Document: 520 U.S. 681117 S.Ct. 1636137 L.Ed.2d 945 William Jefferson CLINTON, Petitioner,v.Paula Corbin JONES. No. 95-1853. Supreme Court of the United States Argued Jan. 13, 1997. Decided May 27, Syllabus * Respondent sued under 42 U.S.C. §§1983 and 1985 Arkansas law to recover damages from petitioner, current President States, alleging, inter alia, that while he was Governor Arkansas, petitioner made "abhorrent'' sexual advances her, her rejection those led punishment by supervisors in state job she held at time. Petitioner promptly advised Federal District would file a motion dismiss on Presidential immunity grounds, requested all other pleadings motions be deferred until issue resolved. After court granted request, filed without prejudice toll any applicable statutes limitation during his Presidency. The Judge denied dismissal grounds ruled discovery could go forward, but ordered trial stayed petitioner's Presidency ended. Eighth Circuit affirmed denial, reversed postponement as "functional equivalent'' grant temporary which not constitutionally entitled. explained President, like officials, is subject same laws apply citizens, no case had been found an official suit for unofficial acts, rationale inapposite where only personal, private conduct issue. also rejected argument that, unless available, threat judicial interference with Executive Branch violate separation powers. Held: 1.This need address two important constitutional issues encompassed within questions presented certiorari petition: (1) whether claim comparable assertion might succeed tribunal, (2) may compel President's attendance specific time or place. Pp. ____-____. 2.Deferral this litigation ends required. (a) Petitioner's principal submission-that most exceptional cases, Constitution affords civil arising out events occurred before took office-cannot sustained basis precedent. affording Presidents actions based their acts-i.e., enable them perform designated functions effectively fear particular decision give rise personal liability, see, e.g., Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 731, 749, 752, n. 32, 102 2690, 2701, 2702, 73 349-provides support conduct. Moreover, immunities acts clearly capacity are grounded nature function performed, identity actor who performed it. Forrester White, 484 219, 229, 108 538, 545, 98 555. unpersuaded historical evidence, sheds little light question issue, largely canceled conflicting evidence itself consistent both doctrine presidential set forth case. (b) separation-of-powers does require federal courts stay against leaves office. Even accepting unique importance scheme, it follow violated allowing action proceed. provides self-executing safeguard encroachment aggrandizement one three co-equal branches Government expense another. Buckley Valeo, 424 1, 122, 96 612, 683-684, 46 659. But there suggestion Judiciary being asked some way described "executive.'' merely asking exercise core Article III jurisdiction decide cases controversies, and, whatever outcome, possibility here will curtail scope Branch's rejects contention case-as well potential additional affirmance Circuit's judgment spawn-may place unacceptable burdens hamper performance duties. That finds either history, evidenced paucity suits sitting actions, relatively narrow compass raised Of greater significance, settled severely burden reviewing legality conduct, see Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. Sawyer, 343 579, 72 863, L.Ed. 1153, direct appropriate process himself, Nixon, 418 683, 94 3090, 41 1039. It must have power determine reasons rejecting categorical rule requiring term would, words, "in cases.'' (c) Contrary ruling, Court's order unconstitutional immunity. Rather, has broad discretion proceedings incident its control own docket. See, Landis North American Co., 299 248, 254, 57 163, 165-166, 81 153. posed matters evaluate management case, high respect owed matter should inform entire proceeding. Nevertheless, abuse because account respondent's interest bringing trial, premature nothing record judge assess after completion warranted. (d) persuaded seriousness alleged risks generate large volume politically motivated harassing