Document: 336 U.S. 725 69 S.Ct. 841 93 L.Ed. 1005 See 337 921, 1152. PEOPLE OF STATE CALIFORNIA v.ZOOK et al. No. 355. Argued Feb. 8, 1949. Decided April 25, Rehearing Denied May 31, Mr. John L. Bland, of Los Angeles, Cal., for petitioner. D. M. Manning, respondents. Justice MURPHY delivered the opinion Court. 1 A California statute prohibits sale or arrangement any transportation over public highways State if transporting carrier has no permit from Interstate Commerce Commission.1 The federal Motor Carrier Act substantially same provision.2 question is whether act as applied in this case invalid view act. 2 Respondents operate a travel bureau and receive commissions arranging 'share-expense' passenger automobiles. Owners private cars desiring passengers trip register with respondents' agency, do prospective passengers. lines are crossed many trips. Until 1942 specifically exempted such 'casual, occasional, reciprocal' transportation.3 But that year Commission removed exemption,4 empowered it to do.5 Both statutes now require respondents sell only carriers having permits I.C.C. 3 were prosecuted under They admitted their unlawful activity, but demurred criminal complaint on sole ground entered an exclusive congressional domain. trial court disagreed, judgment conviction, appellate court6 upheld contention, ordered dismissed. 87 Cal.App.2d Supp. 197 P.2d 851. here certiorari, 335 883, 238. 4 Certain first principles longer doubt. Whether inference silence, negative implication grant power itself, when Congress not acted we have accepted Cooley case's broad delineation areas state national interstate commerce. v. Board Wardens Port Philadelphia, use Soc. Relief Distressed Pilots, Their Widows Children, 12 How. 299, 13 996; Southern Pacific Co. Arizona ex rel. Sullivan, 325 761, 768, 65 1515, 1519, 1520, 89 1915. Ribble, National Power Over Commerce, ch. 10. Absent action, familiar test uniformity versus locality: falls within area commerce thought demand uniform rule, action struck down. If activity one predominantly local interest, sustained. More accurately, interest outweighed by unhampered operation 5 There can redefine predominance, Prudential Insurance Benjamin, 328 408, 66 1142, 90 1342, 164 A.L.R. 476; supra, at page 769, 1915, despite theoretical inconsistency rationale Clause, art. 1, § cl. 3, limitation its own right. words Clause—a power—admit other result. When enters field legislation, try discover what extent intended exercise redefinition; closer intent be demonstrated assurance, although may employ presumptions grounded experience doubtful cases. 6 expressed fundamental inquiry, broadly stated, same: does conflict policy? rule later application, 'occupation field,' search very terms three separate particularizations initial principle. 7 We restate because would us pronounce additional rule: made specified unlawful, 'coincidence ineffective opposition,' laws 'aiding' enforcement invalid. seem argue authority, rests upon wholly independent premis s. 8 seize part phrase Charleston & Western C.R. Varnville Furniture Co., 237 597, 604, 35 715, 716, 717, 59 1137, Ann.Cas.1916D, 333. said 'Congress taken particular subject-matter hand, coincidence opposition * *' also, Pennsylvania R. Public Service Commonwealth Pennsylvania, 250 566, 569, 40 36, 37, 64 1142; Missouri Pac. Porter, 273 341, 346, 47 383, 385, 71 672. Respondents' argument assumes stated premise—that 'taken hand,' exclusion laws. Court could enunciate mechanical whatever circumstances indicating intent. Neither language nor facts cases cited support approach marked contrast Court's consistent decisional bases. down South Carolina which had effect holding connecting liable goods damaged commerce, determined should bear primary responsibility; Railway held measure requiring type rear platform different detailed specifications Commission; Porter case, leave bill lading I.C.C., subject meant ineffective. Cloverleaf Butter Patterson, 315 148, 157-159, 62 491, 496-498, 786, 86 754. 