Document: 401 U.S. 66 91 S.Ct. 764 27 L.Ed.2d 688 George SAMUELS et al., Appellants,v.Thomas J. MACKELL, District Attorney, al. Fred FERNANDEZ, Appellant, v. Thomas Nos. 7, 9. Reargued Nov. 16, 1970. Decided Feb. 23, 1971. Victor Rabinowitz, New York City, for appellants, Samuels, and others. Eleanor Jackson Piel, appellant Fernandez. Frederick Ludwig, Kew Gardens, N.Y., appellee Mackell, Dist. Atty. Maria L. Marcus, Louis Lefkowitz, Gen. of the State N.Y. Mr. Justice BLACK delivered opinion Court. 1 The appellants in these two cases were all indicted a state court on charges criminal anarchy, violation §§ 160, 161, 163, 508(1) Penal Law, McKinney's Consol. Laws, c. 40.1 They later filed actions federal district court,2 alleging (1) that anarchy statute was void vagueness due process, an abridgment free speech, press, assembly, First Fourteenth Amendments; (2) had been pre-empted by law; (3) laws under which grand jury drawn violated Due Process Equal Protection Clauses Amendment because they disqualified from service any member community who did not own real or personal property value at least $250, furnished no definite standards determining how jurors to be selected. Appellants charged trial indictments courts would harass them, cause them suffer irreparable damages, therefore prayed should enjoined further proceedings. In alternative, asked Court enter declaratory judgment effect challenged unconstitutional same grounds. three-judge court, convened pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 2284, held law constitutional as it construed complaints dismissed. 288 F.Supp. 348 (SDNY 1968).3 2 No. 2, Younger Harris, 37, 746, 669, we today decided facts very similar United States could issue injunction stay proceedings pending time suit begun. This appear record plaintiffs immediate injury accord with rule set out Douglas City Jeannette, 319 157, 63 877, 87 L.Ed. 1324 (1943), many other cases. Since present case there is likewise sufficient showing have suffered injury, our decision dispositive prayers injunctions here. also included their alternative prayer judgment, but reasons indicated below, hold this does require different result, circumstances cases, entitled relief, injunctive. Accordingly affirm Court, although given court's opinion. 3 Yougner case, detail historical practical basis settled doctrine equity enjoin prosecution begun prior institution except unusual situations, where necessary prevent injury. question presented here whether ordinary considerations withholding injunctive relief will make equally inappropriate. not, however, novel one. It fully considered Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. Huffman, 293, 1070, 1407 (1943). We find reasoning persuasive think its holding controlling 4 several employers brought against Louisiana official, seeking State's unemployment compensation law, required contributions fund, unconstitutional. lower dismissed complaint ground constitutional. affirmed dismissal, 'but solely that, appropriate exercise discretion, way denied without consideration merits.' Id., 301—302, S.Ct., 1074. unanimous written Chief Stone, noted first long-settled principles equity, official collecting tax unless, true adequate remedy available State. judicial approved Congress thenrecent Tax Injunction Act 1937, 50 Stat. 738, now 1341. Although sought statutory rather than traditional form equitable made clear nevertheless 'essentially action,' 'analogous jurisdiction suits quia timet decree quieting title.' U.S., 300, addition, legislative history Federal Declaratory Judgment 1934, 48 955, amended, 2201, showed explicitly contemplated decide grant withhold principles. Accordingly, action 'the prayed, upon grounds.' Court's application specific problem judgments relating collection taxes worth quoting full, bears so directly before us case: 5 'The earlier refusal interfere unless threatened taxpayer one afford remedy, confirmation practice Congress, important bearing use procedure means adjudicating validity taxes. 6 'It speaks only 'to enjoin, suspend, restrain assessment, levy, tax' imposed may be, was, used procure determination rights parties, coercive relief. every sense operate suspend until litigation ended. But unnecessary inquire words prohibit declaration concerning invalidity tax. For are those led refuse taxes, save exceptional like restraint procedure.' 299, 1073. 7 continuing lakes has repeatedly recognized reaffirmed See, e.g., Macauley Waterman S.S. Corp., 327 540, 545 n. 4, 712, 714, 90 839 (1946); Ott Mississippi Valley Barge Line, 336 169, 175, 69 432, 435, 93 585 (1949); Public Serv. Comm'n Utah Wycoff Co., 344 237, 253, 73 236, 245, 97 291 (1952) (Douglas, J., dissenting); Allegheny County Frank Mashuda 360 185, 189, 79 1060, 1063, 1163 (1959); Enochs Williams Packing Navigation 370 1, 8, 82 1125, 1129, 8 292 (1962). found dealing affects prosecutions collections, can perceive relevant difference between situations respect limited whether, proceeding civil suit, propriety judged essentially standards. both deeply rooted narrowly restricted scope intervention, ordinarily result precisely interference disruption longstanding policy limiting designed avoid. reasons. place, provides after issued enforce granting '(f)urther proper relief,' 2202, while might serve subsequent 'protect effectuate' 2283, thus clearly improper Secondly, even if actually issuing injunction, alone virtually impact formal would. As said 247, 242: 'Is res judicata, (state court) hear evidence matter itself? If so, lifted (court) heard. serves useful purpose final rights.' See H. Heinz Owens, 189 F.2d 505, 508—509 (CA9 1951). must taken into impermissible principles, well. 9 do mean suggest never type concluded improper. There withheld because, despite plaintiff's strong claim established standards, seemed particularly intrusive offensive; such situation, contrary basic doctrines governing availability Ordinarily, forms identical, frustrated much injunction. 10 stated, below erred merits law. Here, dismissing based adjudication statutes judgment. complaint, merits. We, course, express views when 11 Affirmed. 12 DOUGLAS, concurring. 13 sustained Gitlow York, 268 652, 45 625, 1138 involved Holmes, whom Brandeis concurred, dissent: 14 manifesto more theory, incitement. Every idea offers itself belief believed acted some outweighs failure energy stifles movement birth. expression incitement narrower speaker's enthusiasm result. Eloquence fire reason. whatever thought redundant discourse chance starting conflagration. long run beliefs expressed proletarian dictatorship destined accepted dominant forces community, meaning speech way.' 15 overt acts advocacy overthrow publication writings contained advocacy. 655, 626. progeny, including Whitney California, 274 357, 47 641, 71 1095, went discard Brandenburg Ohio, 395 444, 89 1827, 23 430. indictment advocating terrorism 'by word mouth' method political reform assembly neither nor order advocate punishable. 16 Brandenburg, help appellants. counts embrace fall within penumbra, still others field activities far removed protection Amendment. acts—whether, I my dissent Epton 390 29, 30, 88 824, 825, 19 808, constitutionally protected right act furtherance conspiracy. relate acquisition weapons, gunpowder, like, storing gasoline start fires. Persuasion plainly protection. 17 cannot Samuels Fernandez palpably sifting chaff through motions strike, instructions jury, procedural devices preserve Certainly violence sanctuary Amendment, masquerade guise 'advocacy.' 18 BRENNAN, WHITE MARSHALL join, concurring agree affirmed. All Criminal Anarchy Law filed. alleged amounting bad-faith harassment. Therefore, proper. Perez Ledesma, 82, p. 93, 674, 681, 701. (Separate Brennan, J.). These provisions repealed effective September 1967, new statute, somewhat form, took date. Southern York. originally Eastern District, transferred consent. view wrong, being longer effect. With plaintiffs' challenge selection held, reliance effectively call intervention stage.

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