Document: 369 U.S. 749 82 S.Ct. 1038 8 L.Ed.2d 240 Norton Anthony RUSSELL, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. Robert SHELTON, Petitioner, v. UNITED Alden WHITMAN, Herman LIVERIGHT, William A. PRICE, John T. GOJACK, Nos. 8—12, 128. Argued Dec. 6, 7, 11 and 12, 1961. Decided May 21, 1962. No. 8: [Syllabus from pages 749-750 intentionally omitted] Joseph Fanelli, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Kevin Maroney, respondent. 9: L. Rauh, Jr., Bruce J. Terris, 10: Gerhard P. Van Arkel, Doolittle, 11: Harry I. Rand, 12: Leonard B. Boudin, New York City, 128: Frank Donner, Mr. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of Court. 1 In these six cases we review judgments Court Appeals District Columbia,1 which affirmed convictions obtained in under 2 U.S.C. § 192, U.S.C.A. s 192.2 Each petitioners was convicted refusing to answer certain questions when summoned before a congressional subcommittee.3 The were separately briefed argued here, many issues presented. We decide each case upon single ground common all, therefore reach no other questions. indictment returned by grand jury failed identify subject subcommittee inquiry at time witness interrogated. indictments practically identical this respect, stating only that answers refused 'were pertinent question then inquiry' subcommittee.4 motion filed quash trial state investigation subcommittee's interrogation defendant.5 denied. issue thus raised preserved on appeal, petition writ certiorari, brief argument here. 3 Congress has expressly provided one can be prosecuted 192 except jury.6 This never decided whether must defendant's alleged default or refusal answer.7 For reasons follow, hold contain such an averment, accordingly reverse us. 4 enacting criminal statute invoked aid federal judicial system protecting itself against contumacious conduct. Watkins United States, 354 178, 207, 77 1173, 1189, 1273. obvious consequence, as repeatedly emphasized, confer courts duty accord person statutory offense every safeguard law accords all cases. Sinclair 279 263, 296—297, 49 268, 272—273, 73 L.Ed. 692; supra, 208, 1189; Sacher 356 576, 577, 78 842, 843, 987; Flaxer 358 147, 151, 79 191, 193, 183; Deutch 367 456, 471, 81 1587, 1595, 6 963. 5 Recognizing elementary concept, established several propositions provide relevant starting point First, there criminality if pertained body him. '(A) rightfully may refuse where * asked are not matter inquiry.' 292, 271. Secondly, because defendant is presumed innocent, it 'incumbent States plead show (he answer) some investigation.' Id., 273. Finally, held perti nency determination court law. 298, had set out specific lengthy detail Senate Committee Sinclair. thereby enabled make enlightened precise he subject. 285—289, 296—298, 269—270, 272—273. 7 That making would vital function judiciary prosecution brought clearly foreseen originally enacted 1857.8 could jury, but, record legislative debates shows, aware pertinency basic preliminary going have determining been proved. principal spokesman bill, Senator Bayard, made very point: 'The bill provides punishing who shall any 'pertinent' consideration House its committee. If refuses irrelevant question, penalties bill. subjectmatter, will justice indictment. power given Congress; appropriately judiciary.' Cong. Globe, 34th Cong., 3d Sess. 439 (1857). 9 'This does propose give miscellaneous political punishment; but greatest recommendations is, transfers punishment after inquiry. All done testify certify fact district attorney, lay party indicted bound according terms law, laws land. I am bodies transcended their powers—that influence passion excitement they often invaded rights individuals, coordinate branches Government; our institutions last, greater than result transferring now stands indefinite (the well resting breast either House) justice. When kind comes court, first be, jurisdiction subject-matter?—has undertakes inquire, subject? not, whole proceedings coram non judice void, cannot liable appeared face; direct acquit.' 