Document: 387 U.S. 118 87 S.Ct. 1563 18 L.Ed.2d 661 Clive Michael BOUTILIER, Petitioner,v.IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE. No. 440. Argued March 14, 1967. Decided May 22, Blanch Freedman, New York City, for petitioner. Nathan Lewin, Washington, D.C., respondent. Mr. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of Court. 1 The petitioner, an alien, has been ordered deported to Canada as one who upon entry into this country was a homosexual and therefore 'afflicted with psychopathic personality' excludable under § 212(a)(4) Immigration Nationality Act 1952, 66 Stat. 182, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).* Petitioner's appeal from finding Special Inquiry Officer dismissed by Board Appeals, without opinion, his petition review in Court Appeals dismissed, judge dissenting. 2 Cir., 363 F.2d 488. It held that term 'psychopathic personality,' used Congress 212(a)(4), art intended exclude homosexuals United States. further found ws not void vagueness was, therefore, repugnant Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause. We granted certiorari, 385 927, 285, 17 209, now affirm. I. Petitioner, Canadian national, first admitted on June 1955, at age 21. His last 1959, which time he returning short trip Canada. mother stepfather three brothers sisters live In 1963 applied citizenship submitted Naturalization Examiner affidavit arrested October charge sodomy, later reduced simple assault thereafter default complainant. 1964, request Government, another revealed full history sexual deviate behavior. stated experience occurred when 14 years age, some seven before Petitioner evidently passive participant encounter. next episode 16 public park Halifax, Nova Scotia. active affair. During five immediately preceding States petitioner had relations average or four times year. He also prior engaged heterosexual occasions. eight one-half subsequent entry, up second statement, continued have Since 1959 shared apartment man whom relations. 3 1964 Public Health Service its whether any reason entry. issued certificate stating subscribing physicians 'was afflicted class A condition, namely, personality, deviate' admission. Deportation proceedings were then instituted. 'No serious question,' found, 'has raised either respondent (petitioner here), counsel psychiatrists (employed petitioner) reports deviation.' Indeed, officer both petitioner's 'concede number but conclude such deviation is personality.' Finding against facts, issue purely legal question included if it suffered illegality because vagueness. II. 4 legislative indicates beyond shadow doubt phrase include 5 Prior 1952 immigration law excluded 'persons constitutional inferiority.' 39 875, amended, 136(a) (1946 ed.). Begini ng 1950, subcommittee Senate Committee Judiciary conducted comprehensive study laws report 'that purpose provision inferiority' will be more adequately served changing classes mentally defectives should enlarged other sex perverts.' S.Rep. 1515, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., p. 345. resulting legislation introduced S. 3455 new bill, however, contained additional clause providing exclusion aliens 'who are As progressed (now 2550 82d Congress), omitted latter perverts' only omission explained Report bill: 6 'The provisio(n) 716 (one earlier bills enacted) specifically perverts separate does appear instant bill. advised personality mental defect appears bill sufficiently broad provide perverts. This change nomenclature construed way modifying intent all deviates.' (Emphasis supplied.) 1137, 9. 7 Likewise House H.R. 5678, adopted position accompanied shows clearly recommendation would admission Rep. 1365, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News 1653. quoted length, adopted, recommended 'specify types pathologic behavior homosexuality perversion.' We, clinical sense, effectuate stresses persons excludable. This, says, 'a physical psychiatric, may manifested different ways, including behavior.' contention must fall own admissions. For over six admittedly followed course conduct. doctors certified * *.' stipulated these case they testify effect 'no useful submitting psychiatric material (furnished doctors) Government established Having substantial support record, we do disturb finding, especially since being existence condition continuous uninterrupted period supports ultimate order deportation based. III. 9 even so, section consru ed constitutionally defective did warn him affliction could lead deportation. true 'void vagueness' doctrine applicable civil well criminal actions. See Small Co. v. American Sugar Ref. Co., 267 233, 239, 45 295, 297, 69 L.Ed. 589 (1925). However, where 'the exaction obedience rule standard so vague indefinite really no all. *' short, strip rights come within principle cases. But 'exaction' never conduct after imposes neither regulation nor sanction situation, necessity exists guidance avoid applicability law. States, rather characteristics possessed Here, presented himself our border entrance, already homosexuality. pattern cut, admissible. 10 requirement fair warning standards laid down long plenary power make rules those possess forbidden. Chinese Exclusion Case (Chae Chan Ping States), 130 581, 623, 32 1068 (1889). Here commanded allowed enter. characteristic deported. basis i.e., be, claim, medically ambiguous term, several distinct afflictions. Noyes, Modern Clinical Psychiatry 410 (3d ed. 1948). test here what intended, differing think. laying test, exclusionary declared inclusive having perverted characteristics. can hardly disputed intended. 