Document: 413 U.S. 49 93 S.Ct. 2628 37 L.Ed.2d 446 PARIS ADULT THEATRE I et al., Petitioners,v.Lewis R. SLATON, District Attorney, Atlanta Judicial Circuit, al. No. 71—1051. Argued Oct. 19, 1972. Decided June 21, 1973. Rehearing Denied 9, See 414 881, 94 27. Syllabus Respondents sued under Georgia civil law to enjoin the exhibiting by petitioners of two allegedly obscene films. There was no prior restraint. In a jury-waived trial, trial court (which did not require 'expert' affirmative evidence obscenity) viewed films and thereafter dismissed complaints on ground that display in commercial theaters consenting adult audiences (reasonable precautions having been taken exclude minors) 'constitutionally permissible.' The Supreme Court reversed, holding constituted 'hard core' pornography within protection First Amendment. Held: 1. Obscene material is speech entitled Amendment protection. Miller v. California, 15, 2607, 419; Roth United States, 354 476, 77 1304, 1 1498. P. 54. 2. procedure followed here (assuming use constitutionally acceptable standard for determining what unprotected Amendment) comported with standards Teitel Film Corp. Cusack, 390 139, 88 754, 19 966; Freedman Maryland, 380 51, 85 734, 13 649; Kingsley Books, Inc. Brown, 436, 1325, 1469. Pp. 54—55. 3. It error fail expert film's obscenity, since were best they depicted) themselves placed evidence. 56. 4. States have legitimate interest regulating commerce its exhibition places public accommodation, including 'adult' theaters. 57—69. (a) proper state concern safeguarding against crime other arguably ill effects obscenity prohibiting or material. Though conclusive proof lacking, may reasonably determine nexus does might exist between antisocial behavior material, just as acted unprovable assumptions areas control. 57—63. (b) are free adopt laissez-faire policy toward commercialized obliged do so. 64. (c) Exhibition accommodation protected any constitutional doctrine privacy. A theater cannot be equated private home; nor there privacy right arising from special relationship, such marriage. Stanley Georgia, 394 557, 89 1243, 22 542; Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 1678, 14 510, distinguished. Nor can home 'zone' 'privacy' follows consumer materials wherever he goes. Orito, 2674, 513; 12 200-Foot Reels Super 8mm., 123, 2665, 500. 65—67. (d) Preventing unlimited thought 67—68. (e) Not all conduct directly involving 'consenting adults' only has claim 68—69. 5. laws involved herein should now re-evaluated light newly enunciated 419. 69—70. 228 Ga. 343, 185 S.E.2d 768, vacated remanded. Robert Eugene Smith, Atlanta, Ga., petitioners. Thomas E. Moran, respondent. Mr. Chief Justice BURGER delivered opinion Court. Petitioners movie their owners managers, operating style On December 28, 1970, respondents, local district attorney solicitor court, filed alleging paid admission films, contrary Code Ann. § 26 2101.1 question, 'Magic Mirror' 'It All Comes Out End,' depict sexual characterized core pornography' leaving 'little imagination.' 2 Respondents' complaints, made behalf State demanded declared enjoined enjoined, but temporary injunction granted ex parte restraining destroying removing them jurisdiction. further ordered one print each January 13, 1971, together viewing equipment. 3 15 days after proceedings began, produced at trial. Certain photographs, also stipulated portray single entrance both Paris Adult Theatre II it appeared time complaints. These photographs show conventional, inoffensive entrance, without pictures, signs indicating exhibit 'Atlanta's Finest Mature Feature Films.' door itself sign saying: 'Adult Theatre—You must 21 able prove it. If nude body offends you, Please Do Enter.' 4 exhibited court. testimony criminal investigators had see nothing outside indicated full nature shown. particular, depicted—as did—scenes simulated fellatio, cunnilingus, group sex intercourse. presented minors ever entered systematic barring minors, apart posting entrance. April 12, judge respondents' He assumed 'that established,' stated: 5 appears these theatre, when surrounded requisite notice reasonable exposure 6 appeal, unanimously reversed. 768. question barred gave warning general shown, held Citing this Reidel, 402 351, 91 1410, 28 813 (1971), stated 'the sale delivery willing adults first amendment.' 542 (1969), inapposite deal distribution pornography, possess, his home, pornographic films.' 345, 769 (1971). After stating: 7 'The case leave little imagination. plain purport depict, is, most salacious character. We hold hard showing Id., 347, S.E.2d, 770. 8 * clear outset we undertake tell do, rather define area which chart own course dealing This consistently limitation police power virtue Fourteenth 23—25, 2614—2615, Kois Wisconsin, 408 229, 230, 92 2245, 2246, 33 312 (1972); supra, U.S., 354, S.Ct., 1411; 485, 1309, 1498 (1957). 9 permits materials. 1024 Peachtree Slaton, 102, 184 144 (1971); Walter 227 676, 182 464 Evans 377, 180 712 While nature, involve statute proscribing material,2 permitting definition 'obscene materials' used statute.3 Today, sought clarify subject regulation vacate remand reconsideration Miller. 10 read disapproval employed case, assuming contrary, provides an exhibitor purveyor possible notice, indictments, whether regulation.4 441—444, 1327—1330, 1469 Here, imposed restraint until adversary proceeding final judicial determination unprotected.5 Thus Blount Rizzi, 400 410, 417, 423, 428, 27 498 141—142, 755—756, 966 (1968); 58—59, 738—739, 649 (1965), 443—445, 1328—1330, met. Cf. Thirty-Seven Photographs 363, 367—369, 1400, 1403—1405, 822 (1971) (opinion White, J.). 