Document: 516 U.S. 199116 S.Ct. 619133 L.Ed.2d 578 YAMAHA MOTOR CORPORATION, U.S.A., et al. , Petitioners,v.Lucien B. CALHOUN, etc., No. 94-1387. Supreme Court of the United States Argued Oct. 31, 1995. Decided Jan. 9, 1996. Syllabus * Twelve-year-old Natalie Calhoun was killed in a collision territorial waters off Puerto Rico while riding jet ski manufactured and distributed by petitioners Yamaha. Natalie's parents, respondents Calhoun, filed this federal diversity admiralty action for damages against Yamaha, invoking Pennsylvania's wrongful death survival statutes. The District agreed with Yamaha that maritime recognized Moragne v. Marine Lines, Inc., 398 375, 90 1772, 26 339, controlled to exclusion state law. In its order presenting matter immediate interlocutory appeal pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), certified questions law concerning recoverability particular items under Moragne. Third Circuit granted review, but panel which assigned did not reach presented order. Instead, addressed resolved an anterior issue; it held remedies remain applicable accident cases type have been displaced Held: 1. Section 1292(b) provides "[w]hen district judge, making . otherwise appealable ., shall be opinion such involves controlling question as there is substantial ground difference from may materially advance ultimate termination litigation, he so writing order," specifies "the Appeals thereupon, discretion, permit taken " (emphasis added). As text indicates, court appeals can exercise jurisdiction over any fairly included within court, limited therein formulated. P. 623. 2. no statute appropriate relief decedent seaman, longshore worker, or person engaged trade, Pp. 623-629. (a) Harrisburg, 119 199, 7 140, 30 L.Ed. 358, ruled general (a species judge-made common law) afford cause death. Federal courts, prior Moragne, tempered harshness Harrisburg's rule allowing recovery statutes cases. See, e.g., Western Fuel Co. Garcia, 257 233, 42 89, 66 210. Such laws proved adequate supplement law, until series Court's decisions transformed doctrine unseaworthiness into shipowners strictly liable seamen injured owners' failure supply safe ships. Mahnich Southern S.S. Co., 321 96, 64 455, 88 561. By time decided, claims premised on had become principal vehicle recovery" other workers course their employment. U.S., at 399, S.Ct., 1787. disparity between doctrine's strict liability standard negligence-based wron gful prompted Court, id., 409, 1792, overrule Harrisburg hold "lie[s] caused violation duties." 623-625. (b) This rejects Yamaha's argument Moragne's covers waters, creating uniform remedy all deaths occurring ousting previously available uniformity concerns related ships who serve them, frequent unavailability unseaworthiness, distinctively substantive concept, basis See 395-396, 1784-1785. underlying were different than those invoked Notably, seeks contraction remedies, extension light "humane liberal" character proceedings 387, 1780-1781. tied petitioner's plea right-of-action anchor, left place negligence claim she stated Florida's thus showed hostility concurrent application might provide more generous remedy. Cf. Sun Ship, Inc. Pennsylvania, 447 715, 724, 100 2432, 2438-2439, 65 458. No congressionally prescribed, comprehensive tort regime prevents enlargement here. Miles Apex Corp., 498 19, 30-36, 111 317, 324-328, 112 275. only relevant congressional disposition, Death High Seas Act, states "[t]he provisions State giving regulating rights affected chapter." 46 U.S.C.App. 767. statement, terms, simply stops DOHSA displacing waters. Miles, supra, 25, 321-322. Taking account what Congress sought achieve, however, preserves 625-628. 