Document: 489 U.S. 288 109 S.Ct. 1060 103 L.Ed.2d 334 Frank Dean TEAGUE, Petitionerv.Michael LANE, Director, Illinois Department of Corrections, et al. No. 87-5259. Argued Oct. 4, 1988. Decided Feb. 22, 1989. Rehearing Denied April 17, See 490 1031, 1771. Syllabus Petitioner, a black man was convicted in an state court attempted murder and other offenses by all-white jury. During jury selection, the prosecutor used all 10 his peremptory challenges to exclude blacks. Petitioner twice unsuccessfully moved for mistrial, arguing that he "entitled peers." The defended stating trying achieve balance men women on After unsuccessful state-court appeal, which argued prosecutor's use denied him right be tried representative community, petitioner filed habeas corpus petition Federal District Court, repeating fair cross section claim. He further opinions several Justices concurring in, or dissenting from, denial certiorari McCray v. New York, 461 961, 2438, 77 1322, had invited reexamination Swain Alabama, 380 202, 85 824, 13 759, as what defendant must show establish prima facie case discrimination with respect challenge system. also argued, first time, under could questioned about once volunteered explanation. Court held it bound Circuit precedent relief. A panel Appeals agreed Sixth Amendment's requirement applied venire petit jury, made out discrimination. But voted rehear en banc postponed rehearing until after this Court's decision Batson Kentucky, 476 79, 106 1712, 90 69. Ultimately, decided overruled portion setting forth evidentiary showing necessary make racial Equal Protection Clause Fourteenth Amendment can such is "member cognizable group," exercised "peremptory remove from members defendant's race," these "facts any relevant circumstances raise inference practice veniremen account their race." U.S., at 96, S.Ct., 1723. then not benefit rule because meantime Allen Hardy, 478 255, 2878, 92 199, retroactively cases collateral review. petitioner's claim procedurally barred event meritless, limited venire. Held: judgment affirmed. 820 F.2d 832 (CA7 1987), Justice O'CONNOR delivered opinion Parts I, II, III, concluding that: 1 1. Hardy prevented benefiting announced Batson, since conviction became final before decided. McCray—which involved question whether Constitution prohibits particular group based assumption they would biased favor same group—did destroy § precedential effect, urges did, imports no expression merits case, and, concomitantly, accompanying cannot have effect decisions merits. Pp. 294-296. 2 2. b rred raising has established violation did preclude examination stated reasons determine legitimacy motive. Since trial direct forfeited review proceedings courts. Under Wainwright Sykes, 433 72, 97 2497, 53 594, federal proceeding, attempt cause default Appellate contrary contention, address 297-299. 3 O'CONNOR, joined THE CHIEF JUSTICE, SCALIA, KENNEDY, concluded IV V extending drawn community review, therefore will addressed. 299-316. 4 (a) Retroactivity properly treated threshold question, for, new constitutional criminal procedure announcing rule, evenhanded justice requires who are similarly situated. Thus, deciding should extended determined issue. 299-305. 5 (b) Harlan's view rules generally appropriate approach. Unless fall within one suggested exceptions general rule—that (1) if places "certain kinds primary, private individual conduct beyond power law-making authority proscribe," Mackey United States, 401 667, 692, 91 1160, 1180, 28 404, (2) observance "those procedures . 'implicit concept ordered liberty,' " id., 693, 1180—such applicable those become were announced. 305-310. 6 (c) six years ago, unless falls above exceptions. exception here, application accord protection primary activity. second scope without likelihood accurate seriously diminished. An Taylor Louisiana, 419 522, 95 42 690, applying venire, leads inexorably conclusion adoption far cry kind absolute prerequisite fundamental fairness "implicit liberty." Because absence does undermine underlie diminish obtaining conviction, requiring juries composed "bedrock procedural element" exception. 311-315. 7 (d) Were urged recognized, given even though others tuated. This only eliminates problems rendering advisory opinions, avoids inequity resulting uneven situated defendants. Implicit retroactivity approach principle vehicle create defendants through two articulated P. 318. 8 WHITE result nonretroactivity acceptable theories embraced States Johnson, 457 537, 102 2579, 73 Shea 470 51, 105 1065, 84 38, Griffith 479 314, 107 708, 93 649, pending 316-326. 