Document: 386 U.S. 66 87 S.Ct. 793 17 L.Ed.2d 737 James V. GILES et al., Petitioners,v.STATE OF MARYLAND. No. 27. Argued Oct. 12, 1966. Decided Feb. 20, 1967. Joseph Forer, Washington, D.C., for petitioners. Donald Needle and Robert C. Murphy, Baltimore, Md., respondent. Mr. Justice BRENNAN announced the judgment of Court an opinion in which THE CHIEF JUSTICE DOUGLAS join. 1 In December 1961, petitioners, who are brothers, were convicted rape a 16-year-old girl after trial by jury Circuit Montgomery County, Maryland. May 1964, petitioners brought this proceeding under Maryland's Post-Conviction Procedure Act, Md.Ann.Code Art. 27, § 645A seq. (1966 Supp.).1 Their petition alleged that prosecution denied them due process law violation Fourteenth Amendment suppressing evidence favorable to them, knowing use prejured testimony against them. An evidentiary hearing was had before Judge Moorman who, unreported opinion, rule proofs did not sustain allegation bad faith or perjured prosecution, but establish suppression which, although faith, constituted denial process. He therefore ordered new trial. The Appeals Maryland, sitting en banc, reversed, two judges dissenting. State v. Giles, 239 Md. 458, 212 A.2d 101. We granted certiorari. 383 941, 86 1194, 16 205. would vacate Maryland remand court further proceedings. 2 allegedly occurred about midnight, July near Rocky Gorge, swimming fishing spot on Patuxent River, secluded, wooded area County. swam fished there from early evening with Johnson2 John Bowie. prosecutrix came automobile shortly midnight her date, Stewart Foster, other young men. car ran out gasoline Bowie's parked car. Foster remained while men went gasoline. 3 State's principal witnesses. They testified they been back seat some 15 minutes left when noise attracted their attention. saw companions loading something into Bowie drove away Johnson approached stranded rolled up windows locked doors. three demanded his money smashed rocks open unlocked door side told get run he held off three. knocked unconscious woods followed Giles caught she tripped fell. Petitioner joined few later. She that, one trio attempted remove clothes, disrobed herself below waist submitted all youths without resistance because fear. 4 Both own defense. version events asked cigarette, responded epithets reached down as if pick gun weapon, broke prevent getting it. said know it fled woods. her, offered submit him help escape others declined. couple, relations boys week more wouldn't make any difference, invited have Johnson, petitioner her. say raped 'she year's probation' 'was trouble.' 5 credibility witnesses thus important outcome case. recognized affirming convictions direct review: 'There tending indicate consent part prosecuting witness, believed trier facts, complete defense charge rape.' State, 229 at 381, 183 A.2d, 364.3 Credibility also critical issue whether, event, Biles testified, not, testified. 6 suppressed consisted first, fact pending June 20 Juvenile Prince George's caseworker recommended probation beyond parental control. Also facts concerning occurrence County party night August 26, five weeks rape, over months sexual party, later took overdose pills hospitalized psychiatric ward General Hospital nine days suicide. friend visited hospital parents reported Police Lieutenant Whalen, head investigation Attorney Whalen advised mother no jurisdiction offenses, girl's father filed formal authorities. A police officer, Sergeant Wheeler, interviewed hospital. refused raped. officer previously previous years numerous men, whom know. 7 Finally, conducted September 5, apparently day release nine-day confinement Hospital, resulted commitment Montrose School Girls where time. arranged authorities, resident complained 'the harassing girl, driving forth past house hours,' 'to place protective custody.' record discloses, however, inquired necessity juvenile 'out control living circumstances endangering well-being.' taken felt wanted die nothing live for.' 8 petitioners' contention tended support discredit might, therefore, produced acquittal or, least, reduction penalty.4 argued knowledge provided valuable leads supporting conclusion falsely denying consented relations. 9 represented appointed counsel.5 post-conviction knew incidents suicide attempt, hospital, psychiatrist's diagnosis mental illness, Girls. tried, interview home talked Lt. discuss case us.' based story probation, Courts both whether proceedings those courts records such released. 10 found 'that withheld second complaint relative emotional disturbance.' trial, despite absence pretrial request counsel disclosure suppressed. See Brady 373 83, 87, 83 1196, 215. 