Document: 477 U.S. 168 106 S.Ct. 2464 91 L.Ed.2d 144 Willie Jasper DARDEN, Petitionerv.Louie L. WAINWRIGHT, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections. No. 85-5319. Argued Jan. 13, 1986. Decided June 23, Rehearing Denied Sept. 3, See 478 1036, 107 24. Syllabus After a jury trial in court, petitioner was found guilty murder, robbery, and assault with intent to kill. Pursuant Florida's capital sentencing statute, the same heard further testimony argument, made nonbinding recommendation that death penalty be imposed. The judge followed recommendation, Supreme Court affirmed conviction sentence, rejecting petitioner's contention prosecution's closing argument during guilt phase rendered fundamentally unfair deprived determination reliability required by Eighth Amendment. court also rejected erred excluding member venire for cause on basis his affirmative response judge's question voir dire "Do you have any moral or religious, conscientious religious principles opposition so strong would unable without violating your own vote recommend regardless facts?" In subsequent federal habeas corpus proceedings, raised claims, as well additional claim he had been denied effective assistance counsel at trial. District relief, Appeals ultimately Court's judgment all its aspects. Held: 1. record dire, viewed entirety, shows court's decision exclude juror involved here proper. Wainwright v. Witt, 469 412, 105 844, 83 841, held proper test is whether juror's views punishment prevent substantially impair performance duties accordance instructions oath. Petitioner's this issue rested solely wording (quoted above) asked before him. However, requires examination context surrounding exclusion. prior individual questioning told entire they questioned point, present while repeatedly stated correct standard when other members panel. Pp. 175-178. 2. supports rejection argument. included improper remarks indicated weekend furlough from an earlier prison sentence crime occurred; implied only guarantee against future similar act; referred "animal"; reflected emotional reaction case. relevant comments infected unfairness make resulting denial due process. Viewed under standard, did not deprive fair manipulate misstate evidence, implicate specific rights accused, much their objectionable content responsive opening summation defense (available state procedural rule). Moreover, were able use final rebuttal turn it. 178-183. 3. With respect ineffective trial, failed satisfy first part two-part set forth Strickland Washington, 466 668, 104 2052, 80 674, counsels' fell below objective reasonableness. There no merit devoted time between close start phase—approximately one-half hour—to prepare case mitigation. indicates great deal effort went into case; significant portion preparation sentencing. defendant must overcome presumption that, circumstances, challenged action might considered sound strategy. Petitioner here. several reasons why reasonably could chosen rely simple plea mercy himself, rather than attempt introduce mitigating evidence. 184-187. 767 F.2d 752 (CA11 1985), remanded. POWELL, J., delivered opinion Court, which BURGER, C.J., WHITE, REHNQUIST, O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. filed concurring opinion, post, 187. BRENNAN, dissenting 188. BLACKMUN, MARSHALL, STEVENS, joined, Robert A. Harper, Jr., Tallahassee, Fla., petitioner. Richard W. Prospect, Daytona Beach, respondent. Justice POWELL Court. 1 This presents three questions concerning validity criminal sentence: (i) exclusion violated announced L.Ed. 841 (1985); (ii) bifurcated Amendment; (iii) 2 * tried kill Circuit Citrus County, Florida, January 1974. convicted order should recommended recommendation. On direct appeal, sentence. arguments appeal makes prosecutorial misconduct claim, disapproved but reasoned law new "only those cases it evident influenced reach more severe verdict . comment unfair." Darden State, 329 So.2d 287, 289 (1976). It concluded unfair. challenge comment. raise counsel. granted certiorari, 429 917, 97 308, 50 282 (1976), limited grant misconduct, 729, 747 (1977), oral dismissed writ improvidently granted, 430 704, 1671, 51 751 (1977). 