Document: 398 U.S. 74 90 S.Ct. 1648 26 L.Ed.2d 100 Stephen S. CHANDLER, United States District Judge for the Western of Oklahoma, Petitioner,v.JUDICIAL COUNCIL OF TENTH CIRCUIT UNITED STATES. No. 2, Misc. Argued Dec. 10, 1969. Decided June 1, 1970. Rehearing Denied 29, See 399 937, 2248. Thomas J. Kenan, Oklahoma City, Okl., petitioner. Carl L. Shipley, Washington, D.C., amicus curiae. Charles Alan Wright, Austin, Tex., respondent. Solicitor Gen., Erwin N. Griswold, States, curiae, by special leave Court. Mr. Chief Justice BURGER delivered opinion 1 Petitioner, a Judge, filed motion to file petition writ mandamus or alternatively prohibition addressed Judicial Council Tenth Circuit. His seeks resolution questions first impression concerning, inter alia, scope and constitutionality powers Councils under 28 U.S.C. §§ 137 332.1 The each federal circuit is, present statute, composed active judges circuit. Petitioner has asked this Court issue an order All Writs Act2 telling 'cease acting (in) violation its in Chandler's rights as judge American citizen.' background facts are some importance. 2 * On December 13, 1965, Circuit convened session,3 adopted which reflected long history controversy between petitioner concerning conduct work assigned Order 13 purported authority § 332, supra, n. recited that during 3 'the past four years at many meetings discussed considered business done so with particular regard effect thereon attitude Chandler who, District, is primarily responsible administration such business. *' 4 noted period had been party defendant both civil criminal litigation, well subject two applications disqualify him litigation on challenge refused himself.4 continued finding 5 'Judge presently unable, unwilling, discharge efficiently duties his office; change must be made division assignment cases Oklahoma; effective expeditious requires orders herein made.' 6 Expressly invoking directed 7 'until further Council, Honorable shall take no action whatsoever any case proceeding now hereafter pending all proceedings before reassigned among other said court; until instituted asigned whatsoever. 8 'It ORDERED event including Chandler, cannot agree themselves upon necessary order, disagreement being brought attention, will act make it deems proper.' Copies above were Appeals 27 28, respectively. Another copy was served U. Marshal. 9 January 6, 1966, previously noted, and/or Council. He also sought stay Order. General, appearing behalf deny application Council's representation only temporary prompt inquiry into court. denied 21, ground 'entirely interlocutory character permitted appear counsel *.' 382 1003, 86 610, 15 494. 10 24, letter fellow district indicating he objected removal reassignment but not them new than himself. asserted continuing judicial authority, however, over 28. following day advised Disrict agreed court, they could then Chandler. 11 27, again session ordered hearing February City invited appear, if desired. However, 4, when met again, desired heard pursuant hearing. Accordingly, took place. 12 At same meeting concluded there Judges business; reached conclusion basis 1965. accordingly, entered authorizing continue sit asssigned prior 1965; after date. This '4. may amended modified written signed provided nothing contained construed preventing from surrendering re-assignment another prevent transfer whom order. 14 '5. supersedes entitled 'In Matter Oklahoma' remain Council.' 9, General memorandum suggesting light developments, namely confirmation dispose load accordance become moot since more argue about. To reply 25, contesting suggestion acquiesced actions. argued acquiescence settled given deliberately reasons 'strategy' possibility find unable adoption rules orders' distribution 137. A supplemental expressed latter's position should docket pre-December seeking cases. In view withdrew mootness. Later March 1966 submitted asserting beyond purporting require certify subsequent willingness ability undertake contended setting forth condition apply fixing still exercise office. 16 July 12, 1967, and, report showing pending, modification might transmitted minutes consider anew within District. August wrote colleagues claiming 'illegal effort' create situation assert assign apportion 17 September Judges, current agreeable circumstances.' (Emphasis added.) When weeks later, latter expressing agreement need case; accordingly left effect. these developments reported Clerk part record. 