Document: 539 U.S. 607 STOGNERv.CALIFORNIA No. 01-1757. Supreme Court of United States. Argued March 31, 2003. Decided June 26, In 1993, California enacted a new criminal statute limitations permitting prosecution for sex-related child abuse where the prior period has expired if, inter alia, is begun within one year victim's report to police. A subsequently added provision makes clear that this law revives causes action barred by statutes. 1998, petitioner Stogner was indicted committed between 1955 and 1973. At time those crimes were allegedly committed, three years. moved dismiss complaint on ground Ex Post Facto Clause forbids revival previously time-barred prosecution. The trial court agreed, but Appeal reversed. denied Stogner's subsequent dismissal motion, in which he argued his violated Due Process Clauses. affirmed. Held: after expiration applicable violates when it applied revive California's extends allowed, authorizes prosecutions passage barred, periods alleged offenses had expired. Such features produce kind retroactivity Constitution forbids. First, threatens kinds harm seeks avoid, protects liberty preventing governments from enacting statutes with "manifestly unjust oppressive" retroactive effects. Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall. 386, 391. Second, falls literally categorical descriptions ex post facto laws Justice Chase set forth more than 200 years ago recognized as an authoritative account Clause's scope, Collins Youngblood, 497 U. S. 37, 46. It second category, understood include inflicts punishments party not, law, liable any punishment. Third, numerous legislators, courts, commentators have long believed well settled resurrection Reconstruction Congress 1867 rejected bill would revived treason against Jefferson Davis others, passing instead extending unexpired periods. Roughly contemporaneous State Courts echoed view reviving are facto. Even courts upheld extensions consistently distinguished situations expired, often using language suggests presumption cases not allowed. This spoken decisively matter. Neither its recognition Fifth Amendment's privilege self-incrimination does apply relevant Brown Walker, 161 591, 597-598, nor holding Civil War retroactively tolling during war valid exercise Congress' powers, Stewart Kahn, 11 Wall. 493, 503-504, dictates outcome here. Instead, determined nature harms creates, fact Chase's line authority. Pp. 610-633. 93 Cal. App. 4th 1229, 114 Rptr. 2d BREYER, J., delivered opinion Court, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, SOUTER, GINSBURG, JJ., joined. KENNEDY, filed dissenting opinion, REHNQUIST, C. SCALIA THOMAS, joined, post, p. 633. 1 CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL CALIFORNIA, FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT 2 Roberto Nájera cause petitioner. With him briefs Elisa Stewart. Janet Gaard, Special Assistant Attorney General California, respondent. her brief Bill Lockyer, General, Manuel M. Medeiros, Solicitor Robert R. Anderson, Chief W. Scott Thorpe, Kelly E. Lebel, Deputy General. 4 Irving L. Gornstein States amicus curiae urging affirmance. Olson, Chertoff, Dreeben, John F. De Pue.* 5 JUSTICE BREYER Court. 6 brought limitations. done so under authority (1) permits otherwise prosecutions, (2) itself pre-existing We conclude Constitution's Clause, Art. I, § 10, cl. 1, bars application present case. 7 * governing crimes. "[t]he limitation specified [prior limitations] expired"—provided victim reported allegation police, "there independent evidence clearly convincingly corroborates allegation," (3) report. 1993 Stats. ch. 390, (codified amended at Penal Code Ann. 803(g) (West Supp. 2003)). related provision, 1996, satisfying these conditions "shall limitations]." 1996 130, 803(g)(3)(A) thus acts many beforehand—and original expired—as begins first 8 grand jury Marion Stogner, petitioner, charging decades earlier—between Without allowing State's action, could prosecuted Stogner. 3-year period. And run 22 or before brought. 