Document: 417 U.S. 283 94 S.Ct. 2328 41 L.Ed.2d 72 MOBIL OIL CORPORATION, Petitioner,v.FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF the State of NEW YORK, Petitioner, v. FEDERAL MUNICIPAL DISTRIBUTORS GROUP, Nos. 73—437, 73—457 and 73—464. Argued April 17, 1974. Decided June 10, Syllabus The Federal Power Commission (FPC) instituted a proceeding in 1961 to establish an area rate structure for interstate sales natural gas produced Southern Louisiana area. After extensive hearings FPC 1968 issued order establishing ceiling rates sold by producers ordering refunds excess maximum that had been collected prior order. Court Appeals upheld order, but declared affirmance was not be interpreted foreclose from making such changes its as both past future it found public interest. In response petitions rehearing urging FPC's authority modify after court, could exercised only prospectively, stated '(w)e wish make crystal clear this case reopen any part circumstances require opened,' '(t)he can retrospective well prospective adjustments if finds is interest do so,' 'the are too burdensome light new evidence . shall have power duty remedy situation changing orders.' thereupon reopened proceeding, considering settlement proposal agreed large majority parties, 1971 superseding This established, inter alia, (1) higher 'flowing' or 'first vintage' (gas delivered order's effective date under contracts dated October 1, 1968), 'new' 'second 1968); (2) two incentive programs, one providing refund work-off credits based on obligor's commitment additional reserves market (the producer being required offer at least 50% purchaser whom would otherwise payable), other contingent escalation dedications market; (3) minimum paid pipelines transportation liquids liquefiable hydrocarbons; (4) moratorium upon filing increases flowing until 1976, 1977. appropriate exercise administrative discretion supported substantial Permian Basin Area Rate Cases, 390 747, 88 1344, 20 312. Held: 1. statutory adopt notwithstanding Appeals' Pp. 310—315. (a) Under where 'unqualified' final, made stayed withdrawn action authorizing did exceed court's powers § 19(b) Natural Gas Act 'to affirm, modify, set aside (an) whole part,' constitute improper equity with which vested reviewing orders. 310—312. (b) fact lacked unanimous agreement parties preclude adopting just reasonable rates, since clearly admit into record, indeed obliged consider it. 312—314. (c) opinion regarding authorized modification provisions 'are interest,' FPC, before revising terms, find, evidence, 'would substantially adversely affect producers' ability meet continuing needs market,' explicit 'great flexibility' adjustments; moreover, flatly rejected notion label 'affirmance' possibly impair alter provisions, particularly provisions' 314—315. 2. Petitioners' challenges established price levels without merit. 315—321. Mobil's attack costs frivolous, took gas, fragments record cited Mobil sustain heavy burden showing choice outside what within authority. P. 316. With respect argument inclusion workoff escalations indicates unable gain all their share payments will receive merely 'bare-bones' costs, illegally low prices, err deciding expertise conclude provide opportunity increased prices help generating capital funds meeting rising while assuring levied consumers unless accompanied supplies gas. 316—319. New York's contention excessive predicated erroneously limited view permissible range Where justification increasing necessity revenues expand production, rather than differing production conditions, Appeals, against background serious growing domestic shortage, properly might reasonably decide that, compared ceilings induce more exploration responsibility maintain adequate lowest better discharged means credits. 319—321. 3. claims three petitioners, credits, even sufficient satisfy Act's requirements amount and, basis chosen methodology, they nevertheless unduly discriminatory therefore unlawful §§ 4 5 Act, also 321—327. Concerning undue discrimination results because who settled obligations advantages like Mobil, settle obligations, receive, cannot said misapprehended grossly misapplied substantial-evidence standard concluding assessment need benefits some scheme, adequately supported. 