Document: 439 U.S. 438 99 S.Ct. 698 58 L.Ed.2d 717 Simon L. LEIS, Jr., et al.v.Larry FLYNT al. No. 77-1618. Jan. 15, 1979. Rehearing Denied May 14, See 441 956, 2185. PER CURIAM. 1 Petitioners, the judges of Court Common Pleas Hamilton County, Ohio, and County prosecutor, seek relief from a decision United States Appeals for Sixth Circuit. The upheld Federal District injunction that forbids further prosecution respondents Larry Flynt Hustler Magazine, Inc., until Herald Fahringer Paul Cambria are tendered hearing on their applications to appear pro hac vice in behalf Magazine. Petitioners contend asserted right an out-of-state lawyer Ohio court does not fall among those interests protected by Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment. Because we agree with this contention, grant petition certiorari reverse judgment Circuit.1 2 Magazine were indicted February 8, 1977, multiple violations Rev.Code Ann. § 2907.31 (1975), which prohibits dissemination harmful material minors. At arraignment 25, local counsel presented entry form listed as both defendants. Neither was admitted practice law Ohio.2 one used members Bar, it neither constituted application admission nor alerted Ohio. judge presiding at routinely endorsed but took no other action respect two lawyers.3 3 case transferred matter course Judge Morrissey, who had before him another active indictment against made or any judge. pretrial conference March 9 Morrissey advised would be allowed represent appeared person first time motions April where they expressed interest representing summarily dismissed request. Respondents then commenced mandamus Supreme seeking overturn denial admission. They also filed affidavit bias prejudice remove case. did stating while found evidence prejudice, trial different avoid even appearance impropriety. new ruled Court's dismissal bound deny permission he allow them work in-state preparing 4 next suit Southern enjoin criminal state held contested application. lawyers' constitutionally property petitioners infringed without according lawyers procedural due process. 434 F.Supp. 481 (1977). Further therefore enjoined requested hearing. Circuit affirmed, holding could denied privilege appearing "without meaningful hearing, reasonably clear legal standard statement rational basis exclusion." 574 F.2d 874, 879 (1978). 5 As has observed numerous occasions, Constitution create interests. Rather extends various safeguards certain "that stem independent source such law." Board Regents v. Roth, 408 564, 577, 92 2701, 2709, 33 548 (1972); see Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. Craft, 436 1, 9, 98 1554, 1560, 56 30 (1978); Bishop Wood, 426 341, 344, 96 2074, 2077, 48 684 (1976); Davis, 424 693, 709-710, 1155, 1164, 47 405 Goss Lopez, 419 565, 572-574, 95 729, 735-736, 49 725 (1975); Perry Sindermann, 593, 602, n. 7, 2694, 2700 570 (1972). evidently believed lawyer's stems some source. It cited state-law authority proposition, however, indeed noted "Ohio specific standards regarding admissions . .." F.2d, 879. referred prevalence America courts instances our history have rendered distinguished service. We do question most is upon motion, especially when associated member bar. In view high mobility bar, trend toward specialization, perhaps encouraged. But granted either statute Constitution. Since founding Republic, licensing regulation been left exclusively Columbia within respective jurisdictions. prescribe qualifications professional conduct. responsible discipline lawyers.4 6 A claim entitlement under law, enforceable, must derived rule through mutually explicit understanding. Perry, supra, U.S., 601-602, S.Ct., 2699-2700. record here devoid indication may rules expressly consign approve discretion court. N. 2, supra. Even if, believed, "reasonable expectations service," 879, shown requisite mutual understanding permitted clients particular courts. speculative Fahringer's Cambria's reputation might suffer result cannot itself make out injury interest. There simply deprivation previously law. Id., 708-709, 1164. 7 Nor there argument its federal 699-701, 1159-1160. origin permits meeting State's bar requirements. This Court, several sustained excluded altogether case-by-case basis. Norfolk Western R. Co. Beatty, 423 1009, 439, 46 381 aff'g 400 234 (SD Ill.); Brown Virginia, 414 1034, 94 533, 38 327 (1973), 359 549 (ED Va.). Cf. Hicks Miranda, 422 332, 343-345, 2281, 2288-2289, 45 223 (1975). These decisions recognize require because State, she another. Ginsburg Kovrak, 392 Pa. 143, 139 A.2d 889, appeal want substantial question, 358 52, 79 95, (1958). Accordingly, possess cognizable terms Amendment, obligate accord process passing County.5 8 writ granted, reversed, remanded proceedings consistent opinion. so ordered. 10 Mr. Justice WHITE set oral argument. 11 STEVENS, whom BRENNAN MARSHALL join, dissenting. 