Document: 462 U.S. 306 103 S.Ct. 2368 76 L.Ed.2d 595 Gilbert A. HARING, Lieutenant, Arlington County Police Department, et al., Petitionersv.John Franklin PROSISE. No. 81-2169. Argued April 20, 1983. Decided June 13, Syllabus A Virginia trial court accepted respondent's plea of guilty to a charge manufacturing controlled substance. At the hearing at which respondent pleaded guilty, one petitioner police officers gave brief account search apartment that led discovery material typically used in Thereafter, brought damages action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Federal District Court against petitioners, who participated his apartment, alleging Fourth Amendment rights had been violated. The granted summary judgment for petitioners on ground criminal barred claim. Appeals reversed and remanded. Held: 1 1. is not asserted principles collateral estoppel generally applied by courts, conviction would bar subsequent civil challenge conduct, federal must therefore give state same effect 28 1738, requires courts preclusive state-court judgments if State from emerged do so. Under collateral-estoppel rules unless an issue was actually litigated determined prior judicial proceeding, it will be treated as final purposes later action. Furthermore, law precludes litigation only those issues necessary support entered first Thus, doctrine invoked this case least three reasons. First, legality proceedings. Second, proceedings did decide any he prevail order establish claim, question being whether unlawfully engaged manufacture This irrelevant or right compensation officials Finally, none could have "necessarily" det rmined proceeding. determination legal entirely context Pp. 312-317. 2 2. Nor claim because opportunity raise prosecution, pleading should deemed either admitted waived no way constituted admission proper Amendment. It may assumed based defendant's unable motion suppress evidence, since decision plead number other motivations. Cf. Tollett v. Henderson, 411 258, 263, 268, 93 1602, 1606, 1608, 36 235. Similarly, although results loss meaningful might otherwise proceeding admissibility evidence obtained violation Amendment, does follow "waiver" antecedent claims given outside confines And while ordinarily raised habeas corpus following plea, conclusion rest notion waiver, but rests fact constitutional validity conviction. justifications denying review are inapplicable Adoption rule preclusion threaten important interests preserving available forum vindication rights. 317-323. 3 667 F.2d 1133 (4 Cir.1981), affirmed. 4 David R. Lasso, Arlington, Va., petitioners. 5 Norman Townsend, Alexandria, respondent. 6 Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion Court. 7 John Prosise's count substance—phencyclidine. officer Prosise district Haring apartment. presented plea. 8 * On 27, 1978, pursuant agreement, Circuit County, phencyclidine. Commonwealth then called witness, Detective Henry Allen Department. testified September 7, 1977, responded radio call directing him turned out leased Prosise. By time arrived, two uniformed placed arrest possession After entering noticed various chemicals well quantity what believed warrant Petti conducted seizure devices phencyclidine, receipts such chemicals, paper containing formula making buckets traces 9 Allen's testimony, judge finding oluntarily intelligently sufficient basis fact. 23, denied withdraw sentenced 25 years' imprisonment.1 10 January 1979, confinement Detention Center, filed pro se Lt. members Department His complaint alleged searched obtaining warrant, after exceeded scope warrant. 11 defendants phencyclidine reasoned failure assert waiver precluding its assertion relied primarily Court's 235 (1973), held when defendant has offense indicted grand jury, cannot discrimination selection jury. stated that, reasoning Tollett, similarly foreclose inquiry into constitutionality up crime charged. concluded: 12 "[i]f pleads foreclosed freedom illegal seizure, allowed secure suit thereby litigate relating heard Tollett." 13 also appears implied legal. even though conduct proceedings, "plea estops asserting fourth amendment [because his] necessarily giving rise incriminating lawful." (Citations omitted.) 14 remanded further (CA4 1981). governing pleas announced applicable effect, any, upon "is principles, specifically, full faith credit statute, 1738." Id., 1136-1137. proceeded examine "to determine whether, extent, here issue." F.2d, 1138. found "criminal judgments, adjudicated guilt, litigation." 