9 BLACKMUN concurred insofar concerned. STEVENS, BLACKMUN, Part I alleged decide favor. Nonetheless, set aside matter stare decisis, controls disposition question. In general, adopt analysis well still but plurality's "modification" STEVENS II violated using persons never presented courts, unexhausted ripe courts spoken. 318-326. 11 J., REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, JJ., joined, V, SCALIA joined. post, p. 316, 318, part judgment. judgment, BRENNAN, opinion, MARSHALL, 326. 12 Patricia Unsinn, petitioner. David E. Bindi, Chicago, Ill., respondents. 14 KENNEDY join. 15 690 (1975), required community. stated, however, "in holding source fairly we impose actually chosen mirror reflect various distinctive groups population. Defendants entitled composition." Id., 538, 702. principal now leave resolution another day. 16 * man, three counts murder, armed robbery, count aggravated battery. selection trial, Petitioner's counsel woman married police officer. struck blacks, mistrial. motion. App. 2-3. When four more again 3. motion, reasoning "appear[ed] [one]." 4. 17 On rejected People Teague, 108 Ill.App.3d 891, 895-897, 64 Ill.Dec. 401, 404-406, 439 N.E.2d 1066, 1069-1071 (1982). Supreme certiorari. 464 867, 104 206, 78 179 (1983). 18 writ Northern Illinois. repeated claim, 1322 (1983), 759 (1965), prohibited purposefully systematically denying blacks opportunity serve juries. sympathetic arguments, precedent. 5-6. 19 argument. majority judges banc, vacated. ex rel. Teague Lane, 779 1332 1985) (en banc) (Cudahy, dissenting). our 69 (1986), Swain. decided, 199 (1986) (per curiam ), 832, 834, n. 1987) banc). meritless. 6. 834-843. Judge Cudahy dissented, 844. 20 contention receive Before addressing argument, think helpful explain how modified "State's purposeful deliberate denial" jurors solely race violates Amendment. 203-204, 826-827. order Swain, demonstrate system been "perverted." showed county where whatever circumstances, crime whoever victim may be," responsible removal qualified survived cause, ever served 223, 837. 21 Clause. Once makes discrimination, burden shifts "to come forward neutral explanation challenging jurors." 97, 22 constituted "explicit substantial break prior precedent" 258, 2880. Employing standard Linkletter Walker, 381 618, 636, 1731, 1741, 601 convictions defined mean 'where rendered, availability appeal exhausted, time elapsed in' Batson. ." 1, 2880, (citation omitted). 23 21/2 thus depriving case. argues, destroyed Brief 23. issue its companion group. MARSHALL BRENNAN dissented certiorari, expressing views reexamined c mplained impartial 964-970, 2440-2443. Powell They important one, "sound exercise discretion allow laboratories receives study addressed." 963, 2439. 24 We reject basic premise As often "denial upon case." Carver, 260 482, 490, 43 181, 182, 67 L.Ed. 361 (1923) (Holmes, J.). Accord, Hughes Tool Co. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 409 363, 366, 647, 650, 34 577 (1973); Brown Allen, 344 443, 489-497, 397, 437-441, 469 (1953). "variety considerations [that] denials writ," Maryland Baltimore Radio Show, 338 912, 917, 70 252, 254, 94 562 (1950) (opinion Frankfurter, J.), counsels against according value. Concomitantly, find dispositive, III 25 Recognizing shown systematic exclusion contends when volunteers challenges, 35 (citing 101, n., 1725, (WHITE, concurring)). Weathersby Morris, 708 1493, 1495-1496 (CA9 1983) (supporting interpretation cert. denied, 1046, 719, 79 181 (1984). 26 candidly admits appeal. 38-39. failure, "It taken reviewing res judicata issues raised, deemed waived.' Gaines, Ill.2d 87-88, 269, 274, 473 868, 873 (1984) omitted), 471 1131, 2666, 86 282 (1985). prevents Post-Conviction Act, Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. ¶ 122-1 seq. (1987), overlooked. Brown, 52 227, 230, 287 663, 665 (1972). 27 narrow circumstances. Compare Goerger, 403, 406, 416, 418 (1972) (improper instruction reasonable doubt "does constitute unfairness obviate waiver doctrines"), Ikerd, 47 211, 212, 265 120, 121 (1970) (fundamental applies "where relied recognized appeal"), Hamby, 32 291, 294-295, 205 456, 458 (1965) claims asked appeal). It clear relief unavailable Beamon, 31 145, 145-146, 333 575, 575-576 (1975) (abstract decision) (not invoking raised proceedings). result, exhausted remedies U.S.C. 2254(b) Engle Isaac, 456 107, 125-126, 28, 1558, 1570-1571, 71 783 (1982); Williams Brantley, 502 1383, 1385-1386 1974). 