Document: 345 U.S. 83 73 S.Ct. 534 97 L.Ed. 842 ORLOFFv.WILLOUGHBY, Commandant of Fort Lawton, Seattle, Wash. No. 444. Argued Jan. 13, 1953. Decided March 9, Rehearing Denied April 6, See 931, 779. Messrs. David Rein, Washington, D.C., Stanley Faulkner, New York City, for petitioner. Mr. Robert S. Erdahl, respondent. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion Court. 1 Petitioner presents a novel case. Admitting that he was lawfully inducted into Army, asks courts, by habeas corpus, to discharge him because has not been assigned specialized duties nor given commissioned rank which claims be entitled circumstances his induction. The petitioner had passed ages liable induction except under Universal Military Training and Service Act, 50 U.S.C.App. § 454(i)(1)(A), U.S.C.A.Appendix, authorizes conscription certain 'medical allied specialist categories'. statute sets up priority system calling such specialists, first being those who received professional training at government expense during World War II have served less than ninety days since completion training. As doctor this program, Orloff subject provision called pursuant it. 2 His petition alleged illegally restrained liberty service only as but, after induction, neither appropriate profession so discharged. He Army regulations practice one can serve officer applied but an appointment. also requested assignment physician's duties, with or without commission, denied him. 3 return order show cause asserted therefore court is jurisdiction matter. An affidavit Colonel Willoughby set forth petitioner, sixteen weeks army medical following awarded 'potential military occupation specialty' laboratory technician. Appointment in Medical Corps Reserve, said, still consideration. It orders same any other person. 4 Answering respondent raised affirmative defenses command both matter person were exclusive President United States Commander Chief Armed Forces, failed exhaust administrative remedies. Respondent further stated application commission processed authorities 'because particular statements made concerning prior membership association organizations designated Attorney General on October 30, 1950 Executive Order 9835 (5 U.S.C.A. 631 note),' jurisdiction, corpus does lie purpose 5 By way traverse, detail qualifications physician psychiatrist technician status doctor's work required no more four-month layman field school. This, claims, within category conscripted. willing specialist, is, doctor, offered services grade private advised could upon commissioned. 6 Upon pleadings proceeded hearing. Petitioner's counsel told trial question involved Army's granting asking anybody give else claimed until prepared use doctor. admitted request discharge. Evidence taken indicating specialty usual physician. judge concluded law require drafted categories' functions only, interpreted status, far obedience concerned, if statutes insist used category. writ. 104 F.Supp. 14. 7 On appeal, Court Appeals pointed out, case argued briefed Government broad theory doctors saw fit, duty inductees discretion. agreed ground affirmed.1 8 We granted certiorari,2 parties changed positions nimbly dancing quadrille. here admits generally says now such. denies yet fully satisfy requirement. Notwithstanding position before court, anyway must wants 9 In its present posture, questions presented are, first, whether accept Government's concession such; second, law, commission; third, federal power mustered member Forces discriminatory illegal treatment duties. 10 1. This Court, course, bound courts below erred law. They accepted argument then and, they right doing so, we should affirm. think, however, well confessing error candid reversal commendable. understand accepts governing itself interpretation toward conscripted skills. To separate groups from generality citizenship render them their expert callings divert form class would raise bad faith unlawful discrimination. agree obligate classify specially personnel categories rendered conceded, general are judicial review corpus. 11 2. cannot comply appellant's insistence assume correct stating it uniform doctors; indeed, Congress provided consist '* * officers brigadier general.' U.S.C. 91, 91. But repealed 91 substituted place language: '(The Corps) shall Regular appointed therein members may thereto Secretary *.' 81—1, 81—1. 94, provides interests demand. Thus, language Act Reorganization referred above there implication all Doctor's Draft either 12 Petitioner, concessions hearing effect involved, avoided full litigation facts back noncommissioned enough appears make plain refusing commission. 13 just captain Corps, Air Force Reserve. When refused execute loyalty certificate prescribed officers, appointment revoked information subversive advocated overthrow force violence. gave reason 'as conscience, I object filling out involves inquisition my personal beliefs views. Moreover, inquiry organizational affiliations employs principle guilt association, am vigorously opposed. Further, understanding listed notice caused Supreme invalidate it.' 14 After inducted, another filed again supply information. stated, 'I attended public meetings Civil Rights National Council American-Soviet Friendship. 1943, co-authored radio play latter organization. Over period 1/2 months classes Jefferson School Social Sciences (ending Spring 1950). With respect contained annexed list compelled claim Federal Constitutional Privilege. However, never considered myself aforesaid.' 'Are you ever Communist Party, U.S.A. Organization?' 'Federal constitutional privilege claimed.' 15 misconception right, own terms. 16 commissions officers. 11, 11. held that, hold virtue President, Officer Army. v. Mouat, 124 303, 505, 31 463. authorized alone appoint grades including colonel, advice consent Senate required. 