Document: 391 U.S. 99 88 S.Ct. 1562 20 L.Ed.2d 460 AMERICAN FEDERATION OF MUSICIANS the UNITED STATES AND CANADA et al., Petitioners,v.Joseph CARROLL al. Joseph Petitioners, v. Nos. 309, 310. Argued March 4, 1968. Decided May 20, Rehearings Denied Oct. 14, See 89 64. [Syllabus from pages 99-100 intentionally omitted] Ronald Rosenberg, Washington, D.C., for American Federation of Musicians United States and Canada others. Godfrey P. Schmidt, New York City, Carroll Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered opinion Court. 1 This action injunctive relief treble damages alleging violations Sherman Act, 26 Stat. 209, as amended, 15 U.S.C. §§ 2, was brought in District Court Southern against petitioners No. its Local 802.1 The question is whether upon practices affecting orchestra leaders violate Act activities combination with a 'non-labor' group, or are exempted by Norris-LaGuardia 'labor' group which party to 'labor dispute.'2 After five-week trial without jury dismissed on merits, holding that all petitioners' 'come within definition term dispute' * exempt antitrust laws.' 241 F.Supp. 865, 894. Appeals Second Circuit reversed issue alleged price fixing, but other respects affirmed dismissal. 372 F.2d 155. Both parties sought certiorari, 309 reversal dismissal respect 310 respondents affirmance respects. We granted both petitions, 389 817, 82, 19 68. hold properly should have judgment entirety. I. 2 labor unions professional musicians. union questioned here mainly those applied 'club-date' engagements members. These one-time orchestras provide music, usually only few hours, at such social events weddings, fashion shows, commencements, like.3 purchaser e.g., father bride, chairman events, etc., makes arrangements musician, musician's booking agent, an conductor given number instrumentalists, 'sidemen,' specified time place. musician cases assumes role 'leader' orchestra, obtains 'sidemen' attends bookkeeping details engagement. Usually performs sometimes conducting often also playing instrument. When he does not personally appear, designates 'subleader' who conducts him plays 3 A performing 'club-dates' may perform different capacities same day during week, times leader subleader sideman. four respondents, however, musicians act maintain offices employ personnel solicit through advertising personal contacts. two more accepted time, each will conduct, and, except respondent Peterson, sometiomes play, one designate functions other.4 4 were members petitioner 802 when this suit filed.5 Virtually great majority There no collective bargaining agreements club-date field.6 Club-date rigidly regulated unilaterally adopted bylaws regulations. Under these regulations 5 (1) Petitioners enforce closed shop exert various pressures become 6 (2) Orchestra must engage minimum sidemen engagements. 7 (3) charge purchasers music prices prescribed 'Price List Booklet.' total (a) wage scales sidemen, (b) 'leader's fee' double sideman's scale compose (c) additional 8% cover security, unemployment insurance, expenses. appear engagement, perform, pay one-half out his fee.' 8 (4) required use form contract, called Form B In field, accepts assurances terms comply payment wage. Union business agents police compliance. 9 (5) Additional apply traveling 10% than either home local whose territory playing, whichever greater. 10 (6) prohibited accepting making any payments caterers. 11 (7) accept made if been licensed under standard forms license provided unions. 12 assumed, held, field employers independent contractors.7 Respondents argue involvement promulgation enforcement challenged creates conspiracy violates Act. Allen Bradley Co. 3, 325 797, 800, 65 1533, 1535, L.Ed. 1939; Los Angeles Meat & Provision Drivers Union, etc. States, 371 94, 83 162, 150; Mine Workers America Pennington, 381 657, 85 1585, 14 626. But concurred finding leaders, although deemed be contractors, constitute group. F.2d, 168.8 13 criterion determining 'presence job competition some economic inter-relationship legitimate interests between contractors. If relationship existed contractors group' dispute Act.' F.Supp., 887. we agree, correct statement applicable principles. took disputes' therein defined outside reach established allowable area activity restricted immediate employer-employee relation. Hutcheson, 312 219, 229—236, 61 463, 464—468, 788; supra, 805—806, 1538; 103, 167; Milk Wagon Drivers' Lake Valley Farm Prods., 311 91, 122, 63. 'This has recognized aim national organization obtain uniformity standards consequence eliminate based differences standards.' 666, 1591, found performed work actually potentially affected wages, working conditions members.9 findings substantial support evidence light thus established, courts correctly held it lawful pressure members, Drivers, Drivers', insist shop, Musicians, 318 741, 63 665, 87 1120, affirming 47 304, refuse bargain collectively see Hunt Crumboch, 821, 1545, 1954, impose employment quotas complained of, require 24, International Brotherhood Teamsters Oliver, 362 605, 80 923, 987 (Oliver II), favor requiring higher wages paid local's jurisdiction, Rambusch Decorating Painters, Cir., 105 134. sustained legality List' stating, 'In view subleaders underlies interest fixing fees participating engagement equal leader.' 