Document: 453 U.S. 114 101 S.Ct. 2676 69 L.Ed.2d 517 UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE, Appellant,v.COUNCIL OF GREENBURGH CIVIC ASSOCIATIONS et al. No. 80-608. April 21, 1981. Decided June 25, Syllabus Title 18 U.S.C. § 1725 prohibits the deposit of unstamped "mailable matter" in a letterbox approved by United States Postal Service, and violations are subject to fine. The local Postmaster notified appellee civic association that its practice delivering messages residents placing notices letterboxes private homes violated 1725, advised it if other members council associations continued such could result Appellees then brought suit Federal District Court against Service for declaratory injunctive relief, contending enforcement would inhibit their communications with thereby deny them freedom speech press secured First Amendment. ultimately declared unconstitutional as applied appellees council's member enjoined from enforcing them. Held : Section does not unconstitutionally abridge appellees' Amendment rights, inasmuch neither enactment nor is geared any way content message sought be placed letterbox. Pp. 120-134. (a) When designated an "authorized depository" mail becomes essential part nationwide system delivery receipt mail. In effect, postal customer, although he pays physical components depository," agrees abide Service's regulations exchange agreeing deliver pick up his A letterbox, once at same time transform itself into "public forum" some limited nature which guarantees access all comers. Just because may somewhat more efficient place mean there right do so. guarantee property simply owned or controlled Government. 126-131. (b) Congress, exercising constitutional authority develop operate national system, properly legislate generality cases mind, should put test defending one township after another constitutionality statute under traditional "time, place, manner" analysis. If Congress efficiently possible extensive mail, they must adopt general character having uniform applicability throughout Nation. this case, was legislating promote what considered efficiency laying down generalized prohibition distribution leaflets discussion issues public forums. 132-133. (c) While own ipse dixit destroy status streets parks, letter box analogized parks. 133-134. D.C., 490 F.Supp. 157, reversed. Edwin S. Kneedler, Washington, D. C., appellant. Jon H. Hammer, Hartsdale, N. Y., appellees. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 We noted probable jurisdiction decide whether Southern New York correctly determined abridges rights certain Westchester County, 449 1076, 853, 66 798 (1981). Jurisdiction rests on 28 1252. 2 * Appellee Council Greenburgh Civic Associations (Council) umbrella organization number groups Y. Saw Mill Valley Association Council's groups. 1976, White Plains, Chairman association's pamphlets violation provides: 3 "Whoever knowingly willfully deposits mailable matter statements accounts, circulars, sale bills, like matter, no postage has been paid, established, approved, accepted route intent avoid payment lawful thereon, shall each offense fined than $300." 4 were fine exceed $300. 5 February 1977, filed relief threatened 1725. contended communication town 6 initially dismissed complaint failure state claim granted. 448 159 (SDNY 1978). On appeal, however, Appeals Second Circuit reversed remanded case give parties "an opportunity submit proof extent handicap caused area involved, hand, need restriction protection mails, other." 586 F.2d 935, 936 (1978). light language, unreasonable conclude had instructed "try" statute, much fact tried court, proceeded do. 7 proceedings remand, offered three justifications 1725: (1) protects revenues; (2) facilitates secure mails; (3) promotes privacy patrons. More specifically, argued elimination cause overcrowding mailboxes due notices. Such turn constitute impediment mails. Testimony aided investigation theft restricting letterboxes, enabling investigators assume anyone carrier householder who opens mailbox engaged law. point, inspector testified 10% arrests made external 1708, resulted surveillance-type operations benefit also introduced particularly helpful thefts government checks letterboxes.1 8 testimony incur additional expense either eliminated held inapplicable materials. expanded permit circulars—but types nonmailable commercial materials carriers obliged remove examine individual items found determine lawful. Carriers confronted larger amount separate outgoing extra resulting these activities, when computed basis, add substantially daily cost delivery. 