Document: 368 U.S. 231 82 S.Ct. 302 7 L.Ed.2d 256 John Joseph KILLIAN, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. No. 7. Argued Oct. 10, 1961. Decided Dec. 11, Rehearing Denied Jan. 22, 1962. See 979, 476. [Syllabus from pages 231-233 intentionally omitted] David B. Rothstein, Chicago, Ill., and Basil R. Pollitt, Brooklyn, N.Y., for petitioner. Kevin T. Maroney, Washington, D.C., respondent. Mr. Justice WHITTAKER delivered the opinion of Court. 1 For purpose enabling a labor union which he was then an officer to comply with § 9(h) National Labor Relations Act, as amended 29 U.S.C. 159(h), U.S.C.A. hence use processes Board,1 petitioner made on December 9, caused be filed Board 1952, affidavit reciting, inter alia, 'I am not member Communist Party or affiliated such Party.' Upon receipt that like ones all other officers union, advised it had complied could make Board's processes. 2 In November 1955, indictment in two counts returned against United States District Court Northern Illinois. The first count charged that, violation 18 1001, 1001,2 falsely sworn, affidavit, Party, second same statute, also sworn Party. A jury trial resulted verdict guilty both counts, court sentenced imprisonment. On appeal, Appeals Seventh Circuit originally affirmed, but, before motion rehearing ruled, this Court's decision Jencks v. States, 353 657, 77 1007, 1103, came down, and, authority case, granted rehearing, reversed judgment remanded case new trial. Killian, Cir., 246 F.2d 77, 82. had. It imprisonment five years Count I, three II, sentences run concurrently. 275 561, we certiorari limited questions, namely, (1) whether production statements submitted by Government informer witnesses their expenses, receipts executed them payments, is required 3500, 3500 when offers at produce list dates amounts (2) instructions properly defined membership affiliation 365 810, 81 688, 5 690. 3 introduced evidence tending show active affairs 1949 through August 1953, inasmuch there us any question concerning sufficiency submissible jury, necessary review detail. I. Document Production Questions. 4 Intelligent understanding document questions presented requires brief statement basis. They arose connection testimony Sullivan Ondrejka. direct examination, testified joined 1948 request Federal Bureau Investigation, October transferred his Cincinnati, Ohio, Madison, Wisconsin, where, secret means, contact local leaders became its affairs. those activities, met 1949. Petitioner section organizer Madison. Thereafter, attended number group meetings Madison 1950 present acted spokesman leader. gave written reports F.B.I. respecting activities soon after they occurred. 6 At close Sullivan's testimony, moved production, cross-examination, given witness relating testimony. narrative were produced judge, camera, who, excising parts did relate witness' handed petitioner's counsel. paid stipulated monthly services, reimbursed expenses incurred F.B.I., received money signed it. His terminated 1952. After completing cross-examination witness, again without excision. objected grounds related no showing Thereupon, denied motion. strike motion, too, denied. 8 Ondrejka remained until 1953. He meeting Milwaukee, January 1951, thereafter many Milwaukee where active, participated numerous knew throughout period. 9 conclusion Ondrejka's ordered 'all way affect examination witness.' Accordingly, That 10 cash services addition, dues, literature, contributions travel, orally reported agent, who notes thereof later him cash. sustained Government's objection asking moneys reimbursement expenses. 11 agent result interviews including particularly reimbursable evidencing opposed documents ground witness. further producing administrative records immaterial irrelevant, but offered payments refused receive proffered list. 12 contends general demands statements,' well specific demand Ondrejka, encompassed, erred prejudice denying require produce, agents covering oral supports these contentions elaborate argument need delineate because Solicitor General now concedes may have been 'statements' within meaning 3500(e)(2), 3500(e)(2),3 flatly 3500. 13 However, actual facts—many are incorporated record entitled to, should incomplete imperfect order, trial, true facts agents' existence time do 'relate to' or, if said information, much greater detail, witnesses' counsel error harmless. 14 More specifically, tells although nature objections courts below implied existence, interrogation has disclosed data contained into him, destroyed accord normal practice, either trials. Although us, says 124 careful reveals none contains itemization whatever thus anything mentioned With respect receipts, inadvertently represented list, information nine contain some only can 15 reasons, viewed upon known readily available facts, error, least prejudicial nonproduction recognizes bound accept practice long prior opportunity examine responsible officials matters which, course, done recognizes, necessarily involve detailed comparison lengthy submits cannot appropriately Court, especially since neither nor record, therefore asks vacate remand hear issues determine reinstated right petitioner, appeal Appeals. 