87-91, 2506-2509, 594 (1977), proceeding prejudice therefrom. supra, 113-114, 117, 124-135, 1564-1565, 1566, 1570-1576 (applying court). default. Instead, argues addressed Court. Cf. Caldwell Mississippi, 472 320, 327-328, 2633, 2638-2639, 231 agree mentioning discussing allows Ill.App.3d, 895-896, Ill.Dec., 405, N.E.2d, 1070. Accordingly, hold barred, do 29 Our here consistent Harris Reed, 263, 1038, 1043, 308 (1989), holds "procedural bar consideration either last 'clearly expressly' states rests bar" (citations internal quotations Reed assumes later proceeding. simply inapplicable 268-270, 1046-1047 (O'CONNOR, concurring). 30 third noted outset, expressly apply 701. nevertheless ratio decidendi rule. decline contention. A. past, has, discussion, confronted different sought See, e.g., 447 323, 100 2214, 65 159 (1980) (addressing Burch 441 130, 99 1623, 60 96 (1979)); Robinson Neil, 505, 876, (1973) Waller Florida, 397 387, S. t. 1184, 435 (1970)); Stovall Denno, 388 293, 87 1967, 1199 (1967) Wade, 218, 1926, 1149 (1967), Gilbert California, 1951, 1178 (1967)); Tehan Shott, 382 459, 453 (1966) Griffin 609, 1229, (1965)). cases, very Morrissey Brewer, 408 471, 2593, 2604, 33 484 (1972); Witherspoon Illinois, 391 510, 523, 88 1770, 1777, 776 (1968). These lines unifying theme, clarify resolved regard amicus brief. Criminal Legal Foundation Amicus Curiae 22-24. Nevertheless, foreign parties, 21-32; Respondent 31-38. Moreover, sua sponte novel. lower 261-262, 2881-2882, (MARSHALL, Mapp Ohio, 367 643, 646, 3, 81 1684, 1686, 1081 (1961) exclusionary although course action curiae ). view, "whether [announcing should] prospective retroactive faced decision." Mishkin, Foreword: High Great Writ, Due Process Time Law, Harv.L.Rev. 56, (1965). Bowen 422 916, 920, 2569, 2573, 45 641 (when "issues both doctrine raised," first). ask determination normally entail standard, believe modification. admittedly difficult announces define spectrum purposes. breaks ground imposes obligation Government. Rock Arkansas, 483 44, 62, 2704, 2714, 37 (1987) se excluding hypnotically refreshed testimony infringes impermissibly testify behalf); Ford Wainwright, 477 399, 410, 2595, 2602, 335 (Eighth execution prisoners insane). To put differently, dictated existing final. Truesdale Aiken, 480 527, 528-529, 1394, 1394-1395, 539 (Powell, Given strong language statement Akins Texas, 325 398, 1276, 1279, 89 1692 (1945), "[f]airness [jury] require proportional representation races jury," rule.1 Not uniformly Nearly quarter century Linkletter, some standards rules. examining purpose reliance law, administration Using trials commencing 636-640, 1741-1744. 36 led results. limit certain rules, yet commenced. Desist 394 244, 256-257, 1030, 1037-1038, 248 (1969) (Harlan, dissenting) examples). surprisingly, commentators "had veritable field day" much discussion being "more han mildly negative." Beytagh, Ten Years Non-Retroactivity: Critique Proposal, 61 Va.L.Rev. 1557, sources). Application disparate treatment For example, Miranda Arizona, 384 436, 467-473, 1602, 1624-1627, 694 (1966), that, absent effective measures protect Fifth privilege self-incrimination, person custody warned interrogation rights, including remain silent. stand interrogated proper warnings. 491-499, 1636-1641. Johnson Jersey, 733-735, 1772, 1781-1782, 882 held, like Miranda, see 721, 1775, refusal give resulted unequal generated vehement criticism. Bickel, Idea Progress 54-57 (1978) (decrying "plain" injustice suggesting distinguished between purposes retroactivity). 38 Dissatisfied Harlan advocated retroactivity. always 675, 1164, 404 (1971) judgments part); Desist, 256, 1037 (dissenting opinion). 39 649 unprincipled inequitable announced, adopted Harlan. "failure newly declared norms adjudication." 322, 713. gave decision. First, promulgate specific possibly sought, "the integrity judicial review" "all similar review." quoted approvingly separate Mackey, 679, 1173: 40 'If resolve us light best understanding governing principles, why so adjudicate all. truth, assertion disregard current law adjudicating already run full appellate quite function adjudication legislation.' 41 Second, "selective treating same," refused continue tolerate defendan whose 323-324, 713-714 258-259, 1038-1039 dissenting)). Although past "a prosecutions federal, final, constitutes 'clear break' past." 328, 716. unfortunate disparity example illustrate point. Edwards 451 477, 484-487, 101 1880, 1884-1886, 68 378 (1981), invokes present during custodial interrogation, valid inferred fact responded police-initiated questioning. Solem Stumes, 465 638, 1338, 579 (1984), interim, opposite Witt 714 1069, 1072-1074 (CA11 1983); Sockwell Maggio, 709 341, 343-344 (CA5 McCree Housewright, 689 797, 800-802 (CA8 1982), sub nom. Lockhart, 460 1088, 1782, 76 352 adjudicated Stumes received Edwards, while not. product factors: failure treat standard's inability nature Having rectify inadequacies, 1069-1070, turn second. B believed "be responsibly [determined] focusing, instance, nature, function, adjudicatory process arise. frame reference, words, [defendant] seeks, instead available." 