Document: 505 U.S. 833 112 S.Ct. 2791 120 L.Ed.2d 674 PLANNED PARENTHOOD OF SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, et al., Petitioners,v.Robert P. CASEY, etc. Robert etc., Petitioners, v. PENNSYLVANIA al. Nos. 91-744, 91-902. Argued April 22, 1992. Decided June 29, Syllabus * At issue are five provisions of the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act 1982: § 3205, which requires that a woman seeking an abortion give her informed consent prior to procedure, and specifies she be provided with certain information at least 24 hours before is performed; 3206, mandates one parent for minor obtain abortion, but provides judicial bypass procedure; 3209, commands that, unless exceptions apply, married must sign statement indicating has notified husband; 3203, defines "medical emergency" will excuse compliance foregoing requirements; §§ 3207(b), 3214(a), 3214(f), impose reporting requirements on facilities providing services. Before any took effect, petitioners, clinics physician representing himself class doctors who provide services, brought this suit declaratory judgment each was unconstitutional its face, as well injunctive relief. The District Court held all permanently enjoined their enforcement. Appeals affirmed in part reversed part, striking down husband notification provision upholding others. Held: No. 91-902 affirmed; 91-744 case remanded. 947 F.2d 682 (CA3 1991): 91-902, Justice O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, SOUTER delivered opinion respect Parts I, II, III, concluding that: 1. Consideration fundamental constitutional question resolved by Roe Wade, 410 113, 93 705, 35 147, principles institutional integrity, rule stare decisis require Roe's essential holding retained reaffirmed three parts: (1) recognition woman's right choose have fetal viability it without undue interference from State, whose previability interests not strong enough support prohibition or imposition substantial obstacles effective elect (2) confirmation State's power restrict abortions after viability, if law contains pregnancies endangering life health; (3) principle State legitimate outset pregnancy protecting health fetus may become child. Pp. ____. (a) A reexamination define rights authority regarding required doubt Court's subsequent decisions cast upon meaning reach central holding, fact Chief would overrule Roe, necessity state federal courts legislatures adequate guidance subject. 1 (b) determined decision terminate "liberty" protected against substantive component Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment. Neither Bill Rights nor specific practices States time Amendment's adoption marks outer limits sphere such "liberty." Rather, adjudication due process claims exercise reasoned determining boundaries between individual's liberty demands organized society. afforded protection personal relating marriage, see, e.g., Loving Virginia, 388 1, 87 1817, 18 1010, procreation, Skinner Oklahoma, 316 535, 62 1110, 86 L.Ed. 1655, family relationships, Prince Massachusetts, 321 158, 64 438, 88 645, child rearing education, Pierce Society Sisters, 268 510, 45 571, 69 1070, contraception, Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 85 1678, 14 recognized individual free unwarranted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting person whether bear beget child, Eisenstadt Baird, 405 453, 92 1029, 1038, 31 349. properly invoked reasoning tradition these precedents. 2 (c) Application doctrine confirms should reaffirmed. In reexamining series prudential pragmatic considerations designed test consistency overruling ideal law, gauge respective costs reaffirming overruling. 3 (d) Although engendered opposition, no sense proven unworkable, does simple limitation beyond unenforceable. 4 (e) rule's could repudiated serious inequity people who, two decades economic social developments, intimate relationships made choices views themselves places society, reliance availability event contraception fail. ability women participate equally Nation been facilitated control reproductive lives. Constitution serves human values, while effect cannot exactly measured, neither can ordered thinking living around dismissed. 5 (f) No evolution legal left doctrinal anachronism discounted If placed among cases exemplified Griswold, supra, clearly jeopardy, since developments disturbed, do they threaten diminish, cases. Similarly, seen stating autonomy bodily akin recognizing mandate medical treatment bar rejection, post-Roe accord view interest falls short justifying plenary override claims. See, Cruzan Director, Missouri Dept. Health, 497 261, ----, 110 2841, 111 224. Finally, classified sui generis, there erosion determination. It expressly Akron Center Reproductive 462 416, 103 2481, 76 687 (Akron I ), Thornburgh American College Obstetricians Gynecologists, 476 747, 106 2169, 90 779; and, Webster Health Services, 492 490, 109 3040, 410, majority either voted reaffirm declined address validity holding. 6 (g) change factual underpinning obsolete, none supports argument maternal care advances allow later safe pregnant woman, neonatal advanced point somewhat earlier, facts go only scheme realization competing interests. Thus, divergences premises bearing earliest constitutionally justify legislative ban nontherapeutic abortions. soundness unsoundness turns when occurs. Whenever occur, attainment continue serve critical fact. 7 (h) comparison decisional lines comparable significance—the line identified Lochner New York, 198 45, 25 539, 49 937, began Plessy Ferguson, 163 537, 16 1138, 41 256—confirms result reached here. Those were overruled—by, respectively, West Coast Hotel Co. Parrish, 300 379, 57 578, 81 703, Brown Board Education, 347 483, 74 686, 98 873—on basis facts, understanding changed those furnished claimed justifications earlier resolutions. comprehensible Nation, defensible, responses circumstances. contrast, because underpinnings (and other indication weakened precedent shown), pretend justification present disposition come out differently Court. That inadequate case. 8 (i) Overruling unjustifiable under principles, seriously weaken capacity function Supreme dedicated law. Where acts resolve sort unique, intensely divisive controversy reflected dimension normal entitled rare precedential force counter inevitable efforts overturn thwart implementation. Only most convincing accepted standards suffice demonstrate first anything surrender political pressure unjustified repudiation staked instance. Moreover, country's loss confidence Judiciary underscored condemnation failure keep faith cost themselves. existing circumstances error, error was, both profound unnecessary damage legitimacy Nation's commitment 9 concluded Part IV examination cases, reveals number guiding assessment statute: 10 To protect same accommodating potential life, id., 162, S.Ct., 731, burden standard employed. An exists, therefore invalid, purpose place path attains viability. 11 rigid trimester framework rejected. promote throughout pregnancy, take measures ensure choice informed. Measures advance invalidated persuade childbirth over abortion. These right. 12 As enact regulations further safety obstacle 13 Adoption disturb regardless particular circumstances, prohibit making ultimate "subsequent promoting potentiality may, chooses, regulate, even proscribe, except where necessary, appropriate judgment, preservation mother" also Id., 164-165, 732. 15 V-A V-C, construed Appeals, 3203's emergency definition intended assure way pose significant threat health, thus violate 164, interpreted manner, defers lower court interpretations amount "plain" error. 17 2. Section 3209's constitutes invalid. likely prevented obtaining just surely had outlawed procedure entirely. 3209 affect fewer than percent save facial invalidity, proper focus inquiry group whom restriction, irrelevant. Furthermore, father's fetus' welfare equal mother's liberty, inescapable biological regulation far greater impact integrity husband. embodies marriage consonant common-law status repugnant nature secured Constitution. See Planned Parenthood Central Mo. Danforth, 428 52, 69, 96 2831, 788. SOUTER, joined STEVENS, V-E statute's recordkeeping requirements, spousal notice, constitutional. reasons intends choice. 19 V-B V-D 20 3205's decide pregnancy. extent U.S., 444, 2500, Thornburgh, 762, 2179, find violation government requires, here, giving truthful, nonmisleading about attendant risks childbirth, "probable gestational age" fetus, inconsistent acknowledgement important overruled. Requiring consequences interfere privacy physician, doctor-patient relation derivative position, underlie physician's First Amendment speak implicated practice medicine, licensed regulated State. There evidence here requiring doctor 21 premise behind I's invalidation waiting period deemed necessary performance 450, 2503, wrong. 24-hour make some more expensive less convenient, said invalid record context challenge. 22 3206's one-parent requirement Ohio 502, 2972, 405. 