vdanen/rhvex-cve huggingface dataset:
CVE-2025-21931 (Low severity, published 2025-03-31)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

hwpoison, memory_hotplug: lock folio before unmap hwpoisoned folio

Commit b15c87263a69 ("hwpoison, memory_hotplug: allow hwpoisoned pages to
be offlined) add page poison checks in do_migrate_range in order to make
offline hwpoisoned page possible by introducing isolate_lru_page and
try_to_unmap for hwpoisoned page.  However folio lock must be held before
calling try_to_unmap.  Add it to fix this problem.

Warning will be produced if folio is not locked during unmap:

  ------------[ cut here ]------------
  kernel BUG at ./include/linux/swapops.h:400!
  Internal error: Oops - BUG: 00000000f2000800 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
  Modules linked in:
  CPU: 4 UID: 0 PID: 411 Comm: bash Tainted: G        W          6.13.0-rc1-00016-g3c434c7ee82a-dirty #41
  Tainted: [W]=WARN
  Hardware name: QEMU QEMU Virtual Machine, BIOS 0.0.0 02/06/2015
  pstate: 40400005 (nZcv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
  pc : try_to_unmap_one+0xb08/0xd3c
  lr : try_to_unmap_one+0x3dc/0xd3c
  Call trace:
   try_to_unmap_one+0xb08/0xd3c (P)
   try_to_unmap_one+0x3dc/0xd3c (L)
   rmap_walk_anon+0xdc/0x1f8
   rmap_walk+0x3c/0x58
   try_to_unmap+0x88/0x90
   unmap_poisoned_folio+0x30/0xa8
   do_migrate_range+0x4a0/0x568
   offline_pages+0x5a4/0x670
   memory_block_action+0x17c/0x374
   memory_subsys_offline+0x3c/0x78
   device_offline+0xa4/0xd0
   state_store+0x8c/0xf0
   dev_attr_store+0x18/0x2c
   sysfs_kf_write+0x44/0x54
   kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x118/0x1a8
   vfs_write+0x3a8/0x4bc
   ksys_write+0x6c/0xf8
   __arm64_sys_write+0x1c/0x28
   invoke_syscall+0x44/0x100
   el0_svc_common.constprop.0+0x40/0xe0
   do_el0_svc+0x1c/0x28
   el0_svc+0x30/0xd0
   el0t_64_sync_handler+0xc8/0xcc
   el0t_64_sync+0x198/0x19c
  Code: f9407be0 b5fff320 d4210000 17ffff97 (d4210000)
  ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
CVE-2025-21874 (Moderate severity, published 2025-03-26)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-369
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

dm-integrity: Avoid divide by zero in table status in Inline mode

In Inline mode, the journal is unused, and journal_sectors is zero.

Calculating the journal watermark requires dividing by journal_sectors,
which should be done only if the journal is configured.

Otherwise, a simple table query (dmsetup table) can cause OOPS.

This bug did not show on some systems, perhaps only due to
compiler optimization.

On my 32-bit testing machine, this reliably crashes with the following:

 : Oops: divide error: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
 : CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 2450 Comm: dmsetup Not tainted 6.14.0-rc2+ #959
 : EIP: dm_integrity_status+0x2f8/0xab0 [dm_integrity]
 ...
CVE-2025-31177 (Moderate severity, published 2025-03-26)
CVSS score: 6.2 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-122
Description: gnuplot is affected by a heap buffer overflow at function utf8_copy_one.
Statement: This flaw is rated as a Moderate impact as the attacker or malicious user must be local and the impact is restricted to availability.
Mitigation: Currently, no mitigation is available for this vulnerability
CVE-2025-38356 (Moderate severity, published 2025-07-24)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: No description is available for this CVE.
CVE-2025-26466 (Moderate severity, published 2025-02-17)
CVSS score: 5.9 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-770
Description: A flaw was found in the OpenSSH package. For each ping packet the SSH server receives, a pong packet is allocated in a memory buffer and stored in a queue of packages. It is only freed when the server/client key exchange has finished. A malicious client may keep sending such packages, leading to an uncontrolled increase in memory consumption on the server side. Consequently, the server may become unavailable, resulting in a denial of service attack.
Statement: The versions of OpenSSH as shipped with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 and older, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux CoreOS are not affected by this vulnerability as the OpenSSH versions distributed with those products are based on previous versions of OpenSSH's version that introduced the issue (openssh-9.5p1 upstream version).

