Document: 395 U.S. 575 89 S.Ct. 1918 23 L.Ed.2d 547 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Petitioner,v.GISSEL PACKING CO., Inc., et al. FOOD STORE EMPLOYEES UNION, LOCAL NO. 347, AMALGAMATED MEAT CUTTERS AND BUTCHER WORKMEN OF NORTH AMERICA, AFL—CIO, Petitioner, v. GISSEL Inc. The SINCLAIR COMPANY, BOARD. Nos. 573, 691, 585. Argued March 26 and 27, 1969. Decided June 16, Rehearing Denied Oct. 13, See 90 35. [Syllabus from pages 575-578 intentionally omitted] Dominick L. Manoli, Washington, D.C., for N.L.R.B., petitioner. Albert Gore, Chicago, Ill., Food Store Employees Union, Local No. Amalgamated Meat Cutters Butcher Workmen of North America, AFL—CIO. John E. Jenkins, Jr., Huntington, W. Va., Gissel Packing Co., Lewis P. Hamlin, Salisbury, N.C., General Steel Products, another. Frederick F. Holroyd, Charleston, Hecks, Edward J. Simerka, Cleveland, Ohio, the Sinclair Co. Lawrence G. Wallace, respondent. Mr. Chief Justice WARREN delivered opinion Court. 1 These cases involve extent an employer's duty under National Labor Relations Act to recognize a union that bases its claim representative status solely on possession authorization cards, steps employer may take, particularly with regard scope content statements he make, in legitimately resisting such card-based recognition. specific questions facing us here are whether bargain can arise without Board election Act; if obtained majority employees misrepresentation or coercion, reliable enough generally provide valid, alternate route status; bargaining order is appropriate authorized remedy where rejects card while at same time committing unfair practices tend undermine union's make fair unlikely possibility; certain made by his constituted election-voiding labor practice thus fell outside protection First Amendment § 8(c) Act, 49 Stat. 452, as amended, 29 U.S.C. 158(c). For reasons given below, we answer each these affirmative. I. 2 Of four before us, three—Gissel Heck's Inc.—were consolidated following separate decisions Court Appeals Fourth Circuit brought 573. petitioning Union Gissel, case petition 691. All three present legal issues similar, uncomplicated factual settings be briefly described together. fourth case, 585 (Sinclair Company), fromt argued separately, presents many will disposed this opinion; but because validity some Board's findings attack grounds, detailed attention must paid setting case. 3 573 4 In Circuit, course action followed response were similar. waged organizational campaign, cards unit, then, basis demanded recognition employer. employers refused ground inherently unreliable indicators employee desires; they either embarked on, continued, vigorous antiunion campaigns gave rise numerous charges. campaign began almost outset Union's drive, (petitioner 691), did not seek election, instead filed charges against employer, refusing violation 8(a)(5), coercion intimidation 8(a) (1), discharge adherents 8(a)(3).1 sought was never held nearly identical later result initiated after demand.2 And Steel, petitioned won set aside committed pre-election period.3 5 primary directed employers, despite absence victory Steel. More specifically, found (1) had valid cards4 unit entitled represent collective purposes; (2) refusal 8(a)(5) motivated, 'good faith' doubt status, desire gain dissipate status. based conclusion lack good faith fact substantial during their efforts resist Thus, all engaged restraint 8(a)(1)—in coercively interrogating about activities, threatening them discharge, promising benefits; Heck's, employees, reprisals, creating appearance surveillance, offering benefits opposing Union; coercive interrogation threats including discharge. addition, wrongfully discharged engaging activities 8(a)(3). And, rejected demand bad faith, Unions 8(a)(5). 6 Only there any objection manner which been solicited, raised evidence resolved manner. customary approach dealing allegations misunderstanding purpose being solicited has out Cumberland Shoe Corp., 144 N.L.R.B. 1268 (1963), reaffirmed Levi Strauss & 172 57, 68 L.R.R.M. 1338 (1968). Under doctrine, itself unambiguous (i.e., states face signer authorizes purposes election), it counted unless proved told used obtaining election. trial examiner considered length and, applying analysis, claims adopted reprinted margin.5 7 * 8 'With respect 97 named attached Appendix B Respondent brief contends, substance, should one more following: would get right vote way, even though signed (3) kept secret shown anybody except heretofore explicated, I conclude statements, singly jointly, do foreclose use designated face.' Consequently, ordered companies cease desist practices, offer reinstatement back pay who discriminatorily discharged, request, post notices. 