Document: 394 U.S. 399 89 S.Ct. 1107 22 L.Ed.2d 367 In the Matter of James D. HERNDON. March 25, 1969. Charles Morgan, Jr. (Reber F. Boult, Orzell Billingsley, Jr., Robert P. Schwenn, Melvin L. Wulf and Eleanor Holmes Norton, on brief), for movants. Perry Hubbard (George A. LeMaistre, Herndon. Louis Claiborne (Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney Pollak, Nathan Lewin Frank M. Dunbaugh, United States as amicus curiae. djQ PER CURIAM. The appeal in Hadnottv. Amos, 358, 1101, 336, decided today, was argued with motion filed by appellants November 19, 1968, 'for an order to show cause why Judge Herndon should not be hel contempt other relief.' 393 996, 489, 21 462. On September 18, three-judge court entered a temporary restraining enjoining appropriate Alabama officials from using any ballots at general election 5, 1968 which did include [400] names candidates National Democratic Party (NDPA). This dissolved October 11, one judge dissenting. 295 F.Supp. 1003. sought interim relief this Court pending appeal, 14, we that: 'The application restoration is granted oral argument * *.' 815, 138, 90 (1968). Oral heard 19 restoring continued action upon jurisdictional statement has been filed.' 904, 227, 208. Nevertheless, Herndon, who responsible preparation Greene County ballot local offices, place NDPA such offices ballot. We conclude that decision await timely initiation completion proceedings District determine whether Herndon's failure constituted 18 Court. Decision therefore postponed. It so ordered. Mr. Justice BLACK took no part consideration or case. DOUGLAS, whom HARLAN joins, requesting initiate proceeding against Probate County, Alabama, disobedience our described Hadnott v. day. Our order, if obeyed, would have resulted black candidates, sponsored (NDPA), having [401] county 1968. They were, it alleged, left off due actions related Amos. motion, No. 647, states they are informed believe these nominees done 'wilfully actual knowledge court.' his response he denied omission office 'willfully contumaciously said orders briefed when 647 presented merits. I studied record read briefs; presently advised think there probable knowingly purposefully evaded order. What ultimate conclusion will depends, course, full hearing receives notice opportunity required process. But what appears matures into full-fledged findings, flagrant violation involves vital problem civil rights, involving command Fifteenth Amendment, extends blacks. case far less consequence Court, information General, Shipp, 214 386, 439, 29 637, 651, 53 L.Ed. 1041, held sheriff deputies silent cooperation mob hanging prisoner whose before That acted merely turning back letting run wild. present case, facts alleged proved, [402] affirmative acts unlawfully kept Rule 42(a) Federal Rules Criminal Procedure governs presence court. 42(b) covers here, viz., disrespect Court's provides: 'A criminal except provided subdivision (a) rule shall prosecuted notice. state time hearing, allowing reasonable defense, essential constituting charged describe such. given orally open defendant or, attorney appointed purpose, arrest. entitled trial jury act Congress provides. He admission bail rules. If criticism judge, disqualified presiding defendant's consent. Upon verdict finding guilt enter fixing punishment.' issue prescribed 42(b), designate represent appoint Master, get hearings. Reservation implicates Double Jeopardy Clause. Successive federal prosecutions same person based prohibited Fifth Amendment.1 See Lanza, ----------1.'Our minds rebel permitting sovereignty punish accused twice offense.' State La. ex rel. Francis Resweber, 329 459, 462, 67 374, 375, 91 422 (opinion Reed, J.). 1 [403] 260 377, 382, 43 141, 314; Abbate States, 359 187, 197, 79 666, 13 729 Brennan, Pereira 347 1, 9, 74 363, 98 435, '(A) may convicted (two offenses) even though charges arise single series acts, long each requires proof fact other.' instant however, likely underlying both identical. fact, impossible violated without violating other.2 ----------2.'The Constitutional safeguard (against double jeopardy) applies (where) tried crime prosecute him again included offense; sentenced attempt made increase sentence; (and where) acquitted after merits endeavor Whitlow, 110 871, 872 (D.C.D.C.1953). Marine Terminals, Inc. Burnside Shipping Co. [89SCt1144,394US404,22LEd2d371] 1144 404 371 FEDERAL MARINE TERMINALS, INC., Petitioner, BURNSIDE SHIPPING CO. Ltd. 2 291. 