Document: 508 U.S. 656 113 S.Ct. 2297 124 L.Ed.2d 586 NORTHEASTERN FLORIDA CHAPTER OF the ASSOCIATED GENERAL CONTRACTORS AMERICA, Petitioner,v.CITY JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, et al. No. 91-1721. Argued Feb. 22, 1993. Decided June 14, Syllabus * Respondent city enacted an ordinance requiring that 10% of amount spent on contracts be set aside each fiscal year for so-called "Minority Business Enterprises" (MBE's). Petitioner construction contractors' association, most whose members did not qualify as MBE's, filed suit in District Court against and respondent Mayor, alleging many its regularly bid on, performed, work "would have . designated but restrictions imposed" by violation Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. Ultimately court entered summary judgment petitioner, Appeals vacated judgment, ruling petitioner lacked standing to challenge because it had "not demonstrated that, program, any member would successfully [the] contracts." After certiorari was granted, repealed MBE ordinance, replacing with another which, although different from still certain certified black- female-owned businesses. Subsequently, this denied respondents' motion dismiss case moot. Held: 1. The is It well settled voluntary cessation a challenged practice does deprive federal power determine practice's legality, defendant precluded reinstating practice. Here, there more than mere risk will repeat allegedly wrongful conduct; has already done so. Insofar city's new accords preferential treatment award contracts, disadvantages petitioner's same way did. Pp. ____. 2. sue city. (a) When government erects barrier makes difficult one group obtain benefit group, former seeking need allege he obtained order establish standing. See, e.g., Regents University California v. Bakke, 438 265, 98 2733, 57 750. "injury fact" element such equal protection denial resulting imposition barrier—here, inability compete footing bidding process—not ultimate benefit. To standing, therefore, only demonstrate are able ready discriminatory policy prevents them doing so basis. (b) Respondents' reliance Warth Seldin, 422 490, 95 2197, 45 343—in which association town's zoning ordinance—is misplaced. Unlike claimed could variances permits, they apply permits basis, applied permit or variance current project. (c) Petitioner's allegations under were unchallenged assumed true. P. 951 F.2d 1217 (CA11 1992), reversed remanded. THOMAS, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, STEVENS, SCALIA, KENNEDY, SOUTER, JJ., joined. O'CONNOR, dissenting opinion, BLACKMUN, Deborah A. Ausburn, Atlanta, GA, petitioner. Leonard S. Magid, Jacksonville, FL, respondents. Justice THOMAS Court. 1 A Florida, minority-owned businesses contracts. In we decide whether, contractors required show received contract absent ordinance. We hold not. 2 3 1984, entitled Enterprise Participation," City Jacksonville Purchasing Code §§ 126.604(a), 126.605(a) (1988). An defined business ownership at least 51% "minority" female, § 126.603(a), turn person who considers himself black, Spanish-speaking, Oriental, Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, handicapped, 126.603(b). Once projects earmarked chief purchasing officer, "deemed reserved minority enterprises only." 126.604(c), 126.605(c). Under "[m]athematical certainty [was] determining aside," officer "make every attempt come close possible ten percent figure." 126.604(a)(4), 126.605(a)(4). also provided waiver reduction set-aside circumstances. 126.608. 4 Petitioner, Northeastern Florida Chapter Associated General Contractors America (AGC), individuals firms industry. do MBE's On April 4, 1989, action, pursuant 42 U.S.C. 1983, Mayor (also here) United States Middle Florida. Claiming Jacksonville's violated Clause Amendment (both face applied), sought declaratory injunctive relief. complaint alleged "regularly perform Jacksonville," Complaint ¶ 9, id., 46. 5 6, temporary restraining prohibiting implementing and, 20, issued preliminary injunction. Respondents appealed. Concluding irreparable injury, issuance injunction, remanded expedited disposition merits. 896 1283 (1990). Chief Judge Tjoflat concurred judgment. his view should been dismissed lack "refer specific subcontract awarded nonminority bidder ordinance." Id., 1287. 6 meantime, both respondents moved judgment.1 May 31, 1990, concluding inconsistent criteria established Richmond J.A. Croson Co., 488 469, 109 706, 102 854 (1989). again appealed, once favorable ruling. (1992). Rather addressing merits claim, held "lacks establishing program," 1218, "has AGC these contracts," 1219. accordingly Court's instructions without prejudice. 