11 actually Groner, 479 F.2d 577, 579—586 (CA5 1973); id., 586—588 (Ainsworth, J., concurring); 588—589 (Clark, Wild, 422 34, 35—36 (C.A.2 1969), cert. denied, 986, 1644, 29 152 Kahn 300 78, 84 (C.A.5), 369 859, 82 949, 18 (1962); Amato, Wis.2d 638, 645, 183 N.W.2d 29, 32 denied sub nom. Amato 404 1063, 735, 30 751 (1972). Smith 361 147, 172, 80 215, 228, 205 (1959) (Harland, concurring dissenting); 328 F.Supp. 196, 199 (E.D.Va.1971). obviously, represent.6 'In cases decided questions Roth, regarded sufficient question.' Ginzburg 383 463, 465, 86 942, 944, 16 31 (1966). categorically disapprove theory, apparently adopted judge, obscene, acquire immunity simply because only. properly rejected Although often pointedly recognized high importance juveniles unconsenting adults, 18—20, 2612—2613; 567, 1249; Redrup New York, 386 767, 769, 87 1414, 1415, 515 (1967), never interests long-recognized long regulations run afoul specific prohibitions. Photographs, 376—377, 1408—1409 J.); 354—356, 1411—1413. 378, 1409 (Stewart, concurring). unbroken series extending over stretch Court's history accepted postulate primay requirements decency enforced publications.' (Near Minnesota rel. Olson, 283 697, 716, 51 625, 631, L.Ed. 1357 (1931)).' 440, 1327. stake stemming tide even feasible enforce effective safeguards passersby.7 Rights 'other than those advocates involved.' Breard Alexandria, 341 622, 642, 71 920, 932, 95 1233 (1951). include quality life total community environment, tone great city centers, and, possibly, safety itself. Hill-Link Minority Report Commission Obscenity Pornography indicates least arguable correlation crime.8 Quite crimes, however, remains problem large proportions aptly described Professor Bickel: concerns society, mode, terms perhaps greater currency, life, future. man book room, expose himself indecently . .. protect But if demands obtain books pictures wants market, foregather places—discreet, you will, accessible all—with others who share tastes, then grant him affect world about rest us, impinge privacies. Even supposing us can, wishes, effectively avert eye stop ear (which, truth, cannot), commonly seen heard done intrudes upon all, want not.' Public Interest 25—26 (Winter 1971).9 (Emphasis added.) As Warren stated, 'right Nation maintain decent society .,' Jacobellis Ohio, 378 184, 199, 1676, 1684, 793 (1964) (dissenting opinion).10 Memoirs Massachusetts, 413, 457, 975, 996, (1966) (Harlan, Beauharnais Illinois, 343 250, 256—257, 72 725, 730—731, 96 919 (1952); Kovacs Cooper, 336 77, 86—88, 69 448, 453—454, 513 (1949). But, argued, scientific data conclusively demonstrate adversely affects men women society. urged that, absent demonstration, kind 'impermissible.' reject argument. resolve empirical uncertainties underlying legislation, save exceptional where legislation plainly impinges rights Constitution itself.11 Brennan, speaking Ginsberg 629, 642—643, 1274, 1282, 20 195 (1968), said: 'We demand legislatures 'scientifically certain criteria legislation.' Noble Bank Haskell, 219 104, 110 (31 186, 187) 55 112.' connection legislature could quite exist. deciding implicitly legitimately act conclusion social order morality.' quoting Chaplinsky Hampshire, 315 568, 572, 62 766, 1031 (1942) (emphasis added Roth).12 17 From beginning civilized societies, legislators judges various assumptions. Such underlie much lawful business affairs. Ferguson Skrupa, 372 726, 730, 83 1028, 1031, (1963); 632—633, 641—645, 927—928, 932—934; Lincoln Federal Labor Union Northwestern Iron & Metal Co., 335 525, 536—537, 251, 257, 212 same true federal securities antitrust host regulations. SEC Capital Gains Research Bureau, Inc., 375 180, 186—195, 275, 279—285, 237 American Power Light Co. SEC, 329 90, 99—103, 67 133, 139—141, 103 (1946); North 327 686, 705—707, 66 785, 796—797, 90 945 (1946), cited. Brooks 267 432, 436—437, 45 346, 699 (1925), Hoke 308, 322, 281, 283, 57 523 (1913). basis Congress have, example, drastically restricted associational adopting laws, strictly regulated expression issuers dealers securities, profit sharing 'coupons,' 'trading stamps,' commanding publish announce. Sugar Institute, 297 553, 597—602, 56 641—644, 859 (1936); Merrick N. W. Halsey 242 584—589, 227, 230—232, 61 (1917); Caldwell Sioux Falls Stock Yards 559, 567 224, 226—227, 493 Hall Geiger-Jones 539, 548—552, 217, 220—221, 480 Tanner Little, 240 369, 383—386, 36 379, 383—385, 60 691 (1916); Rast Van Deman Lewis 342, 363—368, 370, 376—379, 679 (1916). Understandably entertain absolutist view find uncomfortable explain why association, speech, press severely restrained marketplace goods money, pornography. Likewise, administrators physical environment pollution preserve our resources forests, streams, parks, imponderables impact new highway near through existing park wilderness area. Citizens Preserve Overton Park, Volpe, 401 402, 417—420, 814, 824—826, 136 Thus, 18(a) Federal-Aid Highway Act 1968, 23 U.S.C. 138, Department Transportation 1966, amended, Stat. 824, 1653(f), Black 'a solemn highest law-making beauty health-giving facilities parks away roads hearings, fact-findings, determinations supervision Cabinet officer ..' 421, 826 (separate joined fact congressional directive reflects good people, imponderable aesthetic assumptions, reason unconstitutional. accept assumption complete education requires reading books, Board Education Allen, 392 236, 245, 1923, 1927, 1060 Johnson York Dept., 449 871, 882—883 (CA2 1971) opinion), remanded consider mootness, 409 75, 259, 34 290 (1972), 76—77, 259—260 (Marshall, concurring), well nigh universal belief plays, art lift spirit, improve mind, enrich human personality, develop character, say corollary exhibitions focused conduct, tendency exert corrupting debasing leading behavior? 