Document: 468 U.S. 641 104 S.Ct. 3262 82 L.Ed.2d 487 Donald T. REGAN, Secretary of the Treasury, et al.v.TIME, INC. No. 82-729. Supreme Court United States Argued Nov. 9, 1983. Decided July 3, 1984. Syllabus Title 18 U.S.C. § 474 makes it a crime to photograph any obligation or other security States. But 504(1) permits printing publishing illustrations such "for philatelic, numismatic, educational, historical, newsworthy purposes in articles, books, journals, newspapers, albums," if are black and white less than three-fourths more one one-half size original negative plates used making destroyed after their final authorized use. Appellee magazine publisher, being warned that was violating §§ 504 by photographic color reproduction currency on cover its magazines, brought an action Federal District seeking declaratory judgment statutes were unconstitutional face as applied appellee injunction preventing enforcement. The Court, ruling appellee's favor, held violated First Amendment. Held: is affirmed part reversed part. 539 F.Supp. 1371 (1982), Justice WHITE delivered opinion with respect Part II-A, concluding 504's purpose requirement unconstitutional. It cannot be sustained valid time, place, manner regulation because discriminates basis content violation A determination newsworthiness educational value help but based message delivers. Under 504, will allowed another disallowed solely Government determines not. Pp. 648-649. WHITE, joined THE CHIEF JUSTICE, REHNQUIST, O'CONNOR, Parts II-B, II-C, II-D, that: 1 1. issue validity publication vagueness overbreadth grounds properly addressed. There no evidence has ever, have difficulty meeting requirement, therefore only academic interest appellee. And where not clear from record prevent person utilizing otherwise legitimate photograph, publisher claim statute overbroad unconstitutionally precludes nonpublishers reproductions even though they meet statute's requirements. 649-652. 2 2. fact does automatically render entire regulatory scheme invalid. Whether provision severable remainder largely question legislative intent, presumption favor severability. Here, appears policies Congress sought advance enacting 504—to ease administrative burden without hindering Government's efforts enforce counterfeiting laws—can effectuated unenforceable. 652-655. 3 3. Section requirements reasonable regulations can constitutionally imposed those wishing publish currency. Compliance these expressing view subject using views. Moreover, need evaluate nature imparted order requirements, since restrict which presented. Such also effectively serve compelling counterfeiting. Because provisions real concern when complied with, constitutional. 655-659. 4 STEVENS, constitutional, concluded permissible methods minimizing risk fraud well counterfeiting, minimal impact ability communicate effectively. 697-704. 5 Elliott Schulder, Washington, D.C., for appellants. 6 Stuart W. Gold, New York City, 7 announced O'CONNOR join. 8 Constitution expressly empowers "provide Punishment Securities current Coin States." Const., Art. I, 8, cl. 6. Pursuant authority, enacted two together use 474, ¶ 6, 504. Southern violate Appellants ask us overturn judgment. 9 * during Civil War combat surge caused great increase obligations issued fund war unsettled economic conditions time. See v. Raynor, 302 540, 544-546, 58 353, 355-356, L.Ed. 413 (1938). sixth paragraph section provides criminal liability anyone who "prints, photographs, executes engraving, print, impression likeness . [of States] thereof. ."1 10 This complete ban remained statutory exception almost century. However, Treasury Department developed practice granting special permission wished certain paper money purposes. In 1958, acted codify amending2 so permit "printing, publishing, importation albums. ." 504(1). "prevent possibility instrument fraud," S.Rep. 2446, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. (1958) (hereafter 2446); H.R.Rep. 1709, Sess., 1709), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News pp. 5268, 5272, effort avoid creating would "facilitate counterfeiting," at 5-6; adopted three restrictions normally granted create photographs. First, had white. Second, undersized oversized, i.e., original. third, use.3 Therefore, under present scheme, may make risking (numismatic, newsworthy), (articles, albums), (black white), (less original) 504(1), negatives immediately 11 Over course past decades, Time, Inc., several popular been advised Secret Service agents particular appearing magazines Despite warnings, Time continued reproductions. When front February 16, 1981, Sports Illustrated carried $100 bills pouring into basketball hoop, agent informed Time's legal department illustration federal law necessary seize all materials connection production cover. asked names addresses printers prepared requested interview member management. Ten days later, initiated against Director Service, others,4 defendants enforcing threatening statutes. 12 On cross-motions summary judgment, ruled Time. (SDNY 1982). court first determined speech protected then could itself pass constitutional muster although protect overbroad. 