Also this issue marked as a moderate severity vulnerability rather than important because, while it enables a pre-authentication denial-of-service (DoS) attack, it does not allow remote code execution, privilege escalation, or data exfiltration. 

The attack is asymmetric in resource consumption, meaning an attacker can force excessive CPU and memory usage, but it still requires repeated connection attempts to sustain the impact. Moreover, OpenSSH provides built-in mitigation mechanisms, such as LoginGraceTime, MaxStartups, and PerSourcePenalties, which can significantly limit the attack’s effectiveness if properly configured.
Mitigation: This issue can be mitigated by setting the following three different options in the sshd configuration file located at: /etc/ssh/sshd_config

MaxStartups: Set to a reasonable value, this option controls the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections the SSH server accepts;

PerSourcePenalties: Set its suboptions to a reasonable value, this option is used to help sshd to detect and drop connections that are potentially malicious for the SSH server;

LoginGraceTime: Set to a resonable value, this option controls how much time the SSH server will wait the client to authenticate before dropping its connection;

All the three option above needs to be set to implement a full mitigation for this vulnerability.
CVE-2025-38182 (Moderate severity, published 2025-07-03)
CVSS score: 6.6 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H)
CWE: CWE-416
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

ublk: santizize the arguments from userspace when adding a device

Sanity check the values for queue depth and number of queues
we get from userspace when adding a device.
Statement: A missing input validation in ublk_ctrl_add_dev() in the ublk driver allows an unprivileged userspace application (if UBLK_F_UNPRIVILEGED_DEV is enabled) or a privileged user (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) to supply invalid queue_depth or nr_hw_queues values. If unchecked, these values could exceed internal limits, possibly leading to a kernel crash. Triggering this vulnerability requires either root privileges or elevated capabilities (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) unless the system is explicitly configured to allow unprivileged ublk devices, which is rare.
CVE-2025-21659 (Moderate severity, published 2025-01-20)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-269
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

netdev: prevent accessing NAPI instances from another namespace

The NAPI IDs were not fully exposed to user space prior to the netlink
API, so they were never namespaced. The netlink API must ensure that
at the very least NAPI instance belongs to the same netns as the owner
of the genl sock.

napi_by_id() can become static now, but it needs to move because of
dev_get_by_napi_id().
CVE-2025-38028 (Moderate severity, published 2025-06-17)
CVSS score: 7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

NFS/localio: Fix a race in nfs_local_open_fh()

Once the clp->cl_uuid.lock has been dropped, another CPU could come in
and free the struct nfsd_file that was just added. To prevent that from
happening, take the RCU read lock before dropping the spin lock.
CVE-2025-47933 (Important severity, published 2025-05-28)
CVSS score: 8.2 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:L)
CWE: CWE-79
Description: A flaw was found in Argo CD, where improper filtering of repository URLs in the UI allows JavaScript injection. A crafted javascript: link can lead to cross-site scripting when viewed by another user. This can result in unauthorized API actions via the victim's session.
CVE-2025-6273 (Low severity, published 2025-06-19)
CVSS score: 3.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)
CWE: CWE-617
Description: A denial-of-service vulnerability has been identified in WebAssembly's WebAssembly Binary Toolkit (wabt), specifically within the LogOpcode function. This flaw allows an attacker with local access to trigger a program crash by manipulating input data, leading to a reachable assertion in the code path if the exception is improperly handled. Successful exploitation could impact the availability of applications or services that process WebAssembly binaries using wabt.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2025-37762 (Moderate severity, published 2025-04-30)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

drm/virtio: Fix missed dmabuf unpinning in error path of prepare_fb()

