Document: 487 U.S. 589 108 S.Ct. 2562 101 L.Ed.2d 520 Otis R. BOWEN, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Appellant,v.Chan KENDRICK et al. Appellant, v. Chan KENDRICK, al., Appellants, UNITED FAMILIES OF AMERICA, Nos. 87-253, 87-431, 87-462 87-775. Argued March 30, 1988. Decided June 29, Syllabus A group federal taxpayers, clergymen, the American Jewish Congress (hereinafter appellees) filed this action in Federal District Court, seeking declaratory injunctive relief, challenging constitutionality, under Religion Clauses First Amendment, Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA or Act), which authorizes grants to public nonprofit private organizations agencies for services research area premarital adolescent sexual relations pregnancy. The provides, inter alia, that a grantee must furnish certain types services, including various counseling education relating family life problems associated with relations; complexity problem requires involvement religious charitable organizations, voluntary associations, other groups sector, as well governmental agencies; grantees may not use funds purposes, planning promotion abortion. funding has gone wide variety recipients, institutional ties denominations. Granting summary judgment appellees, court declared Act, both on its face applied, violated Establishment Clause insofar it provided federally funded programs. Held: 1. face, does violate Clause. Pp. 600-618. (a) With regard first factor applicable three-part part test set forth Lemon Kurtzman, 403 602, 91 2105, 29 745, AFLA valid secular purpose. shows was motivated primarily, if entirely, by legitimate purpose eliminating reducing social economic caused teenage sexuality, pregnancy, parenthood. Although amending predecessor, increased role programs sponsored challenged provisions were also other, entirely concerns, such attempting enlist aid sector increase broad-based community involvement. 602-604. (b) As second factor, have primary effect advancing religion. It institutions are capable providing adolescents, potential describe how they will involve However, there is no requirement be affiliated any denomination, character. Act's approach toward dealing sexuality pregnancy inherently religious, although coincide taken religions. expressly mentioning reflect at most Congress' considered can help solve addressed. When, found, prevention activity depends primarily upon developing close ties, seems sensible recognize influence life. To extent congressional recognition religion, "incidental remote." Moreover, institutions, along allowed participate recipients funds, nothing suggests anything but neutral respect grantee's status sectarian purely institution. possibility go "pervasively sectarian" sufficient conclude whatsoever given organizations. Nor necessarily religion because religiously educational adolescents; "teaching" matters fundamental elements doctrine; "crucial symbolic link" between government religion; statute lacks an express provision preventing purposes. 604-615. (c) third create excessive entanglement church state. monitoring necessary ensure money spent way intended comports reason assume receive same sense parochial schools been held cases finding "entanglement." There accordingly fear less intensive involved here cause Government intrude unduly day-to-day operations grantees. 615-618. 2. case remanded further consideration whether statute, violates 618-624. Appellees standing raise claim unconstitutional applied. taxpayers claims against exercises power taxing spending Article I, § 8, Constitution. Flast Cohen, 392 83, 88 1942, 20 947. merit appellants' contention challenge "as applied" really executive action. being used improperly individual simply authorized flowed through administered Services. Valley Forge Christian College Americans United Separation Church & State, Inc., 454 464, 102 752, 70 700; Schlesinger Reservists Committee Stop War, 418 208, 94 2925, 41 706, distinguished. 618-620. On merits challenge, Court did follow proper assessing appellees' making record contains evidence specific incidents impermissible behavior grantees, sheds light manner presently administered. If concludes presented made violation Clause, appropriate remedy would require withdraw approval grants. 620-622. 657 F.Supp. 1547, reversed remanded. REHNQUIST, C.J., delivered opinion WHITE, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. J., concurring opinion, post, p. ---. joined, BLACKMUN, dissenting BRENNAN, MARSHALL, STEVENS, 1 Sol. Gen. Charles Fried, Washington, D.C., appellant. 2 Michael W. McConnell, appellant, Families America. 3 Janet Benshoof, New York City, appellees. 4 [Amicus Curiae Information from pages 592-593 intentionally omitted] 5 Chief Justice REHNQUIST Court. 