frivolous national security concerns prevent explaining legitimate continuance, confidence ability judges deal concerns. If Congress deems afford stronger protection, respond legislation. F.3d 1354, affirmed. STEVENS, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, SOUTER, THOMAS, GINSBURG, JJ., joined. BREYER, concurring judgment. Robert S. Bennett, petitioner. Walter Dellinger, Durham, NC, amicus curiae special leave Court. Gilbert K. Davis, Fairfax, VA, respondent. Justice STEVENS 1 This raises prudential concerning Office States. Respondent, citizen, seeks occupant office allegedly taken began. submits requires defer such event, warrants stay. Despite force arguments supporting submissions, we conclude they rejected. 2 Petitioner, Clinton, elected 1992, re-elected 1996. His expires January 20, 2001. In 1991 State Arkansas. Paula Jones, resident California. lived employee Industrial Development Commission. 3 On 6, 1994, commenced Eastern filing complaint naming Danny Ferguson, former Police officer, defendants. alleges claims, claims over diverse citizenship parties.1 As comes us, required assume truth detailed-but yet untested- factual allegations complaint. 4 Those principally describe said afternoon 8, 1991, conference Excelsior Hotel Little Rock, speech conference; respondent-working employee-staffed registration desk. She Ferguson desk visit business suite hotel, "abhorrent''2 vehemently further superiors work subsequently dealt hostile rude manner, changed duties punish advances. Finally, defamed making statement reporter implied accepted overtures, various persons authorized speak publicly branded liar denying occurred. 5 actual $75,000, punitive $100,000. Her contains four counts. first charges acting color law, deprived rights protected Constitution, violation Rev. Stat. §1979, §1983. second engaged conspiracy rights, actionable law. See §1980, §1985. third common intentional infliction emotional distress, primarily hotel. fourth count, defamation, embracing comments press statements agents. Inasmuch legal sufficiency challenged, assume, deciding, each counts states cause With exception last charge, arguably involve outer perimeter responsibilities, perfectly clear misconduct unrelated indeed, office.3 II 6 response complaint, intended immunity, resolved.4 Relying our holding decided earliest possible stage litigation, 858 F.Supp. 902, 905 (E.D.Ark.1994), recognition ""singular duties,''' id., 904 (quoting 751, 349 (1982)), fact did analysis F.Supp., 905, request. thereupon "to . [that applicable] longer plaintiff refile instant suit.'' Record, Doc. 17. Extensive submissions were parties Department Justice.5 7 end 869 690 (E.D.Ark.1994). Although recognized "thin majority'' (1982), "the absolute damage execution office,'' convinced "a causes prior assuming office.''6 was, however, reasoning Fitzgerald deferring if appropriate.7 699-700. part respondent failed bring days 3-year period limitations expired, concluded public avoiding conducting outweighed demonstrated immediate trial. Id., 698-699. 8 Both appealed. A divided panel Appeals denial dismiss, regarded postponing order. 1361, 9, 1363 (C.A.8 1996). Writing majority, Bowman government members society,'' 1358, find "case ever acts,'' ibid., "is issue,'' 1360. majority specifically through scheduling orders, contempt citations, sanctions powers principles. suggested "judicial sensitive presidency demands schedule,'' avoid perceived danger. 1361. 9 dissent, Ross submitted even though involved logic opinion, "placed primary reliance prospect discharge impaired damages,'' applies equal F.3d, 1367. view, "unless exigent circumstances can shown,'' term. Ibid. saw reason why ultimately obtaining adjudication claims. 10 Beam wrote separate concurrence. He prolonged delay create significant risk irreparable harm unforeseeable loss death party. 1363-1364. argued brought §1983 "public ordinary citizen's timely vindication fundamental officials.'' 1365. dissent's concern about functioning "greatly overstated.'' Neither involvement presidents witnesses, nor character "relatively uncomplicated litigation,'' indicated serious. 1365-1366. "no staying Trooper Ferguson.'' 