Document: 438 U.S. 645 98 S.Ct. 2985 57 L.Ed.2d 1018 State of CALIFORNIA et al., Petitioners,v.UNITED STATES. No. 77-285. Argued March 28, 1978. Decided July 3, Syllabus The United States Bureau Reclamation applied to the California Water Resources Control Board for a permit appropriate water that would be impounded by New Melones Dam, unit Central Valley Project. Congress specifically directed Dam constructed and operated pursuant Act 1902, which established program federal construction operation reclamation projects irrigate arid western land. Section 8 provides "nothing in this shall construed as affecting or intended affect any way interfere with laws Territory relating control, appropriation, use, distribution used irrigation, . Secretary Interior carrying out provisions Act, proceed conformity such ." After lengthy hearings, Board, having found unappropriated was available project during certain times year, approved Bureau's applications, but attached 25 conditions (the most important prohibited full impoundment until able show specific plan use water) concluded were necessary meet California's statutory appropriation requirements. then brought action against petitioners State, its members) seeking declaratory judgment may impound whatever is without complying state law. District Court held that, matter comity, must apply an permit, issue if there sufficient water. Appeals affirmed, § 8, rather than requires permit. Held : 1. Under clear language light legislative history, impose condition on "control, water" not inconsistent congressional directives respecting project. To extent prevented dicta point contrary conclusion Ivanhoe Irrigation v. McCracken, 357 275, 78 1174, 2 1313; City Fresno California, 372 627, 83 996, 10 Arizona 373 546, 1468, 542, from imposing case are authorizing question, those disavowed. Pp. 653-679. 2. Whether imposed issues involving consistency remain resolved. P. 679. 558 F.2d 1347, reversed remanded. Roderick E. Walston, San Francisco, Cal., petitioners. Stephen R. Barnett, Washington, D. C., respondent. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 seeks 2.4 million acre-feet Stanislaus River part ruled could allocated Government under law unless it agreed complied various dealing water's use. sought Eastern effect can reclamatio 403 F.Supp. 874 (1975). Ninth Circuit 32 Stat. 390, codified, 43 U.S.C. §§ 372, 383, 1347 (1977). We granted certiorari review decision insofar holds cannot allocation 434 984, 608, 54 477 now reverse. * Principles comity federalism, referred have received considerable attention our decisions, legal based Constitution States, statutes enacted Congress, judge-made But situations invoking application these principles contributed importantly their formation. Just has been truly said life logic experience, see O. Holmes, Common Law (1881), so political philosophy experience. 3 very vastness territory Nation, different at acquired settled, varying physiographic climatic regimes obtain parts all necessitated recognition distinctions corresponding differences. Those who first set foot North America ships sailing tidal estuaries Virginia did confront same problems sailed flat boats down Ohio search new sites farm. cleared forests old Northwest faced totally built sod huts Great Plains. final expansion Nation 19th century into lands beyond hundredth meridian longitude, had shown early maps "Great American Desert," participants face necessity irrigation no previous territorial had. 4 In order correctly ascertain meaning we recognize obvious truth history before date much fresher minds us today. "[T]he afternoon 23, 1847, true beginning modern irrigation. It band Mormon pioneers small dam across Creek near present site Temple diverted saturate some 5 acres exceedingly dry Before day over they planted potatoes preserve seed."1 During subsequent half century, expanded throughout West, supported usually private enterprise local community.2 By turn however, land profitably irrigated small-scale put Pressure mounted Federal provide funding massive needed complete reclamation, culminating 1902.3 susceptible sort reclamation. climate topography constituted Desert" quite