Document: 481 U.S. 537 107 S.Ct. 1940 95 L.Ed.2d 474 BOARD OF DIRECTORS ROTARY INTERNATIONAL, et al., Appellantsv.ROTARY CLUB DUARTE al. No. 86-421. Argued March 30, 1987. Decided May 4, Syllabus Rotary International is a nonprofit corporation composed of local Clubs. Its purposes are to provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and help build world peace good will. Individuals admitted club membership according "classification system" based on business, professional, institutional activity the community. Although women permitted attend meetings, give speeches, receive awards, form auxiliary organizations, constitution excludes from membership. Because it had active membership, Duarte, California, Club's international organization was terminated. That two its members filed suit alleging that termination violated California's Unruh Act (Act), which entitles persons, regardless sex, full equal accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges, services business establishments State. The state trial court entered judgment for International, concluding neither nor Duarte Club "business establishment" within meaning Act. However, State Court Appeal reversed this point, rejected contention Rotary's policy excluding protected by First Amendment. Accordingly, ordered reinstatement, enjoined enforcement gender requirements against it. Held: 1. does not violate Amendment requiring California Clubs admit women. P. 544-549. (a) Application interfere unduly with members' freedom private association. In determining whether particular association sufficiently intimate or warrant constitutional protection, consideration must be given factors such as size, purpose, selectivity, others excluded critical aspects relationship. Here, relationship among light potentially large size clubs, turnover rate members, inclusive nature each club's public behind clubs' service activities, fact clubs participation strangers in, welcome media coverage of, many their central activities. Pp. 544-547. (b) right expressive engage variety commendable activities Amendment, evidence fails demonstrate admitting will affect any significant way existing ability carry out those Moreover, require abandon alter classification admission systems, but, fact, permit them have an even more representative broadened capacity service. Even if work some slight infringement rights, justified State's compelling interests eliminating discrimination assuring access accommodations. latter interest extends acquisition leadership skills contacts well tangible goods services. 549-549. 2. contentions unconstitutionally vague overbroad were properly presented courts, therefore reviewed Court. 549—550. 178 Cal.App.3d 1035, 224 Cal.Rptr. 213 (1986), affirmed. POWELL, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., BRENNAN, WHITE, MARSHALL, STEVENS, JJ., joined. SCALIA, concurred judgment. BLACKMUN O'CONNOR, took no part decision case, post, p. ----. William Sutter, Chicago, Ill., appellants. Judith Resnik appellees. Marian M. Johnston, San Francisco, Cal., Intervenor, supporting appellees, special leave Justice POWELL 1 We decide statute requires violates 2 * A. 3 (International) founded 1905, headquarters Evanston, Illinois. It "an professional men united worldwide who goodwill world." Manual Procedure 7 (1981) (hereinafter Manual), App. 35. Individual belong rather than International. turn, member Ibid. August 1982, shortly before comprised 19,788 157 countries, total about 907,750. Brief Appellants 7. 4 system." purpose system ensure "that includes every worthy recognized community." Basic Library, Service 67-69 (1981), 86. Each his profession. general rule "one classification, but he, may propose additional member, same classification."1 Id., at 7, Thus, represented members. addition, "senior active" "past service" represent classifications See Standard Constitution, Art. V, §§ 2-5, Record 97-98. There limit number clergymen, journalists, diplomats 31, 33, 38-39. 5 Subject these requirements, free adopt own rules procedures new has promulgated Recommended By-laws providing candidates considered both "classifications committee" "membership committee." committee determines candidate's profession described accurately fits "open" classification. evaluates "character, social standing, eligibility." 