vdanen/rhvex-cve huggingface dataset:
CVE-2023-6679 (Low severity, published 2023-12-11)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-476
Description: A null pointer dereference vulnerability was found in dpll_pin_parent_pin_set() in drivers/dpll/dpll_netlink.c in the Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLL) subsystem in the  Linux kernel. This issue could be exploited to trigger a denial of service.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options don't meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2023-31084 (Moderate severity, published 2023-04-16)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: A potential deadlock flaw was found in the Linux’s kernel DVB API (used by Digital TV devices) functionality. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system.
CVE-2023-43641 (Important severity, published 2023-10-08)
CVSS score: 8.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
CWE: CWE-787
Description: A flaw was found in libcue, which is consumed by the tracker-miners application. A user of the GNOME desktop environment can be exploited by downloading a cue sheet from a malicious web page, allowing remote code execution.
Statement: The libcue library is disabled in Red Hat builds of the tracker-miners package making Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, 8 and 9 not affected by this vulnerability.
CVE-2023-21968 (Low severity, published 2023-04-18)
CVSS score: 3.7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N)
CWE: CWE-20
Description: Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: Libraries).  Supported versions that are affected are Oracle Java SE: 8u361, 8u361-perf, 11.0.18, 17.0.6, 20; Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition: 20.3.9, 21.3.5 and  22.3.1. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition.  Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in  unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition accessible data. Note: This vulnerability applies to Java deployments, typically in clients running sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, that load and run untrusted code (e.g., code that comes from the internet) and rely on the Java sandbox for security. This vulnerability can also be exploited by using APIs in the specified Component, e.g., through a web service which supplies data to the APIs. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 3.7 (Integrity impacts).  CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N).
CVE-2023-26604 (Moderate severity, published 2023-03-02)
CVSS score: 6.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H)
Description: A vulnerability was found in the systemd package. The systemd package does not adequately block local privilege escalation for some Sudo configurations, for example, plausible sudoers files, in which the "systemctl status" command may be executed. Specifically, systemd does not set LESSSECURE to 1, and thus other programs may be launched from the less program. This issue presents a substantial security risk when running systemctl from Sudo because less executes as root when the terminal size is too small to show the complete systemctl output.
Statement: As the vulnerability requires a non-default configuration (modified sudoer rules) which is beyond control of an attacker, the impact as been rated Moderate.
CVE-2023-52816 (Moderate severity, published 2024-05-20)
CVSS score: 6.1 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-125
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

