Document: 458 U.S. 747 102 S.Ct. 3348 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 NEW YORK, Petitionerv.Paul Ira FERBER. No. 81-55. Argued April 27, 1982. Decided July 2, Syllabus A New York statute prohibits persons from knowingly promoting a sexual performance by child under the age of 16 distributing material which depicts such performance. The defines "sexual performance" as any that includes conduct child, and conduct" is in turn defined actual or simulated intercourse, deviate bestiality, masturbation, sado-masochistic abuse, lewd exhibition genitals. Respondent bookstore proprietor was convicted for selling films depicting young boys masturbating, Appellate Division Supreme Court affirmed. Appeals reversed, holding violated First Amendment being both underinclusive overbroad. court reasoned light explicit inclusion an obscenity standard companion banning knowing dissemination similarly material, question could not be construed to include standard, therefore would prohibit promotion materials traditionally entitled protection Amendment. Held: As applied respondent others who distribute similar does violate States through Fourteenth Pp. 753-774. (a) are greater leeway regulation pornographic depictions children following reasons: (1) legislative judgment use subjects harmful physiological, emotional, mental health easily passes muster Amendment; (2) Miller v. California, 413 15, 93 2607, 37 419, determining what legally obscene satisfactory solution pornography problem; (3) advertising provide economic motive thus integral part production materials, activity illegal throughout Nation; (4) value permitting live performances photographic reproductions engaged exhibitions exceedingly modest, if de minimis ; (5) recognizing classifying category outside Amendment's incompatible with this Court's decisions dealing speech unprotected. When definable class covered statute, bears so heavily pervasively on welfare its production, balance competing interests clearly struck, it permissible consider these without protection. 756-764. (b) describes distribution Accordingly, there nothing unconstitutionally "underinclusive" about State barred prohibiting unprotected produced State. 764-766. (c) Nor overbroad forbidding serious literary, scientific, educational value. substantial overbreath rule Broadrick Oklahoma, 601, 2908, 830, applies. This paradigmatic case state whose legitimate reach dwarfs arguably impermissible applications. "[W]hatever overbreadth may exist should cured case-by-case analysis fact situations [the statute's] sanctions, assertedly, applied." supra, at 615-616, S.Ct., 2917-2918. 766-774. 52 N.Y.2d 674, 439 N.Y.S.2d 863, 422 N.E.2d 523, reversed remanded. Robert M. Pitler, City, petitioner. Herald Price Fahringer, respondent. Justice WHITE delivered opinion Court. 1 At issue constitutionality criminal performances. 2 * In recent years, exploitive has become national problem.1 Federal Government 47 have sought combat problem statutes specifically directed pornography. least half do require obscene. Thirty-five United Congress also passed legislation materials; 20 requiring obscene.2 3 one 20. 1977, Legislature enacted Article 263 Penal Law. N.Y. Law, Art. (McKinney 1980). Section 263.05 criminalizes C felony performance: 4 "A person guilty character content thereof he employs, authorizes induces less than sixteen years engage parent, legal guardian custodian consents participation performance." 5 "[s]exual "any age." § 263.00(1). "Sexual 263.00(3): 6 " 'Sexual conduct' means genitals." 7 play, motion picture, photograph dance" other visual representation exhibited before audience." 263.00(4). 8 263.15, defining D felony:3 9 when, thereof, produces, directs promotes To "promote" defined: 10 'Promote' procure, manufacture, issue, sell, give, provide, lend, mail, deliver, transfer, transmute, publish, distribute, circulate, disseminate, present, exhibit advertise, offer agree same." 263.00(5). 