Document: 536 U.S. 584 RINGv.ARIZONA. No. 01-488. Supreme Court of the United States. Argued April 22, 2002. Decided June 24, CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF ARIZONA At petitioner Ring's Arizona trial for murder and related offenses, jury deadlocked on premeditated murder, but found Ring guilty felony occurring in course armed robbery. Under law, could not be sentenced to death, statutory maximum penalty first-degree unless further findings were made by a judge conducting separate sentencing hearing. The at that stage must determine existence or nonexistence statutorily enumerated "aggravating circumstances" any "mitigating circumstances." death sentence may imposed only if finds least one aggravating circumstance no mitigating circumstances sufficiently substantial call leniency. Following such hearing, him death. Because had convicted would eligible he was, inter alia, victim's actual killer. See Enmund v. Florida, 458 U. S. 782. Citing accomplice testimony was then two factors, them, offense committed pecuniary gain, as well factor, minimal criminal record, ruled latter did On appeal, argued Arizona's capital scheme violates Sixth Amendment's guarantee entrusting finding fact raising defendant's penalty. Jones States, 526 227; Apprendi New Jersey, 530 466. State responded this upheld system Walton Arizona, 497 639, 649, stated remained good law. observed cast doubt Walton's continued viability majority's interpretation S., 496-497, wanting. JUSTICE O'CONNOR's dissent, id., 538, court noted, correctly described how works State: A defendant cannot receive makes factual determination factor exists. Nevertheless, recognizing it bound Supremacy Clause apply Walton, decision overruled, rejected constitutional attack. It court's gain reweighed against lack serious affirmed sentence. Held: are irreconcilable; Court's Amendment jurisprudence home both. Accordingly, is overruled extent allows judge, sitting without jury, find an necessary imposition 647-649. factors operate "the functional equivalent element greater offense," Apprendi, 494, n. 19, requires they jury. Pp. 597-609. (a) In upholding charge violated Amendment, "elements offense"; "sentencing considerations" guiding choice between life 648. drew support from Cabana Bullock, 474 376, which held there bar appellate killed, attempted kill, intended Enmund, supra, required felony-murder cases. If Constitution does require proved make finding, stated, concluded denominate "elements" commit only, circumstances. 649. Subsequently, suggested (other than prior conviction) increases crime submitted 243, 6, distinguished having characterized facts context lesser penalty, process range's ceiling, 251. 597-601. (b) judge's racial animus motivated petitioner's weapons triggered application state "hate enhancement" doubled authorized This enhancement Apprendi's right whether every with charged, beyond reasonable doubt. 477. That attached also crime" circumstance. Id., 476. dispositive question, said, form, effect. 494. increase punishment contingent fact, — matter labels 482-483. exposed exceeding punished according reflected verdict alone. 483. reconciled asserted: key distinction conviction carried death; once has all elements carries its left decide rather one, ought imposed. 497. dissent O'CONNOR "demonstrably untrue" assertion expose Such defendant, she emphasized, critical 538. insisted, followed, have uphold 537. 601-603. (c) Given dissent's portrayal law precisely right, construction State's own authoritative, see Mullaney Wilbur, 421 684, 691, persuaded relevant part, survive reasoning. effort reconcile interpreted first restates ruling that, because specifies imprisonment options convicted, within range verdict. argument overlooks instruction inquiry effect, form. aggravated Ibid. statute authorizes formal sense, 541 (O'CONNOR, J., dissenting), explicitly cross-references provision requiring before prevailed opening argument, reduced "meaningless formalistic" rule drafting. ibid. based offense's rendered untenable repeated characterization determinative question "who decides," See, e. g., 492. urges trigger nonetheless reserved judicial different: States constructed elaborate procedures cases constraints said Eighth places sentencing, see, 522-523 (THOMAS, concurring). Apart provenance however, presents specific reason excepting defendants protections extended generally, none readily apparent. 