vgaraujov/thesis-chile huggingface dataset:
Transmisión y activación de capital cultural en contextos migratorios : el caso de familias migrantes en Santiago de Chile.

El fenómeno de la migración internacional tomó especial importancia durante las últimas décadas, en particular en países latinoamericanos como Chile cuyas características económicas y políticas lo posicionan como uno de los destinos predilectos de quienes deciden dejar su lugar de origen para buscar oportunidades en otros territorios. En ese sentido, el propósito de esta investigación doctoral es analizar cómo las familias migrantes latinoamericanas radicadas en Santiago de Chile resuelven los problemas vinculados a la discriminación, violencia y/o racismo acontecidos en su vida cotidiana, asimismo las complicaciones económicas y sociales derivadas significativamente de su estatus migratorio, en un escenario en el que las distintas formas de capital (desde la perspectiva de Bourdieu) y los procesos asociados a su conversión, transmisión, posesión y activación/utilización, constituyen elementos fundamentales para la incorporación de estas familias dentro de la sociedad chilena. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo que enfoca su esfuerzo en el trabajo etnográfico dentro del entorno público y privado de las familias migrantes que participan en esta investigación. Como parte de la estrategia metodológica se realizaron sesiones de observación en escuelas de educación básica y dentro de los hogares de las familias, además, entrevistas semiestructuradas con padres y madres de familia. En este estudio participan migrantes originarios de países de América Latina y el Caribe que residen de forma permanente en Santiago de Chile. A partir de la investigación es posible afirmar que las estrategias de transmisión y activación de capital están estrechamente asociadas a las distintas formas en las que padres y madres de familia convierten los distintos tipos de capitales en el lugar de acogida a fin de obtener beneficios que les permitan resolver las dificultades sociales, políticas y económicas que enfrentan en Chile. Asimismo, se presentan diferencias importantes en términos de etnicidad, particularmente vinculado a elementos como el lenguaje, las creencias religiosas, y color de piel, que son preponderantes al momento que los migrantes acumulan y/o activan los distintos tipos de capital.
Modelación, diseño, fabricación y validación experimental de un convertidor undimotriz de dos cuerpos.

La energía undimotriz se extrae del movimiento ondulatorio de las olas marinas. Las tecnologías para convertir esta energía en electricidad aún no alcanzan un estado maduro ni existe un diseño dominante. En este trabajo, se propone una metodología de diseño para un convertidor undimotriz (WEC, wave energy converter) de dos cuerpos, con un novedoso sistema de toma de fuerza (PTO, power take-off) que permite configurar sus parámetros según las condiciones de las olas para optimizar la potencia generada. Se modeló, diseñó y probó experimentalmente un prototipo destinado a aplicaciones autosustentables de baja potencia. Este convertidor consiste en un cuerpo flotante unido mediante el PTO a un segundo cuerpo sumergido con flotación neutra. Si los parámetros del PTO se eligen correctamente, dada la frecuencia externa de las olas, el sistema puede operar cerca de la condición de resonancia, lo que maximiza la potencia generada. Modelar un WEC puede ser extremadamente complejo, por lo que, se adaptó un modelo matemático lineal propuesto por Fanles para encontrar por parámetros óptimos del PTO en olas regulares e irregulares. Para validar el modelo, se realizaron pruebas en tanque para encontrar experimentalmente los parámetros óptimos del PTO y la potencia generada. Experimentalmente, se probaron diferentes parámetros de diseño para buscar la potencia óptima generada. Con olas de 16 cm de altura y 0.55 Hz de frecuencia, se alcanzaron picos de potencia de 20W (8.9W promedio). Al extrapolar estos resultados experimentales, se esperan potencias entre 400-600W para olas de 1 metro y una eficiencia de 48,3%. El modelo hace una predicción aceptable para el movimiento relativo óptimo entre los cuerpos, el coeficiente de amortiguación óptimo del PTO (Cpto) y la potencia generada. También, hace una buena predicción para el coeficiente de rigidez optimo (kpto) cuando la masa del cuerpo sumergido es baja.
Interfaces between statistical learning and risk management.