321—325. Though York MDG argue credit formula discriminates pipeline purchasers permits work off offering 50%, 100%, those owed refunds, holding provision, purpose increase supply discretion, explore produce area, result dedication benefit refunds. 325. abandon normal business exploring developing yet enjoy contribute reserves, belief already operating continue so equally tenable judgment, offered nothing overcome presumption validity attaching expertise. 326—327. 4. conclusion, contrary contention, fixing moratoria filings findings misapprehend misapply standard. 327—328. 5. improperly failed automatic compensate anticipated royalty hypothetical stage event affected entitled seek individualized relief. 328. 6. 'acted bounds propriety abandoning' pragmatic adjustment distinction between casinghead gas-well far concerned, though formerly treated byproduct oil costed priced lower 328—330. 7. arguing provided hydrocarbons has met demonstrating 330. Placid Oil Co. F.P.C., Cir., 483 F.2d 880, affirmed. Carroll L. Gilliam, Washington, D.C., petitioner Corp. George E. Morrow, Memphis, Tenn., petitioners Public Service N.Y. Municipal Distributors Group. Leo Forquer, respondent Commission. John R. Rebman, Houston, Tex., producer-respondents. Mr. Justice BRENNAN Court. 1 We review here Fifth Circuit Commission1 sales2 seven geographical areas defined prescribing areawide ceilings.3 second reach first 312 (1968), sustained constitutional system regulation impose supplementary discharge responsibilities Act4 determine whether reasonable. 2 affirmed entirety whole. 880 (CA5 1973). granted certiorari these cases5 correctness sustaining respects Commission's powers, 414 1142, 894, 39 99 (1974). affirm. 3 * proceedings May 1961. 25 F.P.C. 942. consists southern portion federal state Gulf Mexico coast. accounts about-one-third Nation's described most important gas-producing country.' 428 407, 418 CA5 1970) (hereafter SoLa I). Proceedings continued over years.6 On September 25, 1968, structure, 40 530, March 20, 1969, modified rehearing, 301.7 Refunds overcharges during pendency amounted $375 million.8 An appeal taken Circuit. 19, 1970, orders 'serious misgivings,' I, supra, 439. Noting '(a) fact, may unavoidable .,' id., 437, critical failure assess 'supply demand either semi-quantitative qualitative way,' 436. It reinforced including Staff Report, pending,9 Nation faced 'a severe disastrous effects economy alike.' Id., 435 n. 87. Therefore, although determining 'that best course,' 439, judgment wise orders, court noticed pending, Commission, reconsider off-shore Louisiana, see 378, later year expanded procedure include entire 42 1110. Thus, stated: 6 'The mandate should not, however, interfere change we approved here. specifically emphatically reject advanced no once determined when reason believe determinations erroneous. existence proceedings, understand them take account many issues whose absence concerned us here, factors considered affirm decisions.' F.2d, 444—445. 7 Pending decision advised letter requested directed, rescind, court. answered denying 444 125, 126—127 (1970): 8 'We reopened. section broad remedial inhere equity, pursuant our equitable affecting delivered, left intact. so. 9 'At same time, emphasize remand. place originally parts must ordered significance outweighed confusion delay reopening. event, allow stand are. Or case, 10 formally consolidated 44 1638 (1970).10 thousands pages testimony hundred exhibits compiled 1970 1971.11 Pursuant instructions much focused projected demand, estimates needed alleviate problem. Evidence adduced bearing reduce supply, potential industry consequences cost trends data unavailable time earlier proceedings. 11 Contemporaneously hearings, conferences were instituted, motion, Presiding Examiner, 46 86, 103 (1971), attended producers, pipelines, distributors, commissions, municipally owned utilities, staff. Eventually, submitted parties,12 placed comments, interests.13 intermediate Examiner waived, up case. 12 At outset, believed adoption precluded terms evidence.14 Accordingly, evaluated massive decade 1961, directed nature shortage. concluded proposed reasonable, record.15 stays never gone effect, held 'now (to) perform office,' 102. 