9 final justification provided significant interests customers. provides customers means send receive mails without fear correspondence becoming known community. 10 trial left ample alternative message. can paying postage, hanging doorknobs, doors doormat, using newspaper nonpostal boxes affixed houses posts, telephoning constituents, engaging person-to-person areas, tacking taping door post post, advertisements newspapers. survey comparing effectiveness alternatives arguably demonstrated between 70-75% doormats hung doorknobs homeowner whereas approximately 82% found. This incidental difference, argued, cannot significance. 11 above arguments insufficient sustain least 157 (1980). Relying earlier Appeals, legal standard apply curtailment interest free expression outweighed Government's effective concluded satisfied standard. 12 based decision several findings. court generally have small cash reserves afford applicable rates, mailing financially burdensome. Similarly, relatively slow pace use times impede ability communicate quickly constituents. Given widespread awareness high celerity probably taken judicial notice both 13 none suggested "nearly flyers mailboxes; so [appellees'] methods serious burden constituents." F.Supp., 160.2 Accordingly, II 14 present good example Holmes' aphorism "a page history worth volume logic." Trust Co. v. Eisner, 256 345, 349, 41 506, 507, 65 L.Ed. 963 (1921). For only review statutory regulatory scheme challenge proper context. 15 By early 18th century, posts sovereign function almost nations necessity. Government impossible, until invention telephone telegraph, principal communication. Kappel Commission, Toward Excellence, Report President's Commission Organization 47 (Comm.Print 1968). Little progress developing Colonial America appointment Benjamin Franklin, formerly Philadelphia, Deputy General American Colonies 1753. 1775, Franklin named first Continental and, trend toward war, undertook effort establish order maintain supply revenue Army. Adie, An Evaluation Wage Rates (American Enterprise Institute, 1977). 16 importance our Nation, surprising Constitution ratified 1789, Art. I, 8, power "To Post Offices Roads" make Laws necessary proper" executing task. Office played vital yet largely unappreciated role development new Stagecoach trails improved become roads became arteries commerce. Mail contracts great assistance transportation canals, railroads, eventually airlines. supra, 46. During stage, many citizens situated across country most visible symbol unity. Ibid. 17 growth service over past 200 years remarkable. Annual revenues increased less $40 million 1790 close $200 1829 Cabinet. However, expenditures began exceeding 1820's structure struggled keep rapid westward. Because expansion, costs South West raised average nationally. To prevent competition express services, passed Act 1845, prohibited established today referred "postal monopoly." recently, deal problems increasing deficits shortcomings overall management Office, Reorganization 1970. transformed Department Government-owned corporation called Service. among largest employers world, work force nearing 700,000 processing 106.3 billion pieces year. Ann. Rep. 2, Nation's user floor space, nonmilitary purchaser transport, operating 200,000 vehicles. Its rural alone travel 21 miles day city walk drive day. Rates, 1. budget fiscal 1980 exceeded $17 billion. General, 2. 19 Not surprisingly, detailed govern country's vast system. See 39 401 seq. Domestic Manual (DMM), incorporated reference Code Regulations, CFR pt. Under 403(a), directed "plan, develop, promote, provide adequate services fair reasonable rates fees." 403(b)(1) similarly directs "to collection, sorting, nationwide," broadly empowered rules designed accomplish directives. 