13 exceptions permitted did save blanket prohibition presented problems own. Focusing appear article, book, journal, newspaper, album purposes, required distinctions matter. vague, observing "[t]he what 'philatelic, newsworthy' rife assumption open varying interpretation" definition newspaper anyone's game play." F.Supp., 1390. thus both 14 review Court's decision invoking this appellate jurisdiction 28 1252. We noted probable jurisdiction, 459 1198, 103 1180, 75 428 (1983), determine whether survive scrutiny. II 15 correctly observed "[b]ecause interrelationship Sections ultimate analysis must directed sections tandem." 1385. outlined apply "[n]otwithstanding chapter," including 474. applies fails Thus, sufficiently accommodate Amendment interests, upheld. accordingly begin our inquiry focusing A. 16 assert regulations. " 'may upon either matter speech.' Heffron International Society Krishna Consciousness, 452 640, 648, 101 2559, 2564, 69 298 (1981) (quoting Consolidated Edison Co. Public Comm'n N.Y., 447 530, 536, 100 2326, 2332, 65 319 (1980)). 'serve significant governmental interest.' U.S., 649, S.Ct., 2565 Virginia Pharmacy Board Citizens Consumer Council, 425 748, 771, 96 1817, 1830, 48 346 (1976)). 'leave ample alternative channels communication information.' 2564 Board, supra, 1830). content. agree. 17 concerning statute, conveyed while permissibility often "dependent conveyed." Carey Brown, 455, 461, 2286, 2290, 263 (1980). Regulations discriminate tolerated Id., 463, 2291; Police Chicago Mosley, 408 92, 95-96, 92 2289-2290, 33 212 (1972). infirm.5 B limiting exemption likenesses contained "publications" do address issue, however, there suggestion requirement.6 standing alone, limitation prudential restraint, sit resolve issues passing parties. 19 nevertheless contends renders challenge Kolender Lawson, 461 352, 358-359, n. 1855, 1859, 903 (1983); Ferber, 458 747, 768-769, 102 3348, 3360-3361, 73 1113 (1982); Schaumburg Better Environment, 444 620, 634, 826, 834, 63 (1980); Broadrick Oklahoma, 601, 612-616, 93 2908, 2915-2918, 37 830 (1973); Thornhill Alabama, 310 88, 98, 60 736, 742, 84 1093 (1940). essence argument seems publishers conform statute. raised behalf others substantially overbroad, substantial portion cases applies. 770, 3361; 615, 2917. How before us. describing non-counterfeiting uses put, House Senate Committees referred situations publications involved.7 light paucity contrary,8 we assume reach "dwarfs arguably impermissible applications" non-publishers. 773, 3363. invocation doctrine unavailing C 20 unconstitutional, error. addressed case. More importantly, follow fail.9 21 exercising power constitutionality Act, should act cautiously. unconstitutionality frustrates intent elected representatives people. refrain invalidating necessary. As observed, "whenever contains unobjectionable separable found duty declare, maintain far valid." El Paso Northeastern R. Gutierrez, 215 87, 96, 30 21, 24, 54 106 (1909). upheld some same Buckley Valeo, 424 1, 108, 612, 677, 46 659 (1976); Jackson, 390 570, 585-591, 88 1209, 1218-1221, 138 (1968); Co., 24. Griffin Breckenridge, 403 104, 91 1790, 1799, 29 338 (1971). For reasons, refused separate, controlling Champlin Refining Corporation 286 210, 234-235, 52 559, 564-565, 76 1076 (1932); Southwestern Oil Texas, 217 114, 120-121, 496, 498, 688 (1910); Field Clark, 143 695-696, 495, 505, 36 294 (1892). Before remaining absence requirement. 22 'Unless evident Legislature within power, independently not, invalid dropped left fully operative law.' 677 234, 564). Accord, 585, 1218. Utilizing standard, quite sure 23 One main 1958 version relieve processing numerous requests legislation designed "obviate necessity obtaining each case was] desired." p. 5272; 4. At aware past, limitations "[t]o fraud." 5, easiest way undermining then-existing practice, relying heavily Department's "the black-and-white restricted facilitate counterfeiting." 5-6, congressional desire laws achieved eliminated statute.10 indication believed significantly eased means circumventing laws. constitutional,11 Congress' large measure fulfilled examine interests asserted D 24 considering limitations, once again appellants' contention sustainable Unlike limitations. Those They similar decibel level Kovacs Cooper, 336 77, 448, 513 (1949), height outdoor signs courts, Baldwin Redwood 540 F.2d 1360, 1368-1369 (CA9 1976), sub nom. Leipzig Baldwin, 431 913, 97 2173, 53 223 (1977); Temple Baptist Church, Inc. City Albuquerque, 98 N.M. 138, 146, 646 P.2d 565, 573 Krych Village Burr Ridge, 111 Ill.App.3d 464-466, 67 Ill.Dec. 190, 193-194, N.E.2d 229, 232-233 (1982). regulation. 25 second concededly restriction serves nonetheless narrow enough. asserts regardless capacity deceive broader achieve places too construction heavy limited would-be counterfeiters itself. harder gain access easily altered Only plate printing. hand, color-printing process requires multiple plates. increases counterfeiter's enables him them guise project. opposing recent bill eliminate restriction, official concerns, stating alone problem widespread possession separation negatives, nor availability ready-made alibi possessors." Statement Honorable Robert E. Powis, Deputy Assistant Subcommittee Criminal Justice, Judiciary Committee H.R.4275, reprinted App. Juris. 