13 August 1971. By 'flowing gas,' i.e., 1971, Prior receives treatment different 'new 1968. 22.275¢ per thousand cubic feet (Mcf) onshore 21.375¢ Mcf offshore. 26¢ offshore 14 Flowing automatically 0.5¢ 1973, further 1.5 Mcf, industry's finding dedicating reserves.16 1¢ A imposed 15 minimal charged certain liquid hydrocarbons, eliminated differential dissolved associated oil) cases. 144. See Basin, 760—761, 1356—1357. 16 problem concerns deliveries put effect.17 If calculated aggregated million. aggreated less $150 However, stipulated obligation million, proviso worked obligor market.18 adopted integral 1961—1971 schedule aggregating million prescribed rates.19 II 17 Before addressing petitioners' arguments, briefly itself attempts regulate teachings decisions extent area; limitations order; 18 history early experience U.S.C. 717 et seq., fully developed opinion, 755—759, 1353—1356, summarized pssage 1938, 52 Stat. 82, Congress gave fix 'just rate(s),' 5(a), 717d(a),20 'sale commerce resale ultimate consumption domestic, commercial, industrial, use ..' 1(b), 717(b).21 patterned regulatory statutes applied traditional utilities companies, setting equal companies' service plus return.22 19 Until 1954, construed requiring chain distribution point acquired it.23 Because relatively few number24 fell company model, able apply approach, using price.25 ruled Phillips Petroleum Wisconsin, 347 672, 74 794, 98 L.Ed. 1035, independent '(n) atural-gas compan(ies)' meaning 2(6) 717a(6).26 response, attempted extend old methods, establishment individual each producer's service.27 effort foundered sheer size task—thousands engaged jurisdictional time.28 21 1960's discontinued deal companies,29 turned method. number discrete general conditions similar,30 out establish, convening compiling records, uniform schedules govern Upon conclusion undertakings, reviewed efforts reversible error. (1968). Wisconsin 373 294, 83 1266, 357 (1963). 22 But, soon confronted indications, available it,31 criticism effort,32 emphasis determination shortage dedicated market. Since subsequent orders,33 adapted initial model governed concerning ratemaking judicial review, preface discussion difficulties brief applicable rules laid down 23 Subsequent 1961,34 form devised wells January (casinghead gas) it.35 derived newer 'vintage' composite obtained answers questionnaires published reflect national producing 1960.36 historical older vintage gaswell distinction.37 To added return 12%38 average investment,39 examining data, imputing base, assuming deplete constant beginning investment ending years later.40 Finally, specified quality energy content selected standard.41 resulting allowances taxes, 14.5 cashinghead 16.5¢ For individually suffer hardship schedule, indicated occasions special relief, declined specify justify action.42 24 refused approve Hope Co., 320 591, 64 281, 333 (1944), precise delineation relief forth, charges aggregate actual exceeded revenues, then apportioned among basis. Skelly 375 6, 36 (10th Cir. 1967). certiorari, initially noted extremely limited: 26 'Section provides qualification 'finding facts, conclusive.' More important, heretofore emphasized entrusted informed preferences courts. attaches expertise, overturn undertake convincing invalid unjust unreasonable consequences.' 602, 288. examine detail decision; 'total effect unreasonable, inquiry end.' Ibid. 27 'Moreover, often acknowledged Constitution particular level; rather, courts 'zone reasonableness.' Pipeline 315 575, 585, 62 736, 743, 86 1037. No rule consonant given Congress; free, pertinent commands, devise methods capable equitably reconciling diverse conflicting interests.' U.S., 767, S.Ct., 1360. 28 Applying context regulation, criteria governing scope follows: 29 'First, court) viewed light-of relevant facts duties, abused Second, manner employed selected, essential elements evidence. Third, expected financial integrity, attract necessary capital, fairly investors risks assumed, protection interests, existing foreseeable. supplant balance interests nearly liking, instead assure reasoned consideration factors.' 