Document: 336 U.S. 245 69 S.Ct. 516 93 L.Ed. 651 INTERNATIONAL UNION, U.A.W., A.F. OF L., LOCAL 232 et al.,v.WISCONSIN EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS BOARD al. (two cases). Nos. 14, 15. Argued Nov. 17, 18, 1948. Decided Feb. 28, 1949. Rehearing Denied May 2, See 970, 935. Mr. David Previant, of Milwaukee, Wis., for petitioners. Mrs. Beartrice Lampert, Madison, respondent Wisconsin Emp oyment Board. [Argument Counsel from page 246 intentionally omitted] Jackson M. Bruce, Briggs & Stratton Corporation. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion Court. 1 Certain labor legislation State Wisconsin,1 as applied by its Supreme Court, is challenged because it said to transgress constitutional limitations imposed Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments Commerce Clause2 implemented National Labor Relations Act3 Management Act 1947.4 2 The Court held5 that authorizes Employment Board order a union cease desist instigating certain intermittent announced work stoppages which had caused under following circumstances: Corporation operates two manufacturing plants in engaging approximately 2,000 employees. These are represented International Union, Automobile Workers America, Local No. 232, collective bargaining agent, having been duly certified sucy proceedings Act. Under such certification, Union negotiated agreements, last expired on July 1, 1944. Negotiation new one reached deadlock sessions continued some time without success. 3 On November 3, 1945, leaders submitted membership plan method putting pressure upon employer. stratagem consisted calling repeated special meetings during working hours at any saw fit, employees would leave attend. It was an essential part this should be warning employer or notice when whether return. device adopted first surprise cessation called 6, 1945; thereafter, until March 22, 1946, action twenty-six occasions. not informed period specific demands these tactics were designed enforce nor what concessions could make avoid them.6 4 This procedure publicly described technique bringing was, is, candidly admitted intended did interfere with production put strong economic employer, who disabled thereby making dependable plans delivery commitments. And 'this can't strike. After initial walk-out, company knows do accordingly.' commended hardships strike imposes considered 'a better weapon than strike.' 5 resort private disciplinary measures discharge employees; instead, sought much less drastic remedy plea appropriate public authority law7 investigate adjudge Union's conduct law State. prescribed procedures, ordered '(a) concerted efforts arbitrarily inducing regularly scheduled hours; other effort complainant except leaving premises orderly manner purpose going strike.'8 6 Two court resulted Board's order: obtain enforcement review. They here considered, they below, together. 7 sustained but significantly limited effect otherwise general prohibitions. held does, all forbid individual defendants members doing acts instantly involved. As we have heretofore pointed out, construction placed conclusive us. Allen-Bradley 1111, United Electrical Radio Machine America v. Board, 315 740, 62 820, 86 1154. Our only question therefore, beyond power prohibit particular course described.9 8 contends statute thus violates Amendment form compulsory service involuntary servitude. However, nothing makes crime abandon individually, compare Pollock Williams, 322 4, 64 792, 88 1095, collectively. Nor does either undertake rohibit restrict employee reason reason, notice. facts afford no foundation contention has imposing 9 further contended invades rights free speech assemblage guaranteed Amendment. We recently similar connection state concerning relations. Lincoln Federal 19129, L. Northwestern Iron Metal Co. Whitaker North Carolina, 335 525, 251 American Federation Sash Door Co., 538, 258. For reasons there stated, contentions merit. 10 No serious presented Clause Constitution standing alone. never thought prevent legislatures limiting 'individual group aggression defense' substituting 'processes justice more primitive trial combat.' Brandeis, dissenting, Duplex Printing Press Deering, 254 443, 488, 41 172, 184, 65 349, 16 A.L.R. 196; see also Dorchy Kansas, 272 306, 311, 47 86, 87, 71 248, cited approval, Thornhill Alabama, 310 88, 103, 60 736, 744, 745, 84 1093; Hotel Restaurant Employees' Alliance, 122 437, 706, 946. 