Document: 542 U.S. 426 RUMSFELD, SECRETARY OF DEFENSEv.PADILLA ET AL. No. 03-1027. Supreme Court of United States. Argued April 28, 2004. Decided June Respondent Padilla, a States citizen, was brought to New York for detention in federal criminal custody after agents apprehended him while executing material witness warrant issued by the District Southern (Southern District) connection with its grand jury investigation into September 11, 2001, al Qaeda terrorist attacks. While his motion vacate pending, President an order Secretary Defense Rumsfeld designating Padilla "enemy combatant" and directing that he be detained military custody. later moved Navy brig Charleston, S. C., where has been held ever since. His counsel then filed habeas petition under 28 U. C. § 2241, which, as amended, alleged Padilla's violates Constitution, named respondents President, Secretary, Melanie Marr, brig's commander. The Government dismiss, arguing, inter alia, Commander immediate custodian, only proper respondent, lacked jurisdiction over her because she is located outside District. That court Secretary's personal involvement rendered it could assert York's long-arm statute, notwithstanding absence from On merits, accepted Government's contention authority Chief detain enemy combatants citizens captured on American soil during time war. Second Circuit agreed respondent had statute. appeals reversed however, holding lacks militarily. Held: 1. Because this answers jurisdictional question negative, does not reach whether P. 430. 2. petition. Pp. 434-451. (a) Marr she, Rumsfeld, custodian. statute straightforwardly provides "the person" having petitioner. §§ 2242, 2243. Its consistent use definite article indicates there generally one custodian ability produce prisoner's body before court, see Wales v. Whitney, 114 564, 574. In accord statutory language Wales' rule, longstanding federal-court practice confirms that, "core" challenges present physical confinement, default rule warden facility prisoner being held, Attorney General or some other remote supervisory official. No exceptions either recognized proposed, apply here. deny rule's general applicability, but argues flexible should unique facts case. disagrees. Court's understanding broadened years include restraints short confinement nothing undermine rationale foundation where, core proceedings such present, at issue. Indeed, consistently applied context. erred taking view relaxed respect prisoners than violations, person exercising "legal reality control" itself makes no distinction, nor case law support deviation Rather, cases cites stand simple proposition terms, when petitioner something confinement. See, e. g., Braden 30th Judicial Ky., 410 484; Strait Laird, 406 341. here: exercises day-to-day control cannot name someone else just stems President. Identification party legal detainee comes play Ex parte Endo, 323 283, 304-305, distinguished. Although many respects, bottom challenge imposed Executive. thus any way would provide arguable basis departure rule. 434-442. (b) have Marr. Section 2241(a)'s limiting district courts granting relief "within their respective jurisdictions" requires "that issuing writ custodian," Braden, supra, 495. Congress added "respective clause prevent judges anywhere Great Writ behalf applicants far distantly removed, Carbo States, 364 611, 617, traditional always issuable id., 618. This commonsense reading supported portions Federal Rule Appellate Procedure 22(a). also legislated against background "district confinement" fashioning explicit exceptions: E. serving state sentence State containing more district, . wherein [he] custody" within which convicted sentenced him" "concurrent jurisdiction," 2241(d). Such unnecessary if, believed, 2241 permits file Despite ample historical pedigree, urges Strait, lies amenable service process. disagrees, distinguishing those two cases. seeks South Carolina. immediate-custodian applies, who There occasion designate "nominal" determine "present" same statute's proviso forms important corollary 2241. Together they compose lower courts, including context detentions: Whenever serves purpose preventing forum shopping petitioners. Carolina, York, 442-447. (c) rejects additional arguments made dissent mistaken exist rules whenever exceptional, special, unusual arise. 447-451. 