16 opposition, argues claimed destruction admits helpful deprives rights under due process law, reversed. Alternatively, uses might produced, concludes would possible remand, find failure nonprejudicial harmless 17 As contention evidence, legal reversal judgment, seems appropriate observe almost everything something, does mean nothing ever safely destroyed. If transferring thereon if, having served purpose, good faith clear constitute impermissible deprive right. Those factual representations General. Whether determined hearing entirely so equally notwithstanding fact demanded section, truth 3500(c) 'the (to) excise portions (the) subject matter represents 115 witnesses. true, receipts. Inasmuch General's 19 But finds more subjects prejudiced account. argues, defense position precise documents, 668, 1013, say rule never applicable documents. very similar recently approved holding error. Rosenberg 360 367, 79 1231, 1304. We said: 'Since afforded defendant already possession admissions while testifying, deny reason entertain belief inspect letter.' 371, 1234. 20 While, supra, 'court confidently guess what defendant's attorney found useful impeachment purposes withheld * *, possessed committed, (a that) offend common sense fair administration justice order trial.' 21 represents, subjects, failing 22 cause confined raised stated opinion. shall findings issues. material respects, enter final based supplemented findings, thereby preserving If, hand, untrue respect, grant II. Instructions Jury. 23 grants denies obvious court's will mooted4 decide them. 24 Because instructions, just charge convicted. criminality being participation criminal advocating teaching overthrow Yates 354 298, 1064, 1356, knowing organization force violence Scales 367 203, 1469, 782, Noto 290, 1517, 836. enable Act permitted Board, knowingly transmitted false saying acts punishable 1001. 25 Nothing elsewhere Management makes purports American Communications Ass'n Douds, 339 382, 402, 70 674, 685, 94 L.Ed. 925, 1001 provides 'Whoever, jurisdiction department agency willfully falsifies writing fined than $10,000 imprisoned years, both.' convicted violating statute—of making transmitting swearing Party—not participating lawful unlawful, although, determination Neither here about sufficient support verdict—notwithstanding tangential implications contrary. simply 26 Membership. instruction membership5 'mem bership' as, finding of, 'a definite objective phenomenon' 'specific formal act joining' rather than, done, subjective terms state mind. follow, despite foreclosed here, I directed acquittal granted, phenomenon (of joining)' joining.' Indeed, case—claimed underground secretly operating whose records, any, precludes possibility contends, affidavits non-Communist impunity. Membership is, members, subjective, must proved circumstances rationsl tendency show, rationally logically infer, ultimate membership, define all. 27 arising opinion, turning question, reach Burton's separate concurring Harlan, 672, 1015, considered, Frankfurter, question. defining deficient 'failed emphasize essential element organized group—the desire individual belong recognition considers member.' U.S., 679, 1019. instant precisely language (see note 5, sixth paragraph). Similar cases held proper every passed Fisher 99, 107 (C.A.9th Cir.);6 Lohman 251 951, 954 (C.A.6th Cir.);7 266 Cir.);8 Travis 269 928, 942—943 (C.A.10th Cir.).9 From consistent holdings principle, instruction's definition erroneous indictment. 28 next failed tell justify criteria told consider determining too indefinite give guidance. one, proved, said, rational find, membership. But, confining jury's considerations relevant outline acts, shown Here, instruction, telling intent mind does, went issue alleged take consideration, bearing paragraph), consideration things set forth numbered paragraphs followed, indicia eighth While specified challenged substance Congress Control 1954 (50 844, 50 844) considered unnecessary applies, prosecutions purported compliance tend though proper, independently wholly apart 1954, did, date 30 supra,10 Burton aspect instruction. Very consistently uniformly approved, Hupman 219 243 Cir.);11 F. 2d Cir.).12 247 130, 135, Tenth specify retrial, instructed virtually case. defendants convicted, specifically 942—943. 31 think merit adequately 32 Nor allowed fails whole charge, vital repeatedly emphasized affidavit. 