Document: 329 U.S. 338 67 S.Ct. 301 91 L.Ed. 331 GIBSONv.UNITED STATES. DODEZ v. SAME. Nos. 23 and 86. Reargued Oct. 23, 1946. Decided Dec. [Syllabus from pages 338-340 intentionally omitted] Mr.Hayden Covington, of Brooklyn, N.Y., for petitioners. Mr. Irving S. Shapiro, Washington, D.C., respondent. Justice RUTLEDGE delivered the opinion Court. 1 These cases carry forward another step sequence in decision represented by Falbo, Billings, Estep Smith.1 Each petitioner has been convicted violating § 11 Selective Training Service Act, 54 Stat. 894, 50 U.S.C.App. 311, U.S.C.A.Appendix, Dodez failing to report work national importance after being ordered do so Gibson having unlawfully deserted camp which he had assigned such work.2 2 In each instance conviction was sustained on appeal3 certiorari granted because questions presented administration Act. No. 326 708, 66 96, restored docket reargument before a full bench, 677; 86, 328 828, 1017. 3 The principal issues relate time completing administrative selective process effect case what done this respect upon petitioner's right make defense criminal proceedings various grounds going validity classification. 4 both tendered defenses character were excluded trial court exclusion appeal. was, Gibson's case, rule that although completed reporting camp, pursuant requirement Falbo decision, nevertheless his remedy if any, account alleged misclassification habeas corpus, not cause. 8 Cir., 149 F.2d 751. Dodez' it held refusing service at amp failed exhaust remedies therefore under doctrine could question classification suit. 6 154 637.4 5 * Both petitioners are Jehovah's Witnesses. claimed consistently since registration is minister religion exempt training Act.5 denied (IV-D), classified instead as conscientious objector (IV-E).6 Administrative appeals exhausted. Pursuant classifications given applicable statutory provisions regulations, designated camps. refused go camp. But Gibson, thinking required him there order remedies, went remained five days, then departed without leave. It undisputed intended no submit camp's jurisdiction or authority all times made intent clear. Everything did solely sure finished with view avoiding barrier encountered when sought 7 Obviously have reach same point, namely, place exhausted administratively, but differed concerning its exact location. maintains point reached, regulations,7 preinduction physical examination found acceptable system. This February 21, 1944, two months prior date (April 1944) go. On other hand, argues until preliminaries actual service, including examination, foreclosed through them exercising choice jurisdiction, cf. Billings Truesdell, 321 542, 64 737, 88 917, or, doing so, asserting invalidity either desertion Cf. United States, 327 114, 423; Smith ibid. Clearly, facts issues, Dodez, like Falbo's whether far enough process; while said too far, is, beyond process, cut off concededly available point. II 9 If these controlled respects regulations effective decided, would seem clearly fall within decision's proscription. Court said: 'Completion functions local boards appellate agencies, important those functions, end process. selectee may still be rejected induction center who opposed noncombatant duty civilian public connected series steps into begins board does registrant accepted army, navy Thus more than necessary intermediate united continuous designed raise an army speedily efficiently.' 320 page 553, 348, 305. Since acceptability finally determined reached undergone waived specified examinations, thereupon acceptable,8 taken steps, entitled conviction. 10 However, issuance report, governing procedure relating selection changed manner says relieved necessity complete Government now concedes, we think properly,9 view. review detail they controlling present ones. Although argued misconceived their effect,10 need only note registrant's power secure physician indicating change condition, known advance any demand it, irrevocably 'accepted importance.'11 correctly ruled 'the camp' board's step' ended last possibility rejection Under final conclusive acceptance procedures c mpleted. 12 exactly respect, however, changes immediately decision12 shortly together others later effective. extensive important. altered lengthy. We give summary margin, noting differences between Gibson.13 13 some affecting registrants consequence enactment Public Law 197, 78th Congress, approved December 5, 1943, 57 596, 599, U.S.C.Appendix, 304a, 304a. examinations service.14 Previously first induction, armed forces and, acceptable, inducted once.15 major giving January 10, one week aft r came down, taking date,16 2d following. applied Dodez. Still operative took June 7, 1944.17 14 following out command Act provided rather afterward. Section 629.1 Amendment 200(9 F.R. 400—442), 1944.18 basic amendment. subject call IV—E. Moreover, 210(9 1416), 2, 653.11 Regulations men eliminate previously paragraph (c) providing indication condition consequent possible Instead amended regulation stated simply (a) 'assignee' reported director should 'complete Order Report Work National Importance (Form 50)'; (b) place, specified, assignee's papers, 'a statement accepted' stating also acceptance; board, 'upon receiving notice work,' 'change shall fact acceptance' Form 100; (d), assignee required, notify Director Service.19 (Emphasis added.) statute nearer previously, concerned take action might result rejection. elimination provision permitting medical 210, removed chance formerly demanding there, left performed formal entries 'completing report' fact, 'acceptance' duties notifying failure report. 