Document: 483 U.S. 435 107 S.Ct. 2924 97 L.Ed.2d 364 Richard SOLORIO, Petitionerv.UNITED STATES. No. 85-1581. Argued Feb. 24, 1987. Decided June 25, Rehearing Denied Sept. 21, See 1056, 108 30. Syllabus A general court-martial was convened under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (Code) in New York, where petitioner serving Coast Guard, to try him for sexual abuse fellow coastguardsmen's minor daughters his privately owned home Alaska during a prior tour duty. The empowers courts-martial servicemen such crimes. However, court granted petitioner's motion dismiss on ground that it lacked jurisdiction O'Callahan v. Parker, 395 258, 89 1683, 23 291, which held military tribunal may not serviceman charged with crime has no "service connection," and Relford Commandant, Disciplinary Barracks, 401 355, 91 649, 28 102, enumerated numerous factors be weighed determining whether an offense is service connected. Guard Court Review reversed dismissal reinstated charges, Appeals affirmed, concluding offenses were connected within meaning Relford. Held : depends solely accused's status as member Armed Forces, connection" charged. Thus, overruled. plain Art. I, § 8, cl. 14, Constitution—which grants Congress plenary power "[t]o make Rules Government Regulation land naval Forces" supports test, decisions this O'Callahan. O'Callahan's connection test predicated Court's less-than-accurate reading history England country 17th 18th centuries, far too ambiguous justify restriction Clause 14's language imported it. 14 answers concerns about use courts trial ordinary crimes by vesting Congress, rather than Executive, authority rules governance. primary responsibility balancing rights against needs military, Congress' implementation entitled judicial deference. That civil are "ill equipped" establish policies regarding matters concern substantiated confusion evidenced attempting apply approach, even after Pp. 438-451. 21 M.J. 251 (CMA 1986), affirmed. REHNQUIST, C.J., delivered opinion Court, WHITE, POWELL, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, JJ., joined. STEVENS, J., filed concurring judgment, post, p. ----. MARSHALL, dissenting opinion, BRENNAN, joined, all but last paragraph BLACKMUN, Lt. Cmdr. Robert W. Bruce, Jr., Governors Island, N.Y., petitioner. Eugene R. Fidell, Washington, D.C., American Civil Liberties Union amicus curiae supporting petitioner, special leave Court. Charles Fried, Sol. Gen., respondent. Chief REHNQUIST 1 This case presents question pursuant (U.C.M.J.) Forces We hold does not, overrule our earlier decision 291 (1969). 2 While Solorio active duty Seventeenth District Juneau, Alaska, he sexually abused two young coastguardsmen. Petitioner engaged over 2-year period until transferred York. authorities learned only transfer, investigation revealed had later committed similar while stationed Island commander alleged have occurred 3 There "base" or "post" personnel live work Juneau. Consequently, nearly reside civilian community. Petitioner's home, fathers 10- 12-year-old victims members assigned same command York also involved coastguardsmen, quarters base. 4 After moved charges supra, 102 (1971).1 Ruling sufficiently connected" tried criminal justice system, judge dismiss. appealed United States Review, judge's order charges. 512 (1985). 5 affirmed (1986). Stating "not every off-base servicemember's dependent service-connected," reasoned "sex children . continuing effect their families ultimately morale any unit organization family assigned." Id., at 256. In reaching its holding, number other factors, including: interest officials prosecuting petitioner; hardship victims, who from would result if they called testify both proceeding York; benefits trying together.2 subsequently certiorari U.S.C. 1259(3) (1982 ed., Supp. III) 476 1181, 106 2914, 543 (1986), review Appeals. now affirm. 6 Constitution Forces." Const., 14. Exercising authority, empowered proscribed U.C.M.J., Arts. 2, 17, 10 §§ 802, 817. each described U.C.M.J. n. 1, supra. Thus disputed possessed statutory child specifications. 