11 substantial issue Congress protected forbidden, hence must yield. When decision made, Act, 49 Stat. 449, 29 U.S.C. §§ 151—166, U.S.C.A. questions conflict between federal raised decided reference it. continuing restraint now conflicts 1947, 61 136, 141—197, amended earlier statute. therefore consider relation both Acts. 12 seen fit Acts declare policy rules their effects regulation various phases relations over several states traditionally exercised control. Cf. Securities 1933, 48 74, 85, 15 § 77r, 77r; Exchange 1934, 881, 903, 78bb, 78bb; States Warehouse before after 1931 Amendment, 39 486, 490, 46 1465, 269, 269. coercive controversies, equally true 'Congress designedly left open area control' 'the intention exclude exerting police clearly manifested.' 750, 749, 826, 825, turn evidence manifested exclusion case. 13 made express delegation permit conduct, implied. declared unfair practice induce engage refusal where object thereof enumerated ones. 8(b)(4), 140, 141, 158(b)(4), 158(b)(4). Nevertheless forbidden proceeding authorized may deal manner. While empowered strike, illegal, given illegal—even if illegality consist actual threatened violence persons destruction property. Policing wholly states. In case considerable injury property intimidation threats state's coercion those methods.10 14 seems us clear falls within rule Allen-Bradley11 activities there, involved subject Board.' There existing possible overlapping Boards, investigate, approve question. governable entirely ungoverned. analogous Bethlehem Steel New York 330 767, 67 1026, 91 1234, petitioners rely. board undertook determine unit industry, identical determine, deliberately laid down contrary policies govern decisions same matter. case, course, necessarily supreme land. La Crosse Telephone 379. But claimed congressional confers recognizes declares unions rights, privileges immunities strikes activities, denied prohibition elementary constitutionally given, take away. Hill Florida ex rel. Watson, 325 1373, 89 L.ed. 1782. 17 argument provisions, found relevantly changed grant right recurrent unannounced stoppage work. Both provide 'Employees shall self-organization, form, join, assist organizations, bargain collectively through representatives own choosing, mutual aid protection.'12 Because judgment organizations bargaining, follow federally immunized 18 urged bound hold become settled interpretation charged administration. based Mfg. Concern, N.L.R.B. 753; Harnischfeger Corp., 676; Good Coal 136; Armour 25 989; Cudahy Packing 830; Mt. Clemens Pottery Company, 714. think can fairly even cumulative cases amounts fixed activities. cases, context antiunion animus employer's part, condemned practices summary discharges attempted retaliation isolated reflecting temporary rebellion conditions discharge, so outweighing damage tainted motives, led conclusion proscribed however, finding employees' concerted: 19 '* * Section expressly guarantees protection. interpret mean unlawful activity sanctioned nature activity. think, indefensible, circumstances, warrant respondents, discharging stewards type was.'13 20 view statement, present bring pectation administered Here resorted retaliatory motive asking help alleged merely desire keep plant operation. against disruption dismissal invocation statutory available adjudication resolution difficulties. Consequently, find apply here. quoted statement opinions indicates lack belief creating rule. 21 event adopt binding scope light construction, agree, Courts Appeals, review orders. comparable protection section. C. G. Conn, Ltd. Cir., 108 F.2d 390; Condenser 128 67; Home Beneficial Life Ins. 159 280; Draper Corporation, 145 199, 156 Indiana Desk 149 987. To irrevocably labeled 'protected' teeth language deny Appeals' decisions. latter our own, Fansteel Metallurgical 306 240, 59 83 627, 123 599; Southern S.S. 316 31, 886, 1246; Sands 332, S. t. 508, 682; 1154; 946, interdict every reach states' adjudicatory machinery. bare cannot construed immunize below injunction 22 Light movement history, provision becomes clear. most effective legal struggling doctrine conspiracies, illegal. took conspiracy away employment affect interstate commerce. longer state, treat lawful unionization illegal undertaken many acting concert.14 concert, concert. 