Document: 477 U.S. 399 106 S.Ct. 2595 91 L.Ed.2d 335 Alvin Bernard FORD, etc., Petitionerv.Louie L. WAINWRIGHT, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections. No. 85-5542. Argued April 22, 1986. Decided June 26, Syllabus In 1974, petitioner was convicted murder in a state court and sentenced to death. There is no suggestion that he incompetent at the time offense, trial, or sentencing. But subsequently began manifest changes behavior, indicating mental disorder. This led extensive separate examinations by two psychiatrists his counsel's request, one whom concluded not competent suffer execution. Counsel then invoked statute governing determination condemned prisoner's competency. Following statutory procedures, Governor appointed three psychiatrists, who together interviewed for 30 minutes presence eight other people, including petitioner's counsel, State's attorneys, correctional officials. The Governor's order directed attorneys should participate examination any adversarial manner. Each psychiatrist filed report with Governor, delegates final decision. reports reached conflicting diagnoses but were accord on question Petitioner's counsel attempted submit written materials, had previously examined petitioner, office refused inform whether submission would be considered. signed death warrant without explanation statement. After unsuccessfully seeking hearing determine anew competency, habeas corpus proceeding Federal District Court, an evidentiary hearing, denied petition Court Appeals affirmed. Held: judgment reversed, case remanded. 752 F.2d 526, reversed 1 Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion respect Parts I II, concluding Eighth Amendment prohibits State from inflicting penalty upon prisoner insane. reasons common law condoning execution insane—that such has questionable retributive value, presents example others thus deterrence simply offends humanity—have less logical, moral, practical force present. Whether aim protect fear pain comfort understanding, dignity society itself barbarity exacting mindless vengeance, restriction finds enforcement Amendment. Pp. 405-410. 2 MARSHALL, joined BRENNAN, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, III, IV, V, Florida's procedures determining sanity provide inadequate assurance accuracy satisfy requirement Townsend v. Sain, 372 293, 83 745, 9 770, that, having been factfinding procedure "adequate afford full fair hearing" critical issue as required 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2), entitled de novo competence executed. 410-418. 3 (a) No issued which presumption correctness under 2254(d) could attach, indeed played role rejection claim insanity. P. 410. 4 (b) first defect failure include truth-seeking process. Any precludes presenting material relevant bars consideration factfinder necessarily inadequate. A related flaw denial opportunity challenge impeach state-appointed psychiatrists' opinions, creating significant possibility ultimate decision made reliance those experts will distorted. And perhaps most striking placement wholly within Executive Branch. appoints ultimately decides able carry out sentence whose subordinates have responsible initiating every stage prosecution, cannot said neutrality necessary reliability proceedings. 413-416. 5 POWELL test insane purposes aware impending reason it. He further falls this definition, because adjudicated fairly meaning due process 2254(d), remand Court. Finally, States providing impartial officer board can receive evidence argument expert psychiatric evidence. Beyond these requirements, retain substantial discretion create appropriate procedures. 419-427. 6 J., announced POWELL, JJ., joined, joined. concurring part judgment, post, 418. O'CONNOR, result dissenting part, WHITE, 427 REHNQUIST, opinion, BURGER, C.J., 431. 7 Richard H. Burr, West Palm Beach, Fla., petitioner. 8 Joy B. Shearer, respondent. II STEVENS join. 10 For centuries jurisdiction countenanced insane, yet never decided Constitution forbids practice. Today we keep faith our common-law heritage holding it does. 11 * Ford 1974 early 1982, however, gradual behavior. They occasional peculiar idea confused perception, became more serious over time. reading newspaper Ku Klux Klan held rally nearby Jacksonville, Florida, developed obsession focused Klan. His letters various people reveal endless brooding about "Klan work," increasingly pervasive delusion become target complex conspiracy, involving assorted others, designed him commit suicide. believed prison guards, killing putting bodies concrete enclosures used beds. Later, believe women relatives being tortured sexually abused somewhere prison. notion into tormenting taken members Ford's family hostage. hostage took firm hold expanded, until reporting 135 friends prison, only help them. By "day 287" "hostage crisis," list hostages expanded "senators, Senator Kennedy, many leaders." App. 53. letter Attorney General 1983, appeared assume authority ending "crisis," claiming fired number refer himself "Pope John Paul, III," reported nine new justices Supreme Id., 59. 