18 essence challenges relating conditions constitutional judge. Specifically, urges usurped impeachment power, committed Constitution Congress exclusively. While conceding statute here invoked confers contends legitimate administrative purposes turned do include stripping functions claims here. 19 invoke original jurisdiction does extend. argues purely taken never reviewed court guise claim Act. 20 altogether superseded 1966. latter, petitioner's desire, gave back those temporarily withdrawn It force Alternatively, even absent cases, nonetheless authorized 332. 21 who brief entertain because acted judicial, administrative, tribunal requirement fall Court's appellate jurisdiction. suggests nor less sitting en banc, analogized disbarment.5 From concludes falls extraordinary relief available through That turn rests assumption supervisory lower courts First Judiciary Act, Stat. 80, 81, sections repealed favor Act revision Code 1948. concludes, though Court, ought exercised terms have expressly approved respondent point. 22 Whether respect one side line defining maximum permissible intervention consistent independence ultimate question review us. dissenting seems impingement independence. There can, course, us imperative total absolute deciding phase decisional function. But quite matter say complex system ruler manner conducting whether can vest power enforce reasonable standards where held, how delayed decision, tried, routine matters. As things—and indeed almost infinite variety others nature—can monarch yet function efficiently? 23 legislative 332 related statutes clear management needed granted.6 precisely what group distinguished chief seem mind when, 1939, urged Hughes, Groner, Parker, Stephens Biggs, give statutory framework whereby 'put their own house order.' 24 Many courts—including courts—have informal, unpublished which, example, provide number submission, opinions 'backlog.' These reasonable, proper, rules, enforcement reasonably doubted. internal come public notice simply acknowledge necessity abide intent. refuses procedures, hardly machinery recourse. 25 debated; easy risks suggested dissents lightly cast aside. follow we answer threshold relief. 'can constitutionally insofar writs aid Marbury v. Madison, Cranch 137, 173—180, L.Ed. 60.' Ex parte Republic Peru, 318 578, 582, 63 793, 796, 87 1014 (1943). If challenged decision tribunal,7 perhaps without doing violence appellate. concurring amply demonstrate, prerequisites support would mean feat. decline perform conclude posture avenues merits open Rescue Army Municipal 331 549, 568—575, 67 1409, 1410, 1419—1423, 91 1666 (1947). kind duress flowing 'strategy,' specifically avoid appearance absence work. By creating undoubtedly noting reach found existed. Despite apparent acquiescence, actions belie words; attack established disagreement. Whatever attempt ways, thing clear: except effort seek once giving either tribunal.8 Were disagree business, thereupon obliged 'make orders.' chose course. HARLAN'S points out, apparently desires status quo ante restored bother disagreeing persuading enter another. least remarkable lawyer behalf. 29 Instead, immediate 13. above, 79, counsel. attend called response order; gives reason unwilling 'attend conducted body whose *.'9 result refusal record, agency, very knotty jurisdictional problem well.10 Parenthetically appeared, person counsel, impairing matter. 30 conceded dissents, terminated twice disposition effected Nothing record that, express disagreement, forthcoming. contrary, rule advising 31 reviewable here, plainly prohibition. therefore 32 Denied. 33 MARSHALL consideration case. 34 HARLAN, denial writ. 35 sets my concluding (1) subsisting raises issues adequately presented faced it; (2) pass them; (3) promulgation effectuation hence denied. novelty unusual require, regrettably, length. 36 I am perplexed explanation failure petition. states, so, invalid bounds authority. says, correctly believe, relief.' Ante, 86. decided, closes statement jurisdiction, 'plainly prohibition.' predicate appears adequate remedy disposition, cites (1947), lends itself gloss today places it. 37 although revoked, outstanding attacked exercisable Code. certified allocation mandated Order; indeed, certification relied moot. immediately responded did way concede Order, indication constitute concession. 