40 F.3d 622 (C.A.3 1994), affirmed. GINSBURG, J., delivered unanimous Court. James W. Bartlett, III, Baltimore, MD, petitioners. Paul A. Engelmayer, Washington, DC, amicus curiae special leave Alan Morrison, respondents. Justice GINSBURG 1 July 6, 1989. At her death, vacationing family friends beach-front resort Rico. Alleging defectively designed made, parents recover manufacturer contended could applied because died navigable waters; federal, judge-declared urged, 2 Traditionally, order—maritime trade. We hold, accord Circuit, 339 (1970). 3 twelve-year-old daughter Lucien Robin tragic 989. On vacation hotel Rico, rented "WaveJammer" Motor Company, Ltd., Corporation, U.S.A. (collectively, "Yamaha"), case. While WaveJammer, slammed vessel anchored frontage, killed. 4 Calhouns, individually capacities administrators daughter's estate, sued Eastern Pennsylvania. Invoking statutes, Pa. Cons.Stat. §§ 8301-8302 (1982 Supp.1995), Calhouns asserted several bases (including negligence, liability, breach implied warranties), lost future earnings, loss society, support services, funeral expenses, well punitive damages. They grounded both citizenship, 1332,1 admiralty, 1333. 5 moved partial summary judgment, arguing (1970), provided exclusive recovery, afforded Under contended, expenses. remedies; held, society services compensable 6 Both sides asked present 1292(b). parties' requests, certifying stated: "Natalie minor child plaintiffs L. are Pennsylvania residents, far shore States. Plaintiffs brought suit against, inter alia, defendants Ltd. counts complaint directed allege defect defects using fatal accident. Those sound warranties merchantability fitness. has concluded attaches these they constitute action. whether, action, seek (1) deceased child, (2) child's (3) damages." App. Pet. Cert. A-78. 8 Although review petition, order, determined issue pivotal. just recounted, would governed exclusively But questioned conclusion inquired whether supplied remedial prescriptions Calhouns' complaint. appellate endured "displaced decision." 622, 624 (1994). Ultimately, apply Id., 644. II 9 our granting certiorari, we parties brief preliminary question: "Under courts contains identified court?" 514 ----, 115 1998, 131 999 (1995). answer question, satisfied, yes. 10 provides, pertinent part: 11 "When civil section, if made ten days after entry order." (Emphasis added.) 12 applies appeals, formulated court. beyond address orders Stanley, 483 669, 677, 107 3054, 3060, 97 550 (1987). "it appealable, court." J. Moore & Ward, Moore's Practice ¶ 110.25[1], p. 300 (2d ed.1995). also 16 C. Wright, Miller, E. Cooper, Gressman, Procedure 3929, pp. 144-145 (1977) ("[T]he entire either consider one decide case despite lack question."); Note, Interlocutory Courts Harv. L.Rev. 607, 628-629 (1975) ("scope [includes] issues material question"). 13 therefore proceed certiorari granted: Does involving nonseafarers2 waters? III 14 Because watercraft falls admiralty's domain. Sisson Ruby, 497 361-367, 110 2892, 2895-2898, 292 (1990); Foremost Ins. Richardson, 457 668, 102 2654, 2659, 73 (1982). "With jurisdiction," often said, "comes law." East River Corp. Transamerica Delaval 476 858, 864, 106 2295, 2298-2299, 865 (1986). jurisdiction, "does result automatic displacement Jerome Grubart, Great Lakes Dredge Dock 513 1043, 1046, 130 1024 Indeed, routinely cases.3 before us should read stop practice. 15 Our begins 358 (1886), where said actions statutory created judicial decree. soundness view, examine historical justifications it. merely noted States, like England, allow "for injury results death," 204, 142 (internal quotation marks omitted), country "adopted subject sea maintains land," 213, 146. itself free chart crafting Hamilton, 207 398, 133, 52 264 (1907); City Norwalk, 55 F. 98 (S.D.N.Y.1893).4 reaffirmed practice 210 (1921), holding California's widow worker State's Though generally refused give effect regarded inconsonant substance extending accidents compatible policies: "The local specified modification will work prejudice characteristic features nor interfere proper harmony international interstate relations." 