Document: 487 U.S. 59 108 S.Ct. 2260 101 L.Ed.2d 56 SUPREME COURT OF VIRGINIA and David B. Beach, its Clerk, Appellants,v.Myrna E. FRIEDMAN. No. 87-399. Argued March 21, 1988. Decided June 20, Syllabus Under Virginia Supreme Court Rule 1A:1, qualified lawyers admitted to practice in another State may be the Bar "on motion," that is, without taking Virginia's bar examination. The requires, inter alia, applicant a permanent resident of Virginia. Appellee attorney, Maryland who practices maintains her offices at corporate employer's place business Virginia, applied for admission on motion. denied application failure satisfy residency requirement, concluding that, contrary appellee's contention, decision New Hampshire v. Piper, 470 274, 105 1272, 84 205, which held requirement imposed had passed State's examination violated Privileges Immunities Clause Article IV, § 2, Federal Constitution, was not applicable context "discretionary" admissions then filed suit against Clerk District Court, alleging 1A:1's Clause. court entered summary judgment appellee, Appeals affirmed. Held: violates Pp. 64-70. (a) A nonresident's interest practicing law terms substantial equality with those enjoyed by residents is privilege protected This Court's precedents do support appellants' contention so long as an has alternative gaining bar, regard residence, passing examination, discriminated nonresidents matter fundamental concern." implicated whenever does permit within borders own residents. Cf. supra. Appellants' theory could constitutionally require all applicants pass irrelevant question whether circumstances this case. burdened right law, Clause, discriminating among otherwise equally solely basis citizenship or residency. 65-67. (b) failed show discrimination non-residents bears close relation achievement state objectives. cannot justified assuring, tandem Rule's full time member Bar, attorneys motion will have same commitment service familiarity possessed securing upon Lawyers are other States seek less likely respect further interests because they nonresidents. To extent justifiably concerned ensuring keep abreast legal developments, it can protect such through more effective means themselves infringe constitutional protections. Nor necessary aid enforcement full-time requirement. already requires maintain office facilitates compliance nearly identical manner restriction does, rendering latter largely redundant. 67-70. 822 F.2d 423, (CA4 1987), KENNEDY, J., delivered opinion BRENNAN, WHITE, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. REHNQUIST, C.J., dissenting opinion, SCALIA, joined, post, p. 70. Gregory Lucyk, Richmond, Va., appellants. Cornish F. Hitchcock, Washington, D.C., appellee. Justice KENNEDY Court. 1 Qualified requires. conditions showing, matters, United Art. cl. 1. We hold does. 2 * Myrna Friedman Illinois 1977 Columbia reciprocity 1980. From 1981, she employed Department Navy Arlington, civilian from 1982 until 1986, attorney private D.C. In January became associate general counsel ERC International, Inc., Delaware corporation. company's principal Vienna, Her duties International include drafting contracts advising employer subsidiaries matters law. 3 early lived February however, married moved husband's home Cheverly, Maryland. 4 rule, promulgated pursuant statute, 1A:1. permits licensed jurisdiction, provided jurisdiction admits must been least five years determine applicant: 5 "(a) Is proper person 6 "(b) Has made progress would unreasonable him take 7 "(c) become Commonwealth. 8 "(d) Intends bar." 9 letter accompanying application, alerted change but argued should nevertheless granted. gave assurance engaged available process appearances, informed local rules. She also asserted "there appears no reason discriminate my petition nonresident fit purview 205 (1985), accordingly entitled under See App. 34-35. 10 wrote request denied. He explained longer Commonwealth eligible added concluded our invalidated "not applicable" "discretionary 1A:1 residence condition reciprocity." 51-52. 11 commenced action, Eastern alleged Friedman's favor, holding Clause.* 12 Fourth Circuit unanimously 423 (1987). first rejected threshold did absolutely prohibit Id., 427-428. Turning justifications offered Rule, rejected, foreclosed different treatment accorded enhancing quality practitioners. unpersuaded appellant's promoted argument characterized unsupported assertion "residents honor their commitments than nonresidents." 429. Thus, there nonresidents, bear objectives proffered 13 timely notice appeal. noted probable 484 923, 283, 98 244 (1987), we now affirm. II 14 1, Constitution provides "Citizens each shall Citizens several States." provision designed "to citizens footing States, far advantages resulting concerned." Paul Wall. 168, 180, 19 L.Ed. 357 (1869). Toomer Witsell, 334 385, 395, 68 1156, 1162, 92 1460 (1948) (the "was insure citizen ventures into B privileges enjoy"). "thus establishes norm comity specifying particular subjects one coming guaranteed treatment." Austin Hampshire, 420 656, 660, 95 1191, 1194, 43 530 (1975). 