3 then sought raising claims raises petition. Wainwright, 513 F.Supp. 947 (MD Fla.1981). A divided panel Eleventh affirmed. 699 1031 (1983). rehearing en banc, equally court. 708 646 Following second banc reversed excusal venire. 725 1526 (1984). State's petition certiorari vacated Appeals' judgment, remanded reconsideration light Witt. 1202, 1158, 84 311 (1985). remand, application stay execution treated staying execution. 473 928, 21, 87 We now affirm. II 4 Because nature facts will detail normally necessary September 8, 1973, about 5:30 p.m., black adult male entered Carl's Furniture Store near Lakeland, Florida. person store proprietor, Mrs. Turman, who lived her husband house behind store. Mr. worked nights juvenile home, awakened 5 cup coffee wife, returned home let dogs out run. Turman showed man around He interested purchasing $600 worth furniture rental unit, see different items. left briefly, stating wife back look some just few minutes later asking stoves, inquiring price. When turned toward adding machine, grabbed pressed gun back, saying I say won't get hurt." took rear open cash register. money, ordered where box springs mattresses stacked wall. At appeared door. screamed reached across right shoulder shot eyes. backwards, one foot partially building. Ordering move, pull building door, do because Turman's feet caught faceup rain, down floor approximately five lay dying. While she begged go husband, remove false teeth. unzipped pants, unbuckled belt, demanded perform sex She began cry "Lord, mercy." up towards front 6 Meanwhile, neighbor family, Arnolds, became aware something happened Turman. mother sent 16-year-old son Phillip, part-time employee store, help. Phillip door saw lying opened take body inside, shouted "Phillip, no, back." know what meant help inside. replied, "Sure, buddy, you." As looked up, pointing face. pulled trigger misfired; again mouth. started run away, neck. still running, third side. Despite these wounds, managed stumble neighbor, Edith Hill. call ambulance stop Phillip's bleeding. helping late model green Chevrolet leave head Tampa State Highway 92. survived incident; never regained consciousness, died night. 7 Minutes after murder driving 92, miles away prison, car borrowed girl friend Tampa. fast wet road. testified came line cars lane, slow down. attempted pass, forced off road avoid head-on collision oncoming car. crashed telephone pole. driver car, John Stone, stopped if Stone approached zipping pants buckling belt. Police crash site identified 1969 Impala greenish golden brown color. paid bystander give him ride wrecker, find towed police. 8 By police arrived scene accident, left. fact matched description leaving accident occurred within led suspect driven murderer. They searched area. An officer pistol—a revolver—about 40 site. arrangement shells chambers exactly pattern weapon: shot, misfire, shots, live shell remaining next chamber fired. specialist Federal Bureau Investigation examined pistol Smith & Wesson .38 special revolver. manufactured .38; England rebored, making rarer type .38. bullet killed revealed special. 9 day following arrested friend's days preliminary hearing husband's Arnold selected picture spread six photographs him.1 time, Public Defender appointed represent 10 relate incidents course taken together facts, chronological order. III 11 contends venire, Murphy, excluded improperly enunciated That modified Witherspoon Illinois, 391 510, 88 1770, 20 776 (1968). potential jurors may excused such automatically impaired task determining defendant's guilt. Witt " 'prevent oath.' U.S., 424, S.Ct., 852, quoting Adams Texas, 448 38, 45, 100 2521, 2526, 65 581 (1980). clear impermissibly biased factual finding entitled correctness 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 12 relies Murphy asked: App. 9. argues does correctly legal standard. clear, however, our inquiry end mechanical recitation single answer. 424-426, 852-853. therefore examine Murphy's determine beliefs "substantially juror" fairly supported record. 13 During spoke including saying: 14 "Now am going ask each individually listen me carefully, want unwilling return advisory recommending even though presented require recommendation? Do understand my question?" 