682, 1175 part). With corpus, wrote: 44 "Habeas remedy, providing avenue upsetting otherwise designed substitute interest leaving litigation repose, is, reducing controversy subject revision, legitimately found defining outweigh some, many, most instances competing readjudicating legal filed." Id. 682-683, 1175. "broad habeas," "sounder, petitions, prevailing th n seek dispose [habeas] basis intervening changes interpretation." 689, 1178. explained threat serves additional incentive throughout land manner standards. perform deterrence need prevailed original took place." 262-263, 1041. 653, 1347 judgment) ("Review correct 'forc[e] toe mark' ") 46 identified proscribe." 1180. liberty.' 1180 (quoting Palko Connecticut, 302 319, 325, 58 149, 152, 82 (1937) (Cardozo, J.)). Last Term, Yates 534, 98 546 (1988), Francis Franklin, 307, 1965, (1985), announce "was merely governed Sandstrom Montana[, 442 2450, (1979) ], [the defendant's] 216-217, 538. unnecessary recent noted, Harlan, distinction 215, 537. Pennsylvania Finley, 481 551, 555, 1990, 1993, (distinguishing Indeed, reconciled 58, (1985) (givingEdwards direct, collateral, "is fully congruent aspects propounded Harlan"). 48 description corpus. "[T]he reference perceived assure accused afforded free error." Kuhlmann Wilson, 447, 2616, 2623, 364 (plurality Rather, interests comity finality considered determining fails comply litigating court, shows actual 2506-2509. declined dependent magnitude issue, 129, 1572, State's enforcement Murray Carrier, 478, 493-496, 2639, 2648-2650, (1986). 49 "always followed unwavering line conclusions Writ. development attended, seemingly, backing filling." Fay Noia, 372 391, 411-412, 83 822, 837 (1963). Stone Powell, 428 465, 475-476, 3037, 3043-3044, 1067 (1976). long civil entered withstand subsequent change Chicot County Drainage Baxter State Bank, 371, 317, 329 (1940), jurisdictional statute unconstitutional effect. large concerns. "The existence statute, [of unconstitutionality], operative consequences justly ignored. erased declaration. Questions determinations acted accordingly demand examination." 374, 318-319. Rooker Fidelity Trust Co., 263 413, 415, 150, 362 ("Unless reversed modified" erroneous "an conclusive adjudication"); Thompson Tolmie, Pet. 157, 169, (1829) (errors mistakes competent jurisdiction "cannot corrected examined brought up collaterally"). 50 underlying significant compelling parallels context. undermines essential operation Without finality, deprived deterrent life liberty stake "shows 'conventional notions finality' place litigation, none." Friendly, Is Innocence Irrelevant? Collateral Attacks Judgments, U.Chi.L.Rev. 142, 150 (1970). "[I]f notion legality point include assignment competence legality." Bator, Finality Law Habeas Corpus Prisoners, 441, 450-451 (1963) (emphasis 691, 1179 part) ("No defendants, system, society whole benefited shall tentatively go jail today, tomorrow every day thereafter continued incarceration fresh litigation"). Professor Mishkin: 51 "From aspect, problem becomes prospectivity rather attack—in corpus—to behind conviction. potential attack created 'retroactivity' place; ther seems little possibility short shrift arguments 'prospective limitation' rule." Foreword, Harv.L.Rev., 77-78 (footnote Bender, Retroactive Effect Overruling Constitutional Decision: 110 U.Pa.L.Rev. 655-656 (1962). "costs imposed State[s] benefits application." 654, judgment). many ways intrusive than enjoining prosecutions, cf. Younger Harris, 37, 43-54, 746, 750-755, 669 (1971), continually forces marshal resources keep prison appeals conformed then-existing Furthermore, "[s]tate understandably frustrated faithfully discover, commands." 128, 33, 33. 424 (Jackson, result) (state "anticipate, with, due requirements ascertain adhere prescribing them"). 54 criticisms persuasive, 55 1983. 56 Harlan—that part)—is here. activity whatsoever. 57 Palko, 152)—we leaves meant reserved watershed procedure: "Typically, error found, reflection, fundamentally conducted substance hearing. However, situations might growth social capacity, perceptions rightly process, alter bedrock elements vitiate such, my condition serious crime." 