Document: 414 U.S. 156 94 S.Ct. 407 38 L.Ed.2d 379 NORTH DAKOTA STATE BOARD OF PHARMACY, Petitioner,v.SNYDER'S DRUG STORES, INC. No. 72—1176. Argued Nov. 6, 1973. Decided Dec. 5, Syllabus The North Dakota Supreme Court, relying on Liggett Co. v. Baldridge, 278 105, 49 57, 73 L.Ed. 204, held unconstitutional a state statute, under which respondent had been denied pharmacy operating permit, requiring that an applicant for such permit be 'a registered pharmacist in good standing,' or corporation association, the majority stock is owned by pharmacists standing, actively and regularly employed responsible management, supervision, operation of pharmacy.' court remanded case so petitioner Board could conduct administrative hearing 'sans constitutional issue,' respondent's alleged failure to meet certain structural safety standards also rested its denial. Held: 1. This Court does not lack jurisdiction review State Court's judgment, 'final' within meaning 28 U.S.C. § 1257, it apparent how would able preserve issue now ready adjudication without defying Court. Pp. 159—164. 2. statutory requirements permitting do violate Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment. In enacting challenged legislation was well authority 'to legislate against what (it) found injurious practices (its) internal commercial business affairs,' Lincoln Federal Labor Union Northwestern Iron Metal Co., 335 525, 536, 69 251, 257, 93 212, this will substitute own judgment feels reasonable necessary protect interests public. supra, overruled. 164 167. 202 N.W.2d 140, reversed remanded. A. William Lucas, Bismarck, N.D., petitioner. Mart R. Vogel, Fargo, respondent. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered opinion 1 passed statute1 requires operate standing' 2 Petitioner Snyder's Drug Stores, Inc., because did comply with stock-ownership appearing all common Red Owl Stores being shown if any shareholders were standing Dakota. On apprepeal district court, summary granted Snyder's. appeal Dakota, held2 statute reason our decision 1928 204. That involved Pennsylvania required 100% pharmacists. however, only But difference take out from both statutes control having license hands management pharmacy. therefore case, 'an application, sans issue, pursuant Administrative Agencies Practice Act,' 145 (Italics added). 3 here petition certiorari we granted, 411 947, 1926, 36 408. 4 * We are met at outset suggestion 1257 restricts decisions.3 5 finality requirement limits judgments, serves several ends: (1) avoids piecemeal decisions; (2) giving advisory opinions cases where there may no real 'case' 'controversy' sense Art. III; (3) determinations federal issues leave minimum intrusion affairs. 6 Frankfurter, writing Radio Station WOW Johnson, 326 120, 124, 65 1475, 1478, 89 2092, summarized Congress appeals courts as decisions judgments 'final': 7 'This has support considerations generally applicable judicial administration. It mischief economic waste delayed justice. Only very few situations, intermediate rulings carry serious public consequences, departure appellate jurisdiction. prerequisite derives added force when invoked upset court. Here realm potential conflict between two different governments. And so, ever since 1789, power intervene litigation after 'the highest suit had' rendered 'final decree.' 237 Judicial Code, 344(a). one those technicalities easily scorned. important factor smooth working system.' 8 But, he pointed out, concept 'finality' 'penumbral area.' Ibid. Speaking Nebraska's ruling legality radio issued Communications Commission reviewed even though yet determined final accounting. He stated: 'Of course, remaining raise other questions later come . allow offend decisive objection fragmentary reviews.' Id., 127, 1480. 9 Mills Alabama, 384 214, 86 1434, 16 484, constitutionality effect making crime newspaper editor election day urge people vote submitted. act Constitution trial. argued purposes 1257. noted point surface plausibility, true literally end case.' U.S., 217, S.Ct., 1436. 'final,' Act reality have defense. Since conviction seemed likely, concluded deny stage 'result completely unnecessary time energy systems already troubled delays due congested dockets.' 217—218, 10 Hudson Distributors, Inc. Eli Lilly & 377 386, 84 1273, 12 394, question merits whether setting retail prices consonant law. Constitutions further proceedings. reliance Curry Langdeau4 fact proceedings render 'nonfinal unappealable 1257.' 389 n. 4, 1276. 11 exceptions noted5 long lineage dating back Chief Taney's Forgay Conrad, How. 201, 404, interlocutory decree litigant deliver up property claims,' accounting made. 205. Unless order deemed Taney 'right little value him ruined before permitted avail himself right.' equally treat instant discovered way licensing preserving ripe decision. 13 application evidentiary showed qualify license. thus failing nevertheless entitled consideration As previously noted, indeed, directed remand reconsider 'sans' question. 