Document: 492 U.S. 469 109 S.Ct. 3028 106 L.Ed.2d 388 BOARD OF TRUSTEES the STATE UNIVERSITY NEW YORK, et al., Petitionersv.Todd FOX al. No. 87-2013. Argued Feb. 22, 1989. Decided June 29, Syllabus Resolution 66-156 of State University New York (SUNY) prohibits private commercial enterprises from operating in SUNY facilities. After resolution was applied by campus police to bar American Future Systems, Inc. (AFS), demonstrating and selling its housewares at a party hosted student dormitory, respondent Fox other students sued for declaratory judgment that such action violated First Amendment. The District Court preliminarily enjoined enforcement but, after trial, found on ground dormitories did not constitute public forum purposes activity, restrictions speech were reasonable light dormitories' purpose. Viewing challenged application as restriction speech, therefore applying test articulated Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Comm'n York, 447 557, 100 2343, 65 341, Appeals concluded it unclear whether directly advanced State's asserted interests whether, if did, least restrictive means end. court reversed remanded trial court. Held: 1. erred requiring apply least-restrictive-means 66-156. Pp. 473-481. (a) AFS parties seek hold propose transaction speech. Although they also touch upon subjects, how be financially responsible run an efficient home, this does re der them noncommercial their entirety theory fully protected, educational are "inextricably intertwined." Riley National Federation Blind North Carolina, Inc., 487 781, 108 2667, 101 669, distinguished. 473-475. (b) decisions have occasionally contained statements suggesting government must achieving governmental asserted, those never required absolutely severe will achieve desired Rather, require only "fit" between government's ends chosen accomplish ends. See, e.g., Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates Tourism Company Rico, 478 328, 2968, 2976-2977, 92 266; In R.M.J., 455 191, 203, 102 929, 937, 71 64. So long narrowly tailored objective, is decisionmakers judge what manner regulation may employed. 475-481. 2. Respondents' overbreadth claim—which based assertion impermissibly speech—is ripe Court. 481-486. analysis normally deemed reach some evidence for-profit job counseling, tutoring, legal advice, medical consultation students' dormitory rooms. While conduct consists profit, satisfy definition since transaction. 481-482. doctrine designed departure traditional rules standing, enabling persons who themselves unharmed statute challenge facially unconstitutionally others, situations before Broadrick Oklahoma, 413 601, 610, 613, 93 2908, 2914, 2916, 37 830. invocation unusual because extensions beyond basis hypothetical applications third parties, but respondents themselves, which part subject complaint testimony adduced trial. Nevertheless, there no reason why cannot invoked situation. 482-484. (c) However, as-applied should ordinarily decided claim, reasons relating both proper functioning courts efficiency. Here, neither below ever considered respondents' under standards, nor apparently even recognized case involves On remand, question 66-156's alleged substantial makes unenforceable addressed first determined either category valid. 484-486. 841 F.2d 1207 (CA2 1988), remanded. SCALIA, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, filed dissenting opinion, BRENNAN MARSHALL, joined, post, p. 486. O. Peter Sherwood, City, petitioners. Henry T. Reath, Philadelphia, Pa., respondents. Justice SCALIA 1 This presents invalid go 2 * ork has promulgated regulations governing use school property, including dormitories. One these, (1979), states: 3 "No authorization given operate campuses or facilities furnished than provide food, beverages, bookstore, vending, linen supply, laundry, dry cleaning, banking, barber beautician services cultural events." 4 company sells housewares, china, crystal, silverware, college students; markets products exclusively technique popularly called (after pioneered it) "Tupperware parties." offering sale groups 10 more prospective buyers gatherings assembled one (for host hostess stands receive bonus reward). 