7 unbroken line 1866 1960, interpreted conditioning proper exercise one factor: accused. Gosa Mayden, 413 665, 673, 93 2926, 2932, 37 873 (1973) (plurality opinion); see Kinsella ex rel. Singleton, 361 234, 240-241, 243, 80 297, 300-301, 302, 268 (1960); Reid Covert, 354 22-23, 77 1222, 1233-1234, 1148 (1957) Grafton States, 206 333, 348, 27 749, 752, 51 1084 (1907); Johnson Sayre, 158 109, 114, 15 773, 775-776, 39 L.Ed. 914 (1895); Smith Whitney, 116 167, 183-185, 570, 578-580, 29 601 (1886); Coleman Tennessee, (7 Otto) 509, 513-514, 24 1118 (1879); Ex parte Milligan, Wall. 123, 18 281 (1866); cf. Toth Quarles, 350 11, 15, 76 4, 100 8 (1955); Kahn Anderson, 255 6-9, 41 224, 225-226, 65 469 (1921); Givens Zerbst, 20-21, 227, 229, 475 (1921). view premised what "natural meaning" well Fifth Amendment's exception "cases arising forces." U.S., 19, S.Ct., 1231; 4. As explained supra: "The status, namely, accused person can regarded falling term 'land Forces.'. ." 301 (emphasis original). 9 "Without contradiction, materials show always been based 'status' accused, nature offense. To say 'defies definition terms "status" ' defy unambiguous historical background thereof precedents reference thereto." 302. Implicit principle determinations concerning scope matter reserved Congress: 11 "[T]he men armed forces must perforce conditioned meet certain overriding demands discipline duty, agencies determine precise balance struck adjustment. Framers expressly entrusted task Congress." Burns Wilson, 346 137, 140, 73 1045, 1048, 1508 (1953) opinion) (footnote omitted). 12 Otto), 514; Warren, Bill Rights Military, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 181, 187 (1962).3 13 1969, Parker departed announced "new constitutional principle" connection. 2932. Applying principle, serviceman's assault could court-martial. On reexamination O'Callahan, we decided should abandoned. grant regulate appears section do provisions granting inter alia, commerce among several coin money, declare war. face there indication less section. Whatever doubts might extent "Government Forces," surely embraces conduct persons actually Services. noted Harlan dissent, evidence debates adoption intended accorded anything meaning.4 Alexander Hamilton these powers "essential common defense" follows: "These ought exist without limitation, because impossible foresee define variety national exigencies, correspondent means necessary satisfy them. 16 * 17 ". Are fleets armies revenues purpose [common safety]? government pass laws, regulations relation them." Federalist 23, pp. 152-154 (E. Bourne ed. 1947). foundation holding rests "[b]oth Revolution own soldiers committing viewed suspicion." 268, 1688. According demonstrates that, late centuries early years country, did offenses. began 17th-century struggle between Parliament Crown control jurisdiction. stated conflict resolved when William Mary accepted 1689, exclusive tribunals. ibid. correctly observed Parliament, wary abuses power, exercised new sparingly.5 Indeed, statute enacted 1689 provided sedition, mutiny, desertion, exempted militia scope. Mutiny Act Wm. & Mary, ch. 5. 19 representation English following however, accurate. particular, posited "[i]t rule Britain time soldier Britain; instead officers required energies office insure before court." 269, 1689. making statement, apparently referring Section XI, Article British Articles War Revolution.6 provided: 20 "Whenever Officer Soldier shall Capital Crime, having used Violence, Offence Persons Property Our Subjects, Commanding Officer, Officers Regiment, Troop, Party belong, hereby required, upon Application duly made by, behalf Parties injured, utmost Endeavors deliver Magistrate." 1774, reprinted G. Davis, Law 581, 589 (3d rev. 1915). provision, sole statement bearing Specifically, XIV, XVI, 22 "shall maliciously destroy whatsoever belonging unless Order then Commander annoy Rebels Enemies Arms Us, found guilty offending herein (besides Penalties liable law) punished according Nature Degree Offence, Judgment Regimental General Martial." 593. Under tribunals punishable law. Nelson Westbrook 11. Accordingly, erred suggesting Revolution, available "only unavailable." practice furnishes support thesis. 1776, Articles, contained provision requiring commanding magistrates officer "a capital crime, violence, offence property good people States" application injured party. X, Winthrop 1494. It postulated civilian.7 records reflect trials century civilians law, theft assault.8 25 much-disputed "general article" 1776 War, allowed "[a]ll capital, disorders neglects of, prejudice discipline." XVIII, 5, 1503. Some authorities, those cited limiting direct impact discipline.9 Several others, encompassing noncapital law.10 Even Winthrop, relied most extensively majority recognized read article include "committed near camp post." 1124, 1126, 1. 