Document: 483 U.S. 307 107 S.Ct. 2852 97 L.Ed.2d 258 CALIFORNIA, Petitioner,v.Peter ROONEY. No. 85-1835. June 23, 1987. Rehearing Denied Sept. 21, See 1056, 108 30. PER CURIAM. 1 We granted the State's petition for certiorari to decide whether respondent retained an expectation of privacy in a bag that he placed communal trash bin multi-unit apartment building. After briefing and oral argument on issue, it has now become clear question is not properly presented this case. 2 * Based upon informant's tip was accepting wagers professional football games at specified telephone number, police began investigation which eventually led application search warrant 1120 North Flores Street, Apartment 8, West Hollywood, California. In conjunction with application, officer submitted affidavit including least five details support warrant: (1) informant had named Rooney correctly when would be apartment; (2) number utilities were listed one Peter Ryan, use pseudonym common among bookmakers; (3) previously been arrested bookmaking (4) through building's basement retrieved containing mail addressed evidence gambling activity; (5) dialed given them overheard conversation involving point spreads games. App. 19-28. The Magistrate found probable cause issued warrant. Incriminating during search, arrested. 3 charged felony offenses, brought motion quash dismiss charges against him. He argued there no because earlier warrantless violated his Fourth Amendment rights under California Supreme Court precedents, that, without incriminating trash, insufficient A respondent's motion, agreeing obtained from could used apartment, ruling other offered establish cause. Superior reached same conclusion. Pursuant procedural rules, State then informed court prosecute case seized dismissed, thus allowing appeal order quashing 4 Appeal reversed only issue before it—to words, "the sufficiency warrant."1 175 Cal.App.3d 634, 221 Cal.Rptr. 49 (1985). Although concluded warrant, examined standards set forth Illinois v. Gates, 462 213, 103 2317, 76 527 (1983), held sufficient Court's dismissing therefore reversed, prosecution proceed. denied both petitioner's petitions review. sought review Court, arguing courts erred stating unconstitutional. certiorari. 479 881, 268, 93 245 (1986). II 5 This "reviews judgments, statements opinions." Black Cutter Laboratories, 351 292, 297, 824, 827, 100 L.Ed. 1188 (1956); see also Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 837, 842, 104 2778, 2781, 81 694 (1984); Williams Norris, 12 [25 U.S.] Wheat. 117, 120, 6 571 (1827). Here, judgment entirely favor—the sole focus litigation deemed valid. fact its decision analysis different than might have does make appropriate rewrite court's decision, or prevailing party request us it. That even mere fortuity; as easily since evidence, discuss constitutionality search. Appeal's may adverse long-term interests allow claim status losing purposes review.2 But, argues, if come trial, wish introduce will barred doing so reasoning constitute law There are two too many "ifs" proposition our stage. Even everything fears comes bear, still opportunity such order,3 chance it, knowledge we reviewing state-court passed declined squarely presenting issue. As stands, way knowing what position searches currently is.4 It answer say already matter do denial well based recognizing, do, won below, appeal. Giving consider raises compelling reason petition.5 Under these circumstances, trash-search never subject actual judgment, most premature. 7 writ dismissed improvidently granted. 8 Justice MARSHALL concurs judgment. 9 WHITE, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE POWELL join, dissenting. 10 information respondent, using learned company Ryan Two officers went 28-unit building subterranean garage accessible public, entered garage, searched bin. bottom half they discovered brown paper shopping contained papers bearing notations. bag. They items results further duly executed. 11 associated crimes. moved quashed excluded. trial declared proceed, dismissed. followed. failed prove abandoned property by putting into Because however, did commit trespass entering rejected Rooney's illegal occurred within curtilage apartment. ruling, relied holding effect. People Terry, 61 Cal.2d 137, 152, 37 605, 615, 390 P.2d 381, 391 (1964). hold decisions California, require trash-bin but cause, lacking here.1 admissible. subsequent itself valid, supported wholly aside evidence. former challenged after I reverse. Amendment. holds dismisses writ. plainly infirm, dissent. 13 first Municipal ground taken illegally furnish agreed bin, reveal issuance indicated 14 State, claiming erroneous, reinstate charges. date set. filed "to suppress all tangible intangible things seized, limited observations conversations." 40-41. grounds motion: first, address alleged violation tainted fruits investigations; second, illegal. Id., 43-45. Most hearing centered concluding 69-70. again representation 15 record reveals literally covered Moreover, makes sense characterize anything suppression seized: obviously trial. 