11 provision bans only material. 263.10. 12 arose when Paul Ferber, Manhattan specializing sexually oriented products, sold two undercover police officer. devoted almost exclusively masturbating. Ferber indicted counts violating 263.10 laws controlling pornography.4 After jury trial, acquitted performance, but found did proof were Ferber's convictions affirmed 74 A.D.2d 558, 424 967 (1980). 13 263.15 523 (1981). began noting 263.10's standard. Therefore, "the . constitutional government interference Amendment." N.Y.2d, 678, N.Y.S.2d, 865, N.E.2d, 525. Although recognized State's "legitimate interest protecting minors" noted "interest transcend concerns," id., 679, 866, 525-526, nevertheless fatal defects statute. because discriminated against portrayals dangerous activity. It prohibited State, well medical books sources, "deal adolescent sex realistic nonobscene manner." 681, 526. Two judges dissented. We granted petition certiorari, 454 1052, 595, 70 587 (1981), presenting single question: 14 "To prevent abuse made commercial purposes, Legislature, consistent Amendment, shows conduct, regardless whether obscene?" II 15 proceeded assumption incorporated 263.10, follows guidelines enunciated 419 (1973),5 constitutes appropriate line dividing protected expression measure premise "nonobscene sex" singled out special treatment "strikingly underinclusive." Moreover, constitutionally more extensive respect led conclude narrowing construction unavailable. Appeals' unreasonable our decisions. case, however, first examination limited involving children. believe inquiry begin somewhat freedom proscribing works portray acts genitalia 17 Chaplinsky Hampshire, 315 568, 62 766, 86 L.Ed. 1031 (1942), laid foundation excision realm expression: 18 "There certain well-defined narrowly classes speech, prevention punishment never been thought raise Constitutional problem. These .. observed utterances no essential exposition ideas, slight social step truth benefit derived them outweighed order morality." Id., 571-572, 769 (footnotes omitted). 19 Embracing judgment, squarely held Roth States, 354 476, 77 1304, 1498 (1957), "obscenity within area press." 485, 1309. "rejection utterly redeeming importance" implicit history Amendment: original provided prosecution libel, blasphemy, profanity, "universal restrained [is] reflected international agreement over 50 nations, all 48 states, 1842 1956." 484-485, 1309 followed during struggled intractable problem." Interstate Circuit, Inc. Dallas, 390 676, 704, 88 1298, 1313, 225 (1968) (opinion Harlan, J.). See, e.g., Redrup York, 386 767, 87 1414, 515 (1967). Despite considerable vacillation proper definition obscenity, majority Members remained firm position mode carries significant danger offending sensibilities unwilling recipients exposure juveniles." 18-19, 2612 (footnote omitted); Stanley Georgia, 394 557, 567, 89 1243, 1249, 22 542 (1969); Ginsberg 629, 637-643, 1274, 1279-1282, 195 (1968); U.S., 690, 1306; 769, 1415; Jacobellis Ohio, 378 184, 195, 84 1676, 1682, 793 (1964). 21 Throughout period, we inherent dangers undertaking regulate form expression." 23, 2614. Consequently, difficulty assure designed sufficiently prohibited, devise substantive limits fell scope regulation. agreed "state offense must which, taken whole, appeal prurient sex, patently offensive way, artistic, political, scientific value." 