Document: 342 U.S. 524 72 S.Ct. 525 96 L.Ed. 547 CARLSON et al.v.LANDON, District Director of Immigration & Naturalization, United States Department Justice. BUTTERFIELD, Naturalization Service, Detroit, Mich. v. ZYDOK. Nos. 35, 136. Argued Nov. 26, 1951. Decided March 10, 1952. Rehearing Denied June 9, See 343 988, 1069. [Syllabus from pages 524-525 intentionally omitted] No. 35: Mr. John T. McTernan, Los Angeles, Cal., for petitioners. F. Davis, Washington, D.C., respondent. 136: petitioner. Mrs. Carol King, New York City, Justice REED delivered the opinion Court. 1 These cases present a narrow question with several related issues. May Attorney General, as executive head and Service,1 after taking into custody active alien communists on warrants,2 charging either membership in group that advocates overthrow by force this Government3 or inclusion any prohibited classes aliens,4 continue them without bail, at his discretion pending determination to their deportability, under § 23 Internal Security Act?5 Differing views Courts Appeals led us grant certiorari. 807, 26; 810, 42. 2 I. Facts.—The four petitioners case 35 were arrested warrants, issued enactment Act 1950, each being an who was member Communist Party States.6 The warrants directed they be held custody,7 deportability.8 Petitions habeas corpus promptly filed alleging detention bond violation Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment9 Eighth Amendment Constitution States, 20 Act, amended, also unconstitutional. note 5, supra. allegation appears below.10 3 Respondent returns defending orders ground there reasonable cause believe petitioners' release would prejudicial public interest endanger welfare safety States. countered allegations many years' residence spent country giving basis fear action inimical during pendency deportation proceedings, integration community life through marriage family connections, meticulous adherence terms previous allowed former warrant deportability. 8, On consideration these undenied allegations, trial court determined had not been shown have abused discretion.11 This order reversed 'must state some fact upon which person could logically conclude denial bail is required protect secure alleged alien's presence should effect result hearing.'12 4 rehearing, made allegation, supported affidavits, Service's dossier petitioner contained evidence indicating him time arrest since 1930 participated then actively participating Party's indoctrination others prejudice interest. There no petitioners, except Hyun, assertion completely severed all affiliations connections.13 As Hyun formal did include affidavit denying facts stated Director's affidavit. are set out Court carefully detailed Circuit Judge Stephens, we refrain further restatement here.14 affirmed Court's substantial support exercised bail. 5 Zydok, 136, August 1949 recent he subject organization advocating violent Government. October 16, 1918, 8 U.S.C. (1946 ed.) 137, U.S.C.A. 137. At released $2,000 Later hearing Service but decision Wong Yang Sung McGrath, 339 33, 70 445, 94 616, necessitated second hearing. 6 After effective date, September 23, 64 Stat. 987, respondent again taken warrant, pursuant radiogram direction Acting Commissioner referring 1917, amended 156. Immigration. rearrest based 22 1950 provides aliens members affiliated Party. (Supp. IV) 7 Thereupon petition writ Eastern Michigan, challenging validity found abuse administrative refusing denied corpus, F.Supp. 338.15 Sixth Circuit, 187 F.2d 802, Court, holding determining General rest alone duty consider likelihood appear when ordered do so circumstances developed thought failure allow discretion. 9 That agreed correct finding Zydok financial secretary its Hamtramck Division. respondent's testimony justifies margin.16 record shows other information files such attendance closed meetings Michigan State Convention. succinctly sets concerning American life. We adopt statement.17 It said: 'Discretion does mean one particular facts. means rather just proper view attending circumstances. Styria Morgan, 186 1, 731 (734), 46 1027. involve decision.' 803. 