Document: 546 U.S. 243 (2006) GONZALES, ATTORNEY GENERAL, ET AL. v. OREGON No. 04-623. Supreme Court of United States. Argued October 5, 2005. Decided January 17, 2006. *247 Solicitor General Clement argued the cause for petitioners. With him on briefs were Assistant Attorney Keisler, Deputy Kneedler, Katsas, Douglas Hallward-Driemeier, Mark B. Stern, and Jonathan H. Levy. Robert M. Atkinson, Senior Oregon, respondents. brief respondent State Oregon Hardy Myers, General, Peter Shepherd, Mary Williams, General. Nicholas W. van Aelstyn, Aaron S. Jacobs, Kathryn L. Tucker filed a Patient-Respondents. Eli D. Stutsman respondents A. Rasmussen, D., et al.[*] *248 JUSTICE KENNEDY delivered opinion Court. The question before us is whether Controlled Substances Act allows States to *249 prohibit doctors from prescribing regulated drugs use in physician-assisted suicide, notwithstanding state law permitting procedure. As has observed, "Americans are engaged an earnest profound debate about morality, legality, practicality suicide." Washington Glucksberg, 521 702, 735 (1997). dispute part product this political moral debate, but its resolution requires inquiry familiar courts: interpreting federal statute determine executive action authorized by, or otherwise consistent with, enactment. In 1994, became first legalize assisted suicide when voters approved ballot measure enacting Death Dignity (ODWDA). Ore. Rev. Stat. § 127.800 seq. (2003). ODWDA, which survived 1997 seeking repeal, exempts civil criminal liability state-licensed physicians who, compliance with specific safeguards dispense prescribe lethal dose upon request terminally ill patient. under ODWDA statute, (CSA Act). 84 1242, as amended, 21 U.S.C. 801 CSA these particular be available only by written prescription registered physician. ordinary course same prescribed smaller doses pain alleviation. A November 9, 2001, Interpretive Rule issued addresses implementation enforcement respect ODWDA. It determines that using controlled substances assist not legitimate medical practice dispensing them purpose unlawful CSA. Rule's validity issue us. *250 I We turn text structure Enacted 1970 main objectives combating drug abuse controlling illegitimate traffic substances, creates comprehensive, closed regulatory regime criminalizing unauthorized manufacture, distribution, dispensing, possession classified any Act's five schedules. Gonzales Raich, 545 1, 12-13 (2005); 841 (2000 ed. Supp. II); 844. places one schedules based their potential dependence, accepted use, safety supervision. Schedule contains most severe restrictions access V least. supra, at 14; 812. Congress host it enacted CSA, permits add, remove, reschedule substances. He may do so, however, after making findings, scientific matters he required accept findings Secretary Health Human Services (Secretary). These proceedings must record opportunity comment. See 811 V). present involves listed II, generally pursuant written, nonrefillable 829(a). 1971 regulation promulgated every substance "be individual practitioner acting usual his professional practice." CFR 1306.04(a) (2005). To prevent diversion uses, regulates activity physicians. *251 lawful prescriptions II drugs, "obtain registration accordance rules regulations him." 822(a)(2). deny, suspend, revoke if, relevant here, physician's would "inconsistent public interest." 824(a)(4); When deciding practitioner's interest, "shall" consider: "(1) recommendation appropriate licensing board disciplinary authority. "(2) applicant's experience conducting research "(3) conviction Federal laws relating "(4) Compliance applicable State, Federal, local "(5) Such other conduct threaten health safety." 823(f). explicitly contemplates role regulating evidenced pre-emption provision. "No provision subchapter shall construed indicating intent occupy field operates . exclusion subject matter within authority unless there positive conflict between so two cannot consistently stand together." 903. B 1994. For residents eligible *252 they receive diagnosis attending physician have incurable irreversible disease that, reasonable judgment, will death six months. §§ 127.815, 127.800(12) Attending also patient made voluntary request, ensure patient's choice informed, refer patients counseling if might suffering psychological disorder depression causing impaired judgment. 127.825. second "consulting" examine confirm conclusions. 