The recent hype on Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, and Machine Learning has been leading to a revolution in the industries of Banking and Finance. Motivated by this revolution, this thesis develops novel statistical methodologies tailored for learning about financial risk in the Big Data era. Specifically, the methodologies proposed in this thesis build over ideas, concepts, and methods that relate to cluster analysis, copulas, and extreme value theory. I start this thesis working on the framework of extreme value theory and propose novel statistical methodologies that identify time series which resemble the most in terms of magnitude and dynamics of their extreme losses. A cluster analysis algorithm is proposed for the setup of heteroscedastic extremes as a way to learn about similarity of extremal features of time series. The proposed method pioneers the development of cluster analysis in a product space between an Euclidean space and a space of functions. In the second contribution of this thesis, I introduce a novel class of distributions—to which we refer to as diagonal distributions. Similarly to the spectral density of a bivariate extreme value distribution, the latter class consists of a mean-constrained univariate distribution function on [0, 1], which summarizes key features on the dependence structure of a random vector. Yet, despite their similarities, spectral and diagonal densities are constructed from very different principles. In particular, diagonal densities extend the concept of marginal distribution—by suitably projecting pseudo-observations on a segment line; diagonal densities also have a direct link with copulas, and their variance has connections with Spearman’s rho. Finally, I close the thesis by proposing a density ratio model for modeling extreme values of non-indentically distributed observations. The proposed model can be regarded as a proportional tails model for multisample settings. A semiparametric specification is devised to link all elements in a family of scedasis densities through a tilt from a baseline scedasis. Inference is conducted by empirical likelihood inference methods.
Recognizing states of psychological vulnerability to suicidal behavior: a Bayesian network of artificial intelligence applied to a clinical sample

Abstract Background This study aimed to determine conditional dependence relationships of variables that contribute to psychological vulnerability associated with suicide risk. A Bayesian network (BN) was developed and applied to establish conditional dependence relationships among variables for each individual subject studied. These conditional dependencies represented the different states that patients could experience in relation to suicidal behavior (SB). The clinical sample included 650 mental health patients with mood and anxiety symptomatology. Results Mainly indicated that variables within the Bayesian network are part of each patient’s state of psychological vulnerability and have the potential to impact such states and that these variables coexist and are relatively stable over time. These results have enabled us to offer a tool to detect states of psychological vulnerability associated with suicide risk. Conclusion If we accept that suicidal behaviors (vulnerability, ideation, and suicidal attempts) exist in constant change and are unstable, we can investigate what individuals experience at specific moments to become better able to intervene in a timely manner to prevent such behaviors. Future testing of the tool developed in this study is needed, not only in specialized mental health environments but also in other environments with high rates of mental illness, such as primary healthcare facilities and educational institutions.
Contribution of social, spatial, and economic frictions to the socioeconomic school segregation : evidence from Chile.

A growing body of research has shown that increasing freedom of school choice may lead to higher socioeconomic school segregation. However, the evaluation of related educational policies requires a deeper understanding of the channels through which parental choices impact on socioeconomic school segregation, and a measure of the contribution of each of those channels. I look at rankordered Pre-Kindergarten preferences of high socioeconomic status (SES) and low-SES parents to explore this interrogation. Through the simulation of multiple counterfactual scenarios regarding school applications and the school admission process, I quantify the contribution of social, spatial, and economic frictions to socioeconomic school segregation in Chile. While removing social frictions leads to a significant decrease in socioeconomic school segregation, removing spatial frictions does not. Finally, removing economic frictions to all types of students leads to a significant increase in the levels of segregation due to highly congested school applications and heterogeneous preferences of high-SES and low-SES parents concerning school attributes.
Chapter 13 : Origin and evolution of human speech : emergence from a trimodal auditory, visual and vocal network

