Document: 447 U.S. 74 100 S.Ct. 2035 64 L.Ed.2d 741 PRUNEYARD SHOPPING CENTER and Fred Sahadi, Appellants,v.Michael ROBINS et al. No. 79-289. Argued March 18, 1980. Decided June 9, Syllabus Soon after appellees had begun soliciting in appellant privately owned shopping center's central courtyard for signatures from passersby petitions opposition to a United Nations resolution, security guard informed that they would have leave because their activity violated center regulations prohibiting any visitor or tenant engaging publicly expressive is not directly related the commercial purposes. Appellees immediately left premises later filed suit California state court enjoin its owner (also an appellant) denying access purpose of circulating petitions. The trial held were entitled under either Federal Constitution exercise asserted rights on property, Court Appeal affirmed. Supreme reversed, holding protects speech petitioning, reasonably exercised, centers even when owned, such result does infringe appellants' property protected by Constitution. Held: 1. This case properly before this as appeal 28 U.S.C. § 1257(2). A constitutional provision "statute" within meaning 1257(2), deciding State gave right solicit rejected claim recognition "right exclude others," fundamental component federally rights. Pp. 79-80. 2. provisions, construed permit individuals free petition which public invited, do violate owner's Fifth Fourteenth Amendments his First Amendments. 80-88. (a) reasoning Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner, 407 551, 92 2219, 33 131—which Amendment prevent private distribution handbills unrelated operations—does ex proprio vigore limit State's authority it police power sovereign adopt own constitution individual liberties more expansive than those conferred And State, power, may reasonable restrictions so long amount taking without just compensation contravene other federal provision. 80-81. (b) requirement appellants state-protected expression unconstitutional infringement Taking Clause Amendment, appellants, having failed demonstrate others" essential use economic value state-authorized limitation amounted "taking." Kaiser Aetna States, 444 164, 383, 62 332, distinguished. there no merit argument been denied due process law, where show test whereby challenged law must be unreasonable, arbitrary, capricious means selected real substantial relation objective obtained, satisfied interest promoting 82-85. (c) Nor infringed Court's decision. choice limited personal views expressed members passing out pamphlets seeking thus will likely identified with owner. Furthermore, specific message dictated displayed are dissociate themselves speakers handbillers. Wooley Maynard, 430 705, 97 1428, 51 752; West Virginia Board Education Barnette, 319 624, 63 1178, 87 L.Ed. 1628; Miami Herald Publishing Co. Tornillo, 418 241, 94 2831, 41 730, 85-88. 23 Cal.3d 899, 153 Cal.Rptr. 854, 592 P.2d 341, Max L. Gillam, Jr., Los Angeles, Cal., appellants. Philip Hammer, San Jose, appellees. Elinor H. Stillman, Washington, D. C., amicus curiae, special Court. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion 1 We postponed jurisdiction decide important questions presented. Those whether 2 * Appellant PruneYard city Campbell, Cal. It covers approximately 21 acres—5 devoted parking 16 occupied walkways, plazas, sidewalks, buildings contain 65 specialty shops, 10 restaurants, movie theater. open encouraging patronizing establishments. has policy engage activity, including circulation petitions, strictly enforced nondiscriminatory fashion. Sahadi. 3 high school students who sought support resolution against "Zionism." On Saturday afternoon set up card table corner PruneYard's courtyard. They distributed asked sign sent President Members Congress. Their was peaceful orderly far record indicates objected patrons. 4 signatures, them regulations. suggested move sidewalk at perimeter. lawsuit Superior Santa Clara County. 5 property. App. Juris. Statement A-2. concluded "adequate, effective channels communication [appellees] [PruneYard]." Id. A-3. 6 "speech owned." 