Document: 347 U.S. 522 74 S.Ct. 737 98 L.Ed. 911 GALVANv.PRESS. No. 407. Argued Jan. 11, 12, 1954. Decided May 24, Messrs. Harry Wolpin and A. L. Wirin, Los Angeles, for petitioner. Mr. Oscar H. Davis, Washington, D.C., respondent. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Petitioner, an alien Mexican birth, first entered United States in 1918 has since resided here with only occasional brief visits to his native country. In course two questionings, March 1948, by Immigration Naturalization Service, he indicated that had been a member Communist Party from 1944 1946. 1949, petitioner was served deportation warrant, on same day preliminary hearing held acquaint him charges against him—that after entry become organization which advocated violent overthrow Government, distributed material so advocating. December 1950, de novo at transcripts all earlier proceedings were, agreement, made part record. Shortly commenced, examining officer lodged additional charge Party, membership specific ground Internal Security Act 64 Stat. 987, 1006, 1008. 2 At this final evidence derived principal sources. The own testimony during interrogations immigration authorities 1948. During those interrogations, testified as time place joined talked freely about generally distinction between other groups clear mind; explained reason not applied naturalization feared former might be revealed, offered make amends rejoining undercover agent Government. denied prior admitted joining insisting thought question related labor union activities. response whether ever attended meetings Spanish Speaking Club, alleged unit, replied: 'The I were relating Fair Employment Practices Committee.' 3 second source information Mrs. Meza effect she present when elected Club. Petitioner truth statements calculated establish active participation said: 'She must have under great strain imagine things.' 4 Hearing Officer found 1946 ordered deported ground. He did deem it necessary findings more general contained original warrant. Officer's decision adopted Assistant Commissioner appeal dismissed Board Appeals. A petition writ habeas corpus District Court, dismissal affirmed Court Appeals Ninth Circuit. 201 F.2d 302. 5 On certiorari, challenged sufficiency sustain § 22 1950 attacked validity him.1 These are issues raise constitutionality construction we granted certiorari. 346 812, 53. 6 Petitioner's contention there sufficient support order brings into scope word 'member' used Congress enactment whereby required any who entering States, or thereafter, Party.2 We urged construe providing aliens fully conscious its advocacy violence, who, joining, thereby committed themselves purpose. 7 But itself appears preclude interpretation would require proof full appreciation purposes program. section petitioner's is sought member, another provision, subsection (2)(E),* requires exclusion 'members affiliated with' register 1950,3 'unless such they know believe became members * organization.' 1007. describing purpose clause, Senator McCarran, Act's sponsor, 'Aliens innocent dupes Front organization, distinguished political (such Party), likewise ipso facto excluded deported.' 96 Cong.Rec. 14180. view escape provision organizations, seems exempt 'innocent' Party. 8 While legislative history illuminating 'member,' considerable light shed authoritative comment debates statute enacted 1951 correct what regarded unduly expanded Attorney General Act. 65 28.** amendatory dealt certain situations brought attention provided where proscribed (1) children, (2) operation law, (3) obtain necessities life, deemed 'members.' explaining measure, stated repeatedly emphatically intended meaning given courts administrative agencies 1918, 97 2368—2374. See S.Rep. 111, 82d Cong., 1st Sess. 2; H.R.Rep. 118, 2. To illustrate cover inserted Record memorandum containing following language quoted Colyer v. Skeffington, 265 F. 17, 72: 'Congress could authorize wholesale accidentally, artificially, unconsciously appearance only, whose platform no real knowledge.' 2373. 9 This memorandum, weighty gloss wrote, indicates provide three types enumerated corrective should instances nominal keep out deportable class. For example, circumstances finding rejected supra, covered case, passed 'from one another, supposing change mere name, assenting new really changed their affiliations economic activities.' 72. 10 hand, repeated previously, limited cognizant Party's violence. judicial decisions do unaware program purposes. Kjar Doak, Cir., 61 566; Greco Haff, 63 863; matter O.—-, 3. I. & N. Dec. 736. 11 It concluded, therefore, support, even demonstrated knowledge, violence prerequisite deportation. enough aware known operates distinct free will. fair reading legislation however severe consequences whatever may wisdom means employed meet desired end. 12 basis, sustained. does claim 'accidentally, only,' use words McCarran's memorandum. points bases defense are, first, join all, if join, true believed relied upon asked man assumed organizer, number apply citizenship because authorities. addition, basis Meza's testimony, entitled conclude and, indeed, officers. Certainly membership. And attempted prove, record show relationship within terms 13 us constitutional attack statute. Harisiades Shaughnessy, 342 580, 72 512, 586, sustained Alien Registration 1940. 