'that longer deemed moot.' 38 thus stands: unequivocally asserts contention sound, validly directives 'rules issued Though us, evident portion continually challenging validity attempts modify previous requesting restoration ante, achieve marked departure currently allocated. 39 right accomplish mobilizing unanimous action, allows do. Further, denies deprive course required request renege obtaining illegal equally access making tantamount form 40 Although states decide claim, see 87, read determination insubstantial. 'remarkable posture' choose remaining Judges. '(n)othing forthcoming,' premised holding relegated action. 88—89. contrary contends, members sharply differ. explained Part III, infra, too believe lacks meritorious complaint. properly determining question. 41 Army, provides procedure. represents branch longsettled doctrine determine unnecessarily sufficient clarity possible circumspect require. generally id., 568—585, 1419—1428; Ashwander Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 288, 346, 56 466, 483, 80 688 (1936) (Brandeis, J., concurring). Because highly abstract speculative form, clouded factors case,1 dismissed appeal, declining adjudicate them. appellant there, state charges, undergo trial charges claims. case, rejecting appellant's obtain tribunal, U.S., 584, S.Ct., 1427. carefully 565—568, 1417 1419. 42 suggest, footnote, alternative 8. means Federal 1361, justify staying hand sought. pointed out wholly unrealistic suggest appropriate obtained extends 'officers,' 'employees,' 'agencies' States; empowers Courts tribunals. Thus, concede, availability hinges determination, avoids making, not. Brief Respondent 19. Beyond direct serious incongruities practical problems certainly contemplated 1361 enacted. imply presents avenue justifying 43 troublesome ones wish deciding. perceive reasoned justification Marshall ago enunciated principle govern here: 44 most true not: true, should. With whatever doubts, difficulties, attended, it, We given, usrup given.' Cohens Virginia, Wheat. 264, 404, 257 (1821). 45 abrogated merely undertook define limits our license today. II 46 Before considered, determined possesses Brothers Black Douglas think warrants fuller treatment A. Constitutional Jurisdiction 47 Any discussion point Ed. 60 (1803), held instances enumerated Article III Constitution,2 original—jurisdiction. suit cognizable cause, initially 48 compel Secretary State deliver appointed justice peace commission. After heads Marshall, concluded: 'To enable then, mandamus, shown (the Court) jurisdiction.' Id., 175. issuance nonjudicial officer appellate, original, Thus authorize Supreme ineffective. Story, Commentaries 1761 (5th ed. 1891). 49 stated, 'essential criterion revises corrects cause already instituted, cause.' Cranch, cavil, inferior re Winn, 213 458, 465—466, 515, 516 517, 53 873 (1909). instance 'an power.' vested them, curtailing review. Williams 289 553, 566, 751, 755, 77 1372 (1933); Old Colony Trust Co. Commissioner Internal Revenue, 279 716, 723, 499, 501, 73 918 (1929); Sanborn, 148 222, 224, 577, 429 (1893). hand, not, alone III. An analysis nature begin created. 50 circuits 7, termed 'An courts, purposes.' 1223. major free reliance Department budgetary matters, 'to furnish self-improvement, able scrutinize develop efficiency promptness justice.' H.R.Rep. 702, 76th Cong., 1st Sess., (1939). end Administrative Office Courts, headed Director, compile statistical data operation services logistical nature.3 entities circuits: judges, Conference, along participating bar. regular meetings, reports Director 'such thereon' necessary;4 Conference meet annually 'for purpose considering ways improving circuit.'5 51 provisions indicate, envisioned different three bodies. role Office, 'administrative' narrowest sense term. entrusted performance business—his was, collect information use themselves. Groner Columbia, chairman committee participated drafting bill, stressed Senate Committee bill 'supervision control duties,' grant 'would destroy fundamentals theory government. Director) proposed officer.' Hearings 188 Subcommittee Judiciary, (1939) (response Senator Hatch). (statement Holtzoff). 52 complementary role, divorced involvement Patterned large voluntary conferences Fourth Circuit, intended opportunity friendly interchange bench bar, grow increased understanding enhanced cooperation toward solution. Its function, indicated language quoted 'purely advisory.' H.R. 5999 House 11—12, 17, 23—24 designed actual participant '(t)o effectively expeditiously transacted,' council year. necessary. duty promptly carry directions respective courts.'6 provision exists relevant change, 1948 added declaration '(e)ach circuit,' correspondingly 'orders.' reviser's note amendment 'phraseology,' embodying words councils. 