33 Petitioner, amici curiae, contend constitutionally invalid violates First Amendment Constitution permits base protected Amendment. argue substantially adopted violative process. occasion constitutionality because, sufficient, believed, 1954. To innocent themselves even Amendment, enough recall only, strange doctrine, indeed, Party—when, status statements, unlawful statements. 34 Affiliation. affiliation13 correct II precedents. far less complete definitive merely quoted dictionary definitions '(a)ffiliation means something sympathy. Affiliation circumstantial problem, However insofar went, 'It continuing course conduct 'on fairly permanent basis' 'that abruptly ended giving reasonable breach faith," 'allowed convict basis intermittent cooperation.' 679—680, 13, paragraph one) embody exactly expanded prescribed two). opinions definition. Bryson 238 664, Ninth identical 'full complete' 'adequately informed term (affiliated with) provided adequate standard evaluating evidence.' 954, Sixth Circuit, speaking Judge, Justice, Stewart, 'affiliated with' case; instruction.14 35 one 9(h), relationship another advise jury. organization. 406, 421, 450, 709, directly, with,' used directly 1019; 664; 954; 942. 36 manner attack erroneously phrase criteria. regard affiliation, relation subjective. affiliation. disputed '(w)hether party you case,' 'statements accused, *.' adequate. 37 'means short mere sympathy aims objectives Party,' third 'affiliation equivalent equal name,' contradictory confusing. agree appears inconsistent first. evident it, paragraph, exacted higher proof law required. 38 quite understandably, mathematical formulas. specificity often impossible. phrases 'member of' applied between persons organizations conceal connection, absolute terms. most possible, expected, issues—i.e., affidavit—give various criteria, believe judicial precedents tests. 39 vacated proceedings ordered. 40 Judgment 41 BLACK, dissenting. 42 prerequisite union's seek relief unfair practices compelled subscribe oath stated: Party;' in, believes teaches, illegal unconstitutional methods.' claims submitting compulsion allegedly seeks send prison. DOUGLAS sort thing all, engaged wish reiterate my own our Constitution, interpreted applied, prohibit prosecution completely—regardless absolutely prohibits sending people jail 'crimes' arise out indeed manufactured imposition test oaths invade freedoms political association—freedoms Founders Nation recognized indispensable democratic society. 43 historic weapon religious minorities, survived centuries surely pointed source pride constitutional. Quite contrary, history shows generally continuously hated dangerous forms governmental intrusion freedom liberty-loving with. squarely face universal condemnation upheld requirement based, resting however obnoxious be, endured interest interstate commerce. Eleven elapsed recent experience country change evil reputation gained previous countries. different Douds: Can Congress, name regulation commerce, circumvent history, Bill Rights impose designed penalize minorities? overrule Douds dismissed. there, 'Whether religious, political, both, implacable foes free thought. By approving imposition, injected compromise field forbids compromise.' Id., 448, 709. 44 asked me add following: deduce today Monday overruled sub silentio point issue. participate absent argued. would, however, content framework established. Yet apparently discarded issue, anew tendered, see constitutional answer BLACK power exact affirmations belief, accepted form office officials.' DOUGLAS, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE concur, 45 This penalizes federal agency. Act—the provision required1 filing so-called non-communist petitions union. Leedom International Union, 352 145, 154, 201. One Party' false. averring 'affiliated' party. 46 An reads follows: 47 repeated, prove communist intended exist quality indicates adherence furtherance distinguished cooperation activities. working alliance bring program fruition. Unless convinces beyond doubt 1952 objective, acquit indictment.' 48 how denial 925. dealt 'Affidavit Noncommunist Union Officer.' now, then, 49 'The undersigned, duly deposes says: '1. named below. 51 '2. 52 '3. 53 executed. 54 tailoring exclude include government means. Chief Vinson Court: 55 'We hold, therefore, identified methods exists laws thereof.' 407—408, 688. 56 pin-pointed running broad 'member': 57 deem rightful probe argumentative demonstration coincidental parallelism beliefs policy allegiance open up possibilities invades inner life men compassionate thought doctrinaire hopes removed kinship creed founders orthodox parties country. 58 offensive provisions leave unaffected, valid section. 16, express severance. Since judgments part requirements, affirm obey s 9(h).' 