440 10 '* prescribes that, refusal, bring jury. up put inquiry? Of course must; guilty without doing it.' 444—445 These forecasts office called perform amply borne arisen statute. crucial importance reflected come here since Sinclair, supra. 1273; Barenblatt 360 109, 123—125, 1081, 1091—1092, 1115; Wilkinson 365 399, 407—409, 413, 567, 572—573, 633; Braden 431, 435—436, 584, 587, 653; 467—471, 1593—1595, Our decisions pointed step ascertain what was. See, e.g., 469, 1594. Identification also essential host typically arise prosecutions example, order properly consider presented, 'the determine U.S., 407, 572. 12 Where, case, identified indictment, presented problem. more recent cases, topic inquiry, found difficult impossible difficulty absence allegation illustrated members sharp disagreement been. Moreover, us disagreed with Court's theory, even ventured view question. 467, 1593. merely difficult, actually petitioner addressed 'Having exhausted possible indicia 'question inquiry,' remain unenlightened pertinent.' 214, 1193.9 13 To sure, difficulties doubts beset trying arising hardly justify, abstract, requirement averments simplify courts' task. Difficult doubtful inherent process, particularly places heavy emphasis protection liberties individual. Courts sit resolve just questions, rules suit convenience. But proliferation burden judiciary, uncertainties resolution, work hardship both defense desideratum. And repeated appearance particular same critical obviated simple averment invites into purposes functions intended serve. discussed, therefore, furnish appropriate background turn. 14 Any discussion purpose served administration begin Fifth Sixth Amendments Constitution. Amendment 'No capital, otherwise infamous crime, unless presentment Grand Jury, land naval forces, Militia, actual service War public danger; *.' need pause 'infamous crime,' Duke 301 492, 57 835, 1243, beginning explicitly conferred those confers, providing guaranty, Amendment's Due Process, Clause, are, bear like relevance guaranty 'In prosecutions, accused enjoy right informed nature cause accusation; 15 constitutional provision serious intervened reflects centuries antecedent development back Assize Clarendon 1166.10 English institution, country early colonists incorporated Constitution Founders. There reason believe operate substantially progenitor. fair method instituting persons believed committed crimes.' Costello 350 359, 362, 76 406, 408, 100 397. See McClintock, Indictment 26 Minn.L.Rev. 153; Orfield, Criminal Procedure Arrest Appeal, 137—140, 144 146. 16 years guided concerning construction sufficiency alone. Not until 1872 did enact general legislation touching year drift away technical formalized pleading characterized earlier era. 'no circuit deemed insufficient, nor trial, judgment, proceeding thereon affected defect imperfection form only, tend prejudice defendant.' 17 Stat. 198. repealed, substance generalized Rule 52(a) Federal Rules Procedure, 18 U.S.C.A., states 'Any error, defect, irregularity variance affect substantial disregarded.'11 apparently dealing generally promulgation 7(c), Fed.Rules Crim.Proc., 1946. provides: information plain, concise definite written statement facts constituting charged. It signed attorney government. formal commencement, conclusion necessary statement. Allegations count reference another count. means unknown specified means. official customary citation statute, rule, regulation therein violated. Error omission dismissal reversal conviction error mislead his prejudice.' 19 As elsewhere noted, has, years, upheld face charging papers. Convictions longer reversed minor deficiencies accused. (Citing cases.) salutary law.' Smith 1, 9, 991, 996, 1041. 'But,' went out, safeguards charged crimes eradicated guise departures rules.' Ibid. Resolution ultimately depends safeguards' designed provide. Stated concretely, committee amount deficiency defendant? Or deprive significant protections confer? 20 number emphasized two guarantee, criteria measured. first, 'contains elements charged, 'and sufficiently apprises prepared meet," and, secondly, "in taken him similar shows accuracy extent former acquittal conviction.' Cochran Sayre 157 286, 290, 628, 630, 39 704; Rosen 161 29, 34, 434, 480, 40 606.' Hagner 285 427, 52 417, 419, 861. Potter 155 438, 445, 144, 146, 214; Bartell 227 33 383, 384, 583; Berger 295 78, 82, 55 629, 1314; Debrow, 346 374, 377 378, 74 113, 115—116, 98 92. 