11 read Moorman's hold nondisclosure denies accused could reasonably be considered admissible useful viewed formulation incomplete, holding 'for amount must is material capable clearing clear guilt substantially affecting punishment imposed addition being defense.' 469—470, 108. meet test event failure disclose information relating 26th subsequent suicidal attempt prejudicial * (petitioners) warrant granting basis process.' 471, 109. 12 do include elements present earlier decisions determined law. Mooney Holohan, 294 103, 55 340, 79 L.Ed. 791; Pyle Kansas, 317 213, 63 177, 214; Alcorta Texas, 355 28, 78 9; Napue People Illinois, 360 264, 1173, 1217; Miller Pate, 1, 785, 690; compare United States ex rel. Almeida Baldi, Cir., 195 F.2d 815, 33 A.L.R.2d 1407; Thompson Dye, 221 763; Barbee Warden, 331 842. Thus presents broad questions prosecution's constitutional duty extends defense, degree prejudice shown necessary find, unnecessary, inappropriate, examine questions. supra, U.S., 269, S.Ct., 1177, we conviction fall 'although soliciting false evidence, allows go uncorrected appears,' even though may relevant only witness. now us, neither nor considered, our view justifies its consideration should order inquiry determine situation arose consists reports, record, attention supplied judge imposing sentence. 13 On morning 21, officers, including Detective Collins, interviews Foster. written reports. effort prove allegations petition, moved during directed produce report inspection. motion denied; ruled 'work product' producible Rules Procedure. 14 There can little doubt might made effective obtaining evidence. first place, attributes statements appear inconsistent testimony. quotes stating engaged distracted car, dressed approached. merely 'sitting' time until drawn presence four buttressed cross-examination answering 'No' question 'didn't take yourself *?' Collins mentioned, summaries what each person involved incident stated heard construction these key deliberately concealed judge, jury, promiscuity.6 While specific acts misconduct inadmissible impeach witness' credibility, Rau 133 613, 105 A. 867, intercourse prosecutrix' consent. Humphreys 227 115, 175 777, prior general reputation unchastity see 370, 359. And extent effectively attacked case, resolution necessarily affected since turned wholly credibility. used connection has inception. At original sought ways victim. admitted, preliminary immediately hand, 'questioned station her.' With reference anybody line-up walked pointed defendant, presence, *.' Counsel continued innocent rape. introduced newspaper articles Washington Evening Star Post attributing When stories incorrect, asked: 'would your show (she) number sttacked her?' answered would. thereupon production report, allow work-product rule. how many originally claimed and, unlike 18 contrast much states lineup day, identified tried unable so,' man contents go, witnesses, girl. Yet appears transcript what, any, action correct explain inconsistencies between state report.7 19 Only most strained reading materials us raised aid inquiry. Duvall scene incident, far proves penetrated His recites 'stated males entered third gave lights coming.' statement seem intercourse, light Duvall's two-page, third-person summary, representing transpired tense hectic moments nearly hysterical according contrast, 22 pages long, put together least three-day period, contains extensive quotations calm treated fed, reaction personally identifying failed intercourse. Moreover, does provides explanation officers' fact, explaining testimony, raises serious accuracy never discussed her.8 contending unaware difference meaning emission, caused testify witness propounded theory offer participated, then confused names defendants, emission.9 reveals confusion latter point. spoke 'process,' point 'had ten climax.'10 reach climax, 'insert' 'could get' erection. Of course possible achieved penetration. But decide issues, either petitioners; need sufficient substance justify remanding reconsideration rather than deciding broader question.11 21 Original seen file Since reports produced, pure speculation conclude us. proper resolve nevertheless regard ascertain counsel's reasons making directing behalf determination still leave discrepancies judge; disclosed, exists.' relying upon reason remand, follow practice noticing supervening matter avoid allowing dispose example, Patterson Alabama, 600, 575, 1082; Bell 378 226, 84 1814, 822. varying circumstances, principle behind always same. This 'discretion mode will exert powers conferred That discretion exercised existing, system government, judicial tribunals Union States, recognition public good requires disturbed unnecessary conflict equally bound guard protect rights secured Constitution.' Ex parte Royall, 117 241, 251, 734, 740, 29 868. 