Document: 492 U.S. 1 109 S.Ct. 2765 106 L.Ed.2d Edward W. MURRAY, Director, Virginia Department of Corrections, et al., Petitionersv.Joseph M. GIARRATANO, Johnny Watkins, Jr., and Richard T. Boggs, al. No. 88-411. Argued March 22, 1989. Decided June 23, Syllabus Respondents, a class indigent death row inmates who do not have counsel to pursue postconviction proceedings, brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the District Court against various state officials, alleging that Constitution required they be provided with at State's expense for purpose pursuing collateral proceedings related their convictions sentences. The concluded respondents should receive greater assistance than outlined Bounds v. Smith, 430 817, 97 1491, 52 72—which held prisoner's "right access" courts State furnish access adequate law libraries or other legal aid so prisoners might prepare petitions judicial relief—since limited amount time petitions, since cases are unusually complex, shadow impending execution interferes ability work. It found Virginia's efforts—access library lawbooks, availability "unit attorneys," appointment after petition is filed—did afford meaningful because did guarantee continuous counsel. Thus, it ordered develop program counsel, upon request, wishing habeas corpus court, but, light Ross Moffitt, 417 600, 94 2437, 41 341, federal court. Appeals affirmed. viewed lower court's special "considerations" relating as findings fact which were clearly erroneous. reasoned case was controlled by Pennsylvania Finley, 481 551, 107 1990, 95 539—which neither Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment nor equal protection "meaningful appoint seeking Finley case, address rule enunciated Bounds, involve penalty. Held: judgment reversed, remanded. 847 F.2d 1118 (CA4 1988), reversed THE CHIEF JUSTICE, joined Justice WHITE, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, Eighth requires States postconv ction relief. Pp. 7-13. 2 (a) This Court's decisions require conclusion apply no differently capital noncapital cases. See, e.g., Smith Murray, 477 527, 2661, 91 434. constitutionally an adjunct criminal proceeding serve different more either trial appeal. safeguards imposed stage—where court jury hear testimony, evidence, decide question guilt punishment—are sufficient assure reliability process penalty imposed. 7-10. 3 (b) There inconsistency whatever between holdings Finley. right issue rests on constitutional theory considered Extending would partially overrule subsequently decided reject categorical rule—the usual tack taken cases—for adoption case-by-case determination based "factual" findings, which, "clearly-erroneous" standard, could result rules being applied States. 10-13. 4 KENNEDY, scheme securing representation does violate Constitution. Although procedures far reaching effective those available States, been unable obtain represent them prison system staffed institutional lawyers assist such matters. Bounds' meaningful-access requirement can satisfied ways, legislatures administrators must given "wide discretion" select appropriate solutions from range complex options. 14-15. 5 REHNQUIST, C.J., announced delivered opinion, JJ., joined. J., filed concurring post, p. 13. opinion judgment, joined, 14. STEVENS, dissenting BRENNAN, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, 15. 6 Robert Q. Harris, petitioners. 7 Gerald Zerkin, Richmond, Va., respondents. 8 Chief REHNQUIST SCALIA join. 9 civil rights officials Commonwealth Virginia. claimed, several theories, Commonwealth's below ruled request necessary enjoy pursuit We think this holding inconsistent our decision two Terms ago 539 (1987), misreading 72 (1977). 10 Joseph Giarratano prisoner sentence death. He initiated action 1983, pro se complaint Federal Court, including Murray Director Corrections. Some months later, certified comprising all current future awaiting cannot proceedings.1 asserted number theories entitlement appointed tried 11 After post-trial briefs, memoranda, expressed "serious doubts viability many th[e] theories." 668 F.Supp. 511, 512 (E.D.Va.1986). was, however, "satisfied United Supreme dictates plaintiffs here granted some form relief." Ibid. noted three believed these had outlined. interfere These led believe "plaintiffs incapable effectively using lawbooks raise claims." As result, policy allowing permitting sent cells "little satisfy obligation."2 F.Supp., 513. "Virginia fulfill its duty providing trained assistance." 