Document: 510 U.S. 383 CASPARI, SUPERINTENDENT, MISSOURI EASTERN CORRECTIONAL CENTER, ET AL.v.BOHLEN. No. 92-1500. Supreme Court of United States. Argued December 6, 1993. Decided February 23, 1994. The state trial judge sentenced respondent as a persistent offender following his conviction on three robbery counts, but the Missouri Appeals reversed sentence because there was no proof prior convictions, is necessary toestablish persistent-offender status under law. On remand, resentenced based evidence felony rejecting contention that allowing State another opportunity to prove such convictions violated Double Jeopardy Clause. In affirming, agreed double jeopardy bar, did Federal District Court, which denied respondent's habeas corpus petition. However, in reversing, extended rationale Bullington v. Missouri, 451 U. S. 430, capital case, hold Clause prohibits from subjecting defendant successive noncapital enhancement proceedings. court ruled taking step not require announcement "new rule" constitutional law, and thus granting relief would violate nonretroactivity principle Teague Lane, 489 288, rule announced after defendant's became final. Held: 1. Because argued certiorari petition, it had courts below does its brief merits, barred sought by respondent, this must apply analysis before considering merits claim. See Graham Collins, 506 461, 466-467. issue predicate resolution primary question presented petition: whether should Pp. 388-390. 2. erred directing grant doing so required application new violation subsequent cases. 390-396. (a) Under those precedents, proceed steps: (1) ascertain date final for purposes; (2) determine claim have felt compelled existing precedent conclude Constitution; (3), even if determines seeks benefit rule, decide falls within one two narrow exceptions principle. P. 390. (b) Respondent's purposes retroactivity January 2, 1986, 90-day period filing petition elapsed exhaustion availability direct appeal courts. Griffith Kentucky, 479 314, 321, n. 6. 390-391. (c) case. A reasonable jurist reviewing Court's precedents considered sentencing proceeding be dictated precedent. At time, applied Clause, cf., e. g., States DiFrancesco, 449 117, 133-135; Bullington, supra, Arizona Rumsey, 467 203, distinguished, indeed several decisions pointed opposite direction, see, Strickland Washington, 466 668. Moreover, Courts reached conflicting holdings issue. conflict concerned development law over jurists could disagree, Sawyer Smith, 497 227, 234, resolving favor. To limited extent cases decided any relevance analysis, they are entirely consistent with foregoing determination. 391-396. (d) Neither applies First, imposing bar here place conduct beyond power criminal law-making authority, since he still subject imprisonment each regardless offender. Second, applying these circumstances constitute watershed fact objectively ascertainable basis readily available evidence, second at has show requisite number unfair will enhance proceeding's accuracy ensuring determination made competent evidence. 396. 3. case grounds, need reach questions sentencing, Missouri's scheme sufficiently trial-like invoke protections, or overruled. 396-397. 979 F. 2d 109, reversed. O'CONNOR, J., delivered opinion REHNQUIST, C. BLACKMUN, SCALIA, KENNEDY, SOUTER, THOMAS, GINSBURG, JJ., joined. STEVENS, filed dissenting opinion, post, p. 397. 1 CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR EIGHTH CIRCUIT. 2 Frank A. Jung, Assistant Attorney General cause petitioners. With him briefs Jeremiah W. (Jay) Nixon, General. 3 William K. Kelley amicus curiae urging reversal. were Solicitor Days, Acting Keeney, Deputy Bryson, Ronald J. Mann. 4 Richard H. Sindel, appointment 806, respondent.* 5 JUSTICE O'CONNOR Court. 6 430 (1981), we held life protected against imposition death penalty obtains reversal retried reconvicted. asked twice proceeding. 7 * Respondent others entered jewelry store St. Louis County, April 17, 1981. Holding employees customers gunpoint, stole money jewelry. After jury trial, convicted counts first-degree robbery. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.020 (1978). authorized punishment offense, class felony, "a term years less than ten exceed thirty years, imprisonment." 558.011.1(1) (Supp. 1982). 8 "assess declare part [the] verdict." 