Document: 379 U.S. 443 85 S.Ct. 564 13 L.Ed.2d 408 Aaron HENRY, Petitioner,v.STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. No. 6. Argued Oct. 13, 1964. Decided Jan. 18, 1965. Rehearing Denied March 1, See 380 926, 878. Barbara A. Morris, New York City, for petitioner. G. Garland Lyell, Jr., Jackson, Miss., respondent. Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Petitioner was convicted disturbing peace, by indecent proposals to and offensive contact with an 18-year-old hitchhiker whom he is said have given a ride in his car. The trial judge charged jury that 'you cannot find defendant guilty on unsupported uncorroborated testimony complainant alone.' petitioner's federal claim derives from admission police officer's testimony, introduced corroborate hitchhiker's testimony. Mississippi Supreme Court held improperly admitted as fruit 'an unlawful search violation § 23, Miss. Constitution 1890.' 154 So.2d 289, 294.1 tainted evidence tended substantiate showing its accuracy detail which could been seen only one inside In particular, it showed right-hand ash tray car incident took place full Dentyne chewing gun wrappers, cigarette lighter did not function. officer testified after arrest had returned home obtained permission wife look provided keys, opened He tried would work, also ashtray 'was filled red dentyne gum wrappers.' 2 first filed reversed conviction remanded new trial. court wife's consent waive constitutional rights, noted '(t)estimony State's witness * is, effect, without disclosed inspection defendant's automobile.' So.2d, at 296 (advance sheet).2 Acting belief petitioner represented nonresident counsel unfamiliar local procedure, despite failure comply requirement objection illegal be made time introduced. moved directed verdict close case, assigning ground use illegally evidence; mention renewal motion all evidence. 3 After handed down, State Suggestion Error, pointing out fact competent counsel, well out-of-state lawyers. Thereupon withdrew support judgment affirming conviction. identical save result, statement discussion effect whatever reason make timely 'In such circumstances, even if honest mistakes respect policy or strategy otherwise occur, they are binding upon client part hazards courtroom battle.' (bound volume). Moreover, reasoned, cross-examination before initial verdict, introduction other car's interior appearance afterward, 'cured' original error estopped complaining We granted certiorari, 376 904, 84 657, 11 604. vacate remand hearing question whether deemed knowingly waived decision when seized 4 It course, familiar principle this will decline review state judgments rest independent adequate grounds, where these decide questions. applies cases involving substantive Murdock v. City Memphis, 20 Wall. 590, 22 L.Ed. 429, but procedural grounds. Compare Herb Pitcairn, 324 117, 125 126, 65 459, 462—463, 89 789 Davis Wechsler, 263 22, 44 68 143. But important distinguish between grounds Where involved substantive, determination affect disposition law allowed stand. Under view taken statutes conferring appellate jurisdiction Court, we no power revise questions law. Thus, nonfederal doctrine necessary avoid advisory opinions. 5 These justifications application purely procedural. A default bar challenge courts, prevents implementation right. Accordingly, consistently how defaults compliance rules can preclude our consideration itself question. Cf. Lovell Griffin, 303 444, 450, 58 666, 668, 82 949. As Holmes said: 6 'When here there plain assertion rights lower court, far shall reviewed appeal do necessarily prevail. Whether right denied due recognition (state court) plaintiffs entitled invoke judgment.' Love Griffith, 266 32, 33—34, 45 12, 69 157. 7 Only last Term, reaffirmed principle, holding court's refusal, mootness, consider claim, mootness; must ultimately decide. Liner Jafco, Inc., 375 301, 391, 347. settle proposition litigant's proceedings prevent vindication unless insistence rule serves legitimate interest. every case inquire enforcement forfeiture If does not, ought permitted rights.3 8 requiring contemporaneous clearly serve By immediately apprising objection, gives opportunity conduct using fruits may excluded consideration, reversal avoided. record us appears purpose contemporaneous-objection substantially served asking because erroneous For stage called elaboration seizure argument and, persuaded, stricken appropriate corrective action. example, sufficient go jury, might denied, submitted properly worded cautionary instruction.4 delay until presenting frustrated interest avoiding waste case. so, substantial interest, then settled principles treating adequate; giving own sake 'would force resort arid ritual meaningless form.' Staub Baxley, 355 313, 320, 78 277, 281, 302; see Wright Georgia, 373 284, 289—291, 83 1240, 10 349.5 9 reason, however, now express any merits claim.6 assuming making satisfied rule, suggests possibility deliberately bypassed thus should forfeited remedies. Although characterized object 'honest mistake,'154 volume), State, brief Error asserted willingness agree 'should sustained either three (for petitioner) participating respond