910, 860, 347 (1979). conduct In rejecting contention Constitution, observed: 7 " 'It bears repeated emphasis we consideration privacy homeowner proprietor modest retail establishment. As advertising lure congenial environment, 25,000 persons induced congregate daily take advantage numerous amenities offered [shopping there]. handful additional distributing connection therewith, adopted defendant assure these activities interfere normal business operations (see Diamond [v. Bland, 653, 665, 91 501, 509, 477 733, (1970)]) markedly dilute defendant's rights.' [Diamond 11 331, 345, 113 468, 478, 521 460, 470 (1974)] (dis. opn. Mosk, J.).)" Id., 910-911, Cal.Rptr., 860-861, P.2d, 347-348. 8 expressly overruled earlier decision 460 (Diamond II ), cert. denied, 419 885, 95 152, 42 125 (1974), reached opposite conclusion. Cal.3d, 347.1 Before Court, contend constitutionally established adverse cannot invocation judicial reconstruction laws question until hearing merits. 949, 419, 318. now affirm. 9 initially conclude us See, e. g., Torcaso Watkins, 367 488, 489, 81 1680, 1681, 982 (1961); Adamson California, 332 46, 48, n. 2, 67 1672, 1673, 1903 (1947); Railway Express Agency, Inc. Virginia, 282 440, 201, 75 450 (1931). Here decided Art. 1, §§ 3, exercising petition.2 doing, proper method review. III Appellants first 131 (1972), prevents requiring provide adequate alternative avenues available. dealt prohibit handbilling operations. 552, S.Ct., 2221. strict building complex malls, made exceptions rule. 555, 2222.3 Respondents argued public, enforcing restriction premises. 564, 2226.4 substantially repudiated rationale Food Employees Logan Valley Plaza, 391 308, 88 1601, 20 603 (1968), Hudgens NLRB, 424 507, 96 1029, 47 196 (1976). stated "lose character merely generally invited designated purposes," "[t]he essentially store abutting change virtue being large clustered stores modern center." U.S., 569, 2229. Our Lloyd, however, Cooper 386 58, 62, 788, 791, 17 730 (1967). See also 569-570, supra, statutory create strangers, comparable found exist here. is, course, well Euclid Ambler Realty Co., 272 365, 114, 71 303 (1926); Young American Mini Theatres, Inc., 427 50, 2440, 49 310 opens shopping, States thereby beyond already existing applicable law. 517-521, 1035-1037. IV 12 next others underlies guarantee deprivation law.5 13 true one sticks bundle others. 179-180, 392-393, here literally "taking" extent interpreted entitle citizens property.6 But "not every destruction injury governmental action 'taking' sense." Armstrong 364 40, 80 1563, 1568, 1554 (1960). Rather, determination unlawfully infringes landowner's violation requires examination "forc[es] some people alone bear burdens which, all fairness justice, should borne whole." 49, 1569.7 entails inquiry into factors action, impact, interference investment-backed expectations. 175, 390. When "regulation goes too recognized taking." Pennsylvania Coal Mahon, 260 393, 415, 43 158, 160, 322 (1922). 14 clearly Clause. There nothing suggest preventing sort unreasonably impair center. several blocks, contains separate establishments, large. makes clear restrict adopting time, place, manner minimize functions. orderly, common areas circumstances, fact "physically invaded" viewed determinative. 15 quite different supra. owners pond invested amounts money dredging pond, developing exclusive marina, surrounding marina community. only fee-paying members, fees paid part "maintain pond." 168, 386. Government compel ground became subject navigational servitude dredged channel connecting "navigable water." Government's attempt improved interfered Aetna's "reasonable investment backed expectations." went "so ordinary regulation improvement navigation taking. . 178, 392. general proposition opposed possessed residual enables define "property" instance. bound Just Compensation Chicago, B. & Q. R. 166 226, 233, 236-237, 581, 584-585, 979 (1897), but little Nebbia New York, 291 502, 54 505, 78 940 (1934), stated: 18 "[N]either nor contract absolute Equally regulate interest. 19 ". [T]he guaranty process, often held, demands shall arbitrary capricious, attained." 523, 525, 510-511. 