Document: 509 U.S. 688 113 S.Ct. 2849 125 L.Ed.2d 556 UNITED STATES, Petitionerv.Alvin J. DIXON and Michael Foster. No. 91-1231. Argued Dec. 2, 1992. Decided June 28, 1993. Sylla us * Based on respondent Dixon's arrest indictment for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, he was convicted criminal contempt violating a condition his release an unrelated offense forbidding him commit "any offense." The trial court later dismissed the double-jeopardy grounds. Conversely, in Foster's case ruled that double jeopardy did not require dismissal five-count charging simple assault (Count I), threatening injure another three occasions (Counts II-IV), kill V), even though events underlying charges had previously prompted civil protection order (CPO) requiring " 'assault . or any manner threaten .' estranged wife. District Columbia Court Appeals consolidated two cases appeal both subsequent prosecutions were barred by Double Jeopardy Clause under Grady v. Corbin, 495 508, 110 2084, 109 548. Held: judgment is affirmed part reversed part, remanded. 598 A.2d 724 (D.C.1991), Justice SCALIA delivered opinion respect Parts I, II, IV, concluding that: 1. Clause's attaches nonsummary just as it does other prosecutions. In contexts multiple punishments successive prosecution, bar applies if offenses which defendant punished tried cannot survive "same-elements" "Blockburger" test. See, e.g., Blockburger United States, 284 299, 304, 52 180, 182, 76 L.Ed. 306. That test inquires whether each contains element contained other; not, they are "same offence" within meaning, bars punishment prosecution. recently held addition passing test, prosecution must satisfy "same-conduct" avoid bar. provides that, "if, establish essential charged government will prove conduct constitutes has already been prosecuted," second may be had. U.S., at 510, S.Ct., 2087. Pp. ____. 2. Although Counts II-V would undoubtedly overruled because contradicted unbroken line decisions, less than accurate historical analysis, produced confusion. Unlike lacks constitutional roots. It wholly inconsistent this Court's precedents clear common-law understanding jeopardy. Grady, supra, 526, 2096 (SCALIA, J., dissenting). re Nielsen, 131 176, 9 672, 33 118 stand propositions entirely accord do minimal antecedents rule. contrast, post-Nielsen cases, Gavieres 220 338, 343, 31 421, 422-423, 55 489 Burton 202 344, 379-381, 26 688, 698-699, 50 1057, upheld (and only test) satisfied. Moreover, rule proved unstable pplication, see States Felix, 503 ----, 112 1377, 25. lightly reconsider precedent, never felt constrained follow prior decisions unworkable badly reasoned. SCALIA, joined KENNEDY, concluded III-A III-B 1 Because drug include previous offense, fails sanction imposed through commission incorporated offense. His "crime" abstracted from "element" violated condition. Harris Oklahoma, 433 682, 97 2912, 53 1054 (per curiam). Here, Harris, substantive "species lesser-included offense," Illinois Vitale, 447 410, 420, 100 2260, 2267, 65 228, whose Clause. same analysis Count I indictment, barred. 2 However, remaining four counts Blockburger. first CPO provision wife V, kill. requires proof specific kill, not. Similarly, crime required knowledge CPO, charge crimes different III, IV likewise 2858-2859. 3 WHITE, STEVENS, its commission, distribute prohibited. ____, 4 SOUTER, below (from 118, 548), hold satisfied, permitted comprising act first. beyond reasonable doubt possessed it, based incident since Foster 5 announced REHNQUIST, C.J., O'CONNOR, THOMAS, JJ., joined, III joined. filed concurring dissenting O'CONNOR Part I. BLACKMUN, part. 6 William C. Bryson, Washington, DC, petitioner. 7 James W. Klein, respondent. 8 Cour KENNEDY joins. these respondents orders prohibited them engaging subject We consider 10 Respondent Alvin Dixon arrested second-degree murder released bond. Consistent Columbia's bail law authorizing judicial officer impose "will reasonably assure appearance person safety community," D.C.Code Ann. § 23-1321(a) (1989), form specified warned violation conditions "to revocation release, detention, court." See 23-1329(a) (authorizing those sanctions). 11 While awaiting trial, indicted 33-541(a)(1) (1988). issued show cause why should have terms pretrial modified. At show-cause hearing, police officers testified facts surrounding alleged offense; counsel cross-examined witnesses introduced evidence. Government established 'beyond [Dixon] drugs distribute.' 724, 728 (D.C.1991). therefore found guilty 23-1329(c), allows sanctions after expedited proceedings without jury "in accordance principles applicable contempt." For contempt, sentenced 180 days jail. 23-1329(c) (maximum penalty six months' imprisonment $1000 fine). He moved dismiss grounds; granted motion. 12 route similar. physical attacks upon her past, Ana obtained Superior Columbia. 16-1005(c) (1989) (CPO showing good believe "has committed intrafamily offense"). order, consented, 'molest, assault, physically abuse' Foster; separate implicated here, sought protect mother. A.2d, 725-726. 13 Over course eight months, motions husband numerous violations CPO. Of 16 episodes, relevant here instances threats (on November 12, 1987, March May 17, 1988) assaults 6, 21, 1988), most serious "threw [his wife] down basement stairs, kicking body[,] pushed head into floor causing injuries, [and Foster] lost consciousness." 