12 then evaluated avenues convicted crimes inadequate attorneys" penal institutions incarceration-related litigation. Id., 514. Further, "[e]ven if additional attorneys service inmates, fulfilled" because, acting "only advisors," "[t]he scope provide simply too limited." Along same lines, provisions cure problem.3 primarily "the timing fatal defect" inmate "would attorney's critical stages developing his 515. 13 Even together, efforts courts, counsel." With what feared imminent depletion pool volunteer willing help attack sentences, felt stakes high grant, least part, therefore 517. decided, 341 (1974), indicated similar obligation 516-517. 14 On appeal Fourth Circuit, divided panel personal proceedings. 836 1421 (1988). But en banc, reheard affirmed Court. banc conclude compliance access. accepted erroneous remedial order. "Finley Smith." F.2d, 1122. "Most significantly," thought penalty." Four judges dissented. certiorari, 488 923, 303, 102 322 (1988), now reverse. 15 In we Sixth Amendments defendant stage proceeding, Gideon Wainwright, 372 335, 83 792, 799 (1963), similarly entitled matter initial Douglas California, 353, 814, 811 (1963); Griffin Illinois, 351 12, 76 585, 100 L.Ed. 891 (1956). supra, U.S., 610, S.Ct., 2443, earlier procedure carry over discretionary North Carolina intermediate appellate Carolina. contrasted where presenting witnesses arguing attempts strip presumption innocence convict him crime, needs attorney "not shield protect 'haled into court' stripped innocence, but rather sword upset prior guilt." 610-611, 2443-2444. 16 logic Moffitt there relief: 17 "Postconviction relief even further removed direct review. part itself, nature. See Fay Noia, 391, 423-424 [83 822, 840-841, 837] (1963). . avenue relief, cf. MacCollom, 426 317, 323 [96 2086, 2090, 48 666] (1976) (plurality opinion), when do, fundamental fairness mandated supply lawyer well." 556-557, 1994. 18 like below, dispose respondents' claim penalty.4 They argue that, Amendment, "evolving standards decency" permit carried out while unrepresented. Brief Respondents 47. vein, contend due nature punishment need accuracy. 48-49. 19 recognized one occasion places constraints used accused offense Beck Alabama, 447 625, 2382, 65 392 (1980) (trial judge give option lesser offense); Lockett Ohio, 438 586, 604, 98 2954, 2964, 57 973 (1978) (jury allowed consider defendant's mitigating character evidence); Eddings Oklahoma, 455 104, 869, 71 (1982) (same). finality "a degree reliability" Lockett, 2964. 20 holdings, dealt adjudication, questions punishment. Pulley 465 37, 104 871, 79 29 (1984), declined hold perform proportionality review And Satterwhite Texas, 486 249, 256, 108 1792, 1797, 284 traditional standard harmless-error set Chapman 386 18, 87 824, 705 (1967), reviewing error case. 21 refused has corpus. 538, 2668, 434 (1986), involving corpus, unequivocally rejected suggestion principles [governing procedural fault] Wainwright Sykes[, 433 72, 2497, 53 594 (1977),] depending p nalty imposes violation laws" discarded idea "there anything 'fundamentally unfair' about enforcing default rules. ." 538-539, 2668. And, Barefoot Estelle, 463 880, 887, 103 3383, 3391, 77 1090 (1983), observed "direct primary conviction sentence, exception." 22 Finally, Ford 399, 2595, 335 prohibited executing validly sentenced insane scheduled execution. Five Justices proposition ascertainment sanity predicate lawful calls less stringent demanded any aspect proceeding." 411-412, 2603. Powell comparable antecedent whether petitioner executed all." 425, 2610. "It follows imposing heightened requirements trials sentencing context." (citations omitted); id., 429, 2612 (O'CONNOR, part) (due minimal); 434, 2614 (REHNQUIST, Burger, dissenting) (wholly executive sufficient). 23 appeal.5 are, think, decline read yet another distinction defendants 24 dissent opines mandate net benefit Virginia." Post, 30. "mother knows best" approach play adjudication. policy, correctness dissent's view means self-evident. If, said capita well may quite sensibly concentrate resources devotes proceeding. Capable lawyering mean fewer colorable claims ineffective litigated attack. 