Document: 430 U.S. 584 97 S.Ct. 1361 51 L.Ed.2d 660 ROSEBUD SIOUX TRIBE, Petitioner,v.Richard KNEIP et al. No. 75-562. Argued Jan. 12, 1977. Decided April 4, Syllabus Both the language and leigslative history of Acts 1904, 1907, 1910, whereby land in certain counties South Dakota located within boundaries Rosebud Sioux Reservation as defined an 1889 Treaty was required to be deceded by Indians Government for sale settlers under homestead townsite laws with proceeds credited only received or, respect parcels, transfer school use, held clearly evidence a congressional intent diminish Reservation. Although such were unilateral Congress without counsent three-fourths Tribe's adult male members original 1868 establishing Reservation, that fact does not directly bear on question whether these later intended boundaries. Nor is it conclusive changed method payment from outright, fixed-sum 1901 Agreement would have amended resulted diminution boundaries, but which, although approved members, never ratified Congress. Pp. 586-615. 521 F.2d 87, affirmed. Marvin J. Sonosky, Washington, D. C., petitioner. William Janklow, Pierre, So. Dak., respondents. H. Bartow Farr, United States, amicus curiae, pro hac vice, special leave Court. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion 1 In June 1972, Tribe sued States District Court obtain declaratory judgment their reservation, Act March 2, 1889, 25 Stat. 888, had been diminished three subsequent passed 1910 representively.1 The Court, noting '(f)rom time acts passed, (four) treated outside settlers, descendants, State federal courts,' 375 F.Supp. 1065, 1084, denied relief. It concluded so exclude four affected Acts. Appeals Eighth Circuit, careful comprehensive opinion, affirmed 87. We granted certiorari, 425 989, 96 2199, 48 814, review this determination light our recent decisions DeCoteau v. County 420 425, 95 1082, 43 300 (1975), Martz Arnett, 412 481, 93 2245, 37 92 (1973). Since we conclude qeuestion satisfy requirement '(a) terminate (an Indian reservation) must expressed face or clear surrounding circumstances legislative history,' Mattz supra, at 505, S.Ct., 2258, affirm Appeals. 2 * When established, contained somewhat over 3.2 million acres, covered all portion what became five Dakota: Gregory, Tripp, Lyman, Mellette, Todd. are asked construe successively disposed unallotted lands Gregory (1904 Act), Tripp Lyman Counties (1907 Mellette (1910 Act). Only Todd remains unaffected post-1889 enactments. contention Acts, while opening up non-Indian settlement, did thereby change which continued encompass counties. 3 determining subsequently enactments, guided well-established legal principles. underlying premise will control. 444, 449, 1092, 1095; Celestine, 215 278, 285, 30 93, 94, 54 L.Ed. 195 (1909). intent, cautioned follow 'the general rule '(d)oubtful expressions resolved favor weak defenseless peopld who wards nation, dependent upon its protection good faith." McClanahan Arizona Tax Comm'n, 411 164, 174, 1257, 1263, 36 129 (1973), quoting Carpenter Shaw, 280 363, 367, 50 121, 122, 74 478 (1930); see also 2258. mere reservation has opened settlement necessarily mean area lost status. supra; Seymour Superintendent, 368 351, 82 424, 7 346 (1962). But 'general rule' command status survives congressionally manifested contrary. supra. case, Act,' 'surrounding circumstances,' 'legislative examined eye toward was. 4 Applying principles facts parties agree amendment Treaty, provided fixedsum males 1901, not, however, approve ratified. contends that, lacking tribal ratification provision, ineffectual accomplish same result. view, absence two factors vitally distinguishes otherwise similar Because reasons hereafter set forth greater detail, consent three-quarters tribe Treaty,2 any direct bearing intend By first aware decision Lone Wolf Hitchcock, 187 553, 23 S.C.t 216, 47 299 (1903), possessed authority abrogate unilaterally lthe lplrovisionls treaty. intent. made less secure provisions than identical derivative used proposed amendment.3 substantially equivalent executed agreement involved DeCoteau. tanto.4 II 5 one tribes Nation. 