3 Argued Jan. 15, 4 Decided April 5 John W. Hough, Chicago, Ill., petitioner. 6 Paul McCambridge, respondent. 7 STEWART delivered opinion 8 Under § 33 Longshoremen's Harbor Workers' Compensation Act,1 employer pays compensation benefits representative deceased employee subrogated rights third persons.2 question stevedoring contractor longshoreman killed course employment limited subrogation remedy seeking reimbursement shipowner vessel met death. Both Court3 Appeals4 statutory contractor's exclusive shipowner, certiorari consider novel under Act.5 I. 9 According stipulation facts, M/V Otterburn, owned operated respondent Co., charter Commerce Navigation Canadian corporation affiliated petitioner, hired Terminals continue operation, already commenced ship's crew, preparing receive cargo grain. While ship docked Detroit, crew had installation 'grain feeders'—walled-in structures erected 'tween deck hatches height main hatch. After employed work readying its cargo, boatswain, acting instructions Chief Officer, 'winged out' deep tank lids—that is, pulled them outboard wings deck. No railing, wire, guard kind placed around resulting openings. 10 Terminals' employees began working Otterburn removed Chicago. morning day work, group stevedores, supervised Gordon McNeill, arrived approximately o'clock carpentry last stages completing grain feeder area lids. McNeill seen alive shortly a.m. At 8:45 lifeless body discovered lying bottom tanks. There were witnesses 30-foot fall. 11 McNeill's widow claim Act herself three minor children, Department Labor weekly payments $36.75 $33.25 children. potential total liability $70,000. As administratrix estate, also maritime wrongful death Northern Illinois. answered complaint, denying caused negligence furnish seaworthy vessel. 12 separate indemnification judgment might pay action. libel that, virtue agreement charterer prepare 'warranted services performed safe, workmanlike seamanlike manner.' warranty breached accident negligence, giving rise obligation save harmless all expense occasioned answer most allegations libel, counterclaim damages 'all sums paid paid' dependents. Burnside, owner operator control owed 'the duty providing maintaining safe injury avoided.' duty, according counterclaim, negligence. 14 'in failing properly opening, make passageway secure, cover up tank, clear passageways, provide adequate lighting safety railing thereby causing, suffering source menace danger.' 15 oved dismiss Each party then summary counterclaim. 16 material factual disputes existed concerning conduct parties, Burnside's complaint.6 grant noted concession theory direct novel. Normally content longshoreman's whatever liable death, usually shipowner. applicable Illinois Wrongful Death amount recoverable decedent's $30,000,7 short recognized '(t)he existence right over well established certain situations,'8 but concluded employer's 'prevent independent tortfeasor.'9 17 Appeals affirmed, agreeing sole Act. while implied abrogated Act, appeared assume absence remedy, law permit recovery shipowner: 'There common argues. only creates entire legal procedure admiralty law. cannot search outside remedies do exist. remedies.'10 thus presents two questions. First, does exclude contr ctor representative? Second, owe breach give action? questions below. II. 20 clearly mistaken assertion method provides (stevedoring contractor) can sue subrogee.'11 Nothing face purports limit persons employee's representative. provision payment 'shall operate assignment recover person' contains words limitation. gave employer, return absolute representative, latter's others. legislative new ordinarily cut preclude nonstatutory language effect. When imposed compensation, explicitly exclusive.12 Yet attached exclusivity subrogee history remotely supports construction adopted courts And perceive reason intended