Document: 365 U.S. 43 81 S.Ct. 391 5 L.Ed.2d 403 TIMES FILM CORPORATION, Petitioner,v.CITY OF CHICAGO et al. No. 34. Argued Oct. 19 & 20, 1960. Decided Jan. 23, 1961. Messrs. Felix J. Bilgrey and Abner Mikva, New York City, for petitioner. Robert Collins Sydney R. Drebin, Chicago, Ill., respondents. Mr. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Petitioner challenges on constitutional grounds validity its face that portion § 155—41 Muncipal Code City Chicago which requires submission all motion pictures examination prior to their public exhibition. is a corporation owning exclusive right publicly exhibit in film known as 'Don Juan.' It applied permit, Chicago's ordinance required, tendered license fee but refused submit examination. The appropriate city official issue permit his order was made final appeal Mayor. sole ground denial petitioner's refusal required. then brought this suit seeking injunctive relief ordering issuance without restraining officials from interfering with exhibition picture. Its provision requiring constitutes, face, restraint within prohibition First Fourteenth Amendments. District Court dismissed complaint grounds, inter alia, neither substantial federal question nor even justiciable controversy presented. 180 F.Supp. 843. Appeals affirmed, finding case presented merely an abstract law since evidence content submitted. 272 F.2d 90. precise at here never having been specifically decided by Court, we granted certiorari, 1960, 362 917, 80 672, 4 737. 2 We are satisfied exists. section provides picture must be obtained; such 'permit shall only after sid requested has produced office commissioner police examination'; refuse if does not meet certain standards;2 event applicant may mayor de novo hearing action final. Violation carries punishments. petitioner complied requirements ordinance, save production claim concrete specific statutory requirement, examination, invalid previous freedom speech. In Joseph Burstyn, Inc., v. Wilson, 1952, 343 495, 502, 72 777, 781, 96 L.Ed. 1098, held included 'within free speech press guaranty Amendments.' Admittedly, challenged imposes restraint, broad therefore present whether ambit protection includes complete absolute exhibit, least once, any every kind alone decide. have concluded 155—4 films not, set forth, void face. 3 Petitioner's narrow attack upon require consideration given standards out therein. They before us. Prior censorship cases reached involved questions standards.3 had submitted authorities permits were because content. Obviously, particular statute 'clearly drawn,' or 'vague,' 'indefinite,' clear standard fact met different involving other tested considerations involved. Moreover, there word record nature left entirely dark regard, reviewing courts. claims irrelevant, contains basest type pornography, incitement riot, forceful overthrow orderly government, it nonetheless shown challenge censor's basic authority; go employed censor procedural film. perspective consider decisions touching problem. Beginning over third century ago Gitlow People State York, 1925, 268 652, 45 625, 69 1138, they consistently reserved future decision possible situations claimed Amendment privilege might give way necessities welfare. liberty absolute. Nor suggested restraints invalid. On contrary, Near Minnesota ex rel. Olson, 1931, 283 697, 715—716, 51 631, 75 1357, Chief Hughes, discussing classic legal statements concerning immunity censorship, observed principle forbidding 'is stated too broadly, deemed prohibited * *. (T)he absolutely unlimited. But limitation recognized exceptional cases.' These included, found, utterances creating 'a hindrance' Government's war effort, 'actual obstruction recruiting service publication sailing dates transports number location troops.' addition, said 'the primary decency enforced against obscene publications' 'security community life protected incitements acts violence force government.' Some years later, unanimous speaking through Murphy, Chaplinsky Hampshire, 1942, 315 568, 571—572, 62 766, 769, 86 1031, 'certain well-defined narrowly limited classes speech, prevention punishment thought raise Constitutional include lewd obscene, profane, libelous, insulting 'fighting' words—those very utterance inflict injury tend incite immediate breach peace.' Thereafter, mentioned, supra, found guarantees Amendments, added 'not end our follow Constitution times places.' At page 502 U.S., 781 Five Roth United States, 1957, 354 476, 483, 77 1304, 1308, 1498, 'in light history, apparent unconditional phrasing intended protect utterance.' Even those dissent 'Freedom expression can suppressed if, extent that, so closely brigaded illegal inseparable part it.' Id., 514, 1324. And, during same Term, Kingsley Books, Brown, 436, 441, 1325, 1328, 1469, characterizing 'one landmark opinions' area, took notice 'left no doubts 'Liberty press, also unlimited.' judicial angle vision,' there, testing like 22—a (New York's remedy forms obscenity) operation effect substance." And emphasize point here, 'The phrase 'prior restraint' self-wielding sword. serve talismanic test.' recently last Term again principle, albeit allied possesses some measure power 'to prevent distribution matter.' Smith California, 1959, 361 147, 155, 215, 220, 205. 