9 complaint's dismissal. He Federal agreed such unconstitutional. But reversed, citing recent, contrary decision People Frazer, 21 737, 982 P. 180 (1999), cert. denied, 529 1108 (2000). then indictment, arguing unconstitutional both Amdt. 14, 1. denial. Superior 37 (2001). granted certiorari consider constitutional claims. 537 1043 (2002). II 10 two Clauses prohibit Government certain See 9, (Federal Government); (States). issue here created authorized barred. Moreover, Do taken together, forbids? they do. that, Court's view, avoid. Long pointed out 391 (1798). Judge Learned Hand later wrote assured "a man become safe pursuit . seems most us unfair dishonest." Falter States, 23 420, 426 (CA2), 277 590 (1928). case, government refused "to play own rules," Carmell Texas, 513, 533 deprived defendant "fair warning," Weaver Graham, 450 24, 28 (1981), might led preserve exculpatory evidence. Wharton, Criminal Pleading Practice 316, 210 (8th ed. 1880) ("The [of is. .. amnesty, declaring offender shall be return country... and. may cease proofs innocence"). extension, legislatures pick choose act retroactively, risks "arbitrary potentially vindictive legislation," erosion separation Weaver, supra, 29, n. 10. Fletcher Peck, Cranch 87, 137-138 (1810) (viewing protection "violent grow feelings moment"). 12 supra—a categorization providing scope Clause. 46 (1990); Carmell, 539. Drawing substantially Richard Wooddeson's 18th-century commentary past parliamentary abuses, divided into categories described alternative ways. S., 522-524, 9. wrote: 13 "I will state what I laws, words intent prohibition. 1st. Every innocent done, criminal; punishes action. 2d. aggravates crime, greater was, committed. 3d. changes punishment, annexed 4th. alters legal rules evidence, receives less, different, testimony, required commission offence, order convict offender. All these, similar manifestly oppressive." Calder, 390-391 (emphasis altered original). 14 description, traced four back Parliament's earlier abusive acts, follows: 15 Category 1: "Sometimes respected treason, committed." 16 2: "[A]t other times inflicted punishments, punishment." 17 3: "[I]n cases, offence." 18 4: times, (to supply deficiency proof) admitting witness, existing two; receiving without oath; oath wife husband; justice admit." Dall., 389 19 category—including "law committed," id., 390—describes them— i. e., referring "inflict[s] punishment," 389. also Wooddeson, Systematical View Laws England 638 (1792) (hereinafter View) (discussing status affects punishment "making therein some innovation, creating forfeiture disability, incurred ordinary course law" added)). After (but before) "liable therefore "aggravated" made "greater sense extent "inflicted punishment" conduct (when enacted) did trigger liability. H. Black, American Constitutional Law 266, 700 (4th 1927) Law) ("[A]n condoned no longer punishable offense"). consequently surprising New Jersey's highest description category "exactly describes operation" Moore State, 43 N. J. 203, 217 (1881) added). Prohibitions Against Legislation Impairing Obligation Contracts, Retroactive 235, 298 (1887) Prohibitions) ("Such statute" "certainly offense obliterated 20 So understand (as applying upon person subject degree) explains why how differs (making noncriminal behavior) third (aggravating punishment). understanding consistent, part, examples —examples specifically provided illustrate "`inflict[ing] punishment,'" Following cited Acts Parliament banished individuals accused treason. Id., 389, n.&#x2021;; see 11. Both Wooddeson explicitly referred involving "banishment." &#x2021;; 638-639. significant because only crime's commission, circumstances banishment "was simply form penalty imposed courts." 523, 11; Holdsworth, History English 569 (1938). Thus, like here, enabled available "in law," 638. As 11, vice purpose. true, however, banishment, unlike involved legislature directly, never power impose. differences determinative. problem attainder emphasize separately deals, 3; difference beside point. example points concern legislature, knowing seeking punished enable ways That fundamental concern, basic concerns about penal applies equal force Stogner—punishment lacked impose acted. ("It superfluous point [reviving liability] fall evils intended guarded prohibition question"). Cf. 444a, pp. 347-348, b (rev. 7th 1874) Law). finding literal terms we do deny another well. fourth example, includes offender." 