Document: 401 U.S. 82 91 S.Ct. 674 27 L.Ed.2d 701 Leander H. PEREZ, Jr., et al., Appellants,v.August M. LEDESMA, al. No. 60. Argued Nov. 17, 1970. Decided Feb. 23, 1971. Charles Livaudais, Chalmette, La., for appellants. Jack Peebles, Metairie, appellees. Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Given our decisions today in 2, Younger v. Harris, 37, 746, 669; 7, Samuels Mackell, and 9, Fernandez 66, 764, 688; 4, Boyle Landry, 77, 758, 696; 83, Byrne Karalexis, 216, 777, 792; 41, Dyson Stein, 200, 769, 781, which we have determined when it is appropriate a federal court to intervene administration State's criminal laws, disposition this case should not be difficult. 2 * Ledesma other appellees operated newsstand Parish St. Bernard, Louisiana, where they displayed sale allegedly obscene magazines, books, playing cards. As result activity, were charged four informations filed state with violations Louisiana statute, La.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 14—106 (Supp.1970), Bernard Ordinance 21—60. After proceedings had commenced by filing informations, instituted instant suit United States District Court Eastern New Orleans Division. Since sought judgment declaring statute statewide application unconstitutional, together an injunction against pending or future prosecutions under three-judge was convened. That held constitutional on its face, but ruled that arrests seizure materials invalid lack prior adversary hearing character seized materials. Although declined issue any prosecutions, did enter suppression order require return all material 304 F.Supp. 662, 667—670 (1969). The local district attorney law enforcement officers appealed set argument postponed question jurisdiction merits. 399 924, 90 2234, 26 790 (1970).1 3 It difficult imagine more disruptive interference operation process short proceedings. Even recognized would effectively stifle then-pending prosecution. 4 'In view holding seizures these cases are want judicial determination obscenity, requires materials, terminated.' F.Supp., at 670. (Emphasis added.) 5 Moreover, retained 'for purposes hereafter entering orders necessary enforce' proper procedures obscenity According supra, such prosecution improper. propriety admissibility evidence ordinarily matters resolved tribunals, see Stefanelli Minard, 342 117, 72 118, 96 L.Ed. 138 (1951), subject, course, review certiorari appeal or, case, habeas corpus. Here free present his claims concerning arrest courts manner permitted State. Only proven harassment undertaken officials bad faith without hope obtaining valid conviction perhaps extraordinary circumstances irreparable injury can shown injunctive relief appropriate. See supra; Ex parte Young, 209 123, 28 441, 52 714 (1908). There nothing record before us suggest undertook than good-faith attempt enforce laws. We therefore hold improperly intruded into own reverse suppressing directing II 6 crippling Louisiana's ability Ledesma, expressed 21—60 invalid. below 'it function determine constitutionality enjoin ordinance,' nevertheless 'opportunity express views ordinance.' 670 n. 31 Judge Boyle, who initially referred action court, adopted court's declared parish ordinance considerable issuing declaratory case.2 III 7 are, however, unable decision because has no direct validity ordinance, as if granting been entered (which not), acting capacity single-judge court. Moody Flowers, 387 97, 87 1544, 18 643 (1967), properly convened consider only application, similar ordinance. Under U.S.C. 1253 those civil actions 'required heard determined' panel, there question. 8 fact requested does give over controversies independent jurisdictional base. one controversy between two parties, parties necessarily entitled may exist them.3 Public Service Comm'n Brashear Freight Lines, 306 204, 59 480, 83 608 (1939). 9 In issued rather single judge. stated: 10 'The shared initiating judge reference contemporaneously herewith.' 