15 proceeded individually, courtroom. Thus, throughout questioning, veniremen hear answers. fact, prosecution frequently incorporated reference, assurance being understood previous questions. Tr. 89-90, 112, 141-142; id., 150. 16 venire.2 over again.3 many instances seated box. occupation, learned retired, spent eight years retirement working administration office St. Pios Seminary. previously noted, responded "Yes, have" excused. 17 precise answer gave, themselves compel conclusion circumstance penalty. But recognized "determinations bias cannot reduced question-and-answer sessions obtain results manner catechism." 852. "aided undoubtedly assessment [the juror's] demeanor," 434, 857, obligation juror,' determination, account series purpose meaning absolutely clear. No objection Nor perceive, previously, need further. Viewing we agree reasoning F.2d, 754. IV 18 guilt-innocence stage Amendment requires. 19 helpful initial matter place context. Closing rule4 opportunity prosecutors' arguments. evaluated preceded it, blamed Polk County Sheriff's Office lack evidence,5 alluded penalty,6 characterized perpetrator crimes "animal,"7 contained counsel's personal strength evidence.8 prosecutors deserves condemnation has received every review although Several blame Division Corrections, occurred.9 Some act.10 Others defense's word "animal."11 Prosecutor McDaniel offensive reflecting case.12 These improper. both original (whose stands) recognized, "is enough undesirable universally condemned." 1036. "so process." Donnelly DeChristoforo, 416 637, 94 1868, 431 (1974). appropriate "the narrow process, broad exercise supervisory power." Id., 642, 1871. 21 Under review, consider trial.13 nor accused remain silent. F.Supp., 958. Much invited defense. explained United States Young, 470 1, 1038, (1985), idea "invited response" used excuse comments, effect whole. 1045. instructed times evidence alone, weight heavy; "overwhelming eyewitness circumstantial support charges," So.2d, 291, likelihood jury's Finally, tactical witness permitted them gave Defense very effectively, turning placing actions likely engender disapproval result inflamed passions petitioner.S14 For reasons, "Darden's perfect—few are—but neither 958.15 V 22 688, 674 First, show "counsel's representation reasonableness." 2065. Second, "there reasonable probability unprofessional errors, proceeding different." 694, 2068. 23 delve sufficiently background, unprepared hearing. 24 matter, preparing merit. engaged extensive Jack Johnson, Defender's "we expended hundreds hours [petitioner's] behalf trying him," Habeas Corpus Proceedings 219, "worked hard case." 237. Goodwill, experienced lawyer, "spent in, probably I've ever in." Supp.App. 30. investigating alibi, events establish point story. Counsel obtained psychiatric report petitioner, eye using mitigation pretrial opposed penalty, possibility putting stand phase. clearly 25 interpreted Fla.Stat. 921.141(6) statutory list factors, exclusive list. failure interpretation thereby express view reasonableness law, specifically informed "go factors really pertinent full consideration analysis family situation, causes, anything else sentence." 887. believed exclusive, knew free offer nonstatutory chose so. 26 Strickland: "Judicial scrutiny highly deferential. attorney eliminate distorting effects hindsight, reconstruct circumstances conduct, evaluate conduct perspective time." 689, particular, "a indulge falls wide range professional assistance; is, 'might strategy.' Ibid., Michel Louisiana, 350 91, 101, 76 158, 163-164, (1955). case, there are himself. Any portray nonviolent rebut convictions. admitted particularly damaging. Defenders "had jails prisons most life. ." 209. had, example, commit rape. 218 485 (Fla.App.1969). addition, incapable committing here, "very committed crime; was, recall psychiatrist's] term, sociopathic personality; act entirely impulse premeditation standpoint planning. situation arose, simultaneously act." (testimony Goodwill). reason, consultation testimony. 886. Similarly, put man, faced admission married, spending girlfriend. sum, "overcome 2065, supra, 164. test, 1037. VI 27 affirmed, proceedings consistent opinion. ordered. 