Document: 471 U.S. 845 105 S.Ct. 2447 85 L.Ed.2d 818 NATIONAL FARMERS UNION INSURANCE COMPANIES and Lodge Grass School District No. 27, Petitionersv.CROW TRIBE OF INDIANS et al. 84-320. Argued April 16, 1985. Decided June 3, Syllabus Respondent Crow Indian minor was struck by a motorcycle in the parking lot of school located within Reservation but on land owned State Montana. Through his guardian, brought damages action Tribal Court against petitioner District, political subdivision State, obtained default judgment. Thereafter, its insurer, also petitioner, an Federal for injunctive relief, invoking as basis federal jurisdiction 28 U.S.C. § 1331, which provides that district court "shall have original all civil actions arising under Constitution, laws, or treaties United States." The held had no over non-Indian accordingly entered injunction execution Appeals reversed, holding to enter such injunction. Held: 1. Section 1331 encompasses question whether exceeded lawful limits jurisdiction. Since petitioners contend law has divested Tribe power compel property owner submit Court, it is rely asserted right freedom from interference. They have, therefore, filed "arising under" meaning 1331. Pp. 850-853. 2. Exhaustion remedies required, however, before petitioners' claim may be entertained Court. existence extent Court's requires careful examination tribal sovereignty been altered, divested, diminished, well detailed study relevant statutes, Executive Branch policy embodied elsewhere, administrative judicial decisions. Such should conducted first instance 853-857. 3. Until exhausted available would premature consider any relief. Whether dismissed merely abeyance pending development proceedings addressed P. 857. 736 F.2d 1320 (CA6 1984), reversed remanded. Clay Riggs Smith, Helena, Mont., Mont. amicus curiae support petitioners, special leave Rodney T. Hartman, Billings, petitioners. Clarence Belue, Hardin, respondents. Louis Fenner Claiborne, Washington, D.C., States respondents Justice STEVENS delivered opinion 1 A member Indians suit 27 (School District) National Farmers Union Insurance Companies (National), commenced this litigation Montana; persuaded further We granted certiorari properly request 469 1032, 502, 83 394 (1984). 2 facts found are not substantially disputed. On May 1982, Leroy Sage, minor, Elementary while returning activity. student body 85% Indian. It boundaries Reservation. Flora Not Afraid, Sage initiated lawsuit alleging $153,000, including medical expenses $3,000 pain suffering $150,000. 3 September 28, process served Dexter Falls Down Wesley Down, Chairman Board. For reasons explained, failed notify anyone filed. October 19, judgment pursuant rules 25, Judge Roundface findings fact, conclusions law, $153,000 District. v. 10 L.Rep. 6019 (1982). copy hand-delivered Principal who, turn, forwarded 29, 1982. 4 November (petitioners) verified complaint motion temporary restraining order named defendants Indians, Council, judges court, Council. described entry judgment, alleged writ might issue following day, seizure cause irreparable injury violate constitutional statutory rights. "from attempting assert plaintiffs issuing writs out Cause Civ. 82-287 until orders otherwise."1 5 In subsequent proceedings, amendment their complaint, jurisdiction,2 added Afraid parties defendant. After expired, hearing defendants' dismiss plaintiffs' preliminary December permanent 560 F.Supp. 213, 218 (1983). "for lacked subject-matter tort judgment." Id., at 214. 6 divided panel Ninth Circuit reversed. Without reaching merits challenge majority concluded exercise could supported constitutional, statutory, common-law ground. 1322-1323.3 One judge dissented part concurred result, expressing stated involving substantial conferred He concluded, duty exhaust therefore directing dismissed. 