Document: 349 U.S. 254 75 S.Ct. 719 99 L.Ed. 1040 Ciraco MANEJA, Antone Vierra, Tadao Watanabe, et al., Petitioners,v.WAIALUA AGRICULTURAL COMPANY, LIMITED. WAIALUA Limited, Petitioner, v. MANEJA al. Nos. 357, 358. Argued March 30, 1955. Decided May 23, [Syllabus from pages 254-255 intentionally omitted] Mr. Richard Gladstein, San Francisco, Cal., for Maneja Bessie Margolin, Washington, D.C., Secretary of Labor as Amicus curiae by invitation the Court. Rufus G. Poole, Waialua Agricultural Co. Justice CLARK delivered opinion 1 This case involves, primarily, coverage agriculture exemption1 Fair Standards Act 1938, 52 Stat. 1060, amended, 29 U.S.C. § 201 seq., U.S.C.A. seq. The petitioners are 31 employees respondent corporation,2 which is engaged in growing, harvesting and processing sugar cane at its plantation Territory Hawaii. Respondent seeks a declaratory judgment that operations exempt overtime provisions Act, while petitioners, through counterclaim under 16(b) seek to recover unpaid compensation. action pertains only work performed between November 20, 1946, September 14, 1947. 2 owns operates what might be called agricultural analogue modern industrial assembly line. On plantation, consisting some ten thousand acres land, it cultivates processes into raw molasses. It utilizes year-round growing season produce steady supply employs over persons, many specialized tasks. Some move field preparing soil, fertilizing, planting seed or cultivating. Others attend irrigation fields. As crop matures, crews with mechanical harvesters cut throw railroad cars. then taken portable tracks laid fields Waialua's mainline railroad, runs throughout there skilled workers transport plant. Freshly extremely perishable must processed within few days serious spoilage will result. plant typical such facilities manned specially trained operation. has all equipment needed receive freshly cars process Adjacent warehouses where molasses stored preparatory shipment United States. 3 A tremendous variety done keep this enterprise going, persons versed each In addition those employed indicated above, about hundred more repair shops mechanics, electricians, welders, carpenters, plumbers painters. They highly mechanized operating, making not emergency repairs but complete overhauls milling, other equipment. also maintains manufacture concrete products (paving blocks flumes ditches), an electric generating same building mill, laboratory testing water, sugar. 4 this, village great majority live. Known Village, was originally built when housing inadequate, located on property limits City Honolulu. Within town several houses business establishments, occupied rental basis, together recreational areas facilities. furnishes maintenance village, employing street cleaners, road graders janitors. Proceedings Below 5 trial judge found were outside exemption save directly fields, loading cars, hauling loaded railroad. Those working mill special 7(c) Act. employees, court entered well liquidated damages attorney's fees. 97 F.Supp. 198. Court Appeals reversed, believing 'the entire cause tainted apparent collusion' because stipulations covered commerce features case. thought 'agriculture commerce, interstate foreign,' '(f)ederal regulation invades reserved rights states. States Butler, 297 1, 56 312, 80 477. But cf., Wickard Filburn, 317 111, 63 82, 87 122.' indicated, further, even if suit collusive, would entitled relief claimed them came 1954, 216 F.2d 466, 479. Despite reasoning, refused dismiss petitioners' remanded 'for proceedings accordance opinion.' We granted certiorari, proper administration requires resolution questions presented. 348 870, 111. 6 full agreement parties first ground relied upon incorrect. necessary now consider vitality supra, decision expressly question whether power,3 decided favor congressional power. view fact exports virtually output sale States, we find ourselves unable say stipulation respect power Congress collusive. 