Document: 476 U.S. 54 106 S.Ct. 1697 90 L.Ed.2d 48 Eugene F. DIAMOND and Jasper Williams, Appellants,v.Allan G. CHARLES et al. No. 84-1379. Argued Nov. 5, 1985. Decided April 30, 1986. Syllabus Appellee physicians, who provide abortion services in Illinois, filed a class action Federal District Court challenging the constitutionality of Illinois Abortion Law 1975, as amended, seeking declaratory injunctive relief. Appellant pediatrician (hereafter appellant) motion to intervene party defendant based on his conscientious objection abortions status parent minor daughter. The granted without indicating whether intervention was permissible or right. Ultimately, permanently enjoined enforcement certain provisions law that impose criminal liability upon physicians for violation prescribed standards care performing requirements furnishing patient with particular abortion-related information. Appeals affirmed also another related provision. State did not appeal this Court, but "letter interest" under Court's Rule 10.4, stating its interest identical advanced by it lower courts essentially coterminous appellant's position. Held: Because appellant lacks any judicially cognizable Law, is dismissed want jurisdiction. Pp. 61-71. (a) presence disagreement insufficient itself meet Art. III's "case" "controversy" requirement. judicial resolution dispute must show he personally suffered some actual threatened injury result other party's allegedly illegal conduct. 61-62. (b) Illinois' bring into suit an standing defend statute's Court. While State, below, remains does equate appellant. State's failure invoke jurisdiction leaves between appellee State. 62-64. (c) Appellant's interests statute do permit him it. Only has defending statutes. 64-65. (d) claims professional confer have no merit. As interest, direct stake, process. This abstract concern substitute concrete required III. Similarly, claim interest. Nor can maintain capacity parent, absent showing daughter currently otherwise incapable asserting her own rights. And cannot assert constitutional right unborn fetus, since only may regulatory measures protect power when those are subject challenge. 65-67. (e) Neither intervenor permissive right, nor fact assessed attorney's fees against confers keep case alive, absence appeal. An intervenor's continue whose side permitted contingent satisfies requirements, made such showing. fee award, III requires nexus substantive character at issue, award bears relation Law. 68-71. Appeal dismissed. Reported below: 749 F.2d 452 (CA7 1984). BLACKMUN, J., delivered opinion which BRENNAN, MARSHALL, POWELL, STEVENS, JJ., joined, Part I BURGER, C.J., REHNQUIST O'CONNOR, joined. concurring part judgment, REHNQUIST, post, p. ---. WHITE, concurred judgment. Dennis J. Horan, Chicago, Ill., appellants. R. Peter Carey, appellees. Justice BLACKMUN 1 Diamond engaged private practice Illinois. He seeks before four sections amended.1 These performance circumstances, and, require woman be provided chosen from appeal, despite stake. conduct neither implicated defense, we dismiss 2 * On October 1979, over gubernatorial veto, Legislature amended 1975 increased regulation. 1979 Ill.Laws, Pub. Act 81-1078. That very day appellees, obstetric, gynecologic, United States Northern They alleged deprivation rights 42 U.S.C. § 1983 officials charged enforcing Law.2 Appellees sought relief.3 3 next day, certified plaintiff temporarily restrained entire statute. November 8, defendant, either permissively appointed guardian ad litem fetuses survive abortion.4 professed Doctor Diamond's abortions, unemancipated daughter.5 4 Over appellees' objection, intervene.6 indicate describe how litigation satisfied Civil Procedure 24 status. court denied guardianship motion. 5 16, entered preliminary injunction number including §§ 6(1) 6(4).7 prescribe standard exercised physician viable fetus,8 possibly fetus.9 A violator term imprisonment three seven years fine exceeding $10,000. Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 38, &Par; 1005-8-1(5) 1005-9-1(1) (1983). 6(4) two five 1005-8-1(6) 6 plaintiffs appealed denial 2(10), defines "abortifacient,"10 11(d), prescribes abortifacient tell what is.11 11(d) more than 30 days, $500. 1005-8-3(3) 1005-9-1(3) No cross-appeal taken. Seventh Circuit instructed enter 2(10) because these statutory forced "to act mouthpiece theory life." Charles v. 627 772, 789 (1980).12 7 remand, enjoined, among others, 6(4), 11(d). 579 F.Supp. 464 (1983).13 cross-appeal, entry permanent sections, 6(1). (1984). grant injunction. Diamond, however, notice jurisdictional statement. indicated, see n. 4, supra, sole here. We noted probable 471 1115, 105 2356, 86 257 (1985). 