Document: 529 U.S. 513120 S.Ct. 1260146 L.Ed.2d 577 SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as being done in connection with this case, at the time opinion issued. The constitutes no part of Court but has been prepared by Reporter Decisions for convenience reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 321, 337. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES CARMELLv.TEXAS CERTIORARI TO APPEALS TEXAS, SECOND DISTRICT No. 98-7540. Argued November 30, 1999 Decided May 1, 2000 In 1996, petitioner was convicted on 15 counts committing sexual offenses against his stepdaughter from 1991 to 1995, when she 12 16 years old. Before September 1993, Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann., Art. 38.07, specified that victim's testimony about offense could not support conviction unless corroborated other evidence or victim informed another person within six months its occurrence, that, if under 14 offense, alone conviction. A 1993 amendment allowed 18. validity four petitioner's convictions depends which version law applies him. Texas Appeals, he argued stand pre-1993 law, effect alleged conduct, because they were based solely victim, who and had made timely outcry. court held applying retrospectively did violate Ex Post Facto Clause, State Criminal Appeals denied review. Held: Petitioner's issue, insofar are evidence, cannot sustained Clause. Pp. 6_40. (a) Calder Bull, 3 Dall. 386, 390, Justice Chase stated proscription ex post facto laws derived English common well known Framers, set out categories criminal laws: "1st. Every makes an action before passing innocent done, criminal; punishes such action. 2d. aggravates crime, greater than was, committed. 3d. changes punishment, inflicts annexed 4th. alters legal rules receives less, different, testimony, required commission offence, order convict offender." repeatedly endorsed understanding, including fourth category. Both common-law treatise drew heavily cited case Sir John Fenwick example England charged high treason late 17th century, but, Act Parliament, without two witnesses. Parliament passed bill attainder making two-witness rule inapplicable, only one witness. 6_15. (b) Article 38.07 plainly fits Calder's Requiring convict, rather plus corroborating surely "less convict" any straightforward sense those words. Indeed, circumstances here parallel Fenwick's case. That neither increases punishment for, nor elements of, simply shows does fit first third categories. 15_17. (c) category resonates harmoniously principal interests Clause designed serve, fundamental justice. reducing quantum grossly unfair eliminating element increasing existing lowering burden proof. each instance, government refuses, after fact, play own rules, altering them way advantageous State, facilitate easier There fairness interest having abide establishes govern can deprive her liberty life. itself illustrates principle. 17_20. (d) None reasons amicus advances abandoning persuasive. It asserts fact Blackstone clauses Ratification-era state constitutions mention got wrong. Accepting assertion would require abandon well, also mentioned sources. And follow law. all specific examples listed bills attainder. Nor, argue, effectively cast Collins Youngblood, 497 37, actually mistake stray beyond categories, mistaken. 20_25. (e) Texas' additional argument limited alter proof rejected. Court's decision Cummings Missouri, 4 Wall. 277, nowhere suggests reversal encompasses; lower reduce necessary meet indistinguishable meaningful ways relevant concerns reduction mistaken historical premise. present controlled Hopt Territory Utah, 110 574, Thompson 171 380, unpersuasive. Unlike witness competency issue there, sufficiency rule. merely regulate mode facts constituting guilt may placed jury, governs meeting expressly distinguished amount degree needed Moreover, addressed, particular unfairness injustice subverting presumption innocence. 26_39. 963 S. W. 2d 833, reversed remanded. Stevens, J., delivered Court, Scalia, Souter, Thomas, Breyer, JJ., joined. Ginsburg, filed dissenting opinion, Rehnquist, C. O'Connor Kennedy, Opinion 1 NOTICE: This subject formal revision publication preliminary print Reports. Readers requested notify Decisions, Supreme States, Washington, D. 20543, typographical errors, corrections goes press. 98_7540 SCOTT LESLIE CARMELL, PETITIONERv.TEXAS 2 ON WRIT [May 2000] Stevens Court. 5 An statute went into authorized certain alone. previous offender. question presented whether applied trial committed amendment's effective date violating constitutional prohibition "ex facto" laws. 6 * grand jury returned 15-count indictment charging various stepdaughter. conduct took place over more years, February March ceased told mother what happened. Petitioner counts. most serious him aggravated assault, sentenced life imprisonment For 13 (5 assault 8 indecency child), received concurrent sentences 20 years. 