Document: 524 U.S. 775118 S.Ct. 2275141 L.Ed.2d 662 Beth Ann FARAGHER, Petitioner,v.CITY OF BOCA RATON. No. 97-282. Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 25, 1998. Decided June 26, Syllabus * After resigning as a lifeguard with respondent City Boca Raton (City), petitioner Faragher brought an action against and her immediate supervisors, Bill Terry David Silverman, for nominal damages other relief, alleging, among things, that supervisors had created "sexually hostile atmosphere'' at work by repeatedly subjecting female lifeguards to "uninvited offensive touching,'' making lewd remarks, speaking women in terms, this conduct constituted discrimination "terms, conditions, privileges'' employment violation Title VII Civil Rights Act 1964, 42 U.S.C. §2000e-2(a)(1). Following bench trial, District concluded supervisors' was discriminatory harassment sufficiently serious alter conditions Faragher's constitute abusive working environment. The then held could be liable its supervisory employees because pervasive enough support inference "knowledge, or constructive knowledge'' it; under traditional agency principles Silverman were acting City's agents when they committed harassing acts; third supervisor knowledge failed report it officials. Eleventh Circuit, sitting en banc, reversed. Relying on Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 57, 106 2399, 91 49, Restatement (Second) Agency §219 (1957) (Restatement), Appeals not within scope their engaged conduct, relationship did facilitate harassment, imputed pervasiveness supervisor's knowledge, negligence failing prevent it. Held: An employer is vicariously actionable caused supervisor, but subject affirmative defense looking reasonableness employer's well plaintiff victim. Pp. ____-____. (a) While has delineated substantive contours environment forbids, see, e.g., Harris Forklift Systems, Inc., 510 17, 21-22, 114 367, 370-371, 126 295, cases have established few definitive rules determining will otherwise actionably abusive. Court's only discussion date standards liability came Meritor, supra, where relevant liability. Although cited §§219-237 general approval, cautioned common-law might transferable all particulars. (b) §219(1) provides "a master torts his servants while employment.'' typically held, assumed, sexual falls outside motivated solely individual desires serves no purpose employer, these appear tension others defining broadly hold employers employees' intentional torts, including assaults, done serve deemed characteristic activities foreseeable consequence business. This result differing judgments about desirability holding subordinates' wayward behavior. proper analysis here, then, calls mechanical application indefinite malleable factors set forth Restatement, rather inquiry into whether conclude one normal risks doing business should bear. can reasonably anticipate possibility occurring workplace, justify assignment costs behavior than Two things counsel favor contrary conclusion, however. First, there reason suppose Congress wished courts ignore distinction between acts falling amounting what older law called frolics detours from course employment. Second, lower courts, uniformly judging co-worker standard, implicitly treated such It unlikely treatment would escape efforts render them obsolete if necessarily act rationale so apply co-employees, generally benefits common supervisors. answer argument may separately special authority enhancing capacity harass guard misbehavior more easily. answer, however, implicates entirely separate category law, considered next section. Given virtue categorical clarity, better reject reliance misuse (without more) irrelevant scope-of-employment analysis. (c) erred rejecting theory vicarious based §219(2)(d) which "is unless . servant purported speak behalf principal apparent authority, he aided accomplishing tort existence relation.'' makes sense some tortious made possible use aided-by-agency-relation principle appropriate starting point kind presented here. In always assisted misconduct relationship; imposition must squared Meritor's "automatically'' who creates requisite degree discrimination. There are two basic alternatives counter risk automatic first require proof invocation supervisor; second recognize circumstances, even problem alternative clear line merely implicit uses power; rule often lead close judgment results disparate contradictory, temptation litigate hard resist. avoid particular implement sensibly giving incentive eliminate requiring take advantage preventive remedial