9 'coincidence' application principle policy. itself simply states rule. identical those Congress, find motive exclude States: provided certain limited penalties, 'and law declared help attempts go farther than seen fit go,' Varnville, 333—that is, 'occupied field.' fact identity mean automatic invalidity measures. Coincidence factor complicated pattern guiding intent.7 As 'question acting so far exercised jurisdiction belongs State, must answered case.' Statements concerning 'exclusive jurisdiction' beg controversial question: make exclusive. 10 This long been settled. Fox Ohio, 410, 213, announced uncertainly United States Marigold, 560, 257, clear: 'the might, character tendencies, consequences involved, constitute offence against both Federal governments, might draw commission penalties denounced either, appropriate reference each.' 257.8 Ex parte Siebold, 100 371, 390, 25 717; Lanza, 260 377, 384, 43 141, 143, 67 314. And see Union Brokerage Jensen, 322 202, 208, 967, 971, 972, 88 1227, 152 1072. 11 Asbell Kansas, 209 251, 28 485, 52 778, 14 Ann.Cas. 1101, further illustration. Kansas importation cattle point south except immediate slaughter, without approval proper officials Bureau Animal Industry States. Act, 32 Stat. 791, 792, 21 U.S.C.A. §§ 111—113, 120—122, allowed transported into inspected passed inspector Industry. Violation brought sanctions. Yet affirmed conviction law. 'if conflicts (federal law) yield. before recognizes supremacy conforms it.' 258, 487, 1101. similar problem answer Brandeis, J., Dickson Uhlmann Grain 288 188, 53 362, 77 691, 83 492. To limit our inquiry single standard restrict unreality. For often explicit wishes conclude prosecution, avoid double punishment possible system. See, example, 18 U.S.C. 659, defining crime stealing carrier; 660, misapplication funds officer employee engaged mechanisms helpful excluded, say so, Taft-Hartley 29 U.S.C.(Supp.), 160(a), 160(a). That saved some instances, see, e.g., Securities 15 77r, indicates general policy save clarity. means invalidity' theory, imbued state's one, infra, lead conclusion dealer perishable agricultural commodities respect fraudulent nonpayment obligation, fraud occurred after shipment, 499b(4), expressly prosecutions. hold, too, extortion robbery 1951, 2117, immune action; wrecking bridge railroad 'exclusively federal' offense, 1992, 1992; transmittal ransom note cannot punished authorities, 875, 875. 331, 472, 479, 472 479. In short, setting aside great numbers satisfy purpose product imagination. agree each problems resolved examination whole case. override it, through Commission, regulated share-expense automobile transportation, let stand. While says nothing aided legislative history directly point,9 know normally displace clearly manifested. H. P. Welch New Hampshire, 306 79, 438, 500, cited; Maurer Hamilton, 309 598, 614, 60 726, 734, 84 969, 135 1347; Kelly Washington Foss 302 11, 14, 58 87, 92, 93, 94, 82 3; Mintz Baldwin, 289 611, 1245. Or claim terms, 'must clear provisions inconsistent justify thwarting regulation.' 156, 496, also Hines Davidowitz, 312 52, 67, 61 399, 404, 85 581. General propositions derived sweep Clause helpful, think just persuasive indications us. quite degree questions careful scrutiny regulated. found these dangers present business transportation: abandonment reaching promised destination; personal injuries sustained irresponsible drivers, attendant delay expense; delays caused arrest detention drivers violations traffic laws; crowded conditions automobiles reason excessive number baggage; 'annoyance, anxiety, fright reckless improper driving operators, bad condition vehicles used, fatigue operating periods adequate rest, conduct driver passengers.' Evidence evils led remove exemption covered MC—35, 33 M.C.C. 69, 73, 74. Report Coordinator Transportation Regulation Agencies Railroads Proposed Changes Railroad Regulation, Washington, 1934, Sen. Doc. 152, 73d Cong., 2d Sess., p. 226, mentioning financial irresponsibility carriers. Thompson, 313 109, 930, 1219. 