8 through office Attorney General, subsequently interest," invoking our provides: "All parties proceeding judgment being taken shall deemed . ." In letter stated: 9 "Although appellant, Office General Supreme designated appellee. General's co-terminous position issues set forth appellants." Letter dated July 15, 1985, Clerk Director Advocacy, 10 See App. Reply Brief Appellants A-1. examine entertain II 11 Article Constitution limits federal deciding "cases" "controversies." requirement ensures "concrete adverseness sharpens presentation so largely depends illumination difficult questions." Baker Carr, 369 186, 204, 82 691, 703, 663 (1962). disagreement, however sharp acrimonious be, requirements. consistently required, addition, "show putatively conduct" party. Gladstone, Realtors Village Bellwood, 441 91, 99, 99 1601, 1608, 60 66 (1979); Warth Seldin, 422 490, 501, 95 2197, 2206, 45 343 (1975). 12 nature central inquiry, reflects due regard autonomy most likely affected decision. "The exercise profoundly affect lives, liberty, property whom extends," Valley Forge Christian College Americans Separation Church Inc., 454 464, 473, 102 752, 759, 70 700 (1982), decision seek review placed "in hands stake outcome." Sierra Club Morton, 405 727, 740, 92 1361, 1369, 31 636 (1972). It "concerned bystanders," will use simply "vehicle vindication value interests." SCRAP, 412 669, 687, 93 2405, 37 254 (1973). 13 Had invoked appellate 28 1254(2) Appeals' decision, would been met, argues demonstrates continued renders functional equivalent Accordingly, asserts, there problem case. rejected. 14 true that, here 10.4.14 But "party" To appear file prerequisite 2101(c).15 mere expression By appealing indicated acceptance lack statute.16 general adverse appellees Cf. Princeton University Schmid, 455 100, 867, 855 (1982). 15 review, 10.4 makes clear intervening entitled enabling brief merits, leave argue orally. ability ride "piggyback" undoubted exists if Court; capacity, join. IV A. 16 acquiescence ruling unconstitutionality. fail. attempts instituted Appellees, had state were faced possible prosecution. See, e.g., Doe Bolton, 410 179, 188, 739, 745-46, 35 201 conflict empowered enforce prosecution classic within meaning 17 presented different. Were held constitutional, could compel "a citizen nonprosecution another." Linda R.S. Richard D., 614, 619, 1146, 1149, 536 (1973); Leeke Timmerman, 83, 69, 65 (1981); Sure-Tan, Inc. NLRB, 467 883, 104 2803, 81 732 Younger Harris, 401 37, 42, 91 746, 749, 27 669 (1971); Bailey Patterson, 31, 33, 549, 551, 512 Allen Wright, 468 737, 754, 3315, 3326, 556 (1984) ("[A]n asserted Government accordance sufficient, alone, court"). 18 concerns deny individuals laws apply even greater force attempt individual create retain legal framework decisions made. determination unconstitutionality serves deprive prosecute anyone violating is, then, effort enact code accord interests. "the code, both civil criminal" one quintessential functions Alfred L. Snapp & Son, Puerto Rico ex rel. Barez, 458 592, 601, 3260, 3265-66, 73 995 alone kind "direct stake" identified U.S., S.Ct., embodied code. B 19 Even circumstances challenged statute,17 them. able fact. challenge poses threat 745; Planned Parenthood Central Mo. Danforth, 428 52, 62, 96 2831, 2837-38, 49 788 (1976). funding regulations financial impact unable themselves. Singleton Wulff, 106, 2686, 826 personal doctor, father, protector unborn. reject standing. 20 pediatrician, enforced, gain patients; fewer performed live births, preserve life aborted fetus. implication, therefore, pool potential fee-paying patients enlarged. possibilities then find their way speculative, "unadorned speculation suffice power." Simon Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Org., 426 26, 44, 1917, 1927, 450 situation, hoped-for far different where limited Missouri 21 alleges physician, litigate medical ought applied abortions.18 Although allegation cloaked nomenclature special desire written obeyed. vindicate 2416. " 'injury fact' distinguishes person outcome litigation—even though small—from problem." Id., 689, 14, 2417 14. "abstract III." 40, 1925. 22 asserts father childbearing years. First, extent derives 3(3) parental notification section, litigation, address validity Second, ensuring prior information—a ostensibly triggered invalidation 11(d)—he failed proper advance behalf. shown she adduce factual support maintaining parent. Bender Williamsport Area School Dist., 475 534, 548-549, 1326, 1335, 89 501 (1986). 