726. 14 After issuing notice hearing ordering appear, 3-day bench trial. Counsel mother prosecuted action; represented although Attorney apparently aware action, grand proceeding some conduct. As charges, stated elem nt, there Civil Protection Order, then [that] defined code, fact occurred." Tr. Nos. IF-630-87, IF-631-87 (Aug. 8, p. 367; accord, id., 368. close plaintiffs' case, motion acquittal various counts, including 17. took generally denied allegations. (three one mother), 1987 1988 assaults, but acquitted threats. aggregate 600 days' imprisonment. 16-1005(f) punishment); Sup. Ct. D.C. Intrafamily Rules 7(c), 12(e) $300 15 Attorney's Office about 22-504); II-IV, 22-2307); 22-501). App. 43-44. complainant all counts; last contempt. Like Dixon, dismiss, claiming also collateral estoppel II-IV. claim collateral-estoppel assertion. appealed ruling court's denial reheard en banc, and, relying our recent decision 548 (1990), 725. petition certiorari, presented sole question "[w]hether Pet. Cert. 1759, 422 (1992). II 17 To place context, understand consequence historically anomalous use power. Foster, directing particular individual offenses. (In entire code; assault.) could occurred common law, 19th-century American system. 18 power confined interfered orderly administration proceedings. Blackstone, Commentaries *280-*285. limitation closely followed courts. Hudson Goodwin, Cranch. 32, 34, 259 (1812); R. Goldfarb, Contempt Power 12-20 (1963). Federal courts "inforce observance order," "implied powers" support jurisdiction over acts. 34. 1831, Congress amended Judiciary Act 1789, allowing federal summary punish "disobedience resistance" orders. 1, Stat. 487-488. Bloom Illinois, 391 194, 202-204, 88 1477, 20 d 522 (1968) (discussing evolution courts' statutory power). 19 1831 amendment still given rise sort issue however, long tradition against prohibiting law. Injunctions, example, forbid infringement laws, absence injury private interest. *426, n. 1; High, Law Injunctions 23, pp. 15-17, notes (1873) (citing English cases); Beach, §§ 58-59, 71-73 (1895) (same). interest protected prohibition vindicated law—and equity might enjoin harmful acts happened violate such. Sparhawk Union Passenger Co., 54 Pa.St. 401, 422-424 (1867) (refusing railroad's Sunday closing law); General Utica Insurance Johns. Ch. 371, 378 (N.Y.1817) banking statute). surprising, therefore, here—whether offense—did arise until quite cases. Zitter, Finding Precluding Substantive Criminal Charges Relating Same Transaction, A.L.R. 4th 950, 953-956 (1983). earlier report court—as originally understood —did King Lord Ossulston, Str. 1107, 93 Eng.Rep. 1063 (K.B.1739); State Yancy, N.C. 133 (1814). But disruption process, disruptive criminal. 21 Clause, application new context we called consider, no shall "be offence twice put life limb." Const., Amdt. 5. This North Carolina Pearce, 395 711, 89 2072, 23 656 (1969). well least enforced proceedings, "a ordinary sense." Bloom, 201, 1481. Accord, New Orleans Steamship Wall. 387, 392, 22 354 (1874). protections defendants apply Gompers Bucks Stove & Range 221 418, 444, 492, 499, 797 (1911) (presumption innocence, doubt, guarantee self-incrimination); Cooke 267 517, 537, 45 390, 395, 69 767 (1925) (notice assistance counsel, right present defense); Oliver, 333 257, 278, 68 92 682 (1948) (public trial). think obvious, today hold, attaches. Menna York, 423 61, 96 241, 46 195 (1975) curiam); Colombo 405 9, 756, 30 762 (1972) contexts, where jeopar y applies. Brown Ohio, 432 161, 168-169, 2221, 2226-2227, 187 (1977); 306 (1932) (multiple 342, 422, (successive prosecutions). same-elements sometimes referred additional such business, disruption, conduct, disrupting business.1 24 25 before permits act. If does, proceed it. 516, 2090. begin Dixon. statute "[a] who conditionally 23-1329(a). Obviously, "offence" setting out issued. itself imposes legal obligation anyone. possession, 33-541(a) (1988 Supp.1992), 23-1329 judge order. 27 situation, attempt prosecute resembles situation (1977) There robbery firearm felony-murder felony. described terse per curiam standing proposition purposes, "the felony murder" distinct elements." 420-421, 228 (1980). Whalen 445 684, 694, 1432, 1439, 63 715 So too governing code incor orated several enumerated felonies. species offense."2 2267. Whalen, supra. 28 oppose can point dictum Debs, 158 564, 594, 599-600, 900, 910, 912, 39 1092 (1895), which, extent attempted exclude certain defendants, squarely rejected 208, 1485-1486. relies Chapman, 166 661, 677, 41 1154 (1897), Jurney MacCracken, 294 125, 375, 79 802 (1935), recognize Congress' refusal witness testify say yet again. Neither dealt issue, Chapman specifically declined address noting (before contemptuous making crime) "improbable." 681. 29 Both Government, Brief BLACKMUN contend, post, serve "interests fundamentally different" derives determination rather legislature. distinction seems questionable, their violation, conferred statute; legislature ultimate source prohibition. More importantly, moment purposes text looks same, interests violate. And ago form, "is every fundamental respect." 