Document: 389 U.S. 143 88 S.Ct. 325 19 L.Ed.2d 347 H. Samuel HACKINv.ARIZONA et al. No. 523. Supreme Court of the United States October Term, 1967. November 13, 1967 PER CURIAM. 1 The motion to dispense with printing jurisdictional statement is granted. dismiss granted and appeal dismissed for want a substantial federal question. 2 Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, dissenting. 3 Appellant, who not licensed attorney, appeared in state court habeas corpus proceeding on behalf an indigent prisoner. prisoner was being held extradition Oklahoma, where he had been convicted murder escaped from custody. Appellant previously attempted secure appointed counsel argue prisoner's contention that his Oklahoma conviction invalid due denial certain constitutional rights. But Arizona has no right at proceedings1 (e. g., Palmer v. State, 99 Ariz. 93, 407 P.2d 64) including proceedings are part process (Applications Oppenheimer, 95 292, 696). Unable obtain indigent, appellant chose represent him himself misdemeanor violation statute providing 'No person shall practice law this unless active member bar good standing. * *' (Hackin 102 218, 427 910, quoting Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 32-261, subsec. A. 4 contends suffers overbreadth vagueness unconstitutional its face because it interferes rights destitute ignorant—those cannot acquire services counsel—to redress under wrongs done them. He also alleges as applied here, acted only after exhaustive efforts counsel. stranger law. graduated unaccredited school but refused admission Bar. See Hackin Lockwood, 361 F.2d 499 (C.A.9th Cir.), cert. denied, 385 960, 87 396, 17 305. 5 claim deters constitutionally protected activity frivolous. Whether guise protecting citizens legal quacks charlatans, can make criminals those who, faith personal profit, assist assert their question should answer. 6 Rights by First Amendment include advocacy petition grievances (NAACP Button, 371 415, 429, 83 328, 9 405; Edwards South Carolina, 372 229, 235, 680, 697), Fourteenth ensures equal justice poor both criminal civil actions (see Williams Shaffer, 1037, 772, 683 (dissenting opinion)). millions Americans ignorant—and often members minority groups—these meaningless. They helpless without assistance. suffer discrimination housing employment, victimized shady consumer sales practices, evicted homes whim landlord, denied welfare payments, endure domestic strife hope remedies divorce, maintenance, or child custody decrees.2 7 If true protection laws be realized, must able assistance when Today, goal goal. Outside area covered our decisions Gideon Wainwright, 335, 792, 799, Douglas People State California, 353, 814, 811, seldom available indigent. As recognized, there dearth lawyers willing, voluntarily, take unprofitable unpopular causes. NAACP U.S., 443, 328. Johnson Avery, 252 F.Supp. 783, 784 (D.C.M.D.Tenn.). 8 Some States, aware acute shortage help have utilized abilities qualified students advise indigents even them limited circumstances.3 sanctioned law, student advocate may subjected penalty broadly drafted statutes prohibiting unauthorized There emerging, particularly ghetto areas cities, type organization styled bring new brand These groups, funded Office Economic Opportunity, characteristically establish neighborhood offices come attempt comprehensive integrated scale, using lawyers, social workers, health professions, other nonlawyer aides.4 flexible approaches giving aid recognize problems indigents—although which attorney traditionally consulted—are too immense solved solely bar. supply lawyer manpower nearby large enough.5 necessary involvement lay persons these programs threatens success. Lay recently cited New York's Appellate Division one ground denying application proposed corporate aid-to-in-digent program York City. Matter Community Action Legal Services, 26 A.D.2d 354, 274 N.Y.S.2d 779; contra, In re Common Pleas Philadelphia County, 4968, March 1966 (decided May 10, 1967).6 10 so-called 'legal' problem unidentified strand complex economic, psychological, psychiatric problems. Identification times expert. 'lay' perform function mark path leads board, principal, agency, Veterans Administration, police review urban renewal agency.7 neither solicits nor obtains fee services, why free act? Full-fledged representation battle before agency requires professional skills laymen lack; therefore client suffers, perhaps grievously, if represented lawyer. intermediate zone local pastor, worker, best friend8 commonly operates, room accommodation? Dean Charles E. Ares said: 11 '* [T]he structure profession middle class assumptions. We assume sit quietly office awaiting knock door discovered found way lawyer's office. [T]his assumption valid great mass people live poverty States. ways changed open exiting interesting prospects.' Poverty, Civil Liberties, Rights: A Symposium, 41 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 346 (1966). 12 Moreover, what need, much grants, they get into trouble confront crisis. This means 'political leadership' 'minority poor.' Id., 351. Lawyers will play role movement; so laymen. line marks layman step except peril clear. I am sure properly drawn below could apparently served fee. 13 connotes magic does possess—as example, commitment procedure Texas, where, report, 66 seconds given case, usually knowing earning nice passive participation. Weihofen, Mental Health Service Poor, 54 Calif.L.Rev. 920, 938-939 goal, need barred here? 14 Broadly phrased unauthorized-practice-of-law such issue here many activities regularly workers obtaining solve problems.9 Such would tend deter experienced recipients other, less articulate, departments.10 15 Court's decision supra, Brotherhood Railroad Trainmen Virginia ex rel. Bar, 377 1, 84 1113, 89, indicate, provisions regulating permitted act obstacles courts agencies redress. Yet broad sweep provision now appear potential 'freeze out' imaginative attempts realize justice, merely participate.11 Cf. 436, we said threat sanctions forcefully imposition sanctions. 