10 concluded: 'We think fair factors above aggregate require appellant granted amount. more nearly accordance spirit our institutions it relates even those seek protection laws incongruously destroy. Carlson Landon, Dist. Director, Cir., 183; ex rel. Potash 169 747, 752.' 804. 11 II. Issues.—Petitioners case, respectively reversal affirmance principally same grounds. urged arbitrary capricious, Amendment; where justify unavailability hearings carrying possible judgment deportation, violates claimed right secured Constitution. urges, also, rearresting him, change circumstances, warrant. minor contentions irregularities proceedings immaterial cases. 12 presently undesirable resident questioned requires reexamination. When legally admitted, come Nation's invitation, visitors permanent residents, share opportunities satisfactions land. foreign nationals entitled persons effects laws. So long, however, fail obtain maintain citizenship naturalization, remain plenary power Congress expel sovereign determine what noncitizens shall permitted within borders.18 13 Changes world politics internal economy bring legislative adjustments affecting rights various admission deportation.19 passage marked attitude toward Theretofore provision anarchists aliens, organizations devoted violence Government sufficient deportation.20 reasons exercise summarized Title I Act. here print 2(15), 50 781(15).21 doubt doctrines practices Communism clearly enough teach use achieve political control give constitutional basis, according theory reasonableness arbitrariness, known regulate exclusion, expulsion aliens.22 before aliens' leadership communist domestic activities furnish against Communists. bar Communists cannot differentiated matter upheld unanimously half century ago exclusion Turner.23 Since '(i)t thoroughly established has whose deems hurtful,'24 deportable entry immaterial. They deported now, were.25 Otherwise, once became denizen reason forewarned entry. Mankind vouchsafed foresight requiring permit continuous occupation peace war admitted though never violate open qualify privileges. lack clause specifically empowering render impotent deal aliens.26 14 III. Constitutionality.—A. Arbitrary, discretion.—The essentially branches government, executive, may entirely officers, 'with opportunity judicial review congress see fit authorize permit.' is, course, intervention 'paramount law constitution.'27 15 Deportation criminal proceeding punishment. No jury sits. guaranteed Constitution.28 particularly drastic remedy become absorbed life,29 careful provide full deportation. Such charged responsibility manner consistent due process.30 Detention necessarily part procedure. Otherwise hurt proceedings. Of course purpose injure imputed generally placed detain supra.31 16 language seems originated H.R. 81st Cong., 1st Sess., introduced Representative Sam Hobbs Alabama January 3, 1949. intended clarify procedure dealing deportees 'expressly discretion, hold custody.'32 need clarification arose varying interpretations authority provision. Note 31, In Prentis Manoogian, 422, 424, earlier 'Congress right, follow phrase 'at commissioner' vests avail himself afforded alien, commissioner director.' hand Zapp 120 762, Second construed contrary. 'The natural interpretation used, 'may bond,' indicate discretionary General; borne provisions section, well sections immigration laws, choice words significance.' page 765. 17 later applied explain untrammeled review.33 light inserted 'in General,' very Manoogian detained alien. statute right. 18 urge General's review, merely can overturned only showing clear abuse.34 proceed suggested first observed reports emphatic explaining Congress' intention make presumptively unassailable abuse. reposed least great supra, overridden 'was foundation.' 19 work. Party, sessions office goes beyond unexplained degree, perhaps Zydok's participation activities. deport menace security itself, I, 2, certainly broad parties deportable, like Anarchists, because understanding democracy ours accomplish aims, plus personal activity supporting extending philosophy gives adequate detention. expected addition show specific acts sabotage incitement subversive action. heretofore approved Knauff Shaughnessy, 338 537, 541, 309, 311, 317.35 contention 4, fact, report request allowance large majority refusal capricious power. process apprehension aganst B. Delegation Legislative Power.