Document: 503 U.S. 60 112 S.Ct. 1028 117 L.Ed.2d 208 Christine FRANKLIN, Petitioner,v.GWINNETT COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS and William Prescott. No. 90-918. Argued Dec. 11, 1991. Decided Feb. 26, 1992. Syllabus Petitioner Franklin, a student in high school operated by respondent district, filed an action for damages Federal District Court under Title IX of the Education Amendments 1972, alleging, inter alia, that she had been subjected to continual sexual harassment abuse teacher, Andrew Hill. After complaint was filed, Hill resigned on condition all matters pending against him be dropped, thereupon closed its investigation. The subsequently dismissed ground does not authorize award damages, Appeals affirmed. Held: A remedy is available brought enforce IX. Pp. 65-76. (a) enforceable through implied right action. Cannon v. University Chicago, 441 677, 99 1946, 560. P. 65. (b) longstanding general rule absent clear direction contrary Congress, federal courts have power any appropriate relief cognizable cause pursuant statute. See, e.g., Bell Hood, 327 678, 684, 66 773, 777, 90 L.Ed. 939; Davis Passman, 442 228, 246-247, 2264, 2278, 846. 65-68. (c) This Court's adherence has eroded since Bell. J.I. Case Co. Borak, 377 426, 433-435, 84 1555, 1560-1561, 12 423. In declaring "the question who may statutory fundamentally different from [constitutionally protected] right," Davis, U.S., at 241, S.Ct., 2275, limiting traditional presumption favor actions claiming constitutional violations. Rather it merely attempting decide whether litigant "cause action," analytically distinct from, prior to, one issue: what relief, if entitled receive, see id., 239, 2274. Nor did Guardians Assn. Civil Service Comm'n New York City, 463 582, 103 3221, 77 866, Consolidated Rail Corp. Darrone, 465 624, 104 1248, 79 568, erode presumption. fact, those cases support it, majority expressed view were seeking remedies intentional violation statute closely analogous IX, while unanimous Darrone held another such authorized backpay. 68-71. (d) Congress intend limit suit. Because inferred upon concluding supported no express action, silence pre-Cannon text legislative history issue neither surprising nor enlightening. Rather, inquiry period state law when passed Since, time, firmly established, this recently found rights six approved three them, lack intent abandon amply demonstrated. For post-Cannon period, legislating with full cognizance decision, analysis two statutes enacted amend IX—the Rights Remedies Equalization Amendment 1986 Restoration Act 1987—establishes validated Cannon's holding made effort alter 71-73. (e) argument would unduly expand courts' into sphere properly reserved Executive Legislative Branches separation powers principles misconceives difference between remedy. Unlike finding which authorizes court hear case or controversy, discretion involves increase judicial and, historically thought necessary provide important safeguard executive abuses insure independent judiciary. Moreover, selective adjudication sort advocated here harm giving judges render inutile causes decision available. 73-74. (f) Also rejected contention normal should apply because Congress' Spending Clause power. observation Pennhurst State School Hospital Halderman, 451 1, 28-29, 101 1531, 1545-46, 67 694, are limited alleged unintentional based theory entity receiving funds lacks notice will liable violation, 17, 1539. problem arise as present, where discrimination proscribed question. notion do monetary awards violations belied supra, 628, 1251. 74-75[[SC2Q!]] (g) assertion nevertheless backpay prospective diverges approach deciding right. Both suggested equitable nature, axiomatic determine adequacy before resorting relief. both clearly inadequate they Franklin relief: occurred, longer attends system teaches there. 1037-1038. 