12 asked earlier, Dr. Jamal Amin, continue seeing recommend treatment. On basis roughly 14 months evaluation, taped conversations between Ford, interviews acquaintances, medical records, Amin 1983 suffered "a severe, uncontrollable, disease closely resembles 'Paranoid Schizophrenia With Suicide Potential' "—a "major disorder . severe enough substantially affect Mr. present ability assist defense life." 91. 13 see again, believing conspiracy against him, sought assistance Harold Kaufman, November 1983. told Kaufman "I know there some sort penalty, I'm free go whenever want illegal executioner executed." 65. When if executed, replied: can't executed landmark case. won. prevent executions all over." 66. These statements amidst long streams seemingly unrelated thoughts rapid succession. understanding why connection homicide sincerely owned prisons control through mind waves. 67. found "no reasonable dissembling, malingering otherwise performance. ." following month, interview regressed nearly complete incomprehensibility, speaking code characterized intermittent use word "one," making "Hands one, face one. Mafia God father Pope Leader one." 72. competency inmate, Fla.Stat. 922.07 (1985). set forth statute, panel evaluate whether, 922.07(2), "the capacity understand nature imposed him." At single meeting, approximately minutes. doctor two- three-page One "psychosis paranoia" "enough cognitive functioning effects 103. Another although "psychotic," did "know fully what happen 105-106. third "severe adaptational disorder," "comprehend total situation death, implications penalty." 99-100. disorder, "although seem[ed] contrived recently learned." 100. Thus, produced different diagnoses, defined law. 15 30, 1984, when, statement, State, 451 So.2d 471, 475 (Fla.1984). United Southern sanity, proffering findings Governor-appointed commission subsequent challenges their methods psychiatrists. hearing. granted certificate probable cause stayed execution, Strickland, 734 538 (CA11 1984), rejected effort vacate stay Wainwright 467 1220, 104 3498, 82 911 (1984). addressed merits divided affirmed Court's writ. 526 1985). certiorari resolve important and, so, claim. 474 1019, 566, 88 552 16 Since last occasion consider infliction interpretations Due Process Clause evolved substantially. Solesbee Balkcom, 339 9, 70 457, 94 L.Ed. 604 (1950), claimed right judicial possible existence Amendment, applied States. sole Georgia's ascertaining adequately effectuated own policy sparing See also Caritativo California, 357 549, 78 1263, 1531 (1958); ex rel. Smith Baldi, 344 561, 73 391, 97 549 (1953); Phyle Duffy, 334 431 (1948); Nobles Georgia, 168 398, 18 87, 42 515 (1897). Now recognized significantly both procedural substantive aspects executing takes complexion. adequacy chosen therefore, depend addressed: places power take life prisoner. 17 now little room doubt Amendment's ban cruel unusual punishment embraces, minimum, modes acts considered Bill Rights adopted. Solem Helm, 463 277, 285-286, 103 3001, 3007, 77 637 (1983); id., 312-313, S.Ct., 3021-3022 (BURGER, dissenting); Furman 408 238, 264, 92 2726, 2739, 33 346 (1972) (BRENNAN, concurring); McGautha 402 183, 226, 1454, 1477, 711 (1971) (Black, concurring). "Although Framers may intended beyond scope its English counterpart, language convincing proof they least same protection. supra, U.S., 286, 3007. Moreover, proscriptions are limited practices 1789. Gregg 428 153, 171, 96 2909, 2924, 49 859 (1976) (opinion Stewart, JJ.). Not bound humanitarian concessions forebears, recognizes "evolving standards decency mark progress maturing society." Trop Dulles, 356 86, 101, 590, 598, 630 (1958) (plurality opinion). addition considering barbarous generally outlawed 18th century, account objective contemporary values before particular comports fundamental human protects. Coker 433 584, 597, 2861, 2868-2869, 53 982 (1977) A. 19 We begin, then, bar lost bears impressive historical credentials; practice consistently branded "savage inhuman." W. Blackstone, Commentaries 24-* 25 (hereinafter Blackstone). Blackstone explained: 20 "[I]diots lunatics chargeable acts, committed when incapacities: no, even treason itself. Also, man sound memory commits capital offence, arraignment it, becomes mad, ought arraigned it: plead advice caution ought. if, after pleaded, shall tried: how make defence? If, tried guilty, loses senses pronounced; nonsane memory, stayed: peradventure, says humanity law, might alleged something execution." Ibid. (footnotes omitted). 