Document: 472 U.S. 115 105 S.Ct. 2520 86 L.Ed.2d 81 Charles M. ATKINS, Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department Public Welfare, Petitionerv.Gill PARKER et al. Gill PARKER, al., Petitioners v. John R. BLOCK, Secretary, Agriculture, Nos. 83-1660, 83-6381. Argued Nov. 27, 1984. Decided June 4, 1985. Syllabus In 1981, Congress amended Food Stamp Act to reduce from 20 percent 18 earned-income disregard used in computing eligibility for food stamps. Thereafter, Welfare (Department) mailed a notice all food-stamp recipients State with earned income advising them that reduction might result either or termination their benefits, they had right request hearing, and benefits would be reinstated if hearing was requested within 10 days notice. No. 83-6381 (hereafter petitioners), notice, brought class action Federal District Court, alleging inadequate seeking injunctive relief. After court issued temporary injunction, sent second similar but somewhat more extensive than first also attacked adequacy this The again ruled petitioners' favor held violated Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment. Court Appeals agreed. Held: 1. complied statute regulations. relevant language 7 U.S.C. § 2020(e)(10) which does not itself mandate any at merely assumes by household aggrieved state agency's will preceded "individual agency action"—cannot fairly construed as command give general change law. legislative history suggest intended eliminate distinction between requiring advance an "adverse action" based on particular facts individual case absence requirement "mass change" And question applicable regulation notices adverse when are reduced terminated change." Pp. 123-127. 2. did violate Clause. 127-131. (a) Even it is assumed mass increased risk erroneous reductions assumption support claim inadequate. plainly informed each opportunity fair have its benefit level frozen requested. 217-128. (b) This concern procedural fairness determinations, rather involves legislatively mandated substantive scope entire program. component impose constitutional limitation Congress' power make such change. A welfare recipient deprived due process adjusts levels; provides due. Here, participants program no greater law other voters. Because direct statutory amendment, basis challenging procedure caused receive different, less valuable property interest after amendment became effective. As matter law, there can doubt concerning sufficiency describing effect terms. 128-131. 722 F.2d 933 (CA 1 1983), reversed. Samuel A. Alito, Washington, D.C., Block, Ellen L. Janos, Boston, Mass., Atkins. Steven Hitov, New Rochelle, N.Y., Parker, Justice STEVENS delivered opinion Court. November, December written over 16,000 recent federal benefits. purport explain precise impact recipient. presents whether regulation, Unlike Appeals, we conclude violation. 2 attempt "permit low-income households obtain nutritious diet through normal channels trade,"1 created federally subsidized Secretary Agriculture prescribes standards stamps,2 agencies authorized determinations distribute stamps eligible households, may use purchase approved, retail stores.3 household, amount foodstamp allotment, several factors, including size income.4 Certifications expire periodically renewed applications submitted households.5 3 Prior provided household's should deducted, disregarded, eligibility.6 purpose maintain recipients' incentive earn report income. 1981 deduction percent.7 That extremely low income, varying amounts, complete families whose placed close border ineligibility.8 4 On September regulations providing implementation directing States provide recipients.9 directive indicated form comply dealing so-called changes,"10 actions."11 5 brief, ambiguously dated been lowered printed card, English one side Spanish other. stated "if you disagree action," notice.12 6 10, petitioners commenced behalf received They alleged moved restraining order. 