1482; Wall., 392. violates foregoing obviously 22-504, event conviction 22-504.3 subsequen barred.4 B V; 22-501) kidnap II-IV; 22-2307), V: Family Division's "molest, abuse" attorney, first, second, willful conditions, code.5 727-728; Thompson, 454 1324, 1326 (D.C.1982); Parker 373 906, 907 (D.C.1982) On basis episode, 22-501, proscribes Under kill; not.6 Logan 483 664, 672-673 (D.C.1984). Applying elements result clear: These Clause.7 32 22-2307 (forbidding anyone "threate[n] damage property person") dates. included dates, threaten" Conviction CPO—which not; threat kidnap, inflict bodily injury, (for threaten") not.8 Each element, met. Having new, Terms Corbin.9 They are, prohibits if, [here, injury], threatening, constituted CPO]." 34 concluded, overruled. definition what prevents being offence," 5, deep roots accepted Court, Supreme precedent 345, 416 (in "[w]hile true accused resulted, embraced other" ). need discuss many proofs statements, set forth length dissent. respond, contrary contentions today's pro-Grady dissents. 35 centerpiece SOUTER's appealing theory "successive prosecution" strand meaning supposed punishment" strand. often noted serves function preventing see, (1969), authority, except meanings contexts. perhaps embarrassing assert single term (the words Fifth Amendment here) meanings—that SOUTER authority whatsoever none) bald assertion "we [the Government] bring [separate] together." Post, effect attributed Ashe Swenson, 397 436, 90 1189, 469 (1970), involving facts. "must free separately, win convictions both. raised case. 36 e istence Grady. fountainhead rule, asserts, (1889). demonstrably wrong. Nielsen simply proposition, Blockburger, greater (cohabitation, adultery) lesser (adultery). framing ("Being opinion, habeas corpus proper remedy petitioner, adultery unlawful cohabitation punished, now considered," 185, 675 (emphasis added)), 186-189, 675-676, repeated observations adultery, 187, 189, 675, 676.10 37 comes almost century later. (1977), position footnote cites "[t]he standard determining impermissibly involve Brown, 166-167, 2226, 6. Not purest dictum, flatly contradicts very next page, describes endorse 168, 2226. Quoting suspect times, convert caselaw. National Bank Oregon Independent Ins. Agents America, Inc., 508 11, 2173, --- ---- (1993) (emphasizing distinguish opinion's holding dicta"). like rests existence 162, 2223 (setting presented). 38 third asserts reaffirmation contends "insufficien[t] when [is] barred," merely object inquiry. Surely uses word "conduct," discussion focuses 682-683, n., 2913, (to murder, "it necessary ingredients felony" proved). Far validating extra rdinarily implausible reading plainly rejects reading, treating having focused (like ) Immediately stating "greater crime," "cannot quotes Nielsen' statement 'a [who] incidents time incidents.' quoting 188, 676. regarded "incidents included" mean "offenses included"—a reference Finally, misdescribes Vitale. Despite bold contrary, Vitale unquestionably reads offenses.11 instead elevates hypothetical facts, petitioner "substantial" "claim" Grady—type theory, theory. No Justice, dissenters included, ever construed passage answering, raising, certiorari 426, 2270 (STEVENS, dissenting) finding same-conduct "substantial," dissent find "dispositive"). 2086 (Vitale "suggested" adopted 40 contrast above-discussed dicta relied pre-Grady directly point. 1057 (1906), satisfied.12 incompatible belief created requirement "elements" standard.13 Totally ignored early construing 533-535, 2099-2101 dissenting).14 wrong principle; application. Less years came down, (1992), forced large exception conspiracy manufacture, possess, methamphetamine manufacture substance. offered ustification avoiding "literal" (i.e., faithful) "longstanding authority" precluded - 1384-1385. longstanding "exception" gave concern expression "past practice" excuse available ignoring discussing fairly breed (criminal crime, itself). 42 A reinforces conclusion continuing confusion Suppose tries felony-murder, robbery, indicts incident. Absent provide answer situation. barred—as clearly famous establishes. Vandercomb, Leach. 708, 717, 168 455, 460 (K.B.1796), abandoned, midtrial, burglary breaking entering stealing goods, turned removed date burglary. steal. allowed, "these offences so nature, evidence other." Ibid. cited 532-535, dissenting).15 43 encountered acknowledge now, compellingly mistake. but, "unbroken decisions," "less accurate" "confusion,"16 here. Solorio v 435, 439, 442, 450, 107 2924, 2926, 2928, 2932, 364 (1987). stare decisis "preferred course" adjudication, "when reasoned, 'this precedent.' Payne Tennessee, 501 111 2597, 2600, 115 720 (1991) (quoting Smith Allwright, 321 649, 665, 64 757, 765, 987 (1944), collecting examples). mock add chaos jurisprudence pretending survives accept Government's invitation overrule V barred.17 44 Clause.18 reasons Clause.19 remanded opinion. ordered. Chief whom THOMAS join, 47 release. criminally cocaine. R spondent assaulted threatened entered domestic relations proceeding. another, 48 concludes cocaine, prohibit (1932), goes 2085, determines is. history departure precedents, proven difficult apply, join SCALIA's none confront expanded version embodied dissent, dissenting), too, write separately express my disagreement III. 49 view, Blockburger's focus involved, sense. Relying three-paragraph unargued otherwise today, thus incorrectly finds distribution doing, traditional view—shared appeals state supreme addressed Grady—that, general matter, subscribe upsets well-settled