791—792, 1373 (emphasis supplied). 30 application discloses infirmities 'arbitrary result,' sustained. 287. 31 criteria, reversed noting adhered rigidly cost-based his own costs.43 Each deviation pricing consistent 'maintain(ing) attract(ing) compensat(ing) assumed,' foreseeable.' 792, 1373. necessarily oblige it,' said, give attention values reflected imperfectly costs; method excluded immaterial current serve consumer protection.' 815, 1385. 32 teaches primarily task appeals. 'this Supreme) Court's essentially narrow circumscribed.' 766, 1359. agency ours. Section Act44 decree (Court Appeals) affirming, modifying, aside, part, subject Supreme provision National Labor Relations 160(e), thus '(w)hether there support question keeping Courts Appeals. intervene ought rare instance appears misapplied.' Universal Camera NLRB, 340 474, 491, 71 456, 466, 95 456 (1951). III 33 compliance Permian's requirements, address contentions challenge itself. challenges, MDG, fixed I. Brief 18; 15. exhausted 19(b), rendering authorization legal effect. But 'unqualified.' Although own, Montana-Dakota Utilities Northwestern 341 246, 254, 692, 696, 912 (1951); 618, 295; 'crystal clear' despite seemed done. 34 step information, suggested possible inadequacy determination, justified Baldwin Scott County Milling 307 478, 59 943, 1409 (1939). Moreover, effective, continuously 101. circumstances, say part.' 35 jurisdiction 128 481 (CA7 1942), Ford Motor 305 364, 373, 301, 306, 221 (1939), circumstances. Dolcin FTC, U.S.App.D.C. 247, 255—256, 219 742, 750—752 (1954).45 Indeed authorize proper cases recommendations disposition original disposition, final United Improvement Callery Properties, Inc., 382 223, 229, 360, 284 (1965). Only presses contends lacks proceeding. That 37 record—indeed, it.46 admitted course, justness reasonableness terms. treat such. As noted,47 weighed reference supplemented proposal's terms.48 think correctly analyzed correct principles: 38 'No seriously doubts power—indeed, duty—of fails merits. agree D.C. 'assuming (a party's) rejection rendered ineffective settlement, merits.' Michigan Consolidated 1960, 108 409, 204, 224 .. 'As employing APA, U.S.C.A. 554(c), C.F.R. 1.18(a), resolution enjoys immediate certainly public. lack unanimity, merits, makes 'substantial whole' reasonable' area.' 893. (Emphasis original.) matter tested effects. conceive independently. presents orgument I interest.' 127. argues 18, revision unauthorized finding. premise unsupportable. flexibility,' 'make so.' 126—127. repeated '(W)e categorically (in I) scheme exigencies measures.' 904 original). IV turn now groups: levels, allocation receipts through escalations, finally, specific A. 43 Petitioner low. high, new-gas rates. arguments premised common error: isolated regard total designed achieve. frivolous. 1968-order 1971-order 'range' justifiable points record. examined sustains lie 1037 (1942). 45 prices. unit others. hardly invalidates 818—819, 1386 1387. assumes entirely concept return. again explicitly 'non-cost' incentives supplies. Obviously producer, Act,49 encourage production. 796 798, 1375: elastic, meaningfully 47 '. may, zone, employ functionally achieve purposes; particular, probable level programs Nothing purposes forbids sales, distinctions unrelated quality, arrangements 'necessary carry Act.' hold differences simultaneous identical permissibly effectively contemplated Congress.' 48 Plainly true formula. relation two.50 Its difficulties, minor,51 stem answers. Rather, pointed exploratory activity dependent chance, influenced besides price, including, 'monetary inflation, real input resources, availability alternative opportunities, development areas, reservoirs, confidence, degree directionality (toward oil), technology, influencing decisions.'52 sufficiently supports conclusion: 49 'Summarizing, exists positive relationship contract effort; reliable quantitative forecasts increments prices; yield activity; adequacy sufficiency demands observation 124. 