Document: 339 U.S. 470 70 S.Ct. 773 94 L.Ed. 995 INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN & HELPERS UNION, LOCAL 309, et al.v.HANKE al. AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS DEMONSTRATORS UNION NO. 882 v. CLINE. Nos. 364. Argued Feb. 9—10, 1950. Decided May 8, Rehearing Denied June 5, See 991, 1018. Mr. Samuel B. Bassett, Seattle, Wash., for petitioners. J. Will Jones, respondents A. E. Hanke and others. C. M. McCune, respondent George Cline. Justice FRANKFURTER announced the judgment of Court an opinion in which The CHIEF JUSTICE, JACKSON BURTON concurred. 1 These two cases raise same issues are therefore disposed a single opinion. question is this: Does Fourteenth Amendment Constitution bar State from use injunction to prohibit picketing business conducted by owner himself without employees order secure compliance him with demand become union shop? 2 In No. his three sons, as copartners, engaged repairing automobiles, dispensing gasoline automobile accessories, selling used automobiles Seattle. They their entire enterprise themselves, any employees. At time senior purchased June, 1946, had theretofore been shop, he became member Local 309 International Brotherhood Teamsters, includes its membership persons employed service station Accordingly, Hankes continued display show window shop card predecessor. also included Hankes' list firms it urged patronage advertisements published Washington organ distributed weekly members. As result these advertisements, received they otherwise would not have had. 3 Automobile Drivers Demonstrators 882, closely affiliated chartered cars car salesmen This negotiated agreement 1946 Independent Dealers Association did belong, providing that lots be closed 6 p.m. on weekdays all day Saturdays, Sundays eight specified holidays. was intended applicable 115 dealers except ten were self-employers no 4 It practice remain open nights, weekends January, 1948, representatives both Locals called upon urge them respect limitation hours or give up card. refused consent abide agreement, claiming impossible continue do so, surrendered name thereafter omitted advertisements. 5 Soon afterwards sent picket patrol down peacefully front between 8:30 a.m. p.m., carrying 'sandwich sign' words 'Union People Look Union Shop Card' facsimile wrote license numbers patrons. picketing, fell off heavily drivers supply houses deliver parts other needed materials. own truck call materials necessary carry business. To restrain this conduct, brought suit against officers. trial court granted permanent awarded $250, sum stipulated parties amount damage occasioned picketing. Supreme affirmed. 33 Wash.2d 646, 207 P.2d 206. 7 background 364 similar. Cline performing services here relevant. He induced threat join year Seattle reference has made. 8 August, 1947, advised intend longer Association. consider bound operate Saturdays. When proceeded so began 9 peacefully, normally pickets who patrolled signs' stating unfair union. took Cline's patrons, when inquiry made patrons why doing reply was: 'You'll find out.' Because interference one driveways, forced close avoid possibility being run over. and, vehicle supplies 10 reached new April, 1948. condition removal line, demanded agree keep after Saturdays hire salesman compensated at rate seven percent gross sales regardless whether employee. Suit patrolling resulted officers—Cline waived claim damages—and Washington, relying decision case, 665, 216. 11 On we certiorari claims infringement right freedom speech guaranteed Due Process Clause Amendment. 338 903, 305. 12 Here, Hughes Superior Court, 460, 718, must start fact while ingredient communication cannot dogmatically equated constitutionally protected speech. Our decisions reflect recognition 'indeed hybrid.' Freund, Understanding 18 (1949). Jaffe, Defense Court's Picketing Doctrine, 41 Mich.L.Rev. 1037 (1943). effort strike balance constitutional protection element 'the power set limits permissible contest industrial combatants.' Thornhill Alabama, 310 88, 104, 60 736, 745, 84 1093.1 A State's striking such course subject limitations Embracing does, however, social economic policies, turn depend knowledge appraisal local factors, matters comes bearing weighty title respect. 13 emphasize nature problem presented our duty sitting struck decides hands contests. Here glaring instance interplay competing social-economic interests viewpoints. Unions obviously concerned standards undermined non-union shops. interest penetrates into self-employer hand, some profoundest thinkers Jefferson Brandeis stressed importance democratic society encouraging units counter-movement what deemed dangers inherent excessive concentration power. 'There widespread belief * true prosperity past came big business, but through courage, energy, resourcefulness small men only participation many responsibilities determinations can Americans moral intellectual development essential maintenance liberty.' Brandeis, dissenting Liggett Co. Lee, 288 517, 541, 580, 53 481, 502, 77 929, 85 A.L.R. 699. 14 Whether prefer situation seek partial interests, if means accommodation, presents serious problems. There sure answers, best available solution likely experimental tentative, always control popular will. That perplexities challenge wisdom command significance Senn Tile Layers Protective Union, 301 468, 57 857, 81 1229. Senn, self-employed tile layer occasionally hired layers assist him, picketed yield work trade. Wisconsin found within anti-injunction statute denied relief. rejecting restriction Senn's denial liberty under Amendment, held lay domain policy permit picketing: 'Whether wise state unions public policy—not concern.' page 863. 