911 F.2d 617 (CA11 1985), reversed remanded. WHITE, J., delivered opinion Court, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, SOUTER, JJ., joined. SCALIA, concurring judgment, REHNQUIST, C.J., THOMAS, Joel I. Klein, Washington, D.C., petitioner. Albert M. Pearson, III, Athens, Ga., respondents. Stephen L. Nightingale, respondents amicus curiae. Justice WHITE Court. 1 presents 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681-1688 (Title IX),1 recognized 560 (1979), supports claim damages. 2 * North Gwinnett High County, Georgia, September 1985 August 1989. Respondent County operates receives funds. According December 29, 1988 United States Northern beginning autumn her tenth grade year (1986) Hill, sports coach teacher employed district. Among other allegations, avers engaged sexually-oriented conversations he asked about experiences boyfriend consider having intercourse older man, Complaint ¶ 10; First Amended Complaint, Exh. A, p. 3;2 forcibly kissed mouth parking lot, 17; telephoned home meet socially, 21; pp. 4-5; that, occasions junior year, interrupted class, requested excuse took private office coercive intercourse. &Par; 25, 27, 32. further alleges though became aware investigated Hill's female students, teachers administrators halt discouraged pressing charges 23, 24, 35. On April 14, 1988, dropped. 36, 37. 3 action,3 Cty. Public Schools, 1990). noted VI 1964, 42 § 2000d et seq. VI), developed along similar lines. Citing binding precedent Drayden Needville Independent Dist., 642 129 (CA5 1981), rendered division Fifth Circuit, concluded then analyzed 866 (1983), implicitly overruled Drayden. stated absence left unresolved could showing discrimination. As second basis unavailable, reasoned "[u]nder statutes, frequently recipient thus retaining option terminating receipt order rid itself injunction." F.2d, 621.4 observing "proceed extreme care" afford compensatory provision Id., 622. Accordingly, sustained affirmed ruling effect. Ibid.5 4 conflicts Third Pfeiffer Marion Center Area 917 779, 787-789 (1990), we granted certiorari, 501 ----, 111 2795, 115 969 (1991). We reverse. II 5 occasion reconsider decision. must suit often stated, provides "analytically distinct" exists first place. 2274, 846 (1979). Thus, although examine intended create Touche Ross & Redington, 560, 575-576, 2479, 2489, 61 82 presume availability unless expressly indicated otherwise. 2277-2278. principle deep roots our jurisprudence. A. 6 "[W]here legal invaded, sue invasion, use make good wrong done." 939 (1946). explained jurisdictional, upheld exercise so long existed Constitution laws States. Ibid. 7 reliance hardly revolutionary. From earliest years Republic, judiciary redress injuries actionable court, always distinguish bring Marbury Madison, (1 Cranch) 137, 163, (1803), example, Chief Marshall observed government "has emphatically termed laws, men. It certainly cease deserve appellation, furnish vested right." originated English common law, Blackstone described "it indisputable rule, there right, also remedy, whenever invaded." W. Blackstone, Commentaries 23 (1783). See Ashby White, Salk. 19, 21, 87 Eng. Rep. 808, 816 (Q.B.1702) ("If gives give maintain . ."). 8 Kendall States, 37 (12 Pet.) 524, 9 1181 (1838), applied these act accorded mail carriers adjustment settlement certain claims extra services but specify precise carriers. surveying possible remedies, included postmaster writ mandamus compelling payment terms "It cannot denied congress command done," stated; "and performance rest somewhere, present said involve monstrous absurdity well organized government, undeniable shown exist. And circuit nowhere." 624. Dooley 182 222, 229, 21 762, 764, 45 1074 (1901), restated liability created without enforced common-law action." relied again after passage Safety Appliance 1893, ch. 196, 27 Stat. 531. Texas Pacific R. Rigsby, 241 33, 36 482, 874 (1916), answering affirmative, damages: "A disregard wrongful act, results damage class whose especial benefit enacted, recover party default implied, according doctrine law. ." 