Document: 404 U.S. 357 92 S.Ct. 479 30 L.Ed.2d 502 John SCHILB et al., Appellants,v.Vincent P. KUEBEL al. No. 70—90. Argued Oct. 12, 1971. Decided Dec. 20, Rehearing Denied Feb. 22, 1972. See 405 948, 930. Syllabus Illinois law provides three ways in which an accused can secure his pretrial release: (1) personal recognizance; (2) execution of a bail bond, with deposit 10% the bail, all but (amounting to 1% bail) is returned on performance bond conditions, and (3) secured by full-amount cash, authorized securities, or certain real estate, conditions. Appellant Schilb, charged two traffic offenses, release after depositing fixed. He was convicted one offense acquitted other. After he paid fine, $7.50) refunded. In this class action thereafter challenged system due process equal protection grounds, claiming that retention charge imposed only segment gaining release, poor not rich; its imposition found innocent constitutes court cost against nonguilty. The trial dismissed Schilb's complaint, State Supreme Court affirmed. Held: 1. does violate requirements. Pp. 484—487. (a) facts has no safekeeping costs where recognizance never respect provide rational basis for distinguishing situation from situations deposits are made. Though administrative systems substantially same, other factors afford making under full-amount-deposit system. Rinaldi v. Yeager, 384 305, 86 149, 16 577, distinguished. 367—369. (b) There indication used without regard economic status accused, full-deposit actually favors affluent. 369—370. 2. No denial results charge, fee (and prosecution), all—guilty alike—who seek benefit. Giaccio Pennsylvania, 382 399, 518, 15 447, distinguished 370—371. 46 Ill.2d 538, 264 N.E.2d 377, J. O'Toole, Chicago, Ill., appellants. James A. Rooney, appellees, pro hac vice, special leave Court. Mr. Justice BLACKMUN delivered opinion 1 Belleville, Illinois, arrested January 16, 1969, leaving scene automobile accident obstructing traffic. order gain liberty pending trial, accord statutes hereinafter described, Schilb deposited $75 cash clerk court. This amount aggregate fixed charges ($500 first $250 second). At ensuing scene, obstruction. When had him decreased, however, $7.50 retained as 'bail costs' pursuant statute. so specified deposited. 2 purported state clerk, county, county treasurer, attacks statutory Fourteenth Amendment grounds.1 Circuit St. Clair County upheld statute complaint. affirmed, justices dissenting. 377 (1970). We noted probable jurisdiction. 402 928, 91 1524, 28 862 (1971). 3 * compose Article 110 State's Code Criminal Procedure 1963, made effective 1, 1964. complemented Illinois' then new revised 1961, 1962. work revision theretofore existing Joint Committee Chicago Bar Associations. Ill.Rev.Stat. p. 1629. 4 Prior 1964 professional bondsman abuses2 full odorous bloom Illinois. Under customarily collected maximum (10% bond) permitted statute, House Bill 734, approved July 17, 1959, Ill.Laws, pp. 1372, 1376, entire even though fully satisfied conditions bond. People ex rel. Gendron Ingram, 34 623, 626, 217 803, 805 (1966). Payment substantial 'premium' required good risk well bad. were heavy irretrievable burden fell upon excellent profit bondsman, bondsmen, courts, exercised significant control over actual workings 5 One stated purposes provisions 1963 rectify offensive situation. purpose appears have been accomplished. It said abruptly disappeared 'due primarily success ten percent provision.' Boyle, Bail Judicial Article, 17 De Paul L.Rev. 267, 272 (1968). Kamin, Administration 53 Ill.B.J. 674, 680 (1965). II 6 Code, it read at time charged, provided eligible could obtain ways: 7 § 110—2 may be released recognizance.3 8 110—7 execute $25, whichever greater.4 way performed, returns 90% sum remaining (1% 'as costs.' 9 110—8 stocks bonds trust funds unencumbered nonexempt estate worth double bail.5 bonds, releases case be, any amount. 10 each judicial officer. Section prescribes considered fixing bail.6 110—6 either defendant apply increase reduction alternation bond's conditions.7 11 choice between reserved accused. 