Document: 391 U.S. 404 88 S.Ct. 1705 20 L.Ed.2d 697 MENOMINEE TRIBE OF INDIANS, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. No. 187. Reargued April 26, 1968. Decided May 27, Charles A. Hobbs, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Louis F. Claiborne, respondent. Bronson C. LaFollette, Madison, Wis., State of Wisconsin, as amicus curiae, at the invitation Court. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered opinion 1 The Menominee Tribe Indians was granted a reservation in Wisconsin by Treaty Wolf River 1854. 10 Stat. 1064. By this treaty Menominees retroceded certain lands they had acquired under an earlier and United States confirmed to them Reservation 'for home, be held Indian are held.' Nothing said 1854 about hunting fishing rights. Yet we agree with Court Claims1 that language 'to held' includes right fish hunt. record shows covered were selected precisely because abundance game. See v. States, 95 Ct.Cl. 232, 240—241 (1941). essence authorized maintain on new ceded their way life which included fishing.2 2 What precise nature extent those rights need not time determine. For issue tendered present decision Claims, 388 F.2d 998, 179 496, is whether rights, whatever extent, have been extinguished. 3 That arose because, beginning 1962, took position subject her regulations. prosecuted three violating regulations Supreme held3 state valid, abrogated Congress Termination Act 1954. 68 250, amended, 25 U.S.C. §§ 891—902. 4 Thereupon tribe brought suit Claims against recover just compensation loss rights.4 divided vote possessed Treaty; but it held, contrary Court, We petition writ certiorari order resolve conflict between two courts. 389 811, 51, 19 67. On oral argument both petitioner respondent urged judgment affirmed. appeared curiae argued reversed. 5 In 1953 concurrent resolution5 instructed Secretary Interior recommend legislation withdrawal federal supervision over American tribes, including Menominees. Several bills offered, one expressly preserved rights.6 But became 1954, viz., H.R. 2828, did mention Moreover, counsel spoke bill, arguing its silence would implication abolish rights.7 It therefore abolished Act. 6 purpose 1954 terms provide orderly termination Federal property members' tribe. Under provisions, formulate plan future control tribal service functions theretofore conducted States. or before 30, 1961, transfer corporation trustee chosen him all real personal trust States.8 7 submitted plan, looking toward creation county out former hold other members. approved plan9 modifications; Enterprises, Inc., incorporated;10 numerous ancillary laws passed integrating into system government. provided after title tribe, end 'the several shall apply members same manner citizens persons within jurisdiction.' 8 force fully effective regulation control. reach, however, opposite conclusion. also Public Law 280, 67 588, 18 § 1162. latter came committees Senate House Act; amended11 critical here only months law. As 280 designated jurisdiction 'over offenses committed areas country' named Act, case described 'All country State,' went say 'Nothing section * deprive any band, community right, privilege, immunity afforded treaty, agreement, statute respect hunting, trapping, control, licensing, thereof.' (Emphasis added.) provision face contains no limitation; protects treaty. law nearly seven years 1961. when effective, still 'Indian meaning 280. 9 must considered pari materia Acts read together mean us that, although cease transferred hands, 185412 survived This construction accord overall legislative plan. 'orderly 891. Government power lands, evident from 'shall (its) 11 (25 899) 'all statutes affect status longer applicable tribe' plainly refers supervision. use word 'statutes' potent evidence mind. 12 decline construe backhanded abrogating these Indians. While abrogate exists (see Lone Hitchcock, 187 553, 564—567, 23 216, 220—222, 47 L.Ed. 299) intention modify lightly imputed Congress.' Pigeon River, etc., Co. W. Cox, Limited, 291 138, 160, 54 361, 367, 78 695. Squire Capoeman, 351 1, 76 611, 100 883. 13 Our conclusion buttressed remarks legislator chiefly responsible guiding enactment, Senator Watkins, who stated upon occasion signing bill 'in violates obligation tribe.'13 14 find difficult believe Congress, without explicit statement, claim compensation14 destroying conferred particularly purporting settle Government's financial obligations Indians.15 15 Accordingly 16 Affirmed. 17 MARSHALL part consideration case. STEWART, whom BLACK joins, dissenting. 1854, 1064, says, unquestionably special boundaries reservation. One hundred later, 891—902, corporation. reservation, '(T)he 899.1 21 formally terminated has ever since subjected Menominees, citizens, Sanapaw, Wis.2d 377, 124 N.W.2d 41. 