Document: 457 U.S. 853 102 S.Ct. 2799 73 L.Ed.2d 435 BOARD OF EDUCATION, ISLAND TREES UNION FREE SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 26 et al., Petitioners,v.Steven A. PICO, by his next friend Frances Pico al. No. 80-2043. Argued March 2, 1982. Decided June 25, Syllabus Petitioner Board of Education, rejecting recommendations a committee parents and school staff that it had appointed, ordered certain books, which the characterized as "anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-Sem[i]tic, just plain filthy," be removed from high junior libraries. Respondent students then brought this action for declaratory injunctive relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against petitioner members, alleging Board's actions denied respondents their rights First Amendment. The District Court granted summary judgment in petitioners' favor. Appeals reversed remanded trial on merits respondents' allegations. Held : is affirmed. 638 F.2d 404, Justice BRENNAN, joined MARSHALL STEVENS, concluded: 1 1. Amendment imposes limitations upon local board's exercise its discretion to remove books Pp. 863-872. 2 (a) Local boards have broad management affairs, but such must exercised manner comports with transcendent imperatives Students do not "shed constitutional freedom speech or expression at schoolhouse gate," Tinker v. Des Moines School Dist., 393 503, 506, 89 733, 736, 21 731, may directly sharply implicated removal shelves library. While students' construed "in light special characteristics environment," ibid., library make environment especially appropriate recognition rights. 863-869. 3 (b) petitioners might rightfully claim absolute matters curriculum reliance duty inculcate community values schools, misplaced where they attempt extend beyond compulsory classroom into regime voluntary inquiry there holds sway. P. 869. 4 (c) Petitioners possess significant determine content libraries, narrowly partisan political manner. Whether libraries depends motivation behind actions. simply because dislike ideas contained those seek "prescribe what shall orthodox politics, nationalism, religion, other opinion." West Virginia Education Barnette, 319 624, 642, 63 1178, 1187, 87 L.Ed. 1628. If an intention was decisive factor decision, violation Constitution. 869-872 5 2. evidentiary materials before favorably respondents, given procedural posture case. When so construed, raise genuine issue material fact whether exceeded exercising Respondents' allegations, some Court, also fail exclude possibility procedures were highly irregular ad hoc—the antithesis tend allay suspicions regarding motivation. 872-875. 6 BLACKMUN concluded proper balance between limited restriction imposed officials state authority regulate education, would struck holding purpose restricting access social perspectives discussed when motivated officials' disapproval involved. 879-882. 7 WHITE, while agreeing should resolve factual issues, no necessity point discussing extent limits 883-884. 8 George W. Lipp, Jr., Babylon, N. Y., petitioners. 9 Alan H. Levine, New York Civil Liberties Union, City, respondents. 10 BRENNAN announced delivered opinion, STEVENS joined, except Part II-A-(1). 11 principal question presented Amendment1 board 12 * are Island Trees Union Free 26, York, Richard Ahrens, Frank Martin, Christina Fasulo, Patrick Hughes, Melchers, Michaels, Louis Nessim. suit brought, Ahrens President Board, Martin Vice President, remaining members. agency charged responsibility operation administration public schools within District, including High Memorial Junior School. Respondents Steven Pico, Jacqueline Gold, Glenn Yarris, Russell Rieger, Paul Sochinski. Rieger School, Sochinski student 13 In September 1975, Hughes attended conference sponsored Parents United (PONYU), politically conservative organization concerned about education legislation State York. At these obtained lists described "objectionable," App. 22, "improper fare students," id., 101.2 It later determined nine listed another book library.3 February 1976, meeting Superintendent Schools Principals gave "unofficial direction" offices, members could read them.4 directive carried out, became publicized, issued press release justifying action. "[i]t our duty, moral obligation, protect children danger surely physical medical dangers." 474 F.Supp. 387, 390 (EDNY 1979). 14 A short time later, appointed "Book Review Committee," consisting four staff, recommend retained, taking account books' "educational suitability," "good taste," "relevance," "appropriateness age grade level." July, Committee made final report recommending five retained5 two others libraries.6 As agree two,7 took position one,8 recommended last available only parental approval.9 substantially rejected Committee's month, deciding one returned without restriction,10 subject approval,11 "be elementary secondary [from] use curriculum." Id., 391.12 reasons appointed. 15 reacted decision bringing present States Eastern They alleged 16 "ordered proscribed particular passages offended social, tastes taken whole, lacking educational value." 4. 17 claimed them asked court declaration unconstitutional, preliminary permanent ordering return refrain interfering schools' curricula. 5-6. 18 favor 387 (1979). court's view, "the parties agree[d] actions," 391—namely, 19 acted religious principles philosophy, belief irrelevant, vulgar, immoral, bad taste, making educationally unsuitable district's senior students." 392. 