In recent years, there have been important additions to the classical model of speech processing as originally depicted by the Broca–Wernicke model consisting of an anterior, productive region and a posterior, perceptive region, both connected via the arcuate fasciculus. The modern view implies a separation into a dorsal and a ventral pathway conveying different kinds of linguistic information, which parallels the organization of the visual system. Furthermore, this organization is highly conserved in evolution and can be seen as the neural scaffolding from which the speech networks originated. In this chapter we emphasize that the speech networks are embedded in a multimodal system encompassing audio-vocal and visuo-vocal connections, which can be referred to an ancestral audio-visuo-motor pathway present in nonhuman primates. Likewise, we propose a trimodal repertoire for speech processing and acquisition involving auditory, visual and motor representations of the basic elements of speech: phoneme, observation of mouth movements, and articulatory processes. Finally, we discuss this proposal in the context of a scenario for early speech acquisition in infants and in human evolution.
Diseño de un diagnóstico participativo para la elaboración del Plan de Formación Ciudadana : experiencia en un colegio de la comuna de El Bosque.

Según el Informe PNUD (2018) ha prevalecido una lógica de elaboración poco participativa en la creación del Plan de Formación Ciudadana (PNUD, 2018) perdiendo su sentido formativo al convertirse en un mero requerimiento ministerial. El objetivo de esta investigación es diseñar un Diagnóstico Participativo para la elaboración del Plan de Formación Ciudadana, promoviéndolo como una herramienta de reflexión en torno a los problemas y desafíos de la comunidad educativa y como un espacio de participación comunitaria. Se examinan los datos obtenidos del diseño de esta propuesta en una escuela particular subvencionada de la comuna de El Bosque a través de una Investigación Acción Participativa. Se analizaron cualitativamente los datos de 4 entrevistas grupales y 3 entrevistas individuales. Con esto, se logra caracterizar los conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes ciudadanas de la comunidad escolar, identificar sus espacios de participación ciudadana dentro de la escuela y proponer acciones para el Plan de Formación Ciudadana.
Flexible bayesian inference for families of random densities.

A main goal of this thesis is to propose and study novel flexible Bayesian models for setups that entail families of random densities. Two specific contexts will be examined: one involves phase-varying point processes, whereas the other involves functional principal component analysis. The common denominator underlying these contexts is the need to model families of random measures to each of which corresponds a different data generating process. On both contexts, prior processes will be used so to devise priors on the target objects of interest. In more detail, one context entails separating amplitude variation from phase variation in a multiple point process setting. In this framework, I pioneer the development of priors on spaces of warping maps by proposing a novel Bayesian semiparametric approach for modeling registration of multiple point processes. Specifically, I develop induced priors for warp maps via a Bernstein polynomial prior so to learn about the structural measure of the point process and about the phase variation in the process. Theoretical properties of the induced prior, including support and posterior consistency, are established under a fairly mild proviso. Also, numerical experiments are conducted to assess the performance of this new approach; finally, a real data application in climatology illustrates the proposed methodology. The other context that will be considered in this thesis involves modeling families of random densities using functional principal component analysis through the so-called Karhunen–Loève decomposition. For this, I develop a data-driven prior based on the Karhunen–Loève decomposition which can be used to borrowing strength across samples. The proposed approach defines a prior on the space of families of densities. Theoretical properties are developed to ensure that the trajectories from an infinite mixture belong to L 2 which is a necessary condition for the Karhunen–Loève decomposition to hold. Numerical experiments are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed approach against competing methods, and we offer an illustration by revisiting Galton’s height parents dataset.
Real-time neurofeedback based on functional magnetic resonance imaging as a new approach to study the face processing network in autism spectrum.

