Document: 479 U.S. 314 107 S.Ct. 708 93 L.Ed.2d 649 Randall Lamont GRIFFITH, Petitioner,v.KENTUCKY. Willie Davis BROWN, aka Will Brown, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES. No. 85-5221. Argued Oct. 14, 1986. Decided Jan. 13, 1987. Opinion on remand, 817 F.2d 674. Syllabus In Batson Kentucky, 476 79, 106 1712, 90 69, the Court ruled that a state criminal defendant could establish prima facie case of racial discrimination violative Fourteenth Amendment, based prosecution's use peremptory challenges to strike members defendant's race from jury venire, and that, once had made showing, burden shifted prosecution come forward with neutral explanation for those challenges. These cases concern question whether ruling applies pending direct review or not yet final when was decided. 85-5221, petitioner's robbery conviction in Kentucky court affirmed by Supreme Court, which rejected claim prosecutor's prospective black jurors deprived petitioner, person, guaranteed equal protection. Similarly, 85-5731, Federal District narcotics charges Appeals, exclude jurors, combined his call clerk, violated right an impartial jury. The petitions certiorari both were filed this before Held: A new rule conduct prosecutions, such as Batson, retroactively all cases, federal, final, no exception constitutes "clear break" past. Pp. 320-328. (a) Failure apply newly declared constitutional violates basic norms adjudication. After has announced selected review, integrity judicial requires similar review. addition, selective application principle treating similarly situated defendants same. 320-326. (b) An general governing procedure should be retroactive solely fact is past, inappropriate. does disregard current law it adjudicates regardless specific characteristics Court. Further, creates same problem may constitute clear break past bearing "actual inequity results" only one many receives benefit rule. 326-328. 770 912, reversed remanded. BLACKMUN, J., delivered opinion BRENNAN, MARSHALL, POWELL, STEVENS, SCALIA, JJ., joined. concurring opinion, post, p. 328. REHNQUIST, C.J., dissenting 329. WHITE, O'CONNOR, joined, J. Vincent Aprile, II, Frankfort, Ky., Fred Haddad, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., petitioner. Paul W. Richwalsky, Jr., Charles Fried, Sol. Gen., Washington, D.C., respondent. Justice BLACKMUN 1 retrospective 69 (1986). 2 id., at 96-98, 1723-1724, trial present we consider applicable litigation federal We answer affirmative. 3 * A. Petitioner Griffith, indicted 1982 Circuit Jefferson County, Ky. (the where tried), first-degree robbery, theft unlawful taking, being persistent felony offender second degree. App. 2. On first day trial, defense attorneys conducted voir dire examination venire exercised their challenges.1 used four its five allotted jurors. eight nine white There two duplicate strikes. extra who remained because strikes, whom then removed random draw.2 Thus, person Id., 5, 12-13. 4 Defense counsel expressed Griffith tried all-white He asked request prosecutor reasons exercising against refused. 13. Counsel moved discharge panel, alleging remove but constituted violation Griffith's Sixth Amendment rights. 15. denied motion. returned verdict guilty charge fixed punishment 10 years' imprisonment.3 found petitioner offender, and, pursuant Ky.Rev.Stat. § 532.080 (1985), enhanced sentence 20 imprisonment. 5 unpublished memorandum judgment conviction. 17. him It relied Swain Alabama, 380 202, 85 824, 13 759 (1965), did Equal Protection Clause proof own trial. 221-222, S.Ct., 836. noted, however, inference purposeful raised engaged pattern challenging series cases. See 223-224, 837-838. concluded disposed "decline[d] go further than court." 18. 6 timely here petition writ certiorari. While pending, decided supra, portion reasoning Alabama relied. U.S., 89-96, 1719-1722. Two months later, Allen Hardy, 478 255, 2878, 92 199 (1986) (per curiam ), held applied habeas granted case, 1157, 2275, 718 (1986), limited time decision. 7 B. 85-5731. 1984, convicted United States Western Oklahoma charges. During selection, panels assembled. Record 2-10.4 six total venire. Four excused cause other 20.5 objected persons jury, claiming thereby representative community. 20-21. No action taken response objection. 8 As assembled called clerk inquire about composition additional At hearing later while deliberating, there evidence said clerk: "We would like have few possible." 51. testified, she remembered comment be: "Don't get any blacks jury." 38-39. went say alter selection way comment. 44-45. contact "would looked dealt someone," 44, inasmuch fell "into category possible prosecutorial misconduct," 46, affect 45. therefore necessary if 46. 