7-8. If objects admission, final made board directors. 6 Membership open only men. § 2, 97. Herbert Pigman, General Secretary testified exclusion results "aspect fellowship . enjoyed present male membership," Juris. Statement G-52, also allows operate effectively foreign countries varied cultures mores. they awards. Women relatives associations, authorized wear lapel pin. Young between 14 28 years age join Interact Rotaract, organizations sponsored B 1977 Donna Bogart, Mary Lou Elliott, Rosemary Freitag notified contrary constitution. After internal hearing, International's directors revoked charter terminated appeal Convention unsuccessful. 8 complaint Superior County Los Angeles. alleged, inter alia, appellants' actions Civil Rights Act, Cal.Civ.Code Ann. 51 (West 1982).2 Appellees sought enjoin enforcing restrictions revoking charter, delivery declaration bench trial, concluded "some individual Rotarians derive sufficient advantage deduction Rotarian expenses income tax calculations, payment employers. ." B-3. But found "such benefits incidental principal promote 'service' activities." do goods, services, facilities. On basis findings conclusions, 9 reversed. (1986). held subject provisions For " 'business' embraces everything one can employed," "establishment" "not fixed location, permanent 'commercial force organization' 'permanent settled position (as life business).' O'Connor v. Village Green Owners Assn., 33 Cal.3d 790, 795, 191 320, 323, 662 P.2d 427, 430 (1983) (quoting Burks Poppy Construction Co., 57 Cal.2d 463, 468-469, 20 609, 612, 370 313, 316 (1962)). identified several "businesslike attributes" including complex structure, staff budget, extensive publishing erred finding advantages afforded merely incidental. stated testimony "leaves doubt concerns motivating factor joining clubs," [are] capitalized upon businesses employers." Cal.App.3d, 1057, Cal.Rptr., 226. court's facilities particular, noted copies magazine numerous other publications, entitled display emblem, conferences teach managerial techniques. 10 rise "continuous, personal, social" "take[s] place less outside view." (internal quotation marks citations omitted). further would seriously objectives Finally, argument principles set Roberts United States Jaycees, 468 104 3244, 82 462 (1984). observed "[n]othing we said prevents, prevent, adopting attempting enforce state." 1066, 231. appellants reinstate permanently requirement Club. 11 Supreme denied petition review. postponed our jurisdiction hearing merits. 479 929, 396, 93 350 conclude appellate jurisdiction,3 affirm Appeal. II 12 supra, upheld challenge Minnesota required Jaycees voting provides framework analyzing claims. As Roberts, cases protection distinct senses. First, Constitution protects unjustified government interference individual's choice enter into maintain certain relationships. Second, individuals associate engaging speech religious cases, burden determined degree considering separately effect challenged action individuals' follow course case.4 13 relationships fundamental element liberty Bill Rights. Such take various forms, most intimate. Moore East Cleveland, 431 494, 503-504, 97 1932, 1937-1938, 52 531 (1977) (plurality opinion). attempted mark precise boundaries type protection. accorded include marriage, Zablocki Redhail, 434 374, 383-386, 98 673, 679-681, 54 618 (1978); begetting bearing children, Carey Population Services 678, 684-686, 2010, 2015-2016, 675 (1977); child rearing education, Pierce Society Sisters, 268 510, 534-535, 45 571, 573, 69 L.Ed. 1070 (1925); cohabitation relatives, U.S., S.Ct., 1937-1938. Of course, restricted family emphasized relationships, presuppose "deep attachments commitments necessarily few whom shares community thoughts, experiences, beliefs distinctively personal one's life." 619-620, 3250. "[d]etermining limits authority over unavoidably entails careful assessment where relationship's objective characteristics locate spectrum attenuated attachments." 