23 BLACKMUN application strict scrutiny review precedents results challenged statute, including concurred report failing notice unconstitutional. THE CHIEF JUSTICE, WHITE, SCALIA, THOMAS, directly simply regulates "fundamental right" accorded abort concomitant survive "strict scrutiny," 154-156, 727-728, warranted confusing uncertain demonstrates expanded imposing increasingly restrictions States, see 783, 2190, 779 (Burger, C.J., dissenting), divided, last having commanded opinion, 405; Hodgson Minnesota, 417, 2926, 344; 410. This confusion uncertainty complicated task "undue burden" adopted O'CONNOR governs 26 too analogized involved 1070; Meyer Nebraska, 262 390, 43 625, 67 1042; 1010; thereby "fundamental." None endorsed all-encompassing "right privacy," 152-153, 726, claimed. Because involves purposeful termination different kind rubric autonomy. And historical traditions people—as evidenced English common statutes existence issuance—do one's enactments abridging need subjected scrutiny. 27 3. joint Justices limitation, easily applied, anticipates. evaluate standard, judges subjective, unguided determination "substantial obstacles" undoubtedly engendering variety conflicting views. presents nothing workable discards, Court, guise Constitution, impart own preferences form complex code. 28 4. correct analysis set forth plurality Webster, supra: Clause, regulate procedures ways rationally related interest. 29 5. assuring fully disclose alternatives large consent. addition, physicians better qualified counselors answer questions alternatives' aspects. paternal state-funded furthers preserving unborn life. might create forgo difference relevant light plurality's rejection approach subject, contrary controlling For reason, previous invalidating mandatory followed. helps well-considered one, delay, prohibit, abortions; apply emergencies. 30 6. parental entirely consistent involving requirements. Association Kansas City, Missouri, Inc. Ashcroft, 476, 2517, 733. reasonably "in young citizens, immaturity, inexperience, lack sometimes impair wisely," Hodgson, 2942. 7. 3214(a)'s file advancing knowledge concerning prenatal gathering statistical patients, ensuring Act, keeping reports completely confidential. Public disclosure receiving public funds—those identifying parent, subsidiary, affiliated organizations, revealing total performed, broken trimester, 3214(f)—are informing taxpayers benefiting funds what services supporting; records expenditure generally available 32 says absolutely it, long-standing society permitted legally proscribed. (SCALIA, J., concurring). statute upheld entirety rational test. 33 JJ., announced V-A, VI, joined, V-E, IV, V-B, V-D. filed concurring dissenting part. BLACKMUN, REHNQUIST, joined. WHITE 34 Kathryn Kolbert, Philadelphia, Pa., Parenthood, Ernest D. Preate, Jr., Harrisburg, Casey, 36 Kenneth W. Starr, Washington, D.C., amicus curiae special leave 37 STEVENS joins, 38 Liberty finds refuge jurisprudence doubt. Yet years our protects early stages, 147 (1973), still questioned. Joining respondents curiae, United done decade, again asks us Roe. Brief Respondents 104-117; Amicus Curiae 8. 39 1982 amended 1988 1989. Pa. Cons.Stat. 3203-3220 (1990). Relevant portions appendix. Infra, performed. 3205. parents, option wish parent's 3206. Another 3209. exempts emergency," defined 3203 Act. 3205(a), 3206(a), 3209(c). addition above regulating abortions, imposes 3214(f). 40 Each face. entered preliminary injunction enforcement regulations, 3-day bench trial, unconstitutional, entering permanent Pennsylvania's them. 744 F.Supp. 1323 (ED Pa.1990). Third Circuit requirement. (1991). We granted certiorari. 502 631, 632, 117 104 (1992). found follow elaborate course identify use determine enacted meets standards. F.2d, 687-698. oral attorney parties challenging position Wade. Tr. Oral Arg. 5-6. disagree analysis; we acknowledge Further, JUSTICE admits he adopt relationship sole criterion constitutionality. post, ----. Union seek subject conformance Given premises, imperative once respecting procedures. 42 After considering decisis, led conclude this: Wade stated clarity reaffirm, parts. procedure. Second endanger health. third contradict another; adhere each. II 44 Constitutional derives declares shall "deprive property, law." word literal reading suggest deprive persons 105 years, Mugler Kansas, 123 623, 660-661, 273, 291, 205 (1887), understood contain well, "barring actions fairness used implement them." Daniels Williams, 474 327, 331, 662, 665, 662 (1986). Brandeis (joined Holmes) observed, "[d]espite arguments seemed me persuasive, settled clause applies Thus comprised within term Federal invasion States." Whitney California, 274 357, 373, 47 641, 647, 71 1095 (1927) (Brandeis, "[T]he guaranties process, though roots Magna Carta's ' per legem terrae' considered procedural safeguards 'against executive usurpation tyranny,' country 'become bulwarks arbitrary legislation.' " Poe Ullman, 367 497, 541, 1752, 1776, 989 (1961) (Harlan, dismissal jurisdictional grounds) (quoting Hurtado 516, 532, 111, 119, 232 (1884)). familiar liberties Rights. incorporates States. Duncan Louisiana, 391 145, 147-148, 1444, 1446, 491 (1968). tempting, means curbing discretion judges, suppose encompasses already guaranteed express eight amendments Adamson 332 46, 68-92, 1672, 1683-1697, 91 1903 (1947) (Black, dissenting). But never view. 46 practices, level, rules ratified. Michael H. Gerald D., 110, 127-128, n. 6, 2333, 2344, (1989) (opinion J.). promise realm enter. vindicated before. Marriage mentioned nowhere interracial illegal 19th century, finding aspect 12, 1824, 1010 (1967) (relying, Justices, Clause). Similar examples Turner Safley, 482 78, 94-99, 107 2254, 2265-2267, (1987); Carey Population Services International, 431 678, 684-686, 97 2010, 2015-2017, 52 675 (1977); 481-482, 1680-1681, 510 (1965), separate opinions Members case, 486-488, 1682-1683 (Goldberg, Warren, Brennan, concurring) (expressly relying process), 500-502, 1690-1691 judgment) (same), 502-507, 1691-1694 (WHITE, (same); 534-535, 573, 1070 (1925); 399-403, 627, 1042 (1923). protects. Const., Amend. 9. second Harlan recognized: 48 full scope limited precise terms guarantees elsewhere 'liberty' isolated points pricked taking property; freedom speech, press, religion; arms; unreasonable searches seizures; on. continuum which, broadly speaking, includes impositions purposeless restraints, . recognizes, reasonable sensitive must, particularly careful needs asserted abridgment." 543, 1777 grounds). wrote words addressing did his four Terms supra. permit forbid couple contraceptives. guaranteed, Equal Protection unmarried couples. 349 (1972). extended sale distribution contraceptives now, heard person's basic parenthood, supra; Moore East Cleveland, 494, 1932, 531 Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 1655 (1942); integrity. Washington Harper, 494 210, 221-222, 1028, 1036-1037, 108 178 (1990); Winston Lee, 470 753, 1611, 84 (1985); Rochin 342 165, 72 205, 183 (1952). 50 call interpreting always exercised: judgment. Its susceptible expression rule. mean invalidate policy disagree; yet shrink duties office. observed: 51 "Due reduced formula; content reference best through represented balance built postulates individual, struck supplying concept certainly felt roam speculation country, regard history teaches developed broke. thing. radically departs long survive, builds survived sound. formula substitute, area, restraint." 542, 1776 171-172, 209 (Frankfurter, writing Court) ("To believe avoided freezing 'due law' fixed stage thought inanimate machines judges"). 53 Men good conscience disagree, moral spiritual implications terminating stage. Some individuals offensive morality, decision. Our obligation all, underlying philosophic definitive lacks matter, perhaps itself danger rape incest. 54 conventional other. Ferguson Skrupa, 372 83 (1963); Williamson Lee Optical Inc., 348 75 461, 99 563 (1955). theorem, however, assumes affairs intrude liberty. flag saluted, proposition defiled, ruled compel enforce Virginia Bd. Education Barnette, 319 624, 63 1178, 1628 (1943); Texas Johnson, 397, 2533, (1989). 55 affords rearing, education. 685, 2016. recognize "the single, child." 1038 (emphasis original). "have respected private enter." 166, 442, 645 (1944). matters, lifetime, dignity autonomy, heart existence, meaning, universe, mystery Beliefs attributes personhood formed compulsion 56 begin end reason: originate zone belief, exercise. unique act. act fraught others: live decision; perform assist spouse, family, confront exist, deem violence innocent life; depending beliefs, aborted. Though conduct, proscribe instances. stake condition mother carries anxieties, physical constraints, pain bear. sacrifices beginning race endured pride ennobles eyes others gives infant bond love alone grounds insist sacrifice. Her suffering insist, more, vision role, however dominant culture. destiny shaped conception imperatives recognized, moreover, respects character afford protection. correctness decisions. They involve procreation responsibility it. differences matters. One based reverence wonder creation ought welcomed carried matter how difficult well-being. inability nurture cruelty anguish parent. infinite variations, deep, underlay Eisenstadt, Carey. concerns confronts reality despite attempts avoid pregnant. 58 sought protect, discussed, granting person. course, extension indicated, degree pre-natal outweigh choosing debate following 59 While appreciate weight behalf us, formulation overruled, reservations outweighed explication given combined decisis. turn now doctrine. III A. 60 begins necessity, limit. With Cardozo, system society's work eyed afresh every raised B. Nature Judicial 149 (1921). Indeed, very continuity is, definition, indispensable. Powell, Stare Decisis Restraint, 1991 Journal History 13, 16. extreme, ruling reason doomed. 