varunr14/newsummary huggingface dataset:
It is essential that graphic design is visually clear and accessible . However evidence suggests that a lack of consideration is given to visual accessibility in print based graphic design . Furthermore effective client designer communication is a vital component in this . This paper investigates current graphic design practice with regard to visual accessibility specifically focussing on client designer communication . A survey of 122 graphic designers and clients identified that these two groups may not be communicating with each other effectively with regard to visual accessibility and that there is a need to develop inclusive design tools to assist them with this . This paper adds a novel contribution to our limited understanding of visual accessibility in the UK s graphic design industry . Inaccessible graphic design is commonplace . From drug packaging to software interfaces it makes daily tasks difficult or even dangerous . Due in part to an ageing population it now is estimated that two million people in the UK have some form of sight loss with many more being affected by milder age related visual problems . Furthermore the introduction of the Disability Discrimination Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act result in strong legal social responsibility and business drivers to ensure that graphic design is visually accessible . However designers report that a lack of client requests for visual accessibility limits the consideration they can give to it . Clients also hold the misconception that designers will take visual accessibility into account even if it is not in the brief . This suggests that designers and clients may not be communicating effectively . A widespread study of the graphic design industry is vital in determining what happens with regard to visual accessibility in practice . This paper presents the results of a survey of the graphic design industry . It investigated the factors that influence how important graphic designers and clients deem visual accessibility to be the extent to which it is considered in practice and the extent to which clients and designers communicate regarding visual accessibility . Inclusive design tools that aid client designer communication could provide an important supplement to existing tools and result in a greater uptake of inclusive design in industry . This paper provides valuable insight into graphic design practice with regard to visual accessibility . It is hoped that this work and subsequent research will help to develop new procedures processes and tools to improve client designer communication and assist graphic designers in creating visually accessible designs . 


Highlights:
We conducted a survey of 122 graphic designers and clients. We investigated the consideration given to visual accessibility in graphic design. Designers and clients do not communicate effectively about visual accessibility. We need to develop tools to assist designers with visual accessibility. We need to investigate the development of ethical design codes.
Wavelet analysis is a new method called numerical microscope in signal and image processing . It has the desirable advantages of multi resolution properties and various basis functions which fulfill an enormous potential for solving partial differential equations . The numerical analysis with wavelet received its first attention in 1992 since then researchers have shown growing interest in it . Various methods including wavelet weighted residual method wavelet finite element method wavelet boundary method wavelet meshless method and wavelet optimized finite difference method etc . have acquired an important role in recent years . This paper aims to make a comprehensive review and classification on wavelet based numerical analysis and to note their merits drawbacks and future directions . And thus the present review helps readers identify research starting points in wavelet based numerical analysis and guides researchers and practitioners . 


Highlights:
Wavelet analysis is a method called numerical microscope in signal processing and numerical analysis. A comprehensive review on wavelet based numerical analysis is made and their merits drawbacks and future directions are noted. From the aspect of algorithm construction the wavelet based numerical analysis methods are categorized into five types.
A new method of modeling partial delamination in composite beams is proposed and implemented using the finite element method . Homogenized cross sectional stiffness of the delaminated beam is obtained by the proposed analytical technique including extension bending extension twist and torsion bending coupling terms and hence can be used with an existing finite element method . A two noded C1 type Timoshenko beam element with 4 degrees of freedom per node for dynamic analysis of beams is implemented . The results for different delamination scenarios and beams subjected to different boundary conditions are validated with available experimental results in the literature and or with the 3D finite element simulation using COMSOL . Results of the first torsional mode frequency for the partially delaminated beam are validated with the COMSOL results . The key point of the proposed model is that partial delamination in beams can be analyzed using a beam model rather than using 3D or plate models . 