24, 2615. Over past decade, adhered expressed Miller,6 subsequently regulatory schemes most States.7 B like predecessors, accommodation between "sensibilities recipients" censorship unabashedly content-based laws. Like statutes, run risk suppressing allowing hand censor unduly heavy. For reasons, persuaded 23 First. evident beyond need elaboration "safeguarding physical psychological well-being minor" "compelling." Globe Newspaper Co. Superior Court, 457 596, 607, 2613, 2620, 248 (1982). democratic society rests, continuance, upon healthy, well-rounded growth people into full maturity citizens." Prince Massachusetts, 321 158, 168, 64 438, 443, 645 (1944). sustained aimed emotional youth even operated sensitive rights. literature street valid notwithstanding statute's effect law literature. Most recently, Government's "well-being youth" justified indecent broadcasting received adults FCC Pacifica Foundation, 438 726, 98 3026, 57 1073 (1978). 24 exploitation objective surpassing importance. findings accompanying passage reflect concern: 25 "[T]here proliferation care sacred trust abused those seek profit network based public policy demands performances." 1977 N.Y.Laws, ch. 910, 1.8 26 shall second-guess judgment. intimated so. Suffice say virtually otherwise combating "child pornography." relevant literature, child.9 That think, 27 Second. photographs juveniles intrinsically related ways. First, permanent record children's harm exacerbated their circulation.10 Second, closed requires effectively controlled. Indeed, contention legislature unjustified believing difficult, impossible, halt pursuing produce movies. While low-profile, clandestine industry, market resulting products visible apparatus distribution. expeditious practical method enforcement dry up imposing severe penalties selling, advertising, product. concluded restraints required problem, body testimony support conclusions.11 Cf. Darby, 312 100, 61 451, 85 609 (1941) (upholding federal restrictions sale goods manufactured violation Fair Labor Standards Act). 28 contend Rather, argues enough test. some find approach properly accommodates interests, follow going further. general definitions banned obscene, particular compelling prosecuting promote Thus, test work, appeals average connection physically psychologically harmed work. Similarly, depiction "patently offensive" production. addition, work contains embody hardest core "It irrelevant [who abused] political Memorandum Assemblyman Lasher Support 263.15. cannot problem.12 29 Third. Nation.13 rarely suggested press extends immunity writing used statute." Giboney Empire Storage & Ice Co., 336 490, 498, 69 684, 688, 834 (1949).14 note outlawing employment fully effective, questioned, implications presented distribution: enforceable leave marketed.15 30 Fourth. minimis. unlikely performing lewdly exhibiting genitals often constitute important necessary literary judge observed, artistic value, statutory perhaps looked younger utilized.16 Simulation prohibition another alternative. here censoring theme portrayal rendering "realistic" utilizing photographing 31 Fifth. Recognizing not, earlier "The is, depends speech." Young American Mini Theatres, Inc., 427 50, 66, 96 2440, 2450, 49 310 (1976) STEVENS, J., joined BURGER, C.J., REHNQUIST, JJ.). See 742-748, 3036-3039, (1978) "[I]t [an] utterance determines epithet 'fighting comment.' 2450. (1942). Leaving aside considerations officials target, Times Sullivan, 376 254, 710, 95 1412 (1964), libelous publication Constitution. Beauharnais Illinois, 343 250, 72 725, 919 (1952). rare classification accepted appropriately generalized confines given classification, evil restricted overwhelmingly outweighs expressive any, stake, process adjudication required. think struck 32 There are, course, area, adequately applicable law, written authoritatively construed. Here nature combated visually depict below specified age.17 proscribed suitably described. 33 separate Miller, compared purpose clarity. formulation adjusted respects: trier person; portrayed done manner; considered whole. descriptions involve reproduction performances, retains laws, responsibility imposed element scienter defendant. Smith 361 147, 80 215, 205 (1959); Hamling 418 87, 94 2887, 41 590 (1974). 