1324-1326.4 7 * Judicial Code States."5 settled grant "jurisdiction will claims founded upon common those origin."6 articulated fashioned decisions "laws" term used 1331.7 8 Thus, invoke court's essential base statute provision Constitution. was, necessary law. As Holmes wrote "suit arises creates action."8 Petitioners they assert—a protected unlawful power—has source because defines outer tribe's non-Indians. 9 we often noted, tribes occupy unique status our law.9 At one time exercised virtually unlimited own members who were permitted join communities. Today, Government plenary.10 implemented statute, treaty, regulations, decisions, significant protection individual, territorial, rights tribes. retain some inherent powers self-governing communities formed long Europeans North America.11 This frequently required decide questions concerning retained regulate affairs non-Indians.12 confronted with series engage commerce included immunity state taxation.13 these cases, governing rule decision provided case them. Assuming resolve disputes territory governed once attribute sovereignty, essence, aspect sovereignty. More particularly, when must curtailed Tribe, thus afforded them relief seek forum. 11 tribe retains answered reference "federal question" 1331.14 Because correctly determine II 12 Respondents' that, even though invoked correct ordering system. underlying "has turned into procedural jurisdictional nightmare" did pursue readily remedies. Petitioners, response, relying Oliphant Suquamish 435 191, 98 1011, 55 209 (1978), resort exhaustion matter comity "is manifestly inappropriate." 13 criminal try punish non-Indians offenses committed reservation. That adopted reasoning early opinions two Attorneys General,15 legislation conferring courts Country implicitly pre-empted wrote: 14 "While Congress never expressly forbade impose penalties non-Indians, now make express implicit conclusion nearly century ago consistently believed result repeated legislative actions." 204, S.Ct., 1018. 15 If apply here, plain requirement completely foreclosed always only forums several reasons, does case. First, although Congress' extend Oliphant, there comparable granting between arise reservation.16 Moreover, Attorney General relied specifically noted difference Speaking jurisdiction, Cushing 16 "But takes away Choctaws like this, strictly internal Choctaw nation; nor written confers States. 17 18 "The seems me irresistible, justiciable nowhere, remain subject local Choctaws. 19 20 "Now, admitted hands . 'paramount right' legislate regard question, relations. legislated, so far saw fit, taking matters, omitting take matters. By possible construction inference clear left themselves controversies Nation." Op.Atty.Gen. 175, 179-181 (1855) (emphasis added).17 21 conclude answer kind automatically foreclosed, extension require.18 Rather, require diminished,19 22 believe itself. Our cases recognized supporting self-government self-determination.20 favors provide forum whose being challenged opportunity evaluate factual legal bases challenge.21 Moreover orderly administration justice allowing full record developed either appropriate addressed.22 risks "procedural allegedly minimized if stays hand after jurisdiction23 rectify errors made.24 remedies, moreover, encourage explain precise accepting other benefit expertise matters event review.25 III 23 reverse Appeals. system, n. 4, supra, dismissed, Accordingly, remanded consistent opinion. 24 ordered. Record, Doc. 6. 14. 25 1302 1343 due equal merit constrained provisions Fourteenth Amendment. Further, recognizing bound Civil Rights Act, 1301 seq. enjoin violations Act. See Santa Clara Pueblo Martinez, 436 49, 1670, 56 106 (1978). Finally, assumed abused regulatory adjudicatory Congress, enacting restricted interference review petition habeas corpus. vacated, officials issued August 1, 1984, seized computer terminals, equipment, truck sale scheduled 22, 1984. date, appeared set aside App. Brief Opposition 1a-9a. address default-judgment "without hearing, research, briefs counsel," id., 4a; proper judgment; postponed. proceeded Appeals, denied emergency recall mandate 20, next day REHNQUIST application stay. 10, he continued stay disposition certiorari. 