31. 11 last clause quoted sentence indicates what, must case: 21 60 This confirmed courts. following end opinion. 12 'Accordingly, reasons assigned, ordered both decreeing: 13 '1. returned, instanter, from whom seized, '2. said suppressed plaintiffs, 14 '3. preliminary permanent injunctions prayed denied, 15 '4. herein issuance further proper.' 16 follows: 17 'For assigned foregoing 3-Judge opinion, unconstitutional. 19 670—671. 20 clerk merged confer upon first place, cannot made turn inadvertent error clerk. Second, terms grants 'an denying' injunction. 1253. omits relief, discussion dictum. reversed insofar relief. respects vacated remanded instructions fresh decree take Appeals Fifth Circuit so desire. 22 ordered. 23 Judgment part instructions. 24 STEWART, BLACKMUN joins, concurring. 25 joining Court, I add few concurring words. Court's use ordering order, taken directly plainly wrong 138, agree reversed. affirmed refusal suppress proscution petitioners alleged obtained unlawful search. Our ruling clearly applicable facts us: 'We refuse State proceedins even claimed secured search seizure.' U.S., 120, S.Ct., 138. also Cleary Bolger, 371 392, 400, 385, 389, 390. 29 unconstitutional us. power merits quite distinct reasons, each sufficient defeat jurisdiction. First, neither nor application. thus presents fortiori situation found 101, 1547—1548, 643. grant denial injunction, lacking. Gunn University Committee End War Viet Nam, 383, Id., 391, 2013, 2018, 684 (White, J., concurring). 30 prayer bound up request might, appeal, pendency grounds. Cf. Zwickler Koota, 389 241, 88 444; 688. Indeed, itself regarding unrelated separate DOUGLAS dissenting part. 32 panel 2281 general asked, pass Parish. But written phase litigation. 33 now elementary ordinance; 'its interest economy (since was) then stated '(W)e examined find unenforceable.' 34 entered, 671. obviously basis appeal. Later on, effect 35 pursuant go review, authorized here. For here pendent claim. 36 Pendent extend nonconstitutional grounds challenging challenge raised. Siler Louisville & N.R. Co., 213 175, 451, 53 753; Davis Wallace, 257 478, 42 164, 66 325; Sterling Constantin, 287 378, 393, 190, 193, 77 375; Georgia Pub. Serv. Comm'n, 285, 397, 317; Florida Lime Avocado Growers Jacobsen, 362 73, 75—85, 80 568, 570, 575—576, 568; Flast Cohen, 392 91, 1942, 1946, 1947—1948, 947. causes appended one-judge arose out same facts. Mine Workers Gibbs, 383 715, 86 1130, 218. involve award different grounds, laws considering both. sufficient, jurisdiction, ruling. appellants appellate subject matter bestowed parties. Griffin, 303 226, 229, 58 601, 602, 764. cited do support Zemel Rusk, 381 1, 85 1271, 179, allowed administrative action, joined attack statutes purportedly action. Milky Way Productions, Inc. Leary (together York Feed Co. Leary), D.C., 305 288, per curiam affirmance Leary, 397 98, 817, 78. issues presented conceded attacks warrant York. Because statutes, claim, involved raised.* Therefore, problem considered curiam, decide Perez Way, precedent reason. And reason advanced enlargement 37 If rewriting done, Congress it. 38 reviewed Appeals, Rorick Board Comm'rs, 307 208, 808, 1242. 39 sets aside, dissent. My views, congenial majority, forth some length p. 58, 760, 772, decided day. 40 BRENNAN, WHITE MARSHALL join, 41 questions intervention affecting today. Appellees operate Louisiana. On January 27, 1969, sheriff's parish, warrants, raided newsstand, cards shelves, arrested appellee August owner, displaying sale. February 10, charging crime violation 14:106 him appear appendix Their complaint Federal Declaratory Act, 2201, unconstitutional; either enactment; their A Prior hearing, appellant nolle prosequi 43 (a) face; (b) (c) absence determining obscene. 