242, 90.5 similar reasoning, arising out Just Chambers, 312 383, 391-392, 61 687, 692-693, 85 903 (1941). 17 rule. Prior 1944, "was obscure relatively little used" standard, largely "a shipowner's duty use due diligence seaworthy ship." 322, 275 (1990) omitted). 398-399, 1786-1787. 561 (1944), notably expanded imposing nondelegable "to furnish appurtenances reasonably fit intended use." Mitchell Trawler Racer, 362 539, 550, 80 926, 933, 941 (1960). imposed absolute; ship resulted "irrespective fault irrespective intervening crew members." 322. became "species without fault," Shipping Sieracki, 328 85, 94, 872, 877, 1099 (1946), soon eclipsed ordinary primary when seafarer 25-26, 321-322.6 18 figured prominently landmark decision. Petsonella alleging unseaworthiness. dismissed based citing decision Tungus Skovgaard, 588, 79 503, 524 (1959). There, sharply-divided "when adopts right must enforce integrated whole, whatever conditions limitations attached." 592, 506. Thus, fatalities regime. Florida encompass affirmed dismissal claim. 377, 1775-1776. 19 acknowledged led considerable uncertainty role play remedying source confusion found Tungus, Harrisburg." 378, 1776. Upon reexamining decided holding, "somewhat dubious even rendered, unjustifiable anomaly longer followed." Accordingly, overruled 1792. IV 20 argues Moragne—despite focus "maritime duties" owed workers—covers occurrin g remedies. (as ), launched solitary scheme.7 reading force; contexts, vindication policies demanded adherence decision, leeway variation supplementation Kossick Fruit 365 731, 742, 81 886, 894, 56 (1961) (federal validating oral contracts precluded Statute Frauds); Pope Talbot, Hawn, 346 406, 74 202, 204-205, 143 (1953) (admiralty's comparative barred contributory rule); Garrett Moore-McCormack 317 239, 248-249, 63 246, 252-253, 87 239 (1942) allocating burden proof conflicting rule).8 addition, correctly points informed 21 reexamine concern damage awards excessive, variations threatened harmonious operation Variations sort long deemed interests. Fuel, 90-91. drove related, instead, availability liability. 22 1970, thei r place, troubling anomalies developed many times survivors recovering unseaworthy vessel. three tolerated. 23 First, "within identical conduct violating (here furnishing vessel) produces victim injured, frequently killed." 395, 1785. occurred nonfatal cases, standards superseded see Kermarec Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 625, 628, 408-409, (1959); same met whose itself), 592-593, 506-507. 24 Second, explained "identical breaches ship, resulting produce outside three-mile limit excludes claims." high seas sue Act (DOHSA), 761 seq. (1988 ed.), encompasses 1784-1785 (citing Kernan American Dredging 355 426, 430, n. 4, 78 394, 397 382 (1958)). 25 Finally, pointed true seaman [a member ship's company] longshoreman, whom seaworthiness extended performs traditionally done seamen, does allowed statute." stemmed rulings Lindgren 281 38, 50 207, 686 (1930), Gillespie Steel 379 148, 308, 199 (1964), Jones 688 precludes remedy, accommodating result, incorporated theory, similarly-situated not.9 described relate distinctly concept—the doctrine. surely meant "assure policies," 401, 1788, respect matters examined. forced bear—the task "provid[ing] sole remedy" involve "traditional common-law concepts," "concepts peculiar 15, q uotation Discarding declaring concluded, "remov[e] tensions discrepancies" occasioned need accommodate concepts." 1788.10 27 sum, centered relief, recalled 'it better becomes humane liberal withhold required established inflexible rules.' 1781 (quoting Sea Gull, F.Cas. 909, 910 (C.C.Md.1865) (Chase, J.)). anchor,11 376-377, 1775-1776.12 understanding accords Judge Becker set follows: 29 "Moragne idea placing ceiling rather floor, somewhat ahistorical. respects gap-filling measure ensure (and survivors) treated alike. 