336 106, 69 463, 93 533 (1949); Exxon Governor Maryland, 437 117, 124-125, 98 2207, 2213, 57 (1978). sufficient justification concluding Constitution.8 V 22 finally forced forum others.9 752 (1977), require participate dissemination ideological displaying express observed read public. applies here, argue, ofWooley force display all. Wooley, government itself prescribed message, required openly appellee's used "as life," refused him measures cover motto though served Here, contrast, number distinguishing factors. Most important, instead establishment come go please. Second, consequently danger discrimination particular message. Finally, appears can disavow simply posting signs area handbillers stand. Such signs, example, could disclaim sponsorship explain communicating messages 24 argue light 1628 (1943), (1974). Barnette inapposite involved compelled recitation containing affirmation belief. compulsion "require[d] communicate word acceptance" government-dictated political ideas, he subscribed them. 633, 1183. similarly affirm belief governmentally position view, 25 Tornillo struck down Florida statute newspaper publish candidate's reply criticism previously published newspaper. rests principle tell what print. contravened "exact[ed] penalty basis content newspaper." 256, 2839. "dampe[n] vigor limi[t] variety debate" deterring editors publishing controversial statements might trigger application statute. 257, Thus, "intrusion function editors." 258, These concerns obviously present 26 neither recognizing judgment therefore 27 Affirmed. BLACKMUN joins except sentence thereof, ante, 84, reads: "Nor 'property' instance." 29 MARSHALL, concurring. 30 I join write separately make few points. 31 prevented relying trespass picketing enterprise located "serves community block" "the delegate through laws, wholly wishing premises." 319, 1609. suggestion abrogation intrude owners. emphasized communicative permitted. "[N]o meaningful protection advanced respondents facts significant operation raised. Naked title issue." 324, 1611. 32 if permitted overcome prospective petitioners, intrusion result. Because large-scale movement country's population cities suburbs accompanied advent suburban center," contrary "substantial consequences workers challenge substandard working conditions, consumers protesting shoddy overpriced merchandise, minority groups hiring policies." Ibid. realities, prohibited using centers, least directed. confined facts, petitioning designed convey information respect picketed. indicated constitute "an unwarranted rights." 567, 2228. (1976), Valley. 34 continue believe rightly decided, both incorrect interpretations three cases. opened large, effectively replacing traditional forums streets, parks. turn available owners, enabling wished premises.1 Rights become illusory operated way shut off communication. believe, then, rejection role stems overly formalistic view relationship between institution ownership Amendment's freedom speech." 542, 1047 (dissenting opinion). 35 litigation protect precisely stake Valley, Hudgens. "Constitution broadly proclaims Shopping invaluable Like crucial expression. like barred applaud court's decision, very healthy trend affording provisions interpretation given Brennan, Constitutions Protection Individual Rights, 90 Harv.L.Rev. 489 (1977). 36 Appellants, view. below claim, did overrule Valley's holding; ruling well, enforce pre-existing excluding my issue largely restatement abrogate modify common-law Although cases definitively resolve question, merit. 37 Earlier Term, Martinez 277, 553, 481 (1980), confronted abolition cause impermissible "property." responded state-law remedy "is species Due Process ., remain fashioning rules tort paramount discernible interest, perhaps protecting citizen irrational." 281-282, 557. Similarly, context guest impermissibly abrogated tort, forbid "creation new rights, old ones attain permissible legislative object." Silver Silver, 280 122, 50 57, 221 (1929). Munn Illinois, 113, 77 (1877), upheld limiting rate warehousing grain. "A person vested rule created taken away process; itself, conduct, changed legislature, unless limitations. Indeed, great office statutes defects developed, adapt changes time circumstances." 