Document: 397 U.S. 387 90 S.Ct. 1184 25 L.Ed.2d 435 Joseph WALLER, Jr., Petitioner,v.State of FLORIDA. No. 24. Argued Nov. 13, 1969. Decided April 6, 1970. Rehearing Denied May 18, See 398 914, 1684. Leslie H. Levinson, Gainesville, Fla., for petitioner. George Georgieff, Tallahassee, respondent. Mr. Chief Justice BURGER delivered the opinion Court. 1 We granted writ in this case to review a narrow question which can best be treated on basis facts as stated by District Court Appeal Florida, Second District, and holding that couet. Petitioner was one number persons who removed canvas mural affixed wall inside City Hall St. Petersburg, Florida. After removed, petitioner others carried it through streets Petersburg until they were confronted police officers. scuffle, officers recovered mural, but damaged condition. 2 The charged with violation two ordinances: first, destruction city property; second, disorderly breach peace. He found guilty municipal court both counts, sentence 180 days county jail imposed. 3 Thereafter an information filed against State Florida charging him grand larceny. It is conceded based same acts involved ordinances. 4 Before his trial Circuit felony charge, moved Supreme prohibition prevent second trial, asserting claim double jeopardy bar. Relief denied without opinion. ex rel. Waller v. Sixth Judicial Pinellas County, 201 So.2d 554 (1967). tried jury verdict state court, he sentenced six months five years less 170 180-day previously imposed 5 On appeal, considered rejected petitioner's had twice been put because prior conviction larceny, convicted included offense crime State, 213 623 (1968). first explicitly acknowledged charge action rested 'was appellant ordinances.' Then rejecting Waller's jeopardy, said: 6 'Assuming not violations ordinances offenses nevertheless has even if person identical would bar prosecution such proper court. This law since 1894, established Theisen McDavid, 34 Fla. 440, 16 So. 321, 26 L.R.A. 234. followed case, supra, throughout recently July 17, 1968, Hilliard 689, reaffirmed follows: 7 "This argument long settled contrary claims see no reason recede from our precedent subject. Long ago decided act committed within limits may punished ordinance though also proscribed statute. An offender Conviction or acquittal either does other." (Emphasis added.) 8 A petition certiroari denied, 221 749 reasonable assume themselves bound doctrine at time being reasserted Court's denial sought jeopardy. 9 statement ordinances' assumption charge.1 10 Whether fact separate could support charges courts, nor do we reach question. What before us asserted power courts place alleged crime. 11 In Benton Maryland, 395 784, 89 2056, 23 707 (1969), declared provisions Fifth Amendment applicable States, overruling Palko Connecticut, 302 319, 58 149, 82 L.Ed. 288 (1937). Here, North Carolina Pearce, 711, 2089, 656 should applied test conviction, although need decide whether each several aspects constitutional guarantee requires application similar procedural circumstances.2 12 stand alone treating municipalities sovereign entities, capable imposing punishment crime.3 respondent seeks justify sovereignty theory relationship between municipality analogous Federal Government. Florida's chief reliance placed upon holdings Bartkus Illinois, 359 121, 79 676, L,.ed.2d 684 (1959), Abbate United 187, 666, 729 permitted successive prosecutions Governments sovereigns. Any reading foreclosed. another context, relevant here, noted— 13 'Political subdivisions States—counties, cities, whatever—never never have entities. Rather, traditionally regarded subordinate governmental instrumentalities created assist carrying out functions.' Reynolds Sims, 377 533, 575, 84 1362, 1388, 506 (1964). 