12 thinking intentions revisers apparent Committee's comments, Chairman, Professor Charles H. Bowman, reproduced Ill.Ann.Stat., c. 38 (Smith-Hurd ed. 1970).8 13 parties stipulated when particular fixed, judge's 'discretion such guided state, rule definite, standard; various divers judges fact fix same types offenses amounts, relationship guilt innocence criminal fixed.' They also stipulated, 'The administering Sections there probably slightly greater administration 110—8.' III 14 more than once legislative reform classification invalidated merely because legislature moves step time. prohibition Equal Protection Clause goes further invidious discrimination.' Williamson Lee Optical Co., 348 483, 489, 75 461, 465, 99 L.Ed. 563 (1955). 'Legislatures presumed acted constitutionally . their classifications will set aside if grounds conceived justify them. With much discretion, traditionally allowed take 'one time, addressing itself phase problem seems most acute mind." McDonald Board Election Commissioners, 394 802, 809, 89 1404, 1408, 22 739 (1969). measure described variously whether 'the distinctions drawn some practical experience,' South Carolina Katzenbach, 383 301, 331, S.Ct., 820, 769 (1966), legislature's falls short discrimination,' U.S., 'any reasonably justify' discrimination, McGowan Maryland, 366 420, 426, 81 1101, 1105, 393 (1961); see United States Maryland Savings-Share Ins. Corp., 400 4, 6, 27 (1970), 'on criteria wholly unrelated objective (the) statute,' Reed Reed, 71, 76, 251, 254, 225 But refined traditional test based suspect affecting 'fundamental rights' encounter difficulties unless justified 'compelling governmental interest.' Shapiro Thompson, 618, 634, 638, 1322, 1331, 1333, 600 (1969); Oregon Mitchell, 112, 247 n. 30, 260, 326, (1970) (opinion Brennan, White, Marshall, JJ.). Bail, course, basic our law, Stack 342 72 96 (1951); Herzog States, 349, 351, 1299, 1301 (1955) Douglas, J.), Eighth Amendment's proscription excessive assumed application through Amendment. Pilkinton Court, 324 F.2d 45, (CA8 1963); Robinson California, 370 660, 666, 82 1417, 1420, 758 (1965), id., 675, 1425 (Douglas, J., concurring). we concerned here fundamental right Amendment-Fourteenth question excessiveness. Our concern, instead, cost-retention provision. smacks detail procedure hardly classified 'fundamental' criterion. applicable measure, therefore, must one: Is distinction basis? Dandridge Williams, 397 471, 483—487, 90 1153, 1160—1162, 25 491 Richardson Belcher, 78, 81, 257, 231 IV background, turn appellants' primary argument. threefold: 110—7(f) release; nonaffluent rich affluent;9 amounts assessed not-guilty person. compelled note preliminarily attack statutes, very distinct sense, paradoxical. benefits system, compared old, conceded.10 And appellants recognize pre-1964 would $75; premium price freedom, paid, irretrievable; that, raised $75, consigned jail until trial. Thus, old freedom $7.50. While acknowledging obvious benefit reform, co-appellants decry make present usual argument legislation struck down enough. 18 true who recognizance. advised, (pre-1964) 'Illinois people out recognizance.'11 what old. Also, recognizance, nothing holds safekeeping, resulting responsibility additional paperwork. All situations. 19 also, securities estate. Yet attendant are, stipulation, 'substantially same' with, indeed, higher incurred deposit. 20 perhaps tenuous distinction, cannot conclude vulnerable. encumbers precludes use property purposes. dispossessed productive asset throughout period deposit; presumably, least, interim possession accrues State. Further, expenses inevitably jumped 100% obligated advanced. Legislature's decision balancing these opposing considerations they did lacking rationality point require down. 21 1497, 577 lends support here. New Jersey transcript indigent appellant crime sentenced prison unsuccessful appeal. impose likewise crime, appeal, received suspended sentence placed probation fined rather prison. drew nature punishment, those confined. held, rightly so, punishment connection served deny whose issue Stewart, speaking said, requires nondiscriminatory within establishes. imposes requirement singled out. To sure, constitutional demand necessarily equally persons. Constitution things different treated same.' Hence, burdens defined classes achieve permissible ends. defining subject legislation, 'some relevance made." 308—309, 1499 (citations omitted). 