21 Sir Edward Coke earlier expressed view England: "[B]y intendment Law offender example, so mad miserable spectacle, Law, extream inhumanity cruelty, others." E. Coke, Institutes (6th ed. 1680) Coke). Other recorders concurred. M. Hale, Pleas Crown 35 (1736) Hale); Hawkins, (7th 1795) Hawkins); Hawles, Remarks Trial Charles Bateman, How.St.Tr. 474, (1685) Hawles). 22 As often true principles, O. Holmes, Common (1881), rule sure uniform than person humanity, 6; another, provides contributes nothing whatever value served punishment. commentators postulate religious underpinnings: uncharitable dispatch "into another world, fit it," Hawles 477. It serves purpose cases madness punishment: furiosus solo furore punitur. 395. More recent opine community's quest "retribution"—the need offset criminal act equivalent "moral quality"—is person, "lesser value" crime punished. Hazard & Louisell, Death, Insane: Stay Execution, UCLA L.Rev. 381, 387 (1962). Unanimity rationale, do find. "But is, plain so." virtually law.1 23 Further indications suggest solid proscription carried America, where observed judge bound" insanity J. Chitty, Practical Treatise Criminal 761; F. Wharton, 59 (8th 1880). B 24 ancestral legacy outlived Today, Union permits insane.2 clear ancient humane limitation execute sentences jurisprudence today ago England. put support voiced. today, before, seriously comprehension singled stripped life. Note, Execution Presently Incompetent, 32 Stan.L.Rev. 765, 777, n. 58 (1980). Similarly, natural abhorrence civilized societies feel come grips conscience deity still vivid today. intuition evidently shared across Nation. Faced widespread sovereign power, compelled conclude carrying III allegation petition, proved, us obligation sanity. answering question, bear while underlying social encompassed rooted traditions, manner system protects purely matter Once Constitution, way confined rudimentary deemed adequate ages past. 26 proceeding, federal unless state-court trier fact reliably facts." 757, 770 (1963). Townsend, general, factual issue, ., presumed correct," required. 2254(d). case, attach; indeed, quite simply, 2254 require grant question. 27 does stop there. rendered obliged among factors, employed hearing," 2254(d)(2); facts 2254(d)(3); applicant full, fair, proceeding." 2254(d)(6). If avoided, constitutional must ensure finding facts. largely function circumstances interests stake. proceedings generally, demanded aspire heightened standard reliability. See, e.g., Spaziano 468 447, 456, 3154, 3160, 340 especial concern consequence knowledge irremediable unfathomable penalties; different. Woodson North Carolina, 280, 305, 2978, 2991-2992, 944 29 Although enjoy presumptions accorded defendant sentenced, protection altogether; renders timing contingent establishment fact, determined high regard truth befits affecting being. ascertainment predicate lawful calls stringent aspect proceeding. Indeed, particularly acute guarding error inheres "in sciences best hazardous guess however conscientious." 23, 464 (Frankfurter, dissenting). That greater turn range equitable considerations. Cf. 304, 2991. light concerns, fare well. C directs informed appoint examine (1985 Supp.1986). "The place time." receiving commission, capacity, issued; not, health facility. conducted executive branch, parte, exclusive means Wainwright, So.2d, 475. 31 Petitioner received selected minutes, specifically consistent "publicly excluding advocacy insane." Goode 448 999, 1001 examining reaching agreeing length, form warrant. cursory review fails achieve minimal degree interest, short self-evident. IV deficiency lies Notwithstanding longstanding pronouncement "[t]he requisite heard," Grannis Ordean, 234 385, 394, 34 779, 783, 1363 (1914), permit submitted behalf facing leading accused, "have information individual fate determine." Jurek Texas, 262, 276, 2950, 2958, 929 forbidden limit defendant's mitigation sentence. Skipper South 476 1, 8, 1669, ----, 90 (1986); Lockett Ohio, 438 586, 604, 98 2954, 2964, 57 973 (1978) (joint odd abandon insistence unfettered presentation information, antecedent found. Rather, fairness taking life, "[T]he minimum life-and-death truly requires basic ingredient process, namely, allowed substantiate rejected." underscore derived factfinder's differing opinions resolving contested issues state. Ake Oklahoma, 470 68, 105 1087, 84 (1985), "psychiatrists disagree widely frequently constitutes illness [and] diagnosis attached given behavior symptoms," differences profession "on offered each party" trial. 