Document: 349 U.S. 302 75 S.Ct. 757 99 L.Ed. 1107 Carlos MARCELLO, Petitioner,v.John M. BONDS, Officer in Charge, United States Immigration and NaturalizationService. No. 145. Argued April 21, 1955. Decided May 31, Messrs. Jack Wasserman, David Carliner, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Mr. Robert W. Ginnane, respondent. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Petitioner, a native Tunis, Africa, was ordered deported after hearing pursuant to § 242(b) Nationality Act 1952, 66 Stat. 209, 8 U.S.C. 1252(b), U.S.C.A. 1252(b). It found that he had been convicted 1938 violation Marihuana Tax Act, 26 2591, sentenced imprisonment one year. Section 241(a) (11) 1952 immigration law1 makes such conviction at any time ground deportation, 241(d)2 provides deportation provisions shall apply even though facts giving rise alien's deportability occurred prior date enactment Act. 2 At before special inquiry officer Naturalization Service, petitioner did not dispute fact his conviction. He did, however, object proceedings on they violated due process Administrative Procedure 60 237, 5 1001 et seq., 1001, seq. The overruled these objections. Petitioner also contended ex post facto cause Constitution precluded retroactive application law case. This contention too rejected by officer. counsel were advised their right Attorney General discretionary relief suspension under 244(a)(5) Act.3 first declined do so, but subsequently moved reopen relief. denied motion. On appeal, Board Appeals affirmed order deportation. Though no formal filed, considered whether merited exercised its discretion against remission. 3 then brought this action writ habeas corpus, challenging validity grounds, inter alia: (1) failed comply with requirements supervision control officials Service who performed investigative prosecuting functions; (2) Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment because it provide fair impartial hearing; (3) petitioner's arrest made public statement, which 'was bound have great effect upon officer,' an undesirable citizen whose 'specially designed,' and, further, 'prepared list 152 persons (including petitioner) whom desired deport'; (4) 241(a)(11) unconstitutional as law. 4 Government's return alleged conducted accordance Constitution, laws regulations States. No evidence introduced either side save official record proceedings. District Court held valid discharged writ. rel. Marcello v. Ahrens, 113 F.Supp. 22. affirmed. Cir., 212 F.2d 830. pursues four basic objections Court, certiorari having granted resolve issues significant bearing administration our laws. 348 805, 39. Applicability 6 concedes authorizing appointment 'special officer' preside proceedings, does conflict since 7(a) excepts from terms officers specially provided or designated other statutes.4 insists, there are several discrepancies between Acts, claims cases variance must govern unless those 'shall * expressly' negate application. 12. relied stem 'separation functions' provision 5(c), To extent her material, section separates functions adjudication, expressly providing be responsible engaged investigation prosecution. prohibits participating advising decision case, factually related thereto, has functions. hand, permits take dual role prosecutor officer—presenting interrogating witnesses him only taken some part investigating (other than permitted capacity). An alternative method is 242(b), additional presents while presides. See CFR 242.53. Special subject prescribes, 171, 1101(b)(4), present district directors districts assigned, well higher officials, all enforcement responsibilities type proscribed 5(c) 7 Under allegations here made, single attack pertains Service. procedure employed so presiding undertake prosecutor; allegation For sake clarity, we consider differences two Acts determining govern. applicability 1917 Wong Yang Sung McGrath, 1950, 339 33, 70 445, 94 616. We held, contrary prevailing interpretation practice Department Justice, hearings Six months later, Congress Supplemental Appropriation 1951, 64 1048, directed toward exclusion expulsion aliens should governed §§ 5, issue presented reversed itself reinstated case making directly applicable A comparison pertinent statutes perhaps strongest indication intention. 9 1. begins enumerating officer, administer oaths, receive evidence, etc. similar more extensive detailed appears 7(b) course mention stemming officer's judge. 10 2. directs determination proceeding alien reasonable opportunity present. direction 7(d) party's personal appearance 6(a). 11 3. deals matters peculiar direct analogues Act: safeguards established protect mentally incompetent aliens; proceed if deliberately absents himself; option pursue procedure, described above, prosecutes another decides. 12 4. Next limitation already noted sitting same restrictive analogue presented. 