principle generic limit arose: analogous bear resemblance. dismisses out-of-hand, ante, reliance statements decisions. (1895); 681, (1897); MacCraken, 151, 379, (1935). Those dicta, sure, binding decisis. Yet significant reflect unchallenged contemporaneous view among conduct.1 dates back F. Wharton, Pleading Practice 300 (8th ed. 1880), prevailed day. Am.Jur.2d, 250, 446 (1981). fact, resort agreed Hansen F.2d 316, 317 (CA7 1924); Orban 374, 375 (CA6 1927); Sammons, S.W.2d 862, 868-869 (Tenn.Crim.App.1982); Commonwealth Allen, 506 Pa. 500, 511-516, 486 363, 368-371 (1984), cert. denied, 474 842, 106 128, 105 (1985); People Totten, Ill.2d 124, 134-139, Ill.Dec. 47, 51-53, 514 N.E.2d 959, 963-965 (1987).2 somewhat ironic, think, adopts come fore Court) emphatically reject "lack[ing] roots." Ante, 51 heart consensus lay There, "each not." 182 added). bar, crimes. comprises elements: (i) made known defendant, (ii) Gorfkle, 444 934, 939 (D.C.1982). necessarily satisfied distribution. Likewise, either court. grounds customary improbable font authority. reversal, "does enjoy full precedential value argued merits." Connecticut Doehr, 4, 2105, 2113, (1991); Edelman Jordan, 415 651, 671, 94 1347, 1359, 662 (1974). Today's shows pitfalls inherent much "terse curiam." nearly consists largely quote analyzing Har somehow look (rather contempt) related purposes. interpretation unprecedented mistaken. Our applying charged, closest analogue 528, 2097 ("Th[e] secure conviction"); Albernaz 450 333, 101 1137, 1142, 67 275 (1981) (" 'the offense' ") Iannelli 420 770, 785, 95 1284, 1293-1294, 616 (1975)); Woodward, 105, 108, 611, 612, 83 518 (1985) curiam) (looking By focusing needed involved court, bears striking resemblance Grady—not expect overrules Close inspection reveals, moreover, charged. killing armed foreclosed firearm. Though engaged State, 555 P.2d 76, 80 (Okla.Crim.App.1976). incorporating felonies rest. Cf. incorporates Unless extraordinary intended sub silentio looked bound conclude, ratio decidendi akin viewed offenses, intuitively logically. easily conceived relatively petty applied 33-541(a)(2)(A) (Supp.1992) maximum sentence prison). Indeed, aggravated defies Even resembling appreciated how counter-intuitive notion E.g., Haggerty, 528 F.Supp. 1286, 1297 (Colo.1981). 56 more reason "necessarily Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. 31(c); Schmuck 705, 716-717, 1443, 1450, 103 734 (1989). Taking commits murder. said, course, case: Nor, said short, analogized offenses; hence, purposes.3 57 following analogy, oral argument, Oral Arg. 8-9, helps illustrate absurd results Harris/Blockburger produce. failure comply lawful officer, Ind.Code 9-21-8-1 (Supp.1992), officer's was, "Don't shoot man." flawed obey include, of, perhaps, manslaughter, converting officer. 58 sum, prosecuted." 2085. points out, falls expansive formulation: pro convictions. Forced, then, overruling decision. 59 STEVENS joins, joins 60 am convinced commission. Therefore, agree gives short shrift arguments States. uncomfortable reasoning holding, betrays overly technical Constitution. result, concur III-A. 61 mischief approach far apparent portion Constrained narrow fate depends chooses overrule. ----. agree. Resolution reversing Rather, construe compel equal treatment counts. contrary. Inasmuch dragged From aspect well, 62 chief these. applies, conclusory fashion, dealing adequately practical consequences Both, worthy more. purpose proscribed turn forbidden crime. begins pointing view. Heavy placed majority notes, 2587, dictum—and seriously weakened that. (1968). refuses appear lean petitioner's direction, neither conclusive. First, dicta. coexist side side. powers exercised; face realistic expressed consecutive brought circumstances. Second, p wer deal interfering performance legislative functions, restraints exercise judiciary apply. Marshall Gordon, 243 521, 547, 448, 881 (1917). point, spelled Marshall, this: "resor[t] modes limitations law," 543, 454, escape prohibitions If, character restrictions, "those things pointed ., frustrate other—the implied giving testimony so—would become exertion exhausting to, Id., 455. 66 suggests guarantees, type issue. follows, control whatever (and, implication, limited in-court contempts constitute direct obstructions process remain acceptable. 454. nor case.1 States' powerful, argument injuries interests, preserving public's BLACKMUN's partial bolstered acknowledging importance role Young ex rel. Vuitton et Fils, 481 787, 800, 2124, 2134, 740 (1987); Michaelson 266 42, 65, 18, 19, 162 (1924); 501, (1911). dismissed. recognized Young, "proceedings laws. designed vindicating punishing sanctioning duties itself, arising parties' participation proceedings." 2134. promote indicative extent, important deciding cumulative Missouri Hunter, 459 359, 366-368, 673, 678-679, 74 535 decided paramount concern. exposes "embarrassment, expense ordeal," Green 355 184, 78 221, 223, 199 (1957), finality, Wilson, 332, 1013, 1022, 232 (1975), increases risk mistaken conviction. public is, regard, scant comfort defendant.2 always primacy defendant's particular, directs attention dual sovereignty doctrine "[w]hen 'peace dignity' sovereigns laws each, 'offences.' Heath Alabama, 82, 88, 433, 437, 387 Lanza, 260 377, 382, 141, 142, 314 (1922)). Wheeler, 435 313, 317, 98 1079, 1083, 303 (1978); Moore How. 13, (1852). 