Document: 495 U.S. 33 110 S.Ct. 1651 109 L.Ed.2d 31 MISSOURI, et al., Petitionersv.Kalima JENKINS al. No. 88-1150. Argued Oct. 30, 1989. Decided April 18, 1990. Syllabus by the Court In an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, District found that Kansas City, Missouri, School (KCMSD) and petitioner State had operated a segregated school system within KCMSD. The court issued order detailing desegregation remedy financing necessary to implement it. Although it allocated costs of between governmental entities, determined several state-law provisions would prevent KCMSD from being able pay its share. Rather than exercising what believed be power tax increase fund remedy, chose impose other means including enjoining effect one allow raise additional revenue. Appeals affirmed most initial order, but ordered lower divide remedy's cost equally entities. On remand, however, held were 75% 25% at fault, respectively, them share in proportion, jointly severally liable. Subsequently, exhausted all available raising revenue, and, finding itself with no choice exercise remedial powers, property levy increased through 1991-1992 fiscal year. appeal, rejected State's argument federal lacks judicial increase. Accepting Court's conclusion limitations prevented sufficient funds, those must fall Constitution's command actions taken point. However, concluding federal/state comity principles required use minimally obtrusive methods constitutional violations, future should not set rate authorize submit state collection authorities enjoin operation laws hindering adequately funding remedy. Appeals' judgment was entered on August 19, 1988. September 16, filed document styled "State Appellants' Petition for Rehearing En Banc." October 14, 1988, denied this two similarly petitions parties seeking intervene mandate. One would-be intervenors application extension time file petition certiorari 78 days after issuance denying rehearing 134 entry judgment. returned as untimely pursuant 28 2101(c)—which requires civil 90 below any original 90-day period—since, while filing "petition rehearing" Federal Rule Appellate Procedure 40 tolls running period, "suggestion banc" 35 does not. January 10, 1989, Clerk amended recalling 14 mandate entering nunc pro tunc effective three "petitions suggestions en banc." which granted, limited question Held: 1. timely filed. appears have interpreted actually treated papers before panel. Had regarded only suggestion banc, without rehearing, have, Rules 35(c) 41(a), 21 panel's or extending may every occasion observed these technicalities, cannot concluded has engaged systematic practice ignoring them. cannot, post hoc, amend make appear took never took, reflect reality because manner been styled. While below, unlike Courts Appeals, published treating banc containing both will assume court's case is accord regular practice. Pp. 45-50. 2. abused discretion imposing increase, contravened comity. alternative itself, it, fact, very outlined Appeals. Authorizing directing local government institutions devise remedies protects function but, extent possible, also places responsibility solutions problems segregation upon who themselves created problems. district grant carte blanche, officials least opportunity their own such Here, ready, willing, law, deprivation rights itself. 50-52. 3. modifications satisfy equitable governing power. 52-58. (a) This accepts proper. violates equity excessive aims scope rather funded thus falls outside certiorari. P. 53. (b) Under circumstances case, did abuse ruling responsible Milliken v. Bradley, 433 267, 97 2749, 53 745, hold could aside preventing governments funds obligations just obtained States. To contrary, 1983 authority enough require each tortfeasor if can, apportionment part powers. allocate chosen, argues, monetary meet interfere law permit them, implementation might delayed resisted efforts obtain contribution. 53-54. (c) are invalid Tenth Amendment, since Amendment's reservation nondelegated powers States implicated federal-court enforcing express prohibitions unlawful conduct enacted Fourteenth Amendment. 55. (d) exceed Article III. A can direct body taxes. See, e.g., Griffin Prince Edward County Bd., 377 218, 233, 84 1226, 1234, 12 256. courts state-imposed taxing do more theirs rejected, Von Hoffman City Quincy, 4 Wall. 535, 18 L.Ed. 403, fails take account governments' obligations, Supremacy Clause, fulfill requirements Constitution imposes 55-58. 