Pacific Coast States. As noted both Gerlach Live Stock Co., 339 725, 70 955, 94 L.Ed. 1231 (1950), 1313 (1958), latter only more pronounced seasonal variation precipitation intermountain interior portions advantages many not. 6 "The prime value national economy summer drought source plant products require mild winters long growing seasons. Citrus fruits, less hardy deciduous fresh vegetables winter—these contributions present. Rainless summers make possible inexpensive drying puts market prunes, raisins, dried peaches, apricots. relation general, primary technical problem agriculture coast increasingly effective season great obstacle presented rainless summers. overcome supplementary necessary. Hence key position agriculture."4 7 If term "cooperative federalism" vogue year surely qualified leading example it. forth construct operate dams, reservoirs, canals 17 Western Reflective embodied whose exact scope critical inquiries case: "[N]othing vested right thereunder, Interior, laws, nothing herein landowner, appropriator, user in, to, interstate stream waters thereof: Provided, That appurtenant irrigated, beneficial basis, measure, limit right." 390. (emphasis added). 9 Perhaps because cooperative nature legislation, fact merely authorized expenditure them expended, deal litigation language. Indeed, far tell, come Ickes Fox, 300 82, 412, 81 412 (1937), supra, decided nearly after enactment 902 statute.5 concerns, Project, largest yet 1902 Act.6 will River, multiple purposes flood municipal industrial power, recreation, water-quality protection fish wildlife. behind arise flow solely California. 11 Reclamation, every other project, agency, here later reclamation.7 year. Although therefore Decision 1422 (Apr. 14, 1973). prohibit firm commitments, least plan, water.8 failed requirements appropriation. 12 limited resources should committed applicant absence showing his actual need within reasonable time future. When evidence indicates, does here, already needs foreseeable future, rights additional withheld reserved uses." Id., 16. II 13 relationship between involved, through runs consistent thread purposeful continued deference Congress. rivers, streams, lakes 1848 Treaty Guadalupe Hidalgo, Republic Mexico, 922. Within treaty, gold rush began, settlers quickly realized riparian doctrine served well humid regions East work West. Other coming area, vast basin range country lies Rocky Mountains east Sierra Nevada Cascade Ranges west, forced conclusion. place, prior linked water, arose customs, judicial decisions. Even stage development law, admitted Union, deferred Thus, Broder 101 274, 790 (1879), observed "rights government had, conduct, recognized encouraged bound protect." 276. 14 1850, Union "on equal footing original respects whatever." 452. While admitting "public lands" limits provision made streams rivers. One school commentators view equal-footing doctrine, upon admission exclusive sovereignty streams. 1903, example, one expert "[i]t heretofore assumed authority each disposal water-supply borders unquestioned supreme, two constitutional asserting absolute ownership water-supplies bounds." Mead, Institutions (1903).9 Such support contemporaneous decisions See S. Wiel, Rights 40-43, pp. 84-95 (2d Ed. 1908). inKansas Colorado, 206 46, 27 655, 51 956 (1907), noted: 15 "While mainly, newer powers National (no greater less) thirteen. 16 "In argument demurrer counsel plaintiff endeavored expressly common formation when Kansas Colorado belonged Pollard Hagan, [44 U.S., How. 212, 565]; Shively Bowlby, [152 1, 548, 38 331]; Hardin Shedd, 190 508, 519, 23 685, 47 1156, 1157; legislation appropriating flowing irrigation." 92 95, S.Ct., 665 666. 18 And Rio Grande & Irrig. 174 690, 702-703, 709, 19 770, 774-775, 777, 1136 (1899). earlier, began almost immediately arrival Huge sums money invested systems transport distances mining, agriculture, ordinary consumption. Because high percentage West Government, ditches carried frequently crossed 1862, opened public domain homesteading. Homestead 392. 1866, mineral exploration occupation miners. Mining ch. 262, 251. fear Acts might grown up explicitly acknowledged law: 20 "[W]henever, priority possession, agricultural, manufacturing, purposes, accrued, courts, possessors owners maintained protected same." 9, 253. 