6 This litigation involves grant program provides Considering "on face" applied," ruled Amendment We conclude, however, determination pursuant proceedings 7 * Pub.L. 97-35, 95 Stat. 578, 42 U.S.C. 300z seq., (1982 ed. Supp. IV), passed 1981 response "severe adverse health, social, consequences" often childbirth among unmarried adolescents. 300z(a)(5) ed., IV). Like Services Pregnancy Prevention Care 1978, 95-626, Tit. VI, 92 3595-3601 (Title VI), essentially scheme "for pregnancy." S.Rep. No. 97-161, (1981) Senate Report). These serve several "self discipline prudent approaches relations," 300z(b)(1), adoption alternative parents, 300z(b)(2), establishment new delivery care pregnant 300z(b)(3), support demonstration projects "concerning societal causes consequences relations, contraceptive use, child rearing," 300z(b)(4). 8 In pertinent part, provide two services: "care services," adolescents 300z-1(a)(7), "prevention 300z-1(a)(8).1 While leaves up (the Secretary) define exactly what provide, see §§ (8), 300z-1(b), listing "necessary services" funded. include testing maternity counseling, referral prenatal postnatal health care, nutritional information, mental perhaps importantly present "educational 300z-1(a)(4).2 9 drawing determining aware "the parenthood multiple complex." 300z(a)(8)(A). Indeed, recognized legislative alone insufficient: 10 "[S]uch best approached integrated essential their families members, publicly initiatives." 300z(a)(8)(B). 11 Accordingly, states should promote "emphasize groups." 300z(a)(10)(C). implements goal 300z-2 12 "shall methods strengthen capacity deal behavior, make systems friends, associations." 13 addition, applicants, things, will, services[,] adolescents[, and] 300z-5(a)(21). outside "establish better coordination, integration, linkages" existing community, 300z(b)(3) development "strong values ties," 300z(a)(10)(A), "help complex issues relations." 14 line imposes limitations First, (other than services) unless otherwise available community. 300z-3(b)(1). Second, restricts awarding "programs do abortions abortion referral," except her parents request referral. 300z-10(a). Finally, "grants only advocate, promote, encourage abortion." 300z-10(a).3 15 Since 1981, when adopted, received 1,088 applications awarded 141 Brief Appellant 8. Funding state local agencies, hospitals, privately operated centers, undisputed number subgrantees See App. 748-756 (listing grantees). 16 1983, lawsuit States Columbia Congress. Seeking appellees constitutionality grounds applied Amendment.4 Following cross-motions judgment, invalid "insofar carrying out purposes Act." 1570 (DC 1987). 17 found 947 (1968), had Turning merits, 745 (1971).5 concluded purpose: injury relations. court's view, survive prong "direct immediate" applicants services. 300z-5(a)(21)(B). permits "envisions direct those components grants." F.Supp., 1562. written, makes possible teach "fundamental doctrine." all without imposing restriction teaching "religion qua religion" inculcation beliefs put it, "[t]o presume counselors aside doctrine unrealistic." Id., 1563 (citing Grand Rapids School Ball, 473 373, 105 3216, 87 267 (1985)). 18 then runs afoul effects test.6 revealed denominations corporate requirements abide doctrines. Other explicitly organized religions, "religiously inspired dedicated dogma them." 1564. Court's clearly established AFLA, Secretary, fact directly advanced sectarian," "amounts religion." Ibid. Lemon, largely teaching, overly intrusive oversight felt "it impossible comprehend more extensive continuous necessitated AFLA." 1568.7 19 separate order, August 13, 1987, "constitutionally infirm language namely references 'religious organizations,' " Juris. Statement 431, 53a, severable Alaska Airlines, Inc. Brock, 480 678, 107 1476, 661 (1987). denied Secretary's Rule Civil Procedure 59(e) motion clarify meant "religious organizations" scope injunction. day order entered, appellants docketed appeal 28 1252. docketed, cross-appeal severability issue. November 9, we noted probable jurisdiction three appeals consolidated argument. 484 942, 326, 98 353 II Few our distinguished facial challenges attacks Several face." For example, Edwards Aguillard, 482 2573, 96 510 (1987), validity Louisiana "Creationism Act," "facially invalid." clear could considered, implemented. 581, n. 1, S.Ct., 2576, cases, well, statutes benefit actually Wolman Walter, 433 229, 97 2593, 53 714 (1977); Public Education Religious Liberty Nyquist, 413 756, 93 2955, 37 948 (1973). 21 have, course referred practice. Levitt Liberty, 472, 479, 2814, 2818, 736 (1973); Meek Pittenger, 421 349, 1753, 44 217 (1975). supra, 377-379, 3219-3220; Aguilar Felton, 402, 3232, 290 (1985). authorizing might award particular impermissible. Hunt McNair, 734, 2868, 923 (1973), South Carolina issuance revenue bonds assist "institutions higher learning" constructing facilities. plaintiffs contest whole, contended statutory college invalid. 