Document: 514 U.S. 419115 S.Ct. 1555131 L.Ed.2d 490 Curtis Lee KYLES, Petitioner,v.John P. WHITLEY, Warden. No. 93-7927. Supreme Court of the United States Argued Nov. 7, 1994. Decided April 19, 1995. Syllabus * Petitioner Kyles was convicted first-degree murder by a Louisiana jury and sentenced to death. Following affirmance his conviction sentence on direct appeal, it revealed state collateral review that State had never disclosed certain evidence favorable him. That included, inter alia, (1) contemporaneous eyewitness statements taken police following murder; (2) various made an informant known as "Beanie," who called testify; (3) computer print-out license numbers cars parked at crime scene night murder, which did not list number Kyles's car. The trial court nevertheless denied relief, application for discretionary review. He then sought relief federal habeas, claiming, among other things, obtained in violation Brady v. Maryland, 373 83, 87, 83 1194, 1196-1197, 10 215, held suppression prosecution accused violates due process where is material either guilt or punishment. Federal District Fifth Circuit affirmed. Held: 1. Under Bagley, 473 667, 105 3375, 87 481, four aspects materiality purposes bear emphasis. First, material, constitutional error results from its government, if there "reasonable probability" that, been defense, result proceeding would have different. Thus, showing does require demonstration preponderance disclosure suppressed resulted ultimately defendant's acquittal. U.S., 682, 685, S.Ct., 3383-3384, 3385. Agurs, 427 97, 112-113, 96 2392, 2401-2402, 49 342, distinguished. Second, Bagley sufficiency test. One show demonstrating some inculpatory should excluded, but could reasonably be put whole case such different light undermine confidence verdict. Third, contrary Circuit's assumption, once reviewing applying has found error, no need further harmless-error review, since standard under imposes higher burden than Brecht Abrahamson, 507 ----, 113 1710, 1722, 123 353. Fourth, state's obligation turns cumulative effect all considered item-by-item. 675, 3380, n. 7. prosecutor, alone can know what undisclosed, must assigned responsibility gauge likely net make when point reached. Moreover, remains regardless any failure bring prosecutor's attention. To hold otherwise amount serious change course line cases. As more reading opinion shows series independent evaluations, rather evaluation required questionable whether evaluated significance undisclosed this correct standard. Pp. __. 2. Because state-suppressed favoring raises reasonable probability produced trial, cannot stand, entitled new trial. (a) A eyewitnesses whose testimony identifying killer essence State's case—reveals their only markedly weaker stronger one also substantially reduced destroyed value two best witnesses. (b) Similarly, recapitulation Beanie—who, own admission, essential investigation and, indeed, "made case" against Kyles—reveals they were replete with significant inconsistencies affirmatively self-incriminating assertions, Beanie anxious see arrested remarkably uncritical attitude toward Beanie. Disclosure therefore raised opportunities defense attack thoroughness even good faith investigation, allowed question probative crucial physical evidence. (c) While prosecution's after rank disclose herein discussed, exculpation Kyles, plate included thereon, impeachment arguments left car during grainy photograph showed background. It lent support argument irresponsible relying inconsistent (d) Although every item directly undercut foregoing disclosed, remaining unscathed would, hardly amounted overwhelming proof murderer. inconclusiveness prove innocence, might unimpeached sufficient convict, verdict same survive recap prosecution. 5 F.3d 806 (CA5 1993), reversed remanded. SOUTER, J., delivered Court, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, GINSBURG, BREYER, JJ., joined. filed concurring opinion, GINSBURG SCALIA, dissenting REHNQUIST, C.J., KENNEDY THOMAS, James S. Liebman, New York City, petitioner. Jack Peebles, Orleans, LA, respondent. Justice SOUTER Court. 1 After first 1984 ended hung jury, petitioner tried again, On habeas we follow established rule 215 (1963), prosecutor responsible gauging withheld result, 2 mistrial unable reach verdict, subsequent death affirmed appeal. 513 So.2d 265 (La.1987), cert. denied, 486 1027, 108 2005, 100 236 (1988). remanded evidentiary hearing claims newly discovered During state-court able present evidence, failed before ex rel. Butler, 566 386 (La.1990). 