6 would us hold allowed under circumstances. State's remedy, says, invocation criminal process Illinois pornography statute, Ill.Rev.Stat. (1959), c. 38, 470, transgression. position, seen, founded Amendment—a sanction cases. To illustrate fallacy, need one 'exceptional cases' Hughes enumerated namely, (that) publications.' later 'that obscenity area constitutionally press.' 485, 1309, 1498. emphasizes duty people dangers pictures. argument answer regardless capacity for, of, evil, cannot justified. With agree. 'capacity evil relevant determining permissible scope control,' 780, 'necessarily subject rules governing method expression. Each method,' said, 'tends own peculiar problems.' 503 Certainly broadside warrant, could justify saying that—aside mentioned decisions—the stripped prevent, most effective fashion, class limit selection deems cope problem, absent, course, showing unreasonable strictures individual resulting application 1327. We, holding deem unworthy license. pages 504—505, 782. 7 As what when speciic provided presented, intimate opinion. all—or matter any—of ordinance' standards. Naturally say standards, including Illinois' highest court sufficient, vague entire void. time more than this—that dealing and, them, context prsented record. 8 Affirmed. 9 WARREN, whom BLACK, DOUGLAS BRENNAN join, dissenting. 10 I agree either conclusion reasons advanced support. me, clearly presents approval unlimited system administrative licensing. real danger eventual form communication, newspapers, journals, books, magazines, television, radio speeches. purports leave these another day, am aware communication ideas medium censored while media immune. Of course each problems, authorize others. arriving interpreted contrary intention rendition exalting pictures, endangered rights others engaged dissemination ideas. 11 area. historically considered taken up Federal Constitution, meant, principally although exclusively, censorship.' 716, 631. dissenters sought uphold struck down did control advance formerly exercised licensers censors *.' 735, 638. Thus, three decades ago, Constitution's abhorrence licensing first articulated 12 This tenet seldom soon forgotten. observed: 13 'As early 1644, John Milton, 'Appeal Liberty Unlicensed Printing,' assailed act Parliament just passed providing publication. He vigorously defended man make honest views 'without censure'; declared impossibility base enough accept good perform duties.' Grosjean American Press Co., 297 233, 245—246, 56 444, 447, 660. 14 Shortly thereafter, once recalled 'struggle primarily directed licensor.' Lovell Griffin, 303 451, 58 666, 669, 82 949. two this, firmly announced Schneider Jersey, 308 60 146, 84 155: 15 '(T)he abuse engendered struggle England eventuated establishment doctrine embodied Constitution. makes impossible unhampered pamphlets strikes heart guarantees.' 164, 152. 16 Just twenty oft-cited Cantwell Connecticut, 310 296, 900, 1213, dissent, decided: 17 availability abuses still leaves which, field inadmissible. A authorizing exercise guaranteed decison trial obnoxious action.' 306, 904. 18 doctrine, fully explored focus Court's attention numerous occasions, become established law. disputed afforded liberties supra. But, point, discussed Near. 630, few Terms Frankfurter, U.S reaffirmed exception; confined preclude fairly 1328. (Emphasis added.) vice generally, many carefully distinguished between laws establishing sundry systems penal imposing subsequent activities Amendment's protection. See Minnesota, 718 719, 632; 152; 904; Niemotko Maryland, 340 268, 282, 71 325, 328, 333, 95 267 (concurring opinion); Kunz 290, 294—295, 312, 315, 280. 