Document: 479 U.S. 272 107 S.Ct. 683 93 L.Ed.2d 613 CALIFORNIA FEDERAL SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION, et al., Petitionersv.Mark GUERRA, Director, Department of Fair Employment and Housing al. No. 85-494. Argued Oct. 8, 1986. Decided Jan. 13, 1987. Syllabus The California Act in § 12945(b)(2) requires employers to provide leave reinstatement employees disabled by pregnancy. Title VII the Civil Rights 1964, which prohibits employment discrimination on basis sex, as amended Pregnancy Discrimination (PDA), specifies that sex includes A woman employed a receptionist petitioner Federal Savings & Loan Association (Cal Fed) took pregnancy disability 1982, but when she notified Cal Fed was able return work informed her job had been filled there were no similar positions available. She then filed complaint with respondent Housing, charged violating 12945(b)(2). Before hearing held complaint, Fed, joined other petitioners, brought an action District Court, seeking declaration is inconsistent pre-empted injunction against its enforcement. Court granted summary judgment for Appeals reversed. Held: affirmed. 758 F.2d 390, Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion respect Parts I, II, III-B, III-C, IV, concluding not VII, PDA, because it purposes nor does require doing act unlawful under VII. Pp. 284-292. (a) VII's purpose "to achieve equality opportunities remove barriers have operated past favor identifiable group . over employees." Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 424, 429-430, 91 849, 852-853, 28 158. Rather than limiting principles objectives, PDA extends them cover Section also promotes equal opportunity. By requiring reinstate women after reasonable leave, ensures they will lose their jobs account 284-290. (b) prevent from complying both federal law (as construed petitioners reject California's "special treatment" approach forbid employer treat pregnant any differently employees) state law. This case where compliance laws physical impossibility. compel better employees; merely establishes benefits must, at minimum, workers. 290-292. MARSHALL, BRENNAN, BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, concluded Part III-A §§ 708 1104 1964 severely limit pre-emptive effect leaving fair before enacted. 280-284. STEVENS that, holding necessary reach question whether applies or only provision governing scope. 292-293, n. 1. SCALIA whose pre-emption need be considered unless permits outlawed PDA. Because permit interpretation pre-empted. Accordingly unnecessary decide how should interpreted. 295-296. J., announced STEVENS, JJ., joined, III-A, joined. concurring part judgment, post, p. 292 SCALIA, 295. WHITE, dissenting opinion, REHNQUIST, C.J., POWELL, 297. Theodore B. Olson, Washington, D.C., petitioners. Marian M. Johnston, San Francisco, Cal., respondents. Court. 1 presented 1978, pre-empts statute 2 * (FEHA), Cal.Gov't Code Ann. 12900 seq. (West 1980 Supp.1986), comprehensive housing. In September FEHA proscribe certain forms See Cal.Labor 1420.35, 1978 Cal.Stats., ch. 1321, 1, pp. 4320-4322 Supp.1979), now codified 1980).1 Subdivision (b)(2)—the issue here—is portion subject 12945(e).2 It these female unpaid up four months. Respondent Commission, agency authorized interpret FEHA,3 has employee returning such previously held, longer available due business necessity. latter case, must make reasonable, good-faith effort place substantially job.4 paid employees. Accordingly, benefit workers actually derive qualified right reinstatement. 3 42 U.S.C. 2000e seq., various discrimination, including sex. However, General Electric Co. Gilbert, 429 125, 97 401, 50 343 (1976), this ruled VII.5 response Gilbert decision, Congress passed 2000e(k). pregnancy.6 II 4 Petitioner federally chartered savings loan association based Los Angeles; covered facially neutral policy who completed three months service take leaves absence variety reasons, Although Fed's try taking position upon returning, expressly reserves terminate taken if 5 Lillian Garland several years. January leave. When April year, issued administrative accusation behalf.7 FEHA. Prior scheduled Merchants Manufacturers Chamber Commerce,8 United States Central California. They sought enforcement section.9 petitioners' motion judgment. 