620, 3251 (citing Runyon McCrary, 427 160, 187-189, 96 2586, 2602-2603, 49 415 (1976) (POWELL, concurring)). consider case indicates kind relation warrants ranges fewer 900. G-15 (deposition International). upper About percent typical moves away drops during year. 9-11 88. instructed "keep flow prospects coming" make up attrition gradually enlarge "is produce inclusive, exclusive, making possible recognition useful occupations, enabling true cross section Focus 60-61 84. undertakes projects designed aid community, raise professions, improve relations.5 "fellowship diversity interest," ibid., however beneficial serve, suggest under To sure, public. "all fully qualified prospective located territory," avoid "arbitrary club," "establish growth pattern." 139, 61-62. 15 Many Clubs' carried presence strangers. meetings. Members encouraged invite associates competitors At Clubs, visitors "in tens twenties week." G-24 Joint meetings joint permitted. seek newspapers. sum, carrying atmosphere privacy, keep "windows doors whole world," 85. application association.6 16 implies "a corresponding pursuit wide political, social, economic, educational, religious, cultural ends." 622, 3252. NAACP Claiborne Hardware 458 886, 907-909, 932-933, 102 3409, 3422-3424, 3435-3436, 73 1215 (1982). reason, "[i]mpediments exercise choose Hishon King & Spalding, 467 69, 80, n. 2229, 2236, 81 59 (1984) concurring) Button, 371 415, 83 328, 405 (1963); Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 449, 78 1163, 1488 (1958)). however, purposes. 17 matter policy, positions "public questions," political issues. 115, 58-59. basic goals will, peace. Nor reflect Indeed, opening leading likely obtain leaders service.7 18 association, because serves Buckley Valeo, 424 1, 25, 637, 46 659 (per curiam ) (right limited regulations necessary serve unrelated suppression ideas). face like accommodations law makes distinctions organization's viewpoint. laws "plainly serv[e] highest order." 624, 3253. 626, 3254. plainly interest. hold Amendment.8 III 19 contend overbroad. courts. review unless "the record shows either expressly clear implication federal claim adequately Webb Webb, 451 493, 496-497, 101 1889, 1891-1892, 68 392 (1981). did issues squarely courts until rehearing without opinion. When ' failed pass question, assumed omission due want proper presentation aggrieved party affirmatively show contrary." Exxon Corp. Eagerton, 176, 181, 3, 103 2296, 2301, 76 497 Fuller Oregon, 417 40, 50, 11, 94 2116, 2123, 40 642 (1974) (in turn quoting Street New York, 394 576, 582, 89 1354, 1360, 22 572 (1969))). showing case.9 IV 21 so ordered. SCALIA concurs 23 O'CONNOR case. establish separate subcategories long "describe[s] member's activity. 87. example, single categories lawyers: e.g., corporate, tax, labor, on. provides, part: "All persons equal, what race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin whatsoever." 1982). could "where drawn question validity ground being repugnant treaties States, favor validity." U.S.C. 1257(2). constitutionality applied, sustained applied. "We consistently 1257(2) when holds applicable facts invalid grounds." Japan Line, Ltd. Angeles, 441 434, 441, 99 1813, 1817, 60 336 (1979) Cohen 403 15, 17-18, 91 1780, 1784, 29 284 (1971); Warren Trading Post Arizona Tax Comm'n, 380 685, 686, 85 1242, 1243, 165 (1965); Bantam Books, Inc. Sullivan, 372 58, 61, 631, 634, 584 Dahnke-Walker Milling Co. Bondurant, 257 282, 288-290, 42 106, 107-108, 66 239 (1921)). thousands constitutionally quite limited. infra, 548—549. establishment proceed rights recognize similar perform important vicinity provided meals transportation elderly, vocational guidance school students, swimming program handicapped exchange programs, 217H-217J. assert "approved" distinction Kiwanis 630, 3256, 21. misconstrue Roberts. suggested scope law. refuted Jaycees' arguments Similarly, occasion extent entities selective throughout country. Whether "zone privacy" established entity inquiry issue. Cf. Moose Lodge Irvis, 407 163, 179-180, 92 1965, 1974-1975, 32 627 (1972) (Douglas, dissenting). 1980 reported 40.6 labor States. Department Commerce, Statistical Abstract 400 impair effectiveness organization. This undercut legal California. 543. Appellants' undermined already participate point passage brief quotes Court's 435, 339, (1963): 'It enough [for unconstitutionality] broad lends itself unpopular causes.' Respondents B001663 (Cal.Ct.App.), 26 (brackets original) (quoted 37-37). occurs should applied memberships vehicle sale commercial advantages. casual reference midst argument, insufficient inform been

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