vgaraujov/thesis-chile huggingface dataset:
Advances in the management of children with intestinal failure

La insuficiencia intestinal se define como la reducción de la masa intestinal funcional por debajo de la cantidad mínima necesaria para la digestión y la absorción adecuada de nutrientes y fluidos. Responde a diferentes causas, siendo la más reconocida el intestino corto. En este trabajo se revisarán los recientes avances en el manejo médico y quirúrgico de esta entidad, que, siendo una patología de baja prevalencia, afecta directamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus familias, y se asocia a altos costos económicos. Su principal característica es la necesidad de soporte nutricional a largo plazo, y sus mayores complicaciones son sepsis y enfermedad hepática secundaria al uso prolongado de nutrición parenteral. El manejo de estos pacientes debe ser realizado por un equipo multidisciplinario, y estar orientado a promover la adaptación y recuperación de la función del intestino para alcanzar su autonomía intestinal. Su derivación temprana a un centro especializado está fuertemente recomendada, ojalá antes de la aparición de complicaciones. El trasplante intestinal, incipiente en nuestro medio, es una alternativa terapéutica en casos seleccionados, en los que la rehabilitación intestinal no ha sido alcanzada
Alternatives to estimate stature during nutritional assessment of children with cerebral palsy

Introducción: La evaluación del estado nutricional es fundamental en el cuidado integral del niño, sin embargo, en los niños con parálisis cerebral (PC) existe dificultad para obtener medidas antropométricas confiables, particularmente de la estatura. Objetivo: Determinar si las ecuaciones para estimar la talla, desarrolladas y validadas en población con PC de otras nacionalidades, tienen aplicabilidad en nuestro medio. Pacientes y Método: Se realizó una evaluación antropométrica en 60 niños con parálisis cerebral que incluyó la medición del peso, la talla y los segmentos corporales: Longitud de la tibia (LT) y altura de rodilla (AR). La talla se estimó usando los segmentos antes descritos y las ecuaciones de Stevenson et al1. Se evaluó la correlación y concordancia entre la talla medida y la estimada. Resultados: En 36 individuos la talla pudo ser medida de manera confiable y en todos los casos la talla también se estimó. La correlación entre la longitud medida y la estimada con LT y fue de 0,975 y de 0,981 respectivamente (p < 0,001). El análisis de la concordancia entre longitud estimada y longitud medida, en promedio, mostró un importante nivel de acuerdo, evidenciando un error sistemático de -2,96 cm en la talla estimada con el segmento LT y de 0,21 cm con AR. Conclusiones: Las ecuaciones para estimar la talla a partir de los segmentos corporales, longitud de tibia y altura de rodilla, son válidas y útiles, para evaluar el crecimiento lineal de los niños con PC en nuestro medio, ante la dificultad de obtener medidas lineales convencionales.
Andrographolide attenuates skeletal muscle dystrophy in mdx mice and increases efficiency of cell therapy by reducing fibrosis

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by the absence of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin, muscle wasting, increased transforming growth factor type beta (TGF-β) signaling, and fibrosis. At the present time, the only clinically validated treatments for DMD are glucocorticoids. These drugs prolong muscle strength and ambulation of patients for a short term only and have severe adverse effects. Andrographolide, a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone, has traditionally been used for the treatment of colds, fever, laryngitis, and other infections with no or minimal side effects. We determined whether andrographolide treatment of mdx mice, an animal model for DMD, affects muscle damage, physiology, fibrosis, and efficiency of cell therapy.Methods: mdx mice were treated with andrographolide for three months and skeletal muscle histology, creatine kinase activity, and permeability of muscle fibers were evaluated. Fibrosis and TGF-β signaling were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Muscle strength was determined in isolated skeletal muscles and by a running test. Efficiency of cell therapy was determined by grafting isolated skeletal muscle satellite cells onto the tibialis anterior of mdx mice.Results: mdx mice treated with andrographolide exhibited less severe muscular dystrophy than untreated dystrophic mice. They performed better in an exercise endurance test and had improved muscle strength in isolated muscles, reduced skeletal muscle impairment, diminished fibrosis and a significant reduction in TGF-β signaling. Moreover, andrographolide treatment of mdx mice improved grafting efficiency upon intramuscular injection of dystrophin-positive satellite cells.Conclusions: These results suggest that andrographolide could be used to improve quality of life in individuals with DMD.
Angiographic and electrocardiographic parameters of myocardial reperfusion in angioplasty of patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction loaded with ticagrelor or clopidogrel (MICAMI-TICLO trial)

