Document: 112 S.Ct. 1715 504 U.S. 1 118 L.Ed.2d 318 J.C. KEENEY, Superintendent, Oregon State Penitentiary, Petitionerv.Jose TAMAYO-REYES. No. 90-1859. Argued Jan. 15, 1992. Decided May 4, Syllabus In collateral state-court proceedings, respondent, a Cuban immigrant with little education and almost no knowledge of English, alleged, inter alia, that his plea nolo contendere to first-degree manslaughter had not been knowing intelligent therefore was invalid because court-appointed translator translated accurately completely for him the mens rea element crime in question. The state court dismissed petition after hearing, Court Appeals affirmed, Supreme denied review, Federal District respondent habeas corpus relief. However, held he entitled federal evidentiary hearing on question whether properly explained him, since record disclosed material facts concerning translation were adequately developed at see Townsend v. Sain, 372 293, 313, 83 745, 757, 9 770 postconviction counsel's negligent failure develop those did constitute deliberate bypass orderly procedure courts, id., 317, 759; Fay Noia, 391, 438, 822, 848, 837. Held: A cause-and-prejudice standard, rather than Fay's is correct standard excusing petitioner's fact proceedings. Townsend's holding applicable case like this must be overruled light more recent decisions involving, Fay, procedural default, which has rejected favor cause prejudice. See, e.g., Wainwright Sykes, 433 72, 87-88, n. 12, 97 2497, 2507, 53 594; Coleman Thompson, 501 ----, 111 2546, 115 640. It would irrational distinguish between failing assert claim such claim, apply latter remnant decision longer upheld regard former. Moreover, concerns finality, comity, judicial economy, channeling resolution claims into most appropriate forum motivated rejection default cases are equally case. Finally, applying here also advances uniformity law. Thus, if can show proceedings actual prejudice resulting from failure, or fundamental miscarriage justice result hold hearing. McCleskey Zant, 499 1454, 113 517 Pp. 1717-1721. 926 F.2d 1492 (CA 1991), reversed remanded. WHITE, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., SCALIA, SOUTER, THOMAS, JJ., joined. O'CONNOR, filed dissenting opinion, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, KENNEDY, opinion. Jack L. Landau, Portland, Or., petitioner. Steven T. Wax, respondent. Justice WHITE Court. Respondent English. 1984, charged murder arising stabbing death man who allegedly attempted intervene confrontation girlfriend bar. 2 provided defense attorney interpreter. recommended plead manslaughter. Ore.Rev.Stat. § 163.118(1)(a) (1987). signed form English rights waiving by entering plea. petitioner represented counsel judge asked interpreter they consequences plea; responded affirmative. then waive plea, translate. indicated understood still wished contendere. accepted 3 Later, brought attack proceeding. He alleged contended understand purposes know pleading contest manslaughter, but thought agreeing tried 4 After respondent's petition, finding served trial correctly, fully, communications attorney. App. 51. review. 5 entered seeking writ corpus. implicating fifth circumstance (1963), sought unconstitutional. found critical relevant attributable inexcusable neglect required. Pet. Cert. 37, 38. appealed. 6 Ninth Circuit recognized translate proved, basis overturning 1492, 1494 (1991), determined court, 1500, apparently due negligence counsel. supra, U.S., S.Ct., 759, 837 required an unless deliberately bypassed courts. Because bypass, ruled him. F.2d, 1502.1 7 We granted certiorari decide 502 48, 116 26 (1991). reverse. 8 Sain Noia's reversed, it quite understandable applied respect overruled.2 Noia itself where taken advantage remedies appeal—a Since time, however, instead Francis Henderson, 425 536, 96 1708, 48 149 (1976), we acknowledged court's power entertain application even procedurally waived nonetheless examined appropriateness exercise recognized, as considerations comity administration criminal may some circumstances require forgo its power. 538-539, 1710. well Id., 542, 1711. 