20 Examination background circumstances leading adoption reveals basis steadfast observance proscription licensing, Such inquiry often begins Blackstone's assertion: indeed essential state; consists laying publications, censure published.' Bl.Comm. (Cooley, 4th Ed. 1899) 151. Blackstone probably referred common law's definition press;1 he spoke situation existing disappearance existence crown libels. There general criticism theory statement Amendment, objection being "that mere exemption secured provisions'; rendered mockery delusion, itself by-word, publish pleased, nevertheless punish him harmless Cooley, Const. Lim., (8th Ed.,) p. 885.' 715, 630; 248, 448. narrow; generally conceded extends interdiction 246, 447; Chafee, Free Speech 18. 21 June 24, turned corner bases Amendment. Today falls into full retreat. 22 hesitate disagree formulation us, but, deference, insist exhibitor protected, 'complete picture.' 46, 393. Surely, bound conception extreme positions argued case. Chicago—or, matter, city, Government—may exhibitors chief, official, jurisdiction. 23 attempt restrain allegedly 'obscene' film, see contend prohibit will impair life' 'violence problem forbid picture, showing, 'inflict 572, 1031. 24 Let completely does. gives censor, approving grant moving thus formal purest far-reaching form,2 classical plan country, approaches English seventeenth commonly used suppress mother country colonies. Emerson, Doctrine Restraint, Law Contemp.Prob., 648, 667. treats food mind, shield little differently treat edibles. 152, 218, 205.3 Only days Stewart, noted Shelton Tucker, 364 479, 488, 247, 252, 231: 25 'In series though governmental purpose legitimate substantial, pursued means broadly stifle fundamental personal achieved. breadth legislative abridgment viewed less drastic achieving purpose.' 26 Here, ignores indiscriminately casts net broadly. 333 opinion). By decision, assent system, despite chosen objectionable attain goals devise intrude press. 27 Perhaps striking demonstration how far departs holdings examining various schemes previously determined violative Amendments' guaranty. 28 remarkable parallel now offensive itself. publications approved distribution. That person enjoined publishing newspaper 'malicious, scandalous defamatory.' 702, 629. injunction issued published nine newspapers. permitted proof months, already published. prevented 'from operating harmony welfare.' Ibid. If state Near's conformed standard, contempt. court, publisher violated fall seem fortiori, fall. 29 foreceful illustration. tax percent gross receipts advertising newspapers periodicals circulation 20,000 week much infringement Amendments held, Grosjean, imposition curtail amount revenue realized operate analogous bar, raises objection. 'direct tendency restrict circulation,' id., 244—245, 447 (emphasis added), imposed weekly more; 'if increased high degree well result destroying both circulation.' 245, 447. evils calling reversal Grosjean. should think minor import comparison consequent approves. 30 Hague C.I.O., 307 496, 59 954, 83 1423, required obtained parades assembly. 'only preventing riots, disturbances disorderly assemblage.' 958. Roberts' ordinance: 31 'It enables Director Safety 'riots, disordely thus, discloses, instrument arbitrary suppression national affairs, undoubtedly 'prevent' eventualities.' 516, 964. 32 May anything movie plan? 33 concerned town circulars. chief th further investigation showed canvasser character canvassing project fraud 158, 149. 34 bans unlicensed advocacy cause door door, officer determine, literature distributed house who distribute it. officer's judgment absence 'project' proposes promote intends distribute, undergo burdensome inquisitorial photographing fingerprinting. end, communicate residents homes depends discretion.' 163—164, 35 believe bar fatally defective 36 study sharp divergence today seriously deliberated precedent. forbade solicitation alleged religious, charitable philanthropic unless secretary welfare council 'cause (was) religious bona fide object charity philanthropy conform(ed) reasonable efficiency integrity 302, 902. Speaking council, held: 37 'If finds religion, solicit becomes crime. certificate course. His involves appraisal facts, judgment, formation authorized withhold determines one. religion survive Fourteenth.' 305, 38 Does wish distinguish accorded provisions? perceive distinction Cantwell. says faces problem—obscene incendious films. Connecticut faced fraudulent solicitation. Constitutionally, difference? Largent Texas, 318 418, 63 667, 87 873. 39 Thomas Collins, 323 65 89 430, labor union organizer obtain organizer's card incompatible assembly mandates demanded nothing register, stating name, affiliations describing credentials. information filed, conditions. obvious interest acquiring pertinent felt constitute circumstance statute. seems me greater stifling 40 sound truck poignant examples adherence opposition liberties. Saia 334 558, 68 1148, 92 1574, use amplification devices places permission Police unconstitutionally Two upheld city's making unlawful 'any emits therefrom loud raucous noises attached vehicle operated standing streets Kovacs Cooper, 336 77, 78, 448, 449, 93 513. One Reed restraint. 