Document: 518 U.S. 343116 S.Ct. 2174135 L.Ed.2d 606 LEWIS, DIRECTOR, ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, et al.v.CASEY al.Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for Ninth Circuit. No. 94-1511. Argued November 29, 1995 Decided June 24, 1996 Syllabus Respondents, who are inmates various prisons operated by Arizona Department Corrections (ADOC), brought a class action against petitioners, ADOC officials, alleging that petitioners were furnishing them with inadequate legal research facilities and thereby depriving their right access courts, in violation Bounds v. Smith, 430 U. S. 817. The District found be issued an injunction mandating detailed, systemwide changes ADOC's prison law libraries its assistance programs. Circuit affirmed both finding injunction's major terms. Held: success respondents' systemic challenge was dependent on ability show widespread actual injury, Court's failure identify anything more than isolated instances injury renders invalid. Pp. 3-20. (a) did not create abstract, free-standing library or assistance; rather, acknowledged courts. E.g., S., at 817, 821, 828. Thus, establish violation, ``actual injury'' inmate must demonstrate is alleged shortcomings program have hindered, presently hindering, his efforts pursue nonfrivolous claim. This requirement derives ultimately from doctrine standing. Although made no mention requirement, it can hardly thought eliminated constitutional prerequisite. 4-9. (b) Statements suggesting authorities also enable prisoner discover grievances, litigate effectively once court, id., 825-826, n. 14, antecedent this pre-Bounds cases, now disclaimed. Moreover, does guarantee wherewithal file any every type claim, but requires only they provided tools attack sentences, directly collaterally, conditions confinement. 9-11. It failures respect illiterate prisoners had resulted dismissal prejudice Bartholic's lawsuit inability Harris action. 11-12. (d) These findings as do support ordered Court. remedy limited inadequacy produced injury-in-fact plaintiff has established; nothing, even named plaintiffs personally been injured, see, e.g., Simon Eastern Ky. Welfare Tights Organization, 426 26, 40, 20. Only one plaintiff, Bartholic, suffered injury-as result provide special services he would needed, light particular disability (illiteracy), avoid case. Eliminated proper scope injunction, therefore, provisions directed required non-English-speakers, lockdown, population large. Furthermore, caused Bartholic sufficiently justify relief. There finding, evidence discernible record, other those occupied cannot obtain minimal help necessary claims. 12-16. (e) further reasons why order here stand. In concluding restrictions lockdown unjustified, failed accord judgment substantial deference cases such Turner Safley, 482 78, 89. court leave officials primary responsibility devising remedy. Compare Preiser Rodriguez, 411 475, 492. improper procedure inordinately intrusive order. 17-20. 43 F. 3d 1261, reversed remanded. Scalia, J., delivered opinion Court, which Rehnquist, C. O'Connor, Kennedy, Thomas, JJ., joined, Parts I III Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer, joined. filed concurring opinion. part, dissenting judgment, Ginsburg Stevens, NOTICE: subject formal revision before publication preliminary print Reports. Readers requested notify Reporter Decisions, Supreme States, Washington, D.C. 20543, typographical errors, corrections may goes press. Justice Scalia 1 817 (1977), we held "the fundamental courts assist preparation filing meaningful papers providing adequate persons trained law." Id., Petitioners, contend erred Bounds, court's remedial exceeded lawful authority. I. 2 Respondents 22 ADOC. January 1990, "on behalf all adult will incarcerated State Corrections," App. 22, "depriving [respondents] rights counsel protected First, Sixth, Fourteenth Amendments," 34. Following 3-month bench trial, ruled favor respondents, "[p]risoners adequate, effective meaningful," 834 Supp. 1553, 1566 (Ariz. 1992), citing supra, 822, "[ADOC's] system fails comply standards," Supp., 1569. identified variety system, matters ranging training staff, updating materials, availability photocopying services. addition these general findings, two groups particularly affected system's inadequacies: "[l]ockdown prisoners" (inmates segregated disciplinary security reasons), "are routinely denied physical library" "experience severe interference courts," 1556; non-English-speaking inmates, receive assistance, 1558. 3 Having thus liability, appointed master "to investigate report about" appropriate relief-that (in view), "how best accomplish goal constitutionally courts." Pet. Cert. 87a. eight months investigation, some degree consultation parties, lodged proposed permanent proceeded adopt, substantially unchanged. 25-page injunctive order, see 61a-85a, mandated sweeping designed ensure "provide Courts present future prisoners," 61a. specified minute detail times kept open, number hours use each entitled (10 per week), educational requirements librarians (a science degree, paralegal degree), content videotaped legal-research course (to prepared funded ADOC) similar matters. 61a, 67a, 71a. addressed concern ordering "ADOC housing areas custody levels shall regular comparable visits library," except "may postponed individual basis because prisoner's documented without creating threat safety security, condition if determined medical personnel prevent use." With declared "direct assistance" lawyers, paralegals "a sufficient least minimally Legal Assistants"; enjoined "[p]articular steps taken locate train bilingual Assistants." 