Document: 359 U.S. 1 79 S.Ct. 564 3 L.Ed.2d 585 PEOPLE OF THE STATE NEW YORK Petitioner,v.Joseph C. O'NEILL. No. 53. Argued Nov. 20, 1958. Decided March 2, 1959. Mr. Reeves Bowen, Tallahassee, for petitioner. L. J. Cushman, Miami, respondent. [Syllabus intentionally omitted] Justice FRANKFURTER delivered the opinion of Court. This case is before us to determine constitutionality a Florida statute entitled 'Uniform Law Secure Attendance Witnesses from Within or Without State in Criminal Proceedings.' Fla.Stat.1957, §§ 942.01—942.06, F.S.A. Respondent, citizen Illinois, had traveled attend convention. In accordance with statute, Circuit Court Dade County, Florida, responded certificate executed by judge General Sessions, New York County (under N.Y.Code Crim.Proc. § 618—a), summoning respondent it whether he was be given into custody authorities transported testify grand jury proceeding that State. The Court, ruling violated and United States Constitutions, refused grant York's request. 9 Fla.Supp. 153. Supreme affirmed this decision on ground Constitution. 100 So.2d 149. We granted certiorari, 365 972, 78 1137, 2 1146, inasmuch as holding brings question now force forty-two Commonwealth Puerto Rico. (Thirty-nine Rico joined an amici brief support Uniform Act.) filed recites respondent's testimony desired jury. That is, under terms 'prima facie evidence all facts stated therein.' Fla.Stat., 1957, 942.02(2), Therefore, face record, attendance at investigation required court not withdrawn it. Neither party has suggested live litigation nor do we find any deeming moot. Act enacted Legislature 1941 formulated National Conference Commissioners Laws its present form 1936. See Handbook 333 (1936); U.L.A. 91 (1957). reciprocal. It operative only between which have similar legislation compelling witnesses travel to, in, sister States. make quite clear procedures followed. requesting files record witness may found stating necessity appearance such criminal prosecution must also state number days would attend. Upon receipt hearing held filed. hearing, counsel, received obliged order comply conditions set forth statute: material necessary; trip involve undue hardship witness; laws through him immunity arrest service civil process. Furthermore, provides tendered ten cents mile each five dollars day witness. Under forwarding take two forms: first, issue summons directing State; second, if so recommends, recommendation desirable State, immediately deliver officer made instead initial notification immediate custody. Whether procedure then apprehension delivery, issues determined therein are same. 4 Kentucky v. Dennison, 24 How. 66, 16 L.Ed. 717, Chief Taney, speaking obligation imposed Constitution upon Governor Ohio one accused violation Kentucky, called attention 'to obvious policy provision preserve harmony States, law within their respective borders * *.' page 103. same 'policy necessity' underlie measure adopted other jurisdictions. Unless there some clearly prevents accomplishing end means chosen, sustain Act. absence specifically granting power legislate respecting interstate rendition presents no bar. To argue declaratory incorporation Constitution, Art. IV, ancient political among Colonies delivering up fugitives justice implied denial right fashion cooperative arrangements effective administration justice, reduce rigid, detailed niggardly code. adjudging validity effecting new relationship search specific constitutional authorization Rather, according full benefit presumption postulate adjudication, incompatibility range defined delimited enumeration legislative subject-matter. did purport exhaust imagination resourcefulness devising fruitful relationships. construed limit variety possible voluntary actions individual view increasing federalism created Far being devisive, catalyst cohesion. unrestricted area action left 5 Privileges Immunities Clauses Fourteenth Amendment. Clause proscribes discrimination against another Slaughter-House Cases, Wall. 36, 77, 21 394. There here. applies persons boundaries, therefore subject jurisdiction, Florida. finding ingress egress privilege national citizenship protected Amendment raises more than once been stirred opinions concurring Edwards People California, 314 160, 178 184, 62 164, 169, 171, 86 119, connection Crandall Nevada, 6 35, 18 744. However, even broad scope privilege, statute. undoubtedly could And yet less limitation his claim York. restrictions exercise claimed right. One restriction derives give testimony. sustained where necessitated across Atlantic