Document: 472 U.S. 463 105 S.Ct. 2778 86 L.Ed.2d 370 MARYLAND, Petitionerv.Baxter MACON. No. 84-778. Argued April 17, 1985. Decided June Syllabus A county detective, who was not in uniform, entered an adult bookstore, browsed for several minutes, and purchased two magazines from respondent salesclerk with a marked $50 bill. The detective then left the store showed to fellow officers were waiting nearby. Upon concluding that obscene, detectives returned store, arrested respondent, retrieved bill cash register, neglecting return change received at time of purchase. Prior trial on charge distributing obscene materials violation Maryland statute, court denied respondent's motion suppress bill, holding purchase seizure within meaning Fourth Amendment warrantless arrest lawful. magazines, but introduced evidence, jury found guilty. Court Special Appeals reversed, warrant required both seize allegedly distributor order provide procedural safeguard First freedom expression. Held: did obtain possession by means unreasonable search or seizure, fruit arrest, lawful otherwise. Thus properly admitted evidence. Pp. 467-471. (a) Absent some action taken government agents can be classified as "search" "seizure," rules designed freedoms do apply. officer's entering bookstore examining wares intentionally exposed all frequented place business infringe legitimate expectation privacy hence constitute Amendment. And subsequent since occurs when there is meaningful interference individual's possessory interests property seized, here voluntarily transferred any interest he may have had purchaser upon receipt funds. risk prior restraint, which underlying basis special protections accorded searches seizures materials, does come into play cases where undercover officer, purchasing few merely accepts offer freely made public. Nor bona fide nature changed, so become tantamount later seized failed change. Objectively viewed, transaction sale ordinary course business, retrospectively transformed virtue officers' subjective intent retrieve money use 468-471. (b) Even assuming, arguendo, after it would require exclusion trial. exclusionary rule reach backward taint information official hands illegality. Here, police before only P. 471. 57 Md.App. 705, 471 A.2d 1090, reversed. Deborah K. Chasanow, Baltimore, Md., petitioner. Burton W. Sandler, Towson, respondent. Justice O'CONNOR delivered opinion Court. 1 This case requires us decide whether shortly must excluded evidence clerk's distribution materials. Following Circuit Prince George's County, Maryland, convicted Md.Ann.Code, Art. 27, § 418 (1982). reversed conviction ordered charges dismissed ground improperly 1090 (1984). certiorari. 300 Md. 795, 481 240 We granted certiorari, 469 1156, 900, 83 916 (1985), resolve conflict among state courts question matter officer constitutes under Finding not, we reverse. 2 * On May 6, 1981, three County went Silver News, Inc., Hyattsville, part investigation bookstores area. One detectives, clerk, Baxter Macon, his Together they concluded criteria previously used them applications. attendant register been make neglected Respondent escorted remaining customers out closed leaving detectives. 3 trial, Macon moved App. 21. judge grounds Id., 52. subsequently guilty appealed, contending judicial determination probable cause believe distributed sustain related obscenity. such determination, argued, suppressed dismissed. challenge jury's finding obscene. 4 agreed Md.App., 710, A.2d, 1092. In involving rights, reasoned, safeguards, including suppression material acquired connection applied more stringently. Ibid. determined "constructive" proper remedy exclude 716, 1096. Alternatively, held obscenity publications 719, 1097. accordingly because without insufficient conviction. By constituted Amendment, rejected position majority considered issue. evaluating most treated self-evident proposition regardless funds are See, e.g., Baird v. State, 12 Ark.App. 71, 671 S.W.2d 191 (1984) (en banc); Wood 144 Ga.App. 236, S.E.2d 743 (1977), cert. denied, 439 899, 99 265, 58 247 (1978); People Ridens, 51 Ill.2d 410, 282 N.E.2d 691 (1972), vacated remanded other grounds, 413 912, 93 3046, 37 1030 (1973); State Welke, 298 Minn. 402, 216 N.W.2d 641 (1974); Perry, 567 380 (Mo.App.1978); Dornblaser, 26 Ohio Misc. 29, 267 434 (1971); Cherokee News & Arcade, Inc. 533 P.2d 624 (Okla.Crim.App.1974). But see Furuyama, 64 Haw. 109, 637 1095 (1981) (reaching contrary conclusion). 5 For reasons set forth below, conclude entry examination offered effect seizure. suspect obscenity-related charges, issue product arrest. Because hold also address contention Double Jeopardy Clause bars retrial. II 6 central presented suppressed. If obtained fruits unlawful their If, however, traceable violation, unwarranted. See United States Crews, 445 463, 472, 100 1244, 1250, 63 537 (1980). A. 7 imposes constraints presumptively protected material, Lo-Ji Sales, New York, 442 319, 326, n. 5, 2319, 2324, 60 920 (1979), "scrupulous exactitude" circumstances. Stanford Texas, 379 476, 485, 85 506, 511-512, 13 431 (1965). Consequently, has imposed particularized applicable films, books, papers. Roaden Kentucky, 496, 497, 2796, 2797-2798, 757 (1973) ("seizure contemporaneous incident public exhibition . [not] accomplished warrant"); Marcus Search Warrants, 367 717, 81 1708, 1127 (1961) (warrant conclusory assertion). Although occasion analyze involved followed purchases. supra; supra. those cases, through mass conducted pursuant unconstitutional open-ended warrants. Cf. supra, U.S., S.Ct., 2326, 5; 505, 2801-2802 (sheriff film commercial theater currently screening it). 8 "an society prepared consider reasonable infringed." Jacobsen, 466 113, 104 1652, 1656, 80 areas invited enter transact business. Knotts, 460 276, 281-282, 103 1081, 1085-1086, 75 55 (1983). mere possibly illegal will attention authorities, customer complain one recognize reasonable. 