422, 696. 59 Beliefs anything, promote subjected odium attaches full-fledged members. peace, disarmament, ban nuclear testing, disbandment NATO put step majority. unless toss winds tolerance Free Society unorthodox, orthodox, views, person embraces views establish 'member' Act. Membership, word tie accused condemn individual, ourselves gone down totalitarian path. 60 Killian's association restricted purposes: country's policies Indo-China; Red China; colonialism; war; urged Daily Worker. meetings, promoted united front, discussed current events, recruited Negroes like. attendance record. Killian immediately range government. violence, sabotage, collected arms, spied foreign power. lied beliefs. shows, alone others. All espoused advocate conjunction others.2 Some causes lawful. Such De Jonge Oregon, 299 353, 255, 278, speeches 'against raids workers' halls homes shooting striking longshoremen' police conditions county jail,' id., 359, 257. 'peaceable assembly' 'lawful public discussion' (id., 365, 260) punishment, auspices prosecuted separation summoned account actions. 61 varied situations heavy penalties 'Communist' intrinsically innocent. 62 took view Smith 222, 1482, 782: 63 decline attribute punish nominal accompanied 'knowledge' 'intent,' raise reasons: lightly inferred visit passive members imposed assume Congress' allow measured solely varying standards subjectively organizations. contemplated fixed itself, assuring even-handed application statute.' 64 light difficult why, punished, overtones pronounced Scales. Attributing punitive measures 'upon members' unwarranted situations. Scales, pp. 229—230, p. 1486. 65 clause organization, engage advocacy. There beclear 'specifically intend(s) accomplish (the organization) resort violence.' post, (367 290,) (1517,) page 1522. Thus vehicle advancement legitimate fall statute: lacks requisite 'to speedily permit.' foolish, deluded, perhaps optimistic, statute criminal.' Cf. Rowoldt Perfetto, 355 115, 78 180, 140. 66 linked spelled particularity 67 adhered restricted, immune inquiry become elements crime. 68 BRENNAN, 69 dissent crucial fatally defective ago 677, judge following requested petitioner: party, voluntary organizations, sets remain member. burden constitution elsewhere, conditions.'1 71 refuse 72 challenge. Its not, perjury large—against broadside challenges denials recourse unions execute affidavits. context interpretation clearly emerges decision. presents correctness majority single reference interpretation, war majority's here. 73 Only six Douds. wrote himself Justices Reed Burton. Frankfurter regards discussed, spoke him. 74 partially bifurcated distinguishing forswearing Party,2 implicates, 'belief' clause3 swearing. 75 'membership' portion oath, validly impute institutional predilection strikes, reasonably assumption affiliates partake predisposition. Justice's saw whether, granting permissibility assumptions, allowable mode undoubted inhibiting effect ambit constitutionality, concluding preventing strikes justified interference activity. No definitional problem 'affiliate' context. 76 Coming clause, construe referring violent 'as prophecy.'4 assisted gloss, exception purposes. special perceived proof: 'Insofar distinction affiliations absence 'overt act' former relevant, problems proof. proving swore Communist, joining crucial. Proof force, consist mental state. extent differ. 'To difference, recognize man's does. Of 'ascertain outward manifestation.' juries day pass knowledge, men's minds—having words conduct, ordinary human experience, condition inferred. False signing must, manifestations manifestations, acts' successful swearing.'5 was, referred phenomenon—the affiant's internal attachment goal provable writings—'the mind.' notion taken signifying mutuality, actions bespeaking externally manifested tie. cavil conviction doubt, 'objective fact'—'the becomes apparent Frankfurter6 Jackson.7 admission, understood 'Douds sense' subsequently refer. 80 authorizes conceived purely phenomenon, conclude existed, goes repudiates critical decision.8 district judge's effectively considering, first, 'membership,' second, enumeration proven. entire this: 83 'Membership constitutes comprise connotes mutuality say, 84 sentence resides; tautology, vague help whatever. ambiguous, standing possibly Douds.9 'Recognition' 'considers' suggest manifestation acceptance—the externalized establishment tie—which relationship. additional 'desire belong' except entered unwittingly duress.10 omit alliance—as followed—then raises grave warning. 85 decided May 8, 1950. Two one-half later, Why supposed disavowing objectively Douds-sense membership—the natural explicitly assumed upholding exaction—I imagine. acceptance trap backlash unpredicatable shift construction. III. 86 reasons above stated, meant, mean, element. rest instruct hold required, enumerated devoid sense, authorize defined, lead thinking sense.11 87 Among authorized 88 (a) 'paid dues financial funds behalf.' 