855 F.2d 1295 (CA 8 1988), part, reversed remanded. WHITE, J., delivered opinion unanimous respect Parts I II, III IV, BRENNAN, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, JJ., joined. KENNEDY, concurring judgment, REHNQUIST, C.J., O'CONNOR SCALIA, joined, post, p. 58. H. Bartow Farr, III, Washington, D.C., petitioners. Allen R. Snyder, respondents. Justice WHITE Court. 1 United Western Missouri imposed taxes levied ensure KCMSD's public schools. We granted consider Missouri's lacked For reasons given we hold, made 2 * 1977, group students complaint alleging surrounding districts metropolitan area.1 realigned party defendant, Dist. 460 F.Supp. 421 (WD Mo.1978), cross-claim against State, indemnification liability intradistrict segregation.2 After lengthy trial, Jenkins 593 1485 (1984).3 3 thereafter eliminate vestiges remedies. 639 19 (1985).4 originally estimated total almost $88 million over years, expected $67,592,072 $20,140,472. Id., 43-44. concluded, obligation. 44. limits $1.25 per $100 assessed valuation unless majority voters approve higher levy, up $3.25 $100; raised above two-thirds agree. Mo. Const., Art. X, §§ 11(b), (c).5 "Hancock Amendment" rates rolled back when solely result reassessments. 22(a); Mo.Rev.Stat. 137.073.2 (1986). Hancock Amendment prevents obtaining revenue increases real property. "Proposition C" allocates cent dollar sales schools trust reduce amount equal 50% previous year's receipts district. 164.013.1 (Supp.1988). according formula compensate lost revenues, Proposition C divert nearly half collected parts State. adequate plan, hesitated step. It instead rollback $4 coming proposal following years. F.Supp., 45. 5 Eighth Circuit findings respects. 807 657 (1986) (in banc). agreed failed explain why plan 684, 685. 484 816, 108 70, 98 34 (1987). 6 Proceedings continued during appeal. directed prepare study addressing usefulness "magnet schools" promote desegregation.6 supra, 34-35. year later, approved operate six magnet 1986-1987 year.7 again faced problem funding, persuade failed, seek Council legislature. Again hesitating injunction enable $6.5 million. App. 138-142. 7 November 1986, endorsed marked expansion program. adopted substance high school, middle elementary become $142,736,025 budget proposed well expenditure $52,858,301 capital improvements. Pet. Cert. 120a-124a. next considered, directed, how shift "clearly inequitable" population cost, "even help difficult entire plan." 112a. reasoned principle " 'the person starts fire damages caused put out,' id. 111a, fault supported doctrine comparative tort, Supreme Gustafson Benda, 661 S.W.2d 11 (1983). then proportion. complete tortfeasors liable plan. 113a. 9 Three months requiring $187,450,334 further 672 400, 408 Mo.1987). By clear lack resources cost. requested meet. declined greater accepted "exhausted revenue." 411. Finding "no broad enter plan," ibid., believing "United stated 'necessary . maintain racial discrimination system,' id., 412 (quoting 256 (1964)), $2.05 $4.00 412-413.8 issue $150 improvement bonds. 413. subsequent revenues generated used retire 63a. 10 appealed, challenging allocation KCMSD, taxpayers (Clark Group) Jackson County, appealed applications right. panel part. (1988). With intervenors, upheld denial intervention. 1316-1317. objections, 1301-1307, costs, 1307-1308. Turning U.S., S.Ct., established county taxes.9 Constitution. F.2d, 1313. "affirm[ed] [District] [C]ourt point," 1314, "minimally violations." Ibid. future, remedy.10 permitting board minimize disruption processes maximum consideration views officials. Ibid.11 13 489-502. "Petition Banc," 458-469, Clark Group Banc Suggestions Support." 470-488. stating follows: "There now pending hereby denied." 53a. 14. December 31, presented certiorari.12 untimely. 503. According Clerk, period began run expired 17, informed although toll time. 15 amending stated: 16 "This 17 recalled. (3) denied. 20 shall forthwith." 513 (emphasis added). order. argued violated Group. 490 1034, 1931, 104 403 (1989). petition, address whether 1930, 402 II 22 deal first our jurisdiction. Title 2101(c) below. limit mandatory jurisdictional. extend except Congress permits. Unless dismiss petition. 23 Since Department Banking Nebraska Pink, 317 264, 63 87 254 (1942), consistent treat tolling start sought until new rehearing.13 As explained "[a] operates suspend finality determination modified so alter adjudication parties." 