13 5. sets forth various included governing gives notice charges place held. requirement 5(a) 14 6. second requires privilege represented own choosing. 6(a) bestows person compelled appear agency. 15 7. given examine cross-examine witnesses. covered 7(c) 16 8. promulgated require decisions based reasonable, substantial probative evidence. 17 9. Finally, addition 101(b)(4) prescribe. covers question portion dealing officers. 18 From Act's coverage matter dealt clear setting up specialized administrative hearings, drawing liberally analogous adapting them particular needs process. legislators, Senator McCarran Congressman Walter, sponsored both framework latter indicates clearly being used model. But intended model, when very particularized adaptation departure Act—based novel features process—surely intention deviation general Were courts ignore look painstaking efforts above would completely meaningless. could accomplished much simply stating determine deportability. 19 states: 'The (herein prescribed) sole exclusive section.' That categorical meant exclude amply demonstrated legislative history original bills statements procedures exclusive, '(n)otwithstanding law, including (Administrative Act).' S. 3455, 81st Cong., 2d Sess.; 716, 82d 1st H.R. 2379, Sess. 'notwithstanding' clause dropped later versions reported out committee statute finally enacted. 2055, Cong.; 5678, 2550, Cong. deletion nowhere explained, possible phrase unnecessary—and inappropriate description became detailed, encompassing particularization greater provisions. In Senate Report accompanying revised bill, stated exemption 1951 repealed 'no longer necessary.' S.Rep. 1137, Sess., p. 28. House effect, prescribed 'notwithstanding law.' H.R.Rep. 1365, 58. Throughout debates directly, adapted meet particularly statement McCarran, 98 Cong.Rec. 5625—5626, wherein recognizes 'dual-examiner provisions' issue. 20 Exemptions lightly presumed view modifications express, cf. Shaughnessy Pedreiro, 48, 591. cannot background legislation, laborious process, specific points deviations recognition adaptive technique deviations, methods therein Unless employ magical passwords effectuate hold supersedes Hearing Procedures Process. 21 As complaint can urge concerning objection charged us presence relationship strips fairness impartiality make violative without substance long-standing judicially approved numerous federal courts, considerations may into account exercising broad matters. 22 Claim Prejudgment. 23 Our opinions Accardi stand proposition cannot, regulations, dictate actions Appeals. Shaughnessy, 347 260, 74 499, 681; Accardi, 280, 746. alleges prejudged within meaning day 'announced statement5 Washington New Orleans (petitioner) guilty many crimes, designed deport petitioner,' 'such publicity officer.' alleged, 'the prepared deport, (his) name list.' 24 Considering list, prejudgment. allege seen known existence, influenced inclusion thereon. argument Board, through feeling—and it's feeling that's will supply—that real basis denial hundred named *.' forthcoming. General's 'list,' barren. 25 Nor fare better seeking base prejudgment unfavorable arrest. newspaper clippings show adverse local 'great effect' possibly prejudiced deportability, decided him, merely applied undisputed facts. admitted deportable constitutionally marihuana And expected event enacted it. Court's objection, attack, nothing else. waived proper time. 242.54(d). availability relief, Indeed, every suspending merits although waiver below. requested reasons. pass factors reaching conclusion. sufficient observe none stemmed sort dictation General. 27 note that, claim relating publicity, clippings. Surely meager showing judge warranted finding—as did—that mentioned pleadings, controlled superiors Justice. set aside erroneous. Accordingly, new hearing. Ex Post Facto. 28 Petitioner's last stems committed offense, forewarned consequences criminal conduct. urged depart recent holding prohibition strike down grounds 1952. perceive reasons, overturning precedents matter, adhere Galvan Press, 522, 737, 911, Harisiades 342 580, 72 512, 96 586. 29 Affirmed. 30 HARLAN took consideration 31 BLACK, FRANKFURTER joins, dissenting. 32 lawfully country forty-four years ago eight old resided ever since. married children. His wife children American citizens. settled accorded Amendment.1 33 necessarily includes tribunal. circumstances deprived kind recommendations connected supervision, subordinate supervisory perform prosecutorial Thus adjudicated initiated prosecuted. requiring prosecutors deprives challenge dismissed, I find unnecessary rest my dissent question. Act2 barred adjudicating here, think 34 forbids conduct 'responsible employee, agent performance agency.' 