Document: 415 U.S. 164 94 S.Ct. 988 39 L.Ed.2d 242 UNITED STATES, Petitioner,v.William Earl MATLOCK. No. 72—1355. Argued Dec. 10—11, 1973. Decided Feb. 20, 1974. Syllabus Respondent was arrested in the front yard of a house which he lived along with Mrs. Graff (daughter lessees) and others. The arresting officers, who did not ask him room occupied or whether would consent to search, were then admitted by and, her but without warrant, searched house, including bedroom, told them jointly respondent herself, closet officers found seized money. indicted for bank robbery, moved suppress money as evidence. District Court held that where third person is relied upon justification Government must show, inter alia, only it reasonably appeared had authority consent, also actual permit satisfactorily proved such authority. Although Graff's statements she same bedroom deemed admissible prove officers' good-faith belief, they be inadmissible extrajudicial truth facts therein averred, true both married, case. Appeals affirmed. Held: 1. When prosecution seeks justify warrantless search proof voluntary limited given bythe defendant, may show permission obtained from party possessed common over other sufficient relationship premises effects sought inspected. Pp. 169—172. 2. It error exclude evidence at suppression hearings out-of-court respecting joint occupancy well represented themselves husband wife. 172—177. (a) There no automatic rule against receiving hearsay (where trial court itself can accord weight deems desirable), under circumstances here, satisfied fact been made nothing record raised doubts about their truthfulness, there apparent reason declarations course resolving issues hearings. 172—176. (b) penal interest, since extramarital cohabitation state crime. Thus carried own indicia reliability should have hearings, even if respondent's trial. 176—177. 3. Although, admissibility excluded statements, apparently sustained its burden reconsider sufficiency light this Court's opinion. 177—178. 7 Cir., 476 F.2d 1083, reversed remanded. Lawrence G. Wallace, Washington, D.C., petitioner. Donald S. Eisenberg, Madison, Wis., respondent. Mr. Justice WHITE delivered opinion Court. 1 In Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 218, 93 2041, 36 854 (1973), reaffirmed principle property, warrant probable cause, proper voluntarily given, valid Fourth Amendment. question now before us presented United States respect living quarters legally render materials criminal 2 * Matlock February 1971 robbery federally insured Wisconsin, violation 18 U.S.C. § 2113. A week later, filed motion law enforcement home town Pardeeville, living. Suppression followed. As Court, Pardeeville on November 12, 1970. leased owner Marshall. Living Marshall, several children, daughter Gayle Graff, Gayle's three-year-old son, aware time arrest search. Three went door dressed robe holding son arms. looking gun asked could house. denied consented east second floor said herself. issue $4,995 cash, diaper bag room.1 came make Matlock. 3 ruled trial, prove, first, searching 'just prior exist will consenter's binding putative defendant,' second, do defendant.' requirement express allow shown; right, premises. first because presence his arrest, residence some just statement bedroom.2 4 concluded, however, failed satisfy To arrive result, although belief nevertheless averred. additional later 12 sleeping together regularly, early morning shared use dresser room. testimony respondent, various times places persons, wife husband. These not, might expected do. Having these declarations, concluded remaining insufficient 'to reasonable certainty, greater credible evidence, period length theretofore, defendant bedroom.' briefly stated, one-bedroom apartment Florida April August 1970; Marshall seen going up down stairs together; shown rented contained man woman.3 thought items created an 'inference' least 'mild inference' slept Government's proof. rejected claim required 5 affirmed judgment all respects. 