352 F. 3d 695, remanded. REHNQUIST, J., delivered opinion Court, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, THOMAS, JJ., joined. concurring opinion, joined, post, p. 451. STEVENS, dissenting SOUTER, GINSBURG, BREYER, 455. CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT APPEALS FOR SECOND CIRCUIT. Deputy Solicitor Clement argued cause With briefs were Olson, Sri Srinivasan, Jonathan L. Marcus. Jennifer Martinez respondents. brief Donna R. Newman, Andrew G. Patel, M. Freiman, David W. DeBruin, William Hohengarten, Matthew Hersh.* CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST Court. 1 Jose citizen Department pursuant President's determination conspired carry out attacks We confront questions: First, did properly York; second, possess answer threshold negative do second presented. 2 we decide briefly recount relevant facts. May 8, 2002, flew Pakistan Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. As stepped off plane, 11th transported 22, acting through appointed counsel, warrant. 3 still pending when, 9, Donald H. App. D Brief Petitioner 5a (June 9 Order). action, invoked "Commander armed forces" Authorization Use Military Force Joint Resolution, Pub. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 (AUMF),1 enacted 18, 2001. Order 5a. several factual findings explaining decision combatant.2 Based these findings, concluded "consistent laws war Mr. combatant." Id., 6a. 4 day, taken officials Consolidated Naval Brig Carolina.3 He 5 claiming act next friend, corpus petition, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth Amendments Suspension Clause, Art. I, cl. 2, Constitution. amended Bush, A. Brig. 6 arguing contended militarily Clause II, 1, congressional AUMF, Quirin, 317 (1942). 7 December 2002. ex rel. Newman 233 Supp. 2d 564. "personal involvement" renders can District.4 581-587. 587-599.5 8 Appeals reversed. 695 (2003). reasoning "other naming respondent." 704-708. "unique" personally involved detention. 707-708. affirmed 708-710. Reaching 710-724. neither power AUMF authorizes detentions soil. 712-718, 722-723. To contrary, found both our Non-Detention Act, 18 U.S.C. 4001(a),6 strong presumption domestic absent authorization. 3d, 710-722. Accordingly, granted directed release 30 days. 724. 10 certiorari review Appeals' rulings merits issues, raise questions law. 540 1173 (2004).7 11 breaks down related subquestions. petition? And her? address turn. 12 * [the petitioner]." 2242; 2243 ("The writ, show shall detained"). reference given moreover, court. Ibid. summed up plain 100 ago way: "[T]hese provisions contemplate proceeding detained, judge, may liberated if sufficient reason shown contrary." 574 (1885) (emphasis added); 484, 494-495 (1973) corpus" acts upon holds detainee] what unlawful custody," citing Wales, 574); 495 ("`[T]his [the] jailer,'" quoting re Jackson, 15 Mich. 417, 439-440 (1867)). 13 — "core challenges" e.g., Hogan Hanks, 97 189, 190 (CA7 1996); Brittingham 982 378, 379 (CA9 1992); Blango Thornburgh, 942 1487, 1491-1492 (CA10 1991) (per curiam); Brennan Cunningham, 813 (CA1 1987); Guerra Meese, 786 414, 416 (CADC 1986) Billiteri Bd. Parole, 541 938, 948 (CA2 1976); Sanders Bennett, 148 19, 20 1945); Jones Biddle, 131 853, 854 (CA8 1942).8 recognized9 454 (KENNEDY, concurring), 14 If applies case, equivalent Rumsfeld. See Al-Marri 360 707, 708-709 2004) (holding combatant Brig, Rumsfeld); Monk Navy, 793 364, 369 action commandant facility, Navy); cf. 951(c) (providing commanding officer correctional "shall confined therein). Neither below, STEVENS' applicability petitions challenging Post, 458. They argue instead "unique facts" Respondents 44. disagree. notes substantive released own recognizance "in purposes disapproved Hensley Municipal San Jose-Milpitas Dist., Santa Clara Cty., 411 345, 350, n. (1973), part expanding definition "custody" statute.10 seems contend, agrees, 461-462, longer require prerequisite relief, too, must bind us, even argument, Seventh aptly concluded, "non sequitur." Al-Marri, 711. cited above attest, States.11 16 involving violations," petitioner, suffers logical flaw. 705, 707. Certainly distinction based source Nor 17 example, Alabama Western Kentucky. contest validity conviction confined, challenged detainer lodged Kentucky Noting sought "confinement future," virtue detainer. U.S., 488-489. circumstances, (the warden), lodged. sense [held] [was] custody." (citing S., Hensley, 351, (observing "was action"). Under then, form entity "custody." But supports departing 711-712; Monk, 369. favorably reiterated seeking sue "jailer." (internal quotation marks omitted). For reason, 341 (1972), aid Padilla. inactive reservist domiciled California obligations. noted reservist's Indiana charge petitioner's Army records. 