Document: 443 U.S. 193 99 S.Ct. 2721 61 L.Ed.2d 480 UNITED STEELWORKERS OF AMERICA, AFL-CIO-CLC, Petitioner,v.Brian F. WEBER et al. KAISER ALUMINUM & CHEMICAL CORPORATION, Petitioner, v. Brian STATES al., Petitioners, Nos. 78-432, 78-435 and 78-436. Argued March 28, 1979. Decided June 27, Syllabus In 1974, petitioners United Steelworkers of America (USWA) Kaiser Aluminum Chemical Corp. (Kaiser) entered into a master collective-bargaining agreement covering terms conditions employment at 15 plants. The included an affirmative action plan designed to eliminate conspicuous racial imbalances in Kaiser's then almost exclusively white craftwork forces by reserving for black employees 50% the openings in-plant craft-training programs until percentage craftworkers plant is commensurate with blacks local labor force. This litigation arose from operation one plants where, prior only 1.83% skilled were black, even though work force was approximately 39% black. Pursuant national agreement, Kaiser, rather than continuing its practice hiring trained outsiders, established training program train production workers fill craft openings, selecting trainees on basis seniority, proviso that least be approximated During plan's first year operation, seven six selected plant's force, most senior trainee having less seniority several whose bids admission rejected. Thereafter, respondent Weber, those workers, instituted this class Federal District Court, alleging because had resulted junior employees' receiving preference employees, other similarly situated been discriminated against violation provisions § 703(a) (d) Title VII Civil Rights Act 1964 make it unlawful "discriminate . race" selection apprentices programs. Court held violated VII, judgment favor plaintiff class, granted injunctive relief. Appeals affirmed, holding all preferences based upon race, including incidental bona fide plans, VII's prohibition discrimination employment. Held: 1. does not condemn private, voluntary, race-conscious plans. Pp. 200-208. (a) Respondent Weber's reliance literal construction statutory McDonald Santa Fe Trail Transp. Co., 427 273, 96 2574, 49 493, which held, case involving action, protects whites as well certain forms discrimination, misplaced, since Kaiser-USWA voluntarily adopted private parties traditional patterns segregation. "[A] thing may within letter statute yet statute, spirit, nor intention makers," Holy Trinity Church States, 143 457, 459, 12 511, 512, 36 L.Ed. 226, thus, §§ must read background legislative history historical context arose. P. 201. (b) Examination sources makes clear interpretation forbids would bring about end completely variance purpose Congress' primary concern enacting plight Negro our economy, primarily addressed problem opening opportunities Negroes occupations have traditionally closed them. view history, very words intended spur or catalyst cause "employers unions self-examine self-evaluate their practices endeavor eliminate, so far possible, last vestiges unfortunate ignominious page country's history," Albemarle Paper Co. Moody, 422 405, 418, 95 2362, 2372, 45 245, cannot interpreted absolute efforts hasten elimination such vestiges. 201-204. (c) conclusion further reinforced examination language 703(j) provides nothing contained "shall require any employer grant preferential treatment group race account of" de facto imbalance employer's Had Congress meant prohibit could provided permit racially integration efforts. record shows prevent 703 being way lead undue federal regulation businesses, thus use word "require" phrase "require permit" fortifies did intend limit business freedom degree action. 204-207. 2. It necessary these cases define line demarcation between permissible impermissible plans; suffices hold challenged falls side line. purposes mirror break down old segregation hierarchy, structured open At same time, unnecessarily trammel interests neither requiring discharge replacement new hirees, creating bar advancement half will white. Moreover, temporary measure, maintain balance, but simply manifest imbalance. 208-209. 5 Cir., 563 F.2d 216, reversed. Noyes Thompson Powers, Washington, D. C., petitioner No. 78-435. Michael H. Gottesman, 78-432. Lawrence G. Wallace, R. Fontham, New Orleans, La., respondents each case. [Amicus Curiae Information Pages 196-197 intentionally omitted] Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered opinion Court. 