34 263.15's incorporates comports above-stated principles. forbidden depicted listed sufficient precision represent kind that, render obscene: "actual 263.00(3). term "lewd genitals" unknown and, indeed, example 25, depictions: dance [or] expressly requirement. 35 hold clear singles proscription.18 State.19 III 36 remains address claim forbid threaten harms prevailed ground below, now turn. scrutiny conduct-related regulation, 830 (1973), apply challenged view, "pure went fatally overbroad: "[T]he showing play movie portrays act, real simulated, manner. sale, showing, containing acts. terms, oppose providing illustrations they oppose." 38 gives matter subject review, Wainwright Stone, 414 21, 22-23, 190, 192, 179 (1973); Gooding Wilson, 405 518, 520, 92 1103, 1105, 408 (1972), final arbiter Constitution necessitated invalidation law. review correct erroneous applications err side overly broad reading doctrines precedents, state-court giving too little shrift. free avoid facial attack grounds. Bigelow Virginia, 421 809, 817, 2222, 2230, 44 600 (1975). By same token, compelled entertain A. 39 traditional whom challenge conceivably 610, 2914; Raines, 362 17, 519, 522, 524 (1960); Carmichael Southern Coal Coke 301 495, 513, 868, 874, 81 1245 (1937); Yazoo V. R. Jackson Vinegar 226 217, 219-220, 40-41, 193 (1912). Broadrick, reflects cardinal principles order: personal rights, McGowan Maryland, 366 420, 429, 1101, 1106, 393 (1961), prudential limitations adjudication.20 "incontrovertible proposition" 'would indeed undesirable every conceivable situation might possibly arise application complex comprehensive legislation,' (quoting Barrows Jackson, 346 249, 256, 1031, 1035, 97 1586 (1953)). focusing factual us, cases development rule,21 face "flesh-and-blood"22 problems data "relevant adequate informed judgment."23 practice fulfills valuable institutional purpose: allows courts opportunity construe infirmities. 40 What come known doctrine few exceptions principle "weighty countervailing policies." 523. predicated "persons refrain exercising rights fear sanctions susceptible Village Schaumburg Citizens Better Environment, 444 620, 634, 100 826, 834, 63 (1980); 521, 1105. reason allowed though making drawn requisite specificity. Dombrowski Pfister, 380 479, 486, 1116, 1120, (1965); Thornhill Alabama, 88, 97-98, 60 736, 741-742, 1093 (1940); 21-22, 522-523; doctrine, established principles, carefully tied circumstances truly warranted. Because wide-reaching effects striking down request own punished despite "strong medicine" employed hesitation, then "only last resort." 613, 2916. have, consequence, insisted involved "substantial" will invalidated face.24 42 explained basis requirement: 43 plain import very least, exception rules function, outset, attenuates behavior forbids sanction moves 'pure speech' toward conduct—even expressive—falls maintaining controls harmful, conduct. broadly worded, deter extent, comes point where effect—at best prediction—cannot, confidence, justify invalidating enforcing admittedly power proscribe. Alderman 165, 174-175, 961, 966-967, 176 (1969)." 615, 2917. accordingly "particularly merely involved, real, well, judged relation plainly sweep." Ibid.25 45 examined campaign activity, speech," unnecessary reaches forms films. requirement extended "at least" plus speech. poses squarely, convinces us rationale sound present context make 46 unless number hardly novel. On occasions invalidation, stressed embracing sweep expression.26 BRENNAN his dissenting : "We invalid possible conceive application, sense already doctrine." 