3 petition corpus Eastern Louisiana, petition. Appeals divided vote. 1993). explain, infra, __, reason "[o]ur duty search painstaking care exacting capital case," Burger Kemp, 483 776, 785, 107 3114, 3121, 97 638 (1987),1 granted certiorari, 511 114 1610, 128 338 (1994), now reverse. II A. 4 record indicates about 2:20 p.m. Thursday, September 20, 1984, 60-year-old Dolores Dye Schwegmann Brothers' store (Schwegmann's) Old Gentilly Road Orleans doing food shopping. she her grocery bags into trunk red Ford LTD, man accosted short struggle drew revolver, fired temple, killed her. gunman took Dye's keys drove away LTD. six eyewitnesses,2 offered descriptions gunman. They agreed he black man, them said braided hair. witnesses differed significantly, however, height, age, weight, build, hair length. Two reported seeing 17 18, while another described looking old 28. witness him 5'4" 5'5", medium 140-150 pounds; slim close feet. mustache; none others spoke facial all. murderer shoulder-length hair; "short." 6 Since believed driven Schwegmann's off recorded parking lots around 9:15 evening murder. Matching these registration records names addresses owners cars, notation owner's record. Despite descriptions, lead until Saturday shooting. 7 At 5:30 p.m., 23, himself Joseph day bought Thunderbird friend named Curtis, whom later identified petitioner, Kyles. subsequently read newspapers feared purchased victim's. meet police. 8 few hours later, met detective John Miller, wired hidden body microphone, through ensuing conversation recorded. See App. 221-257 (transcript). name Banks His actual Wallace.3 9 story, well name, changed earlier call. In place original account buying told Miller seen id., 249-250, LTD previous day, Friday, 221-222, 225. led lot nearby bar, Dye's. lived brother-in-law (later Johnny Burns),4 repeatedly "partner." Id., 221. slim, feet tall, 24 25 years old, "bush" hairstyle. 226, 252. When asked ever wore plaits, "had bush" 249. 11 conversation, expressed concern suspect explained driving Friday French Quarter, admitted plates, worried "could charged" basis possession 231, 246, 250. jail. 235, 246. acknowledged Beanie's looked suspicious, 247, reassured "didn't do anything wrong," 235. 12 seemed eager cast suspicion allegedly living "robbing people," kill prior time. 228, 245, 251. regularly carried pistols, .38 .32, "set up good," "get gun" used Dye. 228-229. rode Miller's supervisor, Sgt. Eaton, unmarked squad Desire Street, pointed out building containing apartment. 244-246. 13 officers car, "partner" (Burns) pick orange four-door Ford.5 221, 223, 231-232, 242. parked, replied "[o]n side [of lot] woman at." 231. Schwegmann's, indicated space claimed parked. went say Burns brought gone bushes retrieve brown purse, 253-255, hid wardrobe "a groceries" baby's potty "in car." 254-255. Eaton garbage go next "smart" "put [the purse] [the] garbage." 257. clear expected reward help, saying "doing nothing." assured lose $400 paid 243, 14 visit station interviewed again record, transcribed signed Beanie, using alias "Joseph Banks." 214-220 This statement, third (the telephone call being first, conversation), repeats essentials second one: evening; "combed out" time sale; .32 "all time." 15 Portions embellished contradicted preceding story internally inconsistent. sale, unloaded back seat placed purse front separate apartment, groceries. 216-217. recovered "big pocket book" "next building." 218. explain how picked both just earlier. neither noted nor questioned them. 16 thereafter surveillance, Tr. 94 (Dec. 6, 1984), learned events apartment twice Sunday. According fourth statement given chief November (between trials), officer gun stayed Detective Miller. Then returned 9:30 gun. "rode around" a.m. Monday, 24. Sometime those early morning hours, detectives sent Eaton's behest rubbish outside building. wrote interoffice memorandum, "reason believe victims [sic] personal papers will trash." Defendant's Exh. 17. 10:40 a.m., searched warrant. Behind kitchen stove, calibre revolver five live rounds spent cartridge. Ballistics tests pistol hallway leading kitchen, homemade shoulder holster fit weapon. bedroom dresser drawer, boxes ammunition, several brand pistol. Back cans cat dog food, brands typically purchased, sacks. No groceries possibly Dye's, found. Later afternoon station, opened victim's identification, belongings wrapped sack. 18 gun, pet dusted fingerprints. wiped clean. Several prints Kyles's. food. found, small piece paper passenger-side floorboard laboratory sales slip, without noting printed it, obliterated chemical lifting receipt it. fingerprints compared 1984). 