5 October 1982, representative conducting demonstration company's student's room SUNY's Cortland campus. Campus asked her leave she violating When refused, arrested charged with trespass, soliciting without permit, loitering. Respondent Fox, along several fellow SUNY/Cortland, prohibiting hosting attending demonstrations, preventing discussions "commercial invitees" rooms, joined plaintiff. granted preliminary injunction, College Cortland, 565 F.Supp. 754 (NDNY 1983), university purpose activity purpose, 649 1393 (1986). 6 A divided panel Second Circuit (1988). Because had dropped out suit party, remaining issue claim Amendment rights been infringed. 341 (1980), "a suitable order" "appropriate findings" these points.1 We certiorari, 488 815, 52, 31 II 7 reviewing reasoning used decide case,2 we confront principal type expression There doubt parties" "propose transaction," Virginia Pharmacy Board Citizens Consumer Council, 425 748, 762, 96 1817, 1825, 48 346 (1976), ident fying see 340, 2976, 266 They however, home. Relying 796, 2677, 669 (1988), contend here pure intertwined," classified noncommercial. disagree. 8 involved state-law requirement fundraising charitable organizations (which held protected speech) professional fundraisers insert presentations statement setting forth percentage contributions collected during previous 12 months actually turned over charities (instead retained commissions). response contention merely compelled responded that, so, intertwined otherwise speech," level scrutiny depend "the nature taken whole effect thereon." Ibid. There, course, (if that) intertwined" state law included. By contrast, nothing whatever "inextricable" about aspects presentations. No man impossible sell teaching home economics, teach economics housewares. Nothing prevents speaker conveying, audience hearing, messages, things requires combined messages. 9 Including elements converted AFS' into opening sales prayer Pledge Allegiance would convert religious political As said Bolger Youngs Drug Products Corp., 463 60, 67-68, 103 2875, 2880-2881, 77 (1983), communications can "constitute notwithstanding fact contain important issues. . made clear advertising 'links product current debate' thereby entitled constitutional protection afforded U.S., 563, n. 5, S.Ct., 2349, 5." discuss case, then, issue. described our mode analyzing lawfulness follows: 11 "At outset, determine For come within provision, concern lawful misleading. Next, ask interest substantial. If inquiries yield positive answers, advances gov rnmental extensive necessary serve interest." Hudson, supra, 566, 2351. held, agree, proposes transaction, misleading, protection. support substantial: promoting rather atmosphere campuses, safety security, exploitation students, preserving residential tranquility. decide, interests, imposes noted earlier, determinations. think remand correct, further factual findings made. It terms major here—specifically, pertaining last element analysis. instructed could find "not necessary" "least measure" effectively protect interests. 13 Our cases repeatedly stated broad expansive "necessary" see, 2351; Metromedia, San Diego, 453 490, 507-508, 2882, 2892-2893, 69 800 (1981) (plurality opinion); 64 (1982); Zauderer Office Disciplinary Counsel Supreme Ohio, 471 626, 644, 105 2265, 2278, 85 652 (1985); 343, 2978; Francisco Arts Athletics, United States Olympic Committee, 483 522, 535, 107 2971, 2980, 97 427 (1987); Shapero Kentucky Bar Assn., 486 466, 472, 1916, 1921, 475 word interpreted strictly, translate "least-restrictive-means" here. undoubtedly formulations view—for example, itself "if served well limited excessive survive." 564, 2350. indeed assumed dicta validity approach. See Zauderer, 651, 14, 2282, 14. ago occasion observe respect Necessary Proper Clause Constitution, seeMcCulloch Maryland, 17 (4 Wheat.) 316, L.Ed. 579 (1819), sometimes loosely. And flexible meaning test. prevent deceptive "narrowly drawn," "no reasonably interests," id., 207, 939; 937. repeated latter formulation Term 1921. 537, 16, 2981, th "substantially similar" time, place, speech—which specifically means. Clark Community Creative Non-Violence, 468 288, 104 3065, 82 221 (1984); infra, 478. Whatever conflicting tenor prior be, now focus specific conclude matter something short standard. 14 jurisprudence emphasized [enjoys] measure protection, commensurate subordinate position scale values," "modes might impermissible realm expression." Ohralik Ohio 436 447, 456, 98 1912, 1918, 56 444 (1978). ample scope regulatory authority suggested illusory requirement, heavy burden State. Shelton Tucker, 364 479, 488, 81 247, 252, 231 (1960); Nixon Administrator General Services, 433 425, 467, 2777, 2802, 53 867 (1977). Cf. Widmar Vincent, 454 263, 279, 3, 269, 70 440 (STEVENS, concurring judgment). 