curtail designed counterbalance imposition liability; comparable quid pro quo relationship between persons. contrary, emphasized Ryan Stevedoring Pan-Atlantic S.S. Corp., 350 124, 76 232, 100 133, concerned obligations affect relationships Neither Court13 nor, court14 wrongdoers, decline hold today. III. must reject implication Appeals' duties damages. Kermarec Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 358 625, 632, 406, 410, 550, navigable waters owes board purposes inimical legitimate interests exercising care circumstances case.' company others lawfully ship, gives proximately caused. disputed, example, shipowner's equipment, those sounding tort. see like fashion extend foreseeable contractor. 23 not, employee. Nor disapprove holding seaworthiness individual longshoremen.15 rely unseaworthiness ship. Rather negligent particular respects.16 suggested owing (the shipowner) longshoreman) identical contractor),' respect longshoreman. Weyerhaeuser Nacirema Operating 355 563, 568, 78 438, 441, 491.17 below reached sufficiently relevant remain unresolved. With posture, therefore, express amounted Terminals.18 impose circumstances, recognize tort 24 wise departure Halcyon Lines Haenn Ship Ceiling & Refitting 342 282, 285, 72 277, 280, 96 318, 'fashion judicial rules contribution' joint tortfeasors. contribution. asking share responsibility their McNeill. seeks representative; founded wrong Terminals. 25 further note stage assumed faultless vis-a-vis service yet adjudicated us. decide nothing today interaction claim. defense damages, considered regard implications countervailing perforce rejection 'a tortious used shield, sword.' IV. 26 tort, possibility some theory. argues just impliedly warrants perform manner, reciprocal contractual warranties running contractor.19 counters observation contract affiliate Commerce, charterer, privity Burnside. Because us neither nor agreement, now assess arguments. know, instance, provisions contain inure benefit contractor.20 27 aside implied-in-fact contract, quasi-contractual indemnity incurred account wrong. right, evidently Court,21 stem solely pre-existing conferred where justly belongs.22 it, 28 'admiralty indemnity, distinguished contribution, responded loss another. classes cases: fault; passively negligent, primary active another.'23 Recovery concept, contends, because either primarily MeNeill's 30 validity foreclosed raising cautioned theories 'active' 'passive' 'primary' 'secondary' inappropriate,' 569, 442, 491.24 proscription terms applied indemnity' Ryan. itself specifically 'not meet noncontractual relation right.' U.S., S.Ct., 237.25 By leaving contractor, fortiori anything shipowner.26 31 Because, former reverse remand consistent opinion. 32 Reversed remanded directions. Section 33, amended 1959, 73 Stat. 391, set forth U.S.C. 933, reads follows: '(a) disability payable chapter determines than employ need elect person. '(b) Acceptance award deputy commissioner unless commence within six months award. '(c) (of fund established) section 944 title (hereinafter referred 'representative') '(d) Such institute compromise instituting proceeding. '(e) Any recovered assignment, result compromise, distributed '(1) retain equal to— expenses proceedings, (including attorney's fee determined commissioner); '(B) cost actually furnished 907 title; '(C) amounts compensation; '(D) value thereafter computed accordance schedule prepared Secretary, title, estimated commissioner, retained trust become due, sum finally remaining excess thereof '(2) one-fifth belong employer. '(f) institutes period (b) Secretary '(g) (sic) chapter, (f) written approval. '(h) Where insured insurance carrier section. '(i) injured, eligible survivors representatives killed, employ: Provided, officer employer.' decides bring suit award, reduce 33(f), supra, n. 1. 284 740. 392 F.2d 918. 820, 123, 92. found crucial issues regarding longshoremen's hatch parties' relative inspection. lids out,' posed could reasonably replaced check safety. 