10 594 (1977), "knowing waiver" "deliberate bypass" excuse comply contemporaneous-objection rule, stating rule deserved accorded it. 88, 2507. observed rules contribute error-free thoroughly desirable. object limited facts. Wainwright, 2506-2507 12 have consistently reaffirmed "cause prejudice" embodies accommodation competing implicated Reed Ross, 468 1, 11, 104 2901, 2908, 82 (1984); Engle Isaac, 456 107, 129, 102 1558, 1572, 71 783 (1982). 11 same used defaults should abuse claimed government. 1468. This conclusion rested two doctrines similar purpose design implicate concerns. strikes finality conviction, matter particular importance system. ---- - 1469, citing Murray Carrier, 477 478, 487, 106 2639, 2645, 91 397 (1986). litigation places heavy burden scarce resources, give litigants incentives withhold manipulative purposes, create disincentives present when evidence fresh. 1469. See 13, 2909; 89, Again addressing issue 640 described based conception federal/state relations undervalued rules, 2565, went raise appeal all. Ibid. "All State's interests—in forum, having opportunity own errors prisoner one all them." 2565. uniformly defaults, eliminating "irrational" distinction subsequent cases. these decisions, similarly 13 Coleman, other case.3 As prisoner's will appropriately accommodate forum. 14 Applying obviously convictions, requiring solely dramatically increases opportunities relitigate conviction. 15 Similarly, encouraging full factual development courts committed constitutional error allowing coordinate jurisdiction first instance. reduces "inevitable friction" results "overturn[s] either legal conclusions reached system." Sumner Mata, 449 539, 550, 101 764, 770, 66 722 (1981). 16 Also, ensuring takes place earlier, plainly serves interest economy. hardly good use resources duplicate factfinding merely negligently failed take 17 Furthermore, channels issues instance, creating deferral later federal-court only degrade accuracy efficiency fully consistent gives meaning requirement exhaustion. long prisoners exhaust before obtaining Ex Parte Royall, 117 241, 734, 29 L.Ed. 868 (1886). now incorporated statute.4 28 U.S.C. 2254. Exhaustion means notice. exhaustion Congress surely meant serious meaningful. 18 hurdle path channel meritorious vindicated unfounded obviated resort court. Comity dictate satisfied mere statement Just afford fair so address resolve merits. Cf. Picard Connor, 404 270, 275, 92 509, 512, 30 438 (1971). 19 worth noting law There reason maintain area principally enunciated. And said bring under another, lower different could mean excused introduction prosecution's evidence, introduce any support claim.5 20 Tamayo-Reyes failure. adopt narrow exception requirement: mandated 1470; 496, 2649-2650. 21 concedes remand order forward establishing prejudice, Brief Petitioner 21, agree opportunity. Accordingly, remanded further 22 So ordered. 23 whom KENNEDY join, dissenting. 24 Under guise overruling "a decision," ante, 8, achieving "uniformity law," 10, changed way effectively decided (1963). I do think change supported line our upon relies: my view, balance interests regarding consider raised cannot simply lifted transposed whether, once Court's reconciled 2254(d), statute enacted three years Townsend. 25 * Jose Tamayo-Reyes' stated does speak pleaded without understanding what "manslaughter" means. 58. If assertion true, conviction unconstitutionally obtained, Henderson Morgan, 426 637, 644-647, 2253, 2257-2259, 49 108 Despite attempt characterize allegation technical quibble—"his manslaughter," much dispute. that, entitle relief seeks. initially, properly, challenged voluntariness "[p]etitioner's guilty knowingly voluntarily entered." Yet inspires confidence determination. witness testify, ask Counsel introduced deposition testimony interpreter, admitted "less murder." 27. No witnesses capable assessing interpreter's performance called; direct attention various sections point out erred. When prosecutor objected discussion ground qualified expert witness, "presentation quickly disintegrated." 1499 (CA9 1991). actually charge pleading. 