344. application 19 challenged. never intimated simply arise conviction. so here It follows conclusion Padilla.12 explained, identification reaffirm official control, respondent. test physical-custody challenges, able language, established practice, precedent demonstrate, case.13 21 At first blush 283 (1944), might seem lend argument. There, Japanese-American interned War Relocation Authority (WRA) filing Northern California, After Utah. Thus, nonetheless, "acquired [Endo's] removal lose whose remains district." 306. assistant director WRA, resided District, "appropriate respondent" whom direct writ. 304-305. 22 Endo involve not, STEVENS hold 461-462 supporting "more functional approach" allows petitioners individual "control" petitioner). came initially acquired effectively grant despite Government-procured District.14 stands limited moves files retains effectuate release. 23 Endo's help Carolina lawyer behalf. Unlike therefore, 24 argument reduces request new exception undeniably Executive Writ. indication attempt manipulate behind transfer members already hide him. Infra, 449-450, 17; concurring). II 25 turn now subquestion. are jurisdictions." 2241(a). interpreted "nothing custodian." conclude not. 26 1867 avert "inconvenient [and] potentially embarrassing" possibility "every judge [could] issue removed whereon sat." 617 (1961). "designed relieve oppressive confinement," "issuable confinement." 27 Other appeals, Justice thereof, "state reasons making applicant held." 2242 (emphases added). Moreover, thereof "may decline entertain it." 2241(b) Rules similarly "application appropriate court." Fed. Proc. 22(a) certain circumstances. instance, 2241(d) contains him"; "each concurrent application." Similarly, until post-conviction sentencing adding 2255 litigate collateral Hayman, 342 205, 212-219 (1952). Both 2241's permit 29 district: contends, challenges. well today's dissenters, 462-464, urge decisions will lie Prior depended presence territorial confines Ahrens Clark, 335 188, 190-192 (1948). By allowing Kentucky, changed course 31 fail how Braden's requirement alters challenge; rather, future suing reasoned "[u]nder circumstances serve useful Alabama." 499. contrast, synonymous because, definition, reside district. 32 Rather focusing 462, like Appeals, seizes dicta referred "service process" contend ("So long reached process, `within jurisdiction' himself court's jurisdiction"). indicate served process jurisdiction. dictate opposite inference. "since 500 304-305 (noting WRA "whose office Francisco, [Northern California]"). employ statutes gain custodians 711; Guerra, 2d, 417. stating holding, Schlanger Seamans, 401 487 (1971), squarely custodian's fatal 500. derogate 33 thought approach offers less Braden. Strait's records center though physically Indiana. "through officers hierarchy command processed [Strait's] discharge." 345. contrasted broad "presence" nominal "`commanding responsible day subordinates,'" subject resides. (quoting Arlen 451 684, 687 1971)). 34 much dissent, officer, subordinates took 709-710; 462. think 35 predated then-applicable required California. Distinguishing Schlanger, "exalt fiction reality" "nominal custodian" meaningful contacts there. 344-346. Only invoke concepts actions agents. 36 Here, petitioner.15 Were extend nature undermine, negate, amending 1867. 37 710, 712 (alleged Carolina; collecting dismissing confinement); (court-martial convict confinement).16 38 derived terms Without it, high-level wherever result rampant shopping, overlapping jurisdiction, very inconvenience, expense, embarrassment avoid limitation 137 ago. III 39 unlike decision, rests belief various "exceptional," "`special,'" "unusual" arisen. 455, 458, 5. addressed most contentions foregoing discussion, touch few points. 40 Apparently drawing loose analogy asks us pretend instant rendering proper. 458-459. asserts "depart[ed] time-honored giving one's adversary fair notice intent court," allegedly failed immediately inform 459; 3, supra. Constructing hypothetical "scenario," contends informed, "would there," remained "rather waiting days." Therefore, concludes, misconduct "justifies treating days earlier." 459 ("[W]e obtain tactical advantage consequence proceeding"). 