Document: 447 U.S. 410 100 S.Ct. 2260 65 L.Ed.2d 228 State of ILLINOIS, Petitioner,v.John M. VITALE. No. 78-1845. Argued Jan. 8, 1980. Decided June 19, Syllabus As the result an accident in which automobile driven by respondent struck and killed two children, was convicted for failing to reduce speed avoid violation Illinois statute. Subsequently, based on same accident, charged with involuntary manslaughter under another Ultimately, after trial intermediate appellate courts had held that prosecution barred statutory grounds, Supreme Court it Double Jeopardy Clause Fifth Amendment, as applied States through Due Process Fourth court reasoning because lesser offense required no proof beyond necessary a conviction greater manslaughter, "same" lesser-included offense. Held: The does not necessarily prohibit from prosecuting manslaughter. Pp. 415-421. (a) Whether is "same offense" double jeopardy purposes charges, depends whether each statute question requires fact other not. Blockburger v. United States, 284 299, 52 180, 76 L.Ed. 306. 415-416. (b) Thus, if always entail failure speed, then offenses are test. And mere possibility will seek rely all ingredients included traffic establish element its case would be sufficient bar latter prosecution. 416-419. (c) But, matter law, careless automobile, respondent's charge constitute jeopardy. Brown Ohio, 432 161, 97 2221, 53 187. In any event, pending relies proves reckless act prove have substantial claim 419-421. (d) Because relationship law between crimes unclear, or acts still unknown, Court's judgment vacated remanded further proceedings. P. 421. 71 Ill.2d 229, 16 Ill.Dec. 456, 375 N.E.2d 87, remanded. James S. Veldman, Chicago, Ill., petitioner. Lawrence G. Dirksen, Olympia Fields, respondent. Mr. Justice WHITE delivered opinion Court. 1 this Amendment prohibits (State) driver involved fatal who previously has been collision. 2 * On November 24, 1974, John Vitale, juvenile, small children. One children died almost immediately; following day. A police officer at scene issued citation charging Vitale § 11-601(a) Vehicle Code. Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 951/2, (1979). This provides part "[s]peed must decreased may colliding person vehicle entering highway compliance legal requirements duty persons use due care."1 3 December 23, appeared Circuit Cook County, entered plea guilty speed.2 After without jury, sentenced pay fine $15.3 4 day, petition adjudication wardship filed juvenile division counts manslaughter.4 petition, signed citation, alleged "without lawful justification while recklessly driving motor caused death of" 20, accident. App. 2-4. 5 Vitale's counsel motion dismiss among others, "violative and/or constitutional jeopardy," id., 7, previous found unnecessary reach statutes requiring, certain nonpertinent exceptions, conduct prosecuted single 38, §§ 3-3 3-4(b)(1) (1979).5 dismissed appealed. Appellate Illinois, First District, re 44 Ill.App.3d 1030, 603, 358 1288 (1976), affirmed holding state compulsory joinder statutes. 6 justices dissenting, grounds. 87 (1978). did "a more compelling reason why cannot manslaughter": Fourteenth Amendment. analyzing elements offense, "the greater, . clause, definition 'same' within it." Id., 239, Ill.Dec., 460, N.E.2d, 91. Thus concluded Clause. 7 dissenting argued homicide could proved showing one than speed. 242, 251-253, 462, 465-466, 93, 96-97 (Underwood, J., joined Ryan, dissenting). 8 27, 1978, we granted State's certiorari, judgment, consider upon federal 439 974, 99 554, 58 645 remand, certified again writ certiorari. 444 823, 42, 62 29 II 9 shall "be subject offence twice put life limb." guarantee applicable Benton Maryland, 395 784, 89 2056, 2062, 23 707 (1969), applies only traditional criminal proceedings but also kind faced. Breed Jones, 421 519, 95 1779, 346 (1975). 10 prohibition consist three separate guarantees: (1) "It protects against second acquittal. [(2) I]t conviction. [(3)] multiple punishments offense." North Carolina Pearce, 711, 717, 2072, 2076, 656 (1969) (footnotes omitted). asserts his former bars prosecution, concerned these guarantees instant case. sole before us charges brought Vitale. 11 187 (1977), stated principal test determining barring successive prosecutions. Quoting 304, 182, 306 (1932), turn relied Gavieres 220 338, 342-343, 31 421, 422, 55 489 (1911), 12 " '[t]he rule where transaction constitutes distinct provisions, determine there one, provision not.' U.S., 166, S.Ct., 2225. 13 We recognized focuses rather actual evidence presented trial. 'each additional not,' Morey Commonwealth, 108 Mass. 433, 434 (1871)," 2226 (emphasis supplied); Iannelli 420 770, 785, n. 17, 1284, 1294, 43 616 (1975).6 III 14 accept, must, Illinois' identification here. Under involves "reckless operation manner likely cause great bodily harm." Ill.2d, "that defendant drove carelessly failed person." 238, court, specifying elements, manslaughter" concluded, 15 our supra, precludes later There, first joyriding Ohio crime "take, operate, keep consent owner." He stealing vehicle. every "is auto theft," theft need addition intent permanently deprive owner possession. Holding barred, observed prosecutor established requisite order theft." 167, 2226. But noted well." 168, Both observations were essential holding. Had able theft, proving took, operated, kept owner—if joyriding—the prosecutions meaning 17 dispute proposition, insists fully satisfied when "requires manslaughter." It clear enough below slow collision victim. Proving way slow; nothing needed already convicted. 