1083. We granted certiorari, 917, 2734, 37 143, reverse Appeals. II 6 has assumed parties courts below any occupant co-occupant, permitting discovered used This basic proposition accepted Seventh Circuit case, 1086, cases,4 generally applied similar appeals,5 courts.6 left open, Amos States, 255 313, 317, 41 266, 267, 65 L.Ed. 654 (1921), wife's 'waive constitutional rights,' more recent here clearly indicates one possesses absent, nonconsenting whom shared. Frazier Cupp, 394 731, 740, 89 1420, 1425, 22 684 (1969), 'dismissed rather quickly' contention petitioner's cousin duffel bag, being men cousin's home, seizure clothing inside; rendered clear. Indeed, unwilling engage 'metaphysical subtleties' Frazier's compartment within bag. By allowing leaving risk someone else look inside. Ibid. More generally, U.S., 245—246, S.Ct., 2057, we noted our recognition validity 'third consent' searches cases like Coolidge New Hampshire, 403 443, 487—490, 91 2022, 2048, 29 564 (1971), supported view fundamentally different nature waiver right. clear when inspected.7 requisite showing III hearsay, persons ruling. Both error. 8 initial matter fail understand why, approach representations himself considered him. Whether admissions surmount objections based itself, whatever inferences judge draw concerning bedroom. See J. Wigmore, Evidence 1048 (J. Chadbourn rev. 1972); C. McCormick, 262 (2d ed. 1972).8 9 recalled rules normally applicable trials operate full force determine evidence.9 Brinegar 338 160, 69 1302, 1879 (1949), objected hearing challenge car itself. court's rulings. distinguished between proceedings cause those governing itself—' large difference two things proved, tribunals them, therefore quanta modes establish them.' Id., 173, 1309. That certain preliminary trial—and rulings merely 'illustrate standards latitude allowed passing distinct guilt.' 174, 1310. 10 jury are govern evidentiary questions confirmed 20 last year transmitted Congress proposed Federal Rules Evidence. Rule 104(a) provides matters performing function bound except privileges.10 Essentially language scope repeated 1101(d)(1).11 reflect general views authorities 1385 (3d 1940); 53, p. 122 n. 1972). Maguire & Epstein, Preliminary Controversies Admissibility, Yale L.J. 1101 (1927). 11 Search warrants repeatedly issued ex parte affidavits containing identified unidentified persons. Ventresca, 380 102, 108, 85 741, 745, 13 (1965). An involved McCray Illinois, 386 300, 87 1056, 62 (1967). At hearing, police testifying informer. obligated produce informer put stand wanted defendant's refusal identify opinion, specifically right confrontation Sixth Amendment Due Process Clause Fourteenth way violated. contrary federal courts. is, therefore, much considering exclusionary rules, aside privilege, applicable; receive give experience counsel.12 However be, certainly reception proceedings, seems equally present here. place, quite made. Second, raise serious truthfulness themselves. harbored hostility bias call into question. testified behalf responded inquiry together. few minutes having led stated woman's hers. Later day, regularly room, very day. consistent another. They corroborated received hearings: months immediately coming upstairs evening; tenant bore every woman; indicated people Under distrust consideration worth resolving, another, 14 If doubt matter, dispelled another consideration: out wedlock seem falsely confess. crime State Wisconsin.13 interest reliability. think, admitting judge. case either Donnelly 228 243, 272—277, 33 449, 57 820 (1913), because, 804(b)(4) becomes law, declarant unavailable 15 Finally, note witness such, available cross-examination, prejudice, any, reduced. entirely gave together, claimed privilege self-incrimination declined answer. IV 16 appears us, proving preponderance bag.14 But prefer decision remanded directions remand further 17 So ordered. Reversed 19 DOUGLAS, dissenting. William robbing involves Matlock's during lived. authorized remands previously excluded, Because I believe absence opportunity obtain one, fatal, dissent disposition 21 members family, 21-year-old Graff. paid Marshalls He offered resistance, restrained squad distance home. Immediately thereafter, walked present. searchign guns money, After withhold permitted During three entered One through kitchen, pantry area, porch, Matlock's. secondfloor half closet. instant 23 returned time, incriminating area. afternoon. Again, secure waited officer bring point secured Four participated downstairs 24 participating searches, attempt procure judicial officer. finding does challenge, exigent emergency provide excuse failure invade security home: 25 'At 1970, purpose conducting adequate warrants. emergency, nor danger proceed awaiting for. incidental 26 This, believe, crucial than ultimate resolution 'authority' impermissible so. 27 '(t)he houses, papers, effects, unreasonable seizures, shall violated, Warrants issue, Oath affirmation, particularly describing place searched, seized.' scrutiny provided clause essential effectuating Amendment, if, ensuing 'unreasonable' Amendment.1 intervention gives vitality restraining unnecessary unjustified invasions privacy occur. written helps ensure areas objects necessary 'place searched' 'things seized' described particularity. gravest properly warrant. 