Document: 356 U.S. 405 78 S.Ct. 875 2 L.Ed.2d 873 UNITED STATES of America, Appellant,v.Romualdo CORES. No. 455. Argued March 13, 1958. Decided May 19, Mr. John F. Davis, Washington, D.C., for appellant. Clark M. Clifford, as amicus curiae, in support the judgment, by invitation Court. Justice CLARK delivered opinion 1 The sole issue this appeal is whether an alien crewman who willfully remains United States excess 29 days allowed his conditional landing permit, violation § 252(c) Immigration and Nationality Act,1 guilty a continuing offense which may be prosecuted district where he found. Discovering that appellee's permit had expired before entered was apprehended prosecution begun, District Court dismissed criminal information, holding s not crime. Government brought direct appeal, 18 U.S.C. 3731, U.S.C.A. we noted probable jurisdiction. 1957, 355 866, 123, 72. Since conclude error, judgment reversed case remanded further proceedings. filed Connecticut, charged appellee at Philadelphia on April 27, 1955, later, expiration 'did wilfully knowingly remain States, to wit: Bethel, Connecticut,' Act. A plea entered, but government attorney informed court prior sentencing Connecticut fact came only after spending about year New York. Judge permitted withdrawal case. He cited earlier decision same did define crime, v. Tavares, 9407 Crim., 6, indicated information improper since time expired.2 3 Constitution makes it clear determination proper venue requires crime committed.3 This principle reflected numerous statutory enactments, including Rule 18, Fed.Rules Crim.Proc., provides except otherwise permitted, 'the shall committed * *.' In ascertaining locality are mindful questions 'raise deep issues public policy light legislation must construed.' Johnson, 1944, 323 273, 276, 65 249, 251, 89 L.Ed. 236. provision trial vicinity safeguard against unfairness hardship involved when accused remote place. Provided its language permits, Act question should given construction will respect such considerations. 4 Unlike some offenses,4 there absence here any specific fixing venue, save general providing 'at place occur *.'5 cases base nature alleged location act or acts constituting it,' Anderson, 1946, 328 699, 703, 66 1213, 1216, 90 1529, if Congress found have created offense, (the) extend over whole area through force propelled offender operates.' supra, page 250, 275, 250. 5 Section punishes '(a)ny number allowed.' conduct proscribed affirmative remaining, crucial word 'remains' permits no connotation other than presence. Nor does section necessarily pertain particular locality, entry, broadly extends remaining 'in States.'6 Appellee urges, however, completed moment expires, even thereafter, longer commits offense. It true instant satisfies definition exhaust it. See Kissel, 1910, 218 601, 607, 31 124, 125, 54 1168. seems incongruous say while 'willfully remains' 29th day so 30th, though still physically present country. Given element willfulness, believe 'remains,' contemplation statute, until leaves States. achieves finality time. more one 'may inquired continued,' 3237, lies expires. there, has prosecution. 6 legislative history inconsistent with interpretation statute. After thorough investigation our immigration laws two years enactment 252(c), Senate Committee Judiciary reported, 'The problems relating seamen largely those desert their ships, illegally beyond granted them stay, become lost populace country.' S.Rep. 1515, 81st Cong., 2d Sess. 550. tracing persons complicated obscuration worked both own movement passage atmosphere sought establish sanctions crewmen remain,' having observed traditional remedies problem were inadequate because many 'do necessary documents deportation.' Ibid. hardly likely would create new sanction strip much effectiveness compelling expired—a months later might well impossible proof. 7 Moreover, think amiss point out result entirely keeping relieving accused, possible, inconvenience incident far removed from residence. Hyde Shine, 1905, 199 62, 78, 25 760, 762, 50 90; Johnston 1956, 351 215, 224, 76 739, 744, 100 1097 (dissent). Forcing could entail hardship. By make valuable tool justice available crewman. 21(b) Federal Rules Criminal Procedure transfer proceeding another motion defendant appears district, 'if satisfied interest transferred division commission charged.' rule, inherent flexibility, inapplicable absent characterization nature. 8 Reversed remanded. 9 DOUGLAS, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE BLACK concur, dissenting. 10 me harmony scheme designed cases. We concerned under 252 1952, Stat. 163, 220, 1282, 1282; viz. unlawfully Sections 275 276 describe crimes unlawful entry. 279 gives Courts jurisdiction types crimes; provides: 11 'Notwithstanding law, prosecutions suits instituted person sections title apprehended.' 12 When wanted lay 'apprehended,' said so. seem, therefore, laid 'apprehended' All first occurred. answer different 'continuous.' re Snow, 120 274, 281, 556, 559, 30 658. As Smith said, distinction drawn between apprehension 'would meaningless violations regarded continuous.' supra.* 13 elements then. Nothing done. then says, 'committed' sense term employed Art. III, 2, cl. Sixth Amendment. 14 I affirm 221, 1282(c), 1282(c). Subsection (a) authorizes officers grant certain conditions, allowing land periods up days. (b) details procedures revocation permits. (c) sets penalties case: 'Any issued subsection misdemeanor, upon conviction thereof fined $500 imprisoned six months, both.' suggests inconsistency date represented counsel additional reason upholding dismissal. phase case, us, Borden Co., 1939, 308 188, 206—207, 60 182, 191—192, 84 181, confine clearly prompted Any asserted remand. Crim.Proc. 7(e), Trial all Crimes, Cases Impeachment, Jury; held State Crimes been U.S.Const. 3. 'In prosecutions, enjoy right speedy trial, impartial jury wherein Amend. VI. See, e.g., 659, 659 (theft goods interstate commerce); 1073, 1073 (flight avoid giving testimony); 3236, 3236 (murder manslaughter); 3239, 3239 (transmitting mailing threatening communications); 32 847, 34 587, 49 41(1), 41(1) (certain Interstate Commerce Act). Barron, Practice Procedure, 2061. 279, Act, 230, 1329, 1329. unlike illegal entry set 229, §§ 1325, 1326, 1326. Those offenses ones, 'entry' limited continuity. Hence required apprehension. reasoning underlay request Naturalization Service. Analysis S. 3455, prepared General Counsel Service, p. 276—2. contrast mere surplusage, committed, provision, without significance. made intent equally analogous situations, see, possession stolen goods, certainly status similar pertinent part: deemed taken money, baggage, chattels.'

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