16, certifying action, commenting "notice deficient failed date determine time could appeal," enjoined reducing terminating notice.13 Department, compliance Court's order, supplemental month 16,640 members. It then out versions, 26, part: 8 " * IMPORTANT NOTICE—READ CAREFULLY 9 "RECENT CHANGES IN THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM HAVE BEEN MADE ACCORDANCE WITH FEDERAL LAW. UNDER THIS LAW, EARNED INCOME DEDUCTION FOR BENEFITS HAS LOWERED FROM TO PERCENT. REDUCTION MEANS THAT HIGHER PORTION OF YOUR HOUSEHOLD'S WILL BE COUNTED DETERMINING ELIGIBILITY AND BENEFIT AMOUNT STAMPS. AS RESULT CHANGE, EITHER REDUCED IF YOU REMAIN ELIGIBLE OR TERMINATED. (FOOD MANUAL CITATION: 106 CMR:364.400). "YOUR RIGHT FAIR HEARING: "YOU REQUEST HEARING DISAGREE ACTION. ARE REQUESTING HEARING, REINSTATED . QUESTIONS CONCERNING CORRECTNESS COMPUTATION PROCESS, CONTACT LOCAL WELFARE OFFICE. MAY FILE AN APPEAL AT ANY TIME FEEL NOT RECEIVING CORRECT STAMPS."14 11 filed complaint attacking preliminary injunction. October 1982, consolidated motion trial merits favor. found significant error administration program, particularly disregard, failure adequate error. essence, concluded defective because advise information necessary enable calculate correct change; tell were being terminated; reading format made difficult comprehend.15 Based premise statutorily deprivation subject full protection Amendment,16 violated.17 12 remedy, ordered "to return forthwith every plaintiff stamp lost taken pursuant notice" January 1, reason unrelated file recertified.18 future contain various data, old new issue regulations, approval, governing notices.19 13 United First Circuit agreed holding, belief "intended constitutionally satisfy requirement," thus affirmed holding "the requirements CFR 273.12(e)(2)(ii)." Foggs 933, 939-940 (1983).20 held, however, erred ordering reinstatement specifying notices.21 14 sought review Appeals' modification cross-petitioned writ certiorari liability. We granted both petition cross-petition, invited Solicitor General participate argument. 467 1250, 104 3532, 82 838 (1984). lawful, therefore occasion discuss remedy presents. need decide violation regulations,22 consider issue. 15 only reference contained 2020(e), outlines plan operation. Subsection (10) section must grant prompt determination, agency. proviso subsection states "which timely requests receiving benefits" shall continue same until completed.23 16 given, indicate element fair-hearing requirement. Thus, whenever entitled appropriate read imposing hearing. requirement, incidental notice", terms "agency terminating" Therefore, seems unlikely contemplated hearings affected 17 sheds light meaning. originally enacted 1964, See 78 Stat. 703-709. 1971, response decision Goldberg Kelly, 397 254, 90 1011, 25 287 (1970), include provision,24 1977, present form.25 1977 contains description then-existing promulgated 1971 drew case, hand, change," other.26 suggestion distinction; contrary, expressly recognized during period leading enactment regulatory regarding lack change.27 Read against background, law.28 Nor find concluding Title 273.12(e)(2)(ii) (1984) provides: 19 "(ii) required public assistance grant. However, send inform If continued former appealed improperly computed." reflects familiar statement results surely implies computations cases. two imposed occurs are: (1) "individual" (2) "inform separate mandated. Since word "change" refers regulation.29 II 21 sufficient under amendment's specific entitlement before implemented argue individualized calculation order avoid termination. 22 record indicates members reasons: percent; inadvertent errors calculating These errors, necessarily change, attributable variety factors occur large program.30 For example, named petitioners, presumably representative class, see Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 23(a), None identified resulting disregard. But even actual testimony representatives indicates, member who contacted his her frozen, loss occurred. Department's procedures unintended mistake. To Constitution detailed put miscellaneous confine our attention 23 Food-stamp like "are persons qualified them." Id., 262, S.Ct., 1017 (footnote omitted). Such entitlements appropriately treated "property" protected Clause; accordingly, employed determining commands Constitution. 