20 Acting authority, regulation urban appropriate receptacles meeting specifications concerning size, shape, dimensions. DMM 155.41, 155.43, 156.311, 156.51, 156.54. regulation, "[e]very receptacle intended used route, highway contract authorized depository within meaning [§] 1725." 151.1. customer meets but afforded federal statutes prohibiting damaging destruction deposited therein. §§ 1702, 1705, 1708. It irony elaborate coupled historic dependence Nation causal factor led litigation. very virtually every wishes address sent will attractive those wish convey locality purchase stamp pay fee transmitted "alternative means" eschewed inadequate so, attributable typical patron looks written "outside world" inside screen front door, Notwithstanding frequency complaints about rising uncertainty passes delivery, making lives watching mailtruck, jobholder returning looking before enters house, commonplaces society. Indeed, according superior efforts printed substitutes letterboxes. 22 regulations, "shall exclusively bears postage." 151.2.3 merely reinforces prohibiting, pain criminal sanctions, paid. specific contained repeated 146.21. 23 enacted 1934 curb depositing etc., thereon offense." H.R.Rep.No. 709, 73d Cong., 2d Sess., (1934). Both Senate House Committees Roads explained motivation follows: 24 "Business concerns, utility companies, last few adopted account, messenger, erected purpose holding purpose. depriving considerable otherwise go through stuffing extraneous matter." Ibid.; S.Rep.No. 742, 25 Nothing legislation recited requires person customer. Anyone live letters packages received failing require. provision "General Delivery" offices enables take advantage facilities ever near premises conforming What require persons home business direction control III 26 As recognized broad act matters posts: 27 "The vested 'to post-offices post-roads' practically construed, since foundation government, authorize designation routes carried, where documents distributed forwarded, carriage measures safe speedy transit, prompt contents. validity describing weight form, charges subjected, never questioned. . possessed embraces entire System country. designate carried necessarily involves excluded." Ex parte Jackson, 96 727, 732, 877 (1878). However conferred I be, course exercised manner protected Constitution. we assertion deposit, notices, depositories Service.4 29 addressing claim, note here individuals going door-to-door distribute vests unbridled discretion governmental official occur. likewise restricts ordinary fashion, treat identically regard content. There treats content, differently processes. Admittedly, choose required identical patrons, imposition Service.5 30 issue solely makes unlawful use, fee, previously explained, designated, 31 Appellees' undermined undergo transformation historical support characterization forum. Letterboxes except terms conditions specified such, difficult accept underlying rationale argument seem foreclose requiring future contain locks keys being available carrier. presently apartment buildings, think presence offends lock, effect purpose—that is, protect while facilitating choosing purposes opposed lock key. 32 conceive reason why treated military base Greer Spock, 424 828, 1211, 505 (1976), jail prison Adderley Florida, 385 39, 87 242, 149 (1966), Jones North Carolina Prisoners' Union, 433 119, 97 2532, 53 629 (1977), advertising space transit cars Lehman City Shaker Heights, 418 298, 94 2714, 770 (1974). cases, government. cited approvingly wherein " '[t]he State, owner property, preserve lawfully dedicated.' U.S., 836, S.Ct., 1216.6 33 hesitated hold invalid laws granted too officials might solicit homeowners, inhibited forums See, e. g., Village Schaumburg Citizens Better Environment, 444 620, 100 826, 63 73 (1980); Hague CIO, 307 496, 59 954, 83 1423 (1939); Schneider 308 147, 60 146, 84 155 Martin Struthers, 319 141, 862, 1313 (1943); Lovell Griffin, 303 444, 58 666, 82 949 (1938); Police Chicago Mosley, 408 92, 92 2286, 212 (1972). But giant leap "soapbox" letter-box believe us leap.7 IV 34 thus unnecessary context forums" above. long time, forum content-neutral, serves