15 refrained imposing requirement—even where core issue—in assessing so-called restrictions. uphold so tailored" significant interest, 293, 3068; City Council Los Angeles Taxpayers 466 789, 808, 2118, 2130, 80 772 (1984), standard elimination all less alternatives, 299, 3072; Regan Time, 641, 657, 3262, 3271, (1984) opinion) ("The less-restrictive-alternative inquiry regulation"). Similarly expressive conduct, views. 298, 3068, 3071 (discussing O'Brien, 391 367, 88 1673, 20 672 (1968)); 804-805, 2128-2129, insisted conceivable alternative, "burden substantially legitimate Ward Rock Against Racism, 491 799, 2746, 2758, 661 (1989). loath second-guess Government's effect. 3071; Albertini, 472 675, 689, 2897, 2906, 86 536 (1985). two lines do course govern here, incompatible "subordinate [of speech] values" rigid present context.3 16 None invalidating provision went marginally adequately interest. To contrary, almost disallowed Hudson's fourth prong excessive, disregarding "far precise means." 476, 1923. Bates Arizona, 350, 2691, 810 hand, upholding reconciled Posadas, sustained Rico's blanket ban promotional casino gambling Rican residents, ourselves goal deterring (as appellant contended) suppressing encourage gambling, promulgating additional discourage it." 344, 2978. "up legislature decide" point, reasonable. Similarly, 513, 2895 opinion), upheld Diego's complete off-site billboard advertising, inquire any controlling size appearance signs) suffice meet city's concerns traffic esthetics. enough "perhaps effective approach." Id., 508, 2893. 539, 2982, placed federal trademark broader Congress necessary." sum, while " 'the free flow information valuable justify would-be regulators costs distinguishing harmless harmful,' Shapero, 478, 1924, quoting 646, 2279, gone far impose distinguishment 100% complete, What 'fit' legislature's ends," 2977 fit necessarily perfect, reasonable; represents single best disposition whose "in proportion served,"In 937; employs put contexts discussed above, objective. Within bounds 18 reject overly permissive. different, "rational basis" Fourteenth equal Railway Express Agency, 336 106, 109-110, 463, 465-466, 533 (1949). suffices thought goal, reference inordinate cost. Here substantial, cost carefully calculated. Moreover, bears justifying restrictions, 647, affirmatively establish require. declining impose, addition, take account difficulty establishing precision point become objective requires, Legislative Executive Branches needed leeway field (commercial "traditionally regulation," 455-456, 1918-1919. Far eroding essential protections Amendment, strengthens them. "To parity non-commercial alike invite dilution, simply leveling process, force Amendment's guarantee kind speech." 1919. III 19 Finally, address objection involve improperly restricted, nonetheless invalidated overbroad, non -commercial true 380-381, 2707-2708; Ohralik, 462, 20, 1922, 20; Hoffman Estates Flipside, Estates, 489, 496-497, 1186, 1192-1193, 362 (1982), unlawful ground—our being hardy, likely "chilled," need surrogate litigators. supra; supra. although attack concerned commercial-speech valid) counts. Bigelow Virginia, 421 809, 815-819, 95 2222, 2229-2231, 44 600 (1975); 495-497, 1191-1193. record us stipulation entered reaches invited "where end result intent make profit invitee." App. 87. More specifically, deponent authorized speak behalf Federal Rule Civil Procedure 30(b)(6) testified prohibit counseling dormitories, 133; another official provided fee) 162, 181-183. examples consist defines Board, 761, 1825 (collecting cases). Some most valued forms uttered profit. Times Co. Sullivan, 376 254, 84 710, 686 (1964); Buckley Valeo, 424 1, 612, 46 659 (1976) (per curiam). 21 addition difference challenge. Quite obviously, rule employed regulating tailored," portion overbroad. differs principally this: person invoking narrow-tailoring asserts acts his litigation fall outside properly drawn prohibition cover. he "attacks [the statute] facially, solicitation," whereas "may infringes constitutionally him," 20. Thus Bates, established nonapplicability appellants "expect benefit [from statute's overinclusiveness] regardless acts," 380, 2707, framed relevant "Is appellants' advertisement basic protection?" 