'Many intangible indistinct, nonetheless real.' 103, 141. Cardozo said Western civilization 'guided robust common sense Steward Machine Davis, 301 548, 590, 883, 892, 81 1279 (1937). sum experience, past decades, affords ample conclude sensitive, key relationship existence, central family welfare, development debased distorted crass exploitation sex. Nothing prohibits reaching acting legislatively data. argued individual 'free will' govern, activities beyond guarantees privacy, government impede individual's desire movies, books. indeed base people capacity choice. Most exercises choice—those politics, religion, ideas—are explicitly Constitution. Totally play allowed noted, neither precludes 'blue sky' regulate sellers write wares. 61—62. weak, uninformed, unsuspecting, gullible exercise volition. modern societies disposal garbage sewage up will,' impose health appearance places. told some await 'laissez-faire' market solution obscenity-pornography problem, paradoxically 'by otherwise word laissez-faire,' particularly solving urban, commercial, environmental problems. I. Kristol, Democratic Idea America course, follow drop controls prefer, ignore marketplace, compels so regard matters falling 357, 1413; 462, 999 (White, dissenting). sit superlegislature wisdom, need, propriety touch economic problems, affairs, conditions.' 482, 1680, 510 (1965). 731, 1031; Day-Brite Lighting, Missouri, 342 405, 407, 469 (1952). asserted, evaluating present context, access violates enjoyed petitioners' customers. vicarious standing assert potential customers' rights, unavailing compare theater, open fee, 1249, marital bedroom 485—486, 1682—1683. Court, has, numerous occasions, refused ventures motion-picture house 'private' purpose litigation statutes. Sillivan Little Hunting 396 400, 404, 24 (1969); Daniel Paul, 395 298, 305—308, 1697, 1701—1703, 318 Blow Carolina, 379 684, 685—686, 635, 636, 603 (1965); Hamm Rock Hill, 306, 307—308, 384, 387—388, (1964); Heart Motel, 241, 247, 260—261, 348, 352, 359—360, 258 (1964). Civil 1964 specifically defines houses 'public accommodation' covered operations affecting commerce. 78 243, 42 2000a(b) (3), (c). Our decisions recognizing guaranteed included 'only personal deemed 'fundamental' 'implicit concept liberty.' Palko 302 319, 325, 58 149, 152, 288 (1937).' Roe Wade, 410 113, 705, 35 147 (1973). encompasses protects intimacies family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, child rearing. Eisenstadt Baird, 405 438, 1029, 1038 1039, 349 460, 463—465, 1042, 1043—1044 Loving Virginia, 388 1, 1817, 1823, 1010 (1967); 486, 1682; Prince 321 158, 166, 64 442, 645 (1944); Skinner Oklahoma Williamson, 316 535, 541, 1110, 1113, 1655 (1942); Pierce Society Sisters, 268 571, 573, 1070 (1925); Meyer Nebraska, 262 390, 399, 43 626, 1042 (1923). Nothing, intimates liberty' watch movies accommodation. carried 'penumbra' would found necessary decide narrow 'privacy home,' hardly more reaffirmation man's castle.' 564, 1247.13 Moreover, declined equate relied distributor whatever 141—143, 2676—2678, Twelve 8mm. Film, 126—129, 2667—2669, 500; 1408 355, 1412. idea place are, mutually exclusive. Conduct depictions prohibit street become automatically merely moved bar 'live' stage, performance woman locked embrace noon Times Square simultaneously engage valid political dialogue. 25 'control (of) moral content person's thoughts,' 565, 1248 need quarrel this. attempting control minds thoughts patronize lacks serious literary, artistic, political, value communication, 24, 2615, 2620, distinct intellect. 485—487, 1309—1310; Thornhill Alabama, 310 88, 101—102, 736, 743—744, 1093 (1940); Finnis, 'Reason Passion': Constitutional Dialectic Free Speech Obscenity, 116 U.Pa.L.Rev. 222, 229 241—243 (1967). Where communication ideas, Amendment, involved, particular Stanley, 'areas zones' mere consequence, 'utterances' 'thoughts' incidentally affected interests. 483, 1308, 730 731. fantasies drug addict reach government, sales prohibited 1414 Finally, argue involves sole reason, establishes broad range conditions incorporates proposition always regulation,14 step unable take.15 Commercial depictions, descriptions, premises falls State's environment. issue context goes someone, majority, considers depicted 'wrong' 'sinful.' make morally neutral judgment injure whole, endanger safety, jeopardize Warren's words, States' society.' 1684 opinion). To summarize, today reaffirmed basic Kaplan 115, 2680, 492. directed holdings, depiction description defined limits designed prevent infringement rights. holdings 2676—2678; mm. 2668—2669. incloding so-called excluded. II, provided applicable law, written authoritatively interpreted courts, meets set forth 2614—2616. inconsistent supra. 130 n. 7, 2670, 7. Vacated DOUGLAS, dissenting. My Brother BRENNAN commended seeking path thicket undertook sustain constitutionality application. expressed occasions my disagreement decision 'obscenity' disagreed definitions evolved. Art literature reflect tastes; like musical appreciation, reducible precise definitions. That felt exception For taste, belief, turn idiosyncrasies individuals. They too emotional vague apply, witness prison term Ralph Ginzburg, 31, printed sexy manner advertised creations. bring myself adoption Bill Colonies excluding regime freedom existed. laws; important, colonial expert, Julius Goebel, none, J. Development Legal Institutions Felony Misdemeanor So became convinced creation legislative tour de force; censorship punishment, amendment. People offended many offerings merchants pronouncements, sociological themes, stories official misconduct. list publications pronouncements offend someone endless. Some private; inescapably public, generates crime, becomes blatant offender sensibilities engages burglary, breaches telephone, conference home. Life crowded technological creates offensive statements deeds. conduct. 