15 conclusion based Wisconsin, put 'means publicity par press.'2 479, 862. If could matter equally free choose 'put press.' withdraw permission outside ban action inside ban.3 16 concluded that, even though relief afforded entailed sought convey more important safeguard value placed self-employers, leaving channels relatively considerably influenced struck. Of maintaining 'From fact,' informed seems irresistable union's welfare mere handful members (of whose working conditions complaint made) far outweighed individual proprietors people community whole, end little businessmen property owners shall dictation group having indirect policy.' 659, 213. 17 We are, needless say, fully aware contentious views. remotely hint disagreement commended itself intimate relevant considerations exposed conclusions court. seldom field, deceptive opaque elements precisely meant recognizing policy. there lack factors divergent interpretations meaning, well differences assessing short long view, clash should resolved process judicial sword. Invalidation mean Congress forty-eight States. us pass now before us. But considers unlike those similarly viewed States4 United States,5 conclude holding unlawful object, inconsistent rooted traditions unconstitutional choice. Mindful phase communication, offended Constitution. 19 need repeat adverted make immaterial, issue us, expressed rather than legislature. leaves States distribute powers government will legislative branches. Dreyer Illinois, 187 71, 83—84, 23 28, 32, 47 79; Prentis Atlantic Coast Line Co., 211 210, 225, 29 67, 69, 150. '(R)ights amendment state, acts.' Missouri Dockery, 191 165, 170-171, 24 53, 54, 48 133, 63 L.R.A. 571. 20 Nor does require prohibition voluntary acquiescence demands may submission abstaining agreements rely self-interest. event, regulating where evil most conspicuous. 21 What actually decided American Federation Labor Swing, 312 321, 61 568, 855; Bakery Pastry Helpers 802 Wohl, 315 769, 62 816, 86 1178, Cafeteria Employees 302, Angelos, 320 293, 64 126, 88 58, preclude upholding Washington's choice she proscribe merely setting artifical bounds, unreal light modern circumstances constitutes relationship labor dispute.6 Cox, Some Aspects Management Relations Act, Harv.L.Rev. 1, 30 (1947). declare favor conduct restrictive self-employment considered cases. Indeed Wohl expressly noted courts condemned defined object. 774, 818, 1178. 22 independent collocation words. confined injunctions judged infused terms opinions basis judgments below come So read, directed solely ends Court. treat otherwise—to them, is, scope represent—is deal case considering recently, occasion reject similar infirmity derived record unreality. then said pertinent now: 'What isolated, self-contained writing gloss it.' Hotel Restaurant Employees' Alliance, 122, E.R.B., 437, 441, 706, 708, 946. affirmance conformity reading court's opinions. astuteness discover argumentative excess beyond justify opinion, petitioners matter, raised here, remand reach Affirmed. CLARK concurs result. 25 BLACK dissents substantially reasons given dissent Carpenters Joiners America, 213, Ritter's Cafe, 722, 729—732, 807, 810—812, 1143. 26 DOUGLAS part consideration 27 MINTON, whom REED joins, dissenting. 28 Petitioners each 'permanently restrained enjoined manner picketing' places respondents. peaceful publicity, enmeshed pattern violence Milk Wagon Chicago, 753, Meadowmoor Dairies, 287, 552, 836, 132 1200; nor decrees entered instant tailored meet evils threats intimidation 295, indicates might been; limited restraint purpose forcing person violate law Giboney Empire Storage Ice 336 490, 69 684, Building Service Gazzam, 532, 784. abuses involved above restraint. clear me properly instrument 1093; Carlson California, 106, 746, 1104; 1178; I understand last mentioned majority says, 'held artificial circumstances, dispute.' states say set, unless violates provision Federal violations federal guarantee speech, because publicity. view plainly stated 127: 'In 1229, ruled might, 'without special statutory authorization known facts dispute, Constitution.' 478, 862, Later applied doctrine enforcing workers appeal support orderly area immunity A.F. L. 1178.' All recent done 'peaceful truthful publicity' (see 127, 58) guaranty stems Brandeis' statement 'Members dealing permitted one-man shop. course, allowed expression. By permitting allowing expression publicity.' posture conflict thereby encroach follow forbid like picketing; involve foreseeing converse, quoted indicate meant, think accepted Angelos. too late deny doctrine. decide alien prior decisions. 31 outlawing purposes broad decrees. No distinction legitimate abusive '(H)ere attempt restrict justifiably exercise picket.' Angelos 58. 32 abuse sustain contrary holdings, founded recognize lead forfeiture Tested philosophy decisions, justified here. reverse note Alabama construed 'exceptions either number proscribed activity, character demeanor, dispute employer, accurateness terminology notifying 99, 743. said: declaring permissible, assume sentence read compelled allowance careful writer author contained bracketed insertion follows: (recognized Amendment) words, suggested interpolation write although meaning altered. particular phrases appears examined context: 'Clearly authorizes—picketing publicity—are prohibited Members may, police power, regulate methods streets.' See, e.g., Bautista Cal.2d 155 343; Dinoffria Teamsters Chauffeurs, 331 Ill.App. 129, 72 N.E.2d 635; Saveall Demers, 322 Mass. 70, 76 12, A.L.R.2d 1190. Section 8(b)(4)(A) National amended makes 'to engage object thereof is: (A) requiring employer organization.' Stat. 141, U.S.C. (Supp. III) § 158(b)(4)(A), U.S.C.A. 158(b)(4)(A). 10(l) amended, 303 U.S.C.A., §§ 160(l), 187. general expressions earlier specific context, see Cohens Commonwealth Virginia, Wheat. 264, 399—400, 257; Armour Wantock, 323 132—133, 65 168, 89 118.

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