266, 234. matter another way, pending, there "judgment" reviewed. Cf. Zimmern States, 298 167, 169, 56 706, 707, 80 1118 (1936); Leishman Associated Wholesale Electric Co., 318 203, 205, 543, 544, 714 (1943). 24 But respondents point out, include Our 13.4 expressly incorporates See n. 13, supra. rests important distinction rehearing," authorized 40(a) Procedure, "suggestions banc," permitted 35(b).14 Banc."15 There technically provision Banc" Procedure. 40, 35, both, separately together. face exactly comport options. If insist, if, qualified treatment meaning 25 Though difficulty, conclude better argument. us panel.16 well, 41(a) judgment.17 Nor mandate, 41(a). 26 Respondents insist routinely withholds pendency even contemplated Samuels, 808 1298, 1299 (1987), where Chief Judge wrote respecting emphasize done so. technicalities respondents' submission formalities. presume withheld because, pending. 27 true Circuit's Court" Only argue probative contemporaneous they contend clearly requesting rehearing. They took. course record applying tolled purpose Wayne Gas Co. Owens-Illinois Glass 300 131, 137, 57 382, 385, 81 557 (1937); Conboy First National Bank Jersey 203 141, 145, 50, 52, 51 128 (1906); Credit Arkansas Central 258, 261, 107, 108, 32 448 (1888). But, see happened case: When subsequently brought attention neglected refer reflected surely knows about orders, accept purports be. 29 Circuit, Circuits, styled, banc. Gonzalez Southern Pacific Transportation 773 637, (CA5 1985); Eleventh 35-6. accepting interpretation risks confusion cases invites pick choose whose view favorably wish give review Court, aid. 30 concern stability clarity jurisdictional rules. undoubtedly desirable rules procedure giving fair warning afforded Regular adherence best promotes fairness, stability, uniformity designed advance. end turn urges find unnecessary reach issues, agree govern area. parties, imposition extraordinary event. assuming fundamental delicate taxation intruded circumvented altogether. Before taking drastic step obliged assure permissible accomplished task. emphasized "remedial task, unlimited," Whitcomb Chavis, 124, 161, 91 1858, 1878, 363 (1971), considerations proper integrity institutions. Especially where, here, and—but curtailing powers—able themselves. alternative, Appeals: enjoined 1314; infra, 52. difference approaches far form. Brown Board Education, 349 294, 299, 75 753, 755-756, 99 1083 (1955), observed, "primary elucidating, assessing, solving" desegregation. 281, 2757, 745 (1977). desegregation, consistently placed shoulders said context, "[t]he complexity managing suggests 'there constitutionally method solving them,' legislature's tackle problems' entitled respect." San Antonio Independent Rodriguez, 411 1, 42, 93 1278, 1301, 36 (1973) Jefferson Hackney, 406 546-547, 92 1724, 1731-1732, 285 (1972)). cf. Swann Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. 1267, 554 Sixty-seventh Minnesota Senate Beens, 187, 196, 1477, 1483, (1972) (per curiam ). therefore allowed stand respect. Langnes Green, 282 531, 541-542, 243, 247, 520 (1931). IV different ground 43, amount. 1314.18 37 argues excessive. puts reason needed unprecedented programs." Brief Petitioners 42. think case. challenge resist now. accept, approving disapproving, Cone West Virginia Pulp & Paper 330 212, 215, 67 752, 754, 849 (1947). 38 here having liable, them.19 say rule strenuously opposed implementing secured reversal earlier decision placing substantial portions 684-685. Furthermore, chosen route suggested 39 291, 2763, enforcement money violate federalism neither attempted restructure entities nor mandat[ed] particular structure financing." based, 289-290, 2761-2762. issues. assailed "The Amendment." 2762. avowedly States," Pennsylvania Union 491 2273, 2303, 105 (1989) (SCALIA, dissenting part), permits disestablish commands. New York Estimate Morris, 489 688, 1433, 103 717 (1989); Reynolds Sims, 533, 585, 1362, 1393-1394, 506 (1964). 