29, 1868, 15 635, aside west Missouri River Great consisting some acres. Article 12 no treaty cession part valid written reservation. Despite 1877 approximately 7.5 Black Hills removed February 28, 1877, 19 254. See Ct.Cl. 613 (1942), cert. denied, 318 789, 63 992, 87 1155. Of remaining one-half 'restored public domain' 896, § 21,5 six separate reservations carved out remainder, id., §§ 1-6. Section apart encompassing organized full (Todd, Tripp), major County, small Lyman.6 This originally delimited, 6 Around turn century, 'familiar forces' referred led demands open Reservation.7 A provision Department Appropriation Act, Mar. 3, 31 1077, provided: '(T)he Secretary Interior be, he hereby, authorized, his discretion, negotiate, through inspector, agreements portions respective surplus lands, thus negotiated subject Congress.' 8 Shortly thereafter Inspector James McLaughlin instructed Commissioner Affairs begin 'negotiations Dakota, eastern reserve.' Letter dated 19, W. A. Jones, Commissioner, Office Affairs, Interior. Following meetings during spring summer obtained adults 416,000 acres sum $1,040,000, ratification.8 Agreement, ratified,9 'because should pay outright . ..' 38 Cong.Rec. 1423 (1904) (remarks Rep. Burke).10 9 What important purposes undisputed Congress, disestablished lay County. explained '(t)he County' 'will your compact, almost square tract, about size Pine Ridge Reservation.'11 conceded description correct; effect if ratified, As noted U.S., 445, 1093, construing virtually language: 'The Agreement's precisely suited purpose (of disestablishment).' therefore, unlike situation (1973) unmistakable baseline disestablishment. 10 An examination processes 1904 convinces us, lower courts, carried enacted. cannot, read addressed itself 11 1903, new bills introduced, reported committee both chambers 'to adopt policy acquiring (by) provid(ing) shall ., paid money settlers.'12 Senate bill, S. 7390, February, 2748 57th expired before House could give consideration. line changes related payment, go negotiate agreement.13 He Tribe: 'I am here enter into years ago, except manner .. You still large after cut off.'14 failed get majority, price homesteaders raised $2.50 $2.75 per acre. August 10, 1903.15 However, Tribe,16 understood bound 566, 568, 221, 222, dealing validity enacted contravention requiring consent, held: 13 power exists treaty, though presumably exercised when arise justify government disregarding stipulations may demand, interest country themselves, do so. When, treaties entered between doubted existed 14 '. event, matter, judiciary cannot inquire motives prompted enactment legislation.' garner signatures changes, understandably relied holding authorizing 16 examining there indication anything other form of, responsibility for, payment. recommending modified, accompanying Report stated: 17 bill ratify amend McLaughlin, September 14, providing entry town-site laws. 18 'There use ceded bill; tract very really corner left compact equal Dakota.'17 On floor House, Congressman Burke, Act's sponsor, discussing since concerned (1904): 20 'Mr. BURKE. agreed sell That transmitted because then take chance Treasury being reimbursed disposing got further Committee unanimously favorably. given consideration House. 21 'Toward concluding days last session prepared, now provides, Government, law, fixed acre, I just 22 itself, introduced Houses, incorporated entire text 1903 followed that: (1) guaranteed 16th 36th sections (school sections), actually sold settlers; (2) guarantee find purchasers 'act trustee said dispose lands.'18 particular, verbatim immediate Agreement: belonging hereinafter named, hereby cede, surrender, grant, convey claim, right, title, unallotted, situated .' 33 256. 