20 With premise background, contention been infringed Noting statutes, history, precedent vested formulate policy,13 intervene " 'the daily operations systems' unless 'basic values' 'sharply implicate[d],' "14 conditions intervention did exist Acknowledging "removal [of books] . clearly content-based," nevertheless found requisite magnitude: "The has restricted believed be, essence, vulgar. reflect misguided does constitute sharp direct infringement any first amendment right." 397. 22 three-judge panel Second Circuit 404 (1980). Each judge filed separate opinion. Delivering court, Judge Sifton treated case involving "an unusual libraries' persons routinely matters," obliged demonstrate reasonable basis 414-415. He that, least stage, offered sufficient justification action,15 "should opportunity persuade finder ostensible justifications [petitioners'] pretexts suppression free speech." 417.16 Newman concurred result. 432-438. viewed turning contested justifiable desire containing vulgarities sexual explicitness, rather impermissible suppress ideas. 436-437.17 We certiorari, 454 891, 385, 70 205 (1981). II 23 emphasize outset nature substantive us. Our precedents long recognized power control even classroom. For example, Meyer Nebraska, 262 390, 43 625, 67 1042 (1923), down law forbade teaching modern foreign languages private Epperson Arkansas, 97, 266, 228 (1968), declared unconstitutional prohibited Darwinian theory evolution state-supported school. But current require us re-enter difficult terrain, traversed apparent misgiving. us, involve textbooks, indeed required read.18 impose prescribe curricula schools. On contrary, optional than reading. adjudication thus intrude classroom, courses taught there. Furthermore, acquisition books. sought compel add read. Rather, challenged originally placed authorities, objection them. 24 still further constrained Court. judgment, claims. can reverse Appeals, grant request reinstatement favor, if we "there fact," "entitled matter law." Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 56(c). determination, doubt existence resolved moving party. Adickes S.H. Kress & Co., 398 144, 157-159, 90 1598, 1608-1609, 142 (1970). "[o]n inferences drawn underlying facts [the affidavits, attached exhibits, depositions submitted below] most favorable party opposing motion." Diebold, Inc., 369 654, 655, 82 993, 994, 176 (1962). 25 sum, narrow one, both substantively procedurally. best restated distinct questions. First, School? Second, so, affidavits limitations? answer either questions negative, reinstate Court's affirmative, affirm below. examine turn. (1) 27 affairs. See, e.g., supra, 402, S.Ct., 627; Pierce Society Sisters, 268 510, 534, 45 571, 573, 69 1070 (1925). Arkan sas, U.S., 104, 270, reaffirmed large, "public Nation committed authorities," federal courts ordinarily "intervene resolution conflicts arise systems." 507, 731 (1969), noted "repeatedly emphasized comprehensive conduct schools." acknowledged vitally important preparation individuals participation citizens," vehicles "inculcating fundamental necessary maintenance democratic system." Ambach Norwick, 441 68, 76-77, 99 1589, 1594, 60 49 therefore full agreement permitted "to establish apply way transmit values," legitimate substantial interest promoting respect traditional moral, political." Brief 10.19 28 same time, however, necessarily 1628 (1943), held compelled salute flag. reasoned: 29 "Boards have, course, important, delicate, discretionary functions, none perform Bill Rights. That educating young citizenship reason scrupulous protection Constitutional freedoms individual, strangle mind source teach youth discount government mere platitudes." 637, 1185. 30 Later cases consistently followed rationale. Thus invalidated State's anti-evolution statute violative Establishment Clause, Amendment's mandate system essential safeguard inquiry." 270. And suspending wearing black armbands class protest Government's policy Vietnam; stated "comprehensive officials" "consistent safeguards." 736. discharge "important, functions" constraints 31 context requires examination. instructive. There liberty conscience name "national unity" "patriotism." 640-641, 1186. explained 32 authorities compelling flag pledge transcends invades sphere intellect spirit Constitution reserve all official control." 1187. 33 Similarly, views abridged "undifferentiated fear apprehension disturbance" arising expression: 34 "Any departure regimentation cause trouble. Any variation majority's opinion inspire fear. word spoken, class, lunchroom, campus, deviates person start argument disturbance. says take risk, Terminiello Chicago, 337 [69 894, 93 1131] (1949); history sort hazardous freedom—this kind openness—that national strength independence vigor Americans who grow up live often disputatious society." 508-509, 737. 35 short, "First rights, applied environment, 36 Of systems" "basic values" "directly implicate[d]" conflicts. think focused "not role fostering individual self-expression affording discussion, debate, dissemination information ideas." National Bank Boston Bellotti, 765, 783, 98 1407, 1419, 55 707 (1978). not, Amendment, contract spectrum knowledge." Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 482, 85 1678, 1680, 510 (1965). keeping principle, variety contexts protects right receive Stanley Georgia, 394 557, 564, 1243, 1247, 542 (1969); see Kleindienst Mandel, 408 753, 762-763, 92 2576, 2581, 683 (1972) (citing cases). This inherent corollary explicitly guaranteed Constitution, senses. follows ineluctably sender's send them: embraces distribute literature, it." Struthers, 141, 143, 862, 863, 1313 (1943) (citation omitted). accomplish nothing otherwise willing addressees consider barren marketplace sellers buyers." Lamont Postmaster General, 301, 308, 1493, 1497, (1965) (BRENNAN, J., concurring). 