23 fetus.19 V Finally, relate involvement litigation. suffices. 25 sufficient alive intervenors considered entitled, things, Mine Workers Eagle-Picher Mining Smelting Co., 325 335, 338, 1166, 1167-68, L.Ed. 1649 (1945), fulfills id., 339, 1168. Bryant Yellen, 447 352, 368, 100 2232, 2241, 184 (1980). 26 recognized public constitute adequate "interest" 24(a)(2), Cascade Natural Gas Corp. El Paso 386 129, 135, 87 932, 936-37, 814 (1967), provides right,20 "significantly protectable interest." Donaldson States, 400 517, 531, 542, 580 (1971). However, precise relationship satisfy standing, led anomalous Courts Appeals.21 need decide today himself plainly now. At oral argument, stated jointly severally. asserted, requisite case: real controversy thus sum money, runs favor defendants represent." Tr. Oral Arg. 4. 29 claiming after merits Appeals, gives short, stands lose amount unless concerning reinstated, injured regulations.22 College, 472, 758, regulation issue: "[A]t irreducible minimum, invokes court's authority 'show defendant,' GLADSTONE, [99 1607-08, 66] (1979), 'fairly traced action' 'is redressed favorable decision,' 41 [96 1924, 1925-26, 450] (1976)." 32 Any course, consequence intervene, fairly wholly unrelated matter issue resolve longer "prevailing parties" 1988. adjudication remedy byproduct mean VI 33 failing upholding stepped in, attempting abandoned resides. 34 ordered. WHITE concurs 36 THE CHIEF JUSTICE join, join opinion, agree much discussion why Dr. write separately, reasons rejecting contention justiciable us. my view, therefore authorized 1254(2). 38 assumes properly present 10.4. appellant" virtue Ante, 62-63. basis, concludes "failure 'case' 'controversy' Illinois," ante, 63-64, actually believe analysis needlessly inconsistent Director, OWCP Perini North River Associates, 459 297, 103 634, 74 465 (1983), holds once brought case-or-controversy formally aligned adversaries. 39 Perini, employee while job compensation Longshoremen's Harbor Workers' Compensation Act. 300, 638. employer covered Act, Administrative Judge found employer. point, Programs, joined Benefits Review Board. 300-301, 638-639. Board coverage, participated respondent. 301, employee's petition, Director—but petition certiorari 303, 638-640. did, Director's granted. 639-40. 40 302, 639. Without [the employee] respondent arguing coverage assures admittedly now Court." 305, 641. basis holding employer's concession Appeals. 304, 640. "statutory Court" 1254(1), authorizes "upon party" below. 13, 640 13. Therefore, pursuant 19.6. 303-304, 12, 12. clearly actively presented. 640-641. important respects directly analogous Perini. relying appeals invalid repugnant States" (emphasis added). Consequently, statutorily here, just parallels, 19.6 cases come certiorari, appellee, like respondent, disagree apparent conclusion ends inquiry controversy. distinguishable case, view intervenor, least consequently contend "[i]ntervenor claimed below." expressed differing views Rules Procedure. ----, 21. Like unnecessary question, subsumes sufficiency purposes 24. propriety although they raise since, If improper 24(a)(2) 43 "shall applicant relating transaction situated disposition practical impair impede applicant's adequately represented existing 24(b)(2) 44 "may defense main question common. exercising discretion consider unduly delay prejudice original explain 24(b)(2), hence necessary (1971), establishes fall well outside ambit likewise 24(b)(2). 46 taxpayer internal revenue summons directed former employer, ordering produce records investigation taxpayer. presumably contained details payments "possessing significance income tax purposes." 542. Nonetheless, "nothing desire" overcome "willingness, summons, comply records," held: 47 "This contemplated speaks terms 'an action.' What obviously meant significantly Ibid. Clearly, Donaldson's calls accorded degree protection. Tiffany Fine Arts, 469 310, 315, 725, 83 678 (1985) (noting "held legally protectible motions intervention"); New Orleans Public Service, Pipe Line 452, (CA5 1984) (en banc); Southern Leadership Conference Kelley, 241 U.S.App.D.C. 340, 342, 747 777, 779 (per curiam). Advisory Committee's Notes Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 24, U.S.C.App., 567. anything less protectable" Donaldson, unlawful 521, 537. speculative benefit bespeaks highly tangible palpable liability; "desire obeyed," should fare better taxpayer's prevent putting risk complying summons; indistinguishable beneficiary law. discern nothing suggest vest parents, daughters interest[s]." enacted enforce, thereby