Document: 419 U.S. 544 95 S.Ct. 710 42 L.Ed.2d 706 UNITED STATES, Petitioner,v.Martin Dewalt MAZURIE et al. No. 73—1018. Argued Nov. 12, 1974. Decided Jan. 21, 1975. Syllabus Respondents, who operated a bar on non-Indian land the outskirts of an unincorporated village within Wind River Reservation and had been denied tribal liquor license by Tribes pursuant to their option under 18 U.S.C. § 1161 regulate introduction into Indian country, were convicted at nonjury trial introducing spirituous beverages country in violation 1154. Section 1154(c) defines term 'Indian country' as not including feepatented lands communities, but does define 'non-Indian communities.' In entering judgment conviction, District Court, basis testimony about bar's location racial composition residents surrounding area being largely families, concluded that was located held federal authority could reach non-Indians privately reservation's boundaries. The Court Appeals reversed, holding prosecution met its burden proving beyond reasonable doubt excluded from exception for 'fee-patented communities'; 1154 fatally defective because indefiniteness vagueness community'; insofar authorized tribes control alcoholic onto land, it invalid congressional attempt delegate authority. Held: 1. is unconstitutionally vague. Given nature population, statute sufficient advise respondents excepted regulation virtue community. Pp. 550—553. 2. Congress has Art. I, 8, Constitution distribution establishments such respondents' bar. Such adequate, even though fee persons regulated non-Indians. 553—556. 3. validly council. independent over matters affect internal social relations life protect Congress' decision vest councils this portion own 'to Commerce . with tribes' 8. 556 557. 10 Cir., 487 F.2d 14, reversed. Harry R. Sachse, New Orleans, La., petitioner. Charles E. Hamilton, Riverton, Wyo., respondents. Jerome F. Statkus, Cheyenne, State Wyoming, amicus curiae, special leave Court. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion 1 1154.1 Tenth Circuit 14 (1973). We granted certiorari, 415 947, 94 1468, 39 562 (1974), order consider Solicitor General's contentions vague, constitutional sale fee-patented boundaries reservation, make delegation reverse Appeals. 2 * established treaty 1868. Located rather arid central least some 2,300,000 acres have described Cardozo 'fair fertile,' Shoshone Tribe Wyoming v. United States, 299 476, 486, 57 244, 246 247, 81 L.Ed. 360 (1937). It straddles River, remarkable canyon, lies mile-high basin foot Mountains, whose rugged, glaciated peaks ridges form Continental Divide.2 reservation occupied Arapahoe Tribes. Although these once 'ancestral foes,' ibid., they are today jointly known As result various patents, substantial tracts non-Indian-held scattered Martin Margaret Mazurie bar, which did business corporate name Blue Bull, Inc. 3 Before 1953 law generally prohibited country.' 1154(a). defined 1151 include 'within limits any reservation.'3 1949, given narrower meaning, relevant prohibition, so exclude both communities' rights-of-way through reservations. Act May 24, 63 Stat. 94, 1154(c), supra, n. quoted defined, fact creates problems we shall shortly deal. passed localoption legislation allowing tribes, approval Secretary Interior, long state violated. Aug. 15, 1953, 67 586, 1161.4 Tribs responded adopting ordinance permitted sales if made accordance law. When Bull originally opened, issued Fremont County, operation therefore consistent ordinance. But 1971 adopted new ordinance, Ordinance 26.5 That required retail outlets obtain licenses. 4 1972, Mazuries applied license, after warnings would be subject criminal charges continued operate without one. public hearing Mazuries' lawyer attended. Witnesses protested grant complaining singing shooting late hours, disturbances elderly nearby housing development, permitting minors application denied. 5 Thereafter, closed Bull. Three weeks later reopened it. remained approximately year, until officers seized beverages, initiated.6 6 case tried jury. Since most factual issues disposed stipulations,7 primarily dealt whether On Bull's location, area, court located. Holding boundaries, entered judgments conviction. Each respondent fined $100. 7 reversed convictions. carried communities.'8 This conclusion tied directly more basic holding: 8 '(T)he terminology community' capable sufficiently precise definition serve element crime herein considered .. thus reason indefinite vague terminology.' F.2d, 18. 9 second reversal, adopt ordinances controlling also suggested itself alcohol II well challenges statutes do involve First Amendment freedoms must examined light facts hand. States National Dairy Products Corp., 372 29, 83 594, 561 (1963). determining respondents, first evidence Bull.9 11 showed Fort Washakie, bearing man chief Shoshones during early years Reservation. U.S., S.Ct., 247; Harmston, 2, 3—4. Washakie Agency Bureau Affairs, Tribal Headquarters One witness testified community.' App. 49. 212 families living 20-square-mile roughly centered 170 41 non-Indians, one mixed. A large-scale Geological Survey map introduced show survey. indicates survey included all settlements nearest not-included concentrations Saint James Church Ethete, four miles six Washakie. school serving two one-half total enrollment 243 students, 223 whom Indian. 12 Other community Mazurie's served Indians that: 'We kind out there ourselves, you know.' 70. transcript admitted trial. near development populated entirely Indians. Residents complained leaving night, or another having either no transportation destination, wander development. 13 There defense acknowledgments witnesses precisely Otherwise, examination directed establishing 'Indian' jurisdiction reservation. think foregoing justify Court's implied compose read reaching contrary just stated. instead based proposition proof go far enough, view generated requirements meet avoid vice vagueness. looking concepts 'community.' gather expected treated 'Indians' surveys proved satisfy specific statutory definition. Similarly, apparently concerning 'community' should conformed definition, presumably keyed geographical 15 believe erred requires concepts. than prove community, where meaning average intelligence 'reasonably understand his contemplated conduct proscribed.' 