Document: 483 U.S. 219 107 S.Ct. 2802 97 L.Ed.2d 187 PUERTO RICO, Petitioner,v.Terry E. BRANSTAD et al. No. 85-2116. Argued March 30, 1987. Decided June 23, Syllabus Respondent Ronald Calder, who had been released on bail after being arraigned in a Puerto Rico court felony charges, was declared fugitive from justice when he failed to appear at preliminary hearing. Believing that Calder returned his family's home Iowa, officials notified local authorities and surrendered. The Governor of submitted the Iowa request for Calder's extradition. After hearing conducted by Governor's counsel, unsuccessful negotiations between two jurisdictions reduction charges against Iowa's denied extradition request. then filed suit Federal District Court, seeking mandamus relief declaration failure deliver upon presentation proper papers violated Extradition Clause Constitution Act. dismissed complaint ground action barred holding Kentucky v. Dennison, 24 How. 66, 16 L.Ed. 717, federal courts have no power order fulfill State's obligation under up fugitives justice. Court Appeals affirmed. Held: 1. Dennison's authority compel performance an asylum State mandatory, ministerial duty demand can stand longer. Pp. 224-229. (a) When Dennison decided 1861, practical Government its lowest ebb since adoption Constitution. Secession States Union fact, civil war threatening possibility. 224—225. (b) other proposition which stands—that Clause's commands are mandatory afford discretion executive officers State—is reaffirmed. However, the, as courts' enforce rested fundamental premise—that all circumstances must be viewed coequal sovereigns—which is not representative current law. It has long settled principle may enjoin unconstitutional state officials. Considered de novo, there justification distinguishing many species constitutional enforceable courts. Because directly imposed itself, need weigh powers reserved Tenth Amendment. Even assuming, respondents contend, "executive common law" extradition, developed provides superior alternative "ministerial duty" extradite provided Constitution, weight accorded it. Long continuation decisional law or administrative practice incompatible with Constitution's requirements cannot overcome this Court's responsibility those requirements. 226-229. 2. determined what applicability Clause, refers only "States," Commonwealth Rico, Act clearly applies. predicate Act, without regard direct applicability. 229-230. 787 F.2d 423, reversed. MARSHALL, J., delivered opinion REHNQUIST, C.J., BRENNAN, WHITE, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, JJ., joined, Parts I, II-A, II-C, III POWELL O'CONNOR, SCALIA, joined part. concurring part judgment, POWELL, post, p. ----. Lino J. Saldana, Santurce, P.R., petitioner. Brent R. Appel, Des Moines, respondents. Justice MARSHALL Court. 1 This case requires we reconsider 717 (1861), Art. IV, § 2, 2 * On January 25, 1981, respondent civilian air traffic controller employed Aviation Administration San Juan, struck people automobile. One victims, Antonio Jesus Gonzalez, injured; wife, Army Villalba, killed. Villalba eight months pregnant; her unborn child did survive. App. 3a. incident occurred parking lot grocery store Aguadilla, apparently altercation Gonzalez. According sworn statements taken police, one Gonzalez witness incident, striking couple backed car three times over prostrate body Villalba. Pet. Cert. A34-A41. 3 basis these statements, arrested, charged homicide, before municipal judge, $5,000 bail. February 4, first-degree murder attempted murder. increased $50,000. Despite representations counsel would April 13, do so. At time justice, $300,000. Rican having reason believe left wanted charges. 24, surrendered Polk County, posted $20,000 bond set Magistrate, released. Id., A18-A19. 4 May 15, requesting included arrest warrant, resolution, charging documents, witnesses, including affiant identified photograph depicting driver car. Counsel requested hold hearing, 17, 1981. A19. partially transcribed, but record does show permitted testify belief "a white American man . could receive fair trial Rico," 32a, while himself testified understanding "on numerous occasions" witnesses "bought." 47a. 5 discussions among Governors prosecutorial were held, view negotiating lodged Calder. These unavailing, December 28, Governor, Robert Ray, formally absence "change more realistic charge," denied. A44. A subsequent made Ray's successor office, Terry Branstad, also A21. 6 1984, petitioner United Southern Branstad Iowa,1 18 U.S.C. 3182 (Act).2 further issuance writ directing perform 7a-8a. Respondents stipulated fully complied A20. complaint, agreeing absolutely any attempt invoke judicial compliance Civil 84-126-E (SD 22, 1985), A10. "[r]eluctantly" 424 (CA8 1986). We granted certiorari, 479 811, 60, 93 19 (1986), consider whether propositions concerning limitation stated 1861 retain their validity today. reverse. II A. 7 brought original jurisdiction felon. grand jury Woodford Kentucky, indictment October 1859 Willis Lago, "free color," crime assisting escape slave. How., 67. defendant resident Ohio, served William State. secured Ohio's Attorney General, took Clause3 covered acts crimes State, "regarded malum se general judgment conscience civilized nations." 69.4 refused 8 heard 14. date secession Representatives Deep South withdrawn Congress. Campbell reputedly engaged mediation efforts seceding Lincoln administration, resignation departure Washington imminent; resigned 1861. See C. Swisher, History Supreme States: Taney Period 688-689 (1974). circumstances, Chief 9 firmly rejected position free required delivery criminal "Under such vague indefinite construction," said, "the article peace union, constant source controversy irritating discussion." 