1366.8 11 represented counsel, petition certiorari. Solicitor General, representing supported petition, arguing "fundamentally mistaken'' created "serious institution Presidency.''9 brief opposition certiorari, "one-of-a-kind singularly inappropriate'' conflict among Courts Appeals, "does pose conceivable Branch,'' precedent position.10 12 While expressed merits reflect appraisal importance. representations behalf impact established merit respectful deliberate consideration. 13 true often stressed questions.11 avoidance, Judiciary, just cf. Arizonans Official English Arizona, ----, 117 1055, 137 170 (1997), into play acquired dictate discretionary every raising novel question. does, make identify today.12 14 First, asserted relies heavily restrains encroaching domain two, 659 (1976), necessary consider tribunal. heard forum, instead advancing argument, presumably rely federalism comity concerns,13 protecting officials local underlies authority remove certain officers court, 28 §1442(a); Mesa California, 489 121, 125-126, 109 959, 962-963, 103 99 (1989). Whether present more compelling us. 15 Second, proceed us confront We testimony use White House accommodate busy schedule, held, necessity attend person, elect do so.14 IV 16 cases,'' Brief i, 17 Only defendants involving taking Complaints Theodore Roosevelt Harry Truman dismissed office; dismissals respective inaugurations.15 Two companion automobile accident John F. Kennedy 1960 campaign.16 office, unsuccessfully status Commander Chief gave him right Soldiers' Sailors' Civil Relief Act 1940, 50 U.S.C.App. §§501-525. court.17 Thus, none 18 servants money inapplicable prosecutors, legislators, repeatedly serves enabling liability.18 Ferri Ackerman, 444 193, 100 402, 62 355 (1979): 19 "As servants, prosecutor represent society whole. adversely affect wide variety different individuals, whom source future controversy. societal providing maximum fearlessly impartially long acceptable justification point forestall atmosphere intimidation resolve principled fashion.'' 202-204, S.Ct., 408-409. 20 provided "entitled liability predicated U.S., 2701. 2702 (citing Ackerman). Our central rendering "unduly cautious duties.'' 32.19 21 sphere related closely immunity's justifying purposes.'' 755, 2704. Because extending "outer authority.'' 757, 2705. never official, extends beyond capacity. 759, 2706 (Burger, C. concurring) (noting Members Congress, judges, congressional aides-all having immunity- immune outside duties''); 761, 4, 2707, 4. 22 when defining capacity, applied functional approach. "Frequently decisions official's extend office.'' Hence, example, judge's purely administrative 229-230, 545-546, 555 (1988). opinions clear, it.'' 545. 23 effort construct unsupported V 24 called attention. points comment Thomas protesting subpoena duces tecum Marshall directed Burr trial,20 diaries kept Senator Maclay Senate debates, then Vice-President Adams Oliver Ellsworth recorded personally [is] whatever,'' lest "put Authority Stop Whole Machine Government,''21 quotation Story's Commentaries Constitution.22 None these sources much hand.23 25 turn, attention evidence. Speaking favor Constitution's adoption Pennsylvania Convention, James Wilson-who participated Philadelphia Convention document drafted-explained although placed [on] high,'' "not single privilege annexed character; far above laws, amenable impeachment.'' J. Elliot, Debates 480 (2d ed. 1863) (emphasis omitted). description character''-that acts-the disciplined impeachment, lawsuits damages. otherwise acts. 26 end, reach conclusion materials Jackson confronted dimensions power. "Just what forefathers envision, envisioned foreseen modern conditions, divined almost enigmatic dreams Joseph upon interpret Pharoah. century half partisan debate scholarly speculation yields net result supplies less apt quotations respected side They cancel other.'' 