Document: 467 U.S. 561 104 S.Ct. 2576 81 L.Ed.2d 483 FIREFIGHTERS LOCAL UNION NO. 1784, Petitioner,v.Carl W. STOTTS et al. MEMPHIS FIRE DEPARTMENT al., Petitioners, v. Carl STOTTS, etc., Nos. 82-206, 82-229. Supreme Court of the United States Argued Dec. 6, 1983. Decided June 12, 1984. Syllabus Respondent Stotts, a black member petitioner Memphis, Tenn., Fire Department, filed class action in Federal District charging that Department and certain city officials were engaged pattern or practice making hiring promotion decisions on basis race violation of, inter alia, Title VII Civil Rights Act 1964. This was consolidated with an by respondent Jones, also who claimed he had been denied because his race. Thereafter, consent decree entered stated purpose remedying Department's practices respect to blacks. Subsequently, when announced projected budget deficits required reduction employees, order preliminarily enjoining from following its seniority system determining would be laid off as result budgetary shortfall, since proposed layoffs have racially discriminatory effect not bona fide one. A modified layoff plan, aimed at protecting employees so comply court's order, then presented approved, pursuant this plan carried out. resulted white more than being otherwise applicable called for less seniority. The Appeals affirmed, holding although wrong fide, it acted properly modifying decree. Held: 1. These cases are rendered moot facts preliminary injunction purportedly applied only 1981 layoffs, all restored duty one month after their layoff, others demoted offered back old positions. First, is still force unless set aside must complied connection any future layoffs. Second, even if predicate ruling provide reduce percentage lower courts' rulings disregarded achieving mandated remain undisturbed. Accordingly, inquiry merely whether effect, but modification continues impact parties such alive. Respondents failed convince pro tanto invalidation no real concern will never again contemplate out accordance violate Finally, judgment below continuing management whole thereby lost month's pay seniority, may backpay claims. Unless reversed, demotions law. fact much money involved does determine mootness. Pp. 568-572. 2. Court's cannot justified either effort enforce valid thereof. 572-583. (a) agreement reflected scope discerned within four corners. Here, makes mention nor there suggestion intention depart existing arrangement union. It therefore said decree's express terms contemplated entered. Nor proper carrying remedy outlined did include displacement over blacks reasonably construed exceed bounds remedies appropriate under VII. protects systems, inappropriate deny innocent employee benefits pattern-or-practice suit this. Moreover, neither union entered, entry indicate them terms. 573-576. (b) theory strong policy favoring voluntary settlement actions permits decrees encroach systems justify legitimate That has application "settlement" disputed issue, here where awarded competitive minority purported system. can allegations complaint proved, could overriding provisions. approach overstates trial authority disregard fashioning plaintiff proved employer followed having employees. finding protected victim discrimination award them. Appeals' permissible remedial ignores Teamsters States, 431 324, 97 1843, 52 396, court beneficiary actually illegal discrimination, behind § 706(g) providing make-whole relief victims. And merit argument ordered which done way adopting affirmative-action program, took imposed objection. 576-583. 679 F.2d 541, reversed. Allen S. Blair, petitioners. Sol. Gen. Rex E. Lee, Washington, D.C., amicus curiae, special leave Court. Richard B. Fields, respondents. Justice WHITE delivered opinion 1 Petitioners challenge approval City Memphis shortfall. contend necessary effectuate agreed undertake obligations past promotional practices. Because we conclude justified, modification, reverse. 2 * In 1977 position firefighting captain class-action Western Tennessee. charged 1964, 42 U.S.C. 2000e seq., well §§ certified case individual subsequently Fred private Discovery proceeded, negotiations ensued, and, due course, approved April 25, 1980. 