19 case, Dillman, together photo lineup (but Beanie) array statements. Three Kyles; confidently identify assailant . B 20 indicted Before counsel lengthy motion exculpatory responded "no nature," despite government's knowledge items: initial police; tape recording between Miller; (4) typed Sunday morning; (5) car; (6) internal memorandum calling seizure suggested there; (7) linking crimes unrelated Patricia Leidenheimer, committed January 21 November, heart people (three previously lineup). maintained supporting witnesses, supplied alibi picking children school theory framed planted shifting himself, removing impediment romance Pinky Burns, obtaining money. testify 22 much stronger, weaker, full facts suggested. Even so, deliberation, became deadlocked issue guilt, declared. 23 mistrial, Cliff Strider, 258-262 (notes interview). Strider's notes important elements story. 7:30 (Indeed, Thursday. 249-250.) said, time, accompanied Kevin Black, testified getting Black's house, retrieved groceries, child's potty, stated times. Notwithstanding many variations statements, transcripts defense. December Again, positively jury. blown-up soon prosecutors argued seemingly two-toned background cross-examination beyond photograph. Once testify. contended mistaken. individuals, including similar hour killing. 209 Another braids, sell Thursday evening, shortly 234-235. "Jheri curl," attempted Friday. 249-251. witness, "partner," stooping down near stove eventually presented romantically interested Burns. family kept often fed stray animals neighborhood. 26 Finally, stand. Denying involvement shooting, cash register 21, transmission fluid pack cigarettes. may fallen bag removed 27 rebuttal, courtroom. All testifying eyewitnesses, viewing standing reaffirmed identifications received total $1,600 Hearing Post-Conviction Relief 19-20 (Feb. 24, 1989); 1989). 28 exhausting remedies, thus Brady. affirmed,6 Judge King dissented, writing "[f]or my fourteen I reservations right man." F.3d, 820. III 29 affirmative defendant trace origins 20th-century strictures misrepresentation most prominently associated Court's decision (1963). 86, 1196 (relying Mooney Holohan, 294 103, 112, 55 340, 341-342, 79 L.Ed. 791 (1935), Pyle Kansas, 317 213, 215-216, 63 177, 178-179, 214 (1942)). "that upon request punishment, irrespective bad prosecution." 1196-1197; Moore Illinois, 408 786, 794-795, 92 2562, 2567-2568, 33 706 (1972). 342 (1976), leave Government free obligation. There, distinguished three situations claim arise: introduced knew perjured, 103-104, 2397-2398;7 second, accede specific kind 104-107, 2398-2399; third, volunteer requested, requested general way. part last situation, though "of denial fair trial." 108, 2400. 30 prominent way current law, 481 (1985), disavowed difference purposes, abandoned distinction Agurs circumstances, i.e., "specific-request" "general- no-request" situations. request, "if different." 3383 (opinion Blackmun, J.); 3385 (White, judgment). 31 Four triggered potential impact acquittal (whether based presence doubt acceptance explanation inculpate defendant). 3383-3384 J.) (adopting formulation announced Strickland Washington, 466 668, 694, 104 2052, 2068, 80 674 (1984)); supra, judgment) (same); 680, 3382-3383 (Agurs "rejected demonstrate probably acquittal"); cf. Strickland, 693, 2068 ("[W]e counsel's deficient conduct altered outcome case"); Nix Whiteside, 475 157, 175, 106 988, 998, 89 (1986) ("[A] establish attorney's performance order prejudice "). Bagley's touchstone adjective important. absence understood resulting worthy confidence. accordingly shown Government's "undermines 678, 3381. 32 aspect bearing emphasis here discounting enough convict. possibility criminal charge imply insufficient verdict.8 note assumption Appeals, 818, Assuming arguendo harmless enquiry apply, treated harmless, different," judgment), necessarily entails conclusion " 'substantial injurious influence determining jury's verdict,' 1712, 353 (1993), quoting Kotteakos States, 328 750, 66 1239, 1253, 90 1557 (1946). amply confirmed development respective governing standards. Chapman California, 824, 828, 705 (1967), tainted set aside unless complained "was doubt," harmlessness generally applied cases (previously applicable nonconstitutional errors appeal), Brecht, 1713-1714. substantial verdict." Kotteakos, 1253. rejected claims, reasoning "the impose defendant." 