Highlights:
The modeling of widthwise partial delamination in laminated composite beams is addressed in this paper. Two noded C1 type 4 degree of freedom Timoshenko beam for dynamic analysis of laminated composite beam is implemented. Numerical results of the partial delamination models proposed are validated with the 3 dimensional COMSOL finite element simulation.
This paper introduces the Guide Weight method into the topology optimization of continuum structures subjected to body force loads . Given the design dependent characteristic of body forces three main difficulties are encountered when dealing with topology optimization problems under this load condition namely the non monotonous behavior of the compliance inactive volume constraint of the optimum and parasitic effect in low density regions . Numerous researchers have attempted to solve this problem with mathematical programming or heuristic methods but all these methods share the significant weakness of low computational efficiency . Accordingly we propose to solve this problem with an Optimality Criteria method i.e . the GW method . First all theoretical derivations of topology optimization with the GW method are carried out and the iteration procedure with GW is presented . Then some typical examples of withstanding body forces are tested and the topologies got in this paper are compared with corresponding results obtained by former researchers . The iteration speed is found to improve significantly when utilizing the GW method to deal with this kind of problems . Finally considering all the above examples are optimized with SIMP model we try to combine RAMP model with the GW method . The distinction between the models of SIMP and RAMP when using GW to solve topology optimization problems under body forces are investigated which indicates that although both these two interpolation models are able to yield very similar optimal results if suitable parameters are chosen there is more superiority for RAMP model to get clearer topologies . 


Highlights:
We introduce an Optimality Criteria method i.e. the Guide Weight algorithm to solve topology optimization problems subjected to body forces. The effectiveness of Guide Weight method is validated by some numerical tests. The computational efficiency to this kind of problems is improved obviously by this algorithm. There is more superiority for RAMP to solve the aforementioned problems. Some suggestions about how to choose appropriate parameters for SIMP and RAMP are given.
In this article we present a novel application of the moving grid finite element method for solving a cytomechanical model that describes actin dynamics in order to generate cell movement and deformation . The cytomechanical model describes both the mechanical and biochemical properties of the cortical network of actin filaments and its concentration . Actin is a polymer that can exist either in filamentous form or in monometric form and the filamentous form is arranged in a paired helix of two protofilaments . By assuming slow deformations of the cell we validate numerical results by comparing qualitatively with predictions from linear stability theory close to bifurcation points . Far from bifurcation points the mathematical model and computational algorithm are able to describe and generate the complex cell deformations typically observed in experiments . Our numerical results illustrate cell expansion cell contraction cell translation and cell relocation as well as cell protrusions . A key model bifurcation parameter identified is the contractile tonicity formed by the association of actin filaments to the myosin II motor proteins . The robustness generality and applicability of the numerical methodology allows us to tackle similar problems in developmental biology biomedicine and plant biology where similar mechanisms are routinely used . 


Highlights:
A novel application of the moving grid finite element method to a visco elastic model for cell movement and deformation. The cell moves and deforms on a two dimensional substrate in complete agreement with experiments. The cell can move translate expand contract and relocate its position continuously changing. The generality of the numerical methodology allows us to solve similar complex problems in multi dimensions.
Accurately accessing the three dimensional stress distribution through the thickness surrounding the bolt hole is necessary to identify the most effective multi bolt single lap joint design in large scale thick laminate structures . To decrease computing time and resources a two dimensional to three dimensional global local finite element numerical method is presented in which both the local zone selection strategy and boundary constraints applying method are discussed in detail . And both the contact stress and the stress components around the fastener hole are analyzed by using the proposed global local method . Through analysis it is found that the contact stress is concentrated in the layers that are close to the shear plane the 11 is much higher than other stress components most of the stress components conform cosine distribution around the fastener hole the out of plane stress and interlaminate shear stress are quite high in the layers close to the shear plane the stress distributions of different layers are depended on the ply angles of the specified layer the effectiveness of the global local model procedure in reducing the computation effort is obvious and this methodology is applicable to other detailed stress strain analysis problems in large scale structures . 


Highlights:
A global local modeling technique of multi bolt single lap thick laminate joints is described. The contact stress is concentrated to the shearing plane. The stress distributions along the circumstantial direction of the layers with the same ply angles are similar. The out of plane stress in thick laminate single lap joint contributes a lot to the strength. The effectiveness of the global local procedure in reducing the computation effort is quite obvious.
Magnesium and its alloys have been increasingly used in the automotive industry owning to their superior mechanical compared to other metals . Sheet forming of Mg alloys requires not only a good understanding of the materials but also an appropriate material model . The hardening behavior of Mg alloy sheets during plastic deformation is the main concern in tool design and product manufacturing processes . A simple but computationally effective constitutive model is suggested to predict the mechanical behavior of Mg alloy sheets . The proposed material model is implemented as a user defined material subroutine in the commercial finite element code PAM STAMP then calibrated and validated using in plane cyclic loading tests with different values of prestrain . The continuous tension compression tension and compression tension compression tests are conducted on a newly developed testing system . After calibration the model can accurately predict the yielding asymmetry behavior and the stress strain curve featured by the unusual sigmoidal shape which is the result of the activation of twinning and untwinning deformation mechanisms . 