539 dissenting). various settings, addition definition order narrow scope. Lopez, 514 549, 561-562. legislature adding constitutionally required, surely element. There differentiate crimes others regard. suggestion authority over better way arbitrary unpersuasive. turn relative rationality, fairness, efficiency potential factfinders. 498 (SCALIA, event, superiority factfinding far evident, given great majority decisions presence those determinations Although stare decisis fundamental importance where, here, necessity propriety doing so been established. Patterson McLean Credit Union, 491 164, 172. 603-609. 200 Ariz. 267, 25 P. 3d 1139, reversed remanded. GINSBURG, delivered opinion Court, STEVENS, SCALIA, KENNEDY, SOUTER, THOMAS, JJ., joined. filed concurring opinion, joined, post, p. 610. 613. BREYER, judgment, O'CONNOR, dissenting REHNQUIST, C. 619. Andrew D. Hurwitz cause petitioner. With briefs John A. Stookey Daniel L. Kaplan. Janet Napolitano, Attorney General respondent. her brief Patrick Irvine, Solicitor General, Kent E. Cattani, Robert Ellman Kathleen Sweeney, Assistant Attorneys General.* GINSBURG Court. 1 case concerns prosecutions. following adjudication guilt alone, determines absence 2 639 (1990), compatible additional qualified considerations, "element[s] murder." Ten years later, we decided 466 (2000), permit "expose[d] ... alone." prescription governs, determined, even characterizes factor[s]." 3 reasoning irreconcilable holding regard, today overrule part. Capital defendants, less noncapital conclude, entitled conditions their punishment. 4 * Timothy robbery, charges, prosecutor presented evidence sufficient here recounted. November 28, 1994, Wells Fargo armored van pulled up Dillard's department store Arrowhead Mall Glendale, Arizona. Tr. 57, 60-61 (Nov. 14, 1996). Courier Dave Moss pick money inside store. 61, 73-74. When returned, van, driver, Magoch, gone. 61-62. 5 Later day, Maricopa County Sheriff's Deputies doors locked engine running parking lot church Sun City, 99-100 13, Inside vehicle dead single gunshot head. 101. According records, more $562,000 cash $271,000 checks missing van. 10 18, 6 Prompted informant's tip, Glendale police sought his friend James Greenham involved investigation revealed several expensive purchases December 1994 early 1995. 153-156 1996); 90-94 21, Wiretaps placed telephones Ring, Greenham, third suspect, William Ferguson. 19-21 7 recorded phone conversation, told Ferguson might "cu[t] off" "[h]e's too much risk": indiscreetly flaunted new truck front ex-wife. Exh. 49A, pp. 11-12. cut off associate "both [Greenham's] mine." 11. engineered local news broadcast about robbery investigation; included account intentional inaccuracies. 3-5, 13-14 hearing report, message Greenham's answering machine "remind me talk you tomorrow tell what tonight. Very important, fairly good." 55A, 2. 8 After detective note door asking call, 115-118 1996), puzzled attention trained Greenham. "[H]is house clean," said; "[m]ine, other hand, contains very large bag." 70A, 7. 9 February 1995, furnished staged reenactment news, again deliberate "laughed" when saw broadcast, called "humorous." 80A, 3. "not real worried now"; "slightly concern[ed]" possibility eventually ask hair samples. 3-4. Two days executed search warrant house, discovering duffel bag garage containing cash. 107-108, 111, 125 20, They number "575, 995" it, followed word "splits" letters "F," "Y," "T." 127-130. prosecution asserted "F" Ferguson, "Y" "Yoda" (Greenham's nickname), "T" Ring. 42 (Dec. 5, 11 Testifying defense, seized startup company planning 10-11 3, testified share confidential informant Federal Bureau Investigation bail bondsman gunsmith. 