Document: 357 U.S. 371 78 S.Ct. 1302 2 L.Ed.2d 1393 Milton KNAPP, Petitioner,v.Mitchell D. SCHWEITZER, Judge of the Court General Sessions, and Frank S. Hogan, District Attorney County New York. No. 189. Argued March 6, 10, 1958. Decided June 30, Motion for Leave to File Petition Rehearing Denied Oct. 13, See 79 12. Mr. Bernard H. Fitzpatrick, York City, petitioner. Richard G. Denzer, respondents Justice FRANKFURTER delivered opinion Court. 1 Petitioner is a partner in manufacturing firm engaged interstate commerce, some whose employees have been organized by local union International Brotherhood Teamsters. was subpoenaed appear before grand jury conducting an inquiry regarding bribery labor representatives, conspiracy extortion, constituting crimes under state law. Petitioner, duly sworn, asked question concerning union's representation certain wage negotiations with petitioner's firm; he refused answer on ground that his might tend incriminate him. The then granted petitioner immunity from prosecution, applying N.Y. Penal Law, McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 40, §§ 381, 2447, which provides one 'shall not be prosecuted or subjected any penalty forfeiture account transaction, matter thing which, accordance order competent authority, gave produced evidence, no such given evidence shall received against him upon criminal proceeding.' § 2447(2). 3 Having thus immunity, directed question. He again do so possible self-incrimination. 4 In subsequent appearance jury, asked, foreman, fourteen other questions relations transactions between officials. invoked privilege On application foreman respondent Schweitzer, as judge ordered return make put 5 After further answer, once more Schweitzer; when did so, district attorney moved punished contempt court. opposition this stood refusal inasmuch protect federal prosecution. Respondent Schweitzer adjudged court sentenced serve thirty days jail pay fine $250. People v. Knapp, Misc.2d 449, 157 N.Y.S.2d 820. 6 applied Supreme reversal conviction prohibiting proceeding matter. alleged danger self-incrimination attributable prosecutorial potentialities 302 Labor Management Relations Act 1947, 61 Stat. 136, 157, 29 U.S.C. 186, U.S.C.A. making it unlawful 7 'for employer deliver, agree money value representative who are employed industry affecting commerce' (§ 302(a)), 8 fact United States Southern had 'made public announcement intention cooperate (respondent) * prosecution cases field subject out commitment arose.' petition denied Court; judgment unanimously affirmed Appellate Division, A.D.2d 579, 158, and, without opinion, Appeals York, N.Y.2d 913, 161 437, 141 N.E.2d 825, amended its remittitur show passed rejected claim Fifth Amendment, 975, 162 613, 142 649. We certiorari, 355 804, 23, 27, consider constitutional 9 does deprived liberty property due process law violation Fourteenth Amendment; merit settled Twining State Jersey, 211 78, 14, 53 L.Ed. 97. His contention is, rather, that, because Congress has exercise powers made conduct unlawful, Amendment gives privilege, can assert either National Government, giving testimony implicate act.1 Because momentum adjudication whereby doctrine expands case case, carries dangerous implications. It may well lead enacts statute carrying sanctions practical withdrawn their traditional power investigate aid prosecuting conventional crimes, facts entangled offense. To recognize would disregard historic distribution Nation our system. 10 essence constitutionally formulated federalism division political legal two systems government single Nation. crucial difference federalisms wide sweep conferred central reservation specific constituent units particularization vast range governmental left units. strikingly illustrated British North America Act, 1867, 30 Vict., 3, Commonwealth Australia Constitution 1900, 63 & 64 relevant remind particular Government delegated reserved or, limitations both governments, people. Except insofar penal remedies provided explicit authority 'make all Laws necessary proper into Execution' Art. I, 8, bulk legislate what compendiously described justice, nations belongs government, system responsibility individual States. 