28 Up now, duty so, substantial existed Johnson 333 10, 68 367, 92 436 decided 1948, smelled unmistakable odor opium outside hotel knocked door, themselves, talk her. stepped back acquiescently officers. entry submission authority, odors alone despite Since, 'exceptional circumstances'2 cited justified 'the inconvenience slight delay prepare papers magistrate,' d., 14, 15, 369, unconstitutional. Jackson explained need restraint conduct made; what today: 'The often grasped zealous denies support usual Its protection consists requiring drawn neutral detached magistrate instead judged engaged competitive enterprise ferreting . Crime, one's quarters, course, grave concern society, allows reached showing. thrust concern, individual society chooses dwell freedom surveillance. yield rule, officer, policeman agent.' 13—14, 369. 30 Trupiano 334 699, 1229, 1663, illegal distillery though agents conducted ample information Since convenience unreasonable. police, constrained limitations free rummage '(T)hey precisely designed outlaw. Nothing circumscribed activities raid good senses, authors exceptional present.' 706—707, 1233. Speaking Murphy again reasons insistence adherence processes: 31 'This rests desirability magistrates seizures permissible placed activities. understandable zeal ferret excitement capture suspected person, less likely possess detachment neutrality rights suspect viewed. intrusions private lives individuals, framers processes wherever possible. And subsequent history wisdom requirement.' 705, 1232. 32 Likewise, McDonald 335 451, 191, 153, illegal. Officers heard adding machine, frequently numbers operations, rooming Entering window, looked transom McDonald's saw gambling paraphernalia. shouted open id., 455, 193, patiently reiterated submit whenever feasible: 'We dealing formalities. serves high function. Absent interposed citizen police. done shield criminals safe haven so objective mind weigh order enforce law. too precious entrust discretion whose job detection criminals. Power heady thing; shows acting cannot trusted. Constitution requires pass desires violate home.' 455—456, 193. 34 Jones 357 493, 78 1253, 1514, 1958, yet instance importance processes. alcohol daytime, observed liquor produced. Rather executing until evening, held, Harlan, contraband legitimize search: 'Were articles provisions become empty phrases, affords largely nullified.' 498, 1257. 35 And, indeed, carefully explicitly restricting breadth 'empty phrases,' sanctions effort imminent loss human life, simultaneously violating Marshalls, sorry wholly inadequate substitute protections inhere judicially inconceivable Lefkowitz, 285 452, 464, 52 420, 423, 76 877. procured feared warrants, hatred passage unconstrained anything desires.3 Even after find doubtless specified see 471, 2040, 564, prolonged exploratory pursuit intrusion Marshalls' respectful exacting demands Amendment; Framers abolish hated impose oppressive regime people, dissent. BRENNAN, MARSHALL joins, limit determination my knowing consent. 'It escapes me how citizens meaningfully waived something guarantee ever existence.' 