Document: 452 U.S. 594 101 S.Ct. 2534 69 L.Ed.2d 262 Raymond J. DONOVAN, Secretary of Labor, United States Department Appellant,v.Douglas DEWEY et al. No. 80-901. Argued April 28, 1981. Decided June 17, Syllabus Section 103(a) the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act 1977 requires federal mine inspectors to inspect underground mines at least four times a year surface twice ensure compliance with health safety standards, make followup inspections determine whether previously discovered violations have been corrected. The section also grants right entry any coal or other provides that no advance notice an inspection need be given. If operator refuses allow warrantless under § 103(a), Labor is authorized bring civil action for injunctive relief. When inspector attempted appellee company's stone quarries, officer company refused continue. Subsequently, filed suit in District Court seeking enjoin from refusing permit searches its facility. granted summary judgment appellees on ground Fourth Amendment prohibited by 103(a). Held: required do not violate but instead are reasonable within meaning Amendment. Pp. 598-606. (a) Unlike private homes, which generally must conducted pursuant warrant order Amendment, legislative schemes authorizing administrative commercial property necessarily A may constitutionally when Congress has reasonably determined necessary further regulatory scheme, presence sufficiently comprehensive defined owner cannot help aware his will subject periodic undertaken specific purposes. 598-602. (b) Here, view substantial interest improving conditions mines, Congress' awareness mining industry among most hazardous this industry's poor record significant deleterious effects interstate commerce, could system was "if law properly enforced made effective." v. Biswell, 406 311, 316, 92 1593, 1596, 32 87. 602-603. (c) Moreover, statute's program, terms certainty regularity application, adequate substitute warrant. Marshall Barlow's, Inc., 436 307, 98 1816, 56 305, distinguished. 603-604. (d) fact as opposed long tradition Government regulation, does not, itself, mean question violated It pervasiveness regulation ultimately determines render program length were only criterion, absurd results would occur Amendment's concept reasonableness tolerate. 604-606. 493 F.Supp. 963, reversed remanded. Kenneth S. Geller, Washington, D.C., appellant. Francis R. Croak, Milwaukee, Wis., appellees. Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion Court. 1 In case we consider 1977, 30 U.S.C. 813(a) (1976 ed., Supp. III), authorizes violates Concluding provision reverse Eastern Wisconsin invalidating statute. 2 * 91 Stat. 1290, 801 seq. ed. develop detailed mandatory standards govern operation Nation's mines. 811 III).1 Act, per insure these This "a to, upon, through mine"2 states "no shall provided person." institute obtain appropriate 818(a)(1)(C) III.) 3 July 1978, quarries owned Waukesha Lime Stone Co. all 25 uncovered during prior had After site about hour, Waukesha's president, Douglas Dewey, continue unless first obtained search issued citation terminating inspection,3 subsequently 4 favor Act.4 963 (1980). Secretaryappealed directly 28 1252. Because Court's ruling invalidated important noted probable jurisdiction.5 Sub nom. 449 1122, 937, 67 108 (1981). II 5 Our cases established prohibition against unreasonable applies property. 305 (1978); See City Seattle, 387 541, 87 1737, 18 943 (1967). However, unlike Amendment,6 See, e. g., (1972); Colonnade Catering Corp. States, 397 72, 90 774, 775, 60 (1970). greater latitude conduct reflects expectation privacy enjoys such differs significantly sanctity accorded individual's home, may, certain circumstances, adequately protected inspections. supra, U.S., S.Ct., 1596. 6 one being free broad authority regulate enterprises engaged affecting some component regulation. Rather, protects intrusions onto agents government. Inspections if they unnecessary furtherance interests. 77, 777. Similarly, objectionable their occurrence so random, infrequent, unpredictable owner, practical purposes, real time inspected government officials. 323, 1826. "Where rules governing procedures follow, various restrictive apply." cases, protect "unbridled discretion [of] executive officers," 1826, assuring him "reasonable conducting . satisfied respect particular [establishment]." Camara Municipal Court, 523, 538, 1727, 1735, 930 7 assurance schemes. Thus, recognized because alcoholic beverage "subject close supervision inspection," enjoyed "broad power design powers it deems meet evils hand." 76-77, 776-777. concluded Gun Control 1968, 921 seq., predictable scheme mandated statute did describing strong unannounced, inspections, noted: 8 "It plain pose limited threats dealer's justifiable expectations privacy. dealer chooses engage pervasively regulated business ., he knowledge records, firearms, ammunition effective inspection. left wonder purposes limits task." 9 These decisions clear 10 We re-emphasized exception requirement recently Inc. case, held absent consent 8(a) Occupational 1970, 29 657(a). That imposes businesses commerce employees, 652(5), representatives Act. fails tailor scope frequency concerns posed numerous varied Instead, flatly "any factory, plant, establishment, construction site, area, workplace, environment where work performed employee employer" empowers investigate place employment pertinent conditions, structures, machines, apparatus, devices, equipment, materials therein, privately employer, operator, agent, employee." Ibid. provide guide either selection establishments searched exercise search. simply "at times, manner." 