9 On appeal, per curiam opinions (398 F.2d 336, 337, 339), sustained §§ 8(a)(1) violations, employers' violated declined enforce those portions orders directing respondent faith. court rulings 1967 raising fundamental issues, Crawford Mfg. NLRB, 386 367, cert. denied, 390 1028, 88 1408, 20 286 (1968); NLRB S. Logan 562; Sehon Stevenson 551. 1947 Taft-Hartley amendments permitted resolve representation disputes certification 9(c) only ballote lection, withdrew authority certification, knows independently no dispute. themselves so virtually automatic, dispute existed, necessary. established company could question (either agreed conducted own poll indicating), extensive pervasive available irrespective majority. 10 Thus earlier decisions, court's reasoning brief, indicated holding Heck's: 11 'We have recently discussed unreliability usual determining attained concluded justified entertaining when confronted upon cards. We also noted provides sole restricts ballots resolution questions. This extraordinary might violations 8(a)(1). It controlled our recent reasoning. There support unions' majorities.' 398 F.2d, 338—339. 12 585, pattern quite petitioner, producer mill rolls, wire, related products two plants Holyoke, Massachusetts, shut down months 1952 strike over contract negotiations American Wire Weavers Protective Association, petitioner's journeymen apprentice wire weavers 1933 1952. Company subsequently reopened contract, remained unrepresented through 1964, acquired Ohio corporation, Company's former president continuing head division. July 1965, International Brotherhood Teamsters, 404, organizing among Holyoke end summer 14 choosing agent. September 20, notified petitioner represented weavers, requested it, offered submit neutral third party authentication. After request week later, claiming, inter alia, cards' inherent unreliability, petitioned, November 8, ultimately December 9. 13 When first learned drive July, talked effort dissuade joining union. He emphasized results long strike, claimed 'almost put business,' expressed worry forgetting 'lessons past.' emphasized, secondly, still 'thin ice' financially, 'only weapon strike,' 'could lead closing plant,' since parent ample manufacturing facilities elsewhere. noted, thirdly, age limited usefulness skills craft, able find re-employment lost jobs strike. Finally, warned believe plant go business 'look around see lot business.' sent letters effect early November, emphasizing reason stay Massachusetts profits went down. During weeks immediately prior 9, pamphlet captioned: 'Do you want another 13-week strike?' stating, that: Teamsters again close Weaving Department entire hopes Bosses call happy outfit.' Similar communications late stressing Teamsters' 'hoodlum control.' Two days entitled: 'Let's Look Record,' purported obituary Holyoke-Springfield, area allegedly gone demands, eliminating 3,500 jobs; page carried large cartoon showing preparation grave other headstones containing names victimized unions. day personal appeal reject Union. repeated financial condition precarious; possible jeopardize continued operation plant; education difficult. 7—6, then both objections hearing examiner. 15 president's whole, 'reasonably tended convey belief impression selection forthcoming (the Company) plant, transfer weaving production, resultant loss weavers.' 'totality circumstances' Act. further 'also interferred exercise free untrammeled choice election,' 'tended forclose possibility' required aside. n. 4, supra, unchallenged) initially recognition, but, indicated, status—in aside, entered cease-and-desist order, request. 16 conclusions enforced full. 397 157. proposition automatically insist noting my means than election; stance circuits disavowing Circuit's cards.6 Because conflict alleged between freedoms restrictions placed speech Sinclair, granted certiorari consider 393 997, 482, 21 462 reverse affirm ruling Circuit. II. 17 urging contends approve interpretation administration duties obligations imposed cases. argues unions Wagner certified elections attaining may, impose reliance support, Contrary holding, asserts, eliminate alternative routes themselves, accordance standards adequately insure misrepresentation, sufficiently desires refuses violation, commits render improbable. 