736, 2870. Tilton Richardson, 672, 2091, 790 (1971), reviewed construction colleges exclusively rejected four church-related named defendants case. leave open authorize invalid, stating "[i]ndividual properly evaluated arise some show institution possess" characteristics constitutionally 682, 2097-2098. Roemer Maryland Works Board, 426 760-761, 2337, 2351-2352, 49 179 (1976) (upholding similar "facial" attack pretermitting question "particular result funds"). 22 is, then, precedent constitutional law distinguishing applications. opinions even adverted (to say delineated) distinction context, think justify separating here. 23 said, turn consider correct concluding face. previous involving grounds, e.g., supra; Mueller Allen, 463 388, 103 3062, 77 721 (1983), assess enactment reference factors articulated (1971). Under standard, guides "[t]he general nature inquiry area," U.S., 394, 3066, invalidate wholly purpose, Lynch Donnelly, 465 668, 680, 104 1355, 1362, 79 604 (1984); Stone Graham, 449 39, 41, 192, 193, 66 199 (1980), advancement Estate Thornton Caldor, 472 703, 708, 2914, 2917, 86 557 (1985), state, 613, 2111; Walz Tax Comm'n, 397 664, 674, 90 1409, 1414, 25 697 (1970). each these turn. 24 purpose—the elimination reduction 300z(a), cannot, not, dispute that, concerns sole motivation behind Lynch, nor said 585, 2578. below, argued real understood AFLA's Title VI. adopting specifically amended VI Act. particular, pointed unlike AFLA. argument, reasoning assumed improper parts object concerns. agree conclusion. correctly out, ways, organizations," "family members . ., sector," addressing sexuality. 300z(a)(8)(B); 300z-5(a)(21)(A), (B). Cf. 601(a)(5) ("[T]he [sexuality] services"). decision amend reflects aim increasing "in helping boys girls understand implications parenthood." Report, 2, 15-16. expand already insure participation flexibility programs, spark new, innovative 7-9. goals furthered additions refer "actual purpose" passing one "endorsing 589-594, 2580-2583. position doubt expressed "sincere sham." 587, 2579.8 26 usual see, (1985); Mueller, difficult Before address question, useful review again just sets do. Simply stated, Because sought remedy, required 300z-5(a)(21)(B); 300z-2(a). rule organizations.9 character, suggestion uniquely qualified carry services.10 Certainly true substantial listed sort 300z-1(a)(4)(D), (G), (H), (J), (L), (M), (O), about activities contend themselves, somehow takes pregnancy—for stated "promote self alternative," 300z(b)(2)—but again, 27 Given framework, ways face," advances recognizing play" 16. receives because, enlists subsidized endorses solutions addressed creates Secondly, allows From standpoint, which, function "viewpoint" matters, unavoidably "inculcation" context program. former objection first. previously, mentions places. (1) "best by[, others,] 300z(a)(8)(B), (2) "should emphasize 300z(a)(10)(C), (3) 300z-2(a), (4) shall groups, Putting moment Nothing prevents important play resolving problems. Particularly when, strong quite life, parents' children. 683, 1364; 710, 2918; 771, 2965. "charitable 300z-5(a)(21)(B).11 statute's successful maintenance "a neutrality non-religion," 382, 3221-3222. 30 brings us ground objecting AFLA: funds. defines "eligible recipient" "public organization agency" demonstrates capability requisite 300z-1(a)(3). indicate, fairly spectrum eligible apply ("Religious affiliation criterion selection ."). regard, upheld past. Board Works, (1976), annual subsidies qualifying universities institutions. plurality need quarantined benefits neutrally all." 746, 2344 (discussing Everson Education, 330 67 504, L.Ed. 711 (1947) (approving busing equally school children), 236, 1923, 1060 (1968) textbooks students)). Similarly, 2191, approved Higher Educational Facilities "all regardless sponsorship body." 676, 2095. And "available Carolina, having affiliation." 741, 2873. indirect ultimately flow See, Witters Washington Dept. Blind, 474 481, 487, 106 748, 751, 846 (1986); 398, 3068; 17-18, 512-513; 1415. 31 note addition never disabled participating welfare contrary, Bradfield Roberts, 175 291, 121, 168 (1899), agreement Commissioners hospital whereby pay building hospital. effect, refused hold mere "conducted auspices Roman Catholic Church" alter legal character corporation, id., 298, 124, particularly absence allegation discriminated basis inconsistent charter. giving consistent "wholly immaterial." propriety holding, long history cooperation interdependency governments reflected 98-496, (1984) ("Charitable affiliations historically communities controversy"). 32 Of course, appears always careful One flows sectarian." 33 "[a]id normally thought so pervasive portion functions subsumed mission. ." 743, 2874. 34 risk funding, designated nonetheless advance pervasively institution's mission." 385, 3223 impermissibly religion). relevant deciding whether, extent, directs District, began "effects" [challenged] operate." 384, 3222. 