162, 166-167, 180 2, But FBI agent paid $458, 47 showed $8,800 bondsman, 48-51 21 25, 12 instructed alternative charges murder. jurors voting acquit, Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1105(A) (B) (West 2001) ("A person commits degree [a]cting either alone persons attempts [one felonies] furtherance immediate flight offense, another causes person.... Homicide, prescribed [this provision] mental commission felonies."). 13 As later summed admitted failed prove, doubt, [Ring] major participant actually murdered Magoch." 280, 1152 (2001). clear connected robbery's proceeds, nothing put scene Furthermore, "[f]or know evidence," "[Ring] participate in, plan, expect killing. explains why felony, premeditated, 14 made. prescribes "is punishable provided § 13-703." 13-1105(C) 2001). cross-referenced section, 13-703, directs who presided "conduct [certain enumerated] purpose determining imposed." 13-703(C) Supp. instructs: "The shall conducted section constitution state." 15 conclusion circumstances"1 circumstances."2 "there leniency." 13-703(F). 16 Between pleaded second-degree He stipulated 27½-year agreed cooperate 35-37 (Oct. 9, 1997). 17 Called he, weeks occurred. "had I guess taken role leader laid out tactics." 39. day three watched pull mall. 45. Magoch opened smoke cigarette, shot rifle equipped homemade silencer. 42, 44-45. pushed Magoch's body aside drove away. direction, lot, where transferred truck. 46, 48. Later, recalled, robbers dividing money, upbraided "forgetting congratulate [his] shot." 60. 18 cross-examination, acknowledged previously counsel do execution 85-87. explained statement threatened life. 87. now testifying "pay back" threats interference relationship 90-92. 19 October 29, 1997, entered "Special Verdict" recognized killer "a led killing exhibited reckless disregard indifference human life." App. Pet. Cert. 46a-47a; 782 (1982) (Eighth killed kill); Tison 481 137, 158 (1987) (qualifying permits kill attempt "major participa[nt] committed" demonstrated "reckless life"). 20 Mr. 47a. unquestionably grave risk death." turned 13-703. factors. First, determined expectation receiving something "pecuniary value," 13-703; "[t]aking car motive just result." 49a. Second, "in especially heinous, cruel depraved manner." cited comment, reported expressing pride marksmanship. 49a-50a. nonstatutory factor: "minimal" record. 52a. "call leniency"; therefore 53a. 22 Fourteenth Amendments entrusts 227 (1999); (2000). State, response, noted 23 Reviewing sentence, preliminary observations. Jones, high "raise some Walton." Ariz., 278, 3d, 1150. examined "`requir[es] judges, after crime, imposing death,' `permits offense.'" 279, 1151 (quoting 496-497). squarely scheme: "A Without imprisonment, penalty." 538). 24 reciting divergent constructions State. present Justice O'Connor's [in Apprendi] Defendant's findings." 1151. reading understood overruled. attack system. 1152. insufficient depravity, 281-282, 1153-1154, gain. remaining sole (Ring's record), 282-284, 1154-1156. 26 We granted petition writ certiorari, 534 1103 (2002), allay uncertainty lower courts caused manifest tension Apprendi. Promise, 255 F. 150, 159-160 (CA4 (en banc) (calling light "perplexing"); Hoffman Arave, 236 523, 542 (CA9 ("Apprendi raise Walton."); People Kaczmarek, 318 Ill. 340, 351-352, 741 N. 2d 1131, 1142 (2000) ("[W]hile appears extends noncapital, capital, endorsed precise principle, position secondguess here."). reverse judgment II 27 Based solely jury's received imprisonment. (citing 13-703). because, "death legally exist doubt." specifies, guarantee,3 applicable entrusted jury.4 28 earlier indicated, 588, 595-596, time considered constitutionality Amendment. denied challenge Florida's system, recommends explicit circumstances; ruled, ground authorizing jury." 648 Hildwin 490 638, 640-641 (1989) (per curiam)). unavailing defendant-petitioner distinguish Arizona's. neither both ranked (internal quotation marks omitted). 