3 "of . employment blacks." 575-576 (CA6 1982) (Appendix). promote 13 named individuals Department. adopted long-term goal increasing proportion representation each job classification approximately labor Shelby County, Tenn. However, not, agreeing decree, admit "any violations law, rule, regulation allegations" complaint. Id., 574. plaintiffs waived further save ibid., retained jurisdiction "for orders purposes decree." 578. 4 paralleled provisions 1974 settled brought against citywide. Like 1980 established interim filling annual 50 percent vacancies qualified applicants. contained additional promotions: attempt ensure 20 promotions given Neither reductions rank, require promotion, transfer, assignment, computed "as total person City." 572. 5 early May 1981, nonessential personnel throughout government. Layoffs based "last hired, first fired" rule city-wide determined employee's length continuous service latest date permanent employment, deciding off. If senior abolished eliminated, "bump down" ranking rather As later noted, "mentioned Decree incorporated City's memorandum understanding Union." F.2d, 549. 6 On 4, respondents' request, temporary restraining forbidding employee. Union, previously party these cases, permitted intervene. At hearing, appeared 55 then-filled positions eliminated 39 filled "bumping" rights. estimated 40 least-senior bureau Department1 25 15 black. 56 hired increased 111/2 7 18, granting injunction. found "did method used rank lay-off," intent discriminate. Nonetheless, concluding one, "not apply insofar decrease lieutenants, drivers, inspectors privates presently employed. ." 23, broadened three classifications. seven classifications approved. instances, injunction, nonminority rank.2 8 appeal, Sixth Circuit affirmed despite conclusion fide. 551, n. 6. Characterizing principal issue "whether district erred prevent affected disproportionately unanticipated layoffs," id., concluded properly. After instance, held general contract principles "contracted" "a substantial increase number minorities supervisory positions" breach contract. 561. Alternatively, authorized modify new unforeseen circumstances created hardship 562-563. articulating alternative rationales, rejected petitioners' improper conflicted system, immunized attack 703(h) Act, 2000e-2(h). 9 (and officials) Union separate petitions certiorari. two granted, 462 1105, 103 2451, 77 1331 (1983), oral argument. II 10 We deal claim moot. submit dealing those now Assertedly, longer For several reasons, find submission untenable. 11 face "the defendants black" specified collective-bargaining Union. vacated. appear 12 itself so-called mean event, employed Furthermore, both Appeals, different result. undisturbed, see indication respondents concede urging mootness error should To contrary, they continue defend overturned, obey remains alive.3 quite unconvinced—and burden us, County Los Angeles Davis, 440 625, 631, 99 1379, 1383, 59 642 (1979)—that decree.4 reason alone, Third, another way. Although restore former demoted, made whole: pay, restored; "bumped accepted lesser claims unjustified. however, unreasonable expect legal right. feel free respond who, points out, relation other off, including injunction.5 hand, take wholly 14 Undoubtedly, involved, amount stake long concrete interest outcome litigation, notwithstanding size dispute. Powell McCormack, 395 486, 496-498, 89 1944, 1950-1951, 23 491 (1969). negligible item loss gets entitled bid transfers, force. matters substance, seems enough foreclose Cf. Franks Bowman Transportation Co., 424 747, 756, 96 1251, 1260, 47 444 (1976); supra, U.S., S.Ct., 1950-1951; Bond Floyd, 385 116, 128, 87 339, 345, 17 235 (1966). short, successfully attacked initial secured ordering policy, rulings, which, said, disposition restoration affect themselves. thus unrealistic dispute between invoke federal obtain favorable insulate appellate review claiming interested matter, particularly adverse effects action.6 III 16 heart exceeded powers entering requiring system7 seniority.8 convinced resolving affirming specific-performance rests notion obligation use best efforts force, breached attempting reducing