61 Even not, rare, latter instance, virtually foreordained, wisdom "inexorable command," Burnet Coronado Oil Gas Co., 285 393, 405-411, 443, 446-449, 815 (1932) Payne Tennessee, 501 2597, 115 720 (1991) (SOUTER, concurring); Arizona Rumsey, 467 203, 212, 2305, 2310, 164 (1984). reexamines customarily example, ask proved intolerable defying practical workability, Swift & Wickham, 382 116, 258, 194 (1965); lend hardship add repudiation, Title Ins. Trust 265 472, 486, 621, 68 1110 (1924); old remnant abandoned doctrine, Patterson McLean Credit Union, 173-174, 2363, 2371, 132 (1989); differently, robbed justification, Burnet, 412, 449 So inquire unworkable; removed relied stability governed question; law's growth intervening society; ensuing render somehow irrelevant dealing addressed. "unworkable," Garcia San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 528, 546, 1005, 1015, 1016 (1985), has, laws infringement, although remain consequence today's decision, determinations fall competence. counts continued application. Since classic weighing heavily favor occurs commercial context, --- planning great precision obviously cause surprise worthy consideration 65 amici many deny invites actual exercise, readily imagine stressing dissimilarity property contract. chosen unplanned response activity birth control, assumption intercourse occurred behavior appear claim. unrealistic assumption, run, de minimis. premised hypothesis immediate account sudden restoration 66 eliminate easily, limit cognizable instances sexual activity. refuse face R. Petchesky, Woman's Choice 109, 133, (rev. ed. 1990). footings weaker 1973. development decided implicitly explicitly mere survivor obsolete thinking. stands intersection decisions, whichever category reads purposes same. succession prominently 726. When seen, (1977). exemplar (whether mistaken) affinity rejection. so, 278, 224 cf., Riggins Nevada, 504 1810, 1815, 118 479 (1992); also, (1952); Jacobson 197 11, 24-30, 358, 360-363, 643 (1905). 70 classify generis. viewed, then original resting concurrence seven 1973 six 1983, (1983) 1986, (1986), expressing adherence limits. More recently, (1989), authors questioned today, 518, 3056 (REHNQUIST, JJ.); 529, 3062 (O'CONNOR, judgment), 521, 3058 525-526, 3060-3061 judgment); 553, 3067, 3075 (BLACKMUN, Brennan Marshall, part); 561-563, 3079-3081 (STEVENS, part). Nor building hand erroneous consequence. strength protection, fits comfortably (1942), (1967), (1972), holdings "not points," mark "rational continuum." described "includes 'the independence kinds decisions.' [protected liberty] marked clear 'relating education.' 684-685, 2016 (citations omitted). 73 prong apparent alternative. indeed deciding carry population eugenics, example. sensibly suggestions. E.g., Arnold Escambia County, Ala., 880 305, 311 (CA11 1989) (relying officials coercing abortion); Avery County Burke, 660 (CA4 1981) (county agency inducing teenage girl undergo unwanted sterilization misrepresentation sickle cell trait); re Quinlan, N.J. 10, 355 A.2d cert. denied sub nom. Garger Jersey, 429 922, 319, 289 (1976) treatment). event, confined concern postconception otherwise forms independently unlikely ramifications future overtaken assumptions: true 1973, 429, 2492, earlier. Compare 160, 730, 515-516, 3055 C.J.); 457, 5, 2489, interests, approximately weeks, usual moment slightly respiratory enhanced future. fact, decided; say sum shows unweakened disapproval, unworkable. entire generation age assume defining decisions; going remnant; portends odds liberty; changes rendered tips. Within bounds analysis, then, turns, stronger affirming whatever reluctance have, B could, would, stop reached. sustained widespread provoked calls responded national controversies taken impress past century examination, instance today. 77 example 937 (1905), imposed limitations legislation limiting regulation, adopting, Holmes' view, theory laissez-faire. 75, 546 (Holmes, Adkins Children's Hospital 261 525, 394, 785 (1923), infringement contract employers adult satisfy minimum wage Fourteen later, 703 (1937), signalled demise Adkins. meantime, Depression lesson unmistakable 1937, interpretation contractual rested false assumptions relatively unregulated market minimal levels welfare. 399, 585. Jackson crisis 1937 shortly came bench, "The older world laissez-faire everywhere outside dead." Jackson, Struggle Supremacy (1941). resolution untrue, history's demonstration untruth justified new announced. Of lost something misperception, prescience, Court-packing magnified loss; previously assumed 78 20th employing separate-but-equal applying guarantee. 256 (1896), legislatively mandated racial segregation transportation works denial rejecting separation enforced machinery treats black inferior. fallacy plaintiff's consist races stamps colored badge inferiority. act, solely chooses put construction it." 551, 1143. Whether, believed 557, 562, 1145, 1147 implication opinion. 873 (1954). commentator "whether discrimination inheres twentieth states Union. ground times aforesaid." Black, Lawfulness Segregation Decisions, Yale L.J. 421, 427 (1960). 79 addressed observing Plessy's stigmatize segregated "badge inferiority," 1954 sanctioned racially educational inherently unequal. 494-495, 691-692. Society's 1896. think wrong day decided, Plessy, 552-564, 1143-1148 explanation reexamine required. 80 understand, understand already, day, declarations disclosed, able perceive. merely victories school another dint numbers (victories were), applications obligations, thoughtful accept duty. occasion response. shown) run repeated rest belief wrongly decided. Mitchell W.T. Grant, 416 600, 636, 94 1895, 1914, 406 (1974) (Stewart, dissenting) ("A firmer membership popular misconception institution little branches Government. lasting injury abiding mission serve"); Mapp Ohio, 643, 677, 1684, 1703, 1081 C 82 conditions terrible price paid overruled did. makes clear, complete, explaining why source authority, preservation, Republic. root revealed conferred specifically Americans succeeding rightly told, buy spending money degree, coerce obedience decrees. lies, rather, legitimacy, product substance perception people's acceptance fit declare demands. warrant lesser sources draws. expressed opinions, contemporary principled all. apposite principle, conscientious claim such, dispute. them, grounded truly compromises pressures having, obliged make. depends sufficiently plausible Nation. action perceived whenever this, appellate court, overrules say, perfectly satisfactory People Constitution's language hard fathom perceive eluded predecessors departures However upsetting affected judicially derived replaces another, correction necessarily questioning almost fail receive benefit first, frequent overtax faith. Despite inform overrule, forget usually correctly) as, least, plausibly imputed courts. exceeded, disturbance rulings justifiable drives term. fade frequency vacillation. circumstance hypothetical; now. Where, duties, decides carry. contending sides division accepting rooted asked often, twice way, unprincipled emotional reactions; proceed respect. opposition be, pressure, fire absence compelling watershed subvert question. Cf. 294, 300, 756, 1083 (1955) (Brown ) ("[I]t saying vitality th[e] [announced (1954),] allowed yield disagreement them"). 89 judiciary unnecessarily pressure. anyone approves implements unpopular, refuses undermine reversal. criticism ostracism, violence. extra disapprove decision's viewed terms, nevertheless struggle tested following, undertakes steadfast, lest nothing. constancy, given, binds maker stand survives obsolete. From exemption duty willing breach faith, broke expect credit that. diminished restored, slowly. Unlike branches, regain voters, polls, retrieved casting votes. Like earned time. So, indeed, aspire according Their separable invested ideals. undermined, sake responsible. clear. confronted already-divisive Whether consensus developing issue, divisiveness today like retain grown intense. essence follows repudiate. unlimited, show unborn, sufficient restricted. brings much directed draws general standard. conclude, urgent body, implicit function. extinguished want real drawn reasons. First, said, Any line-drawing seem arbitrary, statement, elaborated care. opposition. 759, 2178; 419-420, 2487-2488. parts infra, represents unbroken 95 noted realistic possibility maintaining nourishing womb, independent object overrides woman. 163, 731. Consistent norms, draw offering justification. not. draw. workable. sure, imprecision tolerable community discoveries explore matter. element fairness. broad fails consented intervention renounce. On side equation "important life." interest, faced valuation concluded, did, insufficient exceptions. coming nearly litigation wake satisfied remembered speaks establishing portion implementation touching scrutiny, narrow 427, 2491. Not reconciled her. resolving tension, rely established govern regulations. Under construct, during pregnancy; trimester; viable, prohibitions stake. 163-166, 731-733. Most framework. 100 erected subordinate exists agree, accomplish objective. rigidity contradicted permissible powers. 101 prohibited steps stages encourage know continuing institutions children assistance raise herself. '[T]he city, pursuant democratic processes, preference childbirth.' 511, 3053 Poelker Doe, 432 519, 2391, 2392, 528 (1977)). meaning. This, too, unborn. 