21 1866 itself grant Instead, observed, " 'a voluntary pre-existing constituting valid claim use.' 705, 776. "to customary respect among occupants peculiar necessities condition."10 Basey Gallagher, 87 670, Wall. 684, 22 452 (1875). 276; Jennison Kirk, 453, 459-461, 240 (1879).11 1877, took step toward encouraging settlement desert generally follow Desert Land provided homesteading larger tracts "by [the homesteader's] conducting same, period three years [after filing declaration do so], Provided however person exceed amount actually appropriated, necessarily purpose reclamation: surplus above together all, lakes, rivers sources supply navigable, free mining manufacturing subject existing rights." Ch. 107, 377 24 This opportunity construe 1877 before. Oregon Power Co. Beaver Portland Cement 295 142, 55 79 1356 (1935), Sutherland12 explained language, "effected severance domain, theretofore itself." 158, 729. nonnavigable thereby severed "reserved states territories." 162, 731. Congress' federalize prior-appropriation evolving Quite opposite: "What hold following act before, non-navigable became publici juris, plenary control designated states, including since created territories named, determine what rule common-law obtain. For 'Congress enforce either state,' 94, S.C 666, 956, power choice state. bind purport policy. simply recognizes gives sanction, future grantees concerned, remove otherwise impediment successful operation. Wyoming 259 419, 465, 42 552, 557, 66 999." 163-164, 26 also Gutierres Albuquerque 188 545, 552-553, 338, 340-341, 588 (1903); 416, 525 (1937); Brush Commissioner, 352, 367, 495, 498, 691 (1937). next addressed task reclaiming later. opening raised specter suitable reservoir works, impeding efforts. Oct. 2, 1888, 527, provided: 28 "[A]ll hereafter selected surveys henceforth hereby sale property passage act, entry, further law." 29 Unfortunately, hastily drafted passed, practical reserving settlement.13 result, "there came perfect storm indignation people resulted prompt repeal extraordinary [1888] provision." Cong.Rec. 1955 (1897) (statement Cong. McRae). Aug. 30, 1890, 391, repealed 1888 except sites. Then, Mar. 1891, 1101, amended, 946, rights-of-way "any canal ditch company drainage district formed apparent 1890 1891 reserve open projects.14 indicated controlled law:15 30 reservations ., ground occupied laterals .; privilege respective Territories." 1101 31 unfortunately, interpreted governmentally surveyed rectified interpretation Feb. 26, 1897, 335, 599, right-of-way third, eighteen hundred ninety-one. improve occupy individual corporation, rules regulations prescribe: charges whole always regulation Territories reservoirs situate." 33 1897 proposed floor amendment Representative, Speaker, Cannon State's borders. clearly majority Congressmen spoke bill, unnecessary excess caution.16 According Congressman Lacey, Chairman House Committee Public Lands principal sponsor accomplished 34 "does belong [Federal] Government. stored belongs them. gentleman Illinois [Mr. Cannon] relieves measure doubt subject. I think anyhow, takes away possibility question being regulate management price water." 1952 (1897). 35 Lacey's statement reflection holding exceptions relevant intrastate waterways Mexico's adopt system challenged. unhesitatingly "as dominion change [the] deems wise." 775. limitations States' streams—reserved "so uses property," id., 703, 775, navigation servitude. Court, careful emphasize where servitude invoked, total internal waters. "Unquestionably waters, navigability [river] disturbed." 690 777. 36 Similarly, claimed Arkansas superior stemming lands." disagreed prevail. course, build reclaim own lands. "As least, owner dispose needful property." 92, 665. "override general reclamation." Ibid. "[E]ach jurisdiction borders, beds waters." 