23 It may, know, additional demonstrates applied standard free reaffirm reversal. Although relief ultimately denied, affording opportunity instance consistent comity, cf. 28 U.S.C. 2254, full fair federal courts. Townsend Sain, 372 293, 745, 770. context raise avoiding decision issues presented directed. Henry Mississippi, 379 443, 85 564, 408. 24 truism entrusts primary responsibility criminal means 'hands off.' Constitution's commands limited operate assumption—especially inappropriate demonstrated concern afford paralleling afforded habeas corpus proceedings12—that concerned reconsider here, particularly result adjudication minimize federal-state tensions. 25 26 WHITE, concurring judgment. 27 I concur Court, am join my Brother BRENNAN. view, 1217. argument officers complaining said, along, whereas oral clearly misstated bears primarily bore relationship committed overlooked confronted inconsistency allegations. Had less diligent, rise level violation.1 Concerning given why Napue, HARLAN. Nevertheless, consideration. 30 Petitioners here appellees Appeals, having prevailed win appellate court, grounds Court—supression respect claim ground victim's promiscuity condition. appropriate claims. acknowledged admissibility issue. held, charged withholding itself ample promiscuous conduct As condition, cited approval Bastian, 330 Mich. 457, 47 N.W.2d 692 (1951), conceding 'nymphomania'—which referred 'type illness'—was this. (1) victim psychiatrist; (2) suffering nymphomania; (3) so afflicted, 'there incompetent convicted.' 31 course, court's ultimate unavoidably factual determinations conclusions. end permitted constitution requires. comes sure airing responsible obvious shortcomings condition matter. sufficiently unsure Appeals. 32 To set perspective parts me, brief summary necessary. chronological order, involves occasion experienced (which led so-called claim), temporary hospitalization ward, sent home, finally convicted. hospitalized, subjected examination Dr. Doudoumopoulis, related Connor, turn addition, highly suppression, reflects Department Connor participated hearing. following excerpts source 34 daily attempt. 35 'Q. you tell ward? 36 'A. Wing, ward. 37 Did Doudoumopoulis evaluation Miss Roberts? 38 Yes, did. 39 case? 40 41 him? 42 43 Could disgnosis was? 44 'Mr. Kardy: Just minute, doctor. Object, Your Honor. 45 'The Court: Objection sustained.' 46 Subsequently, performed examination, allowed nonpsychiatric patient, 'adolescent reaction.' produce, through meaningful regarding presaged same Doctor give deposition2 hearing, follow: (Joyce Carol Roberts) hospitalization? 48 During hospitalization, yes. 49 occassion speak Joyce? 50 someone period. don't just exactly exact recall talking 51 conversation place? 52 believe office 4713 Berwyn Road, College Park. My there. 53 Will conversation? 54 object. objection sustained. 56 Witt: Honor, seeking find 57 anyone State; 58 Department, 59 someone,' answer. 60 Can answer back? 61 Doctor, identify talked? 62 Witness: No, sir; cannot. department. County? 64 65 Counsel, proffer crime? 67 What specifically show? 68 69 make? 70 Illinois. Evidence respecting possession 71 objection. 72 Joyce's parents? 73 Well, speaking frequent occasions, often. 74 done 75 Yes. 76 said? 77 Doctor. 80 81 Sustained. 82 member family treatment Joyce call another doctor? Are referring 88 89 90 Doudoumopoulis. 91 her? 92 i 93 diagnose schizophrenic? 94 minute; that. 95 96 receive? 97 98 think immaterial. objection.' 99 Immediately Connor's deposition taken, oath. contacted Kardy, prosecutor, 1961. custody Whalen's words: '(T)he (the mother) like *' 100 Were throughout 1961? 101 courtroom. every second. 102 Let me isn't Roberts' condition? 103 104 Forer: stand today, Doudoumopoulis; trying lay foundation showing actually qualified, qualified expert, rejected it.3 whatever doctors discovered representatives police. Honor excluded questioning designed Now, excluding asking established significance procedure. 106 Now let Was anything Roberts commit date? 107 108 began, subject bench 'left Maine' weeks. fairness presiding noted continue perhaps expect differently advance hearing,4 counsel, achieve interchange. 109 practice, name 110 28th August, 111 Where 112 Hospital. 113 114 115 overrule permit 116 You Charles D. 118 119 120 conclusions 121 122 discover doctor's was, link purpose. 123 124 Do Connor? 