122-123, 22, 1661, 85. frequent Katz States, 389 347, 351, 88 507, 511, 19 576 (1967) ("What person knowingly exposes subject protection"). 9 "there interests" seized. 1656. Lewis 385 206, 210, 87 424, 427, 17 312 (1966). Thereafter, whatever seller funds, magazines. At "interfere" seller; took intended necessary exchange. id., 211, 427. 10 essential enforcement vice laws. 6. An violate accepting "A agent, same manner private person, accept invitation premises very purposes contemplated occupant." 211; cf. 422 329, 2326. suggest different conclusion this case. engage "wholesale searc[h] seizur[e]" these circumstances, nothing our renders invalid large number sale. analogous purchases substances 427 (purchase narcotics). 11 Notwithstanding purchase, argues evaporated Brief 10. When subjectively intends while retaining maintains, 11. argument cannot withstand scrutiny. Whether occurred "turns objective assessment actions light facts circumstances confronting him time," Scott 436 128, 136, 98 1717, 1722, 56 168 (1978), actual mind challenged taken. 138 139, 13, 1724, 13. Assuming, retrieval wrongful, restitution B remains Again, Amendment—a decide—it yielded evidentiary value already police. "The enjoins Government benefiting unlawfully obtained; illegality." 475, 1252 (opinion BRENNAN, J., joined Stewart, STEVENS, JJ.). leave another day prohibits law misdemeanor otherwise, judgment 14 It ordered. whom MARSHALL joins, dissenting. 15 certiorari Amendments certain culminating charges. statute prosecution brought1 is, my view, unconstitutionally overbroad therefore facially its entirety. dissent Paris Adult Theatre I Slaton, 49, 73, 2628, 2665, 446 (1973). reason, affirm invalidating if thought otherwise respect constitutionality join today's disagree Court's analysis should lead reversal 16 power adjunct system objectionable new." 724, 1712, (1961). Bill Rights fashioned against background knowledge unrestricted could instrument stifling liberty expression." 729, 1714. 481-485, 509-512, enforcing Amendment's command, exercise ensure poses no threat 511. words THE CHIEF JUSTICE, "[t]he setting theater, each protection invokes requirements examine what 'unreasonable' values 504, 2801, films "reasonable" unless neutral detached magistrate issued particularly describing things (1979); probable-cause supporting based proceeding opportunity "focus searchingly obscenity," 732, 1716; Heller 483, 2789, 745 Lee Art Virginia, 392 636, 2103, 20 1313 (1968). These strict reflect inherently difficult decision respecting particular investigating authorities "engaged often competitive enterprise ferreting crime," Johnson 333 10, 14, 68 367, 369, 92 (1948). difficulty applying arcane standards governing determinations exacerbates overzealous seize. 1716. consequence restraint "[W]ithout authority constitutionally sufficient warrant, [seizure] plainly form standards." 2801. 18 obscenity, follows meet requirements. involves difficulties risks films. field faces daunting task Miller California, 15, 2607, 419 (1973), determining books support justify situation zeal enforce erroneous judgments protected. Permitting investigative practice threatens restrain expression way does. disruptive potential effectively unbounded apparent. case, example, caused usher patrons padlock entrance bookstore. As conduct "brought abrupt halt orderly exhibition." Several lower plain systematic unbridled alone provides potent harassing sell conform majority's dictates taste. Penthouse International, Ltd. McAuliffe, 610 F.2d 1353 (CA5 1980); Furayama, Hawaii (1981). Indeed, requiring pointless achieve equally effective simple expedient owner today suggests infirmity failure seizing film, ante, 468, never specified lack warrant. What concerned absence obscene: "Nothing afforded 'focus obscenity.' " 2802. formed authorizing perhaps immaterial. clear, officials neither persons nor cause. That precisely happened present clearly illegal. works mischief unnecessarily throwing principle doubt. 21 compounds Holding legally sense tainted "fruits" invalidate following precedents, run illegality itself suffice prevent introduction lawfully 472-473, 1250-1251, (1980), conviction, 474, 1251; Frisbie Collins, 342 519, 72 509, 96 L.Ed. 541 (1952). 22 stake mechanical application precedents inappropriate. No logical imperative Collins. methodology recently wedded Leon, 468 897, 906-908, 3405, 3411-3413, 82 677 (1984)—a about grave doubts, 930, 3430-3431 (BRENNAN, dissenting); Jersey T.L.O., 325, 357-358, 733, 720 (1985) dissenting)—the judgment, balance State's citizen's overreaching. 20, 1251, 20. incremental deterrent result might added "interference having brought book." Blue, 384 251, 255, 1416, 1419, 510 like one, additional countervailing ensuring broad calculus. consequences fall specific victims abuse who, fear being subjected harassment, steer far wider forbidden zone than would. Such rights receive regime work demands invalidation convictions arrests unsupported finds source commands Amendments. ibid. Bantam Books, Sullivan, 372 58, 631, 584 (1963). Opting course, sanctions end around constitutional carefully crafted guard 23 endorsement government's norms taste written visual forms disquieting own right inevitably nonobscene recognizes sanctioned sexual nonconformist instantly turned political nonconformist, (1965), takes ominous cast. "stealthy encroachments"2 liberties effort combat weapons future shackle dissenters stifle voices. deciding well remember "[u]ncontrolled first arsenal every arbitrary government." Brinegar 338 160, 180, 69 1302, 1313, 1879 (1949) (Jackson, dissenting). 24 dissent. Boyd 116 616, 635, 524, 534, 29 746 (1886).

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