Document: 427 U.S. 445 96 S.Ct. 2666 49 L.Ed.2d 614 Garland M. FITZPATRICK et al., Petitioners,v.Frederick BITZER, etc., al. Frederick Petitioners, v. Donald MATTHEWS Nos. 75-251, 75-283. Argued April 20 and 21, 1976. Decided June 28, Syllabus Present retired male employees of the State Connecticut (petitioners in No. 75-251) brought this class action alleging, Inter alia, that certain provisions State's statutory retirement benefit plan discriminated against them because their sex, violation Title VII Civil Rights Act 1964, which, as amended, extends coverage to States employers. The District Court ruled favor entered prospective injunctive relief respondent state officials. But court denied petitioners' request for an award retroactive benefits compensation losses caused by discrimination, well "a reasonable attorney's fee part costs," provided VII, holding both would constitute recovery money damages from treasury were thus precluded Eleventh Amendment Court's decision Edelman Jordan, 415 651, 94 1347, 39 662, where welfare wrongfully withheld was held violate Amendment, there being no authorization Social Security a citizen sue State. Appeals reversed matter attorneys' fees, which deemed have only "ancillary effect" on sort permitted Edelman, but otherwise affirmed. Held : 1. does not bar backpay petitioners since principle sovereignty it embodies are limited enforcement § 5 Fourteenth grants Congress authority enforce "by appropriate legislation" substantive themselves embody significant limitations authority. determining what legislation is enforcing may, has done provide suits constitutionally impermissible other contexts. "threshold fact congressional authorization" his employer, absent supra, present here. Pp. 451-456. 2. Congress' exercise power allowing fees similarly barred Amendment. 456-457. 519 F.2d 559, affirmed part, part. Lawrence G. Wallace, Washington, D. C., United States, amicus curiae, special leave Court. Sidney Giber, Asst. Atty. Gen., Hartford, Conn., respondents 75-251 Paul W. Orth, [Amicus Curiae pages 446-447 intentionally omitted] Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion 1 In 1972 Amendments Congress, acting under authorized federal courts private individual government found subjected person employment discrimination basis "race, color, religion, or national origin."1 principal question presented these cases whether, shield sovereign immunity afforded 662 (1974), authorize Federal enter such means guarantees Second Circuit effect our foreclose power. We granted certiorari resolve important constitutional question. 423 1031, 561, 46 404 (1975). reverse. 2 * Petitioners sued behalf all Connecticut. Their amended complaint asserted, therefore contravened 1964 of, 78 Stat. 253, 42 U.S.C. 2000e Et seq. (1970 ed. Supp. IV). originally did include local governments, had interim been bring within its purview.2 3 Employees Retirement violated VII's prohibition sex-based discrimination. 390 F.Supp. 278, 285-288 (D.C.1974).3 It officials.4 also sought discrimination,5 the6 costs." treasury, supra. 4 On appeal,7 agreed with action, "insofar seeks damages, essence subject Amendment." 565 (2 Cir. 1975). "Congress intended suit state." Id., at 568. Notwithstanding authority, "private damages" "constitutionally permissible method rights." 9 F.2d, 569. remanded however, reasoning kind U.S., 667-668, S.Ct., 1357. 571. petition filed here contends possess damage officials' cross-petition, 75-283, argues bars any be paid out treasury. II monetary awarded plaintiffs, reason wrongful denial occurred previous entry determination wrongfulness, Such indistinguishable itself prohibited Ford Motor Co. Department Treasury, 323 459, 464, 65 347, 350, 89 L.Ed. 389 (1945). controlled case rather than Ex parte Young, 209 123, 28 441, 52 714 (1908), officials obtain violations 6 went hold plaintiffs could avail doctrine waiver expounded Parden Terminal R. Co., 377 184, 84 1207, 12 233 (1964), Missouri Public Health Dept., 411 279, 93 1614, 36 251 (1973), necessary predicate intent abrogate conferred concluded none statutes relied upon contained join defendant. 1871, 1983, Monroe Pape, 365 167, 187-191, 81 473, 484, 492 (1961), exclude cities municipal corporations ambit; case, parties terms "authorize anyone," 674, 1361, they, too, incapable supplying claim 7 All instant litigation agree maintained payable party treasury.8 8 Our analysis begins ended, authorization," 672, 1360, employer clearly present. This is, course, prerequisite wanting Employees. aware factual differences between type activity involved we do think difference material purposes. based Commerce Clause; here, defense asserted context passed pursuant Amendment.9 As ratified after War, quite contemplates relevant provides: 10 "Section . No shall make law abridge privileges immunities citizens States; nor deprive life, liberty, property, without due process law; deny jurisdiction equal protection laws. 11 5. legislation, article." express directed States. Impressed those duties respect treatment individuals. Standing behind imperatives "enforce" legislation." 13 impact relationship Government reach 5, examined length Virginia, 100 339, 25 676 (1880). A judge arrested indicted criminal statute prohibiting exclusion race service juror court. claimed beyond enact either Thirteenth10 first observed "were be, they really are, enlargements Congress." 