634-635, 869-870, 1153 (1952) (concurring opinion). VI 27 strongest text structure Constitution. contend "above law,'' sense entirely scrutiny.24 argues principles structured arrangement since founding. starting premise, contends occupies responsibilities so vast devote undivided that-given office-the places limits interfere transgressed 29 dispute initial premise argument. Former presidents, George Washington Bush, consistently endorsed characterization office.25 serving term, Lyndon Johnson observed: "Of 1,886 nights I many got sleep a. m., few mornings didn't wake up 6:30.''26 1967, Twenty-fifth Amendment adopted ensure continuity office;27 sponsors "at times'' "who complete able perform'' duties.28 pointed out, concentrates executive head whose choice whole Nation part, focus hopes expectations. drama, magnitude finality overshadow others alone fills eye ear.'' 653, 879 (Jackson, concurring). have, short, "unique position scheme'' occupies. 2701.29 suspect era remains Marshall's "unremitting,'' Burr, Cas. 30, 34 (C.C.Va.1807), accept Executive's 30 follow, concerned allocation Government. Framers "built tripartite branch 684.30 revise final judgments, Plaut Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 211, 115 1447, 131 328 (1995),31 manage airport, Metropolitan Airports Citizens Abatement Aircraft Noise, 501 252, 276, 111 2298, 2312, 236 (1991) (holding " [i]f executive, permit agent it'').32 J.W. Hampton, Jr., 276 394, 406, 48 348, 351, 624 (1928) (Congress "invest power''). Similarly, legislative authorize seizure property use. Youngstown, 588, 867. And, controversies include provision advisory Executive,33 non justiciable questions.34 31 course lines between always neatly defined. Mistretta 488 361, 380-381, 647, 659-660, 714 (1989).35 controversies. Whatever outcome Branch. relate individual happens poses perceptible misallocation 32 Rather than produce narrowing power, that-as by-product traditional power-burdens [e]ven arrogate impair another Loving 517 116 1737, 1743, 135 36 (1996); Administrator General Services, 433 425, 443, 97 2777, 2790, 53 867 (1977). matter, impose energy, thereby effective 33 predictive history already noted, 200-year Republic, subjected actions.36 supra, __. past indicator, seems unlikely deluge engulf hand, properly managed appears highly occupy substantial amount errs presuming interactions Judicial Executive, quite burdensome interactions, necessarily level forbidden impairment mandated functions. [O]ur system imposes Branches degree overlapping responsibility, duty interdependence independence absence "would preclude establishment capable governing effectively.''' Mistretta, 381, Buckley, 683). Madison explained, mean "ought partial agency in, controul other.''37 court's significantly sufficient establish long-settled propositions, announced Marshall, conclusion. 35 takes action, acted Perhaps dramatic example exceeded issued directing Secretary Commerce take possession operate Nation's steel mills avert catastrophe. (1952). serious accomplish assigned mission, devoted involvement, exercised conformed application principle Marbury Madison, Cranch 137, 60 (1803), [i]t emphatically province department say is.'' 177. circumstances. apparently thought otherwise, presiding treason Aaron President. (No. 14,692d) (C.C.Va. 1807).38 unequivocally obligated comply commanding tape recordings conversations aides. 1039 (1974). "neither powers, confidentiality high-level communications, more, sustain absolute, unqualified circumstances.'' 706, 3106.39 37 Sitting responded orders provide information frequency scarcely novelty. Monroe written interrogatories, Rotunda, Ex-Presidents Witnesses: Historical Footnote, 1975 U. Ill. L.F. 5-6, Nixon-as noted above-produced tapes tecum, Ford complied deposition criminal Fromme, 405 578 (E.D.Cal.1975), Clinton twice given videotaped proceedings, McDougal, 934 296 (E.D.Ark.1996); Branscum, No., LRP-CR-96-49 (E.D. Ark., June 7, voluntarily requests testimony. Grant lengthy circumstances, R. Rotunda Nowak, Treatise Constitutional Law §7.1 ed.1992), Carter similarly ibid. 38 sum, bar States.'' 753-754, 2703. energy mere review surely cannot considered onerous imposed occasional invalidation actions.40 therefore hold 39 i. Indeed, protect think likely litigate belonged "exceptional case'' subcategory. events, receive treatment appropriately interpretation Accordingly, turn discretion. VII 40 9. Concluding entitled error granted, difficult suggests. Strictly speaking equivalent claimed, justified considerations 153 (1936). [e]specially extraordinary moment, [a plaintiff] submit immoderate extent oppressive consequences welfare convenience promoted.'' 