Correct error handling in prepare_fb() to fix leaking resources when
error happens.
CVE-2025-48795 (Moderate severity, published 2025-07-15)
CVSS score: 4.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L)
CWE: CWE-200
Description: A log processing flaw was found in Apache CXF. Large stream-based messages are stored as temporary files on the local file system, read into memory, and then logged. This flaw allows an attacker to cause a denial of service attack by triggering an out-of-memory exception. Additionally, it is possible to configure CXF to encrypt temporary files, preventing sensitive credentials from being cached unencrypted on the local filesystem. However, this bug means that the cached files are written out to logs unencrypted.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2025-21966 (Moderate severity, published 2025-03-31)
CVSS score: 7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
CWE: CWE-119
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

dm-flakey: Fix memory corruption in optional corrupt_bio_byte feature

Fix memory corruption due to incorrect parameter being passed to bio_init
CVE-2025-1365 (Moderate severity, published 2025-02-16)
CVSS score: 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L)
CWE: CWE-120
Description: A flaw was found in GNU elfutils. This vulnerability allows a buffer overflow via manipulation of the argument D/a in the process_symtab function of readelf.c.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2025-37918 (Moderate severity, published 2025-05-19)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

Bluetooth: btusb: avoid NULL pointer dereference in skb_dequeue()

A NULL pointer dereference can occur in skb_dequeue() when processing a
QCA firmware crash dump on WCN7851 (0489:e0f3).

[ 93.672166] Bluetooth: hci0: ACL memdump size(589824)

[ 93.672475] BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000008
[ 93.672517] Workqueue: hci0 hci_devcd_rx [bluetooth]
[ 93.672598] RIP: 0010:skb_dequeue+0x50/0x80

The issue stems from handle_dump_pkt_qca() returning 0 even when a dump
packet is successfully processed. This is because it incorrectly
forwards the return value of hci_devcd_init() (which returns 0 on
success). As a result, the caller (btusb_recv_acl_qca() or
btusb_recv_evt_qca()) assumes the packet was not handled and passes it
to hci_recv_frame(), leading to premature kfree() of the skb.

Later, hci_devcd_rx() attempts to dequeue the same skb from the dump
queue, resulting in a NULL pointer dereference.

Fix this by:
1. Making handle_dump_pkt_qca() return 0 on success and negative errno
   on failure, consistent with kernel conventions.
2. Splitting dump packet detection into separate functions for ACL
   and event packets for better structure and readability.

This ensures dump packets are properly identified and consumed, avoiding
double handling and preventing NULL pointer access.
Statement: A vulnerability was discovered in the btusb driver when processing QCA crash dump packets on WCN7851 chipsets. An incorrect return value caused certain packets to be handled twice, resulting in a NULL pointer dereference in skb_dequeue(). Local attackers with low privileges could trigger this condition to cause a kernel crash, leading to denial of service (DoS).
CVE-2025-1735 (Moderate severity, published 2025-07-04)
CVSS score: 5.9 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-476
Description: A flaw was found in PHP. Missing error checking could result in SQL injection, and missing error handling could lead to crashes due to null pointer dereferences.
Mitigation: Currently, no mitigation is currently available for this vulnerability.
CVE-2025-38301 (Moderate severity, published 2025-07-09)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

nvmem: zynqmp_nvmem: unbreak driver after cleanup

Commit 29be47fcd6a0 ("nvmem: zynqmp_nvmem: zynqmp_nvmem_probe cleanup")
changed the driver to expect the device pointer to be passed as the
"context", but in nvmem the context parameter comes from nvmem_config.priv
which is never set - Leading to null pointer exceptions when the device is
accessed.
CVE-2025-1220 (Low severity, published 2025-07-13)
CVSS score: 3.7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N)
CWE: CWE-918
Description: A flaw was found in PHP. The `fsockopen()` function and related functions fail to validate NULL characters within the provided hostname, potentially leading to unexpected behavior during parsing. This flaw allows a network attacker to supply a specially crafted hostname. This issue can result in a denial of service due to parsing errors.
Statement: PHP does not classify this issue as a security issue because users are expected to sanitize the input. Nevertheless, this was considered a low-impact security issue as a precaution for users who do not follow that practice.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2025-21823 (Moderate severity, published 2025-02-26)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

