Document: 432 U.S. 137 97 S.Ct. 2207 53 L.Ed.2d 168 Garland JEFFERS, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. No. 75-1805. Argued March 21, 1977. Decided June 16, Rehearing Denied Oct. 3, See 434 880, 98 241. Syllabus A federal grand jury returned two indictments against petitioner for offenses under 21 U.S.C. One charged him and nine others with violating § 846 by conspiring to distribute heroin cocaine during a specified period in violation of 841(a)(1), the indictment specifying, inter alia, that conspiracy was be accomplished petitioner's assumption leadership certain organization, distribution controlled substances, acquisition substantial sums money through such distribution. The other alone 848, which prohibits conducting continuing criminal enterprise violate drug laws, his distributing possessing intent cocaine, 841(a)(1) same period, alleging he had undertaken "in concert" five or more others, respect whom occupied position organizer supervisor, as result obtained income. court denied motion Government consolidate trial, codefendants opposed on grounds neither parties nor charges were that, based overt acts charged, much evidence would not inculpate therefore inadmissible 848 charge. Petitioner six first tried found guilty indictment, receiving maximum sentence applicable 15 years prison, $25,000 fine, three-year special parole term, conviction affirmed appeal. then moved dismiss ground trial already been placed jeopardy offense "same evidence" rule Blockburger v. United States, 284 299, 52 180, 76 L.Ed. 306, barred second prosecution since lesser included enterprise. Following denial separate, offense, given offender, viz., life imprisonment $100,000 run consecutively sentence. Court Appeals, although concluding earlier normally bar subsequent prosecution, held Iannelli 420 770, 95 1284, 43 616, created new double only complex statutory crimes, where greater could separately punished if, here, Congress so intended. challenged interpretation also contended Double Jeopardy Clause violated waived issue. Held : judgment is part, vacated remanded. Pp. 147-158; 160. 532 F.2d 1101, Mr. Justice BLACKMUN, joined THE CHIEF JUSTICE, POWELL, REHNQUIST, concluded: 1. Petitioner's action opposing Government's deprived any right might have consecutive trials entitled prosecute offense. This an exception established Brown Ohio, 161, 2221, 187, defendant after has convicted being no different from situations enjoys protection but one reason another may retried. Here petitioner, who proceeding, chose adopt course solely responsible separate prosecutions. 147-154. 2. It cannot assumed intended impose cumulative penalties §§ fine imposed at reduced fines together do exceed $100,000. 154-158. WHITE concluded supra, controls this case concurs conviction. P. 158. STEVENS, BRENNAN, STEWART, MARSHALL, extent it vacates fines. Stephen C. Bower, Kentland, Ind., petitioner. William F. Sheehan, III, Washington, D. C., respondent. BLACKMUN announced opinion REHNQUIST join. 1 involves multiple prosecutions afforded Fifth Amendment, circumstances opposes efforts try proceeding. raises question whether 848. Finally, requires further explication Court's decision 616 (1975). 2 * A. According presented Jeffers head highly sophisticated narcotics network operated Gary, January 1972 1974. "Family," organization known, originally formed designed control local traffic city Gary. soon became dominant figure organization. He exercised ultimate authority over revenues derived Family's sales, extortionate practices, robberies. disbursed funds pay salaries Family members, commissions street workers, incidental expenditures items apartment rental fees, bail bond automobiles members. maintained strict ruthless discipline within group, beating shooting members occasion. typically distributed daily between 1,000 2,000 capsules heroin. resulted net receipts about $5,000, exclusive commissions. what Appeals stated "an extremely conservative estimate,"1 personal share operations exceeded million dollars two-year period. 3 On 18, 1974, Northern District Indiana connection role operations. first, H-CR-74-56, 846,2 both November 1, 1971, date 841(a)(1).3 App. 5- 11. specified, among things, substances. Id., 6. H-CR-74-57, laws.4 Like conspiracy, possessed again indictment. As required statute, alleged concert people organizer, supervisor manager," activity 3-4. 4 Shortly returned, filed together, requesting continuing-criminal-enterprise charge general codefendants. 12-14. joinder proper Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. 