24 'precisely suited' Petitioner, objects 'cession' requires bilateral failure gain approval vitiates 'cession.' matter strict English usage, petitioner undoubtedly refers voluntary surrender territory jurisdiction, rather withdrawal jurisdiction superior sovereign. Holmes (then Judge) commented, free say Congress: 'We you driving at, it, therefore before.' Johnson 163 F. 30, 32 (CA1 1908). simply repeating ratifying proper word Tribe. consented extraordinary majority Tribe, make meaning ambiguous hand, merely designated non-Indians, other. technically misused, quite accomplish, 1901. misapprehension knew not; determined nonetheless ahead result accomplished bilaterally.19 26 'bill Burke). relying making declaration. There nothing vote Indians, indicates 1904.20 moreover, eventually land, 588 n. 3. 27 implied continuity stand alone indicating 258, pertinent part: 28 '(S)ections sixteen thirty-six acquired each township entry, reserved common schools dollars fifty cents 29 North admitted Union, admitting Feb. 22, 679, provided, '(U)pon admission Union numbered every support .: Provided, sixteenth thirty-sixth embraced permanent national time, grants act, nor Indian, military, character act until extinguished restored to, become domain.' mandatory: 'nor shall' 'be While establish grants, cf. U.S.C. 856, history, demonstrates 'included implement grant enabling reason.' F.2d, 101.21 Reports explicitly 'school sections' 'is conformity ..'22 thought acting pursuant sub silentio adding additional continuing reservation.23 far more natural construction, then, disestablish available disposition 1889.24 understood, least Executive Branch, like contemplated apparent Proclamation May 13, 2354. accordance entry,' stated, 'Whereas part, Inspector, ceded, conveyed, transferred, relinquished, surrendered, forever absolutely, whatsoever, implied, unto America, kind following described 34 'NOW, THEREFORE, I, THEODORE ROOSEVELT, President virtue vested me declare known aforesaid will, eighth day August, o'clock a. m., herein prescribed otherwise, States.' (Emphasis supplied.) 35 unambiguous, contemporaneous statement, Nation's Chief Executive, perceived disestablishment reflects, believe, import action Act. sum, process leading well leads firm conclusion Reservation.25 'jurisdictional 442, 1091, entirely clear, single most salient unquestioned actual assumption state passage F.Supp., 1084; Amended Complaint ¶ 21.26 reservation's limited, 1151; (1973); Williams Lee, 358 217, 79 269, 251 (1959); Worcester Georgia, Pet. 515, 483 (1832), neither sought exercise entitled weight history,'27 longstanding 90% area, challenge State's parties' understanding created justifiable expectations upset strained reading urges.28 unable disestablish. III Having unquestionably 1907 easier. None disputes same.29 vary respects, explain briefly why Acts.30 39 work pressing cease late 1906, Burke preparing 'sale County.'31 proceed 'ceded States,' suggested terms, 'similar those disposal .'32 McLaughlin's negotiations produced 1904. signed three-fourths, 'do relinquish (in Counties), thereof been, allotted Indians.'33 recommended E. 33, out, S.Rep. 6831, 59th Cong., 2d Sess. (1907). already second incorporate 41 3103-3105 (1907) (H.R. 24987), terms 3104: 40 (a majority). along Fifty-eighth They left, miles .'34 42 operative debate, 1230, authorized directed, 44 recognize, substance provides laws,' specifies purchase prices, proviso 'any unsold seven highest bidder cash, regard above minimum limit price.'35 schools.'36 Sections provide collect dispense proceeds.37 45 replacing language, functional twin And, comments 607-608, modify operation Act.38 Appeals' conclusion, 104: 46 'Nothing alter found Act.' preceded pressures yet expended themselves 1908, Senator Gamble submitted strip 7379, 65 (1908). noted, proposing comprising 900,000 present aggregates 1,800,000 acres.' 887, 60th Sess., (1909) (emphasis supplied).39 school-sections again included Union.' Id., 2.40 consider term expired, once dispatched conduct concerning bill.41 seek back 'practically unanimous' concurrence 'in northern strip, tiers townships Meyer (sic) remain reservation.'42 49 New bill.43 include subjecting 'for period twenty-five prohibiting introduction intoxicants country.'44 These 183, 68, 61st (1910). 2-4: embrace 830,000 Interior, permit allotments receive lieu anywhere diminished. 52 'Sections State, Union. 