hereto affidavit know some point criminal made.' second refer proposal believe issue presented decision. Another indication possible waiver attached Court; there, respondent lawyers stood up pulled down co-counsel. Again, furnishes insufficient basis time. But, together enough justify evidentiary determine 'after consultation otherwise, understandingly forewent privilege seeking vindicate claims strategic, tactical, reasons fairly described deliberate by-passing procedures *.' Fay Noia, 372 439, 822, 849, 837. strategic move. Both work. denial defense mechanic who repaired lighter. planned allow testify then, were granted, discredit both witnesses thereby persuading acquit. Or, delaying evidence, hoped invite lay foundation subsequent reversal. motivated action their plans backfired, counsel's choice amount him courts here.7 adopted prior accused circumstances exceptional, asserting claims, Whitus Balkcom, 333 F.2d 496 (C.A.5th Cir. 1964), think bypassing extinsic establish waiver, fact. comparable arising vacated hearing, suspending validity pending outcome hearing. United States Shotwell Mfg. Co., 233, 245, 234; Campbell States, 365 85, 81 421, 428. recently similar procedure essential fairness Jackson Denno, 378 368, 393—394, 1774, 1788—1789; Boles Stevenson, 43, 174. course particularly desirable here, since dismissal end case; still pursue habeas corpus proceeding alone least shown orderly courts. supra, 438, 848. 12 Of so remanding neither hold nor remotely imply forgo requirements finds waiver. Such finding mean apply test effectiveness foreclose claim. ineffective, long wish so. permitting causes efficient administration justice, harmonious federalstate judicial relations. unnecessary processing through already laboring under congested dockets,8 relitigation forum certain issues. Townsend Sain, 293, 312—319, 745, 756—757, 770. blind has source irritation judiciaries. suggested friction ameliorated affording them provide procedures, direct collateral, airing claims.9 That prospect better than relegating remedy. Therefore, further inconsistent opinion. ordered. 14 Judgment remanded. 15 BLACK, dissenting. 16 contends based allegedly Constitution. I now. relied shut off Court's review, particle suggestion decided court. 17 concerned, considered mistakes' lawyer make,1 completely barren conscious intentional process used against unconstitutionally seized. Therefore waiver.2 And real us, here. alone, chance supplement summary jury. This kind piecemeal prosecution invented several years ago 234. expressed my dissent unjust, unconstitutional, fragmentizing technique Shotwell, U.S., 246—252, 253—257, again year applied dissenting 401, 409—410, 1793, 1798—1799. 46, same objections 'Shotwelling' present dangerous Shotwelling device expanded merely challenging deny knowledge Mississippi's rule. 18 Nor concerning accept independent, refusal raised Williams 349 375, 75 814, 99 1161, allows 'to late determined matter discretion, concluded deciding particular avoidance right.'3 No opinions attention read denying was. fact, understand discretion regardless presented.4 most persuasively: 19 'Constitutional serious rise above mere procedure. Errors affecting fundamental exceptions appeal.' Brooks 209 150, 155, 46 94, 97. stating followed, citing number past decisions stated highest Mississippi, quoted from, though presented. proper trial, holdings Fisher 145 116, 110 So. 361, Carter 198 523, 21 404. those counsel. Yet apparently holds may, chooses depart new, stricter reviewing safeguarded. cherished offered cut irrevocably state-court discretionary rulings different undefined cases. shutting too tolerated. HARLAN, CLARK STEWART join, 23 Flying banners federallism, actually raises storm signals disquieting nature. While purporting recognize traditional procedural, bars litigation, wholly misconceive what lurking today's opinion, portends severe dilution, complete abolition, concept 'adequacy' pertaining 24 preliminary observations am seeing ghosts. account face demonstrably except early step toward extending way another 837, review. two Terms ago, turned back history (see writer, 448 et seq.), away proceedings. 25 Believing Noia flushed challenged earliest respectfully dissent. I. 26 base ultimate validate improper family car, (who experienced lawyers) objected received strongly implies, (in 'waiver' issue) 'contemporaneous-objection' inadequate acquittal afforded satisfactory take 'appropriate action' reference inadmissible suggested, situation 'giving form." (Ante, p. 449.) 27 From standpoint realities courtroom, regard analysis little short fanciful. provoked courses judge, none reasonably depriving capacity ground. 28 1. verdict. appropriate, ordered dismissed. Since entirely law, speculation foreclosed.1 29 2. mistrial. preventing mistrials obvious. 