Document: 409 U.S. 80 93 S.Ct. 261 34 L.Ed.2d 282 UNITED STATESv.James JIM et al. UTAH v. James Nos. 71 - 1509 and 1612. Nov. 20, 1972. Rehearings Denied Jan. 8, 1973. See 1118, 893, 894. PER CURIAM. 1 The motion of the Navajo Tribe Indians for leave to file a brief as amicus Curiae in No. 71—1509, is granted. 2 These cases are here on appeal from judgment District Court Utah that declared an Act Congress be unconstitutional. Jurisdiction this conferred by 28 U.S.C. §§ 1252 2101(a). 3 In 1933, withdrew certain lands Utah, known 'Aneth Extension,' public domain added them Reservation. Though no oil or gas was believed located these lands, it provided should such mineral resources produced commercial quantities, '37 1/2 per centum net royalties accruing therefrom derived tribal leases shall paid State Utah: Provided, That said 37 expended tuition Indian children white schools and/or building maintenance roads across described section hereof, benefit residing therein.' 47 Stat. 1418. remaining 62 1/2% generated any were, implication, go tribe. 4 After passage Act, were discovered Aneth Extension, divided pursuant statute. created Affairs Commission manage expend funds received under Act. As time went on, language 1933 came create administrative problems regarding expenditure channeled through State. A report Senate Committee Interior Insular noted 1967 word 'tuition' had uncertainty breadth educational program authorized finance royalty funds. also difficulty discerning precisely who properly beneficiary funds, since 'many families do not live permanently within set aside but move back forth between area other locations.' S.Rep.No.710, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., (1967). 5 To make administration more flexible spread benefits broadly among community, enacted statute 1968 directed 'for health, education, general welfare San Juan County.' 82 121. This statutory change expanded pool beneficiaries substantially, class action brought behalf residents seeking inter alia declaration unconstitutional taking property without just compensation. concluded vested rights plaintiffs, held with its changed beneficiaries, unconstitutional.1 6 error. did constitutionally protected appellees. Extension reservation, which give rise leases. It settled '(w)hatever title have tribe, individuals, although tribe common use equal all members.' Cherokee Nation Hitchcock, 187 294, 307, 23 115, 120, L.Ed. 183; Delaware Nation, 193 127, 136, 24 342, 345, 48 646. sure, established pattern distribution benefited appellees than Reservation.2 But well power alter distributional scheme.3 Gritts Fisher, 224 640, 32 580, 56 928, approved congressional enlargement property. There, too, earlier limited entitlement. 7 'But act 1902 contemplated they (the first enactment) alone receive allotments participants No doubt purport act. that, our opinion, confer upon right would disable thereafter making provision admitting newly-born members allotment distribution. appellants' contention treats contract, when 'it only Congress, can greater effect.' . exertion control government over Indians. subject ..' Id., at 648, 583. 8 has deprived deposits their lands. merely chosen re-allocate flow efficient equitable manner. do. 'property,' Fifth Amendment sense, violation effected legislation. reversed. 9 Reversed. 10 Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, dissenting. 11 Plaintiffs below membership 1,500. They mixture Piute Reservation called made part reservation Congress. amended 121, amendment 12 Prior United States. occupied direct ancestors 13 number about 1,500 people primitive Navajos some blood. Sakezzie Comm'n, 198 F.Supp. 218, 220. remote relatively inaccessible average annual income family $240. Ibid. County stated: '(N)o further County, nor homesteads county'. 14 man unconcerned until discovered; then he became quite active. By June 30, 1970, owing increased $7,039,022.32. Of this, $78,000 used pipe water adjoining man, 'improvement' incidentally aided resident Another $27,000 spent construction airport connecting road, substantially man's private dude ranch operation. Some $10,000 purposes Utah. F.Supp., 221. When suit started, additional expenditures made: $175,000 federal agency locate isolated springs $500,000 build hard-surfaced road outside boundaries Extension. 15 wanted money purchase high-elevation ranges where might summer grazing livestock thus realize round-the-year Judge Christensen found sole fund administered wishes mind. 16 there tensions conflicts elsewhere. 