Document: 398 U.S. 306 90 S.Ct. 1731 26 L.Ed.2d 252 HELLENIC LINES LIMITED et al., Petitioners,v.Zacharias RHODITIS. No. 661. Argued April 21, 1970. Decided June 8, Rehearing Denied Oct. 12, See 91 23. James M. Estabrook, New York City, for petitioners. Joseph B. Stahl, Orleans, La., respondent. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of Court. 1 This is a suit under Jones Act1 by seaman who was injured aboard ship Hellenic Hero in Port Orleans. The District Court, sitting without jury, rendered judgment seaman, 273 F.Supp. 248. Court Appeals affirmed, 412 F.2d 919. case here on petition writ certiorari which we granted, 396 1000, 554, 24 492, light conflict between decision below and Tsakonites v. Transpacific Carriers Corp., 368 426, Second Circuit. 2 Petitioner2 Lines Ltd. Greek corporation that has its largest office another More than 95% stock3 owned United States domiciliary citizen—Pericles G. Callimanopoulos (whom call Pericles). He lives Connecticut manages out York. lived this country since 1945. engaged regularly scheduled runs various ports Middle East, Pakistan, India. found entire income from cargo either originating or terminating States. 3 Respondent, signed Greece, he citizen. His contract employment provides law collective-bargaining agreement apply employer all claims arising are to be adjudicated court. And it seems conceded respondent could obtain relief through courts, if desired. 4 Act speaks only 'the defendant employer' any qualifications. In Lauritzen Larsen, 345 571, 73 921, 97 L.Ed. 1254, however, listed seven factors considered determining whether particular shipowner should held an 'employer' purposes: 5 (1) place wrongful act; (2) flag; (3) allegiance domicile seaman; (4) shipowner; (5) where made; (6) inaccessibility foreign forum; (7) forum. 6 Of these urged four favor against jurisdiction: ship's flag Greek; there forum available seaman. 7 test, not mechanical one. U.S., at 582, 921. We indicated flies may, times, alone sufficient. Id., 585—586, 929—930. significance one more must national interest served assertion jurisdiction.4 Moreover, list intended as exhaustive. As Pavlou Ocean Traders Marine 211 320, 325, approved present case, F.2d, 923 n. 7, shipowner's base operations factor importance applicable; well may others. 8 had been hired returned States, here. Those were contacts shipping operation with country. 9 quite different. 10 Pericles became lawful permanent resident alien 1952. extend such same constitutional protections due process accord citizens.5 Kwong Hai Chew Colding, 344 590, 596, 472, 477, 576. injury occurred Pericles' casual visitor; rather, many sister ships earning see no reason whatsoever give strained construction so owner, extensive business country, have advantage over citizens allowing him escape obligations responsibility 'employer.' flag, nationality fact his Greek, might compensated totality circumstances minor weights scales compared substantial continuing owner If, stated Bartholomew Universe Tankships Inc., 263 437, liberal purposes effectuated, facade minor, real nature cold objective look actual operational By test clearly right holding petitioner Act. 11 Affirmed. 12 HARLAN, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE STEWART join, dissenting. 13 I dissent today's signs articles Greece Greek-owned, Greek-flag vessel recover shipboard injuries sustained while American territorial waters. result supported neither precedent, nor realistic policy, my far removed intention can reasonably ascribed Congress. A. 14 Section 688 Title 46, U.S.C., 41 Stat. 1007, Act, provides: 15 'Any shall suffer personal course election, maintain action damages law, trial statutes modifying extending common-law remedy cases railway employees apply; death representative conferring regulating applicable. Jurisdiction actions court district resides principal located.' 16 language § is, Jackson noted 1254 (1953), all-embracing. terms limited seamen vessels bearing flag. Yet despite sweeping hardly doubted congressional concern stopped short lengths literal statute carry emphasized pointed Congress wrote backdrop 'usage old Nation,' 'such construed areas transactions would operative prevalent doctrines international law.' 577, 926. principle reiterated Romero International Terminal Co., 358 354, 79 468, (1959), reaffirmed presumption domestic legislation enacted 'respect relevant interests nations regulation maritime commerce part legitimate community.' 383, 486. 17 recently applied McCulloch Sociedad Nacional, 372 10, 83 671, 547 (1963), called upon determine labor relations dealing crew foreign-flag vessel, beneficially corporation, affected 'commerce' within meaning National Labor Relations 'intended application registered employing seamen,' declined rely beneficial ownership other 'substantial contacts,' including regular visits 'integrated operation' Fruit Company, override well-settled whose governs transactions, absent some 'clear expression' contrary. Wildenhus's Case, 120 1, 385, 30 565 (1887); Flores, 289 137, 155—159, 53 580, 584 585, 77 1086 (1933); Cunard Steamship Co. Mellon, 262 100, 124, 43 504, 507, 67 894 (1923); cf. Murray Charming Betsy, Cranch 64, 118, 208 (1804).1 18 followed marked early our jurisprudence, and, fact, built announced most venerable universal rule law,' 'overbear connecting events applicable * unless heavy counterweight appears.' 584, 19 Such exist further purpose While obviously requires extension beyond borders achieve so, opinion, concerned prescribing remedies, rather creating standard conduct. 