26 think into it.11 doubt shows strong desire transfer And equally true chary courts-martial, although suggests. But consistently disserve concern; given regulation Forces. cryptically stated: "[t]he role enforcement domestic law merely dispute organ substantive disapproval crimes." hardly proves Constitution, contrary conferred meant freeze usage particular way change unqualified suggests whatever concerns, met military.12 Given dearth overwhelming force Harlan's reasoning preceding controlling subject 275-278, 1692-1694 (dissenting); Monell City Dept. Social Services, 436 658, 696, 98 2018, 2038, 56 611 (1978) ("[W]e 'disregard implications assumed [100] years' "), quoting Brown Shoe Co. 370 294, 307, 82 1502, 1514, 510 (1962). Decisions emphasized delicate military. recently reiterated, " '[j]udicial deference apogee legislative action congressional raise governance challenged.' Goldman Weinberger, 503, 508, 1310, 1313, 478 Rostker Goldberg, 453 57, 70, 101 2646, 2654-2655, 69 (1981). Since adhered contexts where, here, implicated. See, e.g., 509-510, 1314 (free religion); Chappell Wallace, 462 296, 300-305, 103 2362, 2365-2368, 586 (1983) (racial discrimination); 64-66, 70-71, 2651-2652, 2654-2655 (sex Glines, 444 357, 360, 594, 601, 602-603, 62 540 (1980) expression); Middendorf Henry, 425 43, 96 1281, 1291-1292, 47 556 (1976) (right counsel summary proceedings); Schlesinger Councilman, 420 738, 753, 95 1300, 1310-1311, 43 591 (1975) (availability injunctive relief impending court-martial); Levy, 417 733, 756, 94 2547, 2561-2562, 439 (1974) (due process freedom expression). 30 notion experience approach. 305, 2368. forecasted "the infinite permutations possibly relevant bound create proliferate litigation [court-martial] issue." 284, 1696. fact, expound decision, enumerating myriad weigh (1971). Yet elucidated Relford, proved confusing difficult apply.13 31 identified categories specialized analysis requirement. For example, highlighted subtle distinctions base, off-base, events occurring off boundaries base.14 Much energy expended jurisdictional victim results reconcile.15 created complexity requirement, perhaps best illustrated area drug offenses.16 Soon "special significance" unaffected decision. Beeker, U.S.C.M.A. 563, 565, 40 C.M.R. 275, 277 Nevertheless, changed position issue times since basing Relford.17 32 When considered together doubtful foundations wrought leads us conclude accord many decided. case's novel approach bow "to lessons better reasoning." Burnet Coronado Oil Gas Co., 285 393, 406-408, 52 443, 448, 815 (1932) (Brandeis, dissenting). therefore requirements violated courtmartial Services charged.18 judgment 33 Affirmed. 34 judgment. 35 Today's unnecessary overruling precedent unwise. confer tribunal. Unless disagrees determination—and I surprised told does—it business out reexamine (1969), Barracks some exact standard applied deciding decisions, thought agree drastic appropriate essential disposition controversy Court.* fact five Members reconsider settled random, legitimate. 36 reasons Appeals, whom BRENNAN joins, BLACKMUN joins paragraph, dissenting. 38 Less ago, court-martial, connected," lest phrase forces" Amendment "be expanded deprive services indictment grand jury peers." 273, 1691. Today overrules doing so, disregards principles stare decisis singleminded determination unrestrained justice. dissent. begins assuming limitation enunciated rejects asserted give simply address limited right presentment Sixth jury.1 forces," previously stated, "itself empower safeguards, willing circumvent safeguards inferred through Necessary Proper Clause." 21-22, (1955). limitations imposes reach are, course, restricted cases. excepts requirement forces, Militia, actual public danger,"2 applicable well. (1867). text inconsistent majority's conclusion factor defendant Services.3 covers added). makes individual crime. Had Framers' intent, easy said Amendment, states "[n]o Person answer otherwise infamous Grand Jury," speaks "crimes" "cases," defendants. Nonetheless, expressed—and applies terms—only cases addressed members, exercising encroached whose "arise in" clear 42 "We concluded connected, 'cases danger,' 272-273, 1691 omitted).4 protections afforded individuals Amendments central scheme jury, "ranks very high catalogue safeguards." 