interest, leaves open channels Consolidated Edison Public Comm'n, 447 530, 535-536, 2326, 2332, Linmark Associates, Inc. Willingboro, 431 85, 93, 1614, 1618, 52 (1977); Virginia Pharmacy Board Consumer Council, Inc., 425 748, 771, 1817, 1830, 48 346 (1976); Grayned Rockford, 104, 2294, 222 (1972); Cox Hampshire, 312 569, 61 762, 85 1049 (1941). traditionally forum," analysis was, think, unnecessary. sure, message, action scrutinized carefully ensure 'merely disapprove speaker's view.' 536, quotingNiemotko Maryland, 340 268, 282, 71 325, 333, 95 267 (1951) (Frankfurter, J., concurring result). question regulate basis analytical line forum, particular piece personal real blur edges, nonetheless workable one. may, acknowledged "guarantees meant 'that people want propagandize protests views whenever however wherever please.' 1216, quoting 48, 247. extending Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean, Canadian boundary north Mexican south, obviously square embraces. doing, impose depend variations climate, population, density, factors vary significantly distance miles. V 35 From issuance Brattleboro, Vt., fifth decade days governmentally subsidized "Pony Express" immediately Civil War, admirable era Star Route Frauds latter actively upon suburban township, parks historically forums, reasons stated enough judgment accordingly 36 Reversed. 37 BRENNAN, judgment. 38 concur judgment, Court's opinion. errs determining exercise urged resting instead conclusion my view, improper application precedents ignores medium 40 Unquestionably, burdens measure seek "communicate ideas, positions issues, information constituents," circulars door-to-door. 162 146-147, 864, (1943). obtain assert unable do, places contend 42 Despite regulation. Schad Mount Ephraim, 452 61, 74-77, 2176, 2186-2187, 68 671 (1981); 115-116, 2302, content-neutral convey, applies equally matter. 2332; Erznoznik Jacksonville, 422 205, 209-211, 2268, 2272, 45 125 (1975); 95, 2289, 43 Second, advances interest—preventing loss revenues. finding "failure enforce [appellees] [not] substantial revenue" true, 163 (emphasis added), overlooks obvious cumulative ruling Surely, correct argues "is case-by-case showing compelling incremental realized charging desires engage Amendment." Reply Brief Appellant 8. 44 Third, "ample communication." 535, 2332. example, attach doorknobs. Simply recipients find residence, sufficient "ample." see ante, 120, n. declines analyze restriction. Instead, concludes Ante, 128. Thus states 46 "it (1974)." 129. method directly Moreover, even still supportable A. analysis, "[t]he crucial basically incompatible normal activity time." 116, 2303. often quoted observation 'United sees fit, carries tongues .' Blount Rizzi, 400 410, 416, 91 423, 428, 498 (1971), Lamont 381 301, 305, 1493, 1495, 398 (1965), ex rel. Milwaukee Social Democratic Pub. Burleson, 255 407, 437, 352, 363, 704 (1921) (Holmes, dissenting).1 Our properties fora rights. g. Tinker Des Moines School District, 393 503, 512, 89 733, 739, 731 (1969); Brown Louisiana, 383 131, 139-140, 142 (1966) (plurality opinion); 379 543, 453, 457, 471 (1965); Edwards Carolina, 372 229, 680, 697 (1963).2 restrictions, different saying government-controlled Only occurring (1966). Thus, answering time," 2303, mere "basically incompatible" "normal activity" used, i. e., contrary, specifically surely restrictions embodied requirement 49 confirms conclusion. "streets immemorially trust out assembly, communicating thoughts citizens, discussing questions," 515, 964, (1939),3 Republic acknowledges communication: 50 "Government Army." 121 added). 51 further points Nation," ibid. currently processes "106.3 year," 122. variety transported ranges sublime ridiculous, includes newspapers, magazines, books, films, type form imaginable. 47-48 (Comm. Print "the Service," 123, extraordinary reaches critical link misapprehend communication, relies inapposite reach result. Spock,4 Florida5 Union,6 rested inherent incompatibility location Heights7 large captive audience doctrine, 304, 2717, bus id., 303, 2717. These therefore, B Having inexplicably terminates unwarranted "may Constitution." 