Document: 491 U.S. 376 109 S.Ct. 2522 105 L.Ed.2d 322 Jimmy JONES, Superintendent, Missouri Training Center for Men at Moberly, Petitionerv.Larry P. THOMAS. No. 88-420. Argued April 26, 1989. Decided June 19, Rehearing Denied Aug. 11, See 492 932, 110 12. Syllabus Respondent Thomas was convicted of both attempted robbery and first-degree felony murder arising out the same incident sentenced to consecutive terms 15 years life imprisonment murder, with 15-year sentence run first. This conviction affirmed on appeal. While Thomas' motion postconviction relief pending in trial court, Governor commuted his time served. After Supreme Court, unrelated cases, held that state legislature had not intended allow separate punishments underlying felony, court vacated corresponding sentence. The left felony-murder place, but credited served under against State Court Appeals court's order rejected argument that, since he completed sentence, continued confinement longer violated double jeopardy prohibition multiple sentences offense. then sought a writ habeas corpus Federal District Court. denied relief, ruling suffered violation because been subjected greater punishment than by legislature. reversed, holding this Court's decisions Ex parte Lange, 18 Wall. 163, 21 L.Ed. 872, In re Bradley, 318 50, 63 470, 87 608, once satisfied one two could have imposed law, be required serve other. It further Morris v. Mathews, 475 237, 106 1032, 89 187—which an unlawful remedied resentencing lesser included offense nonfelony murder—was inapposite, prisoner case either sentences. Held: state-court remedy fully vindicated rights. context, Double Jeopardy Clause does no more prevent sentencing from prescribing intended. Hunter, 459 359, 366, 103 673, 678, 74 535. As result ruling, now stands alone single crime credit already is jeopardy. reliance supra, misplaced. Both cases involved alternative were prescribed criminal act, whereas issue here involves what thought separately punishable offenses, far serious Bradley also different types, fine imprisonment. it would possible "credit" prison, crediting term another has long accepted practice. Moreover, true case, difficult say over other, viewed each as appropriate some cases. Here, however, plainly person who committed during or murder. did intend suffice sanction Extension beyond its facts lead anomalous results since, t first, claim; concedes imposition concurrent can cured vacating shorter even where completed. Sentencing game wrong move judge means immunity prisoner. Bozza United States, 330 160, 166-167, 67 645, 648-649, 91 818. Pp. 380-387. 844 F.2d 1337 (CA8 1988), reversed remanded. KENNEDY, J., delivered opinion which REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. BRENNAN, filed dissenting opinion, MARSHALL, joined, post, p. 387. SCALIA, STEVENS, BRENNAN except footnote, 388. Stephen D. Hawke, Jefferson City, Mo., petitioner. Springfield Baldwin, St. Louis, respondent. Justice KENNEDY 1 became apparent law permitted one, remaining At entered order, serving question presented whether remain force, consistent principles. 2 * Larry rob Missouri, auto parts store 1972. Inside store, respondent drew gun announced holdup. One store's customers armed, tried thwart robbery. shot killed him exchange gunfire. 1973 Louis Circuit jury killing commission felony. respondent's direct Thomas, 522 S.W.2d (Mo.App.1975). 3 1977, arguing improper impose pending, Legislature statute. Morgan, 612 (1981) (en banc); Olds, 603 501 (1980) banc).1 4 1981, still "a ending 16, 1981." remained prison 1982, entitled immediate release. argued shorter, constituted noted way prejudiced entire incarceration State, 665 621 (1983). 5 federal court. States Eastern A three-judge panel Eighth 816 364 (1987). majority Governor's commutation, legally Cerny, 248 (Mo.1952). 872 (1874), 608 (1943), any part went on, hold decision 187 (1986), therefore granted conditional writ, so resentenced non-jeopardy-barred released. 6 Judge McMillian concurred dissented part. He agreed rights violated, stated preferred analysis BRENNAN's Mathews. F.2d, 371. Bowman dissented, concluding only valid joined Hanson, 7 rehearing en banc ordered unconditional (1988). punished inapplicable Four judges dissented. We certiorari, 488 1003, 781, 102 773 (1989), reverse. II 8 Fifth Amendment provides shall "subject offence twice put limb." affords three protections defendant. first two, are most familiar, protect second prosecution after acquittal, conviction. See, e.g., Ohio Johnson, 467 493, 498, 104 2536, 2540, 81 425 (1984). Neither these successive prosecutions here. Rather, initial third aspect Clause, protection "multiple offense" proceeding. North Carolina Pearce, 395 711, 717, 2072, 2076, 23 656 (1969). constitutional cure admitted violation. 