Introduction Ticagrelor has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with ACS. However, the effects of this drug on parameters of microvascular flow in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have not been completely evaluated. Methods Ninety-two patients presenting with STEMI where randomized to a loading dose of clopidogrel (600 mg) or ticagrelor (180 mg) before undergoing primary angioplasty. We assessed angiographic and electrocardiographic parameters of myocardial reperfusion. Blinded operators calculated angiographic corrected TIMI Frame count (cTFC) and myocardial blush grade (MBG) before and after stent implantation. ST segment resolution was also measured in all patients. Primary endpoint was cTFC after PCI. Secondary endpoints were cTFC prior to PCI, TIMI flow grade, MBG and the percentage of ST resolution. Results Of the 92 randomized patients, 70 patients were analyzed. Mean age of patients was 58.8 ± 10 years. Patients presented with a mean ischemic time of 4.4 ± 2.6 hours. There were no significant differences in the time between loading dose and stent deployment (35.2 ± 36.4 in ticagrelor and 42.7 ± 29.5 min in clopidogrel, p = 0.36). cTFC before angioplasty was significantly lower in ticagrelor than in clopidogrel (81.1 ± 29.4 vs. 95.1 ± 17.5 frames respectively, p = 0.01). After angioplasty there were no differences between ticagrelor and clopidogrel in cTFC (24.6 ± 9.3 vs. 27.0 ± 13.4 frames respectively, p = 0.62); MBG grade 3 was present in 76.4 vs. 69.4% of patients, respectively (p = 0.41). The percentage of ST resolution did not show any differences between groups (84.8 ± 23.4 in ticagrelor vs. 70.8 ± 33.7 in clopidogrel, p = 0.36). Conclusion Compared with clopidogrel, ticagrelor loading in patients presenting with STEMI is not associated with an improvement of angiographic and electrocardiographic parameters of myocardial reperfusion after angioplasty.
Atypical optic neuritis in a young adult: A diagnostic challenge

La neuritis óptica es una enfermedad inflamatoria del nervio óptico y se clasifica en típica y atípica: la primera, se puede asociar al diagnóstico o riesgo futuro de desarrollo de esclerosis múltiple (EM). Sin embargo, el diagnóstico diferencial es extenso y el tratamiento y pronóstico dependen de la causa. El propósito del presente trabajo es presentar un caso clínico sobre neuritis óptica desmielinizante y discutir paso a paso el enfrentamiento diagnóstico.
Autoimmune pulmonary proteinosis in a Chilean teenager, a rare aetiology of interstitial lung disease

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is rare and encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases, and is even rarer in children than in adults. ILDs compromise more than 100 different entities, including pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). There are many causes of PAP in children, including surfactant protein gene mutations (SFTPB, SFTPC, ABCA3, TTF-1), GMCSF receptor mutations and antigranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor autoantibodies. We report a case of a 13-year-old Chilean girl who presented with an 8-month history of progressive exercise intolerance, fatigability and diminished school performance. Physical examination revealed resting tachypnoea, a few basal bilateral inspiratory crackles, and hypoxaemia on minimal exertion. Clinical suspicion and evaluation, including international collaboration, led to the diagnosis of autoimmune PAP and specific therapy for the condition.
Breast cancer and pregnancy: A comparative analysis of a Chilean cohort