662 confident comply 'unnecessary injunctions' 'pending seizures.' pertinent 14, decreed: 44 (appellants) (appellees) 45 (appellees), 46 unconstitutional.' App. 106—107. 47 consideration (1970). addition statement, brief argue questions: 48 '(1) Was exercise discretion paragraphs Revised Statutes 14:106? 49 '(2) paragraph declare unconstitutional?' 50 (1) (2) 1969. dissent, review. think and, merits, would, therefore, aside affirm judgment. 51 Jurisdiction Appellants' assertion right relies section permits required three judges 'from denying interlocutory injunction.'1 Paragraph decrees: 'That (against prosecutions) denied.' permit portion judgment, since prevailed extent appellees' prayers (1970) However, them These provisions qualified 'granting injunction,' could Injunctions companion interfere existing plaintiff time brought, except showing great, immediate, threatened. Such be, example, form bad-faith officials. adhere policy established that, showing, '(i)t generally assumed prosecutors will observe (in prosecution) limitations expounded Court.' Dombrowski Pfister, 380 479, 484, 1116, 1120, (1965). While sustained face (a appeal), interfered prosecution, leaving proceed evidence. improper record. utter accusing harass appellees, purpose goodfaith occasion consider, intimate upon, 'the conclusion irresistible logic none constitutionally obscenity.' 667.2 protections open way challenge, procedure, arrest, objections admission of, motions Dombrowski, expressly included which, more, 'no special cutting normal adjudication defenses course (state) prosecution.' 485, 22. said: 'It accused bring halt while decides claim certain rendered inadmissible Fourteenth Amendment.' 485 3, adjudicate discloses justified doing so. join concluding aside. 54 55 Threshold answered reached. 56 threshold whether Two opinions, initiated July Boyle. Boyle's explained: 'Although distinguished state-wide takes opportunity economy. (emphasis added). statement: 1. 2. 57 holds premise With respect case. Both my Brothers STEWART insist statement suppose himself best authority he 'his opinion.' judgments opinions. No existed appealable considerations Productions 288 (SDNY 1969), aff'd sub nom. 78 (1970), fully supports statutes. N.Y. Penal Law McKinney's Consol.Laws c. 40, 235.00 (1965), York's statute. second Code Crim.Proc. §§ 148—150 (Supp.1970—1971). deal facially Criminal Procedure sections unconstitutionally invoked publications (i.e., applied). acknowledged probably judges, 'as simple official law-lessness, cognizable judge.' 295. Nevertheless, invoking principle once alone called facial unconstitutionality procedure applied. 295—296. holding. Plainly governs sustains passing Appellants concede forecloses regard supported authorizing hear challenges statutes.3 argue, requisite Act after entered. rely Golden Zwickler, 394 103, 89 956, 113 prohibited distribution anonymous handbills election campaigns. distributor opposing re-election Congressman ought brought reversal appellee's distributing during earlier campaign Congressman. 444 (1967). Appellee desired distribute forthcoming Congressman, retired become justice Supreme 'controversy' existed, Zwickler's target particular prospect real immediate involving Congressman.' 109, 960, 113. 61 different, however. 'Basically, alleged, circumstances, show substantial controversy, having adverse legal interests, immediacy reality judgment.' Maryland Casualty Pacific Coal Oil 312 270, 273, 510, 512, 826 (1941). Appellees' alleges, finding contrary, 'desire continue keep sell' Thus, unlike Golden, 'presented context specific live grievance.' 110, buttressed '(appellees) fear (under ordinance) date.' light appellants' aggressive inference permissible attempts display questioned might well again met continuing publications. assert contrary here.4 conclude erred Act. 62 third 'pending' make inappropriate. is, already noted, outstanding filed. treated pending. error. availability correctly regarded depend initiated. 