102 reject framework, consider (describing "problematic"). aimed contemplates logical itself, reconciliation require, abandon suffers flaws: misconceives interest; undervalues ipso facto, clarifies point. ballot access amounts vote. flexibility voters candidates Anderson Celebrezze, 460 780, 788, 1564, 1569, 547 (1983); Norman Reed, 698, 116 711 similar. Numerous incidental increasing decreasing care, valid purpose, strike procure Clause. 458-459, 344 (1990) J.) 530, 3063 828, 2213 dissenting); Simopoulos 506, 520, 2532, 2540, 755 Assn. City 505, 733 464, 2510 Bellotti 132, 2857, 2866, 844 (Bellotti ). adhered Maher 473-474, 2376, 2382, 484 (1977), explained: "Roe unqualified 'constitutional abortion,' think. unduly burdensome pregnancy." Doe Bolton, 179, 198, 739, 750, 201 (1973) ("[T]he interposition hospital committee restrictive patient's rights"); 2866 (State "impose burdens capable consent"); Harris McRae, 448 297, 314, 2671, 2686, 784 (1980) (citing Maher, supra 688, 2018 applied prevent substantially effectuating entirely"). illustrate overstatement describe "without State," 61, 2837, 788 (1976). All consequence, surprising protestations contained absolute right, 154-155, 727, experience deprived went "to 1038. unwarranted; flaw framework: interest[s] [and] fulfill contradiction using treat influence unwarranted. incompatible 3057 2509 notion leads conclusion undue. reconciling utilized members inconsistent. ---- J.); 828-829, 2214 461-466, 2509-2511 2686; 473, 2382; Beal 446, 2366, 464 2866. intend adhere, clarify meant burden. shorthand placing nonviable fetus. calculated choice, hinder furthering serving ends. manner McCleskey Zant, 499 1454, 113 517 (attempting "define abuse writ precision" acknowledging tension cases). Understood question, open discussing formulation, 462-463, 2509-2510 no. emerge. What insulated doing so. Regulations structural mechanism guardian minor, permitted, choose. - (addressing requirement). Unless measure goal. foster constitute jurists shared inevitable. expected accommodate life's complexity. summary: employ explained informed, 114 Unnecessary presenting Regardless mother." provisions. V agree conclusion, refine accordance articulated above. statutory sections issue. 119 operation various emergency. "[t]hat clinical complicates necessitate avert death delay risk irreversible impairment major function." Pa.Cons.Stat. 3203. 121 Petitioners argue narrow, forecloses risks. contention correct, provision, forbids interfering 316, 2687. 122 covered preeclampsia, premature ruptured membrane. F.Supp., 1378. Yet, 700-701, undisputed lead illness consequences. phrase "serious risk" include 701. stated: "we read exception legislature woman." Ibid. Brockett Spokane Arcades, 472 491, 499-500, 2794, 2799-2800, 394 (1985): "Normally, defer courts." Palmer Hoffman, 318 118, 477, 482, (1943). 'reflect[s] district appeals schooled interpret States.' Frisby Schultz, 487 474, 2495, 2501, 420 (1988) (citation next Cons.Stat.Ann. Except emergency, performing nonphysician printed materials published describing father, list agencies performed certifies them 124 establish written 67, 2840. respect, unexceptional. challenge period. conclusions driven framework's 125 ordinance "designed childbirth." 2500. purported flaws ordinance: dissuade "a body irrespective patient. ." 126 far, acknowledgment Thornburgh. along apprised childbirth. 66-67, psychological well-being facet doubted relevant, dispositive, attempting apprehend reducing discover devastating consequences, truthful misleading, permissible. 127 direct illustrates order kidney transplant recipient supplied donor similar "an outright attempt wedge Commonwealth's message discouraging informed-consent dialogue physician." 2179. depart goal enacting mature expresses short, insure follows, 128 "straitjacket," 2179 8, 2840, 8), interferes physician. worth noting comply "if preponderance evidence, furnishing resulted severely adverse mental patient." 3205 exercising 129 Whatever position. justified: own, solicitude receives contexts. purposes, 130 petitioners' implicated, Wooley Maynard, 430 1428, 752 licensing Whalen 589, 603, 869, 878, infirmity 131 reconsider opposed assistant, 448, 2502. reflect latitude functions professionals, objective tasks uphold parallel said: "Nor convinced served course." 2503. idea deliberate reflection unreasonable, directs background permits avoidance vast appreciable risk. theory, 133 nonetheless closer findings indicate distances travel provider, often visits doctor. increase exposure harassment hostility anti-abortion protestors demonstrating clinic." 1351. result, fewest financial resources, distances, difficulty whereabouts husbands, employers, others, "particularly burdensome." 1352. 134 troubling respects, held, "increasing abortions," 1378, increased delays obstacles. 1374, "interest health" "infringes sound judgment." stated, persuasive discretion, standing alone, findings, 135 burdensome" effects invalidation. obstacle. distinct group. burdened Hence, challenge, 136 aspects barriers demand. broadest suggested 189, 746. facilitates wise 137 provides, signed spouse alternative certifying man impregnated her; located; assault reported; believes notifying him someone else inflict performs license revoked, liable damages. 138 testimony numerous expert witnesses, detailed statute. included: 139 "273. consult husbands 140 141 "279. 'bodily injury' husband, notified, publicize intent friends acquaintances; retaliate custody divorce proceedings; intimidation harm her, persons; children, loved ones; finances monies herself children. 142 143 "281. Studies reveal million families figure, conservative understates (because battering reported until reaches life-threatening proportions) domestic researchers estimate battered 144 "282. wife notify intention reasons, husband's illness, imminent 145 "283. filing plaintiff-clinics counseling decision-making criminal sanctions. confidentiality revelations immune subpoena. 146 "284. Women levels, backgrounds, racial, ethnic religious groups battered. "285. Wife-battering forms. cover range gruesome torturous. 148 "286. Married women, victims battering, killed 150 "287. Battering abuse, marital mutilation. 151 "288. situation, wife. 152 "289. Mere frequently flashpoint family. incidents high worst associated parentage abuse. 153 "290. Secrecy typically shrouds abusive families. Family instructed tell anyone, especially police doctors, wives tells outsider nobody therefore, highly fear retaliation abuser. 154 "291. personnel helping admit admitted 155 156 "294. shelter house unknown 'reasonably likely' inflicted batterer, section accidentally 157 "295. Marital rarely discussed 158 authorities, few prosecuted. 159 "296. being type coercive disbelief. 160 "297. penetration. 90-day Pa.Con.Stat.Ann. 3218(c), narrows sexually abused exception, psychologically unable discuss several incident. 161 "298. relationship, avail 1360-1362. 162 supported studies Medical (AMA) summary recent research field, indicates average 12-month severe assaults male partners. 1985 survey, assaulted year. AMA figures "marked underestimates," discourages surveys exclude poor, homeless hospitals survey conducted. According AMA, "[r]esearchers incidence partner probably double estimates; one-fifth one-third physically ex-partner lifetime." Council Scientific Affairs, Violence Against 11,000 Many assault. 3-4; Shields Hanneke, Battered Wives' Reactions Rape, Dark Side Families: Current Research 131, (D. Finkelhor, Gelles, G. Hataling, M. Straus eds. 1983). wife-beating takes place, well. Women, 12. Other fill picture. Physical visible Psychological forced isolation common. L. Walker, Woman Syndrome 27-28 abusers, superior Herbert, Silver, Ellard, Coping Abusive Relationship: I. How Why Stay?, J. temporary shelters return income. Aguirre, Do Return? Abused Wives Shelters, J.Nat.Assn. Social Workers 350, 352 (1985). Returning abuser dangerous. Recent Bureau Investigation statistics 8.8% homicide spouse. Mercy Saltzman, Fatal Among Spouses 1976-85, Am.J.Public 595 Thirty female Domestic Violence: Terrorism Home, Hearing Subcommittee Children, Family, Drugs Alcoholism Senate Committee Labor Human Resources, 101st Cong., 2d Sess., conducted samples small representative, partners extramarital affair. primary experiencing difficulties, accompanied Ryan Plutzer, Have Abortions: Spousal Notification Interaction, 41, 165 reinforce suggest. well-functioning marriages, spouses millions regular hands husbands. Should pregnant, wishing fears fearful Commonwealth Pennsylvania. provoke abuse; exempt verbal harassment, threats violence, destruction possessions, confinement home, withdrawal support, friends. methods deterrent assault, 3209(b)(3), authorities days investigation begins. 3128(c). field certain, extremely reluctant government; hence, 166 obtain; blind ourselves deterred procuring 167 pointing married. note volition. argue, qualify exceptions, affects asserted, 83-86. respondents' method analysis. 168 operates; there. Legislation measured conduct affects. newspaper print candidate's reply unfavorable editorial newspapers absent Miami Herald Publishing Tornillo, 418 241, 730 (1974). 169 Respondents' points. plans. By selecting rather concede judged restriction. target narrower State: intentions unfortunate persisting document fraction operate burden, 170 ----; 443 622, 3035, 797 (1979) ); 74, 2843. enactments, constitutional, quite minors consultation parents realize heart. women. 171 "deep wife's carrying." 