37 More importantly, predicate recipient's meaningful own speech, press, freedom. Madison admonished us: 38 "A popular Government, information, means acquiring it, Prologue Farce Tragedy; or, perhaps both. Knowledge will forever govern ignorance: people mean Governors, arm themselves knowledge gives." Writings James 103 (G. Hunt ed. 1910).20 39 Tinker, too beneficiaries principle: 40 "In system, regarded closed-circuit recipients chooses communicate. [S]chool cannot 'expressions feeling wish contend.' 511, 739 (quoting Burnside Byars, 363 744, 749 (CA5 1966)). 41 makes possible citizens generally manner, prepares active effective pluralistic, contentious society soon adult course accorded environment." students. library, less "a place dedicated quiet, knowledge, beauty." Brown Louisiana, 383 131, 142, 86 719, 724, 637 (1966) (opinion Fortas, J.). Keyishian Regents, 385 589, 675, 629 (1967), observed 'students always remain inquire, study evaluate, gain new maturity understanding.' "21 locus well put literally explore unknown, discover areas thought covered prescribed curriculum. Th[e] learns test expand him, out classroom." Right Read Defense Committee, 703, 715 (Mass.1978). 44 inculcative function argue allowed unfettered "transmit through sweeping overlooks unique appears record completely part Their selection entirely choice; afford self-education enrichment wholly optional. defend values. where, here, (2) 46 deny play determination content. turn places enjoy guidance several precedents. stated: 47 "If fixed star constellation, official, petty, circumstances permit exception, now occur us." 48 doctrine education. 603, 683, tolerate laws cast pall orthodoxy over classroom"; 104-105, Mt. Healthy City Ed. Doyle, 429 274, 97 568, 50 471 (1977), refuse rehire nontenured teacher. declined renew respondent Doyle's employment contract, he Although Doyle tenure, "could discharged whatever," "nonetheless him constitutionally protected freedoms." 283-284, 574. once shown "that protected, 'substantial factor' him," show "by preponderance evidence reached respondent's reemployment absence conduct." 287, 576. case, message clear. rightly Democratic board, affiliation, written Republicans, few order violated conclusion all-white racial animus, decided authored blacks advocating equality integration. intended disagreed, intent decision,22 To intentions encourage precise officially unequivocally condemned Barnette. hand, implicitly concede demonstrated pervasively Tr. Oral Arg. 36. again, based solely suitability" question, "perfectly permissible." 53. words, view motivations, actions, carry ideas, violate earlier, today affects choose Because brief, hold Such purposes stand inescapably B 51 case: Do libraries? conclude forecloses 52 Before "was [their] personal values, morals tastes." 139. objected excerpts "anti-American." 140. accuracy claims partially conceded petitioners,23 lent support claims.24 addition, developed shows explanation relied assertion "anti-American," "offensive general." F.Supp., 390.25 Book instructed criteria appear face permissible—the level," 67—the retained essentially petitioners, statement doing so. Finally, defended "these contain obscenities, blasphemies, brutality, perversion description," Reader Writers, though language. F.2d, 428, n. (Mansfield, dissenting). 53 Standing alone, respecting motivations decisive. very different employed established, regular, facially unbiased review controversial materials. actual suggests exact opposite. Petitioners' vigorously below sheds motivations.26 ignored advice literary experts," "librarians teachers system," Schools, publications rate 128-129. named PONYU list received "did undertake independent [school] libraries." 129-130. Evidence lends immediately after shelves, reminded "we already designed expressly handle problems," approached established channel. See 4, supra. disregarded Superintendent's advice, instead resorted extraordinary procedure appointing Committee—the explanation. allegations rule motivations. 54 Construing claims, affidavit statements, plainly foreclose rested decisively disagreement constituents adhered. lead accept valid concerns. creates critical credibility decision: issue, said fact. forthwith. 56 Affirmed. 57 BLACKMUN, concurring judgment. 58 I much today's plurality standard laid guide proceedings remand, write separately somewhat perspective 59 my mind, presents particularly complex problem involves competing stature. dissenting opinions demonstrate, agree, importance citizens, preservation rests." 76, also, ante, 863-864 (plurality opinion). socializing promote civic virtues," 80, 1596, "awake[n] child cultural values." 347 483, 493, 74 686, 691, 873 (1954). Indeed, presupposes informed citizenry prepared participate governmental obviously incorporated structure government. seems [to] inculcat[e] 77, 1594. demonstrates, dispute operate confines academic settings force principle like enterprises operated State, run (1943). define materials, general proposition "state-operated enclaves totalitarianism. communicate." 739, (1969). 