308, 80th A46 54 helpful guide envisaged testimony shouldered task explaining committees Houses Congress. existing law 'no speed up admonish bearing full fair burden expected bear, criticism, responsible.' 188, 11. contrast, 'observe wrong justice, sources arise, attention corrected, themselves.' 55 examples kinds statistics showed falling behind work, 'see catches assistance current.' appeared 'had sick months hold another, transact correct situation.' 5999, Asked Representative Walter 'what advisement years,' matter, 'final.' 'lazy judge's council, (which) action.' 27.7 Parker stated this, point: decisions judges. 57 'If Jones decides views majority Appeals, tell reverse him. holds years, instead promptly, about mandamus. Now, (bill) authorizes something you it.' 21. 58 place inadequate extreme abuse continuous supervision flow courts. 59 short, fill hiatus existed then-current arrangements, Attorney collected corrective 'except, perhaps, moral suasion office.' allow compilation complete information, 'provide method, legitimate, valid, legal necessary, clean house'; 'give body, firmly lodged, expeditiously.' Report Powers Responsibilities Councils, H.R.Doc. 201, 87th Sess. (1961); Fish, Councils: Rusty Hinges Administration, U.Chi.L.Rev. 203 (1970). regulate official duties, acts sponsors agency arm government States. passage government.' unearthed Director's studies 'corrected, 12—13. 61 references throughout hearings fact E.g., Vanderbilt); 31—32 Hon. Harold M. Stephens); Holtzoff); approval endorsement Judicature Society, stating 'there fortify equal enabling supervision.' Ibid. statements indicate execution decision-making regarded body. 62 important earlier draft 1939 responsibility supervising idea devolving councils level believed 'concentration various induce competence districts circuit.' 3. notable while draftsmen 4—5, thought officers. indications doubt Councils' architects granted closely bound process judging itself.8 shows bodies placement violate separation powers, believed. analogy placed hands 64 judge, directing handling integral step progress initial filing final adjudication. Like time discovery trial, transferring 1404(a), concerned 'judicial administration,' Unlike common involve subordinate officer. unlike supplement, disbarment attorney. ordering certain measures indicates understood, nature.9 65 conclusion, Holmes Prentis Atlantic Coast Line Co., 211 210, 226, 67, 69, 150 (1908), inquiry' 'investigates, declares enforces liabilities stand laws supposed exist,' contrasted legislation, 'looks future changes applied thereafter ratemaking Virginia Corporation Commission character, despite assumed performing duties. Similarly, Ferreira, How. 40, (1852), passing treaty, Treasury, one; Congress, referred office 'merely designation persons confided, territorial extends.' 47. Gordon Wall. 561, 921 (1865); Metzger, 176, 104 (1847); Hayburn's Case, Dall. 409, 436 (1792). 66 are, Holmes' definitions, legislative, rather judicial; membership coextensive circuit10 designating individual reference Certainly urging Congress' judicial. think, general definition term Prentis. rule,' disregards orders, rooted factual circumstances entered, far 'necessary courts.' serve judgment. Those commonly accepted notions proper situations like later enactments 109 110, necessarily involves amount discretion; usually narrow scope. 'left planning agencies.' National Bank, 386 361, 369, 1088, 1094, 151 (1967). anticompetitive bank merger outweighed considerations community convenience need. ruled accept task' because, 'rule reason,' prevalent antitrust field, effect-on-competition standard familiar area competence.' Steel-workers America 361 39, (1959). clearly competence. Within establishing charged expedition Their discretion broad, possessed matters administration. instances, error occurs; often establish act.11 68 makes argument avert drawn specific powers—powers considers negate inference serves 'judicial' purview reside appointed, 134(c); 137; consent pretermission insufficient good 140(a); approve accommodations Services 142; 295; President permanent mental physical disability, appoint additional 372(b); records appeals kept, 457; plans furnishing defendants Criminal 3006A(a); referees bankruptcy, referee 62(b), 65(a), (b), 68(a), (c), 71(b), (c). 