15 thus speak Report' placing papers accepted,' agree matters officials, nothing applicant reaching released remain perform further imposed him. To construe otherwise force requirements affording relief purely officials offering possibility. Exacting stretch exhausting reason supporting it. Levers Anderson, 219, 72. And, appears experience, formalities himself confronted Government's contention gone far. 16 hold therefore, accordance concession, became operative, making open Constitution aside decision. ibid.; 917. 17 requires reversal judgment 86 remanding cause District trial. insists however determine merits. He urges evidence properly admissible defenses, well adduced,20 support verdict acquittal motion dismiss cause.21 Accordingly asks here directing given. 18 cases, holding wrongfully opportunity defend attacking classifications, reversed convictions remanded causes new trials, stating: 'We express merits tendered. show exceeded must case.' pae 125, 429. situation identical, Smith.22 remand cause, court, expressing issues. III 19 government conclusion contrary 23. argument, pointed out, fell short this. purpose, thereby defending against charge ground invalid. 20 position founded analogy forces, wrongfully, becomes military thereafter amenable processes,23 can release custody resort corpus.24 21 Applying analog , preliminary becoming member, 'inducted' just member undergoing ceremony, supra, even though violation rights. Thereafter, argument continues, 'jurisdiction,' soldier become jurisdiction; latter, cannot illegality members; seek relief, writ corpus. laid members prescribed them,25 departure leave amounted desertion; wrongful illegal order; remedy, apply 22 supported reference 236 (9 6207). amendment two, namely: (1) reintroduce 653.11, eliminated 1944,26 condition; (2) add preexisting director's papers27 explicit 'irrespective determination examination.'28 emphasizes regulations. One 652.12 requiring provide transportation other, 652.13, Class IV-E 'after direction assigned.'29 retain notice, Dodez; there; nullify of' examination. 24 Taking revised precluding securing regards 652.13 marking precise crucial line crossing where journey step, says, equivalent oath ceremony entering supra; produces consequences foreclosing classification, regardless intention indeed spite unwavering manifestation submit.30 25 Much devoted whether, basis analogy, fix 'interval choice,' constantly changing absence involved, difficulty confronting seeking comply ascertaining location line.31 find consider conflicting contentions scrutinize locating More fundamental considerations controlling. 26 entirely 'jurisdiction' forfeits breach duty, Nor recourse way Furthermore, compelling reasons why true. 27 obvious situations connect resemblance. Not least person crosses vast gulf civil attendant status rights, whereas chasm traversed. transfer agency another, branches System, none courts agencies enforcement obligations law. There whatsoever, except sense different orders come channels agency. 28 Unlike man 'actually inducted,' IV E remains civilian; character; discipline authority; tried martial tribunal. expressly provides penalties mode arising enters time.32 29 profound occurs inducted' supra. entailed statute's naval actually inducted,33 require precisely, rule, ends choose incurring liability duty. 30 never choice. relived service. threatend induction. farther importance, time. His penalty performing so. 31 loss corpus,34 results altogether virtue status. underlying rulings undergo change, civilian, them. compulsion bringing about forfeiture questioning charged violating. That arises preventing interruption processes intrusion essential minimum keeping corpus channel dealing individual.35 foundation place. 32 necessity, forfeiture, importance. Serious refusal work, breaches involve, remotest sense, interference jurisdiction. Entirely wanting rights exists services. Without dissolves asserted forfeiture. 33 clear recalled maintained, IV—E exemption religion. originally, adequate exclusive, foreclose forms relief. 34 again fails. established release.36 conceded neither nor system authorized use arrest restrain refuses And this, admitted, doubtful availability corpus.37 Indeed urged reamin obligations, legal plus disobedience. 