Document: 384 U.S. 780 86 S.Ct. 1783 16 L.Ed.2d 925 STATE OF GEORGIA, Petitioner,v.Thomas RACHEL et al. No. 147. Argued April 25 and 26, 1966. Decided June 20, [Syllabus from pages 780-781 intentionally omitted] George K. McPherson, Jr., J. Robert Sparks, Atlanta, Ga., for petitioner. Anthony G. Amsterdam, Washington, D.C., respondents. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of Court. 1 This case presents questions concerning scope a century-old federal law that permits defendant in state court proceedings to transfer his trial under certain conditions. That law, now 28 U.S.C. § 1443 (1964 ed.) provides: 2 's 1443. Civil rights cases. 3 'Any following civil actions or criminal prosecutions, commenced State may be removed by district United States division embracing place wherein it is pending: 4 '(1) Against any person who denied cannot enforce courts such right providing equal citizens States, all persons within jurisdiction thereof; 5 '(2) For act color authority derived rights, refusing do on ground would inconsistent with law.' 6 The arises removal petition filed Thomas Rachel 19 other defendants seeking District Court Northern Georgia trespass prosecutions pending against them Superior Fulton County, Georgia. stated had been arrested various dates spring 1963 when they sought obtain service at privately owned restaurants open general public alleged: 7 'their arrests were effected sole purpose aiding, abetting, perpetuating customs, usages which have deep historical psychological roots mores attitudes exist City Atlanta respect serving seating members Negro race places accommodation convenience upon racially discriminatory basis terms conditions not imposed so-called white Caucasian race. Members are similarly treated discriminated accompanied race.' 8 Each defendant, according petition, was then indicted statute making misdemeanor refuse leave premises another requested so owner charge.1 On these allegations, maintained authorized both subsections broadly entitled First Amendment Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment. Specifically invoking language subsection (1), 'denied enforce' clause, their stated: 9 'petitioners and/or Courts Constitution Laws * that, among things, statute, custom, usage, practice supports maintains policy racial discrimination.' 10 Invoking (2), 'color authority' 11 being prosecuted acts done constitution laws an was, is, States.' 12 its own motion without hearing, Federal remanded cases Georgia, finding did allege facts sufficient sustain statute. appealed Appeals Fifth Circuit.2 13 While court, two events critical significance took place. first enactment into Congress Rights Act 1964, 78 Stat. 241. second decision this Hamm v. Rock Hill, 379 306, 85 384, 300. held precludes peaceful attempts served establishments covered Act, even though instituted prior Act's passage.3 In view intervening developments reversed 1443(1), if allegations true, prosecution State's substantially similar statutes involved Hamm, rights—the 1964. therefore returned Court, directions given opportunity prove resulted orders 'for reasons.' Upon proof, require order dismissal prosecutions. 342 F.2d 336, 343. 14 We granted certiorari consider applicability circumstances case. 382 808, 39, 15 58. No issues touching constitutional power involved. deal only statutory construction.4 present direct descendant provision enacted as part 1866. 27. 1443(1) before series decisions beginning Strauder West Virginia, 100 303, L.Ed. 664, Com. Virginia Rives, 313, 667, 1880 ending Kentucky Powers, 201 1, 26 387, 50 633, 1906.5 has considered since then, one reason remanding appealable after year 1887.6 901 however, specifically provided appeals remand cases, give reviewing new meaning statute.7 266, 1447(d) ed.). four circuits occasion extensive consideration aspects statute.8 us, Circuit dealt arising 1443, we confine our review those issues. Section entitles remove meet requirements subsection. They must show rely 'right rights,' 17 phrase 'any rights' appear original allowed involving express equality guaranteed itself. section 1866 secured 'same' 'enjoyed citizens' variety fundamental areas.9 3, 'persons *.'10 18 appeared 641 Revised Statutes 1874.11 When compiled, substantive provisions carried forward separate sections.12 Hence, could no longer identify available using Act—'rights act.' chose, does suggest intended limit recognized existing 1874. contrary, Congress' choice open-ended clearly appropriate permit 'a under' future rights. There substantial indication, expand kinds 'law' referred. spite potential breadth seems clear enacting 641, include comparable nature Prior 1874 revision, significantly enlarged private beyond relatively narrow category specified Fifteenth Amendments adopted implemented major legislation.13 Moreover, contained explicit cross-reference end 1977 Statutes, principal created Act. addition, note margin pointed §§ 1870.14 latter sections concerned solely re-enactment, somewhat expanded form, Finally, limitation comports mandate revising commissioners 'to revise, simplify, arrange, consolidate permanent nature, shall force time make final report doings.' 