81, 1095. holds conviction; representative—especially proffers based much evaluation commission—the benefit potentially probative information. likelihood erroneous 36 opinions. "[C]ross-examination greatest legal engine ever invented discovery truth." Wigmore, Evidence 1367 (J. Chadbourn rev. 1974). Cross-examination formal equivalent, contribute markedly disputes bringing bases expert's beliefs, precise factors history caprice examiner, personal bias punishment, certainty her conclusions, ambiguous words report. Without questioning concerning technical expected themselves inconsistent. Barefoot Estelle, 880, 899, 3383, 3397-3398, 1090 (1983). representative clarify experts' creates distorted.3 37 Perhaps Supp.1986), noted branch. Under procedure, prosecution arrest commander corps prosecutors 38 Historically, delay clemency (ex mandato regis ) arbitrio judicias ); rather, necessitate legis). N. Walker, Crime Insanity England 196 (1968). affords better logic placing trigger hands chief executive. circumstance vindication entrusted unreviewable administrative tribunal. V 39 Having identified failings scheme, preclude redetermination issue. here trial suffice interests; leave task developing ways enforce sentences.4 threshold showing nonmeritorious repetitive claims Pate Robinson, 383 375, 387, 86 836, 843, 815 (1966) (hearing stand "sufficient doubt" exists). legitimate pragmatic considerations supply boundaries safeguards feasibly provided. 40 Yet lodestar devise overriding dual imperative redress encouraging determination. stakes high, "evidence" always imprecise. adversary unrestricted possible. Also essential selecting using producing conducive formation neutral, sound, professional judgments comprehend penalty. Fidelity principles solemn society. 41 explicitly principle resided abhorrent exact penance prevents comprehending implications. trustworthiness Supp.1986) assurances requirements novo, 312, 756-757. remanded opinion. 43 ordered. 44 judgment. 45 join ably demonstrates, barred precisely unusual. (1983), explained "may protection." follows Constitution. 46 conclusion leaves determination: (i) context, (ii) follow avoid necessity courts address issues, second, my views differ MARSHALL's. therefore write separately. 47 category defendants bounds governed sources give rise definition: chiefly, modern States, indicative decency." 284-286, 3006-3007; 175-176, 2926, 48 recognizes, ante, 407-408, prohibition rested theories. Those theories answer comes defining awareness prerequisite hand, authorities contended justified preserving arguments behalf. ("if non sane spared; allege somewhat execution"); *388-*389. suggest, derives straightforward concerns. "example" living, man" spectacle cruelty" "can (---th 1794). added "against christian charity send great quick it." (1685). justifications slight merit Modern far convictions direct appeal ordinarily collateral review.1 Throughout access employment appointment stages raises claims. Nor merely assistance; effective appeal. Evitts Lucey, 469 830, 821 (1985); Strickland Washington, 466 668, 2052, 80 674 Kimmelman Morrison, 365, 392-393, 2574, 305 (1986) (POWELL, judgment). guarantees broader enjoyed unlikely undiscovered free. 50 addition, followed quickly incompetence linked Our decisions already recognize, provided for. Drope Missouri, 420 162, 95 896, (1975).2 51 general law—that cruel—retains vitality. lived men prepare, mentally spiritually, penalty's justifications, force, depends purpose. remains impose uniquely inconsistent generally. reasons, "d[o] imposed" Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 38, ¶ 1005-2-3(a) (1985) ("A unfit condition unable sentence"); Pastet, 169 Conn. 13, 28, 363 A.2d 41, (question "whether sentencing proceedings, i.e., punished punishment"), cert. denied, 423 937, 297, 270 (1975). rigorous standards,3 none 52 Such appropriately defines kind prohibition. perceives goal satisfied. approaching prepare passing. Accordingly, unaware plainly fits standard. According proffered examination, rather believes invalidated. 