25 Appeals, basis holding, relied perceived tension implication (1977); find tension. Whether protection,6 order 828, 1498. strange jurisprudence permitted extension 26 stranger allow, would, involved particular district regarding matters difficulty general psychology inmates. Treating "factual findings," presumably subject only hearing reached conclusions. Our never tack; respect general. 287 45, 55, 158 (1932); (1956); (1974); (1987). Indeed, itself points out, 17, dissatisfaction Betts Brady, 316 455, 62 1252, 86 1595 (1942), requiring felony Gideon. 27 Finley; squarely decides presented For reasons previously stated applies necessarily limits Bounds.7 28 Petitioners disagree practices currently effect prisons prisoners. denied timely during final weeks before date If correct, remand remedy situation without enlarge Bounds. Reversed. 30 O'CONNOR concurring. 31 I join JUSTICE's opinion. demonstrates, nothing precedents A instead designed overturn presumptively valid judgment. Nothing see seem me follow model also KENNEDY's above. KENNEDY observes, (1977), allows considerable discretion assuring imprisoned jails process. Beyond legislative choice difficult considerations allocation scarce resources. today rightly leaves issues resolution Congress legislatures. 32 whom joins, 33 central STEVENS substantial proportion succeed having sentences vacated 23-24, n. complexity area, moreover, makes unlikely will able file successful persons learned law. 34 however. made explicit intricacies options solutions. 833, 1500. imposition adopted pretermit responsible Assessments difficulties litigation conducted committees American Bar Association Judicial Conference intention serious consideration. 134 Cong. Rec. 33237 (1988) (providing expedited consideration proposals committee). 35 Unlike Congress, lacks capacity undertake searching comprehensive called us. While preparing am prepared say violates 36 facts record concur 37 BLACKMUN join, dissenting. 38 Two reaffirmed obligates " 'to opportunity present fairly context process.' 556, 1994, (1987) (quoting 616, 2446, (1974)). narrow includes wish Viewing precedents, answer affirmative. 39 * parties us, accorded controlling importance (1977).1 alleged violated failing research facilities complaints. Stressing "meaningful" "touchstone," 823, 1495, held: 40 "[T]he authorities preparation filing papers law." Far creating discrete right, constitutes encompasses "right-to-counsel" "access-to-courts" each shaped facts, share concern, seek remedies arbitrary governmental interference. At fountainhead body 69, 64, (1932), intelligent educated layman guiding hand every step him." seven black men, charged rape white women, failed designate until morning trial. Reasoning "notice hearing" guaranteed be, cases, little avail comprehend heard counsel," 68-69, 63-64, 43 "[I]n employ adequately making own defense ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, like, requested not, assign requisite law; discharged assignment circumstances preclude giving case." 71, 65. 44 Particular thus defined protected petitioners prosecution Similarly, 18-19, 590-591, (1956), focused "[s]tatistics show[ing] courts" concluding once appeals convictions, administer discriminatory fashion. Finding rational appellants pay transcripts, "effectively den[ying] poor money enough costs advance," transcripts indigents. 590. Accord, Burns 360 252, 1164, 1209 (1959) ($20 fee appeal). articulated soon invalidate restraints Lane Brown, 477, 768, 892 (1963) (transcript); Bennett, 365 708, 81 895, (1961) (filing fee). 45 day 1963, both trial, first 814. Applying Amendment's express departed analysis favor approach.2 absence appeal, McKane Durston, 153 684, 913, 867 (1894), assessing Amendment.3 invalidating California's procedure—by undertook ex parte examination barren record" determine merited 356, 816—echoed statements Griffin: 46 "When forced run gantlet preliminary showing merit, comport fair procedure. [T]he discrimination 'possibly good obviously bad cases,' rich man listen argument deciding merits, cannot. indigent, unclear errors hidden, meaningless ritual, appeal." Douglas, 357-358, 816-817. 47 subsequent opinions inmates' secure assistance. certiorari later does, 557, distinguish case,4 preferable them, Powell, Griffin, applications guarantees situations. Indeed Ross: "The 'free unreasoned distinctions,' Rinaldi Yeager, 384 305, 310 [86 1497, 1500, 577] (1966), indigents within adversary system. supra; Draper Washington, 487, 774, 899 adopt leave 'entirely cut off all,' virtue indigency, 481, 771, extend merely 'meaningless ritual' others better economic 'meaningful appeal.' 