12 pursuing his calling Amendment.1 whether abandons protection crosses border State issued license practice. 13 holds view, trivial obligation give consideration whatsoever merits request, opportunity advance reasons support square Amendment apply kind ruling judge.2 14 premises can briefly stated. nonresident right, Absent enforceable entitlement, based understanding, making mere "privilege" withhold unrestrained individual judges. conclusion constitutional capricious exclusion3 seems obvious majority unnecessary. Summary reversal order day. 15 few years ago repudiated similar syllogism long supported parolee status.4 Accepting premise "right" preserve contingent liberty, nevertheless concluded nature status, coupled "implicit promise" revoked arbitrarily, sufficient protection. Brewer, 471, 481-482, 2593, 2600, 484.5 observed, "is hardly useful longer try deal problem parolee's liberty 'right' 'privilege.' " 482, 2601. my judgment, equally futile pursuit "explicit," "enforceable" "entitlement" rather than so-called "privilege." Instead, should examine activity implicit promise these petitioners. 16 * notion arbitrary unlimited power refuse courtroom nothing remnant bygone era. Like body once governed parole, undergone metamorphosis during past century. Work exclusive province now performed title companies, real estate brokers, corporate trust departments, accountants. Rules ethics insulated competition forbidden Sherman Act6 First States.7 Interstate multistate laws firms commonplace.8 questions regularly arise trials permeate typical assertion claims defenses often unpopular, "advice assistance only means available vindication."9 "increased specialization mobility"10 today's Bar consequence dramatic change demand services occurred 17 History attests importance appearances. Merritt, writing Appeals, explained: 18 "Nonresident many celebrated cases. For example, Andrew Hamilton, leader Philadelphia defended John Peter Zenger New York 1735 colonial America's famous freedom-of-speech Clarence Darrow states plead cause unpopular client, including Scopes Tennessee opposed well-known, lawyer, William Jennings Bryan. Great Alexander Daniel Webster Charles Evans Hughes W. Davis specially important cases states. small group inspired initiated civil rights movement early stages. series brought throughout South, Thurgood Marshall, Constance Motley Spottswood Robinson, appointments bench, developed principles gave rise movement. 19 "There number tradition. 'The demands business society' given American Association Canon Code Professional Responsibility. That discourages 'territorial limitations' addition reasons. client case, take skill required. Often, Darrow, Bryan participates sense justice. He feel duty defend defendant way expression own moral sense. values, clients, arbitrarily." 878-879 (CA6 1978) (footnotes omitted).11 20 modern examples identified though more illustrious appearance, rare exceptions general custom excluding On contrary, appearances routine country least quarter century.12 well recognized that, Friendly 1966, slightest reason suppose" qualified request will denied.13 21 involves specialists;14 legitimate denying suggested record.15 retained litigant affected prejudices attitudes.16 classic situation justice served allowing represented choice. 22 vindicate merely pecuniary goal motivates every individual's attempt pursue calling.17 profession's discharging responsibility fair administration adversary system. surely worthy afforded II 23 past, implicitly assured practitioners welcome Ohio's unless valid, articulable them. Although respondents' extraordinary dispelled assurance purport pass claim.18 opinion adequate qualifies "property" meaning Clause. 24 fact permit vice.19 regular conducted pursuant Ohio,20 Responsibility,21 each court,22 leading identifying criteria inform judge's acting applications.23 While unquestionably true broad determining court, rules, precedents, unequivocal expectation exercise permissible reasons.24 25 Ross, 36 App.2d 185, 304 N.E.2d 396 area, entertained attorney's appellate exhaustively inquired into court's misdeeds attorney justified exclusion, concluding acted properly.25 inference drawn reversible error; area least, include act arbitrarily.26 Having respondent attorneys,27 nullify substance providing procedures safeguard meaning. requirement predicated inevitably gives litigants Arnett Kennedy, 416 134, 167, 1633, 1650, 40 (Powell, J., concurring part).28 III 26 Either "nature" inhering Moreover, conclusions reinforces other. 