21 Without doubt second met Since times hearings testify, answer, doubted fully rotected again being jeopardy offense, remembered rely parts present event future should them. 153, 160; 433, 583. vice indictments, rather, satisfy criterion tested, i.e., apprise 'of meet.' 22 core answer. What was, central Where guilt so crucially identification fact, uniformly do simply repeat language 23 'It principle pleading, definition offence, 'includes generic terms, sufficient charge offence definition; species,—it descend particulars." Cruikshank, 92 542, 558, 588. An framed 'with reasonable certainty, accusation defective, although follow statute.' Simmons, 96 360, 24 819. forth words themselves fully, directly, expressly, uncertainty ambiguity, constitute punished; Carll, 105 611, 612, 1135. 'Undoubtedly, used description accompanied circumstances inform coming description, charged.' Hess, 124 483, 487, 571, 573, 31 516. Pettibone 148 197, 202—204, 545, 37 419; Blitz 153 308, 315, 924, 927, 38 725; Keck 172 437, 254, 255, 43 505; Morissette 342 246, 270, n. 30, 72 240, 253, 288. Cf. Petrillo, 332 10—11, 67 1538, 1543, 91 1877.12 principles fundamental fairness retain full vitality modern concepts specifically 7(c) decisions.13 inheres failure violation 'that apprised him, 362. A cryptic requires go chief undefined. enables rest affirmance another. gives free hand appeal fill gaps proof surmise conjecture. occasion condemn practice quite different factual setting. Cole Arkansas, 333 196, 201 202, 68 514, 517, 644. unfairness characteristically infected based specify already discussed. underscored records example suffice illustrate point. 25 Price Internal Security Subcommittee Judiciary Committee. At hearing Chairman widely meandering statements purporting said 'not attack press,' 'such attempt disclosed part Communist Party subvert American press.' 'We investigating communism wherever find testified shortly Price, counsel emphatically denied 'to investigate infiltration press forms communication.' offered Government took position activities generally. judge whom tried indicating thought Appeals, affirming conviction, likewise omitted contends 'Communist activity news media.'14 imagine indictment's insufficiency resulted fulfill primary office—to subcommittee. He told investigating. prior hearings, familiar, gave completely confused inconsistent account what, anything, purport way identity stage ensuing theory Far informing instead left roam large—to shift take advantage passing vicissitude appeal. Yet 271, 692. 27 long recognized important corollary description,' purpose, defined 588, alleged, support had.'15 light reviewing deal made. Viewed context, rule alone defendant, benefit well, pass validity judgment 28 cured bills particulars.16 settled particulars save invalid Norris, 281 619, 622, 50 424, 425, 1076; Lattimore, 94 U.S.App.D.C. 215 F.2d 847; Babb Cir., 218 538; Steiner 229 745; Dierker, 164 F.Supp. 304; Anderson, Wharton's Law 1870. decision testimony ultimate determination, necessarily allow prosecutor, subsequent guess minds intervention secure. basis by, perhaps to, 243. 29 underlying amended resubmission change form. Ex parte Bain, 121 781, 30 849; Stirone 361 212, 80 252. 'If lies within province own notions ought probably attention suggested changes, great attaches prerequisite prisoner's says answer,' frittered value almost destroyed. doctrine place citizen, protected provision, mercy control prosecuting attorney; for, once changes consent prisoner changed, restriction constitution regard reality exists.' 10, 13, 786. reaffirmed recently, pointing man limit offenses group fellow citizens acting independently judge.' 218, 273.17 conclude jury18 Only responsibly carry imposed them century ago: subject-matter, indictment.'19 32 Reversed. FRANKFURTER 34 BRENNAN Whitman States. 