though variation enter "may decree," 578 (Appendix), advance convinced, improvident constructions 18 recalled "scope corners, reference what might satisfy it" "might written factual theories litigation." Armour & 402 673, 681-682, 91 1752, 1757, 29 256 (1971). recognized, corners decree; arrangements believe thought simply following. Had event demotions, reasonable provision effect. true "intended conflict provisions" 574 latter expressly anticipated recognize surprising instance faithfully pre-existing plainly already it. 19 equally unconvincing. "to practices" 575-576, settle "appropriate procedures promotion," went agreed-upon remedy, indicated, "remedy", provide, VII, least absent some our clear, reemphasized below, doubt considered departing remembered Hence Absent presence opportunity agree disagree rights, highly unlikely purport bargain away rights then-existing stand, basis. B 21 viewed compelling compliance inherent economic crisis unexpectedly proposed, undermine affirmative impose undue true, held, City. reaching conclusion.9 Section provides unlawful standards compensation, terms, conditions, privileges provided differences discriminate race.10 clear conformed whom lay follow proposal hence plan. 703(h), routine proof 352, 1863, 396 (1977). admitted intentional discrimination. correct disagreeing faulted expressed nevertheless error. 22 support position, theory, i.e., encroached systems. But stage opinion, supporting proposition enforcing objection parties. whatever merits be, issue. second ground advanced assertion "[i]t incongruous hold preferred means decreases power vindicates policies embodied 1983." 566. Therefore, reasoned, "[t]he override Firefighter's Decree." Ibid. 24 difficulty applicants members demonstrate actual victims practice, rightful place roster. (1976), supra. Teamsters, mere membership disadvantaged insufficient warrant award; prove him. 367-371, 1870-1872. Even shows him, automatically make room He wait until vacancy occurs,11 balance equities job. 371-376, 1872-1875. See Ford Motor Co. EEOC, 458 219, 236-240, 102 3057, 3068-3070, 73 721 (1982). formulating identify specific particular listed exhibits attached us light adjunct something gone existed. Our consistent affects available litigation.12 repeatedly sponsors during congressional debates. Opponents legislation became bill enacted, employers hire persons achieve balanced work discrimination.13 Responding charges, Senator Humphrey explained limits follows: 26 "No hiring, reinstatement, admission membership, payment anyone fired, refused advancement act forbidden title. last sentence section 707(e) [enacted without relevant change ]. Contrary opponents title, nothing give Commission firing meet racial 'quota' balance. bugaboo up dozen times; non-existent." 110 Cong.Rec. 6549 (1964). 27 An interpretative into Congressional Record Senators Clark Case14 likewise preferential treatment nonvictims. discriminated [Title VII]. [706(g) 7214. 28 Similar assurances concerning supporters legislative process. example, passage House, Republican House published describing bill. Referring courts bill, stated: "Upon trial, enjoin organization practicing reinstatement acceptance member. title permit quotas businesses unions. 6566 (emphasis added). like manner, Senate sponsors, bipartisan newsletter attempted filibuster senator "[u] nder court, Commission, title." 14465.15 well. serve sustaining order.16 30 view unilaterally program. Whether City, public employer, taken course violating law need decide. objection.17 31 unable justifiable consent. 32 ordered. 33 O'CONNOR, concurring. 34 various views opinions reflect unusual procedural posture difficulties allocating burdens recession fiscal austerity. I concur difficult issues, write separately my holds today. 35 appreciate complete perspective. "case controversy" every sense Art. Constitution. Respondents, trial-plaintiffs, initiated dispute, asking actively opposed motion, arguing right reductions-in-force applications citywide When them, petitioners usual obeying prosecuting appeal. They were, unsuccessful 36 become certiorari over, jobs, apparently current seniority-based res judicata vacating decision remanding instructions dismiss. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 36, 39, 71 104, 106, 95 L.Ed. (1950). Thus, validity practical significance dismissed Brief 26-28. 37 wage controversy resolved entitlements added gives expectation priority bidding jobs protection individuals, class, benefits. significant individuals' very litigation originally won. petitioner-employer vigorously implementation cope deterioration morale, unrest, reduced productivity. 555, 1982); 229, 3064, Likewise, petitioner-union accedes actions, lose confidence bargaining leverage determination ultimately bear future) shortages. ante, 571, 5. Perhaps explains why, words, expended time [an] appeal win possible whose behalf ostensibly pursued." 44. 38 collateral relationship litigants,1 See, e.g., 755-757, 1255-1260, Super Tire Engineering McCorkle, 416 115, 121-125, 94 1694, 1697-1699, (1974); Gray Sanders, 372 368, 375-376, 83 801, 805-806, 821 (1963). hesitate definitive objections" Pasadena Bd. Education Spangler, 427 424, 440, 2697, 2706, 49 599 bring close. Note, Mootness Appeal Court, Harv.L.Rev. 1672, 1677-1687 (1970). wisely notes, "[litigants] [the court's] matter." Ante, My aided takes history parties' litigation. respondents, goals, awards, promotions. concessions. seek union's participation negotiation subject negotiation, relief. arose, allegation animus. "modification" system's effects. Under circumstances, maintenance percentages is, view, inescapable. plausible animus adoption hard pressed consider abuse discretion. happened here. animus, disagree. erroneous correction disproportionate impact. affirmatively minorities. American Tobacco Patterson, 456 63, 65, 1534, 748 (1982); 41 interpretation exercise justification present reasons 574-576, STEVENS, post, 591, fairly interpreted bar balances achieved necessary. adjust imbalances retroactive abrogates expectations Steelworkers Weber, 443 193, 205-207, 2721, 2728-2729, 61 480 (1979); 436-438, 2704-2705. grant group belong adversely Rather, powers, compensate identified 1870-1872; Milliken Bradley, 433 267, 280-281, 2749, 2757, 53 745 (1977); University California Regents Bakke, 438 265, 307-309, 44, 98 2733, 2757-2758, 57 750 (1978) (POWELL, J., announcing Court). invoked, carefully balancing competing interests discriminatees, employer. 239-240, 3070; matter how circumstance, here.2 sure, 1980, practices, victims, possibly obtained individuals. negotiating sought union,3 negotiated identities limited forms none things. chose avoid costs hazards litigating inviting participation. establishing victim's identity. And, most importantly, allow reserved status certainty condition precedent employers' unions' to, settlements. 211, 2731 (BLACKMUN, concurring) (employers settlements responsibilities disparate claims). Modifications encourage settlements4 cases. impede states 579, struck furthering statutory settlement. Carson Brands, 450 79, 88, 14, 101 993, 998, 67 (1981). 43 effectively applies criteria traditionally injunctions. Doran Salem Inn, 422 922, 931, 2561, 2567, 45 648 (1975). disapproves issued chance succeeding claim. maintain abused understanding, join 44 concurring judgment. reviewable city's policies. [persons] Department."1 faces future, say likelihood once remote litigation.2 46 judgment, discussion advisory. involve VII; administration parties, notice object entry. final immediately appealable. No taken. Hence, binding upon object; legally enforceable obligation. upheld irrespective authorize similar injunction.3 governs There ways justified. construction indicated portion interpreting, construing rough relied. record reasoned decree.5 48 exist decree.6 BLACKMUN explains, 607, 310-611, demonstrated changed circumstances. "circumstance" level fire department. App. Pet. Cert. No. pp. A73-A76. "changed" circumstance; meant apparent Thus clearly discretion here, BLACKMUN, BRENNAN MARSHALL join, dissenting. 