33 EPD ¶ 34,227, 32781, 34 FEP Cases 562 (1984). Citing Newport News Shipbuilding Dry Dock EEOC, 462 669, 103 2622, 77 89 (1983),10 court stated "California comply are reverse suits temporarily males do receive same treatment ." Cases, 568. On basis, policies preferential pregnancy, childbirth, related medical conditions null, void, invalid inoperative Supremacy Clause Constitution." Ibid.11 6 Ninth Circuit 390 (1985). "the district court's conclusion section discriminates men defies common sense, misinterprets law, flouts PDA." Id., 393 (footnote omitted). Based own reading News, found "demand blind pregnancy's existence." F.2d, 395. enacting intended construct floor beneath may drop—not ceiling above rise." 396. furthers goal opportunity women, concluded: "Title preempt guarantees number days, neither with, under, VII." Ibid. 7 We certiorari, 474 1049, 106 783, 88 762 (1986), we affirm. III A. 8 determining therefore Constitution, our sole task ascertain intent Congress. Shaw Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 85, 95, 2890, 2898, 490 (1983); Malone White Motor Corp., 435 497, 504, 98 1185, 1189, 55 443 (1978). supersede different ways. First, acting within constitutional limits, empowered pre-empt so stating express terms. E.g., Jones Rath Packing 430 519, 525, 1305, 1309, 51 604 (1977). Second, congressional particular area inferred scheme regulation sufficiently inference "left room" supplementary regulation. Rice Santa Fe Elevator 331 218, 230, 67 1146, 1152, L.Ed. 1447 (1947). Neither bases exists case. explicitly disclaimed categorically "occupy field" 2000e-7 2000h-4. 9 As third alternative, those areas completely displaced regulation, nonetheless extent conflicts Such conflict occurs either "compliance regulations impossibility," Florida Lime Avocado Growers, Inc. Paul, 373 132, 142-143, 83 1210, 1217, 10 248 (1963), stands "as obstacle accomplishment execution full objectives Congress." Hines Davidowitz, 312 52, 67, 61 399, 404, 85 581 (1941). Michigan Canners Freezers Assn., Agricultural Marketing Bargaining Bd., 467 461, 478, 104 2518, 2527, 81 399 (1984); Fidelity Assn. De la Cuesta, 458 141, 156, 102 3014, 3024, 73 664 (1982). Nevertheless, lightly presumed. Maryland Louisiana, 451 725, 746, 101 2114, 2128, 68 576 (1981). two sections Act, 1104, indicated provides: 11 "Nothing title shall deemed exempt relieve person liability, duty, penalty, punishment provided present future State political subdivision State, purports would practice title." 78 Stat. 262, 2000e-7. 12 XI, applicable all titles following standard pre-emption: 13 contained indicating occupy field operates exclusion matter, invalidating thereof." 268, 14 infer substantive provisions VII; "reliable indicium authority" regulate practice. supra, 505, S.Ct., 1190. 15 Sections effect. Instead pre-empting laws, " 'simply left enactment VII.' U.S., 103, 24 2903, (quoting Pervel Industries, Connecticut Comm'n Human Opportunities, 468 F.Supp. 490, 493 (Conn.1978), affirmance order, 603 214 (CA2 1979), cert. denied, 444 1031, 100 701, 62 667 (1980)). Similarly, primarily "assert intention preserve existing civil rights laws." 110 Cong.Rec. 2788 (1964) (remarks Rep. Meader). H.R.Rep. 914, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., 59 U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 2355 (additional views Meader).12 narrow scope preemption reflects importance attached antidiscrimination achieving generally 101-102, 2902; Kremer Chemical Construction 456 468-469, 472, 477, 1883, 1890-1891, 1892, 1895, 72 262 (1982); New York Gaslight Club, Carey, 447 54, 63-65, 2024, 2030-2031, 64 723 (1980).13 legislative history supports provisions,14 supra.15 16 order violate