41 whatsoever extraordinary exercise series events occur, premised "punishing" misconduct. perceive hint bad faith extending filing. Not surprisingly, relied dissent's counterfactual theory Finding contrary well-established precedent, persuaded either.17 42 indulge scenario, "numerous exceptions" rules, bright-line "far bright." 460. Yet cite single deviated today is, allowed somewhere confinement.18 accepted, consigned ad hoc determinations "special," enough applied. intended result. 43 Finally, bend indisputably "pro-found importance," 460-461. surely necessary unimportant ones take care exceed Congress. 44 therefore reverse judgment remand entry dismissal without prejudice. 45 ordered. Notes: Briefs ofamici curiae urging reversal Commonwealth Virginia Jerry Kilgore, Virginia, Hurd, Solicitor, Maureen Riley Matsen Thro, Solicitors, Alison Landry, Senior Assistant General, Courtney Malveaux Russell McGuire, Attorneys General; Center Law & Jay Alan Sekulow, Thomas Monaghan, Stuart J. Roth, Colby May, Jaws Henderson, Sr., Joel Thornton, Robert Ash; Cato Institute Timothy Lynch; Criminal Legal Foundation Kent Sekeidegger; Washington et al. Daniel Popeo Richard Samp. amici affirmance Civil Liberties Union Steven Shapiro, Sharon McGowan, Lucas Guttentag, Robin Goldfaden, Arthur N. Eisenberg, Bryant, Rebecca Epstein; Association Bar City Joseph Gerard Davis; Beverly Hills Bridget Arimond, Stephen Rohde, Marc Poster; National Security Studies John Payton, Seth Waxman, Paul Q. Wolfson, Kate Martin, Onek; Global Rights James Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Behan, Gay McDougall; Others Are Us D. Wallace; Rutherford Carter Phillips, Mark Haddad, Elliot Mincberg; Spartacist League Rachel Wolkenstein; Bruce Ackerman Jules Lobel, Barbara Olshansky, Nancy Chang, Shayana Kadidal; Susan Akram Kanstroom; Philip Alston Rosen, Homer Moyer, Jr., Michael T. Brady; Honorable Conyers, Brian Koukoutchos; Samuel Gross al, Hafetz, Lawrence Lustberg, Wishnie; Louis Henkin Francis Donovan, Carl Micarelli, Oetken; Fred Korematsu Arturo Gonzdlez Jon B. Streeter; Janet Reno Litt Theodore Frank. Med Criniinal Lawyers Rehkopf, Lisa B, Kemler; Public Defender Service Columbia Catharine Easterly, Giovanna Shay, O'Toole; Aceves Linda Malone Jordan Paust; Payam Akhavan Allison Marston Danner; Shirley Hufstedler LoBue; Scheffer Scheffer, pro se. A 03-6696 03-1027 Senator Cornyn Cornyn, part: "[T]he authorized all force nations, organizations, persons determines planned, authorized, committed, aided occurred harbored organizations persons, international terrorism persons." short, "[d]etermine[d]" (1) "is closely associated Qaeda, organization war;" (2) "engaged hostile war-like acts, preparation terrorism" States; (3) "possesses intelligence" about efforts States"; finally, (4) "represents continuing, grave danger national security States," aiding attack States." 5a-6a Also notified Courtex order; informed transferring consequently withdrawing subpoena Padilla; asked 571 (SDNY 2002). vacated dismissed obliged obey SecretaryId., 583. Bush ruling challenge. 582-583. upheld domestically combatants, rejected right denied access counsel. Instead, affords controvert facts, monitored rightId., 599-605. announced received proffer, deferential "some evidence" standard record designation combatant. 605-608. 4001(a) "[n]o imprisoned otherwise except Act Congress." word "jurisdiction," course, capable different interpretations. used 2241(a), subject-matter InAhrens 188 (1948), left open alien deportation. 193. divided question, majority applying Compare Robledo-Gonzales Ashcroft, 667 2003) (Attorney respondent); Roman 340 314 (CA6 (same); Vasquez Reno, 688 2000) Yi Maugans, (CA3 1994) (same), Armentero INS, 1058 respondent). discussed length, ultimately reserved Henderson 157 106 (1998). today, again resolve it. implicitly courtBraden 498 (discussing exception); Toth Quarles, 350 (1955) Korea Air Burns Wilson, 346 (1953) (courts-martial convicts Guam landmark addressing meaning seeGarlotte Fordice, 515 (1995); Carafas LaVallee, 391 234 (1968); Peyton Rowe, 54 371 236 (1963). Furthermore, substantively 130 whichWales uniform embracing "only Secretary] further restraint necessary." 707 2003). echoes argumentPost, 461-462. Even persuasive Rumsfeld's "pervasive" authorizing justifies 707-708 charged detaining Padilla" "determined sent Carolina");post, standard, "then prosecutor, trial governor respondents" 711 2004). correctly maintaining prisoner. explained: "Th[e] objective [of relief] impaired defeated end decree effective [petitioner] process." 