11 choice form arrangement product jealous concern lest encroach domain rights same led restrictions expressed first ten amendments, colloquially known Bill Rights. These provisions deeply concerned procedural safeguards pertaining justice within restricted area jurisdiction. They exclusively States.2 Needless say, statesman day cared safeguarding liberties were enshrined Rights than James Madison. But view these already protected action itself. 'My own opinion,' wrote Thomas Jefferson, 'has always favor bill rights; framed imply meant included enumeration. At time I never thought omission material defect, nor anxious supply even amendment, reason anxiously desired others. favored supposed use, if properly executed could disservice. viewed important light 1. conceive degree, though extent argued Wilson, manner granted. *'3 Plainly enough arising Federal Madison sponsored others patently likewise limited Government. If conclusive proof needed, afforded came sponsor House Representatives proposed like placed Constitution.4 Congress, however, power. 12 While adoption 1868 change withdraw basic interests exclusive control States, impose enforcement laws. 'fundamental principles lie at base civil institutions,' Hebert Louisiana, 272 312, 316, 47 103, 104, 71 270; Palko Connecticut, 319, 58 149, 82 288; Malinski 324 401, 412—416, 438, 65 781, 786—788, 798, 89 1029, implied comprehensive concept blur great 13 Generalities observations be, they bear decisively issue tendered case. yield only uniform course decision over hundred years recognizing autonomy governments.5 extensive statutes income tax evasions, investigation discover corruption misconduct, generally, easily thwarted expose wrongdoing remedial legislation generally low standards today endemic Lord Bryce reported them American (1888), most cheerful improvements since taken place afford justification blunting ferret out, thereby guard against, reverse whole history. achieve essential ends find necessary, require full disclosure exchange This cannot potential witness Jack Kansas, 199 372, 26 73, 50 234. Every feel free block those vitally proceedings. 14 construing self-incrimination, must keep mind quality restraint compulsion newly directed, general declaration policy compelling testimony. plain amendment restricting private citizens. sole—although valuable—purpose security exertion compel incriminating enabling convict man mouth. 15 Of take advantage recognition States' evade officer should party agencies, protection come play. Such barred see Byars 273 28, 248, 520. Whether, collaboration officers, defendant successfully proceeding, we need now decide, record us barren used instrument investigation. Petitioner's assertion announced cooperating officials presents situation devoid significance joint endeavor. 16 shifting membership repeatedly found occasion say whatever inconveniences embarrassments involved, price federalism, having people amenable to—as served by—two governments. person may, through immunized selfdisclosure law-enforcing agency State, facilitate amenability process, vice versa, too paid federalism. Against greater price, sterilizing governments each sphere. 17 Judgment affirmed. 18 BRENNAN, concurring. 19 join Court's my understanding decide compelled testify Amendment. 20 therefore believe reconsideration holding Feldman 322 487, 1082, 88 1408, appropriate contrary suggestion dissent BLACK, think however note joining understood believing forecloses requiring 21 Chief WARREN, dissenting. 22 There doubt problem Competing considerations greatest involved. resolving touch intricate delicate mechanism especially remember, Holmes observed, 'General propositions concrete cases.' Lochner 198 45, 76, 25 539, 547, 49 937. courts sustained circumstances give not, law, hand, implicit majority run risk based 1408. profitable discussion begin agreement controlling principles. event, affirm construed misconception violence vital principle final arbiter May Anderson, 345 528, 534, 535, 73 840, 843, 844, 97 1221. BLACK remanded reconsider majority's conclusion role prosecutor prevent use state-compelled events, unsettling influence litigation indicates satisfactory solution reached decision. 