16 Of course r 'traditional' police powers considering statute's validity Fourteenth Amendment. Lincoln Labor 19129, A.F. Northwestern Iron Metal 525, 251. tradition 'usual powers' still aid determining least legislated. Many discussed above, oldest ambit power: protection physical harm State's residents. giving more weight 'burdening' commerce,10 highway regulation involved allowable acted. supra. Removal Act's since Thompson change conclusion. 17 there statutes. possibility conflict, makes particular. variegated 1941, exemption. then infer establish beyond go. Indiana, 236 439, 304, 661. Whatever result class cases, startling intention 'displace' nearly situation exemption, mentioned twelve cities, Angeles San Francisco, was particularly acute.11 two located attempted kind considering.12 Such striking absence where recognized serious demonstrates provide rather rules—to fill void nationalize show properly beget penalty, legislature deemed wise. recognition acute others well indicate acceptance proposition. It difficulties facing 76, Buck Kuykendall, importance here. concerns enforcing government, though rooted considerations. predicate simple Constitutional cause Since order issued expect agency specific supersede how previous conflicting policy, cf. 1933 Cal.Stat., c. 1012, Frank Broker Application, 15, anything considering—a difficult believe deprive effective officers experienced necessary combat evil—aid I.C.C.'s small staff. 61st Annual (1947), 122; 62d (1948), 109.13 19 hypothetical 'normal Congressional intent.' California's attempt deal real danger coincidence, consequent punishment, important considered. indication look factors consequence light regulations normal enforce safety good-faith requirements highways. 'The applicable spheres operation.' 1072.14 So casual, reciprocal hire concerned, punish welfare inhabitants; nation conflict. 20 Reversed. FRANKFURTER, dissenting. 22 My brother BURTON set forth convincing detail 'travel bureaus' motor disclosed inadequacy regulation. What I serves emphasize my agreement his 23 1219, positive intervention required reserve promote honesty even lines. regulate 'among several States' excluding, exclusive, power—State barred action. displaced chooses it. One suppose that, proscribed defined attached outlawry, free impose making misconduct offense. 24 time hundred twenty-five years enactment came Court, Gibbons Ogden, Wheat. 23, today decides offense unless forbids deals evil way, sanctions, reasonable add, hereafter offense,' preclude outlawing sanctions.1 impute imposing nationwide crazy-quilt diversity—actual potential—in adopted precisely concluded manner States, permissive power, dealt unsatisfactory. strained strange way interpreting mind Congress. disregards aspect civil liberties, namely, avoidance constitutionally permissible. Jerome 318 101, 105, 63 483, 486, 640. offend another Assaulting marshal street brawls, obstruction administration Scores inevitable will readily suggest themselves. presented 257. Passing counterfeit currency may, aspect, 'a cheat practiced citizen Ohio another,' therefore invoke concern 'protecting her citizens frauds,' pages 568, passing becomes vital Government tends debase currency. merits repetition reversing disobedience imposes maximum fine dollars larger and, perchance, prison sentence. 26 talk about 'conflict' basis displacing relevant situations chosen 'circumscribe occupy while 'outside yet negation sought drawn. 10, 3. Even drawn inferences implied sense word clash between concurrence vitality regulations. 754; Hill Florida Watson, 538, 1373, 1782. theretofore left regulation, superimposes consciously displaced. 4, 1949, decided Hood Sons Du Mond, 657, did, decide does, presents indeed reconciliation. 27 BURTON, whom DOUGLAS JACKSON join, 654.1 Penal Code California1 Municipal Angeles. respondents, Zook Craig, convicted sale, 1948, California, Texas, individual fare basis, whereby supplied certificate convenience necessity Utilities adjudged contrary Appellate Department Superior Section thus face orders authority below not, consent lawfully share being among consent. On here, all circumstances, precise form California. From until 1947 legislation distinguished intrastate transportation. 