9 answer turns interest seeks protect. Our establish "limited ensuring total exceed authorized legislature." Halper, 490 435, 450, 1892, 1903, 487 (1989); see 499, S.Ct., 2540; 366-367, 678-679, 535 purpose ensure courts do exceed, device punishments, limits legislative branch government, lies substantive power define crimes prescribe punishments. 2540. gave rise claim E.g., 368, 679; S.W.2d, 1; 510 (construing statute). 10 Given application before us, "the intended," place our approach problems other contexts. 718-719, 2077-2078 (credit applied following appeal). alone, jeopardy.2 11 Respondent, below, relies opinions proposition requires release lawfully imposed. think depends overly broad reading those precedents. Lange contain language effect defendant "had him, punish gone." Wall., 176. But neither compelled precedent nor supported principle. 12 stealing mail bags, $200 1-year term. year prison. paid spent five days seeking earlier judgment year's date. Lange's passed into Treasury returned him. If enforced, aid plus id., 175. obviously exceeded uncontested prohibits excess legislature, DiFrancesco, 449 117, 139, 101 426, 438, 66 328 (1980), broader rule suggested dictum. 13 closer analogy case. contempt $500 six months' statute provided taken later fine. realized mistake, amended omitting retaining 6-month instructed Clerk return Bradley's attorney, refused accept it. brief citing released, stating "one provision original satisfied, petitioner freed restraint." U.S., 52, 471. 14 Strict support Under view, satisfaction alternatives (e.g., here) dispositive, attempt correct erroneous repaying futile. ignores important differences between Bradley. act. here, moreover, type, such persons felony: Either they murder.3 cannot seriously suggestion Scalia's dissent intent applies 390, understand. By itself, mere gravity there." Ibid. 16 SCALIA observes protects intent, additions subsequent proceeding upset defendant's legitimate expectation finality. Post, 393-394. present situation posited imposes 15-years life, thoughts serves calls back years. 392. Here we must determine indeed additional "cumulative trial." 678. There doubt latter. 17 SCALIA's discussion finality makes independent contribution inquiry, end dissent's boils down when Indeed, Morgan Olds decided sentenced, point Once established sentences, "either (on sentence) sentence)." 395. rejects conclusion fulfilled "ruled Bradley." discussed above, compels facts. Instead, believe Jeop rdy protect, standard evaluating Clause's results. theory, example, everything originally Had very term, advance claim. indication slightest importance judge, there reason adjudication should turn fortuities. imposed, may Hardy 292 192 1961); Leather, 271 80 (CA7 1959), cert. denied, 363 831, 1602, 1525 (1960). Ironically, thus fact given terms, typically reserved culpable offenders. previously observed "[t]he Constitution require prisoner." 818 (1947). will depart principle today, decline extend III 19 area filled technical rules, defendants might times perceived technicalities. irrelevant ancient principles embodied implicated. "Violations less violations protections." 255, 1042-1043 (BLACKMUN, concurring judgment). exists provide unjustified windfalls. alteration suitable 20 remanded dismissal petition. ordered. 22 whom MARSHALL joins, dissenting. I join exception closing footnote. adhere my view requires, limited circumstances, all charges growing transaction Ashe Swenson, 397 436, 448-460, 90 1189, 1196-1203, 25 469 (1970) (BRENNAN, concurring); 257-258, 1044-1045, (1986) dissenting). For agree free retry nonjeopardy-barred 24 STEVENS called upon consider penalties prevents imposing (or reimposing) penalty recognize punishment, mailbags Post Office, carrying up $200. presiding erroneously maximum (which remitted Treasury) mistake former "fully performed, completed, endured offence," 176, "power end," ibid. (emphasis added). Holding judge's petitioner's freed. 26 More recently, found guilty months Petitioner began attorney later. Treasury. Later day, having discovered relevant fine, both, issued new amending omit money. nullity." Id., 27 "When, October 1, clerk 28 receipted complied portion executed full end." 29 indistinguishable there, available conduct question; two. actions Reid Auto Parts November 8, 1972, allowed convict armed robbery, offenses. Therefore, "give back" detriment alternative—by (life) refund Does produce, alleges, "anomalous resul[t]," ante, 386, "unjustified windfal[l]," 387? Undoubtedly. Just And just often (to degree) contexts—where, prosecutorial error impaneled permits go off scot free. Downum 372 734, 737-738, 83 1033, 1035-1036, 100 (1963). 