vgaraujov/thesis-chile huggingface dataset:
Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para evaluar la experiencia del candidato en los procesos de selección en Chile.

Por años la investigación en selección de personas se ha centrado principalmente en temas como el ajuste persona cargo, la validez de los test psicométricos al perfil buscado y en la definición de cuál es el método de entrevista más efectivo. Pero pocas veces se enfoca en la experiencia que tiene el candidato en el proceso de selección, por ejemplo en cuáles fueron sus apreciaciones al momento de ser entrevistado, su nivel de estrés o ansiedad ante los test psicológicos o cuál fue su apreciación en la justicia de los resultados. Esta actividad de graduación tiene como objetivo el diseño de un cuestionario que permita evaluar y medir la percepción que el candidato tiene del proceso de selección, con el fin de que la herramienta sea un elemento confiable y válido para llegar a conclusiones que permitan diseñar proyectos e intervenciones de mejora tanto en consultoras como en empresas que internalizan la adquisición de talentos. Para lograr el propósito planteado, se utilizó una metodología mixta de investigación, integrando tanto técnicas cualitativas como cuantitativas de estudio. En una primera instancia se condujeron entrevistas semiestructuradas para la construcción de los ítems del cuestionario. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis factorial y un Alfa de Cronbach para la evaluación de la validez y la confiabilidad de la mencionada herramienta de evaluación. El análisis se realiza a partir de una muestra de 1383 individuos con residencia en Chile, con diversos niveles educacionales y realidades demográficas. Todos con un factor en común, la búsqueda activa de empleo.
Construcción del examen de licenciatura de las carreras de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, de una universidad privada y tradicional de Chile, considerando un enfoque edumétrico y una estrategia metodológica participativa.

La evaluación de aprendizajes para la obtención de un grado académico es un requerimiento del sistema nacional de aseguramiento de calidad, donde la certificación de resultados de aprendizaje en carreras del área de recursos naturales se encuentra escasamente documentada. En este contexto, las carreras de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal de una universidad privada y tradicional de Chile, necesitaron evidenciar los resultados de aprendizaje para licenciar a sus estudiantes; para lo cual se implementó una intervención basada en un enfoque de evaluación edumétrico y una estrategia metodológica sustentada en la investigación-acción práctica. Para asegurar la validez, confiabilidad e imparcialidad en el diseño y aplicación de los instrumentos, se aplicó un método de alineación curricular entre resultados de aprendizaje evaluados y competencias de especialidad del perfil de egreso de cada carrera y se verificaron los estándares internacionales vigentes para la evaluación en psicología y educación. Los resultados aportan evidencias al debate no resuelto sobre el uso de instrumentos de respuesta cerrada para evaluar procesos cognitivos de orden superior y permiten abstraer un método útil para el monitoreo del perfil de egreso, donde el fortalecimiento de las competencias evaluativas de los académicos se proyecta en las prácticas evaluativas de los cursos que dictan.
Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Rhythmic Gymnasts

The main aim of this study was to identify the morphological characteristics, to determine the tendency in the physical structure, differences and similarities according to categories based on age of the Chilean team of Rhythmic Gymnastics. We performed an anthropometric analysis of 60 gymnasts, fractioned by categories: preschoolers and schoolers (n = 11), junior (n = 28) and senior (n = 21). The anthropometric analysis was determined based on the study of the body composition, through pentacompartimental fractionation method (Kerr), somatotype (Heath & Carter) and the body mass index (Quetelet). The results showed significant differences between preschoolers and schoolers and higher categories (junior and senior) in the general anthropometric variables of body mass, height and BMI. Regarding the body composition, we only found significant differences in the percentage of muscle mass between the preschoolers and schoolers when being compared with the other two categories. In the study of somatotype, the prevalence of ectomorphic categorization was only found in the preschoolers and schoolers (meso-ectomorph), while in the junior category a mesomorph-ectomorph somatotype was observed and a central type in the senior category. We conclude that the morphology of the selected Chilean Rhythmic gymnastics depends on the category, as observed in the anthropometric characteristics related to the body composition and somatotype. Therefore, this factor is not useful in establishing a clearer tendency in the morph structure for this sport at a national level.
Association between anthropometric characteristics and the motor function in Chileans subjects with different levels of physical activity