8, similar character they transactions constituting parts common scheme plan. represented planned those involved case. Consequently, argued appropriate court's power pursuant 13. 5 defendants joint objection motion. 15-24. generally improper Fed.Rules 8 14, same. particularly concerned probable effect introduced support jury's ability avoid confusing cases. Another argument focused directly petitioner.5 noted 17 acts, named 10 them, participated actively 9. Thus, went, likely trial. Although severance alleviated problem, never made Rule 14. May 7, thereby set stage charges. 6 B. took place guilty. received punishment statute $25,000, 3-year term.6 conviction, 520 1256 (CA7 1975), certiorari, 423 1066, 96 805, 46 656 (1976).7 7 While appeal filing series pretrial motions pending criminal-enterprise When appeared imminent, once arose out transaction, should theory jeopardy, 306 (1932), enterprise.8 To forestall anticipated waiver argument, asserted impossible, trying counts Sixth Amendment fair opposition right. finding waiver, according amount penalizing exercise constitutional denying another. 25-27. Government, its response dismiss, offenses, twice trial.9 agreed analysis shortly before began. 9 At engaging Again, offender: n. 4, supra. prison "to H-CR-74-56 (the case)." Record, Doc. 105. conclusion himself without possibility probation, parole, suspension sentence, totaling $125,000.10 appeal, upheld. 1101 1976). expressly proof accused acted persons. In view, requirement tantamount requirement.11 Construing require agreement meant all elements proved addition supervisory obtaining income resources;12 thus, satisfied test less offenses. ordinarily relying Gavieres 220 338, 31 421, 55 489 (1911); supra ; Waller Florida, 397 387, 90 1184, 25 435 (1970), read (1975), create crimes. 11 statutes issue 18 371, 1955, prohibiting illegal gambling businesses involving Despite language seemingly contrary, U.S., 785 17, S.Ct., 1293, 371 1955. F.2d, 1109. attached significance fact 1955 contains concert." believed if intended, adopted approach multiple-prosecution it. Finding Congress, enacting interested punishing severely living dealing, make independent crime, offense" purposes. did second. 12 petition Appeals' reading suggested lesser. these issues, appears creates multiple-punishment problem. We granted certiorari. 429 815, 55, 50 74 (1976). consider points, we address II 13 principal affirming Iannelli, Blockburger. premised contention essential element despite presence 848(b)(2)(A) phrase with." If "innocent dupes" each with" ringleader enterprise, asserts, satisfied. Brief States 23. 14 right, simple our opinion, however, easy transfer result, reached context statutes, specifically noted: "Wharton's applies concerted activity, plurality agents." 785, 1293 (emphasis original). Elaborating point, stated: "The essence crime agreement, . contained definition offense." 1294. Because silence regard necessity felt constrained construe permit persons "involved" operation acting together.13 Pinkerton 328 640, 643, 66 1180, 1181, 1489 (1946). flexibility does exist statute. Section restricts violations persons." Clearly, then, impossible unless present. express quite plausibly provide necessary "agreement" wanting Even individual agreements leader participants, enough shown prove conspiracy. unreasonable assume mean anything when inserted critical words 848.14 absence indication legislative history elsewhere far explanation word "concert" meaning design For purposes case, therefore, assume, arguendo, enterprise.15 So construed, because every show well several additional elements.16 16 187 decided today, establishes State Federal 168-169, 2226-2227. What lies heart prohibition "the Wilson, 332, 343, 1013, 1021, 232 reaffirms subjected equivalent 168, 2226. re Nielsen, 131 176, 672, 675, 33 118 (1889). are same" not, 2226, follows sequence immaterial,17 just objectionable reverse order proceeding.18 Cf. 390, 1186. Contrary suggestion principles crimes.19 Brown, some exceptions. commonly recognized events taken time begun. 169 2227; Blackledge Perry, 417 28-29, 94 2098, 2102-2103, 40 628 (1974); Diaz 223 442, 32 250, 56 500 (1912). Ashe Swenson, 436, 453 1189, 1199, 469 (1970) (Brennan, J., concurring). apply facts discovered due diligence Ibid. asks or, fails raise other, emerges. situation Clause, retrial barred. example, successful concept applies, making permissible. Price Georgia, 398 323, 1757, 26 300 (1970); Green 355 184, 78 221, 199 (1957); Ball, 163 662, 1192, 41 (1896). slightly context, defendant's need measured "manifest necessity" standard Perez, Wheat. 