262-263, 1017-1018.31 24 determinations. Rather, must, course, limitations Congress, constraint. plenary define duration increase, decrease, terminate those appraisal relative importance needs resources available fund "impose changes benefits." Richardson Belcher, 404 78, 81, 92 257, 30 231 (1971). congressional lower gave many 1982 1981. indefinitely level, phrase another way, maintenance entitlement. Before effective, existing qualify legislature's substitute later date. frequently noted: "[A] legislature levels. [T]he determination due."32 26 change—in level—than voters.33 do defect process. consequence 27 better consequences without merit. All citizens presumptively charged knowledge see, e.g., North Laramie Land Co. Hoffman, 268 276, 283, 45 491, 494, 69 L.Ed. 953 (1925). Arguably presumption overcome cases allow "grace period" become obligations it. Texaco, Inc. Short, 454 516, 532, 102 781, 793, 70 738 (1982). grace addition, person given substance amendment.34 28 Surely presume important allotment inquiry fully understood. structure democratic government rests citizen capable informing himself about policies affect destiny. contend insufficient reject premise.35 29 judgment so ordered. BRENNAN, whom MARSHALL joins Part I, dissenting. 31 When telling "reduced terminated" which. App. 5. recipient's case. declared unlawful well "because [they] amount, compute change."1 agreed, finding "constitutionally deficient" "failed inform." 940 (CA1 1983). today reverses, computations" statute, Ante,at 126. I interpretation three authorities. Accordingly, dissent. 32 (1985) requires "when [s]tate change."2 implementing notices" regulation. 46 Fed.Reg. 44722 (1981). Both courts below vague fulfill F.2d, 940; Pet.App. 98. Although apparently has never administratively defined,3 believe logic evident function administrative scheme inclusion precisely sort 33 First, sentence immediately followed requirement: 34 "If [after notice], (emphasis added). 35 quotes language, ante, 126, ignores apparent, cannot possibly good faith, let alone demonstrate, "improperly computed" he receives tells him nothing computation benefit.4 Moreover, exercise discretion requestor rationally specify appeal grounds.5 Unless final provision rendered effectively meaningless, minimum data surmise, least, miscalculated. these cases.6 36 careful examination suggests mean containing some information. Secretary's that, "[p]rior benefits," "in detail reasons proposed action." 271.1(n) (1972) exception changes" 1974, option "general changes, "mailed recipients," 39 25996 (1974), pervasive publicity.7 met 1978, subdivided address different types changes. 43 47915-47916 (1978). (e)(1) paralleled 1974 permitting certain adjustments publicity, households," notice." (e)(2) new, change."8 difference households" defined directed (e)(2), thereby opposed "general" 37 contrary indication, construction conclusion things. Crawford Burke, 195 176, 190, 9, 12, 49 147 (1904); Dickerson, Interpretation Application Statutes 224-225 (1975). clear lie informational content, versus "individual," households.9 "General letter identical content number households; contrast, going imply particularized, content. 38 Finally, argues require "surely implies" forgo well. Ante, No implication logically required, however. fails understand technical term art describe special type besides action."10 Thus distinguished noting contain: "Although changes[,] propose informs continuation rights appeals action. advised adjust budgets accordingly." 18896 (1978).11 40 Nothing said Indeed, stating budgets, plain contrary: notified imagine how otherwise one's budget "accordingly."12 41 far tell, contemporaneous consistent issue; indeed, all. function, itself, logical drawn comprehends data.13 Conscious questions raised, affirm ground alone.14 42 agree section, 2020(e)(10), computations." goes beyond permits legislated parties concede broader discussion unnecessary decision. cause needless confusion administrators alike. 703, amended, §§ 2011-2029, supervised, administered largely States.15 levels, mandated, agencies. Section acts, "for granting thereafter operation ." further mandates prior pending "any acknowledges, "presupposes existence Reply Brief Respondent 11. "does all," 125-126, true formalistic sense words used. presupposition sent, expressed agencies, legal straightforward command. 44 action"—mass individual—appears statute's demonstrates intended. controlling House Report explained where claimant "aggrieved" "whether denial application negative H.R.Rep. 95-464, p. 285 (1977). went recite understanding "negative actions" normally cases,16 practice 1977. "notices always changes." 