Document: 407 U.S. 493 92 S.Ct. 2163 33 L.Ed.2d 83 Dean Rene PETERS, Petitioner,v.C. P. KIFF, Warden. No. 71—5078. Argued Feb. 22, 1972. Decided June Syllabus Petitioner contends in this habeas corpus proceeding that the systematic exclusion of Negroes from grand jury indicted him and petit convicted deprived his rights to due process equal protection. The Court Appeals affirmed District Court's denial relied on relief Negro, suffered no unconstitutional discrimination. Held: judgment is reversed. Pp. 495—507. 5 Cir., 441 F.2d 370, reversed remanded. Mr. Justice MARSHALL, joined by DOUGLAS STEWART, concluded that: 1. Petitioner, under circumstances case, has not abandoned challenge failing include it list questions presented writ certiorari. 495—496. 2. A State cannot, consistent with process, subject a defendant indictment or trial been selected an arbitrary discriminatory manner contrary federal constitutional statutory requirements, regardless any showing actual bias, petitioner had standing attack service. 496—505. WHITE, BRENNAN POWELL, would implement longstanding strong policy 18 U.S.C. § 243 against excluding qualified jurors account race permitting conviction ground were arbitrarily excluded him. Hill v. Texas, 316 400, 62 1159, 86 L.Ed. 1559. 507. 1 Page 494 Edward T. M. Garland, Atlanta, Ga., for petitioner. Dorothy Beasley, respondent. djQ MARSHALL announced opinion which STEWART join. alleges systematically burglary Superior Muscogee County, Georgia. In consequence he invalid Due Process Equal Protection Clauses Fourteenth Amendment. Because himself respondent discrimination, must stand. On ground, petition corpus. 370 (CA5 1971).1 We granted 404 964, 341, 30 284 (1971). reverse. 2 495 I At outset, we reject contention only issue before petitioner's composition argues us, because fails appear do regard omission as controlling, however, light fact two claims have treated together at every stage proceedings below, they are body certiorari, brief filed merits Court. cannot fairly be said jury, ample opportunity Moreover, case principles governing identical. First, appears same selection was used both andrespond challenge, having done so length below.2 3 496 jury.3 Consequently, question whether basis will answered way tribunals. Second, measured solely general Amendment guarantees protection, specific provisions jury. For Fifth right does apply state prosecution. Hurtado California, 110 516, 4 111, 292, 28 232 (1884). And Sixth made applicable States through Clause 391 145, 194, 88 1444, 20 491, 522 (1968), trials took place decision Duncan, did. De Stefano Woods, 392 631, 2093, 1308 (1968). Accordingly, turn now commands protection process. II This never considered white defendant's service.4 essence claim this: 497 tribunals constituted prohibited Constitution statute; impact error individual unascertainable; consequently returned such set aside.5 There can doubt that, if allegations true, involved illegally constituted. He repeatedly held prohibits practices, respect jury,6 jury,7 both.8 Con- 498 gress crime public official exclude anyone race, 243, upheld statute, approving congressional determination violate express prohibitions Clause. Ex parte Virginia, 100 339, 25 676 (1880). crime, action, occur acquitted convicted. short, when impermissible basis, existence violation depend person making claim. It separate question, entitled seeks violation. Respondent even juries unconstitutionally selected, shown how harmed error. argued Negro service rests presumption prejudiced him; available defendant; introduce affirmative evidence harm order establish relief. That argument takes too narrow view kinds flow discrimination selection. service, like other well-defined class citizens, offends number related values. Strauder West 303, 308—309 (1880), point 6 499 laws. part landmark trilogy cases, first dealt problem racial itself, sought remove criminal courts, pursuant law courts; Virginia Rives, 313, 667 removal there venire drawn; without more, did come within precise terms statute. Finally, 339 judge challenged statute juries; valid means enforcing each these three cases amenable analysis brought all single analytical umbrella. But 1880 recognized values implicated. Strauder, observed injures defendants, but also members class: denies potential 'privilege participating equally . administration justice,' U.S., 308, stigmatizes whole class, those who wish participate, declaring them unfit thereby putting 'a brand upon them, affixed law, assertion their inferiority.' Ibid. clear injunctive vindicate interests stigmatized class. 7 500 Carter Jury Commission Greene 396 320, 90 518, 24 549 (1970); Turner Fouche, 346, 532, 567 White Crook, 251 F.Supp. 401 (DCMD Ala.1966). discernible defendants belong well, destroys possibility reflect representative cross section community. Williams Florida, 399 78, 1893, 26 446 (1970), delineate some essential features guaranteed, certain circumstances, comprehends, inter alia, fair obtaining cross-section community.' 