127.800(8). requested drug, administer it. 127.815(1)(L), 127.880. reviewing keep detailed records process leading final prescription, 127.855, Oregon's Department reviews, 127.865. Physicians who medication both State's Board Medical Examiners Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). 127.815(1)(L). 2004, 37 ended lives ingesting Dept. Servs., Seventh Annual Report 20 (Mar. 10, 2005). C 1997, Members concerned invited DEA prosecute suicide. They contended hastening practice, violates Letter Sen. Orrin Hatch Rep. Henry Hyde Thomas Constantine (July 25, 1997), reprinted Hearing 2151 Senate Committee Judiciary, 105th Cong., 2d Sess., 2-3 (1999) *253 (hereinafter Hearing). letter received initial, favorable response director DEA, see (Nov. 4-5, Reno considered concluded could take proposed because did authorize "displace states primary regulators profession, override state's determination what constitutes practice," Janet Hatch, (June 1998), 5-6. Legislation was then introduced grant explicit found lacking; failed pass. R. 4006, Sess. (1998); 2260, 106th 1st (1999). John Ashcroft appointed Perhaps Mr. had supported efforts curtail while serving Senator, see, e. g., 143 Cong. Rec. 5589-5590 (1997) (remarks Ashcroft), Myers wrote meeting Justice officials should decide revisit application Feb. 2, App. Brief Patient-Respondents Opposition 55a. reply Ashcroft's advisers writing behalf, stated: "I am aware no pending legislation prompt review Department's interpretation relates Should such commenced future, we happy include your views review." Lori Sharpe (Apr. 2001), id., 58a. On without consulting apparently anyone outside Department, *254 announcing restrict Incorporating legal analysis memorandum solicited Office Legal Counsel, ruled: "[A]ssisting `legitimate purpose' meaning 1306.04 (2001), prescribing, administering federally Act. `render inconsistent interest' therefore possible suspension revocation 824(a)(4). General's conclusion applies regardless authorizes practitioners others condition person whose assisted." 66 Fed. Reg. 56608 (2001). There little substantially disrupt regime. Respondents contend, petitioners dispute, filled specified II. registration, restriction practice. Dispensing valid furthermore, crime. See, 841(a)(1); Moore, 423 122 (1975). joined physician, pharmacist, some patients, all challenged court. District entered permanent injunction against enforcement. *255 divided panel Appeals Ninth Circuit granted petitions held invalid. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 1118 (2004). reasoned procedure offense, altered "`"usual constitutional balance Government"'" requisite clear statement action. Id., 1124-1125 (quoting Gregory 501 452, 460 (1991), quoting Atascadero Hospital Scanlon, 473 234, 242 (1985)). alternative squared plain language targets conventional excludes decisions policy. F.3d, 1125-1129. Government's petition certiorari. 543 1145 Executive actors often interpret enactments charged enforcing implementing. parties sharp disagreement degree deference accord substantive conclusions statutory all. Although balancing necessary agency's knowledge, expertise, office courts' interpreter can delicate matter, principles guide An administrative rule substantial interprets issuing own ambiguous regulation. Auer Robbins, 519 461-463 deference. Chevron Inc. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 837, 842-845 (1984). Deference Chevron, warranted "when appears delegated agency make carrying force law, *256 claiming exercise authority." Mead Corp., 533 218, 226-227 Otherwise, "entitled respect" extent "power persuade." Skidmore Swift & Co., 323 134, 140 (1944). Government argues elaboration regulations, (2005), "for such, says, entitled considerable Auer. our view standard accords inapplicable here. involved disputed Fair Labor Standards 1938 applied class officers. Under Labor, exemption overtime pay depended, part, employees met "salary basis" test. U.S., 454-455. amicus explaining why, view, gave exempt status 461. weight interpretation, holding test "a creature Secretary's is, jurisprudence, plainly erroneous regulation." Ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted). Auer, underlying specificity scheme reflected expertise acquired over time complexities *257 Here, hand, does more than restate terms itself. comes Congress, near equivalence belies argument suggest turns difference language. "currently use," 812(b); "medical purpose" least those schedules, 829(c); and, reporting provision, defines "valid prescription" "issued purpose," 830(b)(3)(A)(ii). Similarly, "in 802(21). uses "legitimate "the ibid., just repeats phrases attempts summarize others. gives instruction central case: Who decides practice" done purpose"? Since indication how issue, effort now Simply put, existence parroting change fact here statute. acquire special words when, instead formulate regulation, elected merely paraphrase Furthermore, explained below, 1984 amendments *258 register deregister interest. amendments, justified indicative 1971. That current runs counter "intent regulation's promulgation" additional reason why unwarranted. Jefferson Univ. Shalala, 512 504, (1994) being inappropriate, Rule, terms, permissible Just receives neither Chevron. If ambiguous, judicial rulemaking demands deference; judged accordingly. All agree, think, phrase generality, susceptible precise definition open varying constructions, thus sense. deference, accorded official involved. begin official. Mead, 226-227. power fulfill duties respects rules, instruct declaring care treatment specifically law. starting point course, delegation many cases broad enforce provisions National *259 Cable Telecommunications Assn. Brand X Internet Services, 967, 980 (2005) (explaining Communications Commission "Congress `prescribe interest carry out provisions' Act" 47 201(b))); Household Credit Pfennig, 541 232, 238 (2004) (giving Reserve where expressly regulations. as, judgment Board, `are proper effectuate purposes of'" 15 1604(a))). promulgate rules. limited powers, exercised ways. His described provisions: (1) "The charge fees control chemicals," 821 ed., V); (2) procedures deem efficient execution functions subchapter," 871(b). evident sections, delegate effect Rather, "registration" "control," functions" Turning "control" sustain attempt define standards Control term art *260 "As used 802the includes 821 `control' means add substance, immediate precursor, schedule subchapter, transfer another otherwise." 802(5). scheduling power, follow set procedures, including requesting evaluation Secretary. 811, 812 manner authority: "Rules subsection [regarding scheduling] hearing [the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 553]." 811(a). consideration concern regarding scheduling, fall Even understood signify something definition, support Rule. references context establish controls "against diversion," 823(a)(1), give CSA's express limitations authority, indications scheme, belie notion been implicit Indeed, given expansive transform carefully *261 limits into mere suggestions. turn, next, Before 1984, State. falsified application, convicted felony license revoked. 1255. amended allow deny applicant "if issuance Registration revoked suspended grounds. determining consistency must, discussed above, consider factors, including: recommendation; state, federal, substances; safety. undertake five-factor concerns much registration. Nor face purport instead, requirements (under (2005)) prescription. begins assisting 1306.04, 56608. Violation felony, II). purports declare crime, goes well beyond deregister. *262 deregistration implications dispenses deregistered, 841. works opposite direction, however: declares certain criminal, placing jeopardy engages conduct. simply obvious factors "public interest" "[c]ompliance substances." 823(f)(4). problem design cannot, not, explain violation place. explanation seems advance actions provides basis By logic, claims extraordinary correct, necessarily greater criminalize even physicians, whenever engage deems illegitimate. This criminalizeunlike considering factorswould unrestrained. anomalous painstakingly single him, implication, entire Maritime Comm'n Seatrain Lines, 411 726, 744 (1973) ("In light *263 grants unwilling construe serve [of creating further authority]a obviously intended"). Sutton Air 527 471 (1999), instructive. Americans Disabilities 1990 (ADA), which, like divides interpretive among various actors. relied ADA" Equal Employment Opportunity (EEOC), nor agency, "disability" ADA. 479. Specifically, delegating stated EEOC "shall 42 12116, section defining different subchapter. idea employment i. e., `this subchapter,' defined [t]he elaborate, through `disability' needed order `carry out' subchapter.'" 