Document: 364 U.S. 454 81 S.Ct. 182 5 L.Ed.2d 206 Bruce BOYNTON, Petitioner,v.COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA. No. 7. Argued Oct. 12, 1960. Decided Dec. 5, Mr. Thurgood Marshall, New York City, for petitioner. Walter E. Rogers, Richmond, Va., respondent. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of Court. 1 The basic question presented in this case is whether an interstate bus passenger denied a federal statutory or constitutional right when restaurant terminal used by carrier along its route discriminates serving food to solely because his color. 2 Petitioner, Negro law student, bought Trailways ticket from Washington, D.C., Montgomery, Alabama. He boarded at 8 p.m. which arrived Virginia, about 10:40 When pulled up Richmond 'Trailways Bus Terminal' driver announced forty-minute stopover there. Petitioner got off and went into get something eat. In station he found one part was serve white people Negroes. Disregarding division, petitioner sat down on stool section. A waitress asked him move over other section where there were 'facilities' colored people. told her passenger, refused ordered sandwich tea. then brought Assistant Manager, who 'instructed' 'leave portion advised could be served portion.' Upon petitioner's refusal leave officer called arrested later tried, convicted fined ten dollars Police Justice's Court charge that 'Unlawfully did remain premises Terminal Restaurant Inc. after having been forbidden do so' Manager. (Emphasis supplied.) based § 18—225 Code Virginia 1950, as amended (1958), provides part: 3 'If any person shall without authority go upon lands another, so owner, lessee, custodian lawfully such land, * deemed guilty misdemeanor, conviction thereof punished fine not more than hundred confinement jail exceeding thirty days, both imprisonment.' 4 appealed Hustings where, Court, admitted had remained although so. His defense courts discrimination accommodation passengers. On basis claimed lawfully, 'unlawfully' charged, with, 'without law.' claim effect spelled out motion dismiss warrant overruled before evidence heard. Pointing integral service passengers petitioner, asserting color, charged application violated Interstate Commerce Act Equal Protection, Due Process Clauses Federal Constitution. appeal Supreme held 'plainly right' affirmed opinion, thereby rejecting assignments error same grounds set but specifically charging Act. We think, however, claims previously made under are sufficiently closely related considered within scope issues State granted certiorari serious questions raised concerning 361 958, 80 584, 541. petition we only two questions: first, invalid burden commerce violation Art. I, 8, cl. Constitution; second, violates Protection Fourteenth Amendment. Ordinarily limit our review certiorari. think persuasive reasons, why should decided, if it can, contention courts. Discrimination color core broad us just Under these circumstances appropriate reach proceed once issue. 6 Act, have said, uses language broadest type bar discriminations all kinds. United States v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 333 169, 175, 68 494, 497, 92 L.Ed. 618, cases cited. forbids railroad dining cars discriminate account their Henderson States, 339 816, 70 843, 94 1302; see also Mitchell 313 80, 97, 61 873, 878, 85 1201. 7 Section 216(d) Part II 49 U.S.C. 316(d), U.S.C.A. applies motor carriers, 'It unlawful common vehicle engaged foreign make, give, cause undue unreasonable preference advantage particular respect whatsoever; subject unjust prejudice disadvantage whatsoever *.' 9 So far relevant problem, provisions quoted those 3(1) 3(1), except latter refers railroads defined I instead carriers II. Court's holding supra, 'undue prejudice' divide car curtains, partitions signs order separate according race. said '(w)here available tickets entitling them use it, each equally entitled facilities accordance with reasonable regulations.' Id., page 824, 847. largely rested pointed while might reguired furnish facilities, yet they did, substantial equality treatment persons traveling like conditions consistently 3(1). It relevance upset Commission holdings, stating since 'discrimination shown palpably Act' no room left administrative expert judgment reference practical difficulties. 878. 10 follows matter course buses transit decide supply service, kind here would violate 216(d). Cf. Williams Carolina Coach 111 F.Supp. 329, Cir., 207 F.2d 408, Keys 64 M.C.C. 769. Although has decided result follow similar terminal, doubt reasoning underlying compel decision unlawfulness transportation services against terminals restaurants owned operated controlled carriers. This true expressly 1(3)(a) Act,1 1(3)(a), 203(a)(19) 303(a)(19), includes property definition 'services' 'transportation' apply.2 11 Respondent correctly points out, whatever may facts, record does show company owns actively operates directly controls it. But fact says protections extend 'include' means interpreted exempt duty choose provide through neither own, control nor operate. afforded discriminatory narrowly limited. cannot escape treat shippers alike either own contractual arrangement owner facilities. supra. And here, regard contracts, volunteered make regular transportation, acquiesced cooperated undertaking, must perform prohibited performance stand place obligations. Derrington Plummer, 240 922, 925—926, denied, 353 924, 77 680, 719. below findings fact, shows relationship situation here. 12 manager testified affiliated way Company operation restaurant, 'quite bit business' local people, primarily partly bus. last statement perhaps much understatement, lease agreement executed writing signed Terminal, Inc.,' lessor, 'Bus lessee. first document showed constructing 'bus station' built-in 'for soda fountain, news stand.' covenanted space use; grant exclusive sell foods things usually sold restaurants, newsstands, fountains lunch counters; keep building good repair certain utilities. agreed sale commodities prices 'just reasonable'; installed concession Terminal's permission; discontinue commodity objectionable Terminal; buy, maintain, replace equipment approval quality; alterations additions written consent approval; 'sales operating 'through windows buses'; employees neat clean; pertaining on; 'sell give information schedules, rates matters, refer inquiries proper agents of' Terminal. short, agreed, 'the stands keeping character maintained up-to-date, modern terminal.' 