125 126 127 128 conclusions— 129 Karby: 130 'Q.—in 131 132 yes no. 134 135 136 discussion time? 137 138 139 talk 140 to. 141 142 143 144 Because indicated flowed reflected pursue Lynn Adams, instrumental likewise cut short: 145 hearing? 146 was. 147 well-being? 148 Object. 149 150 151 Adams. 152 153 late 1961 raping 154 Kardy (To Witness): minute. 155 156 speak, telephone otherwise, psychiatrist Alexander Doudoumopoulis? 157 158 health 159 he—yes, health, 160 161 162 Sustained.' 163 seems closed Adams choice Rule 922 governing causes. specifies that: 164 'A interest thereof, except medical histories designate confidential. Such confidential permission court. time, orders persons agencies inspect classes records, permission. Except herein, docket, court.' Ann.Code, c. 900, 922. 165 authorization included 'make available use, introduction thereof aspect *involving Roberts.'5 power 'put evidence.' Vol. I, Hearing Transcript, 66. This, himself expressly authorized concluded attended require purpose policies served event—although sure—the bar obtained outside If regard, way conversations doubts force involving longer considers items. wish suggest judge's exclusion incorrect. right belongs simply compel 166 court: attorney knew. officials involvement agencies, 167 end, boils assessment knows comparison reverse unconstitutional nymphomania, comprehensively, interrelated helpful Appeals' views 168 FORTAS, 169 Court's immensely troubling 170 relief, sustained violated federally protected known month crime These were: encounter filing eventual dropping charge; within hours foregoing ensuing examination. 'be defense,' consequence disclose, omission required 171 reversed. admissible, insufficiently 'exculpatory' shunted aside 'probative value' affect competence disposed assertion 'specific misconduct' surrounding purposes prosecutrix, already trial.' 172 Judges Oppenheimer Hammond dissented. abandonment well corroborating account happened, rendered suffered disturbance short 'insanity,' bits furnished potent dissenters asserted majority erroneously substituted appraisal weight attached jury's evaluation, erred applying too stringent admissibility. 173 agree excused solely trial.1 obligation convict, possible, truth emerges. provide Due Process Clause Amendment. No respectable concealment material, generously conceived, defenses. 174 ought reversed repetitious, cumulative, embellishing otherwise importance preparation disclosed counsel. communicate preliminary, challenged, speculative information. lives. specific, factual, concrete, implications debatable. negate possibility consent, directly Petitioners' fate consented, context, withhold suggesting part, policeman—but retracted charge—that observation, construed products savage mistreatment indicating entitled tragic one. total lack sympathy kind physical assault lead condone 176 regret compulsion nature impact error committed, retried. Brethren, sending reconsideration. 177 ADDENDUM: HARLAN addressed section dissent opinion. discloses basic fair-trial requirement deliberate distinguished misrepresentation. 215 (1963). concedes knowingly remain uncorrected. asserts satisfies 'in full' requirements Amendment, suggests extension principles advisable. obligated initiative unless offered. assume apply principle, hands spell death exoneration defendant. cannot subscribe game function outwit entrap quarry. pursuit justice, exclusive concrete cumulative exonerate defendant defense—regardless relates trial—the obliged bring For possesses blood victim, type match State. understand HARLAN's comments mean 690, outer limit duty. dramatically pair shorts, misrepresented saturated blood, secure conviction. acquiesce Constitution. Nondisclosure—deliberate withholding—of described, is, judgment, reconcilable concept Clause. readily differences exist particular setting accept notion effect disclose. supportable lie. implies honest crucial outcome. 178 newly amended Federal Criminal Court. face, relatively problem discovery inspection Whether adequate purport exhaust finds proscription acquiescence testimony2 16's silence subject. none requirement, apprise sort described Rule's requirement. relates, defendant's avoidance surprise, dealt 16, duty, it, voluntarily exonerative defense—which affirmatively guilt—and conceal. use. prosecutor's punishment, unsuccessfully requested, controlling request—'We violates irrespective *'3—I adventitious circumstance request. existence able production. murder trial—indeed proceeding—is sporting event. 179 HARLAN, BLACK, CLARK STEWART join, 180 disposition product opinions, votes keeping limitations role review cases. follow, dissent. 