1 Challenged here legality collectively bargained union—that reserves craft-workers question decision whether Congress, 1964, 78 Stat., 253, amended, 42 U.S.C. 2000e seq.,, left employers sector free take steps segregated job categories. We 2 * contained, inter alia, craft-work forces. Black craft-hiring goals set equal respective To enable meet goals, on-the-job teach unskilled workers—black white—the skills become craftworkers. reserved newly created 3 Gramercy, La. Until hired persons who experience. Because long excluded unions,1 few able present credentials. As consequence, 1974 (5 out 273) Gramercy area 4 altered plant. Rather already openings. Selection made See 415 F.Supp. 761, 764. plan, 13 Gramercy's Of these, Thereafter Weber (hereafter respondent), States Eastern Louisiana. 6 complaint alleged filling positions pursuant discriminating 703(a)2 (d)3 VII. permanent injunction prohibiting USWA "from denying plaintiffs, members access race." App. 171. A divided panel Fifth Circuit 216 (1977). certiorari. 439 1045, 720, 58 704 (1978). reverse. II 7 emphasize outset narrowness inquiry. Since involve state Equal Protection Clause Fourteenth Amendment. Further, voluntarily, we are concerned what requires court might order remedy past proved Act. before us narrow issue agreeing plans accord manner plan. That expressly 281 n. 8, 2579, 493 (1976), discrimination. 8 argues Respondent's argument rests Those sections Since, runs, Sante supra, settled blacks, operates discriminate solely they white, follows violates 9 without But overlooks significance fact respondent's misplaced. S.Ct., 2579. "familiar rule spirit makers." 226 (1892). therefore Train Colorado Public Interest Research Group, 426 1, 10, 1938, 1942, 48 434 (1976); National Woodwork Mfrs. Assn. NLRB, 386 612, 620, 87 1250, 1255, 18 357 (1967); American Trucking Assns., 310 534, 543-544, 60 1059, 1063-1064, 84 1345 (1940). forbade "bring statute" Utilities Comm'n, 345 295, 315, 73 706, 718, 97 1020 (1953). Johansen 343 427, 431, 72 849, 852, 1051 (1952); Longshoremen Juneau Spruce Corp., 342 237, 243, 235, 239, 275 Texas Pacific Abilene Cotton Oil 204 426, 27 350, 51 553 (1907). 10 "the economy." 110 Cong.Rec. 6548 (1964) (remarks Sen. Humphrey). Before largely relegated "unskilled semi-skilled jobs." Ibid. Humphrey); id., 7204 Clark); 7379-7380 Kennedy). automation number jobs rapidly decreasing. Clark). relative position worker [was] steadily worsening. 1947 nonwhite unemployment rate 64 percent higher rate; 1962 124 higher." Id., 6547 also considered serious social problem. Senator Clark told Senate: 11 "The has gone up consistently compared years. malaise situation should tolerate. principal reasons why bill pass." 7220. feared Act—the mainstream society achieved unless trend And recognized possible secure "which future." Humphrey explained "What good do eat fine restaurant if he afford pay bill? What him accepted hotel too expensive his modest income? How can child motivated full advantage integrated educational facilities no hope getting where education?" 6547. 14 "Without job, public convenience accommodations. Income man's education, children. If children motivate them opportunities?" 6552. These remarks echoed President Kennedy's original message introduction 1963. 16 "There little value Negro's obtaining right admitted hotels restaurants cash pocket job." 109 11159. 17 Accordingly, "[t]he crux them," Humphrey), addressed. plainly appears House Report accompanying wholly voluntary method solving provides: 19 "No lay claim eliminating causes consequences types minorities. There reason believe, however, leadership enactment legislation dealing troublesome problems create atmosphere conducive resolution discrimination." H.R.Rep. 914, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. p. (1963); U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News pp. 2355, 2393. (Emphasis supplied.) 20 Given agree taking effective accomplish goal achieve. 280 (1975), vestiges.4 ironic indeed law triggered Nation's over centuries injustice improve lot "been dream long," 6552 constituted abolish hierarchy. 21 Our VII.5 Opponents raised two related arguments bill. First, argued imbalanced minorities integrate. Second, minorities, required 8618-8619 Sparkman). urges, easily answered both objections providing choose course. Rather, added addresses objection. section "nothing shall " correct imbalances. natural inference chose forbid 22 choice evident record. enacted substantial support legislators Houses resisted business. demanded price "management prerogatives, union freedoms undisturbed greatest extent possible." 2, 29 (1963), 2391. Section proposed Dirksen allay fears upset compromise. "Federal Government interference businesses some employee's ideas balance imbalance." 