630, 2925. directly doctrine. sweeping incapable limitation, potential repeatedly chill exercise many individuals, extent deterrence can expected decrease declining regulation.27 observation appears equally activities, picketing election campaigns, previously categorized see appreciable difference publisher bookseller doubt York's faced Oklahoma employees restriction partisan reasonably argued bookseller, incentive sell fall scope, likely deterred employee wishes Bates Bar Arizona, 433 350, 380-381, 2691, 2707, 53 810 (1977) (overbreadth inapplicable speech). justifiably challenges defense civil actions seeking declaratory Parker Levy, 417 733, 760, 2547, 2563, confronted ordinary invalidate toto, rather reverse conviction. Cantwell Connecticut, 296, 900, 1213 Edwards South Carolina, 372 229, 83 680, 697 (1973). recognize, penalty demonstrable substantial. simply obviate priori warrant finding overbreadth. Applying substantially held, hard pornography, understandably concerned expression, ranging textbooks pictorials National Geographic prey How often, ever, employ educational, medical, certainty. Yet seriously doubt, suggested, amount tiny fraction reach. assume widen expansive proscription exhibition[s] Under circumstances, "not Swhatever IV 51 overbroad, type restrict Fourteenth.28 remanded further proceedings inconsistent opinion. So ordered. BLACKMUN concurs result. 54 O'CONNOR, concurring. 55 I join opinion, write separately stress except "material value," ante, holds shelters current respondent's attack. identified today's 756-764, suggest permit ban minors depictions. example, 12-year-old photographed while masturbating surely suffers community labels "edifying" "tasteless." audience's appreciation asserted psychological, harm. 56 An moreover, actually increase opportunities disfavored drafted, attempt suppress communication ideas. permits discussion sexuality, attempts "portrayal[s] 'realistic' children." Ante, 763. protect attempting ideas models. hand, quite clinical pictures appear textbooks, targeted feed poisonous "kiddie porn" attempted regulate. rites widely approved cultures, issues Geographic, trigger possibilities today, 58 BRENNAN, MARSHALL joins, concurring 59 much said Ginsburg (1968), youth. 638-641, 1279-1281. 2621, interest, vulnerability children, afford seeks consenting 637, 638, n. 6, 642-643, 10, 1279, 1280, 1282, 10. (1964) "tiny fraction," 773, insufficient grounds 2925, (1973) (BRENNAN, dissenting). But my view themselves recognizes, suppression concerns, attributes. They "slight 768-769, contributions art, science, definition, "de minimis." 761. time, far compelling. "permanent record" "circulation" child's "participation," 759, lacks force contribution art science. "lowprofile, industry" according produces purely materials. 760. short, inconceivable how itself world science deemed I, adhere absence exposure, harm, unconsenting adults, Paris Adult Theatre Slaton, 49, 73, 2628, 2642, 446 With understanding, concur case. propositions seem perfectly me. specific gave rise Constitution; second, critical question, then, respondent, Constitution, answer analyzing issue. Before addressing explain why conviction contained exhibition; included had value.1 willing participant suppressing. justifies imposition profit, indirectly, evaluation different concerning contexts.2 65 users films, scenes, pale committee studying proposed amendment group research scientists human behavior, crime. documentary behavioral problems, psychiatric teaching device, scene viewed whole setting, act always consideration context. 66 contours legitimately prohibit. Having abstract setting,3 makes empirical amounts reach." 773. Even assuming sound,4 conservative vindicate cause expression. 