9 Appeals Tenth 912 (1985). Brown's Brown met Swain's threshold requirement must show systematic intentional course calculated "case after case." F.2d, 914. communication suggest exclusion Although observed "improper" "must condemned," ibid., concluded, effect Prior our decision, certiorari, again set argument tandem case. II 11 Twenty-one years ago, adopted three-pronged analysis claims retroactivity rules procedure. Linkletter Walker, 381 618, 1731, 14 601 (1965). Linkletter, Mapp Ohio, 367 643, 81 1684, 1081 (1961), extended Fourth exclusionary States, become explained "the Constitution neither prohibits nor effect" rule, determination depend "weigh[ing] merits demerits each 629, 1737. Court's decision purpose rule; reliance placed upon [previous] doctrine; administration justice Mapp." 636, 1741. also Stovall Denno, 388 293, 297, 87 1967, 1970, 18 1199 (1967) (retroactivity depends "(a) served standards, extent enforcement authorities old (c) standards"). 12 Shortly convictions final6 Johnson New Jersey, 384 719, 732, 86 1772, 1780, 16 882 (1966); 300, 1971. latter purposes applying three factors analysis, "no distinction justified between now . various stages review." Ibid. number either See, e.g., supra; DeStefano Woods, 392 631, 635, n. 2, 88 2093, 2096, 1308 (1968); Desist 394 244, 253-254, 89 1030, 1035-1036, 22 248 (1969); Daniel Louisiana, 420 31, 95 704, 42 790 (1975) ). Johnson, 457 537, 102 2579, 73 202 (1982), course.7 reviewed some length history decisions area words Harlan: " ' "[R]etroactivity" rethought.' 548, 2586 (quoting 258, 1038 (dissenting opinion)). Specifically, different are issued.8 separate opinions since Members "have asserted minimum, whose still appeal law-changing entitled invoke rule." 545, 9, 2584, (collecting opinions).9 rationale distinguishing not, category, Harlan 256, 1037 opinion), Mackey 401 667, 675, 91 1160, 1164, 28 404 (1971) (opinion judgment). embraced significant comprehensive presented opinions. Harlan's view, ours, failure First, settled "cases" "controversies." Const., Art. III, Unlike legislature, do promulgate broad basis. Rather, nature adjudicate usually becomes vehicle announcement But selected, observed: 15 "If resolve us light best understanding principles, difficult see why so all. truth, assertion power adjudicating already run full appellate quite simply function adjudication legislation." 679, 1173 practical matter, course, cannot hear fulfill responsibility instructing lower courts final. precludes "[s]imply fishing stream using pronouncing permitting subsequently flow unaffected 546-547, 555, 2585, 2590. 17 Second, 258-259, 1038-1039 (Harlan, dissenting). pointed out actual results chooses chance beneficiary" 556, 16, 2590, (emphasis original). tolerated noted: "The toleration end." acceptance views led holding "subject [certain exceptions], construing rendered." 562, 2593. exceptions referred related categories existing precedent established tests analysis. these categories, applied: (1) nothing more factual situations, 549, 2586, (2) lacked authority convict place. 550, 2587.10 third category—where precedent—is issue described 549-550, 2586-2587: 19 "[W]here expressly 'a past,' 248, [89 1032] almost invariably gone find minted nonretroactive. Peltier, 422 531, 547, [95 2313, 2322, 45 374] (BRENNAN, dissenting) cases). type traits particular been less critical express "new" interpretatio[n] change[s] prospectivity arguably proper course,' Williams [646], 659 [91 1148, 1155, ] (plurality opinion). Once unanticipated, factors—reliance standards rule—have virtually compelled finding nonretroactivity. Gosa Mayden, 413 [665], 672-673, 682-685 [93 2926, 2932, 2937-2938, 37 873 (1973) opinion); Michigan Payne, 412 [47], 55-57 1966, 1970-1971, 36 736 ]." recognized what termed exception." Under exception, retroactively, even explicitly overruled disapproved practice sanctioned prior overturned longstanding uniformly approved. 551, 2587. Payton York, 445 573, 100 1371, 63 639 (1980), concerned, senses, thus status "effectively preordained" falling within exception. 553-554, 2589. 21 Shea 470 51, 105 1065, 84 38 Fifth Edwards Arizona, 451 477, 101 1880, 68 378 (1981), prohibited use, suspect requested counsel, confession obtained police-instigated interrogation without suspect's attorney's present, Using Johnson's rationale, suggested given greater 59, 1069-1070. fall previous Term, Solem Stumes, 465 638, 647, 104 1338, 1343, 79 579 (1984), "not sort 'clear break' automatically nonretroactive."S11 Although, Shea, doubt cases" "we need concerned here." 1069, 5. III squarely habeas, "is explicit substantial precedent" "overruled [a] Swain." 2880.12 reexamine maintaining proposition For persuaded adopt conclusions conclude engrafted 23 law, announced. relevant primarily implicates officials imposed application. useful deciding receive derived factors, reintroduces precisely case-specific inappropriate 24 James Kirkland approximately apart.13 trials. fortuities process determined chose initially plenary POWELL "hardly comports ideal 'administration hand,' "one beneficiary—the lucky individual chosen occasion announcing principle—enjoys application, others adjudicated under doctrine." Hankerson North Carolina, 432 233, 247, 97 2339, 2347, 53 306 (1977) judgment), quoting (Douglas, 47, 60, 1973, (MARSHALL, ("Different treatment differ respect treatment"). omitted). 