35 lawsuit, indicates significant proportion disbursed receiving undercut facially requirements, meeting many deserve label sectarian."12 like Rapids, where almost schools. State's "Shared Time" directed classes nonpublic schools, 40 participated 3223. 768, 2963 (" 'all practically all' entitled affiliated); 371, 1766. Instead, closely resembles Roemer, foreseeable affiliated, small these, any, complaints, left ensue sectarian. Tilton, 2097; 760, 2351. wrong otherwise. 36 "prohibit government-financed government-sponsored indoctrination into faith," 3223, struck down entail unacceptable "advance mission" aid. Meek, 370, 1765. But prior warrants presumption adopted lawful, manner. Only invalidated "substantial" would, knowingly unknowingly, indoctrination. E.g., 387-398, 3224-3330; contrast, sectarian, 2351 ("We exercise delegated control over compliance statutory, therefore constitutional, mandate"). type unwarranted. Roemer: "It practice, considering kind, strike them anticipation funds." 761, 2352; 2097. disagree conclusion "matters [that] doctrine," harm sex reasons choosing issue sensitive surprising Government's either conflict likelihood who message deliver insufficient warrant 1363; 715-716, 1381-1382 (BRENNAN, dissenting); Harris McRae, 448 297, 319-320, 100 2671, 2689-2690, 65 784 (1980). alignment views run proscription "fund[ing] substantially setting." Hunt, AFLA—including testing, residential consumer education, etc.—are themselves "specifically activities," converted carried affiliations. 38 yet another invalidating creating 1564 (citing, 390, 3226). adopt reasoning, time interest, "symbolic created, matter solely jeopardize patients perceive hospital—part whose save lives—and whatever entity subsidizing medical patient. decline litigation, created disbursement striking 39 final argument purposes.13 675, 2094; 740-741, 2341-2342. Clearly, easier 2351, required. closest came holding eliminated sanctions violating restrictions uses after years. 2098. so, 20-year limit years up, act longer building. aspect thus indicate embodied restriction, "expire" point during Government. limitation intimation point, permitted. 1984 Report doctrines sect, contrary intent legislation." (1984). undergo evaluations 300z-5(b)(1), "make reports concerning require," 300z-5(c). application disclose detail intend provided. 300z-5(a). provisions, together, mechanism police Unlike one-time ongoing supervision Government, authority monitored determine are, scheme, means This, "test"—the leads 'an religion.' 2111 (quoting 1414). presents "Catch-22" argument: very assure renders 421, 3242 (REHNQUIST, 418, 3241 (Powell, concurring) (interaction tests forces "to tread extremely narrow line"); 768-769, 2355 (WHITE, judgment). reasons, "entanglement" much criticized 429, 3246 (O'CONNOR, Wallace Jaffree, 38, 109-110, 2479, 2517-2518, (1985) 689, 1367 concurring); 666-668, 2137-2139 dissenting). Most divided schools; rested large elementary secondary 'as values.' 411, 3237 2963); (expressly sectarian). Aguilar, feared adequate level permanent on-site monitoring, 412-413, 3237-3238, threaten "freedom belief [were] adherents denomination" denomination." 409-410, 3236. Here, be. operation Unquestionably, undoubtedly of, materials proposes use. wish employees visit clinics offices accordance requirements. amount "excessive entanglement," least sectarian."14 sum, somewhat lengthy discussion note, traditional favor enacted Congress, reached deliberations states: 43 "In committee's [in AFLA] separation Recognizing moral dimensions, committee believes promoting solution neither inappropriate illegal." foregoing III 45 now Our task claim. times since consistently adhered exception taxpayer Frothingham Mellon, 262 447, 597, 1078 (1923). What disputed, answer turns 700 (1982). Forge, Health, Welfare (HEW) dispose property Property Administrative 1949, 63 377, amended, 471 seq. taxpayers' reasons: first, source complaint action, HEW transfer parcel property," 762, second, [the taxpayers] complain conferred Taxing Spending Art. 8," 480, 762. Appellants deficient reason; argue think, Secretary. itself suit HEW, administer created. subsequent notably questioned challenges, raised questions administratively 735-736, 2870-2871 (not questioning file challenge); 744, 2343 (same). IV, 3, 228, 2935, 706 (1974), allow Members maintain officers Armed Forces Reserve. 166, 175, 2940, 2945, 678 (1974) (rejecting regulating Central Intelligence Agency's accounting reporting requirements). this, Flast, "an incidental expenditure tax administration regulatory statute." 102, 1954. heart powers, call mandate. nexus taxpayer's power, notwithstanding plays administering statute.15 46 Amendment. 1564, 1565, 1567, identify referring to, discuss particularity aspects view warranted classification sectarian."16 instances adequately design statute. feel latter remand. 