51 Today's troubling creates ignores. issues arose prevented conducting manner. ended, restrains wishes take. rejects concludes create controversy. appears oblivious, consequences erased longstanding Having improperly asserted jurisdiction, standard review. abuse-of-discretion standard; treats decides merits, yet do so. inapplicable relies. Because, demonstrably error, respectfully dissent. Mootness. "The stages review, initiated." Roe Wade, 410 113, 125, 93 705, 712, 147 (1973). absence live controversy, constitutional requirement "case" "controversy," Const., III, deprives jurisdiction. case, start, becomes intervening acts destroy adjudication. DeFunis Odegaard, 312, 1704, 164 (1974). situation, vacate remand direction 54 Application straightforward. underlying suits Memphis' violated granted limiting Negroes part solve problems. instead according whites greater Since terminated workers conduct, opposing propriety gone. situation advisory, basic " 'to decide controversies questions abstract propositions, declare rules before it.' Oil Workers Missouri, 361 363, 367, 80 391, 394, 373 (1960), quoting Mills Green, 159 651, 653, 132, 133, 293 (1895). disposition, therefore, directions dismiss while awaiting return relationships prior initiation suit. Munsingwear "clears path relitigation eliminates through happenstance. procedure followed, preserved; prejudiced scheme preliminary." 40, 107. Were should, necessary, oppose grounds, arguments Struggling base offers variety why live. briefly suggests layoff. fundamental disagreement contention incorrectly interprets injunction.1 correct, nonetheless vacated, 58 remarkable. "rulings" formed "predicate" "remain undisturbed." 569. states: "[W]e layoffs." 60 Two aspects provoke comment. readily thing "ruling" life independent bind argument, oxymoronic somehow vacated—a contradiction remarkable, argue knowledge, doctrine requires lack case. Indeed, central unnecessary merits. 62 third focuses wages period layoffs—and undisputed lost. suggest, today laid-off come city, respondents.2 adversaries, defending liability proceeding. reason, resolution 63 nevertheless, keep alive adversarial party. 64 "Unless back-pay seniority." 571 (footnote omitted). 65 artful ambiguity renders capable interpretations, suggest voluntarily opines improper. advisory full sense—it anything already. 66 likely left standing, kind preclusive city. lost, prohibit doing notions correct—which infra, 599-601, nn. 3, 5—they irrelevant question awarding workers. bearing declined expired antistrike allegedly unconstitutional state statute, challenged statute governed monetary penalty pending '[T]hat us. issues. extends conditions us.' 370, added), Book Kansas, ex rel. Nichols, 193 49, 52, 395, 613 (1904). By moot, arise, relitigate relates reasoning backwards. pretends litigation; judgments designed precisely 68 going beyond reach today's With regard ability workers, prohibits taking action,3 30-31. confusion chosen doing, stopping. 69 union, imagined hypothetical. concedes whether, fact, possesses contractual form city.4 unclear defenses suit.5 filed. defense asserted, brought, exist. 70 justiciable judicial power. dissent parallel speculate nonjusticiable arriving result, analysis misleading many ways, important note unexplained departures record. A. Assuming, arguendo, justiciable, categories relief, success irreparable harm interest. Texas Camenisch, 451 390, 392, 1830, 1832, 175 (1981); reviewing "is issuance standard, constituted discretion." 932, 2568. 72 answer question. Instead, addresses press exists, reviews made. unanimously Camenisch deaf student interpreter assist him studies. While graduated. Camenisch's graduation post bond remained cost interpreter. vacated remanded explained: 74 correctly since, decided interpreter, issuing significantly different, depended factors [for injunctions], depends 75 76 "Until [a merits] place, intimate lawsuit." 393, 398, 1835 party's entitlement claim, confuse two. injunctive relief.7 New York State Liquor Authority Bellanca, 452 714, 716, 2599, 2600, 357 931-932, 934, 2567-2568, 2569. evaluation merits: 78 "Since suggested tantamount preliminary-injunction truly fails, equates 'likelihood success' 'success,' important, injunctions." 1833 79 ignoring begins stating "issue case" "ente[r] off." statement, respect, incorrect. face, prohibited "insofar [presently employed]" categories. 