433, circumstances, 'the prevail upon showing subordinating interest compelling.' Bates City Little Rock, 516, 524, 80 412, 480. Certainly strong preventing legally untrained shysters pose attorneys milking public pecuniary gain. 441, arguable whether policy support prohibition against charitable nonlawyers poor. Opinion Justices Senate, 289 Mass. 607, 615, 194 N.E. 313, 317-318. It well until all achieved, harmed well-meaning, On contrary, majority indigents, fortunate offices, achieving time. 16 sum, find questions posed timely troublesome; standing raise indigent's justice. 428, 328; Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 481, 85 1678, 510. Since very nature inequity suffered precludes asserting court, steps up speak rights? 786. Barrows Jackson, 249, 257, 73 1031, 97 L.Ed. 1586. Accordingly, hear appeal. Appellant's seem result Arizona's restrictive reading 799. Bost, Ariz.App. 431, 409 590, inapplicable were ministerial rather than judicial nature. expressed doubt pigeonholing categories felony, misdemeanor, corpus, etc., proper develop full scope rule. DeJoseph 982, 526, Winters Beck, 907, 207, 137 opinions MR. JUSTICE STEWART). Had approached light selecting between labels 'ministeral' 'judicial,' might concluded position whom aided entitled Gideon. 1040, opinion); County (No. 1966; decided 1967). Pye, Role Services Antipoverty Program, 31 Law & Contemp.Prob. 211, 216-217 (1966): 'The man lack education status, matters dispute high principal over dismissal child, assertion complaint building code landlord circumstances better educated citizen himself.' For discussion varied assistance, see Symposium 319 seq. (1966); Dorsen, ed., 328 Cahn Cahn, War Poverty: Civilian Perspective, Yale L.J. 1317 (1964); McCalpin, Revolution Practice?, Clev.Mar.L.Rev. 203 Carlin Howard, Representation Class Justice, U.C.L.R.L.Rev. (1965); Sparer, Thorkelson Weiss, Advocate, 43 U.Det.L.J. 493 Levi, Problems Relating Real Property, National Conference Poverty Proceedings Dunham, Consumer Credit Poor—Legal Assistance Aid Reform, id., 9; Polier, Involving Family Child, 14. See, e. Society Albany, 27 687, 277 632; Cornell Clinic, 790, 273 444; Monaghan, Gideon's Army: Student Soldiers, 45 B.U.L.Rev. 445 Broden, Schools OEO's Notre Dame 898 Cleary, Students Criminal Practice, DePaul L.Rev. Note, Wayne 519 generally n. 2, 1334-1352; 432-436; Rosenblum, Controlling Bureaucracy 187, 208 Ethical Raised Neighborhood Office, Law. 961 Paulsen, 77 (1965). O. Guidelines Programs states expected component community action run, part, representatives labor, business, religion, (P. 5.) Residents depressed participate directly program. 10.) board policy-making committee provide just body agency.' 11.) 'Whenever possible, least representative each neighborhoods population served.' 12.) staff utilize talents schools (p. 24) 'may trained field work' 29) plus 'interviewers, investigators, students, aides, personnel disciplines.' 31.) What Price Justice: Perspective Revisited, 927 'Finally, respect manpower, created artifical refusing learn medical professions technicians, nonprofessionals lawyer-aides—manpower roles carry out functions as: informal advocate, technician, counsellor, sympathetic listener, investigator, researcher, form writer, etc.' 934.) '[T]he possibility advancing cause through increasing fact finding, adjudication arbitration, sacrificed priori fear abuse.' 951.) Ginsberg Shiffman, Manpower Training Combating 159 Zimroth, Group Constitution, 76 966, 968 (1967), reports involving survived challenges Houston, Modesto, California. Frankel, Experiments Serving Indigent, 69, 75-76 (1965): '[W]e certainly constructively idea regarded business permanently regarded. needs somehow pretty clearly enormous. Among kinds narrow, specialized, routinized. Matters related housing, workmen's compensation, few name. [W]e create technicians handle, lawyers' supervision, some thus far seemed us exclusively province think important creative trying really needed.' 77, 81 'Services undoubtedly call advice lawyers. time costly. Not every thrown arrangements skill costly law-trained person. can, perhaps, expect creation centers operated unlike Britain's Citizen's Advice Bureaus.' proceedings, next friend applying writ ancient fully accepted.' Bryant F. 915, 916 (C.A.2d Cir.). rests premise '[w]ithout instances becomes empty meaningless.' next-friend doctrine recognized common effect most jurisdictions today, either decision. Collins Traeger, 842, 843 Cir.); Ex parte Dostal, 243 664, 668 (D.C.N.D.Ohio); Deeb Fabisinski, 111 Fla. 454, 461, 152 So. 209; Nowack, Mich. 544, 549, 265 N.W. 459, 461; Nahl Delmore, 49 Wash.2d 318, 301 161; 28 U.S.C. 2242. An provides made detained 'or behalf. 13-2002. precluded prosecution writing filing Ariz., 219, P.2d, 911. authorize matter court. 220, 912. 'Social already required substantially courtroom. making initial determination applicant's eligibility, worker complete financial statement. 'Every question, nearly statement, When advises, discusses answers, likely advice.' private advises applicant apply, how answer rejected advice. argues applicant, representation. goes hearing surely engaging advocacy.' 499-500. McRae Linde, Emerging Joint Venture: Social Workers, 48 J.Am.Jud.Soc. 231 4, 208. 507. attack themselves defend locally causes, Washington Post, Sept. 20, 1967, A, col. reporting Louisiana 'unauthorized practice.'

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