One of the most important and early impairments in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the abnormal visual processing of human faces. This deficit has been associated with hypoactivation of the fusiform face area (FFA), one of the main hubs of the face-processing network. Neurofeedback based on real-time fMRI (rtfMRI-NF) is a technique that allows the self-regulation of circumscribed brain regions, leading to specific neural modulation and behavioral changes. The aim of the present study was to train participants with ASD to achieve up-regulation of the FFA using rtfMRI-NF, to investigate the neural effects of FFA up-regulation in ASD. For this purpose, three groups of volunteers with normal I.Q. and fluent language were recruited to participate in a rtfMRI-NF protocol of eight training runs in two days. Five subjects with ASD participated as part of the experimental group and received contingent feedback to self-regulate bilateral FFA. Two control groups, each one with three participants with typical development (TD), underwent the same protocol: one group with contingent feedback and the other with sham feedback. Whole-brain and functional connectivity analysis using each fusiform gyrus as independent seeds were carried out. The results show that individuals with TD and ASD can achieve FFA up-regulation with contingent feedback. RtfMRI-NF in ASD produced more numerous and stronger short-range connections among brain areas of the ventral visual stream and an absence of the long-range connections to insula an inferior frontal gyrus, as observed in TD subjects. Recruitment of inferior frontal gyrus was observed in both groups during FAA self-regulation. However, insula and caudate nucleus were only recruited in subjects with TD. These results could be explained from a neurodevelopment perspective as a lack of the normal specialization of visual processing areas, and a compensatory mechanism to process visual information of faces. RtfMRI-NF emerges as a potential tool to study visual processing in ASD, and to explore its clinical potential.
Presencia de factores de riesgo para la salud en el hábitat domiciliario de familias vulnerables con y sin personas mayores del Programa de Habitabilidad dirigido por el Fondo de Solidaridad e Inversión Social (FOSIS) : estudio transversal, Región Metropolitana, 2010 - 2012.

Antecedentes: El hábitat domiciliario posee factores de riesgo para la salud, poco estudiados en familias vulnerables con personas mayores de 60 años (PM). Materiales y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio transversal con datos secundarios de participantes del Programa de habitabilidad - FOSIS (PH), Región Metropolitana (RM), 2010-2012, para conocer algunos de estos factores en familias con PM (FC-PM) y sin PM (FS-PM). Se realizó análisis descriptivo univariado de factores de riesgo y compararon grupos mediante Chi-cuadrado, t Student y ANOVA. Resultados: Se estudiaron 5.961 familias, 657 FC-PM y 5.304 FS-PM, urbanos 94,8%, indigencia 90%. FC-PM distingue Familias Vínculo (FV, 1 a 2 integrantes), Familias Puente Mayor (FPM, 3 a 6). FS-PM con 3 a 5. Índice vejez muestra 4,1%, y dependencia demográfica baja, media y alta en FPM, FSPM y FV respectivamente. Jefatura familiar (JF) femenina 96,8%. FC-PM más personas con discapacidad, menos ayudas técnicas, reinserción laboral y rehabilitación. 2 a 3 problemas hábitat por familia, más en FC-PM y ruralidad, principalmente carencia camas, aislación vivienda, y eléctricos; agua y excretas menos frecuente. FC-PM habitan “casa” 72,9% y “mediagua” 20,4%, madera y ladrillos principales materiales. Vivienda precaria 33%, condición regular o mala 53,9%. Habita en menos de 54 m2 el 63,3%, con hacinamiento “medio y crítico” 26,3%. Problemas de acceso, desplazamiento y capacidad de alcanzar en el 46,5% de las FC-PM. FV y ruralidad concentran las peores condiciones y el menor espacio. Conclusiones: Los problemas del hábitat identificados afectan en mayor medida a las FC-PM, existiendo diferencias en características de las familias que pudieran resultar protectoras o dañinas para la salud relacionada al hábitat domiciliario. Se requiere profundizar en el estudio de estas condiciones, proponiendo el desarrollo de un modelo interdisciplinario de gestión de vivienda saludable que involucre a los distintos actores relacionados, de manera articulada y complementaria.
La incorporación de los asentamientos informales a la ciudad : la tierra urbana como arena de contención política.