7 Until following Texas: "A Chapter 21, Section 22.011, 22.021, Penal Code, supportable uncorroborated person, defendant, have occurred. requirement inform apply younger age offense." (Vernon 1983).1 9 We emphasize three features critical 10 so-called "outcry corroboration" requirement. Under provision, (1) (2) occurrence (an "outcry"). second feature "child victim" exception outcry corroboration According old conviction-even respecting minimum sustain If statute's requirements met (for example, introducing 15-year-old make outcry), defendant convicted, must enter judgment acquittal. Leday 983 713, 725 (Tex. App. 1998); Scoggan 799 679, 683 1990). Conversely, satisfied, conviction, words statute, "is supportable," submitted sustained. Vickery 566 624, 626_627 1978); see Burnham 821 Ct. 1991).2 11 amended 1993. extended child victims 18 old.3 counts, critical. satisfied convictions;4 rested testimony. Accordingly, verdicts fall depending applies. apply, offenses. new time. short, which, turn, prohibits application As mentioned, total implicated 38.07; counts-including sentences-are uncontested. Six uncontested old, so even law; five effect, there claim convictions. Weaver Graham, 450 24, 31 (1981) ("The [for violation] consequences acts completed date"). What stake, then, through between June 1992 July effect. appealed Second District Fort Worth. 833 (1998). stand, offenses, rejected argument. observed, Clause: "The increase change prove. `removes restrictions upon classes persons witnesses' is, thus, procedure. 590 _ (1884)." Id., 836. discretionary Because retrospective repealing given rise conflicting decisions,5 we granted pro se petition certiorari, 527 1002 (1999), appointed counsel, id., 1051. II 17 To prohibit legislative Acts "contrary principles social compact every principle sound legislation,"6 Framers included provisions considered "perhaps securities republicanism [the Constitution] contains."7 declare: "No shall pass Bill Attainder, Law, Law impairing Obligation Contracts ." Const., I, §10.8 19 "necessarily requires some explanation; naked explanation, unintelligible, means nothing." 390 (1798) (Chase, J.). explanation Framers: expressions `ex laws,' technical, use long Revolution, acquired appropriate meaning, Legislators, Lawyers, Authors." 391; 389 very probably arose knowledge, Great Britain claimed exercised power _"); 396 (Paterson, Specifically, phrase referred types catalogued follows: "I I consider laws, intent prohibition. 1st. (emphasis original).9 21 22 understanding explained authoritative exposition great scholars Richard Wooddeson. 391 (noting reliance Wooddeson's treatise).10 classification divided general categories: crimes themselves; evidence; affecting (which further subdivided creating severe).11 R. Wooddeson, Systematical View Laws 625_640 (1792) (Lecture 41) (hereinafter Wooddeson). Those (the last subdivided) correlate precisely used language describing corresponds directly phrasing.12 Finally, footnotes Chase's illustrating Dall., 389, nn. *, , .13 Each these exactly same ones Wooddeson himself treatise. 629 (case Earl Strafford); 634 Fenwick); 638 (banishments Lord Clarendon Bishop Atterbury); 639 (Coventry Act). 23 embraced formulation, were, soon contemporary scholars. Joseph Story, writing stated: 24 interpretation been, reaches whereby act declared punishable such, done; act, enormity, punishment; less offender, required, committed." Commentaries Constitution §1339, p. 212 (1833). 25 James Kent concurred 26 "[T]he technical expressions, meant committed; changed inflicted crime altered different American 408 (3d ed. 1836) 19). 27 moreover, including, particular, (sometimes quoting verbatim, sometimes paraphrasing). Lynce Mathis, 519 433, 441, n. (1997); Dobbert Florida, 432 282, 293 (1977); Malloy South Carolina, 237 180, 183_184 (1915); Mallett North 181 589, 593_594 (1901); 382, 387 (1898); Hawker New York, 170 189, 201 (1898) (Harlan, dissenting); Gibson Mississippi, 162 565, 589_590 (1896); Duncan 152 377, 382 (1894); 589 (1884); Kring 107 221, 228 (1883), overruled grounds, 37 (1990); Gut 35, 38 (1870); parte Garland, 333, 390_391 (1867) (Miller, 325_326, 328 (1867). courts, too, Calder, adopted four-category formulation. Boston Gunby Cummins, Ga. 102, 106 (1854); Martindale Moore, Blackf. 275, 277 (Ind. 1833); Davis Ballard, Ky. 563, 578 (1829); Strong 193, 196 1822); Dickinson Dickinson, N. 327, 330 (1819); Woart Winnick, H. 473, 475 (Super. 1826).14 III 28 earlier, both several and, better understand type falls category, turn guidance. 