7 exempted terms FLSA broad, inclusive terms: 8 Sec. 3. '(f) 'Agriculture' includes farming branches among things cultivation tillage dairying, production, cultivation, any horticultural commodities (including defined section 15(g) Marketing amended), raising livestock, bees, fur-bearing animals, poultry, practices forestry lumbering operations) farmer farm incident conjunction operations, including preparation market, delivery storage market carriers transportation market.' meant embrace whole agriculture, sponsors legislation so stated, 81 Cong.Rec. 7648, 7658. had occasion comment broad coverage. See Addison Holly Hill Fruit Products Co., 1944, 322 607, 612, 64 1215, 1218, 88 1488. Nevertheless, no matter how exemption, apply left problem properly included term. 9 From very beginning legislative consideration comprehensive labor primary Congress. before final language developed, ran gamut extensive debates amendments, latter invariably broadening scope. Exempting 'any person agriculture,' definition declared 'farming branches' exempt, ordinarily operations.' S. 2475, Calendar No. 905, 75th Cong., 1st Sess. 51. Although described charge bill Senate 'perhaps, most been one proposal,' broadened until became coterminous sum activities crops, their harvesting, 'preparation Our main determine come definition, thus exempting 10 Railroad Workers. 11 haul implements laborers narrow-gauge railway extending plantation. For numerous reasons, feel these fall wording exemption. Nowhere attempt made draw distinction large small farms nonmechanized agriculture. fact, opposite appears, since 1949 specifically similar distinctions drawn size newspapers telephone companies. H.R. Rep. 267, 81st Sess., p. 24. Compare FLSA, §§ 13(a)(8), 13(a)(11), 13(a)(15). 12 cannot hold merely uses method associated agriculture—a railroad—to forfeited Where extraordinary methods, look function performed. Certainly argue did who took wheelbarrows. There reason construe discourage modernization performing function. 13 Furthermore, owned squarely exemptions covering 'delivery do believe intended deprive farmers having own mills afforded not. debate amendment market,' sponsor clear auxiliary activity kind here involved 7888. 14 Similarly, clearly covers implements, supplies Being 'on operations,' part enterprise. 15 original administrative interpretation supports our conclusion regard activity,4 insisted practice contrary Bowie Gonzalez, Cir., 1941, 117 11. have examined press release stated 'does grown owner his fields,' reference transporting mill.5 Subsequent statements Administrator make determined ad hoc basis.6 see basis assertion, therefore, 1941 exclude mill. Moreover, itself established rule, independent growers. company status. subsequent Calaf 1942, 127 934, warned different present heart system situs employment either apposite. factual situation contiguous trackage accommodate arriving various sections used exclusively effectuation supplies, Without 'haul,' land could cultivated cane, after harvest, spoil lost. facts presented classified 16 By parity Every farmer, big little, repair, permitted achieve degree specialization should Here, relatively number assigned activities—working machinery indicates that, far being conducts side, subordinate task operations. Indeed, necessity integrating thse tasks operation—without operation soon become hopelessly stalled—is strong repairmen course, applies functions: tractors, loaders, forth. considered infra. 17 Employees Sugar Processing Plant. 18 history borderline question, i.e., grinding one's comes posed unresolved debates, 7657—7658. clear, however, 'a erecting factory manufacturing anything you please, something he grows not, people it, ships * operation.' discussions cases, surrounding given farming. 19 particularized determination, may criteria set forth Wage-Hour 1949, 35 WHM 371, 373. He proposed following relevant factors: 20 (a) ordinary can substantial, sugar-raising mere facade otherwise venture. 21 (b) type product resulting question. Here considering strictly commodities, unmilled unmarketable such. hand, milling transforms natural state, support change akin than 7659—7660, 7877—7878. 