100, S.Ct., 1906.9 Thus here, challenging post-Duncan clearly identifiable group service.10 8 501 then, may plainly illegal composition, leave recourse event all. conclude, reasons follow, law. III 'A tribunal basic requirement process.' re Murchison, 349 133, 136, 75 623, 625, 99 942 (1955). competent impartial quite particular form proceeding. requires administrative hearings, Goldberg Kelly, 397 254, 271, 1011, 1022, 287 judge, Tumey Ohio, 273 510, 47 437, 71 749 (1927). Similarly, chooses, apart compulsion, use imposes limitations Long States, well established protects actually incapable rendering verdict, based subjected insane juror, Jordan Massachusetts, 225 167, 176, 32 651, 652, 56 1038 (1912), intimidated threat mob violence, Moore Dempsey, 261 86, 43 265, 67 543 (1923), 9 502 formed fixed about newspaper publicity, Irvin Dowd, 366 717, 81 1639, 751 (1961). bias tribunal, denied create likelihood appearance bias. rule, too, long trials, it. invoked e.g., (1927); (1955); Mayberry Pennsylvania, 400 455, 91 499, 27 532 (1971); pre-Duncan Louisiana, 379 466, 85 546, 13 424 (1965); Estes 381 550, 1628, 1636, 14 (1965). supra, could not, try financial stake outcome, notwithstanding might resist temptation influenced interest. after placed protective custody principal prosecution witnesses, association. As '(f)airness course absence cases. our system always endeavored prevent probability unfairness.' 625. These compel conclusion manner, laws United States. Illegal procedures cast integrity judicial 10 503 They increase risk well. If possible say confidence resulting action here confined involving defendants,11 then perhaps similarly confined. thought present species harmless substantial citizens subtle pervasive admit confinement issues assume affects fairness presenting operation prejudice, assumption provide workable guide appeal prejudice latent vast range issues, cutting across entire fabric society. unwilling make relevance race. When large segment community effect room qualities human nature varieties experience, unknown unknowable. necessary consistently vote do, its deprives 11 504 perspective events unsuspected importance presented.12 practices proof harm, lack virtually impossible adduce. determine what constitutionally system, decided case. decide principle side shall suffer consequences unavoidable uncertainty. See Speiser Randall, 357 513, 525—526, 78 1332, 1341—1342, 1460 (1958); Winship, 358, 370—373, 1068, 1075 1077, 368 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring). great jury-selection system,13 interest avoiding should resolved favor giving many rather than few. hold whatever select excludes certainly true where 12 505 Congress crime. 243. IV Having standing, briefly further disposition is, course, justifying attack. exclusions beyond pass muster. correct, juries, fail satisfy elementary requirements neither nor Since precluded proving facts alleged support claim, remanded opinion. Reversed whom POWELL join, concurring judgment. March 1, 1875, contained proscription following effect: 'No citizen possessing qualifications prescribed disqualified juror court color, previous condition servitude .' By unambiguous provision, put 506 grounds themselves. 'For us majestic generalities thus reduced concrete command involve color wanting discrimination.' Fay New York, 332 261, 282—283, 1613, 1624, 2043 (1947). commissioners disqualify 'to perform duty—recognized Civil Rights Act 1875 fully since 1881 Neal Delaware pursue conduct office operate discriminate grounds.' 404, 1161, 1559 (1942). Thus, 'no liberty impose one charged procedure Constitution, passed alike forbid. (I)t duty State's see throughout bringing justice enjoy guarantees. Where, timely objection laid bare jurors, stand obtained.' Id., 406, 1162. man. setting aside member recognize courts appeals, reflecting generally accepted view, rejected presents here. me, rationale operative language Texas suggest broader 507 sweep; reflects central concern better time standard instituted hereafter. Hence, join Chief BURGER, BLACKMUN REHNQUIST dissenting. longer persons Such unlawful deserving condemnation. That, us. real illegality necessarily voids conviction, absent demonstration presuming accused. offense 6, 1966, thereafter direct appeal, new trial. retried December 8, found guilty, sentenced years' imprisonment. record suggests relevant trial, method array Georgia, still addressed juries. His affirmed. 15 508 Seven months Court, asserting officials responsible acted denying participate justice. 664 penalties. However, aside, enough show merely level. resulted federally secured properly asserted Alderman 394 165, 171—174, 89 961, 965—967, 22 176 (1969); cf. Jones 362 257, 80 725, 731, 697 (1960). opinions majority position line See, Whitus 385 545, 87 643, 17 599 (1967); Avery 345 559, 73 891, 97 1244 (1953); Norris Alabama, 294 587, 55 579, 79 1074 (1935); 177 442, 687, 44 839 (1900); decisions predicated beginning judicially noticeable 'that prejudices often exist classes community, sway which, therefore, deny full enjoyment others enjoy.' 