Document: 475 U.S. 237 106 S.Ct. 1032 89 L.Ed.2d 187 T.L. MORRIS, Superintendent, Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, Petitionerv.James Michael MATHEWS. No. 84-1636. Argued Nov. 4, 1985. Decided Feb. 26, 1986. Rehearing Denied April 21, See 1132, 1663. Syllabus Respondent and another man (Daugherty) robbed a bank in Ohio. After an automobile chase, the police surrounded two men when they stopped at farmhouse. Thereafter, heard shots fired inside house, respondent emerged from house surrendered. The then entered found Daugherty dead. Based on Coroner's opinion that had committed suicide, State did not charge with Daugherty's death but aggravated robbery. pleaded guilty, days later admitted having shot Daugherty. was indicted for murder based state trial court denied his pretrial motion to dismiss indictment as violative of Double Jeopardy Clause Fifth Amendment, he guilty after jury trial. Ultimately, Court Appeals, finding barred respondent's conviction murder, modified lesser included offense murder. Supreme appeal, sought writ habeas corpus Federal District Court, which petition. Appeals reversed. Apparently agreeing assertion evidence would have been inadmissible stating "may prejudiced" by evidence, held established "reasonable possibility" prejudiced double jeopardy violation sufficient warrant new charge. Held: Reducing concededly jeopardy-barred adequate remedy violation. Pp. 244-248. (a) When is reduced barred, burden shifts defendant demonstrate reasonable probability (i.e., undermine confidence outcome) convicted nonjeopardy-barred absent presence offense. Where it clear necessarily defendant's conduct satisfies elements offense, be incongruous order means curing 244-247. (b) Here, Appeals' legal factual basis ordering seriously flawed. Its standard sufficiently demanding, expressly say agreed certain separate nor refer any authorities, its observation admission such jury" falls far short considered conclusion if issue before there convicted. 247-248. 754 F.2d 158 (CA6 1985), reversed remanded. WHITE, J., delivered BURGER, C.J., REHNQUIST, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, filed concurring judgment, POWELL, joined, post, p. 248. BRENNAN, 257, MARSHALL, 258, dissenting opinions. Richard David Drake, Columbus, Ohio, petitioner. G. Dane, Cleveland, respondent. Justice WHITE Court. 1 question presented this case whether appellate provided Amendment modifying barred. 2 * On February 17, 1978, James Mathews Steven Alexandria Bank Alexandria, finally Soon thereafter, home surrendered police. officers dead, once head chest. also money stolen hidden pantry. 3 Once custody, gave series statements law enforcement officials. In first statement, given one hour surrender, claimed forced him aid robbery threatening kill both girlfriend. shooting second same day, again Daugherty, no other involved robbery, alone planned performed crime. 4 Two later, third statement confessed robbing bank. related arrived farmhouse, run back out their van retrieve money, way inside, "heard muffled house." App. 4. Upon investigation, discovered himself head. still conscious, called name. Ibid. 5 County Coroner initially ruled suicide. made determination, however, receiving results autopsy forensic pathologist. This report indicated received wounds shotgun. initial while standing, left side face. fractured skull, mere force blast rendered immediately unconscious. wound fatal. lying back, directly into heart extremely close range. instantaneously As result issued supplemental certificate, listing "multiple gun wounds" cause death. Record 295. 6 took own life, Instead, under Rev.Code Ann. § 2911.01 (Supp.1984) charges.1 May 17 sentenced term incarceration 7 25 years. entering plea, maintained head, alive returning farmhouse money. Acting theory that, were could claim kidnapped voluntarily bank, "put [the gun] inch or [Daugherty's] chest pulled trigger." 6.2 Respondent's week reiterated these points. Id., 8-16. 8 June 1, charged 2903.01 (1982) defines part, "purposely caus[ing] . fleeing committing robbery."3 referred armed previously guilty. Amendment. 9 At judge instructed follows: 10 "If you find proved beyond doubt all essential your verdict must crime event will consider 11 "But failed prove killing done nonetheless purposely done, proceed deliberations decide has 12 "The distinguished State's failure robbery." 21. 13 life imprisonment. 14 appealed conviction, claiming following violated Clause. Judicial District, affirmed v. Mathews, CA 2578 (Licking County, Aug. 9, 1979), declined grant discretionary review. 79-1342 (Dec. 7, 1979). granted petition certiorari, vacated remanded further consideration light Illinois Vitale, 447 410, 100 2260, 65 228 (1980). 448 904, 3044, 1134 15 remand, Clause, construed 1980). noted, causing felonies, 2903.02 simply another. Pet. Cert. A-26.4 trial, therefore, "if facts relating are excluded jury, date charged." Accordingly, sentence indefinite years life. A-27.5 again, subsequent certiorari 451 975, 101 2057, 68 356 (1981). 16 federal court. Applying reasoning Marshall, C-1-81-834 (WD Apr. 19, 1983). A divided panel Sixth Circuit (1985). Although refusing hold like nonbarred always necessary, "a obtained clause cannot can show 'reasonable possibility prejudiced' violation," " 'an exceedingly small showing suffice.' 