514 (Breyer, J., dissenting). Adams Fruit Co. Barrett, 494 638, 649-650 (1990) (holding motor vehicle "standards" pre-emptive scope "[n]o statute's] statute"). principle enough interest," safety," "Federal law" health" call official, independent assessment base *264 generally, safety" factor specifically. had, doubtful cite deemed controversial permitted purpose. federal-law factor, though require "[c]ompliance" says. Were otherwise, authoritatively "State" "local laws," included 823(f), despite problems doing so. evaluate surely prosecute; entitle Crandon States, 152, 177 (SCALIA, concurring judgment) ("The very responsibility itself means, never thought prosecuting statutes deference"). bear best execute "his functions." quite say find 871 put tension narrowly concerning go, moreover, treat "execution" *265 statute's chooses extent, referring back administrator's giving interpret. Assn., 967; 232. desired fundamental respects. sole share defer to, Secretary, likewise delineated confined allocates decisionmaking powers judgments, decided level objects placed hands context, example, recommendations bind disagrees. 811(b). 91-1444, pt. p. 33 (1970) (the "is intended [for scheduling], competence Health, Education, Welfare"). similar vein rehabilitation role; consultation national groups, "determine[s] methods narcotic addiction." 290bb-2a; 823(g) II) (stating narcotics determined qualified addicts *266 comply recordkeeping security regulations); 144 (noting addiction-treatment provisions, sought "that `criminal prosecutions' past turned opinions prosecutors"); 93-884, 6 (1974) ("This preserves distinctions [CSA] nature Law respecting stocks maintenance General"). Postenactment congressional commentary odds claimed standards. 1978, preparation ratification Convention Psychotropic Substances, 21, 1971, [1979-1980] 32 T. 543, I. 9725, implement States' framework criteria classification provided the" 801a(3). "nothing interfere ethical country Secretary] consensus American community." then, conveys unwillingness cede judgments lacks expertise. divide recognized: "Because historical familiarity policymaking account instance presumption delegates lawmaking rather court, presume invest actor position develop attributes." Martin *267 Occupational Safety Review Comm'n, 499 144, 153 (1991) (citations quintessentially judgments. contends decision legal, medical, one. suffice. Counsel memo incorporates, place extensive reliance community concluding purpose." "medical" sufficient alleviate pain); Memorandum 27, Pet. Cert. 121a-122a, n. 17 (discussing policy" suicide), 124a-130a (examining community). confirms incongruous design. unusual sustainable. "Congress, held, alter details vague ancillary provisionsit say, hide elephants mouseholes." Whitman Trucking Assns., 531 457, 468 (2001); FDA Brown Williamson Tobacco 529 120, 160 (2000) ("[W]e confident economic significance cryptic fashion"). importance "earnest debate" across country, 735, makes oblique form suspect. *268 theory, accepted, purpose, indeed administers deregistered. occur, limitation control, attendant each functions, combat illicit trafficking. need closer namely, preventing engaging foregoing, If, exercising guidance deregister, remains correct. Instead, Skidmore. case depend thoroughness consideration, reasoning, earlier later pronouncements, persuade, lacking control." 140; 235 receiving "claim merit writer's thoroughness, expertness, fit prior interpretations, *269 sources weight"). tempered lack area apparent absence aid event, Skidmore, persuasive, Christensen Harris County, 576, 587 (2000); reasons persuasive. III noted before, "repealed antidrug favor comprehensive international interstate drugs." 12. "conquer surprise, prohibiting doctor "`pusher'" 143. addressed situation "sold purposes, primarily profits derived therefrom." 135 10; internal defendant, large-scale over-prescribing methadone, "concede[d] observe practices." 126. And Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative, 532 483 Congress' marijuana foreclosed coverage doctor's read look amply *270 insofar bars prescription-writing dealing trafficking conventionally understood. Beyond this, manifests regulate medicine generally. silence understandable federalism, "`great latitude police legislate protection lives, limbs, health, comfort, quiet persons.'" Medtronic, Lohr, 518 470, 475 (1996) Metropolitan Life Ins. Massachusetts, 724, 756 operation rely functioning profession powers. looks violations laws; "[t]he authority" registrant's laws. "practitioner" "licensed, registered, permitted, jurisdiction practices" Further cautioning effectively displaces general indicates absent conflict, none "construed *271 State." example presupposes. Rather decriminalizing licensed Examiners. 