69a-70a. 4 Petitioners sought review Circuit, refused grant stay prior argument. We then stayed pending disposition petition writ certiorari. 511 ___ (1994). Several later, and, minor exceptions important here, terms injunction. 1261 granted certiorari, 514 (1995). II. 5 question review, namely whether "exceeds set forth Bounds," Brief (i), raise several distinct challenges, including renewed attacks violations illiterate, prisoners, breadth But most contention hence granting system-wide argument related components. claim inadequacies prison's him "actual injury"-that is, contemplated existing litigation, meet deadline claim." 30.1 Second, find enough warrant agree A. 6 standing, principle prevents undertaking tasks assigned political branches. See Allen Wright, 468 737, 750-752 (1984); Valley Forge Christian College Americans Separation Church State, Inc., 454 464, 471-476 (1982). role relief claimants, actions, suffered, imminently suffer, harm; branches, shape institutions government fashion laws Constitution. context case: past imminent official inmates' presentation claims courts; branches Federal Governments manage occur. Of roles briefly partially coincide when harm individuals, orders alteration institutional organization causes harm. distinction between obliterated if, invoke intervention merely status being governmental institution organized managed properly. If-to take another example life-a healthy deprivation needed treatment able care, Estelle Gamble, 429 97, 103 (1976), simply ground inadequate, essential judge executive disappeared: become function assure care prisons. 7 foregoing analysis pertinent respondents seem assume, issue-the threatened pertain-were assistance. established right, hospital. (already well-established) traced roots, prohibiting actively interfering attempts prepare documents, Johnson Avery, 393 483, 484, 489-490 (1969), them, Ex parte Hull, 312 546, 547-549 (1941), requiring state waive fees, Burns Ohio, 360 252, 258 (1959), transcript Griffin Illinois, 351 12, 19 (1956), indigent inmates. focused same entitlement North Carolina make available stressed "one acceptable method "our decision . foreclose alternative means achieve goal." 830. words, programs ends themselves, ensuring reasonably opportunity claimed 825. 8 Because relevant establishing sub-par theoretical sense. That precise analogue claiming infirmary. Insofar vindicated concerned, "meaningful touchstone," 823 (internal quotation marks omitted), therefore go step hindered He might show, example, complaint dismissed satisfy technical which, deficiencies facilities, could known. Or arguably actionable wished bring so stymied unable complaint. 9 itself actual-injury And apparent face almost opinions 35-year line access-to-courts relied, 821-825.2 assumption seems us implicit opinion's statement "we encourage local experimentation" methods assuring 832. One experiment, replace advice court-provided forms contained original complaints significant inmate-initiated recent years, Sandin Conner, 515 (1995), Hudson McMillian, 503 (1992)-forms asked facts attempt analysis. think what meant "experimenting" announcing it, whereupon suit immediately lie declare theoretically experiment close. envisioned, instead, new remain place until nonfrivolous3 frustrated impeded.4 10 statements went beyond recognized earlier grievance present, 547-548; 13-16; 489. appear suggest court. 14. elaborations upon our disclaim them. To demand conferral sophisticated capabilities mostly uneducated indeed largely provision counsel, believe Constitution requires. 11 Finally, observe satisfied just Nearly involved direct appeals convictions incarcerated, Douglas California, 372 353, 354 (1963); 253, 258; 13, 18; Cochran Kansas, 316 255, 256 (1942), habeas petitions, 489; Smith Bennett, 365 708, 709-710 (1961); 547-548. Wolff McDonnell, 418 539 (1974), extended universe slightly, "civil actions"-i.e., actions under 42 Section(s) 1983 vindicate "basic rights." 579. Significantly, felt compelled slight extension stressing demarcation civil petitions always clear," "[i]t futile Civil Rights Act 1871 less importance scheme Great Writ." Ibid. imposed far all-subject facility. rejecting State's collection there said: 12 "This feel need entire Code Annotated. Most code deals federal regulations never involve prisoner. 13 "It cost N. Digest Modern Practice surpass usefulness aids. They cover inmates."5 Supplemental O. T. 1976, 75-915, p. 18. 14 transform themselves into litigating engines capable everything shareholder derivative slip-and-fall Impairment capacity incidental (and perfectly constitutional) consequences conviction incarceration. B. 15 Here injury. describing "[a]s slow readers prejudice," "[o]ther actions." plural suggests sustained harms, instance. 1558, nn. 37 (lawsuit prejudice), 38 (inmate action). 16 "any lack experienced attributable unconstitutional policies," "has met obligations," 32, 22. appears non-English-speaking, nothing "physical excellent libraries, plus assistants clerks." 35. misreads said guarantees methodology rather capability-the capability bringing challenges sentences confinement When inmate, shows nature desired lost rejected, currently prevented, provided, demonstrates furnish "adequate law," 828 (emphasis added). course, determine how language problems challenging capability, turning pages library, touchstone. 17 rejected petitioners' injuries count, turn injuries, serve purpose described above-of preventing branches-if demonstrated administration, authorized administration. established. Missouri Jenkins, ___, (1995) (slip op., 16, 18) ("the violation") (citation internal omitted). 