27, 1866, c. 140, 74. conclude, therefore, model 20 legislative history indicates protect limited defined equality. As originally proposed Senate, bill became contain 'as enjoyed citizens.'15 later added committee House, apparently emphasize character protected. More important, th Senate forbidding 'discrimination immunities,' preceding specific enumeration included 1.16 Objections raised debates might encompassed prohibition immunities.' sharp controversy Senate,17 but passed. After House,18 amendment accepted striking bill.19 21 material available, conclude construed mean Thus, defendants' broad contentions support valid claim because guarantees clauses phrased application citizens, rather than demands. Second concluded,s 'applies whole gamut *.' 'When speaks refers couched equality, historic recent statutes, distinguished laws, due process clause 42 1983 examples, confer sense, vital way life, bestowing all.' People New York Galamison, 255, 269, 271. See also Gibson Mississippi, 162 565, 585—586, 904, 905, 906, 40 1075; 39—40, 399, 400, 633; Greenwood Peacock, 825, 1811, 955. 22 But claims petition. made calling play conferring s 201(a) 'full enjoyment' facilities discrimination race.20 By plainly qualifies 'law 1443(1). 23 relied fairly read will brought result accommodation.21 1964 endows conduct. noted, access sought. 203 provides 'No (c) punish attempt exercising attempting exercise privilege 202.' (Emphasis supplied.) 244. 311, 300, 'prohibits establishment, color.' alleged immune conviction charges courts. 24 question remaining, whether 'in of' can answered judicial requirement. incorporated reference procedures established Habeas Corpus Suspension 1863, 756. section, turn, permitted either pre-trial stage judgment court.22 doubt post-judgment practical remedy 'd provision, vindicate actually trial.23 removal, unclear.24 eliminated 1874.25 compilation coincided Reconstruction period. During itself, measure enforcement numerous War Amendments. enactments, taken more drastic steps rights.26 period, many measures expired, eliminating truncated provison. Pre-trial retained, never clarified. It setting examined 641. commencing supra, decided same day 1879 Term, narrow, well-defined area sustained section. 27 Strauder, murder male serve grand petit jury. Since Negroes excluded jury pursuant claimed 'probabilities' great he suffer denial benefit Virginia. *' U.S., 304. convicted.27 should because, him rights.' invoked 1981. held, conferred jurors selected Because conflict between 1977, victim State.' 312. point removal. Their strong community prejudice existed them, summoned try white, county juries way, judge, prosecutor, assistant prosecutor rejected request maintained, fair court. relevant referred duty males age range. not, face, sanction complained. Critical holding Court's observation concluded: 29 'The inability tribunals State, sect. speaks, primarily, exclusively, resulting manifest words, it. Many apprehended, some existed. Colored men been, race, testimony colored favor, summoning witnesses. affirm, oath, trial, protection absence impediments swear comes enjoyment him. apprehension withheld come affirm denied, them. Yet affirmation essential requirement set forth bases removed, merely belief subsequent proceedings. corrective errors wrongs committed administration trial.' 319—320. 30 acknowledged Virginia's authorize selection, officer charge selection nevertheless bring about. 31 'But subordinate violation undertakes deprive accused party accords him, bar, hardly said enforce, State' belong ought presumed redress wrong.' 321—322. 32 situation Strauder: 33 'It observed (§ 641) gives 'who And trial. denies right, interposes bar enforcing it, tribunals, presumption controlled decisions; oath what necessary Such 641.' 321. original.) 34 Stauder Rives thus teach warranted assertion take go uncorrected Removal predicted A authorizing affords ample prediction. 