apparatus employers. Thus, adopts following case Burlington Industries, Inc. Ellerth, --- ----, 118 2257, also decided today. victimized employee (or successively higher) over employee. When tangible taken, defending raise damages, preponderance evidence. See Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 8(c). comprises necessary elements: exercised reasonable care correct promptly any sexually behavior, unreasonably corrective opportunities provided harm otherwise. promulgated antiharassment policy complaint procedure every instance matter need stated suitable circumstances appropriately addressed litigating element defense. And fulfill corresponding obligation limited showing unreasonable failure demonstration normally suffice satisfy burden No available, culminates action, discharge, demotion, undesirable reassignment. (d) Under Circuit's found hostility rose level attributable Terry, granted virtually unchecked subordinates colleagues completely isolated higher management. opportunity prospect presenting one, appears record avenue closed. disseminate beach officials attempt keep track include assurance bypassed registering complaints. holds conduct. discloses grounds upon seek excuse distribute establish mechanism, both contradicted record. points nothing conclusion remand care. Nor consideration mitigate own since award nominal. (e) occasion consider City. Liability determined without further factfinding remand, whereas reversal renders liability) unjustifiable. P. ____. 111 F.3d 1530, reversed remanded. SOUTER, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., STEVENS, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, GINSBURG, BREYER, JJ., joined. THOMAS, filed dissenting opinion, SCALIA, William R. Amlong, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Petitioner. Irving L. Gornstein, Washington, DC, Harry A. Rissetto, Respondent. Justice SOUTER Court. 1 identification 78 Stat. 253, amended, §2000e et seq., whose We 2 Between 1985 1990, attending college, worked part time during summers ocean Marine Safety Section Parks Recreation Department respondent, Raton, Florida (City). During period, Robert Gordon. resigned. 3 1992, City, asserting claims VII, §1983, law. So far concerns claim, alleged terms. contained specific allegations once said never promote woman rank lieutenant, Faragher, "Date me clean toilets year.'' Asserting amounted employment, §2000e-2(a)(1), sought costs, attorney's fees. 4 Southern throughout served Chief Division, hire new (subject approval management), supervise aspects lifeguards' assignments, engage counseling, deliver oral reprimands, make discipline. 864 F.Supp. 1552, 1563-1564 (1994). lieutenant until 1989, became captain. Id., 1555. Gordon began period promoted position training positions, responsible daily supervising fitness training. 1564. 5 stationed city out Headquarters, small one-story building containing office, meeting room, single, unisex locker room shower. 1556. Their routine structured "paramilitary configuration,'' id., 1564, chain command. Lifeguards reported lieutenants captains, Terry. He supervised Superintendent, turn Director Recreation, answerable Manager. significant contact like Superintendent. 6 February 1986, adopted policy, memorandum Manager employees. 1560. May revised reissued statement Ibid. actually circulated memos statements employees, Section, Gordon, many unaware 7 From tenure 40 50 women. 5-year touched bodies invitation, ibid., put arm around hand buttocks, 1557, another motion simulation, crudely demeaning references generally, commented disparagingly shape, ibid. job interview hired lifeguard, sex male counterparts asked she do same. 8 behaved similar ways. tackled remarked that, physical unattractive, readily relations her. Another time, pantomimed sex. Within earshot lifeguards, frequent, vulgar matters, beachgoers, least twice told them. 1557-1558. 9 complain management Silverman. spoke regard discussions formal complaints conversations person high esteem. 1559. Other similarly informal talks feel place so, official. 1559-1560. responded saying "the just [doesn't] care.'' 1561. 10 April months before resignation, Nancy Ewanchew, former wrote Richard Bender, Personnel Director, complaining harassed lifeguards. investigation complaint, improperly, reprimanded them, required choose suspension pay forfeiture annual leave. 11 On basis findings, 1562-1563. ruled three justifications court noted 1563. Next, acts. 1563-1564. Finally, observed Gordon's combined inaction, "provides imputing [sic] City.'' awarded dollar claim. 