1139. Because judgment, entitled greater 1738. 15 concluded event "have potential respecting exclusion grounds." 1140- 141. cited general view commentators "among most critical guarantees fairness applying guarantee party estopped fair adequate incentive 'to hilt' question." 1141. Unlike convicted charges, "with respect unlitigated related Ibid. 16 rehearing, 1143, petitioners' suggestion rehearing en banc equally divided court. We certiorari, --- ----, 204, 75 ---- (1982), resolve uncertainty concerning impact 1983.2 now affirm. II 17 action3 redress violation4 Petitioners' initial argument 1738.5 18 In McCurry, 449 90, 101 411, 66 308 (1980), considered collat ral can claimant relitigation decided rejected provides route plaintiff's permitted. No Constitution "principle every person unencumbered court, regardless of" already 103, S.Ct., 419. applies suits recover violations. McCurry consider precisely how during course trial. 105, n. 25, 420, 25. 19 begin reviewing our collaterally litigating judgment. Section 1738 "federal whenever so." supra, 96, 415.6 actions, including however, where "the whom earlier court." 101, 418.7 Moreover, additional exceptions warranted actions light "understanding 1983" step were unwilling protect rights." 418. id., 95, 415, 7; Board Regents Tomanio, 446 478, 485-486, 100 1790, 1795-96, 64 (1980) (42 1988 authorizes 1983, disregard inconsistent with policy underlying 1983). 20 threshold rul challenging produced inculpatory evidence.8 there point, we look guidance decisions generally. While often appropriate jurisdictions guidance, need so particularly difficult one. 21 long recognized valid "judgment rendered cause action" "matters arising different action." Eason Eason, 204 Va. 347, 350, 131 S.E.2d 280, 282 (1963), quoting Kemp Miller, 166 661, 674-675, 186 S.E. 99 (1936).9 However, operates matters points controverted, verdict entered." Unless former treat final. See, e.g., Luke Construction Co. Simpkins, 223 387, 291 (1982); supra. Compare Brown Felsen, 442 127, 139, 10, 2205, 2213, 60 767 (1979). As Supreme Petrus Robbins, 196 322, 330, 83 408, 412 (1954), "[t]o render conclusive, appear record particular matter sought tried determined,—that is, without deciding matter." Block Commissioners, 686, 693, L.Ed. 491 (1878); Segal American Tel. & Co., 606 842, 845, (CA9 1979). 22 clear foregoing Indeed, "actually litigated" declined contest guilt way. indictment simply 23 Specifically, county essential court's acceptance Neither nor supported legally admissible accused's stand accompanied confession guilt. See Kibert Commonwealth, 216 660, 222 790 (1976); cf. North Carolina Alford, 400 37-38, 91 160, 167, 27 162 (1970); Willett Georgia, 608 538, 549 (CA5 1979).10 24 conclude Accordingly, III turn next contention precluded create special nevertheless matter, raised, argued, law, "[r]edetermination [may be] reason doubt quality, extensiveness, procedures followed Montana United States, 440 147, 164, 11, 970, 979, 59 210 Yet maintain never decided, previous Petitioners suit. According imposed addition requirements administration. 26 There justification creating anomalous rule. To with, During Court, made concession contend infer substantial elect go meritorious likely obtain absence seized view, impermissible assume evidence. Brady 397 742, 750, 90 1463, 1470, 747 (1970), reaffirmed U.S., motivations: "For some people, their breach State's alone surrendering themselves accepting punishment. For others, apprehension charge, both threatening acts Government, jar them admitting still cases, post-indictment accumulation convince counsel worth agony expense family." 29 prospect favorable agreement expectation hope lesser sentence . considerations suggest advisability elaborate consideration [a introduction evidence] factually supported." 1608. Therefore, exercise regarded kind evidentiary fail. 137, 2212, 30 reject argued "waived" involving violation. rely supra; Blackledge Perry, 417 21, 94 2098, 40 628 (1974); Lefkowitz Newsome, 420 283, 95 886, 43 (1975); Menna New York, 423 61, 96 241, 46 195 (1975) (per curiam ). Brady, "an past conduct," witnesses, confront cross-examine one's accusers, 747-748, 1468, citing Boykin Alabama, 395 238, 242, 89 1709, 1711, 274 (1969). reason, "not voluntary [a] knowing, intelligent ac[t] done awareness relevant circumstances consequences." 748, 1468. bars deprivation occurred before guilty. "[t]he focus nature [defense counsel's] advice voluntariness existence infirmity," 266, 1607, Henderson writ infirmities 31 Our make all violations seek set aside very power bring answer him." 30, 2103. grounds prosecutorial vindictiveness grant merit challenge. 