'humane liberal' purpose driven system incorporate doctrines. It difficult how intent preclude do remedy." F.3d, 641-642 (citation reasoned similarly 458 (1980), app ly workers' compensation scheme land-based injuries fall compass Longshore Harbor Workers' Compensation 33 901 2438-2439 "more law" nevertheless indicated "about benefits superior benefits") original).13 31 When prescribed uniformly applied, is, recognized, statutorily provided. 324-328 (Jones determines recoverable seamen); Offshore Logistics, Tallentire, 477 232, 2485, 2499, 91 174 (1986) (DOHSA, limits pecuniary losses, supplemented nonpecuniary statute); Mobil Oil Higginbotham, 436 618, 624-625, 2010, 2014-2015, 581 (1978) (DOHSA law). nonseafarers 325. There disposition. states: 321-322; 224-225, 2495-2496; 397-398, 1785-1786. preserve 32 For reasons stated, properly law.14 judgment accordingly 34 Affirmed. syllabus constitutes part prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Lumber 200 321, 337, 282, 287, 499. citizens business California; Japan. "nonseafarers," mean persons neither covered Throughout opinion, economy, term wro ngful include mitigated impact enacting two affording 1920, passed nautical miles Territory. year, employment, years rendered pathmarking Steamboat Chase, 83 522, 369, Wall. 522 (1873). Steamboat, upheld, "saving-to-suitors" proviso Judiciary 1789 (surviving currently 1333(1)), court's fatality defendants' steamboat sailboat plaintiff's passing. once (1946). effectively 1972 amendments 905(b). declined extend further. 629, (1959) (unseaworthiness inapplicable invitee aboard vessel). If Natalie, hardly argue seek. Lower extends nonseafarers. Sutton Earles, (C.A.9 1994) (recreational boater); Wahlstrom Kawasaki Heavy Industries, 1084 (C.A.2 1993) (jet skier), cert. denied, 510 114 1060, 127 380 assume, purposes correctness position. Similarly, encounters, assume deciding 34, 326-327, (1990). confront added arsenal what, anything, removed stock. cast observed, means "state yield needs finds inroads system[,] [b]ut limitation still leaves wide scope." Romero International Terminal Operating 354, 373, 468, 480, 368 precedent precisely delineate scope. recently acknowledged, "[i]t idle pretend line separating permissible impermissible regulation readily discernible jurisprudence." 981, 987, 285 attempt grand synthesis reconciliation today, confine inquiry modest design terminate recourse meet earlier, terminated supra permitting rely obtain petitioner urged certiorari. 1, 1776, training solely untouched blocked pursuing theory 154-155, 312-313, (1964). nothing short achieved access seafarers doctrine, driving 396, 12, 1785, 12. immediately stake 865, 2299, (maritime incorporates product liability); Kermarec, 630, 409-410 (negligence). G. Gilmore Black, Law Admiralty ed.1975). entertained certification dismissing 376, 1775. accommodated States' interest affairs 390, 692, (1941) ("maritime [is] complete perfect system"; body municipal underlies administration"). contributed provision environmental safety activities. Askew Waterways Operators, 411 325, 93 1590, 36 280 (1973) (oil pollution); Huron Portland Cement Detroit, 440, 813, 852 (1960) (air Kelly Washington ex rel. Foss 302 58 87, 82 (1937) (safety inspection); Cooley Board Wardens Port Philadelphia Soc. Relief Distressed Pilots, 53 299, 996, How. 299 (1852) (pilotage regulation). Permissible regulation, consistent principles policies. Romero, 373-374, 480-481. initial consideration Rico's apply. 644 open, we, source—federal state—of governing distinguished rules reserve another day personal rejected standards, la w sway. Compare 408-409 (personal injury); (same), Hess 361 314, 319, 341, 345-346, 305 (wrongful death); 592-594, 506-508, (same).

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