18 Relying assertions, asks current practice, follows. need grant immediately, knowledge majority, decline requesting file filing himself 9(c)(1) (B). If, however, independent disruptive conditions, withhold issue various violatios . A course, unrelated campaign. Conversely, urge adopt views 19 outlined above accord far greater role seeks litigation. understand differences Board, necessary trace evolution position takes oral argument Such analysis requires viewing treatment phases: Joy Silk rules Aaron Brothers announced traditional utilized years known doctrine. Mills, 85 1263 (1949), enforced, 87 U.S.App.D.C. 360, 185 732 (1950). rule, lawfully refuse claiming doubt' bargaining, test doubts. enter ways. seeking Or come forward therefore An example second category Snow Sons, 134 709 (1961), 308 687 (C.A.9th Cir. 1962), reneged agreement checked signatures insisted doubted truly desired representation. very broad language 'without therefor,' 710—711. Dixon Ford 150 861 (1965); Kellogg 147 342, 346 (1964), 347 219 1965). leading codifying modifications doctrine Brothers, 158 1077 (1966). clear shifted burden Counsel show 'will obligation simply rely rather method majority.' 1078. significant consequences emphasized. every finding order; implied serious tendency longer needed rejecting demand. pointed out, prove 'course conduct' indications As examples conduct,' cited supra; h ereby reaffirming Serpa, 155 99 (1965), Sons facts. 22 Although abandoned altogether. largely irrelevant, key issuance commission interfere processes preclude regardless subjective motivation, guilty misconduct; give affirmative simple 'no comment' knew, instance, supported union, appropriateness claim, afterthought, strength. circumscribed, correspondingly expanded, rule. contention demand, s 9(c)(1)(B) insisting petition, whereby subjected considerable delay. If does argues, validly obtained. continue utilize least doubt. 24 accompanied decide ever interference processes. 25 With arguments points difference intrinsic reliability, well next section. nature reaction compaign, contained reprisal protected speech, covered final III. A. establish affected amendments. most commonly traveled7 obtain exclusive unorganized group procedures (29 159(c)); also, point view, preferred route.8 elet ion, for, addition (5) 158(a)(5)), 8(5), '(i)t shall collectively representatives subject provisions section 9(a).' Since 9(a), refers 'designated selected' specifying precisely how chosen, recognized whenever presented 'convincing support.'9 Almost inception winner invoke obligation; provision 8(a)(5)—by convincing union-called vote,10 or, here, authorizing purposes.11 27 consistently accepted See, e.g., Bradford Dyeing Assn., 310 318, 339—340, 60 918, 929, 84 L.Ed. 122 (1940); Franks Bros. 321 702, 64 817, 1020 (1944); United Mine Workers Arkansas Flooring 351 62, 76 559, 100 941 (1956). Workers, 'Board satisfy status,' 72, 565, 'which deals expressly representation, says nothing employees' chosen,' 71, 565. '(i)n bona fide dispute12 existence eligible denial Act.' 69, 563. now, unpersuasive view amendments, enacted nine decs ion require disregard Indeed, weaken strengthen taken below. version bill House amended 8(5) permit refusal-to-bargain failed 'currently (through election) 9.' Section H.R. 3020, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. (1947). proposed change, eliminated Conference (H.R.Conf.Rep.No. 510, Sess., 41 (1947)), cannot similar change because, assert, Congress amendment. Nor accept wrought phrase 'any suitable ascertain representatives,'13 occasionally basis. benefit special privileges accorded voluntarily order14 which, determine, dispensed survived crucible ballot 28 finally subparagraph (B), allows 'one individuals organizations him claim15 That added, absolute time; rather, intended, legislative history indicates, allow them, asked bargain, doubts presumably cause illegal activity.16 agree assertion suggestion intended relieve where, machinery. policies reflected fully (see 591—592); words engages 'in contemporaneous likely destroy seriously impede election.' Brief p. 36. short, hold restrict whose election.17 B. 30 that, whatever sued determine bargain. context, take step indicate namely, rule completely arena. Even unhesitatingly matter, argue, overrule 584) stricter controls solicitation representatives.18 31 voiced boil contentions:19 contrasted procedure,20 accurately reflect employee's wishes, chance informed one, pressures individual decision privacy voting booth; apart comparison, too often compound inferiority process. Neither persuasive, proves much. recognized, continues satisfactory—indeed preferred—method ascertaining support.21 acknowledged superiority process, mean thereby rendered totally invalid, conduct effective—perhaps only—way assuring choice. irregularity proper apply (to below) satisfied. follow instances irregularity, used; otherwise, off indefinitely elections. 