61 'foster homogeneous people.' quoting 627, (1923). (1967)—a involved "subversives" positions universities, addressed itself more broadly general—held "[t]he peculiarly 'marketplace ideas' "; "does 683. Barnette applicable here: squarely "[f]ree faithful ideal secular instruction neutrality, enemy creed, party, faction." clear imposition "ideological discipline" undertaking authorities. Ibid. 62 combination rules, central proscription content-based regulations Police Department Chicago Mosley, 92, 2286, 212 (1972), outlined above yield exposure ideas—for sole suppressing ideas—absent sufficiently reasons. functions "within Rights," 1185, applies Surely true extreme notes, how consistent buy Democrats Negroes, "anti-American" broadest sense term. REHNQUIST "cheerfully concede" point. Post, 907 (dissenting then, here narrower basic "right information" identified plurality. suggest affirmative obligation provide something associated receive." post, 887 (BURGER, C.J., dissenting); 915-918 (REHNQUIST, believe, suggests, somehow peculiar 868-869; used process.1 Instead, forms discrimination improper. particular, command act idea disapprove reasons.2 64 Certainly, decisions restrained imposed. to, inevitably will, ways outlooks; educators intentionally eliminate diversity thought, "strangle delicate accommodation starker terms, reconcile "inculcative" bar "prescriptions orthodoxy." 65 strike them, seem radical calculated novel concepts fundamentally antithetical minimum, allowing engage hardly teaches American system. context, able caused avoid discomfort unpleasantness accompany unpopular viewpoint," 509, 737, addition share. 66 principle. another, outside interference, deemed relevant curriculum, better written, host neutral present. These implicate absent space financial limitations, allow contains offensive language, cf. FCC Pacifica Foundation, 438 726, 757, 3026, 3044, 1073 (1978) (POWELL, concurring), psychologically intellectually inappropriate group, even, perhaps, advances "manifestly inimical welfare." And, believe deserving emphasis. evident share REHNQUIST's notion "suppression ideas" useful analytical concept. 918-920 discussion demonstrates "access application contexts. post., 910-920, 914 ("[e]ducation consists selective presentation ideas"). tying purposeful concept manageable acknowledges. Most recognize refusing events Latin "inculcate" Latin, removing learned treatise criticizing understand unrelated raises far issue. 68 operates "educator," "sovereign," 908-910 dissenting), activities. "property owner" prevents types expressive activity lands, 908-909, base restrictions speaker's message, 96, 2290. me "role sovereign," problems chose libraries—even remained bookstores. Concededly, tension exists properly limitation choosing another. recognized, choices designing curriculum: 'require government, guaranties civil liberty, patriotism love country.' 631, 1181, Minersville Gobitis, 310 586, 604, 1010, 1017, 84 1375 (1940) (Stone, instill persuasion example," 640, 1186, choice positive action, converse intentional shield find distasteful. Arguing majority rejects involved, 889, 891-892 refute Rights withdraw subjects vicissitudes controversy, reach majorities ." 638, THE CHIEF JUSTICE 889 sparse faulted failing every ramification decision. "underscore[s] felt cas[e] taken," Ferguson Moore-McCormack Lines, 352 521, 559, 77 457, 478, 511 (1957) Harlan, J.) decided. 71 derived similar analysis, join II-A(1) 72 vulgar." 397 Both judges concluded, precluded unresolved am inclined disagree fact-bound hence concur affirmance. Presumably result findings issues. go dissertation conclusions end If, concludes vulgarity, appeal. event, appeal, dissatisfaction subsequent Appeals' certiorari granted, enough address issues presented. 75 prefer Kennedy Silas Mason 334 249, 1031, 1347 (1948), overtime compensation Fair Labor Standards Act. Summary affirmed Appeals. reversed, improvidently made. abjured issuing legal Writing Jackson 76 "We good judicial withhold ultimate until solid litigation agreed facts. able, record, decide thoroughness precede process provide. "Without intimating merits, vacate judgments remand reconsideration amplification contentions." 257, 1034. 78 unanimous per curiam Dombrowski Eastland, 82, 1425, 577 (1967). overturned since collaboration legislative committee. remanded, saying: refinement trial, need and, indeed, express consequences collaboration, occurred." 84, 1427. 79 turned statutory construction. Dombrowski, Speech Debate Clause immunity, poses largely uncharted field. here. 80 Chief BURGER, whom POWELL, REHNQUIST, O'CONNOR join, dissenting. 81 parts deal changing world. area traditionally left states, lavish expansion going prior expresses concerning federal-court review.1 Were become law, come perilously close becoming "super censor" decisions. Stripped essentials, comes propositions: first, administered elected boards, teenage pupils; second, morality, relevance contents "right" shorn plurality's rhetoric, allows students.2 83 "students 'shed gate.' Ante, 865. ceremony, Bd. prohibit expressing views, disrupt process. Here, restraints bookstores; discuss elsewhere. Despite external ability themselves, "entitlement" cites banning evolution, validity interference functioning finds unnecessary terrain," 861, yet breath relies previously unheard enforceable 866. purportedly "ineluctably" "necessary predicate" 866-867. No right, recognized. distributor unreasonable obstacles third Pharmacy Citizens Consumer Council, 425 748, 96 1817, 346 (1976). speaker desires restraints. follow, affirmatively aid communication recipient. writer say, courier. None cited broad-based proposition. argues Yet absolute. Rowan Post Office Dept., 728, 1484, 736 (1970).4 Never indicated author reaching audience. freedom." 