390. including diminish "the quantum convict." 532. 24 Significantly, reflects legislative judgment time, sufficient convict. Marion, 404 307, 322 (1971). typically rests, large evidentiary concerns—for eroded memories witnesses unavailable. Kubrick, 444 111, 117 (1979); LaFave, Israel, & King, Procedure 18.5(a), 718 (1999); 210. Indeed, once renders proof unnecessary." Wood Carpenter, 101 135, 139 (1879). 25 Consequently, resurrect eliminate currently conclusive forbidding prosecution, thereby permit conviction quantum, enacted, been legally insufficient. And, sense, "violate" previous evidence-related authorizing "`receiv[e] [previously have] admit[ted]'" 612. Collins, ("Subtle violations permissible overt ones"); Cummings Missouri, 277, 329 (1867) (The "cannot evaded exerted"). Nonetheless, given need explore categories, further. 26 likely reasons just stated, sentiments appear already widespread 1867—the drafted Fourteenth Amendment —rejected various Congressmen wanted "his coconspirators," Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., Sess., 279 (1866-1867) (comments Rep. Lawrence). Radical Republicans Roscoe Conkling Thaddeus Stevens, friends South, opposed because, their minds, proposed "ex 68 Conkling), threatened injustice tantamount "judicial murder," 69 Stevens). instance, ultimately passed periods, 236, Stat. 183—a tailored approach modern statutes, e. g., 3293 (notes effective date 1990 amendment effect 1989 amendment); 805.5 2003). 27 Further, ones who roughly opinions Courts. Sneed, Tex. 66, 67 (1860); Moore, L., 216-217. Keith, 63 140, 145 (1869) (A repeal amnesty "substantially law"). Courts, apparent unanimity until continued views, and, necessary, hold. rel. Reibman Warden, 242 Div. 282, 285, 275 Y. 59, 62 (1934); Fraidin, 271, 276 (Md. 1945); Shedd, 702 267, 268 (Colo. 1985) (en banc) (per curiam); Hodgson, 108 Wash. 662, 667-669, 740 848, 851-852 (1987) banc), sub nom. Fied Washington, 485 938 (1988); Commonwealth Rocheleau, Mass. 129, 130-131, 1333, 1334 (1989); Nunn, 244 Kan. 207, 218, 768 268, 277-278 O'Neill, 118 Idaho 244, 247, 796 121, 124 Hirsch, 245 Neb. 39-40, 511 69, 76 (1994); Schultzen, 522 833, 835 (Iowa 1994); Comeau, 142 84, 88, 697 A. 497, 500 (1997) (citing Hamel, 138 392, 395-396, 643 953, 955-956 (1994)); Santiago Commonwealth, 428 39, 42, 979, 981, 525 1003 (1998). Thompson 54 Miss. 740, 743 (1877) (stating, specifying further grounds, take away vested statute-of-limitations defense); Cookman, 127 Ore. 283, 289, 873 335, 338 (1994) (holding resurrecting case "violates Clause"), aff'd state-law 324 19, 920 1086 (1996); Guimento, 341 Pa. Super. 95, 97-98, 491 166, 167-168 (1985) (enforcing ban apparently equivalent federal prohibition); Chesebro, 185 Mich. 412, 416, 463 134, 135-136 (1990) (reciting general rule" "`where complete defense arisen [a limitations], cannot thereof'"). (extensions our today affect, 613), saying extension "provided," "so as," "because," "if" expired—a manner speaking Madia, 955 538, 540 (CA8 1992) ("`provided'"); Richardson, 512 105, 106 (CA3 1975) ("provided"); 53 Ill. 437, 440, 292 364, 366 (1973) ("so as"); Haug, D. 22, (ND Ohio 1957) as"), aff'd, 274 885 (CA6 1960), 365 811 (1961); Kurzenknabe, 136 17, (NJ 1955) Duffy, 300 Mont. 381, 3d 453, 460 (2000) ("because"); Davenport, 536 686, 688 (N. 1995) Andrews 392 So. 270, 271 (Fla. 1980) ("if"), review 399 1145 1981). See, Andrews, directly supporting conclusion facto). 96 506, 514 ("[I]n right acquittal absolutely acquired completion limitation, enlargement being obnoxious laws"). 