256, 166. principles, proceeding, including timing discovery.41 Such statutory period-albeit near period-and delaying increase danger resulting inability witnesses recall facts, 43 postpone furthermore, premature. proponent bears establishing need. 255, Other consume attention, ensue concluded. undue weight conceivably occur, fashion (including deferral trial) occur. impingement shown here. VIII 44 add discussed length briefs: continuance. 45 Most vexatious terminated pleading summary judgment, defendant. Fed. Rules Civ. Proc. 12, 56. availability deterrent purposes political gain harassment.42 History indicates likelihood number remote. problems arise, unable needs unfaithful tradition- especially security-of giving utmost deference responsibilities.''43 Several Presidents, jeopardizing security. notes brief, enacted statute interests. 34-36. §362 (litigation debtor bankruptcy petition); §§501-525 (provisions governing, tolling military personnel active duty). embodied advocates, course, repeal today barrier 47 Like citizen invokes jurisdiction, orderly disposition ordered. 49 agree automatically Nor "doctrine stay'' virtually "all Ante, stated, simply rest lawsuit "interfere detailing how affected 1361 To obtain "bea[r] need.'' 51 my once sets explains proceeding duties, changes. At point, permits schedule (where normally overwhelming plaintiff) constraints principle-a forbids doubt suits, II's vesting "executive Power'' individual, implemented structural revealed 52 recognize now specifically, delineating contours; lower directly categorically presumptions rules administration. Yet disregard appear deny majority's relevant precedents de-emphasizes independent ante, __ (describing "central concern'' cautious'''); __, Story, Jefferson, Adams, "little'' support'' position). Further, wrong predicting infrequency acknowledgement delineation prove practically institutional safeguard. For reasons, explain text, noninterference actions. Power shall vested President.'' Const., Art. II, §1. delegation means unusually busy, activities lives others, embodies bestowed electorate. (along subordinate Vice President) votes, officer domestically abroad. 54 still more. makes responsible Legislative Branch, creates equivalence other. 55 Founders consciously deciding vest person rather several. focus, spread, responsibility facilitating accountability. sought encourage energetic, vigorous, decisive, speedy placing hands single, indispensable, ultimate branches, divides many. Compare §1 (vesting President'') I, Congress'' "consist[s] Representatives'') III, "supreme Court'' "inferior Courts''). 56 legion. Locke, Second §144 (J. Gough ed.1947) (desirability perpetual Executive); W. Blackstone, *242-243 (need Federalist 70, p. 423 (C. Rossiter 1961) (A.Hamilton) (Executive [e]nergy'' needed security, "steady administration laws,'' "protection property,'' "justice,'' protection "liberty''); Ellworth, Landholder, VI, Essays 163 (P. 1892) ("supreme unfettered execute''); Morrison Olson, 487 654, 698-699, 2597, 2623, 101 569 (1988) (SCALIA, dissenting) history); 705, 2626-2627 textual basis); 729, 2638-2639 policy arguments). 71, 431 (A.Hamilton); P. Kurland, Watergate (1978) (President "sole indispensable man government'' "should called'' instance government''); Calabresi, Some Normative Arguments Unitary Ark. L.Rev. 23, 37-47 (1995). Cf. T. Roosevelt, An Autobiography 372 (1913). purposes, whole, absent, §5, cl. 1. designate circuits, sit detained litigation. unlike regularly session, §§4, 5, adjourns. 58 More importantly, objectives delegate obligation supervise goes And reasonable of, say, particularly critically depend, underlying electoral mandate. carry entirety obligations. 