867 (emphasis original). However, ideas," 867, concomitant provided having citizenry. Madison, Madison's decides irrelevant school's mission. "right," why ready information? continuing 88 encompasses shelf. 868. passage notes her interferes "contract (1965), 866, retain shelf; conduit information. assuming desirability expressed plurality, hint Whatever ought slavish courier parties. pays homage ancient verity 'there political.' 864. held, legitimately (1979), fulfill obligation. primary conveyance implied approval worth How "fundamental inculcated appropriateness retaining function, community; err, voters startling erosion arrogate asserts today. dispense "narrowly manner." 870. concedes permissible factors "pervasively vulgar," 871, unsuitable. "Educational standardless phrase. undoubtedly many—if most—instances decisionmaker's author's method pupils. 91 tells vulgarity "pervasive" offensive? Vulgarity concentrated single poem chapter page, inappropriate. Or reasonably "random" retention gives volumes implicit endorsement. Cf. Further, whatsoever constitutes "political" factors. 'go[es] heart representative government.' 74, 1593. such, virtually determinations. What core judgments. Ultimately "valid" "reasonable." Undoubtedly many removals ultimately judge's evaluation Discretion used, body judges.5 94 wide elect select administrators, teachers, substance policy. fails democracy microcosm. large voice running school.6 Through election influence, control, direction children's giant bureaucracy accountability actions; truly "of people." reflects constituency real unchecked acquire steps office. convince inappropriate, alternative sources end. Books acquired bookstores, unconnected schools.7 95 amount "limiting" language rein create. distinguishes textbooks reading." 862. clear, distinction greater scrutiny "optional" reading removed. likelihood imposing 'pall orthodoxy' transforms availability maintained demand teenagers. finding acquired. commands removed, equally acquired? Why coincidence timing holding? According evil avoided "official 871. follow suppression" desired someone.8 equal—probably greater—prospect suppression." Would review? III bits pieces demeans adjudication. Today classrooms, unwanted Even extreme, justify pupils categorically reject dictates judges, parents, standards morality country: locally determining After student, instituting teacher, invite overrule designated 100 uniquely institutions. Unlike governing bodies cities counties, responsibility: country during formative impressionable years. Apart health, closer hearts reasons, governance hands responsible districts. parent-teacher associations (PTA's), formal arrangements vary influence board. Frequently, know visit classes. fair say level serves typical 101 dismay. outcome suits litigation, liability decisions, expected corrode effectiveness. generality "standard" review, subjective one. Judges rarely competent decision; nor responsive district.1 867. powerfully newfound apart inappropriateness oversight policy, framed terms approach meaningless generalization. affords little courts, they—as authorizes them—are oversee inculcation announce following standard: "discretion counsel, "chancellor's foot" equity jurisdiction never fuzzy. tellingly observes, limit principled basis—today's right? 14-year-old challenge prevent purchase identical book? "sensitive" "receiving entitle added teacher elects classroom? Is much—or more—implicated questions?2 104 reasoning marked contradiction. purports acknowledge states truism "vitally 'in citizens,' 'inculcating system.' takes responsibilities seriously seeks imparted, violation. 105 Just Term illegal aliens attend Plyler Doe, 202, 2382, 786. Quoting earlier opinions, schoo[l is] vital institution government' vehicle transmitting rests.' 221, 2397. By denying absorb skills rests" lifelong disability alien children. 106 drains apt phrases. systems societies thrive. indecent; extol violence, intolerance, racism; degrade dignity individual. Human 20th century, records life leave duly constituted certainly repugnant 107 times, destruction symbol despotism intolerance. vulgar racist specter. me, symbolizes debilitating encroachment institutions people. 108 Attached Appendix hereto Mansfield's APPENDIX TO OPINION DISSENTING 109 led look suitability set (with minor corrections comparison text themselves) pagination underlinings original newer editions quotes pages. 110 "1) SOUL ON ICE Eldridge Cleaver PAGE QUOTE 111 157-158 '. white men pay you fuck wives. "How woman?" "What this?" ask. "On up-and-up," assures you. "It's right. She's wife. She needs rod, all. it. It's medicine drug her. I'll level, trick Interested?" You drives home. three bedroom. type wife alone tell pile good. over, drive wherever want go. Then peep keyhole watch woman, window, lie bed listen creaking work out. likes masturbate stands beside watches eat woman get piling wants while, thaw kick motor arouse heat, jump off quick onto together themselves.' 112 "2) HERO AIN'T NOTHING BUT SANDWICH Alice Childress 113 'Hell, no! Fuck society.' 114 64-65 'The hell junkie, wino, capitalist, welfare checks, world yeah, too!' 115 75-76 'They back spread curtains, I'm old fuckin bunnies anyway.' 116 "3) FIXER Bernard Malamud 117 'What goes wagon night: Are drivers knees fucking mothers?' 118 'Fuck yourself, blinker, etc.' 119 'Who else anything motherfucking Zhid?' 120 146 'No noise shoot your Jew cock off.' 121 189 'Also there's lot Old Testament, religious?' 