27 Contrary impression conveyed defer sort dubious "factfinding" history behind it, begin Sain. II A. availability scope over writ's history, thing remained constant: Habeas appellate proceeding, original civil action Browder Director, Illinois Dept. Corrections, 434 257, 269, 98 556, 563, 54 521 (1978). settled hundred ago "[t]he prosecution against [a defendant] prosecution, . proceeding prosecution. On contrary, new suit enforce right." parte Tom Tong, 559-560, 871, 879, 826 (1883). Any possible doubt about removed statutory disposition petitions, including nonappellate functions facts, 2242, taking depositions propounding interrogatories, 2246, documentary 2247, and, course, determination hearings, 2254(d). To sure, peculiar set hurdles clear presented district must, general, available remedies, 2254(b), avoid writ, seek retroactive law, Teague Lane, 489 288, 109 1060, 103 334 (1989). For higher. Watkins, (3 Pet.) 193, 203, 650 (1830) (habeas challenge court). But surmounted—once court—a petitioner, litigant, right necessary prove supporting claim. Hawk Olson, 326 271, 278-279, 116, 120, 90 61 (1945); Holiday Johnston, 313 342, 351-354, 1015, 1018, 85 1392 (1941); Walker 312 285-287, 574, 578-579, 830 Moore Dempsey, 261 86, 92, 43 265, 267, 67 543 (1923). Thus 312, 756, "the redress presupposes heard, argue evidence," saying nothing new. restating method contested resolved. always differed ordinary litigation, important respect: doctrine res judicata never apply. Brown Allen, 344 443, 458, 73 397, 408, 469 (1953); Darr Burford, 339 200, 214, 70 587, 595, 94 761 (1950); Waley 316 101, 105, 62 964, 966, 86 1302 (1942); Salinger Loisel, 265 224, 230, 44 519, 521, 68 989 (1924). precluded raising already say weight, every Concerns federalism pushed us extreme just repelled opposite extreme, strict judicata. Instead, occupied middle ground. Even Townsend, deferred findings fairly considered satisfactory result. Brown, 465, 411; Frank Mangum, 237 309, 332-336, 35 582, 589-590, 59 969 (1915). case, entertaining examine anew. Hawk, 321 114, 118, 64 448, 449, 450, 88 572 (1944); Moore, 267. example, "where adjudication contentions remedy afforded proves practice unavailable seriously inadequate." 450. dispensed "[w]here affords adequate weigh sufficiency allegations unusual calling presented." 463, 410-411. 31 "did launch directions," Weisselberg, Evidentiary Hearings Corpus Cases, 1990 B.Y.U.L.Rev. 131, 150, clarified how measure adequacy specified six confident trier reliably facts." 757. 32 "(1) merits dispute resolved hearing; (2) whole; (3) fact-finding employed (4) there substantial newly discovered evidence; (5) (6) appears applicant hearing." 33 That principles marked significant departure prior evident view expressed four dissenters, "no quarrel basic governing principle determine proceeding," disagreed "to erect detailed standards myriad situations applications." 326-327, 764 (Stewart, dissenting). thus alter courts' evidence. 34 concern might withholding factfinder hope receptive 759. discourage disrespect need detail, discussed greater length another day, 438-440, 848-849, referred reader bar intentionally Nearly later, implies stand fall together. Ante, 5-8. so: suggest identical, logic identical answer each. purport rely authority; shorthand device repeating analysis. Indeed, reliance authority unnecessary. essentially elaboration hearings cases; defaults. (1991); 82, 2504, (1977). 36 recognizes, 6, analysis ever since. Vasquez Hillery, 474 254, 258, 617, 620, 598 (1986); Cuyler Sullivan, 446 335, 341-342, 100 1714-1715, 333 (1980); Jackson Virginia, 443 307, 318, 99 2781, 2788, 560 (1979); LaVallee Delle Rose, 410 690, 693-694, 93 1203, 1205, 637 (1973); Boyd Dutton, 405 3, 760, 755 (1972); Procunier Atchley, 400 446, 451, 485, 488, 524 not, unjustifiably clinging poorly reasoned precedent. While abandoned inconsistent better-reasoned interests, 37 today holds reliability doubtful crucial fact, ordinarily holding, directly overrules portion departs significantly pre-Townsend accurate depended proof unreliable day Holmes wrote rejected—under somewhat suspicious circumstances—the dominated angry mob, "it seem sufficient allow Judge United States escape duty examining himself true make absolutely void." class petitioners eligible narrower days gone by, smaller, construed narrowly construes today. B 38 Instead looking borrows series All despite default. supra; (1982); (1977); (1976). remaining addresses writ. These is, upset judgment affirmed appeal. far threshold inquiry concerned, provide justification standard. former context, Great Writ imposes special costs possess primary defining enforcing trials initial responsibility vindicating rights. intrusions frustrate both States' sovereign punish offenders their good-faith attempts honor rights." Engle, 128, 1572. 