'until shall act, *'2 *.'3 propriety operations. 19354 19405 part, responsibility assumed qualifications hours service employees operations standards equipment. regulations, temporarily conditionally Act. doing however, authorized determine extent, any, removed. 1942, thorough study, largely exemption.6 Thus, express vested determination carry out 30 654.1, added 1947, contained provision distinguishing field. 'transportation *.' nevertheless interpreted seeking include ntrastate insofar transportation.7 accept court's interpretation transportation.8 given below, issue disposed limiting statute, like predecessor, 31 printed margin.9 Its sufficiency demurrer court, successfully asserted petitioner concedes forbid acts, contends permissible duplication. Agreeing duty extends. Our remaining valid subject. substantial ends definitions Only requires broker's license exemptions respective Acts conflict.10 different.11 instant respondent fined $150 apparently Under option jail sentence, whereas available up $500 first. law, convictions punishable solely imprisonment. Accordingly, charged violated statutes, sanctions conclusive entitled consideration absence, presence, intrusion Constitution. Prosecution would, instance, greater permitted assume 'maximum' penalty penalty. 34 answers questions: I. Did invade exercising Act? II. consented proposed? reasons yes. invaded 36 petitioner's concession acts simultaneously sharply distinguishes controversy. (1) much litigated prohibiting otherwise regulating committed (2) Similarly, prohibitory regulatory measures transaction taking place after, separable from, transactions jurisdiction. (3) supplement control related legislation. (4) Also, plenary supreme take question. (5) significant attempting, new reach punish, additionally, active duplication enforce, such, already existing covering 37 start merely inherent right constitutional delegated commerce.12 38 Once allotted fields accompanied states, burden overcoming so. 39 An early statement Story Prigg Pet. 539, 617-618, 1060.13 approved enlarged J. Lamar 661, arising which, reasoning Indiana handholds sides Safety Appliance 45 seq., handlods cars. said: 'But offender jurisdictions, g vernments subject-matter, punish. legislated appliances instrumentalities furnished secure employees. field, legislate equipment incidentally affect, burdening, pass appliance moving roads Constitution nature exercised, ipso facto supersedes course, 'circumscribed regulations' Savage Jones, 225 501, 533, 715 (725, 726), 56 1182, 1194; Atlantic Coast Line (State of) Georgia, 234 280, 293, 829 (832), 1312, 1318. did legislate, relate details imposed, extended equipping thereafter less equipment; they penalties. 41 test, supplements exerted control.' (Emphasis added.) Id., 446, 448, 305, 42 Holmes 333: 'When opposition, go.' 44 Butler reemphasized sweeping 672, concluding follows: 'Its (Congress') (interstate) supreme; exerted, application. with, complementary to, enactments disclose enter jurisdiction.' 46 Erie People York, 233 671, 683, 756, 760, 1149, L.R.A.,N.S., 266; Second Employers' Liability Cases, (Mondou N.H. H.R. Co.), 223 55, 169, 177, 327, 44. Related established Article VI Constitution, subjecting anyone once Unless care prevent this, overlapping jurisdictions. However, unfairness individual, cumbersomeness purposes, suggests read demonstrating duplicate build 48 '* noted jeopardy Fifth Amendment stand bar prosecution based obtained. gives creating offenses courts reluctant expand statute.' 49 addition punishment. 50 Where exclusiveness jurisdiction, clear. outstanding example authorization Eighteenth Amendment, repealed. concurrent article legislation.' (U.S.Const.) recently, used insure cooperation 'Migratory Bird Conservation Act,' February 18, 1929: 51 'Sec. 17. shall, suitable adequately promulgated thereunder, Secretary Agriculture certify, cooperate thereunder.' 