—This leaves constitutionality delegation authority. objection unbridled left standards admit detain. familiar examination entire looked meaning surroundings connections. legislate far practicable, must leave officers purpose.36 subsidiary policy.37 applies than named listed supra.38 A wide range meet situations arising country.39 21 policy are, general, definite. §§ 137 155, 155. Specifically Communists, cases, standard notes determination. Hearings had, reference scheme eradicate evils activity. calling amendments legislation introductory Subversive Activities Control Act.40 pertinent new designed eliminate inculcate doctrine people. To end certain noncitizens, including conduct aid objectives movement, detained. Compare Yakus 321 414, 660, 88 834, Bowles Willingham, 503, 515, 641, 647, 892. permissible limited standards. framework guard hearings. Cf. Mahler Eby, 264 32, 40, 44 283, 286, 68 549. Amendment. C. Violation Amendment.—The advanced Constitution, compels preceding why power, Here argument Amendment, charges accords citizens bailable offenses. Obviously cited applicants flatly argument.41 none do. lifted slight changes English Bill Rights Act.42 England accord cases,43 excessive carried over Rights, nothing said indicated different concept.44 prevented defining country. Thus compulsory punishment death.45 Indeed, fails say arrests bailable. think, clearly, 24 noted problem unusual delay involved case. 751. 25 IV. Rearrest.—Finally, argues outstanding bai, improper. inquiry propriety McNally Hill, 293 131, 55 24, 79 238. While satisfactory good detaining entered.46 run along objected rule executed exhausted.47 guards precipitate rearrest. Where, comes discovery error release, required.48 escaped trick rearrested warrant.49 Although statute, convicted paroled status parole prisoner.50 prisoner still control, bounds confinement enlarged. His bondsmen jailers.51 bailsmen proceeds bench retake prisoner. 3143, 3143. 26 civil branch government issues executes better practice 27 will vacated remanded opinion, directions unless warrant.52 28 affirmed; 136 vacated. 29 BLACK, dissenting. 30 Today holds law-abiding persons, neither nor crime, jail indefinitely, if subordinate Washington bureau agent believes therefore dangerous Nation possibility 'indoctrination others.' Underlying harsh past decisions declaring constitutionally direct summary sees fit. agree DOUGLAS dissenting Harisiades 580, 598, 512, 523, prior declarations now reconsidered rejected. dispose But today adheres to, greatly expands relies holding. FRANKFURTER presents strong arguments construing reach opposite result. authorized holds, strikes me shocking disregard following Rights: Amendment's ban bail;1 First abridgment thought, speech press;2 depriving liberty law.3 Before discussion my grounds dissent necessary precise records present. 31 ('detained') connection might lead Immigration, prison necessity, bureaus courts last years. Carlson's already dragged Moreover, indeterminate sentences countries refuse them. refusals thousands cases.4 equivalent sentence, 56 years old, Carlisle health bad. fate ordinary people selected classified, secret information, 'dangerous' agents. 32 illustrates happening. He lived 39 years, owns home, violated law, 'not likely engage activities,' wife, two sons, daughter five grandchildren, born Both sons served armed services World War himself, waiter, sold about $50,000 worth bonds 'donated blood seven occasions Red Cross Army.' jailing despite patriotic proud, typical actually happens feelings high unpopular minority. 33 momentary technical respite, too, government's program, character. others, equally enviable given respite. Stevenson wife citizen mother young man citizen. Her son long attacks undulant fever. 70-year-old grandmother Stevenson's help her husband housework while she 'detained' national security. tried persuade representatives Bureau enter fixing Carlisle. refused. 