693-694, 1180-1181 added). 59 reasoned functions incarcerated creates risk innocent convicted," "from 'new' significantly improve pre-existing fact-finding habeas." 262, shifting less observed precedent, particularly Kaufman 217, 1068, 227 (permitting Fourth review), "ineluctably inquire convict commit deed alleged." 694, 1181. Coleman 399 1999, 387 (invalidating lineup counsel), reason marginal effectiveness claimed improvements factfinding. 694-695, Third, "inherently intractable purported factfinding principally values." 695, desirable combine accuracy element version implicate trial. employ test more, doing importing into context terms debate over incorporation. Duncan 171-193, 1444, 1458, 491 (1968) dissenting), Adamson 332 46, 68-92, 1672, 1683-1696, 1903 (1947) (Black, Reviving now, area unnecessarily anachronistic. Benton Maryland, 395 784, 794-795, 2056, 2062-2063, 707 (overruling incorporating Double Jeopardy Clause). direction reaffirming relevance likely available 454, 2627 opinion) (a successive entertained "colorable factual innocence"); 496, 2649 ("[W]here probably innocent, grant default"); 491-492, 31, 3051, (removing provided danger "safeguard suffer loss liberty"). Finally, concerns difficulty identifying value accuracy-enhancing limiting operate central innocence guilt, unlikely components emerge. "best il ustrated recalling classic grounds issuance corpus—that dominated mob violence; knowingly perjured testimony; confession extorted brutal methods." Rose Lundy, 455 509, 544, 1198, 1216-1217, 379 (1982) (STEVENS, (footnotes omitted).2 62 role guard arbitrary abuses interposing commonsense defendant, special segments "Community participation democratic heritage critical public confidence system." Taylor, 530, 698. Daniel 420 32, 704, 705, 790 "[does] rest [is] necessarily unfair accordance Amendment." conclude articulated. 63 recognize words unavoidable consequence necessity adjudications mere dictum." 301, 1972. harm caused alike exaggerated: "hardly comports ideal 'administration hand.' Hankerson North Carolina, 432 233, 247, 2339, 2347, 306 (1977) (Douglas, Fuller Alaska, 393 80, 82, 61, 212 (if situated). Griffith. bearing 'actual results' If there way avoid described insignificant cost adherence sound principles decision-making." principled dealing problem. refuse 2573 ("This consistently unsettled questions regarding establishing nonretroactive. rooted reluctance unnecessarily") one. eliminate implicit above, 66 ordered. join O'CONNOR's opinion. Otherwise, concur 297, 1970, authored three-factor formula changing procedure. formula, arose proceedings, extent old series departed 202 (1985); (1987). believing sounder Other Justices, JUSTICE dissents cases. indicated Griffith, concluded, abandoned arises proceedings. regret point, Shea, insufficient object them. decisions, reached result. wrong construing reach statutes, Congress us; appear underpinnings, 322-323, 713, correction error, perhaps lies us, Congress. 72 STEVENS' 319-323, So concerned, whom joins 74 BRENNAN's dissent, 342. am persuaded Amendment.1 ruling aside. ante, 300, 315. 75 tainted decides occurred reversal classified harmless. follow parallel novel rights occurred, factors relating retroactivity—most importantly, unfairness—should granting Proceeding reverse, plurality today declares rule.2 share 675-702, 1171-1185, 256-269, 1037-1044, Thus urged, seeking "fre[e] individuals punishment constitutionally protected" entailed unfairness. propriety making briefing agree, dicta proposing 311-316. "[I]t presumably least anyone currently incarcerated," wrote, "that utilized them fair, command '[n]o deprive life, liberty, property, law.' continued: ought lie nonobservance aptly Mr. Cardozo [58 288] (1937), Typically, conviction." embracing Cardozo's errors "violat[ing] 'fundamental base political institutions,' 153, Hebert 272 312, 103, 104, 270 (1926)), rectified, previous linking innocence. 1181; 80 wrongly resuscitates early indicating deserving guilt. 313. "unnecessarily anachronistic," liberty. touchstone provide guidance types constitutionality capital sentencing hearings.3 Even assessing guilt phase too capricious factor sufficiently "bedrock" "watershed" justify 311. contrast, century-old proclamation race, Strauder West Virginia, 303, 664 (1880), promoting bias clearly implicates fairness. impression, therefore, guilty verdict impartiality eroded unfair. Constraining )—an join—that permit true rested raises petitioners pressed objections grounds. 