7 Because Eleventh Circuit's decision conflicts decisions Columbia Circuit Ninth Circuit, see O'Donnell Constr. Co. Columbia, 295 U.S.App.D.C. 317, 320, 963 420, 423 (1992); Coral King County, 941 910, 930 (CA9 1991), cert. denied, 502 ----, 112 875, 116 780 (1992), granted certiorari. 506 50, 121 20 B 8 October 27, 1992, 22 days after our grant certiorari, replaced "African-American Women's became effective next day. This differs three principal respects. First, unlike prior women seven groups, applies blacks. 126.601(b) Second, rather "set "participation goals" ranging 16%, depending upon type contract, contractor, awarded. 126.604. Third, provides five alternative methods achieving goals." 126.605, 126.618. Which use decided "project project basis," them, "Sheltered Market Plan," (apart percentages) virtually identical ordinance's aside." plan "for exclusive competition" 126.605(b).2 9 no longer live controversy respect constitutionality moot November 18, 1992. December 14. 808, 681 II 10 their brief merits, reassert claim repeal renders decline disturb earlier ruling, however; now, then, mootness question controlled Mesquite Aladdin's Castle, Inc., 455 283, 1070, 71 152 (1982), where "well settled" rule "a defendant's legality practice." 289, S.Ct., 1074. Although statutory language issue eliminated while pending Appeals, moot, "repeal objectionable preclude reenacting precisely provision if vacated." Ibid. 11 fortiori case. There Nor matter respects old one. stand proposition possibility selfsame statute being moot; rule, repealing some insignificant respect. gravamen disadvantaged efforts may disadvantage lesser degree one, insofar contractors—and, particular, Plan" aside" name—it fundamental way.3 12 now certiorari: whether III 13 doctrine "an essential unchanging part case-or-controversy requirement Article III," Lujan Defenders Wildlife, 504 2130, 2136, 119 351 itself "defines Judicial Branch idea separation powers Federal Government founded," Allen Wright, 468 737, 750, 104 3315, 3324, 82 556 (1984). long line cases party invoke court's jurisdiction must things: (1) fact," mean invasion legally protected interest "(a) concrete particularized, actual imminent, conjectural hypothetical," Lujan, supra, U.S., 2136 (citations, footnote, internal quotation marks omitted); (2) causal relationship between injury conduct, "fairly can traced action defendant," resulted "from independent third before court," Simon Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Org., 426 26, 41-42, 96 1917, 1926, 48 450 (1976); (3) likelihood redressed decision, "prospect obtaining relief result ruling" "too speculative," 752, 3325. These elements "irreducible minimum," Valley Forge Christian College Americans Separation Church State, 454 464, 472, 758, 70 700 Constitution. 14 failed circumstances, concluded, "injury." F.2d, 1219-1220. holding cannot reconciled precedents. 15 Turner Fouche, 396 346, 90 532, 24 567 (1970), Georgia law limiting school-board membership property owners grounds. plaintiff own law, 361, n. 23, 541, say explicitly, depend allegation appointed board requirement. All necessary wished considered position. Accord, Quinn Millsap, 491 95, 103, 2324, 2329, 105 74 (1989) (plaintiffs real "board freeholders"). 16 confronted similar Clements Fashing, 457 957, 2836, 73 (1982). number officeholders rights "automatic resignation" Texas Constitution, requires immediate resignation (but all) state announcement candidacy office. Noting plaintiffs announced consequences so, rejected dispute "merely insufficient create "actual controversy." 962, 2843. Citing emphasized plaintiffs' "obstacle [their] candidacy," 2843 (emphasis added); require actually elected prohibition. 17 closely analogous case, however, 750 (1978), twice-rejected white male applicant medical school's admissions 100 places entering class applicants, Addressing argument Powell concluded "constitutional requirements Art. III" satisfied, requisite "injury" "decision Bakke all class, simply race." 281, 2743, added) (opinion Powell, J.). Thus, "even unable prove admitted absence special follow standing." 