Introduction: Recent reports show that pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) survival is similar to that of non-pregnant young patients. We evaluate the characteristics and prognosis of PABC patients treated in our cancer centre. Patients and methods: We identified patients with invasive PABC who were treated between 1999 and May 2013 and compared their characteristics with a no PABC cohort of similar age. Results: The prevalence of PABC was 1% (n = 17). The median age was 35 years (range: 29– 42 years). The initial tumour was suspected clinically in 93% of the cases. Total mastectomy rates were higher in women with PABC (78.6% versus 40.5%, p = 0.02), and more tumours in the PABC group were triple negative, epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2)–positive, and at advanced stages; however, these differences were not statistically significant. While estimated overall survival at ten years was higher in the non-PABC group (75.5% versus 80.5%, p = 0.043), disease-specific survival (DSS) rate at ten years was not statistically different between groups (83.9% for PABC and 75.5% for unrelated pregnancy BC, p = 0.37). Conclusions: PABC is a rare event. In our cohort, it tended to be more aggressive. Compared with a similar age cohort, the DSS was not worse.
Candida parapsilosis and candida guillermondii: Emerging pathogens in nail candidiasis

Background: Onychomycosis of the fingernails and toenails is generally caused by dermatophytes and yeasts. Toenail mycoses involve mainly dermatophytes but when Candida is also involved, the strain most commonly isolated worldwide is C. albicans. Aims: To determine Candida strains prevailing in onychomycosis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, observational and descriptive study of fungal cultures retrieved from the registry of the microbiology laboratory of the Pontificia Universidad Católica was performed. Specimens obtained from patients attending the healthcare network between December 2007 and December 2010 was analyzed. Statistical Analysis: A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: Candida was retrieved from 467 of 8443 specimens (52% fingernails and 48% toenails). Cultures were negative in 5320 specimens (63.6%). Among Candida-positive cultures, parapsilosis was the most commonly isolated strain with 202 cases (43.3%). While isolates of Candida guillermondii were 113 (24.2%), those of Candida albicans were 110 (23.6%), those of spp. were 20 (4.3%) and there were 22 cases of other isolates (4.71%). Among the 467 patients with positive cultures for Candida, 136 (29,1%) were men and 331 (70,9%) were women. All patients were older than 18 years old. Clinical files were available for only 169 of the 467 patients with positive cultures for Candida. For those, age, gender, underlying illnesses and use of immunossupresive agents during the trial was reviewed. Conclusions: The present study shows that both C. parapsilosis as well as C. guillermondii appear as emerging pathogens that would be in fact taking the place of C. albicans as the most commonly isolated pathogen in patients with Candida onychomycosis. The relative percentage of C parapsilosis increases every year. Identification of Candida strains as etiological agents of nail candidiasis becomes relevant to the management both nail as well as systemic candidiasis, in view of the resistance to conventional treatments readily reported in the literature.
Case report: Portal vein pseudoaneurysm as an hemorrhagic complication after pancreatoduodenectomy

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple surgery) is a procedure commonly performed for the management of pancreatic neoplasms. Hemorrhagic complications for this procedure are well known, however, there is little information on the development of portal vein pseudoaneurysm as a complication of this surgery. We present a case of a 76 year old patient with portal vein pseudoaneurysm which formed as a result of late-onset bleeding after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Computed tomography of the abdomen was performed showing the portal vein pseudoaneurysm, which was surgically corroborated as a 2cm tear in this structure. The pseudoaneurysm developed adjacent to an abdominal drainage tube and in the intraoperative anastomotic leakage was evident, findings also described in another case of portal vein pseudoaneurysm after pancreaticoduodenectomy, a situation that suggests that these conditions might be risk factors for the development of this complication.
Chromosomal study on spontaneous abortion

