Document: 547 U.S. 410 (2006) GARCETTI et al. v. CEBALLOS No. 04-473. Supreme Court of United States. Argued October 12, 2005. Reargued March 21, 2006. Decided May 30, *412 Cindy S. Lee argued and reargued the cause for petitioners. With her on briefs were Jin Choi Doraine F. Meyer. Dan Himmelfarb argued, Deputy Solicitor General Kneedler reargued, States as amicus curiae urging reversal. On brief Clement, Assistant Attorney Keisler, Mr. Himmelfarb, William Kanter, Michael E. Robinson, Mark A. Robbins, Steven Abow, Robin M. Richardson. Bonnie I. Robin-Vergeer respondent. Scott L. Nelson Brian Wolfman.[*] *413 JUSTICE KENNEDY delivered opinion Court. It is well settled that "a State cannot condition public employment a basis infringes employee's constitutionally protected interest in freedom expression." Connick Myers, 461 138, 142 (1983). The question presented by instant case whether First Amendment protects government employee from discipline based speech made pursuant to official duties. I Respondent Richard Ceballos has been employed since 1989 deputy district attorney Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office. During period relevant this case, was calendar office's Pomona branch, capacity he exercised certain supervisory responsibilities over other lawyers. In February 2000, defense contacted about pending criminal case. said there inaccuracies an affidavit used obtain critical search warrant. informed *414 had filed motion traverse, or challenge, warrant, but also wanted review According Ceballos, it not unusual attorneys ask deputies investigate aspects cases. After examining visiting location described, determined contained serious misrepresentations. called long driveway what thought should have referred separate roadway. questioned affidavit's statement tire tracks led stripped-down truck premises covered His doubts arose his conclusion roadway's composition some places difficult impossible leave visible tracks. spoke telephone warrant affiant, sheriff Sheriff's Department, did receive satisfactory explanation perceived inaccuracies. He relayed findings supervisors, petitioners Carol Najera Frank Sundstedt, followed up preparing disposition memorandum. memo explained Ceballos' concerns recommended dismissal 2, submitted Sundstedt review. A few days later, with another memo, one describing second conversation between affiant. Based statements, meeting held discuss affidavit. Attendees included Najera, affiant employees sheriff's department. allegedly became heated, lieutenant sharply criticizing handling Despite concerns, decided proceed prosecution, traverse. trial court hearing motion. recounted *415 observations affidavit, rejected challenge claims aftermath these events subjected series retaliatory actions. actions reassignment position position, transfer courthouse, denial promotion. initiated grievance, grievance denied finding suffered any retaliation. Unsatisfied, sued Central California, asserting, here, claim under Rev. Stat. § 1979, 42 C. 1983. alleged violated Fourteenth Amendments retaliating against him 2. Petitioners responded no taken all which complained legitimate reasons such staffing needs. They further contended that, event, Amendment. moved summary judgment, granted their Noting wrote duties, concluded entitled protection memo's contents. alternative even if protected, qualified immunity because rights asserted clearly established. Appeals Ninth Circuit reversed, holding "Ceballos's allegations wrongdoing memorandum constitute Amendment." 361 F.3d 1168, 1173 (2004). reaching its looked analysis set forth Pickering Board Ed. Township High School Dist. 205, Will Cty., 391 563 (1968), Connick, supra. instructs courts begin considering *416 expressions speaker "as citizen upon matters concern." See id., at 146-147. recited be governmental misconduct, "inherently matter F.3d, 1174. not, however, consider citizen. Rather, relied precedent rejecting idea deprived whenever those views are expressed, workers others, responsibility." Id., 1174-1175 (citing cases including Roth Veteran's Admin. Govt. States, 856 F.2d 1401 (CA9 1988)). Having satisfied public-concern requirement, proceeded balance supervisors' responding it. Pickering, supra, 568. struck favor, noting "failed suggest disruption inefficiency workings Office" result memo. 1180. established petitioners' objectively reasonable. 1181-1182. Judge O'Scannlain specially concurred. Agreeing panel's decision compelled precedent, nevertheless law revisited overruled. 1185. emphasized distinction "between offered acting carrying out ordinary job duties spoken expressing personal disputed import." 1187. view, "when speak course routine, required obligations, they *417 content gives rise right." 