14 recognized unity its Constitution. Article VIII, § 2, Constitution (1968 revision) contains grant Legislature respecting municipalities:4 15 '(a) Establishment. Municipalities abolished their charters amended pursuant general special law. * '(b) Powers. shall governmental, corporate proprietary powers enable them conduct government, perform functions render services *.' Moreover, Art. V, 1, (1885), appear changed 1968 Constitutional revision, declares: 17 'The judicial vested supreme other including legislature ordain establish.' 18 These demonstrate try springs organic jurisdiction felony. Accordingly, apt analogy governments government Territory Government States. legal consequence Grafton 206 333, 27 749, 51 1084 (1907), where held States subsequent territorial are arms sovereign.5 soldier Army acquitted court-martial convened Philippine Islands feloniously killing men. Subsequently, criminal name while those islands federal territory, local When upheld challenge, reversed, resting single-sovereign rationale distinguishing cases like Fox Ohio, How. 410, (1847), sanctioned acts: 19 'An only under authority tribunals laws; whereas, tribunals. constitute offenses, state. But these things cannot predicated relations Philippines. derive Philippines owes existence wholly exert all over territory inhabitants, legitimate purposes paramount. So Union distinct state, apply accused government—that States.' U.S., 354—355, 755. 20 Thus Grafton, progeny, controls, hold relied lawfully context 'dual sovereignty' anachronism, constituted violative Fourteenth Amendments 21 only6 error extent that— 22 'even court.' resulted judgment having valid basis, vacated cause remanded further proceedings accord circumstances contentions raised so ordered. 24 Judgment District. BLACK joins Court, nonetheless adheres views expressed dissenting opinions 150, 695, 201, 674, (1959). BRENNAN, concurring. I join that, part system, reasons my concurring Ashe Swenson, 448, 1197, believe unless fell exceptions 'same transaction' rule, see, id., 453 n. 7, 455 11, S.Ct., 1199, 1200, Double Jeopardy Clause barred grew episode.* accept record adequate verify accuracy. For example, incorporated into present case. 2056 controls any arises ambit. 436, 1189, 469 1. Nonetheless, when certiorari Price Georgia, requested counsel 'brief argue (the) retroactivity decision case.' 975, 2138, 764 (1969). By decisions instant Supra, resolve, respect presented questions posed Decisions concurrently treat sovereigns Pike Birmingham, 36 Ala. App. 53, 53 394, cert. 255 664, 396 (1951). Ala.Code. Tit. 37, 594 (1958). Farwell, Alaska 507, 76 F.Supp. 35 (D.C.Alaska 1948); McInerney Denver, Colo. 302, 29 P. 516 (1892); Musser, 67 Idaho 214, 176 P.2d 199 (1946); People Behymer, 48 Ill.App.2d 218, 198 N.E.2d (1964); Garcia, Iowa 744, 200 N.W. (1924); Earwood Kan. 659, 426 151 (1967); Clifford, 45 La.Ann. 980, 281 (1893). La.Crim.Pro.Code Ann., 597 End, 232 Minn. 266, N.W.2d 378 (1950); Town Carthage. 191 Miss. 97, 801 (1941); Carthage, 604 Amick, 173 Neb. 770, 114 893 (1962); Ex parte Sloan, 47 Nev. 109, 217 233 (1923); Simpson, 78 N.D. 360, 49 777 (1951); Koch Ohio 433, 41 N.E. 689 (1895); McCann Okl.Cr. 374, 562 Miller Hansen, 126 Or. 297, 269 864 (1928); Webster Knewel, S.D. 142, 196 549 Tucker, 137 Wash. 162, 242 363, 246 758 (1926); Milwaukee Johnson, 192 Wis. 585, 335 (1927); Jackson, 75 Wyo. 291 798 (1955). Gross, Successive Prosecutions State—The Question Jeopardy, 43 Ore.L.Rev. (1964), discussion origins development doctrine. Note, Duke L.J. 362. At revision Constitution, 8, (1885) gave Legislature: 'to establish, abolish, municipalities(,) provide prescribe powers, alter amend time.' Puerto Rico Shell Co. (P.R.), Ltd., 253, 167, 235 (1937), dicta approved Grafton. If embraced may, not, subject depending statutes limitation restrictions covered restraints Constitutions adhere 437, 1191, L.Ed.2d, 472 'fully 'retroactive."

Category: 0