67 hypothetical illustrate concern. Assume operator picture theater foreign feature offered full-length isolation art. If actor resided abroad, us. would, just strong adult used. three ways deal sort 68 extreme hold, scene, isolation, lewd. narrowed drastic fashion, probably safe concluding protected. And exhibitor uncertainty statute; deprive entire film correctly perceived, determination result approach, premised concern exhibitor's understanding him self-censorship. today substitutes broad, unambiguous, state-imposed self-censorship produce. Third, intermediate position, refuse reasons unrelated prediction relative communications Specifically, postpone decision until arises. Advocates liberal object postponement creates obviously interferes abstract, advance ruling whenever brief. 71 My avoiding qualitative quantitative. adjudicating difficult novel questions concrete situations, adjudications tend crafted wisdom. Hypothetical rulings inherently treacherous prone lead unforeseen errors; qualitatively reliable adjudication. generally lower quality types communication. occasions, affords governmental speech.5 Today accepts putting described rightful place near bottom hierarchy. 761-763. disagree totally protection, marginal extraordinary afforded doctrine.6 "[C]hild prostitution highly organized, multimillion dollar industries operate nationwide scale." S.Rep.No.95-438, p. (1977), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 1978, pp. 40, 42. One researcher documented existence 260 magazines engaging Ibid. "Such five activities featured range fellatio, cunnilingus, rape, incest sado-masochism." 6. Los Angeles alone, reported 30,000 exploited. Sexual Exploitation Children, Hearings Subcommittee Select Education House Committee Labor, 95th Cong., 1st Sess., 41-42 (1977). addition Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. 13-3553 (Supp.1981-1982); Colo.Rev.Stat. 18-6-403 (Supp.1981); Del.Code Ann., Tit. 11, §§ 1108, 1109 (1979); Fla.Stat. 847.014 (1981); Haw.Rev.Stat. 707-751 Ky.Rev.Stat. 531.320, 531.340-531.360 (Supp.1980); La.Rev.Stat.Ann. 14:81.1(A)(3) (West Supp.1982); Mass.Gen.Laws 272, 29A Supp.1982-1983); Mich.Comp.Laws Ann. 750.145c(3) (1982-1983); Miss.Code 97-5-33(4) Mont.Code 45-5-625 N.J.Stat.Ann. 2C:24-4(b)(5) 1981); Okla.Stat., 1021.2 Pa.Stat.Ann., 18, 6312(c) (Purdon 1982-1983); R.I.Gen.Laws 11-9-1.1 Tex. Code 43.25 (1982); Utah 76-10-1206.5(3) W.Va.Code 61-8C-3 Wis.Stat. 940.203(4) (1979-1980). Fifteen Ala.Code 13-7-231, 13-7-232 Ark.Stat.Ann. 41-4204 Cal.Penal 311.2(b) Supp.1982) (general statute); Ill.Rev.Stat., 38, ¶ 11-20a(b)(1) Ind.Code 35-30-10.1-2 Me.Rev.Stat.Ann., 2923(1) Minn.Stat. 617.246(3) Neb.Rev.Stat. 28-1463(2) N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann. 650:2(II) N.D.Cent.Code 12.1-27.1-01 Ohio Rev.Code 2907.321(A) Ore.Rev.Stat. 163.485 S.D. Codified Laws 22-22-24, 22-22-25 Tenn.Code 39-1020 Wash.Rev.Code 9.68A.030 U.S.C. 2252(a) (1976 ed., Supp. IV). minors. Conn.Gen.Stat. 53a-196b Va.Code 18.2-374.1 Twelve Alaska Stat.Ann. 11.41.455 (1978); Ga.Code 26-9943a(b) Idaho 44-1306 (1977); Iowa 728.12 Kan.Stat.Ann. 21-3516 Md.Ann.Code, 419A Mo.Rev.Stat. 568.060(1)(b) Nev.Rev.Stat. 200.509 N.M.Stat.Ann. 30-6-1 (Supp.1982); N.C.Gen.Stat. 14-190.6 S.C.Code 16-15-380 Wyo.Stat. 14-3-102(a)(v)(E) Class felonies carry maximum imprisonment seven corporations fine $10,000. N.Y.Penal Law 70.00, 80.10 1975). sentenced days prison. rejected sections denying dismiss indictment. Misc.2d 669, 409 632 235.00(1) 1980); People Illardo, 408, 415, 3, 423 470, 472-473, 399 59, 62-63, (1979). (1974); Jenkins 153, 2750, 642 Ward 431 2085, 738 Marks 430 188, 990, Pinkus 436 293, 1808, 293 Thirty-seven District Columbia either legislatively adopted judicially obscenity. 