82, 451: Jackson chose differentiate trucks 'moving screen, radio, newspaper, handbill street orator 97, 459 'No violation Due Process Clause reason arises regulation undertakes contents broadcasting.' Needless repeat, sanctions today. 41 Another extremely similar, objectionable, There, proscribed citizens speak matters annual permit. revoked 'he ridiculed denounced beliefs meetings.' 292, 314.4 arrested subsequently reversed Kunz' conviction holding: 42 'We then, discretionary York. such, rights.' 293, 314. effectively different. meaningful appears disposition them 44 Staub Baxley, 355 313, 78 277, solicitation, members organization payment membership dues. passing Mayor Council applicant, business desired solicited, effects Baxley.' 278. Whittaker, enjoyment contingent thereby constitutes upon, abridges, freedom.' 321, 282. Staub, solicitation; today, movies. valid distinction, revealed. indefinite standards; said. recalls, come Although unnecessary decide 'whether drawn designed films,' 506, 782, Clark stated, opinion, quite accurately: 46 'But principles command, do vary. Those principles, frequently enunciated rule. justification exception 47 seek punish, past offense, writing falling punishment. judge words communicated. especially condemned. 1357 (1931). recounted history indicates major publication, pointed heavy burden demonstrate case.' 503—504, 781. 48 more, rejection inherent Now, strays principle; case,' whatever be, indication sustained 'heavy burden' supposed placed Clearly, burden. 49 today's surrender forecast obviously case, accepting arguendo correctness leads executive, officer, municipality invoke 'limited remedy,' defined safeguards, sale written printed due (by court) 437, 1326. scheme safeguards; blanket effective. Kingsley, 'OBSCENE, LEWD, LASCIVIOUS, FILTHY, INDecent disgusting immoral 438, objective capture more. put trial. showing. 50 booklets concededly obscene.5 true here. treated particularly crucial distinction. emergency, Government impose 631; cf. Ex parte Milligen, Wall. 2, 281. surely suggest assist reaching print. Yet blessing feels unprotected. specified entitled issues day joinder prompt determination. available defense disobedience injunction. admits prosecution failure procure obtained. 52 Finally, painstakingly attempted establish operation, on, interference with, pornography. situation, contended, hands public. inadmissible purport 53 idle suppose unaware authority, mischief great men waged stubborn precarious warfare centuries, impedes hanging threateningly creative thought.6 dismisses simply opining 49, 394. pragmatic assessment operation,' 442, lucidly portrays inherently bad. suppressing obscenity. Censorship centuries. plan, old, abhorrent prohibiting unprotected inquiry, resolved, results 'unreasonable liberty,' 50, 395;7 prerequisite exhibition, barred 54 antagonist plea printing,' said: 55 (the censor) worth behoovs him, tedious unpleasing Journey-work, loss levied head, perpetuall reader unchosen books easily forsee expect hereafter, ignorant, imperious, remisse, basely pecuniary.' Areopagitica, Complete Poetry Selected Prose Milton (Modern Library College 1950), 677, 700. sign Milton's fear dispelled twentieth America. beholden sponsored creation office, radically preoccupied communication. function restrain; insulated pressures bear sentiment opportunity curbed. 57 performs safeguards litigants 1326; f 713, likelihood fair impartial disappears prosecutor ans judge. evidence; usually vividly illustrates.8 How proceeding where litigants. inexistence jury determine contemporary vital flaw.9 447—448, 1331 (dissenting revelation astonishing. licensors banned newsreel policemen shooting pickets ordered deletion scene depicting birth buffalo Walt Disney's Vanishing Prairie. Gavzer, Who Censors Our Movies? Magazine, Feb. 1956, pp. 35, 39. Before World War II, denied licenses portraying criticizing Nazi Germany March Time's Inside Germany. Editorials, Daily Times, Nov. 18, 1938. Recently, Anatomy Murder based best-selling novel title, 'rape' 'contraceptive' objectionable. Columbia Pictures Corp. D.C.N.D.Ill., 184 817. bureau excised Street No Name girl slapped 'too violent' episode. Life, 25, 1948, 60. Happened Europe severely cut Ohio deleted scenes orphans resorting violence. moral theme children saved love, affection satisfaction needs food. Levy, Case Against Film Censorship, Films Review, Apr. 1950, (published National Board Review Motion Pictures, Inc.). Memphis Southerner dealt poverty among tenant farmers 'it reflects south.' Brewster's Millions, innocuous comedy fifty forbidden Rochester, Negro, familiar.' Velie, You Can't Movie: Action, Collier's, 6, 11, 66. Maryland restricted Polish documentary failed modern Poland. 