293; 83, 1715. Both concern allowing peremptories yield race. Identical practical ramifications ensue holdings Allen,4 affirmed.5 not, Ante, reaffirmed equal 'be selected individuals, qualifications, race.' 204, 827 Cassell 339 282, 286, 629, 631, 839 opinion)). Discussing prove stated: "In pluralistic connection institution presumption obtain try court. overcome subjected allegations hand Negroes removed Negroes." 222, "did specifically [it] court," banc), rebutted "show[ing] period time." 839. ignored import claim; i.e., explanations erases presumption, judge examine race-neutral genuine pretextual. mistrial "numerous excused young years. There attempt, your Honor, number women. 3.6 comment motions. force argument "ordinary challenges" 's proof applies, 839, erred failing scrutinize excuses.7 note, instant petition. (1982), containing dismissed. Literal pronouncement remanded instructions dismiss "petitioner courts" remedies. 297. barred." 9, (1989) Castille Peoples, 346, 351, 1056, 1060, (1989); 298). means convinced, ban waived. "plain statement" Michigan Long, 463 1032, 1041, 3469, 3476, 1201 let judiciary forecloses Until spoken, habeas. exhaustion dismissal mixed petitions jurisdictional," Strickland Washington, 466 668, 684, 2052, 2063, 674 foreclosed joins, dissenting. Today oral adopts for—indeed, mentioning—our delineating broad appears oblivious importance accorded decisis nonconstitutional Out exaggerated same, considering vast range challenges; merit, vindication personal deny check violations "blind alike" amounts "letting tail wag dog" stymies unheralded questions. 332, 718, acquiesce unprecedented curtailment momentous parties dissent. provides "shall entertain h beas behalf pursuant laws treaties States." 2254.1 century, read forbears authorize writs whenever person's unconstitutionally restrained. Shortly Act 1867, 27, Stat. 385, empowered authorities, noted: "This legislation comprehensive character. brings possible privation National Constitution, treaties, laws. impossible widen jurisdiction." Ex parte McCardle, Wall. 325-326, 816 (1868). 426, 842, ("Congress 1867 forum having defenses powers maximum"). Nothing happened persuade thorough survey Noia history common statutory embodiment "conventional permitted defeat manifest policy fullest plenary 424, 841. defect remains custody" virtue rendered rulings teaching presentation Mitchell, 443 545, 550-565, 2993, 2997-3005, 739 (1979); Jackson 320-324, 2781, 2789-2792, 560 (1979). particular, plain collaterally Teague's exhausted. (1953), alleging grand indicted reconsideration "Discriminations barring citizens service," "are odious thought Constitution. accepted law." 470, 414 Vasquez Hillery, 474 617, 598 (1986); supra. precedents supply support relief.2 Just fortuity [wh ch unduly strict proving racially discriminatory Clause], came "[w]e easily granted review," 718 almost identical rationale (1976), composition him, perceive cognizability Unfortunately, turns back erect formidable barrier Any successful, announcement says, "plac[e] 'certain ind vidual proscribe,' quoting part), mandate "new diminished." Astonishingly, precondition litigants three-page 22-24.3 builds written 1171 1037, opinion), declines embrace views. No devoted points departs proposals. indeed ironic endorsing bulk provision relief, ignores reminder "obligation orderly own processes aid adequate lends issue." 677, 1703, breaking sharply done well, think, recall said Ladner 358 173, 209, (1958): sentences complex question." Equally disturbing, infidelity decisis. That "demands law," Akron Center Reproductive Health, 462 419-420, 2481, 2487, 687 enhances efficiency decisionmaking, rely settled reconsider wisdom confront, fosters predictability permitting act knowledge overturn d lightly ensuring unfairly frequent unanticipated law. routinely asking overrule heavy persuading dictate values greater objective." 266, 625. reviewability "we offered metamorphosis commitment outdated, ill-founded, unworkable, vulnerable reconsideration." None hitherto departing present. interpretations proceeded inadequate argumentation, nor form unaccompanied detailed justification. Copperweld Corp. Independence Tube Corp., 467 752, 766, 2731, 2739, 628 facts reading divination congressional intent plainly mistaken. Monell York City Dept. Social Services, 436 658, 2018, 611 (1978). addition, nothing shrink passed despite Teague's. undermined action. Braden 30th Judicial 410 484, 497-499, 1123, 1130-1132, (1973). apply. mystified finds warrant upset, sponte, time-honored precedents. C mention exposition infer fabrication work great convictions. truth. "define purposes," say