181 difficult imagine charges convincingly proved teenage girl.1 Following conviction, seriously habits stability character. revelations proceeding, premised failing data guilty claims, nonetheless data, deemed finding flaw proceedings, indeed recognizing courts, gives existing law, returns amounts 182 plurality opinions urge entirely different fashion, oblige series unrelated issues. WHITE'S common denominators: disposition, repeatedly Each discrete treatment, concluded, offers properly return I. advanced unusual bottomed submitted, leverage inquiries argument. preindictment Officers' Report Supplementary Offense Report. improper 'retry' cases courtroom, 'discovered' Even apart regrettable remarkable relies sense discovered. played significant stage. procedural contested appeal, questioned standpoint. consequence, rationale plurality's specious. 184 unsatisfactory. relate episodes. First, Joyce, companion, initially noticed intimated rear seat. elsewhere friends Second, penetrate argues discrepancies, promiscuity, attack possibly entirely. conscious 185 makes plain access reports2 aware very undertakes much. intimation thinly veiled suggestion supplementary worse. 186 Beyond this, careful dissipate aura suspicion conjecture surrounded. utilized penetration Giles. her.3 Later emission effected cross-examination, conceded accounts again suggested confused. supposed among jury.4 187 perjured, offered, admissions father, mother, sister policeman mentioned assailants ever terminological adequately explained points remands quite evidently hopes 188 apparent references equivocal. question. replied, bigger (John) two.' Again, attributed person, 'tried so.' insert' indicates begin clothing, kissed 'tried' minutes.5 189 imprecise, excludes penetration, however slight. Further, form language prepared rapidly, urgency events, expectation word weighed balanced. Little wonder diligent uncertainty unearthed phrases supposes, room ambiguity. 190 remembered itself, police, employed interchangeably various terms dissimilar describe defendants. elusive terminology, events. Nonetheless, attempts suggestion, surrounded cautious disclaimers, mistaken. suggestion. intimates mistaken proffered proceeding. unpersuasive; explanation, instead became next expressed assailants, terminology. twice deficient: ignores perfectly accepted finding, unreasonable testimony.6 191 Lastly, contends answers. assumes precisely reproduces words sifted familiarity unsupported statements, informal jumble undigested collected investigation. reader certain selected interrogators digest overlooks uncontested plainly pertinently stage lengthy scarcely vitiate firm stage, sum, oblique efforts cast unpersuasive. 192 her.'7 seeks suggestions. unreliable 'immediately incident.' thought important. most, acknowledgment weaknesses Neither intended serve precise record; extraordinarily hazardous pyramid, done, hypotheses constructions reports' abbreviated references. re-emphasizes wisdom exclusionary rule, corresponding impropriety circumvention leaves unexplained 'gave up' meant penetrate, emission. More important, center plan informed once cannot, deny unequivocal John's actions, Given ambiguity penetrated, attribution perjury score witnesses.8 193 Giles' participation forcefully painstakingly inviting anew. 194 privy relation doing insubstantial. volunteer, awaiting friends. inferentially suggested. 'What night?' replied 'I going swimming.' 'You didn't yourself, you?' 'No.' doubtless forthright interjected expectations, relations; nonetheless, response asked. short, went, report. constitutionally vulnerable. First foremost, episode elected omitted Foster's 'an 272, 1179, Initially, doubtful Under 867. silent presumably permits admission immorality, Shartzer 149; 777. 'a accused.' 380, 359, 363. 'reasonably admissible,' Griffin U.S.App.D.C. 172, 175, 990, 993, Far standpoint, Its discolor measurably strengthen 1173. inconclusive sufficed change trial's 196 rules roles Constitution essence, creation flies face unassailed unrestricted local confined 'Constitution's commands.' fits professed objective 'minimize tensions.' remanded Nothing remotely analogous 822, intervening judgments 1082, Dorchy 264 286, 323, 686. explicable premise supervisory traverses fundamental axioms system. II. 197 bottom, supposition postconviction misconstrued applicable improperly WHITE suggest, rulings suspects erroneous deficient standard. All involve, premises, misapplications to, carefully by, Appeals; pertinent review. 