50 Reduced simplest form, introduced consequently excessive. Again, Permian, construction formulae. showed differed but, he frankly acknowledged, deemed placing expansion alone spreading judged latter likely lead immediately face crisis. suggest not—in necessary—place users purchased future. Indeed, worth included components noncost element effort.53 51 situation, choose mechanism protecting And, provisions. 'these periodic fall reasonableness' review.' 908. B York, raise nonetheless Act. 53 program inaugurated promulgation 1960 guidelines regulation. Statement General Policy No. 61—1, 818 (1960); Fourth Amendment 661 (1961). aimed disposing arising guideline levels. encouraged contested dockets resulted reduction periods. Major cooperated little 'work off' whereas collection high liabilities, enjoyed earn counted toward earned producers. continues, noncooperating working use, example, competitive lease biddings corporate activities, cooperating allowed comparable realized 54 squarely follows, 109—110: 55 substance design unlawfully distributor executing companywide settlements, reduced level, favor enter settlements meantime considerably group settled. out, rewarded relative intransigence—they retain 22.375¢ (where permit) favored revenue position. 56 logic (Mobil's) position assailed. Candor requires predicted inequities surely occur, 'within system' comparatively disadvantaged. go route (settlement) proposal. inequitable flow advantages, free inequities. broader acceptability impels act do.' 57 words, device does operate favorably lowered encouraging overrode consequences. striking balance, acted stated, 905: 58 'FPC overall stimulate greater pro-competitive piece cake iced another's not. crucial factor, alignment get cake. Given wisdom desire elicit accepting proposition incalculable positive, refuse tamper exploits relationship. area) sustained.' ultimately becomes renders whole, purposes. Obviously, arises mere individual-producer, justified. Similarly, departure basing can, theory 'discrimination,' discriminatory, concerns. Here, impact exists, depend fortuity success efforts, favorable mitigation impact. 60 voluntarily course compromise advance liabilities various sense, therefore, claimed solely voluntary decision. answer 135, 'Parties so, always run risk levels.' And 906 31: 'If (1971) agreements, private worth-while. turns generous anticipated. furnishes attack.' speculation actually advantageous gains 61 suffice complaint. erred discretion. shows two-thirds companies serving area.54 guaranteeing anywhere contended applies present 'imperil(s) entry entrants (gives) advantage past.' 47. attacked ground. 37. work-offs, arguments: 63 'And unnamed entrant, concern expressed, fail why bit dissuaded committing 26¢/Mcf competitors 22.375¢/Mcf half-penny.' ahead reserves. persuaded. judgment. 65 obtain targets demonstrably acceptance fears negative effort. expressed fears, 'presumption (that) (T)hose consequences." C 66 come last series narrowly drawn objections raised parties. objects filings—until contracts, 1977, contracts. unsupported reached viability are, best, premature. true, argues, underlying stability justifying longer true. responsively shifted reliance stable together escalations. Even (for yet-unknown benefit) covering inflation assurances above line afoul Constitution. 769—771, 1361—1362. addition, said: 67 '(T)here several single aggrieved warrant. structured FPG wide period five simultaneously integrity producer. widespread economically feasible set, lift both.' 909. 68 complains costs. relies 149 310, 463 256 (1972), District Columbia subjected royalties ceilings. possibility obligations. 69 willing stay implementation happen Circuit's) statement law prevails. 70 'If, events develop, bind petition it.' 911 elimination concerned. Casinghead traditionally abandoning distinction.' 910. following reasoning, considerations action: (i) administration smallest separate rates', 761, 1357, (ii) allocating expenses I: 422 30, (iii) imposing "invite divergence intrastate market," Op: 598, 167, (iv) unfeasible profit-minded flare it—thus wasting wasted, asset. .' 73 909 original).55 Such used way equating old. All done equate equated hydrocarbons. disagreed. evidentiary floor charges. objection.' 911. V 75 overriding objective was, observed, motivate develop area's) resources.' 