53 'Although enact legislation felt fully advised pending measure views thereto.' January 17, 1065-1066, 1075 (1910), decided noting: 55 something 3,000,000 land. (Then follows observing 'substantially .') 56 comprised 800,000 containing 1,000,000 occasion larger of.'45 57 amendments, 5473 and, conference reconcile differences material here, law 1910.46 58 uses directing County) 448. substantive similarity useful served recounting Two provisions, warrant mention. 1, stating: 59 '(A)ny whom may, case they elect offered sale, select reservation.' 60 proviso, face, strong areas, Agreement. suggestion country.' existed, outstanding prohibition against 'Indian country,' July 23, 1892, 260, reasonable inference inclusion opened, areas henceforth Reservation.47 61 added reflect strongly policies prior detached IV 62 Much might chosen different course. But, observed 1095: '(O)ur task narrow one. (W)e remake history.'48 Affirmed. 64 MARSHALL, BRENNAN STEWART join, dissenting. holds today broke solemn promises took them, compensation, argument, Tr. Oral Arg. 18-20, consequence preclude constitution bylaws,1 much stake. involves rights 2,000 living disputed right continue administer Reservation.2 Part IV, infra. addition, ramifications today's extend number throughout ibid. feel constrained length decision, is, my wholly unjustifiable. 66 Until today, settled. rule, broadest possible scope,' interpreting 'legal ambiguities benefit Indians.' 447, 1094, (1975). Congressional 'clear' established (or Executive) disestablished. principles, employed express words termination, 504 2258 (dictum). when, 'opened' non-Indians acted sales agent behalf unaffected. DeCoteau, distinguished situations, observing: 67 '(A purchase-and-sale Act) previously agreement, consented. (It) settlement; appropriates vests relinquishment 'all' tribe's 'claim, interest,' lands. statute Mattz, contrast, benefited indirectly, fund uncertain fature settlers.' U.S, 448, 1094. 68 Today, obliterates distinction, palpably ambiguous, erodes statutes. 69 perhaps striking interpretation places disestablishing Mattz: 'Congress termination desired.' cited examples stated Smith discontinued'; 63, 'a Colville vacated domain'; 218, lines Ponca Otoe Missouria abolished.' another example, expressly 21, 896. And abound.3 70 contain language. 254, peculiarly drafted statute. substance, statutes considered Seymour; opens white guarantees commit purchasing land.4 form, 'amended modified' 'ratified' lump sum; rejected 1902. 'amendments' inserted obviously substantial, transformed transaction DeCoteau-type Mattz-type 'opening.' format used, contains 'Indians interest' 71 suited,' terminating ante, 597, equally here. Its usage working earlier document easier drafting law. Whereas key phrase Indians' surrendering Government's acquiring, disclaimed Indeed, concedes, 'cede, convey,' sense context 'agreement' seller assented. Thus ultimately rests asserted ability "see (Congress is) at," even "not it." Ibid. 72 simpler purposes. termination. 'authorized directed' of' specified 'under 1230; c. construed laws.' 1126, 80-81. issue 'declared' granting mineral, stone, timber lands.' 52. resemblance, 'clear termination.' 73 unambiguous can terminated militates need rely silence eloquent reject Court's interpretation. For affirmatively point opposite conclusion. numerous indications remove First, variety areas. All permitted retain allotments,5 allowed there.6 beneficial 'trustee (the) lands.'7 reserve schools, religious missions, service agencies.8 course, leaving host surely strained, especially anomalous desired. Thus, sensible view immediately. 75 supported well. directed payments deposited credit having Reservation.'9 If share sales, least.10 Again, absent contrary evidence, assume meant profit class beneficiaries believed 'belonged' opened. 76 Finally, guide ignores. Each states, 'nothing 'agreement deprive benefits existing agreements, inconsistent agreement."11 constitute commands interpret minimize conflicts 1889. Yet ignores maximizes conflict, Sioux's jurisdiction.12 B 77 construction untenable placed historical context. Just interpreted 'from overview General Allotment 1887, 388,' 496, 2253, so, too, perspective. 