43a. way. That photographs themselves invalidate legislation. less-restrictive-alternative invoked never enough ends.12 26 propriety clearer. precise ensuring unwary inattentive. Indeed, serious legitimacy 27 regulations13 III unconstitutional.14 erred failing consider portions valid, neither Time.15 ordered. BRENNAN, whom MARSHALL joins, concurring dissenting 31 pictures whatsoever, unlawful regard pictures, them, might employed fraudulently. Recognizing flat sweeps amount expression posing virtually exempts provided form preparation. 32 my view, currently written work effect abridgment expression. And, given extensive detailed parts 18, marginally highly important preserving integrity today reject conclusions. eight Justices recognize obvious exclusive intent—to "philatelic, purposes" others—simply through legislatively chosen means. Ante, Nevertheless, point concludes "neither Time." 659. key paradoxical result lies somewhere between beginning end his opinion, stops reviewing begins assessing own creation. After identifying separate "purposes" and, former, proceeds disjunctive. He assumes wanted exempt satisfying condition feels leave force other. Accordingly, proposes simply excise offending words integrated clause leaves rest language place—confident revised "sufficiently accommodates interests," ante, effectuating advance," 653. 34 I certainly agree principle construe questions, long interpretation remains consistent objectives. But, WHITE's here faithful rids difficulties. "remarkable feat judicial surgery," Welsh States, 398 333, 351, 90 1792, 1802, 308 (1970) (Harlan, J., result), "nonpublishers," kinds plainly intended allow, identical "publishers," media poses relatively greater reconstructed bears relationship language, history, enacted. despite removal remain face. 35 decides useful somewhat detail precisely how many years, various illustrate articles political, economic, sports events. explains, depicted "significantly enlarged reduced size, discolored appearance, shown part, and/or obscured printed legends overlaid objects." Brief addition, picture "appeared side page," page glossy magazines. Ibid. 1371, 1377-1379 Beginning early 1965, 29. ensuing offered different interpretations points, (a) print specified "numismatic, historical newsworthy" id., 27; (b) "illustrations," ibid.; (c) accompanied information about Reserve Note illustrated, 27-28, "decorative eye-catching purposes," 33. Relying constructions statutes, partial distorted concerning, among things, inflation, economics election campaign, conference international monetary policy, corporate bribery, financial difficulties faced "cash-rich" corporation. 29-34. occasions, warnings "slap[s] wrist," 34, led editors withdraw covers substitute which, "not nearly effective communicating thought banned Service." 30. 38 May appeared months earlier supposedly cover, illustrating article bribery scandal amateur basketball, included bills, one-third actual hoop. told preparation individuals companies involved production, injunctive relief enforcement threat 39 linchpin excised phrase leaving remains, notably exempted "publications," is, "in albums." 652. acknowledges that, he decide consists 'unobjectionable unconstitutional.' 652 (1909)). explains why finds "unobjectionable," least context case, 650-652, setting out "separable" sentence appears.1 40 "unobjectionable." recognition severability depends "largely" 653,2 deletion few indivisible dramatic change scope contemplated Congress. exercise draftsmanship, members ill-defined class "publishers" ban, pose endangering Conversely, "non-publishers" pursuing similar, smaller, believe supported (A) structure (B) history shall show III, free revise 41 relevant here, passed "(1) printing, importation, of— 42 ..... 43 "(C) 44 45 albums (but advertising except stamps philatelic numismatic numismatists dealers albums)." (emphasis added). plain extends serving enumerated others. Although media, instead linked word "in," indicating sufficient claiming protection statute; By terms, therefore, list qualification narrows exemption, rather independent currency.3 47 initially recognizes limit exemption. 645-646. Yet, designated "purposes," see reading permitting "purpose" "publication" conclude available parties am aware, time Members sever selected single transform modifying operate independently.4 To sure, placed subsections connected "or"; event, plausibly other.5 enact form, had. qualifying connective "in"—rather "or in"—Congress albums" listed purposes—and said media. short, very refutes conclusion severable.6 49 Notwithstanding clearly expressed goal exempting expresses confidence effectuated" standard advanced deleted force. indicates just function believes serve. cannot, "standing alone," 649-650, relates overall objectives scheme. support want extend group's purposes." 