Document: 336 U.S. 368 69 S.Ct. 606 93 L.Ed. 741 STAINBACK, Governor of Territory Hawaii, et al.v.MO HOCK KE LOK PO al. (two cases). Nos. 52, 474. No. Distributed Dec. 30, 1948. 52. Argued Jan. 11 and 12, 1949. Decided March 14, Appeal from the District Court United States for Hawaii. 52: Mr. Thomas W. Flynn, Jr., Honolulu. T.H., appellants. [Argument Counsel page 369 intentionally omitted] Messrs. N. Wai Yuen Char, Honolulu, A. L. Wirin, Los Angeles, Cal., appellees. 474: C. Nils Tavares, petitioners. Wirin Fred Okrano, both respondents. Justice REED delivered opinion Court. 1 The appeal in Stainback, v. Mo Hock Ke Lok Po, An Eleemosynary Corporation, al., writ certiorari 474, a case with same short title, seek review judgment This was passed by special three-judge court that called pursuant to Judicial Code § 266 section's provision brought directly here on May 7, 1948, To guard against frustration this Court's refusal accept jurisdiction, timely petitioners 52 has been taken them 474 Appeals Ninth Circuit. No entered appellants there, Hawaii petitioned December 21, allowance under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1), U.S.C.A. 1254(1).1 2 A jurisdictional question as whether applicable arises It postponed order June 1, hearing merits. action petition until As record, arguments briefs opinions below fully present decided Court, avoid further futile proceedings we now grant before its decree proceed 74 F.Supp. 852, Po Stainback. 3 Respondents were plaintiffs trial court. They are Chinese School Associations, school, all giving instruction Chinese, teacher language schools. After 1941, these schools closed have not reopened. Prior date they had more than 2,000 pupils, several hundred whom first second grade, numerous teachers. Under J.C. sought an injunction officers charged law administration Act 'Regulating Teaching Foreign Languages Children,'2 enforcing it any particular teaching foreign languages respondents' pupils. 4 grounded legislative finding 'that study persistent use children average intelligence their earl formative years definitely detract ability properly understand assimilate normal studies English language.' Revised Laws 1945, 1871. 'School' defined regularly two or persons group.3 Requirements pupils teachers set out.4 Visitation appropriate officials enforcement purposes authorized. 1875. only sanction is injunction.5 lack coercion fine imprisonment limitation important factors our conclusion upon 5 complaint alleged violation Fifth Amendment deprived plaintiff right manage property contracting instructors parents his follow occupation.6 See Farrington T. Tokushige, 273 284, 299, 47 40 , 409, 71 646. district granted sweeping permanent Hawaiian Act. conclusions based solely procedural issues, discussion facts merits appropriate. 6 asked obtained provisions 266.7 minute entries re applicability 266, Code, at 858, show suggestions cannot be statement jurisdiction laid bare problem commendable frankness. lies threshold consideration appeal.8 7 Within decade, summarized Phillips States, 312 246, 61 480, 85 800, purpose effect extracted history precedents application congressional requirement strict construction protect appellate docket while assuring states exceptionally careful judicial would assaults, through federal courts statutes administrative board orders applications when those assaults Federal Constitution. pages 250—251, 483, 800. While take notice since air carriage closer continent,9 interference adjudicatory processes system persists. power call panel judges examined light case. 8 still territory but which Constitution laws generally applicable. 31 Stat. 141, 5, amended, 48 495, 495; Duncan Kahanamoku, 327 304, 317, 66 606, 612, 90 688. Not also territorial course subject legislation. 631, seq., 631 seq. Organic 86,10 provided 1900: 9 'The there shall established said consist one judge, * *. Said have, addition ordinary cases cognizable circuit therein manner court; *.' 158. 10 When incorporated into given 'the court.' 642, 642. jurisdiction.11 change could considered significant definite integration definition.12 depends called13 need analyze method judgments Hawaii.14 Our issue narrowed inquiry Congress intended should apply circumstances require similar suit state. discussing amendment Mann-Elkins Act, evolved section, geographical difficulties inherent burden thus place functioning system, such considerations outweighed desirability having constitutionality state statute comparable last resort 45 Cong.Rec. 7253—57. noted nowhere mention made territories nor far attention debates reports relating section amendments. 