358, 817. absolutes, degrees." 612, 2445. II 49 demonstrate absolute counsel" remedies. Three differences permissible ordinary fundamentally unfair initiate counsel's hand. shall turn. 50 First. respondents, unlike respondent condemned die. Legislatures conferred facing colonial times.5 First up punishment;6 nearly century passed contexts. Mallard 490 296, 1814, 318 (1989) (interpreting Act July 20, 1892, ch. 209, 1, Stat. codified 1915(d)). Evitts Lucey, 469 387, 409, 105 830, 843, 821 (1985) dissenting). Just last year, enacted statute provision relief—but death.7 51 expanded defendants' long bestowing privileges crimes.8 Both Furman Georgia, 408 238, 92 2726, 346 (1972), established channeling death-sentencing decision, Members qualitatively imprisonment, however long." Woodson Carolina, 428 280, 96 2978, 2991, 944 opinion).9 unique necessitates protections pretrial, guilt, phases,10 enhances Generally conviction. (1894). "[M]eaningful review" "serves check random Gregg 153, 195, 206, 2909, 2935, 2940, 859 (opinion Stewart, JJ.). integral component "constitutional responsibility tailor manner avoids capricious infliction Godfrey 446 420, 428, 1759, 1764, 64 398 (1980).11 Ideally, exception. When comes end, legality attaches sentence." (1983). is, significant evidence ordinarily sufficiently safeguard miscarriages justice warrant finality.12 0.25% 7% recent years; striking contrast, success rate ranged 60% 70%.13 Such incidence uncorrected demonstrates extends beyond 54 Second. contrast discussed contemplates relegated Claims assistance, instance, usually raised stage. Frye Commonwealth, 231 Va. 370, 345 S.E.2d 267 (1986). Furthermore, irregularities, prosecutorial misconduct, surface complete. E.g., Amadeo Zant, 214, 1771, 249 (prosecutor deliberately underrepresented people women pools); Brady Maryland, 373 83, 1194, 215 Occasionally, new suggest innocent. Ex Adams, 768 S.W.2d 281 (Tex.Cr.App., 1989); McDowell Dixon, 858 945 (C.A.4 cert. denied, 489 1033, 1172, 230 (1989). Given irreversibility punishment, information deserves searching, adversarial scrutiny discovered close 55 detached past examine barred fresh look reveal, example, enhance invalid, Johnson Mississippi, 578, 1981, 575 (1988); mental illness, lack record, abusive childhood introduced mitigation hearing, Curry 258 Ga. 371 647 Defense failure object assert precludes them.14 gives chance rectify defaults.15 Virginia, therefore, key 56 cornerstone Once determines procedurally barred, unless make showings: cause resultant prejudice, miscarriage justice. Carrier, 478, 485, 495, 2639, 2644, 2649, 397 (1986); Sykes, 87, 2506, tested evidentiary factual control writ pursuant 2254.16 Nor circumvent petition. Rose Lundy, 509, 1198, 379 (1982), comply exhaustion 2254(c), dismiss containing "fairly courts," Picard Connor, 404 270, 275, 512, (1971), review, Castille Peoples, 346, 1056, 380 stringency adheres rules,17 great fully professionally proceeding.18 58 Third. reflect, plight constrains wage attacks lot Finley.19 extremely period stays 513 inmate, ample use reuse guidance experienced Avery, 393 483, 89 747, 718 (1969), grim deadline finite limit person's useful research.20 59 Capital litigation, observed, complex. Without regard characteristics statutory procedures,21 unquestionably master.22 rely justify acquire understanding specialized area application stay relief.23 especially true, concluded, "evidence rise inference himself family performing functions claims."24 60 factors profound difference support fairly, affords them. Cf. 514-515. Meaningful access, effected appointed, enable investigation, meritorious claims, litigate conclusion. III 61 interests infringements rights, Mathews Eldridge, 424 319, 334-335, 893, 902-903, (1976), interest outweighs already appoints asserting nonfrivolous claim; cost competent minimal. multiple filings delay exacerbate burden impose department. seems obvious professional petition, reducing successive Virginia.25 Of authorizing automatically proceedings.26 Thirteen created governmentally funded resource centers litigating cases.27 among few five fall group appointing filed.28 proscribed linois' barrier barrier. 