271.1(n)(2) (3) aware of, presumed absent indication contrary. Haig Agee, 453 280, 297-298, 101 2766, 2776-2777, 640 (1981).17 Aside history, distorted legislation. Notice is, "an requirement" 124, allows Cf. Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee McGrath, 341 123, 171-172, 71 624, 648-649, 95 817 (1951) (Frankfurter, J., concurring) ("No instrument devised arriving truth jeopardy serious notice"). view little levels implemented: "Hearings would, claims factual calculation." 289 added).18 Similarly, course "a sole fact relating case," 2020(e)(10). 286 very statements, demonstrate was, among things, miscalculation benefits.19 remarks. guidelines winnowing simply makes predicate accepts view, "whenever hearing." 124. clear, guarantee rightfully miscalculation. Yet concludes "command law." generally regard (1982), implement "reduc[tion] terminat[ion] implicated context. 47 unambiguous prevent resolved. exercises caseworker discretion, likely implemented, acknowledges. 127 ("[E]rrors program"). Timely surmise made; invokes determines correct. massively case-by-case alters sensible scheme, operating By terminations law," finds supported since 2020(e)(10)'s today. suggestion, offered result, disrupt appears work smoothly help. III 48 entitlement, calculated whatever formula provided. alter process, pretermits constitutes unconstitutional property. Logan Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 422, 432-433, 1148, 1155-1156, 265 Arguing premises, "advance 130. recipients, contended legislation,20 intend proposition here. "It sheer impracticality implausible expect apprise citizenry applicability." supra, U.S., 550, 803 (BRENNAN, dissenting) original). 50 Instead, involve agents, administer programs across country. Owing unique having resulted households. 127; infra, 151, n. 27. cognizable proper interests agency, passage legislation case.21 51 focusing primarily "red herring" notice-of-legislative-change issue, avoids explicit multifactored interest-balancing test applied precedents. basic arguments, dismissing "inadvertent errors" involved; "put side." At 127, 128. here sufficed "adequately protect" know told appeal. 130-131. 52 My consideration arguments unchallenged facts. although mentioned officials knew substantial entry backlog computerized system meant files inaccurate recipients. 85-89 (testimony Systems Director); id., 214 Deputy Director system); 938-939; Pet. 77-80. took erroneously terminated. While foreknowledge difference, presence sharpens analysis. 53 Second, charge computer systems testified contradiction "not problem" generate already computers, programming few hours." 224; 80-84, 217-227. finding, unquestioned today, "without causing delay" "real hardship" Department. 74-75, 94. 54 my offhand fogged unspoken conceptual identifying claimed traditional arising Clause, governmental identify: possesses set government's does, not, deprive Where "new" entitlements—are involved, claimants correctly determined preordained amount. while tangible implicates specified effects error, per se, deprivation. 55 Keeping point mind, readily apparent encompassed, indeed premised upon, "inadvertent" State. Mathews Eldridge, 424 319, 96 893, (1976), Memphis Light, Gas & Water Division Craft, 436 98 1554, 56 (1978), name examples, involved decisionmaking operate faith yet foreseeable, albeit unintentional, error.22 Properly applied, govern decisions property, utility service statutes valid continuation. Administrative often error—that deprivation—is foreseeable cases, interposed ensure correctness insofar feasible.23 primary minimize decisions," Mackey Montrym, 443 13, 99 2612, 2618, 61 321 (1979). Consequently, "preceded Mullane Central Hanover Bank Trust 339 306, 313, 652, 656, 94 865 (1950) added).24 Goldberg, 267, 1020, "timely detailing reasons" "challenged resting incorrect misleading premises misapplication rules cases." 268, 1020. 57 novel ill-considered side" concededly interests. heart visiting claimants, development "new property" jurisprudence past years represents hollow victory. inevitably bureaucracy administers obligation implements benefits—that deprivations property—are effected law.25 B 58 ignored, turn central inquiry: what practicalities peculiarities case"? 