20 justification extraterritorially remedial-type provision like individual well-being It recognized residence plaintiff properly deciding 'seaman' employed term 688. D. Cavers, Choice-of-Law Process 96—97 (1965). doing reflected earlier decisions recovery serving vessels. See, e.g., Gambera Bergoty, 132 414 (C.A.2d Cir. 1942); Uravic F. Jarka 282 234, 51 111, 75 312 (1931). 21 involving citizen vessels, additional factor, vessel's presence waters ownership, element justifying recovery. supra; Gerradin 60 927 1932); compare supra, O'Neill White Star, 160 446 1947). enumerating ('contacts') independent considerations, attempting focus analysis those necessary ingredients statutory cause action: first, matter construction, class cover statute? second, sufficient nexus justify legislative jurisdiction?2 words define used s regard situs accident virtue frequency calls simply serves adequate assert jurisdiction policy otherwise furthered. But how qualitatively numerous kinds be, they themselves appropriate given instance. For occurring question answered reference plaintiff's relationship Note, Admiralty Choice Law: Larsen Applied, 47 Va.L.Rev. 1400 (1961). 22 Viewed perspective, several lower courts taken phenomenon 'convenient' registry wedge displacing see, Southern Cross Firipis, 285 651 (C.A.4th 1960); 320 (D.C.S.D.N.Y.1962); Voyiatzis Shipping & Trading 199 920 (D.C.S.D.N.Y.1961), have, believe, misconstrued basic premises founded. underscored allusion practice owners finding 'to avoid stringent laws seeking registration eagerly offered countries,' 587, 931, prefaced citation discussion Skiriotes Florida, 313 69, 61 924, 85 1193 (1941), Steele Bulova Watch 280, 252, (1952), both dealt when existed nationals abroad. presupposed furthered reaching across border.3 23 statement, lifted context, acquired dynamism become ground convenient 'registry' somehow circumvents obligation desired impose underlies relies American-based accorded competitive American-flag permit petitioners Liability contributes higher cost operating vessel. Indeed, recognizing insurance doubtful significant contribution ships, especially wages (see 46 U.S.C. 1132 requiring crews) costs yards participate programs specifically designed offset today takes settled principles choice law. 883 (coastwise trade); 1180 (subsidy). generally S. Lawrence, Merchant Policies Politics 61—67 (1966). 25 Even liability uncompensated ship, underlying before us adjustment risk loss individuals competition. B Today's suggests mesmerized contacts, notwithstanding purported eschewal lost sight primary which, conceive it, reconcile all-embracing comity embodied 'foster amicable workable commercial relations.' 928. Lauritzen, understood, should, submit, judicial inquiry absence basis jurisdiction, presented. 27 Where, us, ties, directed toward what primarily welfare jurisdiction's consistent notions govern disregard contractual undertaking accept controlling, thereby effect assuming conditions disregarding Rhoditis Greece. Under rule. 28 reverse Appeals, hold affords redress petitioner, Universal Cargo Panamanian owns Hero; but managed Ltd., corporation. excess stock Judge Medina speaking Circuit, correctly problem following words: '(T)he decisional arriving conclusion subject involves ascertainment facts groups constitute transaction involved then substantial. Thus each 'weighed' 'evaluated' end that, after consideration, rational satisfactory arrived add up substantiality. contact, group tested objective, effectuate Act.' Tankships, 441. 'The Bill Rights futile authority admission first time shores. once lawfully enters becomes invested rights guaranteed Constitution people borders. include protected First Fifth Amendments clause Fourteenth Amendment. None provisions acknowledges distinction aliens. They their inalienable privileges 'persons' guard encroachment federal state authority.' Bridges Wixon, 326 135, 161, 65 1443, 1455, 89 2103 (concurring opinion). deference origins fiction sovereign territory ensign flew. draws strength practical necessity providing predictable rules conduct, would, conventional principles, changing traveled high seas different 'It true criminal general based principle, implication extra effect. (Citations omitted.) never thought merchant sovereignty punish crimes committed deemed sovereignty, lose character navigable limits sovereignty. *' 155—156, 584—585. Restatement, Conflict Laws §§ 405, 406 (1934). There least minimal contact State regulated can, consistently requirements process, exercise jurisdiction. Home Ins. Dick, 281 397, 50 338, 74 926 (1930); Watson Employers Assurance 348 66, 166, 99 (1954). precise prohibit use diving equipment gathering deep sea sponges limits. State's regulate conduct own citizens. said: 'Even assumed locus offense outside follow divers' place. No waters, sponge fishery, involved. asserted. solely appellant State. If control seas, why Florida likewise respect matters *.' 76—77, 929. 'has award acts trade-mark infringement unfair competition consummated States.' 281, 253. suffered adversely way Lanham sought prevent. concluded avoided performing forbidden territory. Cf. Continental Ore Union Carbide, 370 690, 704, 82 1404, 1413, 777 (1962); Sisal Sales 274 268, 592, 71 1042 (1927). Circuit relied 437 1959), domiciliary. Bartholomew, unfortunately, apprehended unintended reverberations Jackson's echoed: 'looking incorporation essential frustrated shipowners intent evading simple expedient incorporating registering flag.' 442.

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