23 thus related fiscal objectives rested convenience. 24 B. poor-man-affluent-man centers, Griffin 351 76 585, 100 891 (1956), many later cases 'reaffirm allegiance command justice applied persons.' Williams 399 235, 241, 2018, 2022, 26 586 do withdraw today principle. That remains steadfast. means certain, suggest, provision less affluent should man's hope avenue relief 110—2. presume say, brief intimate,12 utilized available Neither assured, advantage 110—8, relegated charge. record silent, flow indeed way. affluent, aware experienced marketplace, advantage, days high interest rates, retaining A 5% return offsets words, clear route attractive route. situation, apart himself pleaded indigency, assume plan works man poverty. C. court-cost person already 'put expense, disgrace anguish trial' 'then exercising trial.'13 447 cited. holding ancient Pennsylvania jury defendant, offset prosecution, violated Due Process vagueness absence standards preventing arbitrary costs. reach merits, although Stewart Fortas, separately concurring, 405, 522, felt violative process. dispositive precedent Certainly lack standards. vehicle prosecution Instead, authorizes description implies, namely, those, guilty alike, 110—7. conclusion supported presence long-established acquittal discharged defendant. Wells McCullock, Ill. 606 (1852), court's own determination, Ill.2d, 551—552, N.E.2d, 384, Ill.Rev.Stat., 38, 180—3 (1969), V 29 Finally, federal counterpart 3(a) Reform Act 1966, Pub.L. 89—465, 89th Cong., 2d Sess., 80 Stat. 214, portion now codified U.S.C. 3146(a)(3). S. 2840, 88th contained 'to defray parallel bill, 1357, 1st progressed Congress, kind. 1357 enacted 89—465. committee reports, S.Rep.No.750, H.R.Rep.No.1541, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 2293 accompanying 1966 Act, debates, 112 Cong.Rec. 12488—12504. 12841—12843, reference change earlier 2840. face silence, more, being cognizant act, unlike one, directed inclined implications into 1966. 31 corresponding N.Y.Laws 1936, N.Y.Code Crim.Proc. 586.3 (Supp.1970—1971), having 2% provision, replaced §§ 520.10—520.30 York's Law, September 1971, Wis.Stat. 969.02(5) 969.03(1)(c) dismissal acquittal. Alaska 12.30.020(b)(4) (Supp.1971); D.C.Code Ann. 23—1321(a)(3) Iowa 763.16, subd. par. (Supp.1971), feeretention VI 32 refrain nullifying Illinnois companion sections, brought needed judgment 33 Affirmed. MARSHALL, concurring. 35 I join few words. 36 agree central restrict severely activities bondsmen regardless happened. scheme is, general, admirable attempt reduce awaiting 37 dealt member—those persons crimes along requirements outcome case. affected scheme. Members pay instead 10%. evolving struggle meaningful find move toward unconstitutional. DOUGLAS, 39 behalf defendants whom Clerk County, fees bonds. 388 100—7(a) custody 'deposit money bail' challenged, Clauses Amendment, retain (so) deposited.' Id., 110—7(f). argued unconstitutional discrimination 110—2, security 8. 40 affirmed judgment, 377; jurisdiction, 862. 41 commercial long anathema seeking exercise release. theory, courts necessary appearance trial.1 Cf. (1951). Those resources post mercy exact exorbitant unconscionable acting surety.2 Beeley, System (1927); D. Freed Wald, States: 1964, (1964); R. Goldfarb, Ransom 92—126 (1965); Ares Sturz, Indigent Accused, Crime Delinquency (1962); (1968); Note, 106 U.Pa.L.Rev. 693 (1958); 102 1031 (1954). often bondmen securing penalties crimes. Ten Per Cent Deposit Provision, 1965 U.Ill.L.F. 35, 36. 42 Moreover, failed incentive comply terms Whether appeared unable recover bondsman. 'No refund surety routine compliance bond.' 678 43 response abuses inequities bonding attack.3 indicated 'that met accused.' 544, 380. accomplish end, deal represented appellant. posted free stood financial position ever them always satisfaction 44 services win difference, allows deposited, while recovery Rather paying therefore 1%. 