69 trivial comparison courts' basic adjudication lawsuits, persuaded possession inconsistent central responsibilities exercises Cf. Glidden Zdanok, 370 530, 580—582, 82 1459, 1488—1490, 671 (1962) (opinion Harlan, J.). place, concedes powers—the remove cause—'can judicial,' range activities Textile Mills Securities Corp. 314 326, 272, 276, 249 (1941), relatively minor responsibilities, appeals, appeals. included prescribing style seals; regulations; appointing clerk approving appointment deputy clerks; times held. Each performed 'court.' produce ancillary primary, dispute-deciding Just incidental little tasks capacities 70 second primary assorted incapable judiciary, undone congressional task; 'perverse Councils) minuscule functions.' 583, 1490. B. Statutory 71 possess article 'with Exceptions, Regulations make,' limits, prescribe exercised. McCardle, 506, 512—513, 264 (1869). turn, therefore, 72 spoken, other, regarding Councils. 1651(a), '(t)he jurisdictions usages principles law.' empower e.g., De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd. 325 212, 217, 1130, 1133, 89 1566 (1945); Alkali Export Assn. 196, 201—204, 1120, 1124—1126, 1554 (1945). 1651(a); rather, court's defeat frustrate eventual jurisdiciton intermediate See, 1133; (1943); 287 241, 248—249, 129, 130—131, 283 (1932); McClellan Carland, 217 268, 762 (1910); cf. FTC Dean Foods 384 597, 1738, 802 (1966); Roche Evaporated Milk Assn., 319 938, 1185 Glaser, 198 171, 173, 653, 654, 1000 (1905); Massachusetts, 197 482, 488, 512, 514, 845 (1905). 75 1651(a) 'in (its jurisdiction)' involved lawsuit stage. bottomed 'touches, fate, hundreds Petition Writ Prohibition Mandamus allocating otherwise decided him, usurpation remedied certiorari appeal curiae agrees invokes granted.12 expansive precedent me interpreted 76 Stone, writing characterized 'historic court' 'confining lawful prescribed jurisdiciton, compelling so.' discretionary Parr 351 513, 520—521, 912, 917, 1377 (1956): 'The sparingly exceeded 26, 941, 1185, defeated issue, Maryland Soper, 270 29—30, 185, 189, 449. Here claimed erred ruling cases; used thwart policy against piecemeal page 30, 943.'13 78 Parr, dismissing indictment Government's Government offenses district. entirely depriving office, limited conferred asserts, I, Such grave go mere 'erred (its) Will 389 90, 95—96, 98 88 269, 273—274, 275, 305 (1967); Schlagenhauf Holder, 379 104, 85 234, 152 (1964). 79 aired pertain. losing conceivably reversal encounter formidable obstacles. reviewing would, Chandler; error, detectable, entitle invalidate More basically, injury himself, apart injuries parties vindication injury. Fahey, 258, 260, 1558, 1559, 2041 (1947); Harding, 219 363, 372—380, 324, 326 330, 252 (1911). difficult multiplicity affected derogate somewhat analogous militate McCullough Cosgrave, 309 634, 703, 84 992 (1940), Los Angeles Brush Mfg. James, 272 701, .Ct. 286, 481 (1927). Brennan, La Buy Howes Leather 352 249, 266, 309, 318, 290 (1952), 81 'Los (to master) made, always masters hear patent regardless cases.' Corp., McCullough, similar pervasive disregard Rules Civil Procedure affecting numerous cases.14 83 upheld rescind referral master trial. 'was discretion,' admonished Seventh practice 'does commend itself' (and was) 'all Northern ofIllinois," 257, 314. factor 'exceptional circumstances' warrant Appeals' writs. nearly one, Third behest return unlawfully removed. Malmin, F. 785 (C.A.3d Cir. 1921). Virgin Islands, returned governor seat. Relying 262 1911, predecessor of' 791; observed lawfully litigants constituted lie error.' circumstances, orderly Islands restored.' 792. dissenter Malmin disagreed majority's defect rectified bind succeeding appointee, party. ordinary protect interest; missing parties, himself complaining interference complaint fully For sufficiently affect bring sustained, occasion writ.15 opinion, seeks. prompted recourse satisfied 'removal' anything move traffic affairs, room vigorously BLACK DOUGLAS. strenuously attacks substance re- A145 resembles 262, speculated enacting 234 supervise proceedings. 315, (1957) (Brennan, dissenting); Josephson, supra revision, arguing encompass type ruling, Reviser's Note 'consolidates' provisions, phraseology'; significant intended, inferred. referring '(u)nder common-law consistently sustained.' 