890. Appeals, judge dissenting, disagreed exemption, stating 'the unions' establishment floors orchestral constitutes per se violation 165. premise majority's conclusion disqualified exemption because concern 'prices' 'wages.' overlooks necessity inquiry beyond form. White's 189, Amalgamated Cutters Jewel Tea Co., 676, 690, n. 5, 1596, 1602, 640, emphasized '(t)he crucial determinant agreement—e.g., wages—but relative impact product market members.' It therefore dispositive regulation establishes floors. critical actuality operate protect sidemen. expressly designed did function protection sidemen's subleaders' leaders. said: 16 'As relationship, (orchestra leaders) they lead play vital effect non-leader union. undercut do adhere regarding hours undermine standards. They would put compete correspondingly lower their own demands.' 888. 17 itself expressed similar saying: 18 'even who, club dates, never players, proper subjects membership subleaders; non-union performs, displaces 'union job' 'non-union job." 168. And particular significance, noted where services sub-leader way save otherwise pay. Consequently, could make available non-performing 166. 21 Thus floors, including minimums simply means coping concede employees club-dates, namely subleaders. As provisions establishing indistinguishable 24 358 283, 79 297, I), governed mandatory subject wages. precise Oliver I Article XXXII multi-employer, multi-state agreement motor carriers dealt bargaining. drivers drive vehicles paid, addition driver's wage, less rental vehicles. article provision, 22 'The inadequacy owner up excess costs clearly bears close relation labor's efforts improve fact carrier's employed drivers; inadequate might mean progressive curtailment jobs withdrawal carrier-owned service. *' U.S., 294, S.Ct., 304. 23 disagree circumstances constituting possible threat sub-leaders displacement sideman comparable,' serve identical ends served Price common objective employees' opportunities members—in case Article, vehicles, List, occasions employers. Like 'a direct frontal attack problem throught threaten maintenance basic structure *.' 304.10 apparently regarded Tea, militating conclusion. read opinions White Goldberg 'mandatory carry them *,' '(o)n matters considerations govern Even enjoy express nothing said remotely suggests distinction non-mandatory turns method taken scale, floor. To contrary, pointed above 'crucial cited settling proposition. 1602. 25 reasons entitle embrace provision displace employee-musician.11 That justified preserving collect amount sufficient out-of-pocket expenses, sum wage-scale sidemen,12 will, fact, scale. found: 'It unquestionably true skimping part person sets (the leader) so covered likely adverse By reasonable over insures 'no (leader) diverted overhead non-labor costs." 891. 27 words, product—here club-date—represents almost entirely leader. Unlike most industries, charge, there contributing price. Therefore, cut prices, inevitably cut. 28 analyses our respecting marketing always come exemption. Rather, marketing-hours restriction had worked Similarly, price-list requirement necessary assure full-time compensate spends selecting musical involved leading, seek differentiation standard. His situation truck value driving truck, can prevent consistent appears occasion hires subleader. union-prescribed attributable service rendered musicians, bookkeeping, difference former keeps entire fee while latter agree espoused Judge Friendly separate opinion, 168—170. 29 think caterer agent restrictions 'are least intimately bound wages,' II, 606, 924, experience 'many charged exorbitant booked below scale.' 881—882. On basis findings, concluded: 30 'Because unions), find interrelationship (unions) regulating Furthermore, reasonably related maintaining observance conditions.' 893. 31 concerning effect. 32 discloses caterers advantage position before to, effect, book continue so, extent. Caterers recommend customers receive commissions affect involved. 33 'I believe permits defendants regulate prohibit violating 34 vacated remanded direction enter 35 ordered. 36 Judgment direction. 37 THE CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL consideration decision cases. 38 WHITE, whom BLACK joins, dissenting. 39 my misled peculiar bandleaders economics industry, fashions rule which, comprehensible all, unfortunate consequences delicate difficult conflict policy. 40 (hereafter respondents) successful success unnecessary However, leaders.1 Indeed, practice individually whenever obtained hiring conflicting times. Leading band obviously important careers; not, part. devoted much energy organizing managing businesses. advertised, ways planned chose, recruited, supervised them. directed administrative operation obtaining fulfilling 41 leading (a task includes occasional instrument) work,' equally administering supplying bands fathers brides work.'2 first task, certainly possesses 'economic interrelationship(s) interests,'3 second not. feel respondents' tasks, aspects concern. reason why law cannot sufficiently flexible grant immunity denying 42 (1959), case, one, fully agree.4 it, holds doing employer certain members.5 Since driver claimed charging rate received equipment gasoline cutting laws bargained about amount—including costs—that companies ownerdrivers. facts us, relevant, across-the-board, seems think. Here, leads, work—playing leading—which done right going fixes single organizing, plus leader's planning program. Since, below, requires shown 'set high merely compensation entrepreneurial profit well,'6 free liability imposing charges lead. holds. 