11 assessing found "devolves almost unbridled upon officers, particularly those field, whom search." Accordingly, assure nonconsenting who little inspection, contemplated "authorized statute, plan containing neutral criteria." expressly our holding provisions noting "reasonableness depend enforcement needs guarantees each statute" statutes "apply single industry, regulations might already pervasive Colonnade-Biswell Id., 321, 1825. 12 Applying analysis before us, conclude offend As initial matter, undisputed there enacting plainly country commerce.7 Nor seriously contested determine, designing frustrate explaining provision, Senate Report notes: 13 "[I]n [light] notorious ease many hazards concealed warning obtained, undercut Act's objectives." S.Rep.No.95-181, p. 27 (1977), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News pp. 3401, 3427. 14 see reason defer determination. conclude: "[I]f serve credible deterrent, even frequent, essential. context, prerequisite easily inspection." 15 clearly impede "specific needs" 1825, issue us believe does. industrial activity history serious accidents unhealthful working conditions. specifically tailored address concerns,8 facility "will First, defines Representatives annually annually. III). operations generate explosive gases irregular 5-, 10-, 15-day intervals. 813(i). discovered, 813(a), immediately notified miner miner's representative violation imminently dangerous condition exists. 813(g).9 Second, comply set forth Title Code Regulations. Indeed, inform operators proposed 811(e). rather than leaving purpose unchecked establishes guided presence. Like gun "is 16 Finally, mechanism accommodating special have. prohibits forcible entries, Secretary, facility, file court injunction future refusals. 818(a) proceeding anadequate forum mineowner show outside authority, seek district unusual interests Stoudt's Ferry Preparation Co., 602 F.2d 589, (CA 1979) (inspectors ordered keep confidential mine's trade secrets) cert. denied, 444 1015, 100 665, 62 644 17 Under difficult what additional protection provide. itself notifies regular basis. met officials facilities thus curtailed scheme. addition, embodies means can accommodated. general Appellees contend, however, constitutional applied segments nonetheless authorize quarries. Appellees' argument essentially tracks reasoning below. court, while acknowledging inapplicable solely came 1966,10 "not regulation." F.Supp., 964. To sure, referred "the liquor industry," 75, 776, more 313, 1820, "long supervision" militated imposition requirement. noted, 599, Thus upheld 1968 despite "[f]ederal traffic firearms deeply rooted governmental control industry." 315, Of course, duration often factor determining unnecessary. But occur. appellees' view, new emerging industries, including ones nuclear enormous potential problems, never carefully structured recent vintage 19 central tolerate arbitrary results, therefore like similar covered permissible. reversed, remanded proceedings consistent opinion. 20 So ordered. 21 STEVENS, concurring. 22 STEWART, I erred 930, overruled Frank Maryland, 359 360, 79 804, 877. post, 609 (dissenting opinion). share STEWART's conviction duty accept is; disagreement sufficient honor it.1 him, think invalidate explained my dissent neither longevity nor businessman's implied imposed congressional public occupational justifies premises. 336-339, 1832-1834 (Stevens, J., dissenting). 23 STEWART cogently demonstrated rationale today's decision much closer majority Nevertheless, am persuaded construe today.2 explanation differences between support different result case. agree distinguishable, confront represented fundamental misreading should overruled. merely observe option viable today dissenting opinions, 546-555, 1741-1745 (Clark, dissenting); 325-339, 1827-1834 dissenting), earlier Camara. 24 REHNQUIST, concurring judgment. hold that, exigent effect arrest home. Steagald 451 204, 1642, 68 38 (1981); Payton New York, 445 573, 1371, 63 639 involves Though proprietor agents, correctly notes "legislative Amendment." Ante, 598. 