280-281, added). portion Powell's joined four other Justices. See 272, 2738.4 18 Singly collectively, following proposition: variety barrier, 362, 541 ("We assume [plaintiffs] right education. But [they] constitutional public service burden invidiously disqualifications") (footnote omitted) And context process, loss contract. Croson, 493, 720 J.) ("The [set-aside program] denies citizens opportunity fixed percentage based solely race") challenging program like basis.5 19 urging affirmance, rely primarily 343 (1975). terms enforced, effect preventing people low moderate income living town. Seeking intervene suit, deprived opportunities profits. explanation holding: "The refers [the association's] currently either enforcing it. averment building Indeed, indication delayed thwarted proposed members, taken advantage remedial processes available short, seeks prospective relief, association] existence sufficient immediacy ripeness warrant judicial intervention." 516, 2214. 21 think distinguishable. discussed, involve classification prevented competing quest complained (or plaintiff's membership) excluded consideration benefits—in school class; here, municipal Warth, contrast, association's basis firms; what objected "refusals town officials permits." 515, 2213 530, 2221 (Brennan, dissenting) ("the approve project") deleted). firms' complaint, words, equally; win. undoubtedly tension aforementioned cases, governed latter. event, minimal. Even assuming too, distinguishable nonetheless. those unavailable "any ha[d] project." Furthermore, Appeals—mutatis mutandis —did policy, members. "specific project" "precluded" administration ibid., certainly suggestion necessary. IV 23 able. &Par; (by example), Lucas South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 3, 2886, 2891, 120 798; Pennell San Jose, 485 1, 7, 108 849, 855, 99 Given assumption, given legal standard reaffirmed today, inappropriate standing.6 therefore reversed, further proceedings consistent opinion. So ordered. 25 whom BLACKMUN joins, dissenting. 26 expires significantly amended review, prospective, Today abandons practice, relying ante, I believe resembles found Mesquite. Accordingly, reach majority. 27 28 Earlier Term, longstanding "if event occurs [pending review] impossible 'any effectual whatever' prevailing party." Scientology States, 447, 449, 313 (1992) quoting Mills Green, 159 651, 653, 132, 133, 40 L.Ed. 293 (1895). That principle challenges legislation expired repealed, If exists, ordinarily continuing validity, enjoining enforcement meaningless. New Orleans Flour Inspectors Glover, 160 170, 321, 382 (1895) (repeal). Burke Barnes, 479 363-365, 107 734, 736-737, 93 732 (1987) (expiration); cf. 478, 713, (expiration parties over application damages ). 29 analysis varies when legislation. agree altering "in respect." Ante, recognized, material changes render Princeton Schmid, 100, 867, 869, 855 (1982) (per curiam) ("substantia[l] amend[ment]" regulation mooted validity). seems clear, example, revised plainly cure defect, plaintiff, decide. Such functionally indistinguishable involving outright repeal: Neither declaration statute's invalidity nor injunction future said affect plaintiff. Department Treasury Galioto, 477 556, 559-560, 106 2683, 2685-2686, 91 459 (1986) (equal firearms treating felons favorably mental patients Congress eliminate discrimination); Kremens Bartley, 431 119, 128-130, 97 1709, 1714-1715, 52 184 (1977) (challenge permitting parents commit juveniles hospital mooted, 13, commitment under); Board Public Utility Comm'rs Compania De Tabacos Filipinas, 249 425, 426, 39 332, 63 687 (1919) constitute unlawful delegation legislative regulatory amendment detailed board's responsibilities); Berry Davis, 242 468, 470, 37 208, 209, 61 441 (1917) (suit enjoin mandatory vasectomy operation inapplicable plaintiff). 30 presented when, review obviously completely remedying infirmity original act, narrowly drawn. ultimately suffer defect old. sufficiently altered present substantially originally decided. typically exercised caution treated 31 Diffenderfer Central Baptist Miami, 404 412, 92 574, (1972) curiam), exempted taxation church used commercial parking lot violative Religion Clauses First Amendment. noted probable jurisdiction, Legislature exempting predominantly religious purposes. Observing might exemption us reasoned: 32 [statute] unconstitutional purposes lot. is, course, repealed." 414-415, 575-576. 33 Recognizing wish newly legislation, declined dismissal, becomes Munsingwear, 340 36, 39, 2, 104, 106, 36 (1950). Instead, lower leave amend pleadings. 415, 576. 34 took approach Fusari Steinberg, 419 379, 533, 521 (1975), Connecticut's procedures eligibility unemployment compensation. three-judge scheme due process provide adequate hearing administrative examiner's unreasonably time. legislature relevant statutes, additional procedural protections stage structure make quicker fairer. "[might] alter character system Court," 386-387, 538, unclear how operate, 388-389, 539, reconsideration light intervening law. 390, 540; Allee Medrano, 416 802, 818-820, 94 2191, 2202-2203, 566 (1974) (where criminal statutes declared "more drawn" versions, prosecutions). 