43 quite different, deal imposition fixed themselves For solely entrepreneur: customer (partly, appears, attraction reputation provider music), servicing customer, supervision staff, maintains work: office, payroll clerk, permanent telephone listing, forth. course full leader, employer, union, goes further. that, (including subleader), one-fourth-plus scale—goes bill, even though himself work. 44 clear immune deals uniform prices. extend far. 640 (1965), joined strongly suggesting joins fix sell public. wrote, Chief Brennan: 45 'Jewel, example, need agreed schedule meat sold legally insisted so. demand, injured laws, seriously doubt claim whatever substantive questions be.' 689, 46 Justices Harlan Stewart, wrote: overriding conditions, Congress bargaining, lacking pricefixing allocation. Moreover, core type anticompetitive commercial restraint directed.' 732—733, 1626. 48 Douglas, dissenting Black Clark, 49 '(T)he aid businessmen force competitors follow store take away freedom traders competitive fashion.' 737, 1607.7 50 Unions are, course, sell. points out, seeing covering costs, insure solvency employee collection owed addition, assuring competing prevents exerting downward hand, competition, significant satisfactory resource allocation deterrent inflation, substantially diminished industry-wide dictate employers.8 thought strong policy outweighed sell, until today agreed. Of lack discussion failure refer unanimous rejection suggest takes step awareness implications consequences. nonetheless disturbing, record dissent. 51 am disagreement presented imposes rules hire subleaders, personally. businessmen, work, activities. imposed demonstrate formed businessmen.9 combined, unlawful restraints trade. Boycotting occasionally living union's unreasonably restrained So combining willing boycott abide policies. Agreeing wares cities blatant Horizontal division territories § 1, Addyston Pipe Steel 175 211, 96, 136 (1899), instigation came unable how distinguishable General Motors Ford, behest UAW, GM west Mississippi Ford East GM's. combinations nonlabor groups restrain trade attack, 1939 (1945); 626 permitted show unimmunized them, able recover trebled establish. 52 effective control industry. device cooperating bandleaders, want co-operate. sure Clayton Acts intended give kind stranglehold views industry having special problems supply demand treatment laws. frankly say confine misguided announces. More appropriately, leave seen rigors felt industries survive conditions.10 treads dangerous ground seeking motion deny normal envisioned viewed essential levels. Peterson Carroll, filed July 1960 December 1960. challenge increase musicians' after complaint filed. allowed intervene. stipulation testimony Associated 206 462, 316 574, Cutler 211 433, 546, record. 13(c), 73, 113(c); 731, 738, 17, 52. 'Musical generally classified 'steady,' lasting longer 'single,' performance affairs week. steady rare comparison predominant 'club date' *. Single include 'non-club consisting television appearances recording engagements, 158. prove represented class Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 23(a), 884—886; 161—163. sustains Supreme Tribe Ben-Hur Cauble, 255 356, 338, 673; Hansberry Lee, 32, 115, 22. instrument conduct unless us books orchestra. since expelled membership. 870. still conductors instrumentalists. 325. kinds vital; non-club date ordinarily field. major users 'purchasers' live companies, hotels, film producers, opera theatres.' 887; 159. decide question. 802, Federation, competitors, achieve restraint, nor district judge. instituted acquiesced leaders.' 164; '(I)n hotel fields jobs, conditions. result, comprise fields.' 887—888. charge; attempt set maximum. Nor fair services. 'which indicates increment unrelated function.' 170 (Friendly, J., opinion): 'A result warranted floor well. showing here.' Because intense positions 'displaces' another member securing himself. principally 'bid plaintiffs get job. places 872. Only things happen minimum; works employs event market. insubordination resulted expulsion 870 (D.C.S.D.N.Y.1965). Columbia River Packers Ass'n. Hinton, 315 143, 62 520, 86 750 (1942). (1965). contracting employer. Fibreboard Paper Products Corp. NLRB, 379 203, 398, 233 (1964). 155, (C.A.2d Cir. 1967). commentator concluded, 'Although split application proposition, justices offended binding goods.' Areeda, Antitrust Analysis (1967). 663, 1589, (1965): 'If UMW order income, mine operators coal, happened successfully defend contract arrangement.' J. T. Dunlop, Wage Determination Trade (1950); C. E. Lindblom, Capitalism (1949); S. Mason, Economic Concentration Monopoly Problem (1957). Parke, Davis 29, 503, 505 (1960). Albrecht Herald 390 145, 150, 6, 869, 872, 998 (1968). intends unilateral demands, enforced threats, combined cooperation reluctant acquiescence (who join obey rules), E.g., Capper-Volstead 388, 291 (agricultural co-operatives); Webb-Pomerene 517, (foreign associations); 6(b)(1) Nov. 8, 1966, 1515, 1291 (1964 ed., Supp. II) (joint football clubs).

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