There is little information about the relationship between anthropometric indexes and motor function in active and inactive subjects. In that sense, this research aims todetermine the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and motor function score in Chilean subjects with different levels of physical activity. The sample included 63 subjects (20 women), allocated into three groups: physically active group (GFA, n=21), athlete group (GD, n=21) and physically inactive group (GFI, n=21). The variables studied were body composition, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and motor functionality using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). A One-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation test, and a multiple linear regression model were applied, considering P <0.05. The results showed a moderate inverse correlation (-0.52 <= r <= -0.62) between FMS score and sum of skin folds, Z-score fat, fat mass (Kg), BMI in the GFI. Similarly, in the GFA the FMS showed a moderate inverse correlation (-0.54 <= r <= -0.60) with the sum of skin folds, fat mass (Kg& %). Changes in the FMS score were mainly explained by the sum of skin fold, Z-score fat, fat mass (kg), percentage of fat mass and WC. In conclusion, anthropometric characteristics are associated with motor function in physically active (GFA) and inactive Chilean subjects, showing an inverse relationship between the FMS score and adiposity parameters of body composition.
Association between food addiction and nutritional status in Chilean college students

Background: High calorie foods, especially high in sugar and sodium may have an addictive potential. Experimental rats are able to develop symptoms and neuro chemical changes, comparable to those observed in drug abuse, when they are exposed intermittently to sucrose. Aim: To evaluate the association between nutritional status and the prevalence of food addiction in Chilean college students. Material and Methods: Food addiction was assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale in 292 Chilean students aged 18-39 years (35% males). Height and weight were measured and body mass index (weight/height(2)) was calculated. Results: Eleven percent of participants met the criteria for food addiction. Women had a higher prevalence than men (14.4% and 4.8%, respectively). Thirty percent of individuals with a body mass index over 30 kg/m(2) met the criteria for food addiction. Conclusions: In these Chilean students, food addiction was more prevalent in women and a higher prevalence was observed in obese individuals.
Association between nutritional status and flat foot prevalence in Chilean children from 6 to 10 years old

Introduction: Given the increment of overweight and obese children, it is relevant to study not only metabolic but also musculoskeletal consequences that may affect motor functionality such as flat foot in this population. Objetive: To identify the association between nutritional status and the prevalence of flat foot in Chilean children from 6 to 10 years old. Methods: Z-score of body mass index and footprint using Hernandez-Corvo methodology were recorded and analyzed from 388 school children (52.3% girls). A two-sample proportion test was used to test differences between groups. Statistical significance was set at p <= 0.05. Results: The prevalence of overweight children was over 40%. This prevalence was higher in women (47.8%) than in men (42.7%). The prevalence of children with flat foot was 17% and higher for the right foot (18.3%) than for the left foot (15.7%). There was a significant higher prevalence of flat foot in obese children in relation to overweight and normal weight children. Conclusion: Nutritional status is associated with greater prevalence of flat foot in children. In infantile population of 6 to 10 years old, obesity is associated with a morphological alteration of feet.
Changes in nutritional status and its reflection in body composition in Chilean women with metabolic syndrome

Introduction: The categorization of nutritional status by the body mass index (BMI) is one of the most used clinical assessment method in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). The utility to identify differences in body composition to determine changes in nutritional status that are reflected in the variables of body composition in women with MS is unknown. Objetive: To determine whether variations on nutritional status are associated with body composition parameters in women with metabolic syndrome, and to identify the level of agreement between nutritional status and health anthropometric indices in cardiometabolic risk classification. Material and methods: Nutritional status, muscle mass, fat mass, waist circumference (PC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-height index (ICE) were assessed in 136 women with SM (age 42 +/- 3.5 years). Body composition and anthropometric indices were compared. In addition, the agreement between the risk of metabolic syndrome and BMI was determined. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in age (p = 0.358), height (p = 0.209) and percentage of adiposity (p = 0.234). The best agreement of cardiometabolic risk was observed between PC > 88 cm (94.9%) and ICE >= 0.5 (94.9%) when BMI is dichotomized as normal weight and overweight
Childhood obesity and eating behaviour

The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased substantially in the recent decade as a result of the reduction in physical activity and the availability of high-fat and high-energy-density foods which the paediatric population faces daily. Although children are highly exposed to these foods, there is a wide variation in body weight, suggesting the presence of different patterns of response to an "obesogenic" environment. This wide variability from the point of view of eating behaviour involves a number of social issues (e.g., food availability, cost) as well as genuine behavioural traits such as the response to satiety, energy compensation, eating rate, responsiveness to food, food reward and dietary preferences. This article reviews the main physiological variables related to energy intake affecting eating behaviour in the paediatric population.
Consumption of ready-to-eat cereal is inversely associated with body mass index in 6-13 years old Chilean schoolchildren