19, 590; Gideon, 345, 798 (noting supported counsel). trend most expand dilutes weak justifications refusing so, "lends convincing conclusion" seek. 73, 67. IV 63 basic assures ad quate fairly. majority provides disagreeing Simple respectfully dissent. precise terms, "all persons, future, whose (1) retain connection post-conviction (2) App. 32. houses Mecklenberg Correctional Center, Penitentiary, Powhatan Center. Each maintain libraries. Inmates periods per week; borrow materials cells. authorized individual follows: "Any person, resident six months, account poverty fees sue defend therein, paying costs; whereupon he have, him, officers, needful services process, except included recovered opposite party." Va.Code 14.1-183 (1950). Code amended 1987 delete 6-month residency requirement. (Supp.1988). whether, otherwise presents claim. Darnell Peyton, 208 675, 160 749 (1968). offer theory—that treated cases—as affirmance addition reliance later. offers surveys show handful "system filed." 31. indicate automatic. overlap extent "resource cases," 30-31, event, thing automatic Consequently, balance accord grant presently authority (Supp.1988), represents appointments made, 6-7. described consequence law, Procunier Martinez, 416 396, 419, 1800, 224 protection, Many Ariz.Rule Crim.Proc. 32.5(b); Conn.Gen.Stat. 51-296(a) (1985); Okla.Stat., Tit. 1089 (Supp.1988); Ore.Rev.Stat. 138.590(3) Under Anti-Drug Abuse 1988, actions challenge sentence. 7001(b), Pub.L. 100-690, 4393, 848(q)(4)(B) (1988 ed.). speeding, clarifying, extra lenient pleading. Compare ("The notion measured entirely right") conclusion, comprise conventional extraordinary context"). placed singular well. 1118, 1122, 1988) ("Because peculiar penalty, envision attorney"); 516, (E.D.Va.1986) ("[C]hanging sought alter analysis"). 342-344, 795-797. Harlan Gideon's abandonment prosecutions. 350-351, 800-801 (concurring opinion). 348, 2, 799, (Clark, result) (linking Ferguson 570, 756, 783 (1961), case). consistently adhered Sutherland's observation 53, 58, 65, required, "effective" forma. Strickland 466 668, 2052, 80 674 (1984); Torna, 1300, 475 (per curiam ). Penson 75, 85, 352, 300 forceful advocacy come abrupt halt moves prosecution, although perhaps skills, careful ensure forgone arguments inadvertently over"). distinguished ground "was Colonies Pennsylvania, South offenses. 61-63, 61-62, 63. Apr. 30, 1790, 9, §§ 3, 8-10, 14, 112-115 (authorizing willful murder, treason, crimes); 29, 118, amended, 3005 (requiring defendants). 4393-4394, 848(q)(4)(B), (q)(8) ed.) pertinent part: "(B) post section 2254 2255 title 28, Code, vacate aside becomes financially investigative, expert, reasonably furnishing accordance paragrap[h] (8). "(8) Unless replaced qualified motion defendant, throughout pretrial sentencing, motions appeals, applications, together procedures, competency clemency defendant." d cades extended imprisonment. overruling (1942). Hamilton 368 52, 82 157, 114 (reversing denial represented arraignment charge). Bute 333 640, 674, 68 763, 780, 986 (1948), query desire "On hand," Burton pointed "this repeatedly crime Amendment." 676, 781 (citing cases). Among point Frankfurter Andres 740, 753, 886, 1055 (1948) opinion) reflects movement, active nineteenth century, movement impelled ethical humanitarian practical jurors reluctant bring verdicts inevitably infliction"), again Leland Oregon, 343 790, 803, 1002, 1009, 1302 (1952) (dissenting ("Even though person immediate another's death, deodand forfeited medieval law"), Reed Andres, 752, 886 Court) ("In resolved accused"). years "Court, separate Justices, qualitative punishments correspondingly determination." California Ramos, 992, 998-999, 3446, 3451-3452, 1171; 999, 3452, also, 411, 2602, (1986) (MARSHALL, plurality generally, factfinding aspire reliability. especial concern natural knowledge irremediable unfathomable penalties; different"); Ake 470 68, 1087, 1098, 84 (Burger, judgment) warrants cases"); Gardner Florida, 349, 1197, 1204-1205, (1977) (STEVENS, ("From severity finality. From society, sovereign taking life citizens differs dramatically legitimate action. vital community appear reason caprice emotion"). Booth 482 496, 2529, 440 (1987); Caldwell 472 320, 2633, Spaziano 468 447, 456, 3154, 3160, 340 (1980); ante, 8-9. 