'Obscenity' ideas. regimes ideas 'offensive' majority (or majority) suppressed. proceeds monotonous pace. offensive. One experiences visit nation bookstalls filled mathematics religion. am sure charged being obscene. short, yet trapped into seeing something me. coming charges 'obscenity,' unconstitutional me censor. ads bookstores neon lights resemble bait seek exhilaration. parent priest teacher compunction edging children wards excite instincts. supposed permitted one's tastes beliefs—save action government. applaud effort forsake low road field. inaugurate closer old abstention proclaims. unique problems raised government-imposed government-approved captive audiences, cf. Utilities Comm'n Pollak, 451, 813, 1068, fashioning rule makes publisher, producer, bookseller, librarian, operator criminally responsible, fails take steps literature, offensive* temporarily occupy seats mighty. When jungle took care himself. societal group, necessarily imposed. society—unlike world—presupposes liberty frame reference individual, keeper beliefs, philosophy Amendment; article faith sets nations world. BRENNAN, whom STEWART MARSHALL join, 38 confront once again vexing reconciling efforts suppress sexually oriented protections applied No aspect recent years, substantial commitment time, generated disharmony views, remained resistant formulation stable manageable standards. approach initiated years ago (1957), culminating today, stability jeopardizing fundamental values, concluded come significant departure approach. 39 Superior Fulton County, motion End, Magic Mirror, Theatres (I II) Georgia. alleged 26—2101.1 injunctive relief, though considered presentation absence shown adults. Reversing, avoid significance. 40 cinemas, linked box office lobby, Street Criminal County paying customers action. Thereafter, separate declaration continued public. flagrant violation Section 26—2101 dominant theme(s) picture film(s) whole applying contemporary (appeal) prurient sex, nudity excretion, film(s are) utterly absolutely redeeming whatsoever, (transgress) customary candor describing discussing matters.' App. 20, 39. 41 language roughly tracked 26—2101, imposes penalties persons knowingly distribute materials,2 brought pursuant statute. Instead, non-statutory exhibition. parties waived jury intends event succeeds proving Upon filing scheduled hearing defendants concealing, destroying, altering, jurisdiction, pendente lite. addition hearing, witnesses admitted accurately facade theater. testified exterior adorned prominent 'Adults Only,' 'You Must Be Able Prove It,' 'If Nude Body Offends You, specificity. displayed draw attention passersby contents charge $3. screening out (apart notices referred above). submitted, fairly '(a)ssuming established finding actors cavorted indiscriminately,' held, nonetheless, permissible.'3 Since arise statutory proceeding, required pass statute, face applied, denying State. 44 reasoning lower court's reliance misplaced subsequent (1971): (Reidel), expressly mails, limited recipients further, person possess carry sell deliver Those choose front defendant's purchase ticket certify thereby age legal Reidel who, newspaper advertisements mailed defendant accepting solicitation booklet there. clearly 769—770 46 rested squarely aware consented them. reasons opinion, invalidity therefore occasion extent required, purposes review, had, fact, 47 although expression, Amendments infringement. emphasized 'sex synonymous,' 487, 1310, matter fully '(s)ex, mysterious motive force indisputably absorbing mankind ages; vital concern.' Ibid.4 rested, termed two-level obscenity.5 criticized,6 endorsed members addressed Roth. Yet implement agreement existence called still painful workable term. 48 Recognizing freedoms vulnerable gravely damaging barely visible encroachments,' Bantam Sullivan, 58, 66, 637, 584 (1963), 'sensitive tools' 'separation illegitimate speech.' Speiser Randall, 357 513, 1332, 1342, 1460 (1958). essence provide former spill suppression latter. attempt, late Harlan observed, 'produced variety views among unmatched adjudication.' Interstate Dallas, 704—705, 1298, 1314, 225 (1968) sure, five agree determined asking 'whether average person, standards, theme appeals interest.' 489, 1311. test—achieved abstract before 481 8, 1307—was, least, short lived. By 1967 following emerged: Douglas maintained wholly powerless obscenity. See, e.g., 950, 953, opinions); 1682, (concurring opinion); 508, 1321 Harlan, hand, believed Government enumerated powers afforded latitude '(ban) which, treat fundamentally manner, rationally judging material.' 204, 1686 also, 493, 953 Quantity Books Kansas, 205, 1723, 1727, 809 Clark, 496, 1315 Stewart limit power. 497, 955 197, 1683 50 most, support interpretation (and not, suggests, veering 'sharply concept' articulation test obscenity,' 2613) Warren, Fortas, author Governments 'three elements coalesce: sex; patently affronts relating representation matters; value.' 418, 977. formulation, concealed differences opinion. Compare 192—195, 1680—1682 (Brennan, Goldberg, J.) (community national), 200 201, 1684—1685 (Warren, C.J., dissenting) local).7 covering situations. Mishkin 502, 958, (prurient appeal deviant group); supra ('pandering' probative close cases). (obscenity juveniles). Nor, finally, command Aside above, Clark 'social importance' 'be offensive.' 