29 376 (1986), (1982), court, maintained, entailed "`element murder'"; "only place[d] `a substantive limitation sentencing.'" 649 Cabana, 385-386). "If finding," "we conclude `elements' 30 STEVENS urged established 709. Aggravators "operate under law," reasoned, "because absence, [the death] unavailable." 709, 1. th[e] posed 1791, became answer clear," "[b]y time, 31 English homicide entrenched. fact-finder, power offense. Moreover, eligibility particularly Throughout history, subject making determinations, many difficult assessments mind. By Bill Rights adopted, these unquestioned." 710-711 White, Fact-Finding Death Penalty: Scope Right Jury Trial, 65 Notre Dame 1, (1989)). 32 revisited (1999). case, construed federal carjacking statute, 2119 (1994 ed. V), which, conduct issue, possessing firearm "takes motor force violence intimidation (1) imprisoned ..., (2) bodily injury results, (3) ...." "defined distinct offenses penalties, them dependent exempt requirements verdict." 229. 33 recognized, "susceptible [both] constructions"; adopted avoided "grave doubtful questions." 239 ex rel. Delaware & Hudson Co., 213 366, 408 (1909)). Section 2119, held, offenses. Therefore, causation escalating penalties fell province decide. 251-252. Responding restated succinctly principle animating view read define violate Constitution: "[U]nder Due Process Fifth notice guarantees charged indictment, proven 6. 34 endeavored certain decisions, including Walton. Advancing "careful rationale," said: "characterized falling traditional scope ceiling available." 35 Dissenting KENNEDY questioned issue suggested, merely consideration exercising discretion penalties. "Under statute," observed, "Walton Absent term imprisonment." 272 (citation concluded, needlessly vitality Walton: 36 impermissible allow years, appear candidate approach instant case." 272. 37 One year of, possession firearm, carrying ten Jersey 469-470. prosecutor's motion, preponderance animus. Jersey's enhancement," prison, applied enhancement. 38 [he] 477 Gaudin, 515 506, 510 (1995)). "threatened pains unlawfully possessed weapon selected victims intimidate race." "Merely using label `sentence enhancement' describe [second act] provide principled basis treating acts] differently." 39 effect." 483; 499 concurring) ("[A]ll jury."). 40 finally asserted. distinction, "[O]nce (emphasis deleted) Almendarez-Torres 523 224, 257, (1998) dissenting)). 41 dissenters "baffling." 538 (opinion J.). claimed sentence." That, untrue," "defendant properly can remove difference holds can, inconceivable same respect results 10-year exposed." 537 recounted, incorrect, description right: "Defendant's Recognizing 691 (1975), 43 system: imprisonment" options, 2001); Brief Respondent 9-19. [of circumstance] expose[d] Ibid.; "authorizes sense," (O`CONNOR, ("First class added)). 44 supports relied upon 598-599; Oral Arg. 28-29. elevation punishment, renders untenable;5 repeatedly instructs "element" factor" 492 (noting contention "[t]he biased `element' hate `sentencing factor' motive," calling "nothing disagreement today"); ("[W]hen used covered verdict."); 495 ("[M]erely enhancer provisions code mean essential offense." omitted)); 501 ("[I]f defines core provides increasing fact[,] together constitute grand larceny form petit larceny. crime."). 45 Even standing ordinarily urges, determination. maintained oral "[d]eath different." 43. cases, emphasizes, sentencing. 21-25 Furman Georgia, 238 (1972) curiam)); Maynard Cartwright, 486 356, 362 (1988) ("Since Furman, our insisted channeling limiting sentencer's requirement minimizing wholly capricious action."); ("[I]n area unlike area, special legislature's ability lead restricted crimes."). 46 "no protections... extend[ed] apparent." notion "that restriction should compensated permitting leeway proving precedent jurisprudence." 561-562 (1995) (suggesting gun "express jurisdictional element" connection interstate commerce render Commerce Clause); Brandenburg Ohio, 395 444, 447 (1969) curiam) (First prohibits "proscrib[ing] advocacy use violation except directed inciting producing imminent lawless action likely incite produce action"); Lambert California, 355 225, 229 (1957) (Due "actual knowledge duty register proof probability knowledge" ex-felon failing municipality). 