Aproximadamente 15% de todos los embarazos clínicos terminan en aborto espontáneo. La causa más frecuente de aborto espontáneo es una anomalía cromosómica fetal, tal como una trisomía autosómica, monosomía X y poliploidía. Desde mayo de 1991 hasta febrero de 2013 hemos realizado 2.416 estudios citogenéticos en restos de aborto en la Sección Citogenética del Laboratorio Clínico de Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile. Deseamos compartir la información sobre la distribución de los hallazgos en estos estudios, así como difundir la estrategia que hemos implementado desde febrero de 2010 con estudio de varias sondas de hibridación in situ con fluorescencia (FISH) en aquellos casos en que el cultivo no ha progresado, lo que permite entregar alguna información importante respecto a la presencia o ausencia de ciertas alteraciones cromosómicas en todos los estudios.
Clinicopathologic subtypes and compromise of lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is currently a heterogeneous disease with variations in clinical behaviour. Classification according to subtypes has allowed progress in the individualisation of treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of axillary node compromise in patients with BC, according to clinicopathologic subtypes. Materials and methods are a retrospective, descriptive-analytical study. All patients that had undergone surgery for invasive BC were included, with the study of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) at Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica, between May 1999 and December 2012. The results showed 632 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with the median age being 55 years (range: 28–95), and 559 (88.4%) patients presented with estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor positive tumours. Luminal A: 246 patients (38.9%), luminal B: 243 (38.4%), luminal not otherwise specified: 70 (11.1%) triple negative (TN): 60 (9.5%) and over expression of epidermal growth factor type 2 receptor (HER2 positive): 13 (2.1%). Luminal tumours displayed a greater risk of metastasis in the SLNs, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.67). TN and HER2 positive tumours presented the greatest proportion of metastatic compromise in non-sentinel lymph nodes (non-SLNs) (57.1% and 50%, respectively). The presence of macrometastasis (MAM) in the SLN was associated with a greater risk of compromise of the non-SLN. Conclusions: Luminal tumours are the most frequent and present a greater proportion of axillary lymph node compromise, without being statistically significant. TN and HER2 positive tumours tend to have a higher axillary compromise; however, this was not statistically significant in either. Only the presence of MAM in SLNs displayed a statistically significantly association in the compromise of non-SLNs.
Diagnostic ability of ultrasound for detecting endometrial cancer in symptomatic and asymptomatic postmenopausal women: Experience of the Catholic University of Chile

Introduction: 10% of postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) have endometrial cancer. Endometrial biopsy is recommended in all postmenopausal women with AUB and endometrial thickness >5 mm on ultrasound. Recent studies suggest that the use of a lower value (3 mm) improves the ability of ultrasound to detect endometrial cancer. In asymptomatic postmenopausal women, endometrial biopsy is recommended if the endometrial thickness is >11mm. Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for detecting endometrial cancer, using a cutoff value of 3 and 5 mm in symptomatic and 11 mm in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Methods: Retrospective review of endometrial biopsies and clinical history of women attending UC Health Network (2007-2012). Results: 132 cases were analyzed, 63.6 % had AUB. There were 17 cases of endometrial cancer (12.9%), with a mean endometrial thickness of 18 mm. 88 % of women with endometrial cancer had SUA. In symptomatic women the sensitivity for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer was 100% and 93% using a cutoff value of 3 and 5 mm respectively. In asymptomatic women, the cutoff value of 11 mm, had a sensitivity of 50 % and a specificity of 65 % for endometrial cancer. Conclusion: We recommend endometrial biopsy in all postmenopausal women with AUB and endometrial thickness >3 mm. In postmenopausal women without AUB we do not recommend routine endometrial ultrasound evaluation.
Dyslipidemia Management in children and adolescents: Recommendations of the Nutrition Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics

The prevalence of dyslipidemia has dramatically increased in children and adolescents, and many of these cases are associated with increased obesity. As this condition represents cardiovascular risk in the future, the bases of its treatment should be widely known. In the vast majority of patients, there will be lifestyle changes, specific diet and increased physical activity, usually all of these resulting in a favorable response. Only a minority will require drug treatment, which must be prescribed by a specialist in the context of a comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment, including the patient and his family. The prevention of cardiovascular risk factors should be performed by all members of the health team. This article presents the recommendations of the Nutrition specialists of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics for screening, diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia in childhood
Pólipo endometrial, una causa infrecuente de sangrado genital anormal en la adolescencia

Antecedentes: El sangrado genital anormal es una causa frecuente de consulta en la adolescencia. En este período, la principal causa de sangrado es la metrorragia asociada a ciclos anovulatorios producto de la inmadurez del eje hipotálamo-hipofisario-gonadal. Dentro de las causas infrecuentes de sangrado genital anormal en ese período está el pólipo endometrial. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de una niña de 13 años cuya causa de sangrado correspondió a un pólipo endometrial, sospechado por ultrasonografía, resecado mediante histeroscopia y confirmado mediante estudio histológico. Discusión: Pese a su baja incidencia, los pólipos endometriales deben ser considerados como parte del diagnóstico diferencial en adolescentes que consultan por trastorno menstrual, particularmente en aquellos casos sin respuesta a la terapia hormonal y donde la ultrasonografía muestra engrosamiento endometrial.
Evolución inusual de fibroadenomas mamarios múltiples en adolescente con metrorragia disfuncional

