Document: 352 U.S. 432 77 S.Ct. 408 1 L.Ed.2d 448 Paul H. BREITHAUPT, Petitioner,v.Morris ABRAM, Warden. No. 69. Argued Dec. 12 and 13, 1956. Decided Feb. 25, 1957. Mr. F. Gordon Shermack, Santa Fe, N.M., for the petitioner. Messrs.Richard Robinson Walter R. Kegel, respondent. Justice CLARK delivered opinion of Court. Petitioner, while driving a pickup truck on highways New Mexico, was involved in collision with passenger car. Three occupants car were killed petitioner seriously injured. A pint whiskey bottle, almost empty, found glove compartment truck. Petitioner taken to hospital he lying unconscious emergency room smell liquor detected his breath. state patrolman requested that sample petitioner's blood be taken. An attending physician, unconscious, withdrew about 20 cubic centimeters by use hypodermic needle. This subsequent laboratory analysis showed this contain .17% alcohol. 2 thereafter charged involuntary manslaughter. Testimoney regarding test its result admitted into evidence at trial over objection. included testimony an expert person alcohol under influence intoxicating liquor. convicted sentenced He did not appeal conviction. Subsequently, however, sought release from imprisonment petition writ habeas corpus Supreme Court Mexico.1 That court, after argument, denied writ. 1954, 58 N.M. 385, 271 P.2d 827. contends conviction, based test, deprived him liberty without due process law guaranteed Fourteenth Amendment Constitution. We granted certiorari, 351 906, 76 699, 100 L.Ed. 1442, determine whether requirements Due Process Clause, as it concerns criminal proceedings, necessitate invalidation 3 It has been clear since Weeks v. United States, 1914, 232 383, 34 341, 652, obtained violation rights protected Fourth Federal Constitution must excluded federal prosecutions. There is argument behalf used here, Clause taking unreasonable search seizure violative Amendment. Likewise, argues way there Fifth introduction compelled witness against himself. relies proposition 'the generative principles' Bill Rights should extend protections Amendments case through But Wolf Colorado, 1949, 338 69 1359, 93 1782, answers contention negative. See also Twining Jersey, 1908, 211 78, 29 14, 53 97; Palko Connecticut, 1937, 302 319, 149, 82 288; Irvine California, 347 128, 74 381, 98 561. Mexico rejected, may, exclusionary rule set forth Weeks, supra. State Dillon, 1929, 366, 281 P. 474, 88 A.L.R. 340. Therefore, claims afford no aid here fruits violations, if any, are admissible State's prosecution. 4 Petitioner's remaining primary assault conviction so easily unhorsed. urges conduct officers offends 'sense justice' which we spoke Rochin 1952, 342 165, 72 205, 96 183. In broke home accused observed place something mouth. The forced open mouth considerable struggle unsuccessful attempt retrieve whatever put there. stomach pump later forcibly among matter extracted narcotic pills. As said there, 'this course proceeding agents government obtain bound offend even hardened sensibilities.' Id., page 172, 209. aside because such 'shocked conscience' 'brutal' 'offensive' comport traditional ideas fair play decency. therefore offensive process. see nothing comparable facts Rochin. 5 Basically distinction rests fact or when done, case, protective eye physician. To sure, driver taken, but absence conscious consent, more, does necessarily render constitutional right;2 certainly administered would considered most delicate. Furthermore, measured yardstick personal reaction sphygmogram sensitive person, whole community sense 'decency fairness' woven common experience fabric acceptable conduct. bedrock established concept procedure become routine our everyday life. ritual those going military service well applying marriage licenses. Many colleges require tests before permitting entrance literally millions us have voluntarily gone same, though longer, becoming donors. note majority States either enacted statutes some form authorizing nature permit findings evidence.3 conclude skilled technician 'conduct shocks conscience,' Rochin, supra, 209, nor method obtaining justice,' Brown Mississippi, 1936, 297 278, 285—286, 56 461, 464—465, 80 682.4 say indiscriminate different conditions competent do may amount 'brutality' come rule. chief law-enforcement officer Bar Court, assured every proper medical precaution afforded whom taken.5 6 upheld attacked ground any basis deficiency injudicious application, admittedly scientifically accurate detecting alcoholic content blood, thus furnishing exact measure upon base decision intoxication. Modern living requires modern scientific methods crime detection lest public go unprotected. increasing slaughter highways, avoidable, now reaches astounding figures only heard battlefield.6 safety measures, methods, strict enforcement traffic laws, using all reasonable means make automobile less dangerous.7 7 right individual held inviolable, slight intrusion kind Americans submit nearly day, interests society determination intoxication, one great causes mortal hazards road. And more likewise establish innocence, affording protection treachery judgment senses. small extent justified assumption deterrence, individual's immunity invasion body properly safeguarded far outweighed value deterrent effect realization issue can often out confusion conflicting contentions. 8 For these reasons affirmed. 9 Affirmed. 10 Chief WARREN, BLACK DOUGLAS join, dissenting. 