65-67. assessment correct, connect convicted. entitles 54 concedes prescribed just described. supports finding. ground petition. 55 agree reach independent reasons. First, deference jurisdiction." term "State court" certain amount flexibility,4 stretching extend Governor. essence "court" independence prosecutorial arm government correctly notes, prosecutors." Ante, 416. Unless read affording 56 Second, attach implicit 2254(d)(2). phrase apparently drawn 313, There, court's "fact-finding reasonably correct results," "appear[ed] truth," challenged corpus. 316, 758-759. context determinations prior afforded interest forestalling recovers deprived "fair hearing." hallmark protections Clause. Lassiter Social Services Durham County, 452 18, 24-25, 101 2153, 2158-2159, 68 640 (1981). comport Together not. O'CONNOR states, "[i]f 'fundamental requisite' 'opportunity heard.' " Post, 430 (quoting (1914)). opportunity. materials prisoner, excluding" consideration. appears solely performed invites arbitrariness preventing affected parties offering contrary explaining inadequacies examinations. "fair," While fairness, full-scale "sanity trial" find necessary. 413-416, flexible concept, requiring "such demands." Mathews Eldridge, 424 319, 334, 893, 902, (1976); Morrissey Brewer, 481, 2593, 2600, 484 (1972). 429 (O'CONNOR, part). instance, elaborate suggests. 60 arise validly crime. called raised place.5 important, comparable all. imposing trials proceedings—e.g., opinion); Turner Murray, 1683, (1986)—do apply context. 61 neutral background. contrary, judged sufficiently raise court. properly presume out,6 82-83, 1096, 62 type resemble Unlike basically subjective Addington 441 418, 429-430, 99 1804, 1811, 323 (1979); cf. 898-901, 3397-3399, unlike analysis discipline fraught "subtleties nuances." Addington, 430, 1811. combination ordinary live testimony, cross-examination, oral counsel—are arriving Parham J.R., 442 609, 2493, 2507-2508, (1979) ("Common experience scholarly supposed appropriateness commitment treatment emotional well illusory real"). 63 limits imposes area. constitutionally acceptable examination. leeway balances observed, satisfied, 64 Because viable 65 WHITE joins, part. 66 am agreement REHNQUIST's reasoning Because, me inescapable positive created protected liberty avoiding incompetent, area, directions returned agree, 67 Hewitt Helms, 459 460, 466, 864, 868, 74 675 "[l]iberty Fourteenth laws States." Meachum Fano, 215, 223-227, 2532, 2537-2540, (1976). independently during incompetency. (1950). provision "shall" "Department Corrections facility" "does 922.07(3) indicates "language unmistakable mandatory character," conduct injurious occur "absent specified predicates," expectation 471-472, 871-872. Vitek Jones, 445 480, 488-491, 100 1254, 1261-1263, (1980); Greenholtz Nebraska Penal Inmates, 10, 2100, 2105, 668 (entitlement "there [a] which, shown, mandate favorable individual"). easily met here. specifies seeks deprive interest. reaffirmed Term, categories substance distinct." Cleveland Board Education Loudermill, 532, 541, 1487, 1493, 494 regardless deems preconditions adverse official action, depriving property 1492. state-created entitlement unquestionably triggers demands Clause, "It axiomatic 'is [requires].' 12, 2106, quoting "particular situation" warrants anything like panoply trial-type course, very great. self-evident once established punish, reduced accordingly. 224, 2538. potential false deliberate obviously enormous. 405-406, 90, exacerbated unique feature suspending conclusively finally determined: Regardless adjudications moment sometime previous contrary. 399-400 difficulties, arises conviction sentencing, convince few 69 Even broad latitude deficient. "fundamental requisite" "opportunity heard." (1914). currently implemented, violates bedrock principle. Order, "[c]ounsel inmate [at hearing] manner." Exec. Order 83-137 (Dec. 1983). (Fla.1984) (describing insane"). respondent dispute steadfastly acknowledge invariably decisionmaker submissions. lacks "mental below instructions assess accords command view, presented arbitrary deprivation. satisfied adequate, second-guess 71 THE CHIEF JUSTICE dissenting. 72 lawfully almost entirely unremarkable observations. states "know[s] law." 408. notes "[t]oday, Armed facts, shielded "keep[ing] heritage," 401, proceeds cast aside settled precedent alter current manages feat carefully ignoring scheme unconstitutional, assigned responsibility deciding "common-law heritage" purports rely. weight "impressive credentials" 406-408. What mention, equally unchallenged passed condemned. 