30 candidly recognizes "[s]trict Bradley," 383, requiring completion violates Clause. advances related arguments, explain why "strict application" avoided. find none them persuasive. 31 Most readily answered contention tha "Bradley act." Ante, 384. distinguishes describes well. Although undoubtedly "to offenses," ibid., know, wrong. "alternative . act," states "[i]t murder," 384-385. Perhaps not, said there. frustrated probable inadvertently available, unaware preclude greater, entering greater. beside point. designed assure effectuation intent—but contrary frustrating pertaining crime. not. (1981); 501, (1980). That being so, if 32 Second, ground imprisonment," 384, as-yet-unserved imagine, difference made ) dimensions insofar concerned. course, rely nature completely executed. "As Likewise Lange: 33 "[I]n offence, prescribed. [T]hus [the court's] end. [T]he authority gone. exhausted; exercise prohibited." 34 Finally, " 'the intended.' 381, quoting certainly permit proceedings quite foreign criminal-law tradition. If, could—as understanding concerned—have time, add am sure done, repose well proceedings. Done done. able quote Hunter unusual quotation incomplete. What subsequently repeated "[w]ith respect cumulative trial, intended." 679 (The "preclud[e] imposition, pursuant statutes") added); 368-369, 679-680 ("Where specifically authorizes statutes prosecutor seek ") 35 "legislative intent" formulation uphold penalties, imposed) supra (defendant action trial); (1984) pleaded offenses dismissed barred Clause). added though proceeding, bar. 451, n. 10, 1903 said: 36 "That Government civil critical triggering Since authorize course conduct, multiple-punishment inquiry context focuses actually punishment. 499-500 [104 2540-2541, 425] On hand, possibility dissatisfied obtained proceeding." 37 ("In legislature") ("Nor [in Halper ] obtaining range statutorily 38 criterion exceeded, addition upsets "expectation sentence," latter w upheld challenge appeal inadequate "dangerous special offender." because, 136-137, 437-438. 39 Pennsylvania Goldhammer, 474 28, 353, 88 183 (1985) (per curiam ). 56 counts forgery theft. theft count probation count, suspended counts. appeal, applicable limitations, grounds, State's request nonbarred reverse disposition outright, consider, "whether laws obtain review suspended." 30, 354. clear DiFrancesco Goldhammer increased clause extent legitimacy finality, increase prohibited. ." Fogel, 264 U.S.App.D.C. 292, 302, 829 77, (1987) (Bork, J.). 40 enunciated explains operating illegal still, carried mandatory $100 When hours later, recalled violate There, argue charged knowledge lacked statutory subminimum instance. 166, 167, 648, 649. Arrellano-Rios, 799 520, 524 (CA9 1986) (stating sentence); Edmondson, 792 1492, 1496, (same). 41 Applying seems me prevail. grounds possibly contested: (1) (2) necessarily years, rather sentence). least where, served, approaches defining ruled imprisonment; n approaches, replace penalty. simply basis departing 42 always been, justice particular embodiment technical, prophylactic rules square corners. Whenever deserving frustrates assuring totality many ways designed. chose —undoubtedly approach, clearly produces "windfall" separates applications guarantee.) With above others, imperative strictly be. equitable exceptions all. Three strikes out. broke abide result. 43 reasons, set aside affirm Appeals, respectfully case.* (now defined second-degree murder) Mo.Rev.Stat. § 565.021(2) (1986). Even absolute bar regardless 369, 679, (1983) (MARSHALL, dissenting), content every benefit affords. Appeals' through procedure approved trials jeop barred. Mathews aggravated based Harris Oklahoma, 433 682, 97 2912, 53 1054 (1977) (successive violation). Yet Mathews' entailed finding Because "same unless show prejudice admission evidence charge admissible trial. concluded prior while 1337, 1342 1988). distinction legal significance. see, Blockburger 284 299, 52 180, 76 306 (1932) (defining offense"), punishing offense, merely allows entry without need jury's verdict guilt determination make determination, chosen course. 384-385, 3, erred saying resentence undisputed, purest dictum, reversal judgment.

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