29 Chief concurring. 30 concur fully write separately address suggestion BLACKMUN's dissent rejects Darden's "impatience progress constitutional challenges conviction." Post, ----. contention, reference states voted deny reviewed 95 judges since conviction. simply incorrect. To straight, quote full: 31 "In sentenced death, issues four times, (1977) (dismissing granted); 467 1230, 2688, 81 882 (1984) (denying certiorari); Darden, (1985) (vacating remanding 1984)); [473 927, 20, 698 (1985)] (order dated 1985, denying stay), passed upon fewer judges. Upon history conclude plenary abuse discretion accept meritless petitions presenting ago, dissent." 929, 21-22, 32 extraordinary review. Full briefing changed views. 33 dissent's motivated impatience refuted record; judicial manifest substantial care patience. Our fourth once based thoughtful finality. 34 dissenting. 35 join Brother dissent. adhering cruel unusual prohibited Fourteenth Amendments, Gregg Georgia, 428 153, 227, 96 2909, 2950, 49 859 (1976) (BRENNAN, dissenting), vacate imposed 36 whom STEVENS join, 37 Although Constitution guarantees [and] perfect one," Lutwak States, 344 604, 619, 73 481, 490, 593 (1953); Bruton 123, 135, 1620, 1627, 476 (1968), stressed decade heightened degree seeks life.1 Today's reveals willing tolerate imperfection level fairness low cringe. 38 39 discussion noteworthy omissions. Term relied heavily standards governing responsibility ruling attorney's client right, Nix Whiteside, 475 157, 166-171, 988, 994-996, 89 123 (1986), today ignores reaching summations ante, reflect behavior "virtually sources speak voice," 166, 994, voice condemnation.2 brief comparison established merely illustrates, hardly exhausts, scope involved: "A lawyer shall credibility innocence accused." Model Rules Professional Conduct, Rule 3.4(e) (1984); Code Responsibility, DR 7-106(C)(4) (1980); ABA Standards Criminal Justice: 3-5.8(b) (2d ed. 1980). Yet prosecutor, White, stated: "I convinced, convinced standing today, murderer, murdered robbed Arnold. rest life." 15. And McDaniel, stated, testimony: "Well, tell something: If chair there, facing life imprisonment lie until teeth fall out." 18. 41 "The prosecutor refrain divert duty decide injecting broader controlling predictions consequences verdict." 3-5.8(d) 1980); cf. 3.4(e); 7-106(C)(7); 3-6.1(c) McDaniel's filled references status prisoner "shouldn't cell unless leash him." 16; also, e.g., 17, 18, 24, 26. Again again, absent "defendant," Corrections furloughed Darden. See, 15, 32. tricks deflect real issue. prisoner, release policies anticipated tactics obviously relevance decide: robbery Turmans' Indeed, argued harmless precisely "failed discuss issues, witnesses." Brief Respondent 42 calculated inflame prejudices jury." 3-5.8(c) Berger 295 78, 88, 55 629, 633, 79 1314 (1935). expressed wish "that [Darden] sitting face, blown shotgun," 20; 28, 29, 31. think summation, whole, can accurately described relentless single-minded jury. B 43 181, 643, 1871, (1974), deciding prosecutor's render omits, DeChristoforo 44 concerned "two lengthy 640, 1870. One remark "but moment extended trial." 645, 1872. "ambiguous," ibid., provided inferring either "intend[ed] [it] damaging jury, through exhortation, [would] draw plethora less interpretations," 647, 1873. expressly disregard statements. holding thus violate Constitution. 45 Far involving "ambiguous" statements "might not" affect "focused, unambiguous, strong." Caldwell Mississippi, 472 320, 340, 2633, 2645, 86 231 impossible read transcript seeing sustained Almost page contains least statement; pages contain little else. "slight confined instance, pronounced persistent, probable cumulative disregarded inconsequential." 89, 633. C 46 me, unpersuasive one-page laundry ignoring blatant misconduct. says "did [or] silent." Ante, 182. respect, observation quite beside point. "solemn endeavoring ascertain truth sine qua non trial," Estes 381 532, 540, 1628, 1631, 543 (1965), cut heart Due Process Clause diverting attention "from ultimate central concern proceeding." Powell, 465, 3037, 3050, 1067 47 "[m]uch defense." 