194-203 So outside keeping expense "our heritage." here, approve persons vested determining, aid experts, vel rejecting claim, stated: "Postponement close affinity reprieves general. reprieve usually sprung source pardon. Power country undoubtedly existed traditionally governors President, delegated agencies pardon parole boards. Seldom, ever, subjected courts." 11-12, 458. 75 Despite references decency," 406, today," 409, points change since States' approach Current statutes initiation inquiry and/or postsentencing custodian.* "faith decency" half-truth. scheme—which combines executive-branch evaluating insanity—that faithful traditional universal, sufficient sweeps away crafted laws. 76 makes alternative argument, prohibit Here, too, instructive: "Recently pointed inherent post-conviction Williams New York, 337 241, 1079, 93 1337. emphasized applicable applies forcefully transplant safeguard conviction. [Nobles (1897) ], suggested 'fecundity insanity.' 405-406. [334 431, 1131, 1494 (1948) ]. To try, convict, sentences. governmental duty scrupulous accused. say person's state's highest invoke skillful class crucial questions involved." 12-13, 459. dissenter Solesbee, Frankfurter, agreed prisoners 15, 460. 79 argues longer controlling "at turned right-privilege distinction." Brief 8. concedes, turns reveals 922.07(1) facility." (Supp.1986) (emphasis added). area another. Olim Wakinekona, 461 1741, 813 think gives contends. event, reject post-trial, postappeal, postcollateral-attack Creating out, needlessly complicates postpones finality guilt, penalty; adjudication offers invitation lose accepting advance spurious rejected, again; days next day, necessitating presumably 81 sanctions real battle fought accompany reaches violate, newly right. unnecessary "constitutionalize" inappropriate "selectively incorporate" dissent. point, Henry VIII enacted fell nevertheless Hen. VIII, 20. uniformly 25; Hale 35; Hawkins 2. "cruel inhumane long, repealed, point Law. 6. Of those, suspension meets incompetence. Ala.Code 15-16-23 (1982); Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. 13-4023 (1978); Ark.Stat.Ann. 43-2622 (1977); Cal.Penal Code Ann. 3703 (West 1982); Colo.Rev.Stat. 16-8-112(2) (Supp.1983); Conn.Gen.Stat. 54-101 Supp.1986); Ga.Code 17-10-62 1005-2-3 Kan.Stat.Ann. 22-4006(3) (1981); Ky.Rev.Stat. 431.240(2) Md.Ann.Code, Art. 27, 75(c) (Supp.1985); Miss.Code 99-19-57(2) Mo.Rev.Stat 552.060 Mont.Code 46-14-221 (1984); Neb.Rev.Stat. 29-2537 Nev.Rev.Stat. 176.445 N.J.Stat.Ann. 30:4-82 1981); N.M.Stat.Ann. 31-14-6 N.Y.Correc.Law 656 (McKinney N.C.Gen.Stat. 15A-1001 Ohio Rev.Code 2949.29 Okla.Stat., Tit. 1008 S.D. Codified Laws 23A-27A-24 Utah 77-19-13 Wyo.Stat. 7-13-901 (Supp.1986). Others adopted Allen, 204 La. 513, 515, 870, 871 (1943); Commonwealth Moon, Pa. 22-23, 117 96, (1955); Jordan 124 Tenn. 89-90, S.W. 327, 329 (1911); Davis, Wash.2d 696, 717, 108 P.2d 641, 651 (1940). Still discretionary transfer facilities illness. Del.Code Ann., 11, 406 Ind.Code 11-10-4-2 Mass.Gen.Laws, 279, R.I.Gen.Laws 40.1-5.3-7 S.C.Code 44-23-220 Tex.Code Crim.Proc.Ann., 46.01 Va.Code 19.2-177 remaining four specific insanity, repudiated rule. purport guidelines development 903, 3399-3400, group interview, exercise regarding comprehensive evaluative techniques. inconsistency vagueness conclusions attest dubious Instructive analogies §§ 916.11-916.12 ensures involuntary 394.467 (1986). parties' course contexts; nevertheless, inquests share subject's good example. first-degree 1974. appeal, affirmed, 374 496 (Fla.1979), certiorari. 972, 1666, 249 122 row inmates extraordinary relief allegedly improper cases. Brown 392 1327 (Fla.1981), again 454 1000 motion postconviction court, denied. 407 907 (Fla.1981). unsuccessful attempts obtain Relief 696 804 (CA11) (en banc), 865, 201, 176 Only resolved too finality, implies one's run course. implication false: strong bars. Kuhlmann Wilson, --- 436, 452-454, 2616, 364 remained Blackstone's defense. E.g., 99-19-57(2)(b) Mo.Rev.Stat. 552.060(1) 77-15-2 (1982). majority appear statutes. sparse, older favor C.J.S., 1619 (1961), antedate expansion availability review. prevailing fate"—essentially stated statute. Condemned, Yale L.J. 533, 540 (1962) (discussing cases). circumstances, constitutionalizing definition adopt expansive minimum. decide encompass faculties regain them, altogether. My cured disease, him. (1979). involuntarily hospital overcome sane; moreover, either conceded 13-4021 3701 17-10-61 22-4006 Mass.Gen.Laws 279:62 99-19-57 176.425 31-14-4 655 2949.28 1005 77-19-13(1)

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