122 192 'You Bok, Kogin, tricks.' 215 'Ding-dong giddyap. Jew's cock's devil's hock.' 123 216 cocksucker Zhid, lick floor.' 124 "4) GO ASK ALICE Anonymous 125 'I wonder sex acid exciting, wonderful, indescribable. minute, dogs mating.' 126 'Chris walked Richie Ted's apartment bastards stoned each low queer.' 127 'shitty, goddamned, pissing, ass, goddamned beJesus, screwing life's, shit. Doris ten humped knows stepfather started sonofabitch balling her' 128 'but girl facing boy. excited on. screw girl. .' 129 'I'd guy sometimes girls kiss me. touch sleep me.' 130 'Another day, blow job don't give Big Ass he'll cut supply LittleJacon yelling, "Mama, Daddy can't now. He's humping Carla." 131 'Shit, goddamn, goddamn prick, son-of-a-bitch, pissed, bastard, bullshit 132 hope nice orgasm dog tonight.' Miss Polly pure 133 'Then needed fuck.' 134 'It great practically virgin I've stoned. 135 "5) SLAUGHTERHOUSE FIVE Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. 136 'Get road, dumb motherfucker.' novelty 1944. fresh astonishing Billy, fucked anybody 137 stake anthill desert—see? upward, honey balls pecker, eyelids stare sun till dies.' 138 'He prophylactic kit tough condoms 'For prevention disease only!' dirty picture attempting intercourse shetland pony.' 139 'But Gospels actually this: kill somebody, absolutely sure isn't connected flaw Christ stories, visitor outer space, didn't much, son Powerful Being Universe. Readers understood came crucifixion, naturally Oh boy—they picked wrong lynch time! brother: lynch. People connected. gift Earth Gospel. Jesus really WAS nobody, pain neck connections So amused day nailing cross planting ground. couldn't possibly repercussions, lynchers Gospel hammered home again nobody was. died God crashing down. told adopting bum From moment on, punish horribly torments connections.' 140 Earthling babies male homosexuals. female homosexuals.' 141 'Why yourself? Don't haven't tried revenge, revenge sweet sweetest thing is, Lazzaro. said, ever sorry.' 'And pull gun pecker off. stranger'll let couple seconds Lazzaro life's gonna pecker. guts walk away. silly promised I'd shot war.' 143 'In prison cell sit britches shit, bouncing gently floor. bloody snag she bit bag Oh, Polack more.' 144 173 peckers semi-erect, muscles bulging cannonballs.' 145 175 hard-ons Everybody did.' 177 magazine, published lonesome jerk to.' 147 178 'and critic said. 'To describe blow-jobs artistically." 148 "6) BEST SHORT STORIES BY NEGRO WRITERS Langston 149 'like bat's shit camel piss,' 150 'that no-count bitch daughter yours North whore herself.' 151 237 'they front headlights car pants dress sure. imagine did—.' 152 303 pussy. Come let's house hill.' 153 'Oh, bastards, damned Army sons bitches!' 154 436 'he produced brown rag doll, looked grabbed doll legs tore middle. jammed finger rip doll's legs. laughed. 155 444 pimps, hustlers, lesbians, trying misuse 156 462 straight firm breasts small upright. she'd hanging empty purses.' 157 464 'She aware warm tense nipples breasts. Her went clam them.' profile, penis hung stout tassle. circumcised.' 158 406 'Cadillac busy Luheaster around, rubbing stomach saying, "Magic Stomach, Magic bring baby cadillac." 'One upstairs Red Top stayed forty minutes.' 159 "7) BLACK BOY Wright 160 70-71 'We children—seven eight years store shout: 161 Bloody Killers trust 162 won't Red, blue Your pa ma dago 163 you?' 164 265 'Crush nigger's nuts, nigger!' 'Hit 'Aw, fight, goddam niggers!' 'Sock 'im, f-k-g-piece!' 'Make 'im bleed!' 165 "8) LAUGHING Oliver LaFarge 166 'I'll you, bad; worst thing.' 258-9 frightened wanted feel knew women forget man.' 167 "9) NAKED APE Desmond Morris 168 73-74 'Also, frontal provides maximum stimulation female's clitoris pelvic thrusting male. passively, stimulated pulling effect male's thrusts, regardless relation female, face-to-face mating rhythmic pressure pubic region clitoral area, considerably heighten 'So plausible copulation species. are, number variations element: above, side side, squatting, standing, efficient commonly partners horizontal, female. 169 broadening results genitals being subjected pushing performance thrusts. inward thrust penis, pulled downwards withdrawal, moves again. Add exerted frontally copulating male, repeated massaging that—were male—would masturbatory.' 170 94-99 males females obtain opposite numbers, outlets ways. sex, species, masturbate. 171 "10) READER FOR 172 419-422, (CA2 1980) POWELL 174 Addressing aspects correct granting fully JUSTICE, BRENNAN's hypothetical character, admitted pursuant rules analytically unsound internally inconsistent.1 deals sparsely conceives launches confusing, discursive exegesis 863-872, thereafter violates "long considered practice abstract, contingent questions, advance decision." Alabama Federation McAdory, 325 450, 461, 1384, 1389, 1725 (1945). (citations finally refers snippets explain totally ignores Rule 9(g) forth version disputed case.2 Since entered entitled facts, embodied statement, accepted review. presumably statement. combing bulletins, snatches stage Considering description motivation, concern sinister plot rest. influenced "personal morals, tastes,"3 member suitable. "contained profanities, sexually explicit, ungrammatical, anti-American, racial, ethnic groups."4 179 "[a]lthough excluded way, [petitioners] themes themselves." unwarranted creation cover eventualities gratuitous. Though treatment remotely tailored 180 states: 181 "Petitioners 870-871 182 cheerfully this, examples seldom ones litigation. happened. "ideas," Mansfield demonstrable amounts profanity, 1980), ninth political, 6. demonstrated, much. hereafter, afoul Fourteenth Amendments did. save day—feeling quite confident arrive—the posed 183 Considerable shed examining played Had town council, suppose sale booksellers municipality. capacities sovereign, speak voice: 184 "[I]t gainsaid interests employer regulating employees differ significantly possesses connection regulation general. arrive citizen, commenting employer, efficiency services performs employees." Pickering 391 563, 1731, 1734, 811 (1968). 