27 mode analysis employed recent treated concepts "liberty" defined exclusive, closed categories interests, shedding light Indeed, opinions implied exist apart authorization express guarantee Bill Rights.29 majestic language read. 28 demonstrated like Meyer Nebraska, 262 390, 399, 43 625, 626, 67 L.Ed. 1042; 484; Bell Burson, 402 535, 539, 91 1586, 1589, 29 90, Frankfurter's Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee McGrath, 341 123, 162, 71 624, 643, 817, judicial construction words "life, property" applying precepts logic accepted premises. Rather, experience breathed life adjudication. practitioners, entire Nation well, compels arbitrarily reject aspect calling. IV ironic litigation end began—with parties heard merits. Pursuant 19, 23, issue discussed brief memorandum reply "a Writ Certiorari review matter." Pet. Cert. 19. decided address "should reserved palpably error." Eaton Tulsa, 415 697, 707, 1228, 1234, 39 693 (REHNQUIST, dissenting). Such reversals egregiously improvident facing "novel question." Pennsylvania Mimms, 106, 124, 330, 340, 54 331 (STEVENS, dissenting).30 I respectfully dissent summary disposition great violates abstention embodied Younger Harris, 401 37, 746, 669 (1971); Stefanelli Minard, 342 117, 72 118, 138 (1951); Douglas City Jeannette, 319 157, 63 877, 87 1324 (1943). think unnecessary consider issue. 4705.01 (1977), provides pertinent part: "No shall counselor commence, conduct, proceeding party concerned, using subscribing name, name person, supreme compliance prescribed published rules." Rule I, 8(C), Government determines attorneys courts: "Admission Without Examination. "(C) An applicant section engage prior filing To constitutes unauthorized paragraph (C) participation being litigated leave cause." Pleas, apparently required here. 481, 483 (S.D.Ohio 1977). explain why alert indicate endorsement form, more, appearance. manner sought comported "customary" ibid., finding justifiably relied official explanation ground believing actually received appear. dissenting relies heavily dictum Spanos Skouras Theatres Corp., 364 161 (CA2 1966). facts here, precise quite narrow. illegality fee, stemmed entirely failure client's obtain escape contract default. 168-169. balance opinion, declared "under privileges immunities clause prohibit citizen defense engaging collaborate advice concerning state," id., 170, considered limited, if rejected entirely, suggests having implicated decision. Post, 445-446 2. below, "did reach violated," 877 1978), recognizing federal-court enjoining conflict (1971). STEVENS argues "pursu[e] border" licensed him, post, 445. identifies "protected" "reinforce" said "the 'nature' [and] 'implicit promise' custom." 456. "interests" described "discharging [his] system." 453. is, suggestion assures novel one, attention. flies face traditional control supra; ABA Special Evaluation Disciplinary Enforcement, Problems Recommendations Enforcement 13-14 (Final Draft 1970). If accepted, advanced prevent chosen all continuing so, see, e. g., Cal.Bus. Prof.Code §§ 6062, 6068 (West 1974 Supp. 1978); undermine policy extend reciprocity lawyers, Ariz.Sup.Ct.Rule 28(c) I; Fla. Sup. Ct. Relating Admissions Art, 1. second inherent "assur[ing] 456, recall created—as estoppel—merely wholly discretionary generously past. courts, setting jurisdiction, showing proposition imposes "cause" it. Konigsberg 353 252, 77 722, 810; Schware Examiners, 232, 238-239, 5, 752, 756 796. it, presents defendant's representation entitled litigation. perfectly directed defendants, counsel. After striking Cambria, stated: "I tell you then, Flynt. [T]he 2d May, 1977. thing restricted that's Ohio." Tr. Proceedings B-77-0341 Apr. p. (emphasis added). "perhaps privilege" Powell Alabama, 287 45, 70, 53 55, 64, 158. Whatever scope practicing be, correct measure protection: "We persuaded, conferred citizens abridgment read what necessary appropriate assertion. age increased comprehend bring resident 'public act' thought best fitted task, serve whatever effective, subject valid Lefton Hattiesburg, 333 280, 285 (5 Cir. 1964). vindication." Skrouras 161, 170 (en banc) dispute about character action. Notwithstanding unblemished careers Cambria—in elsewhere—their adherence same followed successfully familiarity issues involved litigation, refused vice. full, ruled: "Mr. case." 3. So far shows, taken Cambria. first, Rupert A. Doan, presided Flynt's arraignment, orders designating "of record" B77-031, eventually assigned trial. According 10(E) Local Practice Judges Doan operating, designation filed, "such become withdraw except written motion good shown." Despite 10(E), objection final ruling. point fact, suggest, certainly encompass, Morrissey's unusual ruling, characterized legitimate. obscenity Conceivably strong views distribution pornographic materials minors specialize defending activity. Perhaps wants courtroom. reportedly "fellow traveler" pornographers speculations. Cincinnati Feb. 13. after removed bias, ordered adherents Curtis Bennett, 351 931, 933 (CA8 1965), quoted 443 942, 946 1971): "A parole grace, vested right. [D]iscretion paroles revoked. revocation notice heard." Hyser Reed, 115 U.S.App.D.C. 254, 266, 318 225, 237 (1963), cert. sub nom. Jamison Chappell, 375 957, 84 446, 315 ("In Parole revoking occupies role parent withdrawing errant child punishment misuse privilege"). "The 'weight' interest, contemplation 'liberty property' fails live up conditions. cases, faces lengthy incarceration therefore, parolee, although indeterminate, includes core values unqualified termination inflicts 'grievous loss' others. By valuable seen Its calls orderly process, however informal." 