45 urges deficient despite improvement wrought. argues classification. Next asserts nonaffluent, remain unconstitutionally penalized wealth. says violates insofar taxes ultimately innocent. response, appellees assert implements laudable eliminating view, allowing payment bail. Appellees urge liberal accused's reduces fraction previous indigent.4 47 rest my stirred, decided, 447. plaintiff action, charge—one $50 $25; 48 part put expense involved juries 'in acquittals' determine government 400—401, 519. held vagueness. said: 'In enough me punish finding guilty. That, think, rudimentary concept law.' 522. 49 Fortas concurred, saying: permit penalty charged.' Ibid. view merits instant 50 Some unavoidable consequences proceed citizens public adversary proceeding. saying bear Government him. Imposition individuals eschewed courts. E.g., Brooks, Kan. 708, 715, 591, 596 (1885); Biester State, 65 Neb. 276, N.W. 416 (1902); Childers Commonwealth, 171 Va. 456, 198 S.E. 487 (1938). jurisdictions reprehensible. See, e.g., Costs Cases Geo. Eliz. 2, (1952); Report Attorney General's Poverty 31—32 (1963); Goldberg, Equality Governmental Action, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 205, 223—224 1962 Wash.U.L.Q. 76. Where uniform condemnation practice onerous defendants, cf. Leland Oregon, 343 790, 798, 1002, 1007, 1302 (1952), conclude, Justices Giaccio, 51 'a prosecution' 'an 110—7.' Supra, 370, occur, definition, during course prosecutions. element conducting prosecutor's salary, docketing per diem jurors. Nor rubric 'administrative' contrary result. If talisman stopping might left nearly ruinous conviction. 52 On aspects absent need know informed protection. condemned 'invidious' recognized again 'legislation ends.' 309, 1499, 577. elimination end. ameliorating one. leaves us dark theactual working Not everyone, assume, entitled seem each, poor, black white, meets stability, reputation, community ties, on. silent5 how contrasted administered. manner may, raise serious questions. For fair administered As Yick Wo Hopkins, 118 356, 373—374, 1064, 1073, 220: 'Though impartial appearance, yet, authority evil eye unequal hand, practically unjust illegal discriminations similar circumstances, material rights, still Constitution.' 54 But, contains factual showing 55 reverse members remand proceedings respecting convicted. 56 STEWART, BRENNAN concurs, 57 governing cases. Art. (1963). These enactments four ways. 58 Persons cover 59 set. manner, retains deposited). 7(f). 60 offer equivalent imposed. 110—8(a)(1). 61 (4) Again, 110—8(a)(2) (f). 62 satisfy judge Otherwise choose freely among methods obtaining (assuming individual wherewithal choice). 63 reforms procedures granting fee, accused.1 Before innovation create 'ten-percenters,' 64 Appellant, $500 second. 'ten-percenter,' $25 second first. judgments entered, $5 $2.50 respectively, Subsequently, alleging 110—7(f), violation validity common ground reflects Chapter arbitrarily discriminate, similarly situated.2 1497: 66 (L)egislation 1499—1500 67 assumes 110—7(f)'s analyzed relation ending evils created However, aim whole itself. Rather, acknowledged costs; oral great release.3 Can selective costs?4 think not. 68 since method 548, 382. 10%, court, 'are automatically law. volition.' really (or estate) highly debatable.5 however every fortunate whatever. 69 argue given justifies imposing burden. say up boon comparison forfeited justification, fails distinguish 'tenpercenters' Obviously, receive give meet release.6 70 'ten-percenters' noting 'historic,' whereas recently end spawned bondsmen.7 confront reality both turns idea former 'worthy' rationally less. one's recognizance—e.g., length residence marital status, employment record, past record—are obviously relevant decision, purely costs, especially least 71 Given infirmities asserted justifications Accordingly, before us. attacked II, 19, 1870 (now I, 1970 Constitution), S.H.A. 34—35 35. '§ Release Own Recognizance 'When circumstances appear conviction .. 'This shall liberally construed effectuate relying sanctions loss assure Security '(a) proceeding event $25. '(f) performed obligations cause amended 1969 Pub.Act 76—1195, Sept. 76—1394, 76—1801, 9, 1969. 