294 108, 959, principles comity apply intervention, Nos. 93, issue. key predicate answering stay hand, determined. Ordinarily, merely examining dates provides adequate forum rights, intervene. When, here, relegated defenses, primary refusing absent. Here, 63 intrusion whenever renders enactment. federalism impermissible enactment proceeding says, '(I)n begun suit, equitable relevant principles, denied well.' 768. controlling congressional scheme makes guardians authorization afforded less harsh abrasive remedy factors significance. 64 roots reach back least Chisholm Georgia, Dall. 419, 440 (1793), contract sued citizen another created shock surprise throughout country meeting thereafter, Eleventh Amendment Constitution almost unanimously proposed, due legislatures States.' Hans 134 11, 504, 505, 842 (1890) (Bradley, J.). amendment thought overruled Chisholm. construed broad immunity suits policy, construction rejected Osborn Bank States, Wheat. 738, 847—848, 204 (1824). confiscatory tax instrumentality. sustaining tax, Chief Marshall analyzed testing viability system: 65 eleventh exempted citizens *; very decided, whether, act agents employed State, property hands. 'Before try constitution, misapplied, pause moment, reflect relative Union members, objection prevail. 67 'A forbids inquiry nature applies perfectly clear themselves; government most essential powers, deemed questionable. asserts, alleging void itself, repugnant execution Wheat., 204. 68 Though recognizing sensitivity context, prevented lower giving vindicate paramount party reasoning qualified, L. Jaffe, Judicial Control Administrative Action 213—222 basic equity protect rights activities remains firmly embedded jurisprudence. Pennoyer McConnaughy, 140 9—18, 699, 701—704, 363 (1891); (1908); Truax Raich, 239 33, 37—38, 8—9, 131 (1915); Terrace Thompson, 263 197, 214—215, 15, 17—18, 255 (1923). Leiter Minerals 352 220, 225—226, 287, 290—291, 267 (1957) (Frankfurter, 69 Young culmination efforts harmonize effective supremacy powers elsewhere Constitution. During years particularly Civil War, rights. history 245 249, 393—394, 396, 444. principal foundations expanded Rights 1871, Stat. 13, empowered person color regulation, custom, usage, 1983, 1343(3), Judiciary 1875, 470, gave federal-question 1331. together, 1908, modern framework protection interference. strengthened subsequent acts 70 regulatory penal sanctions. At railroad stockholders, circuit temporarily enjoined complying Attorney General, instituting thereupon contempt He corpus contending lacked contempt. held, first, original within court; second, 'individuals who, state, clothed duty threaten about commence proceedings, nature, affected act, violating Constitution, action,' 155—156, 452, 714; third, prosecution: 'When (the state) subject-matter latter subject-matter, right, cases, maintain exclusion courts, until performed.' 161—162, 454—455. 71 provoked reaction greeted Georgia. Opposition focused principally injunctions, often ex parte, carrying penalties. Kennedy Mendoza-Martinez, 372 144, 154, 554, 560, 644 (1963); Hart Wechsler, Courts System 848—849 (1953); Hutcheson, Case Three Judges, Harv.L.Rev. 795, 803—810 (1934); Currie, Three-Judge Constitutional Litigation, U.Chi.L.Rev. (1964). anticipated problem. noted 'that upholding draw great flood litigation character, legislative actions.' 