35 decide question, For destroy seeks draw uncertain one. Should unavailable proceeding, consistent our Smith, statute. No more, think, uncertainty had. 36 Finally, Congress enforcing 11. purpose. Nothing section statute, light decisions, indicate persons deprived invalid absolutely haveas prove contingently depending how doubt remedy's resolved. concedes available. know assured, Gibson's, raised 37 failing, stated, confine presentation allowed. ibid.38 38 similar reasons, dispose merits, examining sustaining defense. course followed directed 39 follow substantially longer period depart leave.39 40 venue adversely States 699, 1213. 41 judgments Courts came, opinion. 42 MURPHY joins therein additional set forth dissenting 549, 555, 346, 349, 305, concurring 423, 43 Reversed remanded. 305; 917; provides, part: 'Any herein carrying rules directions thereunder, knowingly fail neglect shall, district thereof, punished imprisonment years fine $10,000, *.' 652.11(a) imposes importance; 653.12 assignees transferred elsewhere proper authority, missions 751; 637. Apparently called attention Circuit Appeals. 5(d) 885, 888, 305(d), follows: 'Regular duly ordained ministers religion, students preparing ministry theological divinity schools recognized year (but registration) Act.' 5(g) conscientiously 'work direction.' See text Part infra 19; 13. At 653.11(c) provided: 'If indicates type IV—E, examine thereto. Camp will therefor, assignee, pending instructions retained hospitalized necessary.' 10. provision, March 16, 1942 (7 2093), 210 little April 1944; modified form 6207), nearly August year. A confession error part 'does relieve performance judicial function. considered law officers reversible committed great weight, compel us independently errors confessed.' Young 315 257, 258, 259, 62 510, 511, 832. stood, see 8, indicated others, whom assumes occur outcome 'indicated' event, Regulation contemplated receipt Service, released. rendered 3, 1944. notes 13—17. After Reg. §§ 629.1, 629.2. issued certificate fitness. 629.32. Thereafter notifies assignment 652.1, sent board. Upon commanding 652.12. When reports, furnished, 'is assigned.' regard information affect status, 652.13. arrival (now regulations) arose specific 8. merely bottom Original First Copy Physical Examination Induction 221), 653.11(b). subsequently Gibson. infra. material, categories defined request, schedules Secretary War, Navy, regularly station reexaminations. 'The officer conducted issue showing fitness lack periodic reexamination. Those I—A physically qualified regular order.' Compare outlined 18, 19, infra, changes. noted specifically text. Pertinently 'Every unless; signs Request Immediate 219), delinquent. *' Because language quoted: '(a) 50). Four copies 50) Service; copy director. appropriate State files mail filing Cover Sheet 53). '(b) assigned. specify signed 221) Service. '(c) Classification Record 100). '(d) event Service.' permitted introduce de novo minister. over objection, declined allow jury. verdict, overruled. fair hearing proceedings, particularly board; sustain defenses. Appropriate reception consideration issue, thereof credibility inferential conclusions, involved determining minister, appropriately determinable court. certain identical held. See, e.g., re Morrissey, 137 157, 57, 644; Miller, 114 F. 838; Reaves, 126 127; Carver, C.C., 142 623; Scott, 144 79; Moore 159 701; Dillingham Booker, 163 696, L.R.A.,N.S., 956, Ann.Cas. ex rel. Laikund Williford, 220 291; Ex parte Romano, 251 762; Tinkoff, 254 912; Kerekes, 274 870. Ver Mehren Sirmyer, 876; Beck, 245 967. Kurtz Moffitt, 115 487, 148, 458. Grimely, 147, 54, 636; Stingle's Case, Fed. Cas. 13,458; Turner Wright, 16,778. cited 2. notes, 19. reintroduced, 'assignees,' condition. alterations appear comparing amendment, quoted portions, amendment: As soon mental available, director, extent capable observing determination. be, record Irrespective section, reintroduced subsection former added initial ' rrespective *,' etc. regulation, reads 'A Such status.' 113. adopted 24, 1941, 1, 1942, Estep, urge submitting 'indaction,' voluntarily surrendering them; acted peril remedial mistakenly thought essentially waiver. implication 'induction' surrender subjected physician, 29, prosecution illegal. reasonable reading latter Indeed, asserts ways examinations. 26. 11, 'No unless laws leg slative history presumed 'to second 'unless' clause away clause.' purpose vest exclusive violations induction.' 547, 741, Ibid. authorities Wales Whitney, 564, 1050, 277; Stallings Splain, 253 339, 537, L.Ed 940; McNally Hill, 293 131, 137, 138, 55 26, 27, 79 238; Weber Squier, 810, 800, 1209; Tornello Hudspeth, 318 792, 63 990, 87 1158; Zimmerman Walker, 319 744, 1027, 1700; Innes Crystal, 755, 1164, 1708; Lynn Downer, 322 756, 1263, 1585; Baker Hunter, 323 740, 65 44, 89 593. asking draft order. 'final,' limited permitted. distinguish another. Provided attack arbitrary 30.

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