Document: 474 U.S. 254 106 S.Ct. 617 88 L.Ed.2d 598 Daniel VASQUEZ, Warden, Petitionerv.Booker T. HILLERY, Jr. No. 84-836. Argued Oct. 15, 1985. Decided Jan. 14, 1986. Syllabus In 1962, a California grand jury indicted respondent for murder. Before trial in Superior Court, the judge refused to quash indictment on alleged ground that it had been issued by from which blacks systematically excluded. Respondent was subsequently convicted of first-degree After unsuccessfully pursuing appeals and collateral relief state courts next 16 years, filed habeas corpus petition Federal District again raising his equal protection challenge him. The Court upheld challenge, Appeals affirmed. Held: 1. Respondent's obligation exhaust remedies before seeking federal court not circumvented fact pursuant valid exercise its power expand record, directed parties present supplemental evidence (consisting affidavits computer analysis assessing mathematical possibility chance or accident could have accounted exclusion jury), where such did fundamentally alter claim already considered courts. Pp. 257-260. 2. longstanding rule requiring reversal conviction defendant members own race were excluded will be abandoned this case theory discrimination amounted harmless error respondent's after fair purged any taint attributable process. Intentional selection jurors is grave constitutional trespass, possible only under color authority, wholly within State's prevent. Even if jury's determination probable cause believe has committed crime confirmed hindsight offense, confirmation does suggest impermissibly infect framing and, consequently, nature existence proceedings come. And just as void Equal Protection Clause prosecutor deliberately charged account race, cannot understood cure selected basis race. 260-264. 3. Sound jurisprudence counsels against adoption whereby grant prisoner would conditioned upon passage time between filing petition, depending ability obtain second conviction. 264-265. 4. decision supported, but compelled, stare decisis doctrine, means ensures law merely change erratically develop principled intelligible fashion. 265-266. 733 F.2d 644 (CA9 1984), MARSHALL, J., delivered opinion BRENNAN, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, JJ., joined, all sixth paragraph Part III WHITE, joined. O'CONNOR, an concurring judgment, post, p. 266. POWELL, dissenting opinion, BURGER, C.J., REHNQUIST, 267. Wm. George Prahl, Sacramento, Cal., petitioner. Clifford Earl Tedmon, respondent. Justice MARSHALL Court. 1 Warden San Quentin State Prison asks retire doctrine first announced 1880. come, he urges, us abandon 2 * Kings County, California, respondent, Booker Hillery, brutal moved A hearing motion held Judge Meredith Wingrove, who sole county personally juries, including one previous seven years. Absolving himself discriminatory intent, Wingrove indictment.1 3 For pursued courts, at every opportunity him.2 Less than month Supreme foreclosed final avenue 1978, writ court, same challenge. concluded established jury, granted writ. See Hillery v. Pulley, 563 F.Supp. 1228 (ED Cal.1983). affirmed, we certiorari, 470 1026, 105 1390, 84 780 (1985). II 4 As threshold matter, turn petitioner's contention court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b). exhaustion issue genesis when saw need "supplement clarify" state-court record presented review. Record, Doc. 8, Upon authority 2254 Rule 7, provide more figures "demonstrating what portion Black population County eligible service." He also their views regarding application statistical probability facts case, assist him "focus[ing] likelihood alone group Ibid. Petitioner objects submissions made response judge's order "drastically" altered rendered unsuitable review without prior consideration Brief 81. 