127.800(10) role, requiring provide prognoses prescriptions, information palliative alternatives counseling, competent voluntarily. 127.815. Any get 127.820, submit inspection actions, "primarily, historically, concern," Hillsborough County Automated Laboratories, 707, 719 (1985), uniform areas. 9. connection general, Title Comprehensive Abuse Prevention 1970, provides: "[The Secretary], organizations representative persons knowledge addicts, addiction classes report thereon Congress." 4, 1241, codified 290bb-2a. *272 strengthens understanding recreational abuse, wants recognition difficult defend declaration impliedly criminalizes difficulty compounded careful allocation Part II-B, supra. meet challenge rests, requirement dispensed "written practitioner." argues, implies anterior "medicine." usage ineluctably refers healing curative art, embrace intentional death. points teachings Hippocrates, positions prominent organizations, Government, 49 legalized proposition medicine. Petitioners 22-24; 124a-130a. own, medicine's boundaries reasonable. argument, assumption *273 officer bar Viewed alone, understanding, "should series unrelated isolated provisions." Gustafson Alloyd 513 561, 570 (1995). arrangement undermine assertion controlled, determinations connect undefined "drug abuse" abnormal effects nervous system. substance's psychic physiological dependence liability. 811(c)(7). classify Schedules V, leads physical dependence. 812(b). differentiation large habit-forming potential: addictive stricter controls. wanted extend habit forming psychotropic, ingenuity, legislation. 1902(a) Anabolic Steroids 1990, 104 4851 (placing anabolic steroids III). intertwined requirement. considers Food approval "stimulant, depressant, hallucinogenic effect," forward scheduling. Shedding heading "Abuse *274 potential." 811(f). prepared 801a. rests reading persuasive scrutinizes illumination rest Massachusetts Morash, 490 107, 114-115 (1989). better ensures supervision abuse. corollary, peddling crave prohibited uses. 135, constituting discordant phrase's throughout mention meaning. fails objection unlikely recipient primacy shaping policy conventions expression indicate division muffled hints, background system obscure areas traditionally supervised power. unnecessary requirements, Bass, 404 336, 349 (1971); cf. BFP Resolution Trust Corporation, 511 531, 544-546 (1994), presumptions pre-emption, Rush Prudential HMO, Moran, 536 355, 387 (2002), reach commonsense conclusion. reasons, conclude *275 IV end, maintains radical shift locality. show far-reaching federal-state maintaining Affirmed. SCALIA, whom CHIEF ROBERTS THOMAS join, dissenting. concludes lacked (CSA), "illicit trafficking," ante, 270 (emphasis added). question-begging obscured flurry arguments distort disregard settled jurisprudence. Contrary Court's analysis, three independently grounds reversing Circuit's First, Regulation) clearly valid, 461 (1997), remaining naturally interpretation. I, infra. Second, Regulation lesser *276 all, far natural Regulationwhose correct de novo review. Third, incorrect, 824(a) 823(f)(5), 837 (1984), III, respectfully dissent. Directive) follows: "For forth OLC Opinion, hereby [§] 824(a)(4)." Directive distinct things: exclude suicide; CSA; (3) participating render 823(f) 824(a)(4) (which incorporates reference). *277 suffers unremitting failure distinguish propositions Directive. initial Regulation's "prescription" 829 issue. conceded lower 1118, 1133 (CA9 2004), restates 830(b)(3)(A)(ii), 257, accepts proper. 258 (referring "statutory phrase"). Because purported Regulation, 56608, calls straightforward "controlling "does itself." Ante, 257. "Simply put," asserts, statute." exception exists. cites it, none. contrary, unanimous broadly drawn less narrow ones. "A *278 sense, since free write wishes, imposed 463 antiparroting canon, description "paraphrase[s] language," demonstrably false. word 829, governs dispensation all). Entitled "[p]rescriptions," requires, exceptions practitioner" (usually doctor) (§ 829(a)), oral 829(b)), 829(c)). section, interpretations. mean direction drugs. 122, 137, 13 (1975) ("On take. [Section] limit practitioner"). 