Document: 412 U.S. 441 93 S.Ct. 2230 37 L.Ed.2d 63 John W. VLANDIS, Director of Admissions, the University Connecticut, Appellant,v.Margaret Marsh KLINE and Patricia Catapano. No. 72—493. Argued March 20, 1973. Decided June 11, Syllabus Connecticut requires nonresidents enrolled in state university system to pay tuition other fees at higher rates than residents provides an irreversible irrebuttable statutory presumption that because legal address a student, if married, was outside State time application for admission or, single, some point during preceding year, he remains nonresident as long is student Connecticut. Appellees challenge presumption, claiming they have constitutional right controvert it by presenting evidence bona fide residence State. The District Court upheld their claim. Held: Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment does not permit deny individual opportunity present resident entitled in-state rates, on basis permanent nonresidence, when necessarily or universally true fact, has reasonable alternative means making crucial determination. Pp. 446—454. D.C., 346 F.Supp. 526, affirmed. G. Hill, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Storrs, Conn., appellant. A. Dziamba, Willimantic, appellees. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered opinion Court. 1 Like many States, who are so enrolled. Conn.Gen.Stat.Rev. § 10—329b (Supp.1969), amended Public Act 5, 126 (June Sess. 1971).1 validity requirement issue case before us. What here Connecticut's definition purposes above provision. 2 Section 126(a)(2) amending 10—329b, unmarried shall be classified nonresident, 'out state,' his 'legal any part one-year period immediately prior constituent unit education Connecticut.' With respect married students, 126(a)(3) such living with spouse, state' These classifications whole since 126(a)(5) commands that: 'The status established under provisions this section, entire attendance unit.' concerns conclusive unchangeable from fact that, admission, then had lived year. 3 One appellee, Margaret Kline, undergraduate In May 1971, while attending college California, she became engaged Peter lifelong resident. Because Klines wished reside after marriage, Mrs. Kline applied California. late May, accepted informed would considered student. On 26, appellee were soon thereafter took up where home. driver's license, her car registered voter. July 5 went into effect. Accordingly, appellant, Admissions irreversibly out-of-state pursuant Act. As consequence, required $150 $200 fee first semester, whereas paid no tuition; upon registration second $425 plus another fee, only $175 tuition.2 4 Catapano, graduate same University. She Ohio January February August moved full-time Pursuant 1971 Act, appellant permanently Consequently, she, too, semester. brought suit Civil Rights 1871, 42 U.S.C. 1983, contending which fees, infringed rights due process law equal protection laws, guaranteed Constitution.3 After convening three-judge Court, court unanimously held §§ 126(a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(5) unconstitutional, violative Amendment, enjoined enforcing those sections. 526 (1972). also found commencement spring semester 1972, each Connecticut; accordingly ordered refund them amount excess students December 4, we noted probable jurisdiction appeal. 409 1036, 521, 34 485. 6 appellees do challenge, nor did invalidate, option classify thereby obligation residents. State's make classification unquestioned here. Rather, attack student's non-resident there. This say, invalid allows 'out-of-state students' are, claim nonresidence agreed: 'Assuming permissible impose heavier burden may belong class.' F.Supp., 528. We affirm judgment 7 Statutes creating presumptions been disfavored Clauses Fifth Amendments. Heiner v. Donnan, 285 312, 52 358, 76 L.Ed. 772 (1932), faced federal statute created gifts made within two years donor's death contemplation death, thus requiring payment estate tax. holding irrefutable assumption arbitrary unreasonable deprive taxpayer property without law, stated 'held more once operates fair rebut violates clause Amendment.' Id., 329, S.Ct., 362. See, e.g., Schlesinger Wisconsin, 270 230, 46 260, 70 557 (1926); Hoeper Tax Comm'n, 284 206, 120, 248 (1931). See Tot United 319 463, 468—469, 1241, 1245—1246, 87 1519 (1943); Leary 395 6, 29—53, 89 1532, 1544—1557, 23 57 (1969). Cf. Turner 396 398, 418—419, 90 642, 653—654, 24 610 (1970). 8 recent Bell Burson, 402 535, 91 1586, 29 (1971), involved Georgia provided uninsured motorist accident could post security damages claimed, license must suspended hearing question fault responsibility. purported concerned supending not, consistent procedural process, conclusively presume accident, therefore, suspend factor. 