Document: 345 U.S. 192 73 S.Ct. 585 97 L.Ed. 946 LOCAL UNION NO. 10, UNITED ASS'N OF JOURNEYMEN PLUMBERS AND STEAMFITTERS STATES CANADA AMERICAN FEDERATION LABOR, et al.v.GRAHAM al. No. 86. Argued and Submitted Dec. 8, 1952. Decided March 16, 1953. Mr. Herbert S. Thatcher, Washington, D.C., for petitioners. Richmond Moore, Jr., Richmond, Va., respondents. Justice BURTON delivered the opinion of Court. 1 The basic question here is whether Commonwealth Virginia, consistently with Constitution United States, may enjoin peaceful picketing when it carried on purposes in conflict Virginia Right to Work Statute.1 A also before us record this case justifies finding, made below, that was such purposes. We answer each affirmative. 2 bill complaint filed September 25, 1950, Law Equity Court City by respondents, doing a general contracting business there. They named as defendants Local Union Association Journeymen, Plumbers Steamfitters States Canada American Federation Labor, called Union, three other local unions, agents unions Building & Construction Trades Council.2 alleged substance respondents had begun work under their contract build George Washington Carver School, early completion school urgent, contracts all necessary subcontractors, some subcontractors employed only union labor while others nonunion well labor, July certain requested project be laid off said that, unless were done, 'every effort would prevent any * from continuing thereon,' 25 picketed project, carrying sign reading 'This Is Not Job. Council,' result picketing, members job refused continue there therefore, 'slowed standstill.' further foregoing demands sought induce take action which subject them criminal civil liabilities Statute break respondents' did not employ labor. Finally, objectives making conducting employees working project. On strength allegations, trial court granted temporary injunction they ceased. motion dissolve denied, an filed, depositions taken continued effect until 17, 1951. date, permanent. rendered no but included following statement its decree: 3 '(I)t appearing complained conducted defendants, except those hereinafter noted, aims, provisions laws State and, illegal, permanent irreparable harm damage complainants, complainants have already been damaged extent One Hundred Ninety ($190.00) Dollars, doth so find; *.' (Emphasis supplied.)3 4 January 23, 1952, Supreme Appeals without opinion, hear appeal order 'the being decrees (of court) are plainly right, reject petition refuse supersedeas, affirm decree law equity court.' Because importance issue practical administration law, we certiorari. 344 811, 16. Respondents brief than opposition certiorari submitted oral argument. 5 few days our grant certiorari, another case, reached petitioners claim judgment instant case. Painters Paperhangers 1018 v. Rountree Corp., 194 Va. 148, 72 S.E.2d 402. find decision helpful upholding constitutionality interpreting meaning, do inconsistent below. See also, Edwards 191 272, 60 916; Finney Hawkins, 189 878, 54 872; Labor Sash Co., 335 538, 69 258, 260, 93 222; Lincoln Federal Northwestern Iron Metal 525, 251, 212. 6 In at 154, 405, highest holds does prohibit 'unless unlawful purpose.' It adds 'a purpose compel discharge non-union painters or join condition employment' purpose, fails existence purpose. hand, same states injunctive 'are right.' thereby sustains court's finding To thus reflects instance violation Statute, whereas facts reflect conduct Statute. However innocent appeared progress, courts found combined circumstances occurring during demonstrated part 7 kind, justified searching determine crucial state reasonable basis evidence.4 consists nine witnesses six months after events described. There testimony what took place 27, 28, 26. contains, however, ample grounds sustaining findings court. Those appear particularly respondent O. J. Graham his manager, Q. Acree, conversation, F. Joinville, agent president Council, together Henry Cochran, Engineers Secretary Treasurer Council.5 8 undisputed lasted a.m., stopped noon. appearance. usually one picket never more two pickets duty time. violence use abusive language. Each walked up down sidewalk adjoining bearing substantially language quoted complaint. done consecutively respective Painters, Plumbers, Plasterers Ironworkers unions. premises frequented construction workers. earliest stages. Before began, fourteen men work. Of these, carpenters worked about hour 25. left began returned stopped. Two ironworkers rodmen gave notice preceding Saturday begin Monday, come contractor delayed several seeking replace them. plumber assisted helper, who, oddly enough, belonged printers union. stop helper began. 9 present seven laborers whose status clear. quit whole came substantial standstill week because principal activity then pouring concrete required services laborers. 10 confirmatory Petitioners engaged mere publication fact 100% Their manner coupled established policies traditions, caused slow stand-still. Such conduct, furthermore, conditioned upon job, plumbing, subcontractor who Joinville demanded 'one hundred per cent union.' 11 policy expressed summarized follows court: 12 'It provides neither membership nor non-membership shall employment; limiting employment against public policy; person denied he either member right damages.' 880, 872, 874. 