Ocean. Blackmer 284 421, 52 252, 76 375.1 More fundamentally, does freedom essential sense. At most represents temporary interference travel. Particularly era jet transportation when vast distances can traversed matter hours. Respondent perfectly free return after testifying Indeed, obligated pay way back Or, testifying, Illinois remain urged hardier stuff. prevent walling off what Balkanization Nation. requirement resists conduces, merits repetition, toward free-willed collaboration independent 7 relevant challenge invalidated denies due process Because generous protections accorded person brought summoned procedural itself firmly established. ruled bail delivery law. Since expressly refrained failure provide attached either F.S.A.Const. Declaration Rights, 9, Amendment, since silence tantamount proscription bail, hypothetical need considered. add sole us, dealt unconstitutional face. No particular circumstances violates 8 ordered carried foreign courts constitutionally jurisdiction (citing Pennoyer Neff, 95 714, 565). personal over virtue presence Insofar concerned, gave act though performed outside Steele Bulova Watch Co., 344 280, 73 97 252; Restatement, Conflict Laws, 94. primary purpose eleemosynary. serves self-protective function enacting By authorized enabled employ jurisdictions obtaining needed proceedings Today facilitate proceedings, otherwise impeded unavailability witnesses, utilizing machinery reciprocal obtain without boundaries. merely altruistic, disinterested enactment. 10 event, yield argument benefiting beyond completely disregard inherent implications our whose framework organic society lives moves being—the abundant complicated interrelationship authority see Hopkins Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n V. Cleary, 296 315, 56 235, 80 251, inter sese. foreclose virtually increase comity These extra-constitutional designed solve 'problems division powers disturbance federal nature government.' Clark, Joint Activity Between Officials, 51 Pol.Sci.Q. 230, 269. Reciprocal legislation, Proceedings Acts providing periods grace registration out-of-state automobiles, Kane Jersey, 242 37 30, 61 222, arrangement. uniform proposed (among benefits) increased ease commercial relationships uniformity governing sales negotiable instruments. frequently concerned enforcement laws. Thus, Extradition Act, 263 (1957), alleged criminals conduct bring them extradition provision. U.S.Const., 2; Hyatt ex rel. Corkran, 188 691, 23 456, 47 657. numerous undertakings formation agencies study joint problems suggestions internal management calculated several Interstate preserves regulated device fusion distinct administrative sessions action. Government acted aid matters local concern auxiliary (in game statutes, example), grants-in-aid, calling cooperation operating general regulation. Frankfurter Landis, Compact Constitution—A Study Adjustments, 34 Yale L.J. 685, 688—691. About instances said they 'illustrate extraconstitutional forms legal invention solution touching state. They were neither contemplated provided Constitution.' supra, 691. 11 manifold Governments collaborate constitute extensive network governmental activities but offensive provisions prohibitions. supra. Among examples devices discussed Dr. Clark Selective Service System, Civilian Conservation Corps, deportation enforcement, Pure Food Drugs U.S.C.A. 301 et seq. federal-state contracts boarding prisoners facilities, 4002, 4003. 12 hold these because empowering unwarrantedly constricted hobble functioning federalism. Diffusion corollary diffusion responsibilities stimulus effort ways making system work. mechanical structure. interplay living forces government meet evolving needs complex society. 13 preclude Congress restricted inadequate. reciprocal, invented methods accomplish unprohibited ends. A cannot shirk duty, how inconvenienced thereby, investigations found. relief so. Comity particularly cherished object laws, defeated priori restrictive power. 14 judgment reversed cause remanded inconsistent opinion. 15 Reversed remanded. DOUGLAS, whom BLACK concurs, dissenting. 17 country basic right, contained haec verba included Articles Confederation, Article IV part: 'The better secure perpetuate mutual friendship intercourse people different Union, inhabitants paupers, vagabonds excepted, shall privileges immunities citizens States; regress 19 As Chafee, Three Human Rights (1956), p. 185, states, assumption already included. For impossible think deeply rejected outright. Convention carefully prevented states passing tariff laws; surely want immigration laws.' op. cit., 185. freest States,' Taney Smith Turner (The Passenger Cases), 283, 492, 702. added: 'For great purposes formed, people, common country. and, members community, pass repass every part interruption, freely own States.' Id., 492. 