2990, opinion); Proffitt 242, 251, 253, 258-259, 2960, 2966, 2967, 2969-2970, 913 JJ.); Jurek 262, 276, 2950, 2958, 929 188, 2932, 3452; Zant Stephens, 462 862, 876, 2733, 2742, 235 (1983); 21, 591 (Frankfurter, ("Since offenses sui generis, take irrevocability others"). overlook experience proceeds apace vigorous opposition departments, decisions, governors parole boards. Punishment, Harv.L.Rev. 1035, 1038-1041 Thus "final," undisturbed, aside. 888, 3392, half Nation's 2,100 move Wilson & Spangenberg, Post-Conviction Representation Defendants Sentenced Death, Judicature 331, 332 (1989), orderly sequence pellucid. JUSTICE remarked: 'We insist proceed leisurely pace, explored possibility reasonable regulations disjointed chaotic.' Remarks National (Jan. 27, quoted 1040. Mello, Facing Death Alone: Attorney Crisis Row, Am.U.L.Rev. 513, 520-521 former Judge Eleventh greatest volume recently estimated Circuit one-third one-half Godbold, Pro Bono Inmates, Record N.Y.C.B.A. 859, 873 Barefoot, 915, 3406 contemporaneous objection Va.Sup.Ct. Rule 5:21. Likewise, entire assigned ibid.; 17-110.1 Quintana 127, 295 643 460 1029, 1280, 75 501 abides States' precluding defaulted Caldwell, 327, 2638, sometimes confidence corrected Watkins 1099, 1100, 1503, 1504, 903 1986) respecting 229 469, 331 422 (1985)). shows error. Slayton Parrigan, 205 680 419 1108, 804 (1975). Failure forever bar allow 8.01-654(B)(2) (1984). 1120, 4; Whitley Bair, 802 1487 1986), 480 951, 1618, attain 2254(d)(5). Sumner Mata, 449 539, 101 764, 66 722 (1981). Dugger 401, 1211, 435 (declining instructed inaccurately role process); Teague Lane, 288, 1060, 334 (holding claim, serving term selected biased Swain 202, 85 759 (1965)). supra. habeas, 7, specter attaining dismissed unexhausted remanded haphazard scarcely obligations level, Treasury efforts. Hull, 312 546, 549, 641, 1034 (1941) ("[T]he officers abridge impair petitioner's f r corpus"). loss why prefers label fact, testimony submissions, 'considerations.' 4-5, 6. An days sentencing. 53.1-232 1988 study commissioned spent average 992 hours $3,686 Amicus Curiae (hereinafter ABA Brief). commented: "In bifurcated, entailing Aside analyzing voluminous transcript phase infrequently lasts days, deal devoted aggravation characteristic apparent recognition member experience. 7001(b) 4394, 828(q)(5), (q)(6) Compounding typically low educational attainment 1982 Florida's population functionally illiterate, 1979 possessed ninth-grade level. 26-27. apparently backgrounds. Civil Liberties Union Amici 20-21, 7. Maryland 16-17 (State Brief) statistics populations). testified: "I lots clients periods, themselves mentally spiritually emo- tionally children, full job. "And very emotional talk you meaningfully Much over." 66. re Medley, 160, 172, 384, 389, 835 (1890) ("[W]hen confined penitentiary horrible feelings subjected uncertainty whole it, exist four weeks, place"). representative general's office testified office's oppose inmate's "Well, basically want Habeas economy efficiency. recognize going prolonged wants efficiently attorney. prefer standpoint don't 272. Harv.L.Rev., 1040 (attributing carrying review). Cal.Govt.Code Ann. 15421(c) (West 1980), Cal.Penal 1240 1982); Conn.Super.Ct.Rules, Criminal Cases 959, (1989); Fla.Stat. 27.702 Idaho 19-4904 Ind.Rule Proc. Remedies 9; Md.Ann.Code, Art. 645A(f) Mo.Rules 24.035(e), 29.15(e); N.J.Rules Governing Practice 3:22-6, 3:27-1, N.J.Stat.Ann. 2A:158A-5 Supp.1989-1990); N.C.Gen.Stat. 15A-1421 7A-451(a)(2) 7A-486.3 Pa.Rule 1503; S.D.Codified Laws 21-27-4 Tenn.Sup.Ct.Rule 13, 1; Utah Civ.Proc. 65B(i)(5); Vt.Stat.Ann., 5231-5233, 7131 interpreted Morse, 138 Vt. 415 A.2d 232 Wash.Super.Ct.Crim.Rule 3.1(b)(2). 3—Montana, Nevada, Wyoming—have definitive listed practice mandatory request. Judicature, (Table 1). Arizona, Kentucky, Louisiana, Tennessee, Texas. 34. Am.U.L.Rev., 593-606 (discussing development center); N.Y.C.B.A., 868-871 (state assistance). studies concerning significance "has feasible way implementation governmentally-funded qualified, compensated proceedings." 4-5. responded survey, Nebraska, Nevada reported "to monitor petition." 335. those, (1972). NAACP Legal Education Fund, Inc., U.S.A. (March 1989) (Death Row). 26, statutes Arkansas, Colorado, New Hampshire centers. None post-Furman execution; Hampshire, Colorado none 334.

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