185 token, sovereign property owner: owner property, preserve lawfully dedicated." Adderley Florida, 39, 47, 242, 247, (upholding prohibition property). 186 differentiated roles helpful assess educator, compared sovereign. acts engaged inculcating relatively Obviously innumerable taught, purchased, employed. mirror community, abdicate so-called "experts."5 myself observation Seventh Zykan Warsaw Community Corp., 631 1300, 1305 (7th Cir. "permissible views." administering many-faceted district, preclude purchasing others. subject. replace ineffectiveness implication seen disparagement taught. instances, managers district proscribing general, included educator concerns 187 curious entitlement. school, form. book, denies prohibits remover "dislike[s] books," 871-872 188 disagree; fashions whole cloth. setting, unsupported past inconsistent supported correctly observes gate." But, expression, prevented symbolically bands, forced symbolic saluting flag, scarcely Neither themselves. 190 suggestion grants settings, viability right-to-receive doctrine. purported institutions.6 brushes omission citing [right-to-receive] principle." thing. One readTinker vain mentioned, views. 191 Nor analogy. characterizes press" "follows them." follow. ludicrous, contend authors reciprocal disregards inconsistency logical underpinnings hear derives "is denial inhibits one's complete. readily accessible locations, benefits gained foreclosed State. complete sought.7 unlike non-students alike corner bookstore 193 adopted past. rests, decisions." Public society, access, contrary 194 orderly Nowhere broad-ranging university students, development. necessity, Determining identifying material. winnowing leaves discovered place, eclecticism 195 idea, claiming "overlooks library." referred creation. previous attaches significance paean praise "environment 868, turns three-Justice (1966), universities colleges Not transparently thin, misapprehends 196 nature. serve supplements role. freewheeling inquiry; tailored, Thus, rely escape which, nature, 197 obvious borrowed purchased bookstore, loaned friend. display inspection. inquisitive student. C 198 artificial right—limitations neither logic itself. confine limitation, fallacies demonstrated. 199 second place: "[N]othing [O]ur books." 866-867, sense. failure effectively library's "principal locus" BRENNAN. 200 limiting usefulness appealing sounding phrase, II-D, infra, twin idea. Mother-Hubbard catch phrase whatever doctrines wishes cover, interchangeable. 201 additional pitfalls. visibility conscious opposed refusal book. talisman, announcement impact attention publicized latter analysis. 202 newly motive requirement: "[i]f disagreed." 871 motives recognizes difference. orthodoxy. 870-871. mixes apples oranges. differs casts 203 impermissible. proscribes Widmar Vincent, 263, 269-270, 269, 440 concludes, perceived 'perfectly permissible.' 53). determinations espouses pernicious 204 Moreover, square removal. favored motivated. "pall orthodoxy" carefully executed book-acquisition program apparently view. D Intertwined along information," "[o]ur champions, suppose, ideas; difficulty admittedly catchiness tool solving problems. "out blue," reference managed 206 adequate guides resorting complicated deceptive formula." Kovacs Cooper, 336 448, 458, 513 (1949) (Frankfurter, publicly adopts forbidding criticism indulging sophomores devoted second-year "suppresses context. lesson plan weeks 1607 week's illness forgo recent "suppress way. 207 satisfactory addressing kinds noted: 208 "[A] symbol—black worn exhibit opposition Nation's involvement Vietnam—was singled prohibition. Clearly, schoolwork discipline, 510-511, 738-739. 209 "suppressed" "ideas" done. related pass muster E 210 inconsistencies illogic eliminated. illustrate setting. Likewise, permits vague imprecise diaphanous assist careful 211 jurisprudence candidly recognizing stringent owner, educator. fewer strictures operating higher learning. Tilton Richardson, 403 672, 685-686, 2091, 2099, 790 (1971) C. suitable inclusion impart. Without more, condemnation course; akin Village Euclid Ambler Realty 272 365, 388, 114, 118, (1926): nuisance merely place,—like pig parlor barnyard." Accepting tastes," 139, hard distinguish myriad routine supervision "Courts infringed, admission "suppressed." harder cases. 213 O'CONNOR, 214 initially discontinue interfere persuasively argues, analysis acting personally relegated boards. suitability, done JUSTICE's dissent. pertinent "Congress abridging press." virtue Gitlow 652, 666, 629, 1138 (1925); Grosjean Press 297 233, 244, 444, 446, 660 (1936). noted, "concede obscene." 392 were: Slaughter House Five, Jr.; Naked Ape, Morris; Down Mean Streets, Piri Thomas; Best Short Stories Negro edited Hughes; Go Ask Alice, anonymous authorship; Laughing Boy, LaFarge; Black Wright; Hero Ain't Nothin' Sandwich, Childress; Soul Ice, Cleaver. Jerome Archer. Still Fixer, Malamud, twelfth-grade literature course. 