314, 657. Experience balanced required: private affected, challenged, protective value proposed, interests, "fiscal burdens" procedures. 434, 1156; 334-335, 902-903. "content timing claims. Goss Lopez, 419 565, 579, 729, 738, 725 characterized "competing," Cleveland Board Education Loudermill, 470 542, 1487, 1494, 84 494 (1985), countervailing 59 Importance Interest. overstated. Designed "[t]o alleviate hunger malnutrition" poverty nutritionally diet," Pub.L. 91-671, 2, 2048, definition unable afford minimally own. An break therefore, literally "of means live." 264, 1018.26 60 Risk Error. likelihood substantial. 939; 88-95. challenge evaluation, amply record. trial.27 severe computers fall undetermined figures.28 mathematical theoretically simple, performance carried high proof trial, instead argued ministerial pre-existing files. above, implementation, challenged throughout. stands unrefuted. 62 3. Value Additional Procedures. Adequate components. 1562; Mullane, serve discrete purposes: evaluate accuracy propriety contest it; ensures error-correction examined, adequately "procedure protesting." 15, 1563; 63 converse subtle vital completely Department.29 included single impending benefits: "either terminated." defendant lawsuit, bears repeating, changed recipients.30 "Central evaluation nature inquiry." Mathews, 343, 907. uncomplicated: current recipient, figure? obvious simple determinations31 enabled "choose acquiesce contest," 657, filing benefit-preserving appeal.32 64 ultimately brushes aside had, "citizens asserting "[s]urely [a form] understood." 130, 131. reasoning wholly unpersuasive. am unwilling "[t]he government," 131, comprehend arcane intricacies 350 pages Code Regulations voluminous manuals administer. polity minimal protections poor. 65 flatly rejected argument poor protect themselves dissent homeowner complain bill." 1569 (STEVENS, dissenting). ruled, "skeletal customers education, experience resources," uninterrupted continuity [utility service] essential health safety." 14-15, 1563, 15. 349, 909 ("[P]rocedures [must be] tailored 'the capacities circumstances heard' ") (citation 45% completed school. 127. "informed clearly." 66 Additionally, reveals reliance "appropriate inquiry" misplaced. call local office "questions [their] computation." Putting "benefits computation," plaintiffs uniformly workers called unaware 131 (Zades), 139 (Parker), 149 (Johnson). With help forthcoming 10-day virtually explanation enabling intelligently 67 countenance rejection alternatives "adequate" ad hoc sense, additional cost government. discusses neither context nor burden, any, 68 4. Governmental Interests. four transform into individuals cases: [their benefits] [and] 100. files, programmed print effort.33 questioned "neither burdensome procedure," 75-76, notices, accomplished delay. 74, 75. record, burden Department.34 IV unconvincing, dictum unfortunate. most troubled casual ignored provides. too plagues designed aid poor.35 well-meaning mistakes prevented inexpensively entirely outside compass convenience comes expense least able confront bureaucracy. respectfully MARSHALL, share BRENNAN's contemplates "adjust budgets" according fail purpose. Given disposes reach issues addressed join 2011. 2014. 2013(a), 2020(a). 2012(c), 2014(f), 2015(c). 2014(e) (1976 ed., Supp. II). 360, 2014(e). Government "advised exceed $6 four-member remained 7. located; source "advice." begin last (absent waiver). Ibid. portion 273.12(e) "(e) Mass Certain initiated caseload portions caseload. standards, shelter dependent care deductions, Thrifty Plan, standard deduction; annual seasonal Social Security, SSI, periodic AFDC GA payments; criteria actions. "(2) (ii) actions, 273.13 "(a) Use certification period, shall, except paragraph taken." "(b) Exemptions Individual when: "(1) initiates described 273.12(e)." Cert. pp. 44-A. 45; 45-A. 46. Each card mail hearing; placing telephone asking person. 48. wrote: "The exact taken, There mention reduced. finally, lacked made. made, increased." 90-A. 91. concluded: (1970). interest, due." 86. App.Pet. 98; comport 273.13(a) 98, multilingual requirements, 104-A. 105. 101. 102-104. disagreed (1985). 940. 