41. Way Out, story Negro doctor's race prejudice, 'there's possibility trouble.' principal reconciliation blacks whites. ban lifted storm protest Negroes whites arming gang fight. N.Y. Aug. 31, col. 3; 8. Curley contained white school together. Kupferman O'Brien, Picture Censorship—The Blues, Cornell L.J. 273, 276—278. Atlanta Lost Boundaries, physician family 'passed' white, 'will adversely affect peace, morals order' city. 5, 7. supra; Note, Yale 696 seq.; Brief Civil Liberties Union amicus curiae, 15. Witchcraft, superstition ages, depicted devil genial rake amorous leanings, feared historical scenes, excesses fanatics, offend religion. Scarface, best gangster films, months; badly mutilated retakes costing hundred thousand dollars preserve continuity. Damaged Lives, venereal disease, difficult dignity sponsorship Social Hygiene Society. Lenin's tomb bearing inscription 'Religion opiate people' Potemkin. From Joan Arc board eliminated Joan's exclamation she stood stake: 'Oh, God, why hast thou forsaken me?' Idiot's Delight, sentence: 'We, workers world, take care that.' Professor Mamlock Russia portrayed persecution Jews Nazis. condemned 'harmful' calculated 'stir hatred ill gain nothing.' released deletions made. Providence, Rhode Island, communistic propaganda. Millions Us, strong propaganda encountered trouble jurisdictions. Spanish Earth, pro-Loyalist Pennsylvania. Ernst Lindey, Censor Marches On, 96—97, 102 103, 108—111. During year ending 30, 1938, censored, another, five reviewed. 81. Charlie Chaplin's satire Hitler, Great Dictator, apparently deference large German population. 541. Kansas newsreels pro labor. Senator Wheeler opposing bill enlarging Supreme Time 'partisan biased.' 542. An version Carmen several grounds. objected cigarette-girls smoked cigarettes Pennsylvania disapproved duration kiss. 543. discussion pregnancy, eugenics, control, abortion, illegitimacy, prostitution, miscegenation divorce. 83. member explained rejected immoral, corrupt, indecent, my principles.' Transcript Record, 172. Times 244 432. sergeant explained, 'Coarse language derogatory government—propaganda' ruled foreign 'nothing pink red allowed,' added. News, 7, 3, cols. 7—8. charge unit 'Children plays Chicago. child, period.' Tribune, 8, 3. smattering research. powerful indictment device 1952 filing petition certiorari 1960 courts elected appeal. 13—14. regimen holds officially unleashes roam will, patently imprecise. commands reject 'immoral,' Commercial Regents University 346 587, 74 286, 98 329; International 360 684, 79 1362, 1512; portray 'depravity, criminality, lack virtue race, color, creed, (expose) contempt, derision, obloquy, (tend) produce peace (purport) represent hanging, lynching, burning human being.' almost cited above rejected, censors? active imagination conceive quantum suppressed. denies called correct decides pursue remedies. satisfactory emphasized delays adjudication irreparable damage, Vindication Miracle until Petitioner, 17. instant litigation consumed years. delay occasioned censor; done damage inflicted ordinary penalties. threat penalties, intelligently applied, ordinarily sufficient deter However, believes show prosecuted ready defense. perniciousness exhibitor's belief irrelevant. Once estimation 'bad' prosecution10 license.11 shown, perhaps sometimes ever. Simply test sword? not. 61 likly 80. inclination capitulate rather initiate lengthy costly litigation.12 public, benefits shielding liberty, are, effect, mercy whim. calls reversal. Freedom 'most effective' confinement axiomatic stroke pen scissors contemplated prosecutor's determination prepare indictment. proof, defendant consequences bringing charges provoke mature deliberation prosecutor. None hinder quick speedy suppress. composer deterrent new thoughts. Tolstoy's declaration, note financial assumed producers. sword pierces deeply comes perilously close periodicals, speeches, suggests asserting tends 395. believe, phrase. way, explains expression, condemned.' 