1564-1565. 12 A panel Circuit 76 1155 (1996). "no trouble concluding Terry's Silverman's severe create objectively environment,'' 1162, overturned liable. 1166, actions relationship, n. 14, actual 1167, 16. 13 7-to-5 decision, full Appeals, panel's conclusion. 1530 (1997). our decision 49 (1986), (hereafter Restatement), "an indirectly superior: (1) occurs superior's employment; (2) assigns performance nondelegable duty injured carry duty; (3) aids ability subordinate.'' 1534-1535. 14 Applying principles, rejected claim invoking standard language classify each "frolic'' unrelated authorized tasks, personal ends. 1536-1537. assist perpetrating harassment. 1537. Though noting responsibilities proximity regular victim,'' does employ broad concept aid predicate liability, requires something mere combination improper agent. Because neither nor threatened fire demote 15 banc affirmed ruling lacked read rest erroneous legal fortiori charge knowledge. 1538. Rejecting approach, reviewed adequate factual known it, relying facts occurred intermittently, long remote location. footnotes, arguments through 1538, 9, charged 1539, 11. 16 Since Courts struggled derive manageable govern perpetrated admonition find guidance agency, embodied different approaches. Compare, Harrison Eddy Potash, 112 1437 (C.A.10 1997), cert. granted, 2364, ---- (1998); (C.A.11 1997) (case below); Gary Long, 59 1391 (C.A.D.C.), denied, 516 1011, 116 569, 133 493 (1995); Karibian Columbia University, 773 (C.A.2), 512 1213, 2693, 129 824 certiorari address divergence, 522 438, 139 337 (1997), now reverse entry favor. II 17 " [i]t shall unlawful practice fail refuse discharge individual, discriminate respect compensation, privileges individual's race, color, religion, sex, national origin.'' although statute mentions decisions consequences, prohibition ""is "economic'' "tangible'' discrimination,''' 21, 370, 295 (1993) (quoting U.S., 64, S.Ct., 2404), covers ""terms' "conditions' narrow contractual sense.'' Oncale Sundowner Offshore Services, 523 998, 1001, 140 201 (1998). we "severe pervasive'' ""alter [the victim's] environment''' violates VII. 67, 2405-2406 Henson Dundee, 682 F.2d 897, 904 1982)). 18 thus environmental covered statute, drew earlier recognizing race origin, Rogers EEOC, 454 234 (C.A.5 1971), 406 957, 92 2058, 32 343 (1972); Firefighters Institute Racial Equality St. Louis, 549 506 (C.A.8), denied sub nom. Banta States, 434 819, 98 60, 54 (1977), followed attempting define severity statute. See, Rogers, 238 (" [M]ere utterance ethnic racial epithet engenders feelings employee'' terms violate VII).1 Daniels Essex Group, 937 1264, 1271-1272 (C.A.7 1991); Davis Monsanto Chemical Co., 858 345, 349 (C.A.6 1988), 490 1110, 109 3166, 104 1028 (1989); Snell Suffolk County, 782 1094, 1103 (C.A.2 1986); B. Lindemann & Grossman, Employment Discrimination Law 349, nn. 36-37 (3d ed.1996) (hereinafter Grossman) (citing instructing [d]iscourtesy rudeness confused harassment'' lack sensitivity not, alone, amount harassment''). 19 So, Harris, explained order objectionable subjectively offensive, abusive, victim fact perceive so. 370-371. directed determine "looking circumstances,'' "frequency conduct; severity; physically threatening humiliating, utterance; interferes employee's performance.'' 23, 371. Most recently, prohibit "genuine innocuous differences ways men routinely interact members same opposite sex.'' Oncale, 1003. recurring opinions "simple teasing,'' 1003, offhand comments, incidents (unless extremely serious) changes "terms 20 These demanding ensure become "general civility code.'' 1002. Properly applied, filter attacking ordinary tribulations sporadic language, gender-related jokes, occasional teasing.'' D. Kadue, Sexual Harassment 175 (1992) Kadue) (footnotes omitted). extreme change heeded view. Carrero New York Housing Auth., 890 577-578 1989); Moylan Maries 792 746, 749-750 (C.A.8 Grossman 805-807, 290 (collecting granting summary pervasive). 21 indicating environments forbidden definite litigated cases, come us, surprising issue been joined sufficiency have, example, myriad account high-echelon organization, subordinates, informed officers stop. Katz Dole, 709 251, 256 (C.A.4 1983) (upholding "employer's personnel manifested unmistakable acquiescence harassment''); EEOC Hacienda Hotel, 881 1504, 1516 (C.A.9 1989) (employer hotel manager respond harassment); Hall Gus Constr. 842 1010, 1016 1988) (holding co-workers knew nothing). instances, inaction seen demonstrable negligence, adoption offending results, quite affirmatively policy. Cf. 1001 (victim fearing rape company's safety turned him away complaint). 