Highlights:
A practical constitutive model representing yielding asymmetry and anisotropy of Mg alloys is proposed. The model is formulated and implemented in the sheet forming oriented FE software by user subroutine. The unique concave up and sigmoidal stress strain curves during in plane cyclic loadings of AZ31B Mg sheets could be exactly reproduced.
An inverse finite element method has been developed for estimation of the blank size and prediction of the strain distribution in sheet metal forming . In the inverse method the nodal coordinates in the final shape are known and their corresponding positions on the initial blank should be determined . The developed method deals with logarithmic large strains of membrane triangular elements virtual work principle and a new approach for friction modeling . This method leads to a system of nonlinear equations which is highly sensitive to the initial guess . In order to avoid the converging problems especially in the quasi vertical walls an appropriate initial guess is introduced . The introduced initial guess guarantees the convergence furthermore the number of iterations in the nonlinear numerical solution is decreased and the solution speed is significantly increased . Three different problems are analyzed with the developed method and the results show good agreement to commercially available finite element software and experimental results . 


Highlights:
IFEM method is a fast tool to predict initial blank and strain distribution. To avoid converging problem unfolding method is used as an efficient initial guess. This initial guess decreases the number of iteration in the numerical solution. A non uniform distribution of friction is exerted on blank holder zone. This method is capable of being applied to complicated geometries.
Based on the couple stress theory and the hybrid stress element method proposed by Pian a refined 18 DOF triangular hybrid stress element is established . The 15 Airy stress functions which satisfy the equilibrium equation in the domain of the element are chosen as the assumed stress interpolation functions and boundary displacement interpolation functions are chosen as beam function . The characteristics of this element are possessing second order accuracy and C0 and C1 continuity in the weak form satisfying convergence condition for the enhanced patch test and does not exhibits extra zero energy modes . Moreover a refined assumed stress element method is developed to improve the element accuracy . Numerical examples presented show that the proposed model indeed possesses higher accuracy and can pass the enhanced patch test and can capture the scale effects of microstructure . 


Highlights:
We propose a hybrid stress element method which is fit for establishing couple stress element. A refined 18 DOF triangular hybrid stress element is given out and the element captures the scale effect and has high accuracy. The element can pass the C0 1 patch test. Refined method can improve the accuracy of the triangular element by changing one parameter. Stresses smooth technique can improve the accuracy of stress accuracy.
In this paper we discuss interpolation functions for the field variables and their variations in relation to geometrically non linear planar beam finite elements of Reissner s type within the context of a non standard configuration dependent interpolational setting . We derive the new configuration dependent interpolation functions as an extension of the helicoidal interpolation to higher order elements . In linear analysis the new interpolation coincides with the higher order linked interpolation which is known to produce exact results for polynomial loading . The numerical analysis performed on representative examples illustrates the performance of the configuration dependent interpolation compared to the Lagrangian interpolation . 


Highlights:
We propose a configuration dependent interpolation for 2D non linear beams. We establish a connection between this interpolation and linked interpolation in linear analysis. The results obtained show good performance regardless of the integration order.
The emergence of Big Data has had profound impacts on how data are stored and processed . As technologies created to process continuous streams of data with low latency Complex Event Processing and Stream Processing have often been related to the Big Data velocity dimension and used in this context . Many modern CEP and SP systems leverage cloud environments to provide the low latency and scalability required by Big Data applications yet validating these systems at the required scale is a research problem per se . Cloud computing simulators have been used as a tool to facilitate reproducible and repeatable experiments in clouds . Nevertheless existing simulators are mostly based on simple application and simulation models that are not appropriate for CEP or for SP . This article presents CEPSim a simulator for CEP and SP systems in cloud environments . CEPSim proposes a query model based on Directed Acyclic Graphs and introduces a simulation algorithm based on a novel abstraction called event sets . CEPSim is highly customizable and can be used to analyse the performance and scalability of user defined queries and to evaluate the effects of various query processing strategies . Experimental results show that CEPSim can simulate existing systems in large Big Data scenarios with accuracy and precision . 