13 All building, grounds, constituted project single purpose, companies certainly Trailways' area designed built structure beginning fill needs 'up-to-date, Whoever technical title immediate details various activities waiting-room seating, furnishing schedule information, sales, geared passengers, even though happen come accommodated. Thus well-coordinated smoothly functioning plan continuous cooperative between stopovers plus occasion utilizing merely sporadic occasional basis. plainly essential necessary, matter, legal complete activities.3 eat, very terms constitute recognition need able conveniently journey undertaking fulfill need. Such paid expect essential4 voluntarily provided rendered case, therefore, restaurant. 'authority law'—the Act—and affirm conviction. 14 Because some arguments necessary say word what deciding. every time stops wholly independent roadside requires supplied harmony operate carrier's circumstances, inquire documents arrangements determine discrimination. 15 reversed remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion. 16 Reversed remanded. 17 WHITTAKER, whom CLARK joins, dissenting. 18 Neither Appeals brief merits challenge ground obtained therefore respectfully submit that, rules decisions, open consideration here.1 properly proceed, proceeded, relied petitioner,2 say, deference, facts trespass 19 For me, decisive involved being proprietor. If right, however arising, and, unless proscribed law, therefor legally adjudged Virginia.3 20 fairly facility 'operated (motor) commerce,' 303(a)(19); agree insist hence, remaining insisting defiance manager's leave, makes 'to discrimination,' 1302. 21 record. As read tending carrier,' indirectly. Instead, evidence, none contradicted, noncarrier alone private enterprise. brief, consisting exhibit (a lease) testimony assistant police petitioner—all, exhibit, contained pages printed usual form terms. By Inc., corporation, demised company, described 'space' lessor's Lessee lunchroom, fountain stand,' term five years December 2, 1953 (with option lessee renew, terms, additional five-year (term), annual rental $30,000 (payable equal monthly installments) 12% lessee's gross receipts excess $275,000 end year).4 22 There interest Nor suggestion operations anything bona fide legitimate business purpose. Indeed, lessor corporation building. truth, name identify 'Trailways.'5 hand, testified, contradiction, '(t)he company,' restaurant.' simply contrary. 23 seems '(r)espondent (that) it.' hold, 'use' 'neither own(ed), control(led) operate(d)' carrier, (the motor) carriers' meaning 203(a) (19) disagree. To rather plain Congress, 203(a)(19), "services' 'transportation" include 'all vehicles together connection therewith,' hardly meant owned, controlled' carrier. Surely results stopping opening front near by' sense. simple, obvious, principle recognized applied pecently November 1955 N.A.A.C.P. St. Louis, S.F.R. 297 I.C.C. 335. There, Railway Company6—itself Act—which leased Union News years, termination party 90 days' notice, restaurant.7 Company's racially segregated said: 24 'Unless lunchrooms can act, regulated unable find us.' 344, 25 concluded: 26 'We further (noncarrier) lunchroom railway constitutes function jurisdiction Commission.' added.) 348. 27 'if (had) undertaking,' bound For, inhibit discriminating account, thus provided. case. shown, traveling, name, 'volunteered passengers' 'as transportation,' proprietor ever 'acquiesced' 'undertaking.' agreement, express implied, undisputed am support conclusion 28 Since explore refrain intimating views subjects. See National Association Advancement Colored People Louis-S.F.R. 335, 347—348, maintains waiting rooms regarded assignment accommodations race implication inherent inferiority unreasonable. 'The chapter by, for, irrespective ownership contract, therewith.' Atchison, Topeka 135 633, 634 635, railroad-owned hotels employees, incident management railroad, accorded commoncarrier classification. utilized absence circumstances. 343—344. Rules 23(1)(c) 40(1)(d)(1), U.S.C.A.; Lawn 355 339, 362, n. 16, 78 311, 324, 321, 3, Amendment part, provides: lease, covenanted, substance, acquire install space, expense, things, including plumbing wiring, reasonably restaurant; pay gas electric current, overhead lights; clean 'in terminal'; coin-controlled machines intoxicants 'any sales (of) station'; 'comply ordinances City laws conduct premises'; take care premises, surrender condition received 'ordinary wear tear excepted.' Obviously recognizing glaring deficiencies counsel Government, amicus curiae, submitted briefs copies Annual Reports Stage Lines, (which probably traveling), Company, occupied restaurant), Corporation purporting doing 1958 1959, copy Report filed year capital stock parts Company. put attention appears, contended court judicial notice documents. §§ 8—264 8—266 Virginia; Commonwealth Castner, 138 Va. 81, 121 S.E. 894; Sisk Town Shenandoah, 200 277, 105 S.E.2d 169; Bell Hagmann, 626, 107 426. light proffered 354, 320, 321; Wolfe North Carolina, 177, 1482, 1650. aid purport jointly railroads—the Fredericksburg Potomac Co. Atlantic Coast Line. evidently Speaking silent racial segregation. powers supervision purpose policing. obligated requirements Department Public Health, lawful governmental context, indicates requirement neat, clean, orderly condition, render liable violations Act.' I.C.C., 343.

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