78 '(The system trust allot tracts individual agriculture grazing. abolished. Unallotted purpose, promoting interaction races encouraging ways.' (footnote omitted). reflected Congress' attempt welfare desire settle 432, 1087. 431, 1086, demanded reservations. forces overly niceties preserved insure 'civilized' contacts settlers. them war approved. 80 analysis history. occasional passages suggest terminate,13 approaching requisite clarity. 81 place, extraordinarily sparse. properly regards crucial Representative 902-903; chaired, later, 1010; 1469, debate consumes pages Record, 1423-1429.14 day; chaired 1601; called up, amended, 18, 4988.15 concurred amendments discussion. 5155. attention. month Senate, 3323 (1907), occupies page 3104.16 seriously debated debates focused exclusively distributed 1066-1071, 5456-5473 brevity debates, surprising paucity relevant materials. finds quotations 596, 608, Reports, 595, 611, 612, issue.17 find, particularly telling. Unlike revealed establishment viewed mistake injustice,' 500, 2255, hostility existence statements deviate preserving abandon role guardian initiated lands18 buyer anyone discuss consequences 83 poverty best treatment begins County.' Ante, 591. 'there payment.' 594-595. repudiate party refused hardly establishes devised 1904.19 plausible assumed nonpurchase preserved. adopted probative, done convenience. 84 Ultimately, demonstrates, cocounsel aptly concluded, 'almost complete lack concern boundary issue.'20 great importance early 1900's commonly abolished expired. pressure accelerate timetable, long acquire unused Accordingly, focus question. indifference immediately times longer Reservation.21 confusion incomprehensible. 85 obvious jurisdictional. Even people declined country,22 crimes torts) committed nontrust State. create 'impractical pattern checkerboard jurisdiction,' 'law enforcement officers necessary search books order determine criminal particular offense Federal Government.' 358, 428. enrolled generally 'state applicable citizens State,' Mescalero Apache 145, 149, 1267, 1270, 113 applied 'interfere self-government impair law,' 148, 1270. reason enough troubled decision. 86 beyond jurisdictional consequences, grave cloud property off newly contracted With 4,600 returned Reorganization 1934, 984, found, (an) reservation' 1934. Secretary's return question.23 More seriously, extended lands,' property. dubious best, states relate holdings domain geographic Should extended, claim crushing amounts taxes. sharp reduction aid Bureau administering requesting appropriations counties, Brief Amicus Curiae 37-38. Association American al., amici amount programs. 31-39. reports past able expend monies programs closed agencies funds serious doubt.24 88 potential limited sponsors beginning During decade settlers.25 score doubt. 89 principled justification inflicting manifold injuries jeopardizing tribes, respectfully dissent. Apr. 254; infra, 593, 607; "practically unanimous" reported, Infra, 610. exception 'Order Restoration' 1938. 984. inquiry pointed inferred. dissent erroneously seizes several presents absolutes, post, 617-618. This, misapprehends nature injury, 'expressed (is) history.' 2248, relies, absolutes. Rather, 485-494, 2248-2252, circumstances. footnote cases termination' notion just-quoted Mattz. relies perceives 'perhaps Post, 618. concedes must, 'most striking' Act: S.Ex.Doc. 51, 51st 1st 234, 242 (1890). Under 892, 'at sooner, interests tribe, lawful release shall, sell, conditions equitable reproduced, verbatim, 5, 8, 389. H.R.Rep. 486, 56th (1900): anxious opportunity development region informed willing treat question.' Sept. Reservation: 'ARTICLE I. 'ART. II. conveyed stipulates agrees forty thousand (1,040,000) dollars.' Doc. 31, (1901). 1902, favorably 5024 (1902); 2099, (1902). 3271, (1903); (1903) Sen. Gamble). various appear agree: problem was, put, money.' 94. Proceedings Council S.Doc. (1901); Creek District, 8-10. 