39, 484. foundation Hood articulated presumption, therefore, settled. Orleans Railway Steamship Clerks, 281 548, 569, 50 427, 433, 74 1034 (1930). B 10 Respondents curiae, however, whatever decided disappeared succeeding decades. agree. 423 (1964), adhered vindicate given indication purpose respect remedies. Relying Borak specifically court's remedial Securities Exchange 1934 declaratory judgment. 433-434, 1560. "have grant relief" Act. 435, 1561. Clark's observed, followed reasoning 1933, stated: 11 " 'The implies effective recovery afforded utilize procedures normally exigencies particular case.' 1560 (quoting Deckert Independence Shares Corp., 311 282, 288, 233, 85 189 (1940)). That "in many words more significant than fact execution judgment." 233. Subsequent true position. Sullivan Little Hunting Park, Inc., 396 400, 405, 24 386 (1969), stating "existence existence remedies"; Carey Piphus, 435 247, 255, 98 1042, 1048, 55 252 (1978), upholding 1983 even enacting provided 13 contends abandoned quotes language effect protected Constitution." 2275. Government's position, mirrors very misunderstanding over sparked confusion attempted clarify Davis. Whether persons irrelevant lawsuit. To reiterate, 'cause action' any, receive." nothing interrupt line silent n. 26 (contrasting Brown General Services Administration, 425 820, 96 1961, 48 402 (1976)).6 14 Contrary arguments 568 (1984), it. Though multiple opinions suggest difficulty inferring among Justices case, challenged Guardians, 595, 3229 (WHITE, joined J.); 607-611, 3235-3237 (Powell, Burger, C.J.); 612, 3237, (O'CONNOR, judgment); 624-628, 3244-3246 (Marshall, dissenting); 636, 3250 (STEVENS, dissenting, Brennan JJ.). correctness inference following Term unanimously 1978 amendment 504 Rehabilitation 1973—which incorporated "remedies, procedures, set forth title VI" (29 794a(a)(2))—authorizes "agreed retroactive plaintiffs VI." 630, 9, 1252 9. III 15 now address application enforcement Bush Lucas, 462 367, 378, 2404, 2411-2412, 76 648 (1983); Wyandotte Transp. 389 191, 200, 88 379, 385, 19 407 (1967). Cannon, usual recourse necessarily enlighten analysis. misunderstand nature inquiry, needlessly dedicating large portions their briefs discussions how behind "silent" Since applicable 16 During event 'basically matter construction,' asserts. Brief Amicus Curiae Transamerica Mortgage Advisors, Inc. Lewis, 444 15, 100 242, 245, 62 146 (1979)). determining Congress's evaluate legislature Cf. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith, Curran, 456 353, 102 1825, 1839, 72 (1982). statute, "follow[ed] tradition [and] regarded denial exception rather rule." 375, 1837 (footnote omitted). outlined Part II, prevailing least early nineteenth century. part decade immediately preceding enactment cases.7 cases, Co., 1560, 207, 389; (1969). Wholly apart wisdom holding, same contextual used justify demonstrates 17 announcement hand, method possible, Our reading amendments leads us conclude 1986, 2000d-7, abrogated States' Eleventh immunity VI, 1973, Age Discrimination 1975. read except validation holding. subsection State, "remedies (including equity) extent public State." 2000d-7(a)(2). While savings clause says cf. Milwaukee Illinois, 304, 329, 22, 1784, 1798-1799 68 114 (1981), mind. 18 addition 1987, Pub.L. 100-259, 28 (1988). Without way altering existing corresponding permissible Act, broadened coverage antidiscrimination provisions legislation. correct considered unacceptable Grove City College Bell, 555, 1211, 516 restrict ratified say, complainant IV reasons why case. First, argue violates expands Branches. 