345. then addressed language Amendment: 14 "The prohibitions degree restrictions empowered enforce, however put forth, whether executive, legislative, judicial. invasion sovereignty. can people have, Constitution enact. said selection jurors her administration laws belong each State; rights. true general. exercising rights, cannot disregard applied Her rights extent. Nor she general right powers, though may interfere full enjoyment if powers granted. Indeed, every addition involves corresponding diminution governmental carved them. 15 argument support Habeas corpus ignores entirely Were fifth section amendment, might room declaratory moral duty .. now expressly gives interference compulsion embraced true, extending single cases; limits complete." 346-348. 16 Virginia's early recognition shift federal-state balance carried forward more recent decisions See, E. g., South Carolina Katzenbach, 383 301, 308, 86 803, 808, 769 (1966); Mitchum Foster, 407 225, 238-239, 92 2151, 2160, 32 705 (1972). 17 There doubt line sanctioned intrusions War Amendments, into judicial, legislative spheres autonomy previously reserved considered grounded expansion Framers made States' ratification phenomenon aptly described "carv(ing) out" 346. 18 embodies, see Hans Louisiana, 134 1, 504, 33 842 (1890), necessarily When acts plenary grant, one whose sections own "appropriate purpose contexts.11 See (1974); III 19 contest Appeals' conclusion falling outside Young,12 (1908). need address question, since, given follows affirm judgment 75-283 basis. Reversed. 21 Affirmed. 22 BRENNAN, concurring judgment. 23 Treasurer, Comptroller, Chairman Employees' Commission. circumstance, invoke federal-court Rather, nonconstitutional ancient VII. my view assert I expressed dissent 298, 1624, (1973): surrendered immunity, Hamilton's words, "in Convention" formed Union, least insofar specifically enumerated powers. id., 319 n.7, 1635; 687, 1367, (1974) (Brennan, J., dissenting); U. (1964). Congressional issue Clause, Art. I, 8, cl. 3, two Constitution. Cf. Oregon Mitchell, 400 112, 131-134, 91 260, 268, 27 272 (1970) (Black, J.); 135-150, 270 (Douglas, 216-217, 310 (Harlan, 236-281, 320 White, Marshall, JJ.); 282-284, 343 (Stewart, Katzenbach Morgan, 384 641, 1717, 1723, 828 (1966). remain "because surrender, exists declaration voluntary waiver." 300, 1626. 24 concur STEVENS, 26 commerce broad enough regulating conditions and, therefore, provides even believe proved am sure "needed secure Amendment," 1724, 828, adequate reply Connecticut's defense. should rejected different reason. Even cover citizen's State,1 officers invalid statute. 159-160, 453, 714. Since pension invalid, Young makes clear properly acquired proceeding. immediately trust assets subsequently reimbursed revenues Although great difficulty construction acknowledges court's merely restricts grant,2 must recognize so construed seem case. However, actual appears situation directly funds "not consequence compliance future" determination. 668, 1358. 29 require same result case; will separate independent funds. increase future payments not, opinion, sufficiently distinguish required conform practices thereby incur additional expense future. rationale remains applicable cases, squarely covered persuaded proper reject 30 With issue, applicable, place category costs. Fairmont Creamery Minnesota, 275 70, 48 97, 72 168. Section 703(a) (hereinafter Act), 255, 2000e-2(a), IV), "It unlawful practice "(1) fail refuse hire discharge individual, discriminate compensation, terms, conditions, employment, individual's race, origin; "(2) limit, segregate, classify applicants way tend opportunities adversely affect status employee, origin." definition "person" 701(a) Act, 2000e(a), 2(1) Equal Employment Opportunity Amendments), 103, 2000e(a) ed., "governments, agencies, (and) political subdivisions." subdivision thereof" 701(b) former stricken 2(2) latter, 2000e(b) 2(5) 2000e(f) 701(f) 2000e(f), "employee" individuals "subject civil government, agency subdivision." retained aggrieved employer's behalf, satisfaction procedural prerequisites, extended persons public 4(a), 104, §§ 2000e-5(a)-(g) alleged contrary Protection Clause ruling claim. 309 F.Supp., 290. Bitzer Commission, Treasurer Comptroller These cross-petitioners 706(g) 261, 107, 2000e-5(g) part: "If finds engaged engaging charged complaint, enjoin practice, order affirmative appropriate, include, to, reinstatement hiring employees, back pay (payable agency, labor organization, responsible practice), equitable deems appropriate. Back liability accrue date years prior filing charge Commission." 706(k) 2000e-5(k). Respondent appeal finding relief. arguments rule inapplicable. 564-565. challenged dispute enacting extend employers, exercised H.R.Rep.No.92-238, p. (1971); S.Rep.No.92-415, pp. 10-11 (1971). National League Cities Usery, 426 833, 2465, 245 (1976). Neither slavery involuntary servitude, except punishment crime whereof duly convicted, exist jurisdiction. article Apart remedy established contend n. 6, Supra. Chief Marshall pointed out, literally situation. Cohens Wheat. 264, 412, 257; 298-324, 1625-1637, dissenting). draws distinction proceedings equity. Judicial equity, commenced prosecuted Citizens another State, Subjects Foreign State." U.S.Const. Amdt. 11.

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