29 remained loyal deposed King William Revolution 1688 thought their opportunity restoration arrived 1695, death Queen Mary. T. Macaulay, History (1899) Macaulay). Fenwick, along Jacobite plotters George Porter Cardell Goodman, began concocting scheme spring year, next original circle conspirators expanded number. 32, 47_48, 109_110. carry machinations, however, members group disclosed plot William. 122_125. One one, participants arrested, tried, treason. 127_142. though, hiding while rest cabal brought During time, trials accomplices revealed witnesses among prove guilt, Goodman. 170_171. luck it, proclaimed Regulateing Tryals Cases Treason Misprision Treason, Will. III, ch. 3, §2 (1695_1696), Statutes Realm (reprint 1963).15 Thus, knew induce either Goodman abscond, vanish. Macaulay 171. 30 tried hand Porter. sent agent attempt bribe, initially accepted exchange leaving France. But then pocketed turned (who promptly pilloried), proceeded testify (along Goodman) jury. 171_173. When treason, attempted flee country himself, apprehended Justices London. Sensing impending threw mercy offered disclose plotting, aware judges leave city circuits, delay thus buy few weeks 173_174. write up confession, betray true Jacobites, concocted confession calculated accuse William, hoping introduce embarrassment perhaps measure instability current regime. 175_178. once perceived design expectation mercy. 178_180, 194. Though contrived ploy leniency unsuccessful respect, proved successful another: during delay, wife succeeded bribing him, country. 194_195.16 32 Without witness, earlier. escape. After Goodman's absence discovered, House Commons introduced correct situation produced combination bribery 198_199. lengthy debate ensued, Members discussed should apply.17 Ultimately, close vote 189 156, 210, notwithstanding objections (foreshadowing category) complained attainted "upon Evidence" law,18 despite repeated importuning law.19 taken Lords, gave assent. 214_225; Attaint Baronet High (1696). On January 28, 1697, beheaded. 226_227. IV 33 unquestionably "that committed, prosecution's legally insufficient entitled acquittal, produce corroborative evidence. conviction; (and was) alone, commonsense fits. 34 300 Just witness' (namely, witness), evidence).20 just like attainder, permitted otherwise previously true, course, "[t]he prove." 2d, observation demonstrates Likewise, dissent's remark "Article establish offense," post, 7, reveals come authorizes brings squarely V 35 understood, justice.21 36 viewed "manifestly unjust oppressive." 391. condemned "cruel unjust," 46 (1765), constitution similar clause, 25, infra. Washington characterizing tyranny" "Why authors attention subject, blush, appear peculiarly left discretion police good management control? answer character oppressive, unjust, tyrannical; universal sentence civilized man." Ogden Saunders, Wheat. 213, 266 (1827). "an bulwark favour personal security subject," J.), protect "the favorite formidable instruments tyranny," Federalist 84, 512 (C. Rossiter 1961) (A. Hamilton), "often detestable purposes," 39 addresses concern precisely. offender as, say, (see infra, 25_28). instances, subverts innocence number overcome presumption; threatening severe plea lesser sentence; threshold overcoming presumption. Reducing achieving end.22 All changes, sense, mirror images another. interest, apart notice, life.23 40 illustration credible possibly fellow able Nevertheless, enacted profound Parliament's established, prevented traitor-notwithstanding truly "innocent." (At least historian concluded clearly 203_204, bears conclusion, see, e.g., Proceedings 219, 230, 246, 265, 289.) pertinent obtain quite clearly, maneuvers unfair, accordingly.24 VI 41 asks us revisit accuracy matter. 42 First, pointing Blackstone's handful 391_392, wrong wrote: "There still unreasonable method this, called facto; legislator declares England, original). piece.25 directs our none definitions mentions 43 sources, perfectly consistent incompatible accept premise purported express exclusive definition Yet appears do face. read exclusive, States' run troubling obstacle, namely, (increases punishment). unsupported supposition Blackstonian implicit Chase, Kent, subsequent courts (state federal) realized so. think stating nature request why rejected.26 44 Next, contends cite indeed Clearly, 641, Commons, 19, supra, single event explain two, Clauses (actually, Clauses, §3 (Treason Clause)). underscores kinship Nixon Administrator General Services, 433 425, 468, Lovett, 303, 323 (1946) (Frankfurter, concurring); Z. Chafee, Three Human Rights 1787, pp. 92_93 (1956) Chafee), twice respective prohibitions adjacent argue abandoned illustrative entirely too much, attainder.27 45 already (1990). thing. discussion verbatim "now familiar Calder" definition. 