Document: 360 U.S. 230 79 S.Ct. 980 3 L.Ed.2d 1193 Henry J. MILLS and Osmond Litolff, Petitioners,v.STATE OF LOUISIANA. August MILLS, Sr., Petitioner, v. STATE Nos. 74, 75. Argued April 22, 1959. Decided June 8, Rehearing Denied Oct. 12, See 80 40. Eugene Stanley, New Orleans, La., for petitioners Mills another. Milo B. Williams, petitioner Mills. M. E. Culligan David McNeill, State of Louisiana. PER CURIAM. 1 The judgments are affirmed. Knapp Schweitzer, 357 371, 78 1302, 2 1393. Mr. Justice BRENNAN joins the Court's opinion, reiterating his belief, expressed in 381, 1308, 1393, that reconsideration holding Feldman United States, 322 487, 64 1082, 88 L.Ed. 1408, is inappropriate this case. He aso reiterates belief nothing decision forecloses a case presenting issue presented by Feldman. Chief WARREN, with whom BLACK DOUGLAS concur, dissenting. 4 In Court left open question whether collaboration between state federal officers witness could successfully assert privilege against self-incrimination proceeding. my view, should be answered here, records these cases show such collaboration. Yet majority ignores affirming without opinion. Therefore, although I agree join dissenting opinion DOUGLAS, add additional views. 5 were held contempt failure to answer questions before grand jury investigating bribery police officials Orleans persons conducting lottery operations within city. From nature asked petitioners, it evident they suspected engaging lotteries giving bribes. District Attorney Parish under authority granted statute, offered full immunity from prosecution crimes, other than perjury, uncovered questioning. Nevertheless, refused relating their connections operations, pleading justification refusal self-incrimination. 6 proceedings court reviews had upon an agreed statement facts. These stipulations recited during pendency investigation 'the Intelligence Division, Internal Revenue Service States Eastern Louisiana Grand Jury (had) been several months (were then) engaged some members Police Department income tax evasion, felony laws States.' addition, parties investigations well publicized that, at time instant proceedings, number indictments returned officers. Further, was established each requested execute, executed, waivers statute limitations on liabilities most years question. Lastly, stipulated: 7 'That there has existed, now exists (at proceeding), cooperation America its investigators, as Bureau Investigation City reference regarding public evasion Honorable Leon D. Hubert, Jr., conferences part certain felonies law Louisiana.' 8 supra, which decided may not ordinarily raised proceeding, said: 9 'Of course Federal Government take advantage recognition States' autonomy order evade Bill Rights. If officer party compulsion testimony agencies, protection Fifth Amendment would com play. Such barred prosecution, see Byars 273 28, 47 248, 71 520. Whether, officers, defendant we need decide, record us barren evidence used instrument or investigation. Petitioner's assertion prosecuting attorney announced intention cooperating general field criminal presents situation devoid legal significance joint endeavor.' page 380, 1308. 10 dissented ground did obtain seemingly false premise information adduced proceeding subsequent prosecution. But even accepting, purpose argument, validity result, am view considered here resolved favor petitioners. 11 when taken conjunction means person can convicted crime basis he compelled give This opens vast opportunities calculated efforts working together force disclosure convict will go unused unless courts vigilant protect rights who find themselves faced coaction agencies. vigilance becomes increasingly required Government, through prosecuions moves into areas regulated States.* 12 shows clearly authorities launched coordinated gamblers Orleans' interested primarily enforcement statutes. sought apprehend evaders. agencies involved twofold collaborated desired ends. Policemen taking bribes them called Both jeopardy prosecution: evasion; statutes pay special stamp excise taxes levied gambling operations. Doubt might have existed conerning interest petitioners' possible evasions removed induced waive relevant years. 