Document: 361 U.S. 281 80 S.Ct. 305 4 L.Ed.2d 282 McELROY, Secretary of Defense, et al., Petitioners,v.UNITED STATES ex rel. Dominic GUAGLIARDO. Bruce WILSON, Petitioner, v. Major General John F. BOHLENDER, Commander, Fitzsimons Army Hospital. Nos. 21, 37. Argued Oct. 22, 1959. Decided Jan. 18, 1960 Mr. Oscar H. Davis, Washington, D.C., for petitioners McElroy and others. Michael A. Schuchat, respondent Guagliardo. Frederick Bernays Wiener, petitioner Wilson. Harold Greene, Bohlender. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion Court. 1 These are companion cases to Kinsella Singleton, 234, 297, Grisham Hagan, 278 310. All involve application Article 2(11)1 Uniform Code Military Justice. Here its noncapital offenses committed by civilian employees armed forces while stationed overseas is tested. 2 In No. 21 respondent, a employee Air Force performing duties an electrical lineman, was convicted court-martial at Nouasseur Depot near Casablanca, Morocco, larceny conspiracy commit from supply house Depot. Before being transferred United States Disciplinary Barracks, New Cumberland, Pennsylvania, filed petition writ habeas corpus in District Court Columbia alleging that military authorities had no jurisdiction try him court-martial. This dismissed. 158 F.Supp. 171. The Appeals reversed ordered discharged. It held Reid Covert, 1957, 354 1, 77 1222, 1148, binding as all classes persons included within section each class nonseverable. 104 U.S.App.D.C. 112, 259 F.2d 927. We granted certiorari, 359 904, 79 580, 3 570, view conflict with Taylor, Cir., 261 204. 37, petitioner, auditor employed Berlin, general on plea guilty three acts sodomy. While serving his five-year sentence, Colorado. dismissed, 167 791, appeal perfected Tenth Circuit. Prior argument we certiorari.2 906, 601, 571. first turn Guagliardo's contention 2(11) As desirable it avoid constitutional issues, cannot do so this ground. Act provides severability remaining if 'a part invalid one or more applications.' 70A Stat. 640. intention Congress providing clear, legal effect can be given category standing alone. See Dorchy State Kansas, 1924, 264 286, 290, 44 323, 324, 68 L.Ed. 686. 5 believe these involing applicability services outside controlled our 278, 310, announced today. Singleton refused, light apply provisions article dependents soldiers overseas; there distinction purposes between insofar death penalty concerned. rationale those applies here. 6 Although true materials supporting trial sutlers other civilians courts-martial, 'too expisodic, too meager, form solid basis history, preceding contemporaneous framing Constitution, adjudication.' Concurring opinion, page 64, 1255. Furthermore, trials during Revolutionary Period, which claimed than rests, were period war, hence inapplicable Moreover, not any means one-sided. recognized authority jurisdiction, after careful consideration historical background, concluded: 'That civilian, entitled he is, Art. VI Amendments jury, legally made liable law time peace, fundamental principle public * *.'3 But contended Ex parte Reed, 1879, 100 13, 25 538, controlling because covered therefore 'in field.' Examination case, well Johnson Sayre, 1895, 109, 15 773, 39 914, however, shows them entirely inapposite. Those permitted courts-martial paymasters' clerks navy. found such position 'an important machinery navy,' appointment only upon approval commander ship permanent tenure 'until discharged.' Also paymaster's clerk required agree writing 'to submit laws regulations government discipline navy.' immemorial sea has placed power disciplinary action when foreign port. None considerations present shall point out subsequently, procedure along lines used navy might offer practical alternative use services. stated second Covert supra, 23, 1233, 'there circumstances where person could 'in' Clause 14 even though formally been inducted into *.' 7 cited support over appear opinions Attorney Judge Advocate Army. However, 1866 (cited Government's position) repudiated subsequent Generals.4 To sure, 1872 General, dealing troops building defensive earthworks protect against threatened Indian uprisings, some weight. like examples frontier activities based concept troops' field,' they inapposite They 'hostilities' tribes 'territories' governed different considerations. pages 12—13, 1228. Such opinions, have force judicial decisions and, 'episodic,' little weight reviewing administrative practice. performance functions involved there, service would today engineering corps subject jurisdiction. practical, hereafter out, today, Toth doctrine, Quarles, 350 11, 76 8, must limit coverage 'the least possible adequate end proposed,' U.S., controlling. 8 question here should pointed that, addition types available Government prosecution mentioned additional alternatives suggested case One solution possibly follow line provided approved supra. Another incorporate who directly services, either compulsory induction voluntary enlistment. If doctor dentist may 'drafted' 50 U.S.C.Appendix § 454(i), extended, 73 U.S.C.A.Appendix 454(i); Orloff Willoughby, 1953, 345 83, 534, 97 842, objection organization recruitment specialists needed 9 presently sufficient set up system enlistment 'specialists.' done much success Second World War. 'The Navy's Construction Battalions, popularly known Seabees, established meet wartime need uniformed men perform construction work combat areas.' Building Bases War II (1947) 133. Just electricians, clerks, draftsmen, surveyors enlisted 'specialists' id., 136, electrician (Guagliardo), (Wilson), accountant (Grisham). likewise appears 'specialist' program conducted Department Army5 utilized replace problems require control. workers hesitate give their status employment overseas, unlikely unable obtain number volunteers requirements. increased cost maintain price pay order comply 10 judgment affirmed 37 reversed. 11 affirmed. 12 13 For dissenting concurring see 311. 2. following chapter: '(11) Subject treaty agreement party accepted rule international law, with, by, accompanying following: Alaska east longitude 172 degrees west, Canal Zone, main group Hawaiian Islands, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands.' U.S.C.A. 802(11). Since offense occurred Area Control West now contends Wilson amenable occupied territory. However charges drawn terms power, sustained basis. Moreover refused consider issue raised court did rest decision sustaining consequently denied. Winthrop, Law Precedents (2d ed. 1896), 143. also, Milligan, 1866, Wall. 2, 121, 123, 18 281; Maltby, Courts Martial Law, 37; Rawle, Constitution 1829), 220; Op.Atty.Gen. 690; 736; 63. 16 13; Id., 48; Dig.Op. JAG (1901), 563, 2023; id. (1895), 599—600, 4; (1880), 384, 4. Regulations 600—201, 20 June 1956, changed March 624—200, 19 May 1958, July

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