182, citing identifies portions thinks somehow "invited" barrage. object statements, and, mind, none justified interrupt perhaps irritate Cf. 13-14, 48 begins "blamed" 179. identify which, any, represented statement. believe suggesting, mention "almost crimina[l] negligen[ce] Office," 728, repeated try murder. Next, notes "alluded" allusion statement "you guilt, nothing else," justify, expressions "blown says, twice "animal." 179; 717, 732. unclear characterization called all. Taken context, everyone agreed heinous committed, focus finds brought himself tirade "personal evidence." Again, gives explanation how quotes—a single, mild expression overall evidence—justified "response" followed, consisted, extent all, accusations perjury, 18-19, disparagements opposing counsel, far beyond "respond[ing] 'right scale,' 1045, Young provides today. 52 reason discounting supposed curative instructions: overruled killed, 31, impression them. instruction attorneys "trained law," "analysis issues" "extremely helpful," 714, suggested substance deliberations. 53 Fourth, suggests enjoyed advantage having last "tur[n] them." guilty, criticism affected Since convicted, naked assertion "[d]efense effectively." Ibid.; n. 1048, (the acquittal serious charge "reinforces undermine ability independently fairly"). 54 Fifth, finds, essence, error harmless: 'overwhelming charges,' argument." "no effect" 183, 14, harmlessness error.3 Every harmless-error employed, shares two salient features. identified, burden shifts beneficiary tainted. formulations differ confidence outcome burden, reviewing sufficient justify conviction, error, but, rather, undermines unacceptable degree. 1049; Chapman California, 386 824, 828, 705 (1967); Kotteakos 328 750, 765, 66 1239, 1248, 90 1557 (1946). 56 Regardless used, overwhelming conclude, written product pieces evidence—the identifications Helen ballistics evidence—are problematic unconvinced exposed egregious necessarily 57 photo array shown hospital. suppressed out-of-court identification long constitutionality procedures obtained. 487-488.4 58 suggestive circumstances. "[t]o 215. Instead lineup, courtroom, apparently present. 220-221. Over objection, "this here" husband," Darden.5 Moore 434 220, 229-230, 98 458, 424 59 showups condemned unreliable identifications. Stovall Denno, 388 293, 302, 1967, 1972, 1199 (1967). arrays suspect's photograph way emphasized." Simmons 390 377, 383, 967, 970, 1247 various in- ought Court,6 nonetheless undermined suggestiveness obtained, difficulties describing criminal. 60 overwhelming. purported weapon tied conclusively Special Agent Cunningham Investigation's Firearms Identification Unit bullets recovered "could fired" gun, come weapon. 347, 357. testified, contrary assertion, rebored Wessons common. 350-351, 357-358. Deputy Sheriff Weatherford discovered roadside ditch adjacent wrecked evening crime. day, 503, bar's parking lot. 531. 61 involvement 571-660. His contradicted Arnold's number witnesses corroborated parts account. seen testify "emotionally face sincerity, proclaimed innocence." 34. setting "repeatedly professed complete charges" factor. 35. 62 bottom, rests witnesses—Helen Arnold, side, other. humanity fair, reverse conviction; allow 63 Even fairly, qualified serve decisions Davis 122, 399, 339 renders constitutionally infirm per se. prejudice palpable. stripped expressing reservations unanimously appropriate. 908; 1041 (dissenting opinion). 64 Illinois statute 'any shall, examined, scruples punishment, same.' 512, 1772, Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 743 (1959). barred persons cause. large recognition oppose aside follow 514-515, 7, 515-516, 9, 519, 520, 1772-1773, 1773-1774, 1775, 1776. recently Term, courts distinguish "prospective whose apply impartially who, nevertheless conscientiously adduced 421, 850; 422, 4, 851, 4; 44-45, 2525-2526, Boulden Holman, 394 478, 483-484, 1138, 1141-1142, 433 (1969). premise depends Murphy. mistaken. misunderstanding Witherspoon. evaluation record, properly excluded. Prior members, intention excuse, impose instructions, "would principles" (emphasis deleted). 