Document: 338 U.S. 521 70 S.Ct. 329 64 L.Ed. 307 94 UNITED STATES ex rel. EICHENLAUBv.SHAUGHNESSY. WILLUMEIT v. SHAUGHNESSY. Nos. 3, 82. Argued Nov. 15—16, 1949. Decided Jan. 16, 1950. Mr. George G. Shiya, New York City, for petitioner Eichenlaub. Eugene H. Nickerson, Willumeit. Harold D. Cohen, Washington, D.C., respondent. Justice BURTON, delivered the opinion of Court. 1 These cases present question whether § Act May 10, 1920,1 authorizes deportation an alien under following circumstances occurring since that took effect: (1) The was naturalized; (2) while he a naturalized citizen convicted conspiracy to violate Espionage 1917;2 (3) thereafter, in denaturalization proceeding, his citizenship revoked and certificate naturalization canceled on ground had procured it by fraud; (4) proper authority, after required hearings, found be undesirable resident United States ordered him deported. For reasons hereinafter stated, we hold such deportation. 2 No. 3—The Eichenlaub Case. 3 Richard Eichenlaub, relator, born Germany 1905, entered from there 1930. He as American 1936, has resided continuously re-entry 1937, when returned visit Germany. In 1941, plea guilty District Court Eastern York, conspiring act agent foreign government without having been registered with Secretary State.3 sentenced imprisonment 18 months fined $1,000. 1944, consent, judgment Southern canceling fraud its procurement.4 Deportation proceedings were then instituted against him5 and, hearing before Immigration Inspector review Board Appeals, Attorney General, 1945, deportation.6 4 This proceeding writ habeas corpus filed court last named. After hearing, dismissed dismissal affirmed Appeals Second Circuit. 167 F.2d 659. We denied certiorari. 335 867, 69 137. However, Willumeit case, now us, authority this but called attention added impression which made upon argument favor point above vacated our denial certiorari case granted both. 337 955, 1526. 5 82—The 6 Otto A. Willumeit, Lorraine, at time part Germany, arrest become France. 1925. 1931 naturalized, reentry 1941 Mexico. 1942, Connecticut, conspired portion 1917 crime transmit country information relating national defense country, intent or reason believe would used injury advantage nation.7 five years. Northern Illinois procurement.8 1947, deportation.9 7 dismissed. Circuit decision case.10 171 773. Because importance issue citizenship, 8 scope 1920 applied these is ordinary meaning words. material provisions are follows: 9 '* * That aliens classes shall, warrant (Attorney General), taken into custody deported if General),11 finds residents States, wit: 10 '(2) All who August 1, 1914, have may hereafter any violation Acts parts Acts, conviction final, namely: 11 '(a) (The 1917, amended).'12 12 words require all persons shall 'aliens.'13 They do not limit never naturalized. exempt those secured certificates naturalization, lost them order their procurement. suggest clearly 'aliens' they fraudulent naturalization.14 There no power Congress enact statute deport because past misconduct.15 what did 1920, occasion restrict language so narrow plain meaning. 13 one substantial requires relators only must times deported, also status designated offenses security. Government suggests route conclusion relators, matter law, convicted. basis holding judicial annulment relators' naturalizations procurement deprived ab initio. Rosenberg Cir., 60 475. thus date respective naturalizations. Accordingly, come within even held offenders subject offenses. 14 opinion, necessary, purposes cases, give retroactive effect orders. A simpler equally complete solution lies view does reached As state necessity, applicable offenders, including denaturalized convictions well important conditions precedent being residents. Their necessary further condition deportability. When both met General satisfied. 15 statutory says 'aliens convicted, *' (emphasis supplied)16 refers requirement deportations certain enumerated about beginning World War I (August 1914), 1920. crimes listed depended lack perpetrators. fact, security, commission citizens might regarded more reprehensible than 16 recognized purpose It difficult imagine natural appropriate authorize pass undesirability deportability alien, espionage, prohibit passing aliens, instant later If distinction citizens, logical crimes, rather purely fortuitous crimes. Not support statute. 17 failure expression distinction, here urged between denaturalized, due unfamiliarity matters. familiar June 29, 1906, 34 Stat. 601, see U.S.C. 736, U.S.C.A. 736,17 expatriated Citizenship March 2, 1907, 1228, 801, 801. experience 19 February 5, 39 889, 155, other wartime Proclamations. distinguish obtained lose decree. intended initiate likely change express provision it. find nothing legislative history congressional two groups criminals. Congressional Committee Reports demonstrate that, framed general remained 30 years, enactment originally occasioned desire some 500 interned dangerous enemy found, residents, 150 who, during I, violations security measures, residents.18 hardly conceivable circumstances, Congress, expressly saying so, prevent Labor (or successor, General) deporting merely received fraud. To permit set up defense, successfully claim benefits advantages it.19 evidently wanted provide means free thereafter said just that. given consideration points raised affect result.20 20 each therefore affirmed. 21 Affirmed. 22 DOUGLAS CLARK cases. 23 FRANKFURTER, whom BLACK JACKSON join, dissenting. 