18 true suits. "That action, adds represent `must allege other, unidentified members belong purport represent.'" 20 quoting Warth Seldin, 422 490, 502 (1975). allegations case well sufficed plaintiffs, standing remediation, prisoners. point irrelevant now, however, pleading stage. "Since mere requirements, indispensable part plaintiff's case, element [of standing] supported way matter bears burden proof, i.e., manner successive stages litigation. At stage, factual resulting defendant's conduct suffice, motion dismiss presume embrace specific response summary motion, longer rest allegations, affidavit facts, purposes true. final (if controverted) adequately adduced trial." Lujan Defenders Wildlife, 504 555, 561 (1992) (citations After trial Bartholic; cause injury-the empowered remedy-was illiteracy, outset, eliminate If character exist, harmed lawsuit, object remediation.6 21 As remediation remains: Was relief? supporting proposition that, wishing (1) Florence facility, (2) Harris, while Perryville, "unable [a] actio[n]." 25a. patently conclusion imposition Dayton Bd. Ed. Brinkman, 433 406, 417 (1977) ("instead tailoring commensurate three violations, going scope"); 420 ("only impact remedy"); Califano Yamasaki, 442 682, 702 (1979) dictated extent established, geographical class"). sure, noted testimony indicated functional illiteracy," discussed, require (literate illiterate) generalized research, grievances courts-a much Apart prejudice, Harris's discern record evidence, wish shown systemwide, improper.7 III. 23 78 (1987), regulation impinging "is valid legitimate penological interests." Such deferential standard necessary, explained, 24 "if `prison administrators ., [are] difficult judgments concerning operations.' Subjecting day-to-day inflexible strict-scrutiny seriously hamper anticipate adopt innovative solutions intractable administration." Jones Prisoners' Labor Union, Inc. 119, 128 (1977). 25 concerns led "local 8, quite obvious read pari materia. 26 respects. prisoners' unjustified. Turner's force regard issue, since include dangerous violent system," presenting concerns. 5. fact experience delays receiving materials long days, 1557, 23, product interests, significance, where (which, here). 27 inordinately-indeed, wildly-intrusive. belabor point. appreciate ne ultra lamented "in name Constitution, becom[ing] enmeshed minutiae operations." Bell Wolfish, 441 520, 562 (1979). 28 developed through process give consideration views authorities. "[t]he strong considerations comity giving convicted defendant first correct own errors administration prisons." 492 (1973). For illustration this, look itself. There, after refrained "`dictat[ing] precisely should follow.'" 818. Rather, recognizing "determining `appropriate presents problem,'" "`charge[d] Correction task Constitutionally sound program' 818-819. responded proposal, approved changes, considering objections raised 819-820. praised procedure, observing "scrupulously respected limits [its] role," "not thrust[ing] administration" instead permitting "[p]rison [to] exercis[e] wide discretion within bounds requirements." 832-833. 29 exemplar done, model not. totally heed admonition Preiser. conferred master, professor Flushing, New York, plan. worse, severely remedies choose. Because, view, (an adopted recommendations master) "resolved successfully" issues instructed implement statewide, "with modifications parties Special Master due circumstances facility." 88a (footnote do. rebuttal, alone aside.8 30 reasons, reverse remand proceedings consistent 31 ordered. 32 djq concurring. 33 charges judges deciding controversies, running Yet, too frequently, district effect wholesale takeovers correctional run judicial decree. textbook example. Dissatisfied quality Arizona's institutions, statewide decree dictating excruciatingly lawsuits-right down permissible noise reading rooms. gross overreaching tolerated system. Principles federalism separation powers dictate exclusive administering resides officials. 34 maintain obligations duty expense, obligation loosely defined "right courts" enjoyed While rights, Constitution-and cited none-for finance endeavor. 35 join majority places sensible much-needed limitations seemingly limitless created clarifies courts' authority decrees. write separately clear my doubts about validity reiterate observation judiciary last half-century exercising "equitable" issuing structural decrees entirely out mandate. 36 "access proof prevented single submitting corpus. Instead, otherwise time "fundamental right" "assist [them] papers." explicit take, hold minimum, occasionally referenced freestanding "shoulder affirmative 824, "insure effective, meaningful." 822. Recognition broad novel principles rare expected explain length state-provided unnoticed dissents Chief Burger then-Justice Rehnquist. 833-834 (Burger, dissenting) ("The leaves unenlightened source `right perceives `foot bill' want act researchers brief writers"); 840 (Rehnquist, ("[T]he `fundamental announces today virtually whole cloth little reference supposed derived"). dissents' calls explanation consult assistant, unanswered. perhaps surprising: years decided admitted rationale" many relied "never explicitly stated," Clause advanced "by provides satisfactory reached." Ross Moffitt, 600, 608-609 (1974). 