93, With reaffirmed "may whether obtains control. State." III 37 background passed 1902. help Acts, gone lands,17 goal means companies 1900, therefore, major parties endorsed projects. Democratic Party's platform specified none attributes recommend "intelligent," K. Porter Johnson, Party Platforms 115 ed. 1961), Republicans recommended "reserv[e] 123. message assuming Presidency, Theodore Roosevelt cry again water.18 result demand funding, bill introduced 57th hands Interior. originally introduced, provided:19 39 irrigation; Territorial govern rendered works act: 40 From expected respects. First, controlling importance case, appropriate, purchase, condemn strict Representative Mondell, House, once determined feasible adequate "the giving notice forms located." 6678 (1902) take "which undertaken corporation regards H.R.Rep.No. 794, Cong., 1st Sess., 7-8 (1902). response opponent allowed even violation Mondell briskly responded: 41 "Whereabouts find he arguing? Whereabouts anything attempts give do? Will place owned land? "Mr. RAY York. Do you say condemnation? MONDELL. 6687 added).20 44 Second, released landowners Senator Clark Wyoming, supporters Senate, leaving flow." 2222. went explain: 45 "[I]t proper distribution. different. What applicable locality absolutely inapplicable another. affected, series experiments, due consideration conditions, arisen men especially conditions. 46 "Every experienced corps engineers devoted energies learning solution localities. men, legislatures Territories, something little suicidal. They written statute books read diligently regard settler th farmer Sutherland, succinctly it, "if utmost confusion prevail." 6770. Different governed conflict.21 48 A motivating factor defer thus reigned side locality. "follo[w] well-established precedent recognizing relative (Cong. Mondell). reviewing discussed Part opinion: April customs appertaining deemed wise continue policy regard." 6679.22 49 Both sponsors opponents expressed doubts override fully aware Supreme "in several borders." Report, "Section added).23 IV 50 congressionally mandated division worked smoothly. No approval official preserved how funds expended. accordance directive contained 1958, cases corporations contended overriding 1313, forbade 160-acre limitation deliveries equired deliver acreage limitation. appealed judgment, saying: mandatory prerequisite laid binding projects, providing '[n]o sold tract exceeding sixty landowner. Without passing coverage delicate area federal-state relations field, believe repeatedly 5." 291-292, 1184. 52 Five later, (1963), affirmed ignore explicit preferring domestic use.24 53 Petitioners ask overrule holdings, nor presently inclined so.25 instead concede, relies upon, Ivanhoe, facts stated: comply when, becomes acquire interests therein. compels Like dictum repeated Fresno, 630, 998, Court's 542 said: 56 delivery priorities disposed Irr. Dist. .. Since disposing [Ivanhoe ], cannot, consistently Project Act." 586-587, 1491. convinced diametrically petitioners,26 squarely supports undoubtedly goes decide involved conflicts requiring rights, placed distributed. Here contends Board.27 58 asked Boulder Canyon multistate River.28 617 seq., unique size intend Secretary's whom terms contracts made.29 rejecting reaffirm related singular Act. 59 tension above-quoted conceive correct reading disavow prevent question. purchase rights. section does, Nor, contends, file intent thereafter substantive makes abundantly substance, form, Government's trivialize broad 8. 60 recently, responsible executing operating instructions, provide: 61 "State establish framework formulation. plans cases, modified authorization particular projects." Department Instructions 116.3.1 (1959) 62 utilization Bureau, laws. storage release normally entails regulation, reach understanding regarding limitations." 231.5.1 (1957) 63 advised '[r]eclamation thereunder' "Bureau filings approval." 95 A961 (1949).30 64 unnecessarily uniform practice opinions petitioners' impo e directive. indispensable party Nebraska 40, 568, 1289 observed: 65 [1902] engineer obtained him permission awarded date. All acts river Wyoming. 67 alleges, know [citing Act], agents, acting permits manner appropriator 42-43, 569. 