166, 456, 714. year measure disable enjoining proposal failed attract passage. Cong.Rec. 4848—4849 later, passed House, 313, 316 (1910), Senate accept F. Frankfurter J. Landis, Business 143 (1927). year, respond Parte Young. overrule statute; seek contain expanding statutory bar 2283, beyond stays instituted; follow excluding class jurisdiction; anticipate technique Norris-LaGuardia forbidding defined 70, 101—115. Rather, ratified active role post-Civil legislation accepted holdings provided 557, 2281,5 Thus Congress' acceptance represented,6 never departed several occasions amended Professor Wright written, '(T)he doctrine seems indispensable establishment rule law.' C. Wright, Handbook 186 (2d ed. 1970).7 period leading became classic method statutes.8 strong medicine, eliminate defects widespread hostility procedure. unsatisfactory private plaintiffs defendants: burden proving traditional requirements injunction; defendant official, paralyzing Consequently, 1934, reducing diminishing vitality new remedy, June 955, 2201. 73 provide milder alternative remedy. House Report stated, instances preventive relief; performed clumsily inadequately courts.' H.R.Rep. 1264, 73d Cong., 2d Sess., (1934). Of significance us, report clearer designed available test appropriate: 74 differs followed damages, performance, immediately coercive decree. declares conclusively finally litigations contested issue, suffices settle administer justice. declaration municipal possible obtain 75 especially useful avoiding necessity, present, one's peril interpretation abandon incurring damages. So necessary, violate purport meaning validity. Compare Shredded Wheat City Elgin (284 Ill. 120 N.E. 248, 1918), penalty, advised determined, Erwin Billiard Parlor 76 Buckner (156 Tenn. 278, 300 S.W. 565, 1927), settled controversy. proved names years, many abused render what Pierce Society Sisters (268 525 (45 Sup.Ct. 571, 1070) 1925), Oregon come force later; rendering void, was, effect, apparently, abuse Village Euclid Ambler Realty (272 365 (47 114, 303) 1926). Much extensive obviated enabling judgments. 'Finally, declaratory-judgment molded thousands precedents, definitely clarified. mentioned Thompson (263 216 (44 255) (1923), Butler, 79 "They obliged risk fines, imprisonment loss secure rights." S.Rep. 1005, 2—3, practice legislation. E. Borchard, Judgments 1024 1941). proponent testified: 'Most unwilling ground you get it.' Hearings H.R. 5623 Subcommittee Judiciary, 70th 1st (1928). testified 'when judgments, instead You able judge, your rights.' 39. early applied Currin 379, 441 Borchard introduced hearings, part: 81 serves purpose. happens restrain ordinances, relegate option, chances else forego, Into dilemma civilized system operating constitution person. informs prospective victim suspect mushroom toadstool, eat Assuming vital challenged why issued, compelling condition constitutionality.' 5623, 75—76. overwhelming seeking sanctions; feeling produced 1910, Johnson 1342, Tax Injunction 1937, 1341. intended officials, altogether. discussion, infra, 126—128, Great Lakes Dredge Dock Huffman, 319 293, 1070, 1407 (1943). report's implication Sisters, 268 1070 (1925), 272 365, (1926), penalties, quotation anticipatory plain used compels rejection suggestion, ante, 677 although inappropriate suffer kind justify processes.' limitation engraft congressionally simply defiance mandate. repeal repealed rewritten, done Congress, 84 significant factor exists upheld aid excepted attached. Specifically, 'But cannot, court.' 162, 455, Harkrader Wadley, 172 148, 119, (1898), support, making influenced provision, enacted 1793, prohibiting recently traced Atlantic Coast Line R. Brotherhood Locomotive Engineers, 398 281, 1739, 234 preclude institution prosecutions. Warren, Interference, 345, 366—378 (1930). rules filed, preserve decline relief.9 developed additional well-established charge tested Douglas Jeannette, Pa., 157, 877, 1324 (1943); Cameron Johnson, 390 611, 618, 1335, 1339, 182 (1968); compare Rea 350 214, 292, 100 233 (1956). exceptional raise trial assure stake. situations 'exceptional circumstances' exist. discourage conduct protected First provision Constitution,10 brings threatens harassment, bringing threat deprivation subjects defense bear, 'in vindication rights.'11 22; 621, 1340, 182; cf. Achtenberg Mississippi, 393 F.2d 468, 474—475 (CA5 1968). Accordingly, means cut remedial appropriately supra. prohibits prohibit conduct, vague overbroad contention case), inadequate underlying number people avoid abstaining proscribed persons contemplated accordingly overturned deterred engaging becoming enmeshed protracted litigation, end, confidence prove misplaced resources wasted. deterrence magnified scope vagueness overbreadth gives discriminatory capricious enforcement. persons—those obey prepared defy them.12 categories full right.13 Taken establish depends asserted intervention. Where Intervention means, prevents plaintiff. 