582—583, 796. expression jurisdiction' characterize statues phrase 234. reviewability brings 262. moved procedures issued. substantive relied, placing restrictions functioning temporarily, unconstitutional provisions16 vesting impeach officers, exclusive fitness precluding legislation fulfillment tenure III—that maintain 'good behavior." scholarly debate, Reform 1506—S. 1516 Improvements Machinery 91st (1969). Petitioner's procedural objections relate ex parte, raise Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment. contending resolved occasion. appears, Therefore, requiring B rested Considering substantively provision. deal backlog notifying willing assignments. Supplemental Memorandum Respondent. customary measure section. summarized mandate circuit' channel inimical justice. Vinson, Business Administration: Suggestions Justices, A.B.A.J. 893, 895 (1949). study 1961 culminating Warren. report, thorough listed 'having accumulation decided.' 10. occasions U.Chi.L.Rev., 230; Lumbard, Place Administration 169, 170—171 Shafroth, Modern Developments Am.U.L.Rev. 150, 160 (1963). propriety seriously challenged. argues, council's necessitated existence prompted, backlog, desire punish misbehavior. strands argument. First, suggestions briefs Shipley taken, personal animosity. consists substantiate charge, attribute motives Second, sustainable supported bore numerically heavier lacking here.17 reflects overly restrictive role. contains positive refutation appropriately weight workloads confirms, abatement delays principal creation Councils; broad arose. cope 'any (a judge) recommending bill. S.Rep. 426, witness embrace correction 'whatever arise,' promoting strengthening confidence people.' 12—13, 14.18 report. 'patent' 'imposed seeing performed; observation, supervision, went whole functioning, institutional aspect.' 6. 'most things dealt situations, recognized extend, dealing dispatching technical sense, judiciary broader stigma, disrepute, element loss occurring attached 7. construction spelling conclusions. 8—9. powers. scrutiny, '(d)uring litigation. One pending. Two proceed pending.' whole, prima facie alleviate perceived threat C Passing now-revoked restricting interim exploration solution presented. presumed known substantial careful observe handled steps learned disposed bulk propose together, exercising proposal time. unlawful 'duress' insubstantial Even impose duress, declined 1967 invitation Serious if, exhausting much advancing refusal. inaction, valid arguments inapplicability D Finally, followed promulgating offensive conception act, demands due law. ordinarily parte. Groner). Beginning great firsthand knowledge (Chief Hughes); Vanderbilt). source gathered Office. uses heavy flexibility vary adopting especially suited fairness. 222. tradition runs counter taking assertions suspicions misbehavior incapacity. Apparently recognizing scheduled 494 (1966). canceled wished appear. me, justified issuing several ways. hearing, contain declared 'this matter' set 'present deem fit.'19 grounds based, specification, taken. boycott based stands all. declined, disturb, surely indifferent deficient invited, ordered, proposition, untenable. Throughout briefs, DOUGLAS, strong importance independent judiciary. profoundly scheme discern incursion empowering ensure supportable oversee concurs, dissenting. created 'of circuit, service.' 'shall And council.' five whatsoever.' proceedings.' dissented. allowing apportioned continues liveliest, controversial contest involving modern alleged 'disagreement' eve acquiesce 'my said: 'There grants stages Since 'assigned him,' object others, (now Marshall) moot' continuing, part: strategy selected feud continued, waged oblige. 1966: Oklahoma.' so-called 'acquiescence' entire swept mootness spite live contested ever opposition raging led former Nor late date, suggestion. General. failed exhaust Had disagreed, wanted avoid. HARLAN 137.' certifying attempting ways.' clear, ways'—for unless certifies barred Court; 1666, compels result. ripe excuse Our 'case' 'controversy' 175, 60: essential named banc. 