16 509 309. Gibson Mississippi, 162 565, 581, 904, 906, 40 (1896); Bush Kentucky, 107 110, 117, 354 (1883); Delaware, 103 386, (1881); 345, derives intimated victim own excluded. Alexander 405 633, 1221, 1226, 31 536 (1972). While refrains relying clause, concludes equate tried biased lacking indicia impartiality. accused trier mentally incompetent, personal outcome proceedings, (1927), pressures dispassionate unlikely, (1961), (1965), involvement underlying contempt charge. falls none categories. Although prior required affected deliberations, serious 'probability Recognizing limitation, Witherspoon Illinois, 510 1770, 776 guilt entrusted opposed death penalty 'tentative fragmentary' scientific tending tend guilt.' 517, 1774, 776. went state, 'We simply either matter notice, capital punishment results unrepresentative substantially increases conviction. presently information, prepared announce per se rule requiring reversal was.' 517—518, 280—281, 1623—1624, Here benefit tentative, fragmentary, kind empirical data indicating all-white nonracial poceedings. magnify wholly speculative noting 'any unknowable,' presented.' Ante, 503—504. completely agree insights various 511 segments 'common-sense jury,' referred Duncan 156, 1451, 491 surely enriched voices heard. concerned attributes fact, years DeStefano Had Georgia proceeded find ofdue embodiment 'qualities experience.' mean minimize values, really very little tribunal. Nor believe viewed tipping scales toward finding jury's totally factual nature. remote unconstitutionality, different result justified element illegality. prohibition extraneous renders less speculative. borderline facts, conceivably appropriate resolve complicity But, judging existing authority, close judgment, read it, racially exclusive draws dictum 19 512 (1942), defendant, expressing 'better view' invalidates man race.* closer look warranted. From indications, intended serve purposes: first, explicit implicit Amendment, race; second, providing penalties violating command. (1880); (1881). Insofar declarative Clause, provides authority reaching itself require. No ever confers extraconstitutional confer eancted legislation 1875. expansive reading 'implement policy' 513 Under interpretation, much safeguarding prophylaxis befall power policies chose instead deter violations imposing sanctions. apparent, least until recently, sanctions satisfactorily served deter. correct inadequacies enactment. nothing promote adherence allow credible mount post-conviction alleging taken past. history litigation complicated. 1966. Fourth grounds, 114 Ga.App. 595, 152 S.E.2d 647 (1966). second affirmed, Peters State, 115 743, 156 195 (1967). raised corpus, summarily July 5, 1967. failed exhaust then-available remedies otherwise highly colorable Rutledge, 735—741 1968). intervening foreclosed courts. (1) repetitious, (2) exhaust, (3) merit. App. 15. again rejecting resting entirely third, i.e., substantive claims. exhaustion press Brief Appellee 28—43. lists up tax digests, segregated according moreover, proportion smaller population digests. explored detail struck down Vanleeward 369 584 1966), contemporaneously suggested, though hold, findings conclusions regarded conclusive Peters, expense delay evidentiary hearing avoided, F.2d, 740.4 lower imposed 'same class' challenges selection, holding Only few rule; Allen 56, 137 711 (1964) (not followed panels court); Madison 240 Md. 213 A.2d 880 collected, criticized, Note, Defendant's Challenge Racial Criterion Selection, 74 Yale L.J. 919 Congress, 52 Va.L.Rev. 1069 avoided passing 'same-class' 289—290, 1628—1629, (1947), approved violated, need consider disposition.6 (1972); Arnold North Carolina, 376 773, 84 153, (1964); Eubanks 356 584, 970, 991 Reece 350 85, 76 77 Cassell 282, 70 629, 94 (1950); (1942); Smith 311 128, 61 164, (1940); Pierre 306 354, 59 536, 757 (1939); Rogers 192 226, 48 417 (1904); (1883).7 Hollins Oklahoma, 295 394, 784, 1500 (1935).8 Sims 389 523, 634 24, 4, Coleman 377 129, 1152, 190 Patton 463, 68 184, (1947); Hale 303 613, 58 753, 82 1050 (1938); Martin 200 316, 338, 50 (1906); articulated vindicating E.g., 130, (1940). Subsequently, exercise supervisory over extended principle, permit Glasser 315 60, 83—87, 457, 470—473, 680 Thiel Southern Pacific Co., 328 217, 220, 66 984, 985, 1181 (1946); Ballard 329 187, 181 (1946). Finally emerged aspect 1905, (1970).10 prevail, sufficient justification. Rawlins 201 638, 640, 560, 561, 899 (1906), occupational categories 'on bona fide (is) good regular work interrupted.' occasion justify exclusion, applied, validity Or expanded slightly civil workers, 62, 711, 715 (alternative holding). rejecting, women observations, groups: 'The truth sexes fungible; exclusively composed both; interplay influence among imponderables. To insulate courtroom given iota difference. Yet flavor, distinct quality lost sex excluded.' 193—194, 264, (1946) (footnote omitted).13 1162, * passage quoted face value, mandate expressly limited 'timely ..' indicated earlier, seven assuming, arguendo, me why failure raise preclude raising spoken waiver fundamental, rights, see, Johnson Zerbst, 304 458, 464, 1019, 1023, 1461 (1938), similar rights.

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