Document: 407 U.S. 203 92 S.Ct. 1951 32 L.Ed.2d 659 Ivan V.v.CITY OF NEW YORK. No. 71—6425. Decided June 12, 1972. PER CURIAM. 1 The Court held in In re Winship, 397 358, 90 1068, 25 368, decided March 31, 1970, that proof beyond a reasonable doubt is among the essentials of due process and fair treatment must be afforded at adjudicatory stage when juvenile charged with an act would constitute crime if committed by adult. this case, on January 6, before Winship was decided, petitioner adjudged delinquent Family Bronx County, New York, finding, based preponderance-of-evidence standard, that, knifepoint, he forcibly took bicycle from another boy, done adult, robbery first degree. On direct appeal, Appellate Division, First Department, reversed ground should retroactively applied to all cases still appellate process, 35 A.D.2d 806, 316 N.Y.S.2d 568 (1970). York Appeals holding not retroactively, V. v. City 29 N.Y.2d 583, 324 313, 272 N.E.2d 895 (1971).* remand, Division thereupon affirmed delinquency adjudication, 37 822, 934 (1971), denied leave appeal affirmance, 489, 328 1026, 278 655 (1972). We disagree retroactively. 2 'Where major purpose new constitutional doctrine overcome aspect criminal trial substantially impairs its truth-finding function so raises serious questions about accuracy guilty verdicts past trials, rule has been given complete retroactive effect. Neither good-faith reliance state or federal authorities prior law accepted practice, nor severe impact administration justice sufficed require prospective application these circumstances.' Williams United States, 401 646, 653, 91 1148, 1152, 28 388 (1971). See Adams Illinois, 405 278, 280, 916, 918, 31 202 (1972); Roberts Russell, 392 293, 295, 88 1921, 1922, 20 1100 (1968). 3 expressly reasonable-doubt standard 'is prime instrument for reducing risk convictions resting factual error. provides concrete substance presumption innocence—that bedrock 'axiomatic elementary' principle whose 'enforcement lies foundation our law' . 'Due commands no man shall lose his liberty unless Government borne burden convincing factfinder guilt.' To end, indispensable, it 'impresses trier fact necessity reaching subjective certitude facts issue." U.S., 363—364, S.Ct., 1072. 4 Plainly, then, announced function, thus motion proceed forma pauperis petition writ certiorari are granted. judgment Supreme Judicial case remanded further proceedings inconsistent opinion. 5 It ordered. 6 Judgment remanded. 7 CHIEF JUSTICE part consideration decision case. * followed Matter D., 27 90, 313 704, 261 627 (1970), where said but even were, appellant there had waived claim entered plea charges. circumstance dismissed D. County Onandaga, 403 926, 2244, 705

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