134. alsoSecond Employers' Liability Cases, 223 169, 56 327 (1912); Crowell Benson, 285 22, 41, 52 285, 288, 76 598 (1932). 38 Appellants' less revision notwithstanding finding state-created severely hindered closed If accepted, represent return era Lochner 198 45, 539, 937 (1905), immune Government. approach freeze constructed courts, 19th-century development. allow room response circumstance. 39 hand, understand defined solely barrier Congress government. terms "life, liberty, property" derive positive normative dimension establishing sphere autonomy respect.2 Quite serious raised legislature attempted abolish certain categories way. our limits "core" trespass, compelling showing necessity remedy.3 40 That approached case. impose activity. invasion sanctuary. Cf. Stanley Georgia, 394 557, 89 1243, 542 (1969). No implicated. circumstances scrutinizing authorized WHITE, concurring judgment. POWELL's remarks. 44 forbids implement free-speech entry about subjects centers' business. infringed. recognized, place limitations imposed dealing homeowner. it, "[a] 911, 347-348 45 agree pointing distributions solicitations hold Insofar concerned, therefore, decline construe 46 affirms implicit concur judgment, Powell issue. May subsidize political, religious, social-action furnishing convenient urge funds prospects? Surely requirements; respect, am entire accord Part opinion. POWELL, whom WHITE joins, 48 Parts I-IV understanding type Significantly presented strangers picket distribute leaflets freestanding today apply "shopping centers." generic term include establishments vary widely size, location, relevant characteristics. Even able speak annoyance customers eliminated elaborate, expensive, possibly unenforceable restrictions. observes, adoption "do provision." Ante, 81. Restrictions use, invalid today's opinion, rejects "a others." 85. establish cognizable language unnecessarily confusingly broad. transforms public's raise questions. hold. (1977); (1943). Whatever full sweep principle, Hampshire directed slogan "Live Free Die" shop windows rather automobiles. case, said system secures proselytize causes concomitant foster concepts." 714, 1435. face refuses marketplace ideas find reason whose [his] use. ." 87. onto purposes fairly relinquished "to instrument fostering adherence point finds unacceptable." 715,1 involves specialized 87, 87-88. mandated interests affected forces admit third-party speakers. many situations, intrusive itself. For columns imposes unacceptable burden upon newspaper's select material publication. Columbia Broadcasting System, Democratic National committee, 412 94, 2080, 2093, 772 (1973) (plurality "fundamental print omit." 1435; see such, tantamount and, thus, presumptively unconstitutional.2 selection publication concern centers. similar listeners identify opinions bulletin board store, hotel, office, small center, reflect proprietor. same allowed entrance lobby building. faced choice: receive mistaken impression messages. Should someone else's choose second, prefer silent. short, lost control over issues. mere himself restore refrain speaking all." 53 wish platform morally repugnant. Numerous examples mind. minority-owned distributers Nazi Party Ku Klux Klan, church-operated host demonstrations favor abortion, union supply right-to-work advocates placed intolerable anyone wishes speak. strong emotions evoked situations virtually respond. pressure respond particularly apparent strongly objects state-imposed extend oppose "of sort" Abood Detroit Education, 431 209, 213, 1782, 1802, 261 To specify objectionable enough relinquish "freedom maintain beliefs disclosure." Ibid.3 one's burdened assume owner.4 55 One easily speaking. introduce evidence legal theories outlined above. us, say vast appellees' occupies blocks. Interspersed among walkways plazas attract 77, 83. known "Grand Plaza." B-2. showed solicited signatures. Persons believed embodied stood. alleged object contained assert expected mistake source. concerning numbers types seek testimony disagree 58 shown afforded presented, interpret blanket approval efforts transform forums. Any reasoned: "In [Corp. (1972)], plaintiffs alternative, communication, employees parks streets adjacent Center communities reside. Unlike situation Marsh Alabama, 326 66 276, 265 (1946)] [Food (1968)], why ineffective, concede unlike Logan, initiative patrons." 