12 While, course, great respect paid enactments legislature adjudications courts,15 predominant reason enactment does exist respects territories. unnecessary sovereign state.16 In dual government, position over matters ruled requires deference beyond required territory.17 regulation.18 13 long-established rule protection conjunction necessary operations establishment persuaded cover 7253-57. Despite generality words strictly construed so 'statute State' include ordinances; 'officer means authority execute administer state-wide policy.19 14 merely absence word 'territory' leads us conclusion. We recognize some situations 'state' includes territory. Andres 333 740, 68 880. thought frustrated holding providing execution criminal prescribed State within sentence imposed' did 'Territory.' There held included territory.20 Here sovereignty furthered interpretation 15 former lends strength interpretation. 406, 646, July 1925, temporary forbidding somewhat involved single judge ground invalidity F.2d 710. Circuit affirmed certiorari. raised no without three judges. If applied interlocutory jurisdiction. appeal. sometimes action, where act unquestioned, can hardly precedent future case,21 responsibility see threejudge followed, think Hawaii.22 16 hold must dismissed. 17 turn Cou t entry 2101(d), 2101(d). What concerning final establishes improperly constituted 266. Nevertheless Appeals.23 although erroneously heard instead appealable because covered But reviewable Appeals,24 here. 18 Another matter refuse injunctive relief proceeding 41(1) plea violates due process clause respondents liberty property.25 allegations irreparable injury assertion will incur comparatively large liability building repairs employment part respondent violated, sums lost if enforced constitutionally. claims suffer he occupation. found amount, assume equitable jurisdiction.26 Furthermore, adequate legal remedy courts.27 none. sole sanction, note supra, institution equity whereby extraordinary remedies prohibitory mandatory injunctions utilized stop violations here, brought, defenses allow, including issues unconstitutionality 19 view, however, discretion, refused injunction. broad courts. Judge McLaughlin pointed out motion preliminary request 20 '* carries penalties infractions. Enforcement Territory. Plaintiffs fear equity, every believe constitutional rights protected appeal, be, eventually Supreme Court.' 21 applies well Entirely aside propriety court,28 like natural sources acts legislatures equally injunction.29 courts, importance primarily people should, left legislating unless exceptional command different course. find 22 23 reversed cause remanded directions dismiss complaint. 24 dismissed Judgment 25 FRANKFURTER, RUTLEDGE joins, concurring dissenting part. 26 I join opinion. 27 leave pending adjudication short-circuit Courts exercised except compelling wise administration. available almost which, even though may involved, come directly, go Appeals. provide direct appeals exercise discretionary what withheld. play designed it. allows requiring run justified presented undecided adjudicated doing improvidently Moreover, disposing By lifting assuming canvassing dealt below. entails new questions task writing. These precisely burdens saved Judiciary 1925. regular followed disposed Appeals, being necessity might never arise granting for. Drains time misconceptions strongly discouraged. honored practice dismissing ab initio, effort expended after full argument concluding here.1 29 attempt bring prematurely surely failed. succeed Accordingly agree want deny '§ 1254. appeals; certiorari; appeal; certified questions. 'Cases reviewed following methods: '(1) party civil case, rendition decree; Session 1943, 104, c. 31. 'Sec. 1872. Definitions. used chapter: "School' person, firm, group persons, unincorporated association, corporation, establishment, institution, teaches, fees, compensation other charges therefor, language, study, group, customary practice.' 'No child taught school comply requirements: (a) That fourth grade public shool equivalent, pass each succeeding standard test composition reading conducted direction department attaining score lower grade; (b) eighth equivalent; (c) attained age fifteen years.' R.L.Haw.1945, 1873. permit examiners appointed commissioners reasonably versed usage idiom teacher. *' 1874. 