50 (1) 51 Consistent confirms originally adopted, later amended, comprehensive specific deemed worthy protection. outset, crucial recall breadth total currency, hurriedly emergency War, 643-644, reenacted little explanation minor changes wording every subsequent revision codification Code. 6-8. years broad enacted, grew concerned swept number activities succession enactments, fashioned began stamp collecting, activity whose importance drafted amended still version. came code 1923 "[a]n Act allow foreign postage revenue defaced plates." Ch. 218, Stat. 1437. statement indicates, "[t]here collectors country, [the statute's] gather benefit usually children." 64 Cong.Rec. 4976 (1923) (remarks Sen. Cummins). aim protecting publications, crystal collecting. albums, circulars [designated] stamps, circulars," ch. 1437 added), carry "philatelic historical" nature. object qualify scope. 1937, undefaced regulate uses, 10, 1159, 75th 1st (1937). new version, now entitled "an [t]o forward collecting slightly group protected. stylistic clarification highlights centrality 1937 amendment introduced today: Whereas 1938 modification, established basic provision, extended five types listed, thereby indicated unmistakable intention continue play central role exemption.7 expand range used. Pub.L. 85-921, 72 1771. retained before, indispensable instance, Reports say nothing specially favored explain bill, "[p]ermit securities (1958); 5269. 7; 8. Nor indicate solicitude state meant "exceptions [§ 474] bonds 3; 5272.8 illuminating reference requirement,9 ensure take "facsimiles obligations," 4; 5272. existing already controlled facsimiles illegitimate purposes,10 strengthens sole objective considered worthwhile.11 55 Given 504—its essence—was Having means, errs deleting raw making. (2) 56 sense. appellants seem acknowledge,12 most plausible provide further elaboration general sorts justify creation physically genuine suggest "forum" establish "descriptive illustrative, prescriptive mandatory." 28. read split exemption's broadly understood, distinguished potentially deceptive "facsimiles." ascribes rationality obtain literally "appear publications," cf., 651, difficult imagine albums"—as distinct on, say, leaflets posters—sufficiently warrant ban.13 apparent arbitrariness justified minimize exclude "facsimiles," come close resembling slips shape consistency Notes. hardly contended, example, depictions billboards, placards, barnyard doors "articles, finally, restrictive undoubted wish "to currency," 653, mere "administrative convenience," substantive objective, primary goal. contrary, grant easy administer.14 57 sensibly reflect confer status listed. Instead, best operating conjunction authorities guidance "legitimate" appearance fraud. construction, completely intertwined inseverable; constitute operates whole. "must stand fall unit." Cf. Planned Parenthood Missouri Danforth, 52, 83, 2831, 2847, 788 (1976). court's give 769, 3361, uphold legislature effect, "what left" 108-109, reasons set II, presently Even wrong, interpretation. 59 stake denigrated Government, 20, ignored becomes emphasize importance. adage "one worth thousand words" reflects common-sense understanding extremely substitute.15 cursory examination vividly demonstrates, image especially evocative powerful ideas matters public concern, ranging politics sports. 1383. Contrary contention, abridges uniquely valuable kind defended ground speaker express way.16 it, works numbers perfectly ways Depending allowed, all, licensed utterly standardless "illustrative" prohibited State Maryland Joseph H. Munson 467 947, 963, 11, 2839, 2850, 81 786 (1984). 61 An until today, understood critical element government. 674-677.17 prohibits. Yet refuses sustain event 649.18 challenge, engaging assessment possible vagueness. reaffirmed last Term, "we traditionally viewed logically related doctrines." (1983). Hoffman Estates Flipside, Estates, 455 489, 494, 498-499, 1186, 1193, 71 362 understand having rejected "assume 'dwarfs applications' nonpublishers," 651-652, providing "non-publisher" be. applies," 650, cases—even application clear.19 62 noted, 672-673, licenses determine, necessarily ad hoc basis, medium whether, instead, looks much like "facsimiles" enable people liability, creates infirmities appellants, vests agents, monitoring enormous variety unconstrained authority imposes author 358-361, 1858-1860.20 unguided discretion inevitably government discrimination Lovell Griffin, 303 444, 451-452, 666, 668-669, 949 648-649 ("Regulations Amendment"). generally Hynes Mayor Oradell, 610, 1755, 243 unlike showing construing "little 'a trap good faith.' Colautti Franklin, 439 379, 395, 99 675, 685, 596 (1979) Ragen, 314 513, 524, 374, 378, 86 383 (1942)). if, suggest, illustrative" meaning case-by-case judgments "whose rights abridged will] traded direct licensing [Secret Service]." Munson, 964, 12, 2851, 12. interpretation, "because [is] attempt unacceptable suppression ideas." Council Los Angeles Taxpayers Vincent, 466 789, 797, 2118, 2125, 80 772 (1984) (footnote omitted). 