1225, 715p, 715p. Still 1935. Whaling Treaty Act' 12. construed Territories Convention (for whaling) give whales 1248, 912, 912.14 54 1935, overlook touched approve joint time. With equal clarity Part II affect taxation states. preserved full tax restriction relation Commission. 'shall authorize interfere thereof.' 202(c), 543, designated 202(b), 920, 302(b), 302(b). text original 202(b) (c), 202(a) (b), Appendix B(2), infra. 55 either character. indicated reflected sharing contrary, especially 203(b)(9), evidenced conscious dissent described 203(b)(9) insistence become whenever narrow effect. temporary conditional created special continued cut off state. survival unequivocally terminated 1942. called discontinuance control, coupled vesting procedure substitute opposite duplicating control. conceive deliberate obvious substitution other. put 35, C.F.R. Cum. 210.1. activities warehousing Rice Santa Fe Elevator Corp., 331 218, 1146, 91 1447. brings final statutory interpretation. impliedly limits 203(b)(9)? 57 contradiction state, must, hypothesis, cease exist. federally protected remains, whether, events, overwhelming evidence deliberate, unconditional assumption inadequate reference, (c) dealing text, (b) addition, consider informed guidance accordance 203(b). identity, similarity, diversity, repugnance, presence potential material Clear practically objection complete resulting mere offenses, necessarily objectionability always argues authorization. diverse policies introduction prosecuting offenses. Here prescribed prohibited same. Likewise, difference exceptions licensing bureaus distingui hed Furthermore, 203(b) applied. most impressive material, emphasizing unwillingness legislative, administrative judicial proceedings taken, existed highly unsatisfactory subsequent attitude events tells story. existence ample retaining integration jurisdictions activities, simultaneous, dual activities. 1. June 5, 1931.—A agents (comparable share-the-expense trips), providing supervision agents. referred points border reached outside State. state-licensed agencies arrange substance, licensed interstate, intrastate, trips unlicensed 1931 638, 1362 seq. 2. 1933.—Another repealed 1931. 'intermediaries operating, common otherwise, compensation, obtain, obtained, 1012. 1931, licenses declaration remained 1947. during investigation, operations, Commission's investigation resulted, thereupon carriers, brokers selling became clear, emphasized foregoing 1941: re ulation intermediaries carriers.' included, following: apply regardless sold, offered intrastate.' 1013. general, amplified plan bonding (or bureaus) section explicitly separability section, subsection, clause unconstitutional. August 9, 1935.—Following survey rapidly increasing volume enacted purposes feature partial involved. excluded operation, property foreign compensation person vehicle regular occupation business.' 546. casual occasional expressive apparent involving was— '(b) Nothing (Part Act), (clauses (7) incl.); nor, (Interstate Commerce) enunciated 202,15 204 relative employeed to: (8) (9) (casual, quoted above).' 545—546. close inception present. 68 but, rendering 'subject to' exempted, brokerage requirements, sold arranged unregulated transportation.16 4. 1938.—Frank 15. Division ruling 1936, applicant, Frank's Travel Bureau, Dallas, filed 211 persons five applicant operated bureau' Texas. bring together Dallas west o east York. tickets, competing obtain continue tickets rest applicant's business, typical bureau, length throws future favored continuance, prohibition, finally discontinue above-described interest. (pp. 19—20): 70 record convinces method portion namely bringing individuals, Applicant's knowledge owner-driver, inability authoritative information each, impossible him safeguard rights either. practice unscrupulous owner-driver opportunity defraud honest citizens. 204(a)(4) 304(a)(4), authorized, things, practices broker. securing individuals transport granted herein limitation. 'We fit, willing, able perform proposed conform rules, thereunder; service, next preceding paragraph, 202(a)17 act; him.' 72 5. 6, 1939.