5 seeks afford meaningful consider allegations legal interference judiciary. Rose Lundy, 455 509, 515, 102 1198, 1201, 71 379 (1982). Under standards may initiate "[o]nly hear sought vindicated. . ." Picard Connor, 404 270, 276, 92 512, 30 438 (1971). "It follows, course, once fairly requirement satisfied." Id., 275, S.Ct., 512; see Humphrey Cady, 405 504, 516-517, n. 18, 1048, 1055-56 31 394 (1972). We never presentation additional district court's directions, evades substance Picard, supra, 278, 513. 6 7(b) permits proceeding existing "include, limitation, documents, exhibits, answers oath, so directed, written interrogatories propounded judge. Affidavits submitted part record." clarify relevant facts, endeavor consistent with 7 purpose Townsend Sain, 372 293, 313, 83 745, 757, 9 770 (1963). question here whether effect undermining policies requirement. Several challenged "new" supported no black ever served qualified available serve, pressed pretrial App. 28-30, throughout proceedings. found total absence history undisputed fact. People 62 Cal.2d 692, 709, 44 Cal.Rptr. 30, 42, 401 P.2d 382, 392 (1965), cert. denied, 386 938 (1967). That entitled, therefore, presumption correctness Sumner Mata, 449 539, 545-546, 101 764, 768, 66 722 (1981); 533 1189, 25 Cal.1982). discussed Wingrove's blacks' qualifications, petit jurors, Cal.2d, 710, Cal.Rptr., 42-43, P.2d, 392-393, minimum eligibility requirements substantially F.Supp., 1245; Mar, Grand Jury: Vestige Aristocracy, Pac.L.J. 36, 40 (1970). Consequently, introduced passed. 8 remaining attack, Court's request, assessed over years issue.3 conclude "sophisticated techniques" "wholly different animal." 80-81. These estimates, however, added nothing intrinsic claim. early 1942, rejected insufficient support inference discrimination, summarily asserting "chance hardly continuous omission negroes lists long period sixteen more." Hill Texas, 316 400, 404, 1159, 1161, 86 L.Ed. 1559 (1942). This proposition, derived solely judicial intuition, precisely establish methods now somewhat reliable. More recently, reviewing proceeding, independently applied general principles assess role Mexican-Americans Texas. Castaneda Partida, 430 482, 496-497, 17, 97 1272, 1281 51 498 (1977). Form indeed triumph allow relied educated conjecture out sophisticated interpretative aid accomplish objective. 10 emphasize request further information evidently motivated responsible concern claims contemplated history. 1202-1203; U.S., 311-312, 756. initially complied furnishing materials broader necessary meet needs Accordingly, circumstances occasion attempted expedite withholding essential hold require remitted evidence. 11 On merits, petitioner urges find claiming overwhelming longer infects juries County. trial, are told, Our acceptance abandonment century precedent. 12 1880, reversed charging offense reasoned deliberate "is practically brand them, affixed law, assertion inferiority, stimulant prejudice impediment securing individuals justice aims secure others." Strauder West Virginia, Otto 303, 308, 100 664 (1880). 13 Thereafter, repeatedly arguments stand despite racial jury. See, e.g., Neal Delaware, 370, 396, 103 26 567 (1881); Bush Kentucky, 17 110, 107 625, 27 354 (1883); Gibson Mississippi, 162 565, 904, 1075 (1896); Carter 177 442, 20 687, 839 (1900); Rogers Alabama, 192 226, 24 257, 48 417 (1904); Pierre Louisiana, 306 354, 59 536, 757 (1939); Smith 311 128, 61 164, 85 (1940); supra; Cassell 339 282, 70 629, 94 (1950); Reece Georgia, 350 85, 76 167, 77 (1955); Eubanks 356 584, 78 970, 991 (1958); Arnold North Carolina, 376 773, 1032, (1964); Alexander 1221, 536 Only six ago, explicitly addressed unbroken line should reconsidered favor harmless-error standard, determined not. Mitchell, 443 545, 99 2993, 739 (1979).4 reaffirmed our "strikes fundamental values system society whole," criminal defendant's right laws denied purposefully 556, 3000. 