8.21 Insofar reveals, strictly nn. 7. Assuming, arguendo, construed definite arbitrary enforcement,22 presumably excludes currency—without color, deceive—on items pamphlets, bumper stickers, leaflets, posters, artist's canvasses, signs. trouble imposing persons created penal 'susceptible sweeping improper application.' Bigelow Virginia, 421 809, 816, 95 2222, 2230, 600 (1975) NAACP Button, 371 415, 433, 83 328, 338, 405 (1963)). notes: "[E]qually Polaroid snapshot child proudly displaying grandparent's birthday gift $20 bill; green, six-foot enlargement portrait George Washington $1 theatrical scenery high school drama club; copy legend, 'In God Trust', distributed oppose aid finance abortions; three-foot five-foot placard bearing rendering 'shrinking' dollar borne striking worker epitomize demand higher wages period inflation." 5-6. 66 course, deterred doing potential today. doubt, be, particularly lawyers today's decision. Erznoznik Jacksonville, 422 205, 217, 2268, 2276, 125 (1975).23 poster artist reasonably competent attorney think twice resources political protest attempted defendant Wagner Simon, 412 426 (WD Mo.1974), aff'd, 534 833 (CA8 1976). supra. brushes prospect aside prove instances met." remark misses doctrine. Our willingness entertain challenges based, applications completed conduct, "persons fear sanctions susceptible expression." Gooding Wilson, 518, 521, 1103, 1105, (1972) added).24 fault whatsoever unless amounts "a strong, subordinating interest" Government. 636, 835, putatively served scheme—the detection prevention counterfeiting—are, substantial. aimed demonstrate "are peripherally promoted" "could measures destructive interests." 68 strongest end.25 contend add essential additional weapon arsenal. entirely point, tracing source counterfeit bills," 21. prevents however innocent purpose, off pieces 34-35. deceive. enforcement, prohibit media—such walls cry indeed, bear physical resemblance might. "counterfeiters readily able conceal conduct associating shops, availing instant manufacturing possessing negatives." hard seriously, WHITE. thing, manufactured capable producing replicas made. 1387; 76; 27, infra. enhances opportunity facilities produce possibilities printshops, put mildly, ill-served prohibits "nonpublishers." Finally, age high-quality office copying machine sophisticated photo-offset equipment hire, notion counterfeiter covers—instead currency—strains credibility. 70 degree furthers assessed consideration exceptions.26 reinterpret riddled lawful undermine interests. Pictures broad, undefined, "nonpublications" shape, composition, anyone. counterfeiters, 21-22, slides 504(2), permitted. Likenesses newsprint quality stock apparently made wood, plastic cardboard. small painted orange sign prohibited, "publisher" manufacture natural white.27 sum, fatally regulating eccentric wide conceivable danger 'greater involved.' Seattle Times Rhinehart, 32, 2199, 2207, Procunier Martinez, 416 396, 413, 94 1800, 1811, 224 (1974)). IV acknowledge, "regulates depict item sees day." 33, Congress, took prohibiting admirable STEVENS "construes" essentially nothing: purports uphold, contrast, acknowledging "saved," offers publishers, technical engage diminished whit, place. unconstitutional; proposed passed. doubt satisfy ends Today's draft have, confirmed wisdom task Legislative Branch. 74 affirm Court. POWELL, BLACKMUN reasoning holding unenforceable." II-B(1) BRENNAN's confirm exempting, specifically identified clause, plan. If holds, BRENNAN "errs making." 673. 77 advances strong policy arguments upholding restrictions. See, post, 701-703 issue. note Congress—if necessary—would move promptly carefully drawn 78 clause. reaching 79 proceed theories. adequately complex contain complying communications broad—or poorly defined—that third parties, invalid, whole rights, evaluating litigant confronts decline invitation plunge right pausing extent, fair unnecessary adjudication questions. Most criticism currency—and reproductions—stemmed incorrect "newsworthy" word, ambiguity term. favorable fashion litigation, cf. Grace, 171, 1702, 736 asks adopt confusing questionable fortify challenge. Plainly rely "overbreadth" widely circulated news impairs include small, colorful half times coins. implicated. me exacerbated slightest or, argues, merges concepts. proper disseminate "newsworthy"—and requirement—as "magazine" affect wholly significance Metromedia, San Diego, 453 490, 542-548, 2882, 2910-2913, 800 (STEVENS, part); 649-652 (opinion J.). accommodated individuals, successfully avoided abridging freedom press exception, championing regarding issues. 85 probably occurred communication. post-Civil presumed photographing up good. images legitimate, communicative esoteric realistic 19th century, utmost assure greenback—itself attack inherently worthless suitable tender, Legal Tender Cases, Wall. 457, 287 (1871) (overruling Hepburn Griswold, 603, (1870)). extent inadvertantly incidently. whatever suppressing dissemination anything else. "aimed restraint speech. Cox Hampshire, 312 569, 578, 762, 767, 1049 (1941). dedicates lawfully image. turn convey; interest; information. imprecisely incidental expression, suffer infirmity, "overbroad." 