14314 Miller).6 9881 Allott); 10520 Carlson); 11471 Javits); 12817 Dirksen). Clearly, race-conscious, disserve ends. Such augment powers diminish management prerogatives while time impeding attainment ultimate goals. desire avoid action.7 23 III 24 need today detail statute. Both "open them." Humphrey).8 25 employees. hirees. Cf. (1976). Nor employees; measure; Preferential soon approximates F.Supp., 763. 26 conclude, therefore, adoption discretion adopt categories.9 Reversed. 28 POWELL STEVENS took part consideration cases. BLACKMUN, concurring. 30 While I share misgivings expressed REHNQUIST's dissent, post, 219, concerning clearly supports result reaches today, believe additional considerations, practical equitable, partially perceived, perceived all, reached join judgment. 31 dissent Circuit, Judge Wisdom pointed arises administration broad places accurately described "high tightrope net beneath 230. literally, hand face liability mitigate effects blacks. 32 litigation, denies concedes subject question. Although proximately 15% 2% effort recruit painters, carpenters, insulators, craftsmen, continued insist five years' industrial experience, requirement arguably sufficiently justify under discriminatory impact had. Parson 575 1374, 1389 (CA5 1978), cert. denied, sub nom. Parson, 441 968, 2417, 1073 (1979). dispute craftsmen available market. They agree, after critical reviews Office Contract Compliance, modeled along lines consent decree later steel industry. Allegheny-Ludlum Industries, Inc., 517 826 1975). Yet when this, sued, prohibited person supported judicial finding 33 reading endorsed Appeals, compliance profound jeopardy. keep footing "tightrope" creates eschew Even whisper emphasis minority recruiting forbidden. encourage come see Alexander Gardner-Denver 36, 44, 94 1011, 1017, 39 147 (1974), concluded committed "arguable violations" reasonable responses fear whites. F.2d, response employer, court, facts, step remedy. company identifying victims avoids claims backpay inevitably follow limited victims. benefited program, mitigates persons. Also, predicated "disparate effect" practices, likely effect demonstrated. County Los Angeles Davis, 440 625, 633-634, 1379, 1384, 59 642 (1979) (hiring moot claim). recently work-force statistics resulting probative benign intent treatment" Furnco Construction Waters, 438 567, 579-580, 98 2943, 2950-951, 57 957 34 violation" theory advantages. responds anticipated Congress. draws predictability outline closely effectuates urge here. soundest approach case, my resolve applying meets 35 declines consider adheres instead permits whenever category "traditionally segregated." Ante, 209, 9. cited suggest considers segregated" there societal purposeful exclusion category, persistent disparity proportion among category.* "Traditionally categories," exist, sweep more broadly Court's expansive somewhat disturbing me because, REHNQUIST points out, passed probably thought adopting principle nondiscrimination apply alike. setting aside justified advance policy encouraging form violations," discarding countervailing exists odds bargain struck enacted. 37 closer look problem, reveals ways categories" expands theory, still considerations point standard conclude acceptable one. 38 A. departs measures individual capacity statistical disparity. engaged past. While, mere provide prima facie Dothard Rawlinson, 433 321, 329-331, 2720, 2726-2727, 53 786 (1977), conclusively prove Teamsters 431 324, 339-340, 20, 1843, 1856, 52 396 (1977); 703(j), 2000e-2(j). matter, difference great. conceptually satisfying, "arguable" "violation." great difficulty incentive Neither wanted establish violation, Weber. harmed never sued representative. Employment Opportunity Commission declined intervene, expected intervene every nature. work, low enough obligating himself damages award. inevitable tendency hairsplitting concluding composition qualified violation," actual alone. Note, N.C.L.Rev. 695, 714-719 B. permitting redress lies outside bounds For example, pre-Act Hazelwood School 299, 309-310, 2736, 2742-2743, 768 category" entirely predated More subtly, assessing liability, pool valid qualifications. Hazelwood, U.S., 308 13, 2741; 1856. When "job segregated, reflect segregation, goes comparison whole, heavily represented. 