drm/amdkfd: Fix shift out-of-bounds issue

[  567.613292] shift exponent 255 is too large for 64-bit type 'long unsigned int'
[  567.614498] CPU: 5 PID: 238 Comm: kworker/5:1 Tainted: G           OE      6.2.0-34-generic #34~22.04.1-Ubuntu
[  567.614502] Hardware name: AMD Splinter/Splinter-RPL, BIOS WS43927N_871 09/25/2023
[  567.614504] Workqueue: events send_exception_work_handler [amdgpu]
[  567.614748] Call Trace:
[  567.614750]  <TASK>
[  567.614753]  dump_stack_lvl+0x48/0x70
[  567.614761]  dump_stack+0x10/0x20
[  567.614763]  __ubsan_handle_shift_out_of_bounds+0x156/0x310
[  567.614769]  ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0x7f
[  567.614773]  ? update_sd_lb_stats.constprop.0+0xf2/0x3c0
[  567.614780]  svm_range_split_by_granularity.cold+0x2b/0x34 [amdgpu]
[  567.615047]  ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0x7f
[  567.615052]  svm_migrate_to_ram+0x185/0x4d0 [amdgpu]
[  567.615286]  do_swap_page+0x7b6/0xa30
[  567.615291]  ? srso_alias_return_thunk+0x5/0x7f
[  567.615294]  ? __free_pages+0x119/0x130
[  567.615299]  handle_pte_fault+0x227/0x280
[  567.615303]  __handle_mm_fault+0x3c0/0x720
[  567.615311]  handle_mm_fault+0x119/0x330
[  567.615314]  ? lock_mm_and_find_vma+0x44/0x250
[  567.615318]  do_user_addr_fault+0x1a9/0x640
[  567.615323]  exc_page_fault+0x81/0x1b0
[  567.615328]  asm_exc_page_fault+0x27/0x30
[  567.615332] RIP: 0010:__get_user_8+0x1c/0x30
CVE-2023-2006 (Important severity, published 2023-04-12)
CVSS score: 8.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H)
CWE: CWE-362
Description: A race condition was found in the Linux kernel's RxRPC network protocol within the processing of RxRPC bundles. This issue results from improper locking when performing operations on an object. This flaw allows an attacker to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of the kernel.
Statement: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, 7, 8 and 9 are not affected by this flaw as they did not include support for the RxRPC network protocol (CONFIG_AF_RXRPC is not set).
CVE-2023-39322 (Moderate severity, published 2023-09-05)
CVSS score: 7.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-770
Description: A flaw was found in Golang. QUIC connections do not set an upper bound on the amount of data buffered when reading post-handshake messages, allowing a malicious QUIC connection to cause unbounded memory growth. With the fix, connections now consistently reject messages larger than 65KiB in size.
CVE-2023-41040 (Moderate severity, published 2023-08-30)
CVSS score: 5.1 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L)
CWE: CWE-22
Description: A path traversal vulnerability was found in GitPython due to an input validation error when reading from the ".git" directory. This issue may allow a remote attacker to prepare a specially crafted ".git" file with directory traversal characters in file names and force the application to read these files from the local system, which can result in checking for the existence of a specific file on the system or allow a denial of service (DoS) attack.
Statement: This vulnerability cannot be used to read the contents of files but could be used to trigger a denial of service for the program.
CVE-2023-28163 (Moderate severity, published 2023-03-13)
CVSS score: 6.1 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N)
CWE: CWE-200
Description: A flaw was found in Mozilla. The Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory describes the issue that when downloading files through the Save As dialog on Windows with suggested filenames containing environment variable names, Windows would have resolved those in the current user's context. This bug only affects Firefox on Windows. Other versions of Firefox are unaffected.
Statement: Red Hat Product Security rates the severity of this flaw as determined by the Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory.
CVE-2023-25751 (Important severity, published 2023-03-13)
CVSS score: 7.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
CWE: CWE-94
Description: A flaw was found in Mozilla. The Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory describes the issue of invalidating JIT code while following an iterator. The newly generated code could be overwritten incorrectly, leading to a potentially exploitable crash.
Statement: Red Hat Product Security rates the severity of this flaw as determined by the Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory.
CVE-2023-48631 (Moderate severity, published 2023-12-13)
CVSS score: 7.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-1333
Description: A Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) vulnerability was found in Adobe's css-tools when parsing CSS. This issue occurs due to improper input validation and may allow an attacker to use a carefully crafted input string to cause a denial of service, especially when attempting to parse CSS.
Statement: The Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) vulnerability in css-tools, triggered by improper input validation when parsing CSS, is considered of moderate severity. While it can lead to a denial of service by causing the application to become unresponsive, the impact is limited to scenarios where an attacker can provide crafted input. Additionally, the absence of evidence of active exploitation in the wild and contextual factors, such as the software's usage, contribute to the moderate severity rating.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2023-2905 (Important severity, published 2023-08-08)
CVSS score: 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N)
CWE: CWE-122
Description: Due to a failure in validating the length of a provided MQTT_CMD_PUBLISH parsed message with a variable length header, Cesanta Mongoose, an embeddable web server, version 7.10 is susceptible to a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in the default configuration. Version 7.9 and prior does not appear to be vulnerable. This issue is resolved in version 7.11.
CVE-2023-26487 (Moderate severity, published 2023-05-02)
CVSS score: 6.1 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N)
Description: A flaw was found in one of Kibana’s dependencies. This flaw allows an attacker to perform Cross-site scripting (XSS) after loading a maliciously crafted custom visualization in Kibana.
CVE-2023-22997 (Low severity, published 2023-02-27)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-436
Description: In the Linux kernel before 6.1.2, kernel/module/decompress.c misinterprets the module_get_next_page return value (expects it to be NULL in the error case, whereas it is actually an error pointer).
Statement: Red Hat Enterprise Linux is not affected by this flaw as it does not include support for in-kernel module decompression.
CVE-2023-4582 (Low severity, published 2023-08-28)
CVSS score: 8.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
CWE: CWE-120
Description: A flaw was found in Mozilla. The Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory: Due to large allocation checks in Angle for glsl shaders being too lenient, a buffer overflow could occur when allocating too much private shader memory on mac OS.
This bug only affects Firefox on macOS. Other operating systems are unaffected.
Statement: Red Hat Product Security rates the severity of this flaw as determined by the Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory.
CVE-2023-3247 (Moderate severity, published 2023-07-02)
CVSS score: 4.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)
CWE: CWE-334
Description: A vulnerability was found in PHP where the weak randomness affects applications that use SOAP with HTTP Digest authentication against a possibly malicious server over HTTP allows a remote authenticated attackers to cause a stack information leak.
CVE-2023-1295 (Important severity, published 2021-01-31)
CVSS score: 7.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
CWE: CWE-367
Description: A time-of-check to time-of-use flaw was found in the io_uring subsystem's IORING_OP_CLOSE operation in the Linux kernel. This flaw allows a local user to elevate their privileges to root.
Statement: No Red Hat products are affected by this flaw, as the `io_uring` subsystem (CONFIG_IO_URING) is not enabled in any shipping kernel release.
CVE-2023-53092 (Moderate severity, published 2025-05-01)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

interconnect: exynos: fix node leak in probe PM QoS error path

Make sure to add the newly allocated interconnect node to the provider
before adding the PM QoS request so that the node is freed on errors.
CVE-2023-53138 (Moderate severity, published 2025-05-01)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

net: caif: Fix use-after-free in cfusbl_device_notify()

syzbot reported use-after-free in cfusbl_device_notify() [1].  This
causes a stack trace like below:

BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in cfusbl_device_notify+0x7c9/0x870 net/caif/caif_usb.c:138
Read of size 8 at addr ffff88807ac4e6f0 by task kworker/u4:6/1214

CPU: 0 PID: 1214 Comm: kworker/u4:6 Not tainted 5.19.0-rc3-syzkaller-00146-g92f20ff72066 #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/01/2011
Workqueue: netns cleanup_net
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [inline]
 dump_stack_lvl+0xcd/0x134 lib/dump_stack.c:106
 print_address_description.constprop.0.cold+0xeb/0x467 mm/kasan/report.c:313
 print_report mm/kasan/report.c:429 [inline]
 kasan_report.cold+0xf4/0x1c6 mm/kasan/report.c:491
 cfusbl_device_notify+0x7c9/0x870 net/caif/caif_usb.c:138
 notifier_call_chain+0xb5/0x200 kernel/notifier.c:87
 call_netdevice_notifiers_info+0xb5/0x130 net/core/dev.c:1945
 call_netdevice_notifiers_extack net/core/dev.c:1983 [inline]
 call_netdevice_notifiers net/core/dev.c:1997 [inline]
 netdev_wait_allrefs_any net/core/dev.c:10227 [inline]
 netdev_run_todo+0xbc0/0x10f0 net/core/dev.c:10341
 default_device_exit_batch+0x44e/0x590 net/core/dev.c:11334
 ops_exit_list+0x125/0x170 net/core/net_namespace.c:167
 cleanup_net+0x4ea/0xb00 net/core/net_namespace.c:594
 process_one_work+0x996/0x1610 kernel/workqueue.c:2289
 worker_thread+0x665/0x1080 kernel/workqueue.c:2436
 kthread+0x2e9/0x3a0 kernel/kthread.c:376
 ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:302
 </TASK>

When unregistering a net device, unregister_netdevice_many_notify()
sets the device's reg_state to NETREG_UNREGISTERING, calls notifiers
with NETDEV_UNREGISTER, and adds the device to the todo list.

Later on, devices in the todo list are processed by netdev_run_todo().
netdev_run_todo() waits devices' reference count become 1 while
rebdoadcasting NETDEV_UNREGISTER notification.

When cfusbl_device_notify() is called with NETDEV_UNREGISTER multiple
times, the parent device might be freed.  This could cause UAF.
Processing NETDEV_UNREGISTER multiple times also causes inbalance of
reference count for the module.

This patch fixes the issue by accepting only first NETDEV_UNREGISTER
notification.
CVE-2023-52683 (Low severity, published 2024-05-16)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

ACPI: LPIT: Avoid u32 multiplication overflow

In lpit_update_residency() there is a possibility of overflow
in multiplication, if tsc_khz is large enough (> UINT_MAX/1000).

Change multiplication to mul_u32_u32().

Found by Linux Verification Center (linuxtesting.org) with SVACE.
CVE-2023-2513 (Moderate severity, published 2022-06-13)
CVSS score: 6.7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
CWE: CWE-416
Description: A use-after-free vulnerability was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem in the way it handled the extra inode size for extended attributes. This flaw allows a privileged local user to cause a system crash or other undefined behaviors.
Statement: This flaw has been rated as having Moderate impact because of the preconditions needed to trigger the issue. The vulnerability can be exploited by a regular user, but the filesystem should be mounted with `debug_want_extra_isize`=128 and the user must have write access to the filesystem. It's also important to emphasize that `debug_want_extra_isize` is a debug mount option and should never be used in production.
CVE-2023-41105 (Moderate severity, published 2023-08-22)
CVSS score: 7.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N)
CWE: CWE-158
Description: Python 3.11 os.path.normpath() function is vulnerable to path truncation if a null byte is inserted in the middle of passed path. This may result in bypass of allow lists if implemented before the verification of the path.
Statement: Python versions prior to 3.11.0 are not affected by this flaw.
CVE-2023-28708 (Moderate severity, published 2023-03-21)
CVSS score: 4.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)
CWE: CWE-200
Description: 
When using the RemoteIpFilter with requests received from a    reverse proxy via HTTP that include the X-Forwarded-Proto    header set to https, session cookies created by Apache Tomcat 11.0.0-M1 to 11.0.0.-M2, 10.1.0-M1 to 10.1.5, 9.0.0-M1 to 9.0.71 and 8.5.0 to 8.5.85 did not include the secure attribute. This could result in the user agent transmitting the session cookie over an insecure channel.