22 exceptional binding supra. environment, creating atmosphere president corporate 19, 369, indisputably class organization's proxy. Burns McGregor Electronic 955 559, 564 1992) (employer-company owner); see Torres Pisano, 625, 634-635, (C.A.2) (noting "in hierarchy company automatically employer''), 563, 404 (1997); cf. Katz, 255 ("Except situations proprietor, partner officer participates personally behavior,'' "demonstrat[e] propriety liable''). 23 remarkable hiring, firing, promotion, assignment, resulted shown. 70-71, 2407-2408 "courts consistently discharges personnel, knew, known, approved actions''); 75, 2409-2410 (Marshall, concurring judgment) [W]hen discriminatorily fires refuses black employee, is, more, employer''); Anderson Methodist Evangelical Hospital, 464 723, 725 1972) (imposing racially low-level "record clearly shows [its] exemplary''). 24 variety reasons invoked apparently unanimous rule. Some explain, variation "proxy'' discussed above, decisions, "merges'' becomes employer. Kotcher Rosa Sullivan Appliance Ctr., 957 59, 62 ("The affect economic status perspective merge single entity''); Steele Shipbuilding, 867 1311, 1316 ("When favors quid pro quo benefits, definition, company''); 776 "automatically liable'' "supervisor's actions, conferring withholding those employer''). suggested like. Shager Upjohn 913 398, 405 1990) [A] subordinate thing do, wrongful intent beyond orbit employer'') §228). Others discriminates manner relation. Nichols Frank, 503, 514 1994). still endorsed latter theories. Harrison, F.3d, 1443; Henson, F.2d, 910. 25 soundness (and continuing vitality), light confirmed involved extended period. affirming Appeals's resulting anticipated proceedings assigning per se immunity. 70-72, 2407-2408. very definition "agent,'' 72, 2408, expressed Congress's look devising instances obvious, "common-law particulars VII,'' §§219-237, approval. 26 proceeded limitations establishing limitation intended. grievance absence notice upper dispositive claim; either Conversely, placed limit responsibility creation "always supervisors,'' view strictly advances, though misconduct,'' 69-70, 2406-2407. 27 foundation build Neither party us urged depart customary adherence stare decisis statutory interpretation, Patterson McLean Credit Union, 491 164, 172-173, 2363, 2370-2371, 105 132 (1989) (stare "special force'' interpretation). force precedent here enhanced amendment provisions providing modification holding. 1991, §102, 1072, §1981a; Keene Corp. 508 200, 212, 113 2035, 2043, 124 (applying "presumption aware [prior] judicial interpretations and, effect, them''). infra, __, 4. B 28 identified, rejected, drawn inquired significantly committing relies principally theories liability.PCS1 29 "master §219(1). doctrine traditionally defined "scope employment'' "of [a servant] employed perform,'' "substantially space limits,'' "actuated, part, master,'' excluding "unexpectable master.'' §228(1). 30 1444 (sexual "simply description worker reputable business' ''); 1535-1536 Andrade Mayfair Management, 88 258, 261 1996) [I]llegal employment''); Gary, 1397 (harassing environment); 1994) employment' Bouton BMW North Am., 103, 107 (C.A.3 employment); Jansen Packaging America, 123 490, 561 (en banc) (Manion, dissenting) (supervisor's fall rare indeed''), 876, 865 812 ("Hostile trigger respondeat superior rarely, ever, official duties supervisor''). But Martin Cavalier Hotel Corp., 48 1343, 1351-1352 1995) finding Kauffman Allied Signal, 970 178, 184 (C.A.6) nevertheless show adequately learned harassment), 1041, 831, 121 701 (1992). doing, emphasized consisting unwelcome remarks touching For reason, likened classic "frolic detour'' 31 ostensibly stand arising inspired Ira S. Bushey Sons, 398 167 1968), Second Government depredation drunken sailor returning ship after night's carouse, inexplicably opened valves flooded drydock, damaging drydock ship. Judge Friendly acknowledged sailor's remotely relied "deeply rooted sentiment enterprise cannot justly disclaim accidents fairly activities,'' imposed ground "was "unforeseeable' unfair responsibility.'' 