307 words, "commanding [with] distinguished inStrait. 345 previously referenced 8,supra, "American overseas (and territory court) corpus." cases). cases, sued Columbia); Columbia). relies heavily onBraden, 461-464, 4; 461, Garlotte (1995) (habeas expired Governor respondent; addressed); Middendorf Henry, 425 (1976) (putative class court-martial procedures throughout military; addressed)); 463 Eisel Army, 477 1251 1973) (allowing status respondent)). Demjanjuk 784 1114 1986), relies, unhelpful: When, undisclosed location unknown impossible rules. here, identity clear. 2254 State's penal institutions. Dept. Corrections Morales, 514 499 Wainwright Greenfield, 474 284 (1986)). cause. First all, inconsistent More point, chief 2(a) Governing Cases Courts; Advisory Committee's Note 2(a), pp. 469-470 (adopted 1976). provision 46 O'CONNOR joins, concurring. 47 Though I join separate my light holding. analysis Second, includes place located. 48 These Ante, 434, 7. clear heard noncompliance (1973); 341, (1972); (1955); (1953); (1944). 49 view, best understood venue. keeping discussion petitions. 493, (indicating guided "traditional venue considerations" principles venue"); Moore 368 757, 759-760 (suggesting territorial-jurisdiction rule). twice Term, "jurisdiction" susceptible meanings, refer hear Kontrick Ryan, 443 (2004); Scarborough Principi, (2004). phrase establish restriction petitions, necessity goes 50 objections grounds waived Government. Moore, 759; 305 fact appeared important. resists issuance exists appeal denial appearance respondent"). exceptions, acknowledged opinion. 436, 438-442, 444-446. mean governed considerations sorts civil lawsuits. automatically Procedure. Civ. 81(a)(2) ("These applicable ... extent set forth Cases, Proceedings"). forum-location interpreting them. exceptional courts. When see, Rasul 466, account ordinary and, similar fashion, limit available 51 function difficult describe precise restrictions examination opinions area Compare, 487, 491 characterize direction respecting need resolved finality Here waiver Government; question; consider protect integrity rights detained. 52 note permissive interpretation provision, borders objection Government, apply. agree text marshals 434-435, 442-443. deviate basic prisoner, found. 53 nonphysical custody, dual 500, filed, 306; ante, 440-441, 444. addition, acknowledge removing make know forthcoming sort, removed. refused tell taken, Or, kept moving catch again, districts None taken. original demonstrates knew time. 449, 17. apply, forum. wisdom 55 change reflected ceased justice system, 3144, began system. designed games forums, Whether permissible one, today. 56 underlying rationale, them bear representative observations, 57 BREYER join, dissenting. 58 raises profound importance Nation. justify avoidance duty questions. quite wrong "simple 441, slavish "bright-line rule," "rampant shopping" litigious prison inmates, 447. demonstrates, riddled fashioned high clearly decide. I. 59 convened conducting response Justice, Judge arrest plane landed Chicago 8.1 Pursuant warrant, (hereinafter respondent) City, Metropolitan Correctional Center. 15, member bar, represent She conferred motions behalf, ground incarceration unauthorized unconstitutional. scheduled hearing Tuesday, 60 Sunday, written concerning "Based information [him] sources," determined combatant," "closely war," possesses intelligence "if communicated Qaeda" targets. Pet. Cert. 57a. stated "it interest States" 58a. concluded: "Accordingly, you receive 61 Sunday order, subpoena, enter vacating proceeding, represented, designated Defense, disclosed complied warrant.2 62 Monday, 10, publicly respondent's "to Department," called "a significant step forward Terrorism." Amended Habeas Corpus 02 4445 (SDNY), Exh. A, Record, Doc. 4. presumably announcement, commenced York. 571. conference date, originally Newman's conceded personnel 571-572. 63 All Members permitted engage shopping. Bork "special circumstances" 1114, 1116 1986). 450, 18. Cf. 452 narrowly, another 306 441. 