40 Strong equity reach itself not. passage guaranteed opportunity alike, construed foreclose supplying seems unfair argue, does, asserted scarcity Louisiana, product historic illegal ostensibly absolves liability. Brief Respondents 60. Absent compelling evidence intent, interpret means "locking in" construction, ante, 204, "ironic," given remedial 41 focuses forbids, cites passages appear express "lock mining anew, view, fails proper much dissent. Griggs Duke Power 401 424, 434-436, 11, 91 855-856, 158 (1971), refused give controlling weight memorandum Senators Case now finds persuasive. 239-241. quoting statement "permitted prefer future vacancies," 240, 349-351, 1861-1862, implies protection systems. Here, abrogation pre-existing rights. short, marshaled merit whip obvious ameliorate direct think significant that, approves moderate notes ends matches population. tool remedying attempting "maintain" previously balance. University California Regents Bakke, 265, 17, 2733, 2775, 750 (1978) (opinion BRENNAN, WHITE, MARSHALL, JJ.). duration finite, perhaps "stage maturity longer necessary." 403, 2806 J.). misperceived political will, assurance different course chooses. 43 Chief BURGER, dissenting. 44 inclined vote Member considering amendment judgment, contrary explicit arrived incompatible long-established principles separation powers. Under guise "construction," effectively rewrites achieve regards desirable result. "amends" precisely sponsors opponents agreed do. study searching debate, produced extraordinary clarity, speaks directly 703(d) provided: 46 "It organization, joint labor-management committee apprenticeship retraining, color, religion, sex, origin to, in, training." 2000e-2(d). 47 Often interpreting statutes either imprecise drafting compromises genuine ambiguities. lack ambiguity. quota embodied unquestionably discriminates seeking And, plain 703(d), "an practice." Oddly, seizes clarity justification evading unavoidable language. blandly tells really said, "literal construction" defeat "purpose" statute—at congressional Justices divine today. how judges supposed ascertain except through used statute's evolution? One resort recognize apparent VII—that specious contains negative pregnant unambiguously unequivocally doing. opinion—which join—conclusively demonstrates, equally supporters effect. doubt meaning, forecloses gives Arguably, correcting gross adverts—particularly building trades unions—is dark chapters otherwise movement. importance policies conceived illegal, fail "voluntary compliance" no-discrimination heart soul currently written individuals others. 50 unanimous "[d]iscriminatory group, majority, proscribed" 853, (1971). otherwise, drafted allowing Far doing so, approves. "affirmative action" presented permitted, direct. often observed hard bad law. suspect truth adage, "hard" always tempt exceed limits authority, totally rewriting crucial "desirable" Cardozo type mind wrote: judge, free, free. He innovate pleasure. knight-errant, roaming pursuit own ideal beauty goodness. draw inspiration consecrated principles. yield spasmodic sentiment, vague unregulated benevolence. exercise informed tradition, methodized analogy, disciplined system, subordinated 'the primordial necessity life.' Wide conscience field remains." Nature Judicial Process 141 (1921). beware "good result," judicially unauthorized intellectually dishonest appealing notion improper means. danger seeds precedent sown men best motives rich harvest unprincipled acts others aiming ends." 54 REHNQUIST, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE joins, 55 real sense, ahead time: appropriately handed years now, 1984, coinciding title book borrows, subconsciously, idea. Orwell describes governmental official Oceania, three world powers, denouncing current enemy, Eurasia, assembled crowd: 56 impossible listen convinced maddened. speech proceeding twenty minutes messenger hurried onto platform scrap paper slipped speaker's hand. unrolled pausing speech. Nothing voice manner, content saying, suddenly names different. Without wave understanding rippled crowd. Oceania war Eastasia! banners posters square decorated wrong! "[T]he speaker switched actually mid-sentence, pause, breaking syntax." Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four 181-182 (1949). Today's represents dramatic unremarked switch operative simpliciter. Taken normal meaning understood Members spoke during debates, infra, 231-251, prohibits covered making decision, Several ago, dismissal charged misappropriating property dismissing employee raise relief granted." 278, 2578, unanimously reversed, "uncontradicted history" "[T]itle standards applicable ." 280, wavered "prohibits employment, exception particular employees." 283, 2580 (emphasis original). occasion preference, proscribed." recent discussion issue, uttered seemingly dispositive case: beyond cavil obligation imposed applicant regardless regard applicant's proportionately represented force." 