35 doctrine announced amplified Neal Delaware, 103 370, 567, Bush Commonwealth Kentucky, 107 110, 625, 354. convictions conducted discrimination. alleging Delaware advent Amendments, purportedly sanctioned selection. rendered void. unlike found suitable prediction State. Bush, exclusion drawn along lines adoption Bush's case, unconstitutional. noted declaration binding inferior concluded 'After decision, long unmodified, properly advance 116, S.Ct., 631. presently effective denial, proper forum resolution though, ultimately failed correct denials fact trials 36 Four decisions, reiterated principles Bush.28 633. political basis, about undergo fourth having successful appeal three verdicts guilty. He enhance pointing instances illegality resembled followed denial. Accordingly, restating Strauder-Rives doctrine, out. 37 line interpreted down modified subsection, still requires petitioner 'is seeks removing suggestion modifications effect change substance. purposes dealing confronted interpreting 641.29 38 consistently applied required allege, enforced, formal expression law. ends. ensured where relative clarity task involve detailed analysis judge likely disposition particular difficult, judges unseemly prejudging brethren enactment, indication disregard precisely conflict. 39 319. statement reaffirmed 581, 1075. thereby gave justified, equivalent shown equally firm exists constitute true. alleges, effect, refused accommodation, ordered reasons, charged makes offense obey order. clear, protects courts, emphasized precise 203(c) prohibit 'attempt punish' compelled conclusion 'nonforcible gain admittance remain immunized 389. 'substitutes crime.' 314, 390. asked mere pendency enables (the) free protected activity. answer eventually prevail court.30 burden defend itself explicitly supra. 41 yet establish restaurant reasons. If finds allegation clear.31 more, appears behavior apparent conduct 'immunized prosecution' dismiss affirmed. 43 Affirmed. APPENDIX TO OPINION THE COURT. 44 March 81, 5, 756 45 Sec. 5. further enacted, suit prosecution, criminal, officer, military, person, arrest imprisonment made, trespasses committed, omitted done, during rebellion, virtue exercised President Congress, shall, entering appearance entered passage act, next session pending, file stating verified affidavit, cause circuit holden [T]he proceed therein manner lawful action hereafter commenced, whatever, aforesaid, judgment, transfer, appeal, term place, [A]nd competent party, six months rendition Provided writ error favor respondent 46 9, 31, 47 SEC. 3. respective districts, have, exclusively several cognizance crimes offences also, concurrently causes, affecting locality act;1 whatsoever, 48 imprisonment, trespasses, establishing Bureau relief Freedmen Refugees, amendatory thereof, prescribed 'Act relating habeas corpus regulating cases,' approved three, eighteen hundred sixty-three, thereof. 49 wrongs, may, hearing cause, pending. *2 51 Title 28, Code 52 53 Any 54 (1) 55 (2) 56 DOUGLAS, whom CHIEF JUSTICE, BRENNAN FORTAS join, concurring. 57 I indicate my Peacock 842, 1820, 965, citizen 'denied' witin asserting (78 243, 2000a ed.)) accommodation. 244, 2000a—2, intimidation, coercion, punishment precluded sit-in demonstrators sit-ins occurred date 58 enter question, sit there, immunity thereto. 59 right—not reversed—that threaten. vindicated complete insulation wholly vindicated. persist. 60 cover disorderly unlawful acts. Of course functions determine ejected grounds other, valid, reason. correctly ruled event appellants become proceedings.' added.) 61 if, intimated, remains too left Court—a procedure object. charged, Ga.Code Ann. 26—3005 (1965 Cum.Supp.), 'Refusal charge.—It another, fail agent employee charge. violating guilty thereof punished misdemeanor.' reject contention untimely. notice days remand. Although Rule 37(a)(2) Rules Criminal Procedure entry from, rule govern verdict, plea promulgated 32—39 February 24, 1933, rules governing amended. 3772 327 825. 1940, prescribe 688, amended, 3771 authorization submitted effect. Only 1—31 40—60 submitted. 824. Supremacy Clause, Art. VI, cl. 2, 'there collision' 389, remarkably comprehensive discussion presented 1800, 944, see Prosecutions Affecting Federally Guaranteed Rights: Jurisdiction Abort Trial, 113 U.Pa.L.Rev. 793 (1965). were: 567; 354; Smith 592, 900, 1082; Murray Louisiana, 163 101, 990, 87; Williams 170 213, 583, 1012. Dubuclet 550, 504; Schmidt Cobb, 119 286, 1373, 1875, regarded nonfinal reviewable mandamus, appeal. Railroad Co. Wiswall, Wall. 507. 'by Supreme be.' 472. Twelve years later, closed off appellate avenue language: 'and allowed.' 553. Compare Gay Ruff, 292 25, 28—31, 608, 609—611, 1099. re Pennsylvania Co., 137 451, 141, 738. 738, mandamus. Until modern vesion ed.), prohibited 'on otherwise' exception nonreviewability 'reviewable otherwise.' immediate remarks of: Representative Kastenmeier, 110 Cong.Rec. 2770; Senator Humphrey, 6551; Kuchel, 6564; Dodd, 6955—6956. Kastenmeier introduced amending described "easier whenever strict impartiality possible court.' 