2401. opted materiality, adopted test expressly recognize reversible harm greater reversal Kotteakos. sum, Brecht.9 34 final stressed definition terms collectively, item-by-item.10 Blackmun emphasized portion written Constitution violated government fails chooses helpful 3380 We demands open file policy (however work practice), (and, hence, ) requires less ABA Standards Criminal Justice, prosecutorial disclosures tending exculpate mitigate. Prosecution Function Defense 3-3.11(a) (3d ed. 1993) ("A intentionally fail timely earliest feasible opportunity, existence information tends negate mitigate offense charged tend reduce punishment accused"); Model Rule Professional Conduct 3.8(d) (1984) ("The shall mitigates offense"). 35 leaving degree discretion, imposing corresponding burden. side, unknown violation, more. But prosecution, consequent turn means individual learn acting behalf succeeds meeting (whether, is, faith, Brady, 1196-1197), failing known, rising level importance inescapable. 36 prefer lenient rule. pleads Brief Respondent 25, 27, 30, 31, below accountable investigators prosecutor.11 accommodate manner favor doubts sometimes inform know. "procedures regulations carry prosecutor's] insure communication relevant each lawyer deals it." Giglio 405 150, 154, 763, 766, Since, then, discharge will, excusing disclosing happen boils plea substitute courts themselves, arbiters ensure trials. 37 Short oral raise threshold because "makes difficult know" "perspective at] exactly become on." Oral Arg. 33. asks leeway making judgment call" Ibid. 38 Uncertainty "leeway" satisfy "certain amount" least reasons deny request. bottom, leeway, subject having determine act. Indeed, thought (leaving fallback), still forced calls count owing very fact character context existing exercise stringent obligation, hard find merit complaint over system, tax disclose, absent materiality. Unless, adversary system descend gladiatorial unmitigated sake truth, simply avoid knowing come portend trial's destroy result. 39 means, naturally, tacking too wind 2399-2400 ("[T]he prudent resolve doubtful questions disclosure"). be. Such serve justify trust representative sovereignty interest win justice done." Berger 295 78, 88, 629, 633, 1314 (1935). And preserve distinct private deliberations, chosen forum ascertaining truth accusations. Rose Clark, 478 570, 577-578, 3101, 3105-3106, 460 (1986); Estes Texas, 381 532, 540, 85 1628, 1631, 543 (1965); Leon, 468 897, 900-901, 3405, 3409, 82 677 (recognizing goal establishing defendants are 'acquitted exposes truth' ") (quoting Alderman 394 165, 961, 967, 176 (1969)). prudence careful discouraged. 40 There room debate judges majority assessment majority's discussion concludes persuaded "exposed materials," 817, contains repeated references dismissing particular items immaterial so suggesting touchstone. See, e.g., 812 ("we agree transcript mandated itself decisive"), 814 ("the nondisclosure insignificant"), 815 ("Kyles material"), ("In entire conclude [police reports relating discovery trash] probability, moved embrace discounted"), 816 [relating gun] printout numbers] induced rebuttal difference"). reached compatible show. IV 41 competent probable. 42 killer. 853 (Appendix A). begin with, destroyed. 43 rated Henry Williams shooting probe Williams's male, 140 150 pounds, build" "his like platted." 197. If cross-examined description, trouble explaining 6-feet tall thin, half foot shorter build.12 5'5" 159 compelling description Kyles.13 44 eyewitness, Isaac Smallwood, equally damning assailant, saw take ".32, pocket, shoot head, drive actually Dye, Smallwood answered "Yeah." 41-48 45 Smallwood's lot, vastly Immediately crime, vehicle. "I heard lound pop," said. "When lady laying ground, coming me." 189. got look culprit, teenage male mustache hair, passed standing. investigator specifically not; already 188-190. 46 troubled adjustments seen, describe detailed clarity weapon pistol, which, course, type used. "Thunderbird" "LTD"; nothing assailant's moustache, details eyewitness. These developments fueled withering cross-examination, destroying raising implication coached give it.14 47 evolution eyewitness's fatal reliability, Manson Brathwaite, 432 98, 114, 2243, 2253, 53 (1977) (reliability depends accuracy description); Neil Biggers, 409 188, 199, 93 375, 382, 401 (1972) identification impermissibly suggestive line-up witness's description), severely undermined use damage taking word closing Closing 1984) (After discussing Territo's Kersh's testimony: "Isaac you better witness[?] What's Williams. closest here"). Nor, identity confined alone. provided consistent pointing (Territo Kersh) views fled partly concealed details, effective extend others, before. 