35 WHITE 36 DOUGLAS, concurring. While join Court, think desirable majority dispose today however drawn, my sustained requirements First Amendment. concededly press. Shelton, wherein following colloquy commencement hearings: 'Senator Hennings. On matter. outset abundantly clear, counsel, committee, sense Chairman. Why, certainly, true. 41 think, too, clear best evidence subversion news-dispensing agency opinion-forming journal certainly product itself. 42 correct. course, interested so-called infiltration, exists, agency. 44 Correct. 45 policy pursued hearings—that known understood newspaper, newspapers such, effort participation elsewhere, indeed, 46 'And later time, perhaps, might executives whose employees show, end product, newspaper itself, influenced efforts. 47 Chair thinks accurate statement, agrees, entirety. 48 singling newspapers. it,* series over say singled out. Thank you, Watkins. agree Hennings' Chairman.' R. 72—73. 51 Times prime target investigation, witnesses 1955 executive session 1956 past paper. limited valid function. Inquiry precluded investigated legislation' enacted. Kilbourn Thompson, 103 168, 195, 377. 'Congress abridging freedom plainly unconstitutional. 1184, 1273: 53 'Clearly, command speech assembly. true reviewed, nevertheless lawmaking. justified solely adjunct process. infringement freedoms making.' 54 Under government, see how saying magazine employ. rightist leftist press, Rumely, 345 41, 543, 97 770, shows. Whether depend mood day. Whenever ferret ideology collecting writing articles editorials unconstitutionally. Free Society government neutral press—whether leftist, orthodox unorthodox. community men's free, shades immune governmental lest regimentation. authority field pulpit involved. printed policies advocated none Government's business, justification capacities, pacities, leanings, ideology, qualifications, prejudices politics collect write news. conceded oral establish standards fitness prescribe loyalty tests people far concerned, foundation? know much tighter 'security' proves too much. roving inquire fields legislate. Communists infiltrated it, churches reason. Are pulpits promote cause? Were clergy ever Party? How about governing board? assist pastor help prepare sermons research? Who confession discloses she Communist? 56 dictum 43, 544, investigative measured 'informing Congress,' phrase Woodrow Wilson's Congressional (1885), p. 303. quotation Wilson mutilated, sentences followed preferred function' Rumely opinion. Those speaking, roaming large, inquired discussed operations said: interrogated pure efficient administration, really self-governing discusses interrogates adminstration. talk sometimes justly profitless squabble frivolous selfish issues. hard conceive practical concerns processes Such which, earnestly purposefully conducted, clears mind shapes demands opinion.' 303—304. 58 view, broader 59 legislate 'religion' 'press.' editor minister violates prosecuted. power, read Constitution, barred areas urged prosecution, enter forbidden domain. 60 strength 'press' 'church' freedom. pervert misuse render verdict paper conceivably become mouthpiece ideology. typical risks runs. alternative oversight, questioning, harassment, exposure exposure's sake. Once crossed line, sacrifice values totalitarian cast. 61 Some leeway desirable, leaving curb judges excessive practices. Thus, professorial classroom position. One prosecutor 'subversives' less tolerant. subjective standard introduced, line between unconstitutional conduct becomes vague, uncertain, unpredictable. rationalization, reduces idea best.' My knew best. sustain amendment adopted puts astride 62 CLARK, dissenting. 63 Although joined Brother HARLAN dissenting grounds ably expressed opinion, abruptly breaks visually add voice protest. prosecuted, passed ago. Case during period. Still unable case—not one—in remotest suggestion thereunder include evaluate propriety unanswered Following universal art practice, commonly phrased element language, 'pertinent 987 (1958), opportunity stop widespread other, rather unsubstantial acknowledging numerous defendants 'one protectioins confer.' requiring 'identify concocted new novel upset contempt convictions. sown HARLAN, seeds reap real benefits knowing recalcitrant witnesses, utilize 1273 (1957), demanding enlightenment questioning time-honored requesting prosecutor. Let hope reasoning apply statutes, uncountable invalidated. If, however, cast manifestly unjust. 