70 limited, own terms, entities seek successively termed sovereigns." Heath, 437. "This determination," explained, "turns draw offender sources power," ibid., pursuing interests. precise nowhere resolutely Grafton 206 749, 1084 (1907). army stationed Philippines, court-martial homicide. Subsequent Grafton's acquittal, complaint Seeking discredit asserted "Grafton offenses—one military discipline, prescribe organized society whomsoever committed." 351, 753. responded: 71 "Congress, provision, rules regulation Army, interpreted connection man's tribunal deriving convicted, again [T]he constituting cannot, competent jurisdiction, military, government. chosen, discretion, confer courts-martial try soldier capital, territory serving. When done level judgments tribunals inquiry arises virtue judgment, 352, 754. 72 Grafton, embodies, controlling. Congress, pursuant Article Palmore 411 389, 1670, 342 (1973). addition, exercised bestowed Legislature. observed Providence Journal 485 693, 108 1502, 99 785 (1988), allegedly concerns render sovereign States." 700, 1507. past dispute, words, exert States," 354-355, 755, poses problem. Compare 437.3 73 amici submit carries grave consequences. (BLACKMUN, part). would, argued, cripple enforce or, alternatively, allow individuals offshoot necessity familiar 421 309, 315-318, 1802, 1806-1807, 186 relaxed procedural requirements essence immediate "prevent breakdown proceedings," 319, 1808, lest ability disobedience [being] ensuring means vindicate authority," 796, 2132, inhibited fear immunize Adherence deter taking appropriate steps ensure flouted. Courts transgressors fit. counters possibility illusory—if prosecuting declines initiate jeopardize substantial crime—or costly —if notwithstanding, go forward. fanciful imagine judges prosecutors select option, ensure, advisable, time, "would total exceed authorized legislature." Halper, 490 1892, 1903, 104 487 supervisory suggest "ordinarily request actions, appoint prosecutor denied." 801, Just "[i]n practice, responsibility prosecution," anticipate delay actions together. 75 Against backdrop, loses force. Ultimately, urgency less, token more, application—in "protections worked carefully deemed system justice," 1485-1486, "Perhaps sacrifice efficiency, expedition, economy, choice made, retained, sound logic policy area 209, 1486.4 aptly illustrates points. requesting modification government, entity responsible doing explicitly charge. Logically, problem coordination advance impending minimal. aside legitimate desire offenders swiftly, real immediately, waiting way comparison, months earlier. 77 Besides, exist number alternatives safeguarded, while disregard unsanctioned. due regard Constitution, options detention.5 acknowledge, solutions raise 30. circumstances defiance Realization scope violence—according Medical Association (AMA), largest women," AMA, Five Issues Health (1991)—has difficulty, late. delays operation justice frustrating; perilous left exposed potential violence. context; elsewhere well. Resort expedient methods appealing, permissible. decision, instance, retain Where warrants, haul assailant bail. Salerno, 739, 2095, 697 Edwards, 430 1321 (D.C.1981). Also, cooperation between parties bringing achieved. actors thought past; will.6 Victims, understandably, prefer access swift expeditious cou inflicted prejudice full-blown justification system, nothing While, necessity, exempted constraints, strictly obstruction end preservation enforcement Constitution secured." Ex parte Hudgings, 249 378, 383, 337, 339, (1919). invoked summoned letting achieve what, trials cannot. 81 agrees, impermissible reach identical reaches exclusive formal crimes, divorced purports lead indefensible. 82 District's regarding threats, other, entirety. orders, duplicated statutes. Aside differences inflicted, Whereas former population" latter extends persons obligations 10, 10. sanctioned similar, incorporated, code.7 Thus, drugs. Since precisely proceeding, 1988. offenses: Assaulting 1988, September 1987. 727; 42. I); IV); V). All similar indictment. forbids 169, 2227, 349-351, 753, 84 Professing strict adherence so-called elements" opts circuitous approach. reasons, instance (1) CPO; (2) forms concludes, retrial. ground precluded. conclusion, differently: defend himself once charge, (which, were, triggered punishable laws) compared stood prosecutions.8 85 significance disaccord manifest added barrier demands not: 26, property. absent problem, 86 drawn predicated promote. makes sense stake, aim uncover intent. inquiry, accordingly, determine intent, recognized. 368, 679. But, shows, little advanced safeguards central vexatious prosecutions, 365, 677; 1021, prevention unauthorized punishment. inadequate safeguard, leaves mercy legislature's modify definitions. Significantly, inflexible once, 1911, (1911), "[e]ven sufficiently permit imposition sentences, relitigation factual issues resolved first." 87 Take example Foster: intents majority, eyes fixed rigid elements-test, "simple assault" "assault kill." Yet, kill," retrial hypothesis equally second: 1021; protecting "embarrassment" "expense," 223; gradually fine-tuning strategy, thereby minimizing exposure convic ion. 224. Tibbs Florida, 457 31, 41, 102 2211, 2217, 652 (1982); Arizona 434 497, 503-504, 824, 829, 717 Analysis II-IV) still. recalled, the—arguably manner." stated, acquittal. however been, unacceptably high vastly superior resources, wear 'even innocent guilty.' Scott, 437 91, 2187, 2194, (1978) (citation omitted). erroneous seeks avoid. potentially caused trials. 