22-25. making argument, misconceive generally Note, Jurisdiction Suits Damages Under Statutes Not Affording Such Remedy, Colum.L.Rev. 1090, 1094-1095 (1948). reach out Indeed, understood, respondents' position invites abdicate historic authority system. recall power, Katz, Jurisprudence Remedies: Constitutional Legality Law Torts U.Pa.L.Rev. 16-17 (1968). abdication way, Next, consistent Appeals's reasoning, contend 1545-1546, 694 unintentional. equally disagree. point permitting award. id. 1540. this, alleged. Unquestionably, placed Schools duty discriminate sex, "when supervisor sexually harasses subordinate subordinate's 'discriminate[s]' sex." Meritor Savings Bank, FSB Vinson, 477 57, 64, 106 2399, 91 49 (1986). believe student. surely monies expended sought proscribe. Darrone. characterize description underlying objection: require entities pay treasuries statutes.8 C 22 Finally, asserts diverging sound logic. ordinary convention, proper adequate not, appropriate. Whitehead Shattuck, 138 146, 150, 276, 34 873 (1891). C. McCormick, (1935). Government inadequate. Backpay petitioner, occurred. Similarly, person harassment—no herself system, accords all. government's answer administrative helps similarly-situated students acknowledges leave petitioner remediless. V sum, judgment Appeals, remanded proceedings opinion. So ordered. 25 whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE THOMAS join, substantive create, "implied." Quite obviously, search acknowledge unlikely succeed, ante, 71; "hardly surprising," says, ibid., sources yield explicit answer. finds implicit answer, legislators' presumptive awareness practice using "any remedy" rights. (1946); 72-73. strikes me question-begging. can plausibly assume acquiescence creating action; perhaps textual implication; I think, divine "contextual" evidence charged knowledge appeals' creation similarly worded 696-698, 1957-58. Whatever thinks validity last approach, rests attributed actual congressional knowledge. demonstrate expected accompanied Hood. Given some earlier "implied action" analytical construct comes down this: Unless legislates policy know creating, intends gamut applied. my view, judicially "implied," categorical limitations scope well. Cort Ash, 422 66, 84-85, 95 2080, 2091, 26. Although expansive rights-creating exemplified (1979); 18, 23-24, 249, (1979)—and ought entirely, Thompson Thompson, 484 174, 108 513, 522, 512 (1988) (SCALIA, judgment)—causes came ancien regime logic gave them birth. require, consciously intentionally created, limitation express, provide, effect, most questionable expansively remediable. puts "[w]hatever merits 'implying' be, justification treating [congressional] equivalent broadest imaginable authority." 12-13. 29 nonetheless agree disposition legislation subsequent too late day exclusion 2000d-7(a)(2), read, only "as holding," acknowledgment 2000d-7(a)(1) (withdrawing immunity); 2000d-7(a)(2) (providing suits [violations IX] State"). therefore concur pertinent "No shall, excluded participation in, benefits of, education program activity financial assistance." 1681(a). exhibit report Department Education's Office office's investigation amended complaint. Prior bringing lawsuit, (OCR) 1988. investigating several months, OCR district violated Franklin's subjecting physical verbal interfering complain conduct determined, resignations Prescott implementation grievance procedure, come compliance terminated 7-9. outright prohibition VII, 2000e 2000e-17, analogy IX's provision, same. pursue here, need merit. Judge Johnson concurred specially, writing result controlled Titles grounded solely VII 622-623 (Johnson, specially). Cases cited inapposite, either involved holdings see, Virginia Bankshares, Sandberg, 2749, 929 (1991); Karahalios National Federation Fed. Employees, Local 1263, 489 527, 109 1282, 539 (1989); (1988); Industries, Radcliff Materials, 2061, 500 (1981); California Sierra Club, 287, 1775, Northwest Airlines, Transport Workers, 77, 1571, 750 Investor Protection Barbour, 421 412, 1733, 44 263 (1975); enumerated plaintiffs. Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins. Russell, 473 134, 105 3085, (1985). (1964); (1967); Jones Alfred H. Mayer 392 409, 2186, 1189 (1968); Allen Bd. Elections, 393 544, 89 817, (1969); Superintendent Bankers Casualty 404 6, 92 165, 30 128 (1971). argues event, viewed derived Fourteenth Amendment. 10. money irrespective source enact utilized

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