102. Interpreting first language looked role right binding individual into nation: 10 "Looking, therefore, words Constitution—to obvious policy necessity provision preserve harmony States, within respective borders .—the conclusion irresistible, compact engrafted included, intended include, every offence punishable it committed, gives Executive found; given 'demand' implies absolute right; follows correlative deliver, reference character charged, laws fled." 103. 11 turned 1793, Stat. 302. In procedures regulation established found same deliver. As "[t]he merely ministerial—that is, cause party agent where committed." 106. But concluded 'it shall duty' used compulsory, declaratory moral created 107. Such construction necessary, view, avoid infirmity. 12 "The act provide means execution duty, nor inflict punishment neglect refusal State; clause arms power. Indeed, place control dominion General Government, even administration internal concerns rights. And think clear, impose officer, such, whatever, him it." Ibid. B 13 Thus, 125 years, stood propositions: first, creates demand; second, delivery. conclusions, passage revealed occasion doubt. "clear explicit." Michigan Doran, 439 282, 286, 99 530, 534, 58 521 (1978). Its furthers purposes: "to enable each bring offenders swiftly possible alleged offense committed," preclude becoming sanctuary another state." 287, S.Ct., 534; see Biddinger Commissioner Police, 245 128, 132-133, 38 41, 42, 62 193 (1917); Appleyard Massachusetts, 203 222, 227, 27 122, 123, 51 161 (1906). Framers perceived frustration objectives create serious impediment national unity, responds perception. "It far better omit altogether, comity own sense interests, than inserted conferring right, yet defining so loosely make never-failing subject dispute ill-will." reaffirm California Superior California, 482 400, 405-406, 2433, 2437, 96 332 (1987). 14 dispositive, rests foundation currents change dealt much less favorably. If seemed clear facing looming shadow War, it," 107, basic principles now point way. Within 15 years decision said "when plain official requiring exercise discretion, performed, refused, person will sustain personal injury performance," objection might sought officer. Board Liquidation McComb, 92 (2 Otto) 531, 541, 23 623 (1876). Ex parte Young, 209 155-156, 28 441, 452, 52 714 (1908). superfluous restate occasions obey compelled duties; suffice refer Brown Education, 349 294, 75 753, 1083 (1955), Cooper Aaron, 358 1, 78 1401, (1958). premise Dennison—"that sovereigns—is today." FERC Mississippi, 456 742, 761, 102 2126, 2138, 72 532 (1982). Yet, respect remained century ago. Indeed nature here problems cope circumstances. That precludes conflict essentially discretionary elements governance, eliminates continuing supervision functions. explicit long-settled command, contained statute substantially unchanged 200 possibility subjected inconsistent direction. however, through employ them "common Tr. Oral Arg. 21. assuming existence tradition law," our See, e.g., 347 483, 74 686, 98 873 (1954); Green New Kent County School Board, 391 430, 88 1689, 20 716 (1968). Though articulated terms, respondents' argument essence establish matter interpretation hitherto exercised solely because command gone unenforced. This, reasons previously stated, decline do. C 17 contend if withstand contemporary scrutiny, profit demise rendition Clause. true apply never held entitled benefits conferred decide today demanding "Territory," well ago Territory reclaim York ex rel. Kopel Bingham, 211 468, 29 190, 53 286 (1909), challenge correctness holding. status legislation, 64 319, 48 §§ 731b-731d, remove possessed Territory, intention legislation accord degree autonomy independence normally associated Union." Examining Engineers, Architects Surveyors Flores Otero, 426 572, 594, 2264, 2277, 49 65 (1976). Since applies rights statutes, equitable statutory duties. Maine Thiboutot, 448 100 2502, 555 (1980). Accordingly, Clause.5 product time. conception relation announced fundamentally development. Yet world passed away. conclude Reversed. whom joins, judgment. 21 I join opinion. ultimately resolves 3182, find Part II-B, necessary case. subscribe Jean Nelson, 472 846, 854, 105 2992, 2997, 86 664 (1985); Kolender Lawson, 461 352, 361, n. 10, 103 1855, 1860, 903 (1983); Ashwander TVA, 297 288, 347, 56 466, 80 688 (1936) (Brandeis, concurring). 22 concur result, portions applying overruling insofar interpreted predecessor statute. note us asserted lack Congress require Territory. Petitioner file bill jurisdiction. Motion leave 464 1034, 104 692, 79 159 (1984). Section provides: "Whenever demands fled, produces copy affidavit magistrate demanded committed treason, felony, crime, certified authentic governor chief whence fled arrested secured, notify making demand, appointed fugitive, appear. appears thirty days arrest, prisoner discharged." enactment 662 (1940 ed.); Rev.Stat. 5278. "A Person Treason, Felony, Crime, flee Justice, Demand Authority up, removed Jurisdiction Crime." cl. frequently invoked antebellum period assisted slaves. initially Seward 1841. Works H. 502-509 (G. Baker ed. 1853); generally 677-685 "Puerto seeks force states honor requests though Congressional representatives opportunity admission Union. Rico's serves eviscerate significance statehood admissions process." Brief 22. Leaving aside fact enacted Commonwealth, curious logic suggest felons whose presence attributable votes cast

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