941. Escambia County, Florida McMillan, 466 48, 51, 1577, 1579, 80 (per curiam ) ("normally upon dispose case"); Ashwander TVA, 297 288, 347, 466, 483, 688 (1936) (Brandeis, concurring). provides, "(10) affects participation overissuance: Provided, terminates, whichever earlier. 2051; 285-286 (1977), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 1704; 2019(e)(8) ed.) (state agency"). 91 972. 285-289 (summarizing hearings). ("The bill retain intact encourage enforce excellent instructions subject. massive why adversely affected. Hearings calculation. overseen non-mass contexts rights"). instituted affecting, items, criteria, 271.1(n)(2)(i) (1975), "publicize possibility news media [food allotment] cards offices." 271.1(n)(3); (1974). true, argue, possession feasible particularized served Commonwealth's minimizing correcting predictable What judges common sound policy, administration, providing, request, ongoing access materials file. 272.1(c)(2) Further, requested, 273.15(i)(1). 273.15(p)(1). 50-A. (Cecelia Johnson), (Gill Parker), (Stephanie Zades), 55-A. (Madeline Jones). hypothesis, anticipate; reason, 332, 901, "Procedural imposes constraints 'liberty' 'property' meaning Fifth inapplicable Security disability He recognizes, implicit decisions, 80-81, 256-257, (1971); Perales, 402 389, 401-402, 1420, 1427, 842 Flemming Nestor, 363 603, 611, 1367, 1372, 1435 (1960), receipt Amendment." 1156, (1982); Railroad Retirement Fritz, 449 166, 174, 453, 459, 368 (1980); Hisquierdo Hisquierdo, 439 572, 575, 802, 805, (1979); 608-611, 1371-1372, (1960). Bi-Metallic Investment Bd. Equalization, 239 441, 445, 141, 142, 372 (1915) ("Where rule conduct applies people impracticable voice adoption. acts done town meeting assembly whole. passed individuals, sometimes ruin, giving chance heard. Their way complex society, power, immediate remote, rule"). position espoused merit BRENNAN "As practical matter, unfair irrational transformed rational invoking maxim presumption. survive scrutiny us laws relies evidence accommodation applied." 544, 800. us, weak computed earlier This, circumstances, heard denied. Order, 81-0365-F, (Mass., Mar. 24, 1982), reprinted 100 (hereinafter App.). full: "A authorities ever advanced litigation. opening brief argument, independent 'mass change' regulations" left open remand. 44, 38. presented reply filed. developed pendente lite, canon deference interpretations Jewett Commissioner, 305, 318, 1082, 1090, 170 Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Assn. Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. 463 29, 50, 103 2856, 2870, 77 (1983) ("[C]ourts accept appellate counsel's post rationalizations action"); Citizens Preserve Overton Park, Volpe, 401 402, 814, 826, 136 (1971) (opinion Black, J.) (rejecting "too-late formulations, coming General's office"). noted, "[t]hese appeal, enough right." 939 Similar delegations authority elsewhere likewise ruling 273.15(k)(1) ("When contested misapplied misinterpreted agency"); 271.7(f) ("State hold unless incorrectly misinterpreted"). Apart emphasizes "[y]ou relatively 273.15(k)(2)(ii) and, perhaps, 271.7(f), "right" disagreement Perhaps intends limit approval permitted vague. Otherwise, appear prohibit omitting still uninformative approved "When action] ., publicize ATP 271.1(n)(3) provisions stated: allotments, standards. media; posters offices, issuance locations, sites frequented certified households..... household," proves nothing. acted easily understandable [t]he action; possible, contact information; availability benefits; liability overissuances awaiting organization free representation, service." 273.13(a)(2) day clearly 18931 unlike right. extent ("adverse" "mass") action[s]" Ibid., misapprehends "familiar individual, label. "action"—a benefits—is exactly same. contain. go unnoted just concept silently appeared 1978 now disappeared explanation. 44712, 44726 (1981) (proposing 273.12(12)(e)); ironic murmur, majority reincarnates label notice," approving 83-6381, questioning vacation relief, considered 123. say exceeded remedial discretion. 2020(d) directs "State submit approval" "plan manner [the stamp] conducted political subdivision." directly "responsible [each] State." 271.4(a) "Each usually ten take effect." 