batman-adv: Drop unmanaged ELP metric worker

The ELP worker needs to calculate new metric values for all neighbors
"reachable" over an interface. Some of the used metric sources require
locks which might need to sleep. This sleep is incompatible with the RCU
list iterator used for the recorded neighbors. The initial approach to work
around of this problem was to queue another work item per neighbor and then
run this in a new context.

Even when this solved the RCU vs might_sleep() conflict, it has a major
problems: Nothing was stopping the work item in case it is not needed
anymore - for example because one of the related interfaces was removed or
the batman-adv module was unloaded - resulting in potential invalid memory
accesses.

Directly canceling the metric worker also has various problems:

* cancel_work_sync for a to-be-deactivated interface is called with
  rtnl_lock held. But the code in the ELP metric worker also tries to use
  rtnl_lock() - which will never return in this case. This also means that
  cancel_work_sync would never return because it is waiting for the worker
  to finish.
* iterating over the neighbor list for the to-be-deactivated interface is
  currently done using the RCU specific methods. Which means that it is
  possible to miss items when iterating over it without the associated
  spinlock - a behaviour which is acceptable for a periodic metric check
  but not for a cleanup routine (which must "stop" all still running
  workers)

The better approch is to get rid of the per interface neighbor metric
worker and handle everything in the interface worker. The original problems
are solved by:

* creating a list of neighbors which require new metric information inside
  the RCU protected context, gathering the metric according to the new list
  outside the RCU protected context
* only use rcu_trylock inside metric gathering code to avoid a deadlock
  when the cancel_delayed_work_sync is called in the interface removal code
  (which is called with the rtnl_lock held)
CVE-2025-21989 (Low severity, published 2025-04-01)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-476
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

drm/amd/display: fix missing .is_two_pixels_per_container

Starting from 6.11, AMDGPU driver, while being loaded with amdgpu.dc=1,
due to lack of .is_two_pixels_per_container function in dce60_tg_funcs,
causes a NULL pointer dereference on PCs with old GPUs, such as R9 280X.

So this fix adds missing .is_two_pixels_per_container to dce60_tg_funcs.

(cherry picked from commit bd4b125eb949785c6f8a53b0494e32795421209d)
CVE-2025-22063 (Moderate severity, published 2025-04-15)
CVSS score: 5.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-476
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

netlabel: Fix NULL pointer exception caused by CALIPSO on IPv4 sockets

When calling netlbl_conn_setattr(), addr->sa_family is used
to determine the function behavior. If sk is an IPv4 socket,
but the connect function is called with an IPv6 address,
the function calipso_sock_setattr() is triggered.
Inside this function, the following code is executed:

sk_fullsock(__sk) ? inet_sk(__sk)->pinet6 : NULL;

Since sk is an IPv4 socket, pinet6 is NULL, leading to a
null pointer dereference.

This patch fixes the issue by checking if inet6_sk(sk)
returns a NULL pointer before accessing pinet6.
CVE-2025-38194 (Moderate severity, published 2025-07-03)
CVSS score: 7 (CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
Description: In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

jffs2: check that raw node were preallocated before writing summary

Syzkaller detected a kernel bug in jffs2_link_node_ref, caused by fault
injection in jffs2_prealloc_raw_node_refs. jffs2_sum_write_sumnode doesn't
check return value of jffs2_prealloc_raw_node_refs and simply lets any
error propagate into jffs2_sum_write_data, which eventually calls
jffs2_link_node_ref in order to link the summary to an expectedly allocated
node.