34 Stevenson, Carisle, allegedly aliens. Denial try evade obedience orders. conceded 'there fearful going jurisdiction'; said, 'I am men women says risks'; turn loose deadly germ community. If let assume burden.'5 remarks counsel kept such, too associate Appeals' premise jail, delayed frustrated granting 991. And Solicitor 'the movement.' basis. must, drawing inferences flee unavailable admits, vestige inference.6 Besides, 'who willfully * conviction guilty felony, imprisoned ten *.' 1012. 'they From concluded association imperil isolated families communities. whether citizens, not. keep assure compliance order, imprisonment possibly solely thinks be. put derived deport. Consequently today's agents privilege 36 stark 'alien Communists' dangerous, 'Communists' ground. campaign fill jails aimed only, peaceful ensnared process. For prove throws Communist, 'dangerous.' declare apparently acting rankest hearsay evidence. sources 'information' spies informers, class usually rated most reliable experience them.7 nearest approach identifiable source jailed 'Communist,' 'Communist front.' listings parte dossiers containing statements refuses reveal. illegal. Joint Anti-Fascist Committee 341 123, 71 624, 95 817. reverse judgments 35. My own Nor attempted so. 37 First. Section 1011, 156, 'Pending final deportability may, (1) continued custody; (2) amount less $500, (3) conditional parole.' read attempting virtue General. Decision (with exceptions) subordinates wiht en masse kind 'discretion' intended. permitting delegate tremendous others. 38 finds Alien Registration 1940, s 458(a), President's Reorganization Plan 133z—15, 133z—15 note. general allowing duties. gravity seize warns implying unlimited it. bad vesting chief prosecutor individuals prosecutes Delegating redelegating entrusted duties deputy sheriffs policemen raises serious procedural questions. willing imply delegations ominously threaten individuals. Consequently, assuming decide Second. fifth commands deprived law. here. 40 Surely prosecuting attorneys enforcement determinations accuse something indefinitely awaiting truthfulness accusations done referred judge's statement deemed risks. official's mere belief coming unidentified accepted both judges casting Communist' burden proving convincing incriminate themselves officer's suspicions proof behind doors. condemning job judiciary 'due law.'8 farm police abdication part. 41 Third. previously pointed out, indoctrinate beliefs. talk flat admit, logical application watering down speech.9 realize 'fellow travelers' accorded protections. freedom speech, press religion eventually none. grants absolute governmental system, discuss affairs, argue desired existing order. bad, tyrannical governments permit. wrote adopted weighed dangers censorship deliberately chose unequivocal command assembly, petition, abridged. happen wise free way enlists respect love imperiled talk. mine suppose influence protest whenever encroachments liberties. encroachment small. True mainly beliefs expressions. sure victims offered up enemies friends does. 42 Fourth. 'Excessive Under Government's contentions, adopts, nothing. 'whether granted, forbids exaction contention, limitation judge fix all. Stated another way, take away. thus reduced below level pious admonition. Maybe literal framers lends itself weird, devitalizing scrutinized hostile eye. until recently, broad, liberal obviously individual oppression. 'has *' death.' (1): 1789, 1689. written guarantee Americans greater enjoyed ancestors driven Europe persecution. Bridges California, 314 252, 264—265, 62 190, 194, 86 192. (2): true frequently 'when analogy between death penalty advances analogizing offense indoctrinating crime degree murder. 43 Another this: statutes relating thereto always considered applicable character, application.' reject simple device providing criminal' label techniques used incarcerate. Imprisonment justifiable precisely evil consequences whatever legalistic describe plight. Prior adoption, history filled instances want substantiated. Official malice imprisonment. plain impossible agency Government, Congress, keeping moment longer answer legal obligation thereafter validly imposed days fond hopes unnecessary, ever deprive Story seem wholly unnecessary scarcely department atrocious conduct.' Constitutional Law, 5th Ed., Vol. p. 650. Perhaps word 'atrocious' strong. regret, deeply adds list guarantees recently weakened expand powers expense freedom. reversing affirming 45 FRANKFURTER, whom BURTON joins, ruling started Party—an undiscriminating, unindividualized determination—it exceeded limits wilfully adjudications preceded unambiguous history. unequivocally nonreviewable deny substance formally ruling. disclose followed blanket calls stand. 