41_42. noting "[e]arly opinions portrayed laws," 42, quoted Beazell Ohio, 269 167 (1925): " `It settled, decisions citation dispensed with, burdensome commission, deprives defense available according prohibited facto.' Collins, U.S., (quoting Beazell, 169_170). 47 observed footnote omits reference alterations `legal evidence.' cases clear, intended evidentiary changes." 43, (citations omitted). commented formulation faithful best knowledge Clause." 43. 48 seems accurate say cryptic. While calling "exclusive definition" calls Beazell's "faithful" rendition "original understanding" though quotation omitted four. quotes portion omitting immediately preceding paragraph explains kind guilt," 170, statement distinguishing, overruling, 49 resurrect forgotten shorn strange footnote. Stranger 1925, implicate, let purport overrule, discard longstanding precedent manner. Further still, prior cases; day overruling said directly, ambiguous 50 Collins' eliminated doctrinal hitch developed cases, define scope axis distinguishing involving "substantial protections" "procedural." 221 343 (1898)-the overruled-relied distinction. them, correctly pointed out, evaded defined categories." 46. mistaken.28 VII 51 argues exists, do). 20_21 (dissenting opinion). comes conclusion basis pieces 52 Missouri addressed challenge amendments 1865. together, series deemed (all dealing giving aid comfort anyone engaged armed hostility States), professions (e.g., lawyers clergymen) swore oath loyalty, "shall, failing swear oath], punished" fine, imprisonment, both. 279_281. violated 53 Writing Field "[b]y imposes prescribed; sufficient required." 325_326. respects: 327_328; criminal, now carried sanction, 328; importantly purposes, sufficient, "subvert presumptions innocence, heretofore, universally recognized supposed unchangeable," ibid. continued: "They assume parties guilty; call innocence; declare shown way-by inquisition, form expurgatory oath, consciences parties." Ibid. 54 Missouri's invalid encompasses. reason draw line burden; 17_20; Cummings, Wall., 325 result same, indirectly. deals substance, shadows"). 55 piece requiring traces origins ancient Roman concept "rule number," probative value increased others testifying oath." Brief Respondent 20. testimony" refers, runs, i.e., 56 Even correct, response Cummings-based applicable. reflected showing, labored proof, expect sort direct references debates contrary; indicate something roughly equivalent beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard.29 Member bore relationship overall credibility Crown's case.30 "[a]fter middle 1600s never doubt entirely" Wigmore, Required Numbers Witnesses; Numerical System Harv. L. Rev. 83, 93 (1901). related antecedent acts, superficial resemblance number, monarchical abuses relating vestigial belief proxy value. 100_101; J. Evidence §2037, 353_354 (J. Chadbourn rev. 1978). VIII 57 (following holding Appeals) 574 (1884), 380 (1898). Hopt, murder. At trial, prosecution felon tended inculpate defendant. objected murder, `[T]he determining civil actions applicable .' `all persons, proceeding' `persons whom rendered felony witnesses.' 587_588. defendant's provision (excluding felons witnesses) repealed. 58 witness-competency emphasis dissent) worth length argument: 59 "Statutes enlarge class competent prosecutions passage; attach criminality aggravate theretofore provide therefor prescribed commission; degree, lessen measure, 60 indicted, therefor, quantity unaffected statute. Any statutory alteration authorize offence might, respect obnoxious inhibition ingredients ultimate but-leaving untouched essential conviction-only remove witnesses, relate modes procedure only, vested right, grounds public policy, pleasure. Such regulations thereafter had, charged." added). 61 relied Texas, involved permitting introduction expert handwriting where permit introduced. Mainly authority Thompson's well. 62 misplaced. rule.31 "simply testify," "only witnesses." 589_590. amendment, Rule 601(a) prescribes "[e]very except provided rules," 601(a)(2) contains witnesses.32 2_3, 15_17, "regulat[e] jury," (Rule that), "alter 589; (felon "leav[es] conviction"). 63 profitable, compare statutes text 38.07. proscribed `rul[e] convict[ed a] Thompson, similarly, `comparison disputed writings 381. speaks terms "[a] on" 601(a), "competent testify." differences plain.33 64 not. convict. always favor, accused. accused guilty, coercive pressure easily obtained plead risk crime. Witness contrary, necessarily State's favor. rule, might help exculpatory 65 Nor affect, subvert, admissibility properly admitted go matter Prosecutors satisfy says absolutely nothing Sufficiency (by definition) that-they convict). supportable" met. IX 66 dissent begins how premised accusations above independently trustworthy." Post, 4; 5_7. Surely legislature address trustworthiness issues alike. history points cuts 38.07's antecedent, says, "replac[ement]" seduced females "incompetent" 6. 