1189. We certiorari, 543 1186 (2005), we now reverse. II As Court's decisions noted, many years "the unchallenged dogma right object conditions placed terms employmentincluding restricted exercise constitutional rights." U. S., 143. That important respects. 144-145. clear do surrender reason employment. right, circumstances, addressing concern. See, e. g., 568; 147; Rankin McPherson, 483 378, 384 (1987); Treasury Employees, 513 454, 466 (1995). provides useful starting point explaining doctrine. There teacher's letter local newspaper issues funding policies school board. U.S., 566. "The problem case," stated, "is arrive interests teacher, citizen, commenting concern State, employer, promoting efficiency services performs through employees." found "neither [was] shown nor can presumed way either impeded proper performance daily classroom interfered regular operation schools generally." 572-573 (footnote omitted). Thus, administration limiting teachers' opportunities contribute debate significantly *418 greater than similar contribution member general public." 573. wake identify two inquiries guide interpretation protections accorded speech. first requires determining If answer no, action employer's reaction 147. yes, then possibility arises. becomes entity adequate justification treating differently public. This consideration reflects importance relationship speaker's broader discretion restrict when acts role restrictions imposes must directed potential affect entity's operations. To sure, conducting sometimes proved difficult. necessary product enormous variety fact situations statements teachers may superiors . furnish grounds dismissal." 569. overarching objectives, though, evident. When enters service, necessity accept limitations freedom. Waters Churchill, 511 661, 671 (1994) (plurality opinion) ("[T]he employer indeed far powers does sovereign"). Government employers, like private need significant degree control employees' words actions; without it, would little chance efficient provision services. Cf. *419 143 ("[G]overnment offices could function every matter"). Public employees, moreover, often occupy trusted positions society. out, express contravene impair functions. At same time, recognized who works nonetheless limits ability leverage restrict, incidentally intentionally, liberties enjoy capacities citizens. Perry Sindermann, 408 593, 597 (1972). So speaking citizens concern, face only employers operate efficiently effectively. 147 ("Our responsibility ensure fundamental virtue working government"). employee-speech jurisprudence protects, course, employees. Yet stake extend beyond individual speaker. acknowledged public's receiving well-informed engaging civic discussion. again instructive example. characterized attempt administrators "limi[t] debate." noted members community most likely definite opinions" expenditures. 572. approach informed, vibrant dialogue democratic suggested, addition, widespread costs arise repressed. more recent expressed concerns. *420 San Diego Roe, 77, 82 (2004) (per curiam) ("Were [public employees] able [the employers], opinions issues. much own disseminate it" (citation omitted)); cf. 470 ("The large-scale disincentive expression burden read hear otherwise written said"). decisions, then, sought both promote societal served respect needs attempting perform Rankin, (recognizing dual provider operating constraints Amendment"). Underlying our premise while invests rights, empower them "constitutionalize grievance." 154. III principles mind turn believed conveyed recommendation supervisor. inside office, rather publicly, dispositive. Employees work. Givhan Western Line Consol. Dist., 439 410, 414 (1979). Many talking respective workplaces, serve goal *421 "any public," 573, hold within office automatically exposed restriction. concerned subject employment, this, too, nondispositive. related job. ibid.; Givhan, 414. Pickering: "Teachers are, class, how funds allotted spent. Accordingly, essential freely questions fear true categories controlling factor deputy. Brief 4 ("Ceballos dispute prepared `pursuant prosecutor'"). considerationthe prosecutor fulfilling advise supervisor best case distinguishes discipline. make purposes, Constitution insulate communications part he, deputy, do. immaterial experienced gratification writing memo; depend satisfaction. Restricting owes existence professional infringe *422 might enjoyed simply itself commissioned created. Rosenberger Rector Visitors Univ. Va., 515 819, 833 (1995) ("[W]hen appropriates particular policy say wishes"). Contrast, example, whose significance bore similarities letters numerous day. act went activities, supervising attorneys, investigating charges, filings. addressed work performed tasks paid perform, acted employee. write mean supervisors prohibited evaluating performance. consistent precedents' attention value 419-420. Refusing recognize prevent participating debate. retain prospect contributions discourse. protection, invest