16 appealed, erroneous suggests admissibility pursuant But sustained either legal admissible sufficient. expressly said issues it: 17 "The bring (Pen.Code, § 1238, subd. (a)(7)) defendant who (§ 337a). dismissal represented proceed due granting defendant's ( 1538.5). constituted unreasonable seizure. conclude lack second officer's provided authorizing excluding coupled corroborating reverse remand." 638-639, 49, 51 (1985) (emphasis added). 18 legality devoting opinion question, surely done irrelevant disposition Had upheld Court. dealt adequacy effectively made unavailable State. 19 Both parties rehearing, improperly decided. reargued asked any event strike portion dealing foreclosed denied. 20 sides erroneously stay pending here. Its entitled permit seek turn 21 jurisdictional obstacle deciding highest decided clearly must suppressed. stayed effect ruling. certiorari, briefed orally argued, suggested us. repeatedly pretrial orders suppressing final judgments meaning 28 U.S.C. 1257(3). New York Quarles, 649, 651, n. 1, 2626, 2629, 550 Stewart, Miranda Arizona, 384 436, 498, 71, 86 1602, 1640, (1966); Michigan Clifford, 464 287, 641, 78 477 Tyler, 436 499, 98 1942, 56 486 (1978); Colorado Bannister, 449 101 42, 66 (1980). 22 case, suggest action careless inadequate reading should more regard time effort wasted belated order. my view can here, shall 23 note outset differ state open committed invading private zone approached seizure some contents Amendment, protects right people secure "in their persons, houses, papers, effects, seizures." 24 submits once lost possessory ownership interest had. Hence, longer effects protected Amendment.2 submission present purposes, assume contents. interest, settle reach determined law. said, premise control officials seize discredited. Oliver United States, 466 170, 183, 1735, 1743, 80 214 Katz 389 347, 353, 88 507, 512, 576 (1967); Warden Hayden, 387 294, 304, 87 1642, 1648, 782 (1967). primary object protect privacy, property, recognized, property-law sense, subjective society accepts objectively reasonable. O'Connor Ortega, 480 709, 715, 1492, ----, 94 714 (1987); Ciraolo, 476 207, 211, 212, 106 1809, 1811, 1812, 90 210 (1986); supra, U.S., 177, S.Ct., 1740; Smith Maryland, 442 735, 740, 99 2577, 2580, 220 (1979); 361, 516 (Harlan, J., concurring). inquiry. 25 acknowledge great deal about life disposer.3 eloquently phrases domestic garbage contains numerous "tell-tale road map previous week." Brief Respondent 15. hope equivalent however. vigorously argues exhibited taking affirmative step placing dumpster. Tr. Oral Arg. 37-38, 43-44, 55-56. somewhat difficult accept. Nothing demonstrates actually buried opposed simply throwing nearly empty. event, assuming "steps [do not] expectations . legitimate." 182, 1743. "Rather, correct inquiry government's intrusion infringes personal societal values Amendment." 182-183, person intend relinquish nevertheless take rendering intent ineffective purposes. 26 points out refuse tenants guests, owner manager building, public large. bins cans commonly visited animals, children, scavengers looking valuable items, recyclable bottles, serviceable clothing household furnishings. Accordingly, unreasonable. 27 response probability collectors particular extremely small, minute probability, itself, According reality collection move quickly look probably recognize criminal activity. Garbage promptly intermingled truck origin identified. "hauled dump, where burned/destroyed/plowed Caterpillar tractors, form foundation new housing developments." 16. Similarly, asserts few policemen Los Angeles conduct random crime. "differential privacy" respect police. 18; Alaska, 510 793, 803 (Alaska 1973) (Rabinowitz, C.J., dissenting). While totally unforeseeable third persons occasionally rummage one's quite unexpected systematic inspection states acts government, citizens. am unpersuaded. "What knowingly exposes own home office, protection. seeks preserve private, area constitutionally protected." 351-352, 511 (citations omitted). Respondentknowingly exposed betting depositing public. Once exercised over them. welcomed intrusions, nothing ensure appropriated. Indeed, express purpose conveying parties, collectors, reasonable cooperate (1979), installation, police, pen register company's offices numbers violate petitioner legitimate voluntarily conveyed telephone. "This consistently turns parties." 743-744, 2582. 29 Respondent's reliance ordinarily engage searches, comprehensive citywide misplaced. department, like organization resources, allocates resources activities likely result detection prevention receiving operation being conducted house. investigate suggesting useful. example, Baltimore woman robbed thereafter received threatening obscene phone calls man identifying himself robber. When suspect perpetrator, installed recorded call victim. justified believing victim means city, undertaken city. fact, give dialed. 