87 stood books century modification decades passed, instruments mass multiplied became sophisticated, clashed familiar symbol, perhaps becoming modern icon. So embedded institutions overt infirmity basis. infects 474: symbol marketplace ideas. Important symbolic image—its exchange transactions. core implicated demonstrated dispute over strength interest, question. implicates withstand scrutiny weaker. Similarly, effectuation perfect, so, intrusion minimal. 89 reconcile competing possibly respect. legislates grudging exceptions, liberally effectuate remedial spirit Amendment; courts fashion. e.g., Rostker Goldberg, 57, 64, 2646, 2651, 478 (1981). salient goes accommodating legitimately evil. Generally, Acts 445 23, 895, 899, 171 maxim merely premature Like others, draftsmen areas intrude guarantees, sworn Constitution, intend err fundamental liberties liberties. belief presumption. recognized, Executive Branch expressive undermined identifiable, surplusage ameliorate provision. overbroad—it argues Stated way, carved dwarf applications. maintains failed Specifically, attacks publishes thing. Purposes Requirement devotes attention brushing purpose. paragraph, determining applicability exception. Then per se violative Amendment.1 interpret license conveyed. Rather, giving liberal deserves, stated convey idea.2 met—whenever comply editor's rational idea trying convey.3 attempting communicate: Amendment, reproducing noncommunicative counterfeiting.4 Color Size Requirements With illustration, heart grows stronger is. spurious; spurious. notes words; dollars. objects requirement—it wants color.5 weak.6 itself, convey, communicated size. bill's adds message, colorful. meets deception, well, Imposing reduces likelihood evil desired argue, well. yet "none remotest deception counterfeit." 43. points arguing fraud—such factors covers, partially distorted—would equally applicable enhanced reproduced ignores meaningless, always met, negative. exact bill. negative, produced dispositive; reason.7 sure; invalidation interest. punish negate here; "alternative avenues prosecution interest." O'Brien, 391 367, 380, 1673, 1681, 672 (1968). protects gullible shrewd, wait near perfect forgeries rolling presses act. conclusion, arsenal deprive defrauders tools attaches "Congress better job 504," 46. us, done job, violates not: wishes messages symbol; concur dissent "print, execute" likeness" 1862. Feb. 25, 1862, 7, 347-348. Two broadened photograph. June 30, 1864, 172, 221-222. reenacted, changes, 5430 Revised Statutes 1878, 150 1909. Mar. 4, 1909, 321, 1116. 1948 recodification 645, 706. authorize stamps. 1923, wholesale full, provides: "Notwithstanding chapter, following permitted: "(A) "(B) "(D) notes, bonds, government, bank, corporation albums). Illustrations foregoing accordance conditions— "(i) white, color; "(ii) (including uncanceled color) one-half, linear dimension, illustrated covered subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D) colored canceled dimension issued; "(iii) section." addition Attorney General, York, Special Agent charge Service's Office. defend written. 27-28; Tr. Oral Arg. 10-14. narrowly conflict, contending references descriptive mandatory. unable meaningful meaningless type content-based forbids. Assuming meaning, ruling, vague. hold ever discussion concerns Post, 679-690. above, reiterate affects conformed someone been, precluded reason. suggests inextricably argument. vague struck down infra, 656, 658-659, latter "Publishers textbooks savings postal orders, textbooks. Collectors old likewise relating collector's catalogs. Historians similarly circulation period. Newspapers checks articles. cites instance prevented publications. 426, 431, met. misconstrue prior manner. 684. cite example concrete snapshots children hypothetical conjured brief. remember normal rules standing. party [ordinance] compromise recognized protections Court." 801, 2126, states remand showing, suggesting required. 680, 18. argued 41, ("The raise strategy flies traditional analysis, applied"). misconceive premise lengths inseverable. 677. 665-677. easing burden. 676-677, 14. Congress—to circumvent law—even other, paramount mind down. overriding according "permit worthwhile." expanding promote worthwhile activities. received past. "The receives Publishers ignorance prohibitions illustrations. "Paragraph obviate 3-4 While undoubtedly benefits activities, individuals. out, response rid nuisance." 11. restriction—prohibiting gaining items—was history. 688-690, 27. articulated restrictions, furthered requirement's counterfeiters. assistance Neither persuasive. effectiveness measured adverse consequences plaintiff Clark Community Creative Non-Violence, 288, 296-297, 3065, 3070, 221 (1984); 652-653, 2566 consistently adhere practice. superfluous. During existence Coupled requirement—to deceived increased deterrence override color. fail short limitless. All correct extent. joining disagree reverse respects. denies severed needs result. 