82-229, p. A80. all. suit, persuade entirely working hours 73. options meeting crisis, dismissal choice detail abrogate abrogated enforceable. recognized principle just Term W.R. Grace Rubber Workers, 461 757, 2177, 298 remarkably conduct faced conciliation female male grievances awards upholding dilemma render employees' enforceable: "Given Company's desire undeniable Company dilemma: risk agreement, contempt citation liability. dilemma, own making. committed conflicting obligations." 767, 2184. 82 correctness enforceability rights; regardless blacks.8 enabled whites, firefighters. erroneously does, grounds prevailed 84 derives characteristics enforcement basically contract," ITT Continental Baking 420 223, 238, 926, 935, 148 (1975), performance noted equity 560-561 1982). show change. 85 request primarily unpersuasive. ¶ itself: retains A69. relied seeking Plaintiffs' Supplemental Memorandum Support Preliminary Injunction obligated pursue "raise department levels approximating civilian County." A64. goals opportunities "require[d] reasonable, good faith 86 representation. Injunction, 1-2. argued "designed thwart gains blacks" Their emphasized Mayor "absolute choose classifications" "ranks demotion represented greatest number." 4. "violates spirit Consent 3. able charges claims, evidence hearing familiarity behavior, enjoined laying treating substantiate faults shown faith, empowered "effectuate purposes" frustrate purposes, order. Once again, about frustrated sufficiently 88 principally specifically 575. inadequate. remedy. this, meaning. ideal world, well-drafted structural succeed explicit contingencies. civil often years, foresight unattainable. typically confer supervising Viewed light, recourse broad "purposes" rewriting implement Judge presided unique nature original intent, distinctive shaped defined purposes. deference interpret ambiguous sufficient response conclude, mentioned regard, useful embody policy. presumably depend situation. Such whites; higher; negate smaller judge worked implementing time. knowing conducted attach suspension 90 frequently "power adaptation consent." Swift 286 114, 460, 462, 999 (1932); accord, Board 437, 2705, Shoe Machinery Corp., 391 244, 251, 1496, 1500, 562 (1968). source supervision always willingness processes equitable relief." Railway Employees Wright, 364 642, 647, 371, 349 (1961). test plaintiff's serve[s] Chrysler Corp. 316 556, 562, 1149, 1668 (1942). examining "imposed existed." 579. evaluate type litigated far question,9 answer. 92 706(g), 2000e-5(g). section, determines "enjoin engaging appropriate, include, ., deems appropriate" "appropriate" violations. distinguished race-conscious overlooked distinction establish grows "make whole" relief; suffered injury award. 347-348, 364-371, 1860-1861, 1869-1872, victimization shown, backpay, statute's whole. 762-770, 1263-1266, (1976). Courts 706(g).10 301-302, 2753-2754, (opinion POWELL, J.); 353, 28, 2780, BRENNAN, WHITE, MARSHALL, JJ.). individual, classwide future. alleviated members. forms, involves percentages—such respondents—that account hires promotes distinguishing feature it, beneficiaries themselves granted. instant seniority—and, contrary implication awards. manner; specifically, "decrease black[s]" maintained. arise impossible know extent Nevertheless, says because, concludes, logically analysis. alleging, class. Mr. plaintiff, solely race, Complaint &Par; 10, 10. proceeded familiar two-stage Franks. discrimination; so, proceed stage, 375, 1874. indicates: "If roster." 578-579. prevail members, settling refuted logic relies result.11 explained, focused ensued. unfair fault failing "that discrimination," simple showing trial. point cases—and indeed decrees—is expense identifying backpay. definition, invalid. Any defendant drastically reduce, incentives decrees. incongruous, statements "Congress preference encouraging claims." Alexander Gardner-Denver 415 1011, 1017, reliance mistaken well, concerned whereas exclusively classwide, Government alleging truckdrivers. Prior liability, partial company "one Negro Spanish-surnamed person" achieved. 330-331, 1852, allowed 100 reached problems posed requested none. relief—an came little relevance seeks buttress stressing 706(g). "hiring, suspended discharged discrimination" unclear, "ignores" "policy 706(g)." 