21. 48 Damage circumstances well. By Art. Contrary hope source, infer Their adverse trapped inconsistencies. point. police, helped trials versions mentioned Black retrieval transfer implicated include participant. accounts, variously building, bushes, house. 50 followed conservative though, examined attacked reliability consider possible tolerating (if countenancing) possibilities incriminating planted. Bowen Maynard, 799 F.2d 593, 613 (CA10 1986) common tactic lawyers discredit caliber defendant, assessing violation"); Lindsey King, 769 1034, 1042 1985) (awarding prisoner "carried within discrediting methods employed assembling case").15 51 detectives' laid foundation vigorous guilty negligence. plates admission enhanced suspiciousness persuasively bona fide purchaser. combined activity status devious behavior gave done buy stolen self-incrimination killed. apparent awareness location based, contends, television newspaper reports, perhaps not. Cf. (Beanie "on T.V. paper" Beanie). admittedly suspect, throw sully credibility 103-105, knowledge" plate, 95. 52 pursue pointers magnified happened recovered. "[Kyles's] goes tomorrow," he's smart he'll along stating believe" effects garbage, supported defense's mere observer, investigation's direction success. ostensible integrity postconviction hearings, recall single instance seized street residence, 1989), possibility" juror have, too.16 apparently revealing remark [Kyles] good, get gun."17 meant investigated weapon, sinister suggestion up" accepted invitation. interview asking whereabouts Sunday, lurking found.18 cap 93, 101 1984).19 C 54 Next mid-evening discussed here, impeachment, counts satisfied. police's heat obviously countering enlargement informant's (in retrieving compiled) bothered check fact. Either way, arguing tip damaging argues created purport comprehensive listing lot. argument, confuses weight tendency, State, incomplete, underscored unreliability complemented treat presumption fallibility. however used, tendency D 56 withheld, mind disclosed. significant, eye-witness identification"); 117 1989) (testimony Strider) crux eye-witnesses"). Ammunition suspected doubt. owned cats. bought, common, whereas specialty 180 188. wrong describing sale priced market, commonly shopped.20 57 Similarly undispositive passenger bore fingerprint cigarettes fluid, theorized slip size. argue ties killing 2-inch-long week's worth purchase, 181-182.21 58 not, sure, Territo Kersh Williams.22 confident same. Confidence 59 limited readiness accept suggestions accounts point, example, suspicions guilt; 60 wholly candid fully informed; 61 places found; 62 match informant; 64 (e) coached, getaway itself, exactly, omitted portions troublesome case; 65 (f) consistency killer's findings precluded them, "fairness" stretched Perhaps, impeaching discoveries above suspicion. Perhaps suspicious defeat impeachment. unaffected killer, unreliable, suspicion, insufficiently probing, principal informed candid. "massive" envisioned dissent, post, __; significantly 67 reversed, proceedings opinion. 68 ordered. 69 BREYER join, concurring. 70 explained, presents legal issue. ante, SCALIA emphatically disagrees, add brief response criticism grant certiorari. 71 Proper management our certiorari docket, notes, precludes us merits "substantial percentage" confront us. Compare Coleman Balkcom, 451 949, 2031, 334 (1981) (STEVENS, certiorari), 956, 2035 (REHNQUIST, dissenting). importance, "favored treatment," reasons. provides strong occurred prejudicial. reveals instances extremely rare. shared SCALIA's appraisal case—which —I independently blatant violations well-settled deprive high regard diligence craftsmanship author me petitioner's judge court. 72 Our administer occasionally busy engage labors provide posterity minted law. popularity makes "generalizable principle," especially Harris Alabama, 115 1031, 1039, 130 1004 (1995) wish unnecessary, position judicial hierarchy inappropriate. Sometimes unpleasant conveys message penetrating analysis. djQ Chief KENNEDY, THOMAS dissenting. 73 sensible justice, wrongful avoided establishing, level, lines procedural legality ample margins safety (for requirement proved doubt)—not providing recurrent repetitive appellate narrowly crossed. defect latter described, characteristic candor, Jackson: 74 "Whenever decisions reviewed another, percentage reversed. reflects outlook normally personnel comprising courts. However, thereby Brown Allen, 344 443, 397, 427, 469 (1953) (Jackson, concurring). 