47 remand flowing indicated, clear, enough recipient inspired." 48 fund activit[ies] deemed conditions granted preclude Here determine, permitted content designed inculcate faith. discussion, espoused sex, abortion, happen remedy. promulgated series grant, prohibition 757. strictures coterminous likely imposed Should wrongfully grants, approval. IV 50 erred current practice devise comply Constitution 51 Reversed. 52 concurring. raises unusual led violations I resolution questions, join opinion. write separately, explain why believe tolerance kind occurred 54 dissent says, fully agree, "[p]ublic endorse message." Post, 642. notes, "there grantees." Ante, 620. employed analytical framework detailed voluminous record, degree attributable poor Executive Branch clear. circumstance, points emphasized. proved case—will highly shaping ends abuses. reason, prevail remand, entails relaxation unwavering vigilance 'respecting 648 Const., Amdt. 1); cf. 630, 4. 55 factual findings stems delicacy (AFLA). interest encouraging restraint young people. At time, rightly "[t]here difference running soup kitchen hospital, teenagers decisions facing 641. Using thereby permitting indoctrination, inevitably projects, ministering sick. partnership contemplated violations, despite undeniably greater cooperative undertakings objectives. finds take account program's continuing violations. 56 whom SCALIA joins, 57 concurrence feature 'pervasively sectarian' be." 621. my showing enough, as-applied 58 Though am confident term well-founded juridical category, thrust exclusive disproportionate today, diversity described before foreclose disproportionately tied groups. ----. Having inquiring preliminary step demonstrating where, distributed fashion nonreligious alike, withstands recipient. spends grant. 59 STEVENS join, dissenting. 60 (AFLA), "involv[ing] families[,] groups," 300z-5(a)(21), broad-scale effort alleviate unclear ever envisioned session instructed: 61 "You want know teachings You church. people sitting body Christ. you things value fact, Church." 226. Or curricula taught: 62 "The taught marriage act, intercourse, seals union husband wife, (and representation levels.) Christ commits Himself come ask sacrament marriage. Him active God love. share His love ours, procreates us, He enters physical Him, begin life." 372. method "not birth regulation philosophy procreation," 143, promoted "spouses striving transform married testimony[,] cultivate matrimonial spirituality[, instruments God's plan," "facilitat[ing] evangelization homes." 385. 64 Whatever mind, facilitated and, indeed, encouraged instruction, central pedagogical restraints quality participation. developed far too dollars appropriated used, approval, teaching. Today majority upholds remands firmly convinced dissent. troubled lack guidance examine entire implementation, reluctantly proceeded analyze applied." Thereafter, supported facts, three-pronged analysis 1547 acknowledges others limited issue; yet, while confirming justified analyzing fails elaborate division. sometimes misuses divide conquer challenge.1 By designating broad justifies divorcing strips force evaluation sterile meaningless. characterizing objections real-world "as-applied" risks misdirecting litigants lower courts piecemeal indefinitely throughout effective look relief prayed plaintiffs, arguments supporting marshal. Whether denominate focuses systematically challenge—because goes whole—or rely events—the blind facts record.2 evident parties' arguments, compiled litigated few applicants. thousands depositions, affidavits, documentary demonstrate merely funding. 5-year cycle, original participants. interpreted implemented unconstitutional, 68 discussing went review: 69 transforms inherent conflicts reality. engage exhaustive recitation representative portions reveal "directly immediately' amounts (footnote omitted). declines accept characterization independently, relying instead assumptions casual observations grantees.3 ante, 610, 611—612, 616—617, doing neglects responsibilities gives uncharacteristically short shrift understanding facts.4 71 proceeding Lemon's pause flaw majority's method. premise ascertaining 609—610, 616, misplaced focus ignore supplying colleges, 72 "Pervasively vaguely defined art, roots inner workings distaste "picture inspectors prowling halls auditing classroom instruction," 650, 2130 3237, 2352, (plurality opinion). test, variant concept forms 365, 1763, (1975), explained: 73 "[I]t reality attempt predominantly performed Pennsylvania's characterize 195 channeling 74 2874, 75 skews cramped constitutes Perhaps traditionally characterized equate institution.5 illusion, relies heavily liberal arts affiliation, noting happenstance direct-aid concerned colleges. stressed institutions' "predominant mission students education." 