39 considering different. Here, violation; go comes determining underlying diminished somewhat. By point, less encroaching territory managing manner best implement petitions. Our adoption reflexively second. Federalism, advanced declining permit relitigation certain circumstances; advanced, occurs, permitting incomplete record. III 40 subsection (d) 2254, Subsection provides "shall presumed correct, shall establish" eight listed circumstances. Most word here; 2254(d)(3) renders presumption correctness inapplicable effect augment proof. Where establish "by convincing evidence"; preponderance 551, 771, 41 Section 2254(d) sense, codification held; nearly correct. intertwined. fulfills requirements virtue fulfilling necessarily fulfilled requirements, hand, generally corresponding either, neither nor correctness. work hand hand: higher Without safe assume unattainable petitioners. Yackle, Postconviction Remedies 508-509 42 enacting closely parallels established framework relies continuing validity. therefore, intent governed factfinding. particular, Congress' circumstance's analog, 2254(d)(3). fit within none circumstances, very likely one, error. developed, unknown time them, certainly covered short constitutionally ineffective assistance amount "cause." 2645. result, practical ruling other—for ground—the rendered presenting factfinder. ironic. occurs itself, ineffectiveness hearing—it trial. Where, effective counsel, poor "cause" ----. today's decision, people obtained unusable 45 noted above, uses language strongly suggests continued existence creates conundrum interpret applies circumstance, superfluous part become superfluous. deprive portions effect, statutes. 2254(d)(3), uncoupled intended follow, instances accord track Reconciliation questions left discretion, mandatory. 770. 46 reasons, presumes validity 47 alleges understand. exhausted corpus, forth Given cut off respectfully dissent. definition, ambit confined inadequate few number. classification burdened dockets concept inadequacy comprehends petitions realistic possibility difference outcome. number insure ones, O'CONNOR points out, valid 50 (1989), serve protect integrity curbing insuring ones which, State, invalidate final judgment. actions bound ought steps diminish likelihood base assessment reasons dissent With translated, concluded ample translations, surrounding F.2d., 1502. asserts insofar reflected existing seems general each criteria particularizing pronouncement, holdings Surely pointedly aspects problem widely divergent irreconcilable dealing issues. 310, 755, 8. Hence deemed advisable guidance expressly announcing "must supersede, extent inconsistencies, opinions Allen [, (1953) ]." 756-757. 411 (federal deny rehearing legality [the] detention determined, presented," court) (emphasis added); (writ refused, more, "state process given consideration offered evidence") added). unequivocally substantially Smith Yeager, 393 122, 125, 89 277, 279, 246 (1968) (per curiam ). surprising, then, cited remotely "material hearing," neglect. undeniable cases, definition "inexcusable neglect" made puts aside acceptable precondition reaching insists defaulted subject characterization. text, disagree. O'CONNOR's position considerably weakened her concession factually undeveloped asserted federally second petition. post 17, circumstance. difficult conceive borrowing particularly if, say, post, 17. relied repeat Noia. impact now. "An State. ." 2254(b). adopting assumed absent bypass. several First, codify Townsend' specifications categories govern required; rather, lists exceptions normal deals held. distinct, indicates assumption presence absence Second, sensibly read same. Third, mention recognize neglect, let alone reflect specific face silence, judicially created equitable by-pass borrowed repudiated. invoking unavailing (1986), much. Such dead letter, shown Murray, objective factors external impede efforts say: "Without attempting exhaustive catalog impediments compliance note showing reasonably 16, 2910, 'some interference officials,' 486, 422, (1953), impracticable, standard." Much Nor, argument many forms persuasive. third sixth denial situation inadequately officials naturally

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