891. findings, 102, goal: 76 'Our reverse downtrend effort, thereby likelihood augmenting inventory proved derelict—we softer word—if guided legalisms seeking solutions problems grown barnacles aged mounted.' 77 Features strike novel 'must principle obvious applicability acute accents observation, apparently still 'area avowedly experimental uncertain 772, 1362. For, 78 'Cast perspective human travail, dozen arguably phase passed. twice beneficiary function declare 'what is.' honestly judges sure commissioners, struggle grows peculiar mixture exhaustion depletable groping. day groping over. denigrate imperfect remains redone. So find conscientiously framework preceddent, yet, experimenting.' 889. 79 80 Affirmed. 81 STEWART POWELL Opinion correcting errors issues, 598—A, 633 (1971). 754 2, 1353, will, convenience, termed 'jurisdictional' 'interstate' sales. infra. reported status 886 updated information '1. 'Opinion 468 468—A, 159, 1068, respectively (1965), 747 (88 312) (1968) 'New in: 662 662—A (Area Proceeding, Area), —- —-, (Docket AR70—1 (Phase I), 7, 28, respectively); pending sub nom. Chevron Western Division, al. (9th 73—2861, al., filed 1973) '2. 546 546—A, Austral 407 (5th 1970), 125 (1970); denied Group 400 950 (91 241, 257) (1970) 598 633, ((5th Cir.) instant case). '3. Texas Coast 595 595—A, 674 827, remanded 487 1043 (D.C.Cir. 1973), Shell (Sup.Ct.Nos. 73—966, December 22, '4. Hugoton-Anadarko 586, 761 (1970), People California, 466 974 1972). '5. Other Southwest 607 607—A, 900 99, 484 469 (Sup.Ct.No.73—438, '6. Appalachian Illinois 'Order 411, 411—A 411—B, 1112, 1334 1487, (these appealed). 639, 1299 491 82 1369 (73—1329) decided 14, 1974). '7. Rocky Mountain 658 658—A, 924 (1973), dismissed motion Exxon Corporation 73—1854, February 658—A commenced 1973 Sales covered nationwide roceedings (see below). completion permanently certified 717f, Order 435, American Association, 498 718 72—1812, 23, 1974).' advises '(p)roceedings When completed, therein supersede see; 'Notice Proposed Rulemaking Prescribing Procedures, Fed.Reg. 10014 R—389—B, 11, 14295 R—478, 1973).' Memorandum Counsel, (May shift adjudicative rulemaking procedure, Dakin, Ratemaking Rulemaking—The Approach FPC: Ad Hoc Process, Duke L.J. 41. Sections 4(a) 717c(a) 717d(a), provide: 'All made, demanded, received natural-gas connection sale regulations pertaining charges, shal charge unlawful.' 5(a) 'Whenever hearing complaint State, municipality, commission, distributing company, rate, charge, classification charged, rule, practice, unjust, preferential, classification, thereafter observed force, order: Provided contained currently file accordance company; decrease discrimintory, unlawful, rates.' Corp., major 73—457, 73—464, Group—A approximately 200 distributors—represent interests. Hereafter referred 'Mobil,' York,' 'MDG.' times attacks self-interest petitioner. includes factor facilitate understandably addition enough; indeed, hand, object Approximately consumed trial examiner's 1966, 703. authority, flexibly, 'vintages' respectively, vintages, 18.5¢ (Mcf), 19.5¢ 20¢ Mcf. domain, severance tax, 1.5¢ below initiation pre-October right exceptions, indefinite ceilings, 1974 (over years), post-October maximum. suspension filing, reasonableness. See, e.g., Imp. end $376,428,000, App. 237e, accruing 546, 530 Sola 87 1970). report Report Supply Demand 1971—1990 states part: "The emergence marks historic turning point—the growth uninhibited considerations. ... practical short-term proven dropped 289.3 trillion (Tcf) 1967 259.6 10.3 percent drop three-year period. ." & Light 406 621, 626 92 1827, 1831, 369 (1972). 26, certification been, initiated Pet. Cert. 9. Distribution Companies, companies. 25. tabulation 'In representing operations States, about customers retail; customers; purchasing comprising staff likewise proposal.' 103. states: us. opened institution Docket AR 69—1 61—2 obviously heavily (SoLa perceived teachings, conjunction thereon, conclusions therefrom. proposal, analyze supply-cost relationships, costing methodology. design, incentives, economic considerations, insight matters, discussed.' 106. 