55 Stat. 728, amended, 57 380, 506d note. 17 obvious commissioning discretion province Chief. Whatever control exerted over tenure compensation appointment, assumed process appointing civilian positions. 18 like every conscript, private. obtain change requires authority President. true seeks long consistent seems serving doctor; one, too, authorizing draft probably contemplated normally forthcoming. But, haggle about loyalty. appear us breaks America. easily convinced whole establishment step Orloff. 19 President's recites 'reposing special trust confidence patriotism, valor, fidelity abilities' appointee named specified pleasure Could whatever might matter, rationally must, even ought to, issue will answer Party? 20 punished having Constitution guarantees. No least repeatedly sustained assertion Communists against self-incrimination, doubts Orloff's withhold himself ground. believes so. time take tell truth incriminate post honor trust. hesitation answering 'No.' 21 our view fitness governs. Regardless what individually think usefulness oaths validity General's organizations, doubt States, certifying rank, learn thinks affect fitness. Perhaps ask some these questions, others, rights fit habits, associations attitudes applicant honor. Whether deserves judges say idle, worse, remand lower 22 3. leaves assignments duty. conceded legal assign falling categories.' area covered many varieties classification belonged inductive purposes defined includes merely psychiatrists technicians, while category, large left commanding obtained basic education Government. life pursued specialty. very essence compulsory subordination desires individual needs service. A obstetrics, limited specialty, refuse category? 23 Each choose extend admission determination judiciary. 24 nature controversy survives changes patients psychiatric field. allowed pertain apart restricted administering drugs treatments said induce facilitate state hypnotism. prerogative, free administer treatments. says, possession important draw influence drugs. Of function judiciary resolve controversy, returned District evidence issues involved. 25 determine specific fall surely necessary permitted cover classification, expect exempt occasional incidental strictly medical. wide latitude command. 26 know top bottom complaint often made, sometimes justification, discrimination, favoritism objectionable handling men. task running responsibility setting channels through grievances fairly settled rests subordinates. constitutes community governed discipline civilian. Orderly scrupulous interfere legitimate matters intervene matters. While found occasion orders, where revise 27 proceeding urges redefined, default requests discharged Nothing convince unlawfully, case, go character orders. Discrimination unavoidable Some dangerous missions; others find soft spots. Courts presumably great entertain complaints thousands soldiers entertaining shown ordered sent Far East Command, engaged combat. proceedings, remained successfully foreign almost past. Presumably, Party place. difficult see exercise urged disruptive affairs peculiarly authorities. 28 nothing accomplished returning litigation. judgment affirmed. 29 Affirmed. 30 BLACK, whom FRANKFURTER DOUGLAS concur, dissenting. FRANKFURTER'S dissent. 32 confesses tells erroneous Dr. range activities. Apparently admitting retained do something performance services, nevertheless refuses send factual determined usually exceedingly reluctant disputed facts. why feels affirm admittedly deciding mere unsworn here. And reasons reversed. 33 believe when stipulated utilize giving backed away stipulation. agrees. agree. 34 Since 1847, hundred six years ago, officers.* long-standing harmony exists today. (Supp. IV) 81 91a, §§ 91a. congressional hearings discussions act indicate repeated assurances commissions. sponsors 'discriminatory legislation,' singling allies, providing age, although people age group discrimination justified lieutenant's accordance century-old 96 Cong.Rec. 13861. America drafting 35 sound denying privileges doctors. 3,989 last October. genuine country, unthinkable responsible armed forces let part sick wounded soldiers. If dependable despite failure past associations. used, entitles 36 record indicates me, practitioner, treated kind parish punish Doubtless crime privilege. attempt draftees asserting hardly would, done Congress. Should attempted hope promptly declare unconstitutional. punishment imposed rights, according due 37 fair slightest inference drawn course did avoid abroad. 38 episode me too-rapidly increasing number Americans calmer future likely point much pride. 39 FRANKFURTER, BLACK join, 40 lies entirely control. Although follow precluded condition Receiving clearly right; retaining doubt, lawful fails depends conditions drafted. 41 central statute, 64 826, 454(i)(1), not, statutory construction, fulfilled. That strongly supported 'regulations provide medicine holds officer.'* floor charge legislation formal committee report, receipt keeping provisions. loose legislative history, questioned reports committees utterances constitute authoritative exposition meaning legislation. hard powerful American Association oppose provisions otherwise draftable adopted face opposition. 42 independent investigation relevant factors bearing legislation, beyond brought attention, Hearings House Committee Services H.R. 9554, 81st Cong., 2d Sess. 7164, 7166—7167, 7189, 7223; 13861, enable confident rejecting contention mean mandamus compel grant alternative. tertium quid release doctor-draftee unfit basis put how dispose complete indifference crucial issue. inadmissible shifting arguments Government, driven position. Only keep man undeviating. law; pledge profession, apparently was, duly commissioned, disregard pledge. immaterial quirky notions withheld Cir., 195 F.2d 209. 344 873, 175. February 123, 124—125. Compare Petition Writ Habeas Corpus, par. 7, T.R. 2, Answer 9; 23—24.

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