18 State, however, concede rest involve justification, vehicle, [two] death[s]" Further, absence tried, Nor known, their view, what particular might charge.7 agrees, submits 19 expressly address contentions reluctant accept cryptic remarks about here authoritative 20 Of course, automobiles moving sense "failure" sufficiently such even careless, if, danger arose, slowing much reasonably possible alone avoided Yet, causing example, paying attention last second, he attention, simply swerving car. point slow, IV 21 If, Ohio.8 sustain find involving failure; prior case, serious charged, decision Harris Oklahoma, 433 682, 2912, 1054 (1977). 22 Harris, held, dissent, defendant's felony murder killing course armed robbery subsequent robbery. Oklahoma felony-murder face require murder; felonies underlie prosecution.9 Clause, generally described various elements. Rather, treated itself species conceded petitioner indicted underlying felony, since Nielsen, 131 176, 672, 33 118 (1889), having several subsequently tried offense—an consisting solely Brown, reverse true; By analogy, Amendments Constitution. V 24 doubts vacate remand inconsistent opinion.10 25 So ordered. 26 STEVENS, whom BRENNAN, STEWART, MARSHALL, join, dissenting. 27 controlling issue collision, Motor Code,1 "driving vehicle," 9-3(b) Criminal Code.2 that, charge, him charge. 28 There reasons, itself, affirming First, applying set forth 187, made finding law. clearly respect finding. Second, members correct view facts For, intended conviction, prosecutor's apprise theory some lengthy should Relying 306, holds addressed always, guilt well. If not, states therefore Clause.3 Ante, 419. goes discuss position theoretically finds majority's response argument "cryptic," refuses court's determination homicide; instead, reverses remands new "under collision."4 30 I agree appropriate disposition. recognizes, province tell law.5 To extent role all, ensure apply proper analytic framework insofar they Federal Unlike Court, doubt pointed out length, hardly unfamiliar test, consistently many years either own 244-245, 462-463, 93-94 majority purport deviate contrary, heavily Blockburger. 32 examining definitions reference concluded: "As usually situation offenses, Accordingly, 34 so holding, : 35 "Applying Appeals defined 'the offense' 23. For [statute] 304 [52 182]. invariably true offense—joyriding greater—auto theft. 36 Having interpretation now go process over assure really meant plainly said. 37 Part hold "substantial" my merely "substantial"; dispositive. 38 1054, robbery, used Cf. Whalen 445 684, 1432, 63 715. Since different supported literal application see 708-711, 1446-1448 (REHNQUIST, However, entire agreed equally recklessness way. 39 Throughout five litigation, apparently seen fit reveal basis omission important one. implies proceed claim. surely procedure specifically designed protect citizen trials. vital interest avoiding unlawful led Abney 431 651, 2034, allow appeal advance substance right protected lost vindicated. emphasized individual being subjected punishments. 660-661, 2041 original). Continuing, stated: 40 "Because focus 'risk' assures things, forced, endure personal strain, public embarrassment, expense once thus interests wholly unrelated propriety Black aptly purpose Clause: 41 'The idea, deeply ingrained least Anglo-American system jurisprudence, resources power allowed make repeated attempts convict thereby subjecting ordeal live continuing anxiety, insecurity, well enhancing though innocent guilty.' Green [v. 355 184,] 187-188 [78 221, 223, 199]. 42 ". [I]f exposure enjoy full protection challenge indictment reviewable occurs." 661-662, 2041. (Emphasis original.) entitled trial, definitive ruling provided notice depend proving, time, stand again. respectfully dissent. Section Code, (1979), provides: "No reasonable regard conditions highway, endangers safety property. exceed maximum limit relieve decrease approaching crossing intersection, going around curve, hill crest, traveling narrow winding roadway, special hazard exists pedestrians weather conditions. Speed care." With record contains copy complaint, "Wednesday, 12:29 p. m., operate wit 170th Ingleside Thornton, situated violate section Code accident." (Record 66-67.) Notations back complaint indicate pleaded guilty, waived jury fined. Failing punishable days jail $500. 16-104(a) (1975), 1005-9-1 1005-8-3 At time prosecuted, 9-3 (1973), provided: "(a) kills commits harm individual, performs them recklessly. homicide." When commission known commencing jurisdiction except Subsection (c), act. (b), justice separately." 3-4(b) pertinent part: "A formerly prosecution: Resulted acquittal, (unless ordered charge). knew resulted deaths 3-4(b)(1). "[T]he satisfied, notwithstanding overlap offered crimes." "The permitting diverted high rate appropriately maintain vehicle's braking system, note seven school zone warning signs, initially raising dangerous level, disobeying commands guard. While do know series certainly say exclusion misconduct." 251, 466, (1978) report concerning brakes defective guard stop sign intersection occurred. 29, 30.) 169, 2227, "[a]n exception exist unable outset occurred discovered despite exercise diligence." aware convicted, Okla.Stat., Tit. 21, 701(3) (1971), "[w]hen perpetrated design effect engaged felony." lower dismissing Rev.Stat., supplied.) "If (1973). See discussion opinion, infra, 426. collision." Despite apparent agreement dissenters' reading statutes, ibid., foreclosed concluding states: "If, Ohio." 419-420. 2226, reiterated 'have final authority interpret legislation.' Garner Louisiana, 368 157, 169 [82 248, 254, 207] (1961)," accepted "authoritative" courts' offenses.

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