198 explicitly posed, did, acknowledges, inevitably assess restrictions reassess remand. Despite dissenting dorrect. minimum, needlessly prolongs protracted case; unfortunately, endorse substitution speculations content highest 199 hesitations scope unwarranted suggest. attending physician, agreed consulting notes, diagnosis, supplemented ruling admit manner.' Counties. psychiatrist, Solomon, state, reply hypothetical circumstances. Solomon views, interval case), warranted prevented speculating noted, expert determine. adduced substantial history, illness. 200 Perhaps authorities conceivably introduced; true prosecutions, fragments broadly record. themselves challenged hope improper, unknown substantial, admitted. convictions. III. 201 FORTAS' proposed great respect, satisfactory, would, sure, base reasoning, rests bottom objections character balance adversary justice. stem joins; accordingly respond fashion. myself, outlining approach. 202 him, FORTAS believes compelled 'which conceived defenses.' 'exonerative helpful.' demand markedly disclosures require. 791, accused. understood 'may S.Ct 1179. recently 690. Apart dicta 215, gone further.9 Nor, more. calculated kinds prosecutorial system, yet line halts broad, required, rules. guarantees trials, thereby satisfying preserves intact States' authority systems None advantages adheres FORTAS. reasoning imposition Those alter 203 extraordinary breadth urged becomes measured Procedure, trials.10 Discovery amended, restricted limitations, 'guard abuses.' Notes Advisory Committee Rules, F.R.D. 176. obtain categories materials, move obtainable source; justified, post hoc, 'material,' judged. Nor disclosure; emphasizes, burden placed threat reversal spontaneously 'helpful' similar imposes sanctions specified forms misconduct; create wide obligations operative swallow narrow prevail trials. 204 Issues obligatory characteristics surely implant laws decree answers study, areas prudent experimentation continuing study. compel, justify, proposed. IV. 205 unarticulated today's disparate accompany uneasiness convictions, engendered post-trial indications unfortunate Unable infirmity unwilling affirm repeated share discomfort formula disposition. disturb permissible last resort. interject individual sympathies administration constrained perimeter 206 tenable disturbed, appealed appeal dismissed, 767, 231 387, 627. separate Anne Arundel application abeyance 'With element true, reluctantly given, act deprives character.' Hazel 464, 469, 922, 925. adds verdict 'without capital punishment,' impose penalty imprisonment exceeding penitentiary. 463 (1957). add verdict, discretion, sentence, life sentence penitentiary years. 461 sentences. Governor Tawes subsequently commuted sentences imprisonment. Other added instability, uncontrollable weakness pertaining deprivation so, existed question, introduce (including proceeding) matters appropriate. supervised wrote before. '(Y)ou course? Yes.' follows: not? sir. sir.' Why telling today it? Well confused—people giving names, idea boys' were. Who names? After line-ups; men.' questions, answers: 'Q—W. How you? two. emission? maybe third.' Certainly be, suggested, justified 'necessarily slight.' Hunt 335 936, 941—943 (C.A.4th 1964); Midgett 329 1964), Note, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 154, 193—195 (1965). relevant. Prescott, appointment come Attorney, anything, entire recall. file, entirety, sir? preparing reports? correct, satisfied do? Honor.' Transcript Hearing, II, 11, 13. presided defendants probe Frederic psychiatrist. intensely personal motivations involved? opinion? illness incident. It's man, occurred, good?' 64. document page 274. 336 704, 707—709, 814, 815—816, 993 (1949), inadmissible. formulated ordered. 990 (1950). (1957); 1217 (1959); 791 (1935). 1196. 'Consent' conventional forcible entry occupied flight woods, freely (albeit pursuing female), 'invitation.' times questioning. colloquy reprinted ante, p. 82. Record 270—272. extended accounts. 62—64. note contrary 'failed 'insert." assailants. persisttent affirmed truth, 'what thought' age improbable. 1. 'two diversionary difficulties inexplicable weaken certainly fashion relief. plainly, 'wholly advisory.' 92, 1199 (separate J.). substance, copy 'statements confessions defendant,' results examinations 'scientific tests experiments,' grand jury. materiality reasonableness, photograph 'books, papers, documents, tangible objects, buildings places, copies portions authorize 'internal government documents agents' 'made prospective agents conditional Government, prescribe manner discovery, suitable orders. creates compliance issued Rule, satisfy

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