11 says interpretation 1955 Therefore, argues, unaware fact believe post-entry order. At continuously years. To us statute clear. fixes entry' crucial date record findings based date. find indication evidence consequence decision doctors, hearing court. proof uncontradicted brought class. solely 12 raises points, claim 'arriving alien' entitled medical examination. subject exclusion, deportable alien class—who through error permitted entry—it doubtful apply. need go twice offere e xamination refused submit himself. heard complain now. remaining contentions likewise merit. 13 Affirmed. BRENNAN dissents reasons Judge Moore 488, 496—499. 15 DOUGLAS, FORTAS concurs, treacherous like 'communist' day 'Bolshevik.' label kind freely mean unpopular person. much too imposition penalties punishment. Cleckley defines following characteristics: (1) Superficial charm good 'intelligence.' (2) Absence delusions signs irrational 'thinking.' (3) 'nervousness' psychoneurotic manifestations. (4) Unreliability. (5) Untruthfulness insincerity. (6) Lack remorse shame. (7) Inadequately motivated antisocial (8) Poor judgment failure learn experience. (9) Pathologic egocentricity incapacity love. (10) General poverty major affective reactions. (11) Specific loss insight. 19 (12) Unresponsiveness general interpersonal (13) Fantastic uninviting drink sometimes without. (14) Suicide rarely carried out. (15) Sex life impersonal, trivial poorly integrated. (16) Failure follow plan. Cleckley, Mask Sanity 238—255 (1941). 20 word 'psychopath' according means sick mind.' Guttmacher Weihofen 86, Law (1952): 21 'In light present knowledge, most individuals called personalities probably considered suffering neurotic character disorders. They are, part, unhappy harassed tension anxiety, struggling unconscious conflicts created during very early childhood. nature drive them restlessly unknown them. When anxiety rises certain pitch, seek relief act. frequency recurs individual dependent part intensity conflict, tolerance chance environmental situations heighten decrease it. One chief diagnostic criteria type neurotically determined delinquency repetitiveness pattern. usual explanation, example, recidivistic check-writer just 'got habit writing bad checks' meaningless.' Id., 88—89. 22 Many experts think meaningless designation. 'Not yet there common agreement classification etiology.' conclusion seems warrantable that, reputable authority, designate every conceivable abnormal character.' Curran Mallinson, Psychopathic Personality, 90 J. Mental Sci. 266, 278. Guttmacher, Diagnosis Etiology Personalities Perceived Our Time, Current Problems Psychiatric 139, 154 (Hoch Zubin 1953); Tappan, Sexual Offences Treatment Offenders 500, 507 (Radzinowicz 1957). treacherously allow high penalty turn 23 comes sex, problem complex. Those fail reach maturity (hetero-sexuality), remain narcissistic stage' products 'of heredity, glandular dysfunction, (or) circumstances.' Henderson, Constitution Criminal Behaviour, Abnormality Crime 105, 114 Turner 194). 24 one, freak, product development: 25 'All people originally bisexual tendencies less developed normally direction male female. indicate trace homosexuality, matter how weak human being. adolescent stage, considerable amount undifferentiated sexuality.' Abrahamsen, Human Mind 117 (1944). 26 become involved violations laws; many not. Kinsey reported: 27 'It possible insist departure mores, participation socially taboo activities, always, usually, involves neurosis psychosis, histories abundantly demonstrate engage activities satisfactory social adjustments. There actuality, few adult males particularly disturbed their histories. Psychiatrists, psychologists, others deal cases maladjustment, feel difficulty adjusting lives; clinic place secure incidence figures. tuberculosis sanitarium measure population whole; disturbance among clinic, similar disturbances outside clinics. impression 'sexual irregularities' 'excessive' masturbation, pre-marital intercourse, responsibility pregnancy, extra-marital mouth-genital contacts, activity, animal always produce psychoses professional sources advice upset things. 28 unwarranted particular expressions neuroses. often biologically basic mammalian anthropoid behavior, deliberate disregard convention. intellectually significant histories, successful scientists, educators, physicians, clergymen, business men, governmental affairs, items accepted nearly whole range so-called abnormalities. Among personally best adjusted contributed study, whose rates outlet labelled nymphomania satyriasis literature, recognized clinic.' Kinsey, Behavior Male 201—202 (1948). 29 knowledge century risen service—both Executive Branch—and distinction. credible wanted deport everyone anyone deviate, blameless creative work valuable contribution society. I agree Moore, dissenting below, read imputing classify heading person ever experience: 30 'Professor estimated 'at least 37 per cent' experience, defined terms contact point orgasm, between beginning adolescence old age.1 Pomeroy Martin, 623 Earlier estimates ranged centto 100 cent. 616—622. sponsors Britain's current reform indicated Britain.2 group large 'excludable aliens' tantamount saying Sappho, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Andre Gide, perhaps Shakespeare, again, deemed unfit visit shores.3 definition might comprise than members bodies.' 