jobs however see fit. Our likewise supported emphasis precedents affording sufficient manage Employers heightened capacity. Official consequences, creating substantive consistency clarity. Supervisors *423 accurate, demonstrate sound mission. illustrative. demanded heated inflammatory misguided, authority take corrective action. proposed contrary rule, adopted Appeals, commit state federal new, permanent, intrusive role, mandating judicial oversight among business. displacement managerial supervision finds support precedents. speaks delicate balancing competing surrounding consequences. When, performing scrutiny. demand permanent intervention conduct operations inconsistent federalism separation powers. doctrinal anomaly. suggested compel tolerate publicly assigned 1176. objection misconceives theoretical underpinnings decisions. outside kind activity engaged government. goes newspaper, discussing politics co-worker, *424 378. responsibilities, analogue Appeals' unfounded practical matter. anomaly, limited scope: relates makes complaints (such issue Connick) If, troubled means hand avoid wishes encourage voice privately retains option instituting internal procedures receptive criticism. Giving forum will discourage concluding safest avenue Proper application thus leads prohibit responsibilities. Because falls into category, allegation unconstitutional retaliation fail. Two final points mentioning. First, indicated above, parties occasion articulate comprehensive framework defining scope where room reject, suggestion excessively broad descriptions. post, 431, n. 2 (Souter, J., dissenting). inquiry one. Formal descriptions bear resemblance actually *425 expected listing given task description neither purposes. Second, SOUTER suggests today's ramifications academic freedom, least value. 438-439. argument scholarship instruction implicates additional fully accounted customary jurisprudence. decide today apply manner involving teaching. IV Exposing misconduct considerable significance. should, good judgment," "receptive constructive criticism 149. dictates judgment reinforced powerful network legislative enactmentssuch whistle-blower laws labor codesavailable seek expose wrongdoing. 5 2302(b)(8); Cal. Code Ann. 8547.8 (West 2005); Lab. 1102.5 Supp. 2006). Cases implicate safeguards form of, rules obligations apart Rule Prof. Conduct 5-110 (2005) ("A service shall institute instituted charges knows know probable cause"); Brady Maryland, 373 83 (1963). These imperatives, arising *426 applicable provisions mandates civil laws, protect provide checks order unlawful inappropriate notion shields behind doing remanded proceedings opinion. so ordered. STEVENS, dissenting. "whether duties," ante, 413, "Sometimes," "Never." Of "inflammatory misguided," 423. But just unwelcome reveals facts anyone else discover?[*] *427 explains, still office. categorical difference one's quite wrong. Over quarter century passed then-Justice Rehnquist, unanimous Court, forfeits abridgment decides publicly." difficulty recognizing applied Bessie English raised school's racist practices principal. 413-416. silence demonstrates immaterial. equally today, senseless let exactly hinge fall description. Moreover, seems perverse fashion new rule incentive before frankly superiors. While novel "inflammatory," stated SOUTER'S dissenting surely "misguided." SOUTER, whom STEVENS GINSBURG join, holds discipline." Ante, 421. respectfully dissent. *428 agree majority substantial effectuating chosen demanding competence, honesty, threats health safety outweigh government's implementation policy, eligible protection. Open lies heart Schenck Pro-Choice Network N. Y., 519 357, 377 (1997). extreme, complaining nothing treatment personnel raises response remarks issue. Such is, citizen's interest, reprisal unless too damaging business justified benefit flow statements. 563, 568 (1968). Entitlement absolute. significant, albeit qualified, irritate understood Amendment, part, paycheck eliminate matters, *429 categorically discounting employs him. Still, safeguard rests something more, being information disclose. "Government ails agencies work." 674 (1994). distract co-workers thwart risks grow closer gets workplace thing clerk waste charge department pays full-time salaries part-time workers. Even so, regarded eligibility critically employer. (1979), teacher fired superior racial administrative, cafeteria, library staffs, 413-414, Madison Joint 8 Wisconsin Employment Relations Comm'n, 429 167 (1976). decided, reference framework, schoolteacher behalf himself others board penalized collective-bargaining negotiations affecting "addressed merely seeking government." *430 174-175. each realized wear hat subjects closely tied job, stands large. Pegram Herdrich, 530 211, 225 (2000) factually, trustee Employee Retirement Income Security Act 1974 ERISA fiduciary employer). Ceballos's fell whereas choosing hired effect majority's line cases, principal hiring officer protested disapproved minority applicants. odd place draw distinction,[1] line-drawing looks arbitrary, obliges justify choice. Here, denying uttered "pursuant agree, embodied resolves tension speech, hand, distraction embarrassment talkative headline-grabbing hardly disappears address; rather, obvious *431 less, greater, intimately very duties.