Government." Otherwise phrased, final." Ibid. extremely broad.4 Few "dictated before. Most involve debatable, rational way. Virtually prompts dissent decisions. By test, heard fell sketched. Those exceptions, narrow. Rules r re. And diminished," 313, appreciably common. admits, fact, "believe[s] emerge." expected contract substantially Writ's sweep. Its impact illustrated noting abundance variety "history reveals exact tie guilt," Schneckloth Bustamonte, 412 257, 2041, 854 concurring), ignore link outcome apparently prevent Fifth, Sixth, Nix Whiteside, 475 988, 123 ruled defense attorney refuses cooperate presenting Clearly, introduction improved outside merits, we. numerous right-to-counsel produced Moran Burbine, 412, 1135, (failure inform retained somebody else violate Amendment); McKaskle Wiggins, 168, 944, 122 (pro unsolicited standby counsel); Jones Barnes, 745, 3308, 987 (1983) (appellate duty nonfrivolous requested defendant); Morris Slappy, 1610, 610 court's continuance defender initially assigned represent Torna, 586, 1300, ) (no deprivation failed timely filing court); Moore 434 220, 458, (Sixth corporeal identification initiation adversary Ross Moffitt, 417 600, 2437, 341 (1974) (States indigent discretionary appeals). Lik wise, self-incrimination adjunct ascertainment truth," silent would, earlier ordinarily fail qualify Estelle Smith, 1866, 359 psychiatrist warning fashioned hardly compelled 475, 1879 (REHNQUIST, judgment), influenced jury's enhanced sentence.5 Nor Smith unique respect. Greer Miller, 756, 3102, 618 (single cross-examination concerning postarrest silence supra efforts rights); Fletcher Weir, 603, 1309, (prosecutor's impeachment warnings silence); Jenkins Anderson, 231, 2124, (Fifth prearrest impeach credibility). "brea[k] impos[e] Government," bear relation Crist Bretz, 437 2156, jeopardy attach juror sworn unconstitutional); Chaffin Stynchcombe, 1977, (rendition higher sentence retrial So, too, miscellaneous relate tangentially Bordenkircher Hayes, 357, 604 carries reindict stiffer charge); Barker Wingo, 407 514, 2182, (5-year delay peedy trial). closely related Teague's, Lockhart McCree, 162, 1758, 137 so-called "Witherspoon-excludables" requirement, purview arrived D massive changes, unsupported precedent.6 lack foundation. exaggerating identically positioned none, acts choice mechanical pausing consider 'sound decisionmaking.' 332-333, 1972, (1967). Certainly desirable, fairness, claims. Following equally whereas Taking ahead especially attractive usually heavier things equal, lead render comes however. Sometimes which, better sometimes forgo hope eventually squarely misplaced, fulfilled, evolution thinking meanwhile lost. preserving hear discourage ourselves ourselves. advantages itself occasionally redress relief.7 uniform worth price willing pay. Permitting profited immensely. seen fit withdraw amending favorable extend prisoner arguably righted none injuries inflicted redressed, inequality treatment. laid down retroactively: "We Wade are, victims pretrial confrontations dictum. Sound policies decision-making, Article concrete controversies, advance contentions militate today's Inequity results chance beneficiaries 1972 abandon Perfectly even-handed renunciation ample substantiall accepts limits dubious. seeks startling aspect wears repeatedly mischaracterizing it, 'that population,' 292, 702, 'require[s] jury.' (1945). claim—which quotes submits, rather, guarantees community." disavows position attributed plurality: exists excluded pools, venires them, Duren Missouri, 664, (1979), maintains firmly prosecution discriminatorily sitting belong racial, ethnic, akin venirepersons potentially difference valid, membership himself member group, belonged improperly excluded.8 characterized correctly, assertions conc pt 342, asks mandates Duren, Batson; indeed, flows naturally conclusion. 555-556, 3000: "Discrimination aspects, pernicious justice. Selection destroys appearance thereby casts process. service Negroes, serve, impairs emphasized, 'not enacted war concepts government.' 311 130 [61 164, 165, 84] (1940) accused, segment excluded. whole. 'The injury defendant—there institution, large, reflected courts.' Ballard 187, 195 [67 261, 265, 181] (1946)." (Emphasis added.) questionable. bears staunch advocate leaned opinion: "Whenever doubts guilty. justified entails damages fabric." 