14 argues retry defendant, sometimes later, imposes unduly harsh penalty defect bearing relation fairness trial. Yet intentional Thus, remedy embraced century—the effective violation5—is disproportionate evil deter. If becomes thing past, lost it. 15 Nor persuaded trials result actions. determine exists crime, hands lies charge greater lesser offense; numerous counts single count; perhaps most significant all, capital noncapital offense—all facts. Moreover, "[t]he bound indict can obtained." United States Ciambrone, 601 616, 629 (CA2 1979) (Friendly, dissenting). even way suggests very When calls into objectivity those bringing neither indulge regularity nor evaluate resulting harm. discovered some rendering biased actual motivations hidden review, must presume process impaired. Tumey Ohio, 273 510, 535, 47 437, 445, 749 (1927) (reversal required financial interest conviction, lack indication bias influenced decisions). Similarly, improper criteria exposed prejudicial publicity, because violation ascertained. Davis 429 122, 399, 50 (1976) (per curiam); Sheppard Maxwell, 384 333, 351-352, 1507, 1516, 600 (1966). Like these flaws, thought harmless, undermines structural integrity tribunal itself, amenable review.6 Just Batchelder, 442 114, 125, 9, 2198, 2205, 60 755 (1979), body Once having simply know properly constituted. overriding imperative eliminate systemic flaw process, well difficulty given requires continued adherence mandatory reversal. 18 Mitchell ably other justifications, based necessity vindicating Fourteenth Amendment rights, supporting policy automatic cases discrimination. persuasively demonstrated justifications retain validity modern times, "114 close War Between nearly Strauder, forms still remain life, administration whole." 558-559, 3001. since reason doubt continuing truth observation. IV 19 dissent propounds theory, advanced party, condition corpus, approach claims. Habeas Corpus Rules permit move dismissal "has prejudiced respond delay filing." 9(a). Indeed, caused Sumner, 496 632, 637 Cal.1980). Congress seen fit, defense petitions difficulties face forced defendant. Judicial Conference Advisory Committee Criminal drafted proposed amendment 9(a), demonstration prejudiced, either defending prisoner's prove meritorious. 52 U.S.L.W. 2145 (1983). proposal adopted. And, many attempts recent yet create statute limitations L. Yackle, Post-conviction Remedies (Supp.1985) (describing bills past several Congresses). lightly new rule, guise interpretation, achieve end. V 21 Today's though important decisis, ensure erratically, bedrock founded rather proclivities individuals, thereby contributes government, both appearance While inexorable command, careful observer discern detours straight path occurred articulable reasons, felt obliged "to bring opinions agreement experience newly ascertained." Burnet Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 393, 412, 443, 449, 815 (1932) (Brandeis, 22 impose rigid formula constrain disposition cases. Rather, lesson successful proponent overruling precedent borne heavy burden persuading changes dictate yield offered metamorphosis commitment outdated, ill-founded, unworkable, otherwise legitimately vulnerable serious reconsideration. contrary, compelling today inception. 23 judgment Appeals, accordingly, It ordered. judgment. proof systematic issuing indictment, admittedly costly thereafter obtained through eradicate deter Not until squarely address whether, availability direct make renew id., 582, 3013 (POWELL, judgment). I share view expressed POWELL Rose: afforded full litigate discriminatorily relitigating habeas. incremental value challenges rooting deterring outweighed unique considerations apply invoked. purposes writ, weighty finality interests federalism, counsel permitting undermine justness incarceration. 579-588, 3012-3017. holding appeal, therefore cognizable Because am convinced sufficiently reversing precedents respect applicable concur 29 whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST join, dissenting. Respondent, man, stabbing murder 15-year-old girl. guilty beyond reasonable doubt, unchallenged here.1 Twenty-three asked corpus—and feasible disappeared California. perfectly represented County's contained member.2 holds granted, freed unless able reconvict, two decades led difficult reconcile rational justice. nevertheless finds compelled ending juries. reasons. First, my view, constitutionally harmless. Second, assuming apply, inappropriate wrong prompts case. 32 concludes Ante, 261. conclusion said follow going back 260-261. follows misapplication decisis. 