29 Given pre-Frazer scholars reason believe matter settled. early 1887, Henry Black although "not all numerous," "cases unmistakably strict void." 297. earlier, 1874, Francis Wharton supported emphasizing historic role "acts grace oblivion, process," "extinguish[ing] future prosecution" making unable "be again called existence caprice prince." b. More commentators—reporting same cases—have come conclusion. Am. Jur. 2d, 294, 349-350 (1998 2002); 16A 372 (1984 718, 6; Antieau Rich, Modern 38.11, 445 (2d 1997); Adlestein, Conflict Statute Limitations Lesser Offenses Trial, Wm. Mary Rev. 199, 246 (1995); Corman, Limitation Actions 1.6, 35 (1993 Supp.); Statutes Clauses, Ky. 42 (1937); 700. Wood, 13, (3d 1901) "may said" "estopped prosecuting"). Likewise, respect closely repealing amnesty—a dissent—William Wade concluded "[s]uch contravention inhibition though undertook annex criminality done." Operation Construction 286, 339 (1880). cf. 638-639 (KENNEDY, dissenting). 30 On hand, stated 597-598 (1896). rule suggest irrevocable, eliminated fear 31 503-504 (1871), statute, War, tolled civil service process impossible inaccessible. Stewart, civil, criminal, statute. 500-501. reviewing 507, explicit consideration potential collision held, Act, lately rebellion closed citizens loyal ." 503; Hanger Abbott, 532, 539-542 (1868). Hence, seen ratifying expectation due wartime exigencies, rather truly 541; 507. seemingly precedent regarding privilege. 32 type III 33 prodigious display historical textual research, dissent finely parses offer support, 633-637; shows appreciation 19th-century dissident commentary, 638-639; discusses depth late 17th-century history, 642-649; best drive linguistic wedge 640-641. end? undertakes Herculean effort prove unfair, constitutionally prosecute nearly generation since amnesty. 649-653. 34 disagree strongly dissent's ultimate fairness long-dead infra, 630-632. Rather, Hand, later-enacted unfair. judges addressed issue, 617-618, find facto" describe unfairness. close fit work unfairness interdiction even precedent-related criticisms better founded are. examine possibility reading history raises far too problems serve foundation proposes. narrow; unsupported precedent; gives protection. 36 show "Calder's laws" "subjec[t] increased "chang[ing] make commission." Post, 642 explain means offense," must assume (from comes dissent) something beyond attaching unavailable requires, addition, recharacterization crime. all, through discussion subjecting unless somehow crime issue. suffers several problems. accuracy. occurrence change argues banish Earl Clarendon amounted elevate behavior lower magnitude level treason." 643. supports argument claim allegations [against Clarendon] support charge Ibid. Historians, different view. 646. least amount 38 charged "betraying majesty's secret counsels enemies war." Edward Clarendon's How. St. Tr. 292, 350 (1667) Trial). historian, "undoubtedly contained treasonous matter." Roberts, Impeachment Clarendon, Camb. Hist. (1957) Impeachment); accord, G. Miller, Hyde, 21-22 (1983); Dictionary National Biography 383 (L. Stephen Lee eds. reprint 1922). Stuart England: Reply Raoul Berger, 84 Yale 1419, 1426 (1975); Impeachment: Problems 45, 193 (1974) (acknowledging contradicting historian Hallam's "`one articles actually contain unquestionable treason'"). basis specific charge—a treason—that House Commons (which impeach charges treason) "voted high 13; Trial 350-351. 39 Lords initially thought failed provide "special articles" laying "particulars it." 14. deadlocked over whether "general charge" sufficient. 351-374. fled, guilt. Biography, 383; 389-390; Hallam, From Accession VII Death George II, 373 1855). 44-45, 189. Clarendon. Act banishment—the item complicated Chase—explained "been impeached Treason misdemeanours" "fled whereby according demerit." Car. c. (1667-1668) (reprint 1963). 40 sum, individual satisfactorily proved whom imposing "banishment" 614. fled country, hold proper "ordinary" proceedings. 2; 385-386. To repeat, individual's legislation subjected unavailable, degree, law"—just predecessor said. 41 completeness. example—the Bishop Atterbury—can count concedes Atterbury constituting "conspiracy depose I." 647. ought note note) "`betraying counsels,'" 622, Stephen, 266-267 (1883). claims, based "meager," expected. recharacterize Bishop's extraordinary proceedings impose, aggravated predefined course." vagueness. "shed[ding] light meaning" 641, references accompany "illustrative examples," 649. question term description—or not? If reconcile Carmell? 