statute, determine workers, regardless generally. B 17 Petitioners argue language itself unambiguously rejects thus rendering resort unnecessary. contend second clause forbids '[t]he ultimate touchstone' inquiry, 1189 Retail Clerks Schermerhorn, 375 96, 84 219, 222, 179 (1963)), however, examine PDA's background historical context. "[i]t 'familiar rule, thing letter yet spirit, makers.' Steelworkers Weber, 193, 201, 99 2721, 2726, 480 (1979) Church Holy Trinity States, 143 457, 459, 511, 512, 36 226 (1892)). Train Colorado Public Interest Research Group, 426 10, 96 1938, 1942, 48 434 (1976); American Trucking Assns., 310 534, 543-544, 60 1059, 1063-1064, 1345 (1940). 18 well established reaction Court's decision (1976). "When expressed disapproval reasoning decision." 678, 2628. adding definition prohibited first Congress' Gilbert. 678-679, 17, 2628, (citing history). imposing limitation remedial believe overrule illustrate remedied. Cf. 14, ("The meaning limited specific clause, explains application general principle employees"); see id., 688, 2633 (REHNQUIST, dissenting).16 limitations,17 agree Appeals' "a 19 context view extensive evidence particularly health insurance programs like challenged Nashville Gas Satty, 136, 347, 54 356 (1977).18 Reports, debates, hearings abundantly clear relief working end workers.19 contrast thorough devoid discussion pregnancy,20 beyond acknowledgments existence statutes providing treatment. infra page. Opposition came concerned cost disability-benefit plans bill abortion,21 favored special accommodation 20 support argument practices amici cite statements extend already For example, House Report explained proposed legislation "does manner. H.R. 6075 way institution new none currently exist."22 references construction statute. contrary, prohibit treatment, height understatement say conduct. hardly conceivable extensively discussed fact 21 find significant aware apparently did consider debates Reports bill, repeatedly acknowledged pregnancy.23 Two mentioned required workers.24 After citing failed evince requisite "clear manifest purpose" them. Pacific Energy Resources Conservation Development Comm'n, 461 190, 206, 1713, 1723, 75 752 (1983). To Senate suggest continue PDA.25 22 share goal. 158 (1971). Hishon King Spalding, 69, 75, 7, 2229, 2234, Franks Bowman Transportation 424 747, 763, 1251, 1263, 47 Alexander Gardner-Denver 415 36, 44, 94 1011, 1017, 39 147 (1974); McDonnell Douglas Corp. Green, 411 792, 800, 1817, 1823, 668 (1973). pregnancy.26 Senator Williams, sponsor stated: "The entire thrust behind guarantee basic participate fully equally workforce, without denying fundamental participation family life." 123 29658 23 disability.27 consistent JUSTICE BRENNAN adopted Referring Lau Nichols, 414 563, 786, (1974), VI "[D]iscrimination social phenomenon encased and, therefore, unavoidably takes desired products relevant enactment, demand consideration uniqueness 'disadvantaged' individuals. realistic understanding today's labor environment warrants into fashioning policies." 159, 419 25 "taking account," disability-leave allows men, families losing jobs. 26 emphasize nature provides. narrowly drawn period actual conditions. unlike protective prevalent earlier century,28 reflect archaic stereotypical notions about abilities assumptions would, course, See, e.g., Angeles Dept. Water Manhart, 702, 709, 1370, 1375, 657 (1978); Phillips Martin Marietta 400 542, 545, 496, 498, 27 (1971) (MARSHALL, concurring). C Moreover, even agreed VII.29 construe it) "inevitable collision between schemes regulation." 143, 1217.30 Employers free give comparable employees, thereby treating "women affected pregnancy" "other persons ability inability work." Indeed, oral argument, conceded "is theoretically possible." Tr. Oral Arg. 6. "extension" inappropriate indication what Legislature intended. cases declined rewrite underinclusive Equal Protection Clause. Wengler Druggists Mutual Insurance 446 142, 152-153, 1540, 1546, (1980); Caban Mohammed, 441 380, 392-393, 1760, 1768, 297 (1979). beside point. Extension option exercised once invalid.31 Califano Westcott, 76, 89, 2655, 2663, 382 Welsh 398 333, 361, 90 1792, 1807, 308 (1970) (Harlan, result)). IV 29 Thus, facial challenge fails. VII.32 30 Affirmed. 