881, 1324, 'brought lawfully good faith,' amounts harassment.14 seeks allege harassment. sort, whatever rests, justification individuals running lawbreakers. tested. pending, interests weighed countervailing federalism. existent, concrete ultimate collateral resort speed resolution event concluded. disrupt through burdensome necessity simultaneously. otherwise unwarranted unseemly duplication adjudicative process. began alleges being Brillhart Excess Ins. 491, 494—495, 1173, 1175—1176, 1620 (1942); 205. served outweighed system. When appropriate,15 forms granted. Ordinarily case-or-controversy Article met, narrow warranting abstention absent, serve resolving dispute. carries unambiguous intention reflected committee reports, separately jurisprudence See, E.g., 862—864. follows well,' Its applicability precluded culminating governing though discretionary thus, sense term, 'equitable' nature. Mackell run counter Term Wisconsin Constantineau, 400 433, 507, 515, 19, 1971, flatly proposition hand asked face. 'Congress routed systems, saving final say came 73) differently granted various heads '* negate 437 438, 439, 510—511. 92 prerequisites different. bars Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 57, unless Katzenbach McClung, 379 294, 295—296, 377, 380, 290 Similarly, Aetna Life Hartford, Conn. Haworth, 227, 461, 464, 617 (1937). Alaska S.S. 253 113, 448, 808 (1920); (1941); 244 existence actual adequacy resolve presenting difficulty actions, primarily directed. Utah Wycoff 344 237, 236, 97 291 (1952). 93 effects impact 152—155, 559—560, (1963). An barring immunizes paralyzes machinery: nullity. status rights; mandates Flemming Nestor, 603, 607, 1367, 1370, 1435 (1960); 15—16 94 favorable valuable disappear. toto—that incapable applications; overbroad—that purport. reflects enforced. total stands ready partial overturn applications narrowly applications. would. highest regulating expression narrowing clarifying so, later overbroad, prosecutor, decision, reasonably believes defendant's yield conviction. still down deterrent persuasive lead prosecutors, legislators reconsider respective responsibilities toward Enforcement policies changed, legislature start anew. Finally, res judicata point remain workings system.16 What clear, judgment,' much persuasive, ultimately coercive; noncompliance inappropriate, 95 Koota remedies squarely 'showing 'special *' relief.' 253—254, 398, 'a independently appropriateness irrespective injunction.' 254, 399, Malone Emmet, 278 193 (M.D.Ala.1967). (1943), conclusion. employers unemployment compensation imposed always governed unique considerations, consistently enforced command '(t)he shall enjoin, suspend assessment, levy collection plain, speedy efficient State.' relying completely field long available. 'we taxes withheld.' 253, 245, (1952) (Douglas, dissenting) (citation omitted). adhered recognition Ibid. 7421 (1964 ed., Supp. V); 2201 (express exception taxes), entirely relate peculiar needs administration.17 Agricultural Adjustment amendments 1935, 30, 770, amending May 12, 1933, (7 623(a)). contrast, couterpart 1341 prosecutions.18 sound discretion. standards articulated Co 126. invalidity exercised relations existing, government, tribunals states, public disturbed unnecessary conflict equally guard constitution.' Royall, 117 251, 734, 740, 868 (1886). Koota: 98 levels judiciary suitor's choice thehearing claims. Plainly, escape solemn responsibility, guard, enforce, every *,' Robb Connolly, 111 624, 637, 544, 542. judge-made abstention, fashioned 1941 sanctions limited circumstances.' Proper Clark, 337 472, 492, 1333, 1480.' 