve Overton Park, Volpe, 416, 814, 823, 136 regret compounded suggesting understood task competently performed understandable manner. my position. 83 seemed legislating clean slate, manner avoid undue intrusions long-standing keeping citizenry 84 Government's recounted occasions. 103-110, 2087-2090, 375-386, 1798-1804, (1969). evinces Congress' efforts deal inevitable tension need allocate scarce frequencies exercising frequencies. led creation fulfillment duty. 2090: "Congress develop obligation. Only outweigh government power framework explicitly carriers, 153(h), engage censorship radio communications. 326. parties agree individuals facilities. courts, said 122, "time again attempts mandated variety forms respect fairness doctrine obligated cover opposing points care infringe "journalistic Fairness Doctrine 111, 2090. "[I]n chose leave licensee. dealt with—and firmly rejected—the argument broadest nonselective wishing talk issues." 105, 2088. Similarly, (1979), providing system cable television, derived ignored stern disapproval—evidenced 3(h)—of negation enjoyed operators alike." 708, 1445. 705, 1444. Broadcasters, broadcasting: explained, "recognized community." 312(a)(7): 87 88 satisfy s. 1308, (1959), 'denying stations... ... effectively withdraw air,' quite intent. facilities, 'afford office....' section , marked "legislative desire journalism." 109, corollary obviously grounded unequivocal contrary, designed kind inroads mandated. undoubtedly changed governing respects, section, concedes, created; history, supporting actions thrust. 90 ignored, shows regulatory background above. working radical change roles insists mandate. incorporate concept arose 1970 3637, bill "lowest charge" advertisers. 91st 2d (1970). "consistent community [prime time]." expenditures 116 11593 sponsor explained "to misunderstanding House. presentation interest." H.R.Rep.No.91-1347, Pastore's final vetoed Nixon. 92 effort, Scott, next session promulgate "insure stations." 956, 302(c) proposal 189 enacted. third met success portions addressed elections, charge limitations office.1 "diminution extent programming." S.Rep.No.92-96, (1971), 1781. regard, emphasize covered limitation primarily device insure dilute Consistent Admin.News, reveals conceived presenting negates suggestion believed creating extensive, inflexible fastened work changes put teeth remedy refusals concern lead continuing totally reach oversight responsibilities. note none statements here. served amendments, lowest aimed preventing reducing available.2 97 heavily relies on, so-called "[n]o ed.). original form, 1088, portion hereby imposed"—the word "hereby" omitted codifier Code. To returned way understandable, gives significance. event, indication exist conceded, bit other, furnishes sweeping drastically limit radically expand authority. relies, must, interpret courts accord legislation enforcing. 'will depend thoroughness evident consideration, validity reasoning, consistency earlier pronouncements, persuade, lacking control.' St. Martin Evangelical Lutheran South Dakota, 451 772, 783, 13, 2142, 2148, 612 (1981), quoting Skidmore Swift 323 134, 140, 161, 164, 124 (1944). current version singularly unpersuasive. 100 past views, shortly "additional" eschewed anything approaching extensive inevitably involves: "3. Q. How comply by, office? 102 "A. Each sections 307 309 convenience, necessity. Re: En Banc Programming Inquiry (1960), constitute (See America, North Dakota Division 525 [79 1407] 393-394 [89 1808-1809, 371] (1969).) foregoing over adds 103 ". test reasonableness. substitute but, rather, arise fulfilling 104 105 "8. Some spot announcements (e. seconds, minute) contribute electorate. policies, numbers requested? 106 have, (under 315) policies. ruling, cautioned left complaints arose, looked pattern. (31 782) (1971)). shall, 536-538 supplied). 107 "needs" requesting embraced practice. Discretion remain placed hands subjected close exacting Clearly, adopted. Udall Tallman, 380 16, 792, 801, 616 108 Subsequent interpretations 1079 refrained curtailing stringent second-guess judgments. explained: 109 "Since passage defer constitutes case. desired, inquiry area, learn proving manageable equitable guidelines advisable." 1079-1080. 110 After detailed examination question, concluded: 111 continue achieving commitments types rely convinced encompass 1089. 112 effectuating flexible, possibility "spot" announcements. entitled, placement schedule. aired" 1091. arrogate except leaving report "follow flatly banning classes lengths advertisers." lends credence new-found oversee iron hand 113 degree reversal Commission—the litigation—it inconsistent. Its plainly rejects pronouncements 114 Equally, fundamental, They contain plethora admonitions industry, vague Altogether, effect, departures practice, decisions, Court, congressionally indicated, endorse clearer direction apparent leading mention difficulties 115 4a. footnote differ 'arbitrary, accordance law,' reflecting stance vis-a-vis 642, determined, self-explanatory wide interpreting surprising assertions palpably incredible.3 confounds announcing begins "based [an] independent evaluation taking factors" 665. withdrew transformed novo. shift position, just sufficiently discretion: extends commence." Martin—Trigona, 968, 969 1977), denied, 33, difficulty perceiving campaign" underway, triggering men moment arrived. overstepped answer rejecting submissions. gave whatsoever respect. fact, acknowledge until reconsideration. 117 4b. place particularized candidate. thesis equally. affirmatively request, extended forbid competitor. trace unrealistic tenable them. inference unequal anyone. equality ways complying error. Of individualized-need countless assessments exercised measured broadcaster. demands Commissioner Lee listened carefully colleagues leaves doesn't effect. majority finishes choice weighing majority." 