39 weakness punctuated inability, since, right. articulated "consequence" process, Murray Giarratano, 1, 11, (1989) (plurality opinion) (citing Procunier Martinez, 416 396, 419 (1974)), "aspect" equal protection, "equal protection guarantee," Pennsylvania Finley, 481 551, 557 (1987). instance, engaged rigorous asserted endeavor address presented case-whether i-we knowing Amendment governs inquiry. 40 saying ordinarily exactitude evaluating rights. "As matter, reluctant" extend "un-charted area[s]," "guideposts responsible decisionmaking scarce open-ended." Collins Harker Heights, 115, 125 (1992). bedrock restraint firmly text tradition recognize fundamental. Strict adherence approach fulfill full mandate Framers infusing fabric views. 41 lieu text, history, tradition, turned primarily precedent researching Our kind opinion, Prior lines dominated so-called jurisprudence. lines, rooted invalidated fees criminal procedures discriminate poverty. access, (e.g., free appeal right) strictly equality second restricted prohibited corpus lawsuits federally certain amount facilitate "abridge impair" vindication 549 (1941). Without pausing consider either reasoning behind, for, independent caselaw, loose selective precedents state-supported Despite purported reliance represented departure historical practice. 1. series beginning rules defendants pay transcripts heard. According decisions "struck measures insure inaccurate. Notwithstanding suggestion fee otherwise. Griffin,, Illinois rule charged secure appellate conviction. 13-14; (Frankfurter, judgment). 605-606. Though unconstitutional, effectiveness adequacy afforded generally. reaffirming century-old all." Griffin, added) McKane Durston, 153 684, 687-688 (1894)). Indeed, unanimous judgment) ("[I]t settled afford judgments"); (Burton, ("Illinois, admit, deny altogether denying law"); (Harlan concedes review").9 pronouncement criminals convictions, description "`adequate review,'" 822 (quoting 20), unsustainable. 44 rested different obliged chooses administered excludes indigents solely account mistaking motivated Griffin: 45 all. say discriminates [A]t Due Process Equal Protection Clauses protect [indigent persons] invidious discriminations. 46 ". justice man gets depends money has. Destitute buy transcripts." 18-19 47 Frankfurter, fifth vote majority, confirmed separate writing discrimination, denial rendered unconstitutional: "[W]hen deems wise susceptible exactions draw precludes securing ." (opinion contrary characterization stands modest "can poverty religion, race, color." opinion).10 48 left doubt decades later 353 (1963), defendants. Like se, denied, poverty, others. appeal" realized absent counsel. 823. What absence "[t]here lacking demanded rich man, enjoys benefit counse[l] forced shift himself." Douglas, 357-358. Just poverty," 355, evil motivating "discrimination indigent." Ibid.11 49 were, holdings protection. recharacterized recognition, prisoners-a access. divorcing reasoning, elevating dicta over principle, reach result. 50 unjustified transformation nondiscriminatory broader, untethered generally, reason me conclude wrongly decided. However, assuming properly actually stood, intervening development jurisprudence: theory underlying progeny abandoned Bounds. facially neutral administrative disparate poor; indication challenged deliberately discriminating See, 361 (Harlan, (criticizing invalidating "of applicability" affect poor harshly rich"). Clause. doctrinal undermined-and decided-confirms invalidity 51 cast violates San Antonio Independent School Dist. Texas' traditional financing public education "some poorer people expensive educations affluent people." 19. sort amounted declined invitation rationale cases. explained unless group discrimination "completely benefit, consequence, absolute enjoy benefit," added), strict scrutiny classification based wealth apply. Rodriguez children districts having relatively low assessable property values education," "they wealth," "Texas operate peculiar disadvantage suspect class," 28. "wealth [does not] provid[e] invoking scrutiny," "at involved, advantages," 24. Kadrmas Dickinson Public Schools, 487 450, 458 (1988); McRae, 448 297, 322-323 (1980); Maher Roe, 432 470-471 (1977).12 52 Washington Davis, 229, 239 Term flatly idea law, serving power pursue, invalid greater proportion race another." 242. discriminatory purpose, violate "solely disproportionate impact." original). 240 (acknowledging basic racially purpose"). bottom, Davis recognition laws, results." Personnel Administrator Mass. Feeney, 256, 273 (1979).13 53 small potentially radical implications Griffin/ rationale. Harlan "[e]very financial exaction imposes uniform easily well-to-do (dissenting opinion). Under theory, argued, regulatory considered valid, sales taxes, university tuition, penalties, struck down. 361-362.14 Echoing Harlan, "[a] statute nevertheless invalid, compelling justification, practice benefits burdens reaching serious questions about, invalidate, range tax, welfare, service, regulatory, licensing statutes burdensome average black white." 248. 248, 54 Given unsettling ramifications surprising eventually reached Douglas. 600 discretionary seeking `does advantages,'" 612 24), "does [not] `equalize economic conditions,'" judgment)). again postconviction proceedings. Finley controlling (1989), sentenced death, like defendants, state-appointed collateral MacCollom, 317 (1976) (federal petitioner raising frivolous Constitution). 55 sum, misplaced stand them: se. undermined preceding intended rely propositions discredited. obsolete theories repeated declining confirm conclusion. 2. 56 state-financed imposing arbitrary obstacles asserting impose improve chances success. 