41 Finally, sustained Whatever merits applied increasing taxes, reached, 53, plainly act court. much county's attempt avoid refusing schools, "require [County] Supervisors reopen, operate, system. ." followed long venerable line writ mandamus compel bodies debt obligations. Louisiana ex rel. Hubert Mayor Orleans, 215 170, 54 144 (1909); Graham Folsom, 200 248, 245, 50 464 Wolff 358, 395 (1881); 381, 225 (1879); Heine Levee Commissioners, 655, 657, 223 (1874); Galena Amy, 705, 560 (1867); Commissioners Knox Aspinwall, How. 376, 735 (1861).20 maintains, cases, go law. words, "to theirs." disagree. early holder bonds city interest coupons due. defended based statute taxation, refused city. reversed, observing relied passed holding ample issued, impaired contractual entitlements bondholders, contrary I, cl. Constitution, pass impairing obligation contracts. statutory limitation, therefore, disregarded 43 excess limitation. Hoffman, limitation Contract Clause. despite discharge otherwise fail governments, However wide fashioning be, "if authority's inhibit obstruct unitary impede disestablishing dual system, fall; policy way hinder vindication guarantees." North Carolina Education Swann, 45, 1284, 1286, 586 (1971). Even though vindicate guarantees, (as here) required, process remedy.21 44 Accordingly, insofar modify stand. remanded proceedings opinion. 45 ordered. 46 whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE, O'CONNOR, SCALIA join, 47 agreement jurisdiction decide join exceeded attempting tax. holding, affirming "the [district] 1295, 1314 (CA8 reversed. precedents basic defining 48 my view, transgresses same goes further, embrace dictum Judiciary beyond precedent. Today's casual unelected, life-tenured Judiciarydis regards precepts democratic control acquiesce majority's statements point, arise actual dispute not, like one, premature, confirm outcome premises little justification. statements, seen precedent 49 Some essential litigation history full understanding stake wrought implications extent. name defendant suit. Defendants, defendants highest tradition legal acknowledge cooperate suggest context dispute, vital importance note demonstrated consequences helped design. acknowledged, plaintiffs pursued "friendly adversary" relationship. Throughout phase litigation, ever expensive improvements plaintiffs, objected. involved repairs deteriorating facilities devised broader concept districtwide improvement, variation concept. Magnet notes, ante, 6, offer special programs, often encourage voluntary movement pattern aids plans involving conventional definition, 272, 2753, (1977), insufficient. 122a. Instead, decided whole. hope draw nonminority provided "every senior approximately one-half 1991-92." 121a. intended "improve quality education students." 103a. candid "long term goal educational opportunities presently average suburban district." 145a-146a original). 52 comes surprise approach budget, matter, few examples illustrative. Programs "performing arts school," 118a, "technical school" "will programs ranging heating air conditioning cosmetology robotics," 75a, approved. included "25 acre farm wildland area" science study. 20a. various proposals "capital health safety hazards provide good learning environment," "consider criteria comparability." 70a. 'patch repair' achieve comparability visual attractiveness floor coverings unsightly sections mismatched carpeting tile, individual walls possessing shades paint." construction "attractive" renovation existing ones, $61.80 square foot $95.70 distinct $45 foot. 76a. some "$260 magnet-school costing $200 million." Jenkins, 274, 276, 2463, 2465, 229 And orders grew shortfalls became severe. judges it: anything previously sheer immensity encompassed order—the large number quantity renovations construction—are concededly parallel country." 1318-1319. parallel. Other Circuits arising decrees that, undoubted compliance authority. Battisti, 581 565 (CA6 1977); Plaquemines Parish 415 817 1969). Third leaving open possibility situations court-ordered appropriate, interference taxation. Evans Buchanan, 582 750 (1978), cert. sub nom. Alexis I. du Pont Evans, 447 916, 100 3004, 64 865 (1980). Sixth somewhat recognized severe intrusion financing. Kelley Metropolitan Nashville Davidson Tenn., 836 986 denied, 487 1206, 2848, 101 885 55 Unlike courts, dicta fact disapproved. 515 1365, 1372-1373 (1975) (District "implement levying taxes"); Liddell 731 1294, 1320, Leggett Liddell, 469 82, 83 (1984) "after exploration alternative"). represents decree. agree, "stand Appeals," At outset, noted "modifications" Rather, point." 1314. went procedures future." discussion "a preferable funding," considered dictum, already date. No states "did reverse prior years," "required less beginning commencing remand." Ante, 52-53, 18. 