171. examples expansive found, Leonbruno Champlain Silk Mills, 229 N.Y. 470, 128 N.E. 711 (1920) (opinion Cardozo, J.) worker's compensation eye injury sustained threw apple another; accident arose horseplay expected); Carr Wm. C. Crowell Cal.2d 652, 171 P.2d (1946) carpenter attacked co-employee hammer). Courts, fact, generously assaults. Primeaux 102 1458, 1462-1463 (federal police assaulted stranded motorist); Mary M. Los Angeles, Cal.3d 202, 216-221, 285 Cal.Rptr. 99, 107-111, 814 1341, 1349-1352 (1991) (police raped motorist placing arrest); Doe Samaritan Counseling 791 344, 348-349 (Alaska (therapist patient); Turner State, 494 So.2d 1292, 1296 (La.App.1986) (National Guard recruiting battery sham examinations); Lyon Carey, 533 649, 655 (C.A.D.C.1976) (furniture deliveryman recipient furniture); Samuels Baptist 594 571, 574 (La.App.1992) (nursing assistant patient).2 rationales varied, echoing explaining fairness bear business, M., 218, Cal.Rptr., 108, P.2d., 1350, way related essential duties. Samuels, (tortious "reasonably incidental'' nursing assistant's caring "helpless'' patient "locked environment''). reconcile run taxing one. Here reflect wildly varying contracts involved, represent genuine question harmful authorize, ultimately expresses As eminent observed, "highly phrase'' "devoid meaning itself'' "obviously bare formula cover unordered unauthorized expedient exclude not.'' W. Keeton, Dobbs, Owen, Prosser Keaton Torts 502 (5th ed.1984); Seavey, Speculations "Respondeat Superior,'' Studies 129, 155 (1949) widely elastic phrase used wishes it''). Older smoking hours recently scope. 504, 23. formerly authorize begun previously smoked purposes simply understand differently old ought 33 §§219, 228, 229, itself commentary "ultimate question'' "whether loss servant's borne employed.'' §229, Comment a. Taber Maine, 67 1029, 1037 ("As leading treatise integrating principle' "that faults regarded furthering not''') F. Harper, James O. Gray, §26.8, pp. 40-41 (2d ed.1986)) 34 justification Barkett's dissent: pervasively (one hope) authorized, maintaining productive, safe directs controls inure benefit detriment, liability.'' 1542 part). recognized (and, matter, co-employees) persistent workplace. Kadue 4-5 (discussing studies prevalence (Posner, [E]veryone knows American workplace''). can, sense, untoward noted, __-__, developments occur agency. 35 draw Such applied spectrum show. assignments placate prejudice labor force. Instances heckler's veto consciously intended interests preserving peace reprimand workplace failings banter, women's shortcomings harsh example who, having object whatever serving interest If frolic, lie third, analyze issue, most federal addressing done, classifying 36 goes broader unanimity views holdings far. Those sort but, well. Blankenship Parke Care Centers, 868, 872-873 1039, Fleming Boeing 120 242, 246 1997); Perry Ethan Allen, 115 143, 149 Yamaguchi Dept. Air Force, 1475, 1483 Varner National Super Markets, 94 1209, 1213 1996), 519 117 946, 136 835 McKenzie Illinois Transp., 473, 480 1996); Andrade, 261; Waymire 86 424, 428-429 Hirase-Doi West Communications, 61 777, 783 1995); Andrews Philadelphia, 895 1469, 1486 1990); Morrison Carleton Woolen 108 429, 438 (C.A.1 "knew known'' supervisor); CFR §1604.11(d) (1997) "knows took action''); Larson Larson, §46.07[4][a], p. 46-101 ed.1998) (courts "uniformly'' rule; controversial area''). If, indeed, rest, implicitly, notion issues Hunter Allis-Chalmers, 797 1417, 1422 1986) usually "would thought author help business''). 37 social co-employees. obviously supervisors; jobs aimed success enterprise. innocent reasoning cost (i.e., supervisors), co-workers). 38 harass, easily numbers fewer happens implicate (to section), imposes conferred clarity analysis.PCS2 39 insofar several carrying She argues abuse presence statements, threaten powers deter resistance complaint. maintains power enabled provoking defiance contends qualification subsection, referring "aided relation,'' "refines'' preceding authority. Brief Respondent 30-31, 24. reading untenable; almost superfluous seem ask shut eyes potential effects explicitly invoked). illustrations accompanying subsection involving facilitated relationship. e able cause agent, telegraph operator sends false messages purporting persons'' operates store "for undisclosed cheat customers position''); §247, Illustration newspaper's libelous editorial published editor purposes). 