395, 99 attaches, disputed carry 'mortally infected vice vagueness.' contrary. 101 Paragraphs affirmed. APPENDIX TO OPINION OF Annotated 102 s 14:106. Obscenity A. intentional: 103 Exposure place sex organ seen person, intent arousing sexual 104 Production, sale, exhibition, gift, advertisement prurient average lewd, lascivious, filthy sexually indecent composition, printed book, magazine, pamphlet, newspaper, story paper, writing, phonograph record, picture, drawing, motion picture film, figure, image, wire tape recording recorded mechanical transmitted auditory, visual sensory representations character. 105 (3) Possession sell, exhibit, advertise pornographic described above, 106 (4) Performance presence desire, dancing, lascivious posing, body movement. 107 (5) Solicitation entice unmarried age seventeen commit section. 108 (6) Requirement allocation, consignment delivery resale periodical publication purchaser consignee, consignee receive article, book believed articles description designed, calculated community, judged contemporary community standards, threatening deny franchise impose financial otherwise, failure things thereof. 109 (7) Display nude pictures man, woman, boy girl works art exhibited galleries. 110 B. knowledge marital constitute defense. Whoever commits fined hundred dollars five dollars, imprisoned six months, 112 (1), (2), (3), Subsection (A) Section offender thousand hard labor, Amended Acts 1958, 388, 1; 1960, 199, 1962, 87, 1968, 647, emerg. eff. 20, 1:30 P.M. POLICE JURY ST. BERNARD PARISH COURTHOUSE ANNEX CHALMETTE, LOUISIANA 114 EXTRACT THE OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS BERNARD, STATE LOUISIANA, TAKEN AT REGULAR MEETING HELD IN ROOM COURTHUSE ANNEX, ON NOVEMBER ELEVEN O'CLOCK (11:00) A.M. 115 Celestine Melerine, seconded Joseph V. Papania recommendation adopted: ORDINANCE NO. 116 known Parish, defining offense literature, adding thereto 'attempt,' prescribing penalties SECTION 118 Offense prohibited. 119 BE IT ORDAINED, Police Jury hereby intentional. 3. 121 FURTHER personal exposure female breast organs fundament sex. 122 4. 123 production, possession display, obscene, print, advertisement, photograph, model, instrument, recording, device kind. 5(a) 124 ORDAINED performance dance, song, representing portraying represent portray intercourse male persons, perverse itnercourse contact, unnatural carnal copulation, sex, animals. 5(b) 125 OR FURTHER, lustful, rendition song recitation. 126 6. 127 PRODUCTION, POSSESSION WITH INTENT distribution, literature containing semi-nude wherein exhibited, where, portrayal predominantly interest. 128 7. 129 130 8. sentenced ninety (90) days, pay fine ($100.00) both, 132 convicted one-half maximum penalty prescribed, half above. 133 9. word includes booklet, leaflet, brochure, circular, folder, handbill magazine. lithograph, sketch, abstract, poster, painting, silhouette, representation facsimile. 135 10. 136 published Official Journal Voice. 137 submitted vote, vote thereon YEAS: Henry Schindler, Papania, Peter N. Huff, Perniciaro, Louis P. Munster, John W. Booth, Sr., Claude S. Mumphrey, Edward Jeanfreau, Mrs. Blanche Molero. NAYS: None. 139 ABSENT: this, 2nd day November, 1960. 141 /S./ VALENTINE RIESS, 142 (Valentine Riess), President. JOSEPH SORCI, 144 (Joseph Sorci), Secretary. CERTIFICATE 145 CERTIFY THAT above true correct copy Regular Room Courthouse Annex 146 Witness Seal 11th February, 147 McDOUGALL, 148 (R. McDougall), aggrieved 'may orders. restrictions curbing indicated processes. Aside successful 1253, successfully opposed victory. None raised complained attacked law,' illegal restraint, vague. General York, argued constitutional. petitioners' hearing. not, legality arrests. city challenge. reply, 'unconstitutional text 'Except law, notice judges.' 