26 believe, justified rationale. holds permitted regulated. doubt enacted criminal involved here authorizing, example, unannounced thought house unlawful drug activity—the struck down existing line decisions. regulating preventing drug-related crime longer period mining. concur far tell, quarry largely visible naked eye without entrance held, "protection people 'persons, houses, papers, effects,' extended open fields." Hester 265 57, 59, 44 445, 446, L.Ed. 898 (1924). reserve extent prevent implementation absence situation presented here. dissenting. 877, restrictions Fourteenth Amendments conventional searches. Frank, eight years later over three Members one. believed then decided, "requir[e] safeguards evidence acts." 372, opinion).1 must, nonetheless, is, now such, consent, are, searches, invalid except few precisely circumstances. Camara, 528-529, 1730-1731. principle explicitly rule Camara: supervision, person enter aware." 1820. departs principle, respectfully dissent. A. 31 announced dwelling municipal officers proper unconstitutional "unless valid warrant." companion 943, Until today, exceptions two cases. 60, attack licensee's premises Internal Revenue agents. And 87, Treasury licensed 33 Biswell signal trend away rule. stated applies," warrants mandatory. 34 Barlow's description exception: "The element distinguishes ordinary 1820 (emphasis added). unmistakably consent. reasoned " '[t]he businessman [in supervision] consents placed him.' "2 (quoting Almeida-Sanchez 413 266, 271, 93 2535, 2538, 37 596). 35 narrow one: both Today conveniently discards latter portion exception.3 Yet very exception—that "businessman him"—disappears it. hardly said until after entered business. Yet, overrule says operators.4 36 peculiar logic opinion, diminishes increases. supposed mandates demand heightened, lowered, respect, intrusive expands. B follows apply consented warrant.5 Although existed since beginning Republic, 1966, added them became 965-966. read avoid though once.6 define dangerous, substantially, members. But, can, fiat, rob members protection, supersedes Coal 1969, formerly repeals replaces Metal Nonmetallic 721 "coal mine" include "an area land minerals extracted nonliquid form or, liquid form, workers underground." 802(h)(1) operated falls definition. citations propose penalties promulgated §§ 814(a), 820(a) Secretary's call issuance assessment penalty denial entry. CFR 100.4 allows contest hearing judge, whose discretionary review Review Commission. 815(d), 823(d) thereafter entitled final appeals. 816 Administrative Law Judge $1,000 Secretary. currently constitutionality makes distinction type inspected, conclusions equally Three Courts Appeals Texoline 612 935 (CA5 1980); Nolichuckey Sand 606 693 (CA6 1979), 446 908, 1835, 64 261 (1980); 589 (CA3 Absent home Johnson 333 10, 367, (1948). same pertain contraband crime. G. M. Leasing 429 338, 352-359, 97 619, 628-632, 50 530 (1977). preamble declared: "[T]here urgent measures practices death physical harm, diseases originating "[T]he existence unsafe impediment growth tolerated. disruption production loss income miners occupationally caused unduly impedes burdens commerce." 801(c), (d), (f). findings based extensive showing industries. S.Rep.No.95-181 (1977); H.R.Rep.No.95-312 explicit reference findings, deliberately included Since narrowly directed inherently activity, inclusion presumptively equivalent finding quarrying dangerous. Cf. H.R.Rep.No.95-312, (mining "so unique, complex, fit neatly Act"). contrast, considered require agency official indication "why [his] establishment program." n.20, n.20. subjected 723, 724. Florida Dept. Rehabilitative Services Nursing Home Assn., 450 147, 151, 1032, 1034, 132 concurring). doctrine stare decisis dictum McDaniel Sanchez, 130, 154, 2224, 2238, 724 (Stewart, say criminality seized course excluded trial. myriad Administration. unmoved Government's claims enforcement, impose courts. 316-320, 1822-1824. similarly unpersuasive Labor's OSHA "as warrantless-search infirm," id., recasting remarkable. discussing create "Congress purposes." 600. "this" Barlow's. Nothing sort "[t]he rid reinterpretation traces test, realize, purported limitation meaningless. explains how possibly told be. Ninth Circuit rejected notion alone enough vitiate operator's privacy: accurate state [the] legislation 'entered' [the operator's] activity" "subject[ed] himself Wait, 628 1255, 1259. Warrants ex parte. sought refusal execution known operator. 320, 1824. anticipated given search, accordance criteria planned expressed fear obtaining forthcoming groundless. Contrary belief ante, 604-605, empty gesture, advise objectives. proprietor's judicial reviewed Constitution, [made] On hand, "almost search," ibid., interference designed prevent. 528, 1730; 545, 1740, 943. Factually, nearly identical. Both arose come intended improve workplaces, language parallel. Compare 651 distinguished MSHA relates whereas broader range workplaces. MSHA, industries widely disparate characteristics injury rates. Limestone sand gravel operations, noncoal quite distinct, mention voluminous submitted amici true.

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