557.036.2. then "having regard nature offense history character defendant," 557.036.1, although imposed generally cannot more severe advisory recommended jury. 557.036.3. If finds "persistent offender," however, sets without seeking an §§ 557.036.4, 557.036.5. person "who pleaded guilty been found felonies committed different times." 558.016.3. find doubt 558.021. For who finding shifts decision alter range. 557.036.4(2), 558.016.6(1). 9 consecutive terms 15 prison. affirmed convictions. Bohlen, 670 119 (1984). sentence, "although [respondent] convictions." Id., 123. Following practice, see Holt, 660 735, 738-739 (Mo. App. 1983), remanded resentencing. 10 introduced four Rejecting again 15-year terms. A-29, A-35. affirmed: "The involved provisions Fifth Amendment sentencing." 698 577, 578 (1985), citing Lee, 394, 399 1983). subsequently court's denial motion postconviction relief. Bohlen State, 743 425 (1987). 11 1989, writ Eastern Missouri. adopting report recommendation Magistrate, Pet. Cert. A25-A26. rejected introducing hearing. A37-A49. 12 Eighth Circuit 109 (1992). Based conclusion "[t]he sentenc[e] procedure protections similar hearing Bullington," id., 112, stated "it short same protection non-capital sentenc[ing] ... hearing." 113. 288 (1989) (plurality opinion). accordingly directed corpus. 2d, 115. 13 We granted certiorari, 508 971 (1993), now reverse. II 14 consistently declined consider issues raised certiorari. Rule 14.1(a) ("Only set forth fairly included therein, Court"). Yee Escondido, 503 519 (1992), example, certain governmental action effected physical petitioner's property; regulatory taking, while "related" "complementary" presented, therein. 537. Izumi Seimitsu Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Philips Corp., 27 (1993) (per curiam), appeals routinely vacate district judgments when settled appeal; "analytically factually" distinct petitioner improperly leave intervene presented. 32. also American Nat. Bank & Trust Co. Chicago Haroco, Inc., 473 606, 608 (1985) curiam). "[w]hether proceedings." argues answering affirmative subsidiary 16 prevents federal prisoner See, Stringer Black, 222, 227 threshold every therefore, obligated recognized "is `jurisdictional' sense [federal courts] raise sua sponte." Collins Youngblood, 37, 41 (1990) (emphasis omitted). Thus, may, not, decline argue it. Schiro Farley, 228-229 (1994). But 466-467 (1993). 17 respondent. contrast Yee, related subsidiary, Izumi, intervention procedural wholly divorced review, Cf. Cuyler Sullivan, 446 335, 342-343, (1980). therefore III 18 "[A] announces result time final." 301. determining entitled relief, steps. purposes. "[s]urve[y] legal landscape existed," 468, "determine [the defendant's] [he] Constitution," Saffle Parks, 494 484, 488 (1990). Finally, Gilmore Taylor, 333, 345 19 become exhausted timely finally denied. rehearing October 3, 1985, file 1986-91 days (January holiday) later. 28 2101(c); Rules 13.4 30.1. B 20 date, note well established use Spencer Texas, 385 554, 560 (1967). Moore 159 673, 678 (1895). claim, State's failure first operated "acquittal" status, subjected Wilson, 420 332, 343 (1975) ("When acquitted guarantees shall permitted make repeated attempts convict him"). 21 blush, argument appear foreclosed "[h]istorically, pronouncement never carried finality attaches acquittal." 133 upheld constitutionality 3576, pre-Guidelines statute allowed adjudged "dangerous special affirm impose remand further review our led us "[t]his area clearly establish qualities attend S., 134; 135, Chaffin Stynchcombe, 412 (1973); North Carolina Pearce, 395 711 (1969); Bozza States, 330 160 (1947); Stroud 251 (1919). 22 acknowledges traditional refusal extend contends 203 murder imprisonment. obtained reconvicted, penalty. general particular usually regarded `acquittal' imposed." 438. nonetheless "presentence resembled and, indeed, all relevant respects like immediately preceding guilt innocence," ibid., jury's acquittal punishment. judge, opposed jury, initially determined appropriate. 212. 23 Both Rumsey cases, reasoning largely unique itself distinguished contrary particularly ground practices little assistance procedures instituted Furman [v. Georgia, 408 238 (1972),] unique." 441-442, (internal quotation marks much Pennsylvania Goldhammer, 474 curiam): "[T]he `clearly sentenc[ing case] acquittal.'" 