[2] individual, high day after Would doubt promotion pay adjustment quality teaching schools? (Still, indicates recourse fair unfavorable comment superintendent's daughter.) deny rogue enforcement officer, officer's performance? (But says *432 appropriately expressed.) Indeed, separating ignores ranks include share poet's "object unite [m]y avocation my vocation"; [3] servants ones rises highest want attract.[4] obliged address generally *433 speak, responsible would. Nor raise counterintuitive evaporates core jobs. Last Term, recalled class: "Underlying recognition Were it." whit less require things: when, auditor discovery embezzlement funds, building inspector obligatory report bribe him, expressly balks superior's violate sworn protect. (The majority, speakers reach retaliation.) Nothing, accountable side changes "pursuant" different, extent, rightly create uproars fracture carried *434 coherently ranks. "Official mission." 422-423. Up point, points: civility workplace, honesty competence service. why share, exclusion things job? Is possible drawing strange mentioned before, 430? account undoubted those, specific bring incompetence government, refuse avert eyes shut mouths. And disrupt officials corrupt dangerously incompetent. 4, suppression potentially valuable huge managing preventing occasionally irresponsible turning bully pulpit. there, lesson (and adjudication) point: clash, resist winner-take-all; try adjustments values stake. me think using basic scheme perfectly feasible here. extent *435 advance setting minimum heft comments great enough us outset prevail satisfies standards examples already indicate matter, dishonesty, deliberately action, wrongdoing, weigh favor. promulgation standard fail meritless premised 1983 (or Bivens Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 388 (1971)) get filed, sift summary-judgment stage.[5] My adapting circumstances experience Circuits circumscribed available 17 years, debilitating flood litigation. some: represented lawyer oral argument, year last five approximately 70 different Courts 100 various Courts. Tr. Oral Arg. 58-59. figures reflect readiness litigate cooled view *436 order. For comes guarantee factbound litigation fact, invites enquiry "practical one," 424, apparently totality circumstances.[6] Are prosecutors' discretionary press courthouse steps duties"? nuclear scientists' colleague's improper radioactive materials duties? seeks lines extraneous turns fallacious reading mistaken assessment statutes. accepts fallacy propounded county Federal treated as) 421-422, differentiated Broadrick Oklahoma, 413 601, 610 (1973). invokes 819 (1995), Rust Sullivan, 500 173 (1991), *437 infringement Title X recipients staffs forbade on-the-job counseling favor abortion method family planning, 192-200. wishes." Rosenberger, 833. key understanding and, particular, espousal prescribed advance. Some "promote policy" broadcasting message everyone all, manifesto. Legal Services Corporation Velazquez, 531 533, 542 (2001). indication assignment. enforce action: prosecutorial power honestly, competently, constitutionally. sense hew relatively abstract favoring evenhanded enforcement, level controversy Rust. Unlike doctors Rust, legitimately available, defined forbidden. therefore equated specific, prescribed, forbidden comparable Government's plenary *438 lacked say. undercut effective, lawful rein fire him; created needless inaccurate false entirely distinct preset proscribed exemplified here complaint, 13, infra. reliance Rosenberger's doctrine, portends bloated controllable going Consider breadth formulation: "Restricting created." 421-422. ostensible domain pale spacious university professor, hope imperil colleges universities, necessarily duties." Grutter Bollinger, 539 306, 329 (2003) ("We purpose education expansive freedoms associated environment, universities special niche *439 tradition"); Keyishian Regents 385 589, 603 (1967) Nation deeply committed safeguarding transcendent concerned. cast pall orthodoxy classroom. `The vigilant nowhere vital American schools'" (quoting Shelton Tucker, 364 479, 487 (1960))); Sweezy New Hampshire, 354 234, 250 (1957) (a contents scholar's lectures "unquestionably invasion [his] areas political expressionareas extremely reticent tread"). B limitation doctrine owing assertedly complement national statutes protecting whistle-blowers vindictive bosses. 