14 There law considered remand, board denial standards. issues. 15 If point, barrier grant might, reinstate earlier findings reason, obviously ground. license, battle over new lost far concerned. 17 questions,' 1480, 'such eminent domain cases.' For embraces taking, but taking payment just compensation. A unless covers aspects integral problem. See Grays Harbor Logging Coats-Fordney 243 256, 37 295, 297, 61 702. 18 appear that, matter procedure, defy ground ownership requirement. provides that: 'Any party proceeding heard agency' agency. N.D.Cent.Code 28—32—15. appears agency tribunal 'party' order. 19 grants accordance then seeks basis validity requirement, dismissed dismissal rest independent procedural provide right appeal. II 20 Liggett, decided 1928, belongs vintage exalted substantive process striking down unwise. date expressly commented disparagingly, Daniel Family Security Life Ins. 336 220, 550, 632, concerned providing life insurance companies their agents undertaking undertakers serve companies. 'Liggett 'clear' 'mere corporation, owning drug store, can substantial relation health; creates unreasonable restriction upon private business,' 113, 59. Daniel, stated pronounced shift emphasis case,' 225, 553, deprived words 'unreasonable' 'arbitrary' ascribed them. indeed power, Amendment concerned, person should opportunity obtain retain employment member labor union. After reviewing Nebbia New York, 291 502, 54 505, 78 940, Adair United States, 208 161, 277, 52 436, Coppage Kansas, 236 1, 35 240, 59 441, said: 21 beginning least early 1934, decided, steadily rejected philosophy enunciated Adair-Coppagy line cases. doing consciously returned closer principle states affairs, laws run afoul some specific prohibition, valid Under doctrine clause longer broadly construed legislatures put strait jacket they attempt suppress industrial conditions regard offensive welfare.' 536—537, 257. 22 reached same result Ferguson Skrupa, 372 726, 83 1028, 93, sustained prohibiting persons than lawyers engaging debt adjusting pooling. 23 'We conclude Kansas Legislature free decide itself needed deal adjusting. Unquestionably, arguments showing social utility, properly addressed legislature, us. refuse sit 'superlegislature weigh wisdom legislation,' emphatically go used strike laws, regulatory conditions, unwise, improvident, harmony particular school thought.' Nor willing draw lines calling 'prohibitory' 'regulatory.' Whether legislature takes textbook Adam Smith, Herbert Spencer, Lord Keynes, concern ours. wise relief, needed, lies us body constituted pass Kansas.' 731—732, 1032 (footnotes omitted). 24 Sutherland spoke rights regulated 'legislation bears health, safety, morals, phase general welfare,' 111—112, governing pharmacies 'creates business.' opposed view Holmes, concurred Brandeis, was: 25 'A criticism use corporations causes who know anything about it. Argument supposed show divorce knowledge evil. selling drugs poisons calls high degree, series safeguards provided shall allowed. Of notwithstanding hereafter formed stockholders licensed pharmacists, still possible stockholder content drawing dividends hand company's more likely observe intelligent eye casual investor looked market. make condition preventive work perfect cure. enough questioned manifest tendency cure evil less.' 114—115, 26 Those views policy legislative choice. creation war Munn Illinois, 132, 134, 77, recent decisions. Olsen Nebraska ex rel. Western Ref. Bond Ass'n, 313 236, 241, 862, 85 1305; Williamson Lee Optical 348 483, 487—488, 75 461, 464, 99 563; Day-Brite Lighting, Missouri, 342 421, 72 405, 96 469, Union, discussed. derelict stream law, hereby reverse below agencies mandate Liggett. 27 So ordered. Reversed 43—15—35(5) (Supp.1973) provides: 'Requirements pharmacy.—The pharmacy, renewal satisfactory proof '5. qualified partnership, each active 'The provision subsection section apply holder July 1963, otherwise discontinue operations fail renew expiration thereafter exempt provisions discontinued lapsed permit. hospital furnishing service patients hospital.' 140. 'Final decrees had, ..' Local 438 Const. General Laborers' Curry, 371 542, 531, 514, authorized temporary injunction picketing court's National Relations exclusive wait until resolved finally erroneously so. 548, 535. Mercantile Bank Langdeau, 555, 520, 523, receiver Texas company sued national banks, tendered venue, viz., bank sued. view, holding saying: '(W)e believe underlying determine appellants tried rather subject them, appellee, complex naught preliminary venue postponed conclusion proceedings.' 558, 522. California Stewart, 498—499, 1602, 1640, 694, capital set aside verdict defendant (respondent) retried. moved dismiss State's petition, judgment. retrial acquitted, available State. purposes. 498 71, 1640. Brady Maryland, 373 83, 1194, 215, given post-conviction relief punishment. took suppression evidence prosecution guilt quite punishment and/or equal protection presented

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