1891, substituted `the female testify; female, corroborated. _' recodified 1965, repealed 1973, replaced 1975 reenacted, law's "no had" supportable." history, extent interpreting question; ago incompetent witnesses; codifies solution issue. 67 need all, much testimony." 7. Instead, "[u]nder versions third-party purely circumstantial ways." 7_8. avenues prosecution-besides (with outcry)-remain "did case." added deleted part); ("Article dictated takes added)). urges, (in corroboration) really 8, 22. unclear refers "required part). Either way, fails. 68 again provides guide. agrees conspiracy, Constitution, embodied quantitative [of evidence] rule." But, argues, "two [were] conviction," added), whereas "necessary case," closer look distinction incorrect. "but Oaths Testimony Two lawfull Witnesses unlesse Party indicted arraigned tryed willingly violence open confesse Mute refuse _" 15, states Person overt Act, Confession Court." Plainly, instance claims. vainly relied," erroneous, accusation wash." 22.34 69 final relies runs this. "effect" claims, 10_14, 24. However differently Hopt-type seem operate face, practical (at instances) accordingly, ought treated declaring period satisfying requirements, end 13. attempts Article's purposes. 70 seeks controlling ignoring says. specifically proof" trial. 31_32. argument, denies results situations. ("Such course literally forbidden testifying, difference purposes rule"); ("Hopt meaningfully instant case"). finds erasing case's 71 pays heed laid down imagine manner treasonous witness). imagined mean so, 38.07? similarly imagines operates former view latter circumstances? 72 fails account tells half story does. deleted). crucial. affects convict; instances least) telling acquittal speak 73 story, rests acquittals demand conceded, story-and, noted, half. all. 33, prosecutors tell that.35 X 74 reasons, hold 10, remembering, point, Story's 75 `If punish unpunished; legislature, admonished defect future sort. escape delinquent harm community, arise infraction purity justice, existence liberty, essentially depend.' §1338, 211, 2. 76 And, prospective amendment. reversed, remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion. 77 ordered. 78 Chief Justice, O'Connor, Kennedy join, dissenting. 79 today holds Procedure reduces retroactive therefore violates holding, misreads precedents concerning not, accurately characterized "sufficiency rule"; essence dictating credit prosecutions. accord full testimonial stature, undiminished extends generally judicial proceedings. Our clear validly enactment. dissent. 80 81 Scott Leslie Carmell sexually abusing 82 stepdaughter, "K. M.," 1991, K. M. He continued 1995. Carmell's 1992, 14.1 toward until sometime around friend mother, Eleanor Alexander. Alexander police, arrested fifteen-count indictment. 83 stood offense. older, corroboration, described itself, "outcry": occurrence. 1983). 84 version, Supp. 2000). continues force aged modified material here. convicted.2 §10, cl. 1. 85 proper central purpose 86 plain. age, assessing demonstrating reasonable doubt, give weight corroborated, going "outcry."3 (such M.) ages permits 87 requirement-still older-is common, increasingly outmoded, Its rein insufficiently standing outcry, jurisdictions, trustworthy. Villareal 511 500, 502 1974) failure report rape diminishes prosecutrix."); cf., Battle 630 A. 217 (D. 1993) (evidence "rebuts implied charge recent fabrication, springs jurors' assumptions lying occurred"). 88 Legislatures many particularly accomplices. See, 38.14 2000) ("A accomplice tending connect ."). provisions-generally wane States-are, ensure Haugen, 448 191, 194 (N. 1989) show reliable worthy credit."); Holladay 709 194, 1986) ("Because [i.e., accomplice] usually corrupt, looked suspicion."); Fleming 760 P.2d 208, 209_210 (Okla. 1988) behind falsely hope clemency, desire revenge, reason."). 89 propriety Legislature's light analysis depend assessment wisdom. suffices note rationale underpins requirements: notion role events trustworthy Reed 991 354, 361 1999) ("Generally speaking, corroborate stems consent, victim."); Hernandez 651 746, 751 1983) (concurring rehearing) (Article "was deal who, another, `accomplice perforce, whose corroborated."). 90 focus traced "for law." Holladay, 200. Cole 147 (1874); Hernandez, 751_752 (tracing earlier seduction rule). disability lifted requirement: "In Stat., Tit. 789 (1911). enactment upheld (1884). Mrous 597, 764 (1893). prosecutions, 1965 entire 1925 (including seduction) 91 1975, substantially form. revised, article covered Code; contained exemption youngest victims. 1979). 