'responsibility belongs—with judiciary.' H.R.Rep.No.702, 4. helped enacted, follows Senate:1 (give functions) respectfully be.' (Italics 'unable purpose.' directs measures. entity. Only hats. Expediting dockets Commissioner, 249: 'court jurisdiction', Under seal (§ 122, U.S.C.A. 219); regulations 122); 124, 221) clerks 125, 222); 'times' 126.' Some 'administrative.' where, moves sitting, removing pro tanto sting stigma carries. rise triggered arises. assumption, inappropriate Act.2 qualified erased. disqualified incoming carries brand put remember cessation moot: 'A dispute legality practices. old This, together interest having practices settled, militates conclusion.' W. T. Grant 345 629, 632, 894, 897, 97 1303. Nation's characteristics. Once confirmed takes oath, every works likewise sovereign. neither banded censor sanctions leverage impeachment, passed House, tried Senate, jury. Art. bars political impeachments evidenced partisan, unsuccessful, oust Samuel Chase 1805.3 Impeachment Provision Constitution4 'Officers States,' includes 'Impeachment for, Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, high Crimes Misdemeanors.' II, What 'take pending' needs oversight, regulated. slowly others; hours days. Matters regulated discipline declare inefficient strip mood opposed walk uniform step. happened rare instance; libertarian approach Bill Rights brethren. nonconformist suffered greatly saying involved. keep racial church-and-state free-press search-and-seizure railroad union profound consequences. fungible; cover spectrum; emphasis world difference comes rulings evidence, temper courtroom, tolerance proffered defense, like. Lawyers recognize talk 'shopping' judge; Senators 'advice consent' appointments; laymen appraise quality image community. subtle, imponderable allowed manipulate concept good. crucial heart controversy. heady increasing efforts groups 1969, resolutions governance Resolution provided:5 service compensation kind, loans, gifts, gratuities, honoraria otherwise, 'Provided (or service) acceptance exceptional interfere Both paid States.' Ninth Justice, bar executor mother's estate, got permit permits teach school—a enormous professional dividends implicates energy Joseph Story (who sat 1811 1845) imagine, appalled told write books6 getting permission imagine Carodozo, Jerome Frank, Learned Hand felt same.7 interest.' Pray, saw lecture, lecture notes, manuscript? 'public interest' woudl control? educated ecology conservation? 'plantation' relegate minorities second-class citizenship? freedom process? Public vast contrariety views; people, parts spectrum. How lips sealed predestined judges? covered 'compensation.' books entail royalties; tax-wise disassociate author royalties. ultimately charity, income tax returns. ride herd 'hazing' Constitution. entitled, break law, prosecuted. corrupt family stake, impeached search vain surveillance aberrations.8 idiosyncrasies displeasing measured, conservative steps. concern monstrous overtake vacating unfit oncoming censor, police, BLACK, DOUGLAS joins, Fully dissent Brother add few emphasize again1 gravity inflicting important, itself. preparation document turning country world. hopes dreams citizens signaled suffering oppressed people everywhere humane. birth plan offices Behaviour,' 'diminished Continuance Office,'2 removed convicted, punished crimes, word, phrase, clause, sentence, partly admittedly method Representatives conviction two-thirds Senate. guarantee proud boast people. regrettably compelled today, judgment, breaks faith grand principle. duly confirmed, real obscured, defended, technical, legalistic show 'valid.' viewed is—a harassment somehow feel 'unfit' going finds blatant concerted 'second-class judge,' share privileges Judiciary. arrogate Justices mode wise authors history; knew past—good, patriotic judges—had occasionally lost sometimes decrees They happen protections contrived intricacies uphold fear repudiated, hope prove evanescent dream 'Division divided observance divide prescribe. 'Judicial call, year designate, service, preside. excused sessions council. submit quarterly Courts. 'Each 1651. '(a) Alfred P. Murrah O'Bryan charging malicious prosecution; aff'd F.2d 987 (C.A.10th 1965), cert. denied, 926, 1444, 530 conspiracy cheat defraud quashed. disqualification petitioner, signing challenged, Occidental Petroleum 303 1962) (en banc), 372 915, 718, 722 (1963); Texaco, Inc. 354 655 1965) 383 936, 1066, 853 anyone Moreover, proposals member made; obviously, equated banc mandatory 'shall' spell coercive sheds implemented regulations. Standing alone, model councils' sentence Legislative clarification for. 