2841. fathered raised, "cognizable substantial" custody. Stanley Illinois, 651-652, 1208, 1213, 551 (1972); Quilloin Walcott, 434 246, 549, 511 (1978); Caban Mohammed, 441 380, 1760, 297 (1979); Lehr Robertson, 463 248, 2985, 614 (1983). concerned father both, equal. 172 birth, cast. carrying father's. doubly deserving touched 281, "when prevail. Inasmuch bears immediately two, weighs favor." 71, 2842. rests Constitution: entity mind association intellectual makeup. anything, individuals, men alike, interference, spouses. 173 time, ago, prevailed. Bradwell Wall. 130, 442 (1873), regarded head representative state; notwithstanding modifications civil status, flowing dependent cardinal exist (Bradley Swayne Field, judgment). passed observed "woman center home life," "special responsibilities" precluded Hoyt Florida, 368 57, 62, 159, (1961). views, longer 174 role Danforth undergoing guided guides enables wield veto prospect deters coercion, prevents late, tantamount Danforth. law—those gravest danger. 175 empower reminiscent enforceable advise exercises choices. outweighs uses postfertilization contraceptive. Perhaps engaging causing predicate drinking alcohol smoking. surgery complications organs. justifies justify—a dominion 176 lose marry. female, unmarried, power, employed supposed member confirm D 177 provision. unemancipated (or guardian) consent, authorize establish, guardian, 440, 2497; 643-644, 3048 (plurality opinion). precedents, 179 petitioners reprise general, minors: period, opportunity private, values E 180 facility name entity, subsidiary organization. institutions, becomes public. 181 identifying: required); facility; referring agency; age; had; date abortion; pre-existing complicate applicable, medically necessary; aborted fetus; married, notice. Every quarterly showing trimester. 3207, 3214 events, identity remains 182 80, 2846, "that permissible." relate collection patients vital research, difficult. slight amount. obstacle, us. Subsection (12) of, things, "reason notice" 3214(a)(12). pressing reveal. reason. VI 184 covenant running generations. coherent succession. learn anew embody ideas aspirations ages one. retreat invoke promise, 185 186 affirmed. remanded proceedings severability. 187 ordered. APPENDIX TO OPINION Selected Provisions 1989 Amendments 188 PA.CONS.STAT.ANN. 189 "§ Definitions. 190 191 'Medical emergency.' 192 Informed Consent. 193 "(a) General Rule.—No induced voluntary induced. if: "(1) orally of: 195 "(i) proposed patient material 196 "(ii) probable "(iii) "(2) practitioner, technician worker delegated 199 department publishes offer copy charge 200 benefits department. offered pay rape, omitted. 202 "(3) materials. 203 "(4) writing, paragraphs (1), provided. 204 "(b) Emergency.—Where compels possible, indications supporting "(c) Penalty.—Any violates guilty 'unprofessional conduct' medicine suspension revocation October 1978 (P.L. 1109, 261), known Osteopathic Practice December 20, 112), 1985, successor acts. induces certification subsection (a)(4) obtained offense misdemeanor degree. violating furnish demonstrate, 206 "(d) Limitation Civil Liability.—Any complies civilly 15, 1975 111), Care Malpractice Act." 207 Parental 208 rule.—Except section, emancipated, adjudged incompetent Pa.C.S. 5511 (relating petition hearing; court-appointed physician), unless, age, obtains parents; or, incompetent, guardian. grant child's ward's incest, party incestuous mother. Unavailability guardian.—If died unavailable guardians sufficient. divorced, loco parentis 210 Petition consent.—If elects pleas applicant resides shall, motion, hearing, determines 211 order.—If 212 "(e) Representation proceedings.—The appoint ad litem appointed counsel, counsel wishes knowingly intelligently waived representation counsel." 213 3207. Facilities. 214 215 Reports.—Within chapter, file, update change, department, containing information: 216 Name facility. 217 corporations associations. 218 associations contemporaneous commonality ownership, beneficial directorship officership 219 State-appropriated 12-calendar-month preceding request inspect information. Reports officials, Medicine official duties. assessed fine $500 hereof." 220 3208. Printed Information. 221 Rule.—The English, Spanish Vietnamese, chapter annual basis, materials: 222 Geographically indexed dependent, agencies, comprehensive available, description telephone numbers, contacted, toll-free called obtain, orally, locality caller offer. unlawful damages adoptive 223 Materials anatomical physiological characteristics two-week increments fertilization term, pictures increments, survival; drawings dimensions objective, non-judgmental convey accurate scientific ages. commonly employed, Format.—The typeface legible. 225 Free distribution.—The person, hospital." 226 Notice. 227 required.—In spouse's subsections (c), received notarized, therein punishable 228 Exceptions.—The following: 229 230 diligent effort, located. 231 3128 assault), requisite jurisdiction. infliction individual. 233 Such statements 234 emergency.—The 235 Forms.—The published, (b). distribute supply Commonwealth. 236 Penalty; action.—Any conduct,' caused punitive $5,000, award prevailing plaintiff fee costs." 237 3214. Reporting. 238 rule.—For promotion adding compilation data, prescribed 239 Identification 3211(c)(2) weeks age), 3211(c)(5) service, any. 240 county resides. 241 age. 242 243 "(5) 244 "(6) 245 "(7) Pre-existing any, known, complication itself. 246 "(8) 3211(b)(1). 247 "(9) 248 "(10) Basis existed excused chapter. 249 "(11) 3210(a) age). 250 "(12) given. 251 252 "(f) Report facility.—Every quarter year inspection copying report. submitted enable funds. funds, confidential causes funds." 253 254 disagree. comment areas agreement, explain my disagreement. 255 unquestionably significance kind, justice's merits.1 "part law" decades. 101, 2855, natural sequel (1965). Int'l, 687, 702, 2017, 2025, (1977) result). societal late enormous. integral equality agreement opinion's reaffirmation post-viability Specifically, "[i]f interested preserve 163-164, 732; ante, 257 namely, precedence carefully considered, rejected, 'person' Amendment." 156, 728. analyzing usage "person" "has postnatally." 157, 729. Commenting contingent litem, noted: "Perfection involved, again, birth. whole sense." Accordingly, protection." 730. dissent, 173, 737; ever proposition. organism life."2 governing 258 My Contrary suggestion ____, "contradiction" (although may). when, ever, appropriate, 259 legitimate, secular; theological sectarian 778, 2188, (1986) 563-572, 3080-3085, above, parentis, 260 Identifying interests—which articulate precision—makes instead, indirect humanitarian concerns. citizens reflects unacceptable disrespect intolerable; third-trimester approaching offensive. minimizing offense. broader expanding population,3 believing additional productive citizens—or lives occasional Mozart Curie. comprise counterpoise (1942). neutral abortion: offended "Our heritage rebels men's minds." Georgia, 565, 1243, 1248, 542 (1969). holds women's bodies. highest nature. 598-600 faces importance future—perhaps salvation immortal soul." 781, 2189. traumatic empowering dignity. eloquently demonstrates, conscience. 263 Weighing 'expres[s] childbirth,' "is informed," "States meaning." Ante, Serious arise, "persuade abortion." Decisional inject deliberations best. funding creating espousing virtues family; judgments. 264 theme runs freedom. interjecting sway enhance deliberative quality (1976); reporting, ibid.; pathology reports, Mo., qualification provisions, 150, 725; Conversely, consistently rejected prejudice Bigelow 421 809, 2222, 600 (1975), "requir[ing] delivery 'to 760, 442-449, 2499-2502, Powell's followed ago 3205(a)(2)(i)-(iii) counselor free, 3208 produce disseminate material, 266 3205(a)(1)(i) (iii) sections, effort way. enhance, skew, decisionmaking. 267 3205(a)(1)-(2) raises arguably ways, argued reduce coercion path. wearing 269 Second, thoughtful. appears outmoded decisionmaking well-established maintained skepticism 449, (1990),4 ability. Just undertaking gravity. Reed 404 251, (1971). 270 alternative, presumptively illegitimate. vehemently legality morality thing: lightly—and presume failed adequately differs preference. thoughts conscience, weighed options conclusion.5 271 entitled. denies 272 constitutionality state-imposed character: "undue" justification.6 273 severity onerous, useful purpose. indicated agonized clinic day. wait (what practice) irrational similarly infirm. listen, command appropriate. benefits, child-support payments. 3205(a)(2)(i)-(iii). useless, undergone aware options, option. 3205(a)(1)(ii). value 90% trimester7 relevance nears "philosophic" "social" argument, favoring disfavoring 3205(a)(1)(ii) unnecessary—and —burden 275 opinion,8 join remainder 276 277 ante. 278 Three Serv., appeared poised "cas[t] darkness hopes visions country" 3077 499, 3046 3064 remained flickering flame. Decisions gave hope flame light. 524, fall, bright. 279 underestimate steadfast Webster. anxiously await single vote extinguish 280 Make mistake, courage principle. contrast KENNEDY postponed reconsideration reaffirmed." brief, stages." 281 fervent conclusion. Today reaffirms establishes enter," ____ adopted. Included child.' quoting (1972) "These added). recognizes bear." 282 "[N]o tips." acknowledges question." planning—"an decisions." understands "call[ed] Constitution," "would happened model warning tried branch. 