1983, cover 18, described. proposed, corroboration/outcry altogether. Research Organization, Representatives, Daily Floor Report (Mar. 1993), Lodging Petitioner. Supporters proposal maintained "[v]ictims likely fantasize misconstrue truth crimes, `outcry.' Juries decide credible_ . Most longer corroboration; Texas." 14. development progressive alleviation 92 purpose, governing attained efforts paint detached moorings consequently begin Love 499 108, 108 1973) ("[O]utcry charged."). asserting evidence." Ante, 15_16. ways-so admissible doubt.4 guilty voluntary confession. words, "sexual proven distinct assault." Rather, restrict proving case.5 94 persuasion standard doubt. standard. 95 recognizes affect persuasion, ante, 25_26, times "changed (amended "permitted evidence"), "[r]educ[es] ") (emphases word "quantum" refer statements incorrect contradict acknowledgment. if, likely, partial repeal simple items conviction.6 96 "subverts innocence." 18; 22, 23, 33. (1867), struck post-Civil War imposed penalties unable unwilling aided Confederacy. amendments, innocence" "[t]hey [and] [them] swearing oath. 328. Nothing impose saddle task it. State. 38.03 recognition M.'s stature. 97 places greatest evidence" label, 33_39, label stick. quantitatively qualitatively, rational factfinder find hurdle; range methods surmount 98 sure, descriptively individual "sufficient" "insufficient" enough invalidate facto. work detriment unconstitutional enactment-an outcome decisively reject. 18_19 (discussing (1898), authentication documents testify, respectively). turned, item hearsay inadmissible later describe valid claim. 18_19. Neither Carmell. 99 distinguish garden-variety "are ordinarily evenhanded, benefit 23. clear. right; purpose. Rules typically take basic account, often restricting systematically disadvantages side. Consider, providing relations propensity commit "always favor [by] mak[ing] accused." 33.7 (until today) suggested 100 resists functions "[b]oth 31. blanket dubious. older (18 statute) unbolstered assign reality, 101 Perhaps misdirected wording "conviction 32. sounds rule," realizes case-i.e., persuasion-is potentially said, determination inadmissible.8 102 phrased, functionally identical conditional competency. instead corroborated," actual Not "in instances," 36, 38, situations," case.9 Recognizing equivalency, noted "a mere "statutorily worded standard." Malik 953 234, 240, (1997).10 103 sum, function embedded impede precedents, next, 104 repeatedly, furthers important serves "to assure fair warning individuals rely meaning explicitly changed." 28_29 (1981).11 Second, "restricts governmental re- straining arbitrary vindictive legislation." 29; Landgraf USI Film Products, 244, 267 (1994); Miller 482 423, 429_430 (1987). separation powers; textual conceptual neighbor Attainder aims legislatures meddle judiciary's adjudicating cases. Weaver, 29, 10. 105 justify extension understandable, today's (fair reliance), vital tenably ample notice illegal. certainly preamendment 38.07: tendered anticipate period, cause sooner later. Clause's here, indication Legislature defendants treatment. conformity generally. Carmell, enumerated (1798): "Every dictum, Paterson Iredell seriatim hint 395_397 J.); 398_400 (Iredell, Still, categorical enumeration gloss reach. decade (1990), reiterated context strong pared three, altogether relies. 167, mentioning 169_170. apparent approval omission retroactively acts." reciting plainest "punish 52. recitation conforms fourth; mentioned.12 majority "including, category," offers impressive-looking string 10_11. paraphrased enumeration, mechanical naturally entailed depended reached.13 Washington's 213 (1827), extensively 17_18. 109 occasions functioning process-but since overruled. second-degree murder automatically serve retrial first-degree petit jurors deprived substantial right liberty." 352. concluding "consistent term law' adopted." U. S, 47, 50, 51_52. reading Collins. concludes Utah improperly construed protections," remains intact. plausible undisturbed. viable, stretched precedents-decisions fully acknowledged category-firmly raise concerns. 111 attack demonstrate authenticity writings. reasoned, obstacle arising withdrew consideration elucidate ultimate, 387. 112 testify. capital large felon, claim, adopting reasoning case: 113 589. 114 passage shows, retaining today, 115 fits" "[r]equiring `less convict' words." 16. overrule saying convict," countless Hopt. pursuant broadened regarding preclude application. "Even disadvantage procedural facto." (1977). 116 expansive squared decisions. Rather embrace unprecedented approach, advance "commonsense 16, comports underlying win considerably independent day, intervening establishing "beyond doubt" Due Process re Winship, 397 358 (1970); Jackson Virginia, 443 307 (1979). renders meaningless today. Imagine, sentencing enhancement factor-leadership obstruction justice-beyond factor established preponderance rank affirmative defense. 