6.7 essentially indistinguishable employed wisdom morality follows 'prevent[ed] impair[ed in] oath,' Adams, 2526. permit individuals exercising truly awesome decreeing fellow human," McGautha 402 208, 1454, 1467, 711 (1971), juries surely mark empaneling "uncommonly condemn die," Witherspoon, 521, 67 unlike determinations catechism, reliance peculiar observe demeanor jurors, 428, 854, sense "every indication applied standard." 431, 856. us indication. belief instructions. proving State. 423-424, 851-852. heavy exclusion," 176, 68 clear," 178, suffers defect.8 implausible assumption closely daylong jurors. correct, assume juror, sentiments asked. somewhat explicitly (juror Varney); Carn); 109-110 Maher), shared inability obey oath juror. "many 'unmistakably clear,' 424-425, 852; given insight serve. wrong begets. Bickel, Least Dangerous Branch 103 (1962). 69 reading leads easily appearance desire finish selection expeditiously definite unqualified. eagerness started, see, (BURGER, elapsed "95" case),9 justifiable harmless. 70 Twice past year—in today—this summations. Each Forty Judge Jerome N. Frank, dissent, discussed Second Circuit's approach language remember today: 71 "This vigorous denouncing government [prosecutor] But, said nevertheless, reverse. Such attitude helpless piety think, undesirable. means actual condonation alleged offense, coupled verbal disapprobation. continue practical cease disapprove otherwise declared effect, 'Government attorneys, fear reversal, please addressing juries, rules subject pretend-rules. win verdicts "disapproved" remarks, victories; form displeasure. deprecatory words opinions occasions purely ceremonial.' Government employing tactics, kind eager victories, gladly pay small price ritualistic spanking. practice recalling bitter tear shed Walrus ate oysters—breeds deplorably cynical judiciary" (footnote omitted). Antonelli Fireworks Co., 155 631, 661, cert. denied, 742, 49, 742 72 wring hands uses select permits pervert adversary minor discrepancies identification. assailant immediately emergency room. attacker set-man. "neat appearance, clean-looking, clean-shaven," "[a]s remember, yes, sir." Ibid. thought height, 5'6" tall, wearing pullover shirt stripe 227. attack newspaper accounts crime, crimes, yes. lineup mustache, wrote don't so." 476. heavy-set dull, color knit ring 443. almost 6'2" tall. motorist white off-grey button-down slight mustache. 313, 318-320. "didn't mustache] raindrops not. couldn't thin, that's all." 318-319. 5'10" weighed 175 pounds. objected regarding feelings motion, stating: "It prospective moral, meet requirements 6. general dismissal, assured particular "gone too far." 7. Macy: "[D]o hold sentence?" 44. Varney, affirmatively above question, further: "[I]n event beliefs?" replaced others excused, imposition was?" 88. on, replacements be?" 109. reservations, demonstrating assuring itself, doubt, true position. 107. grounds. 3.250 Procedure (1973) offering behalf, except own, concluding criminally negligent You it." 728. "They coincidence magnified coincidence." 730. pathetic figure; struggled build store; woman robbed, sexually assaulted, slaughtered eyes, vicious animal." 717. "And murderer ran him, aimed poor kid half brains away. It's work animal, there's doubt 731-732. "So people man. lesser offenses. evidence? honestly do." 736-737. "As concerned, another Defendant more, division corrections, prisons. Can't expect there? Can locked they're public guns, drinking?" 15-16. Defendant, regret charges them, 16. advise death. That's public. know. sure anybody now, loose.—" 17-18. Maloney person, animal reason." "He shouldn't guard leash." [Mr. Turman] shotgun hand walked [Darden's] off. shotgun." 20. someone point." fired boy's five, saving one. Didn't chance himself." 28. wasn't. unlucky 29. "[D]on't forget done according witnesses, change 8th, 1973. hair, goatee, moustache weight. thing hasn't throat." this, time. receive "willing cringe." 189. deserved be, condemned. Supra, Conscientious recognize, criticized 1976, careful "totality record." 290-291. petition, length "thorough record" "convinced relief warranted." 