582-583, particularized availability remedies. discussing passages 1964 legislators imposition indications Congress remedies, supports narrower interpretation, demonstrates received job, lawful action. Patterson Greenwood School 50, 696 293, 295 (CA4 EEOC Tel. 556 167, 174-177 (CA3 1977), cert. denied, 915, 3145, 1161 (1978); Day Mathews, 174 U.S.App.D.C. 231, 233, 530 1083, 1085 King Laborers Int'l Local 818, 273, 278-279 1971). Brodin, Standard Causation Mixed-Motive Action: Social Policy Perspective, Colum.L.Rev. 292 provision, prevents applicant unqualified nondiscriminatory reasons. sense, someone prospective Much view. What origin H.R.7152, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. version cause." cause" referred language amended replacing color, religion national origin," passed House. author amendment amendment's specify cause, clarify 2567 (1964) (remarks Rep. Celler). intended broaden prohibition Equal Employment Opportunity 1972, Stat. strongly endorsed breadth courts. amended, authorizes "such appropriate." 2000e-5(g) (emphasized 1972). 105 addition, consideration amendment, amend Ervin agencies adopt 118 1663-1664 (1972). Javits led debate amendment. 1664-1676. Significantly, stressed activities agencies, asked printed Record. 1665-1675.12 explicitly "[w]hat undo decisions." 1665. 2-to-1 margin. 1676. 106 patterns 1972 Conference Committee "In area address itself, areas assumed developed govern applicability VII." 7166 Relying Executive courts, Members (1978): "Executive, judicial, subsequent conclusively race" observed, moreover, acknowledge consensus, "ignored policy" statement broader IV 107 dissenting, glibly necessarily correct. shift pain onto reconciling perpetrators devising draw 'qualities mercy practicality [that] instrument nice adjustment reconciliation needs claims.' 1874, Hecht Bowles, 321 321, 329-330, 587, 591-592, 754 (1944). proper, equitably enforced admittedly zero-sum wrong, painful months ago, regret insistence unnecessarily reviving divided bureaus, firefighting, alarm office, administration, apparatus, maintenance, prevention. Of covered bureau. privates, among direct recognizing temporarily preclude applying "principal issue" 551. receive currently pending. intact, promise Against will, deprived offer attractive Seniority been, great 'More collective [-bargaining] security terms.' 766, 1265, (1976) (quoting Aaron, Reflections Legal Nature Enforceability Rights, 1532, 1535 (1962)). idle speculation suppose compensation fringe attract retain same caliber offering completely harmed "bargaining chip" measure, importance placed benefits, insignificant. Certainly, employer's substantially precluding striking 122-125, 1698-1699, precludes bumped down, distinguishable (1981), relies, court. expired, respects pre-injunction status. manner chooses. unenforceable citing Fulenwider Firefighters Assn. 649 S.W.2d 268 (Tenn.1982). unimportant decision. 564, 20. decision, assume same. unenforceable, place. 1973. 1975, memorandum. dissent's misapplied discretion, 601, overlooks layoff," A73. above, interpreting shrills, 611, 9, STEVENS states, 590, modifications extensively dependent "[T]he District's comes enforce," 373, recognition principle, Wright objections bound token, resulting inconsistent statute. limit City; equity. Since, note, 577, displacing contractually proven precluded "it shall religion, sex, origin. Lower uniformly extend bumping occupying jobs. 535 257, 267 (CA4), 429 920, 314, 189, Papermakers Paperworkers 980, 988 (CA5 1969), 397 919, provides: finds intentionally complaint, appropriate. employee, admission, suspended, expelled, 704(a) 107, H.R.Rep. 914, Sess., 72-73 (1963) (minority report), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 2355; 4764 Sen. Hill); 5092, 7418-7420 Robertson); 8500 Smathers); 9034-9035 Stennis Tower). Case "captains" authoritative 73, 1539, abandoned relief" Post, 619-620. notes observes section-by-section "in 7167 rejected, codify brief statement. 