33 Adhering usually wise policy, matters settled right." 406, 447, "any departure demands special justification." Arizona Rumsey, 467 203, 212, 104 2305, 2311, 81 164 (1984); Garcia Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 528, 559, 1005, 1022, 1016 (1985) Nevertheless, governing decisions badly reasoned, conflict other, constrained precedent." Allwright, 321 649, 665, 64 765, 987 (1944). Instead, particularly issues involved, "[t]his shown readiness correct errors standing." Barnett, 681, 699, 984, 994, (1964). misapplies relies concerning There precedent, vintage cited control Those hold, clearly imply, affect outcome prosecution. 34 Chapman 87 824, 705 (1967), comment failure testify—a clear Fifth Amendments—was proper 21-24, 826-28. Since Chapman, "the consistently duty whole ignore violations." Hasting, 461 499, 1974, 1981, 96 variety violations. Harrington 395 250, 89 1726, 284 (1969) (use co-conspirator confession Confrontation Clause); Coleman 399 1, 90 1999, 387 (1970) (denial preliminary hearing); Milton Wainwright, 407 371, 2174, (1972) counsel); Gerstein Pugh, 420 103, 95 854, 43 54 (1975) (illegal arrest). 35 Other doctrines reflect principle. ineffective assistance show counsel's incompetence prejudice. Strickland Washington, 466 668, 2052, 2064, 80 674 (1984). "made [he] functioning 'counsel' guaranteed Sixth Amendment." Ibid.3 barred procedural default appeal raise showing actually Frady, 456 152, 170, 1584, 1595, 816 (1982); Wainwright Sykes, 433 72, 2497, 53 594 36 contended principle inapplicable claims, "destroys casts process."4 555-556, 2999-3000. But questions "appearance justice" "integrity process." above show, prerequisite reversal, directly affects Compare 2064 (requiring claims), Gideon 335, 344-345, 792, 796-97, 799 (1963) (emphasizing importance trial). order, deprivations rights Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Amendments analogous occurs while asserted violations above-cited during adequately explain why process" extent deprivation equally vital exempt 37 Thirty-one typically prescient Jackson called explanation. 299, 637, (1950) (Jackson, None forthcoming. 575, 3010 (Stewart, then, firmly prosecution justify proposition—and last reinforced it—is flatly inconsistent reached today. itself violates 38 alone. reasoning progeny accords justice—one fully preserves recognizes injure way. Infra, 274-277. reverse Appeals. 39 now-established inapplicable, unjustifiably extends "century precedent" relies. do decades-old preceded "automatic reversal" otherwise. A. No Amendment. E.g., 551, 2997; 577-578, 3010-11 judgment); 590-591, 3017-18 (WHITE, erred, done about Constitution appropriate, required, jurors. Lucas, 462 367, 378, 2404, 2411, 648 (1983); Passman, 228, 245, 2264, 2277, 846 (1979); Bivens Six Unknown Narcotics Agents, 403 388, 403, 407, 91 2010, 619 (1971) (Harlan, 41 compel applies Hobby States, 468 339, 3093, 82 260 (1984), acknowledged foremen violated Constitution, play minor prosecutions. 345-346, 3096-3097; Oregon Elstad, 298, 305-307, 1285, 1290-1292, 222 (suppression Miranda Arizona, 436, 1602, 694 (1966), compelled); Leon, 897, 905-906, 3405, 3411-3412, 677 (1984) Fourth Stone Powell, 428 465, 489, 3037, 3050, 49 1067 (1976); generally Monaghan, Foreword: Constitutional Common Law, Harv.L.Rev. (1975). rationale squared compels "appropriate remedy" 1962.5 Hobby, 342, 3095; 3001-3002 (weighing costs benefits awarding petitioners discrimination). Cf. Merrill, Law Powers Courts, U.Chi.L.Rev. (arguing judicially created appropriate "necessary preserve specifically intended right"). depends (i) utility correcting injustice unconstitutional conduct officials, (ii) remedy's society. 