579, 2951, original).1 Today, behaves like Orwellian earlier described, note indicating unacceptable decisions. syntax, rejects "a 703(a)" discovered "legislative leads compelled unearthed Now race: may, words, "trammel employees" "racial 208. interpretations decorating wrong. 62 observer adherence oft-stated duty construe rewrite legislation, Rutherford, 442 544, 555, 2470, 2477, 68 (1979), independent, holding. Totally ignoring wording section, obviously responsibility proscriptions, months debates preceding section's passage, demonstrate occurred infers "Congress action." 206. 63 Thus, tour reminiscent jurists Hale, Holmes, Hughes, escape artists Houdini, eludes language, "uncontradicted" uniform are, permitted preferred provision provision, impliedly excepted proponents alike uniformly denounced of, against, Negroes, demonstrates legislator harboring unspoken possibly succeeded opened 1958. facility Despite locate hire area, manned February pressure Compliance increase representation various plants,2 hoping deter filing (Steelworkers) facilities, nonminority equaled force.3 Eligibility determined applicants group. 65 1968. April announced offering total nine jobs. applied programs, selected. successful candidates—five four applicants—were chosen accordance mandated agreement. Two Weber.4 brought instant action5 vacancies agreed, enjoining criterion admitting programs.6 66 Were act specifically suffered pressed draft better tailored task found VII: 67 Stat. 256, Equally suited 703(a)(2), classify "in deprive tend adversely affect status employee, individual's origin." 255, 2000e-2(a)(2).7 69 Entirely consistent prohibitions "to group" 2000e-2(j).8 Seizing "require," "permit" Not outlandish light flat (d), also, Part III, belied Act's history. 70 Quite simply, flatly normally fact,9 momentary pause. An "interpretation" upholding would, according 'bring statute.' 202, conclusion, calls "spirit" Act, divines prompted 'to [had] them.' 203, Humphrey).10 invoked misses point. sure, reality impetus proposition leave persons.11 cases, "[l]egislative called interpret." 320, 720 (Jackson, J., concurring). irrefutably said (d)—that 71 undertaking review am mindful topic hardly reading, fearful short thorough fully expose magnitude misinterpretation intent. Introduced floor Representatives 1963, bill—H.R. 7152—that ultimately became compulsory directed promptly referred Committee Judiciary, amended include With exceptions, reported Judiciary Amendments subsequently 703's sex 703(d)'s coverage "on-the-job After noting [Title VII] origin," Committee's paraphrased elaboration. H.R.Rep., 26, 2401. separate Minority Report, measure advanced attack reiterated throughout Senate led 703(j). Noting "discrimination" nowhere defined H.R.7152, absence reference imbalance" "public relations" ruse intends rely 'discrimination' 67-68, 2436. operate practice, posited hypothetical situations, example "may forced 'racially balance' classification law." 69, 2438 original).12 74 H.R. 7152 floor, Representative Celler, Chairman Congressman responsible introducing legislation. portion responded criticism "seriously misrepresent[ing] grossly distort[ing] effects": 75 charge power employing promoting people wished, 'Federal inspector' promotion races religious groups. description 76 77 "Even [a] religion ordering inspector specific patently erroneous. 79 ". Bill origin. 80 likewise true rectify existing 'racial imbalance' qualifications religion. Only stopped." 1518 added). 81 Celler's repeated debate.13 82 battle drawn early struggle charging agencies (EEOC), mean existence imbalance," responding EEOC indeed, Supporters prevailed 290 130,14 sent begin longest debate body's B 83 broken phases: sending Committee, general invocation cloture, following cloture. motion refer opened, immediately counterparts House, demonstrated colloquy Hill Ervin: 85 "Mr. ERVIN. invite attention [703(a)] 86 "I ask Alabama tell enter order, [Section 703(a)], persons, needed compel employ race. 88 HILL. correct. 4764 (1964).15 89 Humphrey, moving behind Senate, proponents' Responding advertisement liberty stated: perfectly clear. [I]t distinction 5423.16 Stressing "does hire, fire, promote demote reasons—or reasons—so race," stated group." Ibid.17 90 days voted directly, referring committee. 6455. Consequently, Senate. Formal merits began 30, 1964. elaborate preparations second round. majority whip, Kuchel, bipartisan managers entire civil rights Responsibility explaining defending important placed "captains." captains Vaas, Legislative History, B.C.Ind. Com.L.Rev. 444-445 (1966) (hereinafter History). 