110. Conclusions appear throughout examination 131, 137—138, 142. if, dedicates half Tcf, escalate 0.5¢; date, eleven quarter become effective. 143. ranged 17¢ works thus: Any 'refund obligation' cent committed payable cash interest, 65% 'sincere diligent effort' them. 598—A 641 commit, refusal to, payable. trigger escalated above. 1965, 20.625¢ 19.625¢ 21.25¢ 20.25¢ 30.5% difference modified. percentage 30.5 33% total. (d) base 140. 4, supra. 717(b) provides: chapter commerce, sale, local facilities gathering gas.' Interstate Commerce seq. Kitch, Regulation Field Market J. Law Econ. 243 (1968); Note Legislative History Geo.L.J. 695, 702, 704 (1956). regulating source ensure return, socially efficiently allocate supply. 629, 300, (1944) (separate Jackson, J.): heart elusive, exhaustible, irreplaceable money, desired railroad, bus, steamship transportation, communications facilities, capacity generation electric energy, manufacture kind. customer another, one's waste deprive volume created today's exhaust lessen tomorrow. wealth Midas writ man reproduce field.' Compare, Breyer MacAvoy, Shortage Producers, Harv.L.Rev. 941, especially 944—952 (1973). Columbian Fuel (1940); 756 1354. 717(b), exempts gas' Both logical infirmity legislative concentration led abuses monopoly power—limitation pricing, barriers entry. Hearing H.R. 4008 House Committee Foreign Commerce, 75th Cong., 1st Sess., 47, 70—73, 89—91, 101—103 (1937). States incapable combating foreign corporations, 50, 93, barred violated Clause. People's Comm., 270 550, 371, 726 (1926). Congress' States' ceased, back market, quite naturally utility model. begun, prevention circumvention virtually compelled extension control source. debate continues today is, be, competitive, compare Diener, Price Industry Tul.L.Rev. 695 (1972) (not competitive), 941 (1973) (competitive), Congress, Texaco, 380, 400—401, 2315, 2327 2328, 141. fewer (1960). Immediately passage four groups controlled 55% mileage. Hearings 11662 Subcommittee 74th 2d 12, (1936). 537, 542 717a 'When chapter, requires— '(6) 'Natural-gas company' person resale.' 542. Various statistics presented remand 3,372 estimated backlog tripled, status. 545—546. 112—114 (American Reserves, Annual Reports). 276—280. 816—817, 1385—1386. 3, 759—760, 1355—1356. 1356. Ibid.; cf. infra, 329—330. 15% 131. Cf. ibid. 143: 1050 Btu's foot 1000 Adjustments proportional 762—763, 1357 1358. 770—771, approval 814—815, 1384, 1385, listed 815 98, 717r(b), '(b) party appeals circuit wherein relates located principal business, Columbia, sixth days written praying part. jurisdiction, exclusive, conclusive. asserts (Brief 17—18) 'does sit actions 20: 'But cites proposition, Radio Electric 281 464 (50 389, 969), wholly inapposite. issue (The) statute appeals, superior agency' (281 467 390)). 'was controversy sense judiciary article, reviewable Court' (id., 470 391)). '(The 'ordinary equity' 390)) refers former role mean, mistakenly infers, exercising equity. similar 'quite unlike Commission' 391)).' Title CFR 1.18(a) adjust submission offers proposals adjustment, therein, conduct facilitated expedited, officer designated preside thereat permit.' text accompanying nn. 7—8, Appendix Court, containing portions 800 300 note studies presented. These ranging 18.2¢ 24.03¢ 1969 test 19.39¢ 38.02¢. increments, estimates. 769—770, there: '(T)he 'coincides' standards, (315 575,) (62 736,) zone permitted attached confiscatory.' 770, 1361. invalidate, cases, plan "appropriate relief' producer) establishes 'out-of-pocket operation well' price.' 48, length discussed 110—123. exemplified jointly incurred oil, One witness testified accounting 635—637. He widely varying results, largely preference. 'modified Btu' whereby Btu assumed 'worth' fraction policy having significant industry. switching assumption 3.5 2.34 cents' 550. equality Yet comparison sets another competes markets, harm themselves restraint 476—481. 121. introduction 'Adjustment Exploration Excess Production. designed, nonassociated Coast, eliciting drilling allowance categories.' 133. 266e. 636—637: note, again, same, volumes flared Louisiana—reason eliminating discrimination.'

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