24 light attitude doom heretofore viewed Court, whose lives intimately tied deem my duty squeeze 41 593, amended, 157, yield every possible hardship susceptible. See Ng Fung Ho White, 259 276, 284—285, 42 492, 495, 66 938; Delgadillo Carmichael, 332 388, 391, 68 12, 92 17; Fong Haw Tan Phelan, 333 6, 374, 376, 433; Bridges Wixon, 326 135, 147, 65 1443, 1449, 89 2103; Fiswick 211, 222, note 8, 67 224, 230, 91 196; Klapprott 612, 384, 389, modified, 336 942, 384. mindful fact result 'in loss property life; makes life worth living', concluded process law determination entry same determined administratively. account great difference over administrative action'. supra, pages 284, 285, 938. am aware dealing person him. maintain, however, rigorous permitting 'alien' should read apply position petitioners. 25 Since construction unreasonable, regard consequences demands read. Where, here, permits either constructions violence language, leads rejected permissible consonant humane considerations. provides 'All convicted' finding 'undesirable States.' neither petitioners herein 'have been' offense passage Act, come, urged, alternative prerequisite. But statute, terms, 'who convicted', transformed denaturalization. And reinforced considerations impact Court's various enactments us. 26 reports1 debate2 make principally concerned President First enemies so-called war statutes. could unaware citizenship; yet nowhere remotest hint mind. On contrary, debates contain ample evidence mind aliens.3 27 serious implications respect involving moral blame,4 have, committed variety acts obliquity certainly endangering nevertheless covered similar us.5 Thus, discriminations policy drawn problem consciously faced policy-makers. draw. gives thought, draw distinctions conviction, based manner lost, type committed, lapse differentiations disregarded giving ruthlessly undiscriminating us written. 157. 15, 40 217. 37 35 1096, (1946 ed.) 88, 371, 371; Title VIII 226, 233, amended 28, 1940, 54 80, 951, 951. Several defendants stood trial espionage count. count, reversed other. Heine, 151 813. Under Nationality 1158 1160, 738, 738. 593—594, 1940 Reorganization Plan V, 1238, 133t note, functions powers transferred General. recited relator 'found member While file printed record, here. page 'the respondent 660, properly additional record justifying acceptance less specific deportation, distinguishing Mahler Eby, 264 32, 42—46, 44 283, 287—288, 549, point. §§ 218—219, 50 32 34, 794 2388, 794, 2388. 4, supra. final decree forth full. Among things, states admitting 'is hereby vacated, annulled aside, cancelled declared null void, defendant Albert forever restrained enjoined setting claiming rights privileges, whatsoever order, issued virtue order.' applicability turn relator's 1924, 43 161 162, affected 46 581, 165, 975, 213 214, 213, Mexico 1941. unnecessary alleged ground. 775. concur reason. apparently stated 'had *.' findings Commissioner Each contains concluding. return addition issuing above-described 1945 1946, removed derives Alien Enemy July 1798, 577, appears R.S. 4067, 531, Presidential Proclamation 2655 14, C.F.R.1945 Supp. 59 Stat., Pt. 870, 21, 21. raises questions 'enemy' birth interpreting pari materia, press separate corpus. Zeller Watkins, 279; Gregoire 164 137; D'Esquiva Uhl, 137 903; Umecker McCoy, D.C.N.D., F.Supp. 679. below issue, 775, nor we. first paragraphs are, full, 'Be enacted Senate House Representatives America assembled, classes, expulsion existing Labor, provided sections entitled 'An regulate immigration to, residence in, States,' '(1) section 4067 Revised Statutes proclamations pursuant April November December 11, 19, 1918, respectively. An punish interference relations, neutrality, commerce better enforce criminal laws purposes,' approved amendment thereof 1918; subsequent subdivisions (2)(b) (h), inclusive, refer Explosives 385, 121 et seq.; Restricting Foreign Travel, 559; Punishing Injury Material, 533; Army Emergency Increase 884, 955; Threats Against President, 919; Trading 411, U.S.C.A.Appendix, Seditions Conspiracy Section Penal Code, 1088. word defined Act. is, closely related provides: wherever include native-born States; 874, 173, 173. 26, 'The term includes individual 168, 224. definitions today. Code included entire chapter 157 lawful voluntary expatriation, 800—810, possibility prevents automatic anyone finding. 283; 280, 493, Bugajewitz Adams, 228 585, 33 607, 57 978; Yue Ting 149 698, 730, 1016, 1028, 905. practice filing cancel became widespread immediately 1906 went effect. fiscal year 1907 eighty-six cancelled; 1908 four hundred fifty-seven; 1909, nine twenty-one. During thirty years effective twelve thousand illegally procured.' Cable, Loss 4—5 (1943). H.R.Rep.No.143 S.Rep.No.283, 66th Cong., 1st Sess., 58 Cong.Rec. 3362—3376 (1919); Ludecke 160, 167—168, 179—181, 1429, 1433, 1438, 1439, 93 188. Compare injunction quoted because, substance, penalty increased 1940. contention merit. H.R.Rep.No.143, Sess. (1919). 3361—3377. Representative Gard: 'I assume everybody will agree tried, afforded fair deportation.' 3371. Robsion, discussing wealthy aliens: 'We permitted live practically citizen. rewarded hospitality joining effort destroy take arms grown rich.' 3374. 'Voting political election state'. 801(e), 801(e). Bills restore approximately 4,000 Americans voted recent Italian elections. H.R. 6616 6617, 81st 2d (1950); H.R.Rep.No.1469, 96 Cong.Rec.App. 117 (January 9, 1950). 801(c) (d), 804, 801(c, d), 804; Battaglino Marshall, 172 979, 829, 56. Baumgartner 322 665, 1240, 88 1525. E.g., 156a, exceptions pertinent, 'who, 18, 1931, violate' federal State narcotics law. Balint, 258 250, 301, 604, Federal Anti-Narcotic 2550 seq., can usual scienter. Even involve varying degrees culpability. demonstrated remarks prosecuting attorney concerning Dr. 82, sentence considered: 'It belief, gone thing pretty thoroughly (the relator), caught perhaps intending go far others went. feeling, your Honor, restored decent country. think something America. say lenient circumstances. done man. bad man heart, Honor. probably good got company trouble. Honor lawyer. supposed hard him, guess, feel actor. place time, most useful citizen.'

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