Highlights:
CEPSim a simulator for cloud based Complex Event Processing systems is proposed. CEPSim query model is based on Directed Acyclic Graphs. CEPSim simulation algorithm is based on a novel abstraction called event sets. Custom operator placement and scheduling algorithms can be used in simulations. Experimental results showed that CEPSim is effective for Big Data simulations.
This paper presents the formulation of beam finite elements based on Deslauriers Dubuc interpolating wavelets also known as Interpolets . Unlike other wavelet families like Daubechies Interpolets possess rational filter coefficients are smooth symmetric and therefore more suitable for use in numerical methods . Displacement and rotation shape functions are obtained and presented graphically . Expressions for stiffness matrix and force vector are developed based on connection coefficients which are inner products of basis functions and their derivatives . In order to validate the formulation several examples with increasing level of complexity are tested and results are compared with analytical and standard beam element solutions . 


Highlights:
A beam finite element based on Deslauriers Dubuc interpolating wavelets Interpolets is formulated. Some properties of Interpolets are presented rational filter coefficients smoothness and symmetry . Expressions for derivatives and connection coefficients are developed. Interpolet based shape functions are obtained and presented graphically. Expressions for stiffness matrix and force vector are derived. Several examples with increasing level of complexity are successfully tested and results compared with analytical and standard beam element solutions.
To obtain the probability density functions and the cumulative distribution functions of static responses of stochastic structures a hybrid stochastic method named as the transformed perturbation stochastic finite element method is proposed . In TPSFEM the static responses of stochastic structures are approximated as the linear functions of random variables by using the first order perturbation technique . According to the approximated linear relationships between static responses and random variables the probability density functions of static responses are obtained by the change of variable technique . The cumulative distribution functions of static responses are calculated by the numerical integration method . The numerical examples on a thin plate a six bar truss structure a Mindlin plate and a shell structure verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method . Hence the proposed method can be considered as an alternative engineering method for the static response analysis of stochastic structures . 


Highlights:
TPSFEM for static response analysis of stochastic structures is proposed. Probability density function of static response is calculated. Cumulative distribution function of static response is calculated. The effectiveness of TPSFEM is investigated.
Research into inspiration and fixation has produced a complex web of questions methods and findings making it difficult to know what has already been investigated and learnt and what to investigate next and how . To address this we review the literature focussing on 25 studies that adopt a similar experimental approach . This reveals 14 manipulated variables relating to properties of the inspiration source and features of the design process . However whilst these studies follow a similar approach when scrutinised and compared they show great variety in the methods used and the results obtained . We discuss this diversity offering a methodological critique of inspiration and fixation research and providing recommendations for how future studies might be conducted and reported . 


Highlights:
We performed a methodological review of studies into inspiration and fixation. We found 14 variables that have been systematically manipulated in the studies. We also found variables often not observed and great variation in the evaluation. We discuss different perspectives to explain design fixation and similar effects. We suggest formalisation and inclusion of methods and propose research questions.
This paper considers the computation of eigensolution sensitivity of viscously damped eigensystems with distinct and repeated eigenvalues . To simplify the computation a combined normalization which combines two traditional normalizations is presented . Based on the combined normalization a method for sensitivity analysis of eigenvalues and eigenvectors is studied . In the case of distinct eigenvalues the proposed method can determine the eigenvector derivatives directly and is robust since the components of coefficient matrices are all of the same order of magnitude . The computational cost of the second order sensitivities of eigenvectors can be reduced remarkably since the matrix decomposition of the coefficient matrix is available from the computation process of the first order eigensensitivities . In the case of repeated eigenvalues an algorithm is presented for computing the eigensolution sensitivities . The algorithm maintains N space without using state space equations such that the computational cost is reduced . The method is accurate compact numerically stable and easy to be implemented . Finally three numerical examples have demonstrated the validity of the proposed method . The capacity of predicting the changes of eigensolutions with respect to the changes of design parameters in terms of the first and second order eigensensitivities is studied with application to the analysis of a two stage floating raft isolation system . 


Highlights:
A combined normalization which combines two traditional normalizations is presented. Design sensitivity analysis of viscously damped eigenproblems is studied. A compact and well conditioned algebraic method in case of distinct eigenvalues is proposed. An N space algorithm for computing eigensensitivity with repeated eigenvalues is proposed.