162, quoting Graham Smith, 602 1078, 1083 (CA2 "evidence admissible murder," [been] concluded prejudice supra, 162.6 18 We 471 1134, 105 2673, 86 692 (1985), now reverse. II 19 matter, we note several issues dispute. First, concedes our cases prosecution Similarly, prevent trying Next, courts reviewed cause[d] another," definition (1982). n. supra. Finally, "harmless error" case: allowing tried error, sense harmless. With considerations aside, only us reducing 20 argues because should never occurred, bars taking advantage converting He submits prejudice. 21 relies heavily Price Georgia, 398 323, 90 1757, 26 300 (1970), reliance misplaced. manslaughter. stand impliedly acquitted 329, S.Ct., 1761. Nor "determine against petitioner induced less serious voluntary manslaughter rather than continue debate innocence." 331, 1762. 22 holding impose automatic retrial rule whenever Rather, relied likelihood influenced charge—that greater unwilling convict willing innocence That presuming present here. acquit and, fortiori, well. 23 Benton Maryland, 395 784, 2056, 707 (1969), strongly indicates prevail here, tainted larceny burglary. count, His set aside improperly sworn. burglary larceny, offenses. Maryland violation, disagreed, ruling required setting sentence. 796-797, 2063-2064. 24 urged fall alone. claimed, decision rejected argument, saying "[i]t [was] obvious face record affected make kind evidentiary determination "unaided prior courts." 798, 2064 (footnote omitted). thus judgment court, proceedings. Neither suggests unbarred inherently suggest shows reliable inference perceive departing approach here; except charge, difference between purposes. situation, believe probability" outcome. Cf. Strickland Washington, 466 668, 695, 104 2052, ----, 80 674 (1984). all, purposes multiple prosecutions protect individual suffering embarrassment, anxiety, expense Green United States, 355 184, 187-188, 78 221, 223-224, 199 (1957). this, where yet 27 correct rejecting per se submission, nevertheless too ready necessary court's standard, satisfied "an showing," demanding. To improper inclusion proceeding probably different. 28 Second, appeared agree so, authorities. F.2d, 162. law, tending either "his motive intent," "scheme, plan system," admissible, "notwithstanding proof may tend commission defendant." 2945.59 (1982).7 generally Moorehead, St.2d 166, 169, 265 N.E.2d 551, 553 (1970). normally accept appeals' view turns admissibility challenged deserves more thorough lower 29 questionable 30 Because flawed, reversed, proceedings consistent opinion. 31 It so ordered. 32 whom POWELL joins, judgment. 33 States constitutionally insufficient aggravated-murder defense I think applied right reached wrong result. concur today's do join Court's 34 without violating Disagreeing contends automatically unconstitutional resulting correctly points position reconciled terms (1969). ante, 246. Moreover, primary argument unconvincing. asserts down simple possibly cure itself constituted prohibit seeking (It obtaining prohibition remedied modification judgment.) then, held, broad. something allowed do: addition true prosecutorial prohibited potential effect trial's outcome, ordeal through put defendant. consequence, does "whole" violation: compensate him, example, mental anguish inflicted upon 10, 1762, But hardly follows appropriate entire particularly since promote finality avoiding trials 35 entitled demonstrated 158, 162 (CA2), cert. denied, 444 995, 531, 62 426 (1979). majority here rejects holds prejudice." Ante, means, explains, error "there (emphasis added). formulation announces: "To different." 247. extent standards differ test are, my view, unprecedented inappropriate. 36 starts foot asserting "this 'harmless error' case." 244-245. Fundamentally, case. imposed acknowledged transgression deemed harmless respect Chapman California, 386 18, 87 824, 705 (1967), constitutional ever Some rights, course, "so basic fair trial" denial requires reversal, id., 23, 827, category include violations sort ultimate Under Chapman, sustained "beyond doubt" contribute conviction. 24, 828; see also, e.g., Hasting, 461 499, 511, 103 1974, 1981, 76 96 (1983). noted essentially requirement reversal contributed U.S., 23-24, 827-828. 37 originated Fahy Connecticut, 375 85, 84 229, 171 (1963), introduction illegally seized evidence. Less Second persuasively equally applicable situations i.e., ultimately convictions charges ex rel. Hetenyi Wilkins, 348 844 (1965), sub nom. Mancusi Hetenyi, 383 913, 896, 667 (1966). first-degree second-degree overturned prosecuted murder.1 Writing then-Judge Marshall Constitution forbade reprosecution Nonetheless, invalidated Hetenyi's reconviction fact 864 original). "For example," Judge explained, "it entirely possible degree reflecting unfamiliar desire compromise might returned charge," 866. refused apply lenient noting: 38 ends justice served requiring accused actually being insisting quantitative measurement energies resources consumed inquiry staggering attainable level certainty most unsatisfactory." 864. 