15 While cites term "Citizens," analytic purposes essentially interchangeable. Building & Construction Trades Council Mayor Camden, 465 208, 216, 104 1020, 1026, 79 249 (1984). When examining claims classification offends immunities protections, undertake two-step inquiry. First, activity " 'sufficiently basic livelihood Nation' . fall ." 221-222, S.Ct., 1029, quoting Baldwin Montana Fish Game Comm'n, 436 371, 388, 1852, 1863, 354 (1978). For '[o]nly "privileges" "immunities" bearing vitality Nation single entity' accord equal U.S., 279, 1276, Baldwin, supra, 383, 1860. Second, if challenged deprives privilege, invalidate only conclude closely related advancement interest. 284, 1278. Appellants assert neither part test. disagree. A. 16 concede, must, Piper takes passes prescribed State, contend, discretionary two reasons. appellants argue "serves adequate, Brief 20. view, "[s]o any gain examination," id., said "as 19. because, offense Neither persuasive. 17 accept quite inconsistent precedents. reaffirmed well-settled principle 'one guarantees doing State.' 280, quotingToomer 396, 1162. Council, 219, 1028 ("Certainly, pursuit common calling most Clause"). After reviewing precedents, explicitly like occupations considered cases, sufficiently national economy deemed 280-281, 1276-1277. clear import whenever, case here, 18 Nothing moreover, supports reach when result total exclusion State. Ward Maryland, 418, 20 449 (1871), example, statute paid annual fee $12 $150 license trade foreign goods, while were required pay $300. Similarly, Toomer, fishermen 100 times charged Hicklin Orbeck, 437 518, 2482, 57 397 (1978), requiring hired preference positions development oil gas resources. Indeed, correctly noted, rule struck down F.2d, 427 (citing 277, n. 1274, 2). Further, find second theory—that examination—quite abstract authority alike chosen demand alone never shield discriminatory distinction applicability present turns legality vel non turned inherent reasonableness fees Ward. issue instead has. Our conclusion burdens matter, course; repeatedly recognized provisions, absolute. See, e.g., 1278; 222, 1029; preclude disparity where reasons exist degree 1029. deciding whether, panoply legislative choices furthering purpose implicating concerns. 21 offer seeking reside contend assures, Attorneys motion, argue, "no personal investment" jurisdiction; consequently, "are presumption willingly actively participate activities obligations, fulfill public responsibilities client community." 26-27. these insufficient meet burden showing warranted objective drawn achievement. 22 acknowledge method assuring stake his professional licensure concomitant integrity standards bar. know judicially experience, casual lighthearted exercise. question, say relied indicium profession, see 285, 1279, follow waives make between 23 proves point. earns living working scant relevance located neighboring It indisputable despite suggestion oral "atypical," Tr. Oral Arg. 51, true light intention regular Application Brown, 213 Va. 282, 286, 3, 191 S.E.2d 812, 815, (1972) (interpreting 1A:1). goes way toward comparable ascribed Accordingly, assume who, Friedman, lack adequate incentives remain changes civic duties. 24 well positioned dictate specific sufficient note alternatives exercise prerogatives, free implement them. could, mandatory attendance periodic continuing education courses. 19, share volunteer pro bono work. "nonresident member, represent indigents perhaps formal legal-aid work." 287, 1280 (footnote omitted). 25 reject attempt justify As furnishes restrictive, fully whatever might restriction. III 26 unless shows showing. 27 ordered. 28 Chief whom SCALIA joins, dissenting. 29 Three Terms ago not, become, (1985). extends reasoning allowing applicants, restricting 30 stated dissent I disagree continue believe ignore admitting licensing traders commercial shrimp fishermen, (1948). 31 think effect today's unfortunate even apart what mistaken view ameliorative provision, recognizing fact previous qualify new necessity ruling penalizes gone towards accommodating mobility population, course leaves untouched rules allow reciprocal motion.* retain enforcing after decision, decide eliminate altogether. address Commerce Equal Protection Fourteenth Amendment. contentions either, resolution claim makes unnecessary us At present, states motion: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, Jersey, Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Wyoming.

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