503, When pressed oral argument, counsel fact, percentage social political steadily rising.13 newsreels, documentaries, instructional educational like. All inquisition. movies essentially purposes entertainment. Winters 507, 510, 665, 840: 64 accede appellee's suggestion applies exposition line informing entertaining elusive right. Everyone familiar instances fiction. What man's amusement, teaches another's doctrine.' Page 531, 323.14 contention impact permissible. answers open media, doubt exposure television exceeds S.Rep. 1466, 84th Cong., 2d Sess. 5. suppression. traditional behalf; invention printing ultimately England, compelling predicated now. 66 'each (of expression) addressed occasions problems. 160 161, 150, reference taking stand middle crowded street, traffic regulations, maintain position stoppage traffic; group distributors cordon across allow pedestrian pass leaflet; guarantee deprive enact regulations throwing broadcast streets.' call particularized 562, 1150, 'Noise regulated regulating decibels. hours place controlled. Any loud-speakers create controlled statutes.' this. deal speech; conditions surrounding delivery. 'tend problems expression.' Here uses magical cripple 67 petitioner, 'broadside attack.' reverse below. DOUGLAS, THE CHIEF JUSTICE BLACK concur, My view unconstitutional expressed occasions. Superior Films, Inc. Department Education, 588—589, 329 1370, 1512 70 While consorship relatively new, ancient 'There reaction decline resurgence control. Whenever ascendant, begin resist it; true, similar resistance favor occur.' Haney, Comstockery America (1960) 11—12. Whether accurate, champions throughout time. Socrates: 'And carelessly hear casual tales devised persons, receive minds opposite grown up?' 73 Glaucon: not.' 'Then thing writers fiction, let tale fiction good, bad; desire mothers nurses tell ones only. fashion mind tales, fondly mould body hands; discarded.' Plato, Republic Dialogues Jowett trans., Ox. Univ. 1953) vol. 221. Hobbes proponent: '* annexed sovereignty, opinions doctrines averse, conducing peace; consequently, far, trusted withal, multitudes people; examine For actions proceed opinions; well-governing opinions, consisteth men's actions, concord.' Leviathan (Oakeshott ed. 1947), 116. 76 Regimes world Every dictator one; Communist regime indispensable.1 colonial powers dramatized France North Africa. vestige Lord Chamberlain (32 Halsbury's Laws (2d 1939), 68) presides stage—a origin barbs satire.2 concern shifted atheism sexual morality—the evident wayward clerics, psychiatrists, philosophers. Few groups hesitated translate secular notions morality. Pfeffer, Creeds Competition (1958), 103—109. weapon sectarian imagined censorship. arm thought, nations; church state. Whether—as here—city or—as Russia—a party lays censorhip, conformist code ideology, forces build demands heterogeneous. comstocks intellectual theories convinced persuasive theories; pragmatists guided balance pressure groups. Many emotionally condemnation find rational arguments stabilize tremulous values consciences. Panic calmed discussions rights, literary integrity, artistic merit.' op. cit. 176 177. long survives, respectable cause, support government. government pick choose according political, philosophical group. permissible, read release official's concept prevailing good. 'chief purpose' publication.' Jesuit censorship: toward fundamentally orientated knows imperatives Antecedently presumed morally socially responsible expression; hence irresponsible, summoned responsibility communications outlawed; none Murray, Hold Truths (1960), 164—165. Experience shows restraint.' deadening. writes afford entanglements whose pencil keep market. pattern conformity. age: 'For licenser happen judicious ordinarily, jeopardy next succession, yet commission enjoins vulgarly received already.' Harvard Classics (1909), 212. ease erode needed. Under weights cast freedom.3 If, however, prosecution, advantages side. protections Bill Rights play. presumption innocence, trial, guilt beyond doubt—these barriers path want morality author producer. advantage enjoys working supreme bureaucracy disappears. violates merits, airs grievance, brings sits review ruling, limited. leeway agency expertise, correct.4 wait prove accepted manner anathema prefers work secret, because, 'either remiss, 210. 85 enlarge, limit, arts politics, economics, law, fields. Hannegan Esquire, 327 151—159, 456, 459—463, 90 586; aim unlock debate, dissemination. potent defeat minority majority group, acting wield us.5 follows: 'Such *' made, portrays, depravity, exposes being, permit; otherwise here-inbefore provided, mayor. original police. final.' Illinois, Schaefer, C.J., above. 