22 (c) investment opposed activities. accounts 29% total 23 (d) time spent account 23% manhours worked during year. 24 (e) extent farmworkers processing. slight interchange workmen. over-all picture discloses essentially separate forces 25 (f) separation employer organization calls departments handle work. 26 (g) industrialization. here, observed case, workers, external characteristics certainly 27 mind limited one: venture? If albeit industrialized involving tasks, Thus add factors above true word 'ordinarily' appeared earlier version subsequently stricken, inquiry nonetheless pertinent one. direct bearing determining really 28 major domestic sugar-producing Louisiana, Puerto Rico Statistics 1948 reveal 5,957 Louisiana 47 co-operatives. Sugarcane (U.S. Dept. Agric. 1949) 23; Agricultural, Manufacturing Income Domestic Areas 1954) 84. While 40% cane-producing acreage, indication customarily lands. year, Rican 14,772 'centrals.' Sugar-cane 1950) 2; Areas, 121. Again individual grind statistics Hawaii disclose 34 30 1947 respectively. low figures resulted classification counted 'plantations.' When smaller 1951 figures, Hawaiian jumped 786. 137. addition, 1,500 1,800 'adherent planters' producing Hearings House Committee Education 2033, 1173. According information furnished Division Department Agriculture, twenty-six produced farmers. Ten these, like Waialua, cane; remaining sixteen others own.7 ratio, proportion millers grow percentage engage milling. Thus, prevalent areas, doubtful normal context industry. factors, close gauging manufacturing. stop here. status influenced extraneous factors—their position vis-a -vis sui generis. inconclusive floor processing, satisfactory answer difficult problems sure cotton ginning, crops. More significant omission provided 13(a)(10) area production. designed meet protests legislators argued units without subjecting themselves bear cost Section 'within production handling, packing, storing, compressing, pasteurizing, drying, canning market'. example, gin placed equal footing ginned cotton, neither wage nor hour 'area production' course changed 'raw state'. 365. Senator Schwellenbach, ardent advocates equalization farmers, marking dividing line 7659 7660, 7877—7879. reflects dichotomy. forms quasi-industrial canning, etc.—which analogies repeated 13(a)(10). omitted concluded fell think adherence scheme us hours provision virtue marks outer limit concession holding, equalize product, impact mills, neighbor's well. note, closes gap exist federal commerce. reaches refining sugar, cf. 7(c), provides reasonable wages 'production, harvesting' cane. 50 909, 61 930, 71 1131, 1131. terminology construed extend e.g., CFR, Supp., 802.34d, leaving unregulated sugar-mill employees—unless, beyond 32 makes much farmer's Interpretative Bulletin supra. revised construction accord cases First Circuit dealing industry, maintained Press Release, note 5. Administrator—and 7(c)—were reported committees amendments FLSA. Subcommittee 1349, 79th pp. 1049 1050; Public Welfare 49 80th 2d 318; 58 973—974; 1166. amended overrule interpretation. instead 'order, regulation, Administrator' effect effective date 'shall remain except order, inconsistent *.' 920. Alstate Construction Durkin, 345 13, 73 565, 745, upholding similarly changed, form, unaltered Administrator's unimpaired Amendments. therefore follows 33 Exemption. they nevertheless shall 'an sugar-cane (but refined sugar)', extends 'employees place (where carried on).' This, feel, workmen cleaning week-end shut-down, closely intimately connected Repair 360—361. During three-month off-season, overhaul reconditioning Since face processor engaged, include permanent repairs, off-season. Heaburg Independent Oil Mill, 46 751; Abram Joaquin Cotton 393. Cf. Mitchell Stinson, 217 210, 217. Village 36 Village. seems town, performs usual civic functions. rents dwelling purely voluntary basis. adjacent Haleiwa employees. Under Amendments maintaining covered. 911, 203(j), 203(j). import itself. Even so, prior amendment, 'close immediate tie production'. Kirschbaum Walling, 316 517, 525, 62 1116, 1121, 86 1638. tenuous relation sufficient. sufficiently regulated requirements law. Revised Laws Hawaii, 1945, Title 9, Ch. 75, 4351—4366. 'leave local protection states,' Walling Jacksonville Paper 564, 570, 332, 336, 460, 'did fit exhaust constitutional commerce,' East 40th St. Bldg. Callus, 325 578, 579, 65 1227, 1228, 89 1806. respondent's 37 state record, litigation. sufficient data decide laboratory, cement sugar-processing remand, arising though picture—may light considerations down opinion. Likewise, reassessment compensation due Appeals, accordingly, reversed District consistent 38 Reversed remanded. 