1967 remove ceiling amendment prospective only, still limits $30,000 'where occurs July 8, 1957 prior effective date (August 1967) amendatory Ill.Rev.Stat., c. 70, 2. reserved whether, suing subrogee, statute: 'In judgment, supported, dismissed prejudice filing alleges derived compensation. filed, occasion assignee, possible damage Act.' F.Supp., 744—745. 744. petitioner's summarized Restatement Restitution: who, personal fault, subject unauthorized another, expenditures discharge liability.' F.2d, 920. Ibid. 44 1426, 905, 904 employee, husband wite, parents, dependents, next kin, anyone otherwise fails secure injured results injury, maintain plead fellow servant, risk employment, contributory employee.' relied Doleman Levine, 221, 55 741, 1402, citing proposition 'rights compensation.' decision, predecessor own name dependents Not word suggests employees. rested following rationale Southern California Casualty Indemnity Exchange 401, 404: recoupment (under Act) ground created libelants Statute difference lies original person, Statute. decedent accepting operates Law. assignee greater assignor. *' passage, addressing different plaintiffs brought 'as carrier(s),' id., 403, sues exclusive. Ohio Reiss Cyr, 138 834, aff'd, Cir., 229 849, another Language effect 'governs exclusively instances liability,' 836, parties. Seas Sieracki, 328 85, 66 872, 1099; Mahnich 321 96, 64 455, 88 561. 1147. context treatment contention warranty. identify duties, discussion law: petitioner Connolly contractor). 'guilty negligence,' predicated, inter alia, shelter New York, correct warn latent dangerous condition known Boston unloading. Likewise, predicated during five days inspect shelter, detect unsafe condition. Although possibilities basis recovery, least latter Ryan, prevent third-party action.' 441. obligations: exercise ordinary done, equipment appliances aboard expert experienced mindful dangers expect encounter, arising hazards otherwise, able load be, manner property; (2) warning hidden danger remedied encountered expected performance knows know danger, encounter contract.' Hugev Dampskisaktieselskabet International, 170 601, 610—611, aff'd sub nom. Metropolitan Stevedore nternational, 274 875, cert. denied, 363 803, 80 1237, identified indicated 'duty toward 'persons rightfully transacting business ships." 610. Mickle Henriette Wilhelmine Schulte, 188 77, 80, California, rejecting contractual, agreed occupier 'owes invitee, especially stevedore company, comes onto premises services, Harper James, Law Torts, 27.12 (1956), including activity, 341; perils occupier, Prosser 453 (1955); discover conditions. 343. See, generally Prosser, 452—62.' argues, received assuming proper requirements 129, 3, 235. (Emphasis original.) Other often dealt warranties. e.g., D/S Ove Skou Hebert, 365 T. Smith Son Skibs A/S Hassel, 362 745; Albanese N.V. Nederl. Amerik Stoom Maats., 346 481, rev'd grounds, 382 283, 86 429, 327; Misurella Isthmian Lines, Inc., 40; Pettus Grace Line, 305 151; Drago Inger, 139, Daniels Kennedy, 925, 83 292, 232; Calmar Corp. 266 79, 361 816, 56, 62. occasion, stated intimated makes support 34, 602; 151, 155 (dissenting Clark); Cusumano Wilhelmsen, D.C., 267 164; Ring Motor Vessel Cape Clear, 226 709. Mowbray Merryweather, (1895) Q.B. 640. Proudfoot, Tar Baby': Maritime Personal-Injury Actions, Stan.L.Rev. 423, 442—445 Waterman Dugan McNamara, 364 421, 81 200, 169; Crumady Joachim Hendrik Fisser, 445, 413. For suggestion beneficiary 143. 410-411. objective 'placing burden ultimately default injury.' Italia Societa per Azioni di Navigazione Oregon 376 315, 324, 84 748, 754, 732. Reed Yaka, 373 414, 1349, 1353, 448. Davis American President 106 729, 730. decisions recognizing law, see, Parenzan Iino Kaiun Kabushiki Kaisya, 251 928, International Terminal Kauin Kaisha, 356 939, 781, 814; 234 753, 352 926, 77 222, 161; Berti De Cyprien Fabre, 213 397; Rothschild Int'l 205 253; 183 181; Standard Oil Robins Dry Dock Repair 182; McFall Belge, 304 N.Y. 314, 107 N.E.2d 463. 320, 751, 132, 6, 236. between, treated separately, contribution tortfeasor. Id., 237. Some thought asserting 142, 242 (Black, J., dissenting); Brown American-Hawaiian 211 16; Slattery Marra Bros., 186 134, 341 915, 71 736, 95 1351. barrier,

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