13A-12-150 13-3501(2) 41-3502(6) 18-7-101(2) 1364 Lakin 363 A.2d 990 (D.C.1976); 26-2101(b) 712-1210(6) 18-4101(A) 728.4 (1981) (only covered); 35-30-10.1-1(c) 21-4301(2)(a) 531.010(3) (1975); 14:106(A)(2) (A)(3) Ebert Maryland Bd. Censors, Md.App. 300, 313 536 Neumayer, Mich. 341, 275 N.W.2d 230 Welke, 298 Minn. 402, 216 641 573.010(1) 28-807(9) 201.235 650:1(IV) 2C:34-2 14-190.1(b) 12.1-27.1-01(4) (1976); Burgun, St.2d 354, 384 255 McCrary 533 P.2d 629 (Okl.Cr.App.1974); 167.087(2) 5903(b) 11-31-1 16-15-260(a) 22-24-27(10) 39-3001(1) 43.21(a) 76-10-1203(1) 18.2-372 1982 Wash.Laws., 1(2). Four continue Memoirs 383 413, 975, (1966). 311(a) 53a-193 847.07 11-20(b) Five 2911 45-8-201 30-37-2 Vt.Stat.Ann., 13, 2802 61-8A-2 Three above categories. 97-29-33 declared ABC 325 So.2d 123 (Miss.1976); 944.21(1)(a) (1979-1980), Princess Cinema Milwaukee, Wis.2d 646, 292 807 6-5-303 distributed 847.0125 found: movies, abhorrent fabric urge[d] officers aggressively prosecute peddlers filth vigorously applying act." 1. whole." S.Rep.No. 95-438, exploited unable develop healthy affectionate relationships later life, dysfunctions, tendency abusers adults. Schoettle, Child Exploitation: Study Pornography, J.Am.Acad.Child Psychiatry 289, 296 (1980) (hereafter cited Exploitation); Treatment Pornography Patient, 137 Am.J.Psychiatry 1109, 1110 Densen-Gerner, Prostitution Pornography: Medical, Legal, Societal Aspects Commercial reprinted U. S. Dept. Health Human Services, Abuse Children: Selected Readings 77, Exploitation) (sexually predisposed self-destructive drug alcohol prostitution). Burgess Holmstrom, Accessory-to-Sex: Pressure, Sex, Secrecy, Burgess, Groth, L. Sgroi, Assault Children Adolescents 85, De Francis, Protecting Victim Sex Crimes Committed Adults 169 Ellerstein Canavan, Boys, 134 Am.J. Diseases 255, 256-257 Finch, Seduction Child: Effects Child, Medical Sexuality 170, 185 (Mar.1973); Trauma Life Histories Rapists Molesters, Victimology molestation Report Illinois General Assembly Legislative Investigating Commission 30-31 recorded distributed, privacy invaded. infra. authority explained: "[P]ornography threat victim prostitution. reduced recording, haunt future long after misdeed took place. posed camera go life recording circulating mass system Shouvlin, Preventing Model Act, Wake Forest L.Rev. 535, 545 ("[I]t tension keeping secret profound repercussions"); Note, Protection Use Toward Enforceable Legislation, U.Mich.J. Reform 295, (1979) Pornography) (interview psychiatrist) ("The victim's knowledge increases psychic suffered child"). violates individual disclosure matters." Whalen Roe, 429 589, 599, 869, 876, undermine looking Cox Broadcasting Corp. Cohn, 420 469, 1029, 328 (1975), Daily Mail Publishing 443 97, 99 2667, (1979), right newspapers respectively, identity rape charged juvenile offender. Those stand proposition "if newspaper lawfully obtains truthful information significance punish information, absent highest order." 103, 2671. Crime Judiciary Committee, (statement Charles Rembar) ("It impossible prosecutorial job try get themselves"); Frank Osanka, Professor Social Sociology) ("[W]e careful don't take comfort usually witnesses producing pornography"); Investigator Lloyd Martin, Police Department) (producers false names tracing back distributor). Tribe, 666, Role Obscenity Doctrine, 1978 U.Ill. Forum 711, 716, 29; ("passage producers distributors shift underground"). function "contemporary standards." neither nor read Maine Mississippi accept tolerable Las Vegas, City." 32, 2619. unrealistic equate community's toleration exploitation. Furthermore, rely stricter tests, 7, successful difficult. declared: guaranteeing additional Texas Its Related Causes Control ("Printed isolated removed developing them"). Giboney, unanimous labor unions secondary boycott validly outlawed. Pittsburgh Press Comm'n Relations, 376, 2553, 669 injunction newspaper's furtherance discrimination placing advertisements gender-designated columns. stated: "Any served proposal outweigh supporting altogether incidental limitation activity." 389, 2561. 