47 controlling questions are: What 19501 impose proceedings; standards? concedes reviewable question. subjection scrutiny lightly exercised. bill ultimately initially passed House making unreviewable action.2 enacted, omitted finality clause; defined: (he) parole.'3 conflicting Appeals: right; ruled review. 747.4 latter view. deserves emphasis arbitrarily.5 48 legislated historical background provisions. Only day restated concept traditional reflected Constitution: 49 'This (or deportation) permits unhampered preparation defense, serves prevent infliction conviction. function limited, defendant relevant assuring defendant. infer indictment unusually act.' Stack Boyle, 6, 4. evolved Anglo-American accusation convenient trial. contrary, enable stay guilty. Each stands justice individual. accused benefits record, misdeeds them.' 7, (concurring opinion), 6. 51 'bail,' laymen, infuse whom, lawyers. provided lawfully midst privileges criminals. pertain respected conscious traditions surround informed conscience exercise.'6 52 instead Smith indictment, 2385, indictment. Membership Party—the charge foundation proceedings—is surely danger leading conspiracy advocate force, essence Dennis 494, 857, 1137. defense' quite important hestitate impute absence explicit command, intent readily available distinction. Instead, cast descriptive customary commissioners district admitting 53 751 F.2d, guided enactment, presumably observed: reasonably factors, among probability seriousness proved, community, availability subsequent enlarged bail.' 54 assurance event deported. slightest indication petitioner's ties one's behavior throughout thereafter. affirmatively cases—as compared, example, prosecutions Act—the concerned depart minimized significance, first, departure contesting, secondly, depart, realized. unfair community' criterion bailability. presumed manner, individualized anticipated conduct—and alone— considered. Also, how expeditiously concluded, effect, considerations. argued that, section makes 'legislative finding' threat represented Party,7 serve believing large. renders meaningless wherever write Hobson's True, apply brought However, absorbing concern Party; explicitly deportation.8 puts stultifying position suggest gave away other. 57 applying him. evidently compulsion abstract, determination, judgment. originally (one late June, 1950), ranging $5,000 $1,000 another; three Much 22, intervened original deportation.9 Detroit. authorities relieved proving—in prima facie case—that 'organization in, advises, advocates, teaches Government.'10 definition little difference proof.11 rate, complete nowhere—either writs elsewhere—has eased silence factor judgment.12 Angeles statement, 'said petitioner(s) (they) interest, States.' return decision. 58 insubstantiality freeing ample instructed statute. claim Hamtramck, 1949, year 1950. testimony, drew conclusion 'knowingly self-incrimination, times claimed.13 insufficient proceeding. hazardous risk leaving 59 1949—a issuance denials review—with exception newspaper article published 1930's. escape estimate (each person's) community.'14 60 confirmed practice. advised terminate barring special physical condition situation compel exception. considerations respond All unbailable inferred acted assumption convinced members, benefit freed conception unbailable. California returned discharge using outlined. fresh setting 61 DOUGLAS, strike deeper According formerly membership, seditious committed overt act endangering actions expressions unaccompanied does1—then illegally free, issue meaningless. 