—Michaux 317. denied June, Chicago. strictly arrangements act.' Id. 318. accordingly, activity. (p. 318): past rise doubt achieved employment regularly occupation.' He disclaimed engage future. request fo them. warned he 'not shown broker 202(a)18 (P. 318.) His condemned comparable previously decision 73 6. 1940, 17, 1940.19—The investigations known, respectively, 267. made— 74 'into (when practices).' 70. 75 second rules govern disclosed, the— 76 'Board city latter 1939 1940 received average complaints daily bureaus. At abandoned passengers, who usually funds, assisted charity. testimony witnesses organizations better-business bureaus, travelers' societies, acquired performance duties, corroborates testified regara encountered traveling law-enforcement representatives eleemosynary quasipublic favor removal necessary. opinions principally grounds conducted inconvenience hardship using redress numerous occur connection therewith, unable requlate large proportion unreasonable placed charities caring injured transportation.' pp. 75—76. 78 7. September 1940.—Amendments II, Although report MC—35 above amendment 1940.20 generally Yet, sales occasiona broker, considered prohibit conducting business. was, therefore, 79 substance amounted transactions. conforming Application substituted prohibition strongly reenforced Copes 153, 155—156, 169—172, December 20, 1940. 80 8. 28, 1941.—State overruled Di Santo 34, 267, 524. prior valid, reservations 81 undertaken related. Hence concerned who, participate power.' 112, 114 115, 931, 932, 933, 9. 2, 1941.—The slightly revised amended. evidently applied, language, types omission anticipation coming period carrying *.'21 lack for, attempting completely voluntarily anticipated Van Horn, 753, 174 March, 21, 1942.—This date proceedings. issuance C.F.R.Cum.Supp. 210.1.22 abovementioned 203(b)(9). 'to sells, arranges business.'23 themselves secured bureau. 211(a), 546, 554, 303(b)(9) 311(a), 303(b)(9), 311(a). coextensive carefully adjusted need, desire willingness parallel convinced 76. specially qualified summarized investigations. basis. Typical excerpts 765, 859. Bearing unsuitability features need 'There little instances work transporters benefits regulated, transportatio encounter testimony, briefs, exceptions, admit governing legitimate desirable Casual, partially prescribe governing, of, Proper accomplished 80. 76—81. binding District Northern Illinois, November Findings Fact Conclusions Law, Levin sub nom., T. A. Drake al.,3 Fed.Car.Cas. (CCH) 80,100, affirmed, per curiam, 319 728, 1163, 1692. 11. 1946.—People permit. relating tested 1945. operator Diego violation amended 1941. because, 1941 1863. met. formerly transactions, Government.24 July 1947.—The approved. 1933, 1935 express, applicable.25 indicate, toward Jurisdiction shared provided. believe, shared, position perfectly evidenc C, convenient juxtaposition principal demonstrate policies, classified Conflicts texts. 92 Emphasis mutual 94 controverting evidence, list 95 uncertain line impinges lost 96 affirmed. 97 98 99 'An repeal define agent; thereof, thereof; repealing thereof,' parts act,' add Sections 654.2, 654.3 Code, persons. '(Approved Governor Filed 1947.) 101 people enact 102 'Section title hereof 103 read: 104 '654.1. person, individually employe corporation, member copartnership agent firm offer or, engotiate, advertise hold himself sells offers negotiates, provides by, necessity, authorizing holder 105 654.2 106 '654.2. selling, furnishing 107 '(1) paid paid, indirectly, transportation; 108 '(2) work, farm California; 109 '(3) nonprofit coopera ive association, organized pursuant 110 '(4) municipality contiguous municipalities; 111 '(5) route partly park conjunction rail bus system line; '(6) members family owner employment; subsection uses intends 112 113 '654.3. misdemeanor, fifty ($250), imprisonment days, days 180 days. Upon third confinement year, suffering eligible probation, notwithstanding.' 1215, 2723—2725. B. 115 Policy. 