25 hold prosecutions Accordingly, reversed, remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion. consistent 26 ordered. 27 concurring. I join important step toward ending confusion resulted case-by-case 1977 well advised view corpus petitions. 246, 2346, (concurring stated 646, (1971)); 1037, (1969) then, followed since. Harlin Missouri, 439 459, 460, 99 709, 58 733 (1979) judgment); 447 323, 337, 2214, 2224, 65 159 (1980) 651, 1346, (1984) 29 decide today involve read carefully left open until presented. hoped will seeking relief 681-695, 1174-1181. generally judged according 30 Chief dissenting. 31 my 66, 1073, am willing aspects approach propounded (1971). announced, narrow exceptions, collateral majority adopts approach. WHITE'S dissent, agreeing jurisprudence, erred rejecting cited making 32 THE CHIEF JUSTICE O'CONNOR join, 33 Last Term became reaching judgment, weighed traditionally considered procedure: standards." 2880 1341, turn (1967)). test unworkable. question, feels constrained fashion offers new, them unpersuasive past: 34 "Two concerns purportedly underlie majority's somehow essential attribute decisionmaking, announces declines give effect, abandoned role assumed legislature—or, term employed describing problem, 'super-legislature.' 259, 1039, 248] (and completely unrelated) fairness. business court, reasons, treat alike; accordingly, unfair litigant another, identically situated, benefit. laudable, escape conclusion they spawned makes sense. 35 "As means avoiding known super-legislature wholly inadequate. True, super otherwise. think supposed usurpation legislative substance retroactive. Surely believe overstepped bounds legitimate little solace If sense illegitimate, useless gesture fool one. If, hand, salutary one, ill-served worse useless, imposing costs system likely uncompensated perceptible gains 'judicial legitimacy.' serves interest fairness equally hollow. finds intolerable perfectly tolerate disparate prisoners attacking proceedings. before, [United v.] [457 566-568, 2590-2591, (1982) (WHITE, dissenting); 656-659 1154-1155, 388] seems me attempt distinguish misguided. otherwise subject rules, depending just how long ago now-unconstitutional occurred quickly proceed through system. disparity kind occurs afforded others; equalizes except numbers disparately treated classes." 62-64, 1071-1072, (1985) dissenting).1 invocation overlooks fortuity came easily matter Hardy. alike dictate trust far letting tail wag dog; good would—I hope—win over blind adherence alike. Yet acts choice follow mechanical notion pausing "sound principles decision-making," 301, 1972. 39 foregoing adhere 1971, recognize saw merit appeal, nonetheless preserve breaks" (1982). precedent, "a standard 'is nonretroactive' 'has precedent.' 1343). explained: 40 "Once non-retroactivity." 2586-2587 (citations 41 "an precedent," "prosecutors, judges, throughout systems justifiably 260, 2880, 2881. gave Hardy concluding "retroactive seriously disrupt justice," 2881, review.2 knows penalizing justifiable Swain, doing causing disruption justice; principled alternative. This true; sounder principled, determine respectfully dissent completion dire, parties simultaneously exercise respective Each side strikes names list qualified presents court. Ky.Rule Crim.Proc. 9.36(2). remaining [after challenges] exceeds seated, cards identifying [are] box" draws "to reduce required law." Before submitting directed acquittal taking. Tr. 204-206. insufficient petit 9-10. According statement record, panels. 20. oral argument, called. Oral Arg. 3. appears agreement, ibid.; 20; 14. By "final," mean rendered, availability exhausted, elapsed finally denied. 542, 8, 2582, (citing 622, 1733, (1965)). prohibiting police warrantless, nonconsensual entry into home routine arrest, appeal. noted address civil retroactivity. 563, 2594. That continues governed Chevron Oil Co. Huson, 97, 106-107, 349, 355, 296 among others, (POWELL, 710, 245, 2346 affected today. Stumes argues announce Clause. Whatever might be, foreclosed February 1984. O.T. 1985, 84-6263, 1. May year. And, worth, June differential provide satisfactory justification classes Shea: recognizes problematic, justifies appealing draw 'the curtain finality,' [470 U.S.,] [105 1070] unfortunate enough exhausted last [v. (1981),] finality decisive factor. When basis violation, remedy offered inculpatory statements excluded. burdensome acceptable State result attack. attendant vary habeas; strong reason deny collaterally. Conversely, worthwhile grant Edwards, hard available 64-65, 1072-1073 (footnote attack bear relationship recency crime; thus, difficulties severe underlying offense remote time, trials tend somewhat involving reversals However, direct, speed progress widely. truly alike, accomplish appropriately recent vintage. assume, argue '5-year-rule,' example. "Of aggregate [Batson effect; token, begin letter 'S' make fully obviously countenance identify raising indefensible." 64, 1, 1072, dissenting)..

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