283 requirement, evaluating responds facing issues choice.1 inquires regulation's "purpose viability." reaffirms: irrelevant." Looking group, inquires, testimony, empirical studies, sense, [the restriction] 2830. "A test, process. adopted, observes, "[w]omen family." ____.2 284 Lastly, errs am pleased shown insufficiency confident produced [these are] [they] Today, yesterday, strictest non-de minimis content-based counseling, abortion-related invalidated. 286 1891, "[n]o sacred, guarded commonlaw, possession restraint Pacific Botsford, 250, 1000, 1001, 734 (1891). Throughout childrearing, contraceptive profoundly identity, largely government. correctly 287 ways. compelled continuation infringes intrusions harm. During dramatic wide endure invasions (1985) (invalidating surgical removal bullet murder suspect); (1952) stomach-pumping).3 288 restricts deprives reproduction planning—critical privacy. marriage. 153, 727. motherhood prospects, employment opportunities, self-determination, child" lies cluster choices." implicate gender equality. terminate. restricting pregnancies, conscripts bodies forcing suffer pains instances, compensate services; owe course. assumption—that "natural" motherhood—appears triggered Mississippi Univ. Hogan, 458 718, 724-726, 3331, 3336-3337, 1090 (1982); Craig Boren, 190, 198-199, 451, 457-458, 397 (1976).4 "are Constitution." 290 "strict" scrutiny—that restriction narrowly tailored 485, 1682, 155, 728.5 291 implemented fact," interests: woman" "protecting mother, 'compelling' trimester," mortality rate approaches viability," "presumably capability meaningful womb." tailoring, obligated furthered." Akron, 434, 2495. 292 analytical approved Strict offers secure coercion. agreed approach. administrable, manipulable, 293 Nonetheless, criticisms uttered. attacked key elements text attack Webster: 294 "Were concern, jurisprudence. [T]he 'critical elements' countless doctrines text. mention, 'actual malice' proving libels, York Times Sullivan, 376 254, 710, 686 (1964). mention rational-basis formulations intermediate evaluates simple. tests purport judge-made measuring balancing government." 548, 3072-3073. 295 closely resembles regulatory code Again, 296 "[I]f genuine Are distinctions entailed framework] finer, 'regulatory,' jurisprudence, where, 'release time' program permitting public-school students instruction Establishment release-time Clause? Zorach Clauson, 343 306 [72 679, 954] (1952), Illinois McCollum School Dist. Champaign 333 [68 649] (1948). Sixth overnight attorney-client communication violated Geders 425 [96 1330, 592] (1976), trial judge separated defendant lawyer 15-minute recess defendant's testimony. Perry Leake, 488 [109 594, 624] differentiations regulation." 549-550, 3073-3074. final, genuine, Court—nor Solicitor General, 42—has 729-730. Nor, 2188 298 "legitimate child," enough. overcome compelling. 299 "I convinced, particular, fairly, sensibly, effectively safeguard truths development; threshold objectively from, paramount to, undeniable evolves postnatal form, loses dependence uterine environment, fostering 'quickening'—the feels movement womb—and applicable ample responsible 553-554, 3075-3076.6 ignore 301 "[s]erious arise 'persuade abortion.' judgments." 302 303 sum, disturbed. gained majority, protective accommodates 304 identical down. 305 demonstrated genuinely health-related 65-67, 2839-2840. securing "require 'designed 2178, 443-444, 2499-2500). Rigid imparted patient, improperly 'undesired uncomfortable straitjacket.' 8). Measured unobjectionable compare 3205(a)(1)(i)-(iii) 37, unconvinced insisting counselor. physician-only plaintiff-clinics, patients. trained physicians, spend App. 366a-387a, 307 Sections non-physician biased patient-counseling case: 308 listing problems; names step awkward professional responsibilities. Forcing agent treating imprimatur list. comes close being, seeks, officially structures—as 309 advised poorly disguised discouragement Much ., inappropriate. 'information' rendition cruel destructive physician-patient relationship. experienced knows, theoretical equate fulfillment. dissemination thus, interest." 763, 2180. 310 "This antithesis consent," 764, 2180, goes "That possible peril vaccination, purpose." Ibid.7 excess hours, risks, cost. rural whereabouts. Pet. Cert. pp. 380a-382a (hereinafter App.). inflexible because, furthered interest.8 312 insightfully concludes, obvious slanted improper information—of minds opposes clinic.9 313 3206 Based record, in-person visit 399a. activities adults," "Significant conditioning adult." 74-75, 2843-2844 possibly encouraging involvement minor's interest.10 314 contends 79-81, 2845-2847. tax dollars spent. expenditures 315 identities glance valid, found, protections, discontinued refer reports. 447a-448a. adds pool insofar affirm reverse remand proceedings. 317 last, Gone contentions been) considered. There, page, expected: "We traditional cases." Post, applaud JUSTICE's stunted construe personal-liberty laundry rights, constricted reinforced exclusive rights. He argues visitation privileges adulterous Bowers Hardwick, 478 186, engage homosexual sodomy, "firing gun body." world, adulterers, murderers, so-called "sexual deviates."11 tradition, candidate outcasts. shocking cramped complete omission discussion purely instrumental—for maternal. 320 rise surprisingly simple: "women somewhere, technology, children." characterization allows quickly discard asserting "reproductive Roe." (internal quotations propose 466, (1955); cf. 651-653, 1212-1213, (1972)." weakens insurmountable challenges: 'show [provision] valid.' 514, prove anyone. spousal-notification "hard evidence" "large fraction" prefer situations unreported explains required, pursue as-applied 322 interest—a "deferential, toothless." pressed teeth, prohibition, penalties, "could questions." 49. Perhaps, offered, "arbitrary capricious." If, contends, cloth, capricious" General's "new clothes." 323 "irrational" incest? Is capricious prohibiting sins visited offspring?12 324 But, reassured, praised democracy, founding whims election. liberties. box. 325 worlds apart SCALIA. yet, distance short—the 326 old. forever, down, That, regret, made. 327 THOMAS join, 328 newly-minted variation retains shell beats wholesale entirety. 329 below, "this appeal Roe; prohibition." 682, attention settle confused (1990), O'CONNOR's controlling, narrowest 693-697 (" 'When fragmented rationale enjoys assent judgments grounds' Marks 188, 193, 990, 993, quotation omitted)). Applying 330 arguing crime mother.1 regulates, uncertain, order. Unfortunately undertaken leaves divided beforehand. revised analyze outcome compromise, scrutinize types 331 opined "does 731 companion referred demand." considerably expected. parents. initially proceeding Matheson, 450 398, 407-410, 1164, 1170-1172, (1981). Recently, actually demand two-parent treated harshly. "blanket parent." 2843, (1979), Massachusetts alternatively 3048-3049 opinion); 656-657, 3054-3055 Bellotti, incorporated sufficient, (1983), dictates Bellotti. 439-442, 2497-2499, occasion, parse components. 334 assertion 732, 67. 69-71, 2841-2842. 335 regularly "it desirable decision] consequences." 442-445, 2499-2500. saw consent." information, instead 448-449, forbade delay. 449-451, 2502-2503. 336 leeway second-trimester outpatient clinics, Ashcroft hospitals. 437-439, 2496-2497; 2520. furtherance 'present knowledge,' hospitalization 437, 2496 732). outlaw saline amniocentesis Legislature "failed facts" 77, 2845. 337 subsequently manner. Colautti Franklin, 439 675, 596 390-397, 683-687. viability—ours —as indicator "be gestation factor"—should 389, 682. technique chance survival postviability 397-401, 686-689; 768-769, 2183 regulation). help incorporate exception. 769-771, 2183-2184. fetuses met fate. "insure disposed humane sanitary manner." 2503 338 Dissents 2190 C. ("The departed apparent"); 814, 2206 indiscriminately strikes contravene Roe"). And, divided: 339 uncertainty. Following enunciated warrants scrutiny." 2609-2611, (observing generated guidance, "correction practically impossible" omitted)); 546-547, 1021, 340 "implicit liberty." Palko 325, 149, 152, (1937). Snyder 97, 330, (1934), "principle justice ranked fundamental." 105, 332; 122, 2341, opinion) Snyder). expressions admittedly precise, implementing "fundamental" base classification. 341 construing Amendment, extends restraint. (1925), included send school; teach foreign parochial school. Building marry, (1967); procreate, endorse privacy." "guarantee privacy" encompass terming fundamental, broadly. "involves 2692, (1980). autonomy." 792, 2195 124, 4, 2342, (To look "at assertedly [is] inquiring firing happens discharge body"). inherited England "quickening" commonplace; 1868, then-37 Territories banning Mohr, America (1978). books. middle liberalization trend in. 1868 overwhelming 139-140, 720; 176-177, 2, 738-739, scarcely deeply unrestricted classification think, mistaken abridged withstood concluding, repeat observation (1986): 345 inclined expansive imbedded vulnerable nearest illegitimacy deals design 194, 2846. 346 illustrated "with ours speaking does." Pierce, Meyer, Loving, fundamental. bring holding." Instead claiming interpretation, dicta, rejects scrutiny" "compelling interests." ____; 162-164, 731-732. analyzed years. Black's Law Dictionary abide by, 1406 (6th "central holding" finishes dissecting purporting precedent, revises continues storefront western movie exists: facade illusion reality. frankly expounded authentic kept intact. "Stare universal, inexorable 405, Erroneous uniquely durable, action, amendment, impossible. "depar[t] understanding" 1020; Scott, 437 82, 2187, 2199, (1978) '[I]n [t]he bows lessons reasoning, fruitful sciences, function.' 