381, 2707 (emphasis added). Where successful, obviously applications, every whom defend same overbreadth. successful grounds, assure defense own solicitation proscribed—though rationale holding render unenforceable. (1980); 22 Ordinarily, advantage litigant enables him someone else. Perhaps reason, (in least) set normal fashion—viz., arguing valid, not, invalidates well. (less prominently) attacked merit—with apparent realization, add, o separate categories various types 23 "departure standing," 830 (1973), enable defect nevertheless "to conceivably Court," 2914. situation, plaintiff standing contends unlawful, (here, statute, assuming moment fail unless invoked. little sense plaintiffs' (on tailored) preclude attacking grounds overbroad (because invoke doctrine)—and next week, permit restricted (so aspect directly) succeed words, born expansion produce absurd results limit strictly context. 24 usual judicial practice, consider generally desirable, proceed unnecessarily—that is, valid applied. Such vindicating plaintiff's right bound unconstitutional mounting gratuitous wholesale attacks laws. difficult resolve as-applied, determination overreach absolute matter, "judged relation plainly sweep," 615, 2917, consideration many immediately Thus, efficiency, particular first. 25 yet fact, issues questions separately below. described, considering (or recognizing presence of) speech; reversed, again failure test—which, error. decline challenges economy final favor, according relief obtained remand). i where, cross-petition certiorari. R. Stern, E. Gressman, S. Shapiro, Practice 382-387 (6th ed. 1986). reasons, fortiori, subsequent rejection challenge, determination, pursuant standards law's complaint; and, 26 27 proceedings consistent opinion. 28 ordered. 29 MARSHALL join, dissenting. 30 majority holds cases, able recasting good bit contrary language past cases.1 I preferred day, dispose alternative—and, narrower—ground overbreadth.2 failed file issue, omission jurisdictional barrier, Berkemer McCarty, 420, 435-436, 23, 3138, 3147-3148, 317 outweighed opportunity affords avoid revision Court's precedents area That potential readily apparent. interprets resolution, receives "private enterprise," prohibited resolution. ante, 482-483. correctly observes, 482, terpreted (i.e., proposing transaction), wide range fullest told authoritative officials meeting physician lawyer dorm room, doctor paid visit. similarly tutor counselor room. Presumably, forbids music lesson dorm, form tutoring. therapist excluded, art teacher drama coach. 32 categorically activities occurring residence academic term, surely inconsistent mission needs residents (the distinction tuba lessons classical guitar lessons, drawing stone sculpture comes mind). Tinker Des Moines Independent School District, 393 503, 89 733, 731 (1969); cf. Kovacs Cooper, 77, 448, 513 plausibly music, art, writing, kinds university, categorical "least-restrictive means" tailored") residents. Nor possible believing in-dorm psychological vocational university's objectives squared dictates 33 important, resolution's "substantial" have. Houston Hill, 482 451, 458, 2502, 2508, 398 Airport Comm'rs Jews Jesus, 569, 574, 2568, 2572, 500 (1987). Even (a proposition obvious precedents),3 amount considerable applications. effort distinguish narrow perceived evil intended address, Thornhill Alabama, 310 88, 97, 60 736, 741, 1093 (1940), sweeps tolerable 34 respect, equivalent struck down banned "First activities" central terminal urban airport. fee, like indiscriminately proscribes entire array wholly innocuous nconstitutional face now, order chilling pendency remand. 1988, day issued decision striking goals through possible. 695 1409 (NDNY). stayed mandate pending action. Stipulation, 82-CV-1363 (Nov. 1988). Besides misperceived principles argues commercial, forum, permissible "time, manner" limitations. Pursuing address. Since analysis, further. interesting contexts, just discussed, § andard apply, sort "necessity" precedential cases. 376-377, 1678-1679, (1968), greater essential." 810, 2131, "curtail[ed] [was] purpose." concedes repudiate [a governmental] interest" 2351, 476-477. Indeed, result, characterize "dicta" (1985), seems integral attorney "necessary achievement times challenges, Brockett Spokane Arcades, 491, 2794, 394 often felt otherwise, choice deciding general "governmental end," 471, void Surely, former sweeping law. highly doubtful inviting rooms birth-control clinic, clinic provides fee. 822, 2232, (1975).

Category: 2