48 suggests "may 32. Entrusting 49 "an admirably fair efficient justice designed society prepared leave State.... founders American Republic jury-trial controversial Rights. never efficient; always free." (Scalia, 50 evident. Unlike jury.6 51 "`the doctrine law[,]' [o]ur precedents sacrosanct." 172 Welch Texas Dept. Highways Public Transp., 483 468, 494 (1987)). "[W]e established." satisfied case. 52 For reasons hold 53 54 Constitutions reflect profound enforced administered.... preferred common-sense tutored perhaps sympathetic reaction it." Duncan Louisiana, 391 145, 155-156 (1968). 55 guaranteed senselessly diminished encompassed applies reversed, remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion.7 56 ordered. Notes: Briefs ofamici curiae urging affirmance Alabama et al. Pryor, Alabama, Nathan Forrester, Vernon Barnett IV Michael B. Billingsley, Deputy Solicitors joined respective follows: Ken Salazar Colorado, M. Jane Brady Delaware, Butterworth Alan G. Lance Idaho, Steve Carter Indiana, Mike Moore Mississippi, McGrath Montana, Don Stenberg Nebraska, Frankie Sue Del Papa Nevada, Fisher Pennsylvania, Charles Condon South Carolina, Mark Shurtleff Utah, Jerry W. Kilgore Virginia; Voice Crime Victims, Inc., Twist Douglas Beloof; Criminal Legal Foundation Scheidegger. circumstances, 13-703(G) 2001), are: "1. imposable. "2. preparatory completed. "3. knowingly created during "4. procured payment, promise anything value. "5. receipt, "6. manner. "7. while custody unauthorized release corrections, enforcement agency county city jail. "8. homicides, defined 13-1101, "9. adult tried fifteen age seventy older. "10. peace officer performing official duties knew, known, officer." enumerates enumeration exclusive. consider proffered impose 13-703(H) "In prosecutions, accused enjoy trial, impartial claim tightly delineated: contends him. No past convictions case; challengeAlmendarez-Torres 224 (1998), 466, 490-491, often aggravation mitigation" omitted)). Nor argue ultimate Proffitt 428 242, 252 (1976) (plurality opinion) ("[I]t [been] required."). reweigh struck aggravator. Clemons 738, 745 (1990). Finally, contend indictment defective. 477, (Fourteenth "has include `presentment Grand Jury'"). InHarris ante, 545, concludes continues meaningful minimum 567 ("The allowing [A] [that triggers mandatory sentence] restrain[s] power, choices range. quite consistent maintain former type need be."); 569 (Breyer, part judgment) ("[T]he judges (as Apprendi) here)."). Of generally juries. Ark. Code 5-4-602 (1993); Cal. Penal 190.3 1999); Conn. Gen. 53a-46a (2001); Ga. 17-10-31.1 (Supp. Comp. Ann., ch. 720, 5/9-1(d) 1993); Kan. 21-4624(b) (1995); Ky. 532.025(1)(b) La. Crim. Proc. Art. 905.1 1997); Md. Code, 27, 413(b) (1996); Miss. 99-19-101 (1973-2000); Mo. 565.030, 565.032 (1999 2002); Nev. 175.552 (Michie H. 630:5(II) J. 2C:11-3(c) 31-20A-1 (2000); Y. Law 400.27 (McKinney 2001-2002); 15A-2000 Ohio 2929.03 Okla. Stat., Tit. 701.10(A) Ore. 163.150 (1997); Pa. Cons. 9711 16-3-20(B) (1985); Codified Laws 23A-27A-2 (1998); Tenn. 39-13-204 2000); Tex. 37.071 (Vernon Utah 76-3-207 Va. 19.2-264.3 Wash. 10.95.050 (1990); Wyo. 6-2-102 (2001) Other four entirely judges. Colo. 16-11-103 (three-judge panel); Idaho 19-2515 Mont. 46-18-301 Neb. 29-2520 (1995). Four hybrid systems, advisory determinations. Ala. 13A-5-46, 13A-5-47 (1994); Del. 11, 4209 Fla. 921.141 Ind. 35-50-2-9 reach error harmless implicit SeeNeder 527 (1999) (this leaves pass harmlessness instance). whom Thomas joins, concurring. survives confronts choice. What compelled (and States) specify particular factors" imposed, 1973 Sess. 138, (originally codified 13-454), line beginning curiam). 659-660 judgment). my view, proper foundation Constitution. 