829(c), believes Webster's New International Dictionary 1954 (2d 1950) Second) (defining "[a] medicine"); 1527 "medicine" "[a]ny treating disease") Finally, *279 serves objectively subjective legitimacy anticipated use. ibid. constricts clarifies adopting last narrowest interpretations term: effective ." previously acknowledged added content statute: (c) 829] subsections (a) (b). [1]306.04 explicit." 13.[1] adopts phrasing employed sections irrelevant. significantly "parroting" draws clarification. Moreover, appearing (citing 812(b) ("`currently use'"), 829(c) ("`medical purpose'"), 802(21) ("`in practice'")), inapposite "parrot" construe. ("I *280 ."). None key "legitimate," direct Directive's theory presupposes practice.[2] run afowl (so speak) newly invented prohibition "parroting"; represents concededly regulation; "plainly regulation"; "controlling." question. assuredly "legitimate" lawsince ourselves adopted. Webb 249 96 (1919), prosecution Harrison morphine providing user comfortable customary *281 99 dispositive authorizations "prescriptions" 2(b) predecessor "to perversion discussion required." 99-100. Like Directive, phrase. parroted treated directly, still contention alleged procedural defect, notice-and-comment promulgation renders Reply 4 Barnhart Walton, 535 212, 219-222 (2002); 553(b)(3)(A) (exempting rulemaking)). holds ground V), "registration control," (according Court) implicated 259-262. Setting aside inherent Congress's *282 manifestly erroneous. urges, 260, (entitled "Introductory Provisions") 802(5) But "part "Authority Control; Schedules," consists related 811-814 uniquely appropriate. 821-830, "Registration Manufacturers, Distributors, Dispensers Substances," "manufacture, substances," 821. artificial conceivable object, ("to schedule")and 811(b) ("proceedings substance"), 811(c) ("each removed schedules"), 811(d)(1) ("If ."), ("Except 821, contrast, substance," processes clearer inapplicable. sense speak "adding manufacturing, schedule." term-of-art definitions contexts produce nonsense. What *283 "control"namely, "[t]o restraining directing influence over; dominate; regulate; hence, hold action; curb," Second 580. "Control" regularly elsewhere (b)(1), (d)(1), (e)(1), (h)(1) ("maintenance diversion"); 823(a)(5), (d)(5) ("establishment 823(g)(2)(H)(i) 830(b)(1)(C) ("a chemical person"); 830(c)(2)(D) ("chemical laws") meaning, "relat[es] V) added), chief "dispensing" 829. compelled deals entirely C, 822 (persons register), 823 (registration requirements), 824 (denial, revocation, registration), 825 (labeling packaging), 826 (production quotas substances), 827 (recordkeeping registrants), 828 (order forms), (prescription 830 (regulation chemicals machines). peculiar covered previous part. sensible "relat[e] *284 (as infra).[3] sum, construction perfectly No regulation," Bowles Seminole Rock Sand 325 410, 414 (1945), ambiguity 843. fact, definitively establishes authorizing *285 Once established, inevitably. reasoning certainly [usual] "authorized subchapter" 841(a). 138, 140-141. prosecuted 841(a), follows "violates Act," 823(f)(4), fairly "threaten "[s]uch 824(a)(4)," whatever, result. Virtually source authoritative purpose"[4] intentionally "Medicine" science prevention, cure, alleviation disease." 1527. connotes objective "medicine," Mississippi Band Choctaw Indians Holyfield, *286 30, 43 (1989), recounted detail attached appendix (OLC Memo), virtually Hippocrates Association (AMA) seldom viewed "prevention, disease," (even so) branch "science art." Memo, 113a-130a. AMA "`[p]hysician-assisted fundamentally incompatible healer.'" 731 "[T]he overwhelming decisions, policies nearly clear, firm unequivocal associations nursing professions, 129a. 710, 8 (prohibitions condemnations 50 jurisdictions, Columbia, 2 Territories). "overwhelming authority," admission "[o]n reasonable," 272 tests understatement. distortion confuses normative bewhich laudably hesitant undertake is. confusion remarkable *287 272-273 believe medicine" extended (including condemn suicide) yet extended. Not Eighth Amendment generous discerning "evolution" found, record, concept evolved far. Roper Simmons, 551, 564-567 broad, medically 268. rejects plausible proposition, urged (The perhaps leery embracing candidly admitted achieve euphoria.) reverse-engineers approach somewhere state-by-state approach, (with text) "addiction abuse." 