687, 2100, (1971) (emphasis added); 755, 2349 (noting "high autonomy" encouragement spiritual objective college") (internal quotations omitted); 2874 (finding "no College's oriented significantly towards rather education"). sharp participants included "organizations contradict them" added). continuum "sectarianism" end closer latter. 76 More importantly, errs suggesting inapplicability generally dispositive. framed "whether kind," 758, 2350, treated license disregard fostering eschew sense, sufficient, necessary, risk. serves proxy institution, aid, used. parties illustrates agency responsible program, eliminates speculate selected; explains money, disseminated. ignoring volumes pleadings, every resemble 78 case, meaningful disagreement find dispositive, directly. A. marks departure precedents. nonmonetary, verifiably allocation own activities, (lending schools); (providing bus schools), cash scrutiny expected guarantees inconsistently Parts prescribing outreach, services6 previously unconstitutional. school's purchase 236-238, 2599-2600, 359-362, 1760-1762, grading state-prepared tests, Regan, 444 646, 840, When books, materials, examinations selected risked impermissibly. 248-251, 2605-2607; 620-621, 2114-2115. purchased, developed, disseminated restricted contexts.7 80 Notwithstanding paying counsel impressionable subject considerable significance, premises remove symbols sites, 1565-1566, but, little indefensible assumption consequently presumed mandates, dismisses insubstantial enter counseling. 611-612. rejects unacceptable, AFLA" 613. easily conveniently saved. 81 82 asking youngsters deep expect refrain foolhardy rejection illustrative doctrinal misstep college-funding cases. reasoned: 83 "To unrealistic. Even possible, liberty instruct conscious unconscious doctrine. fraught infuse instruction detected unlearned directed" original). 1563. 84 unwarranted places inordinate weight ignores altogether targets content. 85 remarkable statements expressing confidence administrators breach proscriptions earmarked only," finance theological worship, 612, citing 2097, reject based "outreach discourage unemancipated minors." 300z-1(a)(4)(G), (O). situations comparable.8 upheld, pays teachers counselors, direction authorities, educate minds moment. Time difficulties best-intentioned individuals positions total 619, 2114. Accord, 2819; 370-371, 1765-1766; 749, 2346 opinion); 254, 2608; 3225, Where targeted audience composed children, insistence safeguards greatest. 383, 3222, 3226; 796-798, 2977-2978, 948, 976-977 622-624, 2115-2117. relied "college susceptible skepticism student inconsiderable barrier tendency subvert objectives limitations" 686, 2099 Widmar Vincent, 263, 274, 14, 269, 276, 440 ("University adults. They younger able appreciate University's policy religion"). observing render activity," significance Yet dimension capture enlisting battling pp. 15-16 (1981); 9-10 Whereas chastity discouragement hardly doubted terms figures, nature. Not surprisingly, replete effect.9 undeniable accomplish laudable values, contradiction materialistic trends times, perpetuation literature." Abington Schempp, 374 203, 223, 1560, 1572, 844 (1963) (holding daily reading Bible verses Lord's Prayer (1980) posting Ten Commandments notation explaining thereof).10 89 true, prohibit social-welfare organization. 609. service: State send cleric, indeed clerical perform task" them. expense, appearance endorsing medium message, engaged pedagogy, changing dispensing medication, food, shelter.11 also, government's employing unique transcendental committed motivation. role; chosen get former, core activity, affects "service" dispensed. teenager's "Why shouldn't abortion?" contraceptives?" different considerations.12 message. B government-funded compounded Conscious omission disingenuously argues "never required." 614. loans academic facilities "expressly prohibit[ed] training, worship show[ed] ha[d] disgorge failure obey" 679-680, 2096, severed lapse assurances facility initial period, limitation, "obviously opens period." expired years, enforcement inadequate impact interprets 'expire' troubling, permitted." something notion lifting pre-existing perceived affirmative authorization all, built chapels. provision, lapsed, leaving restrictions; vacuum right start.13 indication cash-grant prohibitions plausibly ordinary conjunction fashion,14 suffice protect challenge. That, reimbursed actual cost state-required tests. payments incorporated system. warned, however: "Of outcome insuring reimbursements cover services." 659, 849. Regan echoed reaffirmed established. "Nothing instance, bars salaries chapel, renovating classrooms taught, heating lighting Absent expenditures cannot section subsidizes schools" 774, 2966. 