117 Burdens qualitative tests sufficiency. encompasses "receives offence." Cf. ("Any committed" Quantitative rare modern Anglo-American exist. limit act. almost exclusively confined contexts: perjury, Weiler 606 (1945), §3, ("No Court."). Witnesses: 100_108 118 rule: traitor put pleading sworn describes served cautionary model explication Calder. 11_15.14 excursion post-Restoration diverting, earlier," wash. relied.15 119 unlike indifferently branded witnesses-sexual older-as court. described, Prosecutors' compliance "says 38.16 one: 120 surprising. little system conceive standards terms. winner party produces Similarly, fixed persuade "Our justice assumption determined side controversy. gauging weights measures rely. touchstone credibility; quality quantity." Weiler, 608. wishes render forthrightly attempting portray figured 121 122 settled (or admissibility, dictate dual underlie ensuring engage sustaining powers preventing legislation. "undefined enlargement Clause," 46, conflicts precedent, Notes 123 chapter sections charges petitioner. includes child; §22.011 covers assault; §22.021 criminalizes assault. 124 treat Ordinarily, excluded erroneously court's error remedied appeal reversing remanding Miles 918 511, 1996); Beltran 728 1987). comply contrast, remand entry Scoggan, 683. oral agreed foregoing description Tr. Oral Arg. 28_29, 40_41. 125 3. full: year Proc., 73d Leg., Reg. Sess., 900, §12.01, Gen. 3765, 3766, 200, §1, 387, 388. 126 4. Although either. immaterial 4, court, "there victim's] events," 836 1998), contention decision. 127 5. Compare Schreuder, 726 1215 (Utah (finding violation); Virgin Islands Civil, 591 F.2d 255 (CA3 1979) (same), York Hudy, Y. 40, 535 E. 250 (1988) (no Murphy Sowders, 801 205 (CA6 (same); Kentucky, 652 (Ky. (same). Idaho Byers, 159, 627 788 (judicial retroactively); Bowyer 422 973 (DC 1980) 128 44, 282 Madison). 129 Hamilton). 130 8. §9, Congress: passed." 131 9. Elsewhere taxonomy "Sometimes [ex laws] respected times, (to supply deficiency proof) admitting two; receiving oath; husband; admit; punishments, liable 132 British collected lectures Vinerian Professor Fellow Magdalen College Oxford. successor, 391, (Blackstone chair Oxford 1766) ratification appearing itself. Trustees Dartmouth Woodward, 518, 562_563 (1819) (argument Daniel Webster); 668, 676 (Story, Town Pawlet Clark, Cranch 292, 326, 329 (1815) Nereide, 388, 449 Cooper Telfair, 14, 16_17 (1800) (arguments Edward Tilghman, Jared Ingersoll, Dallas); Hannum Spear, 291 (Err. Pa. 1795); Glass Sloop Betsey, 6, (1794). 133 11. "some innovation, creat[e] forfeiture disability, incurred ordinary (1792). "imposed awarded inferior courts." 639. banished 1669 Atterbury 1723. punishments "innovation[s] law" banishment, penalty courts. Holdsworth, 569 (1938); Craies, Compulsion Subjects Leave Realm, Q. (1890). 134 12. 631 (referring "respec[t] things adjudication declared"); 633_634 "respecting [rectifying] created lately witnesses" effect); (describing "acts parliament, principally therein law"); courts"). 9, supra. 135 Strafford, banishment Atterbury, Coventry Act. 136 reception contrasts holding-that early criticism levied Satterlee Matthewson, Pet. 416, 681_687 (App. I) (1829) (Johnson, Stoddart Smith, Binn. 355, 370 (Pa. 1812) (Brackenridge, absent somewhat dampened appetite scholarly discourse, reluctant yet harbor compunction came criticizing 137 15. read, part: "And bee noe Persons whatsoever Overtact peremptorily Number Thirty Jury 138 handled bribe deftness lacking attempt. (popularly "Scum Goodman," 32) target, Lady offer couldn't refuse: abscond rewarded, throat cut spot. 195. instinct self-preservation prevailed, parted company safely reached 139 17. Against Upon (1702) Proceedings) (" 'Tis Extraordinary you bring Answer ("It hath objected, Witnesses, Statute"); 227 ("I Land, Man Witnesses"); 256_257 ("[I]f sit Judge, Judge Will Judgment Witness, 'tis Proceeding?"). 140 270 believe can't away Life Inferiour Courts do"); 288 ("Shall Supream Authority satisfie ourselves Guilt, Courts?"); 317 my self Conscience, misfortune me Posterity, Sentence Life, requires"); 342 ("But Liberty People concerned Revocation Act; Arguments Convince me, Act"). 141 19. 145 Persons, Sessions Imprisoned Facto, Fact Complained Legally Detained: hope, Case, Reason grow familiar, obtained; Precedents grow, Liberty, 152_153 condemn Death am afraid safe admitted, Man's added)); 197 ("Sir, urged you, ill Consequence be, Injustice Punish Man, 256 Judge? By being_ House, before. So Power reserved Declare thing before" 282_283 ("[F]or your Guilty Condemn Fact? Case _") added); 305 confidently affirm, Precedent Tryal, off extrajudicially Facto"); 331_332 ("Those since, provide, whatsoever, Treason. Then Law; facto, _"). 