584, 6, 3015, concurring) observed: obvious does, may, Negro's obtained stand. hears evidence sides chooses believe. deciding, imponderables—unconscious conscious prejudices preferences—and thousand detect isolate influence weigh. single juror's enough sit substance, appearance, impartiality, Negro not." 301-302, 639, 111 More recently, 623, "discrimination actions." "intentional grave trespass, color authority, wholly prevent," ury harmless-error Compelling indict said, burdens imposes, disproportionate evil deter." 623. allegation, jury—with graver condemned Hillery—is connected truth finding strains credibility. 112 Members handled differently (1987); ); 665, 1148, 1159, proposal adhered precedents, favor, ultimately outlined half except 113 pp. 319-320, disagree. meritorious, neither ruling. prevails me meritorious. considers because, mistakenly contends, determines reached. repudiating familiar manifold cleanly asserts Post, 340-342. beginning brief, advocates requirement. 15-16. show: "group 'distinctive' community"; (3) underrepresentation jury-selection process." 364, 668. prong met demonstrating underrepresented proportion documented census figures. 364-366, 668-670. meet prevail, "fair reasonable" recognizes this, compares percentage population Cook County, drawn. 17-18 (arguing 25.62%). short, includes, requires, sort endorse 701, (1975). death, express do, disagree suggestion "making final," "wholly context." 321, includes defendant. Flynt 619, 620, 1958, 1959, (1981) noncapital decrease "there certainty end litigation." Sanders 373 25, 1082, 148 Justice, Bureau Statistics, Capital Punishment 1987, (1988) (table 10) (for 10-year 1977-1987, average imposition months). Of 12-person proportionally section" 299. out, 299, 8, entitlement. possess "impartial." Const., Amdt. ("In enjoy speedy district wherein committed ."). venirepersons, exclusions appearing record, comport 300. instances. declaring "threshold question," ibid., inverts adjudication. Among things, forth, evaluate "new" course, arises. (1988); Lee 461, 710, 736 accord, 307. note (1968), cites simultaneous guideline, establishment major espoused explained: believe, visible litigable kept view. [391,] 445 [83 852, ] (Clark, dissenting); Spencer 385 554, 583, 648, 606 (Warren, (1963); Attack 146-151 before, 'Both insuring attention focused restored useful community.' [1,] 24-25 At all, convicted. otherwise, enforcing, definitive answer Surely unpleasant task strip freedom institutional restraints. doing, halting tentative. esolved." 690-691, 1179, 1202, retroactively, implicitly suggests ensure judgment; certainly unremedied"). afford colloquy surrounding motion selected, follows: "MR. MOTTA [defense counsel]: aware each person. feel client peers, Honor. this. ANGAROLA [prosecutor]: challenges. didn't just excuse individuals. Counsel incorrect stat[e]s that. white woman. comprised seven five counsel's totally improper. MOTTA: respond briefly, people excused; alternate excused, record ages background excused. regular talking alternate, State. ANGAROLA: Honor previously pointed black, Mrs. McCleary, People, her. "THE COURT: Counsel, motion." 3-4. Recently Eighth employed theory volunteering overcame presumption. Garrett 815 Garrett, 898, 191 Upon pretexts discrimination; release F.2d, 514. 1493 1983), ("Nor inconsistent invalidate prosecutor, response objection strikes, jurors, defendant"). Prisoners sentenced vacated, corrected, "upon sentence, excess maximum authorized attack." 2255. extends as, prisoners. substantive limitation unlawful search seizure Amendment, relitigate "Fourth rights," 479, 3045, "not concerned generally," judicially remedy right." 495, 3053, 37. supports attempting vindicate alleges right, invoke prophylactic devised deter officials. kind, interfere paramount. 2999, confirms notwithstanding infirmity devoid error. perforce firmer ground. Kimmelman Morrison, 365, 2574, 305 (counsel's litigate competently habeas); 2789-27, (sufficiency habeas). discuss doctrine; unlike sharp practice. (1961), themselves, incorporation protections Bill Rights step debated abruptness action, mentioned parties. Stewart's restrained Milton 2174, (1972): "An marks web overrules disrupts widely upon." 381, 2, 2180, "limiting intends cover Murray, 2661, 2668, "fundamental miscarriage justice" "neither precluded admission false ones"). "our force. Two 2627, (1986)—discuss conditions barred. 328-330, claims, passing opportunities it. complaint reaping 305, misguided. later, ascribed contemporaneously, see, (1968); slight unacceptable, be, suggests. persistent misreading puzzling. sure, argue informing microcosm community; demands, instead, manifestly primarily advanced. Lack helps violation; suggestion, contend per violation.

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