579, 165 (1824), mistrial request. Dinitz, 424 600, 1075, 47 267 Both are, sense, but, situations, policy behind Similarly, resolved there elects persuades honor election.20 19 continuing- undue prejudice trial.21 included-offense-instruction. 31(c); Keeble 412 205, 93 1993, 36 844 (1973); cf. Sansone 380 349-350, 85 1004, 1009, 882 (1965). instruction preserved point objection. Nevertheless, course. Instead, successive offense.22 Under circumstances, hold trials. follows, remaining punishments upon III 20 parties, throughout proceedings, appear cumulative-punishment problem present case,23 imposition seems squarely contradict assumption.24 Fines, course, treated way sentences analysis. North Carolina Pearce, 395 711, 718 12, 89 2072, 2077, 23 (1969). decide permissible inquiry punish separately. See, e. g., Prince 352 322, 327, 77 403, 406, 370 Callanan 364 587, 594, 81 321, 325, 312 (1961); Milanovich 365 551, 554, 728, 729, 773 (1961). Bell 349 81, 82, 75 620, 621, 99 905 (1955). intend violations. Since different, go further. 785-786, nn. 17-18, 1293-1294. Gore 357 386, 1280, 1405 (1958). exists purposes, examine closely, difficulties. 717, 2076; 1021.25 22 concedes, Reply considered allow makes unnecessary reach lesser-included-offense itself reflects comprehensive penalty structure leaves little opportunity pyramiding sections Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention Control Act 1970. authorizes life, $100,000, forfeiture profits interest in, claim against, property contractual rights kind affording source influence over, 848(a)(1), (2). forbids execution imposed, granting eligibility parole. 848(c). addition, section controlling abuse provides mandatory minimum years. 848(a)(1). offender must receive years, subject up $200,000, described above lifetime imprisonment. will involve felony Act, see 848(b)(1), (2), specifying permitted. 24 inconclusive punishment.26 reasons usually offered justify conspiracies underlying substantive inapplicable 593-594, summarized reasons: "(C)ollective partnership presents potential threat public than delicts. Concerted increases likelihood object successfully attained decreases probability individuals depart their path criminality. Group association often, normally, possible attainment ends accomplish. Nor danger conspiratorial group limited particular end toward embarked. Combination commission crimes unrelated original purpose formed. sum, generates confined immediate aim enterprise." Accord, 778, 1290. 27 discussion clear, dangers posed activity. conduct. admittedly important authorizing 28 Our minor whatever authorized power, permitted total $125,000 convictions, record indicates, 29 accordingly, part remanded proceedings consistent opinion. 30 ordered. WHITE, concurring dissenting part. I agree concur used establish dissent Part plurality's MARSHALL join, 34 There nothing novel can traced back Blackstone, "has understanding least Nielsen (, 118,) 1889," 2226.1 prosecutor ignorance ancient rule, evade arguing failed advise existence applicability. 35 surely returned,2 elected proceed charge.3 valid objections cases trial.4 Most lawyers startled learn rather routine loss5 "a vital safeguard society, dearly won continue valued," 198, 229, 199.6 ironic while State's duty give advice contracting, see, Oregon Mathiason, 492, 51 714 emerging accused, preserve inform legal consequences acts. desirability extending Jeffers' incarceration unique decision.7 37 fines, respectfully affirmance 1105 provides: Any person attempts conspires commit defined subchapter (Control Enforcement) punishable prescribed attempt conspiracy." "(a) Except subchapter, shall unlawful knowingly intentionally "(1) manufacture, distribute, dispense, possess substance." Heroin classified Schedule narcotic substance. 812(c) (Sch. I) (b)(10); CFR 1308.11(c)(11) Cocaine II) (a)(4); 1308.12(b)(4) provides, relevant part: (1) engages sentenced term imprisonment, paragraph "(2) forfeit "(A) "(B) "(b) subsection (a) section, engaged violates provision chapter (Import Export) felony, occupies position, management, and, obtains resources. "(c) suspended, probation granted, 4202 Title (repealed 15, 1976, Pub.L. 94-233, Stat. 219, replaced 4205, relating prisoners parole) apply." dissenters undercut force asserting "gave relatively emphasis arguments alone." Post, 159 4. memorandum supporting defendants' pains alone. 22-23. Indeed, last "(I)t 'directly' defendant, GARLAND would, 'continuing enterprise' direct link established. All said admissible, arguably so, imminent clear." 