31 32 (PDA) exist vacuum. WHITE recognizes his dissent, intend "put class VII," "did mark departure principles." Post, 298-299. But realization lead me WHITE's position; rather, I posture compels rejection mandates complete neutrality beneficial pregnancy.1 (1979), rejected disadvantaged classes enacted protect. plain words led contrary result, read statute's purposes.2 well, seems mandate cannot, ignore definitional prohibition gender-based discrimination. Had Weber interpreted neutrality, well. since draw distinction members protected preference class, accept proposition absolute neutrality. conclude MARSHALL's view, holds some more is. say, automatically PDA.3 Rather, parts permissible long "accomplish[ing] designed achieve." 204, 2727.4 That characterized 35 me, Court,5 Appeals,6 meets test. affording protection suffering somewhat disabilities. 37 2000h-4, described majority provisions, precisely antipre-emption prescribing nothing (in 708) 1104) met. exceptions set forth ban ("inconsisten[cy] thereof") broader single exception ban. Disability expansive applies. If precludes Cal.Govt.Code 1980), inquire so. 38 narrows "purpor[t] practice" Title. discriminatorily favorable cannot pre-empted, remotely purport refusal accord mandated others similarly situated. No needed ignores antipre-emptive 708, but, proceeding generalized analysis, decides necessary. Its essentially follows: requirements (Part III-B); besides, here III-C). parity can issue, facts us it. There proper occasions alternative holdings, one alternatives eliminate jurisdictional predicate other—though situation appropriate lower courts arrow runs risk being later adjudged missed mark. where, here, entirely jurisdiction 40 am convenient prematurely. never suggested, advisory opinions doctrine convenience. affirm ground virtue 41 whom THE CHIEF POWELL join, dissenting. disagree 1980) 92 2076, 2000e(k), 703(a) 255, 2000e-2(a), terms race, color, religion, national origin. gave added sex: 43 'because sex' 'on [in Title] include, to, childbirth conditions; treated employment-related purposes, receipt fringe programs, work. 44 quoted could clearer: "shall purposes" nonpregnant situated room avoid misapplying Ante, 285. addresses directly implicated spouses male explanatory illustrative significance. indicate way, mean exactly says implicated. 45 Contrary every disability. An complies denies face, square out saved limits commit unfair practice.1 46 nevertheless save grounds. disabilities; instead, less favorable, command casts doubt mandate. materials reveal put "floor ceiling" approach. clearly "By defining include incidents sui generis, regard functional comparability Under focus condition alone effects Pregnant permitted accorded rights, privileges benefits, working."2 49 stressed principles: "It emphasized legislation, operating discriminatory Therefore, manner hiring, permitting working, sick furnishing hospital matter. exist. simply work."3 correctly reports focused against, rather of, direct reference Brooke during debate: "I most strongly S. 995 provides women. demanded, asked, benefits. asked fairness, men."4 Given wide-spread probable Members seriously possibility someone want afford parties argued vigorously implications urged conviction enables children opposition represents resurgence 19th-century perpetuated sex-role stereotypes impeded efforts rightful workplace. Muller Oregon, 208 412, 421-423, 324, 326-327, 52 551 (1908); Bradwell Illinois, Wall. 130, 442 (1872) (Bradley, resolve dispute. Our silence fairly abrogate history, mention guiding acknowledgment inference. 