335, 471, 463. outweighed plaintiffs. Article provides: "Every freely speak, her sentiments subjects, responsible abuse right. restrain abridge liberty press." "[P]eople redress grievances." banned "was considered annoy customers, litter, potentially disorders, incompatible atmosphere preserved." 555-556, 2222. relied (1946), permission enter caused lose character, permitting facilities town. Both cases, authorizing solicitors condemnation Reply Brief rooted incorporated law." 10. conclusion "taking," concededly compensation, otherwise, falls controlling, 2228, adequately below. York rel. Bryant Zimmerman, 278 63, 67, 61, 73 184 (1928). includes "group inhering citizen's [ownership]." General Motors Corp., 323 373, 357, 311 (1945). "vulgar untechnical sense physical thing exercises [Instead, it] denote[s] group thing, possess, dispose it. addressed possess." 377-378, 359. Monongahela Navigation 148 312, 325, 622, 626, 463 (1893) since characterized resting primarily "estoppel," see, Rands, 389 121, 126, 265, 268, 329 (1967), "prevents loading share government, says surrenders something exacted equivalent returned him." Penn Central Transportation City, 438 104, 123-125, 2646, 2659-2660, 631 (1978); 416, appellees, necessary promotion petition. met courts. settled challenging validity repugnant "[n]o form words phrases essential, invalidity therefor brought attention fair precision time. whole shows intendment done, regarded presented." 63. argued: "The potential communicants inextricably intertwined right, deriving status owner, derives communicant. Defendant urges activity." Response Amici Curiae Briefs S.F. 23812, p. (Sup.Ct.Cal.). making explicitly Briefs, 40-42. origins 12. throughout asserting addition, claims lower courts highest renders unexpected reverses prior interpretation. Brinkerhoff-Faris Trust Savings Hill, 281 673, 677-678, 451, 453, 1107 (1930); Missouri Ins. Gehner, 313, 320, 326, 327, 870 Saunders Shaw, 244 317, 638, 640, 61 1163 (1917). below, follow defining scope II, instant grant Prior reaching favor. prevailed controlling. Once noted above, Barnette. questioned. question. resembled Shelley Kraemer, 334 68 836, 1161 (1948), Times Sullivan, 376 254, 84 710, L.ED.2d 686 (1964), procedural "grievous losses" "liberty" Clause, losses Vitek Jones, 445 480, 488-489, 1254, 552 cited; Mathews Eldridge, 333, 893, 902, Meachum Fano, 215, 229, 2532, 2540, 451 (1976) (STEVENS, J., dissenting). Ingraham Wright, 651, 1401, 711 corporal punishment, "Due intended give Americans enjoyed Englishmen Crown. preserved included 'generally enjoy privileges pursuit happiness men.' 672-673, 1413 (citation omitted). Duke Power Carolina Environmental Study Group, 59, 88, 2620, 2638, 595 (1978), reserved creating scheme victims nuclear accidents, obliged "provide substitute remedy" tort. White, 243 188, 247, 252, 667 (1917), uncertainty might, violence 'due law,' suddenly aside respecting liability employer employee, providing substitute," "doubted defenses other, setting stead." 2229, (1972) ("property [does not] purposes"). person's lend third party's freedoms association 235, 1799, contribute oppose. landowner "compelled subsidization" circumstances. 237, 1800; cf. Hardware 543-545, 2238, 2241-2242, 122 rights" exclusion organizers); NLRB Babcock Wilcox 351 105, 112, 679, 684, 975 (1956) (same). Eastex, 556, 571-576, 2505, 2515-2517, 428 521-522, 1037-1038, supports claimed infra, 2051. problem compounded where, hotels buildings, leased proprietors divergent views. telling man, sitting house, books films watch." 565, 1248, Observing controlling moral thoughts, ibid., invalidated imposing criminal penalties possession obscenity. removing home materials peruse privately. exposure homeowners front lawns massive arises

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