522, 9; 523 (Wooddeson's "correlate precisely Calder's categories"). so, nowhere says anything recharacterizing, "changing nature," crime? key lies recharacterization, like, suffered "same sentence"—"banishment." 638; &#x2021; (using word examples). argued, 614, punishment— namely, banishment—which "forfeiture 44 Fourth, initial technical redundancy. Were always involve way subjects 642, redundant. Any falling necessarily encompasses "`[e]very 612 45 Fifth, pertinence. For thing, construing trying investigate happened trials Atterbury, determine how, later, commentator judge relied —and, Framers themselves—likely facto." little relevance recognize that: When (the meant illuminate), said nothing recharacterizing crimes, 389; 47 speaks "declaring ibid., uses 612; 48 "principally affect (some emphasis 49 Of course, know language, mind. indicate broad enough in, applications of, case—the exegesis notwithstanding. 50 importantly, accept not), touchstone? Why, (a) inapplicable (b) (or nature") hand should absence latter critical difference? presence works harm. harm—a circumstance applicability aimed laws. Perhaps description—which, Wooddeson's, "affect[ing] ibid.—does mention like. B 51 believes "less persuasive glance." "deficient," rely "inapposite" "flatly contradict" "principles" rely. 634, 635. 52 Having reviewed continue characterizations accurate. say "with state" "laws "when hold." Supra, 617. statement refers outside suggested, contrary. thoroughly used reasoning. old Jersey 203 (1881)—a "expressly `is covered [Justice Chase's] classes.'" draws contradict[s]" views. dissent, quotes context. context, court's "classes" describe) prosecutions. immediately adds, "easily embraces" [its] operation." 216-217 Had benefit perhaps itself, elements "classes"? Would withdrawn statement, quotes? held category? Our leads answer questions affirmatively, leave interested reader draw conclusions. 55 special attention 66 (1860), "avoided issue" "by retroactively." 634. Here analysis, virtually full: 56 "In bar completed went operation. having neglected prescribed lost suit. give Legislature, loss, operation facto, suppose Legislature intended." Supp., 67. 57 can up 58 Hand's like-minded comments "unsupported," 637. fact, published debates, 616-620, 506 (1880), Buckner, 281 340, 1023 (1917). Falter, F.2d, 425. 59 add whatever exact counts cite, 633, dicta, while handful holdings. Where accepted settled, few arise, arise bordering areas preexisting Consistent expectation, noted "become timely amendments 1980s lengthen rape sexual intercourse child." 36. represents extreme variant consensus unconstitutionality, Nation's history. Bishop, 219a, 1868) (declining part "it courts"). 60 if reasoning string stretching 150 perfectly consistent conceptions analysis proceed. Beazell Ohio, 269 167 (1925), 640, vulnerable criticism "method foreclosed precedents," 45-46. assessing essential judicial views 617-619. 61 situation commentators. Here, span century, conclusion, virtual unanimity. 619-620. "virtual," identifies Joel Bishop—the 122 240. majority contemporary 617-620. same. C "fallacy" label "`unfair dishonest'" 650. arguments. "retroactive limitations" less small likelihood "criminals keep calendars" mark mocks "destroys reliance interest." emphasizes molestation causes, "will plague lifetime," stresses children. 651. argument, reverses field, abandoning literalism appeal practical consequences. purposes relevant. minimum, adequately limitations, distinction. 613-614, 618-619. 64 denies interests, ignores lengthy (in years) notice unaware, innocence. 609-610. Memories fade, die disappear. 615-616. recollection uncertain, "recovered" faulty, nonetheless lead destroy families. Is Repressed Memory Delayed Recall False Syndrome? Controversy Its Potential Legal Implications, Psychol. 103, 103-104 Regardless, principle every insofar tell, temporal limitation. goes statements analogous Securities Corp. Donaldson, 325 304, 312, 8, 315-316 (1945) unconstitutionally infringe "vested right"); William Danzer Co. Gulf Ship Island Co., 637 (1925) same). 