287-288. Report.5 reported six Alaska, Connecticut, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Columbia specifically included laws. additional Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, York, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconsin, interpreted, agency, Finally, five California, Hawaii, Jersey, Rhode Island, temporary private partial wage replacement noted, whereas complications disabilities, Island maximum coverage associated normal childbirth. apart Montana statutes, relies, statutes. anything considered, pre-emption, costs. significance coverage" "many obligation Passage little economic impact employers."6 53 Nor side carefully endorsed provisions. noted "25 presently childbirth," Williams debate list pregnancy-related analysis provisions.7 Javits' legislatures, unqualified endorsement 287, 23. Later, pressed Hatch caused eight weeks, Javits hesitation expressing disagreement statute.8 Passing recognition content insufficient my override equal-treatment mandate, history. second, strange, still PDA: adopt specified time untenable. surely prefer went further. force dramatic increase impose significantly greater burden employers. province Legislature. (1979); Craig Boren, 210, 24, 451, 463, 397 applying tandem it, matter text speak burdens recognized majority, plans. 286. concerns "in exist."9 assurance.10 addition, legislator institute program effect.11 level wished—or all—as factor allocating conjunction implement minimum programs. Reading together fashion yields result disavowed. sum, Government Code, authorize forbidden VII.12 provides, part: bona fide occupational qualification: "(b) refuse allow "(2) time; provided, exceed Reasonable means "An pursuant notice date commence estimated duration leave." Originally, reverse, employers, rule At time, school districts discriminating former Cal. Labor 1420.2 (1977), Gov't 12943 1980). version 12945 imposed requirement opposition, measure changed form. Aware pending Congress, legislature section: "In event enacts amending act, except paragraph (2) inapplicable Stats., 4, 4322. rendered (b)(2), applied subsequently (e), section, (b), 1964." 12935(a)(1) 12935(h) enforcing 12930. stipulated Commission's reproduced App. 47. Matter Accusation Travel Express, Case 80-81 A7-0992s N18709 83-17 (Aug. 1983) (precedential Commission construing 12945(b)(2)). otherwise plan Relying Geduldig Aiello, 417 484, 2485, 256 upheld Fourteenth Amendment challenge, removing compensable disabilities 133-136, 406-408. further "[a]s proof package worth impossible scheme. 138, 409. Three dissented. 146, 413 (opinion J.); 160, 420 J.). Justices employer's discriminated giving categories protection. 143-146, 352-353, relied uphold sick-leave excluded subsection (k) Subsection work, 703(h) otherwise." approval dissenters nn. 15-17 (1983) reinstated November seven trade numerous throughout Commerce many businesses. Both organizations Fed's. Petitioners' alleged 514(a) Employee Retirement Income Security (ERISA), 1144(a). ERISA claim dismissed prejudice. 9-10, 2. evaluated conditions, compensation, terms, violation 703(a)(1) [the PDA] makes favorably Thus petitioner's unlawfully gives married dependents inclusive dependency 684, 2631. entered moved intervene Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 24(a)(2). denied grounds: untimeliness, lack "direct substantial" interest litigation, inadequate representation interests defendants. Her appeal intervention consolidated merits. unreported affirmed denial intervention; seek review here. Representative Meader, sponsors precursor amendment (1964), he feared "wholly validity aimed discrimination." Admin. 2428 His "except positive reconciled consistently stand together." Rec. 2787 (1964). ultimately substitute offered Mathias objection Meader. 2789. substitution altered 1104. local practice, 706(c) deferral until officials remedy alleged." 2000e-5(d). S.Rep. 95-331, 3, (1977) (state prohibiting "[s]ince VII"), Legislative History (1980) (Committee Print prepared Committee Resources) (hereinafter Leg. Hist.); 29643 Sen. Williams) create conflict" pre-empted). 