126. Even manner. Young Mini Theatres, 427 50, 63, n.18, 2440, 2449, 310 (1976). Cf. 92-93, 1618; rights—and MARSHALL—that struck down. Court, analyzing restriction.8 54 conclude, contrary but, nevertheless, 55 WHITE, 56 doubt massive, Government-operated facility forms No questions, Government, operator though measurably reduces various organizations others. argue charge. self-evident insist contribute maintaining facility. 57 answer desire mailbox. defraying expenses remains, clear suffice situations insisting totally putative correspondents, recipients. reason, other, inquire Besides that, apparent fees satisfying requirements. Equally bootless inquiry charged, proposition circumstances case. am quite sure valid charge, MARSHALL, dissenting. Framers "[t]o Roads," cl. 7, powers behind service. Protecting economic viability remains legitimate important congressional objective. defended ground, achieving inconsistent commitment 62 challenged receiving material Violators punished fines $300 offense. claimed, andthe agreed, unreasonably expression. upholds theory focus—the residential property—is access. exception result, premise lose prerogatives 64 First, disagree assumption challenges content-based, 132-133, reasonable, 7. which, later suggest, accept, advanced aid law abridgment carry forbidding question, then, enjoyed justified statute. 540, 2334, 115, Cameron Johnson, 390 611, 616-617, 88 1335, 1338, 182 (1968); Thornhill Alabama, 88, 96, 104-105, 736, 741, 745, 1093 (1940). That enjoy doubted; practices fall core Amendment's protections. seek, constituents"1 handouts affairs central democracy. (1938). traveling hand-deliver community members, employ accessible powerful, well financed. "Door poorly financed causes little people." 864. 164, 152. "[f]reedom speech, press, religion all, way." Murdock Pennsylvania, 105, 111, 870, 874, 1292 And freedoms liberty circulate; 'indeed, circulation, publication value.' Talley California, 362 60, 64, 80 538, 559 (1960), 452, 669. Countervailing interests, fraud preservation privacy, warrant limitation solicitation canvassing. consistently valid, narrowly drawn 'in intrude speech.' Hynes Mayor Borough Oradell, 610, 616, 1755, 1758, 243 Thomas Collins, 323 516, 540-541, 315, 327, 430 (1945). Consequently, agree conclusion, ask ban Once doorstep, resident. evidentiary hearing wind, rain, snow, alert attention notifying would-be burglars returned doorways stoops. 160-163 delays reach, alternatives, doorways, "much satisfactory." Id., involve cost, autonomy, reduced likelihood reaching audience. (1977). 67 ground disturb factual determinations trier fact. And, given facts, heavy show served 617-618, 1759; Konigsberg State Bar 366 36, 49-51, 81 997, 1005, 105 (1961); Marsh 326 501, 509, 276, 280, 90 265 (1946). Although majority rule court's findings clearly erroneous, set aside, finds persuasive asserted defense Those interests—"protect[ing] mails," 129—are indeed important. important, satisfy precisely serve end. supra. 557-558, 465, (1965) (restriction uniformly nondiscriminatorily). Here, "has shown revenue, reduction government's investigating prosecuting theft, fraud, unauthorized service." 163.3 proof, join curtail inform matters. decision, fear, threatens departure belief expression, matrix, indispensable condition, nearly freedom," Palko Connecticut, 302 319, 149, 152, 288 (1937), yield unnecessarily economy efficiency. Certainly, here, intruding seldom enforced.4 exceptions created demonstrate,5 statute's easily intrusive nondiscriminatory letterboxes.6 Therefore, constitutionally defective. apart differ concept Rather threshold barrier surmounted terrain Amendment, varied locations equal constraints function. E. 115-117, 2302 (area around school); Area Military Project Chicago, 508 921 (CA7) (city airport), cert. denied, 421 992, 1999, 483 Albany Welfare Rights Wyman, 493 1319 (CA2) (welfare office waiting room), denied sub nom. Lavine Organization, 419 838, 66, (1974); Wolin Port Authority, 392 (port authority), 940, 290, 275 Reilly Noel, 384 741 (RI 1974) (rotunda courthouse). Stone, Fora Americana: Speech Places, S.Ct.Rev. 233, 251-252 decisions unfettered scope, audience, occasion. 