445, 991 Similarly, White publication predominant exceeding candor,' 460—461, "social (as) independent relevant 999. divergence began practice per curiam reversals convictions dissemination tests, obscene.8 capped attempt forms categories—the governmental form press. Today offers slightly altered test, while entirely unchanged III 52 experience certainly taught outright reconciled principles Amendments. failed formulate sharply distinguishes necessity, resorted approach, resolves parties, obscure guidance adjudication primary disposing summary reversal denial certiorari deliberately obscured rationale decisions. comes surprise attempts lead conscientiously ended hopeless confusion. 53 Of vagueness largely stemmed primarily failure consensus standard. experimentation debate reluctantly forced none available formulas, announced reduce tolerable level striking balance Amendments, asserted Any boundary resort indefinite concepts 'prurient interest,' 'patent offensiveness,' 'serious literary value,' like. meaning varies outlook, defining 'know (we) it,' manifestly describe advance except elusive distinguish speech. 54 previously acknolwedged separated dim uncertain line.' 637. 511, 964. Added 'perhaps inherent residual vagueness' current multitude 475 complication item depend nuances dissemination. ibid. suggested obtrusive unwilling individuals, juveniles, 'pandering' bear 1415. related vein, function circumstances dissemination: trial; person. issue, picture. attribute thus color character.' 495, 1314 1685 445—446, 1330—1331, (1957) point factors account judgmental case-by-case, sight-by-sight' basis. 516, 968 (Black, considerations usggest definition, how precisely narrowly drawn, possibly suffice situations, carve suppressible media creating risk encroachment Due Process Clause Amendment.9 produces number improvement understanding distinct. First, adequate engaged type proscribe. fair 'what commands forbids.' Lanzetta Jersey, 306 453, 59 618, 619, 888 (1939); Connally General Construction 269 385, 126, 70 322 (1926). service principle repeatedly obscenty exactly Rabe Washington, 313, 993, Winters 333 507, 68 665, 840 (1948). tests upheld Clause, 643, 1282; 506—507, 962—963; 491—492, 1312—1313, grave doubts sustained today. know satisfactory answer assertin Black, 'after fourteen opinions handed down' trilogy 'no learned less layman, capable knowing ultimate 480—481, 952—953 statement 707, pointed out, '(t)he requirement definiteness violated give ordinary intelligence contemplated forbidden shall responsible understand proscribed.' Harriss, 347 612, 617, 74 808, 812, 98 989 (1954). painstaking inevitably unavailing. insufficiency guess permissible resulting uncertainty intolerable, alone '(b)ookselling hazardous profession,' 674, 1298 (Fortas, dissenting), invites arbitrary erratic enforcement law. Papachristou City Jacksonville, 156, 839, Gregory Chicago, 111, 120, 946, 951, 134 (1969) Niemotko 340 268, 328, 267, 280 (1951); Cantwell 296, 900, 905, 1213 (1940). afford forbids, second difficulty. 'stricter potentially inhibiting effect speech; peril here, loser.'10 151, (1959). draws strength recognition contributed greatly well-being indispensable growth. Ceaseless vigilance watchword erosion States. intrusion left ajar 488, 1311.11 principle, drawn minimize interference expression. Regina Hicklin, (1868) L.R. Q.B. 360, '(judged) isolated passages susceptible persons.' 'might encompass treating Ibid. 509, 963. And supplemented additional check corrosive Amendment.12 procedures pleases Marcus Search Warrants, 367 717, 1708, 1716, 1127 (1961). 'Rather, incorporated 'ensure curtailment .." 416, generally 428; 375, 1403—1408, Lee Theatre, 2103, 1313 58—60, 738—740, Copies (plurality sanctions possession possessor knowledge 'Proof scienter' 'to hazard self-censorship compensate ambiguities obscenity.' 965; 644—645, 1283—1284. objectionable overbreadth (is) danger tolerating, freedoms, penal sweeping improper Warrant, 733 (81 1717) 1127. delicate vulnerable, supremely precious threat deter almost potently actual application sanctions. (361 147), 151—154 (80 217—219, 205): 526 (78 1342), 1460. Because breathing space survive, 311 (60 906) 1213.' NAACP Button, 371 415, 432—433, 338, (1963). 63 chilling very alone. detract recognize third, admittedly subtle, institutional stress results line separating excessively vague. conceded 'there marginal difficult side situation 1313. demonstrates every 'marginal.' 'margin' marks separation system presents writing tangible matter, things raises reviewing attacked suppressable standards.' Examining rationale, explicit implicit, decisions, commentator establish 'insulating buffer zone peripheries several freedoms.' Note, Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine 109 67, 75 (1960). enables fend off courts—and ultimately Court—the awesome task making law.' 81. 65 '(b)ecause reexamine cold record, going administration forced, restrictive procedures, really on; impossibility, sheer volume cases, policing framed assure, overall probability regularity.' 