109 13126, 13128. defending simply House floor: 'Mr. Chairman, probably most modest thing field. subcommittee slightly ambitious problem, amended 1447, conservative approach decision.' 2773. statements leaders speaking floor typified Dodd: 'Some thought better specifiy directly thinks removable, permitting allowing again light intention me, chosen appropriate, considering technical dealing. extremely difficult specify precision removable true becuase varied arise matters. advisable allow situations arise, fashion harmonize remedies 6956. addition Circuit, Baines Danville, 357 (C.A.4th Cir.); Chester Anderson, 347 823 (C.A.3d 255 (C.A.2d Cir.). statistics number revealing. fiscal 1962, 1963, 1965, there 18, 14, 43, 1,192 respectively. total 1965. 1,079 Circuit. Annual Report Director Administrative Office 213—217 part: '(A)ll every color, regard previous condition slavery involuntary servitude contracts, sue, parties, evidence, inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, convey real personal property, full security subject like punishment, pains, penalties, none ordinance, regulation, contrary notwithstanding.' Appendix opinion. 1978 1981 1982 See, e.g., May 1870, 1871, 433; third 13. 'the deprivation privileges, immunities revisers relocated 1871 1979 'Constitution laws' contrast provision. At least circumstances, 'rights Constitution' 629, Sixteenth (1874), drew distinction States. marginal Slaughter-House Cases, 36, 83, 96—97, 83 394 (dissenting Field, J.). Cong.Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 474. Ibid. id., 476—477 (remarks Saulsbury); 505—506 Johnson). eG., 1121—1122 Rogers); 1157 Thornton); 1271—1272, Bingham). Bickel, Original Understanding Segregation Decision, 69 Harv.L.Rev. 11—29 (1955). 'All goods, services, facilities, advantages, accommodations segregation religion, national origin.' 1446 short plain facts' justify instant satisfies predated Public Accommodations coverage recites facts, invoke Schooner Peggy, Cranch 103, 49; 300; Linkletter Walker, 381 618, 627, 1731, 1736, 601. 756, 1863 respects 11, 46. officers assisting 814—824, pp. 1805—1811, 949—955. clause. large numbers agents potentially activities 816—820, pp, 1806—1809, 950—953, pretrial obvious utility Cf. Tennessee Davis, 257, 261—262, 648 (removal 643 1874); Hodgson Millward, Fed.Cas. 285 (No. 6568 (C.C.E.D.Pa.)) 756), Braun Sauerwein, 218, 224, 77 805. evident obscure intend fullest extent. vetomessage accompanying Johnson over issue example, President's view, indictment murder, happened contractual able uring veto, Trumbull, manager bill, construction clause: objects *. (H)e insists (that it) bill; strained divest against, affect already shown, commenting liable penalties except penal; deprives to, subjects bear. 'So against. Now, necessarily custom discriminating nor Legislature passed him; validity States; hold account conflict, rise until tested, court—or, undertaking court; means follows instance statute-book came would, obedience paramount invalid.' Cong. Globe, 1759. Blyew 80 638. Trumbull's 'discriminated against' 475. invalidated Seventh tried Justices Murray, 274, 76 658. McKee Rains, 22, 32, 860. Freedmen's July 16, 176, re-enacted, virtually identical unreconstructed Southern military tribunals. 1867, 428, divided rebel five districts placed martial 1874, Rev.Stat. determination preserved conviction. An alternative available. 664; Paul, 148 107, 536, 386. 1948, simplified. adverse parties copy cease unless remanded. generally, American Law Institute, Study Division Between Courts, Tentative Draft 4, 153 seq. (April 1966). deny circumstances. Wendling, 182 F. 140 (C.C.W.D.Ky.); White Keown, 261 814 (D.C.D.Mass.); Ohio ex rel. Seney Swift & 270 141 (C.A.6th Jersey Weinberger, 298 (D.C.D.N.J.); Snypp Ohio, 70 535 Hull Jackson County 138 820 Steele 164 781 (C.A.9th Lanson F.Supp. 812 (D.C.N.D.Cal.); California Lamson, 813 Washington Society Composers, (D.C.W.D.Wash.); Bennett Roberts, 825 (D.C.W.D.N.Y.); North Carolina Jackson, 135 682 (D.C.M.D.N.C.); Texas Dorris, 165 738 (D.C.S.D.Tex.); Louisiana Murphy, 173 782 (D.C.W.D.La.); McDonald Oregon, 180 861 (D.C.D.Ore.); Hill Pennsylvania, 183 126 (D.C.W.D.Pa.); Rand Arkansas, 191 (D.C.W.D.Ark.); Petition Hagewood, 200 (D.C.E.D.Mich.); Van Newkirk Attorney, 213 (D.C.E.D.N.Y.); Birmingham Croskey, 217 947 (D.C.N.D.Ala.); Arkansas Howard, 218 626 (D.C.E.D.Ark); Alabama Robinson, 220 293 Levitt Sons, Inc. Prince Racial Equality, 221 541 (D.C.D.Md.); Olsen Doerfler, 225 540 (D.C.E.D.Mich.). out Judge Bell 343, 345, aside Bolton Ga. 632, S.E.2d 866. allegation, reproduced Judicial 1911, 231, 1096. Aside insignificant changes punctuation, alteration 1911 substitution 'district court' 'circuit 74 Code, codified 1926. revision 1948.

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