497—498. 31 Service, borrowed (H.R.Rep. 46—47, 1653) admits 'vague indefinite.' 46. If hold, apparently does, acts suffice fabric face due process. By construction judged almost incapable definition. show wide has. Another expert4 classifies headings: 33 Acting: inability withstand tedium, lack sense responsibility, tendency 'blow up' pressure, maladjustment order, recidivism. 34 Feeling: tend emotionally deficient, narcissistic, callous, inconsiderate, unremorseful, generally projecting blame others, hair-trigger emotions, exaggerated display emotion, irritable impulsive, amoral (socially sexually) worry, nothing about 35 Thinking: judgment, living fuur e, profit able realize consequences intelligently, evaluate 36 Jordan DeGeorge, 341 223, 71 703, 95 886, crime conspiracy defraud taxes 'moral turpitude' made That, 'deep roots law.' 227, 705. grab bag personality'—has roots' whatsoever.5 Caprice Anyone caught unpopular, off-beat, nonconformist. equivalent banishment exile. Fong Haw Tan Phelan, 333 6, 10, 68 374, 376, 92 433. Though technically criminal, practically be. severe extended resident protection Wong Yang Sung McGrath, 339 33, 70 445, 94 616. Even apart cases, look suspicion delegations administrative staff formulate fundamental policy. Watkins 354 178, 203—205, 77 1173, 1187—1188, 1273; Kent Dulles, 357 116, 78 1113, 1204. protecting important First Amendment rights. right travel, ingredient person's 'liberty' meaning Amendment. aspect requirements demand clear forewarn otherwise entrapped opportunity conform. 'Psychopathic epithet. seeks relates done postentry half questioning related 38 Moreover, deportability 212(a) turns On satisfy psychiatrist 'On examination Boutilier, delusional trend hallucinatory phenomena. psychotic. From account, psychosexual treatment disorder. Diagnostically, consider Character Neurosis, prognosis therapy reasonably represents risk decompensation psychotic reaction potential frank activity.' 40 ending follows: 41 patient's difficulties obviously weigh heavily him. feels deeply prospect cut off talks frankly What emerged out interview picture psychopath dependent, immature young conscience, awareness feelings personal honesty. structure still fluid moves interests abstinence equal facility. orientation secondary constricted, occurring context personality. My feeling fit great far surpasse h form. 42 'I Boutilier psychopath.' 43 statements, cannot say 'afflicted' statutory present. 'Afflicted' dominated by. Occasional seem sufficient. life, accustomed Whatever disagreement understood refer consistent, lifelong conflicting norms accompanying guilt. supra, 29.6 Nothing shown exist presently problem, said, necessarily is, course, issue. informed needed required finding. cruelly mutilate hold otherwise. bureaucrat supreme, expertise action dependent. 44 finally enacted, provided '(a) liens perverts, predecessors. Report, H.R.Rep. incorporated 46—48) 'recommendations followed.' 48. meant patterns symptomatic grave underlying psychosis. Homosexuality perversion, subclass, limited same 'SEC. 212. (a) Except Act, shall ineligible receive visas States: '(4) Aliens epilepsy, Section 241(a)(1) 204, 1251(a)(1), provides that: 'Any shall, Attorney General, who—(1) existing 'Homosexual activity frequent ordinarily realized *. youngest unmarried group, quarter (27.3%) orgasm single successive groups until reaches maximum 38.7 cent age. 'High frequencies occur kinds Populations homogeneous regard outlet. reflect regular activity. Nevertheless, younger week, run week. 50 averaging 5.0 'For single, populations, contacts rise steadily near once week boys ages 35. stand above 50.' 259—261 Homosexual Offenses Prostitution (1957). Sigmund Freud wrote 1935: 'Homosexuality assuredly advantage, ashamed of, vice, degradation, classified illness; variation function produced arrest development. highly respectable ancient modern homosexuals, greatest men (Plato, etc.). injustice persecute crime, cruelty too. you me, books Havelock Ellis.' Ruitenbeek, Problem Society (1963). Caldwell, Constitutional State (Psychopathic Personality) Studies Soldiers Army, J.Crim. Psychopathology 171—172 Lindman McIntyre, Mentally Disabled 299 (1961). demonstrating 'developmental defects pathological trends manifest(ed) Medical Aspects 2379, 1700 (1952). replaced 1917 'to keep 'tainted blood,' traits harm country, possessing added unfortunately afflicted." Systems 343 (1950). charged making investigation concluded 'constitutional aimed keeping propensity aberration, inherent likelihood becoming history.' Ibid. 1515 3455, '(a)liens redrafted became 716, counterpart 2379; provisions remained 3455. response House's provisions, noted conditions effect, disorders characterized developmental manifest emotional symptoms. Individuals disorder intrinsic patterns, trends, ill primarily society prevailing culture. sociopathic re frequently psychosis addiction Admin.News letter setting forth views went say, respect 'homosexuals perverts': 'Ordinarily, sexuality specify perversion includes sadism, fetishism, transvestism, pedophilia, etc.' 1701.

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