30 3. remaining example but, sua sponte, argument, automobile instructions disregard it. 31 practical difficulties approach manifestly show avoidance, 'adequate' adherence To quote full. 32 'Atty Carter: We're going motion, your Honor, First, whole brought attempted into void. There nothing warrant issued upon—it affidavit, complaint party. True, made, verification Peace therefore, contend subjected effect. Secondly, having Collins stand placed man arrest, proceeded clearly, Fourth Amendment, secured unlawful. Finally, facts contended yesterday, sworn County Attorney, information belief, directly void defective give state—that process; man's violated Fourteenth finally, failed prove beyond reasonable doubt extent implicate Now, (sic) void, permeated insofar concerned over individual concerned; released, move 33 'Court: Motion overruled. Bring back.' renewed completion following language: 34 Your want set forth entire charge. therefore 35 overruled.' 36 single sentence (supra, 460) beginning 37 experience knows, motions verdicts generally prosecution's borderline. simply unrealistic context expected pick vague acted refined imagination require him. Henry's regarded make-weight. They mentioned earlier gave explanation laxity raising it, cursory conclusional secondary position motion. theory underlying argument—that freely invalid—is subtle say very least, extraordinary caught realized problem catch. must, addition, realize inappropriateness granting requested him, partially cause taking himself frame search.2 38 Contrast objection. admissibility; inevitably focus it; form relief, judge's immediate rather remote. Usually timing Had during about search, specific answer her turn, ineffective. issue, short, advertently faced likelihood achieving correct result maximized. 39 Thus powerfully supports maximizing concomitantly minimizing errors retrials. alternative reverse who, fails act remarkable relating admissibility admitted. decision-maker, advocate. role coax arguments imaginatively reframe remedies more responsibility trialjudge discharge. 40 realistically purposes Without maintaining integrity reliance Court.3 II. 41 emerges closing pages pointed ground, appear Henry 'efficient justice' 'harmonious' relations judiciaries pass, instance, issue; entertained encourage grasp 'opportunity' Sain providing 'state claims.' 'suggested' done 'irritation' 'friction' respecting exercise vis-a -vis convictions 'might ameliorated.' 42 What signify? being invited voluntarily obliterate however conducive thwart claims. invitation? Despite soft-spoken 'settled principles' future, intimation missed discerning reader dilution state-ground expected. contrary prediction belied implication principles,' declared inadequate. 43 me federalism; disrespect longer cognizable corpus, antithesis that, attempting justifiable means promoting 'efficiency' sort efficiency which, perhaps watered-down federalism, congenial federalism supposed ours. venture system known priceless aspect Constitutionalism, spectre implicit less Noia. below rests dismiss writ improvidently granted. wrote reported July 11, 1963, Southern Reporter advance sheets, 289. withdrawn page bound volume Reporter. Citations hereinafter designate sheet cited material referred text four digits license plate, obscured; independently substantiated. plate outside ever accepted wrappers cogent corroborative lead plethora attacks rules; announced yield vast majority seems apart Hence, included overlooked although usual practice prosecution. Lewis 767, 401; Adams 202 68, 593; Smith 205 170, 698. offers mandate; probably refers 294, 295, overlooks just presence renewed, supra. rely precluded default. 1161. premature questions, intimate pertinent controlling standard governing legality seizure, Ker California, 374 1623, 726, husband. officer, testimony; yet ruled harmless 376, 1780, 953. occurring honor curative examination cross-examination, 446, amounts absence prompted litigation strategy, holding. amounting half-page printed record, adds scarcely Habeas petitions prisoners district increased 1,903 3,531, 85.5%, 1963 1964 fiscal year. Annual Report Director, Administrative Office Courts, (1964); Miscellaneous Docket, primarily listed, continues increases. 878 1956 Term 1,532 Term. Meador, Accommodating Criminal Procedure Federal Postconviction Review, 50 A.B.A.J. 928 (October 1964). Brennan, Some Aspects Federalism. N.Y.U.L.Rev. 945, 957 959 (1964). 'evidence' points inferred made. support, does, appendix attorney start chair introduced, 'jerk coat tail' lawyer, 'returning seat.' hard infer suspicion consciously 383, 819 (footnote omitted). attorneys power. When argued exchange State: 'Q. Does (state) (a object) sees fit circumstances? 'A. I'm talking (Brooks infra text) respects trampled. it's absolutely rigid, unbreakable, irrevocable rule? That's right, honor. justify? correct.' found (a) (b) necessary, (c) retrial defendants hanging moving strike piece crucial getting (ante, 449, n. 4) proceed 'overlooked' hardly requires comment. Furthermore, fully elaborated exercised (as did) relief. recognized judges order 'ambushing' withholding questionable Federalism upside systems. Fed.Rules Crim.Proc. 41(e) 26; Milanovich, 626, cert. 371 876, 145, 115; Hollingsworth 321 342, 350; Isaacs 301 706, 734—735, 818, 58; Murray, 297 812, 369 828, 845, 794; Metcalf 195 213, 216—217. shows, bar. follow free discretion. Even abuse. If, insulate strip differentiate sets operates perverse way.

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