16, These lightly abrogated. strictly construed. basis conclusion, Toth, authorize 'the least possible adequate end proposed.' omitted), Anderson Dunn, Wheat. 204, 231, 242 (1821). 44 relevant, Framers, familiar restrictions jurisdiction, assign Legislature, imply "arising practices time. 45 respect significant political legal writing longstanding suspicion broad known colonial America, history.5 writers legislators took narrow manifested itself acutely aware. M. Hale, History Common 42-43 (6th 1820). Not narrow, relationship. S. Adye, Treatise Courts Martial 60 (1786) ("The cognizable martial, repugnant discipline, pointed mutiny act articles war being course like manner subjects"); C. Clode, Crown; Their Administration (1869) ("It distinguish offences purely (and properly cognizance Court-martial), others Political community)"); Grant Gould, H.Bl. 69, 99-100, 126 Eng.Rep. 434, 450 (C.P.1792) ("In delinquencies triable, countries Europe, martial law; peace courts. object invested part army breaches duty") thus permitted service. 46 disputes suggestion forbade points 593 1915), "All Soldiers behave themselves orderly Quarters, March; whosoever commit Waste Spoil either Walks Trees, Parks, Warrens, Fish Ponds, Houses Gardens, Corn Fields, Inclosures Meadows, contends counters argument Ante, 443. latter captioned "Of Duties Garrison, Field," activities derelictions basis.6 48 colonists shared courts-martial. One grievances Declaration Independence King George III's assent "pretended Legislation: quartering large bodies troops us: protecting them, mock Trial, punishment Murders Inhabitants States." concerned subjected preventing permitting get away murder—literally—in "known hostility interference regular administration courts," 514, (1879), unlikely regardless lack service, rise "case Nation.7 49 borne comparable 1774. Precedents 1494 (1896); XIII, 1497; tradition continued Constitution. With 1874 Davis wrote: 50 "As laid down will cover cases, reason circumstances lose character others. reservation, occupied army, neighborhood, so constructive presence army; particularly injury community offender's protect; soldiers, uniform; offender position, another, intimidation unlawful influence object—such facts sufficient prejudicial discipline. 476. Viewed historically, then, recognition signify meaningful Quite reverse: enactment 1950 attempt murder rape peacetime States. Duke Vogel, Standing Army: Another Problem Court-Martial Jurisdiction, Vand.L.Rev. 435, 452-453 (1960). Common-law felonies brought 1916. Wiener, Courts-Martial Rights: Original Practice 72 Harv.L.Rev. 10-12 (1958). conception informed understanding arise unconstitutional infringements rights. relatively recent expansion disregard understanding. Instead acknowledging limits triable ignores concept arbitrary inoperative become inconvenient expediency dictates dangerous doctrine flourish benefit written undermine Government." 1229, opinion). majority, desirable, mean exist. 53 legitimate solid foundation. case. II 54 further elaborated (1971), detract performance duties. He absent unit, duties Nor threaten areas control. private base personnel. acts likely go unpunished; determined type traditionally prosecuted courts, available, deferred prosecution light proceeding, State declined prosecute implicate stemming power; territorial Nation peace. 55 Moreover, caused measurable relationships. Though dependents de minimis interaction relationships "were founded primarily ages additionally sporting interests, spousal employment neighborly relationships," App. Pet. Cert. 58a, Guard.8 Because take place duties, commission posed challenge maintenance local command. demonstrated "morale, [or] reputation integrity Juneau." dependents. explicitly association victims' facilitate crimes,9 apparent case, is, parents different produced [a] perpetrator." 57a. judge, reviewing render dismissed Engaging impermissible appellate factfinding,10 dismissal. finding erroneous Juneau come still Island. Without remanding factfinding, order, morale, welfare 519. asserted, again Guard's deterring greater civilian. 519-520. newly facts, 522. 