Background and aims: childhood obesity in Chile is a serious problem with the prevalence continuing to increase over the last decade, despite all governmental efforts to diminish it. Studies indicate that the consumption of certain foods may help to control body weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ready-to-eat cereals (RTEC), body mass index and nutritional intake of macronutrients and micronutrients in school children from Santiago, Chile. Methods and results: the study included 1 477 children aged 6-13 years who were evaluated by trained nutritionists. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured and a 24-hour recall questionnaire was administered in which the hours spent watching TV were also recorded. Overall, 32% of boys and 28 % of girls were overweight but the difference between them was not significant. All children, regardless of sex, showed a significant inverse relationship between amounts of RTEC consumed and body mass index (BMI). Those girls that consumed higher amount of RTEC had a reduced waist circumference than those that had a lower intake. A high consumption of RTEC in all children was related to a higher intake of calories, proteins, carbohydrates, calcium and zinc and to a lower intake of calories from fat. RTEC consumption was also associated with lower risk of being overweight/obese. Conclusion: this study identifies RTEC intake as a potential indicator of a healthy diet. Controlled interventions are necessary to isolate the effect of RTEC consumption from other participating factors.
Effect of exercise duration on pro-oxidants and pH in exhaled breath condensate in humans

Exercise promotes pulmonary oxidative imbalance. In this regard, some evidence has been obtained from the study of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) during urban races, in which the factors involved in the occurrence of this process are still not characterized. In this paper, under laboratory conditions, both the role of time of exercise on the generation of pro-oxidants (H2O2, NO2 (-)) and pH have been assessed in EBC of 16 under-trained subjects who completed three tests of cycloergometric exercise at low intensity (30 % of VO2 max) with a duration of 10, 30, and 90 min. Samples were obtained as follows: immediately before and at 80 min post exertion in each test. In the 90-min test, an increase in H2O2, NO2 (-) concentration in EBC at 80 min post exertion with no changes in the pH was observed. Total O-2 consumption and total ventilation weakly correlated with the changes in H2O2 and NO2 (-). In conclusion, the concentration of pro-oxidants in the EBC depends on the duration of the exercise when it is performed at low intensity under laboratory conditions.
Levels of obesity, fasting glycemia and physical condition in chilean students

Background: Chile has drastically altered eating patterns and physical activity. The main nutritional problem faced by Chilean society is overweight, which arises progressively from an early age. The aim of this study is to determine the nutritional status and compare fitness levels and fasting glucose in students. Patients and methods: a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study was conducted, making a comparison by gender and nutritional status, with 100 students (56 men and 44 women) aged 12-15 years old. Body composition, fasting glucose and fitness were evaluated. Results: women had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than men (22.73% and 19.65%). In the comparison of gender differences statistics were reported in one repetition maximum (1RM) (p = 0.001), abdominal strength (p = 0.004) and velocity (p = 0.001), there were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.24) and fasting glucose (p = 0.99). In the comparison of nutritional status, the students classified as obese had a higher waist perimeter (p = 0.001), more time to walk 400 m (p = 0.008). There were no significant differences in other variables. Conclusions: women have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than men. Obese students have a waist circumference more elevated, more time to walk 400 meters (p = <0.05) and they have increased levels of basal glucose.
Nuevas emulsiones lipídicas enriquecidas con omega-3: ¿beneficios reales en nutrición parenteral?

Total parenteral nutrition allows nutritional supports for patients who are not able to receive oral intake or enteral nutrition. Fatty acids are administrated as lipid emulsions and a lower inflammatory cytokine level has been described after administration of Omega-3. This could be a benefit for critical patients by a potential antiinflamatory and immunomodulation effect. Also, for patients with respiratory distress syndrome, the lower cytokine effect may directly affect pulmonary vessels by vasodilatation and consequently improve respiratory function. Different studies have shown positive clinical outcomes after Omega-3 administration, while other studies have failed to demonstrate significant results. Mechanisms involved with this possible immunomodulation by fish oil are well known, although further research is necessary to clarify the clinical relevance of these mechanisms.
Update on the Mechanisms of Pulmonary Inflammation and Oxidative Imbalance Induced by Exercise

The mechanisms involved in the generation of oxidative damage and lung inflammation induced by physical exercise are described. Changes in lung function induced by exercise involve cooling of the airways, fluid evaporation of the epithelial surface, increased contact with polluting substances, and activation of the local and systemic inflammatory response. The present work includes evidence obtained from the different types of exercise in terms of duration and intensity, the effect of both acute performance and chronic performance, and the influence of special conditions such as cold weather, high altitude, and polluted environments. Levels of prooxidants, antioxidants, oxidative damage to biomolecules, and cellularity, as well as levels of soluble mediators of the inflammatory response and its effects on tissues, are described in samples of lung origin. These samples include tissue homogenates, induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, biopsies, and exhaled breath condensate obtained in experimental protocols conducted on animal and human models. Finally, the need to simultaneously explore the oxidative/inflammatory parameters to establish the interrelation between them is highlighted.
Validation of the short assessment of health literacy for spanish-speaking adults test in Chile