30-31, 2103-04. principle holding double jeopardy apply preclude itself permits appeal. 32 decisions, correctly recognized, follow, among waives knowingly voluntarily provide theory simple these waiver. cases involved challenges rather than trial, affected improperly seized. treats "a break chain events [that] preceded process," 267, explained 62-63, 2, 33 "[W]aiver basic ingredient line cases. point counseled factual reliable intelligent, quite validly removes case. imposition therefore, renders logically establishment conviction, established." (Emphasis original; citation 34 waive claims. corpus, crux directly conduct.11 35 England Medical Examiners, 375 416-417, 84 461, 465, d (1964); McClellan Carland, 217 281, 501, 504, 54 762 (1910); Willcox Consolidated Gas 212 19, 40, 192, 195, 53 382 (1909); Cohens Virginia, (6 Wheat.) 264, 404, 257 (1821). rule, accorded entertaining require try [Fourth Amendment] questions hilt" "in [preserve] mere possibility" bringing 135, 2211. Defendants wish forced all. Not failed advance compelling confining forum, wholly contrary central concerns motivated enactment namely, "grave congressional concern deficient protecting 98-99, 416-17, Mitchum Foster, 407 225, 241-242, 92 2151, 2161-62, 705 (1972), Monroe Pape, 365 180, 81 473, 480, 492 (1961). Patsy Regents, 457 496, 102 2557, 73 172 (1982). IV seeking 37 Affirmed. July 17, petition error refusal permit withdrawal Metros States Colorado, 441 313 (1971), Tenth heroin premises narcotics found. Other concluded, plaintiffs Jersey Ed. Assn. Burke, 579 764, 772-774 (CA3 1978); Lombard Education, 502 631, 635-637 (CA2 1974). Since ever present 93, 414, leave another day. provides: "Every person, who, color ordinance, regulation, custom, usage, Territory, subjects, causes subjected, citizen within jurisdiction thereof rights, privileges, immunities secured laws, shall liable injured equity, redress." "The people persons, houses, papers, effects, unreasonable searches seizures, violated, warrants issue, probable cause, oath affirmation, describing place searched, persons things seized." provides, part, "Acts, records proceedings" State, Possession "shall Territories Possessions they usage Territory taken." If accord efficacy" Union Planters' Bank Memphis Memphis, 189 71, 75, 604, 606, 47 712 (1903). conditions satisfied example, "controlling facts changed significantly judgment," 155, 974, "special exception normal preclusion," 974; see, Porter Dietsche, Inc. FTC, 605 294, 300 (CA7 1979); 163, 978 (preclusive inappropriate "freely reservation submit[ted] ha[d] .' ") (quoting 419, 466, (1964)). practice accept reasonable construction "even examination state-law justified conclusion." Bishop Wood, 426 341, 346, 2074, 2078, 48 684 (1976). 10. hesitant new preclusion, emphasize, standing alone, determinations rarely constitute subject review. Rule 17. Like between parties res judicata, " 'the [action] conclusive latter, determined, tendered pleadings, incident essentially connected litigation, same, fact, considered.' 349-350, 674, 99, 104 (1936). apply, demand. below reason: 'a acquittal, truth rendered.' 1139, Aetna Casualty Surety Anderson, 200 385, 388, 105 869, 872 (1958). largely traditional privy 389, S.E.2d, 872. Although mutuality abandoned recent years many jurisdictions, see Parklane Hosiery Shore, 439 323, 326-333, 645, 649-52, 58 552 (1979); Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, University Illinois Foundation, 402 313, 1434, 788 Virginia. Norfolk Western Railway Bailey's Lumber 221 638, 272 (1980). reported case, highest stranger invoke person. Eagle, Star British Dominions Ins. Heller, 149 82, 140 314 (1927). arsonist proceeds fire insurance company. expressly limited plaintiff brings [the] committed felony, seeks fruit own crime." S.E., 321. That narrow confirme Smith Dixie Lines, Inc., 201 472-473, 111 434, 438-439 (1959). "recover fruit" crime, reasonably issues, decided. preserve administration, fail understand justify adoption litigated. 501-502, 512-513, 2560-61, 2567, Kremer Chemical Corp., 456 476, 1883, 1894, 72 262 allude underlie estoppel, elimination expense, vexation, waste, possible duplicatory Hoag Jersey, 356 464, 470, 78 829, 833, 913 When accepts adjudication whatsoever subsequently thus repetitive use resources possibility (1964).

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