91 appears do, relating repeat "unjustified" "have gain lose" deterred abusive, sheer press prosecutorial resources," 15, get exactly backwards. majority's prophesies correct, take care itself. so, according firm wishful thinking. C Further consequences—at illogical —flow approach.9 illustration Columbia, Rule 31(c)—which faithfully mirrors counterpart, Procedure 31(c)—provides "defendant therein guilt Simmons 554 1167 (D.C.1989). Specifically, entitled instruction sufficient evidentiary charge." Rease 403 322, 328 (D.C.1979) (citations Simple cf. Keeble 412 205, 1993, 844 (1973), likelihood receive instructions assault. can, interpretation, prosecutes assault.10 unjustifiable pernicious. stems, believe, "hypertechnical archaic approach, ' 1194, (1970). "Archaic" word, 1907 appeared pragmatic Defendant's 62d War, "officers soldiers" peace "for declares public." 341-342, 348, 750, 752, faced charge: 'In Private Homer E. sentry unlawfully, willfully, feloniously Florentino Castro, Philippino [and] Felix Villanueva, Philippino.' 341, 750. acquitted. Some later, "assassination," accompanied following: "(1) With treachery; price promise reward; (3) flood, fire, poison; (4) deliberate premeditation; (5) vindictiveness, deliberately inhumanly increasing suffering attacked." ultimately homicide, 751. convict procee ing, soldier, unlawfully killed. tribunal, killing, further specified. Had 1993 1907, suppose asks not," though, matters identity determined, grade, nature," 350, assassination meant putting dispose overlooks: safeguarded charges. viewed, matter prescribed comparison Once properly construed, governs disposes relies. dispute. event, "assault" hand kill" "threat another." considered briefed party. circumstances, injudicious matter. Mazer Stein, 347 206, 460, 464, 630 (1954); Adickes S.H. Kress 398 144, 147, 1598, 1602, 142 nonetheless chosen anew unwarranted unwise. Hence, Believing affirm Appeals. holds disagree III-B. decides emphasize interrelated case." share WHITE's dismay cavalierly barely old unsound. continue 84, correctly decided, proving prosecuted. (as (1980), ), concerned special explained Fils S.A., (1987): "The sense,' [Bloom 1481, ], execution Executive Branch engage. procedure obscure 799-800, 2133-2134. community disobeying ago: "[A] enforcing obedience executing land, securing suitors rights adjudged to." 596, 911, (1895). few mechanisms willingness overlook unique served supervision undermine respond effectively unmistakable protection. poignantly stressed amici: "[C]ontempt litigators battered woman violence her. society's litigator adopt fiction" original). Ayuda al. Amici Curiae 20. "summary" "nonsummary" "disruption process," disobey judge's conditional disturb courtroom. "subject limb," reverse citation amount restricting dismembering provide. read narrowly leave bereft animating protection, ago. amounting principles, because, warrant respectfully Clause.1 providing protects types abuses. 2076, "multiple punishment." subjected sentence, ensures receiving authorized. prosecution." "It conviction." (footnotes functions ways claims differs employed analyze addressing punishments, assuring authorization imposing 165, 2225, (1977). examine whether, legislature, ago, used "whether distinguishable 166, 2225: 114 "[W]here transaction provisions, one, (1932). "emphasizes crimes." statutes describe construction. ask ch transaction." 1293, (1975). 167-168, 2226-2227 (noting, 'have final interpret [a] State's legislation' Garner Louisiana, 368 157, 248, 254, 207 (1961)). gone prevent clear, "Where authorizes statutes, regardless proscribe 'same' task construction trial." 368-369, 679, (1983); Ohio Johnson, 467 493, 2536, 2541, 425 (1984).2 116 act, give broad meted consistent chooses, bounds Eighth Fourteenth Amendments. punishment, provisions primary excess. "Because vested 'multiple' essentially intent." 2541 117 stake reality. provided jeopardy; accused, acquitted, Ball, 163 662, 669, 1192, (1896). finality benefit.' 2225 Jorn, 400 470, 479, 554, 543 (1971) (plurality opinion)). "mak[ing] attempts subjecting embarrassment, ordeal compelling live anxiety insecurity." (1957). addresses opportunity rehearse prosecuti n, "honing strategies perfecting conviction," 2218, (1982), "enhanc[es] defendant] guilty." Green, 223. 119 Consequently, meet manipulate definitions creating fine distinctions permitting zealous combinations (a rooted intent), restriction kind around precision defines 120 An so. Assume crimes: firearm, dwelling robbery. occur 121 subsequently dwelling. lens dwelling, robbery.3 other. again, perfect presentation dress rehearsal rehearsal, irrelevant scene dwelling.4 instead, alone, anomalies years, hurdle (with exception, infra, ____). 122 recognition insufficient seen (1889), appellant plea Territory Utah "cohabit[ing] woman," Anna Lavinia Caroline during period October 1885, 1888, antipolygamy Mar. 22, 1882, ch. 3, 31. paid $100 fine. committing day 14, married wife, Nielsen. 1887, 397, 635. pleaded arguing extended indictments, 27, indictments divisible." 178, 673. differed. 123 temporal sense, question, noted, Snow, 274, 556, 658 (1887), listed 'continuing instituted.' 