Document: 374 U.S. 16 83 S.Ct. 1646 10 L.Ed.2d 720 Thomas I. FITZGERALD, Public Administrator of the County New York, etc., Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES LINES COMPANY. No. 463. Argued April 18, 1963. Decided June 10, Theodore H. Friedman, York City, for petitioner. Matthew L. Danahar, respondent. Mr. Justice BLACK delivered opinion Court. 1 Andres San Martin, a seaman, brought this action in District Court Southern against respondent United States Lines Company. His complaint alleged that he had twisted and strained his back while working on its ship. He claimed $75,000 damages based negligence unseaworthiness ship $10,000 respondent's failure to provide him with medical attention, maintenance cure, wages as required by law.1 Martin's claim invoked remedy created Congress § 33 Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. 688, which explicitly provides seaman can have jury trial right; but actions cure are traditional admiralty remedies absence statute do not ordinarily require jury. The complainant here did demand jury, however, all issues growing out single accident. judge granted Act held question recovery under abeyance try himself after other two issues. returned verdict issues; court then, hearing testimony addition presented awarded Martin $224 cure. Sitting en banc, Appeals Second Circuit affirmed, four judges stating it would be improper submit believing permissible required, three maintaining is entitled, right, joined claim. 2 Cir., 306 F.2d 461. lower courts at odds issue.2 We certiorari decide it.3 371 932, 307, 9 269. For years has been common, although uniform,4 practice Courts grant trials plaintiffs who join one their unseaworthiness, claims when claims, here, grow transaction or accident.5 This requiring arising accident tried tribunal no means surprising. Although negligence, different origins may occasion call application slightly principles procedures, they nevertheless, unitary set circumstances, serve same purpose indemnifying caused injury, depend large part upon evidence, involve some identical elements recovery. Requiring split up lawsuit, submitting judge, unduly complicates confuses trial, creates difficulties applying doctrines res judicata collateral estoppel, easily result too much little recovery.6 problems particularly acute determining amount damages. example, lost earnings expenses recoverable count, subject reduction if contributorily negligent. These items measured standards7 any contributory negligence. It extremely difficult trying ascertain, even use special interrogatories, exactly what went into jury—how loss earning power was calculated, how allowed pain suffering, actual wages, much, any, each recoveries reduced raises needless burden proving did.8 And find damage jury's actually represented, must still solve puzzling problem bearing should standards In statutory constitutional obstacle, an end put such unfortunate, outdated, wasteful manner these cases.9 Fortunately, there obstacle. 3 While Seventh Amendment does cases,10 neither nor provision Constitution forbids them.11 Nor Rule Procedure, Civil Admiralty, forbid maritime cases. Article III vested federal jurisdiction over cases, and, since time, largely left responsibility fashioning controlling rules law. long recognized area exercised where necessary so.12 Where, particular mode being used many so cumbersome, confusing, time consuming places completely unnecessary obstacles paths litigants seeking justice our courts, we hesitate take correct situation. Only trier fact essentially lawsuit settle conceptually separate parts because historical developments. declared shall free, wished, submission alone. Therefore, time-honored institution jurisprudence, only competent present congressional enactment claims. Accordingly, hold submitted both arise facts. case therefore entitled right 4 Judgment affirmed Appeals, declined review certiorari. shipowner points remand longer therefore, argues, could without cannot agree. Our holding error deprive demanded, relief from having kind error. 5 Reversed. 6 HARLAN (dissenting). 7 I am wholly sympathy reached is, believe, consistent sound judicial administration will greatly simplify conduct suits 8 But rule announces my view entirely procedural character, promulgated specified 28 2073. procedure 'shall effect until reported Chief beginning regular session thereof * expiration ninety days thus reported.' Believing governed provision, method prescribed declaration rules, applicable Federal Courts, exclusive, unable subscribe Court.* think appropriate way achieve instance obviously desirable reform deal matter through Judicial Conference States. Cf. Miner v. Atlass, 363 641, 80 1300, 1462. Meanwhile, substantially reasons given Judge Friendly's opinion, consider judgment below affirmed. died appeal pending public administrator substituted him. See notes 5, infra. Because limited certiorari, petitioner's argument record show diversity citizenship plaintiff trial. Atlantic & Gulf Stevedores, Inc., Ellerman Lines, 369 355, 360, 82 780, 783, 798 (1962). reach reconsider Romero International Terminal Operating Co., 358 354, 79 468, 368 (1959), concluded general law 1331. See, e.g., Jesonis Oliver J. Olson 238 307 (C.A.9th Cir. 1956); Stenduze Boat Neptune, 135 F.Supp. 801 (D.C.Mass.1955); cf. Jordine Walling, 185 662 (C.A.3d 1950). Nolan General Seafoods Corp., 112 515 (C.A.1st 1940); Lykes Bros. S.S. Co. Grubaugh, 128 387, modified rehearing, 130 25 (C.A.5th 1942); Bay State Dredging Contracting Porter, 153 827 1946); Gonzales Fruit 193 479 (C.A.2d 1951); Rosenquist Isthmian 205 486 1953); Mitchell Trawler Racer, 265 426 1959), rev'd grounds, 362 539, 926, 941 (1960); McDonald Cape Code Trawling 71 888, 891 (D.C.Mass.1947); Gilmore Black, Law Admiralty (1957), 262. illuminating discussion practical problems, see Jenkins Roderick, 156 299, 304—306 (D.C.Mass.1957) (Wyzanski, J.). bar subsequent Pacific Peterson, 278 130, 49 75, 73 L.Ed. 220 (1928), course, closely related triers fact, questions estoppel necessarily arise, connection efforts avoid duplication Maintenance allows voyage injured becomes ill. Osceola, 189 158, 175, 23 483, 487, 47 760 (1903). Medical need provided beyond point incurable. Farrell States, 336 511, 69 707, 93 850 (1949). Bartholomew Universe Tankships, 279 911, 915—916 1960); Stendze (D.C.Mass.1955). another example involved trials, compare Claudio Sinclair Ref. 160 (D.C.E.D.N.Y.1958), Lazarowitz American Export 87 197 (D.C.E.D.Pa.1949). generally Currie, Silver Oar All That: A Study Case, 27 U. Chi.L.Rev. (1959); Kurland, Case Some Problems Jurisdiction, Harv.L.Rev. 817, Note, 138 (1959). Waring Clarke, How. 441, 12 226, 460 (1847). 11 Genesee Fitzhugh, 443, 459—460, 13 1058 (Dec. Term, 1851) (upholding constitutionality Great Lakes Act). John G. Stevens, 170 113, 18 544, 42 969 (1898); Swift Packers Compania Colombiana Del Caribe, S.A., 339 684, 690, 691, 70 861, 865, 866, 94 1206 (1950); Warren 340 523, 527, 432, 434, 95 503 (1951); Wilburn Fireman's Fund Ins. 348 310, 314, 75 368, 370, 99 337 (1955); 360—361, 473, 474, Tungus Skovgaard, 588, 597, 611, 503, 509, 516, 524 (1959) (opinion Brennan, J., concurring dissenting part); (1960). course taken not, view, supported cases cited note Court's opinion. None them rule.

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