7, 82 901 postponing ruling final 15a. Subsequently, stayed 24, 1985, "dissolve" Appeals' 1301, 1965, 472 (1985). Illinois City Milwaukee, 406 91, 100, 92 1385, 1391, 31 712 (1972). Romero International Terminal Operating Co., 358 354, 392-393, 79 468, 490-491, 368 (1959) (opinion BRENNAN, J.); cf. County Oneida Nation, 470 226, 235-236, 1245, ----, 84 169 (1985); Texas Industries, Inc. Radcliff Materials, Inc., 451 630, 640, 101 2061, 2066, 68 500 (1981); Little Lake Misere Land 412 580, 592-593, 93 2389, 2396-2397, 37 187 (1973); Erie R. Co. Tompkins, 304 64, 78-79, 58 817, 822-823, L.Ed. 1188 (1938). American Well Works Layne Bowler 241 257, 260, 36 585, 586, 60 987 (1916). See, e.g., Wheeler, 313, 323, 1079, 1086, 303 (1978); Mazurie, 419 544, 557, 95 710, 717, 42 706 (1975); Turner States, 248 354-355, 39 109, 109-110, 63 291 (1919). Escondido Mutual Water La Jolla Band Mission 466 765, 788, 30, 104 2105, 2118, 80 753 (1984) ("[A]ll aspects defeasance Congress"); Rice Rehner, 463 713, 719, 103 3291, 3295, 77 961 (1983); White Mountain Apache Bracker, 448 136, 143, 100 2578, 2583, 65 665 (1980); U.S., 1086. 142, 2583; 55-56, 1675-1676. recent years decided liquor reservation, supra; severance tax oil gas production lessees, Merrion Jicarilla 455 130, 102 894, 71 (1982); hunting fishing, Montana 450 67 493 (1981), Puyallup Washington Dept. Game, 433 165, 97 2616, 53 667 (1977); cigarettes Confederated Tribes Colville Reservation, 447 134, 2069, (1980). Mescalero Jones, 411 145, 1267, 114 supra. sometimes diminished ways. 323-326, 1085-1088: "Their incorporation acceptance protection, necessarily previously exercised. sum, still possess withdrawn treaty implication dependent status. areas divestiture occurred relations nonmembers tribe. can longer freely alienate occupy. Nation Oneida, 414 661, 667-668 [94 772, 777]; Johnson M'Intosh, Wheat. 543, 574 [5 681]. cannot direct commercial governmental foreign nations. Worcester Georgia, Pet. 515, 559 [8 483]; Cherokee Pet., [1], 17-18 25]; Fletcher Peck, Cranch 87, [3 162] (Johnson, J., concurring). And, recently held, courts. [435 (1978) ]." stated: "Faced attempts offenders 1800's absent congressional authority. 693 (1834); 174 (1855). According 1834, is, inter alia, inconsistent assigned nation dependence 198-199, 1016-1017. F. Cohen, Handbook Law 253 (1982) ("The principles markedly different dealing jurisdiction"). leading treatise suggests strongly similar understanding: "In field, enacted general supply country. Furthermore, government surrender authorities, contain relinquishment non-Indians." 253-254. Cf. Kennerly Montana, 400 423, 91 480, 507 (1971); Williams Lee, 217, 269, 251 (1959). New Mexico 462 324, 331-332, 2378, 2384-2385, 76 611 137, 901; 152, 2080. 332, 2385; 138, 5, 902, 5; 143-144, 2583-2584 10; Morton Mancari, 417 535, 551, 94 2474, 2483, 41 290 (1974); 223, 272. do suggest where assertion motivated desire harass bad faith," Juidice Vail, 430 327, 338, 1211, 1218, 51 376 (1977), patently violative prohibitions, futile lack adequate Four days receiving notice requested Rule Procedure 17(d) party move 30 days. 17. utilize remedy. fundamental principle standing remedy available. Rondeau Mosinee Paper Corp., 422 57, 2075, 45 Sampson Murray, 415 61, 88, 937, 952, 166 (1974). C. Wright, Courts (1976). Weinberger Salfi, 749, 2457, 2466, 522 (1975). Ibid.; see, Dakota ex rel. Wefald Kelly, 6059 Creek Sioux Buum, 6031

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