9 Likewise, Stanley Illinois, 405 645, 92 1208, 31 551 (1972), struck down, Illinois' all fathers unqualified raise children. State, mother, take custody illegitimate children, providing father's parental fitness. It be, said, 'that most unsuitable neglectful parents. . But category; wholly suited children.' 654, 1214. Hence, father unfit children; rather, provide issue. According Illinois 'insists presuming rather proving Stanley's unfitness solely convenient prove. Under advantage insufficient justify refusing ..' 658, 1216.4 10 considerations obtain applicants apply year out real intention becoming will never so. clear inevitably fall category. Indeed, case, both possess indicia residency, year-round homes, drivers' licenses, registrations, voter etc.; become 1972 Yet, scheme, neither permitted demonstrate fides residency purposes, ever future 11 proffers three reasons presumption. valid interest equalizing cost public between nonresidents, freezing residential applies, ensures its receive full subsidy. objective equalization well legitimate, but basing using criterion unrelated objective. evident situation appellees, even though Thus, instead ensuring subsidy, certain residents, can remain students. 12 Second, argues nonetheless reasonably decide favor lower whose past tax contributions higher. parents supported justifies conclusion State—who presumed residents—may denied 13 however, makes distinction face new through 122, purports distinguish, granting former denying latter.5 these circumstances, cannot now seek 'new.' 14 Moreover, always operate effectuate asserted interest. For section prevents 'new' 'established' obtaining rates. example, life-long Harvard, there, school senior student,' despite family's Similarly, herself husband established, resident, contribution theory, should entitle family Conversely, attempt ensure whom grant Any person, instance, moves applying there one day. terms own favoring over constitute denial law.6 15 third ground advanced degree administrative certainty. points preventing coming order secure fees. contends, easier separate come educational facilities eliminating need determination person application. Such determination, expensive burden, very difficult make, hard evaluate exists. Without argues, almost impossible prevent merely 16 supra, 'the Constitution recognizes values speed efficiency.' U.S., 656, 1215. ease certainty cannot, itself, save invalidity practicable establishing pertinent facts premised. us, determining available. method already adopted invalidated criteria evaluating system.7 criteria, perhaps burdensome certainly sufficient abuse lower, education.8 17 sum, allocating system, forbidden true, standards require allow showing Since precluded rebutting operated significant money law. 18 aware, course, special problems attend university. Our today wise taken mean just go Nor our decision construed element demonstrating residence, durational requirement, met status.9 fully recognize legitimate protecting preserving quality colleges universities institutions preferential basis. 19 hold nonresidence—the preserve interest—is Clause, establish virtually above, exist; invalidated, official Attorney General, standard General's states: 20 'In reviewing status, becomes essentially domicile. general, domicile fixed home place habitation. which, whenever absent, returning. general statement, Each decided particular facts. claim, relevant include registration, filing returns, ownership, marital vacation employment, etc.'10 21 subsections (a)(2), 1971), ordered. 22 Judgment reversed. MARSHALL, BRENNAN joins, concurring. I join except insofar suggests prerequisite qualifying instate benefits. ante, 452 n. 9. That presented deal permanent, nonresidency based system. Starns Malkerson, 401 985, 1231, 28 527 summarily affirmed district sustaining receipt serious summary light well-established principles, Equal Protection limit States' ability set requirements benefits bestowed Dunn Blumstein, 330, 995 274 (1972); Shapiro Thompson, 394 618, 1322, 600 finds dispose constitutionality issue, occasion questions raised laws. absence consideration questions, leave squarely presented. 25 addition, agree my Brother REHNQUIST'S assertion dissent Court's represents return doctrine substantive process. involves erected and, such, nothing procedures determines whether purposes. 26 WHITE, concurring judgment. 