670 ("`[T]he prohibition relates character imposed'" Gardner 430 349, 371 (1977) (REHNQUIST, dissenting))). am reluctant magnify burdens imposes Better invented evidentiary evidence, invent unanimous wrote 248 reaffirmed joining believe meaning level receives calls Mary quandary apparent: Should continue last-stated mistakenly factors"? truth, clarity obtained appellant "every underlying decision," induce sentencer give 647 added). point think still approved favored States` freedom develop (already erroneously abridged Furman) logic principle. Since acquired wisdom consists realizations or, critically, discarded old ignorance consisted failure realize things: impossible identify certainty whose adoption wrongfully coerced opposed event. Some example, already aggravating-factor (e. officer, 1965 1022 1045)) decided. added ones Apprendi-exempt product not? And requirements, say matter, retention immediately post-Furman changed social belief simpliciter deserve death? observing accelerating propensity legislatures adopt verdict, witnessing near colleagues novel practice perfectly OK, people's perilous decline. decline confirmed, indeed accelerated, spectacle man's going existed. preserve veneration protection ourselves callous regularly it. into factors," wherever usual common enshrined Constitution, cases: add point, lest today's confused concurrence. refuses accept 555 (dissenting opinion); Harris (BREYER, judgment), concurs "believe[s] mandated Amendment." Post, 614 While am, always, pleased travel BREYER's company, unfortunate says Those life-or-death phase simply, placing (where logically belongs anyway) phase. really BREYER happy band reaches result yes Concisely put, wrong flight; get close, buy ticket Apprendi-land. Though wrongly decided, implemented way. suggests, stand. exposes clear, judge. caution, settled expectations respect. sound understanding will respond needs realities administration, leaving place reforms reduce unfairness agree stand observations join judgment. views inApprendi opinion), opinion. concur procedural safeguards seek Gregg 153 (1976). Otherwise, "cruel unusual punishments" forbid use. written 513 504, 515-526 Spaziano 468 447, 467-490 (1984) (STEVENS, Brennan Marshall, part). come relies, Gregg, 190 (joint Stewart, Powell, JJ.). Cf. Henslee Union Planters Nat. Bank Trust 335 595, 600 (1949) (Frankfurter, dissenting) ("Wisdom comes, reject comes late"). convinced given. These retribution main justification assessment comparative advantage determining, serve end first, difficulty justifying terms deter incapacitate offenders, rehabilitate criminals. Studies deterrence are, most, inconclusive. Sorensen, Wrinkle, Brewer, Marquart, Punishment Deterrence: Examining Effect Executions Murder Texas, Delinquency (no deterrent effect); Bonner Fessenden, Absence Executions: Penalty Share Lower Homicide Rates, Times, Sept. 2000, A1 (during last rate 48% 101% higher non-death-penalty States); Radelet Akers, Deterrence Views Experts, 87 (1996) (over 80% criminologists existing research fails justification). incapacitation, few offenders parole death) crimes. Sorensen Pilgrim, An Actuarial Risk Assessment Violence Posed Defendants, 90 1251, 1256 (studies average repeat .002% among murderers sentences commuted); Marquart National Study Furman-Commuted Inmates: Assessing Threat Society Offenders, Loyola (LA) (98% prison free society). Roberts 325, 354 (White, ("[D]eath forecloses prisoner crimes, whereas not"). rehabilitation, obviously, beside point. retribution, possess important attuned community's moral sensibility," Spaziano, part), "reflect accurately composition experiences community whole," 486. Hence conscience death," Witherspoon Illinois, 510, 519 (1968), able namely, expression themselves grievous affront humanity adequate response 184 democratically elected change jurisdictions directly people, remains uniquely capable whether, views, appropriate hand. Harris, 518-519 dissenting); Liebman al., Broken System, Part II: Why Is So Much Error Cases, Can Be Done About 405-406 (Feb. 2002) (hereinafter System) (finding override verdicts errors); cf. Epstein King, Rules Inference, 69 