92 formal bill, main opponents, advising quotas, use. truth," leader "is anyone simple complete VII." 6549 (1964). continued: 93 "Contrary allegations title, hiring, firing, 'quota' "That bugaboo dozen times; nonexistent. fact, opposite true. effect, says firing. ability qualifications, religion." close speech, returned briefly quotas: claimed quotas personnel decisions." 6553. Kuchel major 7152. addressing concerns opposition, "[n]othing truth" inspectors" empowered dictate 6563. emphasized affected "Employers organizations MATTERS BILL NOW BEFORE US Is color-blind." 6564 Senate's focused rose discuss shared "captain" responsibilities. interpretative submitted jointly pains refute opposition's Their unequivocal: On contrary, deliberate attempt whatever be, maintaining refuse individual." 7213.18 relevance observations regarding directing comments said: 100 "Title Its prospective retrospective. all-white working comes nondiscriminatory basis. obliged—or —to fire vacancies, or, once hired, special expense earlier." added).19 101 virtual clairvoyance leading circumstances advised colleagues employed violate ban accentuate point, introduced another common criticisms radial answer point: "Quotas themselves discriminatory." 7218. 102 statements bill's knowledgeable proponents, put rest. Robertson "bureaucrat" quotas. 7418-7420.20 Smathers Sparkman, conceding many coerced Government.21 Williams quick respond: 103 "Those opposed realize just 'white only' policy. states qualification Some favors Negro, majority. equality another? Equality self-evident men. say favoritism violence sense." 8921. 104 employment." Ibid.22 May 25, again defend well-financed drive confuse mislead people." 11846. Turning treatment, remained faithful repeatedly expressed: 105 systems person, member file practices." 11848 106 raged, coalition Dirksen, Mansfield, leaders representatives Johnson amendments enhance prospects passage. so-called "Dirksen-Mansfield" substitute House-passed law, unchanged basic prohibitory 706(g). added, defining clarifying scope substantive prohibitions. amendments, balancing pertinent part: "Nothing 2000e-2(j); quoted supra. 107 blanket Alleging (1) (2) Act," 2729, concludes responsive opponents' objection 108 Contrary analysis, voiced opponents. speaker, proponent opponent, allow persons.23 "against 703(a), 2000e-2(a), contention been, event, preposterous warrant response. Indeed, speakers sides clear, tolerate particularly "discrimination," correction granting Verbal assurances require—indeed, permit—preferential failed, proposing carefully worded meet, rest, charge. unlike entities—e. g., employers, unions—whose actions restricted prohibitions, entities—federal courts—charged provisions.24 irony invoking obvious. frequent references "voluntary" nature bear relationship facts acted agency Government, "underutilized" is, imbalanced. Bowing pressure, admissions preferring whites, confirming founded. fears, uphold imposition prevent.25 apparently calmed opponents; introduction, complaints died considerably.26 Proponents reassure opposition unfounded. lengthy defense Muskie "torrent obscure basic, truth: Every citizen treatment—not favored equality—just treatment." 12614 noted "seeks Americans pay. balance.' opportunity." 12617.27 111 Saltonstall, Republican Conference participating Dirksen-Mansfield amendment, length substitute, "provides citizens. 12691 added).28 112 9, Ervin offered delete Ervin's "would favorites laws," 13079, retorted: 113 else. establishes leaves select whomever wishes employ. 114 "All qualification, state: 'In your activity you color skin. .' 115 does. 116 merely says, 'When deal interstate commerce, 13080. 117 defeated, turned application deliberations revealing Curtis, opponent dismay "members opportunity": 118 CURTIS. sufficient commended outlawed? COTTON. Indeed is." 13086.29 119 exchange raising possibility wish reserve assist overcoming disadvantage, such, "voluntary, hierarchy." 204. Immediately discussion, 25-employee disputed conclusions Curtis. defeated. 120 cloture Members. followed centered substitute. adopted. 121 approached final vote, adverted treatment: rest us. seeks lift inequality 14328 Moss, day finally passed, 122 preference—it fix school population—it personal association. officials generally patronize utilize offensive, humiliating, cruel consideration; equality." 