76—2078, June 1970, reads: orders otherwise, $5. 'At request defendant's deposit, whatever repayable attorney record.' 110—8. Cash, Stocks, Bonds Real Estate lieu sureties secured: '(1) By trustees invest laws State; '(2) situated quity exempt owned cause, forthwith notify writing registrar titles reorder deeds lien discharged.' 110—5. Determining Amount be: Sufficient forth bond; oppressive; '(3) Commensurate charged; '(4) Considerate acts conduct defendant; '(5) ability 110—6. Reduction Increase Upon alter '. sections designed .' 298. realized arguments advanced opposition changing impressed cent clerk. receives back trial; gone. (§ 10—7(f)) gets ninety appears. monetary handling (which done anyway), occasional jumper prefessional forfeit 300. section 110—7) appearance. forfeiture nonappearance. addition, penal jumping. subsection (f) (retention of) instance) deposits.' 316. 'There intended hardship anyone giving continuation practices sheriffs, police officers, etc., taking drivers' licenses, simplify lessen ultimate offenders (by thousands dollars year) anyway, counties (one total set) paper-work cases.' 324. neither alleged nor shown denied standing, unnecessary pass propriety action. 552, 384. 'QUESTION: O'Toole (counsel appellants), (if) you prevail here, anticipate bond(s)man revised? 'MR. O'TOOLE: Oh no, your Honor. furthest thing—we want eminently clear. believe legislation. feel aspect wrong. Definitely not, reincarnation bondsman.' Tr. Oral Arg. 11. 27. 'Thus, able it, non-affluent, unconstitutionally, 'penalized quest wealth." Brief Appellants 16. study Champaign Association objectives: 'Among report following : $2,000, $3,000, $5,000 Permitting sign rarely allowed. Personal local residents years frequently refused. Magistrates $1,000 minor wnen transferred filing information crime.' Cook example, wrote totaling $18,513,965 entitling $1,851,396 fees. $18o,938. favor would, track recapture Legislature support: 'As value responsible tracking returning bondsman's expense—the important factor. accomplished occasionally majority jumpers apprehended states. Since jumping separate nation-wide exchange enforcement agencies F.B.I., average little chance escape. show recaptured appear.' Comments—1963, Ill.Ann.Star., 300 1970). major avail themselves indigent. wealthy elect thereby earned invested. Manhattan Project operation 1961 deals felony defendants: evaluating parole risk, key considered: residential stability; history; family contacts York City; prior record. Each factor weighted points. scores sufficient points, address reached, verification attempted. Investigation confined references cited signed statement consent.' (1964). From 13,000 10,000 interviewed, 4,000 recommended 2,195 paroled. Of these, default rate seven-tenths percent. experience comparable, understandable why muster leniently qualify kind 60% dismissed, 23% others. 63. certainly group, program program. (1971); (1970); (1955); Metropolis Theatre Co. City 228 61, 441, 730 (1913). Cost item comparison. lessened accruing convictions resultant term sentences consideration. parallels experience, hard shows qualified Other perpetuated overcharges fees, failure pledges owner, reimbursements vacated. According appellees' brief, apparently bondsmen. noted: '(T) regain restore rightfully belongs.' 380—381 decide solely discriminates like urged appellants: notes, 'actual (under 110—2) State: 'Mr. Rooney: (those recognizance) differently those— 'Question: wise system? ..' 12—20. 3141—3152, discretion judge. something required. Earlier versions elected Sess. Several allow Two Iowa, c Alaska, Wisconsin guilty, flat percentage chosen. (Supp.1970—1971). fee. N.Y.Criminal Law 520.10—520.30. dissent took 'judicial notice bail.' 553, 385. alone 891. contend sacrifice accrue money. totally objection apparently, lose income items interest, dividends, rent land. silent sources Stocks continue earnings. Similarly, gives offered deprived refers rules existed reforms, 377. current, constitutional.

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