186, 282, 560). covering ended handed up. 675-676. 124 "continuous" "extending whole period, committed," 676, includes. answered approval observation Morey Commonwealth, Mass. (1871), seller f intoxicating liquors sale time." 435. conceded alone suffice decide Morey, expressing "lewdly lasciviously associating" unmarried adultery: "[A]lthough intercourse trials[,] same." behind statutes; exempt Mass., 434, quoted Morey's know inapplicable reasons. distinguished loose lascivious association imply sexual intercourse," continuous polygamy statute, "[l]iving together man wife," "[o]f implies "sexual 675. (The intercourse.) assumption intercourse, rendering indistinguishable indicated Morey. "very where, offence." 126 statement, rejected, Blockburger; agreeing act," tried" "various incidents" convicted.5 127 went contention opposed cohabitation, married, proof. "essential principal ingredient adultery." "principal ingredient" beside uncommon (where includes shared second). states "was bar" material [i.e., intercourse] comprised convicted." 676 supplied); ibid. (sexual integral indictment") supplied). 128 One deserves attention. rejecting proceeded misleads thinking corollary Nielsen's believed reason); finished explaining marriage cohabitation. apposite disregarded done, considering adultery's intercourse), stands conclude barred, been. adopting conviction.6 129 modern resulted holding. rel tigation indeed, proposition. "[I]n Mormon cohabiting wives 21/2-year period. [S]trict sentences [C]onviction another; lived time. Nonetheless, 'same.' 130 occasions. firearms enough test: felony, Okla.Stat., Tit. 701 (1971); 791. (Okla.Crim.App.1976) (Oklahoma "[w]hen, firearms, one." justified explanation test's insufficiency '[A] offence.' [131 U.S.,] 188 [96 676]." 2913 omitted).7 132 actually misapplication lesser-included-offense crucial result. follows conforms Subsequently, valid defeated "same" cas , confronted reduce speed involuntary manslaughter. slow manslaughter automobile, clarification things. "[i]f, careless Vitale's ." 419-420, all. Writing JUSTICE WHITE sustain rely failure. [v. Ohio] [97 1054] (1977)." 134 decade seeking Clause.8 description "treat[ing] "treating" straight analysis; taken Court. (which Nielsen) "incident," activity import successive-prosecution clear. 135 debate settled 2087 (footnote 136 sequence validate insistence barring demurrer. accepting bribe company company, "not identical, law." 381, 699; 698 ("[T]he record, simply, seventh count original); Abbate 359 198, 666, 729 (1959) (opinion Brennan, J.). Rather guide evaluation resting exclusively pleadings adjudicated pleaded. 137 treated force weak. "no July 1902, 1369, 692. Gavieres, Day wrote Kepner 100, 797, (1904), "that had, carried Philippine Islands 422. treat authoritative constructions Amendment. 197, 16, 16; Abbate, VI 138 lend constrict Harris. Whatever merits receives today. "Although rigidly justification. Swift Co. Wickham, 382 111, [86 258, 261, 194] (1965); 665 [64 987] (1944)." Rumsey, 203, 212, 2305, 2311, 164 (1984). 139 search reveal Grady's "unsound principle," "unworkable practice." Garcia San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 546, 1005, 1015, 1016 (1985). straightforward, evidence" Ladner Smith, 941 356, 363-364 (CA5 1991). Nor broken constituent clauses Ladner, 'confusion,' ____ (citat omitted), obviate adhere precedent. Patterson McLean Credit Union, 491 164, 173-174, 2363, 2371, 140 strength justify solely refers statute.9 work truncation afforded transferring government's leeway create assessment times Jeopardy, anomaly, "exceptio[n]" principled anomaly defining care, (within limits), repeatedly burdens rehearsing conviction, contravention fragile avoided finely drafted planned VII 141 invite Grady) "[r]efrain 8. different. distribute. time.10 Order 18. effect, "grabbing [Ms. thr[owing] parked car," throwing hitting she consciousness, formed assaulting 143 D.C.Code. agrees counts: (based proceeding) "threaten[ing] D.C.Code, Section 2307" property); "assaul[t] property; undertaken kill); sections (violation CPO). ____.11 144 prosecuted, VIII 145 going years. comprise Overruling remove jurisprudence. Only uprooting undone. disposition syllabus prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Lumber 200 321, 287, 499. (1814), held, decide, criminalizing THE CHIEF JUSTICE's hypothesizes, embrace "orders" "command" noncommission crimes—for man!" unlikely "police order" lines, heed command "Freeze!"). cover minor conceivable "shoot")—unless assumes constables (e.g., man!") felons murderers obvious bore 22-504." way, contested litigation. complains section "short shrift," treats "conclusory" proceeds arguments, unnecessary, indeed undesirable, doctrines sovereignty. remainder deals argues—by fashion—that serious. right. "pragmatic" Given "put CPO," "triggered reconciled "compar[e] accused." "substantive offense" mere jurisdictional device, (or CPO) Its define supports penalty, ignore possible precedent—albeit —in (1990). ignores element. accept, ordinarily Pernell Southall Realty, 1723, 1726-1727, 198 statute. 