14484 123 Later day, 19, passed. C return engagement brief. Rules version By 289 126, H.Res. 789, 7152.30 July signed IV 125 Reading purports do, [its] arose," 201, inescapably saying said. argue admit doubt. argued, tirelessly, agents unwilling responded, reason. doubted "[s]eldom similar debated greater consciousness 'legislative history,' care thereof, guide courts 444. 126 dispute, Specifically charge, enjoins groups proscribed (d). surely knew how. 703(i) 127 enterprise near Indian reservation respect publicly living reservation." 257, 2000e-2(i). V 128 and, unclear, Finding desired hopelessly foreclosed conventional sources, turns third source—the proffers animating cold itself, rings unmistakable elected equality. think, captured moments passed: 129 [T]oday grips advances enjoyment living; but, opportunity. 130 'equality' standing itself. education. participation affairs government 131 it. 132 "Equality opportunity, going talk conscience, mass mankind generation, continue speak dead gone." 14510 133 device destructive numerus clausus —the quota. Whether "benign discrimination" action," nonetheless creator castes, two-edged sword demean another. passing outlawed recognizing benign, disadvantaging affirmative. today's holding, introduces tolerance evil eradicate, clue be. "falls line." beyond, wind. reaping whirlwind. findings crafts grounds numerous notice. See, e. Elevator Constructors, 538 1012 (CA3 1976); Associated General Contractors Massachusetts Altshuler, 490 (CA1 1973); Southern Illinois Builders Ogilvie, 471 680 (CA7 1972); Pennsylvania Secretary Labor, 159 1971); Insulators Asbestos Workers Vogler, 407 1047 1969); Buckner Goodyear Tire Rubber 339 1108 (ND Ala.1972), aff'd opinion, 476 1287 1973). Rights, Challenge Ahead: Referral Unions 58-94 (1976) (summarizing unions); Myrdal, Dilemma 1079-1124 (1944); Marshall V. Briggs, Apprenticeship S. Spero Harris, Worker (1931); (1961); State Advisory Committees, 209 Marshall, Unions, Labor Movement 145 (J. Jacobson, ed. 1968); 63, 104. 109, "(a) employer— "(1) individual, compensation, terms, conditions, privileges origin; "(2) limit, segregate, 2000e-2(d), remains 1962, 124% rate. 1978, 129% higher. Monthly Review, U. Department Bureau Statistics (Mar. 1979). 2000e-2(j), agency, exist classified membership community, State, area." preclude violation. Remedies violations governed 706(g), 2000e-5(g). VI (1978), comparable matter involved: race-based conduct "program[s] activit[ies] financial assistance." 2000d. legislating assure funds manner. contrast, commerce regulate purely decisionmaking incorporate particularize commands Amendments. VI, pari materia. 8315 Cooper). 11615 conflicts 7213 (Sens. Case); 7218 (Sen. 8921 Williams). agree. Humphrey's establishment temporary, undertaken preceded adopted, institute see, 12819 Dirksen); 13079-13080 15876 Rep. Lindsay). suggestion constitute MacGregor shortly "Important vitally understand cover. "Your mail mine, contacts mine constituents, indicates misunderstanding People complain mistaken belief areas issues controversial questions properly handled level communities themselves." 15893 undertake depends disposition unnecessary petitioners' suit comply Exec. Order 11246, CFR (1964-1965 Comp.). carpenter, electrician, repairman, insulator, machinist, painter. 165. cited, 198 establish, although 11.7% population 1970 carpenters' 1972 3.7%. 4.9, electricians, 2.6. 274, Director Affairs testified underrepresented industry States." 90. underrepresentation indicated blacks" responsible. 224 13. skill roots past, inferior trade schools electrical plumbers, 208; nepotism, (1967). inconsistent mentioned, distinguished, (OFCC), renamed Programs (OFCCP), arm ensuring contractors requirements Exec.Order Comp.), 11375, 684 (1966-1970 12086, 230 Executive contracts refrain "take ensure employed, treated 202(1), 685 2000e. empowers rules regulations appropriate purpose. He, turn, delegated enforcement duties OFCC. 60-20.1 seq., 60-2.24 60-2 (Revised 4) nonconstruction "utilization" determine Goals overcome "underutilization" exist. OFCC employs "power purse" coerce acceptance district collective bargaining reflected self-interest satisfying retain lucrative contracts." 1977). portions provide: Joint Trade, Craft Assigned Main- tenance classifications, forth below, necessary, tables ratio: "[Gramercy Works listed, others] "As apprentice filled, contractual criteria reaching goals; minimum, non-minority entering insufficient candidates. term 'minority' herein Reporting Requirements." 763 (ED La.1976). "Joint Committee" "Memorandum Understanding" establishing "craft family" area. assertion, "temporary balance." Dennis E. English, relations superintendent plant, trial: "Once percent, figure road, it's change, families, revert ratio attain someday, placing percentage. idea, again, community population." 