780, 2969 ("In guaranteeing derived secular, neutral, nonideological form invalid"); 621, 2115 ("The subsidy accompanied varying measures surveillance"). containing using "sectarian purposes"); 2874-2875 project 'shall include' buildings purposes").15 Despite glaring attempts resurrect "create 615. However "mechanism" prove enforcing directives, here, regulation. "Notice Grant Award" sent specifies "teach religion," 1563, apparently clause inserted until underway. Furthermore, "enforcement" bite. procedure refunded was, precludes work definition segregated categories. And, pre-enforcement review, reluctant funds," called selected. supra. responsibly answered reliance mechanism. 2819 compelled state-supported indoctrination"); 2114 certain, Clauses, C placing unsupportable label, recharacterizing illusion consistency ruling "respecting calls fundamentally conservative decisionmaking: plaintiff promotes 387, 3224 (observing "substantial overtly subtly, supposedly classes"); 656, 848 (describing "minimal" chance bias process state-drafted subjects, "complete" safeguards); 2608 "unacceptable inevitable byproduct" teacher-accompanied field trips); 372, 1766 "potential religion"); dispositive examinations, prepared drafted eye, unconsciously otherwise, precepts sponsoring church"); safeguards, chronicle past experience room 99 pass muster prong, unconstitutionality becomes apparent unprecedented prevent brief criticizing "Catch-22," be," 615-616. certainly writings religion' nevertheless remains inquiry. 2111, quoting Clause," 615, easy "Catch-22." metaphor helpful, inclined implement kill patient cure ailed him. 614-615, 2112; 1765; 413-414, 3238-3239. precedents exceedingly entangling, sufficiently disagree. discussed above, parochial-school-aid dismissed fosters entanglement, factors: benefited; aid; relationship 2112. Thus, duties within walls rendered end, disagreements "religious" intolerable intrusion censorship. "What appear good citizenship border constitute ". book, teacher inspected once his personal subjective acceptance Amendment." 413, 3238. Cathedral Academy, 434 125, 133, 340, 345-346, 346 (1977) "would undertake search meaning examination. prospect litigating touches guarantee establishment"). ability subsidize school, on-the-site inspections diversion purposes," 765, 2353 added), financial relationships dependencies, audits, activities." 688, 2100. readily acknowledges, "review grantees[, including] use." 616—617. intimates, inspection ascertain devoted education," buildings, "are surveillance salary instruction." 687-688, V doubt, solicitude another, clergy fisc overtones. delicate audience, convey endorsement overwhelming. lies operation, isolated misapplication. remanding trust, labors far, grow weary prematurely read deliberately eschews facts.16 After appropriate, testimony documents entered evidence, decide, whole unconstitutionally applied.17 projects. 300z(b)(4)-(6), 300z-7. Section 300z-1(a)(4) full: "(4) 'necessary services' are— "(A) counseling; "(B) option licensed agency; "(C) preventive post-natal care; "(D) nutrition information "(E) screening treatment venereal disease; "(F) pediatric "(G) including— "(i) adoption; "(ii) parenting; "(iii) material provider education; "(iv) assistance youth providers preadolescents self-discipline responsibility human sexuality; "(H) vocational services; "(I) home "(J) "(K) enable parent continue employment; "(L) homemaking; "(M) immediate extended person; "(N) transportation; "(O) outreach minors; "(P) "(Q) subchapter approve regulations Secretary." 300z-10(a) reads "Grants referral, subcontract payment person guardians referral; October 1984, America (UFA) intervene defendant-intervenor strict-scrutiny standard oppose discriminates Larson Valente, 456 1673, precondition belief; advocate 300z-10. advocacy beliefs, trigger strict Larson. appeal. Prior motions, dispute, allegations disputed golconda submitted law," proper. 1554. incite political divisiveness. 1569 1367, concurring)). (1980); McGowan Maryland, 366 420, 442, 1101, 1113, 393 (1961). disapprove 16, [Title VI], Office Programs religious-affiliated indirectly bodies. simple adolescents." witness testified "projects target hispanic minority populations accepted population non-sectarian, inclusion improve effectiveness undercuts "advanced" added amendments relative expanded, result. expansion opposed "incidental" observation borne statistics fiscal year 1986. According year, $10.7 million $3.3 $1.3 figure going cited 748-756. 755. listed, universities. 756. 300z-3 does, put, individuals. Nowhere suggested permissible. division lines. 1569. importance lines great day. 404, 11, 3071, "political divisiveness" "regarded confined paid schools." standing, "at ten explicit faith by-laws policies deviation 1565. conclusive, equivalent "inextricably intertwined." related worth acknowledging explicitly. vigorously asserting "cannot squared explanation Salerno, [481 739, 2095, (1987),] mounting 'the challenger establish circumstances exists valid.' 30. rigid explaining: "As 602 [91 745] (1971)." 