59 leading regarding Fitzgerald. Before discussing helpful understand relies. later extreme views essence today. sources, themselves fully determinative, conjunction protects efforts ongoing responsibilities. Three cited 750-752, 31, 2701-2703, 32-a commentary attributed Ellsworth, letter Jefferson-each so. 61 Story Commentaries: "There incidental belonging department, functions, confided Among those, included them, obstruction impediment whatsoever. president cannot, therefore, liable arrest, imprisonment, detention, purpose deemed, least, possess inviolability.'' §1563, pp. 418-419 (1833) added), quoted 63 interpreted words "for purpose'' seem refer "official inviolability'' "perform'' "obstruction impediment.'' read, explicitly define contours suggest "inviolability'' bound ("while office''); (for attaches "person'' "civil cases''); ("necessarily [President's] functions''). 64 Since physical constraint, limit "arrest''-a abandoned procedure permitted arrest (e.g., threatened bankruptcy) 65 read says, namely implicitly grants "while inviolability enough previously kind implicitly; explicitly. 750, 31; 705-706, 16, 3106, (1974); McCulloch Maryland, Wheat. 316, 579 (1819). 66 then-Vice then-Senator view broader currently asserted. ""President, personally, [that] put justice stop machine Government.''' Journal 167 (E. 1890) (Sept. journal entry reporting exchange Maclay, Ellsworth)). criminal, civil, process. counterargument-that "was arrested guilty crimes-by stating impeached, prosecuted. Documentary First 168 (K. Bowling H. Veit eds. 1988) (Diary Maclay). Adams' Ellsworth's context deprive 751-752, 31. reported "went diary virulently disagreed them.'' 23. figure debates. Diary xi-xiii. 67 Third, 1807, presence following Attorney Hay: 68 "The Legislature, judiciary other, jealous judiciary. judiciary, commands latter, imprisonment disobedience; several bandy pillar post, keep constantly trudging north south east west, withdraw duties?'' Works 404, ed.1905) (letter Hay), 69 earlier correspondent: 70 "To calls nation branch, agency, nevertheless, understood necessary, sole constitution function. withdrawn station co-ordinate 401 17, Hay). 71 strongly process-an factor, significance lies conviction "withdraw'' "constitutional Mr. Fitzgerald's 1982 Precedent suggests contrary-that offer protections potentially distracting litigation-consists following: instances depositions testified trials, enforcement subpoenas seeking documents reject cast basic "possess[es] 74 tells commands, voluntary amounts search documents, call important, witness. Criminal initiated controlled Branch; 693-696, 3100-3102; postponement, Amdt. 6; ordinarily risk, hope monetary compensation, freedom enforced confinement, 711-712, 19, 3109-3110, 19; 754, 37, 2703, 37. 758, 41, 2705, 41. compensate delay. Winter Cerro Gordo County Conservation Bd., 925 F.2d 1069, 1073 1991); Foley Lowell, 948 10, 17-18 (C.A.1 Wooten McClendon, 272 61, 62-63, 612 S.W.2d 105, 106 (1981). 75 remaining refers precedent, 585, 865-866, (1952), action. spent dealing with, to, Hence distract from, Insofar act refrain defines, determines, clarifies, duty. By definition (if lawful), impede, obstruct, task-the lawful authority. counsel caution Franklin Massachusetts, 505 788, 827, 112 2767, 2789, 120 636 (1992) judgment) "apparently unbroken tradition implicit powers'' acts); 802-803, 2776-2777 (plurality J.), threatens carrying B 76 Case particularly, supports hearing absolutely perimeter'' 756, rested six determinations 77 assigns (thus warranting "absolute,'' "qualified,'' immunity). 750-751, 2701-2702. "recognition immunity'' "specific basis'' constraint nevertheless analysis, "persuasive.'' Fourth, distinguished contrary ground proceedings. Fifth, sheer prominence office'' "an easily identifiable target damages.'' 752-753, 2702-2703. Sixth, "could detriment designed serve.'' 753, 78 critical, last-mentioned, feature dicta. 19. defendant distracted duties; hence alternative concern, distort decisionmaking. overlooks (an immunity) Presidents. Its focused both. key paragraph, enjoys qualified seven sentences, distraction distortion. paragraph begins stating: 79 "Because singular diversion energies raise government.'' 2702. 