1950 616, required Congress, put rider appropriation bill 'Proceedings hereafter regard sections 7, Act.'3 express modification still reach constitutional raised Act.4 result repeal leave unless, Government contends, inapplicable. sustained. 35 'No subsequent legislation supersede modify except expressly.' unlike Indeed sponsors disclaimed purpose bring about implied modification. 36 Both Representative Walter. Their proposals evolved 'Notwithstanding June 11, 1946 (the Act), States'.5 Hearings strong protests organizations, Bar Association, inapplicable proceedings.6 Afterwards measures significantly omitted words Consequently passed language 'expressly' superseded modified binding 37 Senators voted version assured senatorial sponsor: 38 bill. prevails now. insofar concerned.'7 39 members voting 40 'Instead destroying undo what deficiency legislated overturn Supreme ruled that. So instead actually see instance.'8 41 Reassuring again next day, Walter said: 42 'We zealous philosophy underlying act Procedure) embodied measure. am sure gentleman page 163, paragraph 46, adopted amendment land code adopted.'9 43 previously pointed cases. 44 Other discussions different just quoted. whatever said, authorizes heard, dependent subordinates agency's staff. idea letting supervise job wholly inconsistent concepts justice. principle presumably acted passing Only instance authorities relieved duties believed adequately available derogatory information alien.10 hard defend subjects judges power prosecutors. Human nature impassable barrier subjection subserviency, security stake. aware shown construe assumption. 45 reverse 46 DOUGLAS, 47 places ban There qualifications exceptions. Article I, 9, Federal Government, speaks absolute terms: Law passed.'1 victim. far concerned, all-inclusive complete. 48 school thought Facto civil criminal. Crosskey, Politics Vol. c. XI; II, 1053. Johnson view, maintaining restriction acts unwarranted. Ogden Saunders, Wheat. 213, 271, 286, 606; Satterlee Matthewson, Pet. 380, 416, 681, 458 (Appendix). over Calder Bull, Dall. 386, 648, applies Carpenter Commonwealth, How. 456, 463, 127; Johannessen States, 225 227, 242, 613, 617, 56 1066; Bugajewitz Adams, 228 585, 591, 607, 608, 57 978; Mahler Eby, 264 32, 39, 283, 68 549. 49 time, parallel development field legislation. Chief Marshall Fletcher Peck, Cranch 87, 138—139, 162, refused narrowly restrict prosecutions. property rights vested displaced fiat. liberal persisted. dramatic post-Civil War days. leading Cummings Missouri, Wall. 277, 356, parte Garland, 333, 366, where person's profession sought away, State, carried penalty committed. essence revocation license. Yet Clauses 'punishment' carrying sanctions done. 50 Deportation severe punishment loss livelihood. Bridges Wixon, 326 135, 154, 65 1443, 1452, 89 2103; Delgadillo Carmichael, 332 388, 391, 10, 12, 92 17. Brandeis Ng Fung Ho White, 259 276, 284, 492, 495, 938, 'in life, life worth living.' 51 exempting operation think, therefore, today traffic deportable, facto. course, powers aliens. bare reasonably regarded demonstrating presently resident. relate solely historic incident vice. finding continued residence here. past narcotic conclusive, however isolated insignificant been. 1251, 1251. is, earlier mere counters weighing fitenss.2 52 absence rational connection imposition desirability resident country, conclusion inescapable adds offense. injustice prevent. 204, 1251(a)(11), 1251(a)(11). 208, 1251(d), 1251(d). 214, 1254(a)(5), 1254(a)(5). general, appointed appearing newspapers statement. While press release read follows: 'Attorney James P. McGranery announced Miami, Florida, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, arrested warrant Immigation major move undertaken effective December 24, step program denaturalization and/or foreign birth racketeering activities. 'Marcello, born February 6, 1910, entered permanent October Orleans. 'He allegedly large-scale slot machine operations gambling activities Louisiana. Marijuana Such offense follows lengthy investigations Bureau Investigation checkered career. Louisiana State assault robbery, 13, 1930, serve term Penitentiary. Governor gave full pardon crime July 16, 1935. 'Marcello served year Act.' Japanese Immigrant Case, Yamataya Fisher, 189 86, 100—101, 611, 614, 721; 49—51, 453—454, 1001—1011, 1011. (1046 ed.) 155a. 166, 1101 Emphasis supplied. Joint Subcommittees Committees Judiciary 2816, 526—537, 691—692, 739. 5778, 5779. 4302. 4416. 748 (dissenting opinion). state absolute: Art. 10. 549, certain classes specified statutes) Secretary Labor residents primary appropriate 978, deported, '* it, least, she prostitute now', concluded her, 'not necessary retrospective effect.' Id., pages 590, 608. 1066, involved attempt cancel certificate citizenship fraudulently illegally procured. impose wrongdoer depriving 'that never rightfully his.' 242—243, 617.

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