652, 9. obviously constitutionality. From outset establishing single, unified assumed, alone" challenged 649-650. Necessarily, "stand intent. divided. Compare 652-656 J.), 691-692 (POWELL, part). join II-A find STEVENS' impossible square suggests, 3294, below, demonstrates 668-673. ignoring text treat carries 'to perverting [the] .' [and] judicially rewriting it." Aptheker State, 378 500, 515, 1659, 1668, 992 (1964) Scales 367 203, 211, 1469, 1477, 782 (1961)). interprets clear. "attempt 'construe' probe recesses inject[s] application. Aptheker, 516, 1669. fact, contrary implication, exclusively rule questions derives, ibid., "does usurp policymaking functions dulyelected representatives." Heckler Mathews, 465 728, 741, 1387, 1396, addressing guided Chief Taft's admonition "that substituted [a] conflict limitation." Yu Cong Eng Trinidad, 271 619, 623, 1059 (1926). Califano Westcott, 443 76, 89-91, 2655, 2663-2664, 382 (1979); 94-96, 2666 NLRB Catholic Bishop Chicago, 440 508-511, 1313, 1322-1324, 533 (BRENNAN, dissenting); 354, 1803, result); 1668; Moore Ice Cream Rose, 289 373, 622, 1265 (1933). Congressional reporting amendments described 1213, 90th 1-2 (1968) (permitted "meet conditions" restrictions); (must "comply conditions"); ("must purposes"). (1976) (two sentences unit" bound together"). Philbrook Glodgett 707, 713, 1893, 1898, 525 (" expounding sentence, look law, policy' "); Kokoszka Belford, 417 642, 2431, 2436, 374 (1974) ("When 'interpreting used, provisions, execution Legislature' Richards 369 591, 492 (1962) ("a isolation Act"). EEOC Allstate Insurance 570 1224 (S.D.Miss.1983) (concerning separately denominated veto statute), appeal dism'd, 1232, 3499, 810 Carter Coal 238, 335, 855, 883, 1160 (1936) Cardozo, J.) ("confirmatory token severability] formal division 'Parts' numbered"); Hyman Construction Occupational Safety Health Review Comm'n, 582 840, (CA4 1978) ("[n]ormally, disjunctive alternatives treated repugnant indications inextricable "publications." bisected followed parenthetical fora coin albums"—confirming inseparable Third, 504(2) movies converted prints, apply. Deletion distinction 1948, laws, "[m]inor phraseology" 152, 79th A40 (1945), shorter title, "PRINTING STAMPS FOR PHILATELIC PURPOSES." 713. refer promulgated 2; 5271. Not surprisingly, cited "nonpublications," define classification. CFR 402.1 (1959) (granting make, dispose internal stamps: Provided, made, disposed making, holding, disposition, documents attached"); 405.1 (permitting publicity forum). true, examples textbook money, historians—could involve exclusive. Independent control virtue consistency, preceding appellee, "has custody executed, similitude sell same. Turner, 586 397-399 (CA5 1978), Appeals conviction, individual possessed one-sided photocopies defraud machines. Dixon, 588 90, 91-92 1978); Koran 1321 1969); Webb 216 151 (CA6 1954). 1968, 90-353, 240. explaining describe satisfaction 1-2, 1206, (1968), 2310. 2, 1970 meter protections. 91-448, 921. 91-640, (1969). enforces model consistency. overseen art directors. 662. frequently shifted position. seemed depart published pamphlet unclear. Memorandum Law Opposition Plaintiff's Motion Summary Judgment 26, jurisdictional disavow 15, sometime filing briefing merits, abandoned pamphlet, conforms position taken 28, theory that—without relative unlisted media—the appear, would, undefined unjustified selection preferred speakers. flaw undermines stay 652-653. hypothesis, laws." 654-655. defeats straw man. easier administer abuse. was, reason "ease 654, desirable. requirements—in repealing ban. administratively convenient identify. discussion, beginnings 1920's 1969 unequivocally longstanding linguistic obstacle view. "[i] llustrations deleted, "foregoing provisions" permit, States"—that everything increasing Without safeguards meaningfully wrenched turned themselves. Spence 418 405, 410, 2727, 2730, 842 (per curiam); Tinker Des Moines School District, 393 503, 505-514, 733, 735-740, 731 (1969); Stromberg California, 283 359, 369, 532, 535, 1117 (1931). symbols difficult, improve Jackson's eloquence: "Symbolism primitive emblem flag symbolize system, idea, institution, personality, cut mind. Causes nations, lodges ecclesiastical groups seek knit loyalty banner, design. announces rank, function, crowns maces, uniforms robes; church speaks Cross, Crucifix, altar shrine, clerical raiment. Symbols religious theological ones. gets puts man's comfort inspiration another's jest scorn." West Education Barnette, 624, 632-633, 1178, 1182, 1628 (1943). E.g., 812, 2133, 180-184, 1708-1711, 501-502, 2889, 2897, (plurality opinion); Schad Mount Ephraim, 61, 78, 2176, 2187, 671 (BLACKMUN, concurring); 79, 2188 Linmark Associates, Willingboro, 85, 93, 1614, 1618, 155 Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. Conrad, 420 546, 556-558, 1239, 1245-1246, 448 (1975); 411, 2731, Schneider 147, 163, 151, (1939). Aside business second-guessing editorial illustrations, Miami Herald Publishing Tornillo, 241, 730 (1974), contest affidavits directors unique irreplaceable 75, 84, 89-90, 96-97, 102-103. "have statute." 13. (With contradicted undisputed affidavits, findings 1377-1379). rejection 3268, neglects requirement—which disclaims using—has become conclusion. result, gauging "arguably Inc.'s "non-publications." conclusions assumptions now, anticipated surprising minimum, remanded newly 369-371, 1864-1866, (1983) (WHITE, dissenting). 