425-426. close tenet "`[t]he applicability never depended vagaries law,'" Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. Umbehr, 518 668, 680 (1996), counsel rest easy fails terms.[7] *440 with, whistle-blowing, classic exposing official's fault third party public; bias, sort whistle-blower, she combined variants statutory definitions add patchwork, showing worries remitted legislatures relief. D. Westman & Modesitt, Whistleblowing: Law Retaliatory Discharge 67-75, 281-307 (2d ed. 2004). workers, municipalities subdivisions; [8] stop employees.[9] limit tell bosses out; [10] forbid imposing requirement warn.[11] Whistleblower Protection 1989, *441 1213 seq. (2000 III), current show "`a disinterested observer knowledge known readily ascertainable [could] reasonably conclude evidence gross mismanagement,'" White Department Air Force, 1377, 1381 (CA 2004) Lachance White, 174 1378, 1999), cert. denied, 528 1153 (2000)). disclosures immediate Willis Agriculture, 141 1139, 1143 1998); Horton Navy, 66 279, 282 1995), 516 1176 already, Francisco Office Personnel Management, 295 1310, 1314 2002). Most significantly, unprotected connection normal Huffman 263 1341, 1352 2001), enactments wrongdoing," 425.[12] disparage merits interpretations courts, protection: individuals sorts saying depending local, state, jurisdictions happened employ them. remands considered *442 ambit utterances takes once again, following escape focus.[13] commitment superior, petitioner complied Sundstedt's direction tone down accusatory rhetoric unnecessarily incendiary Department. department, told supervisor, (1963), give exculpatory evidence. ordering containing balked that. Instead, existing conclusions redacted product, did. revealing hearing. maintains ordered representing judge full picture suffer testified intentional fabrications. testimony stopped short conclusions. hearing, suppress, independent challenged material *443 next six months retaliated him[14] reports, 415, challenging pending, Mexican-American Bar Association lack police ascribed supervisors. dismissed attributes bar association exercising submitting memorandum, testifying truthfully meeting.[15] mentioned, *444 saw afforded test. Upon remand, open statements; sense, relating truthful analyzed independently integrity process. BREYER, asks engage (1) involves (2) separately explain presented. believe common ground: virtually human interaction offer judges protective presumptions contexts, scrutinizing speech-related *445 category activity. Compare, Burson Freeman, 504 191 (1992) (political speech), Hudson Gas Elec. Corp. Serv. Comm'n 447 557 (1980) (commercial (1991) (government speech). Where issue, offers unduly interfere interests, administration. direct activities legislatively authorized programs effectively implement democratically will. (3) Consequently, interest," concern," survives screening test, called, legal shorthand, "Pickering balancing," "balance interests" "in Ibid. 142. (4) prior test us, namely, *446 answers word, says, "never." Like understand "affor[d] operations." 422. "displac[e] supervision." Nonetheless, justifications limited, administrable seem availableto fears management lawsuit misplaced. instance, standard, though respondent, lawyer, retaliation, present together speechthe lawyer. regulation canons profession. Those obligation instances. forbidding diminished. 544 (2001) ("Restricting LSC [Legal Corporation] advising clients *447 presenting arguments analyses distorts system altering traditional attorneys"). Polk Dodson, 454 312, 321 (1981) ("[A] defender amenable administrative State"). Post, Subsidized Speech, 106 Yale J. 151, 172 (1996) ("[P]rofessionals always qualify loyalty vertical hierarchy organization horizontal norms standards"). objective specificity availability profession's help diminish risk improperly learn preserve, communicate impeachment possession. Kyles Whitley, 514 419, 437 (1995); Brady, So, prison doctor seriously unsafe unsanitary cellblock. Farmer Brennan, 825, 832 examples. present, augmented, diminished, available. Hence, find circumstances. Thus Justice Souter's analysis, enunciates *448 weight describes. instruct "speaks importance," "satisfies 435 (dissenting opinion). Souter adds "only favor." "matters screen much. typically Why involved? "public issues," indeed, "unusual bread-and-butter police, intelligence agencies, military, involve health, safety, environment. aspect "adjustment" scheme," 434, insistence "legitimate news interest" 83-84 curiam). extra augmented job-related vast numbers deals honesty: officers, firefighters, environmental agents, inspectors, hospital bank regulators, on. categorization encompass almost function, except perhaps electricity rates. *449 relation underlying coverage (despite predictions "official safety," (SOUTER, dissenting)) undertake place. activitythe dissatisfied