64 reasonable assume representing ask outstanding there, rather days.3 carrying orders Defense. Surely lesser placed handcuffs 65 difference between scenario secret actually affect proceeding. earlier. Baldwin Hale, Wall. 223, (1864) ("Common man condemned property opportunity defence"). "The demands administered initiative flexibility essential insure miscarriages surfaced corrected." Harris Nelson, 394 286, 291 (1969). treat affording special treatment recognizing 66 purports enforcing rule" governing courts' reveals line bright. Faced precedents emphasizing writ's "scope flexibility," Harris, 291, forced numerous admits, issue, 437-438, overseas, 447, 16, transferred filing, "`present'" agents' conduct, 445. corollaries corollaries, persuasively ironclad. instead, workable frequently gives "`core challenges'" 435. 67 falls category "not rule." 442. disingenuous classify run-of-the-mill convictions. singular calls himself, created unprecedented threat freedom every citizen. 68 "[W]e interpretations suffocate stifling formalisms hobble effectiveness manacles arcane scholastic procedural requirements." (1973). requirement, declined adopt strict 564 (1885), favored focuses body, 306-307.4 entrusted end, deployed instructions Secretary—not warden—has say determining location. observed, "both familiarity detention, handling case." Having "emphasized jealously guarded" Writ's "ability cut barriers mazes," reaches 69 Since appropriately easily answered. "So requiring claim jurisdiction." (1973).5 ("[T]he petitioner"). doubt ordered seize remove 70 bears emphasis legality 7; undoubtedly writs venue, i. e., inquiry proceed.6 complete free judicial surveillance, placement. Venue principles, convenient efficient resolution 493-494, 499-500 (considering factors Kentucky), placement likely minimize party, 1251, 1254 (preferring "blind incantation words implied magical properties, `immediate custodian'").7 Bollman, Cranch 75, 136 (1807) ("It extremely dangerous say, apprehended, magistrate, power, try seized select, carried"). 71 analyzed evident indicating attorneys initial selection, familiar issues surrounding Department's fairness efficiency favor preserving sum, 72 entitled jurists ways.8 possible justification detention.9 73 stake essence society. method selecting people's rulers successors character constraints Unconstrained investigating subversive activity hallmark Star Chamber.10 Access protecting mistakes mistreatment due 74 citizens, soldiers keep battlefield, sometimes justified launching becoming missiles destruction. naked using extract information. Incommunicado months procedure. procured reliable extreme torture consequence. Nation remain true ideals symbolized flag, wield tools tyrants resist assault forces tyranny. 75 respectfully dissent. witness, provides: "If appears affidavit testimony become impracticable secure accordance section 3142. Release delayed period deposition Procedure." 3144 entered theex terminated lawful entered, entirely —a document needless arguably qualify valid whereas judicially seizure, since—for years—pursuant warrantless arrest. notofficially client's whereabouts 11. ¶ 4, ("On belief, segregation high-security Carolina"); Letter Counsel 17, 2002 ("I understand media client brig" added)), true, observes, "Padilla behalf," matters shrouded secrecy, option last officially confirmed. Once client, February Consultation thereafter matter grace, stemming appointment. Further, apparent why regarded "change detaining" one," ibid., Why legitimacy beyond borders? strictly applied, (prisoner Mississippi, warden, Corrections, (1986) Florida (persons summary courts-martial 345-346 (1972) `custody' `custodian' sufficiently allow Indiana, operating processing claim, jurisdiction"); (service (next friend ex-service 304 (California retained Japanese-American's internment, Utah, noting "suggestion appellant Although, points out,ante, 445, salient point decoupled detainee's adopted depend party. rigid govern determination. overrulingAhrens 484 clarified pertains 493-495 (applying rejecting stricter approach); 502 (REHNQUIST, dissenting) ("Today overrules Ahrens"); 758 ("[A]fter , overruled Ahrens, 1058, 1070 ("District detainees bring petitions" 493-494)). If, consideration inconvenient improper, 1404(a), 1406(a) Consistent believe 4001(a), prohibits—and 224, authorize—the protracted, incommunicado arrested Respondent's remarkably candid motive respondent: "`[O]ur really enforcement, punishment working terrorists. Our moment find everything knows hopefully stop acts.'" 573-574 2002) News Briefing, 12, 2002), WL 22026773) SeeWatts 338 49, (1949) (opinion Frankfurter, J.). "There mind body; affected fear force. ignorant men." 52.

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