32 admittedly inferior sentiment process impeded, needs extended discussion, contentions withstand examination. argue side unionization issues. Normally, inform organization awareness successful. Hunt Oil 157 282 (1966); Don Swart Trucking 154 1345 (1965). Charleston not, aware came began, deliver Further, succumb sign 'off back' unable mind once inside booth. But equally small units22 voter's sentiments carefully individually canvassed. voter, casting think better shortly thereafter. 33 complaint, controlling solicitation, adequate task involved state clearly unambigously face. eyes obvious difficulties, abuses, primarily arising misrepresentations organizers signing designate merely authorize issue. blind courts appeals commentators23 differed significantly effectiveness cure abuses. 34 face, Second (NLRB Nichols 380 438 (1967)) Fifth (Engineers Fabricators, 376 482 joined below solicitor's amounted circumstances assurance criticized tending mechanically, declining uphold application Southbridge Sheet Metal Works, 851 (C.A.1st 1967); Sandy's Stores, 268 1968); Swan Super Cleaners, 384 609 (C.A.6th Dan Howard 304 (C.A.7th Furr's, 381 562 (C.A.10th Automobile, Aerospace Agricultural Implement UAW—AFL—CIO 129 196, 392 801 (1967). Among agrees supra), vitiated left lingering probe intent signer, inquiry avoided Cumberland. Southland Paint 394 717, 728, 730 (C.A.5th Engineers supra. Where ambiguous Eighth (see, Peterson Bros., 342 221 1965), Bauer Welding 358 766 (C.A.8th 1966)), departs whicho therwise single-purpose (compare Lenz 396 905, 908 1968), C. Glasgow 356 476, 478 1966)). 35 conflicting approaches dual-purpose five stating unambiguously representative. forcefully opportunities comes somewhat weakened irregularities (Gissel, campaigns,24 Sinclair). challenge misrepresentations. There, examiner, testimony 5, 'all aware, designating representative.' 36 resolving favor approving sufficient bound what deliberately canceled adherent calculated direct forget signature. inconsistent handing telling probably Elections been, all, be, vast cases; 30%25 insists unsophisticated act represents something else. alone areas relations, criminal sanctions hang balance,26 hastily disregarding congressional judgments responsibility acts. 37 agree, warnings 1338, 1341, (1968), concerning challenge, examiners neglect ensure easy mechanical rule.27 observation counsel, damaging officials previously threatened reprisals activity 8(a)(1).28 motivations involving endless inquiry. nevertheless feel examiner's supra) limits rule's application. emphasize careful guard rigid reiterate say indicates approval applied ambiguous, 38 faced Hobson's choice29 inevitably loser. They contend immediate, investigation into uncoerced wil unlawfully failure majority; investigation, polling constitute obligated check proof justify insistence making doubting 1077, reasonable always termed violative requirements seto ut Struksnes Construction 165 102, 65 1385 order. Hammond Irving, 1071 above, gravity, necessarily finding,' 1079. 39 Remaining propriety undermined caused cases, requiring maintain Katz, 369 736, 748, n 82 1107, 1114, 230 (1962); Lorillard 314 512, 62 397, 86 (1942). minority entered. (1944). now withdraw Board. rerun, rewarding allowing 'to profit (his) wrongful bargain,' 704, 818, severely curtailing freely delay disrupt bargain;30 demonstrate true, undistorted desires.31 40 remedies, control misconduct. can, mail notices read access working injunctive 10(j) 160(j)) last resort. power, conclude, unnecessarily harsh needlessly prejudices rights punishing restraining ignores designed much past damage32 deter future succeeded undermining strength destroying laboratory conditions violate unlawful activity. damage done, perhaps way effectuate re-establish existed campaign.33 is, permanent if, effects acts worn off, disavow petition. ago, 'injustice wish substitute particular arrangement,' relationship 'once rightfully exist function period succeed,' showing, changed situations relationships.' 