3839, 1-2 (to accompany H.R. 17467); 7390). App. 461-462: 'In joint request delegation detailed negotiating Bill 7390 essential features familiar, follows: '(1) instead paying $1,040,000 laws, excepting thereof, arising Hitchock, Committees mandatory, (1868) stipulation better require accepted becomes effective.' 2; S.Rep.No. 2. Minutes Agency, S.D. 21-22 (July 1903); (Aug. 1903). S.D., 443, 58th (accompanying 10418). Report, appropriate, was: 'It appearing, recommends measure, insured mentioned wise hardship injustice recommend bill.' 'uncertain sum' suggests immediately: 'That undisposed expiration taking rules regulations hundred purchaser.' (1903). 3-4; 2829, 2832 certain. sum-certain aided us instant recognized, '(t) lump-sum many considered.' 102. rested determination, dispositive way statutory discussed sure, lacks starts recognition 'that altered,' 438, 1089, simple Sisseton-Wahpeton decided. retreat previous attempts vacate terms,' 1095, Arnett. discussed, 603-605, Moreover, factors, press finding Here, faced question, 446-447, Considered together, counterbalanced e. g., 3187 (1902) Gamble): 'Under apply reservations, title FINLEY. Then understand gentleman, bases wisdom equity Yes. otherwise? No.' (1904); 651, (1904). 40, 24, Minnesota 185 373, 650, 954 (1902), possibility converted 'public Petitioner urges indicated county, since, disestablishment, automatically disagree. section, superfluous. argues supports position however deal utilization explicit clause undiminished. Hitchcock different: dealt provision. 'none State' because, due imposed preceding precluded becoming 395, 401-402, 659, 661. exist Pelican, 232 396, 399, 676 (1914); Ash Sheep Co. 252 159, 166, 241, 242, 507 (1920). recognized Appeals, retained erode scope made, preserve size, shape, boundaries.' lands' Sheep, logically decide 102 54: 'Congressional reference shortly confirms conclusions. 7, 1905, ch. 545, 700, extension residence body 'lands heretofore limits Dakota.' '33 700 added). 2760, 3d (1905); 4198, 1578 (1905) Gamble).' 1905 short conngressional are, references 609, nn. 38, 39, reinforce White Horse, 231 N.W.2d 847 (S.D.1975). factor, applies force 605-615. courts.' 1084. factual unchallenged. post-Act indicia assumption, confusing unenlightening. Interior's reaction thereto, urged fervently fail clarity 1930's, herein. restore ownership '(n)othing allotmernts homesteads georgraphic 986. heavily brief, homesteads' comports definition country' 1151. uncertain-sum remained exists. Compare Opinion, I.D. 559, 560 (1934), Opinion Acting Solicitor, 330, 333 (1938). observed, materials presented 1934 hence minimal utility examination. 'repeated (the reveals consistent, dominant, approach dispute, acquiescence sporadic, often contradictory, administrative actions respects carries little force. Cf. Massachusetts York, 271 65, 357, 360, 362, 838 (1926); Martin Waddell, 411-412, 414, 418, 997 (1842). showing long-standing disputes, considerable weight. Rhode Island Massachusetts, How. 591, 639, 1116 (1846); Louisiana Mississippi, 202 53-54, 408, 423, 913 (1906); Michigan Wisconsin, 270 295, 308, 290, 294, 595 95, 363; Arkansas Tennessee, 310 563, 569, 1026, 1030, 1362 (1940). Stone, Wall. 525, 537, 765 (1865), involving boudnary Delaware military private persons, surveyed acquiesced thirty years, dispute courses distances patents claimed, discovered deeds. principle While, urging disestablish, assets same, language.' 40. again, 41: differs (between effect, statutes, received.' dissenters 'are purposes' '(t)hey 620. parties, 'properly regard(ed) 626. context, Reference letter Nov. Dec. Leupp, McLaughlin. Bills December (1906) (Burke 20547); 50-51 (Gamble 6618). told 'but them' 'vests consent; sending talk ought Chairman, Representatives, (enclosing Agreement), 7613, response inquired (have) bill,' replied: gentleman been.' 3104 discussion, comparable 599-601, substantively 596. reinforces 'all lying south Big east range sixth principal meridian unless 'affects fifth .'); 6838, Counties, compose 1.8 whereas (1889) encompassed letter, 26, 1909, Garfield, Gamble, (1909), Acts: reduced rapidly few intimations reached department trustworthy sources danger allotment exhausted too time. yet.' 1068 (1910) (colloquy Crawford): 'MR. GAMBLE. (T)he CRAWFORD. 