Background: Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals obtain, process and understand basic health information and services. It is necessary to make appropriate decisions about their health. Evidence has shown that the level of health literacy is critical to the prognosis of chronic diseases. The Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-speaking Adults (SAHLSA-50) is a short and simple health literacy adult assessment. Aim: To determine the validity and reliability indicators of SAHLSA-50 in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: The survey was applied to 84 older adults living in high and low income neighborhoods. Results: The survey had an adequate construct validity and reliability, its Comparative Fit Index was 0.93, its Tucker-Lewis index was 0.927 and its Root Mean Square Error of Approximation was 0.044. "Close fit" was not statistically significant (p = 0.828). Reliability was estimated by K-Richardson, which reported a good outcome (0.9255). Despite the good global indicators obtained, it is necessary to pay attention to some items that would fail to explain the "Health literacy" construct or were beyond the parameters of difficulty and discrimination proposed by the authors of the test. Conclusions: We propose this test as a useful tool to assess health literacy in the adult population in Chile. Its use and incorporation into local research can be especially recommended in the areas of education and health promotion.
A preliminary investigation of trunk and wrist kinematics when using drivers with different shaft properties

It is unknown whether skilled golfers will modify their kinematics when using drivers of different shaft properties. This study aimed to firstly determine if golf swing kinematics and swing parameters and related launch conditions differed when using modified drivers, then secondly, determine which kinematics were associated with clubhead speed. Twenty high level amateur male golfers (M +/- SD: handicap = 1.9 +/- 1.9 score) had their three-dimensional (3D) trunk and wrist kinematics collected for two driver trials. Swing parameters and related launch conditions were collected using a launch monitor. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant (p <= 0.003) between driver differences
¿Y antes de Fauchard qué? La odontología en las cavernas, los templos, los hospitales y las universidades

Este trabajo muestra los orígenes de la odontología entre los primitivos habitantes del planeta, entre los médicos de la Antigüedad, el Renacimiento y la Edad Media hasta los tiempos modernos y la instauración del concepto de hospital clínico universitario. Sostiene que la práctica de la odontología es por definición un acto médico que tiene por objeto al ser humano en la sociedad y la salud a restablecer como bien único e indivisible, siendo ambos conceptos los que delimitan y enmarcan toda la práctica médica. La odontología nace junto con el ser humano, junto con el enfermar, el envejecer y el morir.
Abuso y dependencia de internet: la epidemia y su controversia

Background: Since Internet made its first appearance for the general public, and its thereafter growth, different emerging health issues have been described. The discussion has taken place not only in the mass media, but also in the academy, initially with case reports of abuse and dependence, and now that it has been considered as a new diagnosis in the not yet finished DSM-V, either as another category within the substance abuse, or another one more related to the impulse control disorders. Methods: A systematic review of the published literature about the subject was done using related MESH terms: “Internet”, “Behavior, Addictive”, “Impulse Control Disorders” e “Impulsive Behavior” between 2006 and march 2012. Results: The prevalence of Internet abuse and dependence has been difficult to determine because of the lack of consensus in the diagnostic criteria. As other psychiatric entities, genetic and psychological risk factors could be involved, as well as it could be associated with other comorbidities such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, ADHD, alcohol abuse and eating disorders. Neuroimaging studies have shown evidence of neurobiological similarities with the structures involved in substance dependence.Conclusion: For answering many of these queries specific terminology is required, in order to validate new instruments for diagnosis and follow up as well, in order to in the future describe the risk factors, natural history and treatment alternatives for this emerging disease.
Acceso por vía cubital como alternativa al acceso radial para diagnóstico e intervenciones coronarias: serie de 29 pacientes

Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad y resultados de los procedimientos coronarios por vía cubital. Pacientes y Método: Se evaluó en forma retrospectiva todos los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos por vía cubital en el laboratorio de hemodinamica del hospital Dr. Sotero del Río entre el 29 de Enero del 2009 y el 31 de Agosto del 2010. Todos los pacientes fueron sometido a prueba de Allen birideccional antes del estudio y en todos se intentó el acceso radial como primera alternativa. Se registraron características tanto clínicas como del procedimiento. Todos los pacientes fueron seguidos clínicamente al alta y en forma telefónica. Resultados : De un total del 1937 procedimientos coronarios 29 fueron por vía cubital (1,49%). 12 pacientes fueron sometidos a angioplastía, 6 de ellas primaria, 17, 2 % de los pacientes resultaron diabéticos, 51,7% hipertensos e igual porcentaje de mujeres. Todos los procedimientos fueron exitosos. No hubo complicaciones isquemicas ni hemorrágicas al momento del alta. No se registraron complicaciones clínicas en el seguimiento alejado a 6,5 meses promedio. Conclusión : El acceso por vía cubital con vaina 6 french es una alternativa segura y eficaz tanto para diagnostico angiográfico como para procedimientos terapéuticos, independiente del contexto clínico del paciente