23 Reliance provided, 'Nothing impede diminish way 457. 1947 carries includes definition. 501(2) says used 'The term 'strike' (including expiration collective-bargaining agreement) slow-down interruption operations employees.' 161. 24 provision, carried into purport create, establish define face narrower 7—the little significance broader 'concerted activity.' Unless read words omitted sense showed including, itself use originally novel piece qualify whatever exists laws. modify body legality then existed. decade stated violation criminal. unanimously Brandeis 'Neither common law, absolute 248. Dissenting views favorable conceded legislature mark limits tolerable industrial th interest. 196. adhered view. 1093. impact interest, vulnerable organize select purposes characterized 'fundamental right' which, recognized long Jones Laughlin 301 33, 57 615, 622, 81 893, 1352. quoting 13, said, 256, 496, 599, 'But recognition strike' plainly contemplates strike—the exercise unquestioned quit work', operate legalize sit-down authorities punished. 599. Nor, example, ran afoul contract pursuant thereto, national emergency, Mine Workers, 258, 677, 884. 26 That concurred neither kind rest mere inference; indeed record that, interpretations, gone far farther direction including House Committee Conference handling bill became June advised recede disagreement Senate accept text grounds rubric 'Rights Employees.' H.R. Rep. 510, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 38. out courts firmly established provisions section improper conduct. recent consistently applying principles courts. *' 'it believed excepting practices, agreements unnecessary. Moreover, real concern inclusion might specifically mentioned Act.' full report printed margin.15 27 Thus, obvious dispensation outlaw calls end defeated sustain claim respect. By attain named objectives 10(a),16 them. definition enough enable usual conventional meaning add change powers. still gives supervise stopped entertain it, plus provides impede' What laws regulated Since reading control immunity them, reserved done instance. 28 If do, extend variations strike,17 slowdown perhaps well. 751, all; management self-help cope submit undeclared demands. dismiss discipline exercising them pursuing asserted conferred hard how taken steps resist combat incurring sanctions result inconsistent whole disclosed amendments fair win unstated ends legalized approved thereby. Such being superseded normally exclusive reachable commerce regulate. 1352; 1234. 30 basis denying power, governing her internal affairs regulate device. 31 affirmed. 32 Affirmed. 33 DOUGLAS, whom BLACK RUTLEDGE concur, dissenting. 34 Wagner 1945 1946 affected 1947. I fail policy. 35 written too plain admit doubt ambiguity: anyway 'recognized strike,—that lawfully volition failure meet demands.' converted hands off. 36 why regulations industries. Can practical requiring unanimous vote workers call one? authorized, utilized. criterion, declares, States. sanctioned, undermined action. formula empty words. 37 surprising conjunction provides, air protection.'1 (Italics added.) activities' labor's history activity' conspicuous important strike; none bargaining. historically collectiv guarantees. integral labor-management 38 invoked 1154, challenge unconstitutional Wisconsin's picketing, threats, disputes. disallowed defense, holding matters problems traditional remained passage sure, give agency called. extent ground decision. similarity ends. Allen-Bradley, supra, expressed plain, strikes. 40 presence conflicting determines Supremacy Clause,2 though potential collision administrative agencies. Rice Santa Fe Elevator 331 218, 1146, 1447. 1782, licensing business agents jurisdiction interfered freedom fortiori, included 7. old struggle existence aimed (as well of) protect.3 Therefore methods exclusively law.4 42 MURPHY, concurs, 43 demands, twenty-seven advance Employees returned later day, day. unlawful. State's guarantee contained Taft-Hartley Acts: protection.' 