638, 653. difficult grants property human liberty. 65 agree interest prosecuting important one. there predominating long-forbidden prevent limits offenses, yet has, effect, telling "at henceforth innocence," 223-224. withdraws attached, allows withdraw identified. 611. "Unfair" fair characterization. IV unfairly characterization Reversed. Notes: Briefs ofamici Psychological Association et al. Kathleen Behan, Christopher Man, Nathalie Gilfoyle; Defense Lawyers David Porter, Barry T. Simons, Martin Buchanan, Michael B. Dashjian. CHIEF JUSTICE, SCALIA, THOMAS join, dissenting. 70 serious minors. legislation. invalidate circumstance, tries 386 (1798), prohibits "`that committed.'" Ante, (quoting 390 original)). These words, my holding, indeed foreclose it. alter definition Until today, plea offense. 71 overcome principle, invokes Clause." 621. list precedents, ante, 617-619, glance. decide constitutional. (1881); (1989), cases—which relevant—will discussed course. 72 617, inapposite. There, avoided retroactively. Interpreting avoid invalidation Sneed pass merits. merits, cursory paragraph-long reproduced entirety, 629, contains reference classification, whatsoever. unreasoned scarcely majority's novel interpretation category. 73 remaining presented. concedes, eight considered them. 618. nine 848 banc); 121 833 (1997); 953 979 (1998), Because receive dispose 74 compiled deficient, furthermore, level. precedents reach strictly limited precise formulation categories. "an exclusive laws," (1990), admonished mistake stray categories," himself stressed construed caution unnecessary extension: am necessity construction, explanation `ex law,' meaning attached go farther feel myself bound do; ever jurisdiction void, very case." 395. 75 principles, 611-612, relies flatly contradict Errors Appeals places emphasis, 613, 628, 630, 632, expressly "is classes." 216. fleeting dismissed inquiry. proceeded "[l]oo[k] classification states motive sustaining edict." explained, expansive admonition followed care. Moore's legitimacy, exposes weaknesses opinion. principal now embrace. main formulations—the formulations treated authoritative—may still endorsed. exception. classes," looking categories: "Judge classes exhaustive," which, punishable, included letter rules." 216, 220. emphasized separate Chancellor Runyon, member one-judge invalidated facto: "[W]here enactment, guise ingenuity subtlety it, substantial injury, wrong constitution sought guard against, true prohibition." 226. "substantia[l] imposi[tion of] "substantial injury" reminiscent protections" personal rights" enlarge disapproved Collins. By endorsing 77 invokes—both merely opined dicta—have flaw. misconception causing arises dictum, mentioned violation. 425 (CA2 1928). distinction citation faulty belief "turns much violence instinctive play." 425-426. premised approach. proposition "`seems dishonest.'" 611 426). explained conception jurisprudence incorrect: "[W]hile helps shape doctrine unto invalidating force." 533, Kirkpatrick Environmental Tectonics Corp., Int'l, 493 400, 409 (1990)). 78 observation formed rationale cites, post-Moore (relying containing categories); (same); 667-668, 851 on, quoting from, Falter); Mass., (containing relying Bargeron, 402 589, 524 829 (1988), turn Idaho, 246, 123 supplying own); H., 395, (same). Since methodology disavowed, scant support. None them today's improperly flaw argues, proceed," 630; method precedents. 79 turns help roster precluded guarantee. Some declared impermissible Carmell. whose most, 615, 619, openly acknowledged 227, 291 (1887). moreover, revived. 296-297. rendered questionable. 314-316 (1945). Other relied, plagued methodological infirmities discovered. authorities 619. 80 There care category; reached embraced majority. treatise legislation, defined covering "which aggravate endeavors bring transgression heavier penalties severe denounced: as, changing character misdemeanor, crime; or, graduated, designated number higher degree 273, 317-318 Prentiss statutory definitions law." Commentaries Statutory Crimes 294 1901). author's apt opinion: "The possible, lapse exactly `the fact' transpired. No bending implied meanings, can, natural reason, conclusion.... running proceed offender, leaving former remedy; forbade removed doer's mind consciousness guilt." 