354, 1864, 39. refers sections amendments. discerning changes importance, analysis, subsection wide exercising fashion possible. whole, attainment objective elimination complained aggrieved possible, discrimination." Cong.Rec., 7168 Franks, amendments "emphatic confirmation restitution, 764, 1264 suffice rely Washington 426 2040, 597 General Building Contractors Pennsylvania, 3141, 835 precondition satisfied 114-115, (1932), read authorizing runs counter petitioner's respondent's sign-language really issue—who interpreter—was better handled 394-398, 1833-1835. ongoing relationship, itself. distinguishes these, cognizable granted." 1833; 397, 2, 1834, Unlike dissenters persuasive 576-577, VII's "Absent determination, alter Union's 771, 2179, (1983). sacrifices countenance McDonald Santa Fe Trail 278-296, 2574, 2577-2586, 493 (Title blacks); 208-209, 2729-2730, (1979) (listing attributes impermissible); cf. 215, 2733 ("[S]eniority craft training program abrogation rights"). also, infra. All language. Lyons, 95, 100-101, 1660, _____, 675 There, chokeholds police board instituted moratorium indefinite duration chokeholds, day wish Carroll Princess Anne, 393 175, 178-179, 347, 350, 325 constitute share BLACKMUN's doubts test. 614-616. 2000e-2(h) 2000e-5(g), define violation, respectively. limitations acknowledges tested 574, puzzling. predicated relevant, aid disavowed finding, exposition unnecessary. 607-610, indicating proceedings harried affairs leeway explaining affirmed. Rule Procedure 65(d)'s "[e]very forth issuance. phrasing Decree," focus "three modified," 560 1981). Most indicates treated modification. Until reviewed, signed. stop positions—lieutenant, driver, inspector, private—in planned. minimum "presently employed" positions, pertinence higher 1981. A77. lay-offs rank." A78 supplied). problem generally. firefighters successful reimbursement securing posted "[a] injured damages bond." 770, 2185, accruing Paragraph 6B "Benefits" "Layoff Policy," "Employees credit period." 95. chooses policy—which do—not invalidated. feigns uncertainty 5, O'CONNOR her 584-585, wants enjoys all, derive "Memorandum Understanding" A81. Tennessee recently confirmed, Understanding confers (1982), state-law municipalities organizations. am somewhat trying understand arising fully anyone. Negroes. constraint, (1983) (employer liable bargaining-agreement when, women seniority). turns erroneous, failure punishable contempt. Walker Birmingham, 388 307, 1824, 1828, 1210 (1967). Given punished turn recharacterize Respondent's 20-22. Petitioners' opposition devoted met. 25-28. "Order Granting Injunction," expanding Expanding Injunction." A77, A82. stating: "We weigh possibility suffer warrants "[The Judge] injunction." imagine clearer proceeding formalism. pressures determinations briefing development, provisional. "bear marks haste characteristic 1835. days announced. exception single deposition discovery. opening noted: "One hearings centers around lawyers don't develop discovery, exchange information, call think are. got idea lawyers—I sure finally route going. 30. few generously described findings conclusions, but, pointed "findings conclusions merits." 1834. legitimately Martin's dissenting Circuit's point. premised addressing imply accept premise (1979), whites. lawful, voluntariness informed inquiry. 200, 2725; (concurring opinion). qualities compulsion. suits, cooperative eliminate lingering 201-207, 2726-2729. Boston Chapter, NAACP, Inc. Beecher, 504 1027-1028 (CA1 1974), 421 910, 1561, 775 (1975); Rios Enterprise Steamfitters 638, 501 622, 629 (CA2 1974); Chisholm Postal Service, 665 482, 499 1981); Alexandria, 614 1358, 1363-1366 1980); I.B.E.W., 38, 428 144 (CA6), 400 943, 245, 248 (1970); Chicago, 663 1354 (CA7 1981) (en banc); Institute St. Louis, 616 (CA8 1980), 938, 3079, 951 Ironworkers 86, 544, 553-554 (CA9), 404 984, 447, 367 (1971); Lee Way Freight, 625 918, 944 (CA10 1979); Thompson Sawyer, 219 430, 678 294 interpretation. gave suggesting "stage I" II" odd notion. rationale alleged 544 (CA9) (a apprenticeship violation), (1971), Association Eastern Pennsylvania Secretary Labor, 442 (CA3) (upheld lawfulness contractors federally assisted projects employment), 854, 98, containing goals. 1675

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