63 BURTON, join add suggestion statutory advocates. prohibits federal seen traditionally Likewise, prohibit unreasonable hand, requirement unattainable, yet, thing. procedures. difficult V, 1238, 133t Sec. 889, February 155: '* entered chapter, States; shall, 1012, U.S.C., 1946 ed., infra: '(c) Aliens advise, advocate, teach, organization, association, society, group, teaches: forms subsection 4(a), amending 137: 'Any entering thereafter, enumerated 1(1) 1(3) 1(2) 1917. mentioned irrespective 137—3. Id., 'That excluded States: '(1) solely, principally, incidentally, '(2) who, time, classes: '(A) anarchists; '(B) teaches, opposition organized government; '(C) (i) (ii) totalitarian party (iii) Political Association, (iv) state, geographical subdivision state; (v) subsidiary, branch, affiliate, party; (vi) predecessors successors party, regardless name bear, hereafter adopt; '(F) unconstitutional law; *. '(3) would, entry, (A) espionage, sabotage, disorder, security; (B) of, violence, means; (C) organize, join, affiliate with, participate registered 1950.' 156: Pending parole. 22(1), groups violence. here, happenings required, fines imposed, cruel punishments inflicted.' Public Law 831, (8 156) (commonly 1950) 1918 137)), void petitioner, property abridge assembly redress grievances, purport indefinite deportability.' 183, 186; 190. 189. 2248, 2248: proceeding, traversed, extent true.' Quite properly, raised applicability 137(c), 781. cross-examination Chief Assistant Attorney, consistently evasive witness demeanor testifying relation communistic convinces knowingly 803: 'Appellant seventeen age arrived Poland 1913. continuously Michigan. waiter speaking restaurant Mich., waiter. home Detroit consisting daughter, grandchildren. children grandchildren married During II $50,000.00 Bonds period donated Army. 'Before reported regularly Service. engaged activities.' Nishimura Ekiu 142 651, 659, 336, 338, 1146; Fong Yue Ting 149 698, 707, 1016, 1019, 905; Bugajewitz Adams, 228 585, 607, 978; Ng Fung Ho White, 259 276, 280, 492, 493, 66 938; Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 304, 318, 216, 220, 81 255; Eichenlaub 521, 528, 329, 332, 307; III Hackworth's Digest International 725 (1942). example compare December 17, 1943, 600, 1882, 58. extension proscription progressive, successive enactments 874. '(15) movement numbering adherents, rigidly ruthlessly disciplined. Awaiting seeking advance extended engagements, divided counsel, industrial straits, achievement, seeks converts extensive system schooling indoctrination. preparations aided supplanting governments. pursuing objectives, successes methods countries, nature existence institutions, common preserve sovereignty independent nation, republican form enact appropriate recognizing world-wide accomplishing Trotsky, History Russian Revolution, 106, 120, 141, 144, 151; Lenin, Collected Works (1930), XVIII, pp. 279 280; August, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow (1949), 28, 30, 33. Translations furnished Stalin. Works, 131—137, 185—205, 241—246; III, 367—370. Leites, Operational Code Politburo (1950), c. xiii, 'Violence.' Systems S.Rep.No.1515, 2d Senate Judiciary, Part Subversives, B, Control; II, C, Aliens. Turner Williams, 194 279, 719, 979; Schneiderman 320 118, Douglas concurring 165, 1333, 1355, 87 1796. 591, 608, 938. 39, 549: '(Congress) was, unquestioned rid career society.' 530, 333, 307. 512. 255. 713—715, 728, 1022, 1027, Japanese Immigrant Case, 189 86, 97, 611, 613, 721; Zakonaite Wolf, 226 272, 218; Wing 163 228, 231, 977, 978, 140. protection. 290—291, 722, 275, Haw Tan Phelan, 333 374, 376, 92 433; Jordan De George, 223, 703, 886. Vajtauer Commissioner, 273 103, 302, 560. follows: disposal custody, $500 conditioned produced regard unlawfully 1951, Bail Status, involving charges, date indicates modest recognizances larger remained unchanged amendment few. H.R.Rep.No.1192, 6; S.Rep.No.2239, 5. 751: exist interpreted mind court's override Doyle 753; Pirinsky 177 708; Geronimi 896. (This reviewability Act.) proposed bills provision: '(f) discharging court, otherwise, Federal composed judges.' 3. 9. survive. Even probable avalability trial, significance communists, decisive out. 22(2)(C), 23. amendments. Buttfield Stranahan, 192 470, 349, 525; Union Bridge Co. 204 364, 386, 367, 523; Grimaud, 220 506, 480, 563; Panama Refining Ryan, 388, 421, 241, 248, 446: regarded resources flexibility practicality, perform laying policies establishing standards, instrumentalities rules prescribed declared Legislature apply.' Wayman Southard, Wheat. 