89. original). result predictable given piece regularity courts. courts performed badly insufficient established. rather, certainty pronounced docket gives burden problem. For, fresh tied 'absurd perusing miserable stuff pours varying degrees importance, source edification compelled passing 516—517, 968—969 managed scores relying denials certiorari—a conceals Bloss Dykema, 398 278, 230 (1970) More procedural schemes struck down censors intact status unsettled review here. addition, continuing tension seems render superfluous conscientious analysis tribunals. inability justify persuasive rationale—or indeed, all—necessarily impression second-guessing judges. severe lack chill porotected machinery persuade change direction urgently required. turn, therefore, alternatives open. IV requiring smallest deviation line. view, clarity obtained drawing doubt favor hold, organs, irrespective portrayal, formula would, doubt, offer fairer likelihood, rise appallingly overbroad, vast scientific, artistic masterpieces. Neither tolerate extreme choice words proportions, remain committed class alternative recognizes prohibition organs retain adopts restatement Roth-Memoirs obscenity: guidelines trier be: standards' work, work depicts describes, way, 2615. apparent illustration 'sexual conduct,' test's element, identifies '(a) Patently representations descriptions acts, normal perverted, simulated,' '(b) masturbation, excretory functions, lewd genitals.' 25, three-pronged part, academic.13 element virtually identical (must appeal) sex.' Whereas prong 'patently matters,' ibid., describe, third component 'utterly rephrasing proved Miller, 73 evidently difficulties necessitate direction. difficulties, indicate way responsive arisen. leaves unresolved compel rejection contributing own. modification analytic underprinnings entire scheme. today's will likely effect, intended, far surely formulation. substantially tracks three-part modify value' test. Instead requiring, Memoirs, lacking value, conceptual opinions. slightest value. 484—485, 1308—1309;14 191, 1680; Zeitlin Arnebergh, Cal.2d 901, Cal.Rptr. 800, P.2d 165 376 254, 710, 686 Garrison Louisiana, 64, 209, 216, 125 Kalven, Metaphysics Law 1960 Sup.Ct.Rev. assumes works obscene—even measured unspecified standard, sufficiently 'serious' warrant Roth; invitation widespread Before expressions Gooding Wilson, 518, 1103, 408(1972); Cohen 403 25—26, 1780, 1788—1789, 284 Terminiello 337 4—5, 894, 895—896, 1131 concedes 'Roth presumed importance," argues prosecution negative, i.e., value'—a impossible discharge proof.'15 'prove negative'—i.e., Whether easier remains, seen. 76 undamaged framework nevertheless dispute ameliorative cluster grow Indeed, argument reformulation rpvoide booksellers, owners, contend clearer officials suggest mitigate degree plagued judiciary direct restated acts. seem, glance, welcome clarifying formula. hint difficulty apply 'physical conduct' assurance facility. speculate confirmed optimist realistic comfort valiant belie suggestion clarity.16 sensitivity vagueness-related establishing genitals 'lewd' deprive protection; 'ultimate'; fits categories whose attempted suppress; equally pointless inquiries. presumably, obviate consideration clarifies opaque important factors. pictorial fraught difficulty, textual carries extraordinary abuse. Surely passed deprived anyone else, protected, not. 79 Ultimately, responsibility 'appellate claims necessary,' citing Harlan's 'I character based.' 498, 1316. relieve law.'17 careful essentially exercise, diminish derives stress, fall terms. possibility reducing role, role appellate generally, juries suited vel non verdicts aside prevailing Or, position fact. 706—707, 1316 resolved (1967),18 implicit obscenity.19 see, 284—285, 728—729, right.20 event, permit refrain ourselves materials, solve small part produce cure vices vagueness. Far providing guide consequent duen process notice. vagaries determinations. Herndon Lowry, 242, 263, 732, 741, 1066 Plainly, gain offset unprecedented forcefully 1957 Brothers Douglas, bars sharp reduction, elimination, surrounds Nevertheless, achieve desirable goal stripping justified Constitution, strikes better guarantee V abandon pick case-by-case basis, reconsider Roth: exists definable totally suppressed Governments. Assuming exist,21 specificity create byproduct costly harms. Given inevitable scrutinize suppression. suppressing condone seem flow effort.22 country. ratified 1792 punished blasphemy profanity despite constitutions, Massachusetts 'Composing, Writing, Printing Publishing, Filthy Prophane Song, Pamphlet, Libel Mock-Sermon, Imitation Mimicking Preaching, Divine Worship.' Acts Laws Bay Colony (1726), 1711—1712, c. p. 218. 1815 reported conviction Pennsylvania. Commonwealth Sharpless, S. 91. six later. Holmes, Mass. (1821). 1821 Vermont 'lewd obscene' Vermont, 1824, XXXII, 23, importation similar 1842. Tariff 1842, exceedingly lax, significantly changed 1870 Governments, mainly Anthony Comstock, active end 19th century provision subject. meanwhile enacted fewer 1842 1956. 482—483, 1307—1308, 1309; 300—301 (1970). caused unconditional phrasing (that 'Congress abridging .') intended utterance.' 1308. assumed, 481, 1306, hence importance,' 484, 'mirrored (it) 1309. assumed—incorrectly, proved—that costs either probe curtailing unprotected, Yet, increasingly appreciate begun articulate stake. Significantly, findings three '(i)n reflected juveniles. 158 (64 438) 645; Butler Michigan, 352 (77 524) 412. assault 622 (71 920) 1233; 451 (72 813) 1068. sort 463 (86 942) 31.' Rowan Post Office 397 728, 1484, 736 (1970); 1249.23 emerging protecting stand different footing be, 'exposure (erotic material) intense experience. characteristics assault. (And it) constitutes invasion ..'24 21—22, 1786—1787. 'not possessed presupposition guarantees,' 649—650, 1286 precluding juveniles.25 673—674, 1297—1298 defense case. willingly contents. justification found, habits At noted suppression, laying associated posited 'mere crime.' 1249. presages conclusions '(t)here for' assertion crimes violence.' 566 1249.26 'if concerned filmed inducing believe consumption information adhere '(a)mong men, deterrents ordinarily punishment violations Whitney 274 (, 641, 649) 1095 (1927) (Brandeis, concurring).' 