294-295. reaching considered, rejected, put Crimes, 295, 5. rejection believes, undermine infirmities, strengthens validity interpretation. 81 necessary consistency three. increases common redefinition criminalizing (category one), enhancing two), increasing three). link Paterson itself: enhancement penalty, mischief creation penalty; classed together." 397. 82 illustrated "faithful knowledge 43. joint felonies, allowed requested defendants prosecutor, court. 168-169. whenever requested. 168. Reviewing challenge address quality attributable act." 170. Applying definition, violate "[i]t deprive [the defendant] available, charged. Nor meted out." fell none "affect [by] chang[ing] offense." challenged timespan filed; assigned 83 unlimited surrounding two, "inflic[t] deleted internal quotation marks omitted). attempts redundancy limiting instances supposed definitive 611, seem strike broader construction. Similarly, violation constitute "innovation" liable, 612, prohibited unbounded two. distorts coherence overall scheme. Realizing inconsistency, "`inflict[ed] punishment.'" deleted) 389). speaking, itself; category's origins. refer British Founders adopt Clause; intend provision. origins may, shed formulation, definitive. operative certainly formulation. 85 event, misunderstands description. instructed, viewed context enactments referred. 614; 526-530 (examining Sir Fenwick, "[t]o category"). examples: banishments Lord 1667 1723. 10; Geo. 17). episodes confirms 86 presumed, familiar leading advisor Charles 330-334, Trial); 20-21 (1983). Lords, commit trial, cognizable law. 358, 367. Houses deadlocked, left exit wise safety, perhaps, cause. departure impeachment abandoned banishing extensive range disabilities. 374, 385, 390-391. 87 objection raised 342-346, 348-349, 350, 356-360, 367-372. noted, conduct. (If objection, one.) 330-333. redefining constitutes assumed, flight, 389-390, constructive admission bill, colloquy alleged. ("[I]t plain, you your impeachment, land"). flight warrant next death." 386. enhanced increase gravity commission. Either way, 88 accomplished common-law scholar danger designed guard. "ma[de] creat[ed] Wooddeson). upon. 391; 522-523, innovation deplored imposition sanction (banishment) prerogative Parliament, courts. done. Section Code. throughout history: system determinative," difference. particular norms signals warrants intervention. contrast, prescribing adjudication leaves determination offender's culpability entirely 89 events, logical Though England, unquestioned. afterwards. Craies, Compulsion Subjects Leave Realm, Q. 388, (1890) ("[B]anishment, perpetual temporary, known law"); An Punishment Rogues, Eliz. 4, s. (1597) (permitting dangerous rogues); Roman Catholic Relief 7, (1829) (providing Jesuits). then, inconsistent 90 redefines `in law.'" 614 638). procedure banishment. 91 mean, empowered adjudicate punish death. Hale, Pleas Crown *348-*351; Jowitt's 1799-1800 1977). accurately eligible, proceedings, capital obviously work, normal hardly reconciled used, assigning 92 explanatory power, look What repulsive such, merited established exaggeration Viewed lends position, undercuts out, historians levied betraying King's secrets enemy, impeachable 622-623. judgment, uniform seem. Foss, Judges 130 (1864) ("No read seeing weakness frivolity allegations, them, amounting treason"); 45-46 (explaining declare nontreasonous treason). 94 Historians agreement, though, substantiate enemy. 367, 1881); 13-14 (1957); 193. particulars insisting trust underlying treasonous. Although grounds Lords' lack specificity, reflecting attempting labeling absent justification. Hallam study "if house lords either consulting otherwise, specially alleged, should, notwithstanding treat offence misdemeanor." 413. betrayal subterfuge 95 reinforced considering who, midst hysteria real Jacobite plots, conspiracy I. meager, supporters Crown, fearing neither convict, introduced Bennett, Tory Crisis Church 1688-1730, 258-265 Atterbury's 323, 640 (1723) 2000) traitor, imposed, exile 644-646; 265. Duke registered lengthiest commented "this irregular inflicts, foundation, carries unnatural hardship." 