file discovery, insist interestsitself unreasonably (the job) use grievance-resolution mechanisms, arbitration, boards, remedies, bargained enacted. list substantially overlaps nonconstitutional like. 425-426 (majority opinion); 439-441 overlap diminishes adoption authorize Constitution-based threaten upset administratively struck) procedures) embody. *450 presence diminished undue interference affairs. met consequently appropriate. respect, NOTES [*] Briefs amici reversal International Municipal Lawyers Gene Schaerr, Linda T. Coberly, Peter Kryn Dykema, Henry W. Underhill, Jr.; National Counties Ruda James Crowley; Boards Naomi Gittins, Julie Underwood, Lisa Soronen, Thomas Wheeler II. affirmance Federation Labor Congress Industrial Organizations Jonathan P. Hiatt, B. Coppess, Laurence Gold; Attorneys Jody Manier Kris; Accountability Project Joanne Royce; Criminal Defense Small, Jeffrey Fisher, R. Shapiro; Union Gregory O'Duden, Elaine Kaplan, Barbara Atkin, Sarah Lehrman; Jefferson Center Free Expression Joshua Wheeler, Robert O'Neil, Donna Euben, David Rabban. H. Chanin Jeremiah Collins Education curiae. Branton Dallas, 272 730 (CA5 2001) (police investigator demoted chief bringing fellow city official); Miller Jones, 444 929, 936 (CA7 2006) opposing chief's "us[e] coerce financially ruinous merger"); Delgado 2002) sanctioned reporting implicated figure friend chief); Herts Smith, 345 581 (CA8 2003) (school contract renewed gave frank district's desegregation efforts); Kincade Blue Springs, 64 389 1995) (engineer contractors failing complete dam-related projects resulting dam structurally unstable); Fox Columbia, 1491, 1494 (CADC 1996) (D. Lottery security informing theft "rather drastic ineptitude"). [1] stranger light concession repeats separate, newspaper. 423-424. [2] duties" am pessimistic expect moves expand exclude currently protectable purview. Now penalize options simple expedient expansively, investing school. Hence presents regrettable response, determine alleviate sets engender actual formal. Frost, Tramps Mud Time, Collected Poems, Prose, Plays 251, 252 (R. Poirier Richardson eds. 1995). [4] Not put fine Human Resources Division Office, telling listen "provides satisfaction fulfillment knowing you contributing County." Career Opportunities, http://da.co.la.ca.us/hr/default.htm (all Internet visited 25, 2006, Clerk file). expresses identifying ideals Government. Amicus Curiae 25 (stating motivated "to public"). Right now, Food Drug Administration appealing physicians, scientists, statisticians Evaluation Research, "can back [their] community, country making lives Americans everywhere." Opportunities CDER: You Can Make Difference, http://www.fda.gov/cder/career/default.htm. concurrent resolution, previously endorsed prime employees: "Any person Service should: [p]ut moral above persons, party, department," "[e]xpose corruption wherever discovered," Ethics Service, Con. Res. 175, 85th Cong., 2d Sess. (1958), 72 B12. Display buildings law, 94 855; repealed, Authorization 1996, Pub. 104-179, 110 1566. [5] said, obliged) impose accuracy, criteria handle judgment. unlikely blame bad sues [6] logic, encourages unfortunate "demand[ing] operations," [7] "does suit violation law," Livadas Bradshaw, 512 107, 132 (1994), "§ remains presumptively remedy claimed violations 133. Individual rendered unavailable incompatible Rancho Palos Verdes Abrams, 113, 119-120 (2005). Del. Ann., Tit. 29, 5115 (2003); Fla. 112.3187 Haw. 378-61 (1993); Ky. 61.101 Mass. Gen. Laws, ch. 149, 185 2004); Nev. 281.611 275-E:1 (Supp. Ohio 4113.51 (Lexis 2001); Tenn. 50-1-304 [9] Ala. 36-26A-1 (2001); Colo. 24-50.5-101 (2004); Iowa 70A.28 (2005); Kan. 75-2973 (2003 Cum. Supp.); Mo. 105.055 (2004 126-84 2003); Okla. Stat., 74, 840-2.5 Wash. 42.40.010 Wyo. 9-11-102 (2003). Idaho 6-2104(1)(a) Me. 26, 833(2) (1988); 185(c)(1) 275E:2(II) (1999); 34:19-4 2000); Y. Civ. 75b(2)(b) 1999); 9-11-103(b) [11] 75-2973(d)(2) 61.102(1) 105.055(2) 840-2.5(B)(4) 2005 Ore. 659A.203(1)(c) [12] [13] motions such, "[t]he [Ceballos] believed, justifiable inferences drawn Anderson Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 242, 255 (1986). [14] deputy; murder reassigned junior colleague homicide then-District Gil Garcetti, relying recommendation, promotion; finally, transferred El Monte Branch, requiring longer commuting. Before transferring choice remaining Branch prosecuting misdemeanors instead felonies. refused choose, [15] follow or, least, puzzling. responsive App. 159-160, 170-172 (maintaining decreased workload rotation go "filing deputy"); 160, 172-173 (contending Juvenile Office); 161-162, 173-174 (arguing Garcetti despite stellar unaware People Cuskey, pertinent memorandum). Their reply opposition shows (for disentitled protection) giving disharmony distrust caused 477-478.

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