27 regulation issued Board Regents qualify Minnesota until domiciliary 326 234 (Minn.1970), summarily, although effect Regents' admitted being treated thought warranted plenary treatment, then, now, disagree difficulty distinguishing, grounds, deemed put presumptions, acquired schools, opinion. concur judgment, legally discriminate tuition, invidiously discriminates among least classes First, resided later going school. They substantially tuition. Third, matriculation, year-long continue discrimination sought justified, understand it, sole too few actually sort small number investigating larger claims submitted rule otherwise bogus. 30 applicable revoked proof fault, but, occurrence automatically prove nonfault. argued claimed likely inference mere event accident. Carrington Rash, 380 89, 85 775, 675 (1965), refused active military service eligibility vote. down restriction. avoiding task verifying insufficiently weighty warrant interference vote personnel domiciled 32 1209, separating child parent parent. Accepting argument unwed unfit, nevertheless give fitness depriving administratively avoid hearings identify smaller fit, fathers; justification view strong natural child, came "with momentum lacking appeal liberties derive shifting economic arrangements." 651, 1212, quoting kovacs Cooper, 336 77, 95, 69 448, 458, 513 (1949) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). cognizable substantial enough prohibit name convenience, declaring ward led us conclude 33 From cases, Dandridge Williams, 397 471, 1153, 491 (1970); Reed Reed, 404 71, 251, 225 (1971); Frontiero Richardson, 411 677, 1764, 36 583 (1973); Weber Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 406 164, 1400, 768 employ one, two, Marshall ably demonstrated, 'spectrum allegedly Clause.' San Antonio Independent School Rodriguez, 1, 98—99, 1278, 1330, (1973) (Marshall, dissenting). Sometimes say 'invidious ' let matter rest Stewart did, Frontiero. times sustain discrimination, justifiable conceivable rational basis, strike unless sustained compelling as, imposes burdens penalizes exercise right. am unconfortable dichotomy, obvious, along, assessment weight value escalates, less convenience avoidance investigations what appear irrational discriminations. Here, me education, difference substantial, justification, others, refuses, satisfied plain attenuated maintaining bizarre pattern imposed invidious Clause. 35 Chief BURGER, REHNQUIST dissenting. find myself unable action strays seem sound principles reach considers result case; gives meaning ancient warning 'hard cases bad law.' permits 'hard' dubious A establishment capital costs millions dollars investment. Its annual operating likewise run millions. Parents taxpayers willingly carry heavy believe education. narrow provincialism think burdens. Until redefine government—as free constitutionally prescribed means—the States restrict subsidized much scheme review tends support end. 38 Commendably, tried cast narrowest possible terms, seems accomplish transferrence elusive 'compelling interest' concept orbit categorizes 'permanent presumption'; explains 'presumption' leads unseemly results isolated cases; relies stopgap guidelines determination.' language strict scrutiny. ought try correct 'unseemly results' statutes resorting adjudication. 39 Distressingly, applies 'strict scrutiny' invalidates explaining why impairs genuine truly worthy close judicial holes picked scheme; readily done 'bad' statute. Whether Congress, flaws, gaps, times. function adjudication see conceivably 'less restrictive' review. explain test, previously confined areas, practical read drift heavily, similar essayed fatherhood regarded "essential" "basic civil man," id., analytic reached. To suspension might impair pursuit livelihood, infringing 'important interests licensees.' 539, 1589. deprivation vote, Court's, Stewart's description, 'close core system.' 96, 780.* 40 There fear, belief engrafts test onto something like presumptions.' literally thousands create duration, perfect, legislative improved individualized determinations untoward produced unusual case. Both anomaly arguable alternatives differ when, licensed practice medicine accredited professional school; perfectly capable practitioner consequence barred 'permanently irrebuttably' pursuing calling, having personal skills. doctrinal difficulties indeed trying, uncharted toward complications comparable scope seriousness encountering area. Can headed for? 41 pressure today's push enact reciprocal end undertake admit 'resident' When allocates large share resources maintain attractive success stature cripple unnaturally, flooded applications afar. Perhaps 'high ground' winter sports flock Northeast Northwest sun worshipers head South. Is willing partial scholarships persons attended secondary say—at now? surprised response placed high universities, developed great cost, therefore ways keep institution citizens. suggest things desirable; submit, examine lay aside preferences against look forbids do, putting engage devices escape hobbles matters purely concern. urge cure every disadvantage human beings experience exerts inexorable expand doctrine. move erect unrealistic unexplained statutes. 