64 By fastening superficial luminosity creates additional hazards successful impair procedures encouraging contumacy committees. five ago indicated 'well lead bar *' affected. 225, 1199. short period 192. continued frustration use process punish contemptuous committees indicates me revert 'its original utilizing coercive sanction (affected).' 206, S.Ct., 1189. Perhaps simplified handle matters consuming True, released date adjournment, least receive punishment. dignity deserves sanction. 65 CLARK joins, 66 testing twofold: (1) adequately meet; (2) convicted, again, able double available? effective 1946, abrogate weaken yardsticks. Its subleties part: statement.' 'designed eliminate technicalities' construed secure simplicity procedure.' 376, 115. 69 192,1 inquiring consistently employed 1950 Columbia, most brought.2 holds, inadequate 'apprisal' requisite 'jeopardy' requisite. 70 holding contrary uniform lower courts. Columbia Circuit, sitting panel en banc, 'pertinency' allegations investigated. 875 (panel); 102 264, 252 828 (en banc).3 Second Circuit view. Josephson, 165 82;4 Lamont, 236 312.5 so, evidently, Circuit. 272 653.6 No otherwise. nothing possibly foreshadowing today.7 71 sudden holding, confined bids throw era finally emerged, unconvincing. do, criminality' 'our held.' Ante, 764, 1047. understand relies. examine three quotations culled. pp. 765—766, 1047—1048. involved Enforcement Act 1870 (16 140) felony conspire prevent exercising enjoying 'any privilege granted secured States.' Most counts dismissed stated whatever. remainder standpoint 'apprisal,' conspiracy 'granted States,' described identified. Small wonder opaque drew comment "must 558. Indeed, observed: 'According counts, enough, general, describe all.' 557. (Emphasis supplied.) 819, concerned involving illegal distilling. Revised Statutes 3266 distill spirits premises vinegar 'is' manufactured. causing equipment 'was' manufactured allege jurors; distilling manufacture coincidental, required statute.8 sustaining engaging business intent defraud tax' (R.S. 3281), defrauded tax.' 364. 75 1135, forgery insufficient scienter, though crime. Hence suffice. Section contains gap provisions. involves supplying missing addition alleged. seems came being, sufficient. Other indicate thing. Mills, Pet. 138, 142, 636; Evans 934, 936, 830;9 Markham 160 319, 325, 288, 291, 441;10 433—434, 384—385, 583.11 7(c). reversing perjury gone name administering oath, (346 376—378, 114—116): technicalities procedure. charges wording embodies accused, enable further offense. inconceivable misled stood certain. wanted administered oath them, particulars. 7(f), F.R.Crim.Proc.' 'inconceivable' advise meet. appeared; dates appearances; references enabling acted; investigations appearances transcripts presumably possession available Granting character surely premeditation crime degree murder. particularize fortiori, prescribed Forms murder 'premeditation.' II. needed switching defendants, rested. 766—768, 1048—1049. good this. 83 fear relates travel outside confines record, knowledge. meant modify 'trial' 'connective reasoning' (supra, 784, 1058, note 6) relied germaneness aspect 299, 273, 274, Moreover deficient reasoning.' 84 Beyond considerations, ample himself regard. objecting 'freeze' issue, score stand fall explanation response objection. 472—473, 1596, 963 (dissenting opinion); cf. 214—215, 1193, 1091, 1092, 1115. objection hearing, 'at large' (Deutch, ibid.), still seek particularization through Kamin, 136 791, 795 4. 85 noted hearings. Further, motions especially addresses (ante, 1048—1049), 8, Russell, Whitman, 11, Liveright. 128, Gojack, However, denial Shelton furnished questioned III. 86 Referring Cruikshank suggests supported 'important purpose' serve: 'it task.' 768, 769, 1049—1050. 87 something determined thing summary case. appellate spared tedium spell facts, recognizes judged fuller 'would 760, 1045. 