947, 958 "considered "agree[d] district 1031, 1036-1037 reheard 1526, 1532 Appeals, issue, protracted litigation "Mr. impassioned repeat [it]? My God, like stands pulls switch 791; 794. comments. Based experience "get vehement allowed on." objecting, hoped encourage reversible error. 46-47. mistakenly harmless, criticizes applying 196-197. ground presented. Rather, addressed unfair—i.e., maintains requirement process articulated applicable final, feel "presen[t] intolerable danger choose minimize importance role," incompatible individualized 333, 2641-42. distinguishing approved judge. greatly reducing approve mistaken differences indicate. certain types mislead role allows responsible decision. misleading thinking anything, tendency increase perception role. unconvincing. 328-329, 2639-2640, California Ramos, 463 992, 998-999, 3446, 3451-3452, 77 1171 (1983); Beck Alabama, 447 625, 637-638, 2382, 2389-2390, 392 Lockett Ohio, 438 586, 2954, 2964, 973 (1978) (plurality opinion); Gardner 349, 358-359, 1197, 1204-1205, 393 Woodson North Carolina, 280, 305, 2978, 2991, 944 290 (Fla.1976) ("[T]he ordinary constitute violation Responsibility"); 291-295 955 Fla.1981) ("Anyone attempting text-book illustration Responsibility possibly improve [prosecutor White's statement]"); 1035-1036 1983); 1040-1043 Attorney concedes "unnecessary tirade," 46, "[n]o weakly improper," Supplemental Answer Case 79-566-Civ.T.H. Fla.) (June 1979), p. 12, consisted "inflammatory irrelevancies," Pet. (May 22, 11. grounds troubling indeed. "careful 'totality record,' describe consists paragraphs. discusses "was career criminal," stayed furlough, visit bars pool hall conditions furlough. paragraph notes, among things, "admitted speeding rainstorm creating motorists" night describes heinousness tying events. 290. (The noted perpetrator. 288.) crux analysis, "possible shocking normal person[.] crimes. fair." "reasonably describ[ed] party," erroneous. 291. wholly unacceptable. depend accused. "what party" addition advancing adopted today—none persuasive, infra, 194-200 - "keyed arouse horror themselves." 956, 12. irrelevant. sole quoted 1036-1037. catalog fails include Magistrate actually conducted, Paul Game, relative concerted credibility. 214. "[i]n emotionally charged brutal shooting defenseless teenager vile sexual advances woman." Notably, place, motion venue contents itself instead hypothesizing shameful hanging verdict. inapposite offending misled 14. underpinnings extend 2389-2390. transcript, 894, assumed attacks die "in State's] principal penalty." 953, 10. pernicious Of array, "[t]hey didn't fit description" 457. name, name notation "Sheriff's Department, Bartow, Florida" date "9/9/73." 476-477. arrested. 459. colloquy (Mr. Mars), Hill): "THE COURT: Ask identify. "MR. MARS: Yes, sir. "Q: here? HILL: Your Honor, Sit Judge— Not Judge, attorney, I— appreciate— appreciate that. traumatic she— client. Now contempt, pardon me. Alright, ahead. Is husband? "A: pp. 18-19; 218-219. Challenges admissibility O.T.1976, 76-5382, 2-3 (second witnesses' identifications). limit jurors' attitudes principles, therefore, rule disqualification. exists, intend disqualify cause." dismissal," 177, 2, comes heels truncated quotation omits critical phrase, "if disqualification." continuing proposed questioning. alone preserve claim—and hold—the counsel," flatly transcript. Immediately excusal, directed stenographer "note 165. refer "Witt inquiry" reflects inattention chronology. dozen dispel "general confusion Witherspoon" country labored years. 418, 849. How layman appellate nowhere explained. perspective, truthful answers background beliefs. reveal notwithstanding feelings. extremely rare. recent dissented petitioner—which Justices worthy consideration—were meritless. Ohio ex rel. Eaton Price, 360 246, 247, 978, 1200 (1959) (memorandum J.) (finding instance dissent—the Youngstown Sheet Tube Co. Sawyer, 343 937, 775, 1344 (1952), judgment). concurrence THE CHIEF JUSTICE ---, why. BRENNAN persuasively poses dangers workings adjudicatory 247-248, 978-979. reprinting entirety emphasizing irrevocably benefit briefing, access Members certiorari. meritless, undoubted interest finality outweigh ensure receives

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