142 "need testimony; cumulative 19; trouble "Testimony Treason." supra 143 21. aimed concerns, "namely, enactments changed," 430 (1987) (internal marks omitted), reinforcing powers, (1981). aims, punishment), few, any, planning activities repercussions. 144 Lowering (as law) burden. follow, think, 9_10. implicates Ordinary 28_33. More crucially, subvert Therefore, "unfair" "unjust," implicate setting forth helps shape scope, doctrine unto invalidating force. Kirkpatrick Co. Environmental Tectonics Corp., Int'l, 493 400, 409 146 adding bargain. Justices, King. squandered authoring plain contrivance, reasonably assumed sincere rewarded leniency-the functional 125. honest failed Blood, aim Gentleman's Propose get Confession"); 235 ("[W]e (God forbid should) ("Why, Hang Confess threatened confessed, proceed 218. 25. Massachusetts' clause "Laws free government." Massachusetts, Pt. (1780), Swindler, Sources Documents Constitutions (1975) Swindler). Maryland Carolina words: "That punishing liberty; wherefore made." Declaration Rights, (1776), Swindler 373; 403. Delaware's Fundamental Rules, 198, stated, Laws, Offenses Existence oppressive 148 26. Iredell's include "inflict [or] denounced offence," 400 (1798). Iredell-and Iredell-got authorities (now constitutions) somehow missed point. 149 27. Thomas Earle Strafford Car. (1640), 177 1963); Banishing Disenabling Clarendon, II, (1667_1668), 628; Inflict Pains Penalties Francis (Atterbury) Rochester, Geo. (1722); Prevent Malicious Maiming Wounding Act), (1670). pains penalties, Chafee 117, 136, 638_639, subspecies death. Drehman Stifle, 595, 601 (1870). 150 28. dismiss numerous invocations 10_11, "mechanical recitation[s]" glean (1925), 16_17. First factually mistaken; there. 26_27. (1884) (discussed 28_33) retain[ed] category"). above, 151 29. ("If hear, Opinion, notoriously Guilty, freely Bill. Rule, Quod dubitas ne feceris [where nothing], Coffin 156 432, 456 (1895). 30. "[O]ne credited Twelve Jury-men, sufficient; Hundred credited, Convict Capital Crime." 210; 223_226. 153 recognize "merely 590); Whether falling federal determine ourselves. Lindsey 301 397, (1937). 154 subsection "[c]hildren examined possess intellect transactions interrogated." observing 1986, codified 38.06 1979)-the section (The read: "All cases," witnesses.) infer provisions, understood functions. views 38.06. logical 12, suggest phrased utterly 155 concede admits "not testifying," insists "inadmissible," 20, it," 5, "credibility"); 11, "admissibility"); 13, "competency"). 601, inadmissible, insufficient. 34. confessions (though comport apparent). accused's outside control. availability control 157 35. "would results" deleted), willing argument's sake. correct. result, normally operative Failure drew, (contrary contention) "countless rules." "misdirected" "any "potentially" ibid., explicit specification Once again, point other, separate, illusive determines evidence's (that rule), (because rules). 158 notes equally convicted. 3_4. grant review, encompassed count Cert. 159 visited jail confess sorry wrote `adultery [K. M.]' paper. 835 1998). corroboration. (like 4) 160 glance object weight, (contending 161 insufficient"). moment's reflection reveal, illusory. sufficient. adequate 163 reasoning, enjoyed. 164 founded asserted. Heckathorne 697 1985) ("[A]n truth, someone offense."). 165 Fed. Evid. 412(a)(1) (restricting "[e]vidence misconduct] behavior"); 412(b)(1)(B) (providing "evidence behavior accused" consent); 413(a) admissible" 404(b)'s bad therewith"). 166 wonder 1986 Procedure, followed draws opposite inference juxtaposition. 31, "already witnesses," irrelevant. diminished juries below (first 18) apparently considers young consent sex lie 681 1990); 752_753 rehearing). attaches inclusion "provision noncompliance dictates proprio vigore difference, "normally rule" question-when submits insufficient-is bedrock due process, 168 observes characterization question. 30_31, undoubtedly stands tension, "Texas event, inaccurate, Malik's suggests. remedy decided Term, appeals found remaining insufficient, ordering Weisgram Marley 528 __ (2000). 169 Today's apart, 17, consistently stressed `lack notice' "central 441 (1997) (1981)). 266_267 (1987); 28_29; Marks 188, 191_192 implausibility ante rules. California Dept. Corrections Morales, 514 499, 504_505 (1995), 172 invoked 328, invocation hardly holding. invalidated arms Union Civil War. challenged framed "aimed past acts," Confederacy 327_328, imposing "subvert[ed] "assum[ing] [we]re guilty." discussed, 173 Tellingly, 174 wants enact knows 38.15 court."); 38.18(a) perjury false defendant."). 175 Noncompliance something: mandates forward unreliable recognizes, category." 38.

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