70 prevail claim. embrace statement dissenting). pervasive purveyor believe, viewed distinguishable facilitate differentiates bases, jails, mass discussed relied 129-130.7 Independent School- Dist., (1969). Drawing exceptional special reasons, strike me commendable asked incompatiblewith Compare Rockford permissible school session) supra (symbolic during hours); (1968) picketing permitted entrance courthouse), 86 719, 637 (silent protest library protected); (protest jailyard purposes), (1963) capitol grounds). Assuming moment depositories," enterprise, hardly use. weather eyes burglars. 72 Reluctance stem approval ownership remain hands individuals.8 hesitation, misguided, owners retain counterpart speakers speak. Kleindienst Mandel, 753, 762-765, 2576, 2581, 683 Red Lion Broadcasting FCC, 395 367, 389-390, 1794, 1806, 371 307, 1496; 143, 863. Procunier Martinez, 416 396, 408, 1800, 1808, 224 (1974) (communication depends addressee). alone, deprives receptacles.9 troubled entirely enterprise despite ownership. reasoning, decline unless agreed doorway, room control.10 Instead starting scope control, adhere usual burdened action, advance interest. criminalizing placement hand-delivered fails test. brute sanction deployed restrict greater justification. dissent. 74 STEVENS, 75 MARSHALL persuaded unconstitutional, subscribe reasoning. He concluding automatically comply Like libraries schools, come existence, 151, 10. cannot, functional equivalent fora. 76 My disagreement best illustrated point view property; grant stamped "no trespassing" sign unsolicited unwanted valid. interferes owner's receive. welcomes neighbors, organization, newly arrived entrepreneur passing coupons, presumptively interfere communications. millions homeowners simple affecting 77 seeks justify grounds: avoiding revenues, preventing Service.1 frivolous two, overcome presumption invalid. 78 party—by volunteer workers efficiently—can transferring portion domain. prohibit size monopoly. opinion, 79 aids prevention motivated Congress.2 indicated "was marginally useful" relating 161-162 concluded, failed introduce evidence interference interests.3 quarrel fact, derived Mailboxes cluttered quantities performance carrier's duties. Sorting papers picked leave unquestionably consume valuable time. Without decades, now appear minor occasional problem grow proverbial beanstalk. risk, decided wiser total flow noted, susceptible drastic solution. 3. overstuffed now—and repealed more—but record indicates empty far outnumber crowded ones. allowed communications—and option plainly exterior mailbox—a replaced ones concern.4 fully aware thing sit chambers opine really run mammoth complex operation Conceivably, invalidation unleash sink sea paper. happen, demonstrate assumed. prevents clutter, impedes place. Finally, ignore nobody convicted violating middle-aged literally times. Apparently threat enabled collect violators discontinue practices, impression dimly numerous law-abiding regularly violate impunity. supports broader Because, demonstrated, violates respectfully investigator tries surveillance two month numbers delivered. "we vicinity mailboxes. hinder surveillances approaching there." App. 160. receives "many phone calls concerned report someone seen try respond be." police doing similar identifying exactly ." 161. reasoned lost damaged snow. Weatherstripping door. Use plastic bags consuming "relatively expensive organization. Deposit outside litter arouse resentment informs home. Alternative occupant personally success chance visited "does contributive anti-theft, anti-fraud Private Express outweighs expedient economical 163. Based above, imposing mails." 162. 156.58 "publishers newspapers mailed second-class Sundays holidays only, copies Sunday holiday subscribers, understanding removed next deliveries scheduled." encouraging papers. allows distributors unavailable. second 156.4, authorizes money postage. reject below bar only. face bars "any added) initial rejecting contention, legislative understood noncommercial 160-162. quotes oft Holmes, dissenting, (1921), tongues, strong language convince despotic man." BRENNAN dealing General's distributions obscene relation contends obscene. refer dissenting Brandeis Burleson (with respect Holmes said "I substance view." 436, 363). There, goes relationship prohibitions states: might, course, altogether newspapers; service; open." 431, 360. seems just done: declined mailboxes, insisted circular class bear. dissent BRENNAN's position. 