406-408, 447-448 dissenting))); Smith Allwright, 649, 757, 765, 987 watch cease spoken issue; unsound 642, 1187, Erie Tompkins, 64, 74-78, 817, 820-822, 1188 (1938). 350 discusses factors asserts, toward retaining Two main "factual underpinning" same, foundation same—women incorrect deal rendered. true, outlandish originally 351 faithfully alleged concludes progeny components juncture inception. precedent's sake. Certainly "[c]onsiderations acme." 2610. apparently agrees, cuts back defeats disavowed of" action. 353 unconventional—and unconvincing —notion reliance, surmise "two developments" undercut recognized. undeveloped totally conclusory. sure referring. Surely dubious "places society" higher education compete job market, positions reserved men. 354 end, generalized assertions psyche, accustomed "ordered around" initial culture, casually uproots disposes past, "separate equal" minorities, "freedom contract." (1923); lasted Lochner's However, correcting errors (1954) (rejecting doctrine); (1937) (overruling Hospital, Washington's law). Apparently realizing "legitimacy" "grounded principle," compromises, protest Few quarrel tenure "good behavior," intimidated protests. 356 "resolve[s] cases," "intensely divisive" "surrender[ing] pressure" 2815. novel willingness tolerate opinions. incorrect, away. 357 distinguished subjective divides uncommon divide populace shied away urged Over 2610-2611, (listing 358 picks variety, (discussing supra). odd benchmarks chose stature puts these, category, segments divisive," added protest, know, unique. respond retreating allay protesters, likewise fire. protests alter lawful penalized 359 Taking distinction hand, Lochner, other, withstands improved Hotel, Congress President Franklin Roosevelt's proposal "reorganize" retire. situation intense proclaimed seemingly stubbornly refusing rationale, appearing "overrule fire." 360 agrees damaged dug heels refused learned interim. feebly supported, post hoc rationalization 361 asserts justifiably "most people" contributed economy Great Depression! stable economy; believed, erroneously, 53, 541. discovered dangers extreme laissez faire economics Depression. maximum wages Utah 1896 Holden Hardy, 366, 383, 780 (1898), afterwards. Muller Oregon, 324, (1908); Bunting 426, 435, 830 (1917). sponsors contract" workers, manifested share 1930's advances, speculative. crucial workers fair wage, wage. 362 finally today; fallen disfavor, Hughes Holmes "[t]he 391, 581; ("[A] paternalism organic citizen faire"). paragraph then-current Depression, embraced previously. 363 acted Brown. lauds comparing strange, character. resemble ground. Fortunately, Brown, Plessy. newly inferior another. hardly dissent "puts brand servitude degradation fellow-citizens, equals beforehand, segregation. tied evils segregation; segregation, beneficial. stands, erred. 364 propriety "divisive" Either progression ascertained, poll, say. war invoked. Branch lights Government comport adjunct duty, vagaries task. 365 assuming controversial forgets controversy. refrain oppose criticism, responding demonstrations, marches Congress, dilemma arises assumes, does, speculative perceptions. faithful self-engendered difficulties side. 366 generate conflict. capital demonstrations protesters cause, cement reconsidered. Nearly David Brewer article "many authors, devoid taste, sorts all." Anchor," Albany (1898). advice Strong misguided reconsideration, fetish penalize expression. paeans praise enunciation abortion—the created cloth believe, "simple limitation," last. obstacle" judge's "judges roaming field" 1691 plucked nowhere, engender "particular burden," hold do. 369 forthright admitting heart, wives. quintessentially adopts. discards 370 labors Potemkin Village, pointed passers monument adhering precedent. facade, imported effort. 371 heightened Okla., 1212-1214, mind, examine 3205(a)(1) contemplating material; (ii) 3205(a)(2) alternatives; prenatal, care; support. Appendix, 373 province 2178. Here, seeks attractive appear." 798-799, 2198-2199 374 375 alternatives. performed." 703. "clearly 2501. 445-446, 2500-2501, (required "certainly objectionable"). contend counselor, "may alternatives." 704. disclosure, Here 704-705. disclosed inaccurate; "relevant, accurate, non-inflammatory." 705. presentation "balanced information" 830, 2215 difference, 801, 2200 ostensible maximizing choice"). ones 760-764, 2178-2181. informational review, 517, 802, dissenting)). controlling. 377 feel bound prohibits irreparable own." 2516 378 opt option, Records application, Superior business days. 379 (upholding option); 439-440, 2497 (approving allowing "demonstrate interests"); (1979). 380 dispute wisely." myriad contexts, strive lonely terrified compassionate mature." 91, 2851 ("There child"). upheld. planned located, (4) exempted emphasize 67-72, 2840-2842. Missouri's unconstitutionally exercisable whatsoever intrusive notification, [woman's] 496, (KENNEDY, H.L. 411, 17, 1172, 17. should, however; 712. force, threats. problems. notification. 3209(b) "might conceivable circumstances." Salerno, 481 745, 2095, 2100, 697 (1987). "worst-case" "show valid." do.2 383 does. ones. 2841 ("We unaware deep devoted carrying"); 93, 2852 1113. fate him. participation Judge Alito husbands' problems—such plans, opposition—that obviated 726 (Alito, 384 relationship." 3209(a) society." improve collaborative decisionmaking, fosters Labine Vincent, 401 538, 1017, 1020, (1971) strengthen life" committed legislatures). assert excellent secret. unnecessary, discord have. husband-wife perfect imperfect react selfishly, violently, 103-104, 2857 part) (making statute). harmful feature counterproductive) ordinarily suspect." 800, 2199 weigh effects, presumably balance, irrational. comports 325-326, 2692-2693 ("It policy"). 385 3214(a) existed. 3214(a)(1), (5), (10) 716. 386 3207 address, addresses organizations. 3207(b) 3214(f) Both months. contend, Pa.Stat.Ann., Tit. 65, 66.1, 66.2 (Purdon 1959 Supp.1991-1992). "[w]hen enterprise, supporting." 718. 387 Act's 3209(c) 389 suffer—preeclampsia, prematurely inadequate, profession's uniformly 700-701. Finding wording vacuum," encompassed dangerous petitioners. 390 observe exact approval. 771, 2184 knows medical-emergency so").3 eminently reasonable, poses "significant [her] health," emphasis approval always, do, decide. 392 393 unchanged 3064, wish, abortion-on-demand, permissibility democracy: trying voting. acknowledges, "where other." "assumes liberty," penultimate word. (as case) intrudes sense. Laws bigamy, example—which societies with—intrude marry bigamy specially "protected" simply, sense; both. exalted "concept facts: longstanding proscribed.1Akron 395 destroys proposition, evidently represent "only ratified," 127, says; observes "liberty," disregard specific, "relevant protecting, denying right," fettered preferences. "tempting" authoritativeness "cur[b] judges," rhetoric reality; "tempted" restraints Lord Acton "Power tends purify." temptation opposite direction—towards systematically eliminating checks power; succumbs. 396 Beyond brief swell repetition before; outrageous unanswered. pertain. 398 399 Assuming level philosophical abstraction, "reasoned judgment," arrived (1973). Today's describes methodology accurately, 'important life.' 731). judgment" begging "potentiality 731; 386, 681, 428, 2491, 2520, opponents up conducting "balancing" wrong, potentially human. matter; newborn human, elderly 400 squarely judgment"; followed, exhaustive disregarded, "how face?" Surely, perception," "substance" plain acknowledged eliminated. plainly wrong—even (of course) criteria applied. emptiness displayed brightest determined) dozens briefs destroy rattle off adjectives decorate conceal abort, decisions," choic[e]," autonomy," "originate[s] belief," "too personal" "intimate views" "deep, character," relationships," notions "personal integrity," decisio[n],' omitted).2 (including (1986)) protection—because, criminalized polygamy, suicide, "intimate" "deep[ly] proscribed unquestionable proscribable. predilection. Curtis's timely ago: 402 "[W]hen laws, abandoned, Constitution; men, mean." Dred Scott Sandford, How. 691 (1857) (Curtis, 403 "Liberty doubt." feared encounter august sonorous defending version fabricated shortcomings clarity: Virtually across doubtful origin—is really concedes amorphous inconsistently "test" propounded ____.3 "set application," announces ibid. succeeds endeavor. contrary, clarification manipulable hopelessly unworkable practice. 407 fetus." Ibid.; "substantial," "calculated[,] [not] [but to] ____.4 says. "substantial" "calculated [to] hinder" seems square one: Defining hindrance" obstacle") "clarifies" Consciously game raw "appropriate" legislation. 408 ultimately standardless basis. out, strict-scrutiny decided," 'undue burden' opinion," flatly "our recognized" burden." which] [exercise right,]" forcefully urged, applicability infringe R.A.V. St. Paul, (1992) (slip op., 11); Employment Division, Resources Ore. Smith, 872, 878-882, 1595, 876 dangerous) here: consciously protected. analogy, purchasers books nominal 1¢. suggesting pretends be; foothold ill-gotten territory. otherwise, Roe," 409 rootless 3, repudiate "absolute decision," added); 2214, conspicuously missing unexplained (again explanation) (dissenting opinion), "reasonably relate[s] 2532 internal version, possesses pregnancy," stealthily downgraded "profound" (That done, designating "compelling" been, 420, 2487, 1.) "viability" "arbitrary" dividing decried 2509; ____.5 maintain inventing amend breezily. adopting undue-burden empty phrases pages 2803-2814 guidance. relies extensively repeatedly qualifies risk," "on pertinent "there [this requirement] abortion," 3214, us" pointedly [that fact] obstacle," significantly, "detailed sets length. 