80 numerous problem consideration militating Harlow 800, 817-818, 2727, 2738, 396 (1982) (qualified assistants "costs trial'' "burdens broad-reaching discovery'' "peculiarly disruptive Imbler Pachtman, 409, 423, 984, 991, 128 (1976) (absolute prosecutors "deflection prosecutor's Tenney Brandhove, 341 367, 377, 783, 95 1019 (1951) legislators avoids "be cost inconvenience distractions trial''). protective procedures interlocutory appeals, "time distraction'' rationale. Behrens Pelletier, 516 834, 839, 133 773 (1996) (" [G]overnment official['s] standing [and] pretrial appeal "denial immunity'') (citations internal marks omitted); Mitchell Forsyth, 472 511, 526, 105 2806, 2815, 86 411 (1985) [E]ntitlement stand face lost erroneously trial'') Harlow, 818, 2738). surprising immunity-related distortion, Pierson Ray, 386 547, 554, 87 1213, 1218, 288 (1967) "burden'' leads "intimidation''); Bradley Fisher, Wall. 335, 349, 646 (1872) (without "office [would] degraded usefulness destroyed'' forced shoulder keeping full records defending suits). assessment properly. procedure, balance consequent Distraction distortion equally ingredients harm. distracts content liability. latter justify "absolute'' consideration, justify, 82 plaintiffs times history; discourage, discretion'' manage, "interference occur.'' am sanguine. 1960, filed, annually increased 60,000 240,000, Administrative Courts, Statistical Tables (1995); Annual Report Director Courts-1960, 224 (1961); district 233 650, Business (1994); 205; associated increased, Bell, Varner Gottschalk, Automatic Disclosure Discovery-The Rush Reform, Ga. 9-11 (1992); S.Rep. 101-416, (1990); Improvements 1990, Pub.L. 101-650, 104 5089; increasingly complex economy statutes, regulations, fault. consequence, warned visibility become discourage unneeded intricate complicated ones) resist ready evaluation disposition; procedural rulings 83 concede courts, supervised perhaps interfering duties-at least mind. Nonetheless, difficult, skeptical. Should optimism misplaced, then, develop sort case) implement directive. separates threatening workings very limited guess determination (announced open court) needs, issuance duties-in postponed suffering enormous 51, [t]he great gradual concentration consists administer motives encroachments others. defense this, commensurate attack. '' 321-322 added). await showing need; believe understatement "danger.'' case-management supplemented requirement 84 which, found, preserve payment determined Yet, automatic reasoned explanation needed; explanation, date concur result. syllabus constitutes prepared Reporter Decisions reader. Detroit Timber Lumber 200 321, 337, 282, 287, 499. §1332. Jurisdiction §§1331 1343. Complaint ¶26. Jones 1359, 1996), count 2704, (1982). 9; App. Pet. Cert. 53. 698. explained: "Nowhere writings scholar, credible proposition found. form government, asserts Magna Carta Petition Right, sovereign God law.'' Although, above, pending appeals (E.D.Ark.1995). Over dissent McMillian, rehearing en banc. Support 5. Opposition ""If deeply rooted adjudication, ought pass constitutionality unavoidable.' Spector Motor Service McLaughlin, 323 101, [65 152, 154, 89 (1944)]. "considered practice abstract, hypothetical contingent advance formulate precise facts except reference ' Alabama Federation Labor McAdory, 325 450, 461 1384, 1389-1390, 1725 (1945)]. "It habit case.' Burton 196 283, 295 [25 243, 245, 482 (1905)].'' Rescue Army Municipal Los Angeles, 331 549, 570, 34, 1409, 1420, 91 1666 (1947). are: "1. incumbent office''; "2. proper discretion, confined issues. Rule 14.1(a). Supremacy Clause supreme Land,'' 2, "faithfully executed,'' §3, implicate interbranch addressed Cf., Hancock Train, 426 167, 178-179, 2006, 2012-2013, (1976); Mayo 319 441, 445, 1137, 1139-1140, 1504 (1943). L. Tribe, 513 ed.1988) ("absent explicit consent command derogation responsibilities''). depositions, testimony, infra, testified, testify, court. People ex rel. Hurley 179 N.Y. 544, N.E. 1137 (1904); DeVault Truman, 354 Mo. 1193, 194 (1946). Bailey Kennedy, 757,200 (Cal.Super.Ct.1960); Hills 757,201 (Cal.Super.Ct.1960). 