'basically incompatible' 'normal activity' Post, 137-138. assumes instrumentality ideas information," sweeping proposition. bulletin board cafeteria Fort Dix "specifically ideas," street corners parking lots base. U.S Likewise, Heights purposes. BLACKMUN that: "Were display hospitals, libraries, compounds, Hyde Parks pamphleteer politician. require." 2718. length activities wholly maintenance "significant interest" imposed 135. dissent, disagrees "with content-based reasonable. "abridging press," ramifications confined (1939). principle reiterated leafleting, picketing, running afoul reasonably restrictions. 130-131, 2540, content-neutral. But, questioned MARSHALL's recognizes defend basis. says 143: statute." satisfies articulated MARSHALL. sense "mails" not. Inasmuch dimensions, component Of consistent (1971); 305-306, (1965). generally, Gibbons, CIO: Retrospective, N.Y.U.L.Rev. pursuant political candidates permission campaign literature upholding unique installations train soldiers, 1217, commanding officer exclude civilians command.' Ibid., Cafeteria Workers McElroy, 367 886, 893, 1743, 1747, 1230 (1961). upheld trespass convictions students demonstrating jailhouse relying principally "built security purposes," 41, 244, unlike "state grounds," public. prisoners soliciting inmates prisoners' labor union barring meetings bulk mailings sources. "reasonable considerations penal management." 132, 2541. rejected challenge. base, stating "prison converted base," 134, 2542, Jaycees Alcoholics Anonymous purposes, "chartered Union illegal law." 135-136, 2542. (1974), buses, four Justices They reached sought, minimize chances abuse, appearance favoritism, risk audience." Douglas concurred narrow petitioner Joined STEWART, POWELL, dissented dissemination displayed vehicles." 310, 2720. characterized purely regulated rather "Postal mail," litigation circulated Plaintiffs' Answer Written Interrogatories, Record, Doc. 23, ¶ pp. 6-7. practical applying communities preclude Girl Scouts, Boy charities, others leaving invitations notes likely check messages. ensuring 1341, attributed resolved boxes. prohibitive, budgets, useful needs. Apparently, compliance increase application, save infringement demonstrated. 876, conceded oral knew attempted prosecution Tr. Oral Arg. 15. unsuccessful impermissibly vague sales Rogers, Cr. 72-87 (MD La. Feb. 16, 1973) prosecutions attempted, collecting unpaid interpreted exempt mailslots, kinds deliveries, (DMM) (newspapers, normally holidays); 310.6 (1979) (letters dispatched destination same-day delivery). matter," excludes pornography sweeps necessary. statute—to restrain enterprises employing services. 125. supporting majority, 129-130, direction. (1977): associational retained prisoners, right, any, rates. analyzed prison, inmate 'inconsistent prisoner penological objectives corrections system.' 129, 2539, Pell Procunier, 417 817, 822, 2800, 2804, 495 Furthermore, facility, answerable negative 'the summarily command' (quoting 1748, (1961)). At emphasized posed danger troop discipline loyalty, 840, 1218. remained plurality 303-304, primary nevertheless necessitated balancing seeking users Further, Douglas, analogy media obligation broadcast print story advertisement. 2717 (opinion BLACKMUN, J.); 306, 2718 J.). contrast, needs trespassers grounds prosecuted. spaces 41-42, treatment determinative warranted announced denying Communist propaganda country, writing wished material. Untenable, scheme, addressee affirmative him." 1496. concern addressee's here. suggests presented erect did compel creation 18-19. proves much, ordain establishment schools managed owner, allowing choice wanted 4, cites indicating "principal statute" overstuffing "[a]lthough Congress' enacting plays theft." justification, formulated enacted, entitled actually Congress. "enforcement plaintiffs' impeded sort solution again wants sending communications, runs

Category: 2