57 conceding "precedents involving sex point conclusion," id., 254, "recent development society"—specifically, increase crimes—meant families," 256, sufficed 58 straightforward plainly correct clearly erroneous. Appeals' serious disturbing ignored decisions. 59 asserts apply." 448. requires careful, case-specific factual inquiry. beyond capacity thorough thoughtful factors. surprising consuming require drawing distinctions. encompasses deliberate withhold procedural guaranteed Denial matter. draw line, established today, sweep entire class Americans Rights. Instead, discarded expeditious deems appropriate. III remains workable today. nonetheless insists reopening finally 1969. blatant decisis, more dubious presumption "that bedrock proclivities individuals." Vasquez Hillery, 474 265, 617, 625, 88 598 turn undermines system government, appearance fact." Ibid; Pollock Farmers' Loan Trust 663, 912, 930-931, 1108 (1895) (Harlan, 61 willingness overturn conviction, frequently expressed Term, virtually limit vagaries Stanley, 669, 3054, 550 (1987); Johnson, 481 681, 2063, 648 (1987). today has, potentially, broadest avoid consequences millions, jurisdiction—without jury—for offense, tax fraud passing bad check, "military fitness." 761, 34, 1314, (1975). deprives constitutionally mandated reflects contempt, protect all. specifications alleging indecent liberties, lascivious acts, violation 134, 934, 128, 928, specification attempted 80, 880. included 128 134 Following unsuccessfully sought stay Burger. reconvened convicted convictions currently convening 60, 860. pre-1969 proposed." (1955) deleted). Broadly read, dictum servicemen. Quarles addressing ex-serviceman Air Force. context. 277, 1693 dissenting); Farrand, Records Federal Convention 1787, 329-330 (1911); J. Elliot, Debates 545 (1876). 8-9 (2d 1896) (hereinafter Winthrop); Westbrook, Jurisdiction Over Servicemen "Civilian" Offenses: An Analysis Minn.L.Rev. 7-11 (1969) Westbrook). historians scholars version "in effect" Revolution. cite 1765 Compare, 1448, Horbaly, (1986) (unpublished dissertation, Yale School) Horbaly). present purposes, versions contain stylistic differences. simplicity, refer 1774 Articles. 14; 445-446 (1960) Vogel). 278, 3, 1693-1694, Bishop, Fire 81-82 (1974); 15; Comment, Its Progeny: Survey Impact Courts-Martial, Vill.L.Rev. 712, 719, (1970) Comment). 1123; Vogel 446-447. Hearings Senate Committee Affairs, Appendix S.Rep. 130, 64th Cong., 1st Sess., (statement Brig. Gen. Enoch Crowder). Washington seems view. complaint redressed court, dated February 1779: improper treatment inhabitant destructive subversive society much breach other." Writings 140-141 (J. Fitzpatrick 1936). provides little 1800, Better Navy, navy shore, sea." Apr. 33, XVII, Stat. 47. Among sea murder, embezzlement, theft. addition, "[i]f shall, plunder, abuse, maltreat inhabitant, injure way, suffer adjudge." XXVII, 48. suggest choice want power. Crosskey, Politics 413-414, 424-426 Crosskey); Comment 718; Horbaly 45-56. saying words narrowly construed "could unaware Blackstone's condemnation administered procedures." 449. Commentaries, Blackstone "When nation rigorous methods put raising due soldiery: looked temporary excrescences bred distemper state, permanent perpetual laws kingdom. built principles, entirely it's [sic ] something indulged necessity thing countenance; peace, king's open receive land." Blackstone, Commentaries *413. Although views Crosskey 411-412, 424-425, persuaded relevance compelling overcome Cooper, Revisited: Severing Service Connection, Mil.L.Rev. 165, 186-187 (1977) Cooper); Tomes, Imagination Prosecutor: Only Limitation Off-Post Now, Fifteen Years Force L.Rev. 9-35 (1985) Tomes); Alef, 414, 416, (Ct.Mil.App.1977); McCarthy, 26, 29, (Ct.Mil.App.1976). Garries, 845 (A.F.C.M.R.1985) (serviceman's on-post wife connected), aff'd, 288 (Ct.Mil.App.), cert. denied, 479 985, 575, 578 (1986); Williamson, 617 (A.C.M.R.1984) off-post girl connected); Mauck, 1033 (A.C.M.R.) (variety feet arsenal boundary (Ct.Mil.App.1984); Scott, (A.C.M.R.1983) another participants). Compare (Ct.Mil.App.1976) (off-post robbery Tucker, 463 concealment stolen Lockwood, (Ct.Mil.App.1983) (on-post larceny wallet identification cards obtain loan establishment Shorte, 518 (A.F.C.M.R.1984) felonious connected). Cooper 172-182; Tomes 13-31. Seven renounced supra; Williams, 81, (Ct.Mil.App.1976); Conn, 351, 353 (Ct.Mil.App.1979); 415-418. Reversing 1980, restrictive Trottier, 337, 340-351 (1980). gravity immediacy threat installations traffic convince few involvements 'service connected.' 