906-907, 3411-3412; 3050. B 42 scope degree harm wrong. perceives kinds flowing discrimination: being society's they rule. (1) contend indict. Such withstand analysis. Following murder, whose challenged. affirmed 1965,6 establishes indisputably correct. 575-576, 301-302, 638-639 point best: 45 mouth chosen say heard prosecution's evidence, ruled sufficient warrant appellate same, us. guilt proved. finding, too, here. circumstances, frivolous however constituted, indict." 302, 639 (dissenting). 46 decides potentially harmed vested broad discretion deciding charges, impossible exercised differently 263. appears all-white might determining charge. imprison elements argument goes, set aside. ignores jurisprudence. declined absent finding Arlington Heights Housing Development Corp., 252, 265, 555, 563, 450 (1977); Washington Davis, 426 229, 239, 2040, 2047, 597 (1976). case—indeed, allege—that white suspects similarly strong evidence.7 sensible assume impermissible members. suggested composition gives rise indictments racially motivated, suspect arrested policeman subsequent basis.8 justified bare potential, unsupported justification square area; time, fails (1977), example, ordered Hispanic half Hispanic. Whatever have, due small number random resulted identical representative jury—one reflected county's mix—would member. Neither Akins 325 398, 65 1276, 1279, 1692 (1945). placed side, precedents, suffer injury. theoretical decided less remains, matter subsequent, errs favor. At most, guilt, Costello 359, 364, 409, 397 (1956) (Burton, concurring),9 factors Oyler Boles, 368 448, 456, 501, 505, 446 (1962). allegation cannot, redressing (2) suffered prompted claim, fall deterrent government officials seek exclude particular groups weighed cost 3411-3412. emphasizes "a trespass," ante, 262, leaps observation raised body. not, erroneously suggests, precedent; important, seriously disserves public interest. involved relatively brief lapses granting relief. unsurprising, recently (1979).10 Prior 1970, arose cases, less.11 today, twice alleging Both delays comparable appeal. (1977) (decision five indictment); Peters Kiff, 493, 2163, indictment). raises open defendant.12 conviction.13 almost quarter-century tried occurred. lapse irrelevant. critically increases societal lessens force have. limited society, petitioners, remains free use trial." 558, original severely handicapped carry proving doubt. Where verdict turned credibility judgments, effectively reconstruct central, only." Friendly, Is Innocence Irrelevant? Collateral Attack Judgments, 142, 147 Witnesses die away; physical lost; memories fade. noted " '[t]he unlikely reprosecute retrials necessary.' Peyton Rowe, 391 54, 62, 1549, 1553, (1968) (citation omitted).14 55 Long dilute effectiveness deterrent. illustrative. architect died ago. allege practices survived there allegation. hard behaved known death. exactly proposition imposed case: people positions similar behavior fear left office passed scene. least, highly questionable. 56 concerns balance struck adjudicated short focus aspect costliness allowing respondent.15 made, denied. identify expected least value: likely greatest delay, officials. leave defends intact good harm: accountable forcing retrial reconviction plausible possibilities. 57 crimes. adequacy procedures used convict sufficiency guilt. alone, Appeals' decision.16 harmlessness irrelevant, required. inappropriately deterrence context deter, especially high. lead remand 58 paths, instead affirms mean purpose. were, consequences reconsidering dissent. Three thorough well-reasoned discuss detail adduced hearing, aspects Cal.1983); 1189 Cal.1982); 632 repeat portions 853, 477 (affirming conviction; rejecting claim); 382 (1965) (on rehearing, claim; sentence), 938, 958, 810 (1967); 795, 280, 423 208 (1967) (after remand, affirming 389 986, 486, (1968); re 857, 79 733, 457 565 sentence); Cal.3d 112 524, 519 572 (1974) reducing Crim. 20424 (Cal.1978) denial corpus). expert 1900 1962 chance, 100,000 million. Although attempt rebut testimony, questioned reliability expert's analysis, performed data, ultimately accepted conclusions 7-year tenure, yielded 1,000 phenomenon chance. 