35 precedents drawn generally law's Where sure claims, dismissal avoids advisory. Like Diffenderfer, concerns review. requests exists. acknowledges last. ____ [petitioner's members] one"). majority believes inapposite because, majority's view, differ complaint. ____, 3. agree. complaint," read it, two reasons: "[lacked] factual undertaken studies past discrimination effects made preference necessary, App. 15-17; "[was] tailored remedy racial discrimination," limited time, figure rationally related statistic, preferences groups ever occurred city, 17-18. invalidated authority J. (1989), deficient Pet. Cert. 10-13. findings discrimination; "narro[w] tailor[ing]" question. 12. 38 clearly written defects program. passed completion study, commissioned, Select Committee Council conducted numerous hearings. expressly adopts Committee's concerning "the discrimination" contracting. 126.601 effort evident. By terms, expire years. 126.604(a). addition, explains, eight previously favored list qualified participants; participation goals vary according contractor; goals. Only complying goals, ever, Sheltered Plan, method, particular As Fusari, "we speculate operate." 539. Whether survives scrutiny Amendment—a express —I "insignificant," claim. difficulty characterizing general possible: undertake generalized changes. There, "presents case," Allee, 818, 2202, proper course decision. 41 us—and Appeals—concerns compel result. Cf. 363, 736 (declining expiration controversy). determination avails nothing, since even questions ordinances, my remains inappropriate. yet attempted pleadings file Tr. Oral Arg. 5. today's For reason, wiser precedents, Diffenderfer. vacate Appeals' remand assertion "control[s]" understand created narrow exception principles described—an here. 43 licensing governing coin-operated amusement establishments. One factors license "connections elements." 287, 1073 (internal omitted). phrase unconstitutionally vague, affirmed. While contested 44 came us, relied voluntary-cessation doctrine, did, defendants forever avoid ceasing resume dismissed. defendant, mootness, bears heavy "demonstrat[ing] reasonable expectation wrong repeated." W.T. Grant 345 629, 633, 894, 897, 1303 (1953) 1074-1075. fact intention exactly just then reinstated aspect litigation, response action. 11, 1086, 11. circumstances "no expectation" reenact language. 46 purport overrule Significantly, referred materially reason me obvious. Mesquite, ordinary suppose litigation reinstate opportunity. especially true, where, replaced—no doubt considerable expense —with version designed infirmities. presume bodies act bad faith. why, expected 47 At most, stands discretion amended. appropriately likely worthwhile. rare. points nothing record suggest dealing sort improprieties concerned quite unconvincing "is by" exceptional announcing favoring exercise moreover, casts statutory-change injects uncertainty into jurisprudence. developed described continue Where, intends version, direct permitted respectfully dissent. syllabus constitutes prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Lumber 200 337, 282, 50 499. merits; Record, Exh. 33. "Participation Percentage businesses, 126.605(a), 126.612; "Direct Negotiation engages "direct negotiations" 126.605(c); "Bid Preference within dollar lowest bid, 126.605(d); (4) "Impact "point values" subcontractors suppliers specified employment black female employees, bottom, dissent permissible conduct continues—or, puts "sufficiently decided." Post, altered"; disagrees. disagreement, short answer dissent's (1975) predate Mesquite—is changed substantially, repeated. 413-414, 575 ("crux complaint" Constitution authorized tax purposes"; "only purposes"); 380, 535 (challenged "significantly revised"); 385, 537 (legislature "major revisions" statute). court, ASARCO, Inc. Kadish, 490 605, 2037, 696 retroactively Bakke's discussion dictum. Brief Citizen Amici Curiae (suggesting might). ASARCO though trial court) "had courts," 623, 2048, petitioners (defendants "allege[d] stemming state-court decree," 617, 2045. irrelevant met requirements; instead clear satisfied "obviated inquiry." condition sufficient. follows definition "cause" decree directing discontinue "redress" injury. sue, not, prerequisites "associational standing" satisfied. Hunt Washington Apple Advertising Comm'n, 432 333, 343, 2434, 2441, 53 383 (1977). Nor, record, reaching conclusion own.

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