43—48, 253; St. Louis, I.M. S.R. Taylor, 210 281, 617, 1061; Intermountain Rate Cases, 234 476, 486 489, 986, 991—992, 408; Fahey Mallonee, 332 245, 249, 67 1552, 1553, 91 2030. 424—425, 667, 834: essentials formulation promulgation defined binding preserved specified basic conditions occurrence, ascertained data designated agency, directs effective. drawn declaration call judgment, framework.' Any becoming Likewise sentenced moral turpitude, illegal entrants. Approximately 85,000,000 crossed borders fiscal year. Some times. , million 670. 630—631, n. 22. quoted 21. Attention called 752: 'If bearing denied, fully satisfied fairness forth regarding observed.' Klig 157, 160: 'It unappropriate refer series collectively imposition Certainly, principle inherent technically fall scope. reconciled relators forth.' Wm. Mary Sess. I(10). Petersdorff, Bail, 483 seq. Annals 753. ,1 91, 33; Rules Criminal Procedure, 46(a), Similarly, appeal Fed.Rules Crim.Proc., 46(a)(2), U.S.C.A.; 184 881, 884; Williamson 281; Baker 139 721. England, crimes 'have sureties walls prison.' Blackstone's Commentaries, Book IV, 298. Bilokumsky Tod, 263 149, 158, 54, 57, 221, cited; 45, 288, valid invalid arrent. Hikkinen Gordon, 190 168 19; Russell, Barb., N.Y., 300. People Wolfe Johnson, 230 N.Y. 256, 130 N.E. 286. Voll Steele, 141 Ohio 293, N.E.2d Porter Garmony, 148 Ga. 261, S.E. 426. magistrate, refused higher court. re Marshall, Ariz. 300 P. 1011. Anderson Corall, 193, 196, 43, 44, 247. Taylor Taintor, Wall. 366, 371, 287. Dowd Cook, 340 206, 262, 215; S.C. U.S.Const., Amend. VIII. abridging press; 'No life, liberty, property, V. Cong.Rec.10449; 10. 'When claim, don't know risks disproved proved vote 42,000 casualties already.' contrary admission, loss understand opinion. intimated resting, rest, approval supportable record. 'Anonymous informations ought received sort prosecution. introducing precedent, age.' Written near 100 A.D. Emperor Trajan Pliny Younger response Pliny's interesting prosecution Christians. Harvard Classics, 428. doubt' profession Christianity, unattended act, punishable Supra, (informers Christians) succeeded prosecution, exposed resentment considerable censure portion mankind, ignominy every country, attended character informer. If, failed proofs, incurred severe, capital, which, emperor Hadrian, inflicted falsely attributed fellow-citizens Christianity.' Gibbon, Decline Fall Roman Empire (Oxford Univ.Press), 107, 108. Mozorosky Hurlburt, 106 Or. 274, 198 556, 211 893, A.L.R. 1076 1079—1083. See, e.g., Communications Assn. Douds, 382, 674, 925; 1137; Feiner York, 315, 303, 328, 267, 295. Pub.L.No.831, 987. thus: '(g) jurisdiction otherwise favor reviews.' Cong.Rec. 10448—10460. H.R.Rep. 1192, 10—11 comment: releasing hands denies test legality courts; states finally terminated favor.' 1010, 156(a), 156(a) (emphasis added). 5—6, commenting unreviewable, yet (existing law) often lacking clarity doubtful arisen interim committee simplify details.' memorandum lawyers' 'flouts circuit appeals circuit,' citing 747. 10454. General' 'Where Controller believe,' Privy Council Nakkuda Ali Jayaratne, (1951) A.C. 66. held, Lord Radcliffe, 'that grounds, Controller, power' conferred. reason: 'After all, commonly legislature law-making confers minister official. However read, sense limiting conclusively decided wields value restraint faith: field arises reservation faith hardly formality.' 77. Professor Mark Howe Nation, Jan. 12, 1952, 30. 1006, 137—3, Ibid. 137(c). 510—511, 867—868, 1137, Jackson 695, 925. compendiously justified instruction examined thereof undue hardship impose.' radiograms, October, ordering 3481, 3481; Wilson 60, 66, 765, 766, Blau 159, 170. decided, wanting. An extract A. N. Hand illumines differences: 'In writ, Young required. accepted, return, furnishing false identity fraudulent passport; identification, places residence, employment 2248 Judicial Code, (28 2248), impeached, traverse refute statements, motion reargument, offer assert facts, 2246 2246) accomplished Supreme 3: accused's stand submit sentence guilty." 474. dissents 584—589, 904—907, 523.

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