Document: 503 U.S. 378 112 S.Ct. 1377 118 L.Ed.2d 25 UNITED STATES, Petitionerv.Frank Dennis FELIX. No. 90-1599. Argued Jan. 14, 1992. Decided March 25, Motion for Leave to File Petition Rehearing Denied Aug. 18, See , 113 13. Syllabus During the summer of 1987, respondent Felix manufactured methamphetamine at an Oklahoma facility. After Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents shut down that facility, ordered additional chemicals and equipment from a DEA informant delivery in Missouri. Federal Government officials observed delivery, arrested him, charged him with offense attempting manufacture illegal drug. At his trial Missouri, Government, order establish Felix's criminal intent, introduced evidence he had Oklahoma, was convicted. Subsequently, named in, inter alia, six counts indictment filed District Court Oklahoma. Count 1 conspiracy manufacture, possess, distribute methamphetamine. Two overt acts supporting this charge were based on same conduct been subject Missouri prosecution. The other substantive drug offenses, much transactions trial. convicted, but Appeals reversed, relying language Grady v. Corbin, 495 508, 521, 110 2084, 2093, 109 548, Double Jeopardy Clause bars subsequent prosecution where government, "to essential element prosecution, will prove constitutes which defendant has already prosecuted." With respect count, court both trials, proved learned make, manufactured, sought purchase more also noted direct offenses—that purchased during spring 1987 Oklahoma—had show intent. Held: does not bar either offenses or charge. Pp. 384-392. (a) None prosecuted is any sense actual crimes each case different time place, no common links them. In addition, mere overlap proof between two prosecutions double jeopardy violation. Dowling United States, 493 342, 668, 107 708. Thus, erred extent it assumed if offers one misconduct might ultimately be as second latter barred. And gave extravagant reading Grady, supra, disclaimed intention adopting " 'same evidence' test, id., U.S., 521 n. 12, S.Ct., 2093 12. 384-387. (b) A crime commit are "same offense" purposes, see, e.g., States Bayer, 331 532, 67 1394, 91 L.Ed. 1654; Pinkerton 328 640, 643, 66 1180, 1182, 90 1489, even they underlying incidents, because "essence" "is agreement confederation crime," 542, 1399. This established doctrine predates, questioned supra. while Grady—which involved State's reliance defendant's traffic convictions sustain later-filed homicide assault charges arising accident—may useful cases "single course conduct," less helpful analyzing involving multilayered conduct, such here. essentially substituting offence" test whether involve conduct. 387-391. 926 F.2d 1522 (CA 10 1991), reversed. REHNQUIST, C.J., delivered opinion Court, WHITE, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, SOUTER, THOMAS, JJ., joined, Parts I II STEVENS BLACKMUN, joined. STEVENS, J., concurring part judgment, William C. Bryson, Washington, D.C., petitioner. Scott M. Anderson, Dallas, Tex., respondent. THE CHIEF JUSTICE Court. Fifth Amendment Constitution provides: "[N]or shall person offence twice put life limb." 2 Frank operated facility Beggs, violation applicable federal statutes. July raided by agents. thereupon precursor Joplin, transfer these items shortly afterwards. He tried Western August 26 31, 1987. upon materials Joplin. tried, found guilty, conviction sentence affirmed Eighth Circuit. 3 February 1989, Eastern connection operation Beggs. Tenth Circuit reversed most guilty its view constituted Amendment. We hold conspiracy, certain relied previously violate Clause. 4 * showed 26, asked needed George Dwinnells, informant. made payment $7,500 toward purchase, later telephone conversations instructed Dwinnells deliver hotel met date merchandise. inspected hitched car trailer transported, government him. 5 defense "he never acting under mistaken belief working covert operation." Felix, 867 1068, 1074 (CA8 1989). intent earlier Fed.Rule Evid. 404(b) (Evidence prior admissible "motive, opportunity, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence mistake accident"). furnished those Paul Roach exchange lessons how Roach, who testified trial, stated produced near seized trailer, indeed being used lab, 13, did arrest time, however; told Dwinnell avoided hiding nearby woods. accordance Rule 404(b), jury only state mind attempted convicted affirmed. Id., 1070-1076. 6 subsequently 8 11-count five others conspired, May 1, possess nine charge; Overt act 17 "[o]n Tulsa, provided money necessary methamphetamine." 18 location possessed Along charge, seven counts. Counts through alleged about methamphetamine, it, oil phenylacetone, precursor. that, June codefendant maintained manufacturing lab. 9 21, traveled Texas promote thereafter activity. all charged. 7 divided panel indictment. began quoting our statement 548 (1990), 'to prosecuted.' 1522, 1527 (1991) (quoting 2093). make lab after raid Based significant duplication concluded count barred "the Missouri." F.2d, 1530. 6, fact trailer—had previous "subjected successive therefore 6. 