277, 2073, (1973) (Brennan, J., dissenting). hold effectively waive totally ignorant that, constitutionally prohibited. none advised refuse expressed advice invalid, however voluntary, bind regard clear, consenter knew voluntary. pillows double bed, in, men's women's clothes closet, separate drawers dresser. E.g., Stone, 471 170, 173 (1972), cert. denied, 411 931, 1898, 391 (1973); Wixom, 441 623, 624—625 (1971); Airdo, 103, 106—107, 389 913, 88 238, 260 Each approval Sferas, 210 69, 74 (CA7), sub nom. Skally 347 935, 630, 98 1086 (1954), 'that equal occupation premises, thus disclosed either.' Ellis, 461 962, 967—968 (CA2), 409 866, 162, 115 (1972); Cataldo, 433 38, 40 (CA2 1970), 401 977, 1200, 326 rel. Cabey Mazurkiewicz, 431 839, 842—843 (CA3 1970); Thompson, 421 373, 375—376 (CA5), vacated grounds, 400 17, 122, (1970); Gurleski 405 253, 260—262 (CA5 1968), 395 981, 2140, 765 (1969); Wright 996, 998—999 (CA8 1968); Roberts 332 892, 894—898 1964), 980, 1344, 274 (1965); Wilson, 447 1, 5—6 (CA9 1971); Nelson California, 346 73, 77 (CA9), 382 964, 86 367 Burge 342 408, 413 829, 63, 72 People Howard, 166 Cal.App.2d 638, 651, P.2d 105, 114 (1958); Gorg, 45 Cal.2d 776, 783, 291 469, 473 (1955); Haskell, Ill.2d 25, 28—29, 241 N.E.2d 430, 432 (1968); Walker, 23, 27—28, 213 552, 555 (1966); Commonwealth Rundle, Pa. 466, 248 A.2d 197 Cairo, R.I. 377, 385—386, 60 841, 845 (1948); State, 443 S.W.2d 720, 722—723 (Ct.Crim.App.Tex.), 396 934, 90 233 (1969). Common implied mere property property. justifies third-party rest attendant historical legal refinements, Chapman 365 610, 81 828 (1961) (landlord validly another), Stoner 376 483, 84 889, 856 (1964) (night clerk customer's room) mutual access control most purposes, recognize co-inhabitants inspection others number area searched. 801(d)(2)(A) Evidence, approved 1972, Congress, expressly party's hearsay. Bridges Wixon, 135, 153—154, 1443, 1452, 2103 (1945), relied, substantive bearing Bridges' membership Communist Party, charge deportation based. addition unsworn, unsigned violated Board Immigration Appeals, charges directly jeopardized liberty individual,' 154, determining admissibility, provides: '(a) Questions generally. qualification witness, existence determined judge, subject subdivision (b). making privileges.' 1101(d)(1) 'Rules inapplicable. (other privileges) apply following situations: '(1) fact. 104(a).' 'Should child system' Thayer's phrase, judge? Sound sense backs empowered hear relevant reliable hearsay.' Wis.Stat. (1971) 944.20 'Whoever fined $500 imprisoned county jail both: (3) Openly cohabits associates knows spouse imply sexual intercourse.' Accordingly, reach major bringing here: event believed contends imposed unduly strict standard ruling great evidence.' judgment. inadvertence articulating proof, occasioned presenting event, controlling Lego Twomey, 404 477, 488—489, 619, 626, 618 (1972). contend employed error, occasion consider was. lays issuance effect reads provision proscribing create classes sanctioned 'reasonable' comport minimum warranted satisfy. added beyond prescriptions judiciary carte blanche dilute sanctioning searches. form best known colonists writ assistance, officials Crown license everything discretion. Warden Hayden, 387 294, 313—317, 1642, 1655, 782 (Douglas, abuse James Otis condemned Boston 1761, Adams, Works 523—525, Patrick Henry Virginia debated new 1788. Elliot, Debates 448. limitation, surprising focused it. concentrating invective intend begin Otis. 1761 speech, envisioned acceptable alternative. confined explicit restrictions: 'I admit special writs places, oath.' 524. 1778, debates Bill Rights, recommended congressional series amendments Constitution, guaranteed citizenry amendment presupposed avoided met standards. conceive searches: 'That freeman property; seize freeman, oath (or affirmation religiously scrupulous taking oath) grievous oppressive; apprehend specially naming dangerous, ought granted.' 658. First convened, Madison officially seizures. Like original recommendation, nurtured fear emphasized requirement: Annals Cong. 434—435. referred Committee Eleven, House, closely followed Madison's proposal, still focusing issuing 754. Only clauses, suggested. Benson York, chairman arrange amendments, 'by issuing' changed 'and issue.' His strengthen Amend- ment, efforts undercut 'Mr. words issuing.' declaratory far went, sufficient; alter read issue." Benson's defeated point, ibid., suggested Benson. prohibition clause, began earlier accepted, 779, Senate concurred. Journal, Aug. 1789. N. Lasson, History Development 97—103. prohibiting demonstrates broaden unneeded privacy. 103; 317—318, 1655 perverts intent creation exceptions compelling circumstances. Landynski, Seizure Supreme 42—44. illustration, observed: 'No fleeing take flight. permanent movable vehicle. No threatened removal destruction, perhaps fumes suppose disappear.' For example subject, Kremen 353 346, 828, 876, gutted

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