kernel BUG at fs/jffs2/nodelist.c:592!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN NOPTI
CPU: 1 PID: 31277 Comm: syz-executor.7 Not tainted 6.1.128-syzkaller-00139-ge10f83ca10a1 #0
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.12.0-1 04/01/2014
RIP: 0010:jffs2_link_node_ref+0x570/0x690 fs/jffs2/nodelist.c:592
Call Trace:
 <TASK>
 jffs2_sum_write_data fs/jffs2/summary.c:841 [inline]
 jffs2_sum_write_sumnode+0xd1a/0x1da0 fs/jffs2/summary.c:874
 jffs2_do_reserve_space+0xa18/0xd60 fs/jffs2/nodemgmt.c:388
 jffs2_reserve_space+0x55f/0xaa0 fs/jffs2/nodemgmt.c:197
 jffs2_write_inode_range+0x246/0xb50 fs/jffs2/write.c:362
 jffs2_write_end+0x726/0x15d0 fs/jffs2/file.c:301
 generic_perform_write+0x314/0x5d0 mm/filemap.c:3856
 __generic_file_write_iter+0x2ae/0x4d0 mm/filemap.c:3973
 generic_file_write_iter+0xe3/0x350 mm/filemap.c:4005
 call_write_iter include/linux/fs.h:2265 [inline]
 do_iter_readv_writev+0x20f/0x3c0 fs/read_write.c:735
 do_iter_write+0x186/0x710 fs/read_write.c:861
 vfs_iter_write+0x70/0xa0 fs/read_write.c:902
 iter_file_splice_write+0x73b/0xc90 fs/splice.c:685
 do_splice_from fs/splice.c:763 [inline]
 direct_splice_actor+0x10c/0x170 fs/splice.c:950
 splice_direct_to_actor+0x337/0xa10 fs/splice.c:896
 do_splice_direct+0x1a9/0x280 fs/splice.c:1002
 do_sendfile+0xb13/0x12c0 fs/read_write.c:1255
 __do_sys_sendfile64 fs/read_write.c:1323 [inline]
 __se_sys_sendfile64 fs/read_write.c:1309 [inline]
 __x64_sys_sendfile64+0x1cf/0x210 fs/read_write.c:1309
 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:51 [inline]
 do_syscall_64+0x35/0x80 arch/x86/entry/common.c:81
 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x6e/0xd8

Fix this issue by checking return value of jffs2_prealloc_raw_node_refs
before calling jffs2_sum_write_data.

Found by Linux Verification Center (linuxtesting.org) with Syzkaller.
CVE-2025-29785 (Moderate severity, published 2025-06-02)
CVSS score: 5.3 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L)
CWE: CWE-248
Description: A flaw was found in quic-go. This vulnerability allows a malicious QUIC client to cause a nil-pointer dereference, leading to an application-level denial of service via specially crafted ACK packets following spoofed path validation probes.
Statement: The severity of this vulnerability is rated Moderate, as it does not impact system availability. The effects are confined to the application layer, without compromising the underlying system stability.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.
CVE-2025-24158 (Moderate severity, published 2025-01-27)
CVSS score: 6.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-770
Description: A flaw was found in WebKitGTK. Processing malicious web content can cause a denial of service due to improper memory handling.
Statement: To exploit this flaw, an attacker needs to trick a user into processing or loading malicious web content.
Mitigation: Do not process or load untrusted web content with WebKitGTK.
CVE-2025-23367 (Moderate severity, published 2025-01-29)
CVSS score: 6.5 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H)
CWE: CWE-284
Description: A flaw was found in the Wildfly Server Role Based Access Control (RBAC) provider. When authorization to control management operations is secured using the Role Based Access Control provider, a user without the required privileges can suspend or resume the server. A user with a Monitor or Auditor role is supposed to have only read access permissions and should not be able to suspend the server. 
The vulnerability is caused by the Suspend and Resume handlers not performing authorization checks to validate whether the current user has the required permissions to proceed with the action.
Statement: Red Hat has evaluated this issue and the attacker must be authenticated as a user that belongs to the "Monitor" or "Auditor" management groups. It requires previous privileges to jeopardize an environment.
Mitigation: Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base or stability.