69. addition available. "Air Conditioning Repairman" (one position), "Carpenter-Painter" (two positions), "Insulator" position). sought bid insulator position, employee. 46. employees: Corporation works America, AFL-CIO Local 5702, eligible 1974." injunction, affirmed guilty removed "remedy" decisions authorizing fictional place enjoyed absent practices. Franks Bowman 424 747, 1251, 444 "In discrimination," observed, loses character equitable banned outlaws outlaw favoring (em- phasis moved due discrimination: "Whatever have, had—by below—no party here." Finally, rejected sanctioned, compelled, 11246 issued mandating contractors. Citing Youngstown Sheet Tube Sawyer, 863, 1153 (1952), "[i]f mandates fall [of 703(d)]." 227 Wisdom, arguable upheld." brief 200, Wisdom's knows 703(a)(1) quota: 2000e-2(a)(1). text follows: "If plain, act, privilege speculative fields search meaning. [W]hen taken expression subtracted extraneous source." Caminetti 242 470, 490, 192, 196, (1917). quota, "ironic" inspired inherent immutable characteristic, utterly irrelevant characteristic becomes irrelevant, thereon evil, ironic, find elementary fundamental "two wrongs right." shred efforts," excerpt House: H.R.Rep.No.914, 2393 H.R.Rep.), 203-204. italicized stops Report. material excerpted enact terminating 7152, areas. reduce obstacles expediting vindication right. remove daily affront humiliation involved denials public. guarantee recipients assistance. expedite termination avenues laws authorities." context, voting, accommodations, etc., hopefully inspire etc. infer hoped protected aged handicapped name two. banning report refuted litigation: "Under hall, say, awaiting call, pass carpenters stipulated roster contain agent must, then, go street orders, else 71. 2440. From examples, concluded: subtle system racism-in-reverse successfully denied." 73, 2441. Obviously Report's agencies, equate Report: stressed confine activities abuse, mathematical certainty. regard, demand Internal interfered channels companies strictly filled qualification." 29. declaring "[a]ll 30. Lindsay say: "This not, suggested heretofore off Negro. impose acceptance. frequently Committee. 1540 Minish added: merit, up, incompetent help vested 1600. Goodell, answering requir[e] balance," 2557, responded: balancing. talking involved. violated, charges brought, investigation carried conciliation attempted proof denial color." 2558. prepared "title interferences members." 6566 Eleven vote. Continuing exchange, broached balance: So Commissioner joined high percentage, Commission's Caucasian business, extra employees? correct, bankruptcy." Robertson: contemplated colored percentages 10,000 city 15,000 imbalance, chance situation. course, around fired." 5092. interrupted Robertson's responding: all. did, quota." "Bipartisan Newsletter" distributed 7152: "3. Defining Critics undefined door 'whim caprice.' sound uncertainty 7477. Earlier newspaper article answers "expert" "10 commonly VII]." Insofar here, "Objection: empower 'inspectors' White fired room Negroes. Seniority destroyed. "Reply: thing. five-member anything. authorize firing remain needs candidate's refusal someone Similarly, rights." 5094. "[Section 703] concept vague. hidden meanings. distinction, favor, distinctions differences forbidden criteria: request leveled Hill. "Finally, incorrect. authorizes achieving No .. certainly run afoul failure accomplish, all." 7207. Clark, 18, takes owing date [A]ssuming built period Employers 7207 memoranda refutes implied 208, 7. maintain-achieve analytically indefensible event. Apparently, balanced goal, "all-white" 1974. Obviously, driven illogical glaring statement, text, "any Achieving Further coupled evinces "private, plans," distinction. seem Likewise, offer: start eating pages another, there." 7420 Referring EEOC, creation bureaucracy man want ability, creed .." 8500. Sparkman's 23, infra. views. 9034-9035 Sens. Stennis Tower); 9943-9944 Long Talmadge); 10513 Robertson). commented observing 9113 Keating); 9881-9882 11768 McGovern). Sparkman "party (no one, ever contrary), "some kind used." 8619. Stennis: SPARKMAN. rate, came interview employ, 'How employing?' Suppose 'You supervisory categories'; done immediately. STENNIS. Would promotions? Certainly would. check small capacities,' forth, on, 'And too, distribute evenly ranks employees.' 8618 remarks, "Certainly contract carry inspector, renewed." 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