39 BURTON, whom FRANKFURTER HARLAN join, concurring dissenting part. 40 Company integrated gathering promptly cumbersome, transportable, marketable processed, spoils. essential success 1938. 41 Congress, words, excluded employee agriculture'.1 (Italics supplied.) clarified adding that— 42 "Agriculture' soil market.'2 43 my view, Company.3 conceive adequately. Concededly, 'farmer,' readily conceived market. 44 goes toward adopting view. applying harvest deliver completely relieves declines consequence minimized two factors. First, subjection minimum adds burden accord, pays required minimum. Secondly, statutory 40-hour week, increased pay overtime, great, 7(c)4 grants where' syrup. 45 However, equivalent 13(a)(6) 3(f). does provisions. cover 'closely connected' actual whereas restricted. clear. held reach services 'off season' actually there. Still uncertainty appear further findings operations.5 application I entitled, need Each 'incident (is performed) with' delivering recognizes incidental marketing. Mere mechanization themselves, grounds excluding describes lies exception carved out jurisdiction never To impinges activities, impingements exceptions general freedom characterizes employment. 48 all-inclusive, rather restrictive, 'agriculture' Bill favorably Labor, agriculture.' 'used term Id., thereby 'persons S.Rep. 884, 6. applicable least converting form. ensuing debate, attention directed syrup operated plantations, Chairman 'If (it) definition.' 7657. restriction significantly disappeared stricken 1452, stage, substantially all-inclusive. Union 804, 3d 50. Emphasis shifted Operations, shirt farm, said appropriate initial Accordingly, instant prepare harvested order marketed. naturally follows, recognized equally crop. 51 Emphasizing 1939, issued 14. unequivocally words market' ginning packing commodities. 10(b), Wage Hour Man. 351, 355.6 contemporaneous statute weight. American Trucking Ass'ns, 310 534, 549, 60 1059, 1067, 84 1345. suggests lends presence conclusion. inserted largely argument (in 3(f)) relieve restrictions help cheaply compelled employ nonexempt processors. added processors tacit recognition existing 53 13(a)(10),7 failing list 13(a)(10), implies No justified. late development bill, restrict exemptions, create exemptions. packers, ginners providing service anywhere listed extended entirely optional failure purpose, sub silentio, reduce scope already extended, positive sweeping terms, response insistent demand 54 concur reversing applied Court, remand direction enter 'Sec. 13(a). (6) agriculture'. Forty-two involved, sustained adverse decisions appeal. '* government uphold validity act clause, which, purpose put aside irrelevant.' page 64, 318. Scope Agriculture (within exemption).' Division, 356. Sept. 15, 355. Findings Opinion Administrator, 1943, brief, 51—52, Order, Part 635, Related Industry, Fed.Reg. 7098. Workers Employed Shops. letter April 28, 1955, Stuart Rothman, Solicitor, Lawrence Myers, Director, corrected Thomas H. Allen, Acting Agriculture. Supplemental Brief 11, n. 4. 13(a)(6), 213(a)(6); 213(a)(6). 3(f), 203(f), 203(f). Except explains, 1063, 207(c), 207(c). employs, building, chemists, testers samplers analyze leaf, juice, fiber ash, molasses, water etc., controlled scientific methods. plant, four men primarily pipe. Other blocks, footings sidewalk slabs Cement materials purchased off 'bagasse,' extraction fuel. burns steam drives machinery, heats juice generates power, turn, serves nature emphasizes propriety practicality blanket them. demonstrates difficulty drawing lines related appears later withdrew deference That certain own, concluding point issue. Farmers Reservoir & Irrigation McComb, 337 755, 766—767, 69 1274, 1280, 93 1672. attach significance specific amendments. savings issue generally interpretations excepting pendency litigation shown instituted suit, other, reliance claimed. 1165—1169. use clause confirming consistency, statute, assume consistency establish it. 213(a)(10), 213(a)(10).

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