68 Ten 325 589, 1332, 89 1815 (1945), elaborated observation: 69 "All steps plain Reclamation] designed, completed according pattern (1937): 'Although diverted, distributed contention petitioner founded. Appropriation government, but, owners; contract owners, wholly distinct works. remained carrier distributor , receive stipulated reimbursement cost annual maintenance works.' 71 "We direction purposes. compliance direction. 613-615, 1348-49. 72 suggests recent enactments subjected variety policies leave room controls serve."31 Brief 89. Congresses indeed issued Secretary, directly directives. Flood 1944, 888, "policy determining watersheds likewise control." eloquent expression observe Senate Report McCarran Amendment, 666(a), subjects state-court adjudications: 73 80 years, beneath surface public, thereof found, thereof. 74 75 "Since boundaries, essential along given amenable administration developed years." S.Rep.No. 755, 82d (1951). V 76 courts alternative Dam. Nor barred collateral estoppel challenging Assuming, arguendo, still challenge resolution factfinding. reverse remand proceedings opinion. 77 Reversed WHITE, BRENNAN MARSHALL join, dissenting. Early opinion, identifies "meaning scope" quest answers, launches extensive survey 19th- 20th-century precedents partially delineate conservation At end Odyssean journey, seems containing intention "appropriation distribution" object Straightaway, reluctance, conceded footnote really go "did relinquish States." Ante, 668 n.21. Where statutes, way.1 Otherwise, insisted virtue defending explaining why refuses construing narrowly temporal finds acceptable. Meanwhile, condemnation If, interests, neither taken issue, going acquisition eminent questions views sounder majority's 82 Four five bearing massively expensive undertaking aimed redistributing Valley, unable finance eventually undertook.2 salient features repeated, outlined cases. (1950); (1958); Dugan Rank, 609, 999, (1963); (1963). project's components Friant interrupted upper Joaquin lower basin, imported Sacramento north. difficulty miles below others river, severely diminished, naturally remedy. Gerlach, Claims compensation awards grasslands watered overflow river. longer place. commerce compensate destruction disagreed, concluding exercise tax spend welfare, elected pay Government: "[W]hether requir d not, state-created domain." 739, 963 (footnote omitted). 84 closing terminate inundation inquiry taking defined inquiry, properly understood affirmed. 85 supra. required statute, confirm entered districts hand, other. 160 acres, substantially re-enacted Omnibus Adjustment 1926, 650, 524, 423e.3 40-year payout 1939, 1193, 485h. refused conform were, separate reasons, rested theory normal trust obligations users provisions.4 described Attorney General represented reasoned perform States; untenable position, contended, "never endowed acquiring accomplish purpose." Appellants O.T. 1957, Nos. 122-125, p. 21.5 86 unanimously ruled: comes funds, enforcement impairs compensable recourse just courts." 291, 1183. rejected 5. "it therein." (Emphasis added.) obliged took, "[b]ut confused "compels State," 292, 1184 added), quoted 615, 1349, (1945): suggest system." Accordingly, 5, years. consequences dependent downstream These suit water-right claimants city injunction storing diverting satisfactory remedy deprivation achieved. 293 340 (1961). defendants officials number utility districts, itself. overruled unconsented ordered effected "physical solution" satisfy plaintiffs' obligated respect. dismissed inquired depended instance officers authority. forward. Plaintiffs things, conferred stretch event plaintiffs county-of-origin watershed-of-Oregon hence, seizable States.6 88 carry process. Moreover, 1937, Rivers Harbors 850, "acquire otherwise, lands, rights-of-way, .." ample gave preference preferred bestow citizens respect, F.2d, 354. seize hold, nevertheless, sense transpired; trespassers, outside authority, enjoined. Absent Hence, warranted. legally suit. argued, county origin watershed origin. Respondents Delano-Earlimart 1962, 115, 30-41. Dugan, asserted settled McCracken payment 'either or, taken, courts.' 619, 1006. Furthermore, bottom finding [The had] respondents' mandate 622-623, 1007-08. 90 Disagreeing, exercised, so, dismissed. plaintiffs, Claims. 