13 Based court, undertaken least declared Virginia. immediate results potential effectiveness, enjoined, means putting pressure eliminate participation employing 14 Assuming above conclusions established, still contend Fourteenth Amendment States. reasoning authority recent decisions, reaffirm position contrary. Service Gazzam, 339 532, 70 784, 94 1045; International Brotherhood Teamsters etc., Hanke, 470, 773, 995; Hughes Superior Court, 460, 718, 985; Giboney Empire Storage 336 490, 684, 834; Thomas Collins, 323 516, 537—538, 543—544, 65 315, 325 326, 328—329, 89 430 (concurring opinion); Bakery Pastry Drivers Wohl, 315 769, 776—777. 62 816, 819 820, 86 1178 Carpenters Ritter's Cafe, 722, 807, 1143; Carlson People California, 310 106, 746, 84 1104; Thornhill Alabama, 88, 103—104, 736, 744—745, 1093; Senn Tile Layers 301 468, 479—481, 57 857, 862—863, 81 1229. Electrical Workers National Relations Board, 341 694, 705, 71 954, 960, 95 1299. 15 accordingly affirmed. 16 Affirmed. 17 BLACK dissents. 18 DOUGLAS, dissenting. 19 If used coercive power force could injunction. For within police keep opportunities open both men. 1045. But if advertise sympathizers privileged. 20 Picketing form free speech—the workingman's method giving publicity industrial life. As entitled constitutional protection. 1093. No dissemination news Job,' radio, newspaper, pamphlets, picketing. proclaiming stay away. Yet Minton, dissenting 481, 482, 779, 995, stated, 'as instrument publicity' speech protected First Amendments. protection though incites action. aim most ideas shape conduct.1 21 line between permissible will therefore often narrow even tenuous. deprive make unlawful; away give difficulty fact. recitation conflicted statute. 22 dispute testified coerce him official unequivocally inform job.2 Perhaps judge believed contractor. deemed irrelevant resolve conflict. Certainly I cannot cold record. believe should remanded specific findings. spoke supra, page 105, 745, 1093, 'narrowly drawn' statute, danger condemned indiscriminately. dangers inherent cases where yet must can enjoined. speech, require her show precisely reasons it. Unless meticulous regard, great rights lost absence findings, generality vagueness decrees. suspicion has happened here. permanently enjoins 'from activities front around' site. This 'tailored violation' law. 541, 789, 1045.3 broadside kind assault supra. illustrates evil consequences flow failure utterly painstaking isolating precise evils regulate. '1. Section 1. hereby persons abridged account organization. 'Section 2. Any agreement combination employer organization whereby employer, continuation acquires monopoly enterprise, illegal conspiracy. 3. become remain employer. 4. abstain refrain employment. 5. person, employment, pay dues, fees charges 6. deprived sections three, four five sections, recover firm, corporation association acting concert appropriate damages sustained reason denial deprivation 7. act apply lawful effective date hereof respects entered into thereafter renewal extension existing contract.' Acts, Extra Session, 1947, c. 2, Va.Code §§ 40—68 40—74, inclusive. recognition legislation Taft-Hartley Act: 'Sec. 14. '(b) Nothing Act (National Act, amended) construed authorizing execution application agreements requiring Territory prohibited Territorial law.' 61 Stat. 151, 29 U.S.C. (Supp. V) § 164(b), U.S.C.A. 164(b). 1018, Decorators America; 64, Cement Finishers Operative Association; 147, Operating Engineers, affiliated Labor. dismissed 147 agent, enjoined remaining interfering with, molesting otherwise around site School Virginia.' now object breadth terms That objection presented considered '* prime freedom, guarantees Bill Rights, defeated insubstantial screening reality. why ultimate search records effectively made. (the master's) authenticated Illinois speaking through supreme determination say warrant palpable evasion guarantee invoked.' Milk Wagon Meadowmoor Dairies, 312 287, 293, 294, 552, 555, 85 836. example, testified: 'A. (Joinville) finally got particular wanted told couldn't let sub-contracts weren't distinction two, generally speaking, something wrong didn't think sub-contractor perform like to; lowest bidder, non-union, plumbing heating me cancel Talley man just valid man, led discussion Council. 'The way asked pick out number contractors operating very friendly hand't trouble sometime past probably ninety jobs relations time good. 'Well,' said, on, going permit things permitting isn't union, it; wasn't—talking future, ours, people's well, discuss degree right-to-work see how comply 'nobody else paying attention law; don't Brothers concerned it." elsewhere my views concerning sanctity 775—777, 819—820, 1178; 430. 'Q. Now you talk representative renewed your request discharged. Did request? A. Were interested off? furthering interests standing crafts, know talked direct. conversation lay fire anybody? definitely intended go boys—some whom past. He commitment hold completed knowing business, that. You went (Mr. Graham) getting correct? promote wherever possible. be? non-union,—as assume, relationship him—to name intention violating Talley, agreed him. Then him, he? did. men? stand wouldn't anyone job. ask Talley? long enough twenty years signed nobody cancels nothing Law, it? 985, upheld validity restrained 'picketing compelling plaintiff acts: '(1) selective hiring negro clerks, based proportion white customers patronize plaintiff's stores; California directed Cf. Hotel Restaurant Employees' Wisconsin 437, 706, 946, involving administrative prohibiting erupted violence. accepted reach strike

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