17 comply Court's order sponsored legislation extend Indians.1 ruled again solely 215 12. Neither opinion appealed. promoted 20. 18 administering reached contested passed. indicates must County' 'Contribution may projects facilities exclusively hereunder proportion determined Ibid., (Emphasis added.) 19 gave land fund, Navajo, community.2 I believe circumstances case expand include whole 20 occupants been separate community many generations. Their claim continuous possession precedes transfer States Government. Secretary place tribes and, if did, based territory, membership. Since those lived see how extended outsiders. 21 upheld already enjoyed rights. Here expansion same blood line. But, important, different legal relation Cherokees does '(T)he wards States, fully empowered, whenever seemed wise so, assume full affairs, determine members, allot distribute 642, S.Ct., 581. states 'are hereby, withdrawn forms entry disposal fit settle thereon'. seem freeze existing inhabitants. effect seems like disclaimer either minerals. difficult me scheme payment all, Due Process Clause Amendment. Creek 295 103, 55 681, 79 1331; Shoshone 299 476, 57 244, 81 360. too people, sheep cattle given denied whatever overseer decrees. 22 Just Compensation Chippewa Minnesota 305 479, 59 313, 83 300; Klamath Moadoc Tribes, 304 119, 58 799, 1219; Sioux 316 317, 1095, 86 1501. compensation take into account Indians, 111, 794, 1213. What constitutes taking? majority finds because ownership existed states, however, 'hereby, thereon', plainly tract, whole, beneficiaries. If granted Standard Oil Co. producer oil, one dare say could assigned subsequent consortium Whenever we grants interests therein fact guardian defeasible. Lane Pueblo Santa Rosa, 249 110, 113, 39 185, 186, 63 504, allowed '(t)hat exercise guardianship, confiscation.' U.S., 109—110, 684, said: 25 'The dependent guardianship therefore affairs management government. absolute. While extending appropriate measures protecting advancing limitations inhering pertinent constitutional restrictions. enable others, own purposes, rendering assuming obligation render, 26 present close repeatedly put Arapahoes acquired treaty. Court, speaking Cardozo, damages Shoshones: 27 'Confusion likely result wrong Shoshones destruction title. Title strict sense always though treaty occupancy beneficial incidents. incidents are, needless consider now. primary attach division strangers appropriation pro tanto, substance, form.' 496, 251. And quoting Cook, Wall. 591, 210, Cardozo added, 29 pledged only, 'as sacred fee." 497, 252. 30 remains after express purpose 'permanently (to) withdraw' disposal? 31 Public usually disposition patent issuance, transaction ceases judicial proceedings courts. Michigan Land & Lumber Rust, 168 589, 208, 42 591; Moore Robbins, 96 530, 848. Thus, passed giving railroads, considered contract broken sought water-power site, Payne Central Pacific R. Co., 255 228, 41 314, 65 598, reclaim Northern 256 51, 439, 825; Fe Fall, 259 197, 199, 466, 467, 66 896. An entryman homestead achieve work conditions met. 43 161—165. Yet, during period exclusive use, unless secured fraud. Patents issued exploration are. § 226. affect cancel done failure lessee lease, statute, regulations. 188. Pan American Petroleum Corp. Pierson, Cir., 284 F.2d 649. Until patented, Yet even before issues claims valid against discovery limits claim, still mineral, requirements met.' Best Humboldt Mining 371 334, 336, 379, 382, 350. 33 devices doing in, comes numerous. White Sinclair Prairie 139 103. owners (whether equitable) normally interest apart discovered. Hughes, Tex.Civ.App., 228 S.W.2d 986; E. Kuntz, Gas, cc. 38 (1967); V. Kulp, Gas Rights 10—36 seq. (1954). strange law, indeed, States) Indians) depriving reducing share typical plagued beginning. We down oral argument law. decision unreported. remained effect, insisted formula disbursements. 218 (declaratory judgment); (supplemental relief). intimate view deprive value Union provided: 'That inhabiting proposed agree declare forever disclaim unappropriated lying thereof; owned tribes; thereto extinguished remain absolute jurisdiction States'. 108. (47 1418), describing metes bounds, 'be, thereon: county July 4, 1884 (23 96; U.S.C., 43, sec. 190). Should paying quantities hereby Reservation, accuring

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