making violators liable whole, members might law's enactment enforcement. Under seems interpreting undertaking law, indication intended beneficiaries 50 cause helped fails Rule's requirement, remained intact first adopted 1938, "an common." words "claim defense" manifestly refer kinds defenses raised impending suit, confirmed 24(c)'s desiring serve grounds therefor" "accompanied pleading setting sought." Thus, "plainly dispenses pecuniary litigation," SEC Realty Improvement 310 434, 459, 1044, 1055, 84 1293 (1940), "founded [that] commonality 460, 1055. sense; actual, sue sued else, sharing common questions 51 connection itself," 70-71, served argument nonetheless awarded prevailing "uniquely separable action" White Hampshire Dept. Employment Security, 445, 1162, 1166-67, 71 (1982); FCC League Women Voters California, 364, 373-375, 10, 3106, 3114-115, 278 (1984), proceedings record us express respect intervenor. 52 course open allow amicus curiae. Pub.Act 79-1126, codified 81-21 81-34 passed Governor's veto. Substantial portions already unconstitutional. Wynn Scott, 449 1302 (ND Ill.1978), aff'd sub nom. 599 193 1979). named complaint Department Health, each official Cook County, representative consisting Attorneys all counties officer Graham, 473 159, 165-166, 3099, 3105, 114 Attorneys. Civ. 79C 4541 (Oct. same similar obstetrician-gynecologists clinics services. suits consolidated order 1979. appointment David K. Campbell. alternative children abortion. advised Williams died filing substituted him. Mr. Campbell, spouse age, whole performed, designed fetuses, resulting births. rested refuses perform objections liability. relied, furthermore, 11(1), effect violations unprofessional conduct, 3.3, consultation. behalf Life Legal Defense Fund, counsel below following sections: 2(2) (defining "viability"); 3.3 (parental consultation); 3.4 (spousal 3.5(2), (the portion requiring told, inter alia: wants you know child carrying living human preserved. strongly encourages go childbirth"); (abortion subsequent trimester); 5(1), (2), (3) (definition (prohibition saline amniocentesis 10(i) (certification nonviability indicators fetus viable); 10(j) (reporting amniocentesis); 10(l), reporting existence emergency); third sentence, prohibiting experimentation exploitation fetal tissue). Section provided: "No intentionally terminates pregnancy known fail skill, diligence health born aborted. assisting termination take encourage sustain birth, commits Class felony death infant results failure." ¶ 81-26 June 1984, 6(1), overriding veto Governor. 1984 83-1128, 1. addressed appeared amendment. Daley, exists, facts him, possibility sustained survival apart body mother, artificial support. guilty cited version quoted above. F.2d, 455. 'Abortifacient' means instrument, medicine, drug, substance device employed usual customary manufactured, exist employed." 81-22 relevant part: "Any administers drug device, knows abortifacient, intentionally, knowingly recklessly inform administered C misdemeanor." 81-31 3.2(A)(1)(a)(iii); 3.5(2); 6(6); 3.2(A)(1)(a) "by abortion" hours abortion"); 3.2(A)(1)(b) "from performed"); 3.2(B)(1) (waiver waiting period); 10(k) waiver "with copy test result"); 6(2). 792, 36. Other preliminarily separate remand. 377 purpose notified party, make Frequently, permitting stand others. Stern, E. Gressman, S. Shapiro, Practice 6.20 (6th ed. 1986), 6.35 (3d 1962) (describing evolution Rule). avoids absence, obtain Title 2101(c) writ decree action, ninety days decree." abandoning articulated record. above, during pendency again 83-1128. time preamendment temporary restraining order. Keith 5602 Ill.1984). declined assess amendments rejected challenges mootness amendments. 455, 457-458. inaction earlier, form statutes attack. Legislature, new interests, invasion met. 41, 22, 1926, purported appears rest 11(a) profession. Since provision integrally proceeding, Diamond. prospective patients, abortion, few handicapping conditions possible. fetuses. "(2) parties." reached varying conclusions possess Compare 39.36 Acres Land, 754 855, 859 1985) (intervention excess standing), cert. pending Save Dunes Council, 85-426 777 (equating American Tel. 206 317, 642 1285 (1980) would-be whole), Sagebush Rebellion, Watt, 713 525 (CA9 1983) (resolving reference doctrine), Minnesota, Citizens Community Action, 558 861 (CA8 1977) (same). determinative responded name Life, 6, supra. alternative, asked clarify "AUL purposes, assessment fees." further assessing played equal roles statute." 79-C-4541 (Apr. 1985).

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