39 similar facts. retried grounds, Citing "we determine explicitly employ observed: cast risk hazard consequence verdict. subjected viewed lightly." certainly indication unless "but 247.2 40 today offers virtually explanation favor approach. cites support "reliable inference" "probably different" formulations announces. formulation, refers (1984), used words concern adequacy proffered place. 691-692, 2066-2067. professionally unreasonable mistake counsel constitutes ineffective assistance retrospect altered verdict—that is, outcome." 694, 2068; cf. Bagley, 473 667, 3375, 481 (1985) (prosecutor's disclose favorable violates due process disclosure outcome).3 case, common ground rights Due Process contained damage taints even tolerate abridgment rights. course prosecution, lose whatever presumption regularity formerly enjoyed, properly bears heavy arguing treated valid. 41 By ruling, despite invalidate makes readily excusable error. For me, little sense. Violations protections. Their excusability judged standard. real special leniency announces today, none. III 42 proper shown convincingly disprove lesser. errors, feared need spell out. introduced, prosecutor forbidden remarks, understood danger illegal remarks influence jury. prejudiced. unbarred, There verdict, Price, charged. reason regarding aggravating factor Like Rules Evidence, Ohio's code allows crimes "proof motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence accident." Rule Evid. 404(B); Fed.Rule 404(b). flight murdered accomplice silence escape hoped, return pick up hidden. consequently apparent why opportunity 43 Given obligated some specificity how gone better so; instead, speculated sorts things enough "declar[ing] belief error] doubt." 828. If were, remand inappropriate: telling what happened defend Perhaps different tactics tried; perhaps prepared fully Indeed, abstract speculations sufficed create harmless, difficult qualify. 44 therefore although justification traditional deciding questions kind. 45 dissenting. 46 Both arose criminal transaction episode. those circumstances, reduction Fourteenth person shall subject twice jeopardy. adhere limited circumstances "all grow single act, occurrence, episode, transaction" proceeding. Ashe Swenson, 397 436, 453-454, 1189, 1199-1200, 469 (1970) (BRENNAN, concurring). See, Brooks Oklahoma, 456 999, 102 2284, 73 1294 dissenting); Snell 450 957, 1416, 67 382 (1981) Werneth Idaho, 449 1129, 951, 118 Thompson 429 1053, 97 768, 50 770 (1977) dissenting). affirm below reversing directions instructions writ. 47 However, permissible BLACKMUN reasons stated 248, 255-256. 259, met sustained. 48 49 substantially Parts BLACKMUN's thoughtful concurrence, conclude 1985) (quoting 1979)). uniformly taken require 250-253, justified difficulties wishing actual "There [can] unconstitutionally broad scope accused's strategy impaired sensitive examination suspect controversial inquest jurors available." F. 51 2d 844, 1965), 52 particular bringing resulted see, (1970); adopting determining impermissibly expanding exposed dangers sort. 53 One faced (indeed, offered) came brought otherwise regard findings intent act itself." Unlike reconsider "the judges who deal regularly respective districts circuits local dispose comparable issues," Butner 440 48, 58, 99 914, 919, 59 136 And, anything full attention majority's "more court" issue, disingenuous best. states: "(A) No person, attempting theft defined section 2913.01 Revised Code, attempt following: "(1) Have deadly weapon dangerous ordnance, 2923.11 about control; "(2) Inflict, inflict physical harm "(B) Whoever felony degree." handwritten pertinent reads "At time ask steve said van. tould cover me going get went careful van, getting come ran yelled steve. moning stairs. stairs seen laying floor. somewere bleeding pretty bad. mike, moning, oh fuck, hand load droped And mike voice please me. knew lot pain couldn't really though bad shape. didn't want to, myself quick dead kidnapped. So shell trigger. don't know much dropped floor body. looked place hid money." 5-6. provides, commit, commit kidnapping, rape, arson arson, burglary, escape. "(C) punished 2929.02 Code." provides relied, Criminal Procedure 31, Conviction law. indictment, information, complaint including degrees, offenses within charged, inferior thereof, offense." cited 33(A)(4): "(4) contrary convicted, therein, modify accordingly, granting pass modified." charges, rules allow "to surrounding just-completed (Brown, "In accident scheme, system doing material, acts proved, contemporaneous thereto, notwithstanding Evidence 404(B) Other crimes, wrongs acts. wrongs, character acted conformity therewith. may, purposes, three times, each first, appeal grounds Since Courts adequately jeopardy-barred; followed Hetenyi. 1078 (1979), addressed situation Graham's habeas, successfully Recognizing testimony damaging impeachment testified doubtful plausible [Graham] prejudiced.' 1083, Tapp Lucas, 658 (1981), 972, 2233, 72 845 (1982), resembling success. upheld solution problem trial." 386. prejudicial Strickland, 247; 2068. specifically "that counsel's deficient likely outcome 693, 2068 language renders puzzling wholly demand paragraph

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