Chi. (2002) dangers scholarly approving Liebman). trying translate sense punishment's appropriateness underscored division currently administered, unusual." things, reversible, unreliable. Weinstein, Nation's Foes Milestone Crime: convict freed DNA tests 100th known condemned exonerated since executions resumed, Los Angeles Apr. 10, 2002, A16; Ryan, Governor Report Governor's Commission 7-10 (Apr. 15, (imposing moratorium Illinois post-Furman, people executed); Bedau Radelet, Miscarriages Potentially Stan. (1987). potentially race victim socioeconomic seem matter. Accounting Office, Senate House Committees Judiciary: Sentencing 1990) (synthesis studies shows "pattern indicating disparities charging, penalty"); Baldus, Woodworth, Zuckerman, Weiner, Broffitt, Racial Discrimination Post-Furman Era: Empirical Overview, Recent Findings Philadelphia, 83 Cornell 1638, 1661 (evidence race-of-victim 90% studied race-of-defendant 55%); McCleskey Kemp, 320-345 (Brennan, also, Young, Christ, Disposition Nebraska Non-Capital Cases (1973-1999): Analysis 95-100 (death almost five times socio-economic status). delays increasingly accompany unconstitutional suffering inherent prolonged wait execution." Knight 528 990, 994 denial certiorari) (arguing question); Lackey 1045 respecting certiorari); Statistics, 12, (rev. (average delay waiting 25). inadequacy representation aggravates failings. Bright, Counsel Poor: Sentence Not Worst Lawyer, 103 Yale 1835 (1994) (describing discussing deficient representation). nations abandoned San Martin, Taken Task Over Penalty, Miami Herald, May 31, 2001, (United Western industrialized Nation penalty); Amnesty International Website Against Facts Figures http://www.web.amnesty.org/rmp/dplibrary.nsf (since 111 countries altogether, exceptional like wartime years); DeYoung, Group Criticizes Detainee Policy; Warns Human Fallout, Washington A4 (the rates fourth executions, China, Iran, Saudi Arabia). Many communities accepted claims, sentences. B, Table 11A (more two-thirds counties (2,064 3,066), 3% 50% (92 3,066)). Leaving questions arbitrariness aside, diversity argues strongly help assure believes appropriate, "cruel," "unusual," otherwise unwarranted. reasons, danger unwarranted governmental official." 469 part); Solem Helm, 463 277, 284 (1983) excessive disproportionate punishment). individual make, take responsibility for, CHIEF dissenting. understand ofApprendi Yet choosing overrule, choose believe, articulated inApprendi, mistake. treated 524-552. Indeed, contradicts 531-539 (explaining conflicts York, 432 197 (1977), supra). ignores "significant history country discretionary judges." 544 failed, announced today, "offer deviating suggesting `increase penalty' Constitution." 539. unjustified severely destabilizing effect predicted "unleash flood petitions seeking invalidate whole [Apprendi]." 551. announced, Courts Appeals approximately 1,802 appeals challenged sentences, convictions, Apprendi.1 tip iceberg, prosecutions represent tiny fraction total nationwide. ("In 1998 represented 0.4% courts"). second successive habeas corpus increased 77% phenomenon Administrative Office attributes prisoners bringing claims. Courts, 2001 Judicial Business 17. similarly overwhelmed aftershocks survey certiorari indicates 18% raised Apprendi-related claims.2 simply dispute threw countless thereby enormous workload overburdened judiciary. effects. effectively declares States' schemes unconstitutional. 608, (identifying Arizona's). 168 row Project NAACP Defense Educational Fund, Row (Spring 2002), each challenges ultimately unsuccessful, unable satisfy standards plain review, completed direct appeals, barred taking collateral review. 2244(b)(2)(A), 2254(d)(1); Teague Lane, 489 288 (1989). Nonetheless, evaluate claims greatly burden addition, fear identifies determination, seize 629 Project, supra. expanding exacerbates harm done Consistent data Westlaw database terms: "`Apprendi Jersey' Title[`U.S.' `United States']." Specific counts file Clerk

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