1876. Injunctive enforcement. event person violating, failing requirements of, chapter, reasonable attorney general, own instance instruction, institute occurs enjoin performance practices forbidden chapter. Jurisdiction hear dispose actions hereby conferred decrees, way injunction, otherwise, enforce fail decree, court, powers granted, operation conduct chapter complied satisfactory assurance with. county shall, behalf All suits name general.' R.L.Haw.1945. allegation denial §§ 41, 42, 43, 43. relied brief do consider 380 (see redistribution 25, Pub.Law 773, 1253, 2101, 2281, 2284, U.S.C.A.): suspending restraining enforcement, operation, officer statute, issued justice determined judges, Whenever aforesaid immediately assistance determine judges: denying, hearing, respecting presence denying suit.' complaint, filed 26, 1947, record February 11, October 22, says 'All pertinent adjective prerequisites specified Ayrshire Collieries Corporation 331 132, 67 1168 (91 1391), make operative participation instant occurred. Honolulu substantial transcending limitations 5th sufficiently Amended Complaint.' 859. appellants' suggestion pressed, view hypercritical failure prayer pressed. Healy Ratta, 289 701, 53 522, 77 1459, correspondence file shows receipt supplemental containing formal waiver relief. Corp. 140, 1172, 91 1391; Stratton St. Louis S.W.R. Co., 282 10, 51 8, 75 135. Compare (1946 ed., Supp. II) pp. 1444, 1453, U.S.C.A., showing epeal therefore quoted pressed 13, 9, 135; 248, 481, Air travel recognized Administrative Office expense 604(7), 604(7). 451, 91, 1331—1359, 1331—1359; 41; sec. 62 986, 645. Note arrangement Alaska id., 101. Revisers Notes 1291, 1292. Cf. Mookini 303 201, 58 543, 82 748. Rorick Board Commissioners Everglades Drainage District, 307 208, 212, 59 808, 810, 83 1242. Review allowed 86 ninth then appeals. adjusted conform elimination 128 amended. 64 Since Title 28, 1294, become effective. review, 128, 238, has. 1253. Waialua Agr. Co. Christian, 305 108, 60; De Castro Com'rs, 322 U.S 455, 1121, 1123, 88 1384. Ex parte Collins, 277 565, 567—569, 585—586, 72 990. Although originated 1910, 36 539, 557, 1937 Acts enacted. 50 752. Const., Art. IV, 3, cl. 2. cited add City Cleveland 323 329, 65 280, 89 274; Spielman Motor Sales Dodge, 295 89, 55 678, 79 1322; Public Nat. Bank New York Keating, D.C., 621; Des Moines Gas Cir., 264 F. 506; Calhoun Seattle, 215 226; Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Memphis, 198 955. Talbott Com'rs Silver Bow County, 139 438, 594, 35 210; Wynne 217 234, 242, 30 447, 448, 54 748; Yeung 132 374, 377. More, Cranch 159, 172, 397; Snow 118 346, 354, 1059, 1063, 207; Cross Burke, 146 82, 87, 23, 896; Louisville Trust Knott, 191 225, 236, 119, 123, 159; Arant Lane, 245 166, 170, 38 94, 96, 223. Benedicto West India Panama 256 417. Porto Rico Ry., Light Power Colom, 106 345, 354—355. Tokushige differences between concerned, 'expressly clearly removed subsequent specific Congressional 48, Section Rules Civil Procedure, rules 65(e), U.S.C.A.' 860. either 646 (now 2072, infra) affect Rule scope rules. insofar possible bearing, 'These modify August 24, 1937, 754, Congress.' 751, provides setting repugnant States. dealing Islands. 1459; Id., 292 263, 264, 700, 78 1248; 554, 556; Wilentz Sovereign Camp, 306 573, 582, 709, 714, 994, Service Commission Brashear Freight Lines, 621, 626, 784, 787, 1083. 225(a), 1291. Gully Interstate 16, 19, 567, 1088; Oklahoma Electric Packing 386, 392, 732, 734, 1318; Commissioners, 307, 213, 811, Jameson Morgenthau, 171, 174, 804, 805, 1189; International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union Donnelly 304 243, 251—252, 875, 880, 1316. indicated above, 6, equal 42 appears. developed nothing indicate discrimination race languages. We, therefore, confine ourselves issue. Snowden Hughes, 321 397, 497. Notwithstanding fusion substantive principles Chancery remain unaffected. 2; 1064, 2072); (note U.S.C., 1946 646; repealed 992; cf. 451) Abbe York, N.H. H.R. 171 .2d 387, 388; Bereslavsky Caffey, 161 499; Kloeb, 162 862; Byram Vaughn, 981, 984 Sibbach Wilson 9—10, 655, 422, 424, 80 479. Hillsborough Tp. Cromwell, 326 620, 622, 445, 358. Atlas Life Ins. I. Southern, Inc., 563, 568, 657, 659, 987: 'Section 1789, 78, 'cognizance nature common equity' appropriately perpetuated 24(1) 41(1), 1331 seq.) declares suits. 'jurisdiction' entertain devised administered separation countries. define sense decide, prescribes body doctrine guide decisions enable equity. Matthews Rodgers, 284 521, 525, 217, 219, 76 447; Moore's Practice, vol. 208; Grauman Company 172; Rep. 308, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 236 384, 384. 95, 680, 1322. Beal Missouri Pacific R. Corp., 45, 418, 577; Watson Buck, 313 962, 1416; Douglas Jeannette, 319 157, 63 877, 87 1324; Burford Sun Oil 315, 333, 1098, 1107, 29, 1424; Meredith Winter Haven, 320 228, 235, 9. Spector McLaughlin, 101, 152, Writs apparent conflict existence survive argument. And reasons: 'If suggested much enabled merits, answer very consistent involving settlement public, distinguished parties, real embarrassing certainly comes neither head.' Layne Bowler Western Well Works, 261 393, 43 423, 712.

Category: 8