88 broad relies meaning enough 159—160 (1942); 222—226, 227, 107.12 Certainly meet requirements. IV. 89 final all. fend possibility rejected 435, 606, mailing obscene matter, described, strong dissent (id., 45—51, 480—483) asserting entitled material obscene.13 90 proposition unsound principle. last analysis mean safely introduce advocate theories, 1076, 252, lend thesis. They Amendment, amend striking adding or, amounting latter, permitting theories fairly embraced effect permit judge.14 sound, escape lesser included plea arrest judgment. (Fed.Rules Crim.Proc. 34.) conclusion, realize prone overdraw impact agree. rid myself insubstantial serve encourage recalcitrance legitimate stemming belief somehow requited apparent plants prevented sprouting. calls trenchant observation Holmes Paraiso 207 368, 372, 127, 129, 249: 93 Bill Rights Philippines giving demand fasten forever islands inability seventeenth accept exclude misinterpretation capable occurring intelligence fired desire pervert.' 'fasten' primitive 95 merits squarely ruled Barenblatt, Wilkinson, Braden15 acknowledged bar. affirm. 108 140, 280 688; 701; 226, 59; 160, 708; 167, 715; 130, 678. 'Every having produce papers House, joint concurrent resolution Houses Congress, willfully makes default, who, appeared, misdemeanor, punishable fine $1,000 $100 imprisonment jail month twelve months.' 128 grew subcommittees Un-American Activities. four typical: Jury charges: 'INTRODUCTION 'On November 17, 1954, Activities Representatives conducting pursuant Public 601, 121, 79th 2d Session, (60 828), H.Res. 5, 83d Congress. 'Defendant, subcommittee, above stated, Then unlawfully introduction answer.' (The Russell allegedly quoted verbatim numbered counts.) moves grounds: '1. fails offense: 'c. relevant.' 194, 194 'Whenever mentioned section (of title) appear books, papers, records, documents, required, whenever failures reported while session, President Speaker certify, aforesaid seal action.' reached 987, grounds. certiorari 653, abandoned merits. 875, 875; 828. Indictments reflect rule. cited HARLAN'S post, 782, 1057, 2. 82. Josephson appears 312, currently unreported Yarus (D.C.S.D.N.Y.) C 152—239 acquitting 198 425); Turoff (D.C.W.D.N.Y.) 7539—C Turoff's 291 864). explain why discuss specified. examples above, Yellin, 287 293, (C.A.7th Cir.); Davis 269 357, 359 (C.A.6th Lorch (D.C.S.D.Ohio) Cr. 3185 (an initially testify). 155—156. §§ 192—194, supplement Jurney MacCracken, 294 125, 375, 379, 802. statute's adoption sketched 45, Cong.Globe, 405. id., 403—413, 426—433, 434—445. Except immunity provisions 1862, 333, unchanged slight modification R.S. 104. substantive 1938, 942, applicable twice 1857. certification Attorney Columbia. 1936 Attorney, 2041. concern proved different. 467—468, issue. 1091—1092. Holdsworth, History (7th ed. 1956), 321—323; pollock Maitland, (2d 1909), 137—155, Vol. II, 647—653. became Rev.Stat. 1025 (1940 ed.) 556. repealed 1948 reorganization Title 18, 862, contained 52(a). heavily inapposite. portions publication obscene. L .Ed. 583, always regarded exception' usual rules, indecent spread court.' Roth 476, 488—489, 1304, 1310—1311, 1498, dealt arise. 312; Meer 235 65; Simplot, 734; Devine's Milk Laboratories, Inc., 179 799; Apex Distributing Co., 365. Brief 26. enunciated retains undiminished vitality, attest. 'Another (for ingredient accurately indictment), overlooked, withstand dismiss had.' F.R.D. 27, 31. involves, presides rulings sorts, intelligently.' Puttkammer, Administration Law, 125—126. Flying Eagle Publications, 273 Goldberg, 225 180; Silverman, 129 496; Richman, 190 889; Callanan, 113 766. 506; Information Syracuse L.Rev. 389, 392. 226—230. Gojack timely particulars, motion. granted, responded orally follows: 'As asking, contends, states, conducted resolution. feel, smaller, conducted. sense, asking supplied reading resolution.' filed. 998, 1041 Comment, Mich.L.Rev. 456. 