116 'It hereby fair impartial modes administered recognize preserve advantages each; safe, adequate, economical, efficient foster sound economic carriers; encourage establishment maintenance charges services, unjust discriminations, undue preferences advantages, unfair destructive competitive practices; duly wages equitable working conditions;—all end developing, coordinating, preserving water, highway, rail, means, meet needs Postal Service, defense. All enforced policy.' Inserted 899, U.S.C., 117 'National Policy' has, superseded 202 cross 203(b), 545. 'find 202(a), 543. 118 202. (a) in, interest; therefor, improve relations between, coordinate develop adapted defense; thereof organization part.' 119 repealed, 920. designation changed respectively (b). (Both subsections infra.) 120 ceased contain 'policy Congress' corresponding 202(a). inserted 'before I' paragraph Policy.' 899. codification Title 49, codified 303(b), instead opinion. Material Provisions 121 procurement facilities 122 amended, 302(a) 302(a, b). 123 203. 124 employed school children teachers school; taxicabs, performing bona fide taxicab capacity six fixed termini; owned behalf hotels exclusively hotel patrons stations; operated, authorization, Interior, parks monuments; (4a) controlled farmer products supplies farm; cooperative association Agricultural Marketing 1929, federation associations, possesses associations defined; (6) consisting ordinary livestock, fish (including shell fish), (not including manufactured thereof), property, compensation; distribution newspapers; (7a) incidental aircraft; 202,26 municipalities zone adjacent commercially municipalities, management, continuous carriage shipment municipality, zone, irregular routes entire jurisdiction; unless, procured pending permit.' 545—546, 1029, 1237, 303(b). 125 211. No contract, agreement, provide, procure, furnish, advertisement, solicitation, provides, procures, contracts, holds transactions: Provided, part. execution sell, lawful part: further, carrier, jointly certificates permits, railroad, water.' 126 222. Any knowingly willfully violating requirement, term certificate, permit, license, provided, $100 Each day offense.' 564, 322(a), 322(a). 127 APPENDIX C. 128 Summary policies. 129 130 STATUTE. (See A, supra) 131 Persona Affected Activities Prohibited. 132 negotiate, 133 (In textual variations prohibitions, differs broker.) Exemptions. 134 654.2. 136 137 138 139 140 Penalties. 141 654.3. notwithstanding. 142 assigning states,and finding 143 144 "until *." P.761, S.Ct.857, 145 Amendments. 146 "the commerce* *" 861, 147 148 "transportation interpreted, Note 7, 149 share-the-expensemotor 150 759, 856, took U. S. 857, 151 Amendments 860, automatically 770-773, 861-863, FEDERAL 153 supra.) 154 155 SEC. part-- 156 "person" firm, copartnership, company, joint-stock association; includes trustee, receiver, assignee, representative thereof. 544, 303(a) (1), (1). 157 *. 158 ureau license.) 159 water. 160 161 162 163 165 166 fish) 167 168 tine 169 170 171 172 173 Act--Motor "The Commission." B (2), "Nothing thereof." 175 "unless 176 Act--1940 177 178 Order--1942 Order 179 By virtue self-terminating 181 gave warning 762, 767, 858, 182 began 859, resulted t declined agreed refrain interstate. 183 continuously them date. Calif.Stats.1947, 2724, 2725, Deering's Calif. (1947 Supp.), failed correspondence 301, 303(b) (see infra), 543 919, 921. 303(b)(9). 'by third-party intermediary engages 81. Illinois (3 Carriers Cases 2297). County, review courts. Art. VI, 4b, Calif.Const.; Reed, 39, 240. Compare Missouri, K. T.R. Texas Harris, 412, 790, 1377, L.R.A.1915E, 942, Atkinson, 222 370, 160, 237; York Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 59, 63, 90, 383; Oregon-Washington Nav. 270 279, 482; relevant. resort seems supply underlying 333, quotation 'coincidence.' Chicago, R.I. P.R. Hardwick Farmers' 226 426, 174, 284, L.R.A., N.S., Marigold forgeries, expected: passed. text. Discussion debate hearings descriptive. Hearings Subcommittee House Committee Foreign 5262 6016, 74th 1st 47, 97, 183, 188—191, 262; Senate 1629, 1632, 1635, 70, 119, 186—188, 215, 390. reports helpful. expression deference strengthened floor Senate, Cong.Rec. 5735 5737. 