2600. "transactions need frequently interstate transactions," regarded commercial strictures Act. Goldfarb Virginia 421 773, 783-784, 2004, 2011, 44 572. Lawyers advertise "significant societal speech." Bates Arizona, 433 350, 364, 97 2691, 2699, 810. "Multistate expanding phenomenon. quantitative data specifically assertion, variety established verifiable virtually indisputable. problem-solvers, problem-bringers hence problems themselves. Second, outgrowth increasing degree uniformity laws, commonly confronted model codes, uniform acts, (often copied states) substantive developments. Third, partly response sets reflection growing complexity society, gradual generalist increasingly specialized one; emergence operating specialists equipped cope transcend jurisdictional boundaries competence generalists." Brakel Loh, Regulating Multistate Law, 50 Wash.L.Rev. 699, 699-700 (1975) (footnote omitted). Stan.L.Rev. 856, 869 (1967). 170. Ibid. Soper's discussion re Ades, 467, 475-476 (Md.1934). supra 702, 9; Note, Attorneys: Practice, 80 Harv.L.Rev. 1711, 1716 168. Both York, 1975, former Outstanding Practitioner Year award Association. latter education University Toledo Law School graduated class. school, intern practiced Municipal Prosecutor's office Toledo. disciplinary [Fahringer Cambria] association believe presently contemplated. competent, experienced persons charged crimes." publication "War, Real Obscenity," youth contrary Among "void vagueness overbreadth, impos[es] impermissible restraint circulation Amendments Constitution," "bears reasonable relationship interest." Complaint Preliminary Permanent Injunction Declaratory Judgment, C-1-77-319 June 1977), pp. 19-21. "In free people, doubt 'liberty' indeed." 572, 2707, 548. never conclusively surveyed, encompass "not [the] freedom bodily restraint" provisions Constitution, 1042, 'privileges common essential happiness.' Ingraham Wright, 430 651, 673, 1401, 1413, 51 711, quoting 626. Smith Organization Foster Families, 431 816, 845, 2094, 2110, 14. hold private employment follow profession," Greene McElroy, 360 474, 492, 1400, 1411, 1377; 238, 756. rely "might [them] somewhat less attractive" otherwise compromise reputations. 348-350, 2079, 684. actions journal notation "dismissed." indicates argued submissions entertain remedy lay post-trial appeal—assuming convicted. newly aware interpreted matter, instead "apparently resolve normal itself." 10, 16. F.Supp., 483. 188, 396, 399 denied, 904. allows "participation Responsibility recognizes indispensability ability clients' across lines: "[T]he profession discourage unreasonably territorial limitations handle affairs choice matters presentation tribunal permanently practice." requires "[a]ny accepts case" file specified form. Once judge, becomes "attorney "shall 3, "It has, generally standing state, purpose criminal. Whether action, lying sound Thus, determine abuse instance." N.E.2d, 399. Other stated dicta jurisdiction cause. Evans, 524 1004, 1007 (CA5 1975) (denial inappropriate unethical conduct); McKenzie Burris, 255 Ark. 500 S.W.2d 357, 366 (1973) (trial impose "arbitrary numerical limitation [pro ] attorney" expertise relevant area). Munoz 446 (CA9 1971); Atchison, T. S.F.R. Jackson, 235 393 (CA10 1956); 257 258, 516 98, 102 (1974). greater where, Cooper Hutchinson, 184 119, 123 (CA3 1950); Kavanaugh, 52 N.J. 18, 243 231 (1968); Brock, 532 P.2d 843, 850 (Okl.1975). App.2d, 190-201, 401-406. "holding law" say, ruling—before denies appear, "necessarily establishes a] interest" 345 2078 8. "Property created dimensions existing understandings law—rules secure benefits benefits." 2709. lies "understanding" multifaceted. judges, analogous administrative conduct conferred, legislative guarantee. legislature elect confer employment, authorize safeguards. consistently recognized, adequacy statutory statutorily analyzed terms." Arnett, 1650 part) 405, Meachum Fano, 427 215, 2532, 451. continue adhere "neither Rights sovereign protects. infringe citizen. rights, curtail society. Of course, enjoyment complex source." 230, 2541 (Stevens, cites three previous dispositions favor decision, admissions. concerned preventing permanent practices licensed. 534, 327, Va.1973); Kovrak Ginsburg, 46, dismissing 889 third challenge grounds Illinois placed discretion. 381, (S.D.Ill.1975). indicates, applied discriminatorily.

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