351. area. rule: "[I]t appear marijuana serviceperson lengthy warrant invocation claim significance O'Callahan." 350, 28. lower arguably exception. Lange, 884 (A.F.C.M.R.1981), 318 (Ct.Mil.App.1981) 6-day connection); Brace, 794 (A.F.C.M.R.), 109 275 miles post 534-535. argues expansive subject-matter announced. violates Due Process Amendment. record reveals opportunity proceedings offered explanation failure so. reply brief oral argument, contest Government's inexcusably failed proceedings. Reply Brief 16-19; Tr. Oral Arg. 36-39. decline consider claim. Berkemer McCarty, 468 420, 104 3138, 3152, 317 (1984); Delta Lines, Inc. August, 346, 362, 1146, 1155, 67 287 (1981); Lovasco, 431 783, 788, 7, 2044, 2048, 752 (1977). proposing reconsideration asked event States' submission assaults related. federal attach; virtue Fourteenth Whether dual sovereign however. Government, proceeded obliged provide Amendments. 352-354, 754-755, (1907). understood militia, excepted danger." "time war" forces. 775, (1895). am convinced correct, need rely interpretation here. "This constantly reiterated evident meaning." 1226, 362-363, 653-654, (1971); 672-673, 2932-2933, (1973). assertion 439. dealt therefore, ruled, 246-248, 303-304, (military case); 19-23, 1231-1234 14-15, 3-4, (discharged veteran); Grisham Hagan, 310, 279 (civilian employee McElroy Guagliardo, 281, 286, 309, 282 case). Having disposed threshold imposed remaining arose supra (murder Army sentry post); (embezzlement funds service); (1886) (fraud Navy contracts). Smith, "such approved maintain navy, jury." 186, 580. similarly inapposite. (1867), dictum, improperly "upheld unobstructed." 121. attitude Petition Right 1627, joined petition redress four major grievances, commissions. Tanner, Constitutional Conflicts Century 61-62 (1983 reprint). pertinent portion "VII. [W]hereas kind soever used, punishments inflicted statutes your realm: nevertheless divers commissions issued forth mariners, dissolute joining robbery, felony, outrage misdemeanor whatsoever; agreeable war, proceed offenders, them cause executed death martial: "VIII. By pretext whereof Majesty's subjects Commissioners death, deserved might, judged executed." Car. petition, prayed revocation commissions, received royal assent. 64. went further, providing "no man forejudged Life Limb, Punishment Law, Peers, Laws Realm," "Soldiers Stir up Sedition, Defect Majesties Service," exemplary speedy usual forms allow." 437 1915) trespass, etc., indicated protection citizens behavior force") omitted); 1022 (1896) ("This Article, which, dating first appeared code designed, severely trespasses march otherwise, prevent straggling commands, availing secure intrusion premises inhabitants") (footnotes Cong.Globe, 37th 3d 953 (1863). "American assault." 444. bases O.T.1968, 646, 35-52, summarizing 1775 1815 "apparently non-military personnel." 35. deal war-time, officers, descriptions "simply recite judging relationship 270, 1689-90, 512, 514 (C.G.C.M.R.1985) ("A friendship grown families, grounded interests bowling basketball, and, other, proximity living next door. came visit sons. Both girls played soccer team coached bowled league active"). Supplemental Essential Findings Fact, 62a ("To trust offenses, friendships Grantz respective Guard. placed servicemember general, minimal alleged"). appeal 62, Justice, 862 III). 862(b) "[i]n ruling section, notwithstanding 866(c) title (article 66(c))." Title 866(c), 66(c) authorizes acting findings sentences, "weigh evidence, credibility witnesses, controverted questions Burris, 143-144 (Ct.Mil.App.1985). acknowledged level incorrect M.J., 515, 517, assume requisite court's ruling, rejected approach: "Where depart connection' [T]he [military] specific authority. 66(c), 666(c), hesitate exists omission. 62(b) 862(b), believe cure omission judge." 523 (Bridgman, part). Judge Bridgman remanded renew attack Ibid. suggested broadly obligations immaterial. 251, 254 factfinding cannot superseded 62. direction; error immaterial, undisputed service-connected").

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