274. Thus, pays lipservice autonomy, 269-271, hazily purposive extracted obliquely particular, relying observation system," 273 *288 811(c)(7), 812(b), 811(f), 801a), interpreted assuming, principal curtailment abuse," think exclusive concern. repeatedly observed passes sweep designed address. "[S]tatutory prohibitions go evil cover reasonably comparable evils, ultimately legislators governed." Oncale Sundowner Offshore 523 75, 79 (1998). J. Northwestern Bell Telephone 492 229, 248 relies "design," 269, asserts. determinations, drug's "psychic liability" out, 811(c)(7)), 811(c)(3), (most notably) "[w]hat, any, risk health," 811(c)(6). latter addiction-related risks, supposes, redundant manufacturers distributors, "such 823(a)(6), (b)(5), (d)(6), (e)(5) added)over above "diversion" (a)(5), (d)(5), (e)(1). And, registering deregistering "may *289 823(f); 824(a)(4), 823(f)(5). selectively cited Court, shed repeated "abuse." 811(a)(1)(A), (c)(1), (c)(4), (c)(5); 812(b)(1)(A), (b)(2)(A), (b)(3)(A), (b)(4)(A), (b)(5)(A). disregarding public-interest, public-health, public-safety objectives, limiting anabolic-steroid bodybuilding purposes. seeks avoid consequence invoking 4851. 273. says) proscribed. Although, described, defers powers," 270namely, nonpre-emption Reliance former particularly unfortunate, recounts liberate regulators. 261; 34-35. clause embarrassingly inapplicable, disclaims affirmatively prescribes *290 conflict.[5] pre-empt way, pre-emptionunless misimpression prohibit, countless happens forbidden (or Oregon). regard 824(a), "`hide mouseholes'" practices "`vague provisions.'" 267 (2001)). bears remotest resemblance Whitman, questionable way alters details" four understands phrase: aggressive management therapy, cosmetic weight-loss therapy. re Harline, 65 5665, 5667 (weight loss); Tecca, 62 12842, 12846 (anabolic steroids); Roth, 60 62262, 62263, 62267 (1995) (pain management). *291 interferes Unlike address forms "abuse" absolutely nothing features scheme. Of critical 465. incorporate practice.[6] argue state-law medicine, impose line clear-statement canon avoidance apply, push outer commerce compare Solid Waste Agency Northern Cook Cty. Army Corps Engineers, 159, 172 (2001) ponds), Sullivan, 332 689, 698 (1948) labeling shipped commerce), impinge core aspect sovereignty, (1985) (sovereign immunity); (qualifications government officials). *292 apply 456-457; 359 (2002). finally, intrudes reserved exclusively 544 (state titles real property), pervasively 100 years. Pro-Life Fund al. Amici Curiae 3-15. novel massive expansion involving avoidance, chosen contrary permit. 693. exist "prescribing, nevertheless unassailable Sections discretion spelled terms. refuse fifth Arora, 4447, 4448 ("It established disjunctive, *293 Administrator properly combination appropriate"). freeing authorities. 261. assisted-suicide deregistration: violate fourth solely (f)(4) reaching interest"; that. Subsection (f)(5) ("[s]uch safety") independent, deregistrationprovided Three considerations confers provisions. 824(a). implicitly (but clearly) criteria "Sometimes legislative explicit. case, court substitute *294 administrator agency." focus best, fossil pre-Chevron era; conditioned deferral 229 left intact. required, "promulgate (Emphasis added.) delivery "pursuant of, practitioner," 802(10), impermissible orders dispensing" "relating earlier, import 821-830 (main Registering (Supp. triply *295 unambiguous full statute," 265, evinces determinations. remotely plausible. said binding Generalwith "scientific evaluation" precedes 811(b), addicts," 265-266. Far establishing supremacy treatment, mentioning suggests, envisioned areawhere, said, conferred rewrite certainty ought Though sometimes practices, seemingly them. 5665; 12842; 62262. unlike scheduled legitimate, exclusively, primarily, [and] scientific" factors. register, *296 bring implicates goals competing priorities attend prosecutorial discretion. evidently did) easier occasionally business words, intelligent "design statute" Nation's govern deregistration. especially true contested medical" "science" naked value depends "quintessentially judgmen[t]," 267, polygamy eugenic infanticide. training continuing traditions Western subject. supposedly superior expertise" judgments," 266, strikingly irrelevant hand. analysis" "on 823(f)." 261 sophistic. improperindeed, impossiblefor "undertake "appl[y] provision" actual proceeding. *297 clarify signal future proceedings. citing couched conditional terms: "Such contest serious directly spoken issue," "permissible." 