705—706, 819. Before considering appropriately summarize factors determination. Despite reversal 691 major actual disagreement practical matter. While validate general open possibility imposing 'exceptional' marked 'outrageous' 'pervasive' practices. 'such had.' 562, 570 (C.A.4th 338. itself, add, policy issuing available, effective Steelworkers America 126 215, 770 (1967); Penney 479, 485—486 1967). 42 less nonetheless lesser misconduct appropriate, reemphasize, effectuating ascertainable becomes important goal deterring misbehavior. fashioning discretion, properly consideration extensiveness terms likelihood recurrence future. finds erasing ensuring (or rerun) present, slight would, balance, 32, supra). 43 remedial power minor minimal impact machinery, sustain says, se 44 considerations mind, turn examination finding, undisturbed repair threats.34 determination called intermediate situation risks rerun electin great already (c)), ability 45 hand, remedies insufficient indication Steel) definitely count occurred. warranted, ruled short guarantee 339, 340, 3. requisite implicit (and Steel); inappropriate contrary Part II, precise puts forth employed remand findings. IV. 46 Sinclair's At note arises context nascent waging generally, above-noted gradations varying consequences, create hazards estimate efforts. easily avoided, interrogation, complain distinctions unreasonably difficult follow. consist alone, difficulties resolved. problem permitting inquiries. decide, allowances mandatory. communicate firmly infringed 158(c)) implements expression views, argument, opinion' 'evidence practice,' contains threat force promise benefit' 8(a)(1), turn, prohibits interference, self-organization. 47 Any assessment expression, o urse, relations setting. outweigh equal associate freely, embodied proviso 8(c). balancing account economic dependence former, relationship, pick up implications latter readily dismissed disinterested ear. Stating principles recognizing basically stake establishment nonpermanent, economically dependent agent, legislators enactment legislation defined voter freer listen objectively class talk. Cf. New York Times Sullivan, 254, 710, 686 (1964). 48 Within framework, based. evaluating questioned tamper here. unionism contain 'threat benefit.' prediction believes company. phrased objective demonstrably probable beyond management arrived unionization. Textile Darlington 263, 274, 994, 827 implication initiative necessities him, statement facts retaliation coersion, Amendment. '(c)onveyance belief, sincere, unless, improbable, eventuality capable proof.' 157, 160. stated elsewhere, tell 'what reasonably control,' 'threats volition.' River Togs, 382 198, 202 (C.A.2d Equally cast 'demonstrable 'economic consequences," 160, retaliatory action. speeches, pamphlets, leaflets, conveyed message: precarious condition; 'strike-happy' potentially unreasonable demands striking, shutdown, indicated; difficulty employment carrying focus question: '(W)hat speaker intend listener understand?' (A. Cox Law Policy (1960)), understood import message predict threaten throw work realities. connection, basic assumption yet heard, admitted attributing closings unionism; sensitive rumors closings,35 hints honest forecasts.36 50 Petitioner line so-called predictions proscribed vague stand discretion curtail uncontrolled. true reviewing competence instance judge utterances employer-employee Virginia Electric Power 469, 344, 349, 348 (1941). best, heard guide behavior. "brinkmanship" 'overstep tumble (over) brink,' Wausau Corp. 377 369, 372 avoid avoiding conscious overstatements mislead employees. 51 foregoing reasons, judgment insofar enforcement directions proceedings conformity opinion. 52 ordered. 53 Judgment affirmed, reversed part remanded directions. vice caught talking men, 'you God-damned things go.' Subsequently, written unit. Rejecting interrogate activities; offer; warn 'union got in, president) just money let run place,' going 'fight' first. impending meeting, arranged, found, agent report identity adherents. referred knew meeting hours henceforth reduced half day. Three discharged. warehouses. responding 'No requests assembled shock singled ask card. additional day, supporter contacts number cards) interrogated encouraged authorization, hours, fewer raises, wih drawal bonuses. thereafter summoned supporters office new higher influence 'break union.' year Ashland, Kentucky, store, October 1965. assistant store manager sure department heads included unit—even heads. verification, refused, grounds uncertainty definition showed Meanwhile, fired spot card, ones polled giving assurances reprisals. Throughout six-month 120 207 unit—the foremen supervisors involvement; suggested hurt obtain; strikes dire (a supervisor 'a nigger it,' machines, 'the niggers operators them'); asserted although negotiate endlessly anything. reference Typical relevant part: 'Desiring become member Chauffeurs, Warehousemen Helpers hereby admission membership. you, your agents me matters pertaining rates pay, employment.' 