2251 Supp.IV), anyone embraces "sexually liability producer 307-308. Misc.2d, 637. possibility. Brief Petitioner examples therein. Sixteen define 18. old. including 16. Nebraska prepubescent. 11-20a(a)(1)(A) 28-1463 Indiana Ind.Code. 35-30-10.1-2, 35-30-10.1-3 Kentucky provides classifications (16 18) varies age. 531.300-531.370 (Supp.1980). 307, (collecting statutes). Erznoznik City Jacksonville, 205, 2268, 125 relied Appeals, drive-in theaters nude scenes movies seen Since nudity, 213, 2274, underinclusiveness ordinance. Jacksonville ordinance impermissibly nudity failing created alleged traffic. Today, Hence, unconstitutional precisely that. determine produced. Senate "it common sent countries reproduced returned country give impression origin." 44. borders maintenance "leaves open financial conduit funded materially [local] injured." 871, 531 (Jasen, restraints, grounded jurisdiction controversies. "This courts, 'has pronounce void, irreconcilable called adjudge litigants jurisdiction, bound rules, rigidly adhered, one, anticipate necessity deciding it; formulate broader precise facts applied.' Liverpool, Philadelphia S.S. Commissioners Emigration, 113 33, 39, 352, 355, 899." (1960). Overbreadth regulated argue face. Terminiello Chicago, 337 1, 5, 894, 896, 1131 (1949). Monaghan, Overbreadth, 1981 Rev. 10-14. Bickel, Least Dangerous Branch 115-116 (1962). Frankfurter Hart, Business October Term, 1934, Harv.L.Rev. 68, 95-96 (1935). should, limiting construction. Crowell Benson, 285 22, 62, 285, 76 598 (1932). Accord, Haynes 92, 722, 727, 923 (dictum); Schneider Smith, 682, 687, 799 Rumely, 345 41, 45, 543, 545, 770 (1953); Ashwander TVA, 297 288, 348, 466, 483, 688 (1936) (Brandeis, J. concurring). stricken face; severable, portion invalidated. Photographs, 402 363, 91 1400, 822 (1971). way. cured, longer Here, direct Such binding (1974) ("This reluctance strike applied. infringe values, inappropriate 'remainder covers identifiable proscribable .' CSC Letter Carriers, 548, 580-581 [93 2880, 2897-2898, 796] (1973)"). Bogen, Ancillary Doctrines, Md.L.Rev. 712-714 844, 860-861 (1970). 527, 1104, Georgia misdemeanor 'opprobrious words abusive language, tending breach peace' judicial indicating "merely speak hear them" "breach peace." Cases members "subversive organization" loyalty oath, Baggett Bullitt, 377 360, 1316, register government, (1965), unlike central regulable conduct; uncertainties vagaries discretion. (1975) ("the 'the improper applications' ") (citation NAACP Button, 371 433, 328, 338, (1963) ("We decree Virginia arrangement prospective advised assistance attorneys"); 741, (1940) (the "does aim evils allowable control but, contrary, sweeps ambit press"). chilling presumption set degree cognizable." "[w]ithout draconian indeed. devoid unconstitutionality application." Harv.L.Rev., supra 859, 61. argument independent ourselves intrusion field 728, 686 Respondent's counsel conceded oral definition. Tr. Oral Arg. 41. Burch Louisiana, 441 130, 139, 1623, 1628, (STEVENS, concurring); 305, 1815, Ballew 435 223, 245, 1041, 234 291, 311-321, 1756, 1769-1774, 324 dissenting); 198, 996, part); Schad Borough Mount Ephraim, 452 61, 84, 101 2176, 2190, 671 judgment); 750, 3040, 764. entirely permissibility coverage evidence, congressional Reports ultimately reached conclusion coupled stiff sanctions—is response "virtually normally standards," "[i]n comparison blatant non-obscene inconsequential." 50; H.R.Rep.No. 95-696, 7-8 Supp.IV). 80, 83, 2189, 2190 Consolidated Edison Public Service Comm'n, 447 530, 544-548, 2326, 2337-2339, 319 744-748, 3037-3039 J.); Carey Population Services International, 716-717, 2010, 2032, 675 317-319, 1772-1773 66-71, 2450-2452, 742-743, 3036-3037 59-61, 2446-2447; Metromedia, San Diego, 453 2882, 2911-2913, 800 2191 judgment).

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