75 long Jackson's view, today's opinion—which considers fact-bound court, federal, it—is, far tell, unprecedented. adhered concededly view law incorrectly facts, (i.e., except plainest error) denied. Johnston, 268 220, 227, ,S.Ct. 496, 925 (1925). observed appeals district Sumner Mata, 449 539, 543, 764, 767, 722 (1981); "two-court rule," rigor agreement requires. Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. Linde Air Products Co., 336 271, 275, 535, 537, 672 (1949). How honored lower precisely fact-specific U.S.C. § 2254(d) (requiring accord correctness fact); Sumner, 550, 3, 770, 3. Instead, grants (and it) answer clear, consideration renders judgments appropriate jurisdiction. __ ("Beanie Kyles"); ("Record photographs depict possessing build"); ."). 76 says "[b]ecause '[o]ur case,' (1987)." Ante, citation perverse, reader looks quoted discover confirms traditional practice today glaringly departs: "Nevertheless, [no occurred], deference prevent[s] substituting speculation opinions." (1987). 77 greatest puzzle caused singled favored treatment. randomly selected symbol, reassure America convictions sure factual made. false assuredly that. At, week preceding, February Conference, disposed petitions cases, seven States. carefully sentences reliance principles law; consider, addition, applied, merely plausibly, accurately, else week. reality accuracy, rests elsewhere—with juries, courts, courts; encourage foolish pretend otherwise. 78 Straining suggest warrant asserts "[t]here evidence," quotes isolated supposedly "dismiss[ed] immaterial," ibid. withstand minimal scrutiny. does. 806, 811 ("We apply [United v.] [473 (1985) ] examining probable available different") probable"). Nor announce precedential force evaluations; fact, contrary. 817 Kyles' exposed materials") (emphasis added). read, say, cumulatively, cavil assessed 807 (basing rejection complete record"); ("Rather alleged materials abstract, examine extra fit"); 813 testimony] information"). words, errs accuses erring: whole. snippets acknowledges done: "evaluate item; way." 10. falls this: "The Bagley," plainly enunciated rule, properly unbeknownst itself) incorrect effectively eliminates mistake application. What conflicts court; announcing novelty lack conflict; yet patently intensely unquestionably err—precisely inclined dissented ground writ dismissed improvidently granted. aware limits capacity am, little fear sort repeated—which generalizable principle behind am because, decided wrong. Its clearly erroneous, Fed.R.Civ.Proc. 52(a), somewhere 81 observations methodology appropriate. fundamental "must record." 2401, (1976). weaken, "destro[y]," relates. untainted entertained regarding guilt. 3383, (1985); 2401-2402. almost entirely account. Having pages dismisses remainder quick page-and-a-half, partiality attempt "recap prosecution," added), omits comparison My analysis omits, emphasizing demonstrates immateriality violation. desperate implausibility firmly mind. theory—designed neutralize (Mrs. stove)—was victim "frame-up" informer evil genius, Now unusual person knows try shift blame someone else; unheard-of, (because perfect alibi), attention forward finger innocent person. plausibly (as demonstrates), leads, __), injected convicted.1 stupid enough, wicked supposed premises planting premises. quadruple coincidence, mistakenly murderer—three photo-array hesitation, affirming comparing extraordinary persuade real party (hard believe), addition frame—the incredible coincidence. However chance improbable scenarios, likelihood smaller. "reasonably probable" interviews implausible mistaken testimony, think conclusions remotely true, fallacy declaring victory turn, whole, considering infinitesimal swallowing concoction squared. 84 basic approaching piecemeal obsessive focus culpability innocence avowed. reads telling enhance other. perfectly lied, accessory ibid, thoroughly impeach possibilities, things condemned similarly mistaken.2 Of premise run terrible risk "testimony certainly inculpated [petitioner]" "any attorney perceive 'loose cannon.' 818. seems implausible, retreats counsel, investigation." distinctly substantive accused. evaluating assume rational obedient mass doubt, punish sloppy investigative techniques setting free. Neither case. was, enabled move mountain 86 create 'reasonable probability' result." 