1241-1244. lessen precedential weight characterizing advisory opinion. Post, three Justices cases; Parts IV, failed prima facie 574, 3009. Two joined II, dissented believed established, must, reversed. 588 offers citation Gregg 153, 169, 2909, 2923, 859 (opinion Stewart, JJ.), unprecedented statement law. passage, refers manner garnered majority. discussion expressly subscribed. pointed alternative ineffectual. provides prohibition 243, according statistics compiled Administrative Office section nine With precise available, unable century. putative 1983, which, allows redress service. Jury Comm'n Greene 396 320, 518, 549 suits extremely rare, undoubtedly potential plaintiffs, service, often knowledge incentive launch battles stop them. WHITE join foregoing paragraph. thrice sentenced death (1974); 256, sentence reduced life imprisonment imposition Constitution. According 1960 census figures, 4.7% age black. 1228, 1232 consisted white. 1231. stated Strickland, "[w]hen that, errors, factfinder respecting guilt." 695, 2069. parts BLACKMUN's four Justices, subject question. particular, opinion—the discusses generally—was (Court's "that position taken Members concurred judgments narrowest grounds"). opinion's irrelevant result, insufficiency little Flast Cohen, 83, 94-95, 1949, 947 Frankfurter, Note Opinions, 1002, 1005-1007 (1924). 1962. anything 1963; rehearing 1965, presently serving imprisonment. Most initiated indictment. decade persons, 393 light mechanism applying offenders counterparts seems altogether fanciful. discriminated residents themselves anyone discharge duties properly. apparently acknowledges, validly "deliberately race" 264 (citing (1979)). alleged, much shown, supra. intend based. Calandra, 414 338, 345, 613, 618, 561 ("[A]n acted inadequate incompetent evidence"). attack permitted, personal separate took permitted corpus. 579, 3012 weighs reeaxamining relitigate 1979, examined issue, Rose's 4, O'CONNOR ---- (O'CONNOR, concedes proceedings, 3, appealed entirely adequate underlying subsidiary adjudicator. unnecessary decide grounds: error, inappropriateness claimant's impossible. longest October 1874; March argued instances, grounds. Francis Henderson, 425 1708, 149 (petitioner grounds); Tollett 411 258, 93 235 (1973) pleaded competent advice). bad faith shown. injury complain promptly windfall. appear blameless delay. finally 1965. postconviction During intervening repeated challenges—ultimately successfully—to sentence. apparent simultaneously approach, wait reconvict disappearance witnesses loss effect, strategy commute legally duration. risk tolerate goes innocence, where, here, claimant error. 9(a) Rules, together congressional inaction, "counsels against" considering 265. suggestion erroneous. defend repetitious petitions, Woodard Hutchins, 464 377, 379, 752, 753, 541 concurring), filing, Mayola 623 992, 999-1000 (CA5 1980), 451 913, 1986, 68 303 (1981). terms foreclose petition. Honeycutt Ward, 612 judgment), 985, 2969, 843 (1980). procedure generally, purport substantive defines Congress' amend says intent regard sum, "appropriate" governed Rule. 474-482, 3042-3046, (discussing relationship seized inadmissible). Fay Noia, 391, 438, 822, 848, 837 (1963): "[W]e recognize deny [habeas corpus] applicant certain circumstances. Discretion implicit statutory command judge, scope, 'dispose require,' 2243; flexible concept employed developing Furthermore, traditionally regarded equitable principles." 478, 11, 3044, 11. "equitable principles" bounds sense. Confidence eroded conceded fair, free. remember law's aim twofold: shall escape innocence suffer." Berger 295 78, 88, 633, 1314 (1935); Agurs, 427 97, 112, 2392, 2401, 342 plainly punishing guilty, protecting innocent ensuring convicted.

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