1954, Ill.2d 334, 121 N.E.2d 585. supra ('sacrilegious'); Gelling 960, 1002, 1359 ('prejudicial interests City'); ('immoral'); ('harmful'); ('sexual immorality'). following grand Hutchinson Massachusetts 1767 defines common-law notion press: doubtless Blessing; Thing License.' Quincy, Reports Cases Adjudged Judicature Province Bay, Between 1761 1772, 244. I. Emerson stated: is, present, understanding term loosely embrace variety situations. Upon analysis, categories discernible: clearest limitation, regulation, otherwise, executive official.' Contemp. Prob., 655. Brattle Commissioner Public Safety, Mass. 58, 127 891. Smith, 'strict liability scienter drugs, booksellers, 152—153, 219. provocative Kunz, Jackson. 296 297, 316, 317. Judge Stanley H. Fuld rightly 'Whatever possibly writings, concerns regulatory narrower impact, entailing grave productive gave rise guarantees. (Cf. Pound, Equitable Relief Defamation Injuries Personality, Harv.L.Rev. 640, 650—51.)' Brown N.Y.2d 177, 185, 151 N.Y.S.2d 639, 645, 134 461, 465. Tolstoy wrote: 'You how, commencement activity, horrible tormented me! wanted write felt; occurred wrote permitted, involuntarily abandon work. abandoned, went abandoning, meanwhile away.' Quoted 241. 'Our furnish applications consistent settings collateral inhibiting reluctant 150—151, 217. Forty-six States currently fit rely citizens. designates task delegated people, women. procedure follows testimony 'commanding unit': 'Q. Am understand six room, you, shown? A. Yes. distributor ever get chance picture? No, sir. Are people's invited, drama critics reviewers artists kind; asked comment decision? words, plus yourself relationship conforms ordinance? yes, sir.' 51, Cir., Cf. supra: 'A fitted injurious twelve sense appreciate motives speaker writer sought. single professionalized partisan view. lies perpetuating employs bitter smacks bloody revolution.' 'On hand, selected wide reading judgment. duties, qualities. training permanent run risk bureaucratic.' 533. penalties 'Any exhibiting therefor fined offense. separate distinct offense regarded committed day's permit.' Paul Freund affirmed 'does chilling (on communication) statute.' Freund, Liberties, Vand.L.Rev. 533, 539. frightening illustration Detroit book plan. unprinted manuscripts everything 'objectionable' 1950 100 titles board. withheld circulation. board, addition 'objectionable,' listed suitable 'partially objectionable.' Most booksellers afraid handle these. Lockhart McClure, Literature, Obscenity, Minn.L.Rev. 295, 314—316. 696, 706, n. 25. merely, intelligent citizens.' Lim ed.), 886. 'Nowhere Communists vote-getting party. organized around about heresy hunters world.' Ways, Beyond Survival 199. Ivor recent summary states: British safeguard reputation politicians. happened 1737 Prime Minister, Sir Robet Walpole, infuriated stage lampoons Henry Fielding others, silence enjoyed exposures corruption incompetence. curiously beneficial driving away stage. became excellent magistrate creator novel. puritanical atmosphere nineteenth discipline rigorously dramatists serious treatment 'straight sex,' abnormalities. prissiness Victorian society legs hardly Charles Dickens cumbrously 'unmentionables' meant trousers.' 1, 1961, X3. Knowles, Censor, Drama, (1934). Geo. Eliz. 68. Galsworthy plays: tongue ad law; be! instance despotic judgments man. aimed office. wisest he; offends. offends decent pride self-respect profession. surprised dramatic authors themselves say, workman worthy tools honour craft? justice dramatists, branch sacred tree letters, brother branches. whole knighthood pen—scientists, historians, novelists, journalists. health nations freedom—not license—of pen. claiming pens. back helping tamely suffer pens warped split ours up.' London 1907, George Bernard Shaw Report, Joint Select Committee House Lords Commons Stage Plays (Censorship) seq. Shaw, suppressed, caused sensation asking, refused, file prepared. Shaw's preface Shewing-Up Blanco Posnet. statement: journalist article, demagogue deliver giving obtaining great; price paying. abrogate emergencies stop fire shoot thieves sight earthquake. emergency past, restored everywhere except theatre. (Censorship is) proclamation martial substituted martial.' Posnet (Brentano's, 1913), 36. 326, 331. Glanzman Christenberry, D.C., 175 Grove Press, weight post-office determinations nonmailability. 'First, larger pluralist members, chooses, centent choosing, materials harmful 'Second, demand affecting citizenry, punishing judged special 'Third, elevation society, methods persuasion pacific argument. 'Fourth, groups, force, coercion, violence.' 168.

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