842-843. point, condemnation jurisdictions supports view. weigh participation deregistration, presents conclusory "it `public health' 264. earth not?especially fair warning *298 admittedly broadbut broader congressionally upheld past. Broadcasting 319 190, 216-217 (1943) ("public interest"); York Central Securities Corp. 287 12, 24-25 (1932) (same); Mistretta 488 361, 415-416 (1989) * conclusionnamely, purpose"is owe conclusions(2) interest"are inevitable consequences third conclusion, standing make. today driven feeling business. easy sympathize position. deterrence enumerated Constitution, realm morality (bonos mores) so-called discouraging From early history, commerce, protecting moralityfor banning shipment lottery tickets, transport women immoral Hoke *299 227 308, 321-323 (1913); Lottery Case, 188 321, 356 (1903). Unless repudiate long well-established unquestionably permissible. this; doubt has. dissent THOMAS, Angel Raich Diane Monson seq., purely intrastate California majority (a seven months ago) invalidated California's utilized medicinal manner." 27 language, "manner" purposes" "core activities CSA." 28. "creating production, `controlled substances,'" "`have useful purpose,'" "foster beneficial medications" misuse." 24. Today beats hasty retreat Confronted *300 recognized "closed system" "which purposes," 13, "at 272, facilitate "`legitimate purpose.'" understood." 270. stark contrast Raich's pertains fighting "`drug abuse'" system."[1]Ante, majority's newfound puzzling rejected Raich. Notwithstanding "`traditional protect safety, welfare citizens,'" 38, rationally" "larger market." 32. *301 restrictive small `"great persons."'" (1996), According majority, "background power." "obscure" 275 prohibits (opinion Court), 284-285 (Scalia, While thereunder sweeping, troubling, agencies inexorable Commerce Clause separation-ofpowers supra; 457 agree applications federalism structure. 74 (THOMAS, dissenting); 486-487 concurring) delegations agencies). water dam. relevance zenith *302 Constitution. little, where, presented constitutionally nullifies citizens.'"[2]Raich, 38. Raichalbeit guise is perplexing Accordingly, NOTES [*] Briefs amici curiae urging reversal Center Jay Alan Sekulow, Colby May, James Henderson, Sr., Walter Weber, P. Monaghan, Charles E. Rice; Nikolas Nikas; Catholic Teresa Stanton Collett; Christian Steven Aden, Baylor, Kimberlee Colby; Focus Family William Wagner, Nelson Miller, Stephen Reed, Patrick Trueman; Task Force Euthanasia Assisted Suicide Rita Marker; Liberty Mathew Staver, Erik Stanley, Rena Lindevaldsen, McAlister; Nurses Daniel Avila; Medically Dependent Disabled, Bopp, Jr., Marzen, Richard Coleson; Dead Yet Max Lapertosa; Dwight G. Duncan, Harvey, F. Collier, Jr.; More Society Paul Benjamin Linton Brejcha; Conference Bishops Chopko Michael Moses; Senator Rick Santorum Donald Daugherty, Jr. affirmance Bill Lockyer, California, Taylor Carey, Special Attorneys respective Spagnoletti Jim Hood Mississippi, Jeremiah (Jay) Nixon Missouri, Mike McGrath Montana; Civil Liberties Union Andrew Frey, David Gossett, Shapiro, Hinkle; College Medicine Miles Zaremski; Public Goldberg, Sean Donahue, N. Abrahamson; Autonomy, Amy Sabrin; Cato Institute Pamela Harris; Coalition Associations Societies Geoffrey Michael; Mental Professionals Reiss; Healthlaw Professors Arthur LaFrance; Congressional Delegation Stein; Margaret Battin Rebecca Dick Ronald Lindsay; Briffault Ogden Q. Wolfson; 52 Religious Freedom Organizations Leaders Castanias Lawrence Rosenberg. Compassionate Care Educational Foundation Lynch; Surviving Free Katrin Frank. [1] sure, acknowledgment enough, overlooked create objective, ("We start enacts act dependent omitted)). [2] mail adopted 2000. Children's 2000, 3652, 114 1239, 830(b)(3)). predated task resolving word, officer. deeming technically contained parrot. explicitlyand necessarilycontain. [3] "[e]ven Rule." 260. misidentification interpreting. "authority (among things) becomes "prescription") announced 843 isas concedes pages earlier: "All sense." Chevron). [4] pointed section indeed, [5] 903 reads, operates, penalties, [6] 120 (2000), inapt. step question, repealing relied. 160-161. "spoken directly" ingestion quantity "abnormal effec[t] 273, Notably, seriously pressed claim conceding "point CSA] unconstitutional." Tr. Oral Arg. 44. claim, Framed manner, fail. growers users state-authorized, marijuana," stood "outside market" possessed "`medicinal stream commerce.'" 62, 72 respondent-physicians active participants market, likely traveled commerce. fortiori Respondents' acceptance forecloses challenge.

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