100-104, 2901-2903, proscribed equate two. Several commentators way. Note, Equality Yale L.J. 929, 937 (1985); Sexual Colum.L.Rev. 690, 696, generalizations needs abilities. infra, 290. Basis Pregnancy, 1977, Hearings Subcommittee Resources, 95th 31-33 (statement Vice Chairman, Opportunity Ethel Bent Walsh); 113-117 Wendy W. Williams); 117-121 Susan Deller Ross); 307-310 Bella Abzug). Legislation Prohibit Sex 5055 Opportunities Education Labor, Sess. 8144 Bayh) (legislation "will workers"); 124 21440 (1978) Chisholm) (bill "affords percent Nation's degree security fear reprisal bear children"); 21442 Tsongas) "would unrealistic system forces choose career—clearly function bias law"); 36818 Javits) (the "bill fairness 38574 Sarasin) (Subcommittee "learned instances learned hardships families"). statement Brooke, 300, indicates Senator's 29, infra. Hist. (discussing objections), 4749, 4765; H.R.Conf.Rep. 95-1786, 3-4 (1978), Leg.Hist. 196-197 (application abortion). 95-948, 150, 4752. 41; 7540 10582 Hawkins); 29387 Javits); 29664 Brooke). Javits), ("[S]everal legislatures chosen address problem mandating types employees"). 40; 10-11, 156-157; 29648 (list disabilities); 29662 Williams). Conn.Gen.Stat. 31-126(g) 46a-60(a)(7) Mont.Rev.Codes 41-2602 (Smith Supp.1977), Mont. 49-2-310 49-2-311 (1986). "(g) (ii) grant [a pregnant] resulting (iii) Upon signifying return, original equivalent pay accumulated seniority, retirement, credits unless, employer, circumstances unreasonable so." 1977 virtually identical. recodified current statutory compilations, unchanged. Mass.Gen.Laws 149, 149:105D (1985) (providing weeks maternity leave). dissent suggests disregarded, understood "these treatment." 301. willing impute ignorance Where cited think assume states: "Since ., enforce enacted." 40. "Proponents Supreme erroneously reestablish prior 679, authoritatively "insure affected." Proposed Regulation, 49. Brown, Freedman, H. Katz, Price, Women's Law 209-210 context, invalidated grounds exclude 'protect' gender presumed suffer inherent handicap innately inferior." Mississippi University Women Hogan, 718, 3331, 3336, 1090 assert Of certainly term "permit" expansively suggest, incorporate prohibit. sanction silent each regulatory legislation. accordingly, exempted portions guaranteeing recognize invalid, look nullify arguing extension 302-303, prerequisite invalidity. disparate "require permit" whether, suggests, 2000e-7, Even applies, preempted Since assumes join section. do, remainder opinion. choice disposing through interpreting XI does, substance obviating question, construction. inherently narrower other. value having conflicting though correct decided reaching issue. striking similarity regarding points ante, 284; although, anything, equivocal records replete indications bar 285-286; 201-204, 2726-2727. Third, persuasive ramifications 204. 2727. histories stressing undermine indeed 286; 204-206, 2727-2728. presents limitations whatsoever "floor" "not Appeals, 285, "preferential" 694. subjected test "whether 'Title prophylactic "equality opportunities." ' 396 EEOC Puget Sound Log Scaling Grading Bureau, 1389, 1392 (CA9 1985) turn quoting 429, 852, (1971))). occasion explore exact line demarcation impermissible factors are, exemplary, necessarily define outer attempt effectuate goals 693-694. preventing forecloses respondents' Whatever remedies victims impact, ordered 41), ---- (Leg.Hist.). 150 (emphasis added), theme debates. Chairman follows introduction Senate: central key protect range adversely status force." 29385 62-63. 135. 156-157. 11, 157 original), 4759. 91. 29654-29655 108-110. 41. 7541 Brooke) ("[T]he introduced compulsory coverage"); Cong.Rec., 8145, ("Under companies voluntarily offer affected"); 10582, Hawkins) ("[A]n childbirth"); 29386, ("[T]his begin provided"); 29388, 71 Kennedy) ("This plans; policies"); 29663, 131 Cranston) ("[S]ince among all, costs child birth"); 133 Culver) today coverage"). "purports know like. 290, 29.

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