389 nn. 2-4. informal directive, noting: "[W]e calls Superintendent, receiving appoint recommendations. policy—and instance. quietly reduce, avoid, furor past." 44. responded repeating copies office." Writers. 391, 6-7. Ape Streets. 8. Ice Sandwich. 9. 11. disposition 391. Five. 10. Boy. 12. 13. result, assigned suggested work. 131. 396-397, Presidents # 289 1972); 461 566, 573 East Hartford Educational Assn. 562 838, 856 1977) (en banc). 395, 291 (in (1968)). removal" "suffer[ing] excessive overbreadth," "erratic, arbitrary free-wheeling," "precision sensitivity concerns" "hardly established" procedures. 416. inferred "political taste [were] asserted well-being, establishing community." 417. dissented, 419-432, distinctly Mansfield, undisputed perfectly ground indecent, purposes." 430. [had] carefully, conscientiously responsibly according due concerned." 422. entitles excessively moralistic tools." 432. Four causes complained "resolutions prohibiting 5. "respect preclude[s] fifth District" "imposed proved action: "before sustained real, imagined controversy." propositions. 28, 41. observation, Meiklejohn, Its Relation Self-Government (1948): "Just acquaintance disbelief ill-considered, ill-balanced planning, good." Butler Michigan, 380, 383-384, 524, 525-526, 412 (1957); Procunier Martinez, 416 396, 408-409, 1800, 1808-1809, 224 (1974); Houchins KQED, 1, 30, 2588, 2604, 553 (STEVENS, dissenting) ("[T]he receipt ideas"); Saxbe Washington 417 843, 862-863, 2811, 2821, 514 (1974) ("[P]ublic debate unfettered; informed. repeatedly encompass expression"). Sweezy Hampshire, 354 234, 250, 1203, 1211, 1311 Warren, "decisive factor" "substantial reached. 576, (1977). "evaluation suitability." 142. accept, denied, "I basically philosophy represent shares philosophy. regard formation matters." 21. representing re-elected reflected intrinsic desires." 27. Nessim "represented actions." 120. example "anti-Americanism" adverted slaveholder. Childress, Sandwich (1973); Deposition 89; 20-22. anti-American nation's heroes, negative one-sided life. anti-American." 22. numerous seeking activities unprotected other, activities, employ "sensitive tools" achieve precision avoids chilling Speiser Randall, 357 513, 1332, 1341-1342, 1460 (1958); NAACP Button, 371 415, 433, 328, 338, 405 (1963); 603-604, 683-684, (1967); Blount Rizzi, 400 410, 417, 423, 498 (1971). presence sensitive tools decisionmaking indicate respondents; lack concern. 416-417 Sifton, practical matter, playing finite resources—as hours emphasis; chosen devote resources below, "with [with] secure alone," 508, rise intolerable levels becomes commonplace. contrast, shelf theoretical observed, profound actions: "removal, acquire, likely acquired, resources, filled capacity." (Newman, result). effect, obverse analysis: focuses crucial outset, "objectionable" "improper" objectionable education," 856. 859, books: "[T]he oral counsel advised plaintiffs, "[o]ne June, assumedly graduate June. potential mootness." 4-5 added). surviving plaintiff recently graduated days graduation. Fortunately, binding remember admonition Frankfurter possible." Lovett, 328 303, 320, 1073, 1081, 1252 (1946) (concurring vein, Stone warned check self-restraint." Butler, 79, 312, 325, 477 (1936) unwise concerned. upheld homeowner post office stop delivery householder "erotically arousing provocative." illustrative courts. "on error relying experts. 874-875. approximately 15,000 districts country. Bureau Census, Statistical Abstract (102d 1981) (Table 495: Number Governments, Taxing Power Type, Systems—States: 1972 1977). Diamond, Schools: Case Against Judicial Intervention, Texas L.Rev. 477, 506-507, Other provisions Equal Protection formless exemplified distinction. could, reason, Once purchases "locked in" anomalous "book tenure" pointed 395-396. 289, 293 1972). Under assured maintains page speaks decisionmaking, "regular" 874, 875. wonders mean. precipitously. require—as delegate unreviewable committee? derive unlimited choice. 868-869. contradicted pick range books—some analogous degree WHITE's "rule four"—"that warranting consideration [four Justices] disposed of" 560, J.)—which customarily jurisdiction. His concurrence, although couched vote dismiss writ granted. Harlan debated attracted six seven Members adherence 'rule four'] considerations appearing manifest apprehended [this case] unable exist, arguments underscored [it] fact, warrant expenditure time." 478. WHITE relies, commanded votes four." Certainly intimation belied catalogue. Ernst Hochfelder, 185, 1375, 668 (1976); Cox Broadcasting Corp. Cohn, 420 469, 1029, (1975); Mills Alabama, 384 214, 1434, 484 (1966). provides: "Upon motion Rules Procedure, annexed notice separate, concise contends tried. papers include contended "All served controverted party." Paragraph reads: "Defendants groups." intimations consulted experts, librarians, withstand attack. 26. observations fatuous; suppressed ratifies group corporations expenditures contributions ballot (1978), business communications entertainment." 1419. Congress Executive Branch entry Marxist theoretician invited lecture university, despite wished him. possession obscene crime, privacy contraceptives. door-to-door distribution literature. constitutionality postal statutes. corporate viewpoints affecting Massachusetts viewpoints. Mandel's deprived "particular qualities sustained, questioning." 2582. Georgia criminalized material, contraceptive devices encouraging devices. ordinance Communist propaganda mails mailings.

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