¿Bajo qué condiciones los gobiernos locales deciden intervenir en los asentamientos informales? Mientras que la expulsión de los sectores de menores recursos de los centros urbanos a través de mecanismos de mercado (i.e. gentrificación) ha sido reconocido como un fenómeno global, en las grandes ciudades del Sur Global éste ha coincidido con el crecimiento sostenido de la población residente en asentamientos informales. Los gobiernos locales han llevado a cabo distintos tipos de intervención en estos espacios urbanos, que van desde el desalojo a la regularización e incorporación de los mismos al tejido urbano. Los estudios urbanos han asociados la disparidad de la acción estatal en los asentamientos informales urbanos tanto a lógicas clientelares llevadas a cabo por los partidos de gobierno, como a la acción colectiva de las organizaciones de base territorial. Sin embargo, el rol de los intereses de la coalición gubernamental favorable al desarrollo urbano en el territorio informalmente habitado no ha sido suficientemente problematizado. En esta investigación desarrollo un modelo de incorporación selectiva de asentamientos informales a la ciudad por el cual argumento que la intervención de los gobiernos locales en un asentamiento es el resultado de la interacción entre los intereses de la coalición gubernamental favorable al desarrollo urbano, y la capacidad de una comunidad de peticionar al Estado con el apoyo de una red externa de aliados institucionalmente influyentes. Sostengo que la incorporación de un asentamiento informal a la trama urbana es una estrategia selectiva que le permite al gobierno salir de una situación de estancamiento suscitada en un espacio determinado, y avanzar sus intereses asociados al desarrollo urbano. De este modo, la incorporación del asentamiento es teorizada como una “gridlock solución” al conflicto suscitado por el uso de la tierra urbana. Con el objeto de evaluar la lógica causal de mi argumento desarrollo una estrategia de comparación controlada entre dos asentamientos informales de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, la Villa 20 y Rodrigo bueno, en el período 1990-2017.
Hedonic estimation with unobserved characteristics : an application to the housing market in Santiago, Chile

We estimate a hedonic price function for the characteristics of housing units in Santiago, Chile, with the aim to capture unobserved utility-generating attributes for each unit. We used for this purpose two different semiparametric regression methods: a local linear kernel regression with a single unobservable index variable, similar to what has been implemented by Bajari and Kahn (2005), and a partially linear in the parameters, partially nonparametric method as first proposed by Robinson (1988). The data used comes from a cross-sectional sample of housing units in Santiago, Chile in 2006. Interestingly, the results obtained for the unobservable components are similar to each other and to ordinary least squares.
How to compete against a behavioral newsvendor

We investigate newsvendor ordering behavior under competition. We present a laboratory experiment that documents the behavioral ordering regularities in competitive newsvendor environments, and an analytical model extending the standard theory of newsvendor competition by including an optimal best-response policy for competing with a behaviorally biased newsvendor. We test the effectiveness of this policy using an out-of-sample experiment and find that it results in improved market share, service level and profitability
Behavioral ordering, competition and profits : an experimental investigation

We investigate the impact of behavioral ordering on profits under competition. Specifically, we use controlled laboratory experiments to evaluate the differences in profits between a behavioral competitor (where a human places orders), and a management science‐driven competitor (where orders are placed according to one of several plausible policies based on existing literature and managerial practice). Unlike the full‐information game‐theoretic models that assume rational decision‐makers, these policies mimic practical situations by using less information and do not assume that their human competitors make fully rational decisions. Most prior literature focuses on non‐competitive settings, where behaviorally biased deviations from optimal order quantities result in small expected profit losses. In contrast, under competition, we find that human decision‐makers receive a substantially lower profit than the equilibrium expected profit, even as their competitors receive substantially higher profit.