57 Hull "recogniz[e]" "constitutional 821-822. submit administrator "`properly drawn'" 548-549 regulation). regulation, doing resemblance generated 58 consists straightforward, limited, principle: 59 "[T]he officers abridge impair petitioner's apply Whether drawn contain determine." 549. 60 access" States; stated court.15 extraordinarily weak starting fund 61 Two subsequent worked moderate expansion Hull. first, 483 Tennessee advising assisting petitions. striking twice quoted Hull's holding 486-487, 488. contrast respective scheme." 485. Still, "den[y] obstruc[t]" petition. complaints. Avery premised, founded assures person Again, framed exclusively negative. ibid. (opportunity "denied"). pursuant [was] therein Congress grant, ha[d] accorded reasoned way." 839-840 Hull). 62 Johnson, grounds enough. "[e]ssentially standards applied" wrong, equation allowed preserve "affirmative obligations" linking obligations. forged text: form lawsuits. By detaching Griffin's based, though appointment wishes lawsuit. 841 (observing logical destination reasoning" "lawyers expense State"). ante, __. not, overruled undoubtedly repudiated rejection Ross, 612; 555; 3-4 63 end, affords termed arbitrarily lodging efforts, expend resources policy States. 64 history broader. thin, explored state-sponsored very recently, "nearly nonexistent." Flores, Werner's Manual Prison Law Libraries (2d ed. 1990). collections libraries) commonly reflected goals advance, religious, educational, rehabilitative. begun acquire early century, books generally included 1950's. W. Coyle, Prisons 54-55 exclusion recommendation American Association, advised nationwide omit collections. Objectives Standards Adult Reformatories, Library Correctional Institutions 101, 106-107 (1950). rise phenomenon, 54-55; Vogel, Down Count: A Handbook 87-89 Ihrig, Providing Access, Inside: Practical Guide Librarians 195 (R. Rubin & D. Suvak eds. 1995) (establishment service "inmate victories decades"). "disruption operation." 87. 65 traditionally vintage. traditional, view Hatfield Bailleaux, 290 2d 632 (CA9), cert. 368 862 (1961): 66 "State search loopholes sentence held, perform lawyer perform. All presumed confined sentences. believes meritorious attacking his, given so. spend utilize effort overturning presumptively judgment. 67 "Inmates mean non-lawyer education. decide determining himself competency adequately. existing. alter conform decision." 2d, 640-641. 68 Consistent lower understood courts: 69 "[A]ccess prepare, whatever pleadings documents commence prosecute affecting one's personal liberty, assert sustain defense therein, send communications judges, lawyers matters." 637. 70 Oaks Wainwright, 241, 242 (CA5 1970) (affirming "that ever commence, delayed obtaining determination proceeding"). interference, consistently time, correspondence privileges, desire trying making them." Lee Tahash, 352 970, 973 (CA8 1965). "If gaining reasonable matters, practices interfere access," inquiry end. Hatfield, 640. facilitated impairing "immaterial." 71 Quite simply, precedent, 72 Even compared accustomed, truly remarkable vividly danger continuing unbridled equitable sanctioned. yet attempting "direc[t] manag[e] reconstruction bureaucracies, inherent [his] authority." 14) (Thomas, concurring). continue curtail 73 stringent respect, Article authorize control core prisons, schools, hospitals, assume uniquely qualified make. ___-___ 19-22). Broad strip long-term flexibility short notice circumstances. 10). level, override "State's budgets forc[e] reallocate funds [district court's] plan citizens, programs, court." 19) ill-equipped types judgments, imagined displace legislatures charting policy. 74 sometimes closed eyes overreaching, school desegregation, id, 12-13), vigilant opposing imagine activity stronger interest, intricately bound up regulations, procedures, 491-492 area, faithful limit Judiciary's exercise instances. 75 396 governing principles: 76 "Traditionally, hands-off attitude toward penal institutions. More fundamentally, springs complementary perceptions efficacy intervention. maintaining discipline, unauthorized escape, rehabilitating, human allow, placed custody. Herculean discharge duties explication. Suffice America complex intractable, point, readily resolution expertise, comprehensive planning, commitment resources, peculiarly province legislative government. ill equipped deal increasingly urgent reform. Judicial reflects sense realism. authorities." 404-405 (footnotes omitted).16 77 expertise Absent "extraordinary circumstances," 137 concurring), refrain meddling affairs. job An overbroad already daunting impossible.17 realize "no others society, natural tendency often better workable examination." occupy unique role, allow substitute nonjudicial accountable decisions. temptation great, succumb. license social administrators, discretion, advance. 79 federalism, powers, governed area. arrogation power, micromanage aspect "court program" operating subjecting ongoing supervision. inappropriate remedied minimal, all, makes alarming. 80 instance 37-38 1992). "violations" Many trivial, missing pocket volumes few 1562. facility greatly needs,18 lacked Pacific Second Reporters. clearly pass muster "brows[ing] shelves," 1555, "lockdown" disobedient population, 1556, allowance phone "legitimate pressing issues," 1564. 81 "violations," sweeping, indiscriminate, microscopically detailed stone unturned. covers ratio typewriters dictates operation use, staffing, cost. minimum two-hour visit trip, allows prisoner, room use. tells respond requests materials. science, studies. remove written removal. rooms "take steps, acoustical problems." 