22-501 (assault rob, rape, poison) 22-504 (assault). suggestion, received uphold basic (charging assault). certainly "full entitled," 10: affect unremarkable (simple assault) kill) highly artificial CPO's manner," refer 7. meeting harm, 22-507, Threats stalk, frighten, intentional make harassing phone calls, false reports employers prospective employers, harass calls work—to mention anticipated situation—would covered. tortious "legal threat"). assault-with-intent-to-kill way. altogether udicious" pressed restrictions pure alter presented, were. Further, argue differently, do) evaluated 14-15, 42; litigant's unless litigant applications (Blockburger vs. assuredly presented. declining abuse regards prudential limitation, evident difference analysis. led astray misinterpretation "incidents" Nielsen: "where, takes "incident" "event" "conduct." What means, "element." Black's Dictionary (6th 1990) (defining ownership"); Bouvier, 783-784 (1883) examples "incident reversion," contract). perfectly quote): contended ____: "[In ] 2267 arose demurrer charges." rare unsatisfactory discusses length. U.S 698-699. assumed indictments. nature jeopardy, (if law) supported claim. handles difficulty concession minimizes concession, (by "only once." Once, us, neutralize offering (1907), grafted onto civilian assassination, 349, argues relevance "already accurately portray supra—but deeper Philippines Penal Code 404) status whereas extant produce Grafton. Code, 404, homicide contain assassination. 753 ("One other"); 355, 755 (he "could estoppel, 752-754, decline infra.) unclear content ultra-Grady transaction" (regardless statutes) event. same-transaction espoused 170, (concurring opinion), consistently Garrett 471 773, 790, 2407, 2417, 764 dislikes Amendment." "principles behind" likely honored practice intuition. unjustified. lose strategy. litigation Surely, resources. founded, eliminate problem; soundly Garrett, latest year old, Sharpton Turner, 964 1287 (CA2) (Grady formulation apply" "whatever difficulties grappling language eased by" 494, (1992); 362, 1991) divided four-part "even analyzed painstakingly administered, easy apply"), 1665, Calderone, 917 (CA2 (divided opinions vacated remanded, 1657, 381 (1992) (remanded consideration light ); Prusan, 780 1431, 1434-1436 (SDNY ("the lower discerning boundaries standard, circuits uniformly 'same conduct' test"), rev'd, 967 (CA2), nom. Vives Woodfork, 239 Neb. 720, 725, 478 N.W.2d 252 year-old "misapplication" Eatherton 810 93, 99, (Wyo.1991) (majority really develop prosecutions," reversal). Commentators confirmed contributed certainty. Poulin, Successive Prosecutions Complex Cases: Model, Conn.L.Rev. Thomas, Modest Proposal Save Wash.U.L.Q. (1991). Justices judgment. concurs portion. (1968), Sixth theme running undercut late 20th century—to instant Assuming, arguendo, accurate, correct differentiating 'not molest, 4a. her, V) harm II-IV). reached between, hand, occurring courtroom business), possesses (1975); Cammer 350 399, 456, (1956); Nye 313 33, 47-52, 810, 815-817, 1172 (1941); (1925); Savin, 267, 699, 150 (1889); Terry, 289, 77, (1888). 42(a). division Rollerson, U.S.App.D.C. 449 1000, Mirra, 361 (S.D.N.Y.1963). follows: adversary Cooke, typical worth contumacious severe. jury-tried U.S.C. 401. 11-944 (Supp.1992); Caldwell 595 961, 964-966 prison transgressed injunction penalty. Quade, 563 379 (CA8 1977), 1064, 1238, Mitchell Fiore, 470 1149, (CA3 1972), 938, 1899, 399 (1973); Fidanian, 465 757-758 (CA5), 409 1044, 540, 494 (1972). party immaterial. "[p]rivate attorneys appointed action represent beneficiary violated. Gompers, 'are defendant. [31 499]." 804, 2136, warranting exceptions 'there necessity.' Perez, Wheat. 579, 580, 165 (1824)). jurisdictions bearing contemplates detention possess D.C.Ann.Code 23-1321(f) (1989); Clotterbuck (D.C.1983). 3148(a) [pending trial], response, women se minutiae 26. taken. informing litigants, disregarding disputes (CPO). questions 22-504," defers challenged disagrees "threats" laws." context—a "domestic situation"—he "highly artificial." Responding SCALIA—namely "context violence" stretched "threat," 315—the 316. acquitting such, spite threat." 316 "legal" thr ats—i.e., note coincides (describing "direct[ing] refrain conduct"). assuming outlawed, change outcome CPO—to manner" —at "an of," 22-2307. below, preclude Justice's explains, least, c ime former. Similar follow, follow. maintains exists upheld. instruct await verdict; vacate violative Clause—or, basis. oddity scenario aside, entitled. occurs inception denying immediately appealable. Abney 431 2034, 651 punishments. 660-661, 2041. instructions, asso ciated undergoing "personal strain, "been endure prohibit." imagined wrote: "Since 'twice jeopardy,' i.e., offence,' presupposes sameness determined Otherwise, 'conviction' 'sentence' 529, predicament, attorney client hardly strikes me satisfactory resolution. him. proscription state-law fail overcome shown separately. 344-345, 1145-1146, (Stewart, judgment). demonstrating immaterial"). irrelevance Member literally lesser-included, elements. Citing dictionary definitions, passage, "obviously" "tried for" "element"; elements, indicates intended. 'tried act' "). nailed 675-676; "element," pleading oof required. "Incident" "act." inheres "[a]n unable outset discovered despite diligence." 7, remand forward appropriately, "substantial." dissenting)) themselves 531, 2098, (1990) T. Starkie, Pleading, xix, 322-323 (2d 1822)) '[I]f consist A. B. D. circumstance belongs offence, other' agree, (WHITE, concerning

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