214, 2, 1813, permissible routine patrol, illegality place. observation fenced backyard trained marijuana identification plane altitude 1,000 feet observed: 30 Officers Shutz Rodriguez took place navigable airspace physically nonintrusive manner; able observe plants readily discernible naked eye marijuana. aircraft directed irrelevant. Such precisely judicial needs provide basis Any member flying glanced down seen observed. On record, garden prepared honor." 213-214, 1813. 31 distinction between examination hand untenable. If general equal measure Ciraolo avert eyes activity observed, casual observer realized notified she object's significance. course true minds animal, child, neighbor, scavenger, collector, render illegitimate. 32 noted existence municipal ordinances prohibit authorized rummaging another. ordinances, change completely relinquishes party, designated who, knows, Cf. Lewis 385 206, 424, 312 Hoffa 293, 408, 374 (1966). ordinance evoke trash. rely sanitation economic protection collector rather privacy. States Vahalik, 606 F.2d 99, 100-101 (CA5 1979), cert. denied, 444 1081, 1034, 62 765 (1980); Krivda, Cal.3d 357, 368, 96 62, 64, 1262, 1264, (1971) (Wright, concurring dissenting), vacated remanded, 409 33, 32, 34 L.Ed .2d 45 (1972), remand, 623, 105 521, 504 457, 412 919, 2734, 145 (1973). 33 Every Federal Appeals outside residence curtilage. Dela Espriella, 781 1432, 1437 (CA9 1986); O'Bryant, 775 1528 (CA11 1985); Michaels, 726 1307, 1312-1313 (CA8), 469 820, 92, 83 38 Kramer, 711 789 (CA7), 962, 397, 339 (1983); 702 299, 308-309 (CA2), sub nom. 461 931, 2095, 77 304 Reicherter, 647 399 (CA3 1981); supra; Crowell, 586 1020, 1025 (CA4 1978), 440 959, 1500, 59 772 Magda Benson, 536 111, 112-113 (CA6 1976); Mustone, 970, 972 (CA1 1972). Courts little difficulty reaching Third Circuit stated Reicherter: "Defendant claims picked up collectors. recitation contention carries refutation. 35 36 ". Having particularly suited and, manner speaking, consumption, having strangers inconceivable intended retain discarded objects. expectation, reasonable." F.2d, 399. unanimity federal appellate supports determination accept deposited authority agent. Opening Appellant B006936, App.Dist. Throughout proceedings passing For thing calling was: notice Penal Code Section 1538.5." Clerk's Transcript 2-3. parts supporting announced: "It going although relatively close matter, feel 1538.5 granted." 21. Again, came judge pending, 1538.5. At point, classify challenges face." 50. careful adequate cf. post, 318 (WHITE, believed incorporated WHITE notes, rehearing Appeal, part "opinion appropriately modified delete discussion notwithstanding conclusion Krivda rule [People 1262 (1971)] applies bins." Petition Modification Opinion B006936 (Cal.2d App.Dist.), p. 4. modification judgment—not opinion. believe corroborated arguments explained: "At blush, urged constitutes obiter dicta. However, cannot merely Unless overturned Hence precluded introducing bin." Pet. Cert. 14-15 added, citations Deputy District Attorney candidly described reasons seeking case: "Q. So you "Mr. Guminski: correct, Your Honor. forecloses far bag; And think you're really need to? "A. Well, Honor, want overrule here 1972, remanded independent grounds. "I mean, your Justice; intention course. "But vehicle review." 26-27. Of course, explain, infra, --- - ---, law-of-the-case doctrine provides justification Barclay Florida, 463 939, 946, 3418, 3422, 1134 Hathorn Lovorn, 457 255, 261-262, 102 2421, 2425-26, 72 824 (1982); generally R. Stern, E. Gressman, & S. Shapiro, Practice 132 (6th ed. 1986). Assuming granted, cannot, entered, immediately Cal. Ann. §§ (West 1982). obtain immediate mandate prohibition. 1538.5(o ). compel admit "must plain, speedy, remedy, ordinary law." Civ.Proc.Code 1086 B. Witkin, Criminal Procedure 869, 870 (1985 Supp., pt. 2). regarding derived (en banc). unable determine rested (1972). announced constitutional grounds, (1973), prevented 1985, amended Constitution bar Constitution. Const., Art. I, 28(d); re Lance W., 873, 310 631, 744 Thus, forced rest merits rely, large part, post-Krivda developments, amendment discussed above, intervening decisions, searches. afforded factors intervene. unusual posture know valid strong enough, interested attenuated observed "Truth Evidence" provision Victim's Bill Rights (Proposition 8) abrogated 644, 55 noted, Constitutions, house (1971), emphasizes "right effects." Petitioner 2. 176-177, 1740, (1984), illustration plain language approach Oliver, extend field explicit neither "house" nor "effect." id., 184, 1744 Project University archaeologists University, founded advice archaeology pioneer Emil Haury: "If community, garbage." W. Rathje, Archaeological Ethnography Sometimes Better Give Receive, Explorations Ethnoarchaeology 54 (R. Gould 1978). project, Tucson Sanitation Division personnel randomly selected households throughout Procedures ensured anonymity. sorted each 150 categories improve understanding contemporary (as refine techniques material culture societies).

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