1621, subscribe true.' Government, analogy materiality 692, controlled 441, prejury persuasive purposes, play role plays perfect control, holds material. carefully reveal 'as fourth indictment) pending before, jurisdiction, commissioner pensions; import claim pension laws, personal injuries received soldier, had, war, discharge army, injury forefinger hand, count, unskillfully indicted, him.' 325—326, 291. added.) equally Hendricks 223 313, 394; Debrow 203 699, 702, 1). 757, 1043, Report Committee, S.Rep. 131, 85th 1st Sess., 95, stated: daily Daily Worker, various weekly monthly periodicals, including Political Affairs Masses Mainstream. publications brazenly slanted propaganda value, foreign country, sharply (pts. 29). overcome disadvantage, reasons, vigorous efforts infiltrate radio entrench mass communications, where, spoken word, turned conspiracy.' referred ruling arbiter discharged 'rewrite man' interest:' 'A metropolitan America mirror happenings moulder opinion; leading crusades; introducing ideas; propagating truth wills. nature, abdicate maintains leadership responsibility cold war national security. industries (atomic energy, defense, et cetera) 'Each worker performs task life tools, tools run gamut ax zither. rewrite too. words. Words express ideas follows works day ideas. Can nonsensitive? select considers relayed reporter field. His choice sentence paragraph. selection sets tone article influences, headline. irresistible occupies sensitive newspaper.' 97. concluded, 'Communists communications media increase continue.' 117. abbreviations found: TR, transcript Court; JA, appendix Appeals; —-, docket Court.) Grumman 368 925, 361, 189 (TR, 2); Silber 364, Hutcheson 599, 1005, 137 4); 7); 1115 1); 183 (JA, Bart 349 219, 712, 99 1016 108); Emspak 190, 687, 997 Quinn 155, 668, 964 3); 770 2—4); Knowles 148, 696 (Cr. 1211—56); Watson 141, 689 1151—54); Miller 104 259 187 164—57); La Poma 255 903 290—57); Brewster 899 289—57); Singer 260, 244 1150—54); O'Connor 373, 404 1650—53); Keeney 366, 843 870—52); Bowers 79, 202 447 1252 51); Kamp 187, 176 618 1788—50); Peck, 149 238 1214—56); Hoag, 142 667 574—55); Fischetti, D.C. 796 1254—51); Nelson, 1796—50); Jaffe, 191 1786—50); Raley, 495 1748—50); Fitzpatrick, 491 1743—50). vestiges common-law some, indictments. Compare Fleischman, 339 349, 739, 906 2—3), Bryan, 323, 724, 884 2A). 1950, Four dissented Committee.' Record Appeal 91, Doc. 20790, 7. evinces depart Josephson. dismissing grounds, evidently 37. affirming, citing among others, different' F.2d, 316 (note 6). Lamont Operations authorize 'subversive activities.') regards observations Chief Judge Clark, speaks special procedural matters, 317): 'Pleading, civil criminal, convey succienctly concisely. older days tendency defeat overelaboration formalism. Now avoid opposite trend, formalism generality. confuse pleadings entire charge. (Footnote omitted.) mistake, pleadings, omitting charge, intelligent sophisticated circle designed. Thus 'John Doe shot murdered Roe,' F.R.Cr.P., Form 2, comparatively few words, bringing court. eventual had; action, 'pertinency,' 1273, 'subject aspect; perceived difference 754, 1041, note. 362): 'Where purely acts expansion matter.' Bishop, sect. authorities cited. qualification, procedure, Mills suggest lenient applies misdemeanor distinction disappeared misdemeanor. Note spoke, doubtless dictum, 'materiality' akin 692): details false) *. Chit.Cr.Law, 307, author says: undoubtedly false suffice.' King Dowlin Lord Kenyon adjudged sufficient, perjury, There, exception, prevailing 'obscenity' 'documentary' contents document unlawful 'indecent' letter, 433 384—385): knowingly violated depositing named, postoffice letter unfit detail, inclosed envelop bearing address. advised evident surprise production (infra, 792, 1062) inapposite 765, 1048. considering arises requirements, factor lessening weight adds authority. commentaries 15, ante, 768—769, 1049—1050, proceeded premise 'isolated excerpt' Regina Hicklin, (1868) L.R. Q.B. recently 1310, 1311, favor 'whole book' obtained, Bennett, Fed.Cas. 1093, Blatchford 338, 'excerpt' test applied. reasoning, scarcely realistic exercised independent returned. expected, naturally properly, Attorney's advice score, legal acted respect turn wrong vitiate 653.

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