89 (b) 'attended classes, conferences, type gathering.' 90 (c) 'has knowledge called 91 (d) conferred behalf plan enterprise inhalf 92 (e) advised, counseled, imparted suggestions, recommendations, anyone else, 93 (f) spoken communicated orders, directives plans (Emphasis added.) Surely italicized free-wheeling open-ended permissible descriptions phenomena resembling And compounded; indicated word, action, writing, way, willingness carry degree plans, designs Party'; planning probative legislative imported premise 95 sum up: Either recommended significant measure betokened radically departs reconsidered grossly foreseen, swearing, announced. drafted jury—in return conviction—to concluded sense. do. IV. 96 fatal defects inhere 'affiliation.' My Brother expressed avoid unconstitutionality, construed 'in controlled cover Communist) Party,'12 meant.13 given. unlike embodying 'affiliation' objecting rely interpretation. Fed.Rules Crim.Proc. 30, V. 97 prevailed actually sustained, disposition remands representations. Campbell 85, 428. earlier turned over 377, 1237, 1304, footnote (dissenting opinion). 373, 1235. Section pertinent 'No investigation affecting commerce representation employees, subsection complaint issued pursuant 160 title, file contemporaneously preceding twelvemonth period each repealed Pub.L. 86—257, 86th Cong., 1st Sess., 201(d), Stat. 519, 525. provides: falsifies, conceals covers trick, scheme, device fact, false, fictitious fraudulent representations, entry, come 'statement' stenographic recording verbatim recital recorded statement.' These likely mooted probable, them, brought again. disapproved fourth necessary. enters approve call past sign law. speaks tense fundamental time. bear rests doubt. lack established evidence. 'Intent defendant, unrelated isolated conclusive along 'In defendant: Paid behalf; Attended gathering; Had discipline whatsoever; '4. Participated recruiting Party; '5. Has kind '6. messenger, correspondent, organizer, capacity '7. '8. '9. '10. '11. '12. 'These enumerated. sole arbiters your duty circumstantial, bears indictment, also, offense outlined you, count.' composed Moreover, certain usually paying attending doing work group.' 107. necessity appellant desired 1019 (concurring opinion); 1956, 106—107; 1957, 135—136 retrial 7) reapproved 4. meaningful clear. included primary suggested 1019, idea reciprocal status.' Compare 5. 'fair (and) covered analysis charged.' 249. dealing reminded components supplied synonyms.' verb 'affiliated,' Second 'A member, together mutual depend cooperate benefit, future 'Briefly name. aid issue.' ex rel. Kettunen Reimer, 315 (C.A.2d Cir.), Bridges Wixon, 326 1443, 2103, deportation statutes. September 14, 1959, altogether impossible man professes feelings actions; fool thus, wants pretext persecuting neighbours. Christian commanded, strongest sanctions, dealings. twenty-four millions professing Christians islands senses lend thousand pounds security? act, day, supposition influenced religion profess, ruined night; concerns life, borrowing, lending, buying, selling. fellow-creatures oppressed, different. Then represent motives know feeble omnipotent evil. lay victims vices follies doctrines, remotely, seem tend. forget weakness, laxity, prefer future, worse religion, better bad one.' Macaulay's Essays (N.Y.1869), 668. Defendant's Proposed Instruction 16—17, 606—608 transcript Clerk. I.e., party.' 407, 410—411, oath. agreed constitutional, susceptible gloss endowed Justice. meanings attributed following, read constitutional: 'If could, requirements disavowal policy, force.' 421—422, 695. Jackson, separately, appeared unconstitutional. withstand attack, peculiar characteristics discerned Underlying proposition foreign-controlled dedicated seizure force; final, crucial, link chain reasoning characterization party: totally (from parties). conclave. Members admitted reliable indoctrination policies, fully committed. cards credentials, names identification code. pledges unconditional obedience authority.' 432, 700. membership—and other—which Jackson require. 'member,' today's approval altered piece adjudication. implicit opinion—though unspoken—a omits requirement. itself reversal, real significance. 'delicate difficult,' 400, 684, narrow sufficiently inference likelihood warrant resulting inhibition substitute concept infra, 274—275, S.Ct., 325—326, creates fresh exercise judgment. reason, understand suggestion Jencks, sentence, lends strictly phenomenon. dispelled halting admonition 'individual Transcript, 705.

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