32—33, 598. community.10 III 16 expressed 'the Government power restrictions.' Because went hold possess power, delegated tribe, find necessary resolve issue power. do, however, issue, hereinafter conclude properly tribes. 17 Article gives '(t)o foreign Nations, among several Tribes.' repeatedly clause affords prohibit Indians, wherever situated, country.11 Holliday, Wall. 407, 417—418, 182 (1866); Forty-Three Gallons Whiskey, 93 188, 194 195, 23 846 (1876); Ex parte Webb, 225 663, 683—684, 32 769, 776—777, 56 1248 (1912); Perrin 232 478, 482, 34 387, 389, 58 691 (1914); Johnson Gearlds, 234 422, 438—439, 794, 799—800, 1383 Nice, 241 591, 597, 36 696, 697, 60 1192 (1916). demonstrates principle. intoxicating premises owned organized municipality. Yankton Sioux Reservation, ceded States. cession agreement, ratified confirmed Congress, specified never sold land. subsequently opened private settlers. upholding Perrin's stated: 19 'The liquors wheresoever situate, traffic upon off state, admit doubt. arises part investing commerce nations, states, tribes,' recognized relation Federal government.' 389. 20 Seymour Superintendent Washington Penitentiary, 368 351, 82 424, 346 (1962), recent indication events occurring concerned Indian's challenge burglary contended offense took place country,' exclusive 1153. agreed, despite occurred patented While address reject variety arguments excluding crime's situs 1151's Of significance our purposes broadly, supersede unchallenged parties unquestioned 21 neither nor previous cases room possesses IV 22 said, possessed reasoned follows: members citizens difficult see how association exercise degree governmental sovereignty other belong, cannot participate way organization. situation comparable city, county, district laws. separate 'nation' authority, landowners, individuals members. 24 purported officials contained invalid. private, voluntary organization, obviously agency, lands, matter obvious broad, encompass relationships here concerned.' 19. 25 legislative Panama Refining Co. Ryan, 293 388, 55 241, 79 446 (1935). Those limitations are, less stringent entity exercising matter. Curtiss-Wright Export 304, 319—322, 216, 220—222, 255 (1936). Thus important aspect unique aggregations possessing attributes territory, Worcester Georgia, Pet. 515, 557, 483 (1832); 'a people' regulating ..' Kagama, 118 375, 381—382, 1109, 1113, 30 228 (1886); McClanahan Arizona Tax Comm'n, 411 164, 173, 1257, 1261—1262, 129 26 Cases Worcester, surely establish good deal 'private, organizations,' undermine rationale Appeals' decision. These same cases, addition, clear when entities certain life. Clearly use intoxicants need decide impose 26. only quite tribes.' Cf. supra. 27 become government, alter conclusion. claim, them Council respect liquor,12 answered Williams Lee, 358 217, 269, 251 (1959). courts extend transactions 28 'It immaterial He transaction there. consistently guarded governments Navajos Treaty 1868, done ever since. If taken away them, Lone Wolf Hitchcock, 187 553, 564—566, 220 221, 47 299.' Id., 223, 272 (citations omitted). 29 For reasons convictions reinstated. Reversed. Title provides pertinent part: '(a) (W)hoever introduces attempts introduce malt, spirituous, vinous liquor, beer, ale, wine, ardent whatsoever shall, offense, $500 imprisoned both; and, each subsequent $2,000 five years, both. '(c) used section communities reservations, apply absence extending laws thereto.' Basin (1953); H. Granger al., Mineral Resources Glacier Primitive Area, 1319—F, pp. F2—F5 (1971). 'Except otherwise provided sections 1156 title, chapter, means (a) Government, notwithstanding issuance patent, running provides: provisions 1154, 3113, 3488, 3618, act conformity occurs duly tribe certified published Register.' approved Interior Register. 37 Fed.Reg. 1253—1254 (1972). April 1974, County refused renew again closed. Brief 4; Respondents stipulated 26, fee, licensed authorities. finding Country,' situated 'at site Wyoming,' 'Fort incorporated boundaries,' (which contains exclusion free-paented communities). ambiguity court's findings readily explained failure focus cross-examination discussed infra, 552. failed contest further motion dismiss close Government's evidence. (respondents) operating community,' 64 (emphasis added), true plainly irrelevant wording 1154(c). Respondents' counsel then proceeded argument unrestricted ownership property 69. dispute statement 'sole issue' 'whether deeded Record Appeal 140. state: '(I)t Country. question. You cite single ten (sic) I am saying Country.' Ibid. Again, objection. seek attention filing post-trial brief proposed conclusions law; while opportunity submissions, prosecution's appears record appeal. assume, arguendo, before court, exceptions applicable. assumption, event carry burden, pleaded defendants. Vuitch, 402 62, 70, 91 1294, 1298, 601 (1971) (dealing 'an enacting statute'). (Emphasis supplied.) note available those communities. renders inability specify detain ourselves seemed cause difficulties, what qualifies person 'Indian.' establishes that, circumstances case, distinction between understood. displayed difficulty making classification. Nor Mazurie. trouble he call county sheriff non-Indian, police questioned him determined which, simply replied: 'Because knew them.' undisputed emancipated guardianship control. analyzed terms bolster claim rights principles equal protection due process (are) currently councils.' 24. However, deny constituted denial resulted lacked process. Whether extent Fifth correct arbitrary discriminatory await squarely presented appropriately briefed. observation applicable regard 202 Pub.L. 90 284, 77, 1302, 'No powers self-government (8) deprive liberty law.' Quite apart potential sources against action, assured 1161's requirement exercised Interior.

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