1362, 10. defined 422-423, 991-992, (prosecutorial immunity); 376-377, (legislative 554-555, 1217-1218, (judicial jurisprudence alleging violations similar. Butz Economou, 438 478, 500-501, 2894, 2907-2908, 895 (1978). draws dicta cause. [b]ecause government,'' [c]ognizance vulnerability frequently duties,'' aspect parallel participate pendency context, dominant decisionmaking caused needless worry stemming decision. Jefferson's jeopardized subjecting command. ed.1905); comments). eds., (1833). position. later, prerogative claimed protesting, reaffirmed holding. similar Maclay's inconclusive reason. addition, material hardly proof unequivocal understanding Immediately mentioning positions went concluding opponents' [s]hows amazingly fond old leven are.'' 168. treatise "incidental [his duties], obstruction,'' "cannot, inviolability,'' specify serve purpose, necessary. reason, ancestry informs common-law jurisprudence; prerogatives monarchs King wrong.'' *246. w e fiction king incapable doing wrong, thinking wrong,'' birth Republic. Nevada Hall, 440 410, 415, nn. 7-8, 1182, 1185, 416 (1970); Langford 341, 342-343, 1010 (1880). A. Tourtellot, 346-374 (1964) Washington, Quincy Benjamin Harrison, Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson); Finer, Presidency: Crisis Regeneration 35-37 (1960) remarks Monroe, Polk, Truman). Johnson, Vantage Point 425 (1971). forth, elaborate succession event becomes incapacitated. 25, §§3-4. Cong. Rec. 15595 (1965) (remarks Sen. Bayh). Fitzgerald: "Article §1, "[t]he establishes chief entrusted supervisory sensitivity. These law-it charged "take Care Laws faithfully executed'; foreign affairs-a realm "[i]t intolerable information, nullify secret'; Branch-a task "imperative requir[e] unrestricted [in President] subordinates duties.''' 749-750, 2701 (footnotes 1742-1743, 382, 660, (1989) ("concern animated jurisprudence''); Cooke ed.1961) ("the means, motives, others''). Klein, 128, 147, 519 "inadvertently passed Bowsher Synar, 478 714, 726, 3181, 3188, 92 583 (1986) ("structure execute laws''). INS Chadha, 462 919, 958, 2764, 2787-2788, 317 (1983); Springer Philippine Islands, 277 189, 202-203, 480, 482-483, 845 (1928). Ferreira, How. 40, (1852); Hayburn's Case, Dall. 408, 436 (1792). Chicago Southern Air Lines, Inc. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 103, 113, 431, 437, 568 (1948), [t]his early wisely Executive.'' generally, "we broadly stated nonjudicial Constitution.''' 677, 2612, 123, 684, (1976)). restrictions "help areas reserved branches.'' 678, 2612; 385, 662, matters. Luther Borden, 581 (1849). 506 224, 113 732, 122 (1993), [a] controversy nonjusticiable-i.e., involves question-where "textually demonstrable commitment coordinate department; lack judicially discoverable manageable standards resolving Baker Carr, 369 186, 217 [82 691, 710, 663] (1962). must, instance, textually committed. ibid.; Powell McCormack, 395 486, [89 1944, 1962-1963, 491] (1969).'' 228, 735. 693-694, 2620-2621; (1977); 707, 3107, 635, 870, discount official-capacity sue recently recognized. 33, 33; Bivens Six Unknown Named Narcotics Agents, 403 388, 1999, 619 situation theories contact fewer people life class considerably smaller intense. 47, ___-___ original). 659-660; 442, rendered, distress noting enjoins [the President's] constant 6. millions people.'' ed.1905). asked, [i]s paramount one?'' Ibid.; length). answer-quite plainly-was yes. ""proceed individual,''' 715, 3111 F.Cas. 187, 192 14,694) 1807)). Special activities, preserving weighty indeed respect.'' 712, 3109. powerful "fair justice'' "very integrity system'' eroded. 709, 3108, There is, doubt, Learned Hand's "dread[ed] anything else short sickness death.'' Association Bar City New York, Lectures Legal Topics (1926). preoccupied time, private, political, vexing analytically distinct, drawn distinction. basing findings buttressed 699. cross-appeal "also permitted,'' "under equity Court.'' correctly pendant appellate proper. 1357, ruling trial-but discovery-was "inextricably intertwined,'' Swint Chambers Comm'n, 35, 1203, 1212, (1995), effect proper; "review [latter] meaningful [former],'' 11; §1927; NASCO, 50, 2123, 2136, "if informed neither task, safely inherent power'' imposing sanctions). "sufficient deter repetition situated.'' 11(c)(2). indicates, "presented improper harass,'' "allegations contentions [lacking] evidentiary well-grounded investigation. 11(b)(1), (3). 710-711, 3108-3109; 2703 ("Courts traditionally factors counseling restraint'').

Category: 7