566—567, 'wholly Amendment,' 566, 1248, notion 'cannot premise desirability controlling thoughts.' say, indifferent to—and bearing on—the morality community. traditional morals health, welfare citizenry. Village Euclid Ambler Realty 272 365, 114, 121, 303 legislation—compulsory abolition capital punishment—is grounded, unfocused defined. And, curtail spills serve speculative tread heavily (1973), invalid abortion sensitive controversy, vigorous opposing physicians, deep seemingly absolute inspires. One's philosophy, experiences, raw edges religious training, attitudes seeks observe, influence thinking abortion.' 116, 708. Like proscription abortions, predicated unprovable, strongly behavior, morality, religion.27 validate undermines infringes pregnant woman. If, assumes, behavior,' ante, 63, state-ordered regimentation forestalled. State, tone, prescribe citizens pursuit objective decree 796, 823 1956) (Frank, However laudable obviously differ—the proceed means violate half 97 'That much, go far, citizens, physically, mentally morally, clear; respected. extends speak languages born English tongue. Perhaps highly advantageous ready coerced methods conflict Constitution—a promoted means. 'For Ideal Commonwealth, Plato provide: wives guardians common, child, officers offspring parents pen fold, deposit nurses dwell quarter; inferior, chance deformed, put mysterious, unknown place, be.' submerge ideal Sparta assembled males seven barracks intrusted training guardians. measures approved genius, touching relation institutions rest; affirmed restrictions doing violence letter spirit Constitution.' 401—402, 627—628. 99 principles, thematic obscenity—obscenity viewer reader 'obscene' conduct—is Amendment: 100 contended attractively portrays precepts, code misconceives protects. Its confined conventional shared majority. advocacy adultery sometimes proper, socialism tax. realm eloquent unconvincing.' Int'l Pictures Regents, 360 688—689, 1362, 1365, 1512 101 legitimate, cannot, defined, justify.28 102 adults—are trivial nonexistent, damage Nation's 377 288, 307, 1302, 1313, 325 304, 903. governments taking strong VI Two Terms developing sentiment produce, in, consume communicative law's involvement situations imposition age. inherently unenforceable extravagant expenditures reassessment wise essential.' 1413. 104 restructuring lies pass, repeal, amend statutes ordinances.' fashioned Court—and duty expounder remedy unsatisfactory pretend infallible intractable problem.' 704, 456, 996 Difficult faced, notably Whatever areas,29 espouse introduce measure troubled area, pressure Judiciary, fuller room erroneously reverse proceeding. offense, infra, reads part: 'Distributing commits offense distributing sells, lends, rents, leases, gives, advertises, publishes, exhibits disseminates description, thereof, so, possesses intent Material interest, shameful morbid nudity, if, representing matters. '(d) convicted misdemeanor, imprisonment fine exceed $5,000, both.' due challenges Gable Jenkins, 309 998 (N.D.Ga.1969), aff'd curiam, 592, 1351, 595 follows: 'Each commenced Attorney jointly Solicitor County. plaintiffs named therein conducting public; film fee basis; 'constitutes Ga.Code whatsoever transgresses matters." 676—677, 465. merit action, penalty. circumvented later pandering. Book Named 'John Cleland's Woman Pleasure' 458 3, 997 955, request counsel, copies 'administrative custody' pending outcome litigation. lends testimony. usually explaining lay jurors understand. Wigmore, Evidence §§ 556, 559 (3d ed. 1940). assistance needed cases; 'expert witness' practices mackery sound 585—586 587—588 'Simply itself.' 1970), reserve judgment, contested bizarre inadequate interest. 508—510, 963—964, (1966); Klaw, 350 155, 167—168 1965). conceivable can—if insists—prevent wares An bookstore, magazines, realistically claim. emphasizes (the Abelson National Survey Youth Adults) bought elders, heavy users exposed adolescent females (among women) young men).' preventing served immediate stores, flourishing 'outside business' 390—412 discussion earlier studies division behavioral scientists) socially deleterious behavior', references induce 451—453, 993—995 emphasized: 'While erotic stimulation legally insignificant itself, medical experts frequently manifests Dr. George Henry Cornell University exaggerated emphasis abnormal perverted practices, unrealistic attitudes, sociologists think adverse mental disruptive consequences restrict 452—453, 994—995 (footnotes omitted). Berns, vs. Democracy: Case Censorship, 1971); den Haag, Censorship: Against 156—157 (H. Hart 1971). ever-increasing numbers, faced resolution individuals whole. Specifically, reconcile express freely accordance Amendments.' Holmes another that: '(T)he Legislature sees fit unless Courts extend prohibitions obvious conceptions happen entertain.' Tyson Banton, 273 446, 426, 433, 718 Brandeis, observed (lewd obscene) utterances essential exposition slight truth benefit derived outweighed Roth). contrast, rearing intimate relationship. doctor's office, hospital, hotel safeguard intimacy involved. 