68a. 82 creates "legal program," selection retention assistants. 69a. 30-40 hour video-taped covering torts, immigration, family law. Prisoner additional live instruction. Prisoners 20-minute week attorney organization, call; expressly install extra phones accommodate increased supplies covered "ko-rec-type" errors. retains supervisory followed. 83 usurped administrator's responsibility: discipline. 546 ("maintaining preserving discipline" central administration). Apparently undeterred admonitions handled ibid., decreed library." 61a "documen[t]" "inability security" reported Master. restraint, handcuffs shackles," apparently powerless known injure guards "researching" bite" conflicts Hewitt Helms, 459 460, 474 (1983), common misunderstood neither firm nor aid bureau. inherently safety, discipline be, been, administrators. 84 suffers flaws characteristic overly First retained jurisdiction implementation modification decree, terminating involvement remedy." 23) continually change game unspecified future, feels done "inject[ed] management policies-a lies outside competence." "failed target specifically cure victims" conduct. __ 24). reaffirmed Jenkins [equitable] violation." 16) (majority handful deficient, subjected regardless level. again, untrained research. 85 stark finds violated Systemwide broader discrete violation. 86 whom Breyer join, 87 certain, points: involves whose justified 15-16, "process authorities," 18, reflect 17. concur portions reservations points unnecessary lead separately. 88 accepted broadside class-wide relief, parties' discussions briefs, during oral argument, ultimate liability "[a]lthough showing threshold controversy prove existence causation entitle relief." 33, 23.19 89 certainly ourselves issue jurisdiction, merits, Mount Healthy City Doyle, 274, 278 class-action suffices dispute principal dispose referring evidentiary record. do, treating bearing convinces debate elements conclusions it. especially "benefit briefing informed appreciation potential ruling." 1-2) (Souter, dissenting). Addressing breakdown orderly adjudication conceptual Appeals, divides presumably 90 said, am convinced fallen error addressing non-English speakers lockdown. demise expressed merits express it), equally losing "A end award plaintiff[s] lac[k] standing." Miller, E. Cooper, Procedure 3531.6, 478 1984) (Wright Miller). 91 application insofar touch reviewing aimed representative concedes, sue play specifically, propriety awarding system) demonstration unnamed plaintiffs. 92 "[Unnamed plaintiffs] [in relief], focuses meets meeting prerequisites Rule H. Newberg Conte, Class Actions, 2.07, pp. 2-40 2-41 (3d 93 7B Wright 1785.1, 141 ("As standing; assessment typicality representation"). protesting durational residence becomes moot litigation satisfied; proceed class, [can continue] `fairly interests class.'" Sosna Iowa, 393, 403 (1975) Fed. Civ. Proc. 23(a)). 94 says applying concludes (as do) here. Ante, 7, accept assurance. clear, footnote, mine) prison, Member agrees. explains (at part) reversal. Since intend saying, (requiring injured claimants). route complicating (Indeed, practically however cases.) 95 members, rules, denials pervaded Leaving aside dealt reconsidering certification, 160 (1982); 1785, 128-136, 96 hours, supervision request forms, staff stacks, inventory. Had shambles throughout intrusion reasonable. acknowledgement "[g]enerally, complete libraries." 1568 browse shelves, parts, degrees, stocked satisfying abuse aggregate discrete, small-bore treat prevailed justifying library. 97 Other unsupported finding. encountered let interfered Yet across board "structural reversed. 98 ample participate fashioning holds delay unlikely significance interest alternative, improved paging respondents. 39. 99 question, spoken adjudicated adversary historically viewed resolution." Flast Cohen, 392 83, 101 (1968). ask injury" resolved, rarified atmosphere debating concrete conducive realistic action." 472 100 disagree access), suing something abstract mechanism. Nevertheless, seeks endorse imposes. On examine 3. "nonfrivolous," states arguable fact. I, contrast, gripe confinement, conviction, problem seek redress, Part III-B, infra (even fail sooner process). 102 standard. grievance, merit, gives adversarial adjudication, sure winners likely possible winners. 825, (describing limiting claims); omitted)). insistence "nonfrivolous claim" "concrete grievance" lot nothing. blessed up, says, answer seen otherwise,20 reserve day us. 104 involving substantial, court) normally not,21 conviction22 (or advice, "access" chosen State) indicate claim; file, be. 105 would, curb served choice. If, services, choose complaint-form mentioned today. 8. remedy, interests. level surely serves undue intrusions obviates framework channel toughen additional, unnecessary, danger. 106 relying safeguards forces engage extensive believe, needless enquiries merit initial certified classes vulnerable constant risk unmanageable. What, least, overlooks lending avoids multiplicity suits undermine efficiency exhaust much-sued 107 are, finally, choosing period disposition. 9-10. purposes, developments reasoning. claims, then, "substantial risk" proceeding McFarland Scott, 512 (1994) (discussing developments). Nor discouragement practical justifiability pro se trial. alone, appeal, prevailed. Farmer Brennan, (1994); Helling McKinney, 509 (1993); 108 necessarily 10-11. abandon opportunities categories significant. forfeit marry, 95; speech, Thornburgh Abbott, 490 401, 407 (1989); O'Lone Estate Shabazz, 342 Lassiter Social Servs. Durham City, 452 (1981) (parental rights); Boddie Connecticut, 401 371 (1971) (divorce); cf. Wong Yang Sung McGrath, 339 49-50 (1950) (deportation). whether, spheres foreclosed, IV. 109 dissent II, 110 dissenting. 