27, 1987, 1991-1992. 3, support, refutes, characterization. request using $4.23 valuation. 1988 administer cause resentment among taxpayers, 1989 premature yet known expenditures. 511-512. rejecting request, left 58 thinks opinion, remand thought compulsion disturb establishing higher. today, approval "method funding" "preferable" chooses discuss respectful disagreement analysis conclusions question. 59 premise analysis, submit, infirm. Any purported commanding convenient formalism predicated elimination district's describes possesses plenary "hinder[ed]" statutes. 57. premise. Local elsewhere, derive sovereign, sovereign Missouri. (political subdivisions "[tax] them" General Assembly). value. exact remains people, empower $3.75 $100, (c). "[p]roperty specified herein voter constitution." 16. 60 reason, reject artificial may, "prevent[ing] willing KCMSD," 56, 20, laws, legitimate themselves, define Washington Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Assn., 443 658, 695, 3055, 3079, 61 823 (1979) (whether agency "may promulgate regulations doubtful"). Absent change place makes stands "ready, able" 51. boundaries confronts purpose. either directly delegation Power vested supreme inferior ordain establish." description nowhere includes word "tax" resembles reflects Framers' area involvement. judiciary influence sword purse, direction strength wealth society, active resolution whatever." Federalist 78, 523 (J. Cooke ed. 1961) (A. Hamilton). 62 throughout years leave doubt function. Last Term invitation cure unconstitutional scheme broadening class taxed. "could construed tax, court." Davis Michigan Dept. Treasury, 803, 818, 1500, 1509, 891 statement rested explicit Moses Lake Homes, Inc. Grant 365 744, 870, 66 (1961), decree valid enforce: exact. assess appropriate leaseholds, determine, jurisdiction, one." 874. nature reveals involves controversies burdens character. binds taxpayers. extracting persons presence representation discretion, collect citizens blatant due process. Taxation legislature raises concerns, citizens' "rights protected complex power, immediate remote, rule." Bi-Metallic Colorado Equalization, 239 441, 445, 142, 372 (1915). taxed notice hearing representatives, manifestation consent. provides sort. Where extracted heard demands citizen deprived 65 protections. legislature, administrative delegated authority, heard. Londoner Denver, 210 373, 385-386, 708, 713-714, 1103 (1908). bills doubled "representative" sense, (they later learned) served today's suffers flaw, overrides protection referendum sense representational parties. always legislative nature. location sheds light level. "[a]ll Powers consist House Representatives." (Emphasis added.) list 8, begins lay Taxes. said, "[t]axation function, sole organ taxes." Cable Television 336, 340, 94 1146, 1149, 370 (1974) (citing 1). True, instance branch Government invading province another. brings weight detract, free power; effects discussed concerns counsel analysis. 68 perhaps leading concerning remedies, prospective "money judgment," 54, claim ignored plan's implementation. doing "neither 2763. assurances emerge decision, endorses into precise matters. ago apply here. 69 attribute sovereignty, exercised, first, purposes only; second, only. extended judiciary. once important." Rees Watertown, 116-117, 72 (1874). 70 confinement branches, Governments, random. ideal truth animated colonial revolutionary history. 71 "Your Memorialists conceive Principle Freedom exist, People subject Taxes laid Consent, legally appointed represent them: Property too precarious Genius Will others, know people bear, easiest Mode them; Restraint, greatest Security burthensome Taxation, Representatives affected People." Petitions King Parliament, 1764, reprinted Stamp Act Crisis (E. Morgan 1952). possess. department alone access pockets people," 48, 334 Madison), Legislature accountable will. shares none qualities. Judiciary, design, representative political sense; independent. depend popular office. burden impose, live affect. fear competition scarce diminution salaries. surprising insulated communication lead deep feelings frustration, powerlessness, anger taxpaying citizens. 73 systems aspects administration. institution exercise. bodies, hearings constituents accountable, grope ahead assistance random amici curiae. Those principled direction, exists juridical axioms guide questionable basis, today decisions affect life citizens, competing needs, economy. 