11 reversed 183, retain vitality stand than instance revulsion particular police methods. I cannot agree says, 'we Rochin.' seems me essential elements cases same follow. much Court's concerning nation's efforts enforce laws necessity crime. Everybody sentiments, yet they help particularly determining distinguished grew curb narcotics traffic, surely interest least magnitude highway enforcement. Nor many sanction differentiate cases. At time decided illegally vast States. both had probable cause suspect defendant offense evidence. known violator, arrested suspicious circumstances seen swallow narcotics. neither course, concerned defendant's guilt innocence. sole problem tainted rights. 13 reaching conclusion unlike kept separate component parts problem. Essentially two: character expression victim's will; latter manifested physical resistance. Of consent having pumped thereby waive limited will significant. where affirmative difference states unequivocally objects resorts violence protest condition unable protest. right.' implies might follow voiced reject distinction. 14 Since clearly determinative question presented. suggests force overcome suspect's By recital Rochin—the references 'considerable struggle' 'forcibly used'1—the finds distinguishable case. accept resistance prisoner prerequisite existence 15 Apart irrelevant factor resistance, techniques comparable. each operation performed doctor hospital. extraction fluids. Neither normally lasting ill effects. denominates cites frequency too accepted making relieving distress. technique product science common, consensual other purposes extract consent. Would spinal fluid condoned commonly made enforcement? 16 Only distinguish them. restriction imposes procedures reactions build shifting sands. should, my opinion, hold their persons suspected stop short bruishing body, breaking skin, puncturing tissue extracting fluids, contemplate doing stealth. 17 Viewed according standard, reversed. 18 DOUGLAS, joins, 19 name man. If scheme, then shrivel little protecting citizen. who fashioned certain reach preferred One source citizen action Our decisions violate brutal man convict him. 183; Chambers Florida, 309 227, 60 472, 84 716. conception prohibition accused. Leyra Denno, 556, 716, 948, subtle, nonviolent confession prisoner. obvious coercion subtlety violence. take libertarian approach here. 21 understand today's withdrawn police. sanctity equally violated assaulted incapable offering basis. draw line between hand trickery, subterfuge, takes advantage inability resist other. words lips, contents stomach, fluids Under system government, compel people furnish necessary send them prison. Yet compulsion following 22 decencies civilized repulsive insert needles order get him, find give pill puts sleep, subdue indignity other, invaded supposed citizen's protector. 23 reverse District Fe County, March 7, 1952. obedience policy State, part sensible himself citizens road drunken driving, dubious lay testimony. fact, Kansas statute declared operates motor vehicle shall deemed given chemical breath, urine, saliva purpose blood. If, arrest liquor, arresting grounds arrest, refuses report official suspend operator's permit. Kan.Gen.Stat.1949, Supp.1955, § 8—1001 8—1007. Forty-seven tests, including intoxication involving charges Twenty-three statute. These, part, patterned 11—902 Uniform Vehicle Code prepared National Committee Traffic Laws Ordinances. section makes unlawful operate finding presence percentage alcohol, weight, gives rise presumption twenty-three statutory provisions include: Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. 28—692; Del.Code Ann. Tit. 11, 3507; Ga.Code Ann.1937, Cum.Supp.1955, 68—1625; Idaho Code, 1948, 49—520.2; Burns' Ind.Stat.Ann.1952, 47—2003; 8—1007; Ky.Rev.Stat.Ann.1955, 189.520; Me.Rev.Stat.1954, c. 22, 150; Minn.Stat.Ann. 169.12; Neb.Rev.Stat.1943, Reissue 39—727.01; N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann.1955, 262:20; N.J.S.A. 39:4—50.1; McKinney's Consol.N.Y.Laws, 71, Law, 70(5); N.D.Laws 1953, 247; Or.Rev.Stat.1955, 483.630; S.C.Code, 46 344; S.D.Code, 1939, Supp.1952, 44.0302—1; Tenn.Code Ann.1955, 59—1032 59—1033; Utah Ann.1953, 41—6—44; Va.Code, 1950, Supp.1956, 18—75.1 18—75.3; Wash.Rev.Code, 1951, 46.56.010; Wis.Laws 1955, 510; Wyo.Comp.Stat.1945, 60—414. Other authority court approval. See, e.g., People Haeussler, 41 Cal.2d 252, 260 (blood); Block People, 125 Colo. 36, 240 512 Touchton 1944, 154 Fla. 547, So.2d 752 Bobczyk, 343 Ill.App. 504, 99 N.E.2d 567 (breath); Haner, 1941, 231 Iowa 348, N.W.2d 91 Breithaupt Abram, 827 Bowden 95 Okl.Cr. 382, 246 427 (blood urine); McKay 155 Tex.Cr.R. 416, 235 S.W.2d 173 (breath). Still practice appear litigation summary Tests Intoxication Safety Council, 1955 Uses Chemical Intoxication. negatives suggestion anything additional discussion Inbau, Self-Incrimination (1950), 72—86. Several very presented none authorities reversal convictions tests. Duroncelay, 1956, 146 Cal.App.2d 96, 303 617; 512; Ayres, 70 18, 142 (test results favorable accused); Cram, 1945, 176 Or. 577, 160 283, 164 952. Sturtevant, N.H. 99, A.2d 909; cf. Williamson, U.S.C.M.A. 320, C.M.R. 320. Weltha, 1940, 228 519, 292 N.W. 148; Kroening, 274 Wis. 266, 79 810. Jordan, 1957, 452, 242. withdrawal blood-grouping prosecutions widespread. Davis 189 Md. 640, 57 289; Alexander, N.J. 585, 83 441; Commonwealth Statti, 166 Pa.Super. 73 688. authorize civil actions paternity proceedings. Cortese Cortese, N.J.Super. 152, 717. bastardy Jordan Davis, 143 Me. 185, 209; ex rel. Van Camp Welling, Ohio Op. 371, Supp. 333. general proceedings Schatkin, Disputed Paternity Proceedings (3d ed.1953), 193—282. explanation, advised regulation permitted further customary administrative municipalities allow doctor. required incident test. municipality precautions. Accident Facts 43—71. Governors' Conference Committee, Report Highway (Nov. 1956); Ordinances, (Rev. White House Confercnce Safety, Organize Your Community (1954). Actually, occurred broken in. hospital, struggled

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