2221; accord, S.Conf.Rep. 95-418, 197 (1977) (adopting household's] benefits"). "background," allegedly "distinction 125 supplied). existed, notes, 28. practice, previously policy-based identify, constrains err allowing doubtful ambiguous Carleson Yee-Litt, 412 924, 93 2753, 152 (1973) (summarily aff'g Yee-Litt Richardson, 353 F.Supp. 996 (ND Cal.)). "it unobjectionable, bearing cut off. See, Respondents Parker 47, ("This decrease benefits]." "[T]he seek admittedly cases"); 9; Record, Amended Supplemental Complaint ¶ (Jan. 6, 1982). analyzed "self-executing," Texaco "essential" distinguish "self-executing feature[s] [a] statute" actions subsequently 533, 794. examined mineral unused automatically revert surface owner "statement claim" 518, 786. Appellants taking "their 20-year nonuse expire." upholding repeatedly emphasized "self-executing" character, carefully noted finally appellants' interests: undisputed entered quiet title conclusively reverted, provided." 534, 794 supplied); 535, 795 judicial proceeding lapse estate occur, self-executing feature of" law); 537, 796 (distinguishing precedents proper"). acknowledged statute. feasibly asserts persons, [it] circumstance compelled so." errors," describes unintentionally, expected. acknowledges known "occur program." 18, 1564 ("[T]he deprivation, insubstantial") indicating stale characterization charitable one. footnote, "[b]y mistake." 128, 30. recognition programs, anticipate foreseeability undisputed. Petitioner 60-61. assertion "could mistake," misguided. se Department's, certainly calculated, given. Only miscalculations "unintended mistakes." impossible, possible identify effect. One indisputably prove invoked; probability shown. Regents Roth, 408 564, 577, 2701, 2709, 548 (requiring "legitimate entitlement") added); Fuentes Shevin, 407 67, 86, 1983, 1997, 556 ("Fourteenth Amendment's interpreted safeguard ownership") Roller Holly, 176 398, 409, 410, 413, 520 (1900) ("That man liberty axiom citation weight"); Baldwin Hale, Wall. 223, 233, 531 (1864) ("Parties heard; enjoy notified"). "would detected" occurred, "with corrective payments all." 25-26. contends committed unknown it, detected Vargas Trainor, 508 485, 490 (CA7 1974), cert. denied, 420 1008 notably occurred detected, check properly recipient," 941, suggested ibid., appropriate. More importantly, postdeprivation correction irrelevant 340, 905, (1976) (postdeprivation predeprivation evidentiary required); ("some pretermination hearing" required). paraphrase 20, 1566, "[a]lthough restored ultimately, cessation [benefits] appreciable works uniquely deprivation," precede Census statistics median $6,000 1982. Bureau Census, Characteristics Households Persons Receiving Selected Noncash Benefits: 1984 threshold $8,280 family $10,610 four." Ways Means, Children Poverty, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., 196 (Comm.Print 1985). 905 ("[W]elfare margin subsistence"). random sample one-third showed 585 listed nevertheless Of these, 211 experienced 81-82. "amendment income," 118, wrong Massachusetts. Data 9,000 system. 78. Over two-thirds entries scheduled processed not" [affected] disregard." 79. held. rationale recognize: ("reduced terminated," 5), supra. encourages adds costs administration. conclusion. party theory unconstitutional. hold, ran solely wrote challenge. evaluating preventing focus conceded (implementation "required recalculation "[t]his, determinations." 35. part administrators. analytical justification apply potential "incorrect cases" exists. Cal.1973). reports weeks 37. here, 5; 273.15(k)(1), 273.13(a)(1) reimbursement "as soon feasible" prevailing 273.15(r)(2) generated list 80. evidence, unsurprising stated, Commonwealth [did] conservation scarce fiscal resources." 92-93. Philadelphia Rights Organization O'Bannon, 525 1055, 1060 (ED Pa.1981) (administrative "negligible"). "operat[e] client visits phone calls clarification, appeals, up caseworkers tasks." 76-77; 95-96 (expert throws "administrative chaos"). rejects enter analysis once kind 335, 903; 317, 658 (considering "practical difficulties costs" notice). Hearing Children, Youth, Families Northeast Select Youth Families, 98th (1983); HEW Efforts Reduce Errors Programs (AFDC SSI) Subcommittee Oversight 94th 2d Sess. (1976).

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