91 petition cert orari filed dealt separately city's case. riparian, overlying underground fed River. threatened anticipated diminishment Among areas permitted watershed-of-origin California; law.7 Opinions submitted claim. Petitioner 51, 148-150.8 claims essentially claimed, prescribed met.9 statutes. uses, charge. claims. despite Fresno's done so. extent, Claims, Dugan. mean exercising others. 998. "compliance preferential counties 629-630, role "is definition any, made." 1939.10 93 15, 1963, argued January announced June second November 1962. Arizona, Special Master choosing settling them, reason relying saying 8: though prohibiting single landowner getting acres. 'As [325 U.S.,] page 1349: State.' [357 1183-1184. 96 97 distributing acquisition, distribution, reads similar 8's misinterprets enough strictures submission saved narrower acceptable render employed transform discardable considers be. 99 considered contain characterization pronouncement be, municipal-preference export county-and preferences assertedly 100 Much heard arguments totaling hours voluminous briefs subjects, impact freedom holdings bear suggested majority, arrived factors statute. premised proposition short one, insists construed. contrary. 102 Our discards relatively constant audit suggests, authorizations accompanied declarations applicable. Here, 901, 1191. Army Corps Engineers "pursuant included above. There amendments codified reauthorized 103 amending 1972, amendments, amendatory thereto, force effect." 421d (1970 ed., Supp. V). More specifically, 421g stated "shall procedural sections 383 title." hint disagreement Arizona. 104 Only revisionary zeal explain misreading evident willingness disregard disturbed contrast Monell York Dept. Social Services, 436 658, 2018, 611 (1978), reconciling lines correcting err r briefed sua sponte. today's holding, frolic own. funds. 105 explicable insistence reaching overturn reflected grounded approach restrict Fresno. claimed—and General's claim—that condemnable Appeals. briefing argument, footnote. ante, 671-672, n. 24. 106 421, authorizes process, institute request Secretary. Also, Jackson 735 960, "authorized 'by ..' 844, 850." 373, Buffalo Pitts 234 228, 233, 840, 843, 1290 (1914), 17, 1093, 388, improvement it." Henkel 237 43, 50, 536, 539, 831 (1915), referring 10, 107 purpose, condemnation. He act. Authority hardly comprehensive terms, Indians' selection circumstances shown, defeat evidently authorize promote." 108 Never suggestion adopting disentitle constitutionally permissible statutorily undertaking. 109 "disavowal" gratuitous effort care join dissent. 110 reconstruing today "setting things right" current majority. laced deserve chosen label past Of purely easily feuding chose authorities spending A. Golse, 1961). author publication Chief Engineer formerly Assistant Commissioner Reclamation. 6-12. 12-13. Private contributor 1950, increased am unt 5,700,000 accounted, approximately one-fifth covered 10,000,000 Table 1-1. Agriculture, Climate Man 204 (1941). description Californians' answer Cooper, Aqueduct Empire (1968). six (1935); (1945); 1944 laws," 1191, wishes Board. Cal.Water Code Ann. 1201 1225 (West 1971). determines "reasonable" "beneficial" best serves interest." 1240, 1255, 1375; Cal.Const., Art. consider planned enhancement quality, preservation 1242.5, 1243, 1257 insure protect 1253 1391. collection periods unavailable; located; releases maintain maximum minimum chemical concentrations wildlife; vegetation structures sites; reports studies; access public. Still appropriations "beneficial use" involved. us. Dr. Elwood Mead Investigations Agriculture treatise's publication. witness hearings ser ing 1924 death 1936. Three adopted Colo. Const., 16, 5; N.D. 210; Wyo. See, e. g., Idaho 42-101 upheld gained Union. Stockman Leddy, 24, 27-29, 129 220, 221-222 (1912); Farm Investment Carpenter, 110, 258 (1900). Stewart, vocal Act's supporters, debate "confirms ights courts. short, proposes system, sanctions, regulates, confirms devotedly attached." Globe, 39th 3227 (1866) 1870, 218, "all patents granted, preemption homesteads allowed, accrued 1870 previously acquired. "They reach[ed] well, approve[d] confirm[ed] arid-land test 155, 728, (1935). Sutherland Utah familiar Westerners' efforts tame desert. Elected assigned Irrigation. biographer, Sutherland's "intimate knowledge enabled conspicuous contribution" assignment. J. Paschal, Sutherland: Against formulation 44. 