30, quoting 134 (bracketed phrase added Goldhammer Court; emphasis added). 24 668 (1984), standard evaluating claims ineffective counsel trials proceedings "[a] . adversarial format existence standards decision, [Bullington], counsel's role comparable trial." 686-687. proceeding, left open test cases: "We ordinary may involve informal standardless discretion sentencer, hence approach definition constitutionally effective assistance." 686; 704-705 (Brennan, concurring part) ("`Time condemned might completely acceptable [Bullington]'") (quoting Barefoot Estelle, 463 880, 913-914 (1983) (Marshall, dissenting)). Spaziano Florida, 468 447, 458 25 While neither them context. contrary, strongly suggested sentencing. precedents. 236-237. 26 This confirmed experience lower Prior final, last resort introduction resentencing Linam Griffin, 685 369, 374-376 (CA10 1982); Durham 464 N. E. 323-326 (Ind. 1984); People Sailor, 65 Y. 224, 231-236, 480 701, 706-710 other Briggs Procunier, 764 368, 371 (CA5 1985); Hennings, 100 Wash. 379, 386-390, 256, 259-262 (1983); Cooper 631 508, 513-514 (Tex. Crim. previously precisely 399-400. dismissed Tenth Circuit's "ultimately error," 114, failing recognize offered "alternative bas[e]s decision," 374—the being "uniqueness unquestionably serves distinguish DiFrancesco 375. Nor acknowledge portion Lee "the stage bears similarity upon formal evidence." 400. Instead, focused "federal holding resting squarely proposition 114 oral candidly admitted know "exactly what when" respect applicability Tr. Oral Arg. 31. fact, inapplicable 1986. supra; supra. Constitutional exclusive province courts, views consideration along Butler McKellar, 407, 414 29 sum, direction. Two "developmen[t] [could] disagree," 234 (1990), 30 cf. 472, 477, Lockhart Nelson, 33, 37-38, (1988) (reserving sentencing); Poland Arizona, 476 147, 155 (1986) ("Bullington indicates proper inquiry sentencer `decided prosecution proved case' appropriate") original); Hunt New York, 502 964 (1991) (White, certiorari) (noting "whether cases"). `new rule' validates reasonable, good-faith interpretations though shown later decisions," 414, fortiori protect interpretation C 31 exception rules "certain kinds primary, private individual authority proscribe." 307 Imposing effect. "`watershed procedure' implicating fundamental fairness proceeding." 495. Applying groundbreaking occurrence. Persistent-offender Either not. Subjecting IV 32 "stretch" 115, "[e]xtending" only "short step," 113, violated. disagree. occasion protections; nor judgment 33 Reversed. Notes: Briefs ofamici Cook Illinois, Jack O'Malley, Renee G. Goldfarb, Theodore Fotios Burtzos; Criminal Justice Legal Foundation Kent Scheidegger Charles L. Hobson. Michael D. Gooch National Aid Defender Association et al. amici affirmance. Arkansas Winston Bryant, Arkansas, Clint Miller, Senior General, Kyle R. John M. Bailey, Chief Connecticut, Oberly III, Delaware, Larry EchoHawk, Idaho, Mike Moore, Mississippi, Joseph Mazurek, Montana, Don Stenberg, Nebraska, Frankie Sue Del Papa, Nevada, Carol Henderson, Jersey, T. Travis Medlock, South Carolina, B. Meyer, Wyoming. 34 dissenting. 35 plurality (1989), judge-made defense can waived. recent fashioned harsh regarding waiver forfeiture defeat substantial claims. Coleman Thompson, 501 722 (1991); Murray Carrier, 477 478 (1986). strict litigation, warden standard. Accordingly, given treatment accorded litigant I Caspari forfeited 14.1(a). 36 Distinguishing explains "wholly review," whereas petition." Ante, 389-390. Yet opened acknowledging "would address" "[i]n order case." 28. It "necessary" answer was, agree Appeals. findings warranted offenses prosecutor establishes facts doubt.* That subjects sentences, 558.016.1 1982), deprives him, effect separate offense; likewise practical equivalent trial. properly requiring prosecutors factual enhanced doubt. 37 opposing undoubtedly right basic Due Process affords. hesitation concluding include "twice put jeopardy" offense. Const., Amdt. 5. 558.021.1(2) offender" times. mandates proves offender"— meaning during knowingly "murdered endangered threatened life" another, "knowingly inflicted attempted inflict serious injury" felonies. 558.016.4. afford opportunities satisfy either provision

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