44 phrase right. strikers protected, mutiny, 246, contract, 682, withdrawn literal 45 reasoning quotation Congressional report, equivalent contract-breaking, stretches 'objectives means' test include peaceful direct. effect, adopts schedules, notify customers suppliers, output degree certainty inconveniences withdraw statutes. majority objectionable, then, effective. impute rationale enacted judicial extreme form. chooses ignore consistent primary responsibility interpreting administering repeatedly 'partial strikes' 837, 863; 146; 753, 758; 676, 685; 714, 716. each six directly concluded rulings unique departure deference interpretation. fact fewer number not, controlling difference—unless say union's point 7, accordingly, reverse judgment. Peace follows: 'It employe individually concert others: (a) coerce intimidate enjoyment his 111.04, family, picket domicile, injure person family. (e) co-operate in, promoting picketing (not constituting speech), boycotting overt concomitant unless employes primarily directed voted secret ballot (h) unauthorized possession Wis.Stat. c. 111, 111.06(2). Const. Art. 8, Cl. giving 'To among *'. 151—166. 141—197. 250 Wis. 550, N.W.2d 875. guilty defined 111.06(2) (a), Those set note 1. Petitioners suggest initiated force comply War directive. began weeks directive date, h d abolished. Consequently issuance seem throw motives jurisdiction. created 1939 111.03. delineated 111.07. '(b) Coercing intimidating punishment interfering will employes.' order, consolidated Circuit Milwaukee County, paragraph forbidding stoppages, upheld (b) enjoining threats. 8. entirety. Review court's upholding petitions nine officers, seven corporation, Bargaining Committee. notes 9. 452. added proviso refrain section, agreement condition b 140. 686; 989, 996. With respect control, 111.04 statutes join lawful, 111.06(1) with, restrain lists prevent. 'Both amendment amending preserved act organization, choosing bill, changes act. First, forth commit participate co certed violations contracts. Second, etc., chose so. inserted early regardless objectives. An outstanding sort involving 'sit down' wherein reinstatement engaged Later whose constituted mutiny. above instances, reversed More recently, ordering individuals mass Appeals. 'Thus News Company (55 1302) (1944) compel violate wage stabilization Again, Scullin (65 1294) Dyson (decided February 1947), contracts act, reinstate discharged second Thompson Products 21, 1947) vio- late thereunder appears Matter Berkshire Knitting Mills (46 955 (1943)), distinguish major crimes minor determining entitled reinstatement. 'By foregoing, 'In addition, conference problem terms. declaration committee, dealing members, 'elimination necessary assurance herein guaranteed.' demonstrates undesirable past accorded possible. Furthermore, 10(c) proposed agreement, provided require payment him back pay suspended cause, this, applies qual cause committed inasmuch 10(b) requires applicable district shall, practicable, followed proof hereafter confession conviction thereof. (which bearing kinds joining fellow choose Taken 8(b)(1) discussed), organization apparent forms varieties particularly days, regarded treated protection, since obviously support enjoy act.' 146, 160(a), 160(a). petitions' conception shown, precisely 'better 519. Peter Cailler Kohler Swiss Chocolates 130 503, 505, 506, sympathetic secondary boycott prior amendments. Remington Rand, Inc., 94 862, 871, negotiate recover positions expense hired replace Article VI, Constitution. Although litigation controlled suggests wished specially S.Rep.No.105, Sess. 434 (1947). practices. 158(b), 158(b). concededly cases. 157, 163, previously comprehensively defines 142, 'any employees', broad measure industries federa law. pages 255—257, 497, Thus 2(3) 'include ceased consequence of, current dispute *.' 450, 152(3), 152(3). accordance participation remove retained status Mackay Telegraph 304 333, 345—347, 58 904, 910, 911, 82 1381. 'labor dispute' involves consideration justified. Stackpole Carbon 105 167, 176. Determination administration system uniform harmonious. relief Phelps Dodge 313 177, 845, 85 1271, 133 1217. Reinstatement depend worker lost comprehended supra.

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