'board directors' characterization traditional obstacle bodies, (each) could, instance, employee thereof owed complained characteristics deals nn. supra. criminally charged. meanings relationships undefined ambiguous face statutes, unclear appellant. face, below canceled, 'we well.' do, consisting interlocutory,' effects indefinite duration incumbent fails obfuscate strengthens depend DeBacker Brainard, 396 163, (1969), lack infra. significance depends, 'knotty problem' fail justifies reaching Cases Ambassadors, Ministers Consuls, Party, supreme Jurisdiction.' U.S.Const., cl. 2. 1223, amended, 601, 604. 1224, 1225, 333. full: transacted, senior call year, hereby designated purpose, section 304, clause 604(a)(2)), outside they, respectively, appointed.' 1224. explained: mind, unifying officers clothing power. 'Now, your human nature, understand Jones, You decided. them.' saying, send Smith assist arrearage cleared up.' words, man speaking persuasive influence. 'I best utilize advantage.' 20—21. guidance interpretive 'administration' witnesses Congressmen talismanic; may, contexts, bear meanings. administration' incidents rendering definitive adjudications disputes. direction applied, trial-court process. imposition contravene broached hearings, stated: say, sooner impeachment." 14. Celler reminded 'duty' directions. replied: conceive anywhere, any, but, abuse, imposed bringing existence, remedy; restraint all,' does. Of assume true: restrained inherent limitations situation. know commanded something, unwisely, refuse probably matter.' Sumners queried: 'Then punishment?' 'Absolutely,' replied Parker. 22. 18—19 correctness witnesses' short disobedience impeachable offense. detract rest history, itself, determinations addressed. said, 'speaking (a) influence.' scheme, invalidation transferred docket. rate, aspect conduct. mechanisms problematic orders. 8; Aetna Life Ins. Haworth, 300 227, 461, 617 (1937); Nashville, C. & St. L.R. Wallace, 288 345, 730 difficulty characterizing 'case controversy' regulates Where, restrict tasks, alleges just Note, Exclusiveness Power Constitution, Harv.L.Rev. 334 Bradley, 364, 214 (1869); Robinson, 505, 205 (1874); 107 265, Ct. 569, 552 (1883) (mandamus courts). litigant aggrieved justiciable controversy, Compare 43(a) Fed.Rule App.Proc. 35(a). virtually determination. 134(c) ('(i)f require'), ('necessary orders'), 142 ('court quarters necessary'), 372(b) ('judge disability'); 62(b) ('(r)emoval incompetency, misconduct, neglect duty'). agrees, 'substantially advanced General,' 1651 proceeding, notes doubt. parties. Bankers Cas. Holland, 346 379, 382—383, 145, 147—148, 106 (1953). effect, 15, stage, carried forward 1651) applicable. per curiam disclose there. early predecessors (a). specify furnished overlapping Section derived 1789, only, 'power warranted jurisdictions, conferring 'a historic function,' essentially revising potential otherwise.' 218 174, 177—178 (C.A.1st 1954). Rives, 313, 323—324, 667 (1880); 375—377, Crane, Pet. 190, 92 (1831). auxiliary consolidated Reviser' 'revised explicit implied 'special provisions' 'were omitted unnecessary revised section.' A144— 3; figures predicated series four-year 'has business.' Approximately 'whether suitable changed extent dictate order,' examined 138 92, 91, 99 respectively Further 31, 1967. discovering requested notification receiving message Subsequent statistics, six Groner); Parker). pertinent 'Honorable etc. *,' therein thereto 'pending 9:30 A.M., Thursday, Room 5009 Courthouse fit.' 12—13 (Apr. 5, 1939). 1651(a). Trial Chase, vols. (1805, shorthand H. Lloyd). vary. New York constitution Friedman State, N.Y.2d 528, 301 N.Y.S.2d 484, N.E.2d 369. suspended November study, residue 'receives non-judicial exceeding $100' 'receiving officer' 1970, forms listing received gifts excess $100, knowing participation financial 'fiduciary positions' trustee executor.' Equity Jurisprudence (2 vols., 1836); Pleadings (1838); Conflict Laws (1834); (3 1833); Law Agency (1839); Bailments (1832); Bills Exchange (1843); Partnership (1841); Promissory Notes (1845); Familiar Exposition (1840); Selection Actions (1805). Cardozo: Growth (1931); Literature Other Essays Addresses Nature (1921). Hand: (1958). Frank: Trial—Myth Reality (1949); Not Guilty (1957); Men Angels (1942); Fate Freedom 1506, amend c. Disabilities Tenure, service; 'undertake investigation behavior article;' third recommend standard: 'Willful misconduct willful persistent judge.' 1004, (1966) (dissenting opinion). 1.

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