295—297 88—91, 947 5—7, 1274, 1275—1276, 179 (1965); 287—288, 398—399, 317 570—575, 568 Despite prosecute Ledesma. night just stipulated officer purchased magazines him. saying, 'Of instance title passed.' 667 1910 originally 557. 1913 extended March 1913, 160, 1013. 1925 requirement injunctions. 938. Smith Wilson, 273 699 (1927), coupled 1948 revision requests sought. 25, 1948, 968. dealt major defect commonly shortly complex measures initial then, construction, adjudicated constitutionality, thereby Lockwood, Maw, Rosenberry, Use 426, 428—429 1013, currently codified 2284, shall, therein thereunder, appears competent stayed same. prosecuted diligently faith, vacate ten days largely ineffectual requirement, protects plaintiffs. 854—855; 822—823; 452—453. critical techniques securing law. e.g., Prentis 211 210, 67, 150 Railroad Texas Pullman 496, 643, 971 delineated ALI, Study 1371, pp. 282—298 (1969); Note, Federal-Question Abstention: Frankfurter's Doctrine Activist Era, 604 American Institute, comments connection proposed codification doctrine, observes: 'Suits appealing danger greatest suits. rightly observed finality hardly overestimated.' 799 (1934).' (Citation omitted.) Division Between 282 promulgated Rules Practice equity, removed 226 627 (1912), Rule put side available, inhibited expressive importance (their 'chilling') evaluating inhibition. emanating purporting inconsistent Amendment, 252, (1967); Baggett Bullitt, 377 360, 1316, (1964), vigorous, robust, unpopular speech punishment Whitney California, 274 357, 375—376, 641, 648, 1095 (1927) (Brandeis, concurring); Stromberg California. 283 359, 369, 532, 535, 1117 (1931); Roth 354 476, 1304, 1308, 1498 (1957); NAACP Button, 415, 429, 328, 336, 405 Times Sullivan, 376 710, 686 Bad-faith can, forms, including reasonable conviction, see, 182, pattern inhibit Bailey Patterson, 323 201 1963). 1372(7), 308—310 prize winner race courthouses, obviates need courthouses. Within limits Art. III, (1969), doctrines ripeness room Title 1343 exhaustion required. McNeese Education, 373 668, 1433, 622 specifically authorize Wechsler 'There historic precious area slightest nullification unhappily past. moving direction reduce field—not smaller national concern.' Revision Code, Contemp.Prob. 230 (1948). Whether 2283 types discussed 11. final, binding determines '(T)axes lifeblood prompt imperious need. Time mind, sovereign resorted drastic collection.' Bull 295 247, 259—260, 695, 1421 (1935); Commerce Tennessee, 161 134, 146, 460, 645 (1896). Phillips Commissioner Internal Revenue, 589, 595—596, 608, 1289 (1931), Brandeis 'Where summary pecuniary obligations sustained. Property provisionally governmental life liberty illegal, promptly writ corpus, prohibition 'suit restraining assessment tax' postpones redress invasion (citations Matthews Rodgers, 284 521, 526, 217, 219—220, 447 (1932). justifying non-interference obvious. mass taxpayers' disputes according rules. agencies organized discharge accordance procedures. assessments, thrown disarray, taxpayers ordinary procedural revenue obstructed, consequent damage budget, shift taxpayer insolvency. likely like generally, 1035, 75th Sess. anti-tax-injunction 1341, relied Lakes, field, Very fundamental current financing certainly analogous cases. proceeding, 484 1119, 22, whereas concerns directed orderly generally. wanted business how 1342. administration. evinces term 'injunction' read include Mitchell Donovan, 427, 1763, 378 exceptions 'any direct-appeal important mind observed, 'While similarities differences. (T)his (§ 1253) literally construed. faithful 'declaratory judgment." 430—431, 1765, 378.

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