74 Day-to-day administration trial error, requisitioning staff hiring judge. pitfalls course. 55a (correcting assessment penalties nonpayment "mistakenly" extra year); 57a ("clarify[ing]" inclusion savings loan institutions, estates, trusts, beneficiaries income surcharge procedures). Forcing financial fledgling collector's misstep detract dignity independence courts. supervising essentially complications. example, "public information specialist," $30,000. position "solicit community support involvement" 191a. type extract right expression Abood Detroit 431 209, 1782, 261 76 relies (1964) Griffin, unrepentent recalcitrant white black schoolchildren. system." 1234 observation, 77 involve thwart An dicta, present closer us. Yet implicate "perversion normal process" troubling contexts. Spallone 493 265, 280, 625, 634, 107 644 (1990). vote blurs lines accountability making reached elected representatives otherwise. asserts follows bond 55-57. discussed, 63-65, situation, touching Macon, 582, 591, 331 (1879) (where empowering corporation contains "We municipal authorize. create confer All bring operation"). 79 cites single (1867), proposition heed Hoffman's holding. municipality specific obligation, unconstitutional, violation Contracts Once invalid, remained. allegation neutral unconstitutional. Compare Tr. Oral Arg. ("nothing suggest" frustrate desegregation) 221, 1228 (State desegregation). concede basis vague "reason Constitution." follow Hoffman. Examination cases," 55, cited endorse rationale. holds simply common-law lies official perform duty (reaffirming availability officers so); (1867) (mandamus obligation); (1861) (state gave explicitly so; performance "plain duty" law). These purport second invalidates Clause grounds grants (1909) obligation; legislation removing lie tax); (1906) enters abolition remove Clause); (1881) (same). inapposite colorable limiting assessments 82 third relevant. exercise, charged administering resigned positions, available. (1874) levee commissioners office remained operate). Heine, plaintiff's going asked belongs country National. certainly vested, unreasonable suppose select inherent invasion functions government. out procedure, wisdom foresee." 660-661. broadly absent compelled mandamus, Meriwether Garrett, 102 472, 197 (1880) repealed charter, legislature); (Field, judgment) ("The act. elements one"); (no situation (holding unavailable resigned, undertaken order). 85 respect, applies. narrow "exceptio[n]" resigned. 20. accurate description. show enactment "invested disburse tax." Invested whom? plain That so, come 86 bottom, seems motivated failure extreme circumstance unable violation. significant one. More important, nothing consequence If, restraint. Ill-considered volatile field risk legitimacy justifies independence. issues need unvindicated presumption possible violations found. Neither view. behalf seen. 88 contended interdistrict comparability, ultimate command. "unequal expenditures children happen reside districts" Equal Protection 54-55, 1307-1308, (1973). found, affirmed, relief. 1986). easier attracted hook hang numerous choices improving general suit spending enlist finance dismissed hand. "joined forces apparently treasury." 293, 2763 (Powell, judgment). 89 strong arguments validity uses lure attract center philosophy Nation's communities. Such practical many 418 717, 3112, 1069 (invalidating plan). steps systems. discrimination, ineptitude educators indifference public, evil remedied. wholesale day-to-day operations parents, teachers, unaccountable judge education. Perhaps items example: classroom conditioning, alarm microcomputers; 2,000-square-foot planetarium; greenhouses vivariums; 25-acre air-conditioned meeting room people; Model Nations wired language translation; broadcast capable radio television studios editing animation lab; temperature controlled art gallery; movie screening rooms; 3,500-square-foot dust-free diesel mechanics room; 1,875-square-foot animal rooms zoo project; swimming pools; facilities. debate priorities, equality. Indeed, mere 12-acre petting farm, corresponding reductions spending, requirements, preserving paving streets, feeding poor, building prisons, housing homeless. Classical Greek theme emphasizing forensics self-government exemplary training participatory democracy. lessons grow am discretion. misleading acknowledged development range possibilities." 