954-959, 2846-2848, 798-799, 2125-2126; 772-774, 3362-3363; Schaumberg 634-639, 834-837, 615-618, 2917-2919, (1973). Mo.), 1976) (upholding confiscation 3-foot depicting "$30 Inflationary Note" President Nixon center); 17, 1983, B1 (reporting ordered municipal lottery board stop posters $1,000 bills). 97-98, 741-742, (1940) ("It sporadic abuse censor pervasive inherent constitutes discussion. asking call prosecuted failure procure it"); (1938) ("We ordinance Whatever motive induced adoption, character strikes foundation subjecting censorship"); 369-370, 535-536, (1931) ("A face, authoritatively construed, indefinite punishment [for discussion] guaranty liberty Fourteenth (1979). truth observation Branzburg Hayes, 665, 703-705, 40, 2668, 626 967-968, 2853 ("Where, activity, defect accomplish State's imprecise, chilling speech, facial attack" omitted)); 800, 19, 2126 ("where unquestionably deter ordinarily attack"). 964-968, 2851-2853; 834; 216-217, 815-817, 2229-2230, 2915. passage quoted brief, 683-684, belies Furthermore, brief below "it doctrine." supplied). ("One major assertions continues 6's proscription considerably counterfeiting"). whole—which requirements—was 1377. factual beside point. argument, obliged 2229 Wholly apart forge, counterfeit, alter defraud, 471; pass, utter, publish, (or so), import, possess, forged, counterfeited, 472; buy, sell, exchange, transfer, receive, deliver published, true genuine, 473; forge plate, stone, thing negatives) resemble take, tool, implement, instrument, things 475, 476; place connect together, 484; use, "thing shape" "procure value" device receive operated 491. &Par; (other counterfeiting); (providing forfeiture devices, possessed, violation" "any material apparatus fitted used" "found Treasury"). 835; 514, 2896 72-77, 2184-2187. closely 14, crafted vel non suffers flaws comment. upholds irrational in, pink weakest history: litigation submitted filed notice reported committee, (transmitting H.R.4275). actually prints excluded require produce, "increas[ing] access," 657, illegitimately. article. Cummins) ("Mark you, defaced, again"). post justification "viewpoint neutral" tailored 808, 2130; 293-294, 3069, Brown Glines, 348, 354-355, 594, 599, (1974); 217-218, 2276-2277; 377, 1679, 388, 1685 concurring). controvert claim, uncontested accepted "[w]hatever practices professional four separations obscuring feature distortion picture, useless counterfeiter." 19. Reproduction 59-65 These distortions assertion, 700-701, "illustrations spurious." "patient" counterfeiter—trimming numerals, enlarging airbrushing borderlines, 701, 5—would somehow 504(1)(iii) [permitted] section," Perhaps significantly, generally; allowing printer employees "alibi" Nothing diminishes intentions 127 17624-17625 Rep. McClory) (Section "was domain comparatively skilled professionals. Quality [today] longer elite technology. skills circulation, lawabiding printer"). case—prevention counterfeiting—is really statement: "Regulations Amendment." disturbing balance Copyright Act. copyright reproduce work. 106. infringes work, 501(a), prosecution, 506. prohibition, qualified. Individuals "fair use" copyrighted criticism, comment, reporting, teaching ., scholarship, research. 107. knowledge, seriously suggested allows decisions generally, Sony Corp Universal Studios, 464 417, 445-446, 454-455, 774, 790-791, 795, 574 literally, suspect. Schacht 58, 61-62, 1555, 1558, (interpreting civilian wear military uniform actor motion-picture production" protestor street demonstration). term "newsworthy," Reports, '[n] ewspapers articles,' 655, (citations omitted), invoke typical approach litigation. Incredibly, report "[c]uriously absent" forth interpreting observation. 10. ignore import history—language Time—and democratic resulted list, expanded coterminous experience attributable exceptions. apt remembering Holmes: "Great administered caution. Some joints machine, remembered legislatures guardians welfare courts." Missouri, K. T.R. May, 194 267, 270, 638, 639, 971 (1904). illegitimate. request surely possession, appropriate draws mean "judicial rewriting" 'pervert[s] purpose' called 663-664, due respect, headlong alluring waters analysis. construes unfavorable eye toward larger plum horizon—§ invalidated, ironically inseverability grounds. advocate manual, presents bringing evil, unprotected unconnected message; hence unadorned "this bill," offend circumstances, colors. sweep dwarfs often. common sense derives principally artistic image, actual-size, true-color, unembellished journalists." Br. conceding challenging de minimis event. serial Seal vivid borders difference compare bill) fraudulent us—those indeed proverbial wooden nickel—could duped accepting cutout side, numerals obscured, copies affixed lower denomination borderlines instrument. answer preparing corners shown, are, hundred Exhibit F complaint, 23. perpetrating fraud; patient con-artist printshop bide available. ante

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