1948 (discussion Lacey); Blue Acting Office, Nov. 1895. contemporary administrative "relegate[d] natural deals disposition state." H. Sinclair, I.D. 573, 574 (1894). circular "control exclusively 168, 169-170 "A entirely useless. thing flow, America. collected. 1948-1949 Lacey). "It alone owns constitution suppose 1951 Bell). Cannon], adopted, reenacts existence. Shafroth). Terry, unsuccessfully opposed view, stored. 1949-1950. Golze, 9-23 pioneer homes thems lves divert holdings. opportunities practically gone. remain, homestead settlement, main-line impracticable enterprise. reclaimed settlers, repaid reclaimed. irrigators, left themselves interference H.R.Doc. Sess. XXVIII (1901) amended provide, control," with" "relating Newlands, "identical provisions, differing somewhat phraseology," ultimate 6673 6674. 21, infra. Earlier debates, condemned contemplated individual, more. condemned, [W]here condemnation, undertaken, others, obstacle, will." 6680 Mondell's statement, Ray "forgotten purports confer scheme." responded existed "[w]herever so." 6688. "Secretary 6769. conceivable, veto provisions. conflict existed. workings appurtenance requirement: character defined, begin satisfied contemplated. feature tend uniformity perfection region affected." Some material Proceedings First Conference Service (1904) ("Before advisability making chief engineer, impossible operations act"); Second Annual ("[C]areful study State. appears probable radical changes undertaken"). interpreting preferable 25, Whatever discretion "locate construct" convincingly demonstrates, allow initiate Subsequent signify nec ssary court remand. V, addition cited Forest 36, "provid[ing] reserves 'under wherein forest situated.' 6679 Opponents borders: "Again, clear, ownership, individual. surrendered attaches paramount soil, performance governmental functions preservation." pt. (Minority Views), 16-17 8; Ray). 9(c) 1939 provides: 'No miscellaneous unless, [of Interior], impair efficiency purposes.' if, adversely 630-631, portion "§ Rather, dictum. examination dictum, implies expressions intent. earlier n.21, arguable objectives limitation, refusal approve intent, n.19, evidencing regulating overri aspect res nova, appear position. "comply 1183 appellant 617m, incorporated 617q, interfering December 1928, enact deem Justices limited, note "plainly allows river." 588, remarkably advice weight 735-736, 960-961. Considerable accorded interpretations agency charged Zemel Rusk, 381 1271, 179 (1965); Perkins Matthews, 400 379, 431, 476 (1971); Electric Gilbert, 429 125, 401, 343 (1976). worth noting devoid "be returning fund estimated apportioned equitably" right"; sales Despite restraints [N]othing t brief program. $800,000,000." Amicus Curiae, 28. 389, pertinent part: "No bona fide resident land, occupant residing neighborhood permanently attach payments therefor posed revealed erred upholding denial compensation. Gibson dissenting 'if state-recognized which, fact, compensated domain' (AJS 73, 79; cf. 48). declared restriction domain. 'is inseparable sovereignty' 'acquisition instruments performed.' 'It enlarged diminished prescribe exercised. consent never njoyment.' Kohl 371-372, 374, 449. difference 'sought fee.' Carmack, 329 230, 239, 252, 256, 209. beneficiaries press compensation." 56. analysis 54-60. explained, reasons lack follows: third County Origin Watershed (which respect), diversion satisfied; 8." Question "can percolating agricultural origin." Pet. Cert., 6. 'The difficult Legislature destroy b[y] exists completely 11460 idle gesture.' Petitioner, 148-149. dual claim, municipality claiming project-developed 351-352, 360-361. usual independent ruling obiter, validity other." Mason Fort Dodge 199 160, 166, 19, 20, 134 (1905); Title Ins. 265 472, 486, 621, 623, 1110 (1924). Woods Interstate Realty 337 535, 537, 1235, 1236, 1524 (1949); Massachusetts 333 611, 747, 754, 968 (1948).

Category: 7