13 states comes play if agency. threshold then requisite relationship eve nue agents. stipulation, read light known facts, adequately participated action compel That signed prosecutor, admits 'cooperation,' 'collaboration,' 'conferences.' terms viewed background contemporaneous jury, Division Service, all pointed group included require conclusion 14 come case: whether, where, investigation, witnesses proceedings. suggests where circumstances, inadmissible also 494, 1085, 1408. only partial protection. To must assured outset complete any result disclosures. Counselman Hitchcock, 142 547, 195, 35 1110; Brown Walker, 161 591, 16 644, 40 819; Blau 340 159, 223, 95 170; Ullmann 350 422, 430, 76 497, 502, 100 511. There no indication obtains here—that protected prosecutions though admissible Staes, merely prohibits introduction illegally seized speak non-use None deals fruits testimony, defendants, like forced testify circumstances similar those present, intended Constitution. cases, extended prohibit resulting disclosures exist here. principle entitled more hopes seek incriminatory testimony. properly invoked present contempts discharged. Cf. Rea 214, 292, 233; Bartkus People Illinois, 359 121, 164, 676, 703, 684 (dissenting opinion). 15 THE CHIEF JUSTICE Petitioners summoned interrogated concerning evasion. They being investigated Service. Accordingly, objected questions, invoking stating answers tend incriminate them. Their objections overruled answer. Supreme writs certiorari, mandamus, prohibition, finding 'no error ruling complained of.' certiorari. 358 810, 55. 17 It prevalin g since Twining Jersey, 211 78, 29 14, 53 97, guaranty 'shall himself' made applicable Fourteenth Amendment. Adamson California, 332 46, 67 1672, 1674, 91 1903. Under rule, courts, therefore, bow requirement 18 not, however, end our problem. For remains override claim right seasonably recognize destruction nullification. 19 classical involves conduct business, contractor Leslie Miller, Inc. Arkansas, 352 187, 77 257, 231, who, having successful bidder construction work, subjected conflicting licensing requirements. Related class Storage & Transfer Co. Commonwealth Virginia, 171, 714, 717, Castle Hayes Freight Lines, 348 61, 75 191, 99 68, hold interstate motor carrier certificate issued Interstate Commerce Commission overridden Litigants asserting (Testa Katt, 330 386, 967) defense (Miles Illinois Central R. Co., 315 698, 62 827, 86 1129) do so rights. White stated 'duty resting upon' 'to enforce lawfully created, particular government whose exercise lawful power arose.' Minneapolis St. Louis Bombolis, 241 211, 36 595, 599, 60 961. Litigants, right, resort put 20 apt illustration Constitution reserves guarantee every citizen. protects him civil (Counselman 562, 197, McCarthy Arndstein, 262 355, 43 1023; 266 34, 45 16, 69 158), judicial, investigative administrative (Quinn 349 155, 161, 668, 672, 964; Smith 337 137, 1000, 93 1264), him. And assures incriminating involuntarily anyone, anywhere, admitted Bram 168 532, 183, 42 568; Ziang Sung Wan 1, 131. second unfaithful. As long adhered to, obtained one is, too late waits court. lost irretrievably, saved Michigan Den Uyl, 318 Mich. 645, 651, N.W.2d 284, 287, A.L.R.2d 625: 21 'It seems travesty verity say Statejud icial forthwith prosecution.' 22 dissent prevailed use became courts. Feldman, until overruled, controls regimes conducted. books place witness, examined about matters laws, 23 contrary disposition make cases. principled addressed itself proposition forever. concerned maintaining vitality investigations. Not once mention nor address dilemma created decision. Nowhere does explain how maintained. said enough indicate both cannot done judgments. stands books, self-incrimination—lest * Commissioner Wilcox, 327 404, 66 546, 90 752; Rutkin 343 130, 72 571, 96 833; Satates Calamaro, 354 351, 1138, 1394; Rollinger Cir., 208 F.2d 109; Berra 221 590; Schira Commissioner, 240 672; Wampler, D.C., F.Supp. 796; Iozia, 104 846.

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