3383). Petitioner's simultaneously trying frame. Police disputed, (Territo, Williams) young men days aid duress, murderer; plus Kersh, stand side-by-side. Territo, waiting truck yards Mrs. start onto road pull truck. turned green pulled beside stopped turn. face. testified, truck, arm out, grabbed him." 13-14 picture guy no." look" away, "yes." 32. She "yes" "got face," reaching distance driver's-side door there. 34. walk away. 42. slowly by, feet, 43-45, face side. 43. Williams, working gentleman came car," struggled shot her, walked driver's 52. "saw her," 54, watched "within ten feet." "[d]id opportunity good?", did." 55. 88 attempts dispose direct, unqualified ways. oral-argument-cum-evidentiary-hearing us, love. permitted sitting him, height Never mind, moment, factually false, car.3 also, dubious build (like petitioner) indistinguishable, seated wheel, one-half assert unhesitant categorical viewed close-up sun sky, eliminate characteristics, quite absurd. Facial features primary human beings another. why departments distribute "mug" shots wanted felons, Ivy-League-type posture pictures; bank robbers wear stockings faces instead floor-length capes shoulders; Lone Ranger wears mask poncho; seeks "You admit face?" laughed different, twins, resemblance. resemblance why, (though continued stood side-by-side court), render observe relevant. similarity, draws blood; underlies partial concealment see, __,__, 14,__,__, exists. slightest opposite: photographs, men, resemble respect. ("Comparing evident former taller, thinner, narrower face"); 181 (District opinion) pictures photographic finds another"); (state review) ("[Beanie] case") original). finding controls court's finding, fairly presumed 2254(d). seeking impressive unanimous uses "build-is-everything" exaggerate sharp contained estimations hyperbole "substantially destroyed" Williams' testimony. ____. unhesitatingly lineup. choose credence simple estimation weight. 91 spends considerable discredited "rais[e] irrelevant (except "facial identification" above) material. 14. credited everything totally untouched; (Smallwood) barely affected (he "only" face); (Williams) somewhat impaired (his Kyles). keep perspective, remembering inquiry points scored thesis involved anyone escaping bright daylight hand; "[n]o mind" murderer, 378 1984); color skin. it's him," 383; "I'm positive [b]ecause that's woman," 387; mind." 391. With either. major contribution litigation; endorsement, surely trolled past future failure-to-disclose before." (citing 21). startling "said [this] before," assumes irrational conduct. weakening weaken unconnected witness; entertain incompatible idea standard, presumes proper logically separated remained unaffected. suggests. opinion's authority theory, cited footnote appended proposition "[a omission t record," accordance proposition, recited hypothetical contradicts witness.4 worlds apart corrosive impeaches (or, weakens) corroborating witness. nondisclosures. home belongings. Inside Dye; hanging wardrobe, fit" (Detective Dillman); drawer bedroom, cartridges, .22, rounds; cabinet, eight empty bags; cupboard underneath holster, ammunition loan, strains credulity breaking (to lesser degree) stove. plant incited home. succeeded surreptitiously placing matching apartment.5 wearing blue jeans "tank-top" shirt, 302 (Cathora Brown), short-sleeved 351 (petitioner), concealing barrel 352. Only swallow tale. Burns's presumably 262-263. gauged observing presided stated, proceeding, "[I] ha[ve] disregard [Burns] said," 35. 165 ("Having hesitation concurs determination concer ning [Burns]"). "best friend," 279 Burnes, 533 1029 (La.App.1988).6 95 .22 rifle mattress rounds, loaded shells security box. 353, 355 Put detail facts; inherent giving form box shells, true wrote, "[t]he inference, [petitioner] possessed firearm." 817. mundane damning. confused changing explanations sink fatally (trial "obvious lie" concerning "may bit minds jurors discount case"). disposes follows: shopped." 34, 20. 98 this. Mr. cats dog, 178 varying 179, 180. Found Nine Lives, Kalkan Puss n' Boots. Kalkan, Cozy Kitten. shopping goods, powerful Assuredly obvious inference. Pressed (keep poor 329, common-law wife, mistress, children), "it sale." 341. advertising director day. 395. rehabilitate interpreting sale" meaning "for sale," reference pricing (e.g., "3 cents"), shelf sign store. 343. parodying George Leigh Mallory, "because to: Why cans? event, employee signs shelves 398-399. sum doubled perjuring observed. __.7 99 address receipt, matters innocence. contain automobile, served rebut introduction purporting lot; contest comprehensive, compiled. 