411 objection notice.6 remarkable fact-intensive measurable highlight refuting) burden; differ invalidate, seem, "undue"—subject, unconstrained reviewing 412 discern significantly incidence. emphasizes factor "prevent[s] "deters" "deterrence" impermissible success deterrence tolerated. pamphlet describing, illustrations, "deter" women" flowery "potential undervaluing successful. (with evident hope), shown, "express[ing] Reason confusion. 413 "While decisis." 414 415 contrived. insists confess new, keep-what-you-want-and-throw-away-the-rest version. whether, Marbury Madison, Cranch 137, (1803), (like Marbury) pertain jurisdiction saved saved, not) means. confess, thought, lot retains. ungrateful carve core (in sharp utter indeterminability test) urging 'unworkable,' wants holding"—which modified note, saved: 417 759-765, 2178-2181; regime least) doctor, counselors, 2501-2502. 419 demographic data 765-768, 2181-2183. "Where, 422 423 unrecognizable. suggests, nourish elevating infinitely resolve. National politics plagued protests, lobbying, Profound issue—as issues, penalty—but worked level. sentiment balanced whole, state-by-state resolution, stable. Pre-Roe, compromise possible. 424 abortion-on-demand destroyed impossible future, uniformly, consumers proponents opprobrium attached ("If bad?"—not one.) portray statesmanlike "settlement" jurisprudential Peace Westphalia preserving, Orwellian. fanned inflamed obscured smoke selection since. abortion-umpiring business, perpetuation disruption, pax Roeana, "[T]o legitimacy. 426 "To steadfast. [is not] "[The people's] [who law] ideals." 2815-2816. Imperial instructive Nietzschean unelected, life-tenured leading Volk "tested following," "belief themselves" mystically "understanding" "speak[s] ideals"—with modest envisioned lawyers Founders. direction wealth active whatever. Force Will Federalist 393-394 (G. Wills 1982). Or, ecstasy shadow hint alteration courts," ____), humble man: candid irrevocably ceased rulers, resigned eminent tribunal." Lincoln, Inaugural Address (Mar. 1861), reprinted Addresses Presidents S. Doc. 101-10, p. 433 difficult, sit lengthy lecture "constancy," "remain[ing] steadfast," 2815, "principle," passim. purportedly (the standard)—and 727-728.7 worse, three, positions. expects accommodations "as make." "adheres" me, (which talking about), Realpolitik—and with, appalled strongly influenced—against overruling, less—by generated. "subvert legitimacy" error-filled book together history-book, dishonor (1857), widely opposed) abandon, famous "switch time" Deal. (Both resisting Deal "substantive process" praises employs "very Wade." Currie, (footnotes omitted).) 435 firm disapproval frightening. bad idea, traditions, fiddling evolving Ninth "othe[r]" disclaimer, charter "speak ideals" unrestrained tradition—then "great opposition" "under fire" acquires czarist arrogance. marchers descend anniversary requires. following" taught lesson. Cossacks, change—to intimidate 436 "political 2865. Maybe buckling direction. hopeless predicting perception—a campaign managers—the asking questions: Was decided? Has succeeded producing law? no, truth, distressed is—and distress 3065—about Court: marches, mail, (good people, lawless ones, well) engaged ascertaining consensus. profit, distressing phenomenon, permeates opinion: mode predilection intuition. "liberties," inhere Court—not Amendment—which enumeration disparage people"—is, literally boundless additional, unnamed, unhinted—at "rights," definable 438 bothersome twin democracy fools. thought) essentially lawyers' discerning text—the pretty alone. Texts study, convictions about. consists primarily judgments; clarifying ambiguous text, declaring invocations benedictions public-high-school graduation ceremonies, Weisman, if, pronouncement judgments, intelligent attitude towards (ought be) different. school—maybe better. "liberties" are, says, undefined unbounded, ours. hearings deteriorate question-and-answer sessions Senators constituents' favored disfavored nominee's Value on, dictated; accidently plebiscite nominee forward. regards equanimity, solicits 2854-2855. 440 poignant length, epic tone, bringing troublesome era "It dimension" "cal[l] vividly portrait Emanuel Leutze hangs Harvard School: Roger Brooke Taney, painted 1859, 82d 24th Justiceship, Scott. black, sitting shadowed red armchair, pad paper lap, hanging limply, lifelessly, beside inner arm chair. sits viewer, staring straight out. deep-set eyes, sadness disillusionment. looked dwelling happiest thoughts. lustre Justiceship eclipsed soon-to-be-played-out Nation—burning mind. he, "call[ing] death, subjugation—can "speedily settled" James Buchanan inaugural slavery territories be. S.Doc. Quite foreclosing outlet passions arouses, banishing forum participants, losers, satisfaction hearing honest fight, regional differences, prolongs intensifies anguish. get remaining. syllabus prepared Reporter convenience reader. Detroit Lumber 321, 337, 282, 287, 499. perspective. nineteen fifteen presented those, eleven today: Burger, Douglas, Stewart, myself. four—all happen Professor Dworkin issue: curtail persons' population. conflict his. unilateral decrease grants "If trees publishing spite guarantee kill. Once implication, population, arrangement, arrangement competitive women." Dworkin, Unenumerated Rights: Overruled, U.Chi.L.Rev. 381, 400-401 compared immigrate country. Haitians risked perils sea desperate "persons" laws. Humanitarian entry; countervailing entry citizens. immigration size state-mandated immaturity" consenting 35, 2944, 35. activity, misplaced; regulation. Hodgson: "In identification categorically nonresidents borders, Shapiro Thompson, 618, 1322, 1329, (1969), prisoners reside predicated (1967). money, facilities, subsidize adults. 508-511, 3051-3053, 523-524, 3059 allocation substituting Otherwise, nullity. overriding 'obstacles—absolute —in discount SCALIA's comments descriptions J.), crystal illuminating analyzes contours authoritatively Commerce, Census, Statistical Abstract (111th 1991). parental-consent bypass) disagree.1 explain, notes, "forbids health." treatment. treatment, growing commentators Tribe, Law, 15-10, 1353-1359 (2d 1988); Siegel, Reasoning Body: Historical Perspective Regulation Questions Protection, Stan.L.Rev. 350-380 Sunstein, Neutrality (With Special Reference Pornography, Abortion, Surrogacy), Colum.L.Rev. 31-44 MacKinnon, Reflections Sex Equality 1281, 1308-1324 (1991); Rubenfeld, Right Privacy, Harv.L.Rev. 737, 788-791 (similar privacy). absolute. objectives. 2839-2840, 2845-2847, keeping). State." earliest. upheld, examining "information "truthful misleading." it," "mature intimidated, imposed, impelled. "psychological abuse," shock unnerve preclude graphic literature films detailing operation. visual preview remove appendix plays appendectomy, scenes appurtenant constructively "profound her." validating 48-hour 35; Ctr. affirmative court. judicial-bypass cure violation. distinguishable, approval—rather, discourage face-to-face meeting attend hearing. irrational, bypass. Obviously, homosexuality deviance. Bowers, 202-203 2849-2850 SCALIA urges "get area" Putting aside advocates abdication responsibilities, uncharacteristically naive thinks henceforth issues. host meriting Eighth punishment perform, undergo, abortions? interstate travel? Does criminalize advertising German liberalizing womb Judgment February 25, 1975, BVerfGE (translated Jonas Gorby, Decision: Contrast Marshall J.Prac. Proc. 605 (1976)). 1988, Canadian restricted Morgentaler Queen, S.C.R. 30, D.L.R. 4th (1988). operates difficulty. 1323, 1360 focuses Having narrowed focus, notification; injury, assault; unreported, available. prefers 1360. desire constraints concentrates exception). however. helpful desired notify, follows: emergency.'—That grave Pa.Cons.Stat.Ann. suggestion, —an value. 9, 1822, ("In bar, classifications, immunize heavy traditionally race"); enterprise launched teeth con trary —a barring "liberty interest" kill contention, bankruptcy factor. eat starve oneself death. BLACKMUN's parade empty: choices," destiny," conclusory: nature," "difficult [a woman's] future," "traumatic decisio[n]" dignity," "nothing conscience," asserting, to" passing setting unconstitutionality, unconstitutionality. Powell variant nonmajority 3050, 2026, (Powell, (1980), misplaced, refusal fund unsatisfactory who—in less—today devise "permissible" "legitimate" wanderings forsaken wilderness. 463, exacting 'compelling interest' standard"); designed" ends). motive underlies citation (using us"—i.e., —have test). undue, reflecting KENNEDY's "shared premises," inexplicable, former's II; grateful, suppose, former arbitrariness confirmed conclusory "can fairness" Precisely magical currently (though woman) alive creature suddenly (under Constitution) whereas not? infants feed approving nonrecord materials, own. factfinding pertains "subject dispute," Fed.Rule Evid. 201(b), operating "legislative" "adjudicative" Rule 201(a). selectively string-citing science articles, emphasizing findings" "constan[t]" "steadfast" believed. "all minimis" (joint thing obstacle—which

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