681 (footnote 119 4c. Indicative intends suggestions 122 notices Presidency conceded equally Democrats. wisdom, "unlikely" tiny percentage net effect anticipations based professional rejected. submits brief: "Broadcasters permitted multiple future similarly situated imminence demonstrated near certainty. susceptible proof advance. Candidate necessarily shifting nature, supply prediction plans. limited, schedules, material audiences." Brief 120 4d. tells us: "If instance." Ante, 387. grain salt, whatsoever. "appropriate eviscerate abrupt norms truly remarkable rejection, unreasonable, submissions complaints, briefs CBS: 121 "On adviser, asked Carter/Mondale (the 'Carter Committee') thirty-minute Television Network 8:00 p.m. EST 7, program, anticipated reelection 'a administration.' J.A. 39. half-hour five-minute periods, evening hours daytime hours, 44-45. pleadings, traditionally 80. evenhanded treatment 170-173. pointed election. consisted contest, series state contests time; away; nationally date. actual Presidency; nomination occur granted. 78-84. incumbent unparalleled 170-71." 4-5 NBC: "NBC letter 23, declining 126 (JA 42). evaluated earliness dates (eight Convention election), multiplicity stage (12 Governor state), NBC's honor focused states, Caucus, wish contact states." 80-214, 3-4. ABC: 127 "In dated advised Mr. 128 Rafshoon dates, expected 41. 129 130 commence 1980—instead requested. primaries was, nearly away eight away. 54-55. schedule December, 56. nine Republicans declared leaders tenth announce news ensured 'the mixture developments (including announcements) personalities dominate attention.' 57." 6-7. 131 None justifications patently unreasonable. become conclusion, perspective, "needs." describe overarching focus perceived highly skewed because, sees it, "seek 389. right, squarely Instead adhering laid foundation demand determines execute strategy. concomitant involvement obvious. unworkable scheme access.4 Washburn's dissenting surely correct: 132 document today goes matters. detail (see 12-13, paragraphs 13-35) substitutes thereto. intrusion unwarranted, illegal fear, far-reaching consequences come back haunt again." 682. 133 STEVENS, 134 judgment, answered entire focusing impartially quantity desirable solely litigation, impermissible risk refusal biased—or appear biased character request.* anyone rhetoric wonder impartial administrator electronic wonderment dispelled litigation. 135 sum, WHITE'S compelling. accordingly join opinion. text Rafshoon's am availabilities thirty (30) minute [ABC, NBC] E.S.T. 5, 6, President, consists aired, amended, program. "As know, official contest select delegates occurs 21, 1980, Iowa, days last availabilities. "Unlike years, chosen enormous Florida Caucus (October 1979) (November 16-18, aspects illustration, six-week September 9, devoted minutes, seconds campaign; subject; minutes. above times seems eminently escalating climate generated hear your representatives week choose mutually agreeable date." 35-40. (dated 17, Raymond E. Dillon, Director Political Sales pertinent part: "Because nominations, unable accede Democrats eleven announced, announce, candidacies; indeed Network, below. seek, accommodating massive disruptions entertainment Network. respectfully reject are, committee. periods. "While specified, able 11:00 PM. availability Charles Allen, Administration ABC, reached start mentioned telephone, ABC-TV year." Joseph J. Iaricci, NBC, carefully. campaigns, too season nationwide purposes. honoring similar aspirants. is, factor "Insofar like serving states. "Please assured News newsworthy activities." 42-43. provided: election, fee excess period," 315(b)(1); using communications exceed limits, 803 ed., Supp. II), repealed, Pub.L. 93-443, 1278 still governs levels. Notice: Law Cablecasting, 2209, 2290 Primer). station, "equal [the] station." willing sought. Kennedy 160, 174-178, 636 432, 446-450 (1980); 2288. continued register Clarification 1977: Hearing Science, Transportation, 95th proposals so. 22, (1977); 1178, 94th (1975). Indeed 1974, undisturbed. 1272. Note, Right "Reasonable Access" Colum.L.Rev. 1287 rules, must: eligible seeks; candidacy; qualify ballot write-in Persons in: preference ballot; nomination. 2216-2218. dissenters great preservation endowing "blank check" 1978, Inquiry, rulemaking proceedings commenced Fed.Reg. 12938. strong opposition promulgation formulated. 1079-1081. Petitioners, vagueness confusion standards. 312(a) "revoke permit." (Emphasis added.) argued applies licensees, contention, jurisdiction "mandate 'reasonably ancillary' enforcement 393-395, 25-27. Tr. Oral Arg. 16-17. multi-station reachable [as licenses] express] authority" 640, 10. approval engages adjudication awaiting renewal proceedings. 11-16. 651; 676-677. entered declaratory constituted ruling favors allowing curative imposition sanctions. include expenditure repealed. 1278. One shorten costs. 20-21, advertising "unquestionably contributor spiraling cost campaigns." 30, 1783-1784. majority's runs directly goal. invitation campaigning early, increasing costs tenor Appeals' interference discretion" rigid endorsing "seems less" existed 391, 102, 102. indicates intervene egregious circumstances—such outright regardless Scott few "blatant disregard Privileges Elections Rules Administration, reads intervention. "willful" sufficient trigger overview immediate 378. follows willfully licenses jeopardy tenuous grounds. illustrated voted 4-3 favor 652, 653, 654 instances, Commissioners disagreed. 45th Annual Report/Fiscal Year 1-2, 86-87 400-401, 32-33, (1980) (Tamm, J., concurring).

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