816. Thus marginal best. receipt—although murdered woman's car—was State's. massive core (including eyewitnesses) lied chipping edges immaterial. For reject "residual doubt" cause sentencing withhold 102 respectfully dissent. syllabus constitutes prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Lumber 200 321, 337, 282, 287, 499. dissent suggests correction error. Post, correction. cautions "substitute speculation" "considered opinions" 3121. disagree "speculative" speculative, claim. Edward Lionel Plick, bus nearby; Willie Jones, Robert traffic moment aliases, convention refer throughout brother referred relationship marriage (Louisiana's civil notwithstanding). father children. Mercury according two-door model. 210 Pending Rules Civil Procedure 60(b)(2) reopen judgment. motion, perjury. accompanying affidavit, Darlene (formerly Cahill), swears Nevertheless, untruthfully, says, "told [who] attorneys table D.A.'s lady." wishes killer." Affidavit 5, abuse writ, although vacated instructions 60(b) ruling affidavit. ordered hearing; currently pending perjured fundamentally unfair, jury." 2397 (footnote omitted). pertaining affidavit category. supra. (or insufficiency) appears adequate convict _-_ (possibility "is consistent" guilt), ____ [portions theory] mistaken"), "totally untouched"), (Brady "can unaffected"). Hill Lockhart, 832, 839 (CA8 1994) ("[I]t unnecessary layer constitutionally ineffective assistance counsel"). overlooking assuming evaluate separately end discussion, Part IV-D, infra. retreated conceding "held knew." 40. numerous approximately slender; confirm descriptions. text comes file. Record build. style sold Beanie), plaits. shoddy. charges theft who, older head armed robbery. (Even Leidenheimer September, December. confessed connection it.) additional ingratiate notwithstanding "stupid" inject motives forward: money (indeed, reports). IV-B, coaching precise something off, "watched 50-51 (Nov. 26, "just glance side" "couldn't face." 52, 54. contends cuts grounds statement. 17-18. enough; bodies assault warranted. respects, gunshot ground), important: version observation therefore, notice attack; "no" entered impossible key characteristics distinguishing heights builds. "kind knotted head." "barely affected" brave argument. sloppiness irrational, thing. When, fraud, indications conscientious slovenly diminish rightly, contend garbage. (arguing holster). needed trash curb. Dillman; area" wouldn't street"). tantalized prospect odd thinks reassessment shrewd sophisticated: period recovery month later). worn shirt visits suppose handgun man's trousers, (Williams). constructed insubstantial leather cloth, duct tape, string, concealable pocket. items, bears mention functioned bits luck attacking gathered assembled complemented, friends Exposure officers, plausible vulnerability attack. subjected handguns calibres, friend." 260, 262-263, 279, 280 points, evidence: spoken LTD's attended dinner history violent rendering guns likely. information, challenged elicited blunt "gauge" presiding post-conviction convincing, "they such, cheaper price. wasn't dollar." 341 sign, "wasn't big [i]t bitty shelf." 342. Subsequently, prices "[t]hree [cents]" "two [cents]," 343, comported description. multiple products "more attractive" customer. 396. shelves, salespeople disregarded anyway, suggests, "very poor" purchase cost fifteen $5.67. Rather "damning," equivocal conceded. depended facially notion typical weekly purchases had, longer), indeed (hence Dye's). 53-54. remand, still, unlikely rely perjury supra tries suspect. dead inquired 13. erroneously beforehand. did, erroneous belief, "frame" (rather approach first) implausible. [i.e. sufficient] disclosed." 8. assume, argue, "have probable." up, estimates full. running began, bend down, "stru[t]" type; arguing, fallen. 29-30. 'If, definitely perpetrator hesitate reverse resting fifty forty-nine neglected reveal other, badly glasses misty glimpse, different.' Comment, Maryland Prosecutor's Duty Disclose, U.Chi.L.Rev. 125 (1972)). varied. 269 (Johnny Burns) (18 people); 298 Brown) (6 adults, children); 326 (petitioner) ("about 19"); 340 (13 people). "neither trials." 19. true. method thought, assess judge, credible; credible—a towards friend" highly probative. charitably assumed pets place, tended puppy, son cat, "seven there." 325 country" half, arrested. 337-338. tied yard house country, 336-337, Donald Powell months 254, Cathora Pinky, pets, yard. 304-305. 75.

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