691. comparable harshness Those sanctions mild, 691-692, but, seen, violative fact. adjudged grave merit singularly forfeitures disabilities illustrates relationship 639-640 397 (Paterson, J.)). 640-641, misconstruction takes continuum. Contrary belief, 625, highlights faithful understanding. preferred commentator, noting 638-640; 624. 97 courts' inability untenable. 645-646. convicted driven backlash provoked death sentence, enjoyed considerable popularity sympathy circles. 259. speculated, tension interpretation, sentence motivated desire "of mitigating 639. mitigation, comparison possible verdict, noncapital received. 98 belong unprecedented particularly 803(g); remains unchanged; perceived before, force. prosecuted, whereas place. illustrative examples, detriment defendant, 99 "`arbitrary legislation,'" (1981)), attempt accusation. so. legitimate continuing suffering endured victims childhood abuse. 100 "young delay reporting easily manipulated offenders positions trust, children difficulty remembering facing trauma cause." 744, 180, 183-184 (1999). amply empirical studies. Summit, Abuse Child Sexual Accommodation Syndrome, 153, 156-163 (1992); Lyon, Scientific Support Expert Testimony Accommodation, Critical Issues 107, 114-120 (J. Conte 2002). Petitioner's older daughter testified she afraid father anyone her. petitioner's home, tried forget younger scared. convince life. house, speak believed. She pretend childhood. realization family disclose abuse, protect 102 counter assurance "`he pursuit'" `fair warning.'" 426; 28). fallacy recall careful place decisions uphold challenge. 613. 103 rationales dichotomy works. assumption extended, becomes serious, violating seriousness. logic, literature signal, force, policy offenders. 104 rationale, destroys interest. warranted presume criminals calendars day discard records gloating phone call victim. minor imaginary; conceivable honor assumes, result reaches; expectation. exists, circular so; exist traditions social 105 contrast designation measure opprobrium presupposes deterrent effect. Note, Application Legislatively Enlarged Abuse: Time's Bar Revival, Ind. 989, 1014 (1989) measurable impact behavior, encouraging deterring conduct"); Legislative Power, 1491, 1513 (1975) ("[W]hile substantive proscribed conduct, regulating enforcement processes"). sex desist knew disclosed. law's wrongdoers sphere instructive. repealed 314; Plaut Sprendthrift Farm, Inc., 211, 229 (1995). holdings contracts investments allow vindicated nonetheless. real, is, fictional construct. 107 molester commits offense, aware lifetime. Briere Runtz, Trauma: Data Implications Clinical Practice, Interpersonal Violence 374-376 (1987); Myers, Evidence Neglect Cases 4.2, 221-223 1992); Browne Finkelhor, Initial Long-Term Effects: Review Research, Sourcebook 143, 150-164 (D. Finkelhor 1986). interests confines homes people trusted familial figure use confidential relation conceal deep lasting hurt. poor remedy compassion last strength, necessity, forward. distinct advantage tender perilous position fearful victim, hurt, perpetrator's reliance, higher. shame repress painful memories. They violators others prevented. tells forward vain. known, measured, wrongfulness suspend minors, "protec[t] minors themselves." 10.2.1, (1991). toll guardian appointed, 105-106, conflicts repose, 108. suspension reactivation slight say, actor reveled then-unlawful punish. unchanged altering aware. 109 criminalize done; prosecutor seek more; government's burden establish stale jury, requirement reasonable doubt. 803(g), additional safeguard: presentation convincing §§ 803(g)(1), (2)(B) protections, oppressive offered assuage fear, 631, overrun resting unreliable recovered Lovasco, 431 783, 789 (1977). 110 rights implicate 314. 652, 111 contradicts departs precedent, misapprehends disregards found courage face abusers justice. compels respectful dissent.

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