22. Jeffers, number points equally defendants. implicitly excluding JEFFERS. indicated 2, substance question, both. 841(b)(1)(A). After refusal review 2255 postconviction relief. motion, affirmed, 544 523, 430 935, 1561, 781 (1977). confused consolidation, apparently favor construing 19. "identity charges" lacking. 15. Language concede offense: "Title Code, previously required." 34. rely concession. Nothing Case suggests credited fine. H-CR-74-57 indicates contrary true, assumption. actually instructed 846, 841(a) (1). 45. gave complete jury. 46-48. argues erroneous. Without resolving exploring implications merely note conceptual closeness statutes. terms covers 1970 deals I. exact counterpart 963 II. disputes involved. use "concerted activity" describe 1955's business, 790, 1296, indicate understanding. simply addressing attention why participation significant business. practical matter, often act concert. This, necessarily acknowledged analysis, 1293. history, plain House Report H.R. 18583, eventually 91-513, 1970, H.R.Rep.No.91-1444, Pt. p. (1970). writers views include nondefinition criticisms aspects law. Senate S. 3246, version law, shed light S.Rep.No.91-613 Section-by-Section Analysis bill, report states: "Subsection (f) sets criteria met deemed find preponderance conspired act." added). actual cover 121. apparent understood encompass agreement. debates reveal providing severe professional criminals 116 Cong.Rec. 995 (remarks Sen. Dodd); id., 1181 Thurmond); 33631 Cong. Weicker); 33314 Bush). concern undercuts "conned" innocent dupes into working him, them unaware work conduct none agreeing so. connoted cooperative 434(b)(13), 441a(a)(7)(B)(i) (1976 ed.) (Federal Election Campaign Amendments 1976); 13c(a) (1970 ed., Supp. V) (Commodity Futures Trading Commission 1974 liability principal); 894(a) (Code Military mutiny sedition); 52, 104, 105 (Norris-LaGuardia Act); 1227 (Merchant Marine carriers forbidden); 49 322(b)(1) (Interstate Commerce motor carriers). "conspiracy" spelled definition, long therein. signifies plan clearly articulated statement abandoned. assumption, until appellate open. here premise beyond dispute related. From there, accountable presumed error occurred. fails, fit neatly niche fashioned dissent. Unless available option. reinforced affirmatively asked request sought postponement did. hardly accurate say, does, prosecution. obligation properly, alerting complex, unsettled remarkably detail. clear identical participants dupes." argue prohibited risk means plus needed greater. 167 6, consideration day. adjustment adequate cure injury suffered prosecutions, inheres very "same" 30-31, 2103-2104, 329, 1761, defend indeed, states misconstrued Iannelli. 10. considerations propriety obviously contributed No hint us, together. Unlike dissenters, unwilling attach return settled law 1106-1111. 18-32; now, settle definitively. 149-150. reasonably difficult ascribe motive indictments. Furthermore, 142, requested indictments, sinister formal method inconsistent Simmons 390 377, 389-394, 88 967, 973-976, 1247 (1968), surrender privilege compulsory self-incrimination assert Fourth claim. Hobson's choice illusory. Had defendants, different. event, ensure prejudicial Assuming background, relationship complaint made. dilemma akin arose. strengthened raised posture expected own elect denied. exists, petitioner's; responsibility bring attention. 21; statement, Tr. Oral Arg. 36: "(W)e submit, provided, provided credited." Different govern issue, obvious reasons, difference great authorize punishments, remain. eligible time, punishment. Gaddis, 544, 549 1023, 1026, 222 (1976) (vacating convictions 2113(a) 2113(d)). plainly passed S.Rep.No.91-613, pp. (1969); 995, 1664 debate); 33300-33301, 33304, debate). Taken alone, penalties. Report, rest pt. 10-11 conflicting conclusions deviate itself. notes cites 1833 New Jersey case; turn quotes Blackstone. Cooper, N.J.L. 361, 375. W. Commentaries *336. implies "if charges." Ante, 152 20. wonder how happened retained alternative once, attempted defense counsel having today's believe suggest Until today function prosecutor. obtain attorney representing resisted largely codefendants, ante, 142-143, 5. rights. states, 150. And, demonstrates, precisely here. 147-150. Two facts, plurality, clinch claim: tried, 154-158; (2) instructions 145 following Black worth remembering: "If protections narrow, grudging application, significance." Green, 229. disposition especially troubling eight Justices four persuaded

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