152—154, 726—727, (1973); 1682—1683, Obviously, expectation intercourse corner stage. Mill, Liberty (1955 ed.). replete unchallenged prostitution, suicide, voluntary self-mutilation, brutalizing 'bare fist' prize fights, duels, adults.' Statutes bigamy cut associate, few seriously provision. Davis Beason, 133 333, 344 299, 301—302, 637 (1890). Consider McLaughlin Florida, 290, 222 (1964), adultery; Southern Surety Oklahoma, 241 582, 586, 692, 694, 1187 (1916), fornication; 320—322, 283—284, (1913), Caminetti 470, 484—487, 491 492, 192, 194—195, 196—197, 442 (1917), 'white slavery'; Murphy 623, 698, 1229 (1912), billard halls; Lottery Case, 188 321, 355—356, 326—327, 492 (1903), gambling. bearbaiting, cock-fighting, animal 'sports,' Stevens, Fighting Baiting, Animals Their 112—127 (Leavitt 1970). Irving Kristol observed: 'Bearbaiting cockfighting compassion suffering animals; main abolished brutalized citizenry flocked spectacles.' What ominous respects librarians. net finely meshed literally, raids libraries. Libraries, sacrosanct, spectrum. influential purged library, library destroyed. exempt librarians curbing literature. California's provides: 'Every minor, ascertaining distributes sends causes sent to, harmful guilty misdemeanor.' Calif.Penal 313.1. 'minor' age; 'distribute' transfer possession'; 'matter' includes 'any book, magazine, newspaper, 313(b), (d), (g). 'Harmful matter' 313(a) mean 'matter, excretion; minors.' pertinent Undeveloped molds, printing plates notwithstanding processing acts patent disseminate it.' 26—2101(a): 'A (as subsection (b), supra) .' ambiguity. pointing '(i)t personality degrading fashion, obscene.' Roth-Redrup suppressed, 'As 744, (1940): "The embraces discuss publicly truthfully previous fear punishment. exigencies period secure oppressive developed broadened conception liberties supply respect issues time. Freedom discussion, fulfill historic nation, appropriate enable cope period.' added.)' 487—488, 1310—1311. Collins, 323 531, 315, 323, 430 (1945) ('the field interest'). 10—11; 34o T. Emerson, System Expression 487 5; Comment, Ado About Dirty Yale L.J. 1364 Hoyt Minnesota, 399 524, 2241, 782 (Blackmun, Burger, (flexibility standards); Cain Kentucky, 334 (Burger, (same); Manual Enterprises Day, 370 478, 1432, 1437, 639 (1962) Stewart, (national prosecution). disposed fashion. reversed Redrup, are: Keney 2091, 1302 Friedman 441, 1303 Ratner 2092, 1304 Cobert 443, 1305 Sheperd 444, 2093, 1306 Avansino 1308 Aday 447, 2095, 1309 449, 2098, 1311 452, 2104, Mazes 2105, Schackman 454, 2107, Potomac News 389 47, 233, Conner Hammond, 48, 234, Central Magazine Sales, Ltd. 50, 235, Chance 89, 253, 256 I.M. Amusement 690, 776 Robert-Arthur Management Tennessee, 578, 691, 777 Felton Pensacola, 340, 1098, 1220 655, 2274, 1343 supra; Walker 434, 1884, 385 Childs Oregon, 1006, 938, 1615, 106 Burgin South 806, 46, Hartstein 988, 539 Wiener 534, join inclined receive ideas,' '(t)his regardless worth 1247. Martin Struthers, 319 141, 143, 862, 863, (1943); 667, (1948); Lamont Postmaster General, 301, 1493, 1496 1497, (1965) closely tied, recognized, free, circumstances, unwarranted intrusions privacy.' Olmstead 277 944 (1928) similarly married single, beget child' (italics omitted), 1038, 'automonous intellect, interests, personality.' (Italics omitted.) Doe Bolton, 179, 211, 739, 757, 201 (1973) (Douglas, intertwining calls validity worth—that obscenity—then punish undertakes willing, recipient. 443—446, 1033—1035. rely explore ramifications, narrower decision. exist, incapable withstand attack grounds. Accordingly, void-for-vagueness exclusively relies. regard, plainly, intertwined. 337—338, Overbreadth Doctrine, Harv.L.Rev. 844, 845 93—94. (1958); Barenblatt 109, 137—138, 1081, 1098—1099, 1115 dissenting): 'This 'vice especially pernicious press, petition assembly enough writings, assemblies, unequivocal cover, wrong leads forego above others. Vagueness intolerable accepts, does, balancing protected. guess—at penalty imprisonment—whether superior society's unfettered freedom. unconscionable keep silent supposedly 'state's interest' guidance.' (Citations 885—886 ('Thus operates interstitially, privilege apposite curb material'). small, invalidate restatement, enumerate prohibited. doubtful construe incorporate carefully itemized conformity requirements. 419, 429, should, escape wholesale invalidation. Oregon recently revised enactment 743, Art. 255—262. 'All importance—unorthodox controversial hateful climate opinion—have guaranties, excludable encroach importance.' 22, 2613. Huffman U.S.App.D.C. 238, 470 'singles' 'duals,' 'erect penises' 'semi-erect penises,' 'ongoing activity' 'imminent activity.' 672, 1297, 187—190, 1677 1679, 1437 696—697, 1369—1370, (Frankfurter, 708, 1375 Frankfurter, Whittaker, 202—203, 1685—1686 30, 1313; 1331, bears noting, critical convictions, accorded 502—503, 1318—1319 Culombe 606, 1860, 1879—1881, 1037 (1961) Crowell Benson, 285 54—65, 285, 293—298, 598 (1932); Ng Fung Ho 259 276, 938 (1922). O'Brien, 391 367, 1673, 1678—1679, 672 (1968): 'speech' 'nonspeech' combined nonspeech incidental limitations freedoms. characterize appear, descriptive terms: compelling; substantial; subordinating; paramount; cogent; strong. imprecision inheres terms, Government; furthers interest; unrelated expression; restriction furtherance (Footnotes 317, 995, (1972) 360—362, 674—675, Redmond 384 264, 265, 1416, 521 956 421 978, 195, 1682 (focus early youth). 496 decided, President's concluded: sum, research date plays causation delinquent youth factor delinquency.' (footnote '(o)n positive side, entertainment numbers times, appear increase facilitate constructive marriage.' 53. Henkin, Morals Constitution; Sin Col.L.Rev. 391, '(I)n system, undifferentiated apprehension disturbance overcome cause trouble. variation majority's inspire fear. spoken, class, lunchroom, campus, deviates start disturbance. says risk, (69 894), (1949); freedom—this openness—that national independence vigor Americans live relatively permissive, disputations, Tinker Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 503, 508—509, 733, 737—738, 731 (1969). 1787, states, 27, 2616, 'indicates defer scope presenting

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