22 instituted proceeding asking taking Shoshone Tribe, etc. 299 476, 57 244, 81 360. denied ground fact extinguished remained immune Wisconsin. today agrees. I do not. plain face: Memominees are, exception made laws. Nor does history contain indication intended anything than what unqualified words express.2 explicitly rights3 rejected favor ultimately adopted4—a opposed failed preserve rights.5 24 holds says. Court's reason reaching remarkable result finds materia' another which, submit, nothing statute, 795, 1162 28 1360, general boundaries.6 exceptions grant enumerated, criminal treaty-based 1162(b). deal country; deals terminated. Whereas provides continuation while exists, applicability disappeared.7 26 very provides: 27 '(A)ll *.' 899. such statute. application now gone.8 29 subjecting law, away entitled compensation. 30 reverse Claims. 1002, 503—504. Wisconsin: 'It seem unlikely knowingly relinquished enjoyed own accepted exchange extend. They undoubtedly believed guaranteed Construing ambiguous favorably determine exclusive free restrictions state's game comprised Reservation, 1848 treaty.' 383, 41, 44 (1963). Winans, 198 371, 380 381, 662, 664, 49 1089, '(W)e will 'that unlettered people' understood it, 'as justice demand, cases where exerted strong owe care protection,' counterpoise inequality 'by superior looks substance regard technical rules." Solicitor General points his brief, sum up single phrase familiar provisions treaties recognized normal incidents life. January 3, 1786, Choctaws, 22; 31, Shawnees, 27; 9, 1789, Wyandots, 29; August 1795, 52; November 10, 1808, Osages, 109; 24, 1835, Comanches, 475. H.R.Con.Res. 108, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., B132. S. 2813 7135, 2d Sess. Joint Hearings, Subcommittees Committees Insular Affairs, Pt. 6, 2813, pp. 697, 704. closing membership roll distribution enrollees certificates beneficial interest property. closed December 1957. Fed.Reg. 9951. 3726. questions assets conveyed pursuant (26 3726), should viewed successor entity holder and, if so, thereof can withhold parcel hand, body organized 1962. Its Articles Incorporation four categories (Article X): (§ 1(a)) (all appearing final Interior, n. 8, supra); Associate descendants 1(b)) (any enrolled recipients through inheritance Enterprises securities); married 1(c)); non-Indians 1(d)). March 1968, first category enlarged amendment Art. X, 1(a), include least one-quarter blood, whose parents resided descendant's birth. adopted resolution defining exercise provided: members, defined Article X Incorporation, Section regulations; 'PROVIDED, HOWEVER, member may finding Council Chiefs declared ineligible period specify.' inappropriate, question beneficiaries be; reserve it. Neither nor any, regulate briefed parties either posture litigation require resolution. originally enacted exempted provisions. Reports Pub.L. (H.R. 1063, Sess.) 661 9821, indicate specifically asked exemption eventually program functioning satisfactorily. Subsequently, reconsidered sponsored amending extend Reservation. Department recommended favorable action proposed amendment, (68 795), passage H.R.Rep.No. 848, (1953); 2322, (1954). creating Territory (5 10) contained express though Enabling 1846 (9 56), admitting Union 233) silent subject. few achieved statehood anticipation tribe's removal west Mississippi. October 18, 1848, 952. already noted, never succeeded, created carved previously argues admitted equal footing original sovereignty attached some degree back portion contends privileges survive dissolution trusteeship At time, said, Wisconsin's long dormant awakened If hiatus occurred was, VI Constitution, 'supreme land,' regulation, absence cession Congress. Cf. Ward Race Horse, 163 504, 514, 1076, 1079, 41 244. connection noted 1853 Legislature consented establishment subsequently (1853 Wis.Jt.Res., c. I), fairly construed disclaimer possessed. Cong.Rec. 8538. 4, supra. Compare hearings Klamath place shortly reached, Watkins expressed view perhaps 'buy out' Indians' rather termination. 2745 7320, 254—255. response congressional part: '(I)t policy rapidly possible, make territorial limits responsibilities cannot attach significant weight offhand remark speech enactment bill. Ante, 413. is, course, irrelevant reveals incur Menominees' then regardless intent taking. 7135 'I think clear (the bill) abrogated. Certainly abolishes privileges, automatically date, so far concerned, become Wisconsin.' Hearings 692, 708. 1151 land reservations, dependent communities, allotments. 1953, amended 795. From until governed could assert relevance lies demonstration wants except jurisdictional grants, knows how so. 718, 564 et seq., preserves 564m(b). If, seems say, enumerated continue effect country, follows tax, otherwise of, owned Memominees. 1162(b); 1360(b). Snohomish County Seattle Disposal Co., 70 Wash.2d 668, 425 P.2d 22, holding prohibits zoning garbage dump leased non-Indians. Certiorari denied, 1016, 585, MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, joined WHITE,

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