1530-1531.1 granted certiorari, 502 ----, 47, 116 (1991), consider crimes.2 not, so reverse. first Felix' contained held foreclosed prosecuting charges, presented help demonstrate transaction. root, forbids duplicative offence." Const., Amdt. 5; see Blockburger 284 299, 52 180, 76 306 (1932). An examination indictments below shows late App. Pet. Cert. 62a-63a. issue here, various took place 55a-57a. related dealt solely attempt continue operations Beggs raided. place; there absolutely linking offenses. short, none 11 appears have acknowledged much, concentrated separate instead type trials. decisive involvement purposes But clear matter mind, than holding must rest assumption 12 supportable; precedents above-quoted reaching result. we think test. 12; accord, Gavieres 220 338, 31 421, 55 489 (1911). Our decision Terms ago 708 drives home point. 13 case, bank robbery. To identity concerning unrelated robbery woman Vena Henry. She she robbed man wearing knitted mask similar robber, able identify intruder unmasking struggle. upheld introduction Henry's testimony despite acquitted Henry charges. primary ruling conclusion collateral-estoppel component offered protection acquittal, relevance governed lower standard required conviction. 348-349, 672-673 (citing Huddleston 485 681, 689, 108 1496, 1501, 99 771 (1988)). would reach question introduction, pursuant Underlying approval endorsement basic, yet important, principle relevant particular thing conduct.3 14 That clearly way prosecute transactions; simply 404(b). free detailed III 15 next examine Here, too, court—with considerable justification—relied support conclusion. There doubt presents difficult Part above, exists evidence. Of against long precedent area, claim fails. 16 contends, agreed, said 2093. Taken out context, read literally, supports jeopardy. decline expansively, context arose difficulties arisen interpretation. driven across median line two-way highway struck oncoming car, killing occupants. State driving intoxicated failing keep right median, pled violations. months later, accident, argued rights decision, recognized holdings traditional governing claims lesser included other. 519, 2092 Brown Ohio, 432 161, 97 2221, 53 187 (1977); Harris 433 682, 2912, 1054 (1977)). Although technically analogized situation confronted Illinois Vitale, 447 410, 100 2260, 65 228 (1980). There, involuntary manslaughter accident. stated, dicta, rely failure reduce speed protect defendant. 420, 2267. Despite neither other, circumstance, slow viewed "species lesser-included offense." Ibid. presenting speculated Vitale. concluding prosecutions, adopted suggestion dicta antedating cases, them, rule crime, purposes. 19 For example, 1654 (1947), military officer court-martial proceedings discrediting service accepting payments return transferring soldiers noncombat units. conspiring defraud faithful services Clause, crime." pointedly may do distinct itself." Ibid.; 1489 (1946) ("[T]he commission . [a]nd plea offenses"). continued recognize over years. Iannelli 420 770, 777-779, 95 1284, 1289-1291, 43 616 (1975); Garrett 471 773, 778, 105 2407, 2411, 85 764 (1985) ("[C]onspiracy completed object conspiracy"); cf. 793, 2418 ("[I]t [a continuing enterprise] predicate 20 recently cautioned "ready transposition 'lesser offense' principles classically simple [v. Ohio] [continuing enterprise (CCE) prosecutions]." 789, 2416. great majority allegations perfect example. Reliance analysis, however supported acts, just falls short examining CCE acts. 788-789, 2416-2417. 21 Faced necessity reconciling longstanding authority choose adhere Bayer-Pinkerton dealing distinction itself. These conduct." dissenting judge thought oversimplification, pointing word "conduct" quoted modified phrase 'that 1532 (Anderson, dissenting) Second Circuit, Calderone, 917 717 vote, writing interpreting crucial differently. decided itself, asks infer agreement. 721. Judge Newman opinion, when entirety crime. 723-725 (Newman, concurring). Other Courts Appeals, described detail footnote 2, rejected situations. It eschewed evidence" 'single transaction' 790, 2417, tests conduct" easy discern. 22 best enmesh subtleties prosecuted, 23 judgment accordingly 24 Reversed. Justice whom BLACKMUN joins, judgment. While join Court's "considerable justification," ante, 387-388, Appeals' interpreted if, 510, 2087. explained, here meaningfully 'establish' conspiracy" requirement statute coconspirators. 1536 (CA10 1991) dissenting). thus reverse reasons explained 381-387, III(B) 1536-1539. indictment, unlawful interstate travel. sufficiently require their dismissal 1531. differed applying case. "broader" entirely encompassed actions second, "narrower" conspiracy. 721-722. followed reasoning prosecuted. Gambino, 920 1108 (1990). agreed position upholding below. (1991). On hand, bringing seeks base Rivera-Feliciano, 930 951 (CA1 1991); Clark, 928 639 (CA4 1991). obvious makes difference analysis Dowling, robbery, admitted transactions. raise concerns result initial not. situations equally affected admission crime; rule, adopt rule.

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