111 prohibits life, liberty 19th-century characterized "slave State," Ruffin Commonwealth, Va. 790, 796 (1871), repeatedly felon's loss total. (1987); Cruz Beto, 405 319, 321 (1972). "Prison walls separat[e] protections Constitution," Turner, 84, retain liberties communities return. 112 Within residuum freedoms Constitution: freedom worship according conscience, 342, 348 Cruz, 321, communicate world, 411-412 redress 485 (1969). regulated constrained custodians, passively. aspects survive controlled environment. 113 "well-established" 6, affirmatively protect. Where charge. 19-20 (1956) inmates); 257-258 (1959) prisoners). protects inmate's complaints, (1941) deem meritless, meritless), fellow preparing, adequacy," 539, 580 (1974).23 decades, out, "experiment" 7-as 114 previously nine Gluth Kangas, 773 1309 1988), aff'd, 951 1504 (CA9 1991). 1990 31-33, result, 32. agreed, failed, segregation, "lockdown," speaking drafting entered excessively so, infra, 6) violations. 115 understand argued way. questioned allowing unaware objection plaintiffs' conceded Appeals.24 unnecessarily instances, incorrectly. 116 although jurisdictional inquire 11,25 concerns.26 spends disagreeing. 117 delve strict. examples alleges sue.27 illustrates well. reviewed constitutionality impeded intercept mail refer investigator parole submission Meritless delivered. Petitioner succeeded smuggling father, smuggled insufficient simple corpus." 118 glance, Perhaps somewhat instance; using meritless Nonetheless, courts-whether nearly bars resources-frustrate identify, articulate, flowing control, barriers injury-in-fact. 119 My disagreement complete: persuaded-as essentially conceded-that findings. agree, meander expanding there,28 disjunct regarding remand, resolve reaches address. 120 aware discussion decision. Reflecting railroaded accepting lock, stock, barrel, page aside." flawed court-supervised negotiation precede "alone" emphatically disagree, blame objectionable Much breadth, propose, squarely lap State. 121 fair evaluation followed begin Gluth, Judge guilty callous unwillingness issues" pursued "diversion[ary] tactics" "forced [the court] extraordinary measures." 1312, 1314. propose tactics played appoint Gluth. population. 122 lasted days months, policies approval likelihood voluntary schemes, constructive stage unreasonably appointing directing template derived 89a, proposals waiving told settlement offers, "such guidance settlement." 95a. 123 invitations four half-hearted sets six 218-221, 225-228, 231-238, 239-240. half narrow objections, number, noting participation "important" "very helpful." Proposed Order (Permanent Injunction) CIV 90-0054 (D. Ariz.), iii. released offered round objections. 243-250. considered, be; mounted process. 251-253. 124 faced "inordinately-indeed, wildly-intrusive" scheme, willingness zealously belated; solicitous pressed below. Cf., McCleskey Zant, 499 467, 488-489 (1991); compare 20, (State boilerplate reservation objections), Gray Netherland, (1996) 9-10) `substance' court"). representing sparse Appeals. consent 1271 1994) (prisoners required); Tr. Oral Arg. (provisions unnecessary). negotiation. sides suggested willing settle deferred settlement. "However, begun, State] mediate." 3d, 1265, Notably, comment 126 reveals initiated discussions, ambitious reflecting master. took none steps. piecemeal belated 127 implies unfair browbeaten suggests, "entitled rebuttal." strongly approves disapproves contents entirety tried, starting-point competent expedient excesses rewards uncooperative posture assumed 8-11; 1312-1316. proven tactics, prevail forum inhibited undermines Nation. heard, smorgasbord consumes Accordingly, appropriate, 25-26. briefs leads otherwise, event, discuss, relates waiver. Hays, 5); FW/PBS, Dallas, 493 215, 230-231 (1990). Souter recognizes post, 2, reconcile "reach address" Stevens establishes complain impossible, discussed unaddressed defects precedential effect. Election Comm'n NRA Political Victory Fund, 513 __, __); More, Cranch 159, 172 (1805) (Marshall, J.) (statement argument). frivolous. rejectedit procedurally defaulted by, inter alia, petition, 551. frivolous, business brisk indeed. Stevens' assertion 5, misleading. Attorney General Michigan appeared length, 549-551. such, treated "as corpus," 550; analyzing "insufficient compel warden answer," 551 remotely equivalent claims-the confer assumes "`will resolution,'" seemed good Flast, assurance "serious treatment" value Richardson, 166, 176-180 (1974); Schlesinger Reservists Comm. Stop War, 208, 220-223 separation-of-powers component, keeps vis-a-vis adverseness comes from. Not everyone "concrete" "adverse" call someone injured. Depriving (though established) inflicts deprives value-arguable settled, bought sold. hand, punishment sanctions. "involving court"-that "`a direct, continuous materials,'" "total "`[a]n 9-10, rests expansive understanding repudiated. Unless describes injury-in-fact, 751 (1984). Denial possibly lost, Souter's exception real-world event. situation extreme constitute "an materials," extremity probably easier proving extremity. stock with, Digest, Corpus Juris Secundum Annotated, "relevant tort immigration issues." 