54 670. That advocates Government force deportation, notwithstanding terminated before Under 1940 Act, prove each did, fact, advocate government. dispensed need proof. extensive investigation many findings, including 2(1) 'Communist movement worldwide revolutionary is, treachery, deceit, infiltration (governmental otherwise), espionage, sabotage, terrorism, necessary, totalitarian dictatorship', 50 U.S.C.A. 781(1) itself, Certainly, cannot say classification baseless violative due process therefore beyond power Congress. 14 respect—the dispensation character Party—the case goes Harisiades. insofar based ignorance issue respect least 15 over admission right remain necessarily very broad, touching basic aspects national sovereignty, particularly our foreign relations security. Nevertheless, considering deport legally American community, extent which, 'person,' protection liberty property Due Process Clause afforded citizen, without permitting strikes sense harsh incongruity. If bars enactments shock play—which essence process—one ask duped conduct antedated sought. may, said Ng Fung Ho White, 259 276, 284, 42 492, 495, 66 938, deprive 'of makes life worth living'; Fong Haw Tan Phelan, 333 6, 10, 68 374, 376, 92 433; 'deportation drastic measure times equivalent banishment exile'. 16 expansion concept substantive limitation powers Congress, war power, see Hamilton Kentucky Distilleries Warehouse Co., 251 146, 155, 40 106, 107, 194, much view, writing clean slate, qualifies discretion heretofore recognized belonging regulating aliens. intrinsic close punishment crime, fairly also ex post Clause, though applicable punitive legislation,4 17 slate clean. As review, merely 'a page history,' New York Trust Co. Eisner, 256 345, 349, 41 506, 507, 963, but whole volume. Policies pertaining peculiarly concerned enforcement these policies, Executive Branch procedural safeguards process. Kaoru Yamataya Fisher (The Japanese Immigrant Case), 189 86, 101, 23 611, 614, 47 721; Wong Yang Sung McGrath, 339 33, 49, 70 445, 453, 94 616. formulation policies entrusted exclusively firmly imbedded tissues body politic aspect date applying unbroken rule application 18 prepared ourselves wiser sensitive human rights than predecessors, especially most zealous protecting civil liberties Constitution, system recognize congressional dealing aliens, unable find unconstitutional. Bugajewitz Adams, 228 585, 33 607, 57 978, 280, 493, 938. 19 Judgment affirmed. 20 REED concurs judgment written, except deductions drawn citation 21 BLACK, whom DOUGLAS concurs, dissenting. lived country thirty-six years, having come Mexico seven years age. wife married twenty four children born here, stepson paratrooper. Since laborer Van Camp Sea Food Company San Diego, California. Deciding longer wanted belong party, got sometime around 1947. pointed Court's opinion, period functioned 'as organization'. America Peek, Cal.2d 536, 127 P.2d 889. candidates appeared California election ballots, federal law then frowned Now 1954, however, solely past lawful party. done knew party evil agreed had. contrary, strong good, law-abiding man, steady worker devoted husband father loyal form group ago—an act possible subject slightest penalty—petitioner now loses job, friends, home, maybe choose Perhaps penalizing activities legal engaged bill attainder. Lovett, 328 303, 315—316, 1073, 1078, 1079, 90 1252. Conceivably prescribing exile violate prohibition laws. Cf. Communications Ass'n Douds, 382, 412—415, 674, 690—693, 925. engaging First Amendment's ban abridgment speech assembly. Maybe denial equal dissenting opinions Carlson Landon, 524, 525, 547, 586. am unwilling say, despite driven land Nation perfectly legal. 24 DOUGLAS, BLACK 25 states dissent, done. agree well citizens, beneficiaries law. 26 might, course, different affiliation Communism seized continued down date. far shows, Galvan quit six ago. There sub rosa espoused causes ceased it. 27 once Communist, always carry curse. Experience teaches otherwise. common knowledge some leading Socialists Asia Communists, repudiated Marxist creed experienced ugly operations, today effective opponents Communists know. So man. Or transgressed returned orthodox faith. wholly silent Galvan's Only thing clear: being punished presently nor unlawful act, espionage conspiracy intrigue was, faith briefly expressed ago rejected. 28 action hostile standards, 598, 523, Aliens live peace, abuse hospitality, lawabiding communities, They too 'persons' Fifth Amendment. can molested government peace presence safety welfare Nation. deported, do, believed. petition, contended procedure unfair Examining hearing. Apart fact pressed argument brief, note element surprise charge, simply already defend against, namely, Furthermore, declined offer continuance charge. Section provides shall take custody 'who classes 1(2) *.' Subparagraph (C) lists (i) substance incorporated Nationality 1952, 163, 205, U.S.C. 1251(a)(6)(C), 1251(a)(6)(C). 1182(a)(28)(E). 786, 'Communist-action' 'Communist-front' organizations General. 13, 792, fails institute requiring registration. ** 1182(a)(28)(I)(i). Ogden Saunders, Wheat. 213, 271, 606, again Satterlee Matthewson, Pet. 380, 686 (appendix), 458, characteristically persuasive Johnson applies prosecutions crime. undeviatingly enforced contrary position, Calder Bull, Dall. 386, 648. unjustifiable reversal overturn Constitution deeply rooted consistently adhered to.

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