'Accordingly, Respondent's 'that man secret, equivalent 'only' (1950), 341 914, 71 734, 95 1350 (1951); Gotham 359 684 1966); Quality Markets, 387 (C.A.3d Phil-Modes, 131 Atlas Engine 775 pending; Clark 385 Ralph Printing Lithographing 379 Luisi Truck Lines, 842 Cir.), 389 840, 70, 105 specifically it. Mineral Chemical 391 829, 836, Goodyear Tire Rubber 711, 712—713 Atco-Surgical Supports, 659, 660 Ozark Motor 403 1968). 1967, 8,116 issued 1342, Sheinkman, Recognition Through Authorization Cards, Ga.L.Rev. 319 (1969). year, dramatic increase previous 117 1966. Browne, Obligation Bargain Basis Card Majority, 334, cf., 77 124 (1948). Ladies' Garment Workers' 366 731, 81 1603, 762 (1961). Dahlstrom Metallic Door 112 756, 757 1940). Denver Auto Dealers 1173 (1939); Century 807 (1938). Remington Rand, 94 862, 868 576, 58 1046, 1540 11, provided: 'Whenever affecting commerce investigate controversy certify name selected. representatives.' E.g., petitions rival decertification (§ 9(c)(3)), period, usually disruption Brooks 96, 75 176, 125 (1954)), recognitional picketing 8(b) (4)(C)), freedom assignments 8(b)(4)(D), (7). prescribe petitions, interrupt drives demanding providing H.R.Rep. 245, Senate 'present discriminate believing really S.Rep. 105, Senator Taft debates: 'Today situation. says. 'I Sign agreement, tomorrow.' not. gives say, know employees." 93 Cong.Rec. 3838 aptly Lesnick, Establishment Bargaining Rights Without Election, Mich.L.Rev. 851, 861—862 (1967): 'Cards thirty years; (this) repeatedly attempt House-passed Hartley Bill amend conference committee produced No amount drum-beating overcome, legislation, history.' reliability re-emphasize confronting. 'good' 'bad' refraining disturb 'laboratory conditions' whether, absent himself; chooses situation, ultimate doubts, Union-sought makes positive interchangeable here; held, provoked scholarly controversy. Compare criticism policy, 7, Comment, Yale L.J. 805 (1966), defense Welles, 349 (1969); Cards: Reliable Order To Bargain?, Texas L.Rev. comparison procedure discussion 564—566 nn. 7—8, 32. 19, handled beginning end, contacting blank soliciting fellow basis; signing. 1969 CCH Guidebook 402.4. Criminal 302 186) receive thing value.' 302(c)(4) 186(c)(4)) exempts payments dues, executed 'written assignment' i.e., checkoff authorization. Signatures relied 9(c)(1)(A) 159(c)(1)(A)), processing 'substantial 30% signature requirement, 25, supra,) 9(e) empower shop de-authorization ion. explaining stated: 'Thus contemplated, possible, vitiating worded theory misrepresentation. different presented, solicit explicit indirectly *.' footnote: 'The imply confined haec verba 'sole' mechanistic principles, contended. looks substance form. nonuse 'magic' controlling, totality surrounding such, add help 1341—1342, 7. 332—333. Judge Brown's 'Scylla Charybdis' analogy 274 381, 388 1960). records January 1968, median charge contested days. slow administrative affect outcome delaying tactics, figures tainted chances reversing 31, infra. study 20,153 1960 1962 shows 267 Pollitt, Re-Run Elections: Study, N.C.L.Rev. 209, 212 (1963). others. operations, 29% time, deal elected seemed irremediable winning 75% time. Id., 215—216. appears factor. suggest soon interest waned, occurring somei periods. within after, occur five; 30—60 five. 221. correcty observed posting undue influences security anonymity.' 570. courts, determination, expert intensity. 10(c) 160(c)), draws fund expertise own, courts. Fibreboard Paper Products 203, 398, 233 '(I)t minimize opportunity agency.' Consolo FMC, 383 607, 621, 1018, 1027, entered, inadequate oppose prejudiced coercion. 17, 862. 'is surely realize win emply ees, hostile survive passed.' Bok, Regulation Campaign Tactics Representation 78 Harv.L.Rev. 38, 135 Bernel Foam 146 1277 agreeing exists, 33, 77; Kolmar Laboratories, 159 805, 807—810, (relied here) 809, 3, 833 Surprenant 507, 510—511, 761

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