153a. Its observation "equity characterized flexibility shaping remedies." 300, 756, (1955). unsupportable cases. assignment changes ancillary children. Columbus Penick, 449, 2941, 666 (1979); Dayton Brinkman, 406, 2766, 851 unremedied means, district, past disapproved insufficient violations. prudence areas government, see, (1990), missing assumption unique demand last resort. addressed question, unremedied. mean is, was, prerequisite considering costly showing shortfall, "wide possibilities" rise crisis. alternatives measures imposed, alternatives. 86a. indication attractive viewpoint, nonetheless suffice devised. justification, latitude persisting defiance equality, explanation presents 95 blinkered underlying ill founded. pose abstract controversies. 2, Moreover, contention Question granted. 27. Far improper presented, duty. prudent recharacterizing exercised principle, "suburban comparability" "visual attractiveness." 96 stark illustration ever-present ends justify means. Few guarantee override strictures infirmity serious questions compounded odd posture assumes novel conception historical proud chapter history, courageous skillful courage skill regard historic role departures happens compelling context. obvious hospitals, indeed award 1983. assertion sensitive areas, threaten alteration form embodies. James Madison observed: "Justice society. been, pursued, obtained, liberty pursuit." Federalist, 51, 352 1961). pursuing justice loses sight liberties guaranteed coexist correct before, collateral attorney's fees. alleged segregation. certified plaintiff students. discriminatory resulted lingering improve curriculum library, teaching load, tutoring, summer child programs. borne 28, 31-33. extensive program rehabilitate physical plant $37 million, $27 contributed 39-41. transfer program, underwrite full. 38-39. fully size student achievement. 33. 1969, voters, unlikely receive voters' approval. "Magnet schools," generally understood, enrollment integration drawing away neighborhoods private distinctive curricula quality. Price Stern, Schools Strategy Integration Reform, Yale L. Policy Rev. 291 $12,972,727 $12,877,330 53-55. 1.5% Circuit. 1315-1316 cross-petition aspect suggesting exploring alternative. 1310-1311; 1294 banc), (1984); 1365 Ferguson Reorganized R-2 423 951, 374, 288 (1975). Tax Injunction Act, 1341, 1315. Accord, Appling Municipal Authority Georgia, 621 1304 (CA5), 449 1015, 574, 474 Lay dissented issue. He 1318. Section "for shown," exceeding days. period. 30.2. 13.4: "[I]f runs date appeals Rule." formal defect Pink [is] asked, suspended." FTC Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator 344 206, 245 (1952). points overlooked. Fed.Rule App.Proc. 40(a). contentions discretionary employed exceptional decisions. 35(a). Reporter Advisory Committee drafting "[A] desires 'suggest' appropriateness hearing. deliberately party's entitlement desirability consideration. motion; consequently, disposition Ward, B.J. 100, 110-111 (1968); Moody Albemarle 417 622, 2513, 2515, 358 ); Shenker Baltimore Ohio 374 5, 1667, 1670, 709 (1963); Railroad Case, 345 258-259, 656, 661-662, (1953). Consequently, specifically "shall stay mandate." 46(c) (which sit banc) speak papers, subjectively read objectively frequently combine incorrectly labeled Committee's Notes U.S.C.App., 491, believed, label both. documents Buljubasic, 828 426 (CA7 1987). "affect "21 shortened enlarged order," contrast appellant "Petition" issue, 35(c). detailed appeal ("[W]e [the order's] closely authority"); 1318 ("We opinion"). 1988-1989. motion 1989-1990. "approve calculations 1989-1990 time." indicates understood establish levy. (Lay, dissenting); Icelean Amici Curiae 25-26. old exceptions rule, relevant First, release treasury viewed employ ruse bar Jumel, 711, 720-721, 128, 135-136, (1883). securing 290, 2762, afford boards immunity suit, Mt. Healthy Doyle, 429 280-281, 568, 572-573, 471 Second, operate. 501, (1880); ("[W]hen gone, collector abolished, act"); 368, (distinguishing Meriwether, supra exception invested matters stand, (1879), force contained incurred bonded indebtedness, contract, bondholders deemed consented hence unconstitutionally statute. Macon relevance arises contract

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