12197; 305(a), 305(a). E.g., Highway Barnwell Bros., 303 625, 510, 734; Clark Poor, 274 557, 702, 703, 1199; Hendrick Maryland, 235 610, 140, 385; 500; distinction 267 307, 324, 623, 286, Bush Maloy, 317, 326, 627, Bradley 95, 577, 578, 1053, 1131. Kauper, Carriers, Mich.L.Rev. 1097. travel-bureau extensive western southwestern notably City, Mo., Wichita, Kans., Oklahoma City Tulsa, Okla., Fort Worth, Antonio, Houston El Paso, Tex., Calif., Portland, Oreg., Seattle, Wash., Denver, Colo. establishes exist Ill., N.Y. time, approximately alone. 72. Letters Houston, Seattle. Wichita Denver attempted, likewise Arizona, Montana, Mexico, Utah, Wyoming Idaho's requirement registration fee. ignore practical differences rely invalidated grab-irons residents hardly compared time-honored nation's traditional avenues railroads. resolve sharp extreme revealed customhouse carried on. Minnesota, legitimately safeguarding interests peo le variety enforceable following statutes: California: $250 both, convictions, year. Cal.Pen.Code Supp.). Washington: jail; increase Wash.Rev.Stat.Ann. 2266 (1940), 6397—19, 6397—20, (1941 Wyoming: $25, $100, months both. Comp.Stat. 60—1309, 60—1362 (1945). applicability sections Cal.Stats., C.F.R., Cum.Supp. appeal proved defendants done acts. contention founded. 'Respondent (The California) invalidate ordinance void, 'as laws,' 'there acts.' Respondent authorities matters stated. Supreme ago: 'This (enacted Congress) covers Statute, coexist.' (People 1883, (90), 385.) conclude, validly sustained.' Zook, 851, 852, 854. include: 654.1—654.3, Cal.Stat. Policy, B(1), states; licenses, certificates, permits; 222(a), penalties; seq.; b), 210.1, 'COMPLAINT—Filed January 1948 'Personally appeared me, 8th January, E. W. Hively sworn, complains says: 7th County to-wit: Berl Wilmer Craig (whose true name affiant unknown), last aforesaid, wilfully unlawfully, 925 West Street, negotiated, advertised willing negotiate James Moss Dorothy Mae Elbag, Legotiated 'All Statute peace dignity Said Complainant prays warrant Defendant ........ unknown) according 'Subscribed sworn me Hively. 'Urban F. Emma, Clerk G. Lander (Seal.) Deputy Clerk. '(File endorsement omitted) 'Issued Ray Chesebro, Attorney 'By Boyd Taylor, Attorney.' complaint. stipulated facts, sentenced court. motion denied. reversed remanded directions sustain demurrer. Cf. Act; 211(a) generally, Appendices B, assuming default payment fines p.m. judgment, imprisoned day's $2 exceeding eligibility probation. Violations punishable, constitutes (U.S.Const. I, 8.) Laws Pursuance Law Land; Judges every bound thereby, Thing Contrary (Id. VI.) seem, construction, constitutional, subject; subject, actually manner, form, legislatures interfere; were, compliment deem auxiliary purpose. prescribe, manifestly intend subject-matter. silence do, direct doctrine fully recognised Moore, (5 19); held, competent declared, expressed.' 617—618, 1060. puts cooperation, accompaniment Policy creation paralleling calls, rather, petitioner, argument, pointed originally there. phrase, incorporated Policy,' clauses Servi e, comment, withdraw theretofore, kept operators exempt 547, Orders directing investigations, Fed.Reg. 1830, 1845. follows, italicized: '(9) 'In (in 'interstate agents') regulates 'intrastate agents').' 1862, 1863, amending preceded, EX MC—36, 200.300. recorded, 'Order 'At Session office D.C., 21st A.D. 'Ex Parte Mc,—35 'Exemption Occasional, Reciprocal Passengers Vehicle appearing, division w ether procured, furnished, negotiates furnishes, 'And things division, hereof, containing findings conclusions thereon, hereof: ordered, Regulations be, hereby, adding 'Title 49—Transportation 'Chapter 1—Interstate 'Subchapter B—Carriers 'Part 210—Exemptions 210. compensation. Sec. notice affected thereby publishing Register depositing copies D.C. '(Signed) Bartel 'Secretary.' indebted order. appears Edmondson, March 1946, officially reported 1946 L.A.Crim.App. 2160. Cert. denied, October 329 621.

Category: 7