We describe the unusual evolution of multiple fibroadenomas (FA) in a 11-years old adolescent during treatment of an abnormal uterine bleeding with cyclic progestins. Inicially ultrasound demonstrated more than 10 masses in each breast, up to 2,6 cm diameter, compatible with fibroadenomas. After 13 month follow up lesions decreased in number and size. We discuss the natural history of FA, the hormonal influence in FA etiology, the ultrasound diagnosis and the managment of this pathology in adolescents. We hypothesized that there is an estrogen/progestin imbalance, due to the anovulatory cycles of the post menarche period that caused the AUB and FA. Cyclic progesterone balanced the E/P relation, thus managing both AUB and causing regression of the breast masses.
Tumor de células de la granulosa asociado a hiperandrogenismo femenino rápidamente progresivo

Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 21 años con hiperandrogenismo rápidamente progresivo de origen tumoral ovárico. La biopsia informó tumor de células de la granulosa y la resección fue curativa. Se analizan los posibles mecanismos por los que un tumor de origen en células de la granulosa pueda sintetizar andrógenos.
How much survival benefit is necessary for breast cancer patients to opt for adjuvant chemotherapy? Results from a Chilean survey

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer death in Chilean women. Adjuvant chemotherapy decreases recurrence and death from BC. The recommendation to indicate chemotherapy is complex. Adjuvant! Online is a valuable computational tool to predict survival benefit obtained with adjuvant systemic therapy. Previous studies in Caucasian patients with BC showed that they are willing to receive chemotherapy for a small benefit. No studies, to our knowledge, have been done in the Hispanic or Latino populations. Methods: We interviewed females with BC who had previously received adjuvant chemotherapy. Age, stage at presentation, time since last chemotherapy, type of chemotherapy, marital status, number of children, and level of education were recorded. We used the graphic representation from Adjuvant! Online to question each patient on how much survival benefit she required to accept chemotherapy. Results: There were 101 women surveyed. The average age was 55.9 (±10.2), 54.5% had involved lymph nodes, 59.4% were married, and 15.8% did not have parity; 62.3% of females accepted chemotherapy for an absolute survival benefit of 1% or less. In a multivariate analysis, younger (p = 0.02) and less-educated patients (p = 0.018) were associated with lower survival benefit required to opt for chemotherapy. Conclusion: In our study, the acceptance of chemotherapy by the Hispanic population requires minimal survival benefit and is in agreement with the Caucasian population reported elsewhere. To our knowledge, our report is the first study that evaluates the perception of Latino patients regarding the benefit of chemotherapy in early BC.
Key aspects for successful performance of community agents in outreach interventions with young drug users

Se presentan 2 intervenciones de outreach realizadas con jóvenes consumidores de drogas de Santiago de Chile: una familiar sistémica (IOFS) y una básica de enlace (IOBE). Se discuten los elementos claves involucrados en el desempeño exitoso de 8 agentes comunitarios, logrados por medio de un análisis cualitativo del registro de los procesos de selección, capacitación y supervisión que recibieron. Los agentes reclutaron 138 consumidores de drogas, logrando retener al 93% a los 6 meses de intervención y al 81% al año. Se evalúo la alianza de trabajo establecida entre jóvenes y agentes comunitarios en 3 momentos de la intervención a través del cuestionario de Horvath, comparando ambos tipos de intervención por medio de ANOVA Mixto de Mediciones Repetidas. Los resultados indican que mientras en IOFS la alianza fue sostenida en el tiempo, en IOBE fue decreciendo, pero que es posible desarrollar un trabajo de outreach de calidad con agentes comunitarios profesionalizados y remunerados. El perfil exitoso de agente es adultos jóvenes, con cercanía sociocultural y territorial con la población objetivo, con motivación social-comunitaria y habilidades de vinculación con jóvenes.