'arising out character Duncan Missouri, 152 377, 382, 570, 572, 38 485; Twining 211 78, 97, 29 14, 18, 53 97. Williams Fears, 179 270, 274, 128, 129, 45 186: 20 'Undoubtedly locomotion, remove place inclination, attribute liberty, ordinarily, transit territory secured 14th often citizenship, 44, 49, 744; Ward Maryland, 418, 430, 449; Slaughter House 79, 394; 18; 178—181, 183, 169—170, 119 (concurring opinions). such, pages 74—79; re Kemmler, 136 436, 448, 930, 519. 22 times considered protective care Commerce control stoppage impairment Kent Dulles, 357 116, 1113, 1204, citizen's 'liberty' meaning Due Process Fifth 'Freedom movement frontiers direction, inside well, heritage. Travel abroad, like country, necessary livelihood. close heart choice eats, wears, reads. Freedom scheme values.' 126, 1118. 25 Whatever sources go stay home chooses—it incident occupies high values. 26 qualified. qualification Constitution:1 27 'A charged Treason, Felony, Crime, who flee Justice, Demand executive Authority fled, up, removed having Jurisdiction Crime.' 28 But fugitive Yet O'Neill justice. He carries taint. wanted today judicially created. I enlarge expand criminals. Corkran Hyatt, 172 N.Y. 176, 182, 64 N.E. 825, 826, 60 L.R.A. 774, 657, '* should extradited unless falls provision, nations surrender favor possessed states.' allow amendment achieve. effect amend construction 'witnesses' group embraced 2. 30 innocent absolute. Perhaps stop migrant health inspection. narrow limited qualifications impose. know pick forcibly boundaries basis extradition. 19, 371, help requiring citizen, resident penalizing refusal. home, rooted loyalties lay. exacted citizenship. responsibility Stat. 755, U.S.C. 1073, which, alia, makes crime move commerce avoid giving testimony' certain proceedings. explicit concerning removed.2 understand regulation speaks field commerce.3 fail regulate incidents greater snatch law-abiding abode send border, done cut jib. precluded acted. ever obviously acted.4 31 compacts, doubtless serve many useful purposes. sovereign agreement bottomed Clause, Const. art. 1, 8, cl. 3, citizen. say here will later trifle human Court's neables generate lack acting separately. importance encouraging 'resourcefulness inadequate.' inadequate separately (as am sure is), adequate pooling inadequacies. indeed saltatorial achievement. fact compelled leave viva voce.' Allen, 49 Pa.Dist. Co.R. 631, 640. His qualified appropriate power.5 32 expression support, bringing offenders justice', 100, 717; substitute law, superior authority, prevailing nations. Innes Tobin, 240 127, 130—131, 36 290, 291, 562. assertion nationals. Any compulsory words policy. If like, might well permit sanction sued. Massachusetts Klaus, 145 App.Div. 798, 130 N.Y.S. 713, 722 (dissenting opinion). took another, require lines, seem follow fortiori further authorize 33 construction. urge liberal respect rights citizens. choose abode, unmolested dwellings, whisked away State6 been, until today, zealously guarded. Until now, parcel affirm entered unanimous vote Compulsion antedates November 1785, Chapter I, An ACT approve, confirm ratify, compact commissioners appointed assembly Virginia, state, settle navigation Patowmack Pocomoke rivers, Chesapeake bay lieth Virginia: 'And cases trial pursuance settled compact, other, magistrate served proper county reside.' implemented Congress. c. 209, 3181 Section 1073 provides: 'Violations section prosecuted judicial district original committed confinement.' H.R.Rep. 1458, 73d Cong., 2d Sess., 1596, Hemans Cir., 163 F.2d 228, 238—239. situations impressive barred where, here, field. Charleston W.C.R. Co. Varnville Furniture 237 597, 35 715, 59 1137; Hines Davidowitz, 312 52, 399, 85 581; Pennsylvania Nelson, 350 497, 477, 604, Holmes said: 'When taken subject-matter hand, coincidence ineffective opposition, declared attempts farther seen fit go.' Report Committee Securing Compulsory Non-Resident reported Wigmore Evidence, 2195(e), states: 'This difficulties, thereof directly upheld 713. cited statutes Judge Scott, strong dissenting Laughlin.' harshness emphasized feature passed. (N.Y.Code 618—a; 942.02) gives $5 maintenance York, sum plainly light today's cost living.

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