41 therefore agree implementing here.3 Several argued, Rodgers Western-Southern Life Ins. 668, 675 1993); Taylor Metzger, 152 N.J. 505, 706 A.2d 685, 692 (1998) (emphasizing greater impact level); Torres, 631. White 585 1205, 1209-1210 (La.1991) (a apt rise infliction emotional distress comparable co-employee); Contreras Crown Zellerbach Wash.2d 735, 740, 565 1173, 1176 (1977) (same); Alcorn Anbro Engineering, 493, 498-499, 2, 88, 90-92, 468 216, 218-219, (1970) (same). affords subjected reluctant accept blowing whistle superior. people him, check deal co-worker. fellow harasses, walk tell offender go, difficult offer responses "power supervise-[which be] fire, schedules rates-does disappear chooses insults gestures directly threats firing promises promotion.'' Estrich, Sex Work, 43 Stan. L.Rev. 813, 854 (1991). Recognition alters victim's underscored workers; screen train monitor performance. sum, good That must, condition. entitled square discrimination,4 subjects vicariously; "aid'' unspoken suggestion retaliation high. To think alternatives, being certainly active affirmative, distinct passive implicit, imputed. viewed familiar demotion. __-__. already itself, suggests required. __-__ (telegraph messages, cheats customers, publishes editorial). 44 neat illustrating easy considering Supervisors speeches sanctions whenever requests legitimate exercise managerial yet exist; co-employees How ostensible step orders actively using authority? Judgment close, demonstrably plaintiffs defendants alike poorly active-use 45 litigate, allow occur, safeguards avoided. composite would, think, sensibly, fathom. 46 seeks "to persons whole injuries suffered discrimination,'' Albemarle Paper Co. Moody, 422 405, 418, 95 2362, 2372, 280 (1975), "primary objective,'' meant influence primary provide redress harm. 417, 2371. ago 1980, Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC), enforcement §2000e-4, regulations advising "take steps occurring, informing right how harassment.'' §1604.11(f) 1990 issued enjoining "designed encourage victims forward [without requiring] supervisor.'' Policy Guidance Harassment, FEP Manual 405:6699 (Mar. (internal quotation marks complement Government's violations give credit duty. Indeed, odds incentive. 47 requirement coordinate reflects equally obvious imported means minimize damages'' Ford Motor 458 219, 231, 15, 3057, 3065, 73 721 (1982) McCormick, Damages 127 (1935) omitted)). may, proven, effective mechanism reporting resolving available undue expense. avail herself apparatus, recover avoided harm, taken care, mitigated reward accommodate VII's policies encouraging forethought saving objecting adopt ante, evidence, Rule. Burlington, 2269. believe undisputed "were authority'' "directly controll[ing] supervis[ing] [Faragher's] day-to-day activities.'' 1544 (Barkett, "completely management.'' review findings. App. 274. Unlike workforce, expect sufficient informally, operations precautions departments far-flung locations communicating sensible procedure. 51 overlooking argue further. first, indulgent gloss evidence: "There evidence effectively policy.'' But, contrast characterization, explicit "complete employees.'' F.Supp., supports us. 52 pursuing asserted case. promulgate 1985-1990 purports mentioned, turns position. dealing promulgating ever 1980 violations, rights assert all, 1986. 53 nominal.PCS3 error, satisfied unjustifiable (as here). III 55 reversed, remanded reinstatement 56 ordered. 57 whom SCALIA joins, dissenting. 58 given my Industries absent adverse consequence, Petitioner consequence; Lieutenant reverses judgment, I dissent. petitioner's issue. alone. disagree __.1 allowed that: complained Amici Curiae O.T.1985, 84-1979, 26,2 distributed.3 Petitioner, plaintiff, proving negligence. syllabus constitutes prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Timber Lumber 200 321, 337, 282, 287, L.Ed. 499. Similarly, properly developed 577 Lopez S.B. Thomas, 831 1184, 1189 1987), proposition "must episodic; continuous concerted pervasive''). forms, interchangeable, seeking harmonize amounts bears non-Title assaults Note, "Scope Employment'' Redefined: Holding Employers Vicariously Liable Assaults Committed Employees, Minn. 1513, 1521-1522, 33, (1992)(collecting cases). say "starting point'' pronouncement transplant Rather, adapt concepts practical objectives VII.'' bound honor value With amendments enacted expanded monetary relief compensatory punitive §1981a, modified §101 seq. leave intact conspicuous. assume expanding employers' limits disregard (even convinced so) substitute allocation subject. intermittently 1990; findings indicate ceased. (EEOC) "policy statement'' "enjoining'' procedures __. Guideline relies-because rulemaking inaccurate refer "regulation,'' __-__,-was wholly precatory se. ("An ''). Handbook "complaints grievances'' Labor Relations problems work. 280. moved quickly investigate charges attention. Pet. Cert. 80a. Even 188, file Instead, suit 1992.

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