Statement: CVE-2023-28708 only potentially impacts a Tomcat configuration using a RemoteIpFilter behind a proxy or loadbalancer that sets an X-Forwarded-Proto request header with a value of https. If you do not use RemoteIpFilter in such a configuration, then the vulnerability would not have any impact on you

Red Hat Satellite does not include the affected Apache Tomcat, however, Tomcat is shipped with Red Hat Enterprise Linux and consumed by the Candlepin component of Satellite. Red Hat Satellite users are therefore advised to check the impact state of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, since any necessary fixes will be distributed through the platform.
Mitigation: For possible impact and workaround, please refer to: https://access.redhat.com/solutions/7004796
CVE-2023-44429 (Important severity, published 2023-11-12)
CVSS score: 8.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
CWE: CWE-122
Description: A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability was found in GStreamer in the AV1 codec parser when handling certain malformed streams. A malicious third party could use this flaw to trigger a crash in the application and possibly affect code execution through heap manipulation.
Statement: A malicious third party has the potential to induce a crash in the application and may also impact code execution by manipulating the heap. Additionally, this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized access and compromise the security of the system.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 & 8 has gstreamer < 1.17 which does not have the av1 parser yet(does not have the vulnerable code), so RHEL-7 & RHEL-8 is not affected by this CVE.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2023-52904 (Low severity, published 2024-08-20)
CVSS score: 3.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)
CWE: CWE-476
Description: A vulnerability was found in the snd_usb_pcm_has_fixed_rate() function in the Linux Kernel's Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) subsystem for USB audio. This issue could allow an attacker with local access and low privileges to manipulate the audio subsystem by interacting with USB audio devices or crafting specific audio-related function calls that pass a NULL pointer to the vulnerable function. This could cause a NULL pointer dereference in the ALSA subsystem, leading to a kernel panic, requiring a system restart to recover.
Statement: Red Hat Enterprise Linux is not impacted by this CVE, as this vulnerability does not affect the specific versions or configurations of the Linux kernel used in its distributions. This ensures that users of Red Hat Enterprise Linux are not exposed to the potential risks associated with this issue and no further action or mitigation is necessary for systems running this operating system.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2023-51781 (Moderate severity, published 2024-01-09)
CVSS score: 7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
CWE: CWE-416
Description: A use-after-free flaw was found in the Linux kernel's atalk_ioctl in net/appletalk/ddp.c, due to a race condition in atalk_recvmsg. This flaw allows an attacker to possibly gain unauthorized access, escalate privileges, or cause the system to crash.
Statement: Only local user can trigger this issue as result of race condition. Based on this (high attack complexity) chosen Moderate impact level.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2023-6291 (Important severity, published 2023-12-13)
CVSS score: 7.1 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L)
CWE: CWE-601
Description: A flaw was found in the redirect_uri validation logic in Keycloak. This issue may allow a bypass of otherwise explicitly allowed hosts. A successful attack may lead to an access token being stolen, making it possible for the attacker to impersonate other users.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options don't meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2023-52841 (Low severity, published 2024-05-20)
CVSS score: 4.4 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-476
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

media: vidtv: mux: Add check and kfree for kstrdup

Add check for the return value of kstrdup() and return the error
if it fails in order to avoid NULL pointer dereference.
Moreover, use kfree() in the later error handling in order to avoid
memory leak.
CVE-2023-23001 (Moderate severity, published 2022-01-09)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-476
Description: A NULL pointer dereference flaw was found in the Linux kernel’s UFSHCD platform driver. This flaw allows a local user to crash the system.
CVE-2023-25585 (Low severity, published 2022-12-11)
CVSS score: 4.7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-457
Description: A flaw was found in Binutils. The use of an uninitialized field in the struct module *module may lead to application crash and local denial of service.
Statement: This issue is classified with a low severity primarily because binutils is not typically exposed to untrusted inputs in most environments, limiting the possibility of exploitation. Additionally, this out-of-bounds read is only triggered during the parsing of a specially crafted file, requiring an attacker to convince a user to process this file with addr2line. Furthermore, binutils does not handle privileged operations, meaning that exploitation is unlikely to lead to system compromise or escalation of privileges. Also, the impact is limited to the application itself, without affecting the broader system or network security.