23 whom DOUGLAS joins, 24 answers answer. When persisted guilty jail. reviewing Division violated Constitutions punish declining incriminated 158. Article Constitution, 'No himself.' ruled provision infringed, pointing (1) (2) crime showed 'cooperated' officers opinion. 825. affirming, evidently takes position, cooperation disclosed bar this, seems me vacate remand erroneous assumption crime. Standard Oil Co. California Johnson, 316 481, 62 1168, 86 1611. Cf. Patterson Alabama, 294 600, 607, 55 575, 578, 1082; 28 2106, 2106. Otherwise will go there least chance upheld known, do, courts.1 27 also few words here about referred Division. minority held, 4—3, information extracted authorities threat punishment crime.2 passage strengthened result thoroughly guarantee himself, untenability premises relied clearly revealed series penetrating review articles Professor J. A. C. Grant. Immunity Compulsory Self-Incrimination System Temple L.Q. 57, 194; Federalism Self-Incrimination, U.C.L.A.Law Rev. 549, id., places called desperate position; remain silent imprisonment confess himself penitentiary. Marcello Cir., 196 F.2d 437. Indeed things point, Murdock, 284 141, 52 63, 76 210, Feldman, present where whipsawed each. Irvine California, 347 128, 74 98 561; Kahriger, 22, 510, 754. accept intolerable affairs part government. No force validity added argument invocation Supremacy Clause, VI, cl. 2, Privileges Immunities Clause Whatever applicability way expanded provisions. supra, page 99, 19: '(T)he exemption compulsory citizenship *.' 1883 Marshall say: 'Had framers amendments intended imitated original constitution, intention. Had congress extraordinary occupation improving constitutions several states affording additional matters themselves alone, declared purpose intelligible language. 'But universally understood, history day, revolution established constitution effected immense opposition. Serious fears extensively entertained patriot statesmen, watched country, deemed union, attainment invaluable objects sought, exercised liberty. almost every convention adopted, abuse recommended. demanded apprehended encroachments government—not governments.' Barron, Use Tiernan Mayor City Council Baltimore, Pet. 243, 250, 672. Letter 17, 1788, Papers Jefferson (Boyd ed. 1958) 16, 18. went following reasons view: '2. fear positive obtained requisite latitude. am sure conscience particular, submitted definition narrowed much likely ever assumed 3. jealousy subordinate Governments, existed exists other. 4. experience proves inefficacy occasions controul needed.' 18—19. entire, rather long, letter merits reading. For Madison's management resolution became Rights, Brant, Madison: Father 1787—1800, 21. 'Mr. conceived valuable list. restrain infringing rights, equally secured Governments. one, provide other, satisfied grateful people.' Annals Cong. 755 (1789). By 1900 involving claims virtually eight Articles See, e.g., I: Permoli First Municipality 1, How. 589, 609, 739 (free religion); Cruikshank, 92 542, 552, 588 (right assemble Government); II: 553 arms); IV: Smith Maryland, 71, 269 (no warrant except probable cause); Spies Illinois, 123 131, 166, 21, 24, 31 80 (security unreasonable searches seizures); V: Barron 247, 672 (taking just compensation); Fox Ohio, 410, 434, 213 (former jeopardy); Twitchell Com. Pennsylvania, Wall. 321, 325—327, 223 (deprivation life law); (compulsory self-incrimination); Eilenbecker Plymouth County, 134 31, 34—35, 424, 425, 33 801 (presentment indictment jury); VI: pages 325 327, informed nature cause accusation); (speedy trial impartial re Sawyer, 124 200, 219, 482, 492, 402 process); (confrontation witnesses); VII: Livingston's Lessee Moore, 469, 551—552, 751 cases); Justices Murray, 274, 278, 658 (re-examination tried VIII: Pervear Massachusetts, 475, 479—480, 608 (excessive fines, cruel unusual punishments). Michigan, least, interpreted preventing Den-Uyl, 318 Mich. 645, N.W.2d 284, A.L.R.2d 625. ex rel. Doran Doran, 215 La. 151, 39 So.2d 894. Contrast Bram 168 532, 183, 42 568, involuntary confession procured foreign nation outside And Ashcraft Tennessee, 143, 155, 921, 927, 1192, 'The stands means coerced confession.' coercion cases.

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