43 REHNQUIST, THE CHIEF JUSTICE DOUGLAS join, 44 relegates limbo unconstitutionality accomplishes highly theoretical analysis heavily notions authoritatively repudiated subsequent decisions Believing dealing increasingly acute problem facing systems dissent. 45 country's presently faces crisis, escalating furnishing services sharply increased demands services. available financial private institutions, relatively grapple aspect crisis. reason, generally felt devoted, part, children elsewhere nominal way differentiation differential turn 'nonresident' paid. implication, concedes violate command Constitution, capsule examination how plan indicates commend itself Legislature. act enrolling completing program studies leading necessitates physical presence Additional apparently sets store—obtaining motor vehicle registering Connecticut—impose comparison four-year course studies. distinguishing valuable bit authority issuing fishing hunting useless portion universities. 47 turned limits complete subsidy afforded desire Some devised wishes differentiate taxes university, simply learning built decade, strikes entirely rational, otherwise. 48 Understandably, principle specific applications, understandably lawyer able focus diverge attempting enforce. deals litigants involved, doubtless chosen eye illustrating worst, still hypothetical examples expatiates rough edges around perimeter unconstitutional Amendment: 49 '(T)he logically aims constitutional. evil hand correction, measure it.' Williamson Lee Optical 348 483, 487—488, 75 461, 464, 99 563 (1955). 50 Throughout references 'irrebuttable' reading laws define state-subsidized 'residency' moment applicant seeks insisted connection independent state-supported satisfy goals seeking subsidize young people classic entry All connections, date, astute consult counsel obtained cars 51 Meaningful families this, date due, enunciates test. limited imposition easily circumvented reaffirms aff'd, thereto. Minnesota's enables partially protect critical fix supposed highlights error approach problem. term used contexts. Minnesota, fixing endured endures four years. admittedly factual difference, vain ascertain significance. majority's reliance harks back day reached zenith Later sounder thoroughly part. Ten ago, reviewed doctrines Ferguson Skrupa, 372 726, 730, 83 1028, 1031, (1963), following observation: 53 prevailed lockner (Lochner New York, 198 45, 937), Coppage (Coppage Kansas, 236 240, 59 441); Adkins (Adkins Children's Hospital, 261 525, 394, 67 785), Burns (Jay Baking Co. Bryan, 264 504, 412, 68 813), cases—that authorizes courts legislature acted unwisely—has discarded. returned original proposition substitute social beliefs bodies, elected pass unanimous 1941, 'We wisdom, need, appropriateness legislation." 54 abstract contrary teaching Ferguson, supra. 55 typical 18-year-old entering freshman, typifying largest group elsewhere, little elsewhere. More parents, themselves age, eventually realize involuntary investment form hope realized extent previous longtime help nonresidents. invalidation quite inconsistent adhere. 122 Action board trustees hundred fifty eight statute, promulgated regulations per follows: Fall Spring None $175.00 Out-of-state $150.00 $425.00 While pending Legislature passed bill relating payments House Bill 5302, repealed portions attack. 18, Governor vetoed bill. violated Amendment. provision Texas prohibited member Armed Forces entered duty, satisfying voting elections, remained Forces. servicemen service, Texas, voting. '(b)y forbidding soldier violation 780. 349—352, 995, 1006—1008, apportion old rise grave rejected contention challenged distinguish community taxes. reasoning, stated, 'would bar parks, libraries police fire protection. Indeed according prohibits apportionment services.' 632—633, 1330. 354, 1009. infra, 454. 95—96, 779—780; 1006—1008; 636, 1332. summarily. (1971). differed important Starns, non-residency, show Minnesota. words, By contrast, status; status. Kirk Univ. 273 Cal.App.2d 430, 78 Cal.Rptr. (1969), dismissed, 554, 754, 747 Opinion General Regarding Non-Resident Tuition, Sept. (un-reported). * Implicit dissenting disagreement WHITE'S suggestion 'weight value' appellees' usual deference If chances securing jeopardy here, concern, obstacle departure traditional 'rational basis' is, event, allegation either charge does, will, may, amounts rate. 'substantial,' suggested impact, se, abandonment WHITE suggests. simple choices.

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