36, refers, settler keep pledge procured finally on,' recognizing interested Transcript 11, 1909; 1909. 132 (S. 183); 2013 9544); 12437). R. Ballinger, Clapp. 5. 332, 12437) supplied). 448; 6437 (Conference passes House); 6326 Senate). 5464 Bartholdt Butler): BARTHOLDT. BUTLER. allotted, where, understand, always lived where going live, believe keeping liquor neighborhood.' Dick 208 340, 359, 405, 520 (1908), attach prohibitions, duration, likely frequent. Dick. date Burke. petitioner, re Heff, 197 488, 506, 848 (1905). 28: courts below unnecessary erroneous. show, 5460-5464 848, allottees reliance misplaced. Heff forbidden 260. 1897, prohibited (without restriction location) Indians. short, liquor, anywhere, based person, 1892 regardless person. (Insofar relevant, 'intoxicating liquors whatever pretense, country.') distinction 352, 402, went 'Federal forbidding intoxicating drinks Dick, flatly country, prevented persons. extinguished, inhabits complete.' 403. Land 'full complete' 223, 272, (1959). 1151, bit vague, 427, (1962), pronouncement jurisdiction. Perrin 478, 482, 387, 389, 691 (1914) (discussing prohibit Mazurie, 419 544, 554-555, 710, 716, 706 accordingly, but, rather, speculates expansively adverse 630-625. Most, all, involve issues case. To extent they, protections. Our Morton Ruiz, 415 199, 94 1055, (1974), 'on near' diminishes specter 'sharp 631. Certainly, extinguished. combined 1151 dissent's parade horribles that. Souix 1935, 1396-1397, Art. confines record area. At lengthy Judge (disputed) acts.' 1083 (SD 1974). suggestion, 604-605, 27, statement hotly insofar implies claims 'has consistently parts Reply 2b. agrees, examples, 23a-32a. maintains child-welfare programs, burial assistance, outpatient clinics, housing Area Director, Aberdeen, Neil Proto, Dept. Justice, Aug. 1974, 1405-1409, detailing services. National Law Library's compilation Allotment/Cession Statutes, 002279, taken 1888-1913. agree, significance I; 1; 1. 'may sixty child allotment.' county ('The including bill'). added.) clearer regard; excludes 'have Significantly, partially in-lieu ceded. 6; 8; 11. Brindle, 110 688, 693, 180, 182, 286 (1884). notes, 596-597, assure guarantee. 1938 (second proviso). timberland existed. 5471 Burke) reserving 5; 7. arguably either. bud Reservation,' Presidential Proclamation. sales. V; concludes Dakotas 'extinguished (are) becom(e) Based act'), "to reason." 600. true, unnecessary, self-executing. 392-393, 657-658, 1902 deleted version bill. apparently extinguishing restoring domain. Nothing suggests, seems imply, ante 601 accomplishing former latter. Second, 613-615, subjected country." intact 614 47. unsettled, feared patented nevertheless Bates Clark, 204, 471 (1877), 47, contrary, applicable. intelligible knowledge geography consulting map discovers 'compact' 'square.' Burke: 'They square'); acres'); ('There of'). 2409 2473, floor. year, 2434, days, 2498; approval, 2747-2748. reintroduced 25, 1100, Gamble's 1877. 1909 15, 50-51. After 1782. (even assented), day, 3004. 3105. sent substitute 1906 3207. 3323. quotes discussions provisions. See, ('(T)hese idea departure prevailed'). "problem (with Agreement) money," 591 nearly clear. expending reimbursement 4971 5024. firsthand basis opposition body. proponents connection bills. 10. unwilling authorize recoup costs sole concern. Comment, Town al.: Future Illusion, S.D.L.Rev. 85, 117 appropriated mission '(o)n category 809. extending settling 'heretofore Reservation.' C. 700. modern consistent labeling 349 (1963); (1964); 577 reflects side instances personnel favorable 33-38, 33a-41a, Respondents 106-120. officials directly, 559 (1934) (opinion Restoration Lands Formerly Tribal Ownership); 1398-1404 (memorandum Field 6, 1972). oral argument 1962 referendum legislature 590. Arguably 330 theory proceeded, ordering restoration. (1934). according Housing Urban Development, projects 'governmental entity' body' 1460(h). 38. Agriculture ruled, Amici 36. (1974). Library, 002279. Indians; year addition post-Rosebud pre-Rosebud consent.

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