602. proposed incongruous examination enactment, entanglement. differ rejecting nullity. for, averment hypothesize "set valid," as, eviscerated artifice. available. controversy district invoke equitable powers continued activity. Hutto Finney, 437 2565, 2572, 522 (1978); Swann Charlotte-Mecklenburg 402 15, 1267, 1276, 554 ("[B]readth remedies"). Milliken Bradley, 267, 2749, (1977), reiterated exercising "nature violation," decrees "remedial nature." 280, 2757 therefore, instructed majority, fashioning discovers. "observation[s]" 12. 1982, 1986, vice versa, cumulative figures FY 1982-1986 helpful. Looking identified approximately $53.5 $10 "engage record," "representative portions." Another affiliated" tabulation Department connection additional $6 period. perspective, 100,000 "clients served" 1985-1986 period "cited" nearly 11,000 minimum, suspect rendering expectations unrealistic report subgrant arrangements, missions brought fulfill obligation "consideration administered," conceding, must, paint troubling picture whole. 488, (1986) "nothing petitioner succeeds, expended education"); 412, 'If applies' "), Felton 739 F.2d 48, (CA2 1984); 275, 277, empirical dominate university's forum). 618-620, 616. Court—apparently unsatisfied effect—instructs "AFLA observed 300z-1(a)(4), intimately service. discovery St. Ann's, teenagers, Order Daughters Charity owned Archdiocese purchased books chastity, masturbation, homosexuality, 336, 354-359, 362. Amarillo, Tex., curriculum outline guide AFLA-funded workshops references, "reference" film "Everyday Miracle," "depicting miracle reproduction gift God." Record 155, Plaintiffs' Appendix, Vol. 119. concluded: conduct, HHS-approved proposals. application, designed, 'to communicate diocese, Mormon (Church Jesus Latter Day Saints) Young Buddhist Association's education.' 1565-1566. differs 2094, "authorize[d] 'institutions education' 'academic facilities' "; 2871, [was] construction, financing refinancing projects' bonds"; 740, 2341, opinion), 'any [qualified] learning Maryland.' "will, (B) organizations." 300z-5(a)(21)(B), conclusively (1981). conclusion, compelling, inseparable dogma." Lyon County, Kan., Department's proposal "[s]uch intimate touching beliefs." 221. Patrick J. Sheeran, Director Division Program Development Monitoring "Broadly speaking, hard doesn't basic ethical foundation, class completely class, relate back principles embedded philosophically theologically discipline." 122. Mr. Sheeran's Dr. Paul Simmons, Baptist clergyman professor Ethics: transmit marriage, issues. impart perspectives teachings." 597. event, efforts undertaken convictions advice dispensed overwhelming comments believed 1566. society. combating ills, secularizing demeaning sacred enterprise. churches early unplanned pregnancies, confine taint "corrosive secularism." protects captured Church, corrupted tasks pernicious tempt compromise abandoning it." 775, 2358 (STEVENS, 726-727, 1387, (BLACKMUN, arguing "social categorically educating schoolchildren appropriation seeks creation' opening keeping city sick persons place corporation." 299-300, 124. Employees directives booklet Ethical Directives Facilities," Doctrine National Conference Bishops. 526, 540-544. Solely dictates, "natural planning," "has successfully teenagers," 535, couples offer artificial control, Church. 407, 628. nurse mid-wife working reprimanded contravening hospital's she "yes" teenager asked, matter, 552. noticeable pains specify provides: 300z-3(b)(1), "assurances" covering everything confidentiality records, 300z-5(a)(11), commitment applicant reasonable secure [structured fee] schedules," 300z-5(a)(16)(B). nowhere single 614—615. calling supervised. Programs, he surprised experience, high evaluate 98. Some reader's strongly suggest indispensable achieve 509; Appendix 354-355, applications, I-A, 505D, 505E, 505G; 346. pre-award investigations admonitions minimal. Sheeran obtain "teaching morals, dogmas, [or] principles." 107. lasted minutes, facilities, literature. 112-113. stage remained uncured implementation: "Nor cured 'spiritual counseling' materials. took sites adorned symbols. "Similarly, reveals attempted evade establishing staffer's presentations immediately followed, presence, member presentation covered staffer" (citations stands precisely restrictions. Cf., (support education); 241-1(a)(4) (federal disaster agencies); 1021(c) (assistance libraries); 1070e(c)(1)(B) IV) 1134e(g) (fellowships graduate professional study); 1210 (grants adult programs); 2753(b)(1)(C) (college work-study grants); 5001(a)(2) retired senior-citizen volunteer service programs). joined constrain labeled 624—625, character." statement comes citation import ill-defined be, held, reaffirms '[a]id mission.' 2350 [is] kind"). "as-applied," loses relevance misunderstand intertwined," 620 flatly KENNEDY's suggestion, institutions." cross-appellants, inviting severable,

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