1561-1562 1992); 69a, concludes, gross, Harris' "sufficient [standing] concerns," 4-5. dispensed gross. deficiency automatically deficiencies, citizen aggrieved structure review. "[n]or injurious possess virtue stake kind, similar, subject." Blum Yaretsky, 457 991, 999 produce (Bartholic Harris) "dispose[s] prisoners." Post, Contrary suggestion, 4, improper." certification class. proves point: "`all residents skilled nursing health York recipients Medicaid benefits'" transfers higher discharges levels; disturb definition. 997, 999-1002. inappropriateness conclusion, differs ours. "[h]ad 6. qualifies supra. assertion, actions. exists, occurred However (active "jailhouse-lawyers," etc.) suffice remediate [injunctive] order," reasons: cooperation five judge, 1988). "giv[e] prisons," (1973), decides insufficiently cooperative different, obstructive ought concluded learned lesson. contends vigorously oppose objected methodology. demands think, unattainable courage foolishness insisting punished recalcitrance methodology, antagonize "zealously" recently abandoned. sufficed, "Defendants' suggestions deemed waiver Defendants' rulings setting 221, 225, 231, 239, 243. observed "[s]ucceeding defendants." 684 611. Brennan came "Griffin principle," 317, 331 opinion), string applied "adequate, meaningful" premised substantive concerned wealth. 709 (1961) ("[T]o interpose laws"); Gardner 367, 370-371 (1969) ("[I]n California's impermissible Griffin"). plurality 17-18, passing "fair procedure" 357. unexplained references analyses, independently salvage difference analyses have, unpersuasive. Evitts Lucey, 469 387, 402-405 (1985); Bearden Georgia, 461 660, 665-667 (1983). votes Clause; primarily, exclusively, grounds, Bennett 714 "obvious emphasis" dissenting), notwithstanding Harlan's supposition contrary, 360-361. implicated reaffirmation abolish acts unfairly," "[u]nfairness results singled "more profitably analysis." deprive absolutely attention Clarence Earl Gideon, celebrated litigant books. Answer Respondent's Response Gideon 1962, 155, [sic] versed copy so"). secured certiorari citations petitions). anyone else attorney, bono paid, family, friends, groups. Inmates advantage liberal litigants fee-shifting promise contingency incentive 229 validated position (1963). persuasively disproportionately "do fortunate reason: `an lift handicaps differences circumstances.' construe philosophy leveling foreign concepts relations society. moral evils afford." 362 35-36 dissenting); avail laws"). concurred Frankfurter emphasized classifications reason," 21, equalize conditions," 23. "contingencies life duty, cushion." required, "protect subsidized moneys needlessly spent." 330 (Blackmun, (the "require furnished tool, speculative value, devoid unlimited waste quest kind"). notions citation nonhabeas binding supports 549, Nat. Bank Guthrie Center Anderson, 269 341, 346 (1926) determinations "grounded States" "general, enforcement Erie R. Co. Purdy, 185 148, 152 (1902) ("`[T]he privilege, distinctly pleaded error, highest State'") omitted); Carter Texas, 177 442, 447 (1900) (same). Martinez 413-414 (1989). respects `ill equipped' delicate management" "considerable deference." 407-408. 84-85 (1987) (relying "`courts reform'") "reasonably interests," "impinges keep "would [prison officials'] distort possibility somewhere restrictive solving hand. inevitably arbiters constitutes solution problem, `unnecessarily perpetuat[ing] affairs administration.'" 407). compliance "Muecke list," 1561, containing, following volumes: Annotated; Reporter, Second; Supplement; Shepard's Citations; Local Rules Court; Digests; (Second); Reports; Evidence (Udall); ADC Policy Manual; Institutional Management Procedures; (Wright); Secundum; Digest. 1561-1562. received shrift; 30-33; Reply 11-13; 25-30, portion concentrated 12-13; 25-27. Lane, 977 266, 268-269 (CA7 1992) (waiving "where continuous, `minor indirect,' materials" necessity prejudice"); Strickler Waters, 989 1375, 1385, (CA4 1993) situations, total library), 510 949 Sowell Vose, 941 (CA1 1991) "[a]n (emphases original)). Dispensing equity dealing (holding suffer "`[o]ne await consummation preventive relief'" West Virginia, 262 553, 593 (1923)); 25, (1993) "even occur [harm] [at risk]" Hutto Finney, 437 678 (1978)). denies implausible opening Young, 718 620, 622 1983) ("It are"); Magee 810 451, 1987) (suggesting "specific wishe[s] research"); Vandelft Moses, 794, 798 (dismissing "simply relative petition" original)), 516 (1995); Casteel Pieschek, 1050, 1056 (it "identif[ies] allegedly constituting deprivation"); Chandler Baird, 926 1057, 1063 (CA11 ("there allegation deposition contemplating deprivation] confinement"); Martin Tyson, 845 1451, 1456 (CA7) pursue"), 488 863 (1988). accompanying infra. California Motor Transport Trucking Unlimited, 404 508, (1972) 485; 549